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diff --git a/10852-8.txt b/10852-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6ffd11 --- /dev/null +++ b/10852-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8951 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs +by A. D. Webster + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs + +Author: A. D. Webster + +Release Date: January 28, 2004 [EBook #10852] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Beth Trapaga and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + +HARDY ORNAMENTAL +FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS. + +By + +A.D. WEBSTER, + +_Author of "Practical Forestry," "Hardy Coniferous Trees," +"British Orchids," &c., &c._ + + + + +1897. + + + + +PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION, 1893. + +This book has been written and is published with the distinct object +in view of bringing home to the minds of planters of Hardy Trees and +Shrubs, the fact that the monotonous repetition, in at least nine-tenths +of our Parks and Gardens, of such Trees as the Elm, the Lime, and the +Oak, and such Shrubs as the Cherry Laurel and the Privet, is neither +necessary nor desirable. There is quite a host of choice and beautiful +flowering species, which, though at present not generally known are yet +perfectly hardy, of the simplest culture, and equally well adapted for +the ornamentation of our Public and Private Parks and Gardens. + +Of late years, with the marked decline in the cultivation of Coniferous +Trees, many of which are ill adapted for the climate of this country, +the interest in our lovely flowering Trees and Shrubs has been greatly +revived. This fact has been well exemplified in the numerous enquiries +after these subjects, and the space devoted to their description and +modes of cultivation in the Horticultural Press. + +In the hope, too, of helping to establish a much-desired standard of +nomenclature, I have followed the generic names adopted by the authors +of _The Genera Plantarum_, and the specific names and orthography, as +far as I have been able, of the _Index Kewensis_; and where possible +I have given the synonyms, the date of introduction, and the native +country. The alphabetical arrangement that has been adopted, both with +regard to the genera and species, it is hoped, will greatly facilitate +the work of reference to its pages. The descriptive notes and hints on +cultivation, the selected lists of Trees and Shrubs for various special +purposes, and the calendarial list which indicates the flowering season +of the different species, may be considered all the more valuable for +being concisely written, and made readily accessible by means of the +Index. + +No work written on a similar plan and treating solely of Hardy +Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs has hitherto been published; +and it is not supposed for a moment that the present one will entirely +supply the deficiency; but should it meet with any measure of public +approval, it may be the means of paving the way towards the publication +of a more elaborate work--and one altogether more worthy of the +interesting and beautiful Flowering Trees and Shrubs that have been +found suitable for planting in the climate of the British Isles. + +Of the fully thirteen hundred species and varieties of Trees and Shrubs +enumerated, all may be depended upon as being hardy in some part of the +country. Several of them, and particularly those introduced from China +and Japan, have not before been included in a book of this character. +Trials for the special purpose of testing the hardiness of the more +tender kinds have been instituted and carried out in several favoured +parts of England and Ireland. + +A.D.W. +HOLLYDALE, WOBURN. + + +PREFACE TO SECOND AND CHEAP EDITION, 1897. + +The First Edition of Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs having +been sold out, it has been considered desirable to run off a second and +cheap edition on exactly similar lines to the first, and previous to the +more elaborate illustrated edition which is now in hand. + +A.D.W. +BOXMOOR, HERTS, 1897. + + + + +HARDY ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING TREES & SHRUBS. + + +ABELIA. + +ABELIA CHINENSIS (_syn A. rupestris_).