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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Romances of Mrs. Eliza Haywood
+by George Frisbie Whicher
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Life and Romances of Mrs. Eliza Haywood
+
+Author: George Frisbie Whicher
+
+Release Date: January 31, 2004 [EBook #10889]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MRS. ELIZA HAYWOOD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Carol David and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND ROMANCES OF
+
+MRS. ELIZA HAYWOOD
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE FRISBIE WHICHER, PH.D.
+
+INSTRUCTOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
+
+1915
+
+
+
+_This Monograph has been approved by the Department of English and
+Comparative Literature in Columbia University as a contribution to
+knowledge worthy of publication._
+
+A. H. THORNDIKE,
+
+_Executive Officer_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The purpose of the following study is not to revive the reputation of a
+forgotten author or to suggest that Mrs. Haywood may yet "come into her
+own." For the lover of eighteenth century fashions her numerous pages
+have indeed a stilted, early Georgian charm, but with the passing of
+Ramillies wigs and velveteen small-clothes the popularity of her novels
+vanished once for all. She had her world in her time, but that world and
+time disappeared with the French Revolution [a]. Now even professed
+students of the novel shrink from reading many of her seventy odd
+volumes, nor can the infamous celebrity conferred by Pope's attack in
+"The Dunciad" save her name from oblivion. But the significance of Mrs.
+Haywood's contributions cannot safely be ignored. Her romances of
+palpitating passion written between 1720 and 1730 formed a necessary
+complement to Defoe's romances of adventure exactly as her Duncan
+Campbell pamphlets supplied the one element lacking in his. The domestic
+novels of her later life foreshadowed the work of Miss Burney and Miss
+Austen, while her career as a woman of letters helped to open a new
+profession to her sex. Since even the weakest link in the development of
+a literary form is important, I have endeavored to provide future
+historians of English fiction with a compact and accurate account of
+this pioneer "lady novelist."
+
+Hitherto the most complete summary of Mrs. Haywood's life and writings
+has been Sir Sidney Lee's article in the "Dictionary of National
+Biography," which adds much information not found in the earlier notices
+in Baker's "Biographia Dramatica" and Chalmers' "Biographical
+Dictionary." The experienced palates of Mr. Edmund Gosse and Mr. Austin
+Dobson have tested the literary qualities respectively of the earlier
+and later aspects of her work. Professor Walter Raleigh, Dr. Charlotte
+E. Morgan, and Professor Saintsbury have briefly estimated the
+importance of her share in the change from romance to novel.
+
+Perhaps the main reason for the inadequacy of these notices lies in the
+fact that no one library contains anything like a complete collection of
+Mrs. Haywood's innumerable books. In pursuit of odd items I have
+ransacked the British Museum, the Bodleian, and several minor literary
+museums in England, and in America the libraries of Columbia, Harvard,
+Yale, and Brown Universities, the Peabody Institute, and the University
+of Chicago. The search has enabled me to correct many inaccuracies in
+Miss Morgan's tentative list of prose fiction and even to supplement Mr.
+Esdaile's admirable "List of English Tales and Prose Romances printed
+before 1740," which mentions only works now extant in British libraries.
+
+In the Bibliography I have adopted an alphabetical arrangement as most
+convenient for ready reference. Under the various editions of each book
+I have referred to libraries, English or American, where copies are to
+be found. Or when no copy was to be had, I have referred to
+advertisements, either in the newspapers of the Burney Collection, in
+the "Gentleman's Magazine," the "Monthly," or the "Critical," or in the
+catalogues of modern booksellers. In the Chronological List I have dated
+each work from the earliest advertisement of its publication.
+
+Naturally I have incurred obligations to scholars who have previously
+passed over the same little-cultivated territory. Mr. Arundell Esdaile
+of the British Museum staff both facilitated the course of my
+investigations in England by valuable suggestions and cheered it by his
+cordial hospitality. To Professors R.P. Utter of Amherst, J.M. Clapp of
+Lake Forest College, A.H. Upham of Miami University, and A.H. Thorndike
+of Columbia I am indebted for friendly advice, encouragement, and
+helpful criticism. And above all my thanks are due to Professor W.P.
+Trent, whose love of eighteenth century letters suggested the subject of
+this research, whose sage and kindly supervision fostered the work
+through every stage in its development, and for whose forthcoming "Life
+and Times of Daniel Defoe" this monograph is intended as a footnote.
+
+G.F.W.
+
+URBANA, ILLINOIS.
+
+[a] Through the kindness of Professor J.M. Clapp I am provided with the
+    following evidence of the decline of Eliza Haywood's popularity. In
+    W. Bent's _General Catalogue of Books_ (1786) fourteen of her
+    productions are advertised, namely: _Works_, 4 vols; _Clementina;
+    Dalinda; Epistles for the Ladies; La Belle Assemblee; Female
+    Spectator; Fortunate Foundlings; Fruitless Enquiry; Jemmy and Jenny
+    Jessamy; Betsy Thoughtless; The Husband; Invisible Spy; Life's
+    Progress through the Passions; Virtuous Villager_. In 1791 only
+    four--_Clementina; Dalinda; Female Spectator; Jemmy and Jenny
+    Jessamy_--appeared in Bent's _London Catalogue_, and of these the
+    first two had fallen in value from 3/6 to 3 shillings.
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+I.    ELIZA HAYWOOD'S LIFE
+
+II.   SHORT ROMANCES OF PASSION
+
+III.  THE DUNCAN CAMPBELL PAMPHLETS
+
+IV.   SECRET HISTORIES AND SCANDAL NOVELS
+
+V.    THE HEROINE OF "THE DUNCIAD"
+
+VI.   LETTERS AND ESSAYS
+
+VII.  LATER FICTION: THE DOMESTIC NOVEL
+
+VIII. CONCLUSION
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+CHRONOLOGICAL LIST
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND ROMANCES OF MRS. ELIZA HAYWOOD
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+
+ELIZA HAYWOOD'S LIFE
+
+Autobiography was almost the only form of writing not attempted by Eliza
+Haywood in the course of her long career as an adventuress in letters.
+Unlike Mme de Villedieu or Mrs. Manley she did not publish the story of
+her life romantically disguised as the Secret History of Eliza, nor was
+there One of the Fair Sex (real or pretended) to chronicle her "strange
+and surprising adventures" or to print her passion-stirring epistles, as
+had happened with Mrs. Aphra Behn's fictitious exploits and amorous
+correspondence[1]. Indeed the first biographer of Mrs. Haywood[2] hints
+that "from a supposition of some improper liberties being taken with her
+character after death by the intermixture of truth and falsehood with
+her history," the apprehensive dame had herself suppressed the facts of
+her life by laying a "solemn injunction on a person who was well
+acquainted with all the particulars of it, not to communicate to any one
+the least circumstance relating to her." The success of her precaution
+is evident in the scantiness of our information about her. The few
+details recorded in the "Biographia Dramatica" can be amplified only by
+a tissue of probabilities. Consequently Mrs. Haywood's one resemblance
+to Shakespeare is the obscurity that covers the events of her life.
+
+She was born in London, probably in 1693, and her father, a man by the
+name of Fowler, was a small shop-keeper.[3] She speaks vaguely of having
+received an education beyond that afforded to the generality of her sex.
+Her marriage to Valentine Haywood,[4] a clergyman at least fifteen years
+older than his spouse, took place before she was twenty, for the
+Register of St. Mary Aldermary records on 3 December, 1711, the
+christening of Charles, son of Valentine Haywood, clerk, and Elizabeth
+his wife. Her husband held at this time a small living in Norfolk, and
+had recently been appointed lecturer of St. Mathews, Friday Street.
+Whether the worthy cleric resided altogether in London and discharged
+his duties in the country by proxy, or whether Mrs. Haywood, like
+Tristram Shandy's mother, enjoyed the privilege of coming to town only
+on certain interesting occasions, are questions which curious research
+fails to satisfy. At any rate, one of the two children assigned to her
+by tradition was born, as we have seen, in London.
+
+No other manifestation of their nuptial happiness appeared until 7
+January, 1721, on which date the "Post Boy" contained an Advertisement
+of the elopement of Mrs. Eliz. Haywood, wife of Rev. Valentine
+Haywood.[5] The causes of Eliza's flight are unknown. Our only knowledge
+of her temperament in her early life comes from a remark by Nichols that
+the character of Sappho in the "Tatler"[6] may be "assigned
+with ...probability and confidence, to Mrs. Elizabeth Heywood, who ...was
+in all respects just such a character as is exhibited here." Sappho is
+described by Steele as "a fine lady, who writes verses, sings, dances,
+and can say and do whatever she pleases, without the imputation of any
+thing that can injure her character; for she is so well known to have no
+passion but self-love, or folly but affectation, that now, upon any
+occasion, they only cry, 'It is her way!' and 'That is so like her!'
+without farther reflection." She quotes a "wonderfully just" passage
+from Milton, calls a licentious speech from Dryden's "State of
+Innocence" an "odious thing," and says "a thousand good things at
+random, but so strangely mixed, that you would be apt to say, all her
+wit is mere good luck, and not the effect of reason and judgment." In
+the second paper Sappho quotes examples of generous love from Suckling
+and Milton, but takes offence at a letter containing some sarcastic
+remarks on married women. We know that Steele was personally acquainted
+with Mrs. Manley, and it is possible that he knew Mrs. Haywood, since
+she later dedicated a novel to him. With some reservation, then, we may
+accept this sketch as a fair likeness. As a young matron of seventeen or
+eighteen she was evidently a lively, unconventional, opinionated
+gadabout fond of the company of similar She-romps, who exchanged verses
+and specimen letters with the lesser celebrities of the literary world
+and perpetuated the stilted romantic traditions of the Matchless Orinda
+and her circle. A woman of her independence of mind, we may imagine,
+could not readily submit to the authority of an arbitrary, orthodox
+clergyman husband.
+
+Mrs. Haywood's writings are full of the most lively scenes of marital
+infelicity due to causes ranging from theological disputes to flagrant
+licentiousness. Her enemies were not so charitable as to attribute her
+flight from her husband to any reason so innocent as incompatibility of
+temper or discrepancy of religious views. The position of ex-wife was
+neither understood nor tolerated by contemporary society. In the words
+of a favorite quotation from "Jane Shore":
+
+  "But if weak Woman chance to go astray,
+  If strongly charm'd she leave the thorny Way,
+  And in the softer Paths of Pleasure stray,
+  Ruin ensues, Reproach and endless Shame;
+  And one false Step entirely damns her Fame:
+  In vain, with Tears, the Loss she may deplore,
+  In vain look back to what she was before,
+  She sets, like Stars that fall, to rise no more!"
+
+Eliza Haywood, however, after leaving the thorny way of matrimony,
+failed to carry out the laureate's metaphor. Having less of the fallen
+star in her than Mr. Rowe imagined, and perhaps more of the hen, she
+refused to set, but resolutely faced the world, and in spite of all
+rules of decorum, tried to earn a living for herself and her two
+children, if indeed as Pope's slander implies, she had children to
+support.
+
+The ways in which a woman could win her bread outside the pale of
+matrimony were extremely limited. A stage career, connected with a
+certain degree of infamy, had been open to the sex since Restoration
+times, and writing for the theatre had been successfully practiced by
+Mrs. Behn, Mrs. Manley, Mrs. Centlivre, Mrs. Pix, and Mrs. Davys. The
+first two female playwrights mentioned had produced beside their
+dramatic works a number of pieces of fiction, and Mrs. Mary Hearne, Mrs.
+Jane Barker, and Mrs. Sarah Butler had already gained a milder notoriety
+as _romancieres_. Poetry, always the elegant amusement of polite
+persons, had not yet proved profitable enough to sustain a woman of
+letters. Eliza Haywood was sufficiently catholic in her taste to attempt
+all these means of gaining reputation and a livelihood, and tried in
+addition a short-lived experiment as a publisher. Beside these literary
+pursuits we know not what obscure means for support she may have found
+from time to time.
+
+Her first thought, however, was apparently of the theatre, where she had
+already made her debut on the stage of the playhouse in Smock Alley
+(Orange Street), Dublin during the season of 1715, as Chloe in "Timon of
+Athens; or, the Man-Hater."[7] One scans the _dramatis personae_ of
+"Timon" in vain for the character of Chloe, until one recalls that the
+eighteenth century had no liking for Shakespeare undefiled. The version
+used by the Theatre Royal was, of course, the adaptation by Thomas
+Shadwell, in which Chloe appears chiefly in Acts II and III as the maid
+and confidant of the courtesan Melissa. Both parts were added by Og. The
+role of Cleon was taken by Quin, later an interpreter of Mrs. Haywood's
+own plays. But if she formed a connection with either of the London
+theatres after leaving her husband, the engagement was soon broken off,
+and her subsequent appearances as an actress in her comedy of "A Wife to
+be Lett" (1723) and in Hatchett's "Rival Father" (1730) were due in the
+one case to an accident and in the other to her friendship for the
+playwright.
+
+She herself, according to the "Biographia Dramatica," when young
+"dabbled in dramatic poetry; but with no great success." The first of
+her plays, a tragedy entitled "The Fair Captive," was acted the
+traditional three times at Lincoln's Inn Fields, beginning 4 March,
+1721.[8] Aaron Hill contributed a friendly epilogue. Quin took the part
+of Mustapha, the despotic vizier, and Mrs. Seymour played the heroine.
+On 16 November it was presented a fourth time for the author's
+benefit,[9] then allowed to die. Shortly after the first performance the
+printed copy made its appearance. In the "Advertisement to the Reader"
+Mrs. Haywood exposes the circumstances of her turning playwright,
+naively announcing:
+
+  "To attempt any thing in Vindication of the following Scenes, wou'd
+  cost me more Time than the Composing 'em took me up...
+
+  "This Tragedy was originally writ by Capt. Hurst, and by him deliver'd
+  to Mr. Rich, to be acted soon after the opening of the New House;[10]
+  but the Season being a little too far elaps'd for the bringing it on
+  then, and the Author oblig'd to leave the Kingdom, Mr. Rich became the
+  Purchaser of it, and the Winter following order'd it into Rehearsal:
+  but found it so unfit for Representation, that for a long time he laid
+  aside all thoughts of making any thing of it, till last January he
+  gave me the History of his Bargain, and made me some Proposals
+  concerning the new modelling it: but however I was prevail'd upon, I
+  cannot say my Inclination had much share in my Consent.... On Reading,
+  I found I had much more to do than I expected; every Character I was
+  oblig'd to find employment for, introduce one entirely new, without
+  which it had been impossible to have guessed at the Design of the
+  Play; and in fine, change the Diction so wholly, that, excepting in
+  the Parts of Alphonso and Isabella, there remains not twenty lines of
+  the Original."
+
+The plot, which is too involved to be analyzed, centers about the
+efforts of Alphonso to redeem his beloved Isabella from, the harem of
+the Vizier Mustapha. Spaniards, Turks, keepers and inhabitants of the
+harem, and a "young lady disguis'd in the habit of an Eunuch," mingle in
+inextricable intrigue. Some of the worst absurdities and the most
+bathetic lines occur in the parts of the two lovers for which Mrs.
+Haywood disclaims responsibility, but even the best passages of the play
+add nothing to the credit of the reviser. Her next dramatic venture was
+produced after her novels had gained some vogue with the town, as the
+Prologue spoken by Mr. Theophilus Cibber indicates.
+
+  "Criticks! be dumb tonight--no Skill display;
+  A dangerous Woman-Poet wrote the Play: ...
+  Measure her Force, by her known Novels, writ
+  With manly Vigour, and with Woman's wit.
+  Then tremble, and depend, if ye beset her,
+  She, who can talk so well, may act yet better."
+
+The fair success achieved by "A Wife to be Lett: A Comedy," acted at
+Drury Lane three times, commencing 12 August, 1723,[11] is said to have
+been due largely to the curiosity of the public to see the author, who
+by reason of the indisposition of an actress performed in person the
+part of the wife, Mrs. Graspall, a character well suited to her romping
+disposition. It is difficult to imagine how the play could have
+succeeded on its own merits, for the intricacies of the plot tax the
+attention even of the reader. A certain Ann Minton, however, revived the
+piece in the guise of "The Comedy of a Wife to be Lett, or, the Miser
+Cured, compressed into Two Acts" (1802).
+
+Apparently the reception of her comedy was not sufficiently encouraging
+to induce Mrs. Haywood to continue writing plays, for six years elapsed
+before she made a third effort in dramatic writing with a tragedy
+entitled, "Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburgh," which was first
+produced at Lincoln's Inn Fields on 4 March, 1729,[12] and shortly
+afterward published with a dedication to Frederick Lewis, Prince of
+Wales. The intention of the dedication was obviously to bid for royal
+patronage, but the intended victim was too astute to be caught. In
+eulogizing the Emperor Frederick (_c_. 1400) the author found abundant
+opportunity to praise by implication his namesake, but unfortunately for
+the success of the play none of the royal family "vouchsafed to honour
+it with their Presence." Mrs. Haywood complains that hers "was the only
+new Performance this Season, which had not received a Sanction from some
+of that illustrious Line," and the "unthinking Part of the Town"
+followed the fashion set by royalty. Unlike "The Fair Captive," which
+suffered from a plethora of incidents, Mrs. Haywood's second tragedy
+contains almost nothing in its five acts but rant. An analysis of the
+plot is but a summary of conversations.
+
+Act I. The German princes hail Frederick, recently elected Emperor.
+Count Waldec and Ridolpho, in league with the Archbishop of Metz,
+conspire against him. Waldec urges his sister Adelaid to marry the
+gallant Wirtemberg. Sophia, her woman and confidant, also urges her to
+marry, but Adelaid can only reply, "I charge thee Peace, Nor join such
+distant Sounds as Joy and Wirtemberg," and during the rest of the act
+proclaims the anguish inspired by her unrequited passion for Frederick,
+married three years before to a Saxon princess.
+
+Act II. The conspirators plan to kill Frederick. Adelaid reproaches him
+for abandoning her. He welcomes his imperial consort, Anna, and takes
+occasion to deliver many magnanimous sentiments.
+
+Act III. Adelaid declares that she cannot love Wirtemberg. Waldec
+excites the impatient lover to jealousy of Frederick. Ridolpho is
+banished court for murder.
+
+Act IV. Frederick is distressed by Wirtemberg's discontent. The Empress,
+seeking to learn the reason for it, is infected by Wirtemberg's
+suspicions. Adelaid overhears Ridolpho and Waldec plotting to slay
+Frederick, but hesitates to accuse her own brother. Wirtemberg
+reproaches her for her supposed yielding to Frederick, and resolves to
+leave her forever.
+
+Act V. Adelaid, in order to warn him, sends to ask the Emperor to visit
+her. Waldec intercepts the letter and resolves to murder Frederick in
+her chamber. Wirtemberg learns that he has been duped and defends the
+Emperor. Waldec and Ridolpho are killed, though not before they succeed
+in mortally wounding Frederick, who dies amid tears.
+
+Genest says with truth that the love scenes are dull, and that the
+subject is not well calculated for dramatic representation. The play was
+acted only the usual three times, and fully deserved the deep damnation
+of its taking off.
+
+In 1730 Mrs. Haywood took part in the "Rival Father, or the Death of
+Achilles," written by her friend, the actor and playwright William
+Hatchett, and performed at the Haymarket.[13] Three years later she
+joined with him to produce an adaptation of Fielding's "Tragedy of
+Tragedies, or the Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great" on the model of
+Gay's popular "Beggar's Opera." The "Opera of Operas" follows its
+original closely with a number of condensations and omissions. Almost
+the only additions made by the collaborators were the short lyrics,
+which were set to music by the ingenious Mr. Frederick Lampe.[14] The
+Hatchett-Haywood version was acted at the Haymarket on 31 May, 1733, and
+according to Genest, was repeated eleven times at least with Mrs. Clive
+as Queen Dollalolla.[15] It was published immediately. On 9 November a
+performance was given at Drury Lane. Although unusually successful, it
+was Mrs. Haywood's last dramatic offering.[16]
+
+The aspiring authoress apparently never found in dramatic writing a
+medium suitable to her genius, and even less was she attracted by a
+stage career. The reasons for her abandoning the theatre to develop her
+powers as a writer of fiction are stated in a characteristic letter
+still filed among the State Papers.[17]
+
+  _Sir_
+
+  The Stage not answering my Expectation, and the averseness of my
+  Relations to it, has made me Turn my Genius another Way; I have
+  Printed some Little things which have mett a Better Reception then
+  they Deservd, or I Expected: and have now Ventur'd on a Translation to
+  be done by Subscription, the Proposalls whereof I take the Liberty to
+  send You: I have been so much us'd to Receive favours from You that I
+  can make No Doubt of y'r forgiveness for this freedom, great as it is,
+  and that You will alsoe become one of those Persons, whose Names are a
+  Countenance to my undertaking. I am mistress of neither words nor
+  happy Turn of thought to Thank You as I ought for the many Unmeritted
+  favours You have Conferr'd on me, but beg You to believe all that a
+  gratefull Soul can feel, mine does who am Sir
+
+  Yo'r most humble &
+              most Obedient Serv't
+
+                                 ELIZA HAYWOOD.
+
+  August ye 5th 1720
+
+
+Enclosed with the letter were "Proposals For Printing by Subscription A
+Translation from the French of the Famous Monsieur Bursault Containing
+Ten Letters from a Lady of Quality to a Chevalier."[18] The work thus
+heralded was published in the latter part of 1720 by subscription--
+"three shillings each Book in Quires, or five Shillings bound in Calf,
+Gilt Back"--a method never again employed by Mrs. Haywood, though in
+this case it must have succeeded fairly well. Three hundred and nine
+names appeared on her list of subscribers, of which one hundred and
+twenty-three were women's. Few subscribers of either sex were
+distinguished. There were, however, that universal patron of minor
+authors, George Bubb, Esq., later the Doddington to whom Thomson
+dedicated his "Summer"; Mrs. Barker, the novelist; Aaron Hill; a Mr.
+Osborne, possibly the bookseller whose name was afterward infamously
+connected with Eliza's in "The Dunciad"; Charles de La Faye, the
+under-secretary of state with whom Defoe corresponded; and a sprinkling
+of aristocratic titles.
+
+The publisher of the letters was William Rufus Chetwood, later the
+prompter at Drury Lane Theatre, but then just commencing bookseller at
+the sign of Cato's Head, Covent Garden. He had already brought out for
+Mrs. Haywood the first effort of her genius, a romantic tale entitled
+"Love in Excess: or, the Fatal Enquiry." We have the author's testimony
+that the three parts "mett a Better Reception then they Deservd," and
+indeed the piece was extraordinarily successful, running through no less
+than six separate editions before its inclusion in her collected "Secret
+Histories, Novels and Poems" in 1725. On the last page of "Letters from
+a Lady of Quality to a Chevalier" Chetwood had also advertised for
+speedy publication "a Book entitled, The Danger of giving way to
+Passion, in Five Exemplary Novels: First, The British Recluse, or the
+Secret History of Cleomira, supposed dead. Second, The Injur'd Husband,
+or the Mistaken Resentment. Third, Lasselia, or the Unfortunate
+Mistress. Fourth, The Rash Resolve, or the Untimely Discovery. Fifth,
+Idalia, or the Self-abandon'd.[19] Written by Mrs. Eliza Haywood."
+During the next three years the five novels were issued singly by
+Chetwood with the help of other booksellers, usually Daniel Browne, Jr.,
+and Samuel Chapman. This pair, or James Roberts, Chetwood's successor,
+published most of Mrs. Haywood's early writings. The staple of her
+output during the first decade of authorship was the short amatory
+romance like "Love in Excess" and the "exemplary novels" just mentioned.
+These exercises in fiction were evidently composed _currente calamo_,
+with little thought and less revision, for an eager and undiscriminating
+public. Possibly, as Mr. Gosse conjectures,[20] they were read chiefly
+by milliners and other women on the verge of literacy. But though
+persons of solid education avoided reading novels and eastern tales as
+they might the drinking of drams, it is certain that no one of scanty
+means could have afforded Mrs. Haywood's slender octavos at the price of
+one to three shillings. The Lady's Library ("Spectator" No. 37)
+containing beside numerous romances "A Book of Novels" and "The New
+Atalantis, with a Key to it," which last Lady Mary Montagu also enjoyed,
+and the dissolute country-gentleman's daughters ("Spectator" No. 128)
+who "read Volumes of Love-Letters and Romances to their Mother," a
+_ci-devant_ coquette, give us perhaps a more accurate idea of the woman
+novelist's public. Doubtless Mrs. Haywood's wares were known to the more
+frothy minds of the polite world and to the daughters of middle-class
+trading families, such as the sisters described in Defoe's "Religious
+Courtship," whose taste for fashionable plays and novels was soon to
+call the circulating library into being.
+
+Beside the proceeds arising from the sale of her works, Mrs. Haywood
+evidently expected and sometimes received the present of a guinea or so
+in return for a dedication. Though patrons were not lacking for her
+numerous works, it does not appear that her use of their names was
+always authorized. In putting "The Arragonian Queen" under the
+protection of Lady Frances Lumley, in fact, the author confessed that
+she had not the happiness of being known to the object of her praise,
+but wished to be the first to felicitate her publicly upon her nuptials.
+We may be sure that the offering of "Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-
+Lunenburgh" to the hero's namesake, Frederick, Prince of Wales, was both
+unsanctioned and unacknowledged. Sometimes, however, the writer's
+language implies that she had already experienced the bounty of her
+patron, while in the case of the novel dedicated to Sir Richard Steele
+at a time when his health and credit were fast giving way, Eliza can
+hardly be accused of interested motives. Apparently sincere, too, though
+addressed to a wealthy widow, was the tribute to Lady Elizabeth Germain
+prefixed to "The Fruitless Enquiry"; and at least one other of Mrs.
+Haywood's productions is known to have been in Lady Betty's library. But
+these instances are decidedly exceptional. Usually the needy novelist's
+dedications were made up of servile adulation and barefaced begging.
+With considerable skill in choosing a favorable moment she directed a
+stream of panegyric upon William Yonge (later Sir) within two months
+after his appointment as one of the commissioners of the treasury in
+Great Britain. Soon after Sir Thomas Lombe was made a knight, the wife
+of that rich silk weaver had the pleasure of seeing her virtues and her
+new title in print. And most remarkable of all, Lady Elizabeth Henley,
+who eloped with a rake early in 1728, received Mrs. Haywood's
+congratulations upon the event in the dedication of "The Agreeable
+Caledonian," published in June, though if we may trust Mrs. Delany's
+account of the matter, the bride must already have had time for
+repentance. Even grief, the specialist in the study of the passions
+knew, might loosen the purse strings, and accordingly she took the
+liberty to condole with Col. Stanley upon the loss of his wife while
+entreating his favor for "The Masqueraders." But of all her dedications
+those addressed to her own sex were the most melting, and from their
+frequency were evidently the most fruitful.
+
+The income derived from patronage, however, was at best uncertain and
+necessitated many applications. To the public, moreover, a novel meant
+nothing if not something new. Eliza Haywood's productiveness, therefore,
+was enormous. When she had settled to her work, the authoress could
+produce little pieces, ranging from sixty to nearly two hundred pages in
+length, with extraordinary rapidity. In 1724, for instance, a year of
+tremendous activity, she rushed into print no less than ten original
+romances, beside translating half of a lengthy French work, "La Belle
+Assemblee" by Mme de Gomez. At this time, too, her celebrity had become
+so great that "The Prude, a Novel, written by a Young Lady" was
+dedicated to her, just as Mrs. Hearne at the beginning of her career had
+put a romance, "The Lover's Week," under the protection of the famous
+Mrs. Manley. Between 1720 and 1730 Mrs. Haywood wrote, beside plays and
+translations, thirty-eight works of her own composing, one in two stout
+volumes and several in two or more parts. If we may judge by the number
+and frequency of editions, most of the indefatigable scribbler's tales
+found a ready sale, while the best of them, such as "Idalia" (1723),
+"The Fatal Secret" (1724), "The Mercenary Lover" (1726), "The Fruitless
+Enquiry" and "Philidore and Placentia" (1727), gained for her not a
+little applause.
+
+Nor was the young adventuress in letters unhailed by literary men. Aaron
+Hill immediately befriended her by writing an epilogue for her first
+play and another of Hill's circle, the irresponsible Richard Savage,
+attempted to "paint the Wonders of Eliza's Praise" in verses prefixed to
+"Love in Excess" and "The Rash Resolve" (1724).[21]
+
+Along with Savage's first complimentary poem were two other effusions,
+in one of which an "Atheist to Love's Power" acknowledged his conversion
+through the force of Eliza's revelation of the tender passion, while the
+other expressed with less rapture the same idea. But it remained for
+James Sterling, the friend of Concanen, to state most vigorously the
+contemporary estimate of Mrs. Haywood and her early writings.[22] "Great
+Arbitress of Passion!" he exclaims,
+
+  "Persuasion waits on all your bright Designs,
+  And where you point the varying Soul inclines:
+  See! Love and Friendship, the fair Theme inspires
+  We glow with Zeal, we melt in soft Desires!
+  Thro' the dire Labyrinth of Ills we share
+  The kindred Sorrows of the gen'rous Pair;
+  Till, pleas'd, rewarded Vertue we behold,
+  Shine from the Furnace pure as tortur'd Gold:"
+
+of _Love in Excess_, Part II, and at the front of each successive
+edition, have never been reprinted. [Transcriber's note: wording in
+original.] A specimen of his praise follows,
+
+  "Thy Prose in sweeter Harmony refines,
+  Than Numbers flowing thro' the Muse's Lines;
+  What Beauty ne'er could melt, thy Touches fire,
+  And raise a Musick that can Love inspire;
+  Soul-thrilling Accents all our Senses wound,
+  And strike with Softness, whilst they charm with Sound!
+  When thy Count pleads, what Fair his Suit can fly?
+  Or when thy Nymph laments, what Eyes are dry?
+  Ev'n Nature's self in Sympathy appears,
+  Yields Sigh for Sigh, and melts in equal Tears;
+  For such Descriptions thus at once can prove
+  The Force of Language, and the Sweets of Love.
+  You sit like Heav'n's bright Minister on High,
+  Command the throbbing Breast, and watry Eye,
+  And, as our captive Spirits ebb and flow,
+  Smile at the Tempests you have rais'd below:
+  The Face of Guilt a Flush of Vertue wears,
+  And sudden burst the involuntary Tears:
+  Honour's sworn Foe, the Libertine with Shame,
+  Descends to curse the sordid lawless Flame;
+  The tender Maid here learns Man's various Wiles,
+  Rash Youth, hence dread the Wanton's venal Smiles--
+  Sure 'twas by brutal Force of envious Man,
+  First Learning's base Monopoly began;
+  He knew your Genius, and refus'd his Books,
+  Nor thought your Wit less fatal than your Looks.
+  Read, proud Usurper, read with conscious Shame,
+  Pathetic _Behn_, or _Mauley's_ greater Name;
+  Forget their Sex, and own when _Haywood_ writ,
+  She clos'd the fair Triumvirate of Wit;
+  Born to delight as to reform the Age,
+  She paints Example thro' the shining Page;
+  Satiric Precept warms the moral Tale,
+  And Causticks burn where the mild Balsam fails; [_sic_]
+  A Task reserv'd for her, to whom 'tis given,
+  To stand the Proxy of vindictive Heav'n!"
+
+Amid the conventional extravagance of this panegyric exist some useful
+grains of criticism. One of the most clearly expressed and continually
+reiterated aims of prose fiction, as of other species of writing from
+time immemorial, was that of conveying to the reader a moral through the
+agreeable channel of example. This exemplary purpose, inherited by
+eighteenth century novelists from Cervantes and from the French
+romances, was asserted again and again in Mrs. Haywood's prefaces,[23]
+while the last paragraphs of nearly all her tales were used to convey an
+admonition or to proclaim the value of the story as a "warning to the
+youth of both sexes." To modern readers these pieces seem less
+successful illustrations of fiction made didactic, than of didacticism
+dissolved and quite forgot in fiction, but Sterling and other eulogists
+strenuously supported the novelist's claim to moral usefulness.[24] The
+pill of improvement supposed to be swallowed along with the sweets of
+diversion hardly ever consisted of good precepts and praiseworthy
+actions, but usually of a warning or a horrible example of what to
+avoid.[25] As a necessary corollary, the more striking and sensational
+the picture of guilt, the more efficacious it was likely to prove in the
+cause of virtue. So in the Preface to "Lasselia" (1723), published to
+"remind the unthinking Part of the World, how dangerous it is to give
+way to Passion," the writer hopes that her unexceptionable intent "will
+excuse the too great Warmth, which may perhaps appear in some particular
+Pages; for without the Expression being invigorated in some measure
+proportionate to the Subject, 'twou'd be impossible for a Reader to be
+sensible how far it touches him, or how probable it is that he is
+falling into those Inadvertencies which the Examples I relate wou'd
+caution him to avoid." As a woman, too, Mrs. Haywood was excluded from
+"Learning's base Monopoly," but not from an intuitive knowledge of the
+passions, in which respect the sex were, and are, thought the superiors
+of insensible man.[26] Consequently her chief excellence in the opinion
+of her readers lay in that power to "command the throbbing Breast and
+watry Eye" previously recognized by the Volunteer Laureate and her other
+admirers. She could tell a story in clear and lively, if not always
+correct and elegant English, and she could describe the ecstasies and
+agonies of passion in a way that seemed natural and convincing to an
+audience nurtured on French _romans a longue haleine_ and heroic plays.
+Unworthy as they may seem when placed beside the subsequent triumphs of
+the novel, her short romances nevertheless kept alive the spirit of
+idealistic fiction and stimulated an interest in the emotions during an
+age when even poetry had become the handmaid of reason.
+
+But although Eliza had few rivals as an "arbitress of the passions," she
+did not enjoy an equal success as the "proxy of vindictive heaven." When
+she attempted to apply the caustic of satire instead of the mild balsam
+of moral tales, she speedily made herself enemies. From the very first
+indeed she had been persecuted by those who had an inveterate habit of
+detecting particular persons aimed at in the characters of her
+fictions,[27] and even without their aspersions her path was
+sufficiently hard.
+
+  "It would be impossible to recount the numerous Difficulties a Woman
+  has to struggle through in her Approach to Fame: If her Writings are
+  considerable enough to make any Figure in the World, Envy pursues her
+  with unweary'd Diligence; and if, on the contrary, she only writes
+  what is forgot, as soon as read, Contempt is all the Reward, her Wish
+  to please, excites; and the cold Breath of Scorn chills the little
+  Genius she has, and which, perhaps, cherished by Encouragement, might,
+  in Time, grow to a Praise-worthy Height."[28]
+
+Unfortunately the cold breath of scorn, though it may have stunted her
+genius, could not prevent it from bearing unseasonable fruit. Her
+contributions to the Duncan Campbell literature, "A Spy upon the
+Conjurer" (1724) and "The Dumb Projector" (1725), in which the romancer
+added a breath of intrigue to the atmosphere of mystery surrounding the
+wizard, opened the way for more notorious appeals to the popular taste
+for personal scandal. In the once well known "Memoirs of a Certain
+Island adjacent to the Kingdom of Utopia" (1725-6) and the no less
+infamous "Secret History of the Present Intrigues of the Court of
+Carimania" (1727) Mrs. Haywood found a fit repertory for daringly
+licentious gossip of the sort made fashionable reading by Mrs. Manley's
+"Atalantis." But though the _romans a clef_ of Mrs. Haywood, like the
+juvenile compositions of Mr. Stepney, might well have "made grey authors
+blush," her chief claim to celebrity undoubtedly depends upon her
+inclusion in the immortal ranks of Grubstreet. Her scandal novels did
+not fail to arouse the wrath of persons in high station, and Alexander
+Pope made of the writer's known, though never acknowledged connection
+with pieces of the sort a pretext for showing his righteous zeal in the
+cause of public morality and his resentment of a fancied personal
+insult. The torrent of filthy abuse poured upon Eliza in "The Dunciad"
+seems to have seriously damaged her literary reputation. During the next
+decade she wrote almost nothing, and after her curious allegorical
+political satire in the form of a romance, the "Adventures of Eovaai"
+(1736), the authoress dropped entirely out of sight. For six years no
+new work came from her pen. What she was doing during this time remains
+a puzzle. She could hardly have been supported by the rewards of her
+previous labors, for the gains of the most successful novelists at this
+period were small. If she became a journalist or turned her energies
+toward other means of making a livelihood, no evidence of the fact has
+yet been discovered. It is possible that (to use the current euphemism)
+'the necessity of her affairs may have obliged her to leave London and
+even England until creditors became less insistent. There can be little
+doubt that Mrs. Haywood visited the Continent at least once, but the
+time of her going is uncertain.[29]
+
+When she renewed her literary activity in 1742 with a translation of "La
+Paysanne Parvenue" by the Chevalier de Mouhy, Mrs. Haywood did not
+depend entirely upon her pen for support. A notice at the end of the
+first volume of "The Virtuous Villager, or Virgin's Victory," as her
+work was called, advertised "new books sold by Eliza Haywood, Publisher,
+at the Sign of Fame in Covent Garden." Her list of publications was not
+extensive, containing, in fact, only two items: I. "The Busy-Body; or
+Successful Spy; being the entertaining History of Mons. Bigand ... The
+whole containing great Variety of Adventures, equally instructive and
+diverting," and II. "Anti-Pamela, or Feign'd Innocence detected, in a
+Series of Syrena's Adventures: A Narrative which has really its
+Foundation in Truth and Nature ... Publish'd as a necessary Caution to
+all young Gentlemen. The Second Edition."[30] Mrs. Haywood's venture as
+a publisher was transitory, for we hear no more of it. But taken
+together with a letter from her to Sir Hans Sloane,[31] recommending
+certain volumes of poems that no gentleman's library ought to be
+without, the bookselling enterprise shows that the novelist had more
+strings than one to her bow.
+
+By one expedient or another Mrs. Haywood managed to exist fourteen years
+longer and during that time wrote the best remembered of her works. Copy
+from her pen supplied her publisher, Thomas Gardner, with a succession
+of novels modeled on the French fiction of Marivaux and De Mouhy, with
+periodical essays reminiscent of Addison, with moral letters, and with
+conduct books of a nondescript but popular sort. The hard-worked
+authoress even achieved a new reputation on the success of her
+"Fortunate Foundlings" (1744), "Female Spectator" (1744-6), and her most
+ambitious novel, "The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless" (1751). The
+productions known to be hers do not certainly represent the entire
+output of her industry during this period, for since "The Dunciad" her
+writing had been almost invariably anonymous. One or two equivocal bits
+of secret history and scandal-mongering may probably be attributed to
+her at the very time when in "Epistles for the Ladies" (1749-50) she was
+advocating sobriety, religion, and morality. These suspected lapses into
+her old habits should serve as seasoning to the statement of the
+"Biographia Dramatica" that Eliza Haywood was "in mature age, remarkable
+for the most rigid and scrupulous decorum, delicacy, and prudence, both
+with respect to her conduct and conversation." If she was not too old a
+dog to learn new tricks, she at least did not forget her old ones. Of
+her circumstances during her last years little can be discovered. "The
+Female Spectator," in emulation of its famous model, commences with a
+pen-portrait of the writer, which though not intended as an accurate
+picture, certainly contains no flattering lines. It shows the essayist
+both conscious of the faults of her youth and willing to make capital
+out of them.
+
+  "As a Proof of my Sincerity, I shall, in the first place, assure him
+  [the reader], that for my own Part I never was a Beauty, and am now
+  very far from being young; (a Confession he will find few of my Sex
+  ready to make): I shall also acknowledge that I have run through as
+  many Scenes of Vanity and Folly as the greatest Coquet of them all.--
+  Dress, Equipage, and Flattery were the Idols of my Heart.--I should
+  have thought that Day lost, which did not present me with some new
+  Opportunity of shewing myself.--My Life, for some Years, was a
+  continued Round of what I then called Pleasure, and my whole Time
+  engross'd by a Hurry of promiscuous Diversions.--But whatever
+  Inconveniences such a manner of Conduct has brought upon myself, I
+  have this Consolation, to think that the Publick may reap some Benefit
+  from it:--The Company I kept was not, indeed, always so well chosen as
+  it ought to have been, for the sake of my own Interest or Reputation;
+  but then it was general, and by Consequence furnished me, not only
+  with the Knowledge of many Occurrences, which otherwise I had been
+  ignorant of, but also enabled me ...to see into the most secret
+  Springs which gave rise to the Actions I had either heard, or been
+  Witness of--to judge of the various Passions of the Human Mind, and
+  distinguish those imperceptible Degrees by which they become Masters
+  of the Heart, and attain the Dominion over Reason....
+
+  "With this Experience, added to a Genius tolerably extensive, and an
+  Education more liberal than is ordinarily allowed to Persons of my
+  Sex, I flatter'd myself that it might be in my Power to be in some
+  measure both useful and entertaining to the Publick."
+
+A less favorable glimpse of the authoress and her activities is afforded
+by a notice of a questionable publication called "A Letter from H---
+G--- g, Esq." (1750), and dealing with the movements of the Young
+Chevalier. It was promptly laid to her door by the "Monthly Review."[32]
+
+  "The noted Mrs. H--- d, author of four volumes of novels well known,
+  and other romantic performances, is the reputed author of this
+  pretended letter; which was privately conveyed to the shops, no
+  publisher caring to appear in it: but the government, less scrupulous,
+  took care to make the piece taken notice of, by arresting the female
+  veteran we have named; who has been some weeks in custody of a
+  messenger, who also took up several pamphlet-sellers, and about 800
+  copies of the book; which last will now probably be rescued from a
+  fate they might otherwise have undergone, that of being turned into
+  waste-paper, ... by the famous fiery nostrum formerly practised by the
+  physicians of the soul in _Smithfield_, and elsewhere; and now as
+  successfully used in _treasonable_, as then in _heretical_ cases."
+
+This unceremonious handling of the "female veteran," in marked contrast
+to the courteous, though not always favorable treatment of Mrs.
+Haywood's legitimate novels, suggests the possibility that even the
+reviewers were ignorant of the authorship of "The History of Jemmy and
+Jenny Jessamy" (1753) and "The Invisible Spy" (1755). Twenty years
+later, in fact, a writer in the "Critical Review" used the masculine
+pronoun to refer to the author of "Betsy Thoughtless." It is quite
+certain that Mrs. Haywood spent the closing years of her life in great
+obscurity, for no notice of her death appeared in any one of the usual
+magazines. She continued to publish until the end, and with two novels
+ready for the press, died on 25 February, 1756.[33]
+
+"In literature," writes M. Paul Morillot, "even if quality is wanting,
+quantity has some significance," and though we may share Scott's
+abhorrence for the whole "Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy tribe" of novels, we
+cannot deny the authoress the distinction accorded her by the
+"Biographia Dramatica" of being--for her time, at least--"the most
+voluminous female writer this kingdom ever produced." Moreover, it is
+not Richardson, the meticulous inventor of the epistolary novel, but the
+past-mistress of sensational romance who is credited with originating
+the English domestic novel. Compared with the delicate perceptions and
+gentle humor of Fanny Burney and Jane Austen, Mrs. Haywood's best
+volumes are doubtless dreary enough, but even if they only crudely
+foreshadow the work of incomparably greater genius, they represent an
+advance by no means slight. From "Love in Excess" to "Betsy Thoughtless"
+was a step far more difficult than from the latter novel to "Evelina."
+As pioneers, then, the author of "Betsy Thoughtless" and her obscurer
+contemporaries did much to prepare the way for the notable women
+novelists who succeeded them. No modern reader is likely to turn to the
+"Ouida" of a bygone day--as Mr. Gosse calls her--for amusement or for
+admonition, but the student of the period may find that Eliza Haywood's
+seventy or more books throw an interesting sidelight upon public taste
+and the state of prose fiction at a time when the half created novel was
+still "pawing to get free his hinder parts."
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+[1]
+E. Bernbaum, _Mrs. Behn's Biography a Fiction_, PMLA, XXVIII, 432.
+
+[2]
+David Erskine Baker, _Companion to the Play House_, 1764.
+
+[3]
+The London Parish Registers contain no mention of an Eliza Fowler in
+1693, but on 21 January, 1689, O.S., "Elizabeth dau. of Robert ffowler
+[Transcriber's note: sic] & Elizabeth his wife" was christened at St.
+Peter's, Cornhill. Later entries show that Robert was a hosier to his
+trade. Possibly in suppressing the other particulars of her life, Mrs.
+Haywood may have consigned to oblivion a year or two of her age, but in
+her numerous writings I have not found any allusion that could lead to her
+positive identification with the daughter of Robert Fowler.
+
+[4]
+He was the author of _An Examination of Dr. Clarke's Scripture-Doctrine
+of the Trinity, with a Confutation of it_ (1719). The work is a
+paragraph by paragraph refutation from the authority of scripture of the
+_Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity_ (1712) by the metaphysical Dr.
+Samuel Clarke, whose unorthodox views prevented Queen Caroline from
+making him Archbishop of Canterbury. The Reverend Mr. Haywood was upon
+safe ground in attacking a book already condemned in Convocation.
+
+[5]
+"Whereas Elizabeth Haywood, Wife of the Reverend Mr. Valentine Haywood,
+eloped from him her Husband on Saturday the 26th of November last past,
+and went away without his Knowledge and Consent: This is to give Notice
+to all Persons in general, That if any one shall trust her either with
+Money or Goods, or if she shall contract Debts of any kind whatsoever,
+the said Mr. Haywood will not pay the same."
+
+[6]
+_Tatler_, No. 6 and No. 40.
+
+[7]
+W.R. Chetwood, _A General History of the Stage_, 56.
+
+[8]
+Genest, III, 59.
+
+[9]
+Genest, III, 73.
+
+[10]
+John Rich opened the New Theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields during
+December, 1714.
+
+[11]
+Genest, III, 113.
+
+[12]
+Genest, III, 241.
+
+[13]
+_Biographia Dramatica._ The production is mentioned by Genest, III, 281.
+
+[14]
+W.R. Chetwood, _A General History of the Stage_, 57.
+
+[15]
+Genest, III, 408.
+
+[16]
+In Kane O'Hara's later and more popular transformation of Tom Thumb into
+a light opera, the song put into the mouth of the dying Grizzle by the
+first adapters was retained with minor changes.
+
+  "My body's like a bankrupt's shop,
+    My creditor is cruel death,
+  Who puts to trade of life a stop,
+    And will be paid with this last breath; Oh!"
+
+Apparently O'Hara made no further use of his predecessors.
+
+[17]
+S.P. Dom. George I, Bundle 22, No. 97.
+
+[18]
+In spite of the fact that "Translated from the French" appeared on the
+title-page, Mrs. Haywood has hitherto been accredited with the full
+authorship of these letters. They were really a loose translation of
+_Lettres Nouvelles.... Avec Treize Lettres Amoureuses d'une Dame a un
+Cavalier_ (Second Edition, Paris, 1699) by Edme Boursault, and were so
+advertised in the public prints.
+
+[19]
+Probably a misprint. When the novels appeared, _Idalia_ was the
+Unfortunate Mistress, _Lasselia_ the Self-abandon'd. Perhaps because the
+work outgrew its original proportions, or because short novels found a
+readier sale, the five were never published under the inclusive
+cautionary caption.
+
+[20]
+E. Gosse, _Gossip in a Library_, 161, "What Ann Lang Read." Only one of
+Mrs. Haywood's novels, _The City Jilt_, was ever issued in cheap form.
+T. Bailey, the printer, evidently combined his printing business with
+the selling of patent medicines.
+
+[21]
+The latter may be read in Savage's Poems, Cooke's edition, II, 162. The
+complimentary verses first printed before the original issue.
+
+[22]
+His poem _To Mrs. Eliza Haywood on her Writings_ was hastily inserted in
+the fourth volume of _Secret Histories, Novels, and Poems_ when that
+collection had reached its third edition (1732). In the fourth edition
+of ten years later it stands, with the verses already described, at the
+beginning of Volume I.