--The Rock Abelia China, 1844. +This is a neat, twiggy shrub, growing from 2 ft. to 3 ft. high, with +slender shoots, and very pleasing, shining green serrated leaves. The +tubular, sweet-scented flowers are produced in clusters at the ends of +the shoots, even the smallest, and are of a very delicate shade of +pink--indeed, almost white. It makes an excellent wall plant, but by +no means refuses to grow and flower freely without either shelter or +protection, provided a fairly rich and well drained soil is provided. +From August to October is the flowering period of this handsome +deciduous shrub. This is the only really hardy species of the genus, +for though the rosy-purple flowered A. floribunda from Mexico has stood +for several years uninjured in the South of England, it is not to be +relied upon. Both species are readily propagated from cuttings. + +A. TRIFLORA.--Himalayan regions, 1847. A half-hardy and beautiful +species with small lanceolate, entire leaves, and pretty star-shaped +flowers that are white and flushed with pink. The long, narrow, and +hairy calyx-lobes give a light and feathery appearance to the flowers, +which are produced continuously from May to November. It does best as a +wall plant, and several beautiful examples may be seen in and around +London, as also at Exeter, and in the South of Ireland. + + +ADENOCARPUS. + +ADENOCARPUS DECORTICANS (_syn A. Boissieri_).--Spain, 1883. This little +known hardy shrub, a native of the Sierra Nevada mountains, in Spain, is +one of great beauty, and well worthy of extended culture. The flowers +are produced abundantly, and are of a bright yellow colour, resembling +those of our common Broom, to which family it is nearly allied. Peaty +soil suits it well, and repeated trials have clearly proved that it is +hardy, at least in the South of England. + + +AESCULUS. + +AESCULUS CALIFORNICA (_syn Pavia californica_).--California. This is +one of the handsomest species, of low, spreading habit, and blooming +freely about midsummer. + +AE. GLABRA (_syn Ae. rubicunda_).--Red-flowered Horse Chestnut. North +America, 1820. If only for its neat and moderate growth, and attractive +spikes of brightly-coloured flowers, this species must be considered as +one of the handsomest and most valuable of small growing trees. Being +of moderate size, for we rarely meet with specimens of greater height +than 30 feet, and of very compact habit, it is rendered peculiarly +suitable for planting in confined spots, and where larger growing and +more straggling subjects would be out of place. It withstands soot and +smoke well, and is therefore much valued for suburban planting. The +long spikes of pretty red flowers are usually produced in great +abundance, and as they stand well above the foliage, and are of firm +lasting substance, they have a most pleasing and attractive appearance. +As there are numerous forms of the red-flowered Horse Chestnut, +differing much in the depth of flower colouring, it may be well to warn +planters, for some of these have but a faint tinge of pink overlying a +dirty yellowish-green groundwork, while the finest and most desirable +tree has the flowers of a decided pinky-red. There is a double-flowered +variety Ae. glabra flore-pleno (_syn Ae. rubicunda flore-pleno_) and +one of particular merit named Ae. rubicunda Briotii. + +AE. HIPPOCASTANUM.--The Common Horse Chestnut. Asia, 1629. A fine +hardy free-flowering tree, supposed to have been introduced from Asia, +and of which there are several varieties, including a double-flowered, +a variegated, and several lobed and cut-leaved forms. The tree needs +no description, the spikes of pinky-white flowers, which are produced +in great abundance, and ample foliage rendering it one of, if not the +handsomest tree of our acquaintance. It gives a pleasing shade, and +forms an imposing and picturesque object in the landscape, especially +where the conditions of soil--a rich free loam--are provided. Ae. +Hippocastanum alba flore-pleno (the double white Horse Chestnut), has +a decidedly pyramidal habit of growth, and the flowers, which are +larger than those of the species, are perfectly double. It is a very +distinct and desirable large growing tree. Ae. Hippocastanum laciniata +and Ae. Hippocastanum digitalis are valuable for their divided leaves; +while Ae. Hippocastanum foliis variegatis has the foliage rather +irregularly variegated. + +AE. PARVIFLORA (_syn Pavia macrostachya_).--Buckeye. North America, +1820. This is very distinct, and possesses feature which are shared by +no other hardy tree or shrub in cultivation. Rarely exceeding 12 feet +in height, and with a spread of often as much as 20 feet, this shrub +forms a perfect hemisphere of foliage, and which, when tipped with the +pretty fragrant flowers, renders it one of the most effective and +handsome. The foliage is large, and resembles that of the common Horse +Chestnut, while the pure white flowers, with their long projecting +stamens and red-tipped anthers, are very pretty and imposing when at +their best in July. It succeeds well in rich, dampish loam, and as a +shrub for standing alone in any conspicuous position it has, indeed, +few equals. + +AE. PAVIA (_syn Pavia rubra_).--Red Buckeye. North America, 1711. A +small growing and slender-branched tree or shrub, which bears an +abundance of brownish-scarlet flowers. There are several good +varieties, two of the best being Ae. Pavia atrosanguinea, and Ae. +Pavia Whittleyana, with small, brilliant red flowers. + +There are several other species, such as Ae. Pavia humilis (_syn Pavia +humilis_) of trailing habit; Ae. flava (_syn Pavia flava_) bearing +pretty yellow flowers; Ae. Pavia macrocarpa (_syn Pavia macrocarpa_) +an open-headed and graceful tree; Ae. flava discolor (_syn Pavia +discolor_); and Ae. chinensis; but they have not been found very +amenable to cultivation, except in very favoured parts of the South of +England and Ireland. + + +AILANTHUS. + +AILANTHUS GLANDULOSA.--Tree of Heaven. China, 1751. A handsome, +fast-growing tree, with large pinnate leaves that are often fully +three feet long, and terminal erect clusters of not very showy +greenish-white flowers that exhale a rather disagreeable odour. It is +one of the most distinct and imposing of pinnate-leaved trees, and +forms a neat specimen for the lawn or park. Light loam or a gravelly +subsoil suits it well. + + +AKEBIA. + +AKEBIA QUINATA.--Chinese Akebia. China, 1845. This, with its +peculiarly-formed and curiously-coloured flowers, though usually +treated as a cool greenhouse plant, is yet sufficiently hardy to grow +and flower well in many of the southern and western English counties, +where it has stood uninjured for many years. It is a pretty twining +evergreen, with the leaves placed on long slender petioles, and +palmately divided into usually five leaflets. The sweet-scented +flowers, particularly so in the evening, are of a purplish-brown or +scarlet-purple, and produced in axillary racemes of from ten to a +dozen in each. For covering trellis-work, using as a wall plant, or to +clamber over some loose-growing specimen shrub, from which a slight +protection will also be afforded, the Akebia is peculiarly suitable, +and soon ascends to a height of 10 feet or 12 feet. Any ordinary +garden soil suits it, and propagation by cuttings is readily affected. + + +AMELANCHIER. + +AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA.--Dwarf June Berry. N.W. America, 1888. This +is a shrub of great beauty, growing about 8 feet high, and a native of +the mountains from British America to California. This differs from A. +canadensis in having much larger and more brilliant-tinted fruit, and +in its shorter and more compact flower racemes. The shape of the +leaves cannot be depended on as a point of recognition, those before +me, collected in the native habitat of the plant, differing to a wide +extent in size and shape, some being coarsely serrated while others +are almost entire. + +A. CANADENSIS.--June Berry. Canada, 1746. Unquestionably this is one +of the most beautiful and showy of early flowering trees. During the +month of April the profusion of snow-white flowers, with which even +young specimens are mantled, render the plant conspicuous for a long +way off, while in autumn the golden yellow of the dying-off foliage is +quite as remarkable. Being perfectly hardy, of free growth, and with +no particular desire for certain classes of soils, the June Berry +should be widely planted for ornamental effect. In this country it +attains to a height of 40 feet, and bears globose crimson fruit. There +are several varieties, including A. canadensis rotundifolia, A. +canadensis oblongifolia, and A. canadensis oligocarpa, the latter +being by some botanists ranked as a species. + +A. VULGARIS.