+
+[23]
+In the Preface to _Lasselia_ (1723), for instance, she feels obliged to
+defend herself from "that Aspersion which some of my own Sex have been
+unkind enough to throw upon me, that I seem to endeavour to divert more
+than to improve the Minds of my Readers. Now, as I take it, the Aim of
+every Person, who pretends to write (tho' in the most insignificant and
+ludicrous way) ought to tend at least to a good Moral Use; I shou'd be
+sorry to have my Intentions judg'd to be the very reverse of what they
+are in reality. How far I have been able to succeed in my Desires of
+infusing those Cautions, too necessary to a Number, I will not pretend
+to determine; but where I have had the Misfortune to fail, must impute
+it either to the Obstinacy of those I wou'd persuade, or to my own
+Deficiency in that very Thing which they are pleased to say I too much
+abound in--a true description of Nature."
+
+[24]
+An eight page verse satire entitled _The Female Dunces. Inscribed to Mr.
+Pope_ (1733) after criticizing the conduct of certain well known ladies,
+concludes with praise of a nymph who we may believe was intended to
+represent Eliza Haywood:
+
+  "Eliza good Examples shews in vain,
+  Despis'd, and laugh'd at by the _vicious Train_;
+  So bright she shines, she might adorn a Throne
+  Not with a _borrow'd_ Lustre, but her Own."
+
+[25]
+A single exception was _The Surprise_ (1724), dedicated to Steele in the
+following words: "The little History I presume to offer, being composed
+of Characters full of Honour and Generosity, I thought I had a fit
+Opportunity, by presenting it to one who has made it so much his Study
+to infuse those Principles, and whose every Action is a shining Example
+of them, to express my Zeal in declaring myself with all imaginable
+Regard," etc., etc.
+
+[26]
+See the Dedication to _The Fatal Secret_ (1724). "But as I am a Woman,
+and consequently depriv'd of those Advantages of Education which the
+other Sex enjoy, I cannot so far flatter my Desires, as to imagine it in
+my Power to soar to any Subject higher than that which Nature is not
+negligent to teach us.
+"Love is a Topick which I believe few are ignorant of; there requires no
+Aids of Learning, no general Conversation, no Application; a shady Grove
+and purling Stream are all Things that's necessary to give us an Idea of
+the tender Passion. This is a Theme, therefore, which, while I make
+choice to write of, frees me from the Imputation of vain or
+self-sufficient:--None can tax me with having too great an Opinion of my
+own Genius, when I aim at nothing but what the meanest may perform. "I
+have nothing to value myself on, but a tolerable Share of Discernment."
+
+[27]
+See the Preface to _The Injur'd Husband_ quoted in Chap. IV.
+
+[28]
+Preface to _The Memoirs of the Baron de Brosse_ (1725). A similar
+complaint had appeared in the Dedication of _The Fair Captive_ (1721).
+"For my own part ... I suffer'd all that Apprehension could inflict, and
+found I wanted many more Arguments than the little Philosophy I am
+Mistress of could furnish me with, to enable me to stem that Tide of
+Raillery, which all of my Sex, unless they are very excellent indeed,
+must expect, when once they exchange the Needle for the Quill."
+
+[29]
+See a poem by Aaron Hill, _To Eliza upon her design'd Voyage into Spain_
+(undated), Hill's _Works_, III, 363. Also _The Husband_, 59. "On a trip
+I was once taking to France, an accident happen'd to detain me for some
+days at Dover," etc. Mrs. Haywood's relations with Hill have been
+excellently discussed by Miss Dorothy Brewster, _Aaron Hill_ (1913),
+186.
+
+[30]
+The first of these was a translation of the Chevalier de Mouhy's best
+known work, _La Mouche, ou les Aventures et espiegleries facetieuses de
+Bigand_, (1730), and may have been done by Mrs. Haywood herself. The
+second title certainly savors of a typical Haywoodian production, but I
+have been unable to find a copy of these alleged publications. Neither
+of them was originally published at the Sign of Fame, and they could
+hardly have been pirated, since Cogan, who issued the volume wherein the
+advertisement appeared, was also the original publisher of
+_The Busy-Body_. The _Anti-Pamela_ had already been advertised for
+Huggonson in June, 1741, and had played a small part in the series of
+pamphlets, novels, plays, and poems excited by Richardson's fashionable
+history. If Mrs. Haywood wrote it, she was biting the hand that fed her,
+for _The Virtuous Villager_ probably owed its second translation and
+what little sale it may have enjoyed to the similarity between the
+victorious virgin and the popular Pamela.
+
+[31]
+B.M. (MSS. Sloane. 4059. ff. 144), undated.
+
+[32]
+_Monthly Review_, II, 167, Jan. 1750.
+
+[33]
+The _Biographia Dramatica_ gives this date. Clara Reeve, _Progress of
+Romance_, I, 121, however, gives 1758, while Mrs. Griffith, _Collection
+of Novels_ (1777), II, 159, prefers 1759. The two novels were
+_Clementina_ (1768), a revision of _The Agreeable Caledonian_, and _The
+History of Leonora Meadowson_ (1788).
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+SHORT ROMANCES OF PASSION
+
+The little amatory tales which formed Mrs. Haywood's chief stock in
+trade when she first set up for a writer of fiction, inherited many of
+the characteristics of the long-winded French romances. Though some were
+told with as much directness as any of the intercalated narratives in
+"Clelie" or "Cleopatre," others permitted the inclusion of numerous
+"little histories" only loosely connected with the main plot. Letters
+burning with love or jealousy were inserted upon the slightest
+provocation, and indeed remained an important component of Eliza
+Haywood's writing, whether the ostensible form was romance, essay, or
+novel. Scraps of poetry, too, were sometimes used to ornament her
+earliest effusions, but the other miscellaneous features of the
+romances--lists of maxims, oratory, moral discourses, and conversations
+--were discarded from the first. The language of these short romances,
+while generally more easy and often more colloquial than the absurd
+extravagances of the translators of heroic romances and their imitators,
+still smacked too frequently of shady groves and purling streams to be
+natural. Many conventional themes of love or jealousy, together with
+such stock types as the amorous Oriental potentate, the lover disguised
+as a slave, the female page, the heroine of excessive delicacy, the
+languishing beauty, the ravishing sea-captain, and the convenient pirate
+persisted in the pages of Mrs. Barker, Mrs. Haywood, and Mrs. Aubin. As
+in the interminable tomes of Scudery, love and honor supplied the place
+of life and manners in the tales of her female successors, and though in
+some respects their stories were nearer the standard of real conduct,
+new novel on the whole was but old romance writ small.
+
+In attempting to revitalize the materials and methods of the romances
+Mrs. Haywood was but following the lead of the French _romancieres_, who
+had successfully invaded the field of prose fiction when the passing of
+the precieuse fashion and Boileau's influential ridicule[1] had
+discredited the romance in the eyes of writers with classical
+predilections. Mme de La Fayette far outshines her rivals, but a host of
+obscure women, headed by Hortense Desjardins, better known as Mme de
+Villedieu, hastened to supply the popular demand for romantic stories.
+In drawing their subjects from the histories of more modern courts than
+those of Rome, Greece, or Egypt they endeavored to make their
+"historical" romances of passion more lifelike than the heroic romances,
+and while they avoided the extravagances, they also shunned the
+voluminousness of the _romans a longue haleine_. So the stories related
+in "La Belle Assemblee" by Mme de Gomez, translated by Mrs. Haywood in
+1725 and often reprinted, are nearer the model of Boccaccio's novelle
+than of the Scudery romance, both in their directness and in being set
+in a framework, but the inclusion, in the framework, of long
+conversations on love, morals, politics, or wit, with copious examples
+from ancient and modern history, of elegant verses on despair and
+similar topics, and of such miscellaneous matter as the "General
+Instructions of a Mother to a Daughter for her Conduct in Life," showed
+that the influence of the salon was not yet exhausted. In the
+continuation called "L'Entretien des Beaux Esprits" (translated in
+1734), however, the elaborate framework was so far reduced that fourteen
+short tales were crowded into two volumes as compared with eighteen in
+the four volumes of the previous work. Writers of fiction were evidently
+finding brief, unadorned narrative most acceptable to the popular taste.
+
+That the "novels" inserted in these productions had not ceased to
+breathe the atmosphere of romance is sufficiently indicated by such
+titles as "Nature outdone by Love," "The Triumph of Virtue," "The
+Generous Corsair," "Love Victorious over Death," and "Heroick Love."
+French models of this kind supplied Mrs. Haywood with a mine of romantic
+plots and situations which she was not slow to utilize.[2] Furthermore,
+her natural interest in emotional fiction was quickened by these and
+other translations from the French. The "Letters from a Lady of Quality
+to a Chevalier" emphasized the teaching of the "Lettres Portugaises,"
+while "The Lady's Philosopher's Stone; or, The Caprices of Love and
+Destiny" (1725),[3] although claiming to be an "historical novel" in
+virtue of being set "in the time, when Cromwell's Faction prevail'd in
+England," was almost entirely occupied with the matters indicated in the
+sub-title. And in "The Disguis'd Prince: or, the Beautiful Parisian"
+(1728) she translated the melting history of a prince who weds a
+merchant's daughter in spite of complicated difficulties.[4] Much
+reading in books of this sort filled Mrs. Haywood's mind with images of
+exalted virtue and tremendous vice, and like a Female Quixote, she saw
+and reported the life about her in terms borrowed from the romances. So,
+too, Mrs. Manley had written her autobiography in the character of
+Rivella.
+
+This romantic turn of mind was not easily laid aside, but the women
+writers made some progress toward a more direct and natural
+representation of the passions. The advance was due partly, no doubt, to
+a perception of the heroic absurdities of French fiction, but also to
+the study of Italian _novelle_ and the "Exemplary Novels" of Cervantes.
+But even when imitating the compression of these short tales Mrs.
+Haywood did not always succeed in freeing herself from the "amour trop
+delicat" of the romantic conventions. In two short "novels" appended to
+"Cleomelia: or, the Generous Mistress" (1727) the robust animalism of
+the Italian tales comes in sharp contrast with the _delicatesse_ of the
+French tradition. "The Lucky Rape: or, Fate the best Disposer"
+illustrates the spirit of the _novelle_.
+
+Emilia, rusticated to Andalusia to escape falling in love, gives her
+heart to Berinthus, whom she meets at a masquerade. On her way to a
+second entertainment to meet her lover, her terror of a drunken cavalier
+induces her to accept the protection of the amorous Alonzo and paves the
+way for her ruin. Berinthus turns out to be her brother Henriquez.
+Alonzo, his friend, marries the lady as soon as her identity is
+discovered, and all parties are perfectly content.
+
+Though the scene of "The Capricious Lover: or, No Trifling with a Woman"
+is likewise laid in Spain, the atmosphere of the story is far different.
+
+Montano, doubtful of Calista's affection for him, feigns to break with
+her, and she, though really loving him, returns an indifferent answer
+and marries Gaspero out of pique. The distracted lover thereupon falls
+upon his sword in the presence of the newly wedded couple, and the
+bride, touched by the spectacle of her lover's devotion, languishes and
+dies in a few months.
+
+There is little naturalness in the extravagant passion of the second
+story, but until sensationalism cloyed the public palate, realism was an
+unnecessary labor. By placing the events in some romantic country like
+Spain, Portugal, Italy, or even France, any narrative of excessive love
+could be made to pass current. The Latin countries were vaguely imagined
+by romantic novelists as a sort of remote but actual _pays du Tendre_
+where the most extraordinary actions might occur if only "love, soft
+love" were the motivating force.
+
+A collection of select novels called "Love in its Variety," advertised
+in 1727 as "Written in Spanish by Signior Michel Ban Dello; made English
+by Mrs. Eliza Haywood," was apparently a translation from the _novelle_
+of Matteo Bandello, probably from a French version.[5] The best examples
+of her brief, direct tales, however, are to be found in "The Fruitless
+Enquiry. Being a Collection of several Entertaining Histories and
+Occurrences, which Fell under the Observation of a Lady in her Search
+after Happiness" (1727). Although the scene is laid in Venice, the model
+of this framework story was probably not the "Decameron" but the
+Oriental tales, known in England through French translations and
+imitations of the "Arabian Nights." Intercalated stories were not
+uncommon in French romances, but they were almost invariably introduced
+as life histories of the various characters. A fantastic framework, with
+a hint of magic, fabricated expressly to give unity to a series of
+tales, half exemplary, half satirical, points directly to an ultimate
+connection with the narratives of Scheherezade and Sutlememe. No attempt
+to catch the spirit of the East is discernible, but the vogue of
+Oriental tales was evidently beginning to make an impression on French
+and English writers of fiction. Care for the moral welfare of her
+readers doubtless influenced Mrs. Haywood to assert in the dedication to
+Lady Elizabeth Germain that the following "Sheets ...contain the History
+of some real Facts," and that the author's chief design in publishing
+was to "persuade my Sex from seeking Happiness the wrong Way."
+
+At any rate the moral of the stories suited the taste of the age.[6]
+
+Miramillia, widow of a nobleman in Venice, loses her only son, and is
+informed by a soothsayer that she will hear nothing of him until she has
+a shirt made for him by a woman perfectly content. She, therefore, seeks
+among her acquaintance for the happy woman, but one after another
+reveals to her a secret disquiet.
+
+Anziana, married against her will to the Count Caprera, encourages her
+former lover, Lorenzo, to continue his friendship for her. Her husband
+and father, believing that she is about to prove faithless to her
+marriage vows, secretly assassinate Lorenzo, and cause his skeleton to
+be set up in Anziana's closet for an object lesson. When she discovers
+it, she refuses to be reconciled to her husband, and vows to spend an
+hour a day weeping over Lorenzo's remains.
+
+On the night of his marriage Montrano is torn from the arms of Iseria by
+his cruel uncle and shipped to Ceylon. Shipwrecked, he becomes the slave
+of a savage Incas, whose renegade Italian queen falls in love with him.
+But neither her blandishments nor the terrible effects of her
+displeasure can make him inconstant to Iseria. After suffering
+incredible hardships, he returns to see Iseria once more before entering
+a monastery, but she, loyal even to the semblance of the man, refuses to
+allow him to leave her.
+
+Stenoclea's doting parents refuse to let her wed Armuthi, a gentleman
+beneath her in fortune, and he in hopes of removing the objection goes
+on his travels. Her parents die, her brother is assassinated on his way
+home to Venice, she becomes mistress of her fortune, and soon marries
+her lover. Completely happy, she begins to make a shirt for Miramillia's
+son, but before it is completed, a servant who had been wounded when her
+brother was killed, returns and identifies Armuthi as the slayer.
+Through Miramillia's influence the husband is pardoned, but Stenoclea
+retires to a convent.
+
+An adventuress named Maria boasts to Miramillia that she has attained
+perfect felicity by entrapping the Marquis de Savilado into a marriage.
+She too undertakes the shirt, but in a few days Miramillia hears that
+the supposed Marquis has been exposed as an impostor and turned into the
+street with his wife.
+
+Violathia endures for a long time the cruelties of her jealous husband,
+Count Berosi, but finally yields to the persistent kindness of her
+lover, Charmillo. Just as he has succeeded in alienating his wife's
+affections, Berosi experiences a change of heart. His conduct makes the
+divorce impossible, and she is forced to remain the wife of a man she
+loathes, and to dismiss Charmillo who has really gained her love.
+
+Tellisinda, to avoid the reproach of barrenness, imposes an adopted boy
+on her husband, but shortly afterward gives birth to a child. She is
+forced to watch a spurious but amiable heir inherit the estate of her
+own ill-natured son. (Cf. footnote 2 at end of this chapter.)
+
+Even unmarried ladies, Miramillia finds, are not without their
+discontents. Amalia is vexed over the failure of a ball gown. Clorilla
+is outranked by an acquaintance whose father has obtained preferment.
+Claribella pouts because a man has shot himself for love of her rival.
+Selinda mourns her lap-dog dead.
+
+Just as Miramillia is ready to give over her search for a happy woman,
+Adario, her son, returns in company with a former lover of hers whose
+daughter he has saved from a villain at the expense of a wound from
+which he has but then recovered. Naturally the girl rewards him with her
+hand, and all ends well.[7]
+
+Of the stories in this diversified collection that of Anziana approaches
+in kind, though not in degree, the tragic pathos of Isabella and the Pot
+of Basil ("Decameron," IV, 5). The second narrative has all the glamor
+of adventure in the barbaric East, and the romantic interest that
+attaches to lovers separated but eternally constant. The histories of
+Stenoclea and of Tellisinda contain situations of dramatic intensity.
+But perhaps the story of Violathia is the most worthy of attention on
+account both of its defects and of its merits. The weakest part of the
+plot is the husband, who is jealous without cause, and equally without
+reason suddenly reforms. But the character of Violathia is admirably
+drawn. Unlike the usual heroine of Haywoodian fiction she is superior to
+circumstance and does not yield her love to the most complacent adjacent
+male. As a dutiful wife she resists for a long time the insinuations of
+Charmillo, but when she decides to fly to her lover, her husband's tardy
+change of heart cannot alter her feelings. Her character is individual,
+firm, and palpable. If the story was original with Mrs. Haywood, it
+shows that her powers of characterization were not slight when she
+wished to exert them. The influence of the _novella_ and of the Oriental
+tale produced nothing better.
+
+From other literary forms the makers of fiction freely derived
+sensational materials and technical hints. Without insisting too closely
+upon the connection between novel and play, we may well remember that
+nearly all the early novelists, Defoe excepted, were intimately
+associated with the theatre. Mrs. Behn, Mrs. Manley, Mrs. Haywood, and
+later Fielding and Mrs. Lennox were successful in both fields. The women
+writers especially were familiar with dramatic technique both as actors
+and playwrights, and turned their stage training to account when they
+wrote prose fiction. Mrs. Haywood's first novel, "Love in Excess"
+(1720), showed evidences of her apprenticeship to the theatre. Its three
+parts may be compared to the three acts of a play; the principal climax
+falls properly at the end of the second part, and the whole ends in
+stereotyped theatrical fashion with the marriage of all the surviving
+couples. The handling of incident, too, is in the fashion of the stage.
+Mrs. Haywood had sufficient skill to build up a dramatic situation, but
+she invariably solves it, or rather fails to solve it, by an
+interruption at the critical moment, so that the reader's interest is
+continually titillated. Of a situation having in itself the germs of a
+solution, she apparently had not the remotest conception. When a love
+scene has been carried far enough, the coming of a servant, the sound of
+a duel near by, or a seasonable outbreak of fire interrupts it. Such
+devices were the common stock in trade of minor writers for the theatre.
+Dramatic hacks who turned to prose fiction found it only a more
+commodious vehicle for incidents and scenes already familiar to them on
+the stage. In their hands the novel became simply a looser and more
+extended series of sensational adventures. Accident, though tempered in
+various degrees by jealousy, hatred, envy, or love, was the supreme
+motivating force.
+
+The characters of Mrs. Haywood's "Love in Excess" also inherited many
+traits from the debased but glittering Sir Fopling Flutters, Mirabells,
+Millamants, and Lady Wishforts of the Restoration stage. Of character
+drawing, indeed, there is practically none in the entire piece; the
+personages are distinguished only by the degree of their willingness to
+yield to the tender passion. The story in all its intricacies may best
+be described as the _vie amoureuse_ of Count D'Elmont, a hero with none
+of the wit, but with all the gallantry of the rakes of late Restoration
+comedy. Two parts of the novel relate the aristocratic intrigues of
+D'Elmont and his friends; the third shows him, like Mrs. Centlivre's
+gallants in the fifth act, reformed and a model of constancy. It would
+be useless to detail the sensational extravagances of the plot in all
+its ramifications, but the hero's adventures before and after marriage
+may serve as a fair sample of the whole.
+
+D'Elmont, returning to Paris from the French wars, becomes the
+admiration of both sexes, but especially in the eyes of the rich and
+noble Alovisa appears a conquest worthy of her powers. To an incoherent
+expression of her passion sent to him in an anonymous letter he pays no
+attention, having for diversion commenced an intrigue with the lovely
+Amena. Though Alovisa in a second billet bids him aim at a higher mark,
+"he had said too many fine things to be lost," and continues his pursuit
+until Amena's father takes alarm and locks her up. Through her maid she
+arranges for a secret meeting, and though touched by her father's
+reproofs, she is unable to withstand the pleas of the captivating count.
+Their tete-a-tete in the Tuilleries, however, is interrupted by
+Alovisa's spies, who alarm the house with cries of fire, so that the
+lovers find themselves locked out. Half senseless with dismay, Amena
+finds shelter in the house of Alovisa, who, though inwardly triumphant,
+receives her rival civilly and promises to reconcile her to her father.
+D'Elmont is so patently glad to be relieved of his fair charge that she
+demands back her letter, but he by mistake gives her one of Alovisa's,
+whose handwriting she immediately recognizes. When the polite Count
+returns to enquire after her health, she accuses her lover and friend of
+duplicity, faints, and letting fall Alovisa's letter from her bosom,
+brings about an _eclaircissement_ between D'Elmont and that lady. Before
+Amena's recovery the Count hastens away to welcome his brother, and when
+the imprudent girl has been safely lodged in a convent, D'Elmont, moved
+more by ambition than by love, weds the languishing Alovisa.
+
+After his marriage the Count soon quarrels with his wife and consoles
+himself by falling in love with his ward, the matchless Melliora, but
+the progress of his amour is interrupted by numerous unforeseen
+accidents. The mere suspicion of his inconstancy raises his wife's
+jealousy to a fever heat. To expose her rival she pretends to yield to
+the persuasions of her wooer, the Baron D'Espernay, but as a result of a
+very intricate intrigue both Alovisa and the Baron perish accidentally
+on the swords of D'Elmont and his brother.
+
+Melliora retires to a convent, and her lover goes to travel in Italy,
+where his charms cause one lady to take poison for love of him, and
+another to follow him disguised as the little foot-page Fidelio. In
+helping Melliora's brother to elope with a beautiful Italian girl, the
+Count again encounters his beloved Melliora, now pursued by the Marquis
+de Sanguillier. In a dramatic _denouement_ she deserts the Marquis at
+the altar and throws herself upon the protection of her guardian. The
+disappointed bridegroom is consoled by the discovery of an old flame who
+has long been serving him secretly in the capacity of chambermaid.
+Fidelio reveals her identity and dies of hopeless love, pitied by all.
+The three surviving couples marry at once, and this time the husbands
+"continue, with their fair Wives, great and lovely Examples of conjugal
+Affection."
+
+Such, with the omission of all secondary narratives, is the main plot of
+Eliza Haywood's first novel.
+
+"Love in Excess" best illustrates the similarity of sensational fiction
+to clap-trap drama, but others of her early works bear traces of the
+author's familiarity with the theatre. The escape of the pair of lovers
+from an Oriental court, already the theme of countless plays including
+Mrs. Haywood 's own "Pair Captive," was re-vamped to supply an episode
+in "Idalia" (1723), and parts of the same novel are written in concealed
+blank verse that echoes the heroic Orientalism of some of Dryden's
+tragedies. In the character of Grubguard, the amorous alderman of "The
+City Jilt" (1726), Mrs. Haywood apparently had in mind not Alderman
+Barber, whom the character little resembles, but rather Antonio in
+Otway's "Venice Preserved." And the plot of "The Distressed Orphan, or
+Love in a Mad-House" (c. 1726), where young Colonel Marathon feigns
+himself mad in order to get access to his beloved Annilia, may perhaps
+owe its inspiration to the coarser mad-house scenes of Middleton's
+"Changeling."[8] On the whole, however, the drama but poorly repaid its
+debt to prose fiction.
+
+An indication of the multifarious origins of the short tales of love is
+to be found in the nominal diversity of the setting. The scene, though
+often laid in some such passion-ridden land as Spain or Italy, rarely
+affects the nature of the story. But as in such novels as "Philidore and
+Placentia" and "The Agreeable Caledonian" the characters wander widely
+over the face of Europe and even come in contact with strange Eastern
+climes, so the writers of romantic tales ransacked the remotest corners
+of literature and history for sensational matter. The much elaborated
+chronicle of the Moors was made to eke out substance for "The Arragonian
+Queen" (1724), a story of "Europe in the Eighth Century," while
+"Cleomelia: or, the Generous Mistress" was advertised as the "Secret
+History of a Lady Lately Arriv'd from Bengall." The tendency to exploit
+the romantic features of outlandish localities was carried to the
+ultimate degree by Mrs. Penelope Aubin, whose characters range over
+Africa, Turkey, Persia, the East and West Indies, and the North American
+continent, often with peculiar geographical results. But neither Mrs.
+Aubin nor Mrs. Haywood was able to use the gorgeous local color that
+distinguished Mrs. Behn's "Oroonoko," and still less did they command
+the realistic imagination that could make the travels of a Captain
+Singleton lifelike.
+
+Even when, as in "The Mercenary Lover," the setting is transferred to
+"the Metropolis of one of the finest Islands in the World," and the
+action takes place "in the neighborhood of a celebrated Church, in the
+Sound of whose Bells the Inhabitants of that populous City think it an
+Honour to be born,"[9] the change is unaccompanied by any attempt at
+circumstantial realism. We are told that Belinda of "The British
+Recluse" is a young lady of Warwickshire, that Fantomina follows her
+lover to Bath in the guise of a chambermaid, or that "The Fair Hebrew"
+relates the "true, but secret history of two Jewish ladies who lately
+resided in London," but without the labels the settings could not be
+distinguished from the vague and unidentified _mise en scene_ of such a
+romance as "The Unequal Conflict." Placentia in England raves of her
+passion for Philidore exactly as Alovisa in Paris, Emanuella in
+Madrid,[10] or Cleomelia in Bengal expose the raptures and agonies of
+their passions. The hero of "The Double Marriage" (1726) rescues a
+distressed damsel in the woods outside of Plymouth exactly as one of
+Ariosto's or Spenser's knights-errant might have done in the fairy
+country of old romance. In the sordid tale of "Irish Artifice," printed
+in Curll's "Female Dunciad" (1728), no reader could distinguish in the
+romantic names Aglaura and Merovius the nationality or the meanness of a
+villainous Irish housekeeper and her son. And though the tale is the
+very reverse of romantic, it contains no hint of actual circumstance.
+The characters in Mrs. Haywood's early fiction move in an imaginary
+world, sometimes, it is true, marked with the names of real places, but
+no more truly realistic than the setting of "Arcadia" or "Parthenissa."
+
+Nor are the figures that people the eighteenth century paradise of
+romance more definitely pictured than the landscape. They are generally
+unindividualized, lay figures swayed by the passions of the moment, or
+at best mere "humour" characters representing love's epitome,
+extravagant jealousy, or eternal constancy. Pope could make a portrait
+specific by the vigorous use of epigrams, but Mrs. Haywood's comments on
+her heroes and heroines are but feeble. The description of Lasselia, for
+instance, contains no trait that is particular, no characteristic
+definitely individual. The girl is simply the type of all that is
+conventionally charming in her sex, "splendidly null, dead perfection."
+
+  "But if the grave Part of the World were charm'd with her Wit and
+  Discretion, the Young and Gay were infinitely more so with her Beauty;
+  which tho' it was not of that dazzling kind which strikes the Eye at
+  first looking on it with Desire and Wonder, yet it was such as seldom
+  fail'd of captivating Hearts most averse to Love. Her features were
+  perfectly regular, her Eyes had an uncommon Vivacity in them, mix'd
+  with a Sweetness, which spoke the Temper of her Soul; her Mien was
+  gracefully easy, and her Shape the most exquisite that could be; in
+  fine, her Charms encreas'd by being often seen, every View discover'd
+  something new to be admir'd; and tho' they were of that sort which
+  more properly may be said to persuade than to command Adoration, yet
+  they persuaded it in such a manner, that no Mortal was able to resist
+  their Force." (p. 2.)
+
+Mrs. Haywood's heroes are merely the masculine counterparts of her
+women. Bellcour, the type of many more, "had as much Learning as was
+necessary to a Gentleman who depended not on that alone to raise his
+Fortune: He had also admirable Skill in Fencing, and became a Horse as
+well as any Man in the World."[11] Victor over a thousand hearts, the
+Haywoodian male ranges through his glittering sphere, ever ready to fall
+in or out of love as the occasion demands. D'Elmont of "Love in Excess"
+possesses a soul large enough to contain both love and fury at almost
+the same moment. A "brulee" with his spouse merely increases his
+tenderness for his ward.
+
+  "You have done well, Madam, (said D'Elmont, looking on her with Eyes
+  sparkling with Indignation) you have done well, by your impertinent
+  Curiosity and Imprudence, to rouze me from my Dream of Happiness, and
+  remind me that I am that wretched thing a Husband! 'Tis well indeed,
+  answer'd Alovisa, (who saw now that there was no need of farther
+  Dissimulation) that any thing can make you remember, both what you
+  are, and what I am. You, resum'd he, hastily interrupting her, have
+  taken an effectual Method to prove your self a Wife!--a very Wife!--
+  Insolent--Jealous--and Censorious!--But Madam, continued he frowning,
+  since you are pleased to assert your Privilege, be assur'd, I too
+  shall take my turn, and will exert the--Husband! In saying this, he
+  flung out of the Room in spite of her Endeavours to hinder him, and
+  going hastily through a Gallery which had a large Window that look'd
+  into the Garden, he perceiv'd Melliora lying on a green Bank, in a
+  melancholy but a charming Posture, directly opposite to the place
+  where he was; her Beauties appear'd, if possible more to advantage
+  than ever he had seen them, or at least he had more opportunity thus
+  unseen by her, to gaze upon them: he in a moment lost all the Rage of
+  Temper he had been in, and his whole Soul was taken up with
+  Softness.... Ambition, Envy, Hate, Fear, or Anger, every other Passion
+  that finds entrance in the Soul, Art and Discretion may disguise; but
+  Love, tho' it may be feign'd, can never be conceal'd, not only the
+  Eyes (those true and most perfect Intelligencers of the Heart) but
+  every Feature, every Faculty betrays it! It fills the whole Air of the
+  Person possess'd of it; it wanders round the Mouth! plays in the
+  Voice! trembles in the Accent! and shows itself a thousand different
+  ways! even Melliora's care to hide it, made it more apparent; and the
+  transported D'Elmont, not considering where he was, or who might be a
+  witness of his Rapture, could not forbear catching her in his Arms,
+  and grasping her with an extasy, which plainly told her what his
+  thoughts were, tho' at that time he had not power to put 'em into
+  words; and indeed there is no greater Proof of a vast and elegant
+  Passion, than the being uncapable of expressing it." (p. 79.)
+
+Oddly enough the early experimenters in fiction never perceived that to
+seem real a passion must be felt by a real person. They attempted again
+and again to heighten the picture of envy, fear, ambition, rage, or love
+by all manner of extraordinary circumstances, but they rarely succeeded
+in attaching the emotion to a lifelike character. It was indeed passion,
+but passion painted on the void, impalpable. Consequently they almost
+never succeeded in maintaining complete verisimilitude, nor was their
+character drawing any less shadowy than in the sentimental romances of
+Sidney and Lodge. Compare, for example, the first expression of
+Rosalynde's love with the internal debate of Mrs. Haywood's
+Placentia.[12] Both are cast in soliloquy form, and except that the
+eighteenth century romancer makes no attempt to decorate the style with
+fantastic conceits, the two descriptions are not essentially different.
+
+"[Placentia] was no sooner at liberty to reflect, than she grew amazed
+at herself for having expresd, and still feeling so uncommon a Concern
+for the Service she had received from Jacobin [Philidore]; he did no
+more, said she, than was his Duty, nay, any Man would have done as much
+for a Woman to whom he had not the least obligation, if distressed and
+assaulted in the manner she had been--why then, continued she, does the
+action appear so charming, so meritorious from him?--'Tis certainly the
+surprize to find so much gallantry and courage in a Man of his mean
+birth, that has caused this disorder in my Soul--were he my Equal I
+should think it was Love had seized me, but Oh! far be it from me to
+debase myself so far--Yet, again would she retort, what can I wish in
+Man that is not to be found in this too lovely Slave?... Besides, who
+knows but that his Descent may be otherwise than he pretends--I have
+heard of Princes who have wandered in strange disguises--he may be in
+reality as far above me as he seems beneath.... The thought that there
+was a possibility for such a thing to be, had no sooner entered into her
+head than she indulged it with an infinity of rapture, she painted him
+in Imagination the most desperate dying Lover that ever was, represented
+the transports she shou'd be in when the blest discovery shou'd be made,
+held long discourses with him, and formed answers such as she supposed
+he wou'd make on such an occasion. Thus, for some hours did she beguile
+her Cares, but Love, who takes delight sometimes to torment his Votarys
+wou'd not long permit her to enjoy this satisfaction.... Reason, with
+stern remonstrances checked the Romantick turn of her late thoughts, and
+showed her the improbability of the hope she had entertained: Were he,
+cryed she, with an agony proportioned to her former transports, of any
+degree which you'd encourage his pretensions to my Love, he cou'd not
+for so long a Time have endured the servile Offices to which he has been
+put--Some way his ingenious passion wou'd have found out to have
+revealed itself--No, no, he is neither a Lover nor a Gentleman, and I
+but raise Chimera's to distract myself ...but Ill [_sic_] retrieve all
+yet, Ill discharge him from my house and service--he is an Enchanter,
+and has bewitched me from my Reason, and never, never more shall he
+behold my face."
+
+The normal character in Eliza Haywood's tales almost invariably
+conformed to some conventional type borrowed from the romance or the
+stage. The author's purpose was not to paint a living portrait, but to
+create a vehicle for the expression of vivid emotion, and in her design
+she was undoubtedly successful until the reading public was educated to
+demand better things.
+
+On [Transcriber's note: sic] exception, however, to the customary
+conventionality of Mrs. Haywood's heroines ought to be noted. Ordinarily
+the novelist accepted the usual conception of man the pursuer and woman
+the victim, but sometimes instead of letting lovely woman reap the
+consequences of her folly after the fashion of Goldsmith's celebrated
+lyric, she violated romantic tradition by making her disappointed
+heroines retire into self-sufficient solitude, defying society. In real
+life the author of these stories was even more uncompromising. Far from
+pining in obscurity after her elopement from her husband, she continued
+to exist in the broad light of day, gaining an independent living by the
+almost unheard of occupation (as far as women were concerned) of
+writing. If she was blighted, she gave no indication of the fact.
+Something of the same defiant spirit actuated the unfortunate Belinda
+and Cleomira of "The British Recluse" (1722).
+
+Belinda, a young lady of fortune in Warwickshire, comes to London on
+business and meets at her lodging-house a mysterious fair recluse.
+Imagining that their lots may be somewhat akin, she induces the retired
+beauty to relate the history of her misfortunes.
+
+Cleomira upon her father's death is removed from the court to the
+country by a prudent mother. She does not take kindly to housewifery,
+and languishes until friends persuade her mother to let her attend a
+ball. There she meets the glorious Lysander, and in spite of her
+mother's care, runs away to join him in London. Her ruin and desertion
+inevitably follow. The sight of a rival in her place makes her
+frantically resolve to die by poison, but the apothecary gives her only
+a harmless opiate. Thinking herself dying, she sends a last letter to
+her faithless lover. When she awakes and hears how indifferently he has
+received the report of her death, she at length overcomes her unhappy
+passion, and retires from the world.
+
+Belinda then relates how her marriage with the deserving Worthly was
+postponed by her father's death. In the interim the captivating Sir
+Thomas Courtal has occasion to render her a slight service at the
+overturn of her coach, and fires her with a passion which her mild
+esteem for Worthly is too weak to overcome. Courtal perceives and
+encourages her fondness, though he poses as Worthly's friend. She gives
+him an assignation in a wood, where she is saved from becoming a victim
+to his lust only by the timely arrival of her true admirer. In the duel
+that ensues Worthly falls, Courtal flees, and a little later Belinda
+goes to London in hopes of seeing him. At the playhouse she is only too
+successful in beholding him in a box accompanied by his wife and
+mistress. From the gossip of her friends she learns that his real name
+is Lord----, and from one of the ladies she hears such stories of his
+villainy that she can no longer doubt him to be a monster.
+
+Worthly, meanwhile, has recovered from his wound and weds Belinda's
+sister. Lysander and Courtal prove to be in reality the same bland
+villain, the inconstant Bellamy. His two victims, sympathizing in their
+common misfortune, agree to retire together to a remote spot where they
+can avoid all intercourse with the race of men. "And where a solitary
+Life is the effect of Choice, it certainly yields more solid Comfort,
+than all the publick Diversions which those who are the greatest
+Pursuers of them can find."
+
+The same admirable sentiment was shared by the surviving heroine of "The
+Double Marriage: or, the Fatal Release" (1726), who after witnessing a
+signal demonstration of the perfidy of man, resolves to shun for ever
+the false sex.
+
+Dazzled by the numerous accomplishments of Bellcour, the charming
+Alathia weds him in secret. When he finds that his father has designed
+to bestow his hand upon the heiress of an India merchant, he dares not
+confess his fault, but lets himself be carried to Plymouth to meet his
+intended bride. There he determines to escape from his father during a
+hunting party, but while passing a wood, he hears cries and rescues a
+fair maiden from violation. The beautiful stranger allows him to conduct
+her back to Plymouth, and turns out to be Mirtamene, the woman he is to
+marry. Though very much in love with this new beauty, Bellcour cannot
+relinquish the thought of Alathia without a struggle. But in fatal
+hesitation the time slips by, and he is finally compelled to wed a
+second bride. Meanwhile the deserted Alathia hears disquieting reports
+of her husband's conduct. In disguise as a boy she travels to Plymouth
+to see for herself, confronts her guilty partner, and after hearing his
+confession, stabs herself. Overcome by remorse and love, Bellcour
+imitates her, while Mirtamene "warn'd by the example of Bellcour, that
+Interest, Absence, or a new Passion, can make the most seeming constant
+Lover false, took a Resolution ever to contemn and hate that betraying
+Sex to which she owed her Misfortune and the Sight of such a Disaster as
+she had beheld in Alathia."
+
+Not content to retire in disgust from the world, Glicera, the victim of
+fickle man in "The City Jilt" (1726) determines to retaliate upon the
+lover who has ruined and abandoned her when the death of her father left
+her without a fortune or a protector. To secure her revenge she
+encourages the advances of a senile alderman, Grubguard by name, whom
+she takes infinite delight in deceiving by the help of an ingenious
+confidant. Meanwhile an unfortunate lawsuit and the extravagances of his
+wife have ruined the false Melladore, who is obliged to mortgage his
+estate to Grubguard. Glicera obtains the deeds from the amorous
+alderman, and then sends him packing. Melladore is forced to beg of her
+sufficient funds to purchase a commission and later dies in battle. With
+the fortune she has won from her various lovers Glicera retires from the
+world and henceforth shuns the society of men.
+
+In these three tales Mrs. Haywood followed the guidance of her own
+experience when it ran counter to the traditions of romance. The
+betrayed heroine ought to have died, or at least to have been immured in
+a convent to suffer a living death, but instead of acquiescing in their
+fate, Belinda and Cleomira, Mirtamene, and Glicera defy the world, and
+in the last case prove that the worm may turn.
+
+Among the works of her first decade of authorship a few effusions in
+which Mrs. Haywood has succeeded to a degree in motivating,
+characterizing, or analyzing the passions of her characters, must be
+exempted from the general charge of commonplaceness. The first of these
+is "Idalia: or, the Unfortunate Mistress" (1724), the story of a young
+Venetian beauty--like Lasselia, her charms can only be imagined not
+described--whose varied amorous adventures carry her over most of Italy.
+
+She is sought by countless suitors, among them the base Florez, whom her
+father promptly forbids the house. Idalia's vanity is piqued at the loss
+of a single adorer, and more from perverseness than from love she
+continues to correspond with him. He makes no further use of her
+condescension than to boast of her favors, until at the command of his
+patron, Don Ferdinand, he induces Idalia to make an assignation with
+him. Ferdinand meets her and not without difficulty at length effects
+her ruin. Her lover's friend, Henriquez, in conducting her to a place of
+safety in Padua, becomes himself the victim of her charms, quarrels with
+Ferdinand, and slays him and is slain. Henriquez' brother, Myrtano, next
+succeeds as Idalia's adorer, but learning that he is about to make an
+advantageous marriage, she secretly decamps. In her flight the very
+guide turns out to be a noble lover in disguise. When she escapes from
+him in a ship bound for Naples, the sea-captain pays her crude court,
+but just in time to save her from his embraces the ship is captured by
+Barbary corsairs--commanded by a young married couple. Though the
+heroine is in peasant dress, she is treated with distinction by her
+captors. Her history moves them to tears, and they in turn are in the
+midst of relating to her the involved story of their courtship, when the
+vessel is wrecked by a gale. Borne ashore on a plank, Idalia is succored
+by cottagers, and continues her journey in man's clothes. She is loved
+by a lady, and by the lady's husband, who turns out to be her dear
+Myrtano. Their felicity is interrupted by the jealousy of Myrtano's
+wife, who appeals to the Pope and forces the lovers to separate by his
+order. Idalia leads a miserable life, persecuted by all the young
+gallants of Rome. One day she sees Florez, the first cause of all her
+misfortunes, pass the window, and with thoughts bent on revenge sends
+him a billet, which he carries to his master. Myrtano keeps the
+appointment, muffled in a cloak, and Idalia stabs him by mistake.
+Overcome by remorse, she dies by the same knife.
+
+The motivation of the heroine at the beginning of the story, as Miss
+Morgan has pointed out,[13]is more elaborate than usual in Haywoodian
+romance. To show a young girl's vanity teasing her into an intrigue
+required a more delicate appreciation of the passions than the stock
+situations in love stories afforded. Obliged to draw upon her own
+resources, Mrs. Haywood handled the incidents with a niceness that could
+hardly have been expected from the author of "Love in Excess." Her sense
+for _vraisemblance_ protected her from many absurdities, though not from
+all. For instance, when Idalia to preserve herself from the
+importunities of Ferdinand employs the same threat of stabbing herself
+that Clarissa Harlowe in similar circumstances holds over Lovelace, the
+Italian heroine very naturally tries first to stab her seducer. But
+realism vanishes when Idalia begins her romantic flight from place to
+place and from lover to lover. The incidents of romance crowd fast
+around her. When in man's clothes she is loved by a woman who takes her
+for what she seems, and by the woman's husband who knows her for what
+she is, the reader cannot help recalling a similar Gordian love-knot in
+Sidney's "Arcadia." Perhaps the only convincing detail in the latter
+part of the book is the heroine's miserable end. But although the
+sentiments of the characters are reported in concealed blank verse that
+smacks of theatrical rant, though the absurd Oriental digressions, the
+disguises, the frequent poisonings, and fortunate accidents all detract
+from the naturalness and plausibility of the tale, yet one cannot deny
+the piece occasional merits, which if smothered in extravagances, are
+hopeful signs of a coming change. The very excess of strained and
+unnatural incidents indicates that the popular palate was becoming
+cloyed; for a time the writers of fiction attempted to stimulate it by
+spicing the dish, but when the limit of mordancy was reached, a new diet
+became imperative.
+
+Though in no sense a soothing draught for the overstrained sensibilities
+of romance readers, "The Fatal Secret: or, Constancy in Distress" (1724)
+nevertheless represents a valuable part of Mrs. Haywood's contribution
+to the technique of the novel. Few of her works indicate more clearly
+her power to display the operations of passion dominating a young and
+innocent heart.
+
+When the story opens, Anadea is a heart-free maid of sixteen, better
+educated than most young girls, and chiefly interested in her studies.
+Fearing to leave her unprovided for, her father urges her to marry, and
+she, though inclined to a single life, returns a dutiful answer, begging
+him to direct her choice. He fixes upon the worthy Chevalier de Semar,
+and bids her prepare for the wedding.
+
+  "The Time which the necessary Preparations took up, Anadea pass'd in
+  modelling her Soul, as much as possible, to be pleas'd with the State
+  for which she was intended.--The Chevalier had many good Qualities,
+  and she endeavoured to add to them in Imagination a thousand more.
+  Never did any Woman take greater Pains to resist the Dictates of
+  Desire, than she did to create them ...yet she had it not in her
+  Power to feel any of those soft Emotions, those Impatiencies for his
+  Absence, those tender Thrillings in his Presence, nor any of those
+  agreeable Perplexities which are the unfailing Consequences of Love
+  ...and she began, at length, to lay the Blame on her own want of
+  Sensibility, and to imagine she had not a Heart fram'd like those of
+  other Women."
+
+At the house of a friend Anadea meets the Count de Blessure and feels
+the starts of hitherto unsuspected passion. Beside this new lover the
+Chevalier appears as nought. Her mind is racked by an alternation of
+hope and despair.
+
+  "In Anxieties, such as hopeless Lovers feel, did the discontented
+  Anadea pass the Night:--She could not avoid wishing, though there was
+  not the least Room for her to imagine a Possibility of what she
+  wish'd:--She could not help praying, yet thought those Prayers a Sin.
+  --Her once calm and peaceful Bosom was now all Hurry and Confusion:--
+  The Esteem which she had been long labouring to feel for the
+  Chevalier, was now turn'd to Aversion and Disdain; and the
+  Indifference she had for all Mankind, now converted into the most
+  violent Passion for  one ...she thought she could be contended to
+  live a single Life, and knew so little of the encroaching Nature of
+  the Passion she had entertained, that she believed she should never
+  languish for any greater Joy, than that she might, without a Crime,
+  indulge Contemplation with the Idea of his Perfections; and to destroy
+  that pleasing Theory by marrying with another ...was more terrible to
+  her than the worst of Deaths.--Confounded what to do, or rather wild
+  that there was nothing she could do that might be of Service to her in
+  an Exigence like this, her Mind grew all a Chaos, and the
+  unintermitting Inquietudes of her Soul not permitting any Repose, she
+  ...had a very good Pretence to keep her Chamber, and receive no
+  Visits."
+
+She passes the day in tormenting perplexities, sometimes relieved by
+intervals of unsubstantial joy, when she fancies that her affianced may
+break off the match for some reason, that his sickness, an accident, or
+death may leave her free to wed Blessure. In imagination she pictures to
+herself happy meetings with her lover, and even repeats their
+conversation. Then recollecting her true situation, she lapses into real
+woe and bitterness of heart. The Count, however, has been deeply
+affected by her charms, and though he learns that she is engaged to De
+Semar, he sends her an appealing letter to discover whether the match is
+the result of choice or duty. Upon the receipt of this billet the soul
+of Anadea is distracted between the impulses of love and the dictates of
+prudence. Finally she writes a discreet, but not too severe reply,
+intimating that her choice is due more to duty than to inclination.
+Naturally the Count protests vehemently against her sacrificing herself
+to a man for whom she cares nothing, vows that the day of her wedding
+with De Semar shall be his last upon earth, and entreats a meeting.
+
+  "What now became of the enamour'd Anadea? How was it possible for a
+  Heart so prepossessed as hers, to hold out in a Reserve which was very
+  near breaking the Strings which held  it--... Yet still the
+  Consequences that might attend this Meeting, for a Time repelled the
+  Dictates of her Passion.--But it was no more than a faint Struggle;
+  Love! all-conquering, all-o'er-powering Love! triumphed over every
+  other Consideration! and she consented to his and her own impatient
+  Wishes."
+
+Under the pretence of a change of air she goes to a friend's house at
+Versailles, where Blessure secretly weds her. After a short period of
+felicity, they are betrayed by an officious maid. Blessure kills the
+Chevalier, but is himself wounded and cast into prison. His father
+secures a pardon by promising the king's mistress that the Count shall
+marry her daughter, but Blessure remains constant to Anadea, though
+keeping his marriage a secret for fear of infuriating his father. He is
+sent away by his displeased parent to learn the virtue of obedience,
+while Anadea retires to St. Cloud to await her husband's return. There
+the story ends in an unexpected tragedy of incest and blood.