--Common Amelanchier. South of Europe, 1596. This is the +only European species, and grows about 16 feet in height. It has been +in cultivation in this country for nearly 300 years. Generally this +species flowers earlier than the American ones, has rounder and less +deeply serrated leaves, but the flowers are much alike. A. vulgaris +cretica, from Crete and Dalmatia, is readily distinguished by the soft +white hairs with which the under sides of the leaves are thickly +covered. To successfully cultivate the Amelanchiers a good rich soil +is a necessity, while shelter from cutting winds must be afforded if +the sheets of flowers are to be seen in their best form. + + +AMORPHA. + +AMORPHA CANESCENS.--Lead Plant. Missouri, 1812. This is of much +smaller growth than A. fruticosa, with neat pinnate foliage, whitened +with hoary down, and bearing panicles of bluish-purple flowers, with +conspicuous orange anthers. It is a charming shrub, and all the more +valuable as it flowers at the end of summer, when few hardy plants are +in bloom. To grow it satisfactorily a dry, sandy soil is a necessity. + +A. FRUTICOSA.--False Indigo. Carolina, 1724. This is a fast growing +shrub of fully 6 feet high, of loose, upright habit, and with pretty +pinnate leaves. The flowers are borne in densely packed spikes, and +are of a purplish tint with bright yellow protruding anthers and +produced at the end of summer. It prefers a dry, warm soil of a sandy +or chalky nature, and may readily be increased from cuttings or +suckers, the latter being freely produced. Hard cutting back when full +size has been attained would seem to throw fresh vigour into the +Amorpha, and the flowering is greatly enhanced by such a mode of +treatment. A native of Carolina, and perfectly hardy in most parts of +the country. Of this species there are several varieties, amongst +others, A. fruticosa nana, a dwarf, twiggy plant; A. fruticosa +dealbata, with lighter green foliage than the type; and others +differing only in the size and width of the leaves. + + +ANDROMEDA. + +ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA.--An indigenous shrub of low growth, with +lanceolate shining leaves, and pretty globose pinky-white flowers. Of +it there are two varieties. A. polifolia major and A. polifolia +angustifolia, both well worthy of culture for their neat habit and +pretty flowers. + +See CASSANDRA, CASSIOPE, LEUCOTHOE, OXYDENDRUM, PIERIS, and ZENOBIA. + + +ARALIA. + +ARALIA MANDSHURICA (_syn Dimorphanthus mandschuricus_).--Manchuria, +1866. There is not much beauty about this Chinese tree, for it is but +a big spiny stake, with no branches, and a tuft of palm-like foliage +at the top. The flowers, however, are both large and conspicuous, and +impart to the tree an interesting and novel appearance. They are +individually small, of a creamy-white colour, and produced in long, +umbellate racemes, and which when fully developed, from their weight +and terminal position, are tilted gracefully to one side. Usually the +stem is spiny, with Horse Chestnut-like bark, while the terminal bud, +from its large size, as if all the energy of the plant was +concentrated in the tip, imparts a curious and somewhat ungainly +appearance to the tree. From its curious tropical appearance this +species is well worthy of a place in the shrubbery. It is unmindful of +soil, if that is of at all fair quality, and may be said to be +perfectly hardy over the greater part of the country. + +A. SPINOSA.--Angelica Tree. Virginia, 1688. Amongst autumn-flowering +shrubs this takes a high place, for in mild seasons it blooms well +into October. It grows about 12 feet high, with large tri-pinnate +leaves, composed of numerous serrulate leaflets. The individual +flowers are small and whitish, but being borne in large branched +panicles have a very imposing appearance. It is of free growth, and +produces suckers abundantly. + +See also FATSIA. + + +ARBUTUS. + +ARBUTUS ANDRACHNE.--Levant, 1724. This Mediterranean species is of +stout growth, with narrow Laurel-like leaves, reddish deciduous bark, +and greenish-white flowers that are produced freely in May. A hybrid +form, said to have originated between this species and A. Unedo, +partakes in part of the nature of both shrubs, but the flowers are +larger than those of A. Unedo. + +A. MENZIESII (_syn A. procera_).--Tall Strawberry Tree. North-west +America, 1827. This is hardy in many parts of these islands, +particularly maritime districts, and is worthy of culture if only for +the large racemose panicles of deliciously-scented white flowers, and +peculiar metallic-green leaves. The fruit is orange-red, and only +about half the size of those of our commonly cultivated species. + +A. UNEDO.--Strawberry Tree. Ireland. This is a beautiful evergreen +shrub or small-growing tree, sometimes fully 20 feet high, with +ovate-lanceolate leaves, and clusters of pure white or yellowish-tinged +flowers appearing in September and October. The bright scarlet fruit, +about the size of and resembling a Strawberry, is highly ornamental, +and when borne in quantity imparts to the plant an unusual and very +attractive appearance. Generally speaking, the Arbutus is hardy, +although in inland situations it is sometimes killed to the ground in +severe winters, but, springing freely from the root, the plant soon +becomes re-established. In a young state it suffers too, but after +becoming established and a few feet high, the chances of injury are +greatly minimised. Three well-marked varieties are A. Unedo coccinea +and A. Unedo rubra, bearing scarlet and deep-red flowers, and A. Unedo +microphylla, with much smaller leaves than those of the parent plant. + +A. UNEDO CROOMEI differs considerably from the former, in having +larger foliage, larger clusters of reddish-pink flowers, and the bark +of the young shoots of an enticing ruddy, or rather brownish-red +colour. It is a very desirable and highly ornamental plant, and one +that is well worthy of extended culture. + +There are several others, to wit A. photiniaefolia, A. Rollissoni, A. +Millerii, with large leaves, and pretty pink flowers, and A. +serratifolia, having deeply serrated leaves. Deep, light loam, if on +chalk all the better, and a fairly warm and sheltered situation, would +seem to suit the Arbutus best. + + +ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. + +ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI.--Bearberry. Britain. A neat shrub of trailing +habit, and with flowers resembling those of the Arbutus, but much +smaller. The leaves are entire, dark green in colour, and about an +inch long, and obovate or oblong in shape. Fruit globular, of a bright +red, smooth and shining. This is a native shrub, being found in +Scotland, northern England and Ireland. + +A. ALPINA.--Black Bearberry. Scotland. This is confined to the +northern Highlands of Scotland, is of smaller growth, with toothed +deciduous leaves, and small drooping flowers of two or three together. + + +ARISTOLOCHIA. + +ARISTOLOCHIA SIPHO.--Dutchman's Pipe. North America, 1763. A +large-growing, deciduous climbing shrub, remarkable for its ample +foliage, and curiously formed yellow and purple streaked flowers. A +native of North America, it is perfectly hardy in this country, and +makes an excellent wall plant where plenty of space can be afforded +for the rambling branches. What a pity it is that so ornamental a +climber, whose big, dark-green leaves overlap each other as if +intended for keeping a house cool in warm weather, is not more +generally planted. It does well and grows fast in almost any soil. + + +ASIMINA. + +ASIMINA TRILOBA.--Virginian Papaw. Pennsylvania, 1736. This is a +curious and uncommon shrub that one rarely sees outside the walls of a +botanic garden. The flowers are dark purple or chocolate brown, fully +2 inches across, and succeeded by a yellow, oblong, pulpy fruit, that +is relished by the natives, and from which the name of North American +Custard Apple has been derived. In this country it is quite at home, +growing around London to quite 12 feet in height, but it wants a warm, +dry soil, and sunny sheltered situation. As a wall plant it does well. + + +AZARA. + +AZARA MICROPHYLLA.