+
+The back-stairs intrigues and the sensational horrors which to the
+majority of Mrs. Haywood's readers doubtless seemed the chief attraction
+of the story are not different from the melodramatic features of
+countless other amatory tales, French and English. But when for a dozen
+pages the author seeks to discover and explain the motives of her
+characters both by impersonal comment and by the self-revelation of
+letters, she is making a noteworthy step--even if an unconscious one--
+toward the Richardsonian method of laying bare the inner natures of
+ordinary people. She has here pursued the analysis of character as an
+end in itself, for in "The Fatal Secret" there is no hint of disguised
+scandal, nor any appeal to the pruriency of degenerate readers.
+Sensational in the extreme the story is, but nevertheless the progress
+of the narrative is delayed while the sentiments of the heroine are
+examined in the minutest detail. While better known romancers exploited
+chiefly the strange and surprising adventures (other than amorous) of
+their characters, or used the _voyage imaginaire_ for the purposes of
+satire, Eliza Haywood and her female colleagues stimulated the popular
+taste for romances of the heart. In trying to depict the working of
+intense human passions they rendered a distinct service to the
+development of English fiction.
+
+The story of "The Mercenary Lover" (1726) involved, besides the ability
+to body forth emotion, considerable power to show a gradual degradation
+in the character of one of the heroines.
+
+The avaricious Clitander gains the moiety of a fortune by marrying the
+young, gay Miranda, but cannot rest without securing to himself the
+portion of the elder sister as well. Althea's thoughtful and less
+volatile nature has hitherto resisted the assaults of love, but her
+insidious brother-in-law undermines her virtue by giving her wanton
+books and tempting her with soft speeches until she yields to his
+wishes. When he attempts to make her sign a deed of gift instead of a
+will to provide for their child, she discovers his treachery and flees
+to the country. By playing upon her tenderness he coaxes her back and
+poisons her. Miranda is fully informed of her husband's villainy, but
+contents herself with removing from the house. Thus Clitander loses not
+only his sister-in-law's, but his wife's fortune as well, and is
+completely unmanned by remorse and apprehension.
+
+The contrast between the characters of the gay and thoughtless wife and
+the pensive, pure-minded girl is skilfully managed, and the various
+steps in the downward course of Althea's nature are exhibited in detail.
+Like Anadea in "The Fatal Secret" she retires to her chamber not to
+sleep, but to indulge in the freedom of her thoughts, which are poured
+forth at length to let the reader into the secrets of her passion-ridden
+bosom. To reveal character in action was beyond the limit of Eliza
+Haywood's technique; and once the story is well under way, Althea
+becomes as colorless as only a heroine of romance can be. But the
+author's effort to differentiate the female characters before the action
+begins, and to make a portion of the plot turn upon a psychological
+change in one of them shows that even sensation-loving readers were
+demanding a stricter veracity of treatment than had hitherto been
+necessary.
+
+But perhaps the most careful interlocking of character and event to be
+found among these embryo novels is contained in "The Life of Madam De
+Villesache. Written by a Lady, who was an Eye-witness of the greatest
+part of her Adventures, and faithfully Translated from her French
+Manuscript. By Mrs. Eliza Haywood" (1727). Since no original source for
+this story has come to light, we may probably assume that the French
+manuscript was a complete fabrication on the part of the English author.
+At any rate, the tale was one of passion and intrigue such as she
+delighted to compose.
+
+Henrietta, daughter of a certain Duke, grows up in obscure circumstances
+to be a miracle of beauty. When her father comes to carry her to court,
+her rustic lover, Clermont, pleads so effectually that she consents to a
+secret union with him. In the glare of the court she half forgets her
+country husband until too fatally reminded of him by being sought in
+marriage by the Marquis of Ab----lle. Her attempts at evasion are vain,
+and rather than face her father's anger, she permits herself to be
+married a second time. She has not long enjoyed her new rank when
+Clermont, whom she has informed of her step, appears to reproach her and
+to claim his rights. Still irresolute, she persuades him by tears and
+prayers not to expose her perfidy, and secretly admits him to a
+husband's privileges. In due time the pair are caught by the Marquis,
+and to avoid his rage confess their prior marriage. Clermont is thrown
+into prison, where he dies not without suspicion of poison. Henrietta
+retires to convent, but the Duke, her father, in order to gain the
+Marquis's estate for her unborn infant, manages to stifle the evidence
+of her first marriage. Enraged that he cannot obtain a divorce, the
+Marquis resolves to be revenged upon his perjured wife. He intercepts
+her coach in a wood outside of Paris and brutally murders her. The Duke
+orders her magnificently buried. Although nothing against the Marquis
+can be proved, he is not allowed to escape the vengeance of heaven, but
+goes mad and in a lucid interval just before death confesses his crimes.
+
+The weakness and irresolution of the heroine are made the pivot of each
+turning point in the plot. When she yields to her lover's entreaties to
+consummate a hasty marriage; when fear of her father's displeasure
+induces her to keep their union a secret; when her love of luxurious
+grandeur at court persuades her to contract a more exalted match; when
+her terror of Clermont forces her into a shameless expedient for the
+sake of mollifying his anger; and when after her exposure by her
+husband, the Marquis, she brazens out her trial in hopes of maintaining
+the splendor of her rank and fortune, she is welding link by link the
+chain of circumstance that draws her to ultimate disaster. She is by no
+means a simple heroine motivated by the elementary passions; instead she
+is constantly swayed by emotions and desires of the most diverse and
+complex nature. After her first taste of court life she learns to look
+back on her husband's rusticity with a sort of contempt, and to regret
+her precipitate action.
+
+  "Not that she hated Clermont; on the contrary, she had yet very great
+  Remains of her former Passion for him, whenever she reflected on the
+  Endearments which had past between them: but then she depis'd the
+  Meanness of his Extraction, and the Thoughts that she had put him in
+  possession of a Title, which gave him the Power, whenever he pleas'd
+  to exert it, of calling her from the present Grandeur of her State,
+  and obliging her to live with him in a mean Retirement; made all
+  Desires instigated by her Affection, immediately give way to that new
+  Idol of her Wishes, Greatness! And she more ardently endeavour'd to
+  find some Stratagem to prevent him from ever seeing her again, than
+  she had formerly pray'd in the Simplicity and Innocence of her
+  Affections, never to be separated from him." (p. 14).
+
+When an ambitious marriage is proposed, her first horror at the thought
+of deserting her country husband yields to a sort of resignation when
+she persuades herself of the necessity of the step. And when she
+considers the riches, title, and agreeable person of the Marquis, she
+almost disdains herself for hesitating to prefer him to Clermont. Her
+life is the tragedy of a soul too indolent to swim against the current
+of events. Mrs. Haywood managed to give extraordinary vividness and
+consistency to the character of the vacillating Henrietta by making the
+plot depend almost entirely upon the indecision of the heroine.
+Consequently none of the author's women are as sharply defined as this
+weak, pleasure-loving French girl. The character drawing, though too
+much subordinated to the sensational elements in the story, is
+nevertheless distinct and true to life.
+
+Most probably, however, the few attempts at analysis of character or
+interrelation of character and plot were of little concern both to the
+author of emotional fiction and to her readers. The romancer's purpose
+was not to reveal an accurate picture of life and manners, but to thrill
+the susceptible bosom by scenes of tender love, amorous rapture, or
+desperate revenge. The department of sensationalism especially exploited
+by women writers and generally allowed to be most suited to their genius
+is sufficiently indicated by the words typographically emphasized on the
+title-page of one of Mrs. Haywood's few essays. "Reflections on the
+Various Effects of LOVE, According to the contrary Dispositions of the
+Persons on whom it operates. Illustrated with a great many Examples of
+the good and bad Consequences of that PASSION. Collected from the best
+Ancient and Modern HISTORIES. Intermix'd with the latest AMOURS and
+INTRIGUES of Persons of the First Rank of both Sexes, of a certain
+Island adjacent to the Kingdom of Utopia. Written by the Author of The
+Mercenary Lover, and the Memoirs of the said Island. Love is not sin,
+but where 'tis sinful Love. Never before made Publick." To any
+contemporary connoisseur of hectic literature such a feast of Love,
+Passion, Histories, Amours, and Intrigues as this, offered in the shop
+of N. Dobb in the Strand for the small price of one shilling, must have
+been irresistible. No less moving was the appeal of Eliza's fiction to
+such Biddy Tipkins and Polly Honeycombes as delighted in a tale of
+amorous adventure, particularly if it was set in the glittering
+atmosphere of the court. A typical story of intrigues among the great is
+"Lasselia: or, the Self-Abandoned" (1723).
+
+The heroine, niece of Madame de Montespan, finding herself in danger of
+becoming her aunt's rival in the affections of Louis XIV, goes secretly
+into the country to visit her friends M. and Mme Valier, where she falls
+in love with De L'Amye, a married gentleman. Summoned back to court by
+the amorous monarch, Lasselia chooses rather to flee from the protection
+of her friends in the disguise of a pilgrim, and led by lucky chance
+casts herself on the protection of her lover, who conveys her to a
+country inn and there maintains her for some time to their mutual
+felicity. Mile Douxmourie, once affianced to De L'Amye but jilted by
+him, accidentally discovers the pair and immediately communicates with
+the gallant's wife, who with the Valiers soon appears to reclaim the
+recreants. The wife rages at her husband, he at the perfidious
+Douxmourie, while Lasselia offers to stab herself. By the good offices
+of her friends, however, the girl is persuaded to enter a nunnery where
+she becomes a pattern of piety. De L'Amye is reconciled to his wife.
+
+In the first few pages of the story the author makes a noteworthy
+attempt to create an atmosphere of impending disaster. When De L'Amye
+first meets the heroine, three drops of blood fall from his nose and
+stain the white handkerchief in her hand, and the company rallies him on
+this sign of an approaching union, much to his wife's discomfiture. The
+accident and her yet unrecognized love fill Lasselia's mind with uneasy
+forebodings. "She wou'd start like one in a Frenzy, and cry out, Oh! it
+was not for nothing that those ominous Drops of Blood fell from him on
+my Handkerchief!--It was not for nothing I was seiz'd with such an
+unusual Horror--Nor is it in vain, that my Soul shrinks, and seems to
+dread a second Interview!--They are all, I fear, too sure Predictions of
+some fatal Consequence." These gloomy thoughts at length give way to an
+ecstasy of despairing love, and when her affection is reciprocated, to a
+series of passionate letters and poems, which indeed make necessary the
+author's apology for the "too great Warmth" of the style.
+
+Since the ultimate disaster of adventurous heroines was regarded as a
+sop to moral readers, Mrs. Haywood frequently failed to gratify her
+audience with a happy ending, but occasionally a departure from strict
+virtue might be condoned, provided it took place in a country far
+removed from England. The scene of "The Padlock: or, No Guard without
+Virtue"[14] was appropriately laid in Spain.
+
+Don Lepidio of Seville, by his jealous conduct, completely alienates the
+affections of his young and beautiful wife, Violante. She finally writes
+a reply to the earnest entreaties of an unknown lover, and though filled
+with apprehension at seeing her letter carried off by an ugly black
+slave, agrees to meet him. Don Honorius, for it was he who had assumed
+the disguise of the slave, proves to be the wonder of his sex. He
+persuades her to elope to the house of one of his relations, and after
+Lepidio has secured a divorce, marries her with great felicity.
+
+That novels of intrigue, even without the tinsel of court dress and the
+romance of French or Spanish setting, were acceptable to Eliza Haywood's
+public is shown by the two parts of "The Masqueraders: or, Fatal
+Curiosity" (1724-5), which in the most luscious language of passion
+narrate the philanderings of a "charming Rover" called Dorimenus, "whose
+real Name, for some Reasons, I shall conceal." London masquerades, as
+the title indicates, play a large part in the plot. A more sprightly
+tale, though still of the unedifying sort, is "Fantomina: or, Love in a
+Maze. Being the Secret History of an Amour between two Persons of
+Condition." The story is so fantastic that it can hardly be suspected of
+having any connection with an actual occurrence, but the novelist was
+not unaware of the advertising value of hinted scandal.
+
+A young lady of distinguished birth, beauty, wit, and spirit for a
+frolic goes masked to the theatre, and there falling in love with the
+agreeable Beauplaisir, begins an intrigue with him. When his ardor
+cools, she lures him on again under a different disguise, and thus
+manages four several _liaisons_ successively as Fantomina, Celia the
+Chambermaid, the Widow Bloomer, and the fair Incognita. Meanwhile she
+meets her lover frequently in public assemblies without ever arousing
+his suspicion of her double, or rather manifold identity. But at length
+she is unable to disguise the effects of her imprudence, her gallant
+ungallantly refuses to marry her, and the fair intriguer is packed off
+to a convent in France.
+
+Though the story cannot pretend to support the cause of morality, the
+style of this piece is unusually clear and straightforward, sometimes
+suitably periphrastic, but never inflated. The passion described is that
+of real life ungarnished by romance. Only greater refinement was needed
+to make the entertainment fit for ladies and gentlemen.
+
+The cardinal defect of some of Mrs. Haywood's romances-in-little lay,
+however, in a romantic over-refinement of the passions rather than in a
+too vigorous animalism. Full of the most delicate scruples is "The
+Surprise: or, Constancy Rewarded" (1724),[15] appropriately dedicated to
+the Sir Galahad of comedy, Sir Richard Steele. The story relates how
+Euphemia discovers that the seemingly faithless Bellamant has, in
+reality, abandoned her on the day set for their marriage because he was
+unwilling to have her share in the loss of his fortune. She, meanwhile,
+has inherited a convenient sum, redeems him from his creditors, and
+after practicing a little mystification to test his constancy, leads him
+to the altar. Few of Mrs. Haywood's novels are more entirely moral or
+more essentially dull.
+
+Though the scene of "The Rash Resolve: or, the Untimely Discovery"
+(1724) is laid in Porto Rico and in Spain, the romancer took little
+advantage of her opportunity to introduce the usual "cloak and sword"
+incidents of Spanish fiction. Instead her tale is one of generous love
+and melting pathos more characteristic of the romance than of the
+_novella_ or its successors.
+
+The Porto Rican heiress, Emanuella, is defrauded of her fortune by her
+guardian, Don Pedro, and imprisoned in his house to force her to marry
+his son, Don Marco. That generous lover helps her to escape to Madrid,
+and to emphasize the truth of her claims against his wily father, falls
+upon his sword in the presence of the court. Emanuella's title to her
+fortune cleared by this extraordinary measure, she continues to reside
+at the house of Don Jabin, whose daughter, Berillia, she saves from a
+monastery by making up the deficiency in her dowry. The ungrateful girl,
+however, resents Emanuella's disapproval of her foppish lover, and
+resolves to be revenged upon her benefactress. She, therefore, forwards
+Emanuella's affair with Emilius until the lovers are hopelessly
+compromised; then taking advantage of the loss of the lady's fortune at
+sea, blackens her character to Emilius and provokes him to desert her.
+The abandoned Emanuella enters a convent.
+
+Emilius is challenged by Octavio as a rival in the love of Julia, and
+though he had never before heard of the lady, he soon becomes her lover
+in fact, and eventually marries her. Emanuella escapes from the nunnery
+and wanders to a little provincial town where she bears a son to
+Emilius. Berillia, who has been rusticated to a village near by in
+consequence of her amour, encounters her unfortunate friend by chance
+and runs away from her duenna to join her. She persuades Emanuella to
+draw a large sum on Don Jabin, robs her, and goes to join her gallant.
+The injured lady supports her child by mean drudgery until by chance she
+meets Emilius and his wife, who do all they can to comfort her. But worn
+out by her afflictions, she dies of a broken heart, leaving her son to
+be adopted by his father.
+
+Dr. Johnson might with equal truth have said to Mrs. Haywood as to the
+author of the "Memoirs of Miss Sydney Biddulph," "I know not, Madam,
+that you have a right ...to make your readers suffer so much." Even the
+pathetic "History of Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy" has nothing to surpass the
+train of woes exhibited in this earlier tale.
+
+In the same "soft" style are two novels, "The Unequal Conflict: or,
+Nature Triumphant" (1725) and its sequel, "Fatal Fondness: or, Love its
+own Opposer." The plot begins with the writer's favorite situation.
+
+Philenia, affianced to Coeurdemont, falls in love with Fillamour. By the
+help of a confidant, Antonia, the lovers are enabled to arrange a plan
+of escape. On the eve of the wedding Fillamour breaks into the house
+and, leaving his servants to bind and gag the father, flies immediately
+to his soul's adored.
+
+"He threw himself on his knees, as he approach'd the dear mistress of
+his soul, and with a voice and manner all soft and  love-inspiring.--Now
+madam, said he, if the adoring Fillamour is not unworthy the glory of
+your deliverance, I come to offer it, and to assure you, that not only
+this, but the service of my whole future life is entirely devoted to
+you. The innocent Philenia had not presently the power of replying, the
+different emotions of love, and shame, fear, and joy, made such a
+confusion in her sentiments, that she could only look the meanings of
+them all: Fillamour, however, found enough in this mute language to make
+him know, he was in as fair a way of happiness, as he cou'd wish; and
+returning her glances with others as languishing, as the most melting
+longing love cou'd teach the loveliest eyes in the world, they
+continued, for some moments, thus transmitting souls--" until their
+confidant hurries them out of the house.
+
+After the elopement Fillamour is distracted by the opposing motives of
+love and interest. To marry Philenia means ruin, for his ambitious
+uncle, who has proposed an advantageous marriage to him, would never
+forgive him for a love match. The innocent cause of his distress finally
+discovers his perplexity and agrees to live a single life until they can
+marry without loss of fortune. In this state of affairs "their love
+seem'd to be a copy of that pure and immaterial passion, which angels
+regard each other with, and, which we are allow'd to hope shall be our
+portion, when, shaking off our earth, we meet in a happier world, where
+we are to live and love forever." The lovers' paradise is invaded by
+Philenia's father, who carries her home and locks her up more closely
+than before. In a short time she has the shocking intelligence that
+Fillamour has married according to the wishes of his worldly uncle. She
+still remains constant to him, but "the remainder of her yet surprising
+adventures," remarks the author, "and those of Antonia and Coeurdemont
+must be told another time, having good reason to doubt my reader will be
+tir'd, when I am so myself."
+
+Eliza was perhaps the first to recover from the fatigue, for in a little
+more than two months the continuation, costing sixpence more than the
+first instalment, was offered to her readers.
+
+After making his marriage of _convenance_ Fillamour again pays his court
+to Philenia, and seizing a lucky moment to surprise her on her daily
+walk, half by persuasion, half by force, carries his point. But before
+they can meet a second time she is carried off by a gang of villains,
+who mistake her for another woman. The languishing Misimene, who has
+pursued Fillamour into the country in man's clothes, consoles him for
+the loss of his first love. Upon his return to town he finds that his
+wife has fled to join her lover. Meanwhile Philenia's honor is preserved
+by timely shipwreck of the vessel in which the ravishers are carrying
+her off. Washed ashore on the inevitable plank, she supports herself
+among the fisher folk by weaving nets until after a year's toil she is
+relieved by Antonia and Coeurdemont, now happily married. The relation
+of their adventures occupies some pages. Philenia comes back to town to
+find her lover weltering in his blood, stabbed by the jealous Misimene.
+Believing him dead, she seizes the same sword, plunges it into her
+bosom, and instantly expires. Misimene goes into frenzies, and Fillamour
+alone recovers to live out a life of undying grief.
+
+  "Thus was the crime of giving way to an unwarrantable passion,
+  punish'd in the persons of Philenia and Misimene, and that of perjury
+  and ingratitude in Fillamour; while the constancy of Antonia, and the
+  honour of Coeurdemont, receiv'd the reward their virtues merited, and
+  they continued, to their lives end, great and shining examples of
+  conjugal affection."
+
+Apparently Philenia's adventures were somewhat too improbable even for
+the taste of readers steeped in melodramatic romances, for if we may
+judge by the few copies that have survived, these effusions did not
+enjoy a wide popularity. But not to be discouraged by failure, Mrs.
+Haywood soon produced another extravagant and complicated romance,
+entitled "Cleomelia: or, the Generous Mistress. Being the Secret History
+of a Lady Lately arriv'd from Bengall" (1727). The scene might equally
+well have been laid in the Isle of Wight, but Bengal on the title-page
+doubtless served to whet the curiosity of readers.
+
+Gasper, secretly affianced to Cleomelia, is conveyed out of Bengal by an
+avaricious father to prevent him from marrying, and she, believing him
+unfaithful, gives her hand to the generous Heartlove. Informed of the
+truth by a letter from her lover announcing his speedy return, she
+boards a ship bound for England, leaving her husband and lover to fight
+a duel in which Heartlove falls. Meanwhile the heroine is shipwrecked,
+finds a new suitor in the ship's captain, and hearing of her husband's
+death and of Gasper's marriage to a Spanish lady, marries the captain.
+Hardly has he departed on his first voyage, when the still faithful
+Gasper returns to claim her, only to find her again the bride of
+another. In despair he goes to England, and when her second husband is
+lost at sea, she follows to reward his constancy.
+
+Cleomelia's generosity does not seem to be as notable as the sub-title
+would indicate, but the story was evidently intended to illustrate
+virtues exalted to a high romantic level.
+
+With the same end in view Mrs. Haywood attempted an even loftier flight
+into the empyrean of romance, with the result that "Philidore and
+Placentia: or, L 'Amour trop Delicat" (1727) is more conventional and
+stilted than any other work from her pen. It imitates closely the heroic
+French romances, both in the inflated style and elaborate regard for the
+tender passion, and in the structure of the plot with little histories
+of the principal characters interspersed at intervals throughout the
+story. In substance the tale is simply a mosaic of romantic adventures,
+though some of the hero's wanderings in the desert after being marooned
+by pirates and especially his encounter with the "tyger" sound like a
+faint echo of "Captain Singleton" or of Captain John Smith's "True
+Travels."
+
+The noble Philidore falls in love with the rich and beautiful Placentia,
+but as his estate is no match for hers, he contents himself with
+entering her service in disguise and performing menial offices for the
+pleasure of seeing her. One day she hears him singing in a grotto, and
+is charmed by the graceful replies he makes to her questions. A little
+later he saves her from robbers at the expense of a slight wound. She
+offers to make him groom of her chamber, but fearful of being
+recognized, he declines. Finally she lays her fortune at his feet, but
+he has too much generosity to accept the offer. Leaving a letter
+revealing his true rank and his poverty, he sails for Persia. Some time
+later, the return of Placentia's long lost brother, by depriving her of
+her fortune, puts her on a level with her lover.
+
+Philidore is captured by pirates and with eleven others set on shore on
+a desert strand. Three of the little company reach civilization. After
+recuperating their strength, they set out for Persia overland, but a
+tiger deprives Philidore of his two companions. A little later he
+rescues an unknown youth from three assailants, but not before the
+stranger has been seriously wounded. A passing traveller carries them to
+the castle of a Persian nobleman. There Philidore waits with the utmost
+impatience for the wounded man to recover strength enough to relate his
+story, but this, as also the misfortunes, perplexities, and dangers to
+which the despairing passion of the enamoured Placentia occasioned her
+to reduce herself, and the catastrophe of Philidore's surprising fate,
+must be told in a Second Part.
+
+Part II. The youthful stranger, concealing his name and family, relates
+the sad effects of his love for the favorite wife of the Bashaw of
+Liperto, and how by her aid he was enabled to escape from slavery, only
+to be pursued and about to be retaken by janizaries when rescued by
+Philidore.
+
+Our hero is kindly received by his uncle in Persia, who soon dies and
+leaves him sole heir of an enormous fortune. He is now Placentia's equal
+in wealth as well as rank, and immediately embarks for England. Driven
+into Baravat by contrary winds, he is moved to ransom a female captive
+on hearing of her grief at her hard fate, but what is his surprise when
+the fair slave proves to be Placentia. "Kisses, embraces, and all the
+fond endearments of rewarded passion made up for their want of speech--
+in their expressive looks, and eager graspings, the violence of their
+mutual flame was more plainly demonstrated, than it could have been by
+the greatest elegance of language--those of the Persians that stood by,
+who understood not English, easily perceived, not only that they were
+lovers, but also that they were so to the most unbounded height of
+tender passion."
+
+Placentia relates how she had eluded her brother and set sail to rejoin
+her lover, how she had been saved from the arms of the brutal ship's
+captain by a timely attack of pirates, and how, sold to a Moslem
+merchant and still annoyed by the attentions of the captain, she had
+abandoned all thoughts of life till redeemed by Philidore's generosity.
+
+With Placentia, her maid, and young Tradewell, the maid's lover,
+ransomed, Philidore sails blissfully to England. But upon landing
+Placentia becomes suddenly cold to him. He forces his way into her
+house, and finds that her brother is the young stranger whose life he
+had saved in Persia. Meanwhile Placentia, whose fortune is now no match
+for Philidore's, flees to parts unknown, leaving a letter conjuring him
+to forget her. After a long search the brother and lover find her place
+of concealment, and the former removes her scruples by settling a large
+estate upon her. "Nothing could be more splendid than the celebration of
+their nuptials; and of their future bliss, the reader may better judge
+by their almost unexampled love, their constancy, their generosity and
+nobleness of soul, than by any description I am able to give of it."
+
+"Philidore and Placentia" is one of the few novels by Mrs. Haywood that
+do not pretend to a moral purpose. Realism needed some justification,
+for realism at the time almost invariably meant a picture of vice and
+folly, and an author could not expose objectionable things except in the
+hope that they would lessen in fact as they increased in fiction. But in
+spite of the disapproval sometimes expressed for fables on the ground of
+their inherent untruth, idealistic romances were generally justified as
+mirrors of all desirable virtues. Pious Mrs. Penelope Aubin wrote no
+other kind of fiction, though she sometimes admitted a deep-dyed villain
+for the sake of showing his condign punishment at the hands of
+providence. It was perhaps due to the sale of this lady's novels,
+largely advertised toward the end of 1727 and apparently very
+successful, that Mrs. Haywood was encouraged to desert her favorite
+field of exemplary novels showing the dangerous effects of passion for
+an excursion into pure romance. That she found the attempt neither
+congenial nor profitable may be inferred from the fact that it was not
+repeated.
+
+If the highly imaginary romances suffered from an excess of delicacy,
+certain other tales by Mrs. Haywood overleaped decency as far on the
+other side. The tendency of fiction before Richardson was not toward
+refinement. The models, French and Spanish, which writers in England
+found profit in imitating, racked sensationalism to the utmost degree by
+stories of horrible and perverted lust. All the excitement that could be
+obtained from incest, threatened, narrowly averted, or actually
+committed, was offered to eager readers. Usually, as in Defoe's "Moll
+Flanders" or Fielding's "Tom Jones," ignorance of birth was an essential
+element in the plot. A story of this type in which the catastrophe is
+prevented by a timely discovery of the hero's parentage, is "The Force
+of Nature: or, the Lucky Disappointment" (1725).
+
+Felisinda, daughter of Don Alvario of Valladolid, falls in love with a
+dependent of her father's named Fernando, who returns her passion, but
+when by a dropped letter she reveals their mutual tenderness, her father
+becomes exceedingly disordered and threatens to marry her out of hand to
+Don Carlos, who had long solicited the match. That generous lover,
+however, refuses to marry her against her will. The disappointment
+proves mortal to Don Alvario, who leaves his estate to Felisinda and
+Fernando equally, provided they do not marry each other. Felisinda is
+committed to the care of an abbess named Berinthia, but by the aid of a
+probationer, Alantha, the lovers manage to correspond. They agree that
+Fernando shall convert his moiety to ready money, convey it to Brussels,
+and there await Felisinda, whose escape he entrusts to a friend,
+Cleomas. Alantha, meantime, has fallen in love with Fernando, and
+substitutes herself for Felisinda. Cleomas in conducting the supposed
+mistress of his friend to the nearest port falls under the influence of
+her beauty and attempts to betray her, but is prevented and slain by a
+chance passenger, who turns out to be Carlos. He brings Alantha to a
+better mind, and conducts her in search of Fernando, but they discover
+in Brussels that he has set out again for Spain. When Fernando reaches
+Valladolid to inquire what has become of Cleomas and his lady, he is
+arrested on the charge of abducting Alantha. At the trial he is accused
+of having made away with her, and is sentenced to death, whereupon
+Berinthia, the abbess, faints, and being revived, owns him for her son
+by Alvario, and "in tears and blessings pours out all the mother on
+him." At the proper moment Carlos comes in with Alantha to prove
+Fernando's innocence. Felisinda rewards the constancy of Carlos, and
+Fernando can do no less than marry Alantha.
+
+Incest is almost the only crime not to be found in the extraordinary
+series of barefaced and infamous intrigues crowded into the pages of
+"The Injur'd Husband: or, the Mistaken Resentment" (1723). The author
+naively remarks in the dedication that "The Subject of the Trifle I
+presume to offer, is, The Worst of Women," and she has indeed
+out-villained the blackest of her male villains in the character of the
+wicked Baroness.
+
+The doting Baron de Tortillee marries the lascivious and extravagant
+Mademoiselle La Motte, who promotes the villainous Du Lache to be the
+instrument of her vile pleasures. After enjoying several lovers of his
+procuring, she fixes her affections upon the worthy Beauclair. Du Lache
+despairs of ensnaring him, because he is about to marry the lovely
+Montamour, but by a series of base expedients he manages to blacken the
+character of that lady in her lover's eyes, and to put the charms of the
+Baroness in such a light that Beauclair is at length drawn in to pay his
+court to her. For some time she thus successfully deludes her husband,
+but when the despicable La Branche openly boasts of her favors and
+allows some of her letters to fall into the hands of one of her numerous
+lovers, her perfidy is soon completely exposed. To add to her confusion
+she hears that the Baron, whom she had drugged into idiocy and sent into
+the country, has been cured by a skilful physician and is about to
+return. Du Lache despatches two assassins to murder him on the road, but
+the Baron by a lucky chance escapes the murderers, forces them to
+confess, and sets out to punish his guilty wife. Meanwhile Beauclair
+suspects that he has wronged his innocent lady and endeavors to see her,
+but she at first refuses to see him, and when by a ruse he gains access
+to her presence, will not listen to him or give him any grounds for
+hope. In despair he returns to Paris and meets the young Vrayment. He
+discovers the infamous Du Lache hiding in a convent. To save his life
+the wretch offers to reveal the frauds he had put in practice against
+Montamour, but while he is doing so, the Baron meets them, and
+concluding that Beauclair is in collusion with the villain, attacks them
+both. Beauclair disarms his antagonist and is about to return him his
+weapon, when Du Lache stabs the Baron in the back. Vrayment has
+witnessed the quarrel and summoned assistance. Beauclair and Du Lache
+are haled before a magistrate and are about to be condemned equally for
+the crime, when Vrayment reveals herself as Montamour disguised as a
+man, and persuades the judge that Beauclair is innocent. Du Lache and
+his accomplices are broken on the wheel, the Baroness takes poison, and
+Beauclair is united to his faithful Montamour.
+
+In the conduct of the story the writer shows no deficiency in expressing
+the passions, but rather a want of measure, for thrill follows thrill so
+fast that the reader can hardly realize what is happening. And as if the
+lusts and crimes of the Baroness did not furnish enough sensational
+incidents, the tender romance of Beauclair and Montamour is superadded.
+The hero is a common romantic type, easily inconstant, but rewarded
+above his merits by a faithful mistress. A woman disguised as a man was
+a favorite device with Mrs. Haywood as well as with other writers of
+love stories, but one need read only the brazen Mrs. Charke's memoirs or
+Defoe's realistic "Moll Flanders" to discover that it was a device not
+unheard of in real life. The actual occurrence of such disguises,
+however, made no difference to the female writers of fiction. Anything
+soul-stirring, whether from romances or from plays, was equally grist to
+their mills.
+
+In seeking for the most dramatic _denouements_ sensational romancers
+were not long in perceiving the suspense that could be produced by
+involving the chief characters in a trial for their lives. Mrs. Behn had
+by that means considerably protracted the interest in "The Fair Jilt:
+or, the Amours of Prince Tarquin and Miranda" (1688), and Mrs. Haywood,
+following her example, succeeded in giving a last stimulus to the jaded
+nerves of the readers of "The Force of Nature" and "The Injur'd
+Husband." And finally the title-page of an anonymous work attributed to
+her indicates that the struggling authoress was not insensible to the
+popular demand for romances of roguery. A prospective buyer might have
+imagined that he was securing a criminal biography in "Memoirs of the
+Baron de Brosse, Who was Broke on the Wheel in the Reign of Lewis XIV.
+Containing, An Account of his Amours. With Several Particulars relating
+to the Wars in those Times," but the promise of the title was
+unfulfilled, for Mrs. Haywood was no journalist to make capital out of a
+malefactor's exit from the world. The whole book is a chronicle of the
+Baron's unsuccessful pursuit of a hard-hearted beauty named Larissa,
+mingled with little histories of the Baron's rivals, of a languishing
+Madam de Monbray, and of Larissa's mother. The fair charmer finally
+marries a count, and her lover, plunged into adequate despair, can
+barely exert himself to answer a false accusation trumped up by the
+revengeful Monbray. With the verdict in his favor the story ends
+abruptly, and the promised continuation was apparently never written. We
+read nothing of the wars, nor of the Baron's execution on the wheel.
+
+Tortures, tragedies of blood, and heinous crimes added piquancy to Mrs.
+Haywood's love stories, but were not the normal material of her
+romances. Her talent was chiefly for "soft things." She preferred the
+novel of intrigue and passion in which the characters could be run
+through a breathless maze of amatory adventures, with a pause now and
+again to relate a digressive episode for variety's sake. Typical of this
+sort, the best adapted to the romancer's genius, is "The Agreeable
+Caledonian: or, Memoirs of Signiora di Morella, a Roman Lady, Who made
+her Escape from a Monastery at Viterbo, for the Love of a Scots
+Nobleman. Intermix'd with many other Entertaining little Histories and
+Adventures which presented themselves to her in the Course of her
+Travels." No moralizing, no romantic idealism disturbs the rapid current
+of events. It is a pure "cloak and sword" novel, definitely located in
+Italy, with all the machinery of secret assignations, escapes from
+convents, adventures on the road and at inns, sudden assaults, duels,
+seductions, and revenge characteristic of Spanish fiction.
+
+Don Jaques di Morella determines to marry his daughter, Clementina, to a
+certain Cardinal, who has offered to renounce the scarlet hat for love
+of her. When she piques her lover by her evident unwillingness to wed,
+Don Jaques packs her off to a convent at Viterbo. By picking up a copy
+of verses Clementina becomes acquainted with Signiora Miramene, who
+relates the history of her correspondence with the Baron Glencairn.
+
+Clementina becomes the instrument of the lovers, but no sooner sees the
+lovely North Briton than she herself is captivated. In response to her
+proffered affection, Glencairn manages by an extraordinary device to
+convey her out of the convent. In spite of the rage of Dan Jaques they
+escape to Sienna. The further surprising turns in their affairs to be
+later communicated to the public.
+
+Part II. At Sienna the lovers enjoy a season of perfect felicity until
+Don Jaques comes to town in pursuit of a defaulting steward, discovers
+Clementina, and apprehends the pair. While the two are confined in
+separate convents awaiting trial, Clementina's maid, Ismenia (who has
+already related her little history), becomes their go-between and serves
+her mistress the same trick that Clementina had already played upon her
+friend Miramene. Ismenia and the faithless Baron decamp to parts
+unknown, while Clementina's father starts back to Rome with his recreant
+daughter. In man's clothes she escapes from her parent to seek revenge
+upon her lover. At an inn she hears a woman in the next room complaining
+of her gallant's desertion, and going in to console her, hears the
+moving story of Signiora Vicino and Monsieur Beaumont, told as a warning
+to the credulous and unwary sex. The injured fair enters a convent.
+
+Still in pursuit of her lover, Clementina on Montelupe meets the funeral
+of a young woman who had been torn to pieces by wolves. The chief
+mourner proves to be Glencairn. She is hindered in an attempt to stab
+him and thrown into prison, where he visits her and disarms her
+resentment by offering to marry her. After the ceremony they proceed to
+Paris where each plunges into dissipation. Finally they separate,
+Clementina dies of a fever, and the Baron is left free to pursue his
+inclinations through a possible third part, which, however, was never
+written.
+
+After a slumber of forty years "The Agreeable Caledonian" was reprinted,
+as the "Monthly Review" informs us, from a copy corrected by Mrs.
+Haywood not long before her death.[16] The review continues, "It is like
+the rest of Mrs. Haywood's novels, written in a tawdry style, now
+utterly exploded; the romances of these days being reduced much nearer
+the standard of nature, and to the manners of the living world." Realism
+is, indeed, far to seek in the brief but intricate tissue of incidents
+that made the novel of 1728. To a taste accustomed to "Sir Charles
+Grandison," and "Peregrine Pickle," and "The Sentimental Journey" the
+rehash of Eliza Haywood's novel must have seemed very far even from the
+manners of the world of fiction. The judgment of the "Critical Review"
+was still more savage in its accuracy.[17] "This is a republication of a
+dull, profligate Haywoodian production, in which all the males are
+rogues, and all the females whores, without a glimpse of plot, fable, or
+sentiment." In its uncompromising literalness the critic's verdict ranks
+with the learned Ascham's opinion of the "Morte D'Arthur,"--except that
+it has not been superseded. The same animadversion might be urged
+against Defoe's "Colonel Jacque" or "The Fortunate Mistress." If Mrs.
+Haywood sinned against the standards of the age to come, she was not out
+of touch with the spirit of her own generation.
+
+As a writer she knew but one unfailing recipe for popularity: whatever
+she touched must be forthwith gilded with passion. The chief _raison
+d'etre_ for "The Fair Hebrew: or, a True, but Secret History of Two
+Jewish Ladies, Who lately resided in London" (1729) was to gratify the
+prejudices of anti-Semitic readers, yet it is hardly distinguishable
+from her sentimental love stories.
+
+The young and gay Dorante, going to the synagogue for a lark, is tempted
+by the sight of a fair hand to break into the woman's apartment and to
+expose himself to the charms of the beautiful Kesiah. He engages her in
+a correspondence, but at their first interview she gives him clearly to
+understand that he can gain nothing from her but by marriage. Driven by
+his unhappy passion, he complies with her demand, and she becomes a
+Church of England woman. But once married, Kesiah is too proud to permit
+the concealment that prudence demands. Though his father is sure to
+disinherit them, she insists upon revealing the marriage.
+
+Dorante entrusts his small stock of money to his wife's brother,
+Abimelech, in order to start him in trade. The Jew goes to Holland with
+a woman whom he has saved from religious murder at the hands of a
+Levite, and nothing further is heard from him or the money. Imprisoned
+by his creditors, Dorante is persuaded by his wife to sign away the
+entail of his estate in return for a sum of money. Thereupon she departs
+with the gold and a new gallant, leaving her unhappy husband to be
+rescued from want by the kindness, of a younger brother. After the poor
+solace of hearing that Kesiah and her paramour have been lost at sea, he
+dies of a broken heart.[18]
+
+
+Though Eliza Haywood exhausted nearly every possible bit of
+sensationalism that could be extracted from tales of passion, she almost
+never made use of the heroic feats of arms which constituted a no less
+important resource of the French romances. Her heroes are victors in
+love but not in war. The sole exception is a little romance of Moorish
+chivalry in the eighth century. Though this period had already been
+pre-empted by Mrs. Manley's "Memoirs of Europe," there is little doubt
+that Mrs. Haywood was responsible for "The Arragonian Queen: A Secret
+History" (1724), a peculiar blend of heroic adventures in battle,
+bullfight, and tournament, with amorous intrigues of the most involved
+kind.
+
+Prince Albaraizor of Arragon goes to assist Omar, King of Valencia,
+against a traitorous foe, and with the help of the young general,
+Abdelhamar, succeeds in vanquishing the enemy, though the latter youth
+is seriously wounded while performing miracles of valor. To reward the
+conqueror the hand of the Princess Zephalinda is bestowed upon him, but
+she unfortunately is already enamored of Abdelhamar, whom she had
+learned to love at a bullfight. But in spite of a repining letter from
+her constant lover, and in spite of his appearance before her all pale
+and trembling from his wounds, the Princess refuses to deviate from her
+duty.
+
+  "The next Day the Marriage was celebrated with all the intended
+  Magnificence, and on their return from the Mosque, the Prince and
+  Princess repair'd to a stately Scaffold, adorn'd with inventive
+  Luxury, whence they might behold a Tournament, the Prize of which was
+  a Sword richly embellish'd with Diamonds, to be given by the Princess
+  to him that should overcome; the whole Court were there, endeavouring
+  to outshine each other in the Costliness of their Apparel--within the
+  Barriers were all the Flower of the adjoining Kingdoms, drawn thither
+  with a Thirst of Fame, and a Desire to shew their Dexterity. The
+  Arragonian Noblemen were the Defenders against all Comers, and were
+  like to have carried away the Prize, behaving themselves with the
+  utmost Skill and Courage, when there appear'd in the Lists a Knight in
+  black Armour, whose whole Air and dexterity in Horsemanship
+  immediately attracted the Eyes of the numerous Spectators; the first
+  Course he made, confirm'd them in the good opinion they had conceiv'd
+  of him: in short, no body was able to stand against him, and he
+  remain'd Conqueror, with the universal Applause of the whole Company.
+  --He waited for some time, to see if no fresh Challengers would offer
+  themselves; but none appearing, he was led to the Princess's Scaffold,
+  to receive the Reward he had so well merited: He took it with the
+  greatest Submission, but without putting up his Beaver, or discovering
+  who he was, and kissing it with profound Respect, retir'd, without so
+  much as making any obeisance to the King or Prince; and mixing himself
+  with the Crowd of Knights, got off without being discover'd. Every
+  body was surpriz'd at the uncourteous Behaviour of so otherwise
+  accomplish'd a Cavalier, but none could possibly give the least guess
+  at who it should be--the succeeding Diversions soon put him out of
+  every body's Thoughts but Zephalinda's; she well knew it could be none
+  but Abdelhamar, and trembled lest he should have been discovered,
+  fearing his concealing his Recovery, and his disrespectful Carriage
+  towards her Father and her Husband, might have given room to Surmises
+  prejudicial to her Honour: but when watching him with her Eyes, and
+  seeing him get off unfollow'd, or observ'd, she then began afresh to
+  pine at Fate, who could render Abdelhamar Conqueror in every Action
+  that he undertook, and only vanquish'd when he fought in hopes of
+  gaining her."
+
+The Prince and his bride return to their own country to receive the
+crown. By the most tender assiduities Albaraizor has almost succeeded in
+gaining the love of his wife when Abdelhamar again intrudes as
+ambassador to congratulate him on his coronation. Though her old love
+returns more strongly than ever, the Queen guards her honor well, and
+insists that her lover marry Selyma, a captive Princess. But that lady,
+stung by Abdelhamar's indifference, learns to hate him, and out of
+revenge persuades the King that his wife is unfaithful to him. An
+indiscreet letter from Abdelhamar confirms his suspicions. He orders
+both Queen and ambassador cast into prison and by his woes destroys the
+happiness of the whole court.
+
+The passages relating the monarch's love and jealousy are described with
+a fulness entirely lacking in the tournament scene quoted above, and we
+may fairly infer that both writer and reader were more deeply interested
+in affairs of the heart than in feats of arms, however glorious. The
+emphasis given to love rather than to war in this tale is significant as
+a contrast to the opposite tendency in such romances of a century later
+as "Ivanhoe," in which a tournament scene very similar in outline to
+that in "The Arragonian Queen" is told with the greatest attention to
+warlike detail, while the love story, though not allowed to languish, is
+kept distinctly subordinate to the narrative of chivalric adventure.
+Mrs. Haywood, however, was too warm-blooded a creature to put aside the
+interests of the heart for the sake of a barbarous Gothic brawl, and too
+experienced a writer not to know that her greatest forte lay in painting
+the tender rather than the sterner passions.
+
+In this respect she forms a decided contrast to Defoe, whose men and
+women are almost never startled out of their matter-of-fact attitude.
+His picaresque characters, though outwardly rogues or their female
+counterparts, have at bottom something of the dissenting parson and
+cool-headed, middle-aged man of business. Whatever else they may be,
+they are never love-sick. Passion is to them a questionable asset, and
+if they marry, they are like to have the matter over with in the course
+of half a paragraph. Eliza Haywood, however, possessed in excess the one
+gift that Defoe lacked. To the scribbling authoress love was the force
+that motivated all the world. Crude and conventional as are many of her
+repeated attempts to analyze the workings of a mind under the sway of
+soft desires, she nevertheless succeeded now and then in actuating her
+heroines with genuine emotion. Both romance and realism were woven into
+the intricate web of the Richardsonian novel, and the contribution of
+Mrs. Haywood deserves to be remembered if only because she supplied the
+one element missing in Defoe's masterpieces. Each writer in his day was
+considered paramount in his or her particular field.[19]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+[1]
+_Les Heros de Roman_, 1664, circulated in MS. and printed in 1688
+without the consent of the author. Not included in Boileau's _Works_
+until 1713.
+
+[2]
+The story of Tellisinda, who to avoid the reproach of barrenness imposes
+an adopted child upon her husband, but later bearing a son, is obliged
+to see a spurious heir inherit her own child's estate, was borrowed with
+slight changes from La Belle Assemblee, I, Day 5, and used in Mrs.
+Haywood's _Fruitless Enquiry_, (1727).
+
+[3]
+_La Pierre philosophale des dames, ou les Caprices de l'amour et du
+destin_, by Louis Adrien Duperron de Castera, (1723), 12mo.
+
+[4]
+_L'Illustre Parisienne_, (1679), variously attributed to Prechac and to
+Mme de Villedieu, had already been translated as _The Illustrious
+Parisian Maid, or The Secret Amours of a German Prince_, (1680). A
+synopsis is given by H.E. Chatenet, _Le Roman et les Romans d'une femme
+de lettres ... Mme de Villedieu_, (Paris, 1911), 253-9.
+
+[5]
+I have not seen a copy of the book.
+
+[6]
+Mrs. E. Griffith's comment on the work is typical of the tendency to
+moralize even the amusements of the day. See _A Collection of Novels_,
+(1777), II, 162. "The idea on which this piece is founded, has a good
+deal of merit in it; as tending to abate envy, and conciliate content;
+by shewing, in a variety of instances, that appearances are frequently
+fallacious; that perfect or permanent happiness is not the lot of mortal
+life; and that peace of mind and rational enjoyment are only to be found
+in bosoms free from guilt, and from intimate connection with the
+guilty."
+
+[7]
+I have omitted two or three unessential stories in the analysis.
+
+[8]
+Act I, sc. ii. In the novel the heroine is shut up by a miserly hunks of
+an uncle to force her into a detested mercenary match with his son. In
+the play the mistress is the wife of the old and jealous keeper of the
+asylum.
+
+[9]
+Preface to _The Mercenary Lover_, (1726).
+
+[10]
+_The Rash Resolve_, (1724).
+
+[11]
+_The Double Marriage_, (1726).
+
+[12]
+Lodge's _Rosalynde, ed._ E.C. Baldwin, p. 19. _Philidore and Placentia_
+(1727), p. 12.
+
+[13]
+Miss C.E. Morgan, _The Novel of Manners_, (1911), 100.
+
+[14]
+A companion-piece to the third edition of _The Mercenary Lover_, (1728).
+
+[15]
+A companion-piece to _The Fatal Secret: or, Constancy in Distress_.
+
+[16]
+_Monthly Review_, XXXVIII, 412, May, 1768. _Clementina; or the History
+of an Italian Lady, who made her Escape from a Monastery,_ etc.
+
+[17]
+_Critical Review_, XXV, 59.
+
+[18]
+In both editions is advertised "Persecuted Virtue: or, the Cruel Lover.
+A True Secret History, Writ at the Request of a Lady of Quality," which
+was advertised also in the _Daily Post_, 28 Nov. 1728. I have not found
+a copy.
+
+[19]
+An anonymous poem prefixed to Mrs. Elizabeth Boyd's _The Happy
+Unfortunate; or, the Female Page_ (1737) testifies to Mrs. Haywood's
+reputation in the following terms:
+
+  "Yeild [_sic_] Heywood yeild, yeild all whose tender Strains,
+  Inspire the Dreams of Maids and lovesick Swains;
+  Who taint the unripen'd Girl with amorous Fire,
+  And hint the first faint Dawnings of Desire:
+  Wing each Love-Atom, that in Embryo lies,
+  And teach young Parthenissa's Breasts to rise.
+  A new Elisa writes," etc., etc.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+
+THE DUNCAN CAMPBELL PAMPHLETS
+
+Only once did Eliza Haywood compete with Defoe upon the same ground.
+Both novelists were alive to the value of sensational matter, but as we
+have seen, appealed to the reader's emotional nature from different
+sides. Defoe with his strong interest in practical life looked for
+stirring incidents, for strange and surprising adventures on land and
+sea, for unusual or uncanny occurrences; whereas Mrs. Haywood, less a
+journalist than a romancer, rested her claim to public favor upon the
+secure basis of the tender passions. In the books exploiting the deaf
+and dumb prophet Duncan Campbell, whose fame, once illustrated by
+notices in the "Tatler" and "Spectator,"[1] was becoming a little dimmed
+by 1720, each writer chose the kind of material that the natural
+propensity and previous experience of each had trained him or her to use
+with the greatest success.
+
+Accordingly the "History of the Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan
+Campbell, a gentleman who, though deaf and dumb, writes down any
+stranger's name at first sight, with their future contingencies of
+fortune: Now living in Exeter Court, over against the Savoy in the
+Strand," published by Curll on 30 April, 1720, and written largely by
+Defoe, devoted only four chapters directly to the narrative of the
+conjuror's life, while four chapters and the Appendix were given over to
+disquisitions upon the method of teaching deaf and dumb persons to read
+and write; upon the perception of demons, genii, or familiar spirits;
+upon the second sight; upon magic in all its branches; and upon the laws
+against false diviners and soothsayers. Beside showing the keenness of
+his interest in the supernatural, the author deliberately avoided any
+occasion for talking gossip or for indulging "persons of airy tempers"
+with sentimental love-tales. "Instead of making them a bill of fare out
+of patchwork romances and polluting scandal," reads the preface signed
+by Duncan Campbell, "the good old gentleman who wrote the adventures of
+my life has made it his business to treat them with a great variety of
+entertaining passages which always terminate in morals that tend to the
+edification of all readers, of whatsoever sex, age, or profession."
+Those who came to consult the seer on affairs of the heart, therefore,
+received only the scantiest mention from his biographer, and never were
+the languishing and sighing of Mr. Campbell's devotees described with
+any romantic glamor. On the contrary, Defoe portrayed in terse and
+homely phrases the follies and affectations of the dumb man's fair
+clients. The young blooming beauty who found little Duncan "wallowing in
+the dust" and bribed him with a sugarplum to reveal the name of her
+future husband; the "sempstress with an itching desire for a parson";
+housekeepers in search of stolen goods; the "widow who bounced" from one
+end of the room to the other and finally "scuttled too airily downstairs
+for a woman in her clothes"; and the chambermaid disguised as a fine
+lady, who by "the toss of her head, the jut of the bum, the sidelong
+leer of the eye" proclaimed her real condition--these types are treated
+by Defoe in a blunt realistic manner entirely foreign to Eliza Haywood's
+vein. Some passages,[2] perhaps, by a sentiment too exalted or by a
+description in romantic style suggest the hand of another writer,
+possibly Mrs. Haywood, but more probably William Bond, in whose name the
+reprint of 1728 was issued.[3] But in the main, the book reflected
+Defoe's strong tendency to speculate upon unusual and supernatural
+phenomena, and utterly failed to "divulge the secret intrigues and
+amours of one part of the sex, to give the other part room to make
+favorite scandal the subject of their discourse."[4]
+
+That Defoe had refrained from treating one important aspect of Duncan
+Campbell's activities he was well aware. "If I was to tell his
+adventures with regard, for instance, to women that came to consult him,
+I might, perhaps, have not only written the stories of eleven thousand
+virgins that died maids, but have had the relations to give of as many
+married women and widows, and the work would have been endless."[5] In
+his biography of the Scotch prophet he does not propose to clog the
+reader with any adventures save the most remarkable and those in various
+ways mysterious.
+
+The "method of swelling distorted and commented trifles into volumes" he
+is content to leave to the writers of fable and romance. It was not long
+before the press-agents of the dumb presager found a romancer willing to
+undertake the task that Defoe neglected. Mrs. Haywood in her association
+with Aaron Hill and his circle could hardly have escaped knowing William
+Bond, who in 1724 was playing Steele to Hill's Addison in producing the
+numbers of the "Plain Dealer." Instigated perhaps by him, the rising
+young novelist contributed on 19 March, 1724, the second considerable
+work on the fortune-teller, under the caption: "A Spy upon the Conjurer:
+or, a Collection of Surprising Stories, with Names, Places, and
+particular Circumstances relating to Mr. Duncan Campbell, commonly known
+by the Name of the Deaf and Dumb Man; and the astonishing Penetration
+and Event of his Predictions. Written to my Lord---- by a Lady, who for
+more than Twenty Years past; has made it her Business to observe all
+Transactions in the Life and Conversation of Mr. Campbell."[5a]
+
+"As long as Atalantis shall be read," some readers were sure to find
+little to their taste in the curious information contained in the first
+biography of Campbell, but Mrs. Haywood was not reluctant to gratify an
+appetite for scandal when she could profitably cater to it. Developing
+the clue afforded her by the announcement in Defoe's "Life and
+Adventures" of a forthcoming little pocket volume of original letters
+that passed between Mr. Campbell and his correspondents,[6] she composed
+a number of epistles as coming from all sorts of applicants to the
+prophet. These missives, however, were preceded by a long letter
+addressed to an anonymous lord and signed "Justicia," which was chiefly
+concocted of anecdotes illustrative of the dumb man's powers. Unlike the
+incidents in Defoe's work, the greater number of the stories relate to
+love affairs in the course of which one party or the other invoked the
+seer's assistance. Although the author was thoroughly acquainted with
+the previous history of Mr. Campbell,[7] she was evidently more
+interested in the phenomena of passion than in the theory of divination,
+A brief discussion of astrology, witchcraft, and dreams easily led her
+to a narrative of "Mr. Campbell's sincerity exemplify'd, in the story of
+a lady injured in the tenderest part by a pretended friend." A glance
+through the table of contents reveals the preponderance of such headings
+as "A strange story of a young lady, who came to ask the name of her
+husband"; "A whimsical story of an old lady who wanted a husband";
+"Reflections on the inconstancy of men. A proof of it in a ruin'd girl,
+that came to ask Mr. Campbell's advice"; "A story of my Lady
+Love-Puppy"; "A merry story of a lady's chamber-maid, cook-maid, and
+coach-man," and so on. Evidences of an attempt to suggest, if not actual
+references to, contemporary scandal, are to be found in such items as "A
+strange instance of vanity and jealousy in the behaviour of Mrs. F--- ";
+"The particulars of the fate of Mrs. J---- L---- "; and "A story of
+the Duke of---- 's mistress." It is not surprising that "Memoirs of a
+Certain Island" appeared within six months of "A Spy upon the Conjurer."
+
+When "Justicia" refers to her personal relations with the lord to whom
+her letter is addressed, her comments are still more in keeping with the
+acknowledged forte of the lady novelist. They are permeated with the
+tenderest emotions. The author of "Moll Flanders" and "The Fortunate
+Mistress" might moralize upon the unhappy consequences of love, but he
+was inclined to regard passion with an equal mind. He stated facts
+simply. Love, in his opinion, was not a strong motive when uncombined
+with interest. But Eliza Haywood held the romantic watchword of all for
+love, and her books are a continual illustration of _Amor vincit omnia_.
+In the present case her words seem to indicate that the passions of love
+and jealousy so often experienced by her characters were not unfamiliar
+to her own breast. Even Duncan Campbell's predictions were unable to
+alter her destiny.
+
+  "But tho' I was far enough from disbelieving what he said, yet Youth,
+  Passion, and Inadvertency render'd his Cautions ineffectual. It was in
+  his Hand-Writing I first beheld the dear fatal Name, which has since
+  been the utter Destruction of my Peace: It was from him I knew I
+  should be undone by Love and the Perfidy of Mankind, before I had the
+  least Notion of the one, or had seen any of the other charming enough
+  to give me either Pain or Pleasure.... Yet besotted as I was, I had
+  neither the Power of defending myself from the Assaults of Love, nor
+  Thought sufficient to enable me to make those Preparations which were
+  necessary for my future Support, while I had yet the means" ...(p.
+  13).
+
+  "Yet so it is with our inconsiderate Sex!--To vent a present Passion,
+  --for the short liv'd Ease of railing at the Baseness of an ungrateful
+  Lover,--to gain a little Pity,--we proclaim our Folly, and become the
+  Jest of all who know us.--A forsaken Woman immediately grows the
+  Object of Derision,--rallied by the Men, and pointed at by every
+  little Flirt, who fancies herself secure in her own Charms of never
+  being so, and thinks 'tis want of Merit only makes a Wretch.
+
+  "For my dear Lord, I am sensible, tho' our Wounds have been a long
+  time heal'd, there yet remains a Tenderness, which, if touch'd, will
+  smart afresh.--The Darts of Passion, such as we have felt, make too
+  indeliable an Impression ever to be quite eraz'd;--they are not
+  content with the eternal Sear they leave on the Reputation ..."
+  (p.76).
+
+These passages are in substance and style after Eliza Haywood's manner,
+while the experiences therein hinted at do not differ essentially from
+the circumstances of her own life.
+
+The various aspects of love and jealousy are also the theme of the
+second and third parts of "A Spy upon the Conjurer."[8] The two packets
+of letters were merely imaginary, unless the pseudonymous signatures of
+some of the missives may have aided contemporary readers to "smoke"
+allusions to current gossip. At any rate the references are now happily
+beyond our power to fathom.
+
+Apparently the taste for Duncan Campbell anecdotes was stimulated by the
+piquant sauce of scandal, for beside the several issues of "A Spy upon
+the Conjurer" a second and smaller volume of the same sort was published
+on 10 May, 1725. This sixpenny pamphlet of forty pages, entitled "The
+Dumb Projector: Being a Surprizing Account of a Trip to Holland made by
+Mr. Duncan Campbell. With the Manner of his Reception and Behaviour
+there. As also the various and diverting Occurrences that happened on
+his Departure," was, like the former work, couched in the form of a
+letter to a nobleman and signed "Justicia." Both from internal
+evidence[9] and from the style it can be assigned with confidence to the
+author of "A Spy upon the Conjurer." The story, relating how Mr.
+Campbell was induced to go into Holland in the hope of making his
+fortune, how he was disappointed, the extraordinary instances of his
+power, and his adventures amatory and otherwise, is of little importance
+as a narrative. The account differs widely from that of Campbell's trip
+to the Netherlands in the "Life and Adventures" of 1720.
+
+Soon after the publication of "The Dumb Projector" Defoe also made a
+second contribution to the now considerable Duncan Campbell literature
+under the title of "The Friendly Daemon: or, the Generous Apparition.
+Being a True Narrative of a Miraculous Cure newly performed upon ... Dr.
+Duncan Campbell, by a familiar Spirit, that appeared to him in a white
+surplice, like a Cathedral Singing Boy." The quotation of the story from
+Glanvil already used by the prophet's original biographer, and the keen
+interest in questions of the supernatural displayed by the writer, make
+the attribution of this piece to Defoe a practical certainty. Evidently,
+then, Eliza Haywood was not the only one to profit by keeping alive the
+celebrity of the fortune-teller.
+
+The year 1728 was marked by the reissue of the "Life and Adventures" as
+"The Supernatural Philosopher ... by William Bond," whose probable
+connection with the work has already been discussed, and by the
+publication in the "Craftsman"[10] of a letter, signed "Fidelia,"
+describing a visit to Duncan Campbell. The writer, who professes an
+intense admiration for Mr. Caleb D'Anvers and all his works, relates how
+the dumb oracle, after writing down her name, had prophesied that the
+Craftsman would certainly gain his point in 1729. She concludes with
+praise of Mr. Campbell, and an offer to conduct Caleb to visit him on
+the ensuing Saturday. That the communication was not to be regarded as a
+companion-piece to the letter from Dulcibela Thankley in the "Spectator"
+(No. 474), was the purport of the editorial statement which introduced
+it: "I shall make no other Apology for the Vanity, which I may seem
+guilty of in publishing the following Letter, than assuring the Reader
+it is _genuine_, and that I do it in Complyance with the repeated
+Importunity of a _fair Correspondent_." The style of the letter does not
+strongly suggest that of "A Spy upon the Conjurer," though the
+concluding sentence, "_Love_ shall be there too, who waits forever upon
+_Wit_," is a sentiment after Eliza's heart. And moreover, though
+"Fidelia" and "Justicia" may be one and the same persons, Mr. D'Anvers'
+assurances that the letter is genuine are not to be relied upon with too
+much confidence, for had he wished to praise himself, he would naturally
+have resorted to some such device.
+
+The last volume relating to the Scotch wizard did not appear until 1732,
+two years after Campbell's death. "Secret Memoirs of the late Mr. Duncan
+Campbel, The famous Deaf and Dumb Gentleman. Written by Himself, who
+ordered they should be publish'd after his Decease," consisted of 164
+pages devoted to miscellaneous anecdotes of the prophet, a reprint of
+Defoe's "Friendly Daemon" (p. 166), "Original Letters sent to Mr.
+Campbel by his Consulters" (p. 196), and "An Appendix, By Way of
+Vindication of Mr. Duncan Campbel, Against That groundless Aspersion
+cast upon him, That he but pretended to be Deaf and Dumb. By a Friend of
+the Deceased" (p. 225). The authorship of this book has received but
+slight attention from students of Defoe, and still remains something of
+a puzzle. No external evidence on the point has yet come to light, but
+some probable conclusions may be reached through an examination of the
+substance and style.
+
+In the first place, there is no probability--the statement on the
+title-page notwithstanding--that Mr. Campbell himself had anything to do
+with the composition of the "Memoirs." Since the magician had taken no
+part in the literary exploitation of his fame during his lifetime, it is
+fair to infer that he did not begin to do so two years after his death.
+Moreover, each of the three writers, Bond, Defoe, and Eliza Haywood,
+already identified with the Campbell pamphlets was perfectly capable of
+passing off fiction as feigned biography. Both the author of "Memoirs of
+a Cavalier" and the scribbler of secret histories had repeatedly used
+the device. There is no evidence, however, that William Bond had any
+connection with the present work, but a large share of it was almost
+certainly done by Defoe and Mrs. Haywood.
+
+The former had died full of years on 26 April, 1731, about a year before
+the "Secret Memoirs" was published. It is possible, however, that he may
+have assembled most of the material for the book and composed a number
+of pages. The inclusion of his "Friendly Daemon" makes this suspicion
+not unlikely. And furthermore, certain anecdotes told in the first
+section, particularly in the first eighty pages, are such stories as
+would have appealed to Defoe's penchant for the uncanny, and might well
+have been selected by him. The style is not different from that of
+pieces known to be his.
+
+But that the author of "Robinson Crusoe" would have told the "little
+History" of the young woman without a fortune who obtains the husband
+she desires by means of a magic cake (p. 86) is scarcely probable, for
+the story is a sentimental tale that would have appealed to love-sick
+Lydia Languishes. As far as we know, Defoe remained hard-headed to the
+last. But Mrs. Haywood when she was not a scandal-monger, was a
+sentimentalist. The story would have suited her temperament and the
+tastes of her readers. It is told so much in her manner that one could
+swear that the originator of the anecdote was _aut Eliza, aut diabola_.
+A few pages further on (p. 104) appears the incident of a swaggerer who
+enters the royal vault of Westminster Abbey at dead of night on a wager,
+and having the tail of his coat twitched by the knife he has stuck in
+the ground, is frightened into a faint--a story which Mrs. Haywood later
+retold in different words in her "Female Spectator."[11] The "Secret
+Memoirs" further informs us by a casual remark of Mr. Campbell's that
+Eliza Haywood was well acquainted with the seer.
+
+  "Sometimes, when surrounded by my Friends, such as Anthony Hammond,
+  Esq; Mr. Philip Horneck, Mr. Philips, Mr.----, Mrs. Centlivre, Mrs.
+  Fowk, Mrs. Eliza Haywood, and other celebrated Wits, of which my
+  House, for some Years has been the general Rendezvous, a good Bowl of
+  Punch before me, and the Glass going round in a constant Circle of
+  Mirth and Good Humour, I have, in a Moment, beheld Sights which has
+  froze my very Blood, and put me into Agonies that disordered the whole
+  Company" (p. 131).
+
+The last anecdote in the first section is a repetition at some length of
+the story of Campbell's adventures in Holland, not as related in Defoe's
+"Life and Adventures," but according to the version in Mrs Haywood's
+"Dumb Projector." The beginning, which has to do with a grave old
+gentleman who was bit by a viper, is told in almost the same words;
+indeed some letters that passed between the characters are identically
+the same, and the end, though much abbreviated, contains a number of
+sentences taken word for word from the earlier telling of the story.
+Finally, Mrs. Haywood was the first and hitherto the only writer of the
+Campbell pamphlets who had printed letters supposedly addressed to the
+prophet by his clients. The device was peculiarly hers. The "Original
+Letters sent to Mr. Campbel by his Consulters" in the "Secret Memoirs"
+are similar to those already composed by her for "A Spy upon the
+Conjurer." There is no reason to think that she did not invent the later
+epistles as well as the former.
+
+If, then, a number of anecdotes in the "Secret Memoirs" are suggestive
+of Mrs. Haywood's known writings, and if one of them remained in her
+memory thirteen years later; if the pamphlet carefully alludes to Eliza
+Haywood as one of the dumb seer's particular friends, and if it repeats
+in slightly different form her peculiar account of the dumb projector's
+journey into Holland; and if, finally, the book contains a series of
+letters to Campbell from fictitious correspondents fashioned on the last
+already used by her, we may conclude that in all likelihood the
+authoress whose name had previously been associated with Duncan Campbell
+literature was again concerned in writing or revising this latest work.
+At least a cautious critic can say that there is no inherent
+improbability in the theory that Defoe with journalistic instinct,
+thinking that Campbell's death in 1730 might stimulate public interest
+in the wizard, had drafted in the rough the manuscript of a new
+biography, but was prevented by the troubles of his last days from
+completing it; that after his death the manuscript fell into the hands
+of Mrs. Haywood, or perhaps was given to her by the publishers Millan
+and Chrichley to finish; that she revised the material already written,
+supplemented it with new and old matter of her own, composed a packet of
+Original Letters, and sent the volume to press. The origin of the
+"Appendix, by Way of Vindication of Mr. Duncan Campbel" remains unknown,
+and any theory about the authorship of the "Secret Memoirs" must be
+regarded in last analysis as largely conjectural.[11a]
+
+Though the author of the original "Life and Adventures" has received
+most of the credit due to Campbell's biographer, Mrs. Haywood, as we
+have seen, was not less active in exploiting the deaf and dumb
+gentleman. Her "Spy upon the Conjurer" was fubbed off upon the public as
+often as Defoe's earlier volume, and neither writer could claim any
+advantage over the other from his second and slighter contribution. Each
+held successfully his own coign of vantage. Eliza Haywood, in
+contemporary opinion, outranked Defoe almost as far as an interpreter of
+the heart as he surpassed her in concocting an account of a new marvel
+or a tale of strange adventure. The arbitress of the passions indeed
+wrote nothing to compare in popularity with "Robinson Crusoe," but
+before 1740 her "Love in Excess" ran through as many editions as "Moll
+Flanders" and its abridgments, while "Idalia: or, the Unfortunate
+Mistress" had been reprinted three times separately and twice with her
+collected novels before a reissue of Defoe's "Fortunate Mistress" was
+undertaken. When in 1740 Applebee published a new edition of "Roxana,"
+he had it supplemented by "a continuation of nearly one hundred and
+fifty pages, many of which are filled with rubbish about women named
+Cleomira and Belinda."[12] Here again Mrs. Haywood's red herring crossed
+the trail of Defoe, for oddly enough the sheets thus accurately
+characterized were transcribed word for word from Eliza's second novel,
+"The British Recluse." At the point where the heroine swallows a
+sleeping potion supposing it poison, faints, and is thought to be dead,
+the narrative breaks off abruptly with the words:
+
+  "Though the History of Cleomira and Belinda's Misfortunes, may be
+  thought foreign to my Affairs ... yet it is absolutely necessary I
+  should give it a Place, because it is the Source, or Spring, of many
+  strange and uncommon Scenes, which happened to me during the remaining
+  Part of my Life, and which I cannot give an Account of without"
+  ...[13]
+
+The pages which follow relate how Roxana became reconciled to her
+daughter, died in peace, and was buried at Hornsey. The curious reader
+finds, however, no further mention of Belinda and her friend. Evidently
+Applebee's hack simply stole as much copy as he needed from an almost
+forgotten book, trusting to receive his money before the fraud was
+discovered. The volumes of Eliza Haywood were indeed a mine of emotional
+scenes, and those who wished to read of warm desires or palpitating
+passions had to turn to her romances or do without. Wretched as her work
+seems in comparison to the modern novel, it was for the time being the
+nearest approach to idealistic fiction and to the analysis of human
+feelings. Defoe's romances of incident were the triumphant culmination
+of the picaresque type; Mrs. Haywood's sentimental tales were in many
+respects mere vague inchoations of a form as yet to be produced. But
+when freed from the impurities of intrigue and from the taint of
+scandal, the novel of heart interest became the dominant type of English
+fiction. Unfortunately, however, Eliza Haywood was too practical a
+writer to outrun her generation. The success of "A Spy upon the
+Conjurer" may have convinced her that a ready market awaited stories of
+amorous adventure and hinted libel. At any rate, she soon set out to
+gratify the craving for books of that nature in a series of writings
+which redounded little to her credit, though they brought her wide
+notoriety.
+
+FOOTNOTES
+[1]
+_Tatler_, No. 14; _Spectator_, Nos. 323, 474, 560.
+
+[2]
+Particularly the incongruous description of Duncan Campbell's first
+appearance in London, where the writer finds the "heavenly youth" seated
+like a young Adonis in the "center of an angelic tribe" of "the most
+beautiful females that ever my eyes beheld," etc. G.A. Aitken's edition
+of _The Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell_, 87-9.
+
+[3]
+_The Supernatural Philosopher_ ... by William Bond, of Bury St. Edmonds
+[Transcriber's note: sic], Suffolk. The preface signed by Campbell to
+Defoe's _Life and Adventures_ states that the book was revised by "a
+young gentleman of my acquaintance." Professor Trent, however, includes
+Mrs. Haywood with Bond as a possible assistant in the revision. See _The
+Cambridge History of English Literature_, IX, 23.
+
+[4]
+Neither Defoe nor Mrs. Haywood contributed to the little budget of
+miscellaneous matter prefixed to the second issue of the _Life and
+Adventures_ (August, 1720) and sometimes found separately under the
+title: _Mr. Campbell's Pacquet, for the Entertainment of Gentlemen and
+Ladies. Containing I. Verses to Mr. Campbell, Occasioned by the History
+of his Life and Adventures. By Mrs. Fowke, Mr. Philips, &c. II. The
+Parallel, a Poem. Comparing the Poetical Productions of Mr. Pope, with
+the Prophetical Predictions of Mr. Campbell. By Capt. Stanhope_, [i. e.
+W. Bond.] _III. An Account of a most surprizing Apparition; sent from
+Launceston in Cornwall. Attested by the Rev. Mr. Ruddie, Minister
+there._ London: For T. Bickerton. 1720. See W. Lee, _Daniel Defoe_,
+322-8.
+
+[5]
+_Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell_, 171.
+
+[5a]
+This volume was announced in the _British Journal_ as early as Dec. 15,
+1722.
+
+[6]
+She or Bond may have inserted the passage to advertise a projected work.
+Mr. Spectator had already remarked of the letters that came to his
+office:  "I know some Authors, who would pick up a _Secret History_ out
+of such materials, and make a Bookseller an Alderman by the Copy." (No.
+619.)
+
+[7]
+Defoe's _Life and Adventures_ is mentioned on pp. 17 (with a quotation),
+61, 111, 246, 257.
+
+[8]
+Part II. Being a Collection of Letters found in Mr. Campbell's Closet.
+By the Lady who wrote the foregoing sheets. Part III. Containing some
+Letters from Persons of Mr. Campbell's more particular Acquaintance.
+
+[9]
+"The Pleasure with which you received my _Spy_ on the Conjurer,
+encourages me to offer you a little Supplement to it, having since my
+finishing that Book, had the opportunity of discovering something
+concerning Mr. Campbell, which I believe your Lordship will allow to be
+infinitely more surprizing than any Thing I have yet related." _The Dumb
+Projector_, 5. Mr. G. A. Aitken, in his introduction to Defoe's _Life
+and Adventures_, gives the two pieces unhesitatingly to Mrs. Haywood,
+while other students of Defoe,--Leslie Stephen, Lee, Wright, and
+Professor Trent,--are unanimous in their opinion that the first
+exploiter of the dumb wizard could have had no hand in the writing of
+these amplifications. The latest bibliographer of romances and tales,
+Mr. Arundell Esdaile, however, follows the B.M. catalogue in listing
+_The Dumb Projector_ under the convenient name of Defoe.
+
+[10]
+No. 125, Saturday. 23 November, 1728.
+
+[11]
+_The Female Spectator_, 1745, II, 246.
+
+[11a]
+In 1734 appeared a compilation of tables for computing Easter, etc.,
+entitled _Time's Telescope Universal and Perpetual, Fitted for all
+Countries and Capacities_ ... By _Duncan Campbell_. What connection, if
+any, this book had with the fortune-teller or with any of the persons
+connected with his biography appears not to have been determined.
+
+[12]
+G.A. Aitken, Introduction to _The Fortunate Mistress_, viii.
+
+[13]
+_The Fortunate Mistress; or, a History of the Life and Vast Variety of
+Fortunes of Mademoiselle de Beleau_.... London: Printed for E. Applebee.
+1740. p. 359. Pp. 300-59 are taken from _The British Recluse_.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+
+SECRET HISTORIES AND SCANDAL NOVELS
+
+Some tentative experiments in the way of scandal-mongering may be found
+in Mrs. Haywood's work even before the first of her Duncan Campbell
+pamphlets. Many of the short romances discussed in the second chapter
+were described on the title-page as secret histories, while others
+apparently indistinguishable from them in kind were denominated novels.
+"Love in Excess" and "The Unequal Conflict," for instance, were given
+the latter title, but a tale like "Fantomina," evidently imaginary,
+purported to be the "Secret History of an Amour between two Persons of
+Condition." "The British Recluse" was in sub-title the "Secret History
+of Cleomira," and "Cleomelia: or, the Generous Mistress" claimed to be
+the "Secret History of a Lady Lately arriv'd from Bengall." The writer
+attached no particular significance to her use of the term, but employed
+it as a means of stimulating a meretricious interest in her stories. In
+fact she goes out of her way in the Preface to "The Injur'd Husband" to
+defend herself and at the same time to suggest the possibility that her
+novel might contain references to English contemporaries. The defence is
+carefully worded so that it does not constitute an absolute denial, but
+rather whets the curiosity.
+
+  "It is not, therefore, to excuse my Want of Judgment in the Conduct,
+  or my Deficiency of Expressing the Passions I have endeavour'd to
+  represent, but to clear myself of an Accusation, which, I am inform'd,
+  is already contrived and prepared to thunder out against me, as soon
+  as this is publish'd, that I take this Pains. A Gentleman, who
+  applies the little Ingenuity he is Master of to no other Study than
+  that of sowing Dissention among those who are so unhappy, and indeed
+  unwise, as to entertain him, either imagines, or pretends to do so,
+  that tho' I have laid the Scene in Paris, I mean that the Adventure
+  shou'd be thought to have happen'd in London; and that in the
+  Character of a French Baroness I have attempted to expose the
+  Reputation of an English Woman of Quality. I shou'd be sorry to think
+  the Actions of any of our Ladies such as you'd give room for a
+  Conjecture of the Reality of what he wou'd suggest. But suppose there
+  were indeed an Affinity between the Vices I have describ'd, and those
+  of some Woman he knows (for doubtless if there be, she must be of his
+  Acquaintance) I leave the World to judge to whom she is indebted for
+  becoming the Subject of Ridicule, to me for drawing a Picture whose
+  Original is unknown, or to him who writes her Name at the Bottom of
+  it.
+
+  "However, if I had design'd this as a Satyr on any Person whose Crimes
+  I had thought worthy of it, I shou'd not have thought the Resentment
+  of such a one considerable enough to have obliged me to deny it. But
+  as I have only related a Story, which a particular Friend of mine
+  assures me is Matter of Fact, and happen'd at the Time when he was in
+  Paris: I wou'd not have it made Use of as an Umbrage for the Tongue of
+  Scandal to blast the Character of any one, a Stranger to such detested
+  Guilt."
+
+Before long the term "secret history" fell into disrepute, so that
+writers found it necessary to make a special plea for the veracity of
+their work. "The Double Marriage," "The Mercenary Lover," and
+"Persecuted Virtue" were distinguished as "true secret histories," and
+in the Preface to "The Pair Hebrew: or, a True, but Secret History of
+Two Jewish Ladies, Who lately resided in London" Mrs. Haywood at once
+confessed the general truth of the charge against the type and defended
+the accuracy of her own production.
+
+  "There are so many Things, meerly the Effect of Invention, which have
+  been published, of late, under the Title of SECRET HISTORIES, that, to
+  distinguish this, I am obliged to inform my Reader, that I have not
+  inserted one Incident which was not related to me by a Person nearly
+  concerned in the Family of that unfortunate Gentleman, who had no
+  other Consideration in the Choice of a Wife, than to gratify a present
+  Passion for the Enjoyment of her Beauty."
+
+About 1729 Eliza Haywood seems to have found the word "Life" or
+"Memoirs" on the title-page a more effective means for gaining the
+credence of her readers, and after that time she wrote, in name at
+least, no more secret histories. The fictions so denominated in "Secret
+Histories, Novels and Poems" were in no way different from her novels,
+and had only the slightest, if any, foundation in fact.
+
+A novel actually based upon a real occurrence, however, is "Dalinda, or
+the Double Marriage. Being the Genuine History of a very Recent, and
+Interesting Adventure" (1749), not certainly known to have been written
+by Mrs. Haywood, but bearing in the turns of expression, the letters,
+and the moralized ending, almost indubitable marks of her handiwork. One
+at least of her favorite quotations comes in at an appropriate point,
+and the Preface to the Reader states that the author's sole design is to
+show the danger of inadvertently giving way to the passions--a stock
+phrase with the author of "Love in Excess." The "Monthly Review" informs
+us that the story is "the affair betwixt Mr. Cresswell and Miss Scrope,
+thrown into the form of a novel."[1] The situation is somewhat similar
+to that described in "The Mercenary Lover."
+
+Dalinda's unhappy passion for Malvolio incites him to ruin her, and
+though he deludes her with an unregistered marriage at the Fleet, he has
+no scruples against marrying the rich Flavilla. Wishing to possess both
+Flavilla's fortune and Dalinda's charms, he effects a reconciliation
+with the latter by promising to own their prior contract, but when he
+comes out into the open and proposes to entertain her as a mistress, she
+indignantly returns to her grandmother's house, where she summons her
+brother and her faithful lover, Leander, to force her perfidious husband
+to do her justice. The latter half of the novel is a tissue of intrigue
+upon intrigue, with a complication of lawsuits and letters in which
+Malvolio's villainy is fully exposed, and he is forced to separate from
+Flavilla, but is unable to exert his claims upon Dalinda. She in turn
+cannot wring from him any compensation, nor can she in conscience
+recompense the faithful love of Leander while her husband is living.
+Thus all parties are sufficiently unhappy to make their ways a warning
+to the youth of both sexes.
+
+Evidently the history, though indeed founded on fact, differs from the
+works of Mrs. Haywood's imagination only in the tedious length of the
+legal proceedings and the uncertainty of the outcome. The only reason
+for basing the story on the villainy of Mr. Cresswell was to take
+advantage of the momentary excitement over the scandal. A similar appeal
+to the passion for diving into the intrigues of the great is apparent in
+the title of a novel of 1744, "The Fortunate Foundlings: Being the
+Genuine History of Colonel M----rs, and his Sister, Madame du P----y,
+the issue of the Hon. Ch----es M----rs. Son of the late Duke of R----
+L----D. Containing many wonderful Accidents that befel them in their
+Travels, and interspersed with the Characters and Adventures of Several
+Persons of Condition, in the most polite Courts of Europe." The Preface
+after the usual assurances that the work is compiled from original
+documents and is therefore more veracious than "the many Fictions which
+have been lately imposed upon the World, under the specious Titles of
+Secret Histories, Memoirs, &c," informs us that the purpose of the
+publication is to encourage virtue in both sexes by showing the
+amiableness of it in real characters. Instead of exposing vice in the
+actions of particular persons, the book is a highly moral laudation of
+those scions of the house of Manners whose names are adumbrated in the
+title. It cannot, therefore, be classed as a scandal novel or secret
+history.
+
+The latter term, though loosely applied to the short tale of passion for
+the purpose of stimulating public curiosity, meant strictly only that
+type of pseudo-historical romance which interpreted actual history in
+the light of court intrigue. In France a flood of histories, annals,
+anecdotes, and memoirs,--secret, gallant, and above all true,--had been
+pouring from the press since 1665. The writers of these works proceeded
+upon the ostensible theory that secret history in recognizing woman's
+influence upon the destiny of nations was more true than "pure" history,
+which took into account only religious, political, social, or moral
+factors in judging the conduct of kings and statesmen. Did not Anthony
+suffer the world to slip from his fingers for the love of Cleopatra?
+Although the grand romances had a little exhausted the vein of classical
+material, Mme Durand-Bedacier and Mme de Villedieu compiled sundry
+annals of Grecian and Roman gallantry.[2] But the cycle of French secret
+history was much more extensive. Romancing historians ferreted out a
+prodigious amount of intrigue in every court from that of Childeric to
+Louis XIV, and set out to remodel the chronicle of the realm from the
+standpoint of the heart. Nearly every reign and every romantic hero was
+the subject of one or more "monographs," among which Mme de La Fayette's
+"Princesse de Cleves" takes a prominent place. The thesaurus and omnium
+gatherum of the genus was Sauval's "Intrigues galantes de la cour de
+France" (1695), of which Dunlop remarks that "to a passion, which has,
+no doubt, especially in France, had considerable effect in state
+affairs, there is assigned ... a paramount influence." But romancers
+with a nose for gallantry had no difficulty in finding material for
+their pens in England during the times of Henry VIII, Elizabeth, and
+Henrietta Maria. But most frequently of all was chosen the life of the
+Queen of Scots.
+
+From fifteen or sixteen French biographies of the romantic Mary[3] Mrs.
+Haywood drew materials for an English work of two hundred and forty
+pages. "Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots: Being the Secret History of her
+Life, and the Real Causes of all Her Misfortunes. Containing a Relation
+of many particular Transactions in her Reign; never yet Published in any
+Collection" (1725) is distinguishable from her true fiction only by the
+larger proportion of events between set scenes of burning passion which
+formed the chief constituent of Eliza's romances. As history it is
+worthless, and its significance as fiction lies merely in its attempt to
+incorporate imaginative love scenes with historical fact. It was
+apparently compiled hastily to compete with a rival volume, "The History
+of the Life and Reign of Mary Stuart," published a week earlier, and it
+enjoyed but a languid sale. Early in 1726 it passed into a second
+edition, which continued to be advertised as late as 1743.
+
+"Mary Stuart" is the only one of Mrs. Haywood's romances that strictly
+deserves the name of secret history. But late in 1749 a little romance
+that satisfied nearly all the conditions of the type insinuated itself
+into the pamphlet shops without the agency of any publisher. "A Letter
+from H--G--g, Esq. One of the Gentlemen of the Bedchamber to the Young
+Chevalier, and the only Person of his own Retinue that attended him from
+Avignon, in his late Journey through Germany, and elsewhere; Containing
+Many remarkable and affecting Occurrences which happened to the P----
+during the course of his mysterious Progress" has been assigned to Mrs.
+Haywood by the late Mr. Andrew Lang,[4] perhaps on the authority of the
+notice in the "Monthly Review" already quoted.
+
+The pretended author of the letter was a certain Henry Goring, a
+gentleman known to be in attendance upon the last of the Stuarts. The
+preface gives a commonplace explanation of how the letter fell into the
+hands of the editor through a similarity of names. Apparently the
+pamphlet was thought seditious because it eulogized the Young Chevalier,
+hinting how advantageous it would be to have him on the throne. As the
+secret journey progresses, the Prince has a chance to expose his
+admirable political tenets in conversation with a nobleman of exalted
+rank; in rescuing a young woman from a fire, caring for her in distress,
+and refusing to take advantage of her passion for him, he gives evidence
+of a morality not accorded him by history and proves "how fit he is to
+govern others, who knows so well how to govern himself"; and when
+assaulted by hired assassins, he manifests courage and coolness, killing
+one of the bravos with his own hand. It is unnecessary to review the
+various stages in the Pretender's travels, which are related with a
+great air of mystery, but amount to nothing. The upshot is that the
+Prince has not renounced all thoughts of filling the throne of his
+ancestors, but has ends in view which the world knows nothing of and
+which will surprise them all some day. Had the Prince shown himself more
+susceptible to the charms of the merchants' daughters who fell in his
+way, this bit of romancing might claim the doubtful distinction of being
+Mrs. Haywood's only original secret history, but as it stands, no part
+of the story has the necessary motivation by passion. The intrigue is
+entirely political.
+
+There would seem to be little dangerous stuff in this performance even
+five years after the insurrection of 1745, but if as the "Monthly
+Review" ill-naturedly hints, Eliza Haywood really suffered for her
+supposed connection with it, the lesson was at any rate effectual, for
+the small references to the P---- occasionally noticeable in her
+previous works suddenly ceased, and thereafter the novelist scrupulously
+refrained from mingling fiction and politics. Previously, however, she
+had at least once attempted to write a political satire elaborately
+disguised as a romance. In July, 1736, according to the list of books in
+the "Gentleman's Magazine," numerous duodecimo volumes emanated from the
+shop of S. Baker and were sold under the title of "Adventures of Eovaai,
+Princess of Ijaveo. A Pre-Adamitical History. Interspersed with a great
+Number of remarkable Occurrences, which happened, and may again happen,
+to several Empires, Kingdoms, Republicks, and particular Great Men ...
+Written originally in the Language of Nature, (of later Years but little
+understood.) First translated into Chinese ... and now retranslated into
+English, by the Son of a Mandarin, residing in London."[5]
+
+After the introduction has given a fantastic account of the
+Pre-Adamitical world, and explained with elaborate unconvincingness how
+the manuscript of the book came into existence, the tale commences like
+a moral allegory, but soon lapses into mere extravagant adventure.
+Capable at all times of using a _deus ex machina_ as the readiest way of
+solving a situation, Mrs. Haywood here makes immoderate use of magic
+elements.
+
+Eojaeu, King of Ijaveo, leaves to his daughter, Eovaai, a precious
+jewel, upon the keeping of which her happiness depends. One day as she
+is gazing at it in the garden, it slips from its setting and is carried
+away by a little bird. Immediately the princess is forsaken by her
+quarreling subjects and abandoned by her suitors, save only the wicked
+Ochihatou, prime minister of the neighboring kingdom of Hypotofa, who
+has gained ascendancy over his sovereign by black magic, caused the
+promising young prince to be banished, and used his power to promote his
+ambitions and lusts. By infernal agencies he conveys Eovaai to the
+Hypotofan court, where he corrupts her mind and is about to triumph in
+her charms when he is summoned to quell a political disturbance. The
+princess, left languishing in a bower, is saved by her good Genius, who
+enables her to discern the true deformity of her betrayer and to escape
+to the castle of the good Alhahuza, and ultimately into the kingdom of
+Oozoff, where Ochihatou's magic has no power over her. During her stay
+there she listens to much political theorizing of a republican trend.
+Ochihatou succeeds in kidnapping her, and she is only saved from his
+loathed embraces by discovering one of his former mistresses in the form
+of a monkey whom she manages to change back into human shape and
+substitutes in her stead. While the statesman is employed as a lover,
+the populace led by Alhahuza storm the palace. Ochihatou discovers the
+trick that has been played upon him, hastily transforms his unlucky
+mistress into a rat, and conveys himself and Eovaai through the air into
+a kingdom near at hand, where he hopes to make head against the rebels.
+His pretensions are encouraged, but learning by his magic that the
+Hypotofan monarch has been freed from the power of his spells, he
+persuades the princess to return to Ijaveo with him in hopes of
+regaining her kingdom. He transforms her into a dove, himself into a
+vulture, and flies with her to a wood near the Ijavean court. There he
+restores their natural shapes and makes a base attack upon her honor. In
+the struggle she manages to break his wand, and he in a fury hangs her
+up by the hair and is about to scourge her to death, when she is rescued
+by a glorious young stranger. The wicked Ochihatou dashes his brains out
+against an oak. Her deliverer turns out to be the banished prince of
+Hypotofa, who restores to her the lost jewel, weds her, and prosperously
+governs their united realms.
+
+The fantastic story, however, was probably little calculated to sell the
+book. It was addressed to those who could read between the lines well
+enough to discern particular personages in the characters of the
+fiction, and especially a certain great man in the figure of the evil
+prime minister.
+
+In 1736 when Eliza's novel first appeared, Walpole's defeated Excise
+Bill of 1733-4 and his policy of non-interference on the Continent had
+made him cordially disliked by the people, and by 1741 his unpopular
+ministry, like Lady Mary Montagu's stairs, was "in a declining way." Sir
+Robert had never shown himself a friend to letters, and there were not a
+few writers, among them one so illustrious as Henry Fielding, who were
+ready to seize upon any pretext for attacking him.[6] There can be no
+doubt that in the character of the villainous, corrupt, greedy, vain,
+lascivious, but plausible Ochihatou Mrs. Haywood intended her readers to
+recognize a semblance of the English minister. "Of all the statesmen who
+have held high office, it would be impossible to find one who has been
+more systematically abused and more unjustly treated than Sir Robert
+Walpole.... He is the 'Father of Parliamentary Corruption,' the 'foe to
+English liberty,' the 'man who maintained his power by the basest and
+most venal tactics'.... Whenever his administration is alluded to in
+Parliament a shudder runs through the House ... at the very thought that
+one so sordid, so interested, so schemingly selfish, should have
+attained to the position of Prime Minister, and have commanded a
+following. If we read the pamphlet literature of the eighteenth century,
+we see Walpole represented as the meanest and most corrupt of
+mankind."[7] Lord Chesterfield says of him: "His prevailing weakness was
+to be thought to have a polite and happy turn to gallantry, of which he
+had undoubtedly less than any man living; it was his favorite and
+frequent subject of conversation, which proved, to those who had any
+penetration, that it was his prevailing weakness, and they applied to it
+with success."[8] And Lord Hervey reports that the Queen remarked of
+Walpole's mistress, "dear Molly Skerritt": "She must be a clever
+gentlewoman to have made him believe she cares for him on any other
+score [but his money]; and to show you what fools we all are in some
+point or other, she has certainly told him some fine story or other of
+her love and her passion, and that poor man--_avec ce gros corps, ces
+jambes enflees, et ce vilain ventre_--believes her. Ah! what is human
+nature!"[9]
+
+With this sketch of Walpole compare the account of Ochihatou, Prime
+Minister of Hypotofa. "This great Man was born of a mean Extraction, and
+so deformed in his own Person, that not even his own Parents cou'd look
+on him with Satisfaction.... As he was extremely amorous, and had so
+little in him to inspire the tender Passion, the first Proof he gave of
+his Art, was to ... cast such a Delusion before the Eyes of all who saw
+him, that he appeared to them such as he wished to be, a most comely and
+graceful Man.
+
+"With this Advantage, join'd to the most soothing and insinuating
+Behaviour, he came to Court, and, by his Artifices, so wound himself
+into the Favour of some great Officers, that he was not long without
+being put into a considerable Post. This he discharged so well, that he
+was soon promoted to a better, and at length to those of the highest
+Trust and Honour in the Kingdom. But that which was most remarkable in
+him, and very much contributed to endear him to all Sorts of People, was
+that his Elevation did not seem to have made the least Change in his
+Sentiments. His natural Pride, his Lust, his exorbitant Ambition, were
+disguised under the Appearance of Sweetness of Disposition, Chastity,
+and even more Condescension, than was consistent with the Rank he then
+possest. By this Behaviour, he render'd himself so far from exciting
+Envy, that those, by whose Recommendation he had obtained what he
+enjoy'd, and with some of whom he was now on more than an Equality,
+wish'd rather to see an Augmentation, than Diminution of a Power he so
+well knew to use; and so successful was his Hypocrisy, that the most
+Discerning saw not into his Designs, till he found means to accomplish
+them, to the almost total Ruin of both King and People."[10] Ochihatou
+worms his way into the favor of the king, and after gaining complete
+ascendancy over his royal master, uses the power for his own ends. He
+fills the positions at court with wretches subservient to his own
+interests. "He next proceeded to seize the publick Treasure into his own
+Hands, which he converted not to Works of Justice or Charity, or any
+Uses for the Honour of the Kingdom, but in building stately Palaces for
+himself, his Wives, and Concubines, and enriching his mean Family, and
+others who adhered to him, and assisted in his Enterprizes." Lest this
+reference should not be plain enough in its application to Walpole's
+extravagances at Houghton, Mrs. Haywood adds in a footnote, "Our Author
+might have saved himself the Trouble of particularizing in what manner
+Ochihatou apply'd the Nation's Money; since he had said enough in
+saying, he was a _Prime Minister_, to make the Reader acquainted with
+his Conduct in that Point." Further allusions to a standing army of
+mercenaries and to an odious tribe of tax-collectors--two of the most
+popular grievances against Walpole--give additional force to the satire.
+There is a suspicion that in the character of the young prince banished
+by Ochihatou readers of a right turn of mind were intended to perceive a
+cautious allusion to the Pretender.
+[Transcriber's note: Quotes in paragraph in original, not block quote.]
+
+That Walpole not only perceived, but actively resented the affront, we
+may infer, though evidence is lacking, from the six years of silence
+that followed the publication of the satire. Perhaps the government saw
+fit to buy off the troublesome author by a small appointment, but such
+indulgent measures were not usually applied to similar cases. More
+probably Eliza found it wise to seek in France or some neighboring
+country the safety from the malignant power of the Prime Minister that
+her heroine sought in the kingdom of Oozoff.
+
+The "Adventures of Eovaai" contains almost the last of the dedications
+written in a servile tone to a patron whose favor Mrs. Haywood hoped to
+curry. Henceforward she was to be more truly a woman of letters in that
+her books appealed ostensibly at least only to the reading public. The
+victim of her final eulogy was the redoubtable Sarah, Duchess Dowager of
+Marlborough, who, when finding herself addressed as "O most illustrious
+Wife, and Parent of the Greatest, Best, and Loveliest! it was not
+sufficient for you to adorn Posterity with the Amiableness of every
+Virtue," etc., etc., may perhaps have recalled how her shining character
+had been blackened some twelve years before in a licentious volume
+called "Memoirs of a Certain Island adjacent to the Kingdom of
+Utopia."[11] Had her Grace been aware that the reputed author of that
+comprehensive lampoon was none other than the woman who now outdid
+herself in praise, Eliza Haywood would probably have profited little by
+her panegyric. For though the "Memoirs of a Certain Island" like the
+"Adventures of Eovaai" made a pretence of being translated into English
+from the work of a celebrated Utopian author, the British public found
+no difficulty in attributing it by popular acclaim to Mrs. Haywood, and
+she reaped immense notoriety from it. In prefaces to some of her
+subsequent works she complained of the readiness of the world to pick
+meanings in whatever was published by a struggling woman, or protested
+that she had no persons or families in view in writing her stories, but
+she never disclaimed the authorship of this production. Undoubtedly the
+world was right in "smoking" the writer.[12]
+
+If before she had retailed secret histories of late amours singly, Mrs.