--Chili, 1873. This is the only recognised hardy +species, and probably the best from an ornamental point of view. In +mild seaside districts it may succeed as a standard in the open +ground, but generally it is cultivated as a wall plant, and for which +it is peculiarly suitable. The small dark green, glossy leaves are +thickly arranged on the nearly horizontal branches, while the flowers, +if they lack in point of showiness, are deliciously fragrant and +plentifully produced. For wall-covering, especially in an eastern +aspect, it is one of the neatest of shrubs. + +Other species in cultivation are A. serrata, A. lanceolata, and A. +integrifolia, but for general planting, and unless under the most +favoured conditions, they are not to be recommended. The Azaras are by +no means particular about the quality of soil in which they are +planted, and succeed well even in stiffish loam, bordering on clay. + + +BACCHARIS. + +BACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA.--Groundsel Tree or Sea Purslane. North America. +For seaside planting this is an invaluable shrub, as it succeeds well +down even to high water mark, and where it is almost lashed by the +salt spray. The flowers are not very ornamental, resembling somewhat +those of the Groundsel, but white with a tint of purple. Leaves +obovate in shape, notched, and thickly covered with a whitish powder, +which imparts to them a pleasing glaucous hue. Any light soil that is +tolerably dry suits well the wants of this shrub, but it is always +seen in best condition by the seaside. Under favourable conditions it +attains to a height of 12 feet, with a branch spread nearly as much in +diameter. A native of the North American coast from Maryland to +Florida. + +B. PATAGONICA.--Megallan. This is a very distinct and quite hardy +species, with small deep green leaves and white flowers. It succeeds +under the same conditions as the latter. + + +BERBERIDOPSIS. + +BERBERIDOPSIS CORALLINA.--Coral Barberry. Chili, 1862. This handsome +evergreen, half-climbing shrub is certainly not so well known as its +merits entitle it to be. Unfortunately it is not hardy in every part +of the country, though in the southern and western English counties, +but especially within the influence of the sea, it succeeds well as +a wall plant, and charms us with its globular, waxy, crimson or +coral-red flowers. The spiny-toothed leaves approach very near those +of some of the Barberries, and with which the plant is nearly allied. +It seems to do best in a partially shady situation, and in rich light +loam. + + +BERBERIS. + +BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM (_syn Mahonia Aquifolium_).--Holly-leaved +Barberry. North America, 1823. This justly ranks as one of the +handsomest, most useful, and easily-cultivated of all hardy shrubs. +It will grow almost any where, and in any class of soil, though +preferring a fairly rich loam. Growing under favourable conditions to +a height of 6 feet, this North American shrub forms a dense mass of +almost impenetrable foliage. The leaves are large, dark shining green, +thickly beset with spines, while the deliciously-scented yellow +flowers, which are produced at each branch tip, render the plant +particularly attractive in spring. It is still further valuable both +on account of the rich autumnal tint of the foliage, and pretty plum +colour of the plentifully produced fruit. + +B. AQUIFOLIUM REPENS (_syn Mahonia repens_).--Creeping Barberry. This +is of altogether smaller growth than the preceding, but otherwise they +seem nearly allied. From its dense, dwarf growth, rising as it rarely +does more than a foot from the ground, and neat foliage, this Barberry +is particularly suitable for edging beds, or forming a low evergreen +covering for rocky ground or mounds. + +B. ARISTATA, a native of Nepaul, is a vigorous-growing species, +resembling somewhat our native plant, with deeply serrated leaves, +brightly tinted bark, and yellow flowers. It is of erect habit, +branchy, and in winter is rendered very conspicuous by reason of the +bright reddish colour of the leafless branches. + +B. BEALEI (_syn Mahonia Bealli_).