+Haywood dealt in them now by the wholesale, and any reader curious to
+know the identity of the personages hidden under such fictitious names
+as Romanus, Beaujune, Orainos, Davilla, Flirtillaria, or Saloida could
+obtain the information by consulting a convenient "key" affixed to each
+of the two volumes. In this respect, as in the general scheme of her
+work, Mrs. Haywood was following the model set by the celebrated Mrs.
+Manley in her "New Atalantis." She in turn had derived her method from
+the French _romans a clef_ or romances in which contemporary scandal was
+reported in a fictitious disguise. The imitation written by Mrs. Haywood
+became only less notorious than her original, and was still well enough
+known in 1760 to be included in the convenient list of novels prefixed
+to the elder Colman's "Polly Honeycombe." It consists of a tissue of
+anecdotes which, if retold, would (in Fuller's words) "stain through the
+cleanest language I can wrap them in," all set in an allegorical
+framework of a commonplace kind.
+
+A noble youth arrives upon the shores of a happy island [England], where
+he encounters the God of Love, who conveys him to a spacious court in
+the midst of the city. There Pecunia and Fortuna, served by their high
+priest Lucitario [J. Craggs, the elder] preside over an Enchanted Well
+[South Sea Company] while all degrees of humanity stand about in
+expectation of some wonderful event. From amid the throng the God of
+Love selects certain persons as examples of perverted love. The stories
+he relates about them range from mere anecdotes to elaborate histories
+containing several love-letters. In substance these tales consist of the
+grossest scandal that could be collected from the gossip of profligate
+society. After hearing more than a satiety of these illustrations, the
+youth beholds the Genius of the Isle, supported by Astrea and Reason,
+exposing the fraud of the Enchanted Well to the dismay of the greedy
+rabble. The young stranger then sinks to rest in a perfumed bower, while
+the God of Love and the Genius of the Isle set about a much needed
+reformation of manners.
+
+None of the skimmings of contemporary gossip poured out in the two
+volumes deserves the least consideration, save such as reveal the fair
+writer's relations with other authors. In return for Savage's eulogy of
+her "Love in Excess" and "Rash Resolve" the scribbling dame included in
+her scandal novel the story of his noble parentage substantially as it
+had already been told by Aaron Hill in the "Plain Dealer" for 24 June,
+1724. But in addition she prefaced the account with a highly colored
+narrative of the amours of Masonia and Riverius.[13] However much the
+author of "The Bastard" may have desired to prove his noble origin, he
+might easily have resented a too open flaunting of his mother's
+disgrace. Moreover, Mrs. Haywood hinted that his unfeeling mother was
+not the only woman whom the poet had to fear. By the insinuations of a
+female fury, a pretender to the art of poetry, for whom Eliza has no
+words too black--in fact some of her epithets are too shady to be
+quoted--he has been led into actions, mean, unjust, and wicked. The vile
+woman, it seems, has been guilty of defaming the reputations of others.
+
+"The Monster whose Soul is wholly compos'd of Hipocrisy, Envy, and Lust,
+can ill endure another Woman should be esteem'd Mistress of those
+Virtues she has acted with too barefaced an Impudence to pretend to, and
+is never so happy as when by some horrid Stratagem she finds the means
+to traduce and blast the Character of the Worthy.... With how much
+readiness the easily deceiv'd Riverius [Savage] has obliged her in
+spreading those Reports, coin'd in the hellish Mint of her own Brain, I
+am sorry to say.... It cannot be doubted but that he has lost many
+Friends on her account, in particular one there was who bore him a
+singular Respect, tho' no otherways capacitated to serve him than by
+good Wishes.--This Person receiv'd a more than common Injury from him,
+thro' the Instigations of that female Fury; but yet continuing to
+acknowledge his good Qualities, and pitying his falling into the
+contrary, took no other Revenge than writing a little Satire, which his
+having publish'd some admirable fine things in the praise of Friendship
+and Honour, gave a handsome opportunity for." (Vol. I, p. 184.)
+
+From the exceptional animus displayed by Eliza Haywood in describing her
+colleague in the school for scandal, one may suspect that the lightning
+had struck fairly near home. One is almost forced to believe that
+Savage's well-wisher, the writer of the little satire, "To the Ingenious
+Riverius, on his writing in the Praise of Friendship," was none other
+than Eliza herself.[14] Exactly what injury she had sustained from him
+and his Siren is not known, but although he still stood high in her
+esteem, she was implacable against that "worse than Lais" whom in a long
+and pungent description she satirized under the name of Gloatitia.
+
+  "Behold another ... in every thing as ridiculous, in some more vile--
+  that big-bone'd, buxom, brown Woman.... Of all the Gods there is none
+  she acknowledges but Phoebus, him she frequently implores for
+  assistance, to charm her Lovers with the Spirit of Poetry.... She
+  pretends, however, to have an intimate acquaintance with the Muses--
+  has judgment enough to know that _ease_ and _please_ make a Rhyme, and
+  to count ten Syllables on her Fingers.--This is the Stock with which
+  she sets up for a Wit, and among some ignorant Wretches passes for
+  such; but with People of true Understanding, nothing affords more
+  subject of ridicule, than that incoherent Stuff which she calls
+  Verses.--She bribed, with all the Favours she is capable of
+  conferring, a Bookseller [Curll] (famous for publishing soft things)
+  to print some of her Works, ["The Amours of Clio and Strephon," 1719]
+  on which she is not a little vain: tho' she might very well have
+  spared herself the trouble. Few Men, of any rank whatsoever, but have
+  been honour'd with the receipt of some of her Letters both in Prose
+  and Measure--few Coffee-Houses but have been the Repository of
+  them."[15]
+
+The student of contemporary secret history does not need to refer to the
+"key" to discover that the woman whose power to charm Savage was so
+destructive to Eliza's peace of mind was that universal mistress of
+minor poets, the Mira of Thomson, the Clio of Dyer and Hill, the famous
+Martha Fowke, who at the time happened to have fixed the scandal of her
+affections upon the Volunteer Laureate.[16] That the poet's opinion of
+her remained unchanged by Mrs. Haywood's vituperation may be inferred
+from some lines in her praise in a satire called "The Authors of the
+Town," printed soon after the publication of "Memoirs of a Certain
+Island."[17]
+
+  "Clio, descending Angels sweep thy Lyre,
+  Prompt thy soft Lays, and breathe Seraphic Fire.
+  Tears fall, Sighs rise, obedient to thy Strains,
+  And the Blood dances in the mazy Veins!....
+  In social Spirits, lead thy Hours along,
+  Thou Life of Loveliness, thou Soul of Song!"
+
+But not content with singing the praises of her rival, Savage cast a
+slur upon Mrs. Haywood's works and even upon the unfortunate dame
+herself.
+
+  "First, let me view what noxious Nonsense reigns,
+  While yet I loiter on Prosaic Plains;
+  If Pens impartial active Annals trace,
+  Others, with secret Histr'y, Truth deface:
+  Views and Reviews, and wild Memoirs appear,
+  And Slander darkens each recorded year."
+
+After relating at some length the typical absurdities of the _chronique
+scandaleuse_--deaths by poison, the inevitably dropped letter, and
+intrigues of passion and jealousy--he became more specific in describing
+various authors. Among others
+
+  "A cast-off Dame, who of Intrigues can judge,
+  Writes Scandal in Romance--A Printer's Drudge!
+  Flush'd with Success, for Stage-Renown she pants,
+  And melts, and swells, and pens luxurious Rants."
+
+The first two lines might apply to the notorious Mrs. Manley, lately
+deceased, who had for some time been living as a hack writer for
+Alderman Barber, but she had written no plays since "Lucius" in 1717.
+Mrs. Haywood, however, equally a cast-off dame and a printer's drudge,
+had recently produced her "Fair Captive," a most luxurious rant. The
+passage, then, may probably refer to her.
+
+If, as is possible, the poem was circulated in manuscript before its
+publication, this intended insult may be the injury complained of by
+Mrs. Haywood in "Memoirs of a Certain Island." Though she was content to
+retaliate only by heaping coals of fire upon the poet's bays, and though
+she even heightens the pathos of his story by relating how he had
+refused the moiety of a small pension from his mother upon hearing that
+she had suffered losses in the collapse of the South Sea scheme, Savage
+remained henceforth her implacable enemy. Perhaps her abuse of the
+divine Clio, the suspected instigator of his attacks upon her, may have
+been an unforgivable offense.
+
+No need to particularize further. We need not vex the shade of Addison
+by repeating what Eliza records of his wild kinsman, Eustace Budgell
+(Bellario). No other person of literary note save Aaron Hill, favorably
+mentioned as Lauranus, appears in all the dreary two volumes. The vogue
+of the book was not due to its merits as fiction, which are slight, but
+to the spiciness of personal allusions. That such reading was
+appreciated even in the highest circles is shown by young Lady Mary
+Pierrepont's defence of Mrs. Manley's "New Atalantis."[18] In the
+history of the novel, however, the _roman a clef_ deserves perhaps more
+recognition than has hitherto been accorded it. Specific delineation was
+necessary to make effective the satire, and though the presence of the
+"key" made broad caricature possible, since each picture was labeled,
+yet the writers of scandal novels usually drew their portraits with an
+amount of detail foreign to the method of the romancers.[19] While the
+tale of passion developed the novelist's power to make the emotions seem
+convincing, the _chronique scandaleuse_ emphasized the necessity of
+accurate observation of real men and women. But satire and libel, though
+necessitating detailed description, did not, like burlesque or parody,
+lead to the creation of character. In that respect the "Memoirs of a
+Certain Island" and all its tribe are notably deficient.
+
+A less comprehensive survey of current tittle-tattle, perhaps modeled on
+Mrs. Manley's "Court Intrigues" (1711), stole forth anonymously on 16
+October, 1724, under the caption, "Bath-Intrigues: in four Letters to a
+Friend in London," a title which sufficiently indicates the nature of
+the work. Like the "Memoirs of a Certain Island" these letters consist
+of mere jottings of scandal. Most probably both productions were from
+the same pen, though "Bath-Intrigues" has been attributed to Mrs.
+Manley.[20] Opposite the title-page Roberts, the publisher, advertised
+"The Masqueraders," "The Fatal Secret," and "The Surprise" as by the
+same author. One of Mrs. Haywood's favorite quotations, used by her
+later as a motto for the third volume of "The Female Spectator," stands
+with naive appropriateness on the title-page:
+
+  "There is a Lust in Man, no Awe can tame,
+  Of loudly publishing his Neighbor's Shame."
+
+The writer of "Bath-Intrigues," moreover, did not hesitate to recommend
+Eliza's earlier novels to the good graces of scandal-loving readers, for
+she describes a certain letter as "amorous as Mrs. O--- F---d's Eyes,
+or the Writings of the Author of Love in Excess." Most curious of all is
+the fact that the composer of the four letters, who signs herself J.B.,
+refers _en passant_ to Belinda's inconstancy to Sir Thomas Worthly, an
+allusion to the story of the second part of "The British Recluse." This
+reference would indicate either that there was some basis of actuality
+in the earlier fiction, or that Mrs. Haywood was using imaginary scandal
+to pad her collection. However that may be, this second _chronique
+scandaleuse_ was apparently no less successful, though less renowned,
+than the first, for a third edition was imprinted during the following
+March.
+
+The scribbling dame again used the feigned letter as a vehicle for
+mildly infamous gossip in "Letters from the Palace of Fame. Written by a
+First Minister in the Regions of Air, to an Inhabitant of this World.
+Translated from an Arabian Manuscript."[21] Its pretended source and the
+sham Oriental disguise make the work an unworthy member of that group of
+feigned Oriental letters begun by G.P. Marana with "L'Espion turc" in
+1684, continued by Dufresny and his imitator, T. Brown, raised to a
+philosophic level by Addison and Steele, and finally culminant in
+Montesquieu's "Lettres Persanes" (1721) and Goldsmith's "Citizen of the
+World" (1760).[22] The fourth letter is a well-told Eastern adventure,
+dealing with the revenge of Forzio who seduces the wife of his enemy,
+Ben-hamar, through the agency of a Christian slave, but in general the
+"Letters" are valuable only as they add an atom of evidence to the
+popularity of pseudo-Oriental material. Eliza Haywood was anxious to
+give the public what it wanted. She had found a ready market for
+scandal, and knew that the piquancy of slander was enhanced and the
+writer protected from disagreeable consequences if her stories were cast
+in some sort of a disguise. She had already used the obvious ruse of an
+allegory in the "Memoirs of a Certain Island" and had just completed a
+feigned history in the "Court of Carimania." The well known "Turkish
+Spy" and its imitations, or perhaps the recent but untranslated "Lettres
+Persanes," may have suggested to her the possibility of combining bits
+of gossip in letters purporting to be translated from the Arabic and
+written by some supermundane being. The latter part of the device had
+already been used by Defoe in "The Consolidator." Mrs. Haywood merely
+added the suggestion of a mysterious Oriental source. She makes no
+attempt to satirize contemporary society, but is content to retail vague
+bits of town talk to customers who might be deluded into imagining them
+of importance. "The new created Vizier," the airy correspondent reports,
+"might have succeeded better in another Post, than in this, which with
+so much earnestness he has sollicited. For, notwithstanding the Plaudits
+he has received from our Princess, and the natural Propensity to
+State-Affairs, given him by his Saturnine Genius; his Significator Mars
+promis'd him greater Honours in the Field, than he can possibly attain
+to in the Cabinet." And so on. Both "Bath-Intrigues" and "Letters from
+the Palace of Fame" may be classed as _romans a clef_ although no "key"
+for either has yet been found. In all other respects they conform to
+type.
+
+The only one of Mrs. Haywood's scandal novels that rivaled the fame of
+her "Memoirs of a Certain Island" was the notorious "Secret History of
+the Present Intrigues of the Court of Carimania" (1727), a feigned
+history on a more coherent plan than the allegorical hodge-podge of the
+former compilation. The incidents in this book are all loosely connected
+with the amours of Theodore, Prince of Carimania, with various beauties
+of this court. The chronicle minutely records the means he employed to
+overcome their scruples, to stifle their jealousies and their
+reproaches, and finally to extricate himself from affairs of gallantry
+grown tedious. Nearly all the changes are rung on the theme of amorous
+adventure in describing the progress of the royal rake and his
+associates. The "key"[23] at the end identifies the characters with
+various noble personages at the court of George II when Prince of Wales.
+The melting Lutetia, for instance, represented "Mrs. Baladin" or more
+accurately Mary Bellenden, maid of honor to the Princess, to whose
+charms Prince George was in fact not insensible. Barsina and Arilla were
+also maids of honor: the former became the second wife of John, Duke of
+Argyle (Aridanor), while the latter was that sister of Sir Sidney
+Meadows celebrated by Pope for her prudence. Although the "key"
+discreetly refrained from identifying the amorous Theodore, no great
+penetration was necessary to see in his character a picture of the royal
+George himself. A tradition not well authenticated but extremely
+probable states that printer and publisher were taken up in consequence
+of this daring scandal.
+
+But more important in its effect upon the author's fortunes than any
+action of the outraged government was the resentment which her
+defamation of certain illustrious persons awakened in the breast of the
+dictator of letters. In chosing [Transcriber's note: sic] to expose in
+the character of her chief heroine, Ismonda, the foibles of Mrs.
+Henrietta Howard, the neighbor of Pope, the friend of Swift and
+Arbuthnot, and the admired of Lord Peterborough, Mrs. Haywood made
+herself offensive in the nostrils of the literary trio. The King's
+mistress, later the Countess of Suffolk, conducted herself with such
+propriety that her friends affected to believe that her relations with
+her royal lover were purely platonic, and they naturally failed to
+welcome the chronicle of her amours and the revelation of the slights
+which George II delighted to inflict upon her. Swift described the
+writer of the scandal as a "stupid, infamous, scribbling woman";[24]
+Peterborough writing to Lady Mary Montagu in behalf of his friend, the
+English Homer, sneered at the "four remarkable poetesses and scribblers,
+Mrs. Centlivre, Mrs. Haywood, Mrs. Manley, and Mrs. Ben [_sic_]";[25]
+and Pope himself pilloried the offender to all time in his greatest
+satire.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+[1]
+_Monthly Review_, I, 238. July, 1749.
+
+[2]
+Mme de Villedieu, _Annales galantes de Grece_ and _Les exiles de la cour
+d'Auguste_. Mme Durand-Bedacier, _Les belles Grecques, ou l'histoire des
+plus fameuses courtisanes de la Grece._
+
+[3]
+B.M. Catalogue.
+
+[4]
+A. Lang, _History of English Literature_ (1912), 458. See _ante_, p. 25.
+
+[5]
+Re-issued as _The Unfortunate Princess, or, the Ambitious Statesman_,
+1741.
+
+[6]
+J.E. Wells, _Fielding's Political Purpose in Jonathan Wilde_, PMLA,
+XXVIII, No. I, pp. 1-55. March, 1913. See also _The Secret History of
+Mama Oello_, 1733. "The Curaca Robilda's Character [i.e. Sir Robert
+Walpole's] will inform you that there were Evil Ministers even amongst
+the simple Indians" ... and _The Statesman's Progress: Or, Memoirs of
+the Life, Administration, and Fall of Houly Chan, Primier Minister to
+Abensader, Emperor of China_ (1733).
+
+[7]
+A.C. Ewald, _Sir Robert Walpole_ (1878), 444.
+
+[8]
+A.C. Ewald, _Sir Robert Walpole_, 450.
+
+[9]
+Lord Hervey's _Memoirs_, London, 1884, II, 143.
+
+[10]
+_The Unfortunate Princess_, 18, etc.
+
+[11]
+_Memoirs of a Certain Island_, II, 249. "Marama [the Duchess of
+Marlborough] has been for many Years a Grandmother; but Age is the
+smallest of her Imperfections:--She is of a Disposition so perverse and
+peevish, so designing, mercenary, proud, cruel, and revengeful, that it
+has been a matter of debate, if she were really Woman, or if some Fiend
+had not assumed that Shape on purpose to affront the Sex, and fright
+Mankind from Marriage."
+
+[12]
+J. Nichols, _Literary Anecdotes_, III, 649, records the tradition that
+Chapman was the publisher of Mrs. Haywood's _Utopia_.
+
+[13]
+Anne Mason, formerly Lady Macclesfield, and the Earl of Rivers, whom
+Savage claimed as his father.
+
+[14]
+She had a way of rechristening her friends by romantic titles. See her
+poem, "To Mr. Walter Bowman ... Occasion'd by his objecting against my
+giving the Name of Hillarius to Aaron Hill, Esq."
+
+[15]
+_Memoirs of a Certain Island_, I, 43-7 condensed.
+
+[16]
+For an account of Clio see an article by Bolton Corney, "James Thomson
+and David Mallet," _Athenaeum_, II, 78, 1859. And Miss Dorothy Brewster,
+_Aaron Hill_, 188. Her unsavory biography entitled _Clio, or a Secret
+History of the Amours of Mrs. S-n--m_, was still known at the time of
+_Polly Honeycombe_, 1760.
+
+[17]
+_The Authors of the Town; a Satire. Inscribed to the Author of the
+Universal Passion_. For J. Roberts, 1725. A number of lines from this
+poem appear later in Savage's "On False Historians," _Poems_ (Cooke's
+ed.), II, 189.
+
+[18]
+_Letters from the Lady Mary Wortley Montagu_, Everyman edition, 4.
+
+[19]
+Compare the picture of Gloatitia, for instance, with the following of a
+lady in _La Belle Assemblee_, I, 22. "To form any Idea of what she was,
+one must imagine all that can be conceived of Perfection--the most
+blooming Youth, the most delicate Complection, Eyes that had in them all
+the Fire of Wit, and Tenderness of Love, a Shape easy, and fine
+proportion'd Limbs; and to all this, a thousand unutterable Graces
+accompanying every Air and little Motion."
+
+[20]
+Miss C.E. Morgan, _The Novel of Manners_, 221. _Bath-Intrigues_ was
+included in Mrs. Haywood's Works, 1727. Another work contained in the
+same two volumes, _The Perplex'd Duchess; or, Treachery Rewarded: Being
+some Memoirs of the Court of Malfy. In a Letter from a Sicilian
+Nobleman, who had his Residence there, to his Friend in London_ (1728),
+may be a scandal novel, though the title suggests a reworking of
+Webster's _Duchess of Malfi_. I have not seen the book.
+
+[21]
+Ascribed to Mrs. Haywood in the advertisements of her additional
+_Works_, 1727. The B.M. copy, catalogued under "Ariel," contains only a
+fragment of 24 pages.
+
+[22]
+Miss M.P. Conant, _The Oriental Tale in England in the Eighteenth
+Century (1908), passim._
+
+[23]
+The "key" is almost the sole contribution to Mrs. Haywood's bibliography
+in Bohn's Lowndes. Most of the personages mentioned are described in the
+notes of John Wilson Croker's _Letters to and from the Countess of
+Suffolk_ (1824).
+
+[24]
+The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, ed. by F. Elrington Ball (1913),
+Vol. IV, 264, 266. The Countess of Suffolk, in a playful attack on
+Swift, wrote (25 Sept. 1731) ... "I should not have despaired, that ...
+this Irish patriot ... should have closed the scene under suspicions of
+having a violent passion for Mrs. Barber, and Lady M---- [Montagu] or
+Mrs. Haywood have writ the progress of it." In reply Swift wrote (26
+Oct. 1731) that he could not guess who was intended by Lady M---- and
+that he had heard Mrs. Haywood characterized in the terms quoted above.
+
+[25]
+Elwin and Courthope's _Pope_, III, 279.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+
+THE HEROINE OF "THE DUNCIAD"
+
+
+Mr. Pope's devious efforts to make the gratification of his personal
+animosities seem due to public-spirited indignation have been generally
+exposed. Beside the overwhelming desire to spite Theobald for his
+presumption in publishing "Shakespeare Restored" the aggrieved poet was
+actuated by numerous petty grudges against the inhabitants of Grub
+Street, all of which he masked behind a pretence of righteous zeal.
+According to the official explanation "The Dunciad" was composed with
+the most laudable motive of damaging those writers of "abusive
+falsehoods and scurrilities" who "had aspersed almost all the great
+characters of the age; and this with impunity, their own persons and
+names being utterly secret and obscure." He intended to seize the
+"opportunity of doing some good, by detecting and dragging into light
+these common enemies of mankind; since to invalidate this universal
+slander, it sufficed to show what contemptible men were the authors of
+it. He was not without hopes, that by manifesting the dulness of those
+who had only malice to recommend them, either the booksellers would not
+find their account in employing them, or the men themselves, when
+discovered, would want courage to proceed in so unlawful an occupation.
+This it was that gave birth to the 'Dunciad,' and he thought it a
+happiness, that by the late flood of slander on himself, he had acquired
+such a peculiar right over their names as was necessary to this
+design."[1] But gentlemanly reproof and delicate satire would be wasted
+on "libellers and common nuisances." They must be met upon their own
+ground and overwhelmed with filth. "Thus the politest men are obliged
+sometimes to swear when they have to do with porters and
+oyster-wenches." Moreover, those unexceptionable models, Homer, Virgil,
+and Dryden had all admitted certain nasty expressions, and in comparison
+with them "our author ... tosses about his dung with an air of
+majesty."[2] In the episode devoted to the "authoress of those most
+scandalous books called the Court of Carimania, and the new Utopia,"
+remarks the annotator of "The Dunciad, Variorum," "is exposed, in the
+most contemptuous manner, the profligate licentiousness of those
+shameless scribblers (for the most part of that sex, which ought least
+to be capable of such malice or impudence) who in libellous Memoirs and
+Novels, reveal the faults and misfortunes of both sexes, to the ruin of
+public fame, or disturbance of private happiness. Our good poet (by the
+whole cast of his work being obliged not to take off the irony) where he
+could not show his indignation, hath shewn his contempt, as much as
+possible; having here drawn as vile a picture as could be represented in
+the colours of Epic poesy."[3] On these grounds Pope justified the
+coarseness of his allusions to Mrs. Thomas (Corinna) and Eliza Haywood.
+But a statement of high moral purpose from the author of "The Dunciad"
+was almost inevitably the stalking-horse of an unworthy action. Mr.
+Pope's reasons, real and professed, for giving Mrs. Haywood a
+particularly obnoxious place in his epic of dullness afford a curious
+illustration of his unmatched capacity ostensibly to chastise the vices
+of the age, while in fact hitting an opponent below the belt.
+
+The scourge of dunces had, as we have seen, a legitimate cause to resent
+the licentious attack upon certain court ladies, especially his friend
+Mrs. Howard, in a scandalous fiction of which Eliza Haywood was the
+reputed author. Besides she had allied herself with Bond, Defoe, and
+other inelegant pretenders in the domain of letters, and was known to be
+the friend of Aaron Hill, Esq., who stood not high in Pope Alexander's
+good graces. And finally Pope may have honestly believed that she was
+responsible for a lampoon upon him in person. In "A List of Books,
+Papers, and Verses, in which our Author was Abused, Before the
+Publication of the Dunciad; with the True Names of the Authors,"
+appended to "The Dunciad, Variorum" of 1729, Mrs. Haywood was credited
+with an anonymous "Memoirs of Lilliput, octavo, printed in 1727."[4] The
+full title of the work in question reads, "Memoirs of the Court of
+Lilliput. Written by Captain Gulliver. Containing an Account of the
+Intrigues, and some other particular Transactions of that Nation,
+omitted in the two Volumes of his Travels. Published by Lucas Bennet,
+with a Preface, shewing how these Papers fell into his hands." The
+title, indeed, is suggestive of such productions as "The Court of
+Carimania." In the Preface Mr. Lucas Bennet describes himself as a
+schoolfellow and friend of Captain Gulliver, which is reason enough to
+make us doubt his own actuality. But whether a real personage or a
+pseudonym for some other author, he was probably not Mrs. Haywood, for
+the style of the book is unlike that of her known works, and the
+historian of Lilliput indulges in some mild sarcasms at the expense of
+women who "set up for Writers, before they have well learned their
+Alphabet," Either before or after composing his lines on Eliza, however,
+Pope chose to attribute the volume to her. The passage which doubtless
+provoked his noble rage against shameless scribblers was part of a
+debate between Lilliputian Court ladies who were anxious lest their
+having been seen by Gulliver in a delicate situation should reflect on
+their reputations. The speaker undertakes to reassure her companions.
+
+  "And besides, the inequality of our Stature rightly consider'd, ought
+  to be  for us as full a Security from Slander, as that between Mr.
+  P--pe, and those  _great_ Ladies who do nothing without him; admit him
+  to their Closets, their  Bed-sides, consult him in the choice of their
+  Servents, their Garments, and  make no scruple of putting them on or
+  off before him: Every body knows they  are Women of strict Virtue, and
+  he a Harmless Creature, who has neither the  Will, nor Power of doing
+  any farther Mischief than with his Pen, and that he  seldom draws, but
+  in defense of their Beauty; or to second their Revenge  against some
+  presuming Prude, who boasts a Superiority of Charms: or in  privately
+  transcribing and passing for his own, the elaborate Studies of some
+  more learned Genius."[5]
+
+Such an attack upon the sensitive poet's person and pride did not go
+unnoticed. More than a year later he returned the slur with interest
+upon the head of the supposed author. The lines on Eliza, which still
+remain the coarsest in the satire, were in the original "Dunciad" even
+more brutal.[6] Nothing short of childish personal animus could account
+for the filthy malignity of Pope's revenge.
+
+  "See in the circle next, Eliza plac'd;
+  Two babes of love close clinging to her waste;
+  Fair as before her works she stands confess'd
+  In flow'r'd brocade by bounteous _Kirkall_ dress'd,
+  Pearls on her neck, and roses in her hair,
+  And her fore-buttocks to the navel bare."[7]
+
+The Goddess of Dullness offers "yon Juno of majestic size" as the chief
+prize in the booksellers' games. "Chetwood and Curll accept this
+glorious strife," the latter, as always, wins the obscene contest, "and
+the pleas'd dame soft-smiling leads away." Nearly all of this account is
+impudent slander, but Mr. Pope's imputations may have had enough truth
+in them to sting. His description of Eliza is a savage caricature of her
+portrait by Kirkall prefixed to the first edition of her collected
+novels, plays, and poems (1724).[8] Curll's "Key to the Dunciad," quoted
+with evident relish by Pope in the Variorum notes, recorded on the
+authority of contemporary scandal that the "two babes of love" were the
+offspring of a poet[9] and a bookseller. This bit of libel meant no more
+than that Mrs. Haywood's relations with Savage and other minor writers
+had been injudiciously unconventional. As for the booksellers, Curll had
+not been professionally connected with the authoress before the
+publication of "The Dunciad," and the part he played in the games may be
+regarded as due entirely to Pope's malice. W. R. Chetwood was indeed the
+first publisher of Eliza's effusions, but his name was even more
+strongly associated with the prize which actually fell to his lot.[10]
+In 1735 Chapman was substituted for Chetwood, and in the last revision
+Thomas Osborne, then the object of Pope's private antipathy, gained a
+permanent place as Curll's opponent. Taken all in all, the chief
+virulence of the abuse was directed more against the booksellers than
+against Mrs. Haywood.
+
+The second mention of Eliza was also in connection with Corinna in a
+passage now canceled.
+
+  "See next two slip-shod _Muses_ traipse along,
+  In lofty madness meditating song,
+  With tresses staring from poetic dreams
+  And never wash'd, but in _Castalia's_ streams.
+  H---- and I----, glories of their race!"[11]
+
+The first initial is written in the manuscript "Heywood," and the second
+was doubtless intended for Mrs. Thomas. But in this case the very
+catholicity of Pope's malice defeated its own aim. Originally the first
+line stood: "See Pix and slip-shod W---- [Wortley?] traipse along." In
+1729 the place of the abused Corinna was given to Mrs. Centlivre, then
+five years dead, in retaliation for a verse satire called "The Catholic
+Poet, or Protestant Barnaby's Sorrowful Lamentation: a Ballad about
+Homer's Iliad," (1715).[12] Evidently abuse equally applicable to any
+one or more of five women writers could not be either specific or
+strikingly personal. Nothing can be inferred from the lines except that
+Pope despised the whole race of female wits and bore particular malice
+against certain of their number. Eliza Haywood sustained the largest
+share of anathema, for not only was she vilified in the poem, but
+"Haywood's Novels" and the offensive "Court of Carimania" occupied a
+conspicuous position in the cargo of books carried by the "ass laden
+with authors" which formed the well-known vignette to the quarto edition
+of 1729.
+
+In the universal howl raised against the persecutor by the afflicted
+dunces the treble part was but weakly sustained. Mrs. Thomas indeed
+produced a small sixpenny octavo, written for, and perhaps in
+conjunction with Curll, entitled "Codrus; or the Dunciad dissected. To
+which is added Farmer Pope and his Son" (1729), but Mrs. Haywood's
+contribution was probably on her part unintentional, and was due
+entirely to the activity of the same infamous bookseller, who was among
+the first to get his replies and counter-slanders into print.[13] The
+"Key to the Dunciad" already mentioned ran through three editions in
+competition with an authorized key. "The Popiad" and "The Curliad" were
+rapidly huddled together and placed upon the market. Close upon the
+heels of these publications came "The Female Dunciad," containing beside
+the "Metamorphosis of P. into a Stinging Nettle" by Mr. Foxton, a novel
+called "Irish Artifice; or, the History of Clarina" by Mrs. Eliza
+Haywood. In a short introduction to the piece, Curll explained how it
+happened to fall into his hands.
+
+  "I am likewise to inform my _Female Criticks_, that they stand
+  indebted to the entertaining Pen of Mrs. _Eliza Haywood_ for the
+  following _History_ of Clarina. It was sent to me, by herself, on
+  communicating to some of my Friends the Design I had of writing a
+  Weekly Paper, under the title of the ROVER, the Scope of which is in
+  some Measure explain'd in her Address to me, and this   Project I may
+  yet perhaps put in Execution."
+
+The novelette submitted to Curll for inclusion in his projected
+periodical relates how an Irish housekeeper named Aglaura craftily
+promotes a runaway match between her son Merovius and the young heiress
+Clarina, who, deserted by her husband and disowned by her father, falls
+into the utmost misery. The story has no possible bearing either on Pope
+or on "The Dunciad," but was evidently seized by the shifty publisher as
+the nearest thing to hand when he came to patch up another pamphlet
+against Pope. Nothing could be more characteristic of Curll than his
+willingness to make capital out of his own disgrace. So hurried was the
+compilation of "The Female Dunciad" that he even printed the letter
+designed to introduce Mrs. Haywood's tale to the readers of the "Rover."
+Pope, who assiduously read all the libels directed against himself,
+hastened to use the writer's confession of her own shortcomings in a
+note to "The Dunciad, Variorum" of 1729.[14]
+
+Mrs. Haywood admires at some length the Rover's intention of "laying a
+Foundation for a Fabrick, whose spacious Circumference shall at once
+display the beautiful Images of Virtue in in all her proper Shapes, and
+the Deformities of Vice in its various Appearances.... An Endeavour for
+a Reformation of Manners, (in an Age, where Folly is so much the
+Fashion, that to have run thro' all the courses of Debauchery, seem
+requisite to complete the fine Gentleman) is an Attempt as _daring_ as
+it is _noble_; and while it engages the Admiration and Applause of the
+worthy and judicious _Few_, will certainly draw on you the Ridicule and
+Hatred of that _unnumber'd Crowd_, who justly dread the Lash of a
+Satire, which their own dissolute Behaviour has given sting to. But I,
+who am perfectly acquainted with the Sweetness of your Disposition, and
+that Tenderness with which you consider the Errors of your Fellow
+Creatures, need not be inform'd, that while you expose the Foulness of
+those Facts, which renders them deservedly Objects of Reproach, you will
+[not] forget to pity the Weakness of Humanity and Lethargy of Reason,
+which at some unguarded Hours, steals on the Souls of even the wisest
+Men; and tho' I shou'd find, in the Course of your Papers, all the
+little Inadvertencies of my own Life recorded, I am sensible it will be
+done in such a Manner as I cannot but approve."
+
+No particular intimacy between the author and the bookseller can be
+inferred from this extravagant but conventional flattery. The
+interpretation of what Mrs. Haywood terms inadvertencies--a word almost
+invariably used in her writings as a euphemism--is a more difficult
+problem, for definite evidence of the authoress' gallantries is entirely
+lacking. But however damaging to herself her frankness may have been,
+there was little in the production to arouse the ire of Pope. The only
+instance in which the maligned novelist may have intended to show her
+resentment was in the Preface to her tragedy "Frederick, Duke of
+Brunswick-Lunenburgh" (1729) where with veiled sarcasm she confessed
+herself "below the Censure of the Gyant-Criticks of this Age."
+
+Although Mrs. Haywood was evidently not responsible for the inclusion of
+her tale in "The Female Dunciad," and although the piece itself was
+entirely innocuous, her daring to raise her head even by accident
+brought down upon her another scurrilous rebuke, not this time from the
+poet himself, but from her former admirer, Richard Savage. In "An Author
+to be Let" (1732) Pope's jackal directed against the members of a
+supposed club of dunces, presided over by James Moore-Smith and
+including Theobald, Welsted, Curll, Dennis, Cooke, and Bezaleel Morris,
+a tirade of abuse, in which "the divine Eliza" came in for her full
+share of vituperation.
+
+  "When Mrs. Haywood ceas'd to be a Strolling Actress, why might not the
+  Lady (tho' once a Theatrical Queen) have subsisted by turning
+  Washer-woman? Has not the Fall of Greatness been a frequent Distress
+  in all Ages? She might have caught a beautiful Bubble as it arose from
+  the Suds of her Tub, blown it in Air, seen it glitter, and then break!
+  Even in this low Condition, she had play'd with a Bubble, and what
+  more, is the Vanity of human Greatness? She might also have consider'd
+  the sullied Linnen growing white in her pretty red Hands, as an Emblem
+  of her Soul, were it well scoured by Repentance for the Sins of her
+  Youth: But she rather chooses starving by writing Novels of Intrigue,
+  to teach young Heiresses the Art of running away with
+  Fortune-hunters, and scandalizing Persons of the highest Worth and
+  Distinction."
+
+Savage's mention of eloping heiresses shows that he had been looking for
+exceptionable material in "Irish Artifice," but finding little to his
+purpose there, had reverted to the stock objections to the scandal
+novels, where he was upon safe but not original ground. In the body of
+the pamphlet he returned to assault the same breach. The supposed
+writer, Iscariot Hackney, in stating his qualifications for membership
+in the Dunces' Club, claims to be "very deeply read in all Pieces of
+Scandal, Obscenity, and Prophaneness, particularly in the Writings of
+Mrs. _Haywood, Henley, Welsted, Morley, Foxton, Cooke, D'Foe, Norton,
+Woolston, Dennis, Nedward, Concanen, Journalist-Pit_, and the Author of
+the _Rival Modes_. From these I propose to compile a very grand Work,
+which shall not be inferior to _Utopia, Carimania, Guttiverania, Art of
+Flogging, Daily Journal_, Epigrams on the _Dunciad_, or _Oratory
+Transactions_." ... Although the author of "Utopia" and "Carimania" was
+pilloried in good company, she suffered more than she deserved. She was
+indeed a friend of Theobald's, for a copy of "The Dunciad: with Notes
+Variorum, and the Prolegomena of Scriblerus," bearing on the fly-leaf
+the following inscription:
+
+  "Lewis Theobald to Mrs Heywood, as a testimony of his esteem, presents
+  this book called _The Dunciad_, and acquaints her that Mr. Pope, by
+  the profits of its publication, saved his library, _wherein unpawned
+  much learned lumber lay_."[15]
+
+shows that the two victims of Pope's most bitter satire felt a sort of
+companionship in misfortune. But there is no evidence to show that Eliza
+took any part in the War of the Dunces.
+
+But that the immortal infamy heaped upon her by "The Dunciad" injured
+her prospects cannot be doubted. She was far from being a "signal
+illustration of the powerlessness of this attack upon the immediate
+fortunes of those assailed," as Professor Lounsbury describes her.[16]
+It is true that she continued to write, though with less frequency than
+before, and that some of her best-sellers were produced at a time when
+Pope's influence was at its height, but that the author was obliged to
+take extreme measures to avoid the ill consequences of the lampoon upon
+her may be proved by comparing the title-pages of her earlier and later
+novels.
+
+Before the publication of "The Dunciad" the adventuress in letters had
+enjoyed a large share of popularity. Most of her legitimate works were
+advertised as "Written by Mrs. Eliza Haywood" and bore her name in full
+prominently displayed on the title-page. That her signature possessed a
+distinct commercial value in selling popular fiction was amusingly
+illustrated by a bit of literary rascality practiced in 1727, when
+Arthur Bettesworth, the bookseller, issued a chapbook called "The
+Pleasant and Delightful History of Gillian of Croydon." After a long
+summary of the contents in small type came the statement, "The Whole
+done much after the same Method as those celebrated Novels, By Mrs.
+ELIZA HAYWOOD," the forged author's name being emphasized in the largest
+possible type in the hope that a cursory glance at the title-page might
+deceive a prospective buyer.[17] Of her forty publications before 1728
+only fifteen, of which five from their libelous nature could not be
+acknowledged, failed to sail openly under her colors. Only once did she
+employ any sort of pseudonym, and only in one case was her signature
+relegated to the end of the dedication.[18] A word of scorn from the
+literary dictator, however, was enough to turn the taste of the town,
+not indeed away from sensational and scandalous fictions, but away from
+the hitherto popular writer of them. Eliza Haywood was no longer a name
+to conjure with; her reputation was irretrievably gone. It was no
+unusual thing in those days for ladies in semi-public life to outlive
+several reputations. The quondam Clio had already found the notoriety of
+that name too strong for her comfort, and had been rechristened Mira by
+the dapper Mr. Mallet.[19] Instead of adopting some such expedient Mrs.
+Haywood found it more convenient simply to lapse into anonymity. Of the
+four novels published within a year after "The Dunciad" none bore her
+name on the title-page, though two had signed dedications and the others
+were advertised as by her. Not one of them was re-issued. The tragedy
+"Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburgh," known to be of her make, was
+a complete failure, and "Love-Letters on All Occasions" (1730) with
+"Collected by Mrs. Eliza Haywood" on the title-page never reached a
+second edition. Both her translations from the French, "L'Entretien des
+Beaux Esprits" (1734) and "The Virtuous Villager" (1742), were
+acknowledged at the end of the dedications, and both were unsuccessful,
+although the anonymous predecessor of the former, "La Belle Assemblee"
+(1725), ran through eight editions. The single occurrence of Mrs.
+Haywood's name on a title-page after 1730, if we except the two reprints
+of "Secret Histories," was when the unacknowledged "Adventures of
+Eovaai" (1736) re-appeared five years later as "The Unfortunate
+Princess" with what seems to be a "fubbed" title-page for which the
+author was probably not responsible. And the successful works referred
+to by Professor Lounsbury were all either issued without any signature
+or under such designations as "the Author of the Fortunate Foundlings,"
+or "Mira, one of the Authors of the Female Spectator," or
+"Exploralibus," so that even the reviewers sometimes appeared to be
+ignorant of the writer's identity.
+
+Moreover, Mrs. Haywood's re-establishment as an anonymous author seems
+to have been a work of some difficulty, necessitating a ten years'
+struggle against adversity. Between 1731 and 1741 she produced fewer
+books than during any single year of her activity after the publication
+of "Idalia" and before "The Dunciad." Her probable share in the "Secret
+Memoirs of Mr. Duncan Campbel" was merely that of a hack writer, her
+contributions to the "Opera of Operas" were of the most trifling nature,
+and the two volumes of "L'Entretien des Beaux Esprits" were not
+original. For six years after the "Adventures of Eovaai" she sent to
+press no work now known to be hers, and not until the catch-penny
+"Present for a Servant-Maid" (1743) and the anonymous "Fortunate
+Foundlings" (1744) did her wares again attain the popularity of several
+editions. All due credit must be allowed Mrs. Haywood for her persistent
+efforts to regain her footing as a woman of letters, for during this
+time she had little encouragement. Pope's attack did destroy her best
+asset, her growing reputation as an author, but instead of following
+Savage's ill-natured advice to turn washerwoman, she remained loyal to
+her profession and in her later novels gained greater success than she
+had ever before enjoyed. But it was only her dexterity that saved her
+from literary annihilation.[20]
+
+The lesson of her hard usage at the hands of Pope and his allies,
+however, was not lost upon the adaptable dame. After her years of
+silence Mrs. Haywood seems to have returned to the production of
+perishable literature with less inclination for gallantry than she had
+evinced in her early romances. Warm-blooded creature though she was,
+Eliza could not be insensible to the cooling effect of age, and perhaps,
+too, she perceived the more sober moral taste of the new generation. "In
+the numerous volumes which she gave to the world towards the latter part
+of her life," says the "Biographia Dramatica," somewhat hastily, "no
+author has appeared more the votary of virtue, nor are there any novels
+in which a stricter purity, or a greater delicacy of sentiment, has been
+preserved." Without discussing here the comparative decency of Mrs.
+Haywood's later novels, we may admit at once, with few allowances for
+change of standard, the moral excellence of such works as "The Female
+Spectator" and "Epistles for the Ladies." Certainly if the penance paid
+by the reader is any test, the novelist was successful in her effort to
+atone for the looseness of her early writings, when she left the
+province of fiction for that of the periodical essay.
+
+FOOTNOTES
+[1]
+Elwin and Courthope's _Pope_, IV, 4.
+
+[2]
+Elwin and Courthope's _Pope_, IV, 135, note 3.
+
+[3]
+Elwin and Courthope's _Pope_, IV, 141.
+
+[4]
+Elwin and Courthope 's Pope, IV, 232. Professor Lounsbury has apparently
+confused this work with _A Cursory View of the History of Lilliput For
+these last forty three Years_, 8vo,1727, a political satire containing
+no allusion to Pope. See _The Text of Shakespeare_, 287.
+
+[5]
+_Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput_, 16.
+
+[6]
+_The Dunciad_. 1728. Book II, lines 137-48, and 170; Book III, lines
+149-53.
+
+[7]
+Elwin and Courthope 's _Pope_, IV, 282.
+
+[8]
+A second engraving by Vertue after Parmentier formed the frontispiece of
+_Secret Histories, Novels, and Poems_.
+
+[9]
+E. Curll, _Key to the Dunciad_, 12. Some copies apparently read "peer"
+for "poet." See Elwin and Courthope's _Pope_, IV, 330, note pp.; and Sir
+Sidney Lee, article _Haywood_ in the D.N.B.
+
+[10]
+Elwin and Courthope's _Pope_, IV, 330, note ss.
+
+[11]
+Elwin and Courthope's _Pope_, IV, 294.
+
+[12]
+Elwin and Courthope's _Pope_, IV, 232. See also 159, note I.
+
+[13]
+T.E. Lounsbury, _The Text of Shakespeare_, 281. "'The Popiad' which
+appeared in July, and 'The Female Dunciad' which followed the month
+after ... were essentially miscellanies devoted to attacks upon the
+poet, and for them authors were not so much responsible as publishers."
+
+[14]
+Elwin and Courthope's _Pope_, IV, 141, note 5.
+
+[15]
+Notes and Queries, Ser. I, X, 110. The words italicized by me refer to
+Pope's description of Theobald's library, _The Dunciad_, (1728), Book I,
+line 106.
+
+[16]
+T. R. Lounsbury, _The Text of Shakespeare_, 275. "But the attack upon
+Mrs. Haywood exceeded all bounds of decency. To the credit of the
+English race nothing so dastardly and vulgar can be found elsewhere in
+English literature. If the influence of 'The Dunciad' was so
+all-powerful as to ruin the prospects of any one it satirized, it ought
+certainly to have crushed her beyond hope of any revival. As a matter of
+fact Mrs. Haywood's most successful and popular writings were produced
+after the publication of that poem, and that too at a period when Pope's
+predominance was far higher than it was at the time the satire itself
+appeared."
+
+[17]
+A. Esdaile, _English Tales and Romances_, Introduction, xxviii.
+
+[18]
+_The Mercenary Lover.... Written by the Author of Memoirs of the said
+Island_ [Utopia] and described on the half-title as by E. H. and _The
+Fair Captive_, a tragedy not originally written by her.
+
+[19]
+_Philobillon Soc. Misc._, IV, 12. "Clio must be allowed to be a most
+complete poetess, if she really wrote those poems that bear her name;
+but it has of late been so abused and scandalized, that I am informed
+she has lately changed it for that of Myra." Quoted from the _British
+Journal_, 24 September, 1726. I am indebted to Miss Dorothy Brewster's
+_Aaron Hill_, 189, for this reference.
+
+[20]
+See Clara Reeve, _The Progress of Romance_ (1785), I, 121.
+[I have re-arranged the passage for the sake of brevity.]
+
+  "_Soph._ I have heard it often said that Mr. Pope was too severe in
+  his treatment of this lady: it was supposed that she had given some
+  private offence, which he resented publicly, as was too much his way.
+
+  "_Euph._ Mr. Pope was severe in his castigations, but let us be just
+  to merit of every kind. Mrs. _Heywood_ had the singular good fortune
+  to recover a lost reputation and the yet greater honour to atone for
+  her errors.--She devoted the remainder of her life and labours to the
+  service of virtue.... Those works by which she is most likely to be
+  known to posterity, are the _Female Spectator_, and the _Invisible
+  Spy_...."
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+
+LETTERS AND ESSAYS
+
+The works of Mrs. Haywood's maturity most renowned for their pious
+intent were not of the tribe of novels, but rather in the shape of
+letters or periodical essays such as "Epistles for the Ladies" (1749)
+and "The Female Spectator" (1746). Each of these forms, as practiced
+during the eighteenth century, permitted the introduction of short
+romantic stories either for the purpose of illustrating a moral or to
+make the didacticism more palatable. Even as a votary of virtue Eliza
+did not neglect to mingle a liberal portion of _dulce_ with her _utile_;
+indeed in the first of the productions mentioned she manifested an
+occasional tendency to revert to the letter of amorous intrigue
+characteristic of her earlier efforts. In her latest and soberest
+writings, the conduct books called "The Wife" and "The Husband" (1756),
+she frequently yielded to the temptation to turn from dry precept to
+picturing the foibles of either sex. Her long training in the school of
+romance had made gallantry the natural object of Eliza Haywood's
+thoughts.
+
+During the time that she was incessantly occupied with short tales of
+passion she had experimented in both the letter and the essay form,
+using the former especially as an adjunct to her stories. One of her
+first attempts, also, to find her proper vein as an author was a
+translation from the French of the "Letters from a Lady of Quality to a
+Chevalier," with a "Discourse concerning Writings of this Nature, by Way
+of Essay" for which the translator was responsible. In "The Tea-Table"
+(1725), which never advanced beyond the second part, and "Reflections on
+the Various Effects of Love" (1726) the then well-known novelist
+returned to the essay form, and a comprehensive volume of "Love-Letters
+on All Occasions" (1730) closed the first period of her literary
+activity. But none of these departures was noticeably different in tone
+from her staple romances.
+
+The sweets of love were perhaps most convincingly revealed in the
+amorous billets of which "Love in Excess" and many of Eliza's subsequent
+pieces of fiction contained a plentiful supply. Letters languishing with
+various degrees of desire or burning with jealous rage were introduced
+into the story upon any pretext. Writing them was evidently the author's
+forte, and perusing them apparently a pleasure to her readers, for they
+remained a conspicuous part of Mrs. Haywood's sentimental paraphernalia.
+As in the French romances of the Scudery type the missives were quoted
+at length and labeled with such headings as, "The Despairing D'Elmont to
+his Repenting Charmer," or "To the never enough Admir'd Count D'Elmont,"
+and signed with some such formula as, "Your most passionate and tender,
+but ('till she receives a favorable Answer) your unknown Adorer." The
+custom of inserting letters in the course of the story was, as has
+already been indicated, a heritage from the times of Gomberville, La
+Calprenede, and the Scuderys when miscellaneous material of all sorts
+from poetry to prosy conversations was habitually used to diversify the
+narrative. Mrs. Haywood, however, employed the letter not to ornament
+but to intensify. Her _billets-doux_ like the lyrics in a play represent
+moments of supreme emotion. In seeking vividness she too often fell into
+exaggeration, as in the following specimen of absolute passion.
+
+  "Torture--Distraction--Hell--what will become of me--I cannot--I will
+  not survive the Knowledge that you are mine no more--Yet this Suspence
+  is worse than all yet ever bore the Name of Horror--Let me not linger
+  in it, if you have Humanity--declare my Doom at once--be kind in
+  Cruelty at least, and let one Death conclude the thousand, thousand
+  Deaths which every Minute of Uncertainty brings with it, to
+
+                      The Miserable, but
+                                  Still Adoring
+                                            Melantha.
+
+  P.S. I have order'd the Messenger to bring an Answer; if he comes
+  without, depend I will murder him, and then myself."[1]
+
+Such remnants of the romantic tradition as the verses on "The
+Unfortunate Camilla's Complaint to the Moon, for the Absence of her dear
+Henricus Frankville" in "Love in Excess" were soon discarded, but the
+letters, though they encumbered the progress of the narrative, made it
+more realistic by giving an opportunity for the display of passion at
+first hand. Their continued vogue was undoubtedly due in large measure
+to the popularity of the celebrated "Letters of a Portuguese Nun"
+(1669), which, with a note of sincerity till then unknown, aided the
+return to naturalness.[2]
+
+The "Lettres Nouvelles de Monsieur Boursault ... Avec Treize Lettres
+Amoureuses d'une Dame a un Cavalier," loosely translated by Mrs. Haywood
+as "Letters from a Lady of Quality to a Chevalier" (1721),[3] was one of
+the numerous imitations of the Portuguese Letters. Like most of the
+other imitations it echoed the mannerisms rather than the fervor of its
+original. The lady's epistles do not reveal a story, but describe in
+detail the doubts, disappointments, fears, jealousies, and raptures of a
+married woman for a lover who in the last three letters has left France
+for England. Except for this remove there is no change in the situation
+of the characters. The lover apparently remains constant to the end. The
+reader is even left in some doubt as to the exact nature of their
+relationship. The lady at one time calls it a "criminal Conversation,"
+but later resents an attempt upon her honor, and seems generally to
+believe that "a distant Conversation, if it is less sweet, will be, not
+only more pure, but also more durable."
+
+But perhaps it is only fair to let the author speak for herself.
+
+  "The Lady, whose Letters I have taken the liberty to translate, tho
+  she has been cautious enough in expressing any thing (even in those
+  the most tender among them) which can give the Reader an Assurance she
+  had forfeited her Virtue; yet there is not one, but what sufficiently
+  proves how impossible it is to maintain such a Correspondence, without
+  an Anxiety and continual Perturbation of Mind, which I think a Woman
+  must have bid farewell to her Understanding, before she could resolve
+  to endure.
+
+  "In the very first she plainly discovers the Agitation of her Spirits,
+  confesses she knows herself in the wrong, and that every Expression
+  her Tenderness forces from her, is a Stab to her Peace; she dreads the
+  Effects of her Lover's too powerful Attractions, doubts her own
+  Strength of resisting such united Charms as she finds in him, and
+  trembles at the Apprehensions, that by some unlucky Accident the
+  Secret should be known. Every thing alarms her ... 'Tis impossible to
+  be conscious of any thing we wish to conceal, without suspecting the
+  most undesigning Words and Actions as Snares laid to entrap us ... So
+  this unfortunate Lady, divided between Excess of Love, and Nicety of
+  Honour, could neither resolve to give a loose to the one, nor entirely
+  obey the Precepts of the other, but suffered herself to be tossed
+  alternately by both. And tho the Person she loved was most certainly
+  (if such a thing can be) deserving all the Condescensions a Woman
+  could make, by his Assiduity, Constancy, and Gratitude, yet it must be
+  a good while before she could receive those Proofs; and the Disquiets
+  she suffered in that time of Probation, were, I think, if no worse
+  ensued, too dear a Price for the Pleasure of being beloved by the most
+  engaging and most charming of his Sex."
+
+The "Discourse concerning Writings of this Nature," from which the above
+quotation is taken, makes no attempt to consider other series of amorous
+letters, but proceeds to enforce by platitudes and scraps of poetry the
+only too obvious moral of the lady of quality's correspondence. The
+author remembers how "a Lady of my Acquaintance, perhaps not without
+reason, fell one day, as she was sitting with me, into this Poetical
+Exclamation:
+
+  'The Pen can furrow a fond Female's Heart,
+  And pierce it more than Cupid's talk'd-of Dart:
+  Letters, a kind of Magick Virtue have,
+  And, like strong Philters, human Souls enslave!'"
+
+After thirty pages of moralizing the writer comes to a conclusion with
+the reflection, a commonplace of her novels, that "if the little I have
+done, may give occasion to some abler Pen to expose [such indiscretions]
+more effectually, I shall think myself happy in having given a hint,
+which improv'd, may be of so general a Service to my Sex." But the
+impression left by this and others of Mrs. Haywood's works is that the
+fair novelist was not so much interested in preventing the
+inadvertencies of her sex as in exposing them.
+
+The tender passion was still the theme in "Love-Letters on All Occasions
+Lately passed between Persons of Distinction," which contains a number
+of letters, mainly disconnected, devoted to the warmer phases of
+gallantry. Some are essays in little on definite subjects: levity,
+sincerity, the pleasures of conjugal affection, insensibility, and so
+on. Most of them, however, are occasional: "Strephon to Dalinda, on her
+forbidding him to speak of Love," "Orontes to Deanira, entreating her to
+give him a meeting," and many others in which both the proper names and
+the situations suggest the artificial romances. None of the missives
+reveals emotions of any but the most tawdry romantic kind, warm desires
+extravagantly uttered, conventional doubts, causeless jealousies, and
+petty quarrels. Like Mrs. Behn's correspondence with the amorous Van
+Bruin these epistles have nothing to distinguish them except their
+excessive hyperbole. There is one series of twenty-four connected
+letters on the model of "Letters from a Lady of Quality to a Chevalier,"
+relating the love story of Theano and Elismonda, but in the course of
+the whole correspondence nothing more momentous occurs than the lover's
+leaving town. Indeed so imperceptible is the narrative element in Mrs.
+Haywood's epistolary sequences that they can make no claim to share with
+the anonymous love story in letters entitled "Love's Posy" (1686), with
+the "Letters Written By Mrs. Manley" (1696),[4] or with Tom Brown's
+"Adventures of Lindamira" (1702) in twenty-four letters, the honor of
+having anticipated Richardson's method of telling a story in epistolary
+form.[5]
+
+Even after the publication of "Pamela" and "Clarissa" Mrs. Haywood
+failed to realize the narrative possibilities of consecutive letters,
+for "Epistles for the Ladies" (1749) hardly contains three missives on
+any one theme. Though the collection is not free from letters in the
+vein of gallantry, the emphasis on the whole is decidedly changed. There
+are few attempts to exploit the emotions by describing the palpitations
+of injured beauty or the expostulations and vows of love-sick cavaliers.
+Instead Aminta is praised for enduring with unusual self-possession the
+treachery of her lover and her most intimate friend. Sophronia
+encourages Palmira to persist in her resolution of living apart from her
+husband until she is convinced of the reformation of his manners, and
+Isabinda sends to Elvira a copy of a modest epithalamium on her sister's
+marriage. Occasionally a romantic love story runs through three or four
+letters, but any deviation from the strictest principles of delicacy--
+and there are not many--is sure to be followed by a fitting catastrophe.
+Some reprobation of the licentious manners of the age is permitted, but
+no catering to degenerate taste and no breath of scandal. The aim of the
+epistles, which were apparently not intended as models, was to convey
+moral precepts in an agreeably alleviated form, but the balance inclines
+rather heavily toward sober piety. A mother recommends poetry and
+history for the reading of her twelve year old daughter, though allowing
+an occasional indulgence in "well wrote Novels." Eusebia discusses the
+power of divine music with the Bishop of ***. Berinthia writes to
+Berenice to urge her to make the necessary preparations for futurity.
+Philenia assures the Reverend Doctor *** that she is a true penitent,
+and beseeches his assistance to strengthen her pious resolutions.
+Hillaria laments to Clio that she is unable to think seriously on death,
+and Aristander edifies Melissa by proving from the principles of reason
+and philosophy the certainty of a future existence, and the absurdity
+and meanness of those people's notions, who degrade the dignity of their
+species, and put human nature on a level with that of the brute
+creation. In all this devotion there was no doubt something of Mrs.
+Howe. "Epistles for the Ladies" was not the first "attempt to employ the
+ornaments of romance in the decoration of religion"[6] nor the best, but
+along with the pious substance the author sometimes adopts an almost
+Johnsonian weightiness of style, as when Ciamara gives to Sophronia an
+account of the finishing of a fine building she had been at an infinite
+expense in erecting, with some moral reflections on the vanity and
+disappointment of all sub-lunary expectations.
+
+In her essays, even the most serious, Mrs. Haywood was a follower of
+Addison rather than Johnson. The first of them, if we disregard the
+slight discourse appended to the "Letters from a Lady of Quality to a
+Chevalier," was "The Tea-Table: or, A Conversation between some Polite
+Persons of both Sexes, at a Lady's Visiting Day. Wherein are represented
+the Various Foibles, and Affectations, which form the Character of an
+Accomplish'd Beau, or Modern Fine Lady. Interspersed with several
+Entertaining and Instructive Stories,"[7] (1725), which most resembles a
+"day" detached from the interminable "La Belle Assemblee" of Mme de
+Gomez, translated by Mrs. Haywood a few months before. There is the same
+polite conversation, the debate between love and reason, the poem,[8]
+and the story. But the moral reflections upon tea-tables, the
+description of Amiana's, where only wit and good humor prevail, and the
+satirical portraits of a titled coxcomb and a bevy of fine ladies, are
+all in the manner of the "Tatler." The manuscript novel read by one of
+the company savors of nothing but Mrs. Haywood, who was evidently unable
+to slight her favorite theme of passion. Her comment on contemporary
+manners soon gives place to "Beraldus and Celemena: or the Punishment of
+Mutability," a tale of court intrigue in her warmest vein. The authors
+of the "Tatler" and "Spectator" had, of course, set a precedent for the
+inclusion of short romantic stories in the essay of manners, and even
+the essays with no distinct element of fiction were preparing for the
+novelist the powerful tool of characterization. Writers of fiction were
+slow to apply the new art to their proper materials. In the present
+instance an experienced novelist employed the essay form to depict the
+follies and affectations of a beau and fine ladies, and immediately
+turned back to a story in which characterization is almost entirely
+neglected for incident. It is interesting to find the same writer using
+the realistic sketch of manners and the romantic tale of intrigue and
+passion without any thought of combining the two elements. In the second
+part of "The Tea-Table" Mrs. Haywood made no attempt to diversify the
+patchwork of verse and prose with any narrative, save one small incident
+illustrating pride. The sole point of interest is the long and laudatory
+tribute to her friend Aaron Hill in "A Pastoral Dialogue, between Alexis
+and Clarinda; Occasioned by Hillarius's intending a Voyage to America."
+
+The "Reflections on the Various Effects of Love" (1726), however, takes
+full advantage of the looseness of the essay form to become a mere
+tissue of short narratives illustrating the consequences of passion. The
+stories of Celia and Evandra, one cursing her betrayer, the other
+wishing him always happy, exemplify revengeful and generous love. There
+are two model epistles from Climene to Mirtillo, the first upon his
+absence, the second upon his desertion of her. Soon the trite remarks
+degenerate into a scandal novel, relating the history of Sophiana,
+abandoned by Aranthus and sought by Martius, with many of her letters
+describing her gradual change of heart in favor of the beseeching lover.
+In the midst of exposing Hibonio's sudden infatuation for a
+gutter-nymph, the essay abruptly ends with the exclamation, "More of
+this in our next." Though there was no lack of slander at the end of
+Mrs. Haywood's pen, she never attempted to continue the "Reflections."
+
+But almost twenty years later she made a more noteworthy excursion into
+the field of the periodical essay. "The Female Spectator," begun in
+April, 1744, and continued in monthly parts until May, 1746, bid fair to
+become the best known and most approved of her works. The twenty-four
+numbers (two months being omitted) were bound in four volumes upon the
+completion of the series and sold with such vigor that an edition
+labeled the third was issued at Dublin in 1747. In 1771 the seventh and
+last English edition was printed. As in the original "Spectator" the
+essays are supposed to be the product of a Club, in this case composed
+of four women. After drawing her own character in the terms already
+quoted,[9] Mrs. Haywood mentions as her coadjutors in the enterprise
+"Mira, a Lady descended from a Family to which Wit seems hereditary,
+married to a Gentleman every way worthy of so excellent a Wife.... The
+next is a Widow of Quality" who has not "buried her Vivacity in the Tomb
+of her Lord.... The Third is the Daughter of a wealthy Merchant,
+charming as an Angel.... This fine young Creature I shall call
+Euphrosine." The suspiciously representative character of these
+assistants may well make us doubt their actuality; and from the style of
+the lucubrations, at least, no evidence of a plurality of authors can
+readily be perceived. Indeed after the first few numbers we hear nothing
+more of them. "Mira" was the pseudonym used by Mrs. Haywood in "The
+Wife" (1756), while a periodical called "The Young Lady" began to appear
+just before her death under the pen-name of Euphrosine.
+
+Whether written by a Female Spectator Club or by a single authoress, the
+essays in purpose, method, and style are evidently imitated from their
+famous model. The loose plan and general intention to rectify the
+manners of the age allowed the greatest latitude in the choice of
+subject matter. In a single paper are jumbled together topics so diverse
+as the degradation of the stage, the immoderate use of tea, and the
+proper choice of lovers. The duty of periodical essayists to castigate
+the follies of the time is graphically represented in the frontispiece
+to the second volume, where Apollo, seated on some substantial clouds
+and holding in his hand "The Female Spectator," despatches a flying
+Mercury, who in spite of the efforts of two beaux with drawn swords and
+a belle in _deshabille_, chastises a female figure of Luxuria lolling in
+a chariot pulled by one inadequate grasshopper. In the essays themselves
+the same purpose led to the censure of gambling, lying, affectation of
+youth by the aged, jilts, "Anti-Eternitarians," scandal bearing, and
+other petty sins and sinners. For political readers a gentleman
+contributes a conversation between a Hanoverian and an English lady, in
+which the latter has the best of the argument. An account of Topsy-Turvy
+Land satirizes illogical practices in a manner familiar to the readers
+of "The Bab Ballads." The few literary papers are concerned with true
+and false taste, the delights of reading, Mr. Akenside's "Pleasures of
+the Imagination" and the horrors of the same, the outwearing of romance,
+and love-letters passed between Augustus Caesar and Livia Drusilla,
+which last Mrs. Haywood was qualified to judge as an expert. Essays on
+religion and the future life reveal something of the sober touch and
+moral earnestness of Johnson, but nothing of his compact and weighty
+style. As in the "Spectator," topics are often introduced by a scrap of
+conversation by way of a text or by a letter from a correspondent
+setting forth some particular grievance. The discussion is frequently
+illustrated by anecdotes or even by stories, though the author makes
+comparatively small use of her talent for fiction. Indeed she records at
+one point that "Many of the Subscribers to this Undertaking ... complain
+that ... I moralize too much, and that I give them too few Tales." The
+Oriental setting used by Addison with signal success is never attempted
+and even scandal stories are frowned upon. Instead of the elaborate and
+elegantly turned illustrative narratives of the "Spectator," Mrs.
+Haywood generally relates anecdotes which in spite of the disguised
+names savor of crude realism. They are examples rather than
+illustrations of life.
+
+One of the most lively is a story told to show the inevitable
+unhappiness of a marriage between persons of different sects. The
+husband, a High Church man, and the wife, of Presbyterian persuasion,
+were happy enough during the first months of married life, "tho' he
+sometimes expressed a Dissatisfaction at being denied the Pleasure of
+leading her to Westminster-Abbey, for he would hear no Divine Service
+out of a Cathedral, and she was no less troubled that she could not
+prevail with him to make his Appearance with her at the Conventicle."
+Consequently when their first child was born, they were unable to agree
+how the boy was to be baptized. "All their Discourse was larded with the
+most piquant Reflections," but to no purpose. The father insisted upon
+having his own way, but Amonia, as his consort was not inappropriately
+named, was no less stubborn in her detestation of lawn sleeves, and on
+the eve of the christening had the ceremony privately performed by her
+own minister. When the bishop and the guests were assembled, she
+announced with "splenetic Satisfaction" that the child had already been
+"made a Christian" and that his name was John. The astonished husband
+lapsed into an "adequate rage," and though restrained by the company
+from doing an immediate violence to his help-mate, was permanently
+estranged from her through his resentment. Two other stories from "The
+Female Spectator" were quoted by Dr. Nathan Drake in his "Gleaner."
+
+In her bold attempt to rival Addison upon his own ground Mrs. Haywood
+was more than moderately successful in the estimation of many of her
+contemporaries. Rambling and trite as are the essays in her periodical,
+their excellent intentions, at least, gained them a degree of
+popularity. A writer in the "Gentleman's Magazine" for December, 1744,
+applauding the conspicuous merit of the "fair philosophers in virtue's
+cause," declared that
+
+  "Were your great predecessor yet on earth,
+  He'd be the first to speak your page's worth,
+  There all the foibles of the fair you trace;
+  There do you shew your sex's truest grace;
+  There are the various wiles of man display'd,
+  In gentle warnings to the cred'lous maid;
+  Politely pictur'd, wrote with strength and ease,
+  And while the wand'rer you reclaim, you please....
+  Women, the heart of women best can reach;
+  While men from maxims--you from practice teach."
+
+The latter part of the panegyric shows that the fair romancer had not
+been entirely smothered in the fair philosopher and moral essayist.
+
+Perhaps encouraged by the success of "The Female Spectator" to publish
+more frequently, or actuated by a desire to appeal to the public
+interest in the political excitement of 1745-6, Mrs. Haywood next
+attempted to combine the periodical essay with the news-letter, but the
+innovation evidently failed to please. "The Parrot, with a Compendium of
+the Times" ran only from 2 August to 4 October, 1746. The numbers
+consisted commonly of two parts: the first being moralizings on life and
+manners by a miraculous parrot; and the second a digest of whatever
+happenings the author could scrape together. The news of the day was
+concerned chiefly with the fate of the rebels in the last Stuart
+uprising and with rumors of the Pretender's movements. From many
+indications Eliza Haywood would seem to have taken a lively interest in
+the Stuart cause, but certainly she had no exceptional facilities for
+reporting the course of events, and consequently her budget of
+information was often stale or filled with vague surmises. But she did
+not overlook the opportunity to narrate _con amore_ such pathetic
+incidents as the death of Jemmy Dawson's sweetheart at the moment of his
+execution, later the subject of Shenstone's ballad. The vaporizings of
+the parrot were also largely inspired by the trials of the rebels, but
+the sagacious bird frequently drew upon such stock subjects as the
+follies of the gay world, the character of women, the unreliability of
+venal praise and interested personal satire, and the advantages of
+making one's will--the latter illustrated by a story. Somewhat more
+unusual was a letter from an American Poll, representing how much it was
+to the interest of England to preserve, protect, and encourage her
+plantations in the New World, and complaining of the tyranny of
+arbitrary governors. But the essay parts of "The Parrot" are not even
+equal to "The Female Spectator" and deserve no lightening of the deep
+and speedy oblivion cast upon them.
+
+Besides her periodical essays Mrs. Haywood wrote during her declining
+years several conduct books, which, beyond showing the adaptability of
+her pen to any species of writing, have but small importance. One of
+them, though inheriting something from Defoe, owed most to the interest
+in the servant girl heroine excited by Richardson's first novel. No
+sociologist has yet made a study of the effect of "Pamela" upon the
+condition of domestics, but the many excellent maxims on the servant
+question uttered by Lord B---- and his lady can hardly have been without
+influence upon the persons of the first quality who pored over the
+volumes. In popular novels, at any rate, abigails and scullions reigned
+supreme. In 1752 the "Monthly Review" remarked of a recent work of
+fiction, "The History of Betty Barnes," that it seemed "chiefly
+calculated for the amusement of a class of people, to whom the
+_Apprentice's Monitor_, or the _Present for a servant maid_ might be
+recommended to much better purpose," but the reviewer's censure failed
+to quell the demand for romances of the kitchen. Mrs. Haywood, however,
+might have approved of his recommendation, since she happened to be the
+author of the little manual of household science especially urged upon
+the females below stairs.
+
+"A Present for a Servant-Maid. Or, the Sure Means of Gaining Love and
+Esteem" was frequently reprinted both in London and Dublin during the
+years 1743-4, and as late as 1772 a revision was mentioned in the
+"Monthly Review" as a "well-designed and valuable tract."[10] The work
+is a compendium of instructions for possible Pamelas, teaching them in
+brief how to wash, to market, to dress any sort of meat, to cook, to
+pickle, and to preserve their virtue. The maids are cautioned against
+such female errors as sluttishness, tale-bearing, staying on errands,
+telling family affairs, aping the fashion, and giving saucy answers.
+They are forbidden to play with fire or candles, to quarrel with fellow
+domestics, to waste victuals or to give them away. A fine example of the
+morality of scruples inculcated by the tract is the passage on the duty
+of religious observance. A maidservant should not neglect to go to
+church at least every other Sunday, and should never spend the time
+allowed her for that purpose walking in the fields or drinking tea with
+an acquaintance. "Never say you have been at Church unless you have, but
+if you have gone out with that Intention, and been diverted from it by
+any Accident or Persuasions, confess the Truth, if asked." Girls so
+unhappy as to live with people who "have no Devotion themselves" should
+entreat permission to go to church, and if it is refused them, rather
+leave their place than be deprived of sacred consolation. "If you lose
+_one_, that God, for whose sake you have left it, will doubtless provide
+another, and perhaps a better for you." Scarcely more edifying are the
+considerations of self-interest which should guide a maidservant into
+the paths of virtue. "Industry and Frugality are two very amiable Parts
+of a Woman's Character, and I know no readier Way than attaining them,
+to procure you the Esteem of Mankind, and get yourselves good Husbands.
+Consider, my dear Girls, that you have no Portions, and endeavour to
+supply the Deficiencies of Fortune by Mind." And in pure Pamela vein is
+the advice offered to those maids whose honor is assailed. If the
+temptation come from the master, it will be well to reflect whether he
+is a single or a married man and act accordingly. One cannot expect the
+master's son to keep a promise of marriage without great difficulty, but
+the case may be different with a gentleman lodger, especially if he be
+old and doting. And the moral of all is: Don't sell yourselves too
+cheap. Finally to complete the usefulness of the pamphlet were added,
+"Directions for going to Market: Also, for Dressing any Common Dish,
+whether Flesh, Fish or Fowl. With some Rules for Washing, &c. The whole
+calculated for making both the Mistress and the Maid happy."
+
+More especially intended to promote the happiness of the mistress of the
+family, "The Wife, by Mira, One of the Authors of the Female Spectator,
+and Epistles for Ladies" (1756) contains advice to married women on how
+to behave toward their husbands in every conceivable situation,
+beginning with the first few weeks after marriage "vulgarly call'd the
+honey-moon," and ending with "How a Woman ought to behave when in a
+state of Separation from her Husband"--a subject upon which Mrs. Haywood
+could speak from first-hand knowledge. Indeed it must be confessed that
+the writer seems to be chiefly interested in the infelicities of married
+life, and continually alleviates the rigor of her didactic pasages
+[Transcriber's note: sic] with lively pictures of domestic jars, such as
+the following:
+
+  "The happy day which had join'd this pair was scarce six weeks
+  elapsed, when lo! behold a most terrible reverse;--the hurry of their
+  fond passion was over;--dalliance was no more,--kisses and embraces
+  were now succeeded by fighting, scratching, and endeavouring to tear
+  out each other's eyes;--the lips that before could utter only,--my
+  dear,--my life,--my soul,--my treasure, now pour'd forth nothing but
+  invectives;--they took as little care to conceal the proofs of their
+  animosity as they had done to moderate those of a contrary emotion;--
+  they were continually quarreling;--their house was a Babel of
+  confusion;--no servant would stay with them a week;--they were shunn'd
+  by their most intimate friends, and despis'd by all their
+  acquaintance; till at last they mutually resolv'd to agree in one
+  point, which was, to be separated for ever from each other" (p. 16).
+
+So the author discusses a wife's behavior toward a husband when laboring
+under disappointment or vexatious accidents; sleeping in different beds;
+how a woman should act when finding that her husband harbors unjust
+suspicions of her virtue; the great indiscretion of taking too much
+notice of the unmeaning or transient gallantries of a husband; the
+methods which a wife is justified to take after supporting for a long
+time a complication of all manner of ill-usage from a husband; and other
+causes or effects of marital infelicity. Though marriage almost
+inevitably terminates in a "brulee," the wife should spare no efforts to
+ameliorate her husband's faults.
+
+  "If addicted to drinking, she must take care to have his cellar well
+  stor'd with the best and richest wines, and never seem averse to any
+  company he shall think fit to entertain:--If fond of women, she must
+  endeavour to convince him that the virtuous part of the sex are
+  capable of being as agreeable companions as those of the most loose
+  principles;--and this, not by arguments, for those he will not listen
+  to;--but by getting often to her house, the most witty, gay, and
+  spirituous of her acquaintance, who will sing, dance, tell pleasant
+  stories, and take all the freedoms that innocence allows" (p. 163).
+
+Occasionally the advice to married women is very practical, as the
+following deterrent from gluttony shows:
+
+  "I dined one day with a lady, who the whole time she employ'd her
+  knife and fork with incredible swiftness in dispatching a load of
+  turkey and chine she had heap'd upon her plate, still kept a keen
+  regard on what she had left behind, greedily devouring with her eyes
+  all that remain'd in the dish, and throwing a look of envy on every
+  one who put in for the smallest share.--My advice to such a one is,
+  that she would have a great looking-glass fix'd opposite the seat she
+  takes at table; and I am much mistaken, if the sight of herself in
+  those grim attitudes I have mention'd, will not very much contribute
+  to bring her to more moderation" (p. 276).
+
+The method of "The Husband, in Answer to the Wife" (1756) is similar to
+that of its companion-piece; in fact, much of the same advice is merely
+modified or amplified to suit the other sex. The husband is warned to
+avoid drinking to excess and some other particulars which may happen to
+be displeasing to his spouse, such as using too much freedom in his
+wife's presence with any of her female acquaintance. He is instructed in
+the manner in which it will be most proper for a married man to carry
+himself towards the maidservants of his family, and also the manner of
+behavior best becoming a husband on a full detection of his wife's
+infidelity. As in "The Wife" the path of marriage leads but to divorce.
+One is forcibly reminded of Hogarth's "Marriage a la Mode."
+
+Not altogether different is the conception of wedlock in Mrs. Haywood's
+novels of domestic life written at about the same period, but the
+pictures there shown are painted in incomparably greater detail, with a
+fuller appreciation of character, and without that pious didacticism
+which even the most lively exertions of Eliza Haywood's romancing genius
+failed to leaven in her essays.
+
+FOOTNOTES
+[1]
+_Memoirs of a Certain Island_, I, 141. The letter is one of a packet
+conveyed away by Sylphs much resembling those in _The Rape of the Lock_.
+
+[2]
+Miss C.E. Morgan, _The Novel of Manners_, 72.
+
+[3]
+The author herself describes it in the Preface as "more properly ... a
+Paraphrase than a Translation."
+
+[4]
+Later _A Stage-Coach Journey to Exeter_, 1725.
+
+[5]
+A. Esdaile, _English Tales and Romances_, Introduction, xxxiii.
+B.
+[6]
+Robert Boyle's _Martyrdom of Theodora_, 1687, is thus described by Dr.
+Johnson. Boswell's _Johnson_, Oxford ed., I, 208.
+
+[7]
+Not to be confused with a periodical entitled _The Tea-Table. To be
+continued every Monday and Friday_. No. 1-36, 21 February to 22 June,
+1724. B.M. (P.P. 5306).
+
+[8]
+_Ximene fearing to be forsaken by Palemon, desires he would kill her._
+Quoted by Dyce, _Specimens of British Poetesses_, 1827, p. 186.
+
+[9]
+See _ante_, p. 24.
+
+[10]
+_Monthly Review_, XLVI, 463. April, 1772.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+
+LATER FICTION: THE DOMESTIC NOVEL
+
+No such homogeneity as marked the works of Mrs. Haywood's first decade
+of authorship can be discovered in the productions of her last fifteen
+years. The vogue of the short romantic tale was then all but exhausted,
+her stock of scandal was no longer new, and accordingly she was obliged
+to grope her way toward fresh fields, even to the barren ground of the
+moral essay. But besides the letters, essays, and conduct books, and the
+anonymous pamphlets of doubtful character that may have occupied her pen
+during this period, she engaged in several experiments in legitimate
+prose fiction of various sorts, which have little in common except their
+more considerable length. Although the name of Mrs. Eliza Haywood was
+not displayed upon the title-pages nor mentioned in the reviews of these
+novels, the authorship was not carefully concealed and was probably
+known to the curious. The titles of nearly all of them were mentioned by
+the "Biographia Dramatica" in the list of the novelist's meritorious
+works.
+
+The earliest and the only one to bear the signature of Eliza Haywood at
+the end of the dedication was borrowed from the multifarious and
+unremarkable literary wares of Charles de Fieux, Chevalier de Mouhy.
+"The Virtuous Villager, or Virgin's Victory: Being The Memoirs of a very
+Great Lady at the Court of France. Written by Herself. In which the
+Artifices of designing Men are fully detected and exposed; and the
+Calamities they bring on credulous believing Woman, are particularly
+related," was given to the English public in 1742 as a work suited to
+inculcate the principles of virtue, and probably owed its being to the
+previous success of "Pamela."[1] In the original a dull and spiritless
+imitation of Marivaux, the work was not improved by translation, and met
+naturally the reception due its slender merits. But along with the
+English versions of Le Sage, Marivaux, and the Abbe Prevost, "The
+Virtuous Villager" helped to accustom the readers of fiction to two
+volume novels and to pave the way for the numerous pages of Richardson.
+
+Not more than a year from the time when the four duodecimos of "Pamela"
+introduced kitchen morality into the polite world, the generosity of
+prominent men and women was directed toward a charity recently
+established after long agitation.[2] To furnish suitable decorations for
+the Foundling Hospital in Lamb's Conduit, Hogarth contributed the unsold
+lottery tickets for his "March to Finchley," and other well-known
+painters lent their services. Handel, a patron of the institution, gave
+the organ it still possesses, and society followed the lead of the men
+of genius. The grounds of the Foundling Hospital became in Georgian days
+a "fashionable morning lounge." Writers of ephemeral literature were not
+slow to perceive how the wind lay and to take advantage of the interest
+aroused by the new foundation. The exposed infant, one of the oldest
+literary devices, was copiously revived, and during the decade when the
+Hospital was being constructed mention of foundlings on title-pages
+became especially common. A pamphlet called "The Political Foundling"
+was followed by the well-known "Foundling Hospital for Wit and Humour"
+(1743), by Mrs. Haywood's "Fortunate Foundlings" (1744), by Moore's
+popular comedy, "The Foundling" (1748), and last and greatest by "The
+History of Tom Jones, a Foundling" (1749), not to mention "The Female
+Foundling" (1750).
+
+Eliza Haywood's contribution to foundling literature relates the history
+of twins, brother and sister, found by a benevolent gentleman named
+Dorilaus in the memorable year 1688. Louisa is of the tribe of Marianne,
+Pamela, and Henrietta, nor do her experiences differ materially from the
+course usually run by such heroines. Reared a model of virtue, she is
+obliged to fly from the house of her guardian to avoid his
+importunities. After serving as a milliner's apprentice long enough to
+demonstrate the inviolability of her principles, she becomes mistress of
+the rules of politeness at the leading courts of Europe as the companion
+of the gay Melanthe. Saved from an atrocious rake by an honorable lover,
+whom she is unwilling to accept because of the humbleness of her
+station, she takes refuge in a convent where she soon becomes so popular
+that the abbess lays a plot to induce her to become a nun. But escaping
+the religious snare, she goes back to Paris to be claimed by Dorilaus as
+his real daughter. Thus every obstacle to her union with her lover is
+happily removed.
+
+Horatio, meanwhile, after leaving Westminster School to serve as a
+volunteer in Flanders, has encountered fewer amorous and more military
+adventures than usually fell to the lot of Haywoodian heroes. His
+promising career under Marlborough is terminated when he is taken
+captive by the French, but he is subsequently released to enter the
+service of the Chevalier. He then becomes enamored of the beautiful
+Charlotta de Palfoy, and in the hope of making his fortune equal to
+hers, resolves to cast his lot with the Swedish monarch. In the Saxon
+campaign he wins a commission as colonel of horse and a comfortable
+share of the spoils, but later is taken prisoner by the Russians and
+condemned to languish in a dungeon at St. Petersburg. After many
+hardships he makes his way to Paris to be welcomed as a son by Dorilaus
+and as a husband by his adored Charlotta.
+
+In describing Horatio's martial exploits Mrs. Haywood may well have
+learned some lessons from the "Memoirs of a Cavalier." The narrative is
+direct and rapid, and diversified by the mingling of private escapades
+with history. Too much is made, of course, of the hero's personal
+relations with Charles XII, but that is a fault which few historical
+novelists have known how to avoid. The geographical background, as well
+as the historical setting, is laid out with a precision unusual in her
+fiction. The whole map of Europe is the scene of action, and the author
+speaks as one familiar with foreign travel, though her passing
+references to Paris, Venice, Vienna, and other cities have not the full
+vigor of the descriptions in "Peregrine Pickle."
+
+From the standpoint of structure, too, "The Fortunate Foundlings" is an
+improvement over the haphazard plots of Mrs. Haywood's early romances,
+though the double-barreled story necessitated by twin hero and heroine
+could hardly be told without awkward interruptions in the sequence of
+one part of the narrative in order to forward the other. But the author
+doubtless felt that the reader's interest would be freshened by turning
+from the amorous adventures of Louisa to the daring deeds of Horatio,
+while a protagonist of each sex enabled her to exhibit at once examples
+of both male and female virtue. And in spite of inherent difficulties,
+she succeeded to some extent in showing an interrelation of plots, as
+where Dorilaus by going to the north of Ireland to hear the dying
+confession of the mother of his children, thereby misses Horatio's
+appeal for a ransom, and thus prevents him from rejoining Marlborough's
+standard. But there is nothing like Fielding's ingenious linking of
+events and careful preparation for the catastrophe, nor did Mrs. Haywood
+make much out of the hint of unconscious incest and the foundling motif
+which her book has in common with "Tom Jones." Occasionally also she
+cannot refrain from inserting a bit of court gossip or an amorous page
+in her warmest manner, but the number of intercalated stories is small
+indeed compared to that in a romance like "Love in Excess," and they are
+usually dismissed in a few paragraphs. Here for the first time the
+author has shown some ability to subordinate sensational incident to the
+needs of the main plot.
+
+When Mrs. Haywood's inclination or necessities led her back to the novel
+four years later, she produced a work upon a still more consistent, if
+also more artificial plan than any of her previous attempts. "Life's
+Progress through the Passions: or, the Adventures of Natura" avowedly
+aims to trace the workings of human emotion. The author's purpose is to
+examine in "what manner the passions operate in every stage of life, and
+how far the constitution of the _outward frame_ is concerned in the
+emotions of the _internal faculties_," for actions which we might admire
+or abhor "would lose much of their _eclat_ either way, were the secret
+springs that give them motion, seen into with the eyes of philosophy and
+reflection." Natura, a sort of Everyman exposed to the variations of
+passion, is not the faultless hero of romance, but a mere ordinary
+mortal. Indeed, the writer declares that she is "an enemy to all
+_romances, novels_, and whatever carries the air of them ... and as it
+is a _real_, not _fictitious_ character I am about to present, I think
+myself obliged ... to draw him such as he was, not such as some sanguine
+imaginations might wish him to have been."
+
+The survey of the passions begins with an account of Natura's birth of
+well-to-do but not extraordinary parents, his mother's death, and his
+father's second marriage, his attack of the small-pox, his education at
+Eton, and his boyish love for his little play-mate, Delia. Later he
+becomes more seriously compromised with a woman of the streets, who
+lures him into financial engagements. Though locked up by his displeased
+father, he manages to escape, finds his lady entertaining another
+gallant, and in despair becomes a regular vagabond. Just as he is about
+to leave England, his father discovers him and sends him to make the
+grand tour under a competent tutor.
+
+In Paris the tutor dies, and the young man is left to the exercise of
+his own discretion. Benighted in a wood, he finds shelter in a monastery
+of noble ladies, where both the abbess and her sister fall in love with
+him. After fluctuating between the two, he tries to elope with the
+sister, is foiled by the abbess, and sets off again upon his travels. In
+Italy he hears of his father's difficulties and starts for home, but
+enters the French service instead. He is involved with a nobleman in an
+attempt to abduct a lady from a nunnery, and would have been tortured
+had not the jailor's wife eloped with him to England. There he enters
+Parliament and is about to contract a fortunate marriage when he
+incautiously defends the Chevalier in conversation, fights a duel, and,
+although his antagonist is only wounded, he finds his reputation
+blighted by the stigma of Jacobitism. After a long illness at Vienna
+where he is pestered by Catholic priests, he recovers his health at Spa,
+and falls in love with a young English girl. Her parents gladly give
+their consent, but Maria seems unaccountably averse to the match. And
+when our hero is assaulted by a jealous footman, he perceives that the
+lady has fixed her affections on a lower object. Natura on his return to
+England prospers and marries happily, but his joy is soon destroyed by
+the death of his father and of his wife in giving birth to a son.
+Consumed by ambition, the widower then marries the niece of a statesman,
+only to discover what misery there is in a luxurious and unvirtuous
+wife.
+
+Natura soon experiences the passions of melancholy, grief, and revenge.
+His son dies, and his wife's conduct forces him to divorce her. In the
+hope of preventing his brother from inheriting his estate he is about to
+marry a healthy country girl when he hears that his brother is dead and
+that his sister's son is now his heir. Thereupon he buys off his
+intended bride. At his sister's house he meets a young matron named
+Charlotte, for whom he long entertains a platonic affection, but finally
+marries her and has three sons. Thereafter he sinks into a calm and
+natural decline and dies in his sixty-third year.
+
+  "Thus I have attempted to trace nature in all her mazy windings, and
+  shew life's progress through the passions, from the cradle to the
+  grave.--The various adventures which happened to Natura, I thought,
+  afforded a more ample field, than those of any one man I ever heard,
+  or read of; and flatter myself, that the reader will find many
+  instances, that may contribute to rectify his own conduct, by pointing
+  out those things which ought to be avoided, or at least most carefully
+  guarded against, and those which are worthy to be improved and
+  imitated."
+
+The obvious and conventional moral ending and the shreds of romance that
+still adhere to the story need not blind us to its unusual features.
+Besides insisting upon the necessity for psychological analysis of a
+sort, the author here for the first time becomes a genuine novelist in
+the sense that her confessed purpose is to depict the actual conditions
+of life, not to glorify or idealize them. As Fielding was to do in "Tom
+Jones," Mrs. Haywood proclaims the mediocrity of her hero as his most
+remarkable quality. Had she been able to make him more than a lay figure
+distorted by various passions, she might have produced a real character.
+Although at times he seems to be in danger of acquiring the romantic
+faculty of causing every woman he meets to fall in love with him, yet
+the glamor of his youth is obscured by a peaceful and ordinary old age.
+Artificial in design and stilted in execution as the work is, it
+nevertheless marks Eliza Haywood's emancipation from the traditions of
+the romance.[3]
+
+In "The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless" (1751) she reached the full
+fruition of her powers as a novelist. Her heroine, like Natura, is
+little more than a "humour" character, whose prevailing fault is denoted
+by her surname.[4] Though not fundamentally vicious, her heedless
+vanity, inquisitiveness, and vivacity lead her into all sorts of follies
+and embarrassments upon her first entry into fashionable life in London.
+Among all the suitors who strive to make an impression upon her heart
+Mr. Trueworth alone succeeds, but her levity and her disregard of
+appearances force him to think her unworthy of his attentions. Meanwhile
+her guardian's wife, Lady Mellasin, has been turned out of the house for
+an egregious infidelity, and Betsy is left to her own scant discretion.
+After somewhat annoying her brothers by receiving men at her lodgings,
+she elects under family pressure to marry a Mr. Munden, who quickly
+shows himself all that a husband should not be. Eventually she has to
+abandon him, but demonstrates her wifely devotion by going back to nurse
+him through his last illness. Mr. Trueworth's mate in the interim has
+conveniently managed to succumb, his old passion revives, and exactly
+upon the anniversary of Mr. Munden's death he arrives in a chariot and
+six to claim the fair widow, whose youthful levity has been chastened by
+the severe discipline of her unfortunate marriage. Told in an easy and
+dilatory style and interspersed with the inevitable little histories and
+impassioned letters, the story attained the conventional bulk of four
+duodecimo volumes.
+
+As Mr. Austin Dobson has pointed out,[5] Mrs. Haywood's novel is
+remarkable for its scant allusions to actual places and persons. Once
+mention is made of an appointment "at General Tatten's bench, opposite
+Rosamond's pond, in St. James's Park," and once a character refers to
+Cuper's Gardens, but except for an outburst of unexplained virulence
+directed against Fielding,[6] there is hardly a thought of the
+novelist's contemporaries. Here is a change indeed from the method of
+the _chronique scandaleuse_, and a restraint to be wondered at when we
+remember the worthies caricatured by so eminent a writer as Smollett.
+But even more remarkable is the difference of spirit between "Betsy
+Thoughtless" and Mrs. Haywood's earlier and briefer romances. The young
+_romanciere_ who in 1725 could write, "Love is a Topick which I believe
+few are ignorant of ... a shady Grove and purling Stream are all Things
+that's necessary to give us an Idea of the tender Passion,"[7] had in a
+quarter of a century learned much worldly wisdom, and her heroine
+likewise is too sophisticated to be moved by the style of love-making
+that warmed the susceptible bosoms of Anadea, Filenia, or Placentia. One
+of Betsy's suitors, indeed, ventured upon the romantic vein with no very
+favorable results.
+
+  "'The deity of soft desires,' said he, 'flies the confused glare of
+  pomp and public shews;--'tis in the shady bowers, or on the banks of a
+  sweet purling stream, he spreads his downy wings, and wafts his
+  thousand nameless pleasures on the fond--the innocent and the happy
+  pair.'
+
+  "He was going on, but she interrupted him with a loud laugh. 'Hold,
+  hold,' cried she; 'was there ever such a romantick description? I
+  wonder how such silly ideas come into your head--"shady bowers! and
+  purling streams!"--Heavens, how insipid! Well' (continued she), 'you
+  may be the Strephon of the woods, if you think fit; but I shall never
+  envy the happiness of the Chloe that accompanies you in these fine
+  recesses. What! to be cooped up like a tame dove, only to coo, and
+  bill, and breed? O, it would be a delicious life, indeed!'"[8]
+
+Thus completely metamorphosed were the heroines of Mrs. Haywood's
+maturest fiction. Betsy Thoughtless is not even the innocent, lovely,
+and pliable girl typified in Fielding's Sophia Western. She is eminently
+hard-headed, inquisitive, and practical, and is justly described by Sir
+Walter Raleigh as "own cousin to Roderick Random."[9]
+
+Whether she may be considered also the ancestor of Evelina must briefly
+be considered. Dunlop, who apparently originated the idea that "Betsy
+Thoughtless" might have suggested the plan of Miss Burney's novel,
+worked out an elaborate parallel between the plots and some of the chief
+characters of the two compositions.[10] Both, as he pointed out, begin
+with the launching of a young girl on the great and busy stage of life
+in London. Each heroine has much to endure from the vulgar manners of a
+Lady Mellasin or a Madam Duval, and each is annoyed by the malice and
+impertinence of a Miss Flora or the Misses Branghton. Through their
+inexperience in the manners of the world and their heedlessness or
+ignorance of ceremony both young ladies are mortified by falling into
+embarrassing and awkward predicaments. Both in the same way alarm the
+delicacy and almost alienate the affections of their chosen lovers. "The
+chief perplexity of Mr. Trueworth, the admirer of Miss Thoughtless,
+arose from meeting her in company with Miss Forward, who had been her
+companion at a boarding-school, and of whose infamous character she was
+ignorant. In like manner the delicacy of Lord Orville is wounded, and
+his attachment shaken, by meeting his Evelina in similar society at
+Vauxhall. The subsequent visit and counsel of the lovers to their
+mistresses is seen, however, in a very different point of view by the
+heroines." The likeness between the plots of the two novels is indeed
+sufficiently striking to attract the attention of an experienced hunter
+for literary parallels, but unfortunately there is no external evidence
+to show that Miss Burney ever read her predecessor's work. One need only
+compare any two parallel characters, the common profligate, Lady
+Mellasin, for instance, with the delightfully coarse Madam Duval, to see
+how little the author of "Evelina" could have learned from the pages of
+Mrs. Haywood.
+
+But if it deserves scant credit as a model for Miss Burney's infinitely
+more delicate art, "Betsy Thoughtless" should still be noticed as an
+early attempt to use the substance of everyday life as material for
+fiction. It has been called with some justice the first domestic novel
+in the language. Although the exact definition of a domestic novel
+nowhere appears, the term may be understood--by expanding the French
+_roman a la tasse de the_--as meaning a realistic piece of fiction in
+which the heroine serves as chief protagonist, and which can be read
+with a teacup in one hand without danger of spilling the tea. Mrs.