--Japan. This species is one of the +first to appear in bloom, often by the end of January the plant being +thickly studded with flowers. It is a handsome shrub, of erect habit, +the leaves of a yellowish-green tint, and furnished with long, spiny +teeth. The clusters of racemes of deliciously fragrant yellow flowers +are of particular value, being produced so early in the season. + +B. BUXIFOLIA (_syn B. dulcis_ and _B. microphylla_).--Straits of +Magellan, 1827. A neat and erect-growing shrub of somewhat stiff and +upright habit, and bearing tiny yellow flowers. This is a good +rockwork plant, and being of neat habit, with small purplish leaves, +is well worthy of cultivation. + +B. CONGESTIFLORA, from Chili, is not yet well-known, but promises to +become a general favourite with lovers of hardy shrubs. It is of +unusual appearance for a Barberry, with long, decumbent branches, +which are thickly covered with masses of orange-yellow flowers. The +branch-tips, being almost leafless and smothered with flowers, impart +to the plant a striking, but distinctly ornamental appearance. + +B. DARWINII.--Chili, 1849. This is, perhaps, the best known and most +ornamental of the family. It forms a dense bush, sometimes 10 feet +high, with dark glossy leaves, and dense racemes of orange-yellow +flowers, produced in April and May, and often again in the autumn. + +B. EMPETRIFOLIA.--Straits of Magellan, 1827. This is a neat-habited +and dwarf evergreen species, that even under the best cultivation +rarely exceeds 2 feet in height. It is one of the hardiest species, +and bears, though rather sparsely, terminal golden-yellow flowers, +which are frequently produced both in spring and autumn. For its +compact growth and neat foliage it is alone worthy of culture. + +B. FORTUNEI (_syn Mahonia Fortunei_).--China, 1846. This is rather a +rare species in cultivation, with finely toothed leaves, composed of +about seven leaflets, and bearing in abundance clustered racemes of +individually small yellow flowers. A native of China, and requiring a +warm, sunny spot to do it justice. + +B. GRACILIS (_syn Mahonia gracilis_).--Mexico. A pretty, half-hardy +species, growing about 6 feet high, with slender branches, and +shining-green leaves with bright red stalks. Flowers small, in 3-inch +long racemes, deep yellow with bright red pedicels. Fruit globular, +deep purple. + +B. ILICIFOLIA (_syn B. Neumanii_).--South America, 1791. This is +another handsome evergreen species from South America, and requires +protection in this country. The thick, glossy-green leaves, beset with +spines, and large orange-red flowers, combine to make this species one +of great interest and beauty. + +B. JAPONICA (_syn Mahonia japonica_).--Japan. This is not a very +satisfactory shrub in these isles, although in warm seaside districts, +and when planted in rich loam, on a gravelly subsoil, it forms a +handsome plant with noble foliage, and deliciously fragrant yellow +flowers. + +B. NEPALENSIS (_syn Mahonia nepalensis_).--Nepaul Barberry. This is a +noble Himalayan species that one rarely sees in good condition in this +country, unless when protected by glass. The long, chalky-white stems, +often rising to 8 feet in height, are surmounted by dense clusters of +lemon-yellow flowers. Planted outdoors, this handsome and partly +evergreen Barberry must have the protection of a wall. + +B. NERVOSA (_syn Mahonia glumacea_).--North America, 1804. This, with +its terminal clusters of reddish-yellow flowers produced in spring, is +a highly attractive North-west American species. It is of neat and +compact growth, perfectly hardy, but as yet it is rare in cultivation. +The autumnal leafage-tint is very attractive. + +B. PINNATA (_syn Mahonia facicularis_).--A native of Mexico, this +species is of stout growth, with long leaves, that are thickly +furnished with sharp spines. The yellow flowers are produced +abundantly, and being in large bunches render the plant very +conspicuous. It is, unfortunately, not very hardy, and requires wall +protection to do it justice. + +B. SINENSIS.--China, 1815. This is a really handsome and distinct +species, with twiggy, deciduous branches, from the undersides of the +arching shoots of which the flowers hang in great profusion. They are +greenish-yellow inside, but of a dark brownish-crimson without, while +the leaves are small and round, and die off crimson in autumn. + +B. STENOPHYLLA, a hybrid between B. Darwinii and B. empetrifolia, is +one of the handsomest forms in cultivation, the wealth of +golden-yellow flowers being remarkable, as is also the dark purple +berries. It is very hardy, and of the freest growth. + +B. TRIFOLIOLATA (_syn Mahonia trifoliolata_).--Mexico, 1839. This is a +very distinct and beautiful Mexican species that will only succeed +around London as a wall plant. It grows about a yard high, with leaves +fully 3 inches long, having three terminal sessile leaflets, and +slender leaf stalks often 2 inches long. The ternate leaflets are of a +glaucous blue colour, marbled with dull green, and very delicately +veined. Flowers small, bright yellow, and produced in few-flowered +axillary racemes on short peduncles. The berries are small, globular, +and light red. + +B. TRIFURCA (_syn Mahonia trifurca_).--China, 1852. This is a shrub of +neat low growth, but it does not appear to be at all plentiful. + +B. VULGARIS.--Common Barberry. This is a native species, with oblong +leaves, and terminal, drooping racemes of yellow flowers. It is +chiefly valued for the great wealth of orange-scarlet fruit. There are +two very distinct forms, one bearing silvery and the other black +fruit, and named respectively B. vulgaris fructo-albo and B. vulgaris +fructo-nigro. + +B. WALLICHIANA (_syn B. Hookeri_).--Nepaul, 1820. This is exceedingly +ornamental, whether as regards the foliage, flowers, or fruit. It is +of dense, bushy growth, with large, dark green spiny leaves, and an +abundance of clusters of clear yellow flowers. The berries are deep +violet-purple, and fully half-an-inch long. Being perfectly hardy and +of free growth it is well suited for extensive planting. + + +BERCHEMIA. + +BERCHEMIA VOLUBILIS.--Climbing Berchemia. Carolina, 1714. A rarely +seen, deciduous climber, bearing rather inconspicuous greenish-yellow +flowers, succeeded by attractive, violet-tinted berries. The foliage +is neat and pretty, the individual leaves being ovate in shape and +slightly undulated or wavy. It is a twining shrub that in this +country, even under favourable circumstances, one rarely sees +ascending to a greater height than about 12 feet. Sandy peat and a +shady site suits it best, and so placed it will soon cover a +low-growing tree or bush much in the way that our common Honeysuckle +does. It is propagated from layers or cuttings. + + +BIGNONIA. + +BIGNONIA CAPREOLATA--Virginia and other parts of America, 1710. This +is not so hardy as to be depended upon throughout the country +generally, though in the milder parts of England and Ireland it +succeeds well as a wall plant. It is a handsome climbing shrub, with +long, heart-shaped leaves, usually terminating in branched tendrils, +and large orange flowers produced singly. + + +BILLARDIERA. + +BILLARDIERA LONGIFLORA.--Blue Apple Berry. Van Diemen's Land, 1810. If +only for its rich, blue berries, as large as those of a cherry, this +otherwise elegant climbing shrub is well worthy of a far greater share +of attention than it has yet received, for it must be admitted that it +is far from common. The greenish bell-shaped blossoms produced in May +are, perhaps, not very attractive, but this is more than compensated +for by the highly ornamental fruit, which renders the plant an object +of great beauty about mid-September. Leaves small and narrow, on +slender, twining stems, that clothe well the lower half of a garden +wall in some sunny favoured spot. Cuttings root freely if inserted in +sharp sand and placed in slight heat, while seeds germinate quickly. + + +BRYANTHUS. + +BRYANTHUS ERECTUS.--Siberia. This is a pretty little Ericaceous plant, +nearly allied to Menziesia, and with a plentiful supply of dark-green +leaves. The flowers, which are borne in crowded clusters at the points +of the shoots, are bell-shaped, and of a pleasing reddish-lilac colour. +It wants a cool, moist peaty soil, and is perfectly hardy. When in a +flowering stage the Bryanthus is one of the brightest occupants of the +peat bed, and is a very suitable companion for such dwarf plants as + the Heaths, Menziesias, and smaller growing