+Haywood indeed drew upon her old stock of love scenes tender or
+importunate, duels, marital disputes, and elopements to lend interest to
+her story, but except for the mock-marriage with a scoundrelly valet
+from which the imprudent Betsy is rescued in the nick of time by her
+former lover, no passage in the four volumes recommends itself
+particularly either to sense or to sensibility. There are few high
+lights in "Betsy Thoughtless"; the story keeps the even and loquacious
+tenor of its way after a fashion called insipid by the "Monthly Review,"
+though the critic finally acknowledges the difficulty of the task, if
+not the success of the writer. "In justice to [our author], however,
+this may be further observed, that no other hand would, probably, have
+more happily finished a work begun on such a plan, as that of the
+history of a young inconsiderate girl, whose little foibles, without any
+natural vices of the mind, involve her in difficulties and distresses,
+which, by correcting, make her wiser, and deservedly happy in the end. A
+heroine like this, cannot but lay her historian under much disadvantage;
+for tho' such an example may afford lessons of prudence, yet how can we
+greatly interest ourselves in the fortune of one, whose character and
+conduct are neither amiable nor infamous, and which we can neither
+admire, nor love, nor pity, nor be diverted with? Great spirit in the
+writer, and uncommon beauties in the expression, are certainly necessary
+to supply the deficiency of such a barren foundation."[11] Neither of
+the latter qualities was at the command of the "female pen" that
+composed "Betsy Thoughtless," but in spite of the handicap imposed by
+the plan of her work and the deficiencies of her genius, she produced a
+novel at once realistic and readable. Without resorting to the dramatic
+but inherently improbable plots by which Richardson made his writings at
+once "the joy of the chambermaids of all nations"[12] and something of a
+laughing stock to persons capable of detecting their absurdities, Mrs.
+Haywood preserved his method of minute fidelity to actual life and still
+made her book entertaining to such a connoisseur of fiction as Lady Mary
+Wortley Montagu.[13]Though rarely mentioned with entire approbation,
+"Betsy Thoughtless" was widely read for fifty years after its
+publication,[14] and undoubtedly deserves its place among the best of
+the minor novels collected in Harrison's "Novelist's Library."
+
+In the same useful repertory of eighteenth century fiction is the second
+of Mrs. Haywood's domestic novels, only less famous than its
+predecessor. Like her earlier effort, too, "The History of Jemmy and
+Jenny Jessamy" (1753) contains a great number of letters quoted at full
+length, though the narrative is usually retarded rather than developed
+by these effusions. Yet all the letters, together with numerous
+digressions and inserted narratives, serve only to fill out three
+volumes in twelves. To readers whose taste for fiction has been cloyed
+by novels full of incident, movement, and compression, nothing could be
+more maddening than the leisurely footpace at which the story drags its
+slow length along. No wonder, then, that Scott recorded his abhorrence
+of the "whole Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy tribe," while to Coleridge and
+Thackeray "Jemmy Jessamy stuff" was a favorite synonym for the emotional
+inane.[15] But Mrs. Haywood made no pretense of interesting such
+readers. In the running fire of comment on the narrative contained in
+the lengthy chapter headings she confesses that her book "treats only on
+such matters as, it is highly probable, some readers will be apt to say
+might have been recited in a more laconick manner, if not totally
+omitted; but as there are others, the author imagines much the greater
+number, who may be of a different opinion, it is judged proper that the
+majority should be obliged." She has no hesitation either in
+recommending parts of the story that "cannot fail of giving an agreeable
+sensation to every honest and good-natured reader," or in sparing him a
+"digression of no consequence to the history" which may be "read or
+omitted at discretion." But those who love to "read in an easy-chair,
+either soon after dinner, or at night just going to rest," will find in
+the tale "such things as the author is pretty well convinced, from a
+long series of observations on the human mind, will afford more pleasure
+than offence."
+
+We have every reason to believe that what the novelist terms her
+"distressful narrative" succeeded in its appeal to the Martha Buskbodys
+of the generation, for even Goethe's Charlotte took a heartfelt interest
+in the fortunes of Miss Jenny.[18] It was indeed so far calculated to
+stir the sensibilities that a most touching turn in the lovers' affairs
+is labeled "not fit to be read by those who have tender hearts or watry
+eyes." But though popular with sentimental readers, the new production
+was not wholly approved by the critic of the "Monthly Review."[17] He
+finds the character and conduct of Miss Jessamy more interesting to the
+reader than those of Miss Thoughtless, but he does not fail to point out
+that the fable is equally deficient in plot and in natural incidents.
+The history, in fact, though it does not want a hero, having like "The
+Fortunate Foundlings" double the usual number of protagonists, has a
+more uncommon want, that of a story.
+
+When the novel begins, Jemmy, son of a landed gentleman, and his cousin
+Jenny, daughter of a wealthy merchant, have long been affianced by their
+respective parents, but each is left an orphan before their union can be
+accomplished. Thereupon Jemmy leaves Oxford and comes up to London,
+where he and Jenny indulge innocently, but with keen relish, in the
+pleasures of the town.
+
+But the numerous instances of marital levity and unhappiness that come
+to their notice, make them decide to defer their marriage until they
+have gained more knowledge of the world and of their own sentiments. In
+pursuance of this delicate experiment each communicates to the other his
+observations on the jealousy, discontent, and misery attending marriage.
+Jenny notes how Mrs. Marlove's partiality for her froward maid promotes
+discord in the family, and Jemmy is shocked to find the fair Liberia so
+fond of cards that "though at present a profest enemy to religion, she
+would be the greatest devotee imaginable, were she once persuaded there
+were gaming-tables in heaven."
+
+While the two lovers are thus engaged in a pleasant but indecisive daily
+round of amusement, Bellpine, a false friend, tries to turn Jemmy's
+affection to the fair musician, Miss Chit, in order to win Jenny for
+himself, but failing in that, circulates rumors of Jemmy's attachment to
+Miss Chit in hopes of alienating the lovers' regard. Emboldened by these
+reports of Jemmy's change of heart, Sir Robert Manley pays his court to
+Jenny on her way to Bath with her friends Miss Wingman and Lady Speck,
+but she gently repulses him and will believe nothing to Jemmy's
+disadvantage. She is saved from the rudeness of Celandine by the
+intrusion of the gallant's jealous mistress, who faints when foiled in
+her attempt to stab Jenny, but later relates the story of her ruin. This
+narrative is enough to disgust Lady Speck with her foppish admirer and
+to make her sensible of the merits of Mr. Lovegrove. In spite of
+Bellpine's industrious slander and in spite of seemingly
+incontrovertible proof of Jemmy's inconstancy, Jenny's faith in her
+lover remains unshaken. After tedious delays he finally rejoins her in
+London, but learning the full extent of Bellpine's treachery, he wounds
+him seriously in a duel and is obliged to seek safety in France. After
+causing the lovers untold anxiety, the injured man recovers, and Jenny
+forestalls her lover's return by joining her friends on their wedding
+journey to Paris. There she finds her adored Jessamy now fully sensible
+of the merits of his treasure. He does not fail to press for a speedy
+termination to their delays, and Jenny is not unwilling to crown his
+love by a "happy catastrophe."
+
+Besides being unwarrantably expanded by a wealth of tedious detail, the
+novel has little merit as a piece of realism. The society of Lord
+Humphreys and Lady Specks was not that in which Eliza Haywood commonly
+moved, but she had lived upon the skirts of gay life long enough to
+imitate its appearances. Although she exhibits the diamond tassels
+sparkling in St. James's sun or the musk and amber that perfume the
+Mall, she never penetrates beyond externalities. The sentiments of her
+characters are as inflated as those of a Grandison and her picture of
+refined society as ridiculously stilted as Richardson's own. The scene
+whether in London, Bath, Oxford, or Paris, is described with more
+attention to specific detail than appeared in her early romances, but
+compared with the setting of "Humphrey Clinker" her glittering world
+appears pale and unreal. Mrs. Haywood had so framed her style to suit
+the short, rapid tale of passion that she never moved easily in the
+unwieldy novel form. Consequently her best narrative is to be found in
+the digressions, a chapter or two long, which are equivalent to little
+histories upon the old model. In them the progress of the action is
+unimpeded, compressed, and at times even sprightly.
+
+Recognizing, perhaps, her inability to cope with a plot of any extent,
+Mrs. Haywood adopted in her next novel a plan that permitted her to
+include a pot-pourri of short narratives, conversations, letters,
+reflections, and miscellaneous material without damaging the
+comprehensive scheme of her story. Except that it lacks the consistent
+purpose of traducing the fair fame of her contemporaries,[18] "The
+Invisible Spy" (1755), written under the pseudonym of "Exploralibus," is
+not essentially different in structure from the "Memoirs of a Certain
+Island." Love is still the theme of most of the anecdotes, no longer the
+gross passion that proves every woman at heart a rake, but rather a
+romantic tenderness that inclines lovely woman to stoop to folly. From
+the world of Lady Mellasin, Harriot Loveit, Mr. Trueworth, Lord Huntley,
+Miss Wingman, and other Georgian fashionables that filled the pages of
+"Betsy Thoughtless" and "Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy" we are transported
+again to the pale company of Celadon, Alinda, Placentia, Adario,
+Melanthe. A framework analogous to that in Le Sage's "Le Diable Boiteux"
+takes the place of a plot. With a belt of invisibility and a recording
+tablet, Exploralibus is able to collect whatever is affecting,
+ludicrous, vicious, or otherwise noteworthy in the conversation,
+actions, and manners of society. But the shadowy nature of the observer
+fails to give to the necessarily disconnected incidents even the slight
+unity possible in the adventures of a lap-dog, a cat, a mouse, a flea,
+or a guinea. The contents of a single section of "The Invisible Spy" is
+enough to show how little thought the author expended upon the sequence
+of the narrative.
+
+Book VI. Disguised as her husband, a villain carries off the young
+Matilda from a masquerade and ruins her. Alexis sends her away to the
+country and endeavors to forget her in the pleasures of the town. The
+contents of a lady's pocket:--a catalogue of imaginary books attributed
+to the initials of well known persons of quality; two letters, the first
+from Philetes to excuse his attendance, and the other from Damon making
+an appointment on the spot where the pocket was found. The foppish Miss
+Loiter is contrasted with the well trained children of Amadea. Narcissa,
+endeavoring to avoid marriage with the detested Oakly, is entrapped by
+the brother of her waiting-maid, who though only a common soldier, poses
+as Captain Pike.
+
+Though the novel exhibits some pictures of life which at the time were
+considered natural,[19] and some bits of satire rather extravagant than
+striking, its appearance was a tacit admission of the failing of the
+author's powers. Much experience of human nature Mrs. Haywood had
+undoubtedly salvaged from her sixty years of buffeting about in the
+world, but so rapid and complete had been the development of prose
+fiction during her literary life that she was unable quite to comprehend
+the magnitude of the change. Her early training in romance writing had
+left too indelible a stamp upon her mind. She was never able to
+apprehend the full possibilities of the newer fiction, and her success
+as a novelist was only an evidence of her ability to create the image of
+a literary form without mastering its technique. So at the maturity of
+her powers she lacked a vessel worthy of holding the stores of her
+experience, and first and last she never exceeded the permutations of
+sensationalism possible in the short amatory romance.
+
+Long after Mrs. Haywood's death in 1756 came out the last novel
+presumably of her composing. "The History of Leonora Meadowson,"
+published in two volumes in 1788, is but a recombination of materials
+already familiar to the reading public. Leonora rashly yields to the
+wishes of her first lover, weds another, and makes yet a second
+experiment in matrimony before she finds her true mate in the faithful
+Fleetwood, whom she had thought inconstant. Thus she is a near relation
+of the thoughtless Betsy, and possibly a descendant of the much married
+heroine of "Cleomelia." Another of Mrs. Haywood's earlier fictions, "The
+Agreeable Caledonian," had previously been used as the basis of a
+revision entitled "Clementina" (1768). The reviewer of "Leonora" in the
+"Critical," though aware of the novel's shortcomings, still laments the
+passing of "the author of Betsy Thoughtless, our first guide in these
+delusive walks of fiction and fancy."[20]
+
+  "The spirit which dictated Betsy Thoughtless is evaporated; the fire
+  of the author scarcely sparkles. Even two meagre volumes could not be
+  filled, without a little History of Melinda Fairfax;--without the Tale
+  of Cornaro and the Turk,--a tale told twice, in verse and prose,--a
+  tale already often published, and as often read. Alas, poor author! we
+  catch with regret thy parting breath."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+[1]
+A rival translation called _The Fortunate Countrymaid_ had already been
+published in 1740-1, and may be read in the seventh tome of _The
+Novelist's Magazine_ (Harrison). Clara Reeve speaks of both translations
+as "well known to the readers of Circulating Libraries." _Progress of
+Romance_ (1785), I, 130.
+
+[2]
+Austin Dobson, _Eighteenth Century Vignettes_, First Series, 44.
+"Captain Coram's Charity."
+
+[3]
+In one other respect Natura belongs to the new rather than to the old
+school: he takes genuine delight in the wilder beauties of the
+landscape. "Whether you climb the craggy mountains or traverse the
+flowery vale; whether thick woods set limits to the sight, or the wide
+common yields unbounded prospect; whether the ocean rolls in solemn
+state before you, or gentle streams run purling by your side, nature in
+all her different shapes delights.... The stupendous mountains of the
+Alps, after the plains and soft embowered recesses of Avignon, gave
+perhaps a no less grateful sensation to the mind of Natura." Such
+extraordinary appreciation in an age that regarded mountains as
+frightful excrescences upon the face of nature, makes the connoisseur of
+the passions a pioneer of the coming age rather than a survival of the
+last.
+
+[4]
+J. Ireland and J. Nichols, _Hogarth's Works_, Second Series, 31, note.
+"Mrs. Haywood's _Betsy Thoughtless_ was in MS entitled _Betsy Careless_;
+but, from the infamy at that time annexed to the name, had a new
+baptism." The "inimitable Betsy Careless" is sufficiently immortalized
+in Fielding's _Amelia_, in Mrs. Charke's _Life_, and in Hogarth's
+_Marriage a la Mode_, Plate III.
+
+[5]
+Austin Dobson, _Eighteenth Century Vignettes_, Third Series, 99.
+
+[6]
+"There were no plays, no operas, no masquerades, no balls, no publick
+shews, except at the Little Theatre in the Hay Market, then known by the
+name of F----g's scandal shop, because he frequently exhibited there
+certain drolls, or, more properly, invectives against the ministry; in
+doing which it appears extremely probable that he had two views; the one
+to get money, which he very much wanted, from such as delighted in low
+humour, and could not distinguish true satire from scurrility; and the
+other, in the hope of having some post given him by those he had abused,
+in order to silence his dramatick talent. But it is not my business to
+point either the merit of that gentleman's performances, or the motives
+he had for writing them, as the town is perfectly acquainted both with
+his abilities and success, and has since seen him, with astonishment,
+wriggle himself into favour, by pretending to cajole those he had not
+the power to intimidate." _The Novelist's Magazine_, XIII, 23. Quoted by
+Austin Dobson, _Op. cit._, 100.
+
+[7]
+Dedication of _The Fatal Secret_.
+
+[8]
+_The Novelist's Magazine_, XIII, 106. Quoted by W. Forsyth, _Novels and
+Novelists of the Eighteenth Century_ (1871), 211.
+
+[9]
+W. Raleigh, _The English Novel_ (Fifth edition, 1910), 139.
+
+[10]
+J.C. Dunlop, _History of Prose Fiction_, edited by H. Wilson, II, 568.
+
+[11]
+_Monthly Review_, V, 393, October, 1751.
+
+[12]
+_Letters from the Lady Mary Wortley Montagu_, Everyman edition, 392.
+
+[13]
+_Letters from the Lady Mary Wortley Montagu_, Everyman edition, 457.
+
+[14]
+_Notes and Queries_, Series VIII, IX, 366. In Smollett's _Ferdinand
+Count Fathom_, Chap. XXXIX, Captain Miniken recommends as "modern
+authors that are worth reading" the _Adventures of Loveill, Lady Frail,
+Bampfylde Moore Carew, Young Scarron_, and _Miss Betsy Thoughtless_. See
+also A.L. Barbauld, _Correspondence of Samuel Richardson_ (1804), IV,
+55-6, and the _Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs.
+Delaney_ (1861), First series, III, 79, 214.
+
+[15]
+J.G. Lockhart, _Life of Scott_, Everyman edition, 34. Coleridge's
+_Letters_, I, 368.
+
+[16]
+W. Scott, _Old Mortality_, Conclusion. Goethe's _Werke_ (E. Schmidt,
+Leipsig, 1910), III, 17.
+
+[17]
+That the _Monthly's_ review of _Betsy Thoughtless_, complaining of that
+novel's lack of "those entertaining introductory chapters, and
+digressive essays, which distinguish the works of a _Fielding_, a
+_Smollett_, or the author of _Pompey_ the little," rankled in the fair
+novelist's memory is illustrated by a retort in her next work, _Jemmy
+and Jenny Jessamy_, III, Chap. XVIII, which "contains none of those
+beautiful digressions, those remarks or reflections, which a certain
+would-be critick pretends are so much distinguished in the writings of
+his two favorite authors; yet it is to be hoped, will afford sufficient
+to please all those who are willing to be pleased." For the review of
+_Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy_, see _Monthly Review_, VIII, 77.
+
+[18]
+A possible return to scandal-mongering should be noted. _Letters from
+the Lady Mary Wortley Montagu_, Everyman edition, 461. "You should have
+given me a key to the Invisible Spy, particularly to the catalogue of
+books in it. I know not whether the conjugal happiness of the D. of B.
+[Duke of Bedford] is intended as a compliment or an irony."
+
+[19]
+_Gentleman's Magazine_, XXIV, 560, December 1754.
+
+[20]
+_Critical Review_, LXV; 236, March 1788.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+
+Though Eliza Haywood produced nothing which the world has not willingly
+let die, yet at least the obituary of her works deserves to be recorded
+in the history of fiction. Of the many kinds of writing attempted by her
+during the thirty-six years of her literary adventuring none, considered
+absolutely, is superior to the novels of her last period. "Betsy
+Thoughtless" contains at once her best developed characters, most
+extensive plot, and most nearly realistic setting. But before it was
+sent to press in 1751, Richardson, Fielding, and Sarah Fielding had
+established themselves in public favor, and Smollett was already known
+as their peer. Even in company with "David Simple" Eliza Haywood's most
+notable effort could not hope to shine. The value, then, of what is, all
+in all, her best work is greatly lessened by the obvious inferiority of
+her productions to the masterpieces of the age.  As a writer of amatory
+romances and scandal novels, on the contrary, Mrs. Haywood was surpassed
+by none of her contemporaries. The immense reputation that she acquired
+in her own day has deservedly vanished, for though her tales undoubtedly
+helped to frame the novel of manners, they were properly discarded as
+useless lumber when once the new species of writing had taken tangible
+form. Perhaps they are chiefly significant to the modern student, not as
+revealing now and then the first feeble stirrings of realism, but as
+showing the last throes of sensational extravagance. The very extreme to
+which writers of the Haywoodian type carried breathless adventure, warm
+intrigue, and soul-thrilling passion exhausted the possibilities of
+their method and made progress possible only in a new direction.
+
+On the technical development of the modern novel the _roman a clef_ can
+hardly have exercised a strong influence. Nor can the lampoons in Mrs.
+Haywood's anthologies of scandal be valued highly as attempts to
+characterize. To draw a portrait from the life is not to create a
+character, still less when the lines are distorted by satire. But the
+caricaturing of fine ladies and gentlemen cannot have been without
+effect as a corrective to the glittering atmosphere of courtly life that
+still permeated the pages of the short, debased romances. The characters
+of the scandal novels were still princes and courtiers, but their
+exploits were more licentious than the lowest pothouse amours of picaros
+and their doxies. The chivalrous conventions of the heroic romances had
+degenerated into the formalities of gallantry, the exalted modesty of
+romantic heroines had sunk into a fearful regard for shaky reputations,
+and the picture of genteel life was filled with scenes of fraud,
+violence, and vice. As the writers of anti-romances in the previous
+century had found a delicately malicious pleasure in exhibiting
+characters drawn from humble and rustic life performing the ceremonies
+and professing the sentiments of a good breeding foreign to their social
+position, so the scandal-mongering authors like Mrs. Haywood helped to
+make apparent the hollowness of the aristocratic conventions even as
+practiced by the aristocracy and the incongruity of applying exalted
+ideals derived from an outworn system of chivalry to everyday ladies and
+gentleman of the Georgian age. Undoubtedly the writers of _romans a
+clef_ did not bargain for this effect, for they clung to their princes
+and court ladies till the last, leaving to more able pens the task of
+making heroes and heroines out of cobblers and kitchen wenches. But in
+representing people of quality as the "vilest and silliest part of the
+nation" Mrs. Haywood and her ilk prepared their readers to welcome
+characters drawn from their own station in society, and paved the way
+for that "confounding of all ranks and making a jest of order," which,
+though deplored by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu,[1] was nevertheless a
+condition of progress toward realism.
+
+Quite apart from the slight merit of her writings, the very fact of Mrs.
+Haywood's long career as a woman of letters would entitle her to much
+consideration. About the middle of the seventeenth century women
+romancers, like women poets, were elegant triflers, content to add the
+lustre of wit to their other charms. While Mme de La Fayette was gaining
+the plaudits of the urbane world for the _delicatesse_ of "La Princesse
+de Cleves" and the eccentric Duchess of Newcastle was employing her
+genius upon the fantastic, philosophical "Description of a New World,
+called the Blazing World" (1668), women of another stamp were beginning
+to write fiction. With the advent of Mme de Villedieu in France and her
+more celebrated contemporary, Mrs. Behn, in England, literature became a
+profession whereby women could command a livelihood. The pioneer
+_romancieres_ were commonly adventuresses in life as in letters, needy
+widows like Mrs. Behn, Mme de Gomez, and Mrs. Mary Davys, or cast
+mistresses like Mme de Villedieu, Mile de La Force, and Mrs. Manley, who
+cultivated Minerva when Venus proved unpropitious. But although the
+divine Astraea won recognition from easy-going John Dryden and
+approbation from the profligate wits of Charles II's court, her memory
+was little honored by the coterie about Pope and Swift. When even the
+lofty ideals and trenchant style of Mary Astell served as a target for
+the ridicule of Mr. Bickerstaff 's friends,[2] it was not remarkable
+that such authoresses as Mrs. Manley and Mrs. Haywood should be
+dismissed from notice as infamous scribbling women.[3] Inded
+[Transcriber's note: sic] the position of women novelists was anything
+but assured at the beginning of the eighteenth century. They had to
+support the disfavor and even the malign attacks of established men of
+letters who scouted the pretensions of the inelegant to literary fame,
+and following the lead of Boileau, discredited the romance as absurd and
+unclassical. Moreover, the moral soundness of fictitious fables was
+questioned by scrupulous readers, and the amatory tales turned out in
+profusion by most of the female romancers were not calculated to
+reassure the pious, even though prefaced by assertions of didactic aim
+and tagged with an exemplary moral. Nevertheless the tribe of women who
+earned their living chiefly by the proceeds of their pens rapidly
+increased.[4]
+
+Mrs. Haywood, as we have seen, looked to the booksellers for support
+when her husband disclaimed her. Of all the amazons of prose fiction who
+in a long struggle with neglect and disparagement demonstrated the
+fitness of their sex to follow the novelist's calling, none was more
+persistent, more adaptable, or more closely identified with the
+development of the novel than she. Mrs. Behn and Mrs. Manley must be
+given credit as pioneers in fiction, but much of their best work was
+written for the stage. Eliza Haywood, on the other hand, added little to
+her reputation by her few dramatic performances. She achieved her
+successes first and last as a writer of romances and novels, and unlike
+Mrs. Aubin and her other rivals continued to maintain her position as a
+popular author over a considerable period of time. During the thirty-six
+years of her activity the romances of Defoe and of Mrs. Jane Barker gave
+place to the novels of Richardson, Fielding, and Smollett, yet the
+"female veteran" kept abreast of the changes in the taste of her public
+and even contributed slightly to produce them. Nor was her progress
+accomplished without numerous difficulties and discouragements. In spite
+of all, however, Mrs. Haywood remained devoted to her calling and was
+still scribbling when the great Dr. Johnson crowned the brows of Mrs.
+Charlotte Lennox to celebrate the publication of "The Life of Harriot
+Stuart" (1750). After such recognition a career in letters was open to
+women without reproach. Though unlaureled by any lexicographer, and
+despised by the virtuous Mrs. Lennox,[5] Mrs. Haywood, nevertheless, had
+done yeoman service in preparing the way for modest Fanny Burney and
+quiet Jane Austen. Moreover she was the only one of the old tribe of
+_romancieres_ who survived to join the new school of lady novelists, and
+in her tabloid fiction rather than in the criminal biography, or the
+_voyage imaginaire_, or the periodical essay, may best be studied the
+obscure but essential link between the "voluminous extravagances" of the
+"Parthenissa" kind and the hardly less long-winded histories of "Pamela"
+and "Clarissa."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+[1]
+_Letters from the Lady Mary Wortley Montagu_, Everyman edition, 422.
+
+[2]
+_Tatler_, Nos. 32, 59, 63.
+
+[3]
+See also Horace Walpole, _Letters_, edited by Mrs. P. Toynbee, I, 354.
+
+[4]
+Only rarely did women like Mary Astell or Mrs. Elizabeth Rowe become
+authors to demonstrate a theory or to inculcate principles of piety, and
+still more seldom did such creditable motives lead to the writing of
+fiction. Perhaps the only one of the _romancieres_ not dependent in some
+measure upon the sale of her works was Mrs. Penelope Aubin, who in the
+Preface to _Charlotta Du Pont_ (dedicated to Mrs. Rowe) declares, "My
+Design in writing, is to employ my leisure Hours to some Advantage to my
+self and others ... I do not write for Bread."
+
+[5]
+The salacious landlady in Mrs. Lennox's _Henrietta_ tries to discourage
+the heroine from reading _Joseph Andrews_ by recommending Mrs. Haywood's
+works, "... 'there is Mrs. Haywood's Novels, did you ever read them?
+Oh! they are the finest love-sick, passionate stories; I assure you,
+you'll like them vastly: pray take a volume of Haywood upon my
+recommendation.'--'Excuse me,' said Henrietta," etc. _The Novelist's
+Magazine_ (Harrison), XXIII, 14.
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+A LIST OF MRS. HAYWOOD'S WRITINGS
+
+
+I. COLLECTED WORKS
+
+A. The Works of Mrs. Eliza Haywood; Consisting of Novels, Letters,
+Poems, and Plays.... In Four Volumes. For D. Browne Junr., and S.
+Chapman. 1724. 8vo. 4 vols.
+
+  Vol. I. Love in Excess, ed. 5; Vol. II. The British Recluse, ed. 2,
+  The Injur'd Husband, ed. 2, The Fair Captive, ed. 2 (ed. I, Chicago);
+  Vol. III. Idalia, ed. 2, Letters from a Lady of Quality to a
+  Chevalier, ed. 2; Vol. IV. Lasselia, ed. 2, The Rash Resolve, ed. 2, A
+  Wife to be Lett, Poems on Several Occasions.
+      B.M. (12611. ce. 20). University of Chicago. Daily Journal, 12
+      Aug. 1723, 3 vols.; 31 Jan. 1724, 4 vols.
+
+B. Secret Histories, Novels and Poems. In Four Volumes. Written by Mrs.
+Eliza Haywood.... For D. Browne, Jun., and S. Chapman. 1725. 12mo. 4
+vols.
+      Daily Journal, 23 Dec. 1724, "just published."
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, Jun., and S.
+  Chapman. 1725. 12mo. 4 vols.
+  Vol. I. Love in Excess, ed. 6; Vol. II. The British Recluse, ed. 3,
+  The Injur'd Husband, ed. 3, Poems on Several Occasions, ed. 2; Vol.
+  III. Idalia, ed. 3, The Surprise, ed. 2, The Fatal Secret, ed. 3.
+  Fantomina; Vol. IV. The Rash Resolve, ed. 3, The Masqueraders,
+  Lasselia, The Force of Nature.
+      B.M. (12612. ce. 8). Yale. Daily Post, 6 Aug. 1725, "lately
+      published."
+
+  [Another issue of Vols. II, III.] For D. Browne, jun., and S. Chapman.
+  1725. 12mo. 2 vols.
+  Vol. I is a duplicate of Vol. III, Vol. II of Vol. II of the preceding
+  issue.
+      B.M. (12614. c. 14).
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. For A. Bettesworth and C. Hitch,
+  D. Browne, T. Astley, and T. Green. 1732. 12mo. 4 vols.
+      B.M. (012612. df. 48).
+
+  [Another edition.] The Fourth Edition. For R. Ware, S. Birt, D.
+  Browne, C. Hitch, S. Austen. 1742. 12mo. 4 vols.
+      B. M. (12614. e. 13).
+
+C. Secret Histories, Novels, &c. Written or translated by Mrs. Eliza
+Haywood. Printed since the Publication of the four Volumes of her Works.
+For D. Browne. 2 vols.
+
+  Vol. I. The Distrest Orphan, The City Jilt, The Double Marriage,
+  Letters from the Palace of Fame, The Lady's Philosopher's Stone; Vol.
+  II. Memoirs of the Baron de Brosse, 2 parts, Bath-Intrigues, The
+  Masqueraders, Part II, The Perplex'd Dutchess.
+      Daily Post, 2 Nov. 1727.
+
+D. Haywood's (Mrs.) Select Collection of Novels and Histories. Written
+by the most celebrated Authors, in several languages. All new translated
+from the originals, by several hands. London. 1729. 12mo. 6 vols.
+      Sir George Cockrane, Catalogue of the Library at Abbotsford, 1838,
+      Maitland Club, Vol. XLV, p. 139. I have not found a copy of this
+      work.
+
+
+
+
+II. SINGLE WORKS
+
+1. Adventures of Eovaai, Princess of Ijaveo. A Pre-Adamitical History.
+Interspersed with a great Number of remarkable Occurrences, which
+happened, and may again happen, to several Empires, Kingdoms,
+Republicks, and particular Great Men. With some Account of the Religion,
+Laws, Customs, and Policies of those Times. Written originally in the
+Language of Nature, (of later Years but little understood.) First
+translated into Chinese, at the command of the Emperor, by a Cabal of
+Seventy Philosophers; and now retranslated into English, by the Son of a
+Mandarin, residing in London. For S. Baker. 1736. 12mo.
+Dedicated to the Duchess Dowager of Marlborough.
+      Bodl. (250. q. 232). Gentleman's Magazine, July 1736.
+
+  [Another issue.] The Unfortunate Princess, or, the Ambitious
+  Statesman. Containing the Life and Surprizing Adventures of the
+  Princess of Ijaveo. Interspers'd with several curious and entertaining
+  Novels. By Mrs. Eliza Haywood. For T. Wright. 1741. 12mo.
+      B.M. (12604. bb. 20). Columbia. Gentleman's Magazine, Nov. 1740.
+
+2. The Agreeable Caledonian: or, Memoirs of Signiora di Morella, a Roman
+Lady, Who made her Escape from a Monastery at Viterbo, for the Love of a
+Scots Nobleman. Intermix'd with many other Entertaining little Histories
+and Adventures which presented themselves to her in the Course of her
+Travels, etc. For R. King: And sold by W. Meadows, T. Green, J. Stone,
+J. Jackson, and J. Watson. 1728, 1729. 8vo.
+The Dedication to Lady Elizabeth Henley is signed Eliza Haywood.
+      Bodl. (Godw. Pamph. 2121/6, 7). Peabody Institute, Baltimore. Part
+      I. Daily Post, 21 June 1728. Part II. Daily Journal, 10 Jan. 1729.
+
+  [Another issue.] Clementina; or the History of an Italian Lady, who
+  made her Escape from a Monastery, for the Love of a Scots Nobleman.
+  For Noble. 1768. 12mo.
+      Monthly Review, May 1768.
+
+3. The Arragonian Queen. A Secret History. For J. Roberts.
+Dedicated to Lady Prances Lumley.
+      Daily Journal, 11 Aug. 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Roberts. 1724. 8vo.
+      University of Chicago. Daily Post, 16 Oct. 1724.
+
+  [Another edition?] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, and sold by E.
+  Nutt.
+      Daily Post, 4 Jan. 1727, "lately published, written by Mrs. Eliza
+      Haywood."
+
+4. Bath-Intrigues: in four Letters to a Friend in London.... For J.
+Roberts. 1725. 8vo.
+Letters signed J.B. Included in the two volumes of Mrs. Haywood's
+additional Works, 1727.
+      B.M. (1080. i. 42). Daily Post, 16 Oct. 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition?
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. For J. Roberts. 1725.
+      Daily Post, 5 March 1725.
+
+5. La Belle Assemblee: or, the Adventures of Six Days. Being a Curious
+Collection of Remarkable Incidents which happen'd to some of the First
+Quality in France. Written in French for the Entertainment of the King,
+and dedicated to him By Madam de Gomez. Translated into English.
+Compleat, in Three Parts. For D. Browne, jun., and S. Chapman.
+From the French of Madeleine Angelique Poisson de Gomez.
+      Part I. Daily Journal, 26 Aug. 1724. Part II. Daily Journal, 26
+      Oct. 1724. Part III. Daily Post, 9 Dec. 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. Compleat, in Three Parts. For
+  D. Browne junr.; and S. Chapman. 1725. 8vo. 3 vols.
+      B.M. (12511. f. 25). Daily Journal, 21 June 1725.
+
+  [Another volume.] The 2d and last volume. For D. Browne, S. Chapman,
+  and W. Bickerton.
+  The three parts first issued comprise Vol. I, ed. 2.
+      Daily Journal, 27 July 1726.
+
+  [Another edition.] La Belle Assemblee; or, the Adventures of Twelve
+  Days.... The Second Edition, Adorn'd with Copper-Plates. For D.
+  Browne, W. Bickerton, and W. Pote. 1728. 12mo. 2 vols.
+      B.M. (635. a. 27, 28). Daily Post, 4 March 1728.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, W. Bickerton, T.
+  Astley, and F. Cogan. 1735. 12mo. 4 vols.
+      B.M. (12512. c. 12), Vol. IV only.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition?
+
+  [Another edition.] The Fourth Edition. For J. Brotherton, J. Hazard,
+  W. Meadows, T. Cox, W. Hinchcliffe, D. Browne, W. Bickerton, T.
+  Astley, S. Austen, L. Gilliver, R. Willock, and F. Cogan. 1736. 12mo.
+  4 vols.
+      B.M. (12512. c. 12), Vols. I-III only.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Fifth Edition. For D. Browne, etc. 1743. 12mo.
+  4 vols.
+      Boston Public Library.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Sixth Edition. For D. Browne, J. Brotherton, W.
+  Meadows, R. Ware, H. Lintot, T. Cox, T. Astley, S. Austen, J. Hodges,
+  and E. Comins. 1749. 12mo. 4 vols.
+      Brown University.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Seventh Edition. 1754. 12mo. 4 vols.
+      Malkan Catalogue.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Eighth Edition. For H. Woodfall, W. Strahan, J.
+  Rivington, E. Horsfield, G. Keith, W. Nichol, C. and R. Ware, M.
+  Richardson, J. and T. Pote, and T. Burnet. 1765. 12mo. 4 vols.
+      B.M. (12330. f. 17). Boston Public Library.
+
+6. The British Recluse: or, the Secret History of Cleomira, Suppos'd
+Dead. A Novel.... By Mrs. Eliza Haywood, Author of Love in Excess; or,
+the Fatal Enquiry. For D. Browne, Jun; W. Chetwood and J. Woodman; and
+S. Chapman. 1722. 8vo.
+      Boston Public Library. Daily Post, 16 April 1722.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, Jun., W.
+  Chetwood and J. Woodman, and S. Chapman. 1722. 8vo.
+      B.M. (635. f. 11/4). Daily Conrant, 24 Dec. 1722.
+      The third and fourth editions are a part of Secret Histories,
+      etc., 1725, 1732.
+
+  [Another edition.] The British Recluse.... And The Injur'd Husband:
+  Or, The Mistaken Resentment. Two Novels. Written by Mrs. Eliza
+  Haywood.... The Third Edition. Dublin: For J. Watts. 1724. 8vo.
+      B.M. (12611. f. 10).
+
+7. The City Jilt: or, the Alderman turn'd Beau. A Secret History.... For
+J. Roberts. 1726.
+Included in the two volumes of Mrs. Haywood's additional Works, 1727.
+      Daily Journal, 24 June 1726.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Roberts. 1726. 8vo.
+      B.M. (012611. e. 13). Daily Post, 30 Sept. 1726, "a new edition."
+
+  [A pirated edition?] Printed by T. Bailey, at the Ship and Crown,
+  Leadenhall-street, where Tradesmans Bills are printed at the
+  Letter-press, and off Copper-plates, [**Symbol: three asterisks] Where
+  Maredant's Antiscorbutic Drops are Sold at Six Shillings the Bottle,
+  which Cures the most inveterate Scurvy, Leprosy, &c. [n.d.]
+      B.M. (12611. ee. 3).
+
+CLEMENTINA, see The Agreeable Caledonian.
+
+8. Cleomelia: or, the Generous Mistress. Being the Secret History of a
+Lady Lately arriv'd from Bengall, A Kingdom in the East-Indies. By Mrs.
+Eliza Haywood. To which is added, I. The Lucky Rape: Or, Fate the Best
+Disposer. II. The Capricious Lover: Or, No Trifling with a Woman.... For
+J. Millan, and sold by J. Roberts, T. Astley, W. Meadows, J. Mackeuen,
+H. Northcock. 1727. 8vo.
+      Daily Post, 5 Dec. 1726.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Millan, and sold by J.
+  Roberts, H. Northcock. 1727. 8vo.
+      Bodl. (Godw. Pamph. 1308).
+
+9. Dalinda: or, the Double Marriage. Being the Genuine History of a very
+Recent, and Interesting Adventure. Addressed to all the Young and Gay of
+both Sexes.... For C. Corbett, and G. Woodfall. 1749. 12mo.
+Probably by Mrs. Haywood.
+      B.M. (012611. e. 41). Gentleman's Magazine, June 1749.
+
+10. The Disguis'd Prince: or, the Beautiful Parisian. A True History,
+Translated from the French. For T. Corbett, and Sold by J. Roberts.
+1728, 1729. 8vo.
+The Dedication to Lady Lombe is signed Eliza Haywood.
+From the French of the Sieur de Prechac or Mme de Villedieu.
+      B.M. (12511. h. 5), Part I only. Harvard, 2 parts. Part I, Daily
+      Post, 16 Aug. 1728. Part II, Daily Journal, 14 May 1729.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For T. Corbett, and sold by J.
+  Roberts. 1733. 8vo.
+      Bodl. (Godw. Pamph. 1231/4).
+
+11. The Distress'd Orphan, or Love in a Mad-House. 1726?
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Roberts. 1726. 8vo.
+
+  A second edition was advertised for D. Browne as a part of Mrs.
+  Haywood's additional Works, Daily Post, 4 Jan. 1727.
+      University of Chicago.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. For J. Roberts. 1726. 8vo.
+      B.M. (12611. f. 14).
+
+  [A revision.] Love in a Madhouse; or, the History of Eliza Hartley.
+  The Distressed Orphan. Written by herself after her happy Union with
+  the Colonel. For T. Sabine. [n.d.] 8vo.
+  1770? (B.M. Catalogue). 1810 (Miss Morgan).
+      B.M. (12403, aa. 34/2).
+
+12. The Double Marriage: or, the Fatal Release. A True Secret History.
+For J. Roberts. 1726. 8vo.
+Included in the two volumes of Mrs. Haywood's additionalWorks, 1727.
+      University of Chicago. Daily Journal, 5 Aug. 1726.
+
+13. The Dumb Projector: Being a Surprizing Account of a Trip to Holland
+made by Mr. Duncan Campbell. With the Manner of his Reception and
+Behaviour there. As also the various and diverting Occurrences that
+happened on his Departure. For W. Ellis, J. Roberts, Mrs. Billingsly, A.
+Dod, and J. Fox. 1725. 8vo.
+Written as a letter, signed Justicia.
+      B.M. (G. 13739/2). Copy owned by Professor Trent.
+      Daily Journal, 10 May 1725.
+
+14. L'Entretien des Beaux Esprits. Being the Sequel to La Belle
+Assemblee. Containing the following Novels.... Written for the
+Entertainment of the French Court, by Madam de Gomez, Author of La Belle
+Assemblee. For F. Cogan, and J. Nourse. 1734. 12mo. 2 vols.
+The Dedication to "the High Puissant and most noble Prince," Charles
+Seymour, Duke of Somerset, is signed Eliza Haywood. From the French of
+Madeleine Angelique Poisson de Gomez.
+      B.M. (12512. c. 13).
+
+15. Epistles for the Ladies.... For T. Gardner. 1749, 1750. 8vo. 2 vols.
+      B.M. (8416. dd. 34). Columbia. Gentleman's Magazine, Nov. 1748,
+      &c.
+
+  [Another edition.] A New Edition. For T. Gardner.
+      Advertised in The History of Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy, 1753.
+
+  [Another edition.] Epistles for Ladies. A New Edition. For H. Gardner.
+  1776. 12mo. 2 vols.
+      Yale.
+
+16. The Fair Captive: a Tragedy. As it is Acted By His Majesty's
+Servants. For T. Jauney and H. Cole. 1721. Svo.
+Dedicated to Lord Viscount Gage.
+      B.M. (162. h. 18). Columbia.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, and S. Chapman.
+  1724.
+  Included with separate title-page and imprint in Works, 1724.
+
+17. The Fair Hebrew: or, a True, but Secret History of Two Jewish
+Ladies, Who lately resided in London. For J. Brindley, W. Meadows and J.
+Walthoe, A. Bettesworth, T. Astley, T. Worral, J. Lewis, J. Penn, and R.
+Walker. 1729. 8vo.
+Advertised as by Mrs. Haywood in Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-
+Lunenburgh, 1729.
+      B.M. (635. f. 11/8). Daily Post, 29 Jan. 1729.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Brindley, W. Meadows and
+  J. Walthoe, A. Bettesworth, T. Astley, T. Worral, J. Lewis, J. Penn
+  and R. Walker. 1729. Svo.
+      B.M. (12614. d. 8).
+
+18. Fantomina: or, Love in a Maze. Being a Secret History of an Amour
+between two Persons of Condition. By Mrs. Eliza Haywood. For D. Browne
+jun, and S. Chapman. 1725.
+Included in the various editions of Secret Histories, etc.
+
+19. Fatal Fondness: or, Love its own Opposer. (Being the Sequel of The
+Unequal Conflict.) A Novel. By Mrs. Eliza Haywood.... For J. Walthoe,
+and J. Crokatt. 1725. 8vo.
+      Sir John Soane's Museum. University of Chicago.
+      Daily Post, 19 May 1725.
+
+20. The Fatal Secret: or, Constancy in Distress. By the Author of the
+Masqueraders; or, Fatal Curiosity. For J. Roberts. 1724.
+Dedicated to (Sir) William Yonge.
+      Daily Journal, 16 May 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Roberts. 1724. 8vo.
+      University of Chicago. The third edition with separate title-page
+      and imprint is a part of Secret Histories, etc., 1725.
+
+THE FEMALE DUNCIAD, see Irish Artifice.
+
+21. The Female Spectator. For T. Gardner. 1745. 8vo. 4 vols.
+The monthly parts, April, 1744, to May, 1746 (two months omitted), bound
+up with a general title-page, but each part retains its separate
+title-page and imprint. Books I-VI, 1744; VII-XX, 1745; XXI-XXIV, 1746.
+Vol. I dedicated to the Duchess of Leeds, Vol. II to the Duchess of
+Bedford, Vol. III to the Duchess of Queensberry and Dover, Vol. IV to
+the Duchess Dowager of Manchester.
+      B.M. (94. c. 12-15).
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. For George and Alexander Ewing.
+  Dublin. 1747. 12mo. 4 vols.
+      Columbia.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For T. Gardner. 1748. 12mo. 4
+  vols.
+      B.M. (P.P. 5251. ga). Harvard.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. For T. Gardner. 1750. 12mo. 4
+  vols.
+      Harvard.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Fourth Edition?
+
+  [Another edition.] The Fifth Edition. For T. Gardner. 1755. 12mo. 4
+  vols.
+      Boston Public Library, Vol. I only.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Sixth Edition?
+
+  [Another edition.] The Seventh Edition. For T. Gardner. 1771. 12mo. 4
+  vols.
+      B.M. (P.P. 5251. g). Boston Public Library.
+
+  [A French translation.] La Nouvelle Spectatrice. Paris. 1751. 4 parts
+  in 2 vols. 12mo.
+  "Traduction abregee avec gout," by Jean-Arnold Trochereau de la
+  Berliere.
+      P. Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire Universel, 1873.
+
+  ADDENDUM:
+  The Female Spectator. Glasgow. 1775. 4 vols. 12mo.
+      Catalogue of Cadmus Book Shop, New York.
+
+22. The Force of Nature: or, the Lucky Disappointment: A Novel. By Mrs.
+Eliza Haywood.
+Included in the various editions of Secret Histories, etc.
+
+23. The Fortunate Foundlings: Being the Genuine History of Colonel
+M----rs, and his Sister, Madam du P----y, the Issue of the Hon. Ch----es
+M----rs, Son of the late Duke of R--L--D. Containing Many wonderful
+Accidents that befel them in their Travels, and interspersed with the
+Characters and Adventures of Several Persons of Condition, in the most
+polite Courts of Europe. The Whole calculated for the Entertainment and
+Improvement of the Youth of both Sexes. For T. Gardner. 1744. 12mo.
+      B.M. (12614. eee. 16). Gentleman's Magazine, Feb. 1744.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition?
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. For T. Gardner. 1748. 12mo.
+      Yale.
+
+24. Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburgh. A Tragedy. As it is Acted
+at the Theatre-Royal in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields.... By Mrs. Eliza Haywood.
+For W. Mears, and J. Brindley. 1729. 8vo.
+Dedicated to Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales.
+      B.M. (643. e. 1). Boston Public Library.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For W. Mears, and J. Brindley.
+  1729. 8vo.
+      B.M. (162. h. 19). Yale.
+
+25. The Fruitless Enquiry. Being a Collection of Several Entertaining
+Histories and Occurrences, Which Fell under the Observation of a Lady in
+her Search after Happiness. By Mrs. Eliza Haywood, Author of Love in
+Excess.... For J. Stephens. 1727. 12mo.
+Dedicated to Lady Elizabeth Germain.
+      Bodl. (8vo. B. 433. Line.). Peabody Institute. Daily Post, 24 Feb.
+      1727.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. By the Author of the History of
+  Miss Betsy Thoughtless. For T. Lowndes. 1767. 12mo.
+      B.M. (1208. e. 31). Yale.
+
+  [An abridgment.] A Collection of Novels, selected and revised by Mrs.
+  Griffith. For G. Kearsly. 1777. 12mo. 2 vols.
+  The Fruitless Enquiry occupies pp. 159-267 of Vol. II.
+      B.M. (12614. cc. 14). Boston Public Library.
+
+26. The History of Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy. In Three Volumes. By the
+Author of Betsy Thoughtless. For T. Gardner. 1753. 12mo. 3 vols.
+      B.M. (12611. b. 23). Yale. Gentleman's Magazine, Dec. 1752.
+
+  [Another edition.] Dublin: For R. Main. 1753. 12mo. 3 vols.
+      B.M. (12611. b. 23), Vols. II and III only.
+
+  [Another edition.] For Harrison and Co. 1785. 8vo. 3 vols.
+  In Vol. XVII of The Novelist's Magazine.
+      B.M. (1207. e. 7). New York Public Library.
+
+27. The History of Leonora Meadowson. By the Author of Betsy
+Thoughtless. For Noble. 1788. 12mo. 2 vols.
+      Halkett and Laing. Critical Review, March 1788.
+
+28. The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, In Four Volumes. For T.
+Gardner. 1751. 12mo. 4 vols.
+      B.M. (recently acquired from the Huth Sale, Part III). New York
+      Public Library. Gentleman's Magazine, Oct. 1751.
+
+  [Another edition.] Dublin. 1751. 12mo. 4 vols. in 2. J. Tregaskis
+  Catalogue.
+
+  [Another edition.] Dublin: Printed by Oli. Nelson. 1765. 12mo. 4 vols.
+  in 2.
+      Yale.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Fourth Edition. For L. Gardner. 1768. 12mo. 4
+  vols. in 2.
+      South Kensington Museum. Columbia.
+
+  [Another edition.] For Harrison and Co. 1783. 8vo. 4 vols.
+  In Vol. XIII of The Novelist's Magazine.
+      B.M. (1207. c. 12). New York Public Library.
+
+  ADDENDUM:
+  Etourdie ou Histoire de Mis Betsy Tatless, Traduite de l'Anglois.
+  Paris. 1754. 3 parts in 2 vols. Bound for Mme du Barry, with her arms
+  impressed on the sides. Southeby, Wilkinson, and Hodge Sale, Dec.
+  11,1913.
+
+29. The Husband. In Answer to The Wife. For T. Gardner. 1756. 12mo.
+      B.M. (836. c. 6). Yale.
+
+30. Idalia: or, the Unfortunate Mistress. A Novel. Written by Mrs. Eliza
+Haywood. For D. Browne junr; W. Chetwood; and S. Chapman. 1723. 8vo.
+      B.M. (12614. d. 10). Daily Journal, 24 April 1723. Parts II and
+      III which compleats the whole, Daily Journal, 21 June 1723.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, junr; W.
+  Chetwood; and S. Chapman. 1723. 8vo.
+  Advertised in The Rash Resolve, 1724. Included with separate
+  title-page and imprint in Mrs. Haywood's Works, 1724. The third
+  edition is a part of Secret Histories, etc., 1725.
+
+31. The Injur'd Husband: or, the Mistaken Resentment. A Novel. Written
+by Mrs. Eliza Haywood.... For D. Browne, W. Chetwood and J. Woodman, and
+S. Chapman. 1723. 8vo.
+Dedicated to Lady Howe.
+      B.M. (recently acquired from the Huth Sale, Part III). Daily
+      Courant, 24 Dec. 1722.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, W. Chetwood and
+  J. Woodman, and S. Chapman. 1723. 8vo.
+  Advertised in The Rash Resolve, 1724. Included with separate
+  title-page and imprint in Mrs. Haywood's Works, 1724. The third
+  edition is a part of Secret Histories, etc., 1725.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. Dublin: For J. Watts. 1724. 8vo.
+      B.M. (12611. f. 10). See The British Recluse.
+
+32. The Invisible Spy. By Exploralibus. For T. Gardner. 1755. 12mo. 4
+vols.
+[Note: A 3 vol. edition, 1755, entered in a catalogue of John Orr,
+Edinburgh, (Autumn, 1914).]
+      B.M. (12612. d. 14). Brown University. Gentleman's Magazine, Nov.
+      1754.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For T. Gardner. 1759. 12mo. 2
+  vols.
+      Bodl. (Hope 8vo. 535, 6). Yale.
+
+  [Another edition.] Dublin. 1766. 12mo. 2 vols.
+      B.M. (12614. ff. 21).
+
+  [Another edition.] By Explorabilis. A New Edition. For H. Gardner.
+  1773. 12mo. 2 vols.
+      Yale.
+
+  [Another edition.] For Harrison and Co. 1788. 8vo. 2 vols.
+  In Vol. XXIII of The Novelist's Magazine.
+      B.M. (1207. c. 3/3). New York Public Library.
+
+33. Irish Artifice; or, The History of Clarina. A Novel. By Mrs. Eliza
+Haywood.
+A part of The Female Dunciad, For T. Read, 1728, 8vo.
+      B.M. (T. 857/2).
+
+34. The Lady's Philosopher's Stone; or, The Caprices of Love and
+Destiny: an Historical Novel. Written in French by M. L'Abbe de Castera;
+And now Translated into English. For D. Browne, Junr.; and S. Chapman.
+1725. 8vo.
+From the French of Louis Adrien Duperron de Castera. Dedicated to Lord
+Herbert. Included in the two volumes of Mrs. Haywood's additional Works,
+1727.
+      B.M. (12614. dd. 19). Daily Post, 22 Jan. 1725.
+
+35. Lasselia: or, the Self-Abandon'd. A Novel. By Mrs. Eliza Haywood.
+For D. Browne, jun., and S. Chapman.
+Dedicated to the Earl of Suffolk and Bindon.
+      Daily Journal, 30 Oct. 1723.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne junr., and S.
+  Chapman. 1724. 8vo.
+  Included with separate title-page and imprint in Mrs. Haywood's Works,
+  1724. The third edition is a part of Secret Histories, etc., 1725.
+      B.M. (12613. c. 26/1).
+
+36. A Letter from H---- G----g, Esq. One of the Gentlemen of the
+Bedchamber to the Young Chevalier, and the only Person of his own
+Retinue that attended him from Avignon, in his late Journey through
+Germany, and elsewhere; Containing Many remarkable and affecting
+Occurrences which happened to the P---- during the course of his
+mysterious Progress. To a Particular Friend.... Printed, and sold at the
+Royal-Exchange, Temple-Bar, Charing Cross, and all the Pamphlet-Shops of
+London and' Westminster. 1750. 8vo.
+A. Lang, History of English Literature (1912), p. 458, attributes this
+work to Mrs. Haywood.
+      B.M. (10806. b. 20). Monthly Review, Jan. 1750.
+
+  [A French translation.] Lettre de H.... G.... G Ecuyer, un des
+  Gentilshommes de la Chambre du jeune Chevalier de S. George & la seule
+  personne de sa Cour qui I'ait accompagne d' Avignon dans son voyage en
+  Allemagne & autres Lieux. Contenant Plusieurs aventures touchantes &
+  remarquables qui sont arrivees a ce Prince pendant le cours de son
+  voyage secret. A un Ami particulier. Traduit de l'Anglois par M.
+  l'Abbe *** A Londres. 1757.
+      B.M. (10804. a. 16).
+
+37. Letters from a Lady of Quality to a Chevalier. Translated from the
+French. By Mrs. Haywood. For W. Chetwood. 1721. 8vo.
+With "A Discourse concerning Writings Of this Nature. By Way of Essay."
+From the French of Edme Boursault. Published by subscription.
+      Columbia. Daily Post, 26 Dec. 1720.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne and S. Chapman.
+  1724. 8vo.
+  Included with separate title-page and imprint in Mrs. Haywood's Works,
+  1724.
+
+38. Letters from the Palace of Fame. Written by a First Minister in The
+Regions of Air, to an Inhabitant of this World. Translated from an
+Arabian Manuscript.... For J. Roberts. 1727. 8vo.
+Included in the two additional volumes of Mrs. Haywood's Works, 1727.
+      B.M. (635. f. 11/7), incomplete, 24 pp. only. A complete copy is
+      owned by Professor Trent. Daily Post, 30 Sept. 1726.
+
+39. The Life of Madam de Villesache. Written by a Lady, who was an
+Eye-witness of the greater part of her Adventures, and faithfully
+Translated from her French Manuscript. By Mrs. Eliza Haywood.... For W.
+Feales; and sold by J. Roberts. 1727. 8vo.
+Dedicated to Mrs. Heathcote.
+      B.M. (12331. bbb. 42/2). Daily Post, 26 April 1727.
+
+40. Life's Progress through the Passions: or, the Adventures of Natura.
+By the Author of The Fortunate Foundlings. For T. Gardner. 1748. 12mo.
+      B.M. (12614. e. 19). Yale. Gentleman's Magazine, April 1748.
+
+41. Love in Excess; or, the Fatal Enquiry. Part I.
+Issued probably toward the end of 1719 for Chetwood and Roberts, but I
+have found no advertisement of it.
+
+Love in Excess; or, the Fatal Enquiry, A Novel, Part the Second. By Mrs.
+Haywood. For W. Chetwood, and Sold by J. Roberts, [n.d.] 8vo.
+Prefixed is a poem by Richard Savage, 2 pp.
+      Pickering and Chatto, Catalogue of English Prose Literature.
+
+Love in Excess; or, the Fatal Enquiry. Part III. By Mrs. Haywood. For W.
+Chetwood, and J. Roberts. 2 s.
+      Daily Post, 26 Feb. 1720.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition?
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. For W. Chetwood. 1721.
+      Daily Post, 29 May, 1721.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Fourth Edition. For D. Browne, W. Chetwood, and
+  S. Chapman. 1722.
+      Post Boy, 22-24 Feb. 1722.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Fifth Edition. For D. Browne, jun., and S.
+  Chapman. 1724.
+  Included with separate title-page and imprint in Mrs. Haywood's Works,
+  1724.
+      Daily Journal, 13 April 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] First Edition. Dublin: For J. Watts. 1724. 12mo.
+  With The British Recluse and The Injur'd Husband, 2 vols.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Sixth Edition. For D. Browne, jun., and S.
+  Chapman. 1725.
+  Included in Secret Histories, etc., 1725.
+      Columbia.
+
+42. Love in its Variety: Being a Collection of Select Novels. Written in
+Spanish by Signior Michel Ban Dello [?]; made English by Mrs. Eliza
+Haywood. For W. Feales, and J. Jackson. 1727.
+      Daily Post, 26 June 1727.
+
+  [Another edition?] Mrs. Haywood's Love in its Variety; or, Select
+  Novels. For T. Lowndes. 2 s. 6 d.
+      Advertised in The Fruitless Enquiry, 1767.
+
+43. Love-Letters on All Occasions Lately passed between Persons of
+Distinction, Collected by Mrs. Eliza Haywood. For J. Brindley, R.
+Willock, J. Jackson, J. Penn, and F. Cogan. 1730. 8vo.
+Dedicated to Mrs. Walpole, Relict of the Honourable Galfridus Walpole.
+      B.M. (1086. f. 27), with the bookplate of Lady Elizabeth Germain.
+      Daily Journal, 14 Jan. 1730.
+
+44. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots: Being the Secret History of her Life,
+and the Real Causes of all Her Misfortunes. Containing a Relation of
+many particular Transactions in her Reign; never yet Published in any
+Collection.... Translated from the French, By Mrs. Eliza Haywood. For D.
+Browne Junior; S. Chapman; and J. Woodman and D. Lyon. 1725. 8vo.
+Translated from fifteen or sixteen known authors, (B.M. Catalogue).
+      B.M. (10805. aaa. 19). Daily Post, 2 July 1725.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, etc. 1726. 8vo.
+      Advertised in La Belle Assemblee, 1743.
+      Columbia. Daily Post, 23 Feb. 1726.
+
+45. The Masqueraders; or Fatal Curiosity: being the Secret History of a
+Late Amour. For J. Roberts. 1724. 8vo.
+Dedicated to Colonel Stanley.
+      B.M. (12614. d. 14). Daily Post, 10 April 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Roberts. 1724.
+      Daily Journal, 24 April 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. For J. Roberts. 1724.
+  Included in Secret Histories, etc., 1725.
+      Daily Journal, 15 July 1724.
+
+[Note: These were probably bogus editions. Ed. 2 was advertised as
+"just publish'd" in The Double Marriage, 1726.]
+
+  [Part II.] The Masqueraders; or Fatal Curiosity: Being the Secret
+  History of a Late Amour. Part II. For J. Roberts. 1725. 8vo.
+  Included in the two volumes of Mrs. Haywood's additional Works, 1727.
+      University of Chicago. Daily Post, 21 Jan. 1725.
+
+46. Memoirs of a Certain Island Adjacent to the Kingdom of Utopia.
+Written by a Celebrated Author of that Country. Now translated into
+English. For the Booksellers of London and Westminster. 1725, 1726. 8vo.
+2 vols.
+Advertised as "in the press" in Mrs. Haywood's Works,1724, Vol. I.
+      B.M. (12613. g. 18). University of Illinois. (Both vols. with
+      Keys.) Vol. I, Daily Post, 8 Sept. 1724. Vol. II, Daily Journal, 3
+      Nov. 1725, with a new ed. of Vol. I.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For the Booksellers of London
+  and Westminster. 1726. 8vo. 2 vols.
+      Daily Post, 2 Mar. 1726.
+
+47. Memoirs of the Baron de Brosse, Who was Broke on the Wheel In the
+Reign of Lewis XIV. Containing, An Account of his Amours. With Several
+Particulars relating to the Wars in those Times. Collected from
+Authentic Authors, and an Original Manuscript. For D. Browne, Jun., and
+S. Chapman. 1725, 1726. 8vo.
+Included in the two volumes of Mrs. Haywood's additional Works, 1727.
+      B.M. (1201. g. 3). Part I, Daily Post, 23 Dec. 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, Jun., and 8.
+  Chapman. 1725, 1726. 8vo.
+      B.M. (G. 14732/2).
+
+48. The Mercenary Lover: or, the Unfortunate Heiresses. Being a True,
+Secret History of a City Amour, In a certain Island adjacent to the
+Kingdom of Utopia. Written by the Author of Memoirs of the said Island.
+Translated into English.... For N. Dobb. 1726. 8vo.
+      B.M. (12611. i. 16). Daily Post, 10 Feb. 1726.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For N. Dobb. 1726.
+  Advertised in Reflections on the Various Effects of Love, 1726.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Third Edition. By the Author of Reflections on
+  the various Effects of Love.... To which is added, The Padlock: Or, No
+  Guard without Virtue. A Novel. For N. Dobb. 1728. 12mo.
+  Half-title:--"The Mercenary Lover: and the Padlock. Two Historical
+  Novels. By E.H."
+      B.M. (12316. bbb. 38/3).
+
+THE NEW UTOPIA, see Memoirs of a Certain Island.
+
+49. The Opera of Operas; or Tom Thumb the Great. Alter'd from the Life
+and Death of Tom Thumb the Great. For W. Eayner. 1733. 8vo.
+Fielding's Tragedy of Tragedies with songs by William Hatchett and Eliza
+Haywood.
+      Boston Public Library (Barton Collection).
+
+THE PADLOCK, see The Mercenary Lover, the third edition.
+
+50. The Parrot. With a Compendium of the Times. By the Authors of The
+Female Spectator. For T. Gardner. 1746. 8vo.
+Issued originally in weekly parts, 2 Aug.-4 Oct. 1746. (9 numbers.)
+      B.M. (P.P. 5253. b). Yale.
+
+51. The Perplex'd Dutchess; or, Treachery Rewarded: Being some Memoirs
+of the Court of Malfy. In a Letter from a Sicilian Nobleman, who had his
+Residence there, to his Friend in London. For J. Roberts. 1728. 8vo.
+Included in the two volumes of Mrs. Haywood's additional Works, 1727.
+The title-page bears a quotation from her tragedy, The Fair Captive.
+      Daily Post, 2 Oct. 1727. Dobell Catalogue (Mar. 1915).
+
+  [Another edition.] To which is added Innocence Preserv'd. A Novel.
+  Dublin: S. Powell, for G. Risk and W. Smith. 1727. 12mo.
+      A. Esdaile, English Tales and Eomances (1912), p. 284.
+
+52. Persecuted Virtue: Or, The Cruel Lover. A True Secret History. Writ
+at the Request of a Lady of Quality. For J.  Brindley, and sold by W.
+Meadows, and H. Whitridge, T. Worrall, R. Francklin, J. Watson.
+
+Advertised as by Mrs. Haywood in Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-
+Lunenburgh, 1729.
+      Daily Post, 23 Nov. 1728.
+
+53. Philidore and Placentia: or, L'Amour trop Delicat. By Mrs.
+Haywood.... For T. Green, and Sold by J. Roberts. 1727. 8vo.
+Dedicated to Lady Abergavenny.
+      Brown University. Part I, Daily Journal, 24 July 1727.
+
+54. Poems on Several Occasions. By Mrs. Eliza Haywood.
+Included with no separate title-page in Mrs. Haywood's Works, 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, jun., and S.
+  Chapman. 1725. 12mo.
+  Included with separate title-page and imprint in Secret Histories,
+  etc., 1725.
+
+55. A Present for a Servant-Maid: or, the Sure Means of gaining Love and
+Esteem.... To which are Added, Directions for going to Market; Also, For
+Dressing any Common Dish, whether Flesh, Fish, or Fowl. With some Rules
+for Washing, &c. The Whole calculated for making both the Mistress and
+the Maid happy. For T. Gardner. 1743. 8vo.
+  B.M. (1037. g. 20). Gentleman's Magazine, June 1743.
+
+  [Another edition.] Dublin: Re-printed by and for George Faulkner.
+  1743. 8vo.
+      New York Public Library.
+
+  [Another edition.] Dublin: For George Faulkner. 1744. 8vo.
+      B.M. (8409. d. 8/1). New York Public Library.
+
+  [Another edition.] For T. Gardner. 1745. 8vo.
+      Yale.
+
+  [A revision.] A new Present for a Servant-Maid: containing Rules for
+  her moral Conduct, both with respect to herself and her Superiors: the
+  whole Art of Cookery, Pickling, and Preserving, &c. With Marketing
+  Tables, and Tables for casting up Expences, &c. By Mrs. Haywood.
+  Pearch, &c. 1771. 12mo.
+      Monthly Review, April 1772.
+
+56. The Rash Resolve: or, the Untimely Discovery. A Novel. In Two Parts.
+By Mrs. Eliza Haywood.... For D. Browne, junr.; and S. Chapman. 1724.
+8vo.
+Dedicated to Lady Rumney.
+      B.M. (recently acquired from the Huth Sale, Part III).
+      Daily Journal, 12 Dec. 1723.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne junr., and S.
+  Chapman. 1724. 8vo.
+  Included with separate title-page and imprint in Mrs. Haywood's
+  Works, 1724. The third edition is a part of Secret Histories, etc.,
+  1725.
+      B.M. (12613. c. 26/2).
+
+57. Reflections on the Various Effects of Love, According to the
+contrary Dispositions of the Persons on whom it operates. Illustrated
+with a great many Examples of the good and bad Consequences of that
+Passion. Collected from the best Ancient and Modern Histories.
+Intermix'd with the latest Amours and Intrigues of Persons of the First
+Rank of both Sexes, of a certain Island adjacent to the Kingdom of
+Utopia. Written by the Author of The Mercenary Lover, and Memoirs of the
+said Island.... For N. Dobb. 1726. 8vo.
+      B.M. (635. f. 11/6), incomplete, 16 pages only. Daily Journal, 13
+      April 1726.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For N. Dobb. 1726. 8vo.
+      B.M. (12614. d. 17).
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Millan, and sold by J.
+  Roberts, T. Astley, W. Meadows, and H. Whitridge, Mrs. Dodd, and Mrs.
+  Graves. In Two Parts. 1727.
+      Daily Journal, 5 July 1727.
+
+58. The Secret History of the Present Intrigues of the Court of
+Carimania. For the Booksellers of London and Westminster. 1727. 8vo.
+      Yale. Daily Journal, 24 Sept. 1726.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition Corrected. For the Booksellers
+  of London and Westminster. 1727. 8vo.
+      B.M. (838. c. 7), with a Key.
+
+59. Secret Memoirs Of the late Mr. Duncan Campbel, The Famous Deaf and
+Dumb Gentleman. Written By Himself, who ordered they should be publish'd
+after his Decease. To which is added, An Appendix, by Way of Vindication
+of Mr. Duncan Campbel, against that groundless Aspersion cast upon him,
+That he but pretended to be Deaf and Dumb. For J. Millan; and J.
+Chrichley. 1732. 8vo.
+Mrs. Haywood may have had a hand in this production.
+      B.M. (10825. bbb. 26).
+
+60. A Spy upon the Conjurer: or, a Collection Of Surprising
+Stories, With Names, Places, and particular Circumstances relating to
+Mr. Duncan Campbell, commonly known by the Name of the Deaf and Dumb
+Man; and the astonishing Penetration and Event of his Predictions.
+Written to my Lord---- by a Lady, who for more than Twenty Years past;
+has made it her Business to observe all Transactions in the Life and
+Conversation of Mr. Campbell. Sold by Mr. Campbell at the Green-Hatch in
+Buckingham-Court, Whitehall; and at Burton's Cofee-House, Charing Cross.
+1724. 8vo.
+      B.M. (G. 13535). Harvard. Daily Post, 19 Mar. 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] A Spy on the Conjurer: or, a Collection Of
+  Surprizing and Diverting Stories, With Merry and Ingenious Letters. By
+  Way of Memoirs of the Famous Mr. Duncan Campbell, demonstrating the
+  astonishing Foresight of that Wonderful Deaf and Dumb Man. The Whole
+  being Moral and Instructive. Written to my Lord---- by a Lady, who,
+  for Twenty Years past, has made it her Business to observe all
+  Transactions in the Life and Conversation of Mr. Campbell. Revised by
+  Mrs. Eliza Haywood. The Second Edition. For T. Corbet. 1724. 8vo.
+      Brown University. Daily Post, 21 Aug. 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] A Spy upon the Conjurer.... Revised by Mrs. Eliza
+  Haywood. For J. Peele. 1724. 8vo.
+      Copy owned by Professor Trent.
+
+  [Another edition.] A Spy on the Conjurer.... Revised by Mrs. Eliz.
+  Haywood. For W. Ellis, J. Brotherton, J. Batly, T. Woodward, J. Fox.
+  1725. 8vo.
+  This omits the words "The Second Edition." These four issues consist
+  of identical sheets bound up with different title-pages.
+      B.M. (613. f. 2). Daily Journal, 25 Jan. 1725.
+
+61. The Surprise: or, Constancy Rewarded. By the Author of the
+Masqueraders; or, Fatal Curiosity. For J. Roberts. 1724.
+Dedicated to Sir Richard Steele.
+      Daily Journal, 23 July 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Roberts. 1724.
+      Daily Journal, 7 Sept. 1724.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne, jun.; and S.
+  Chapman. 1725.
+  Included with separate title-page and imprint in Secret Histories,
+  etc., 1725.
+
+62. The Tea-Table: or, A Conversation between some Polite Persons of
+both Sexes, at a Lady's Visiting Day. Wherein are Represented The
+Various Foibles, and Affectations, which form the Character of an
+Accomplish'd Beau, or Modern Fine Lady. Interspersed with several
+Entertaining and Instructive Stories. By Mrs. Eliza Haywood. For J.
+Roberts. 1725. 8vo.
+      B.M. (635. f. 11/5). Daily Post, 7 May 1725, "just published."
+
+  [Another edition.] The Fourth Edition. London: Printed, and Dublin
+  Re-Printed by W. Wilmot for E. Hamilton. 1725. 8vo.
+      Columbia.
+
+  [Part II.] The Tea-Table: Or, a Conversation between some polite
+  Persons of both Sexes.... By Mrs. Elizabeth Haywood. Part II. For J.
+  Roberts. 1725. 8vo.
+      Bodl. (Godw. Pamph. 1308). Daily Post, 25 Mar. 1726.
+
+63. The Unequal Conflict; or, Nature Triumphant: A Novel. By Mrs. Eliza
+Haywood. For J. Walthoe, and J. Crokatt. 1725. 8vo.
+For a sequel to The Unequal Conflict, see Fatal Fondness.
+      B.M. (recently acquired from the Huth Sale, Part III).
+      Yale. Daily Post, 10 Mar. 1725.
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For J. Walthoe. 1726.
+      Daily Journal, 17 Feb. 1726.
+
+THE UNFORTUNATE PRINCESS, see Adventures of Eovaai.
+
+64. The Virtuous Villager, or Virgin's Victory: Being The Memoirs of a
+very Great Lady at the Court of France. Written by Herself. In which the
+Artifices of designing Men are fully detected and exposed; and the
+Calamities they bring on credulous believing Woman, are particularly
+related. Translated from the Original, by the Author of La Belle
+Assemblee. In Two Volumes. For F. Cogan. 1742. 12mo. 2 vols.
+From the French of Charles de Fieux, Chevalier de Mouhy. The Dedication
+to Mrs. Crawley is signed Eliza Haywood.
+      B.M. (12612. dd. 3).
+
+65. The Wife. By Mira, One of the Authors of the Female Spectator, and
+Epistles for Ladies. For T. Gardner. 1756. 12mo.
+      B.M. (836. c. 5). Harvard. Gentleman's Magazine, Dec. 1755.
+
+  [Another edition?] For T. Gardner. 1756.
+      B.M. (8416. de. 1).
+
+  [Another edition.] For T. Gardner. 1762. 12mo.
+      Arthur Header Catalogue.
+
+66. A Wife To be Lett: A Comedy. As it is Acted at the Theatre-Royal in
+Drury-Lane, By his Majesty's Servants. Written by Mrs. Eliza Haywood.
+For D. Browne junr, and S. Chapman. 1724. 8vo.
+Included in Mrs. Haywood's Works, 1724.
+      B.M. (12613. e. 26/3). Boston Public Library (Barton Collection).
+
+  [Another edition.] The Second Edition. For D. Browne; and Sold by J.
+  Osborn. 1729. 12mo.
+      New York Public Library.
+
+[Another edition.] For W. Feales; And Sold by J. Osborn. 1735. 12mo.
+      B.M. (11775. b. 44). Yale.
+
+[An abridgment.] The Comedy of a Wife to be Lett, or, the Miser Cured,
+compressed into Two Acts, by Ann Minton. For A. Seale; Ann Minton; and
+all booksellers. 1802. 8vo.
+      B.M. (11779. b. 84).
+
+67. The Young Lady. No. 1, 2, 3. By Euphrosine. For T. Gardner. 2d.
+each.
+Euphrosine, like Mira, was the name of one of the Female Spectator Club.
+This was probably Mrs. Haywood's last piece of writing.
+      Gentleman's Magazine, Jan. 1756.
+
+
+III. WORKS ATTRIBUTED TO MRS. HAYWOOD
+
+68. The History of Cornelia. For A. Millar. 1750. 12mo.
+      Arthur Header Catalogue.
+
+69. Matrimony, a Novel, containing a series of Interesting Adventures.
+1755. 8vo. 2 vols.
+A re-issue of The Marriage Act (1754) by John Shebbeare (D.N.B.).
+      Arthur Header Catalogue.
+
+70. Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput. Written by Captain Gulliver.
+Containing an Account of the Intrigues, and some other particular
+Transactions of that Nation, omitted in the two Volumes of his Travels.
+Published by Lucas Bennet.... For J. Roberts. 1727. 8vo.
+Attributed to Mrs. Haywood by Pope.
+      B.M. (12510. aaa. 5). Daily Journal, 11 Jan. 1727. A second
+      edition was advertised for Roberts on 6 Feb. 1727 (Daily Post).
+
+71. The Pleasant and Delightful History of Gillian of Croydon:
+Containing, Her Birth and Parentage: Her first Amour, with the sudden
+Death of her Sweetheart: Her leaving her Father's House In Disguise, and
+becoming Deputy to a Country Midwife; with a very odd and humoursome
+Adventure before a Justice of the Peace, for screening a Child under her
+Hoop-petticoat: Her discovery of a Love-Intrigue between her Mistress's
+Daughter, and a perjur'd, false-hearted Young-man, which she relates in
+the tragical History of William and Margaret: Her Account of a Country
+Wedding in Kent; with several merry Passages which attended it.
+Illustrated with suitable Cuts.
+The Whole done much after the same Method as those celebrated Novels, by
+MRS. ELIZA HAYWOOD. For A. Bettesworth. 1727. 12mo.
+A chap-book, not by Mrs. Haywood.
+      B.M. (12410. a. 28).
+
+
+IV. WORKS PUBLISHED BY MRS. HAYWOOD
+
+At the end of the first volume of The Virtuous Villager, 1742, occurs
+the following advertisement:
+
+New Books, sold by Eliza Haywood, Publisher, at the Sign of Fame in
+Covent-Garden.
+
+I. The Busy-Body; or Successful Spy; being the entertaining History of
+Mons. Bigand.... The whole containing great Variety of Adventures,
+equally instructive and diverting.
+
+II. Anti-Pamela, or Feign'd Innocence detected, in a Series of Syrena's
+Adventures: A Narrative which has really its Foundation in Truth and
+Nature.... Publish'd as a necessary Caution to all young Gentlemen. The
+Second Edition.
+
+
+
+CHRONOLOGICAL LIST
+
+THE WRITINGS OF MRS. HAYWOOD WITH SOME CONTEMPORARY WORKS
+[Note: Works by other writers are indicated by italics; doubtful
+attributions by (?). Works never separately issued are enclosed in
+parentheses. Translations are marked Tr.]
+
+
+1719 Apr. 25 _Defoe: Robinson Crusoe, Pt. I._
+             Love in Excess, Pts. I, II.
+             _Mrs. Manley: The Power of Love, in Seven Novels (d.
+             1720)._
+1720 Feb. 25 Love in Excess, Pt. III.
+     Apr. 30 _Defoe: Duncan Campbell._
+     Dec. 26 Tr. Letters from a Lady of Quality to a Chevalier (d.
+             1721).
+1721 Mar.  4 The Fair Captive (acted).
+1722 Jan. 27 _Defoe: Moll Flanders._
+     Apr. 16 The British Recluse.
+     Dec. 24 The Injur'd Husband (d. 1723).
+1723 June 27 Idalia: or, the Unfortunate Mistress.
+     Aug. 12 Works, Vols. I, II, III.
+     Aug. 12 A Wife to be Lett (acted). Published Aug.20.
+     Nov.  1 Lasselia.
+     Dec. 16 The Rash Resolve (d. 1724).
+1724 Jan. 31 Works, Vol. IV.
+             (Poems on Several Occasions.)
+     Mar. 14 _Defoe: The Fortunate Mistress (Roxana)._
+     Mar. 19 A Spy upon the Conjurer.
+     Apr. 10 The Masqueraders, Pt. I.
+     May  16 The Fatal Secret.
+     July 23 The Surprise.
+     Aug. 11 The Arragonian Queen.
+     Aug. 26 Tr. La Belle Assemblee, Pt. I.
+     Sept. 8 Memoirs of a Certain Island, Vol. I (d. 1725).
+     Oct. 16 Bath-Intrigues (d. 1725).
+     Oct. 26 Tr. La Belle Assemblee, Pt. II.
+     Dec.  9 Tr. La Belle Assemblee, Pt. III.
+     Dec. 23 Secret Histories, Novels and Poems, 4 vols. (d. 1725).
+             (Fantomina.)
+             (The Force of Nature.)
+     Dec. 23 Memoirs of the Baron de Brosse, Pt. I. (d. 1725).
+1725 Jan. 21 The Masqueraders, Pt. II.
+     Jan. 22 Tr. The Lady's Philosopher's Stone.
+     Mar. 10 The Unequal Conflict.
+     May   7 The Tea-Table, Pt. I.
+     May  10 The Dumb Projector.
+     May  19 Fatal Fondness.
+     July  2 Mary Stuart.
+     Nov.  3 Memoirs of a Certain Island, Vol. II (d. 1726).
+1726         The Distressed Orphan.
+             _Defoe: The Friendly Daemon._
+     Feb. 10 The Mercenary Lover.
+     Mar. 25 The Tea-Table, Pt. II.
+     Apr. 13 Reflections on the Various Effects of Love.
+     June 24 The City Jilt.
+     July 27 Tr. La Belle Assemblee, Vol. II.
+     Aug.  5 The Double Marriage.
+     Sept.24 The Court of Carimania (d. 1727).
+     Sept.30 Letters from the Palace of Fame (d. 1727).
+     Oct.    _Swift: Travels of Lemuel Gulliver._
+     Dec.  5 Cleomelia (d. 1727).
+1727 Jan.  9 The Court of Lilliput (?).
+     Feb. 24 The Fruitless Enquiry.
+     Apr. 26 The Life of Madam de Villesache.
+     June 26 Tr. Love in its Variety.
+     July 24 Philidore and Plaeentia, Pt. I.
+     Oct.  2 The Perplex'd Dutchess (d. 1728).
+     Nov.  2 Secret Histories and Novels printed since the publication
+             of her Works, 2 vols.
+1728         (The Padlock.)
+     May  28 _Pope: The Dunciad._
+     June 21 The Agreeable Caledonian, Pt. I.
+     Aug.    (Irish Artifice) in The Female Dunciad.
+     Aug. 17 Tr. The Disguis'd Prince, Pt. I.
+     Nov. 23 Persecuted Virtue.
+1729         Select Collection of Novels and Histories, 6 vols. (?).
+     Jan. 10 The Agreeable Caledonian, Pt. II.
+     Jan. 29 The Fair Hebrew.
+     Mar.  4 Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburgh (acted).
+     May  14 Tr. The Disguis'd Prince, Pt. II.
+1730 Jan. 14 Love-Letters on all Occasions.
+1732         Secret Memoirs of the Late Mr. Duncan Campbel (?).
+1733 May  31 The Opera of Operas (acted). Published in June.
+1734         Tr. L'Entretien des Beaux Esprits, 2 vols.
+1736 July    Adventures of Eovaai.
+1740 Nov.    The Unfortunate Princess (d. 1741).
+     Nov.    _Richardson: Pamela, Vols. I, II._
+1741 June    Anti-Pamela (?) Published by Mrs. Haywood.
+     Nov.    Tr. The Busy-Body; or Successful Spy, 2 vols.(?) Published
+             by Mrs. Haywood.
+1742         Tr. The Virtuous Villager, 2 vols.
+     Feb.    _Fielding: Adventures of Joseph Andrews, 2 vols._
+1743 June    A Present for a Servant-Maid.
+1744 Feb.    The Fortunate Foundlings.
+     May     _Sarah Fielding: David Simple._
+1744 Apr.)   The Female Spectator (published monthly) 4 vols.
+1746 May)
+1746 Aug. 2)The Parrot (published weekly).
+     Oct. 4)
+1747 Nov.    _Richardson: Clarissa, Vols. I, II._
+1748 Jan.    _Smollett: Adventures of Roderick Random, 2 vols._
+     Apr.    _Richardson: Clarissa, Vols. Ill, IV._
+     Apr.    Life's Progress through the Passions.
+     Dec.    _Richardson: Clarissa, complete._
+1749 Feb.    _Fielding: History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, 6 vols._
+     June    Dalinda.
+     Nov.    Epistles for the Ladies, 2 vols. (d. 1749-50).
+1750 Jan. A Letter from H--- Q--- g, Esq.
+1750 Mar. _Johnson: The Rambler._
+1752 Mar.
+1750 Apr. The History of Cornelia (?).
+     Dec. _Mrs. Lennox: The Life of Harriot Stuart, 2 vols._
+1751 Feb. _Smollett: Adventures of Peregrine Pickle, 4 vols._
+     Oct. The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, 4 vols.
+     Dec. _Fielding: Amelia, 4 vols._
+1752 Mar. _Mrs. Lennox: The Female Quixote, 2 vols._
+     Dec. The History of Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy, 3
+vols. (d. 1753).
+1753 Nov. _Richardson: Sir Charles Grandison, Vols. I, II,
+III, IV._
+     Dec. _Richardson: Sir Charles Grandison, Vols. V, VI._
+1754 Nov. The Invisible Spy, 4 vols. (d. 1755).
+1755 Dee. The Wife (d. 1756).
+1756 The Husband.
+     Jan. The Young Lady, Nos. I, 2, 3, (?).
+     Feb. 25 Mrs. Haywood died.
+1768 May Clementina.
+1772 Apr. A New Present for a Servant Maid (d. 1771).
+1778 Mar. The History of Leonora Meadowson, 2 vols.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Addison, Joseph,
+Adventures of _Eovaai_,
+Adventures of _Lindamira_,
+_Agreeable Caledonian, The_,
+_Amelia_,
+_Anti-Pamela_,
+Applebee, E.,
+_Apprentice's Monitor_,
+_Arabian Nights, The_,
+Arbuthnot, John,
+_Arcadia, The Countess of Pembroke's_,
+Argyle, John, Duke of,
+_Arragonian Queen, The_,
+Astell, Mary,
+_Atalantis_, Mrs. Manley's _New_,
+Aubin, Mrs Penelope,
+Austen, Jane,
+_Author to be Let, An_,
+_Authors of the Town, The_,
+
+Bandello, Matteo,
+Barber, John,
+Barker, Mrs. Jane,
+_Bath-Intrigues_,
+_Beggar's Opera, The_,
+Behn, Mrs. Aphra,
+_Belle Assemblee, La_
+Bellenden, Mary,
+Bennet, Lucas,
+Bent, W.,
+_Beraldus and Celemena_,
+_Betsy Thoughtless_, see _History of Miss_
+Bettesworth, Arthur,
+_Blazing World, Description of a New World called the_,
+Boccaccio, Giovanni,
+Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas,
+Bond, William,
+Boursault, Edme,
+Boyd, Mrs. Elizabeth,
+Boyle, Robert,
+_British Secluse, The_,
+Brown, Thomas,
+Browne, Daniel, Jr.,
+Budgell, Eustace,
+Burney, Fanny,
+_Busy-Body, The_,
+Butler, Mrs. Sarah,
+
+Campbell, Duncan,
+_Capricious Lover, The_,
+_Captain Singleton_,
+Careless, Betsy,
+_Carimania, Court of_, see _Secret History_
+Castera, Louis Adrien Duperron de,
+_Catholic Poet, The_,
+Centlivre, Mrs. Susannah,
+Cervantes, Miguel de,
+_Changeling, The_,
+Chapman, Samuel,
+Charke, Mrs. Charlotte,
+Chesterfield, Lord,
+Chetwood, William Bufus,
+Chevalier, The Young,
+Cibber, Theophilus,
+_Citizen of the World, The_,
+_City Jilt, The_,
+Clarke, Dr. Samuel,
+_Clarissa Harlowe_,
+_Clelie_,
+_Clementina_,
+_Cleomelia_,
+_Cleopatre_,
+Clio, see Fowke, Martha
+Clive, Mrs. Kitty,
+_Codrus; or the Dunciad dissected_,
+Coleridge, Samuel Taylor,
+_Colonel Jacque_,
+_Comedy of a Wife to be Lett, The_,
+Concanen, Matthew,
+_Consolidator, The_,
+Cooke, Thomas,
+Corinna, see Thomas, Mrs.
+_Court Intrigues_,
+_Craftsman, The_,
+_Curliad, The_,
+Curll, Edmund,
+_Cursory View of the History of Lilliput, A_,
+
+_Dalinda_,
+_Danger of Giving Way to Passion, The_,
+D'Anvers, Caleb,
+_David Simple_,
+Davys, Mrs. Mary,
+Dawson, Jemmy,
+_Decameron, The_,
+Dedications,
+Defiant Heroines,
+Defoe, Daniel,
+Delany, Mrs.,
+Dennis, John,
+Desjardins, Hortense, see Villedieu, Mme de
+_Diable Boiteux, Le_,
+_Discourse concerning Writings of this Nature_,
+_Disguis'd Prince, The_,
+_Distress'd Orphan, The_,
+Dobson, Austin,
+Doddington, George Bubb,
+_Double Marriage, The_,
+Drake, Dr. Nathan,
+Drury Lane Theater,
+Dryden, John,
+_Duchess of Malfi, The_,
+Dufresny, Charles Riviere,
+_Dumb Projector, The_,
+_Dunciad, The_,
+Dunlop, J.C.,
+Durand-Bedacier, Mme,
+
+_Entretien des Beaux Esprits, L'_,
+_Epigrams on the Dunciad_,
+_Epistles for the Ladies_,
+_Espion turc, L'_,
+Euphrosine,
+_Evelina_,
+_Exemplary Novels_,
+Exploralibus,
+
+_Fair Captive, The_,
+_Fair Hebrew, The_,
+_Fair Jilt, The_,
+_Fantomina_
+_Fatal Fondness_
+_Fatal Secret, The_
+_Female Dunces, The_
+_Female Dunciad, The_
+_Female Foundling, The_
+_Female Page, The_, see _Sappy Unfortunate, The_
+_Female Spectator, The_
+_Ferdinand, Count Fathom_
+Fidelia
+Fielding, Henry
+Fielding, Sarah
+Fieux, Charles de, Chevalier de Mouhy
+_Force of Nature, The_
+_Fortunate Countrymaid, The_
+_Fortunate Foundlings, The_
+_Fortunate Mistress, The_
+_Foundling, The_
+Foundling Hospital, The
+_Foundling Hospital for Wit and Humour, The_
+Fowke, Martha
+Fowler, Robert
+Foxton, Mr.
+_Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburgh_
+Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales
+_Friendly Daemon, The_
+_Fruitless Enquiry, The_
+
+Gardner, Thomas
+George II
+Germain, Lady Elizabeth
+_Gillian of Croydon, The Pleasant and Delightful History of_
+Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
+Goldsmith, Oliver
+Gomez, Mme de
+Goring, Henry
+Gosse, Edmund
+Griffith, Mrs. Elizabeth
+
+Hackney, Iscariot
+Handel, George Frederick
+_Happy Unfortunate, The_
+Hatchett, William
+Haymarket Theater
+Haywood, Charles
+Haywood, Mrs. Eliza
+  Birth
+  Death
+  Elopement
+  Parentage
+  Plays
+  Publisher
+  Stage Career
+Haywood, Valentine,
+Hearne, Mrs. Mary
+Henley, Lady Elizabeth
+Henley, Orator
+_Henrietta_
+_Heros de Roman, Les_
+Hervey, Lord
+Hill, Aaron
+_History of Betty Barnes, The_
+_History of Cornelia, The_
+_History of Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy, The_
+_History of Leonora Meadowson, The_
+_History of the Life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell, The_,
+_History of the Life and Reign of Mary Stuart_,
+_History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, The_,
+Hogarth, William,
+Howard, Henrietta, Countess of Suffolk,
+_Humphrey Clinker_,
+Hurst, Capt.,
+_Husband, The_,
+
+_Idalia_,
+_Illustre Parisienne, L'_,
+_Injur'd Husband, The_,
+_Intrigues galantes de la cour de France_,
+_Invisible Spy, The_,
+_Irish Artifice_,
+_Ivanhoe_,
+
+_Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy_, see _History of_
+Johnson, Samuel,
+_Joseph Andrews_,
+Justicia,
+_Key to the Dunciad_,
+
+Kirkall, Elisha,
+
+_Lady's Philosopher's Stone, The_,
+La Faye, Charles de,
+La Fayette, Mme de,
+La Force, Mile de,
+Lang, Andrew,
+Lampe, Frederick,
+_Lasselia_,
+Lennox, Mrs. Charlotte,
+_Letter from H---- G----, Esq., A_,
+_Letters from a Lady of Quality to a Chevalier_,
+_Letters from the Palace of Fame_,
+_Letters written by Mrs. Manley_,
+_Lettres nouvelles de M. Boursault_,
+_Lettres Persanes_,
+_Lettres Portugaises_,
+_Life of Harriot Stuart, The_,
+_Life of Madam de Villesache, The_,
+_Life's Progress through the Passions_,
+Lincoln's Inn Fields Theater,
+Lodge, Thomas,
+Lombe, Sir Thomas,
+Lounsbury, T.E.,
+_Love in Excess_,
+_Love in its Variety_,
+_Love-Letters on all Occasions_,
+_Lover's Week, The_,
+_Love's Posy_,
+_Lucius_,
+_Lucky Rape, The_,
+Lumley, Lady Frances,
+
+Mallet, David,
+Manley, Mrs. Mary,
+Marana, G.P.,
+Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de,
+Marlborough, Sarah, Duchess of,
+_Marriage-Act, The_,
+_Marriage a la Mode_,
+_Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots_,
+_Masqueraders, The_,
+_Matrimony, a Novel_,
+_Memoirs of the Baron de Brosse_,
+_Memoirs of a Cavalier_,
+_Memoirs of a Certain Island_,
+_Memoirs of the Court of Lilliput_,
+_Memoirs of Europe in the Eighth Century_,
+_Memoirs of Miss Sydney Biddulph_,
+_Mercenary Lover, The_,
+Minton, Ann,
+Mira,
+_Moll Flanders_,
+Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley,
+Moore, George,
+Moore-Smith, James,
+Morris, Bezaleel,
+_Morte D'Arthur_,
+_Mouche, La_,
+_Mr. Campbell's Pacquet_,
+
+Newcastle, Duchess of,
+
+Ochihatou,
+O'Hara, Kane,
+_Old Mortality_,
+_Opera of Operas_,
+Oriental letters,
+Oriental tales,
+Orinda, The Matchless,
+_Oroonoko_,
+Osborne, Thomas,
+
+_Padlock, The_,
+_Pamela_,
+_Parrot, The_,
+_Parthenissa_,
+_Paysanne Parvenue, La_
+_Peregrine Pickle_,
+_Perplex'd Dutchess, The_,
+_Persecuted Virtue_,
+Peterborough, Lord,
+_Philidore and Plaaentia_,
+_Pierre philosophale des dames, La_,
+Pit, Journalist,
+Pix, Mrs. Mary,
+_Plain Dealer, The_,
+_Pleasures of the Imagination, The_,
+_Poems on Several Occasions_,
+_Political Foundling, The_,
+_Polly Honeycombe_,
+_Pompey the Little_,
+Pope, Alexander,
+_Popiad, The_,
+_Present for a Servant-Maid, A_,
+Pretender, The,
+_Princesse de Cleves, La_,
+_Prude, The_,
+
+Quin, James,
+
+_Rape of the Lock, The_,
+_Rash Resolve, The_,
+Reeve, Clara,
+_Reflections on the Various Effects of Love_,
+_Religious Courtship, The_,
+Restoration comedy,
+Rich, John,
+Richardson, Samuel,
+_Rival Father, The_,
+_Rival Modes, The_,
+Roberts, James,
+_Robinson Crusoe_,
+_Rosalynde_,
+Rowe, Mrs. Elizabeth,
+Rowe, Nicholas,
+_Roxana_, see _Fortunate Mistress, The_
+
+Sappho,
+Savage, Richard,
+Scott, Sir Walter,
+_Select Collection of Novels and Histories, Mrs. Haywood's_,
+_Secret Histories, Novels and Poems_,
+_Secret History of Mama Oello, The_,
+_Secret History of the Present Intrigues of the Court of Carimania,
+The_,
+_Secret Memoirs of the late Mr. Duncan Campbel_,
+Shadwell, Thomas,
+_Shakespeare Restored_,
+Shebbeare, John,
+Sloane, Sir Hans,
+Smollett, George Tobias,
+South Sea bubble,
+_Specimens of British Poetesses_,
+_Spectator, The_,
+_Spy upon the Conjurer, A_,
+_Stage-Coach Journey to Exeter, A_,
+Stanley, Col.,
+_Statesman's Progress, The_,
+Steele, Richard,
+Sterling, James,
+_Supernatural Philosopher, The_,
+_Surprise, The_,
+_Swift, Jonathan_,
+
+_Tatler, The_,
+_Tea-Table, The_,
+Thackeray, William Makepeace,
+Theobald, Lewis,
+Thomas, Mrs.,
+_Time's Telescope_,
+_Timon of Athens_,
+_Tom Jones_,
+_Tragedy of Tragedies_,
+_Turkish Spy, The_,
+
+_Unequal Conflict, The_,
+_Unfortunate Princess, The_,
+_Utopia, see Memoirs of a Certain Island_
+
+_Venice Preserved_,
+Villedieu, Mme de,
+_Virtuous Villager, The_,
+
+Walpole, Horace,
+Walpole, Sir Robert,
+Welsted, Leonard,
+_Wife, The_,
+_Wife to be Lett, A_,
+Woolston, Thomas,
+_Works_, Mrs. Haywood's,
+
+Yonge, Sir William,
+_Young Lady, The_,
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Life and Romances of Mrs. Eliza
+Haywood, by George Frisbie Whicher
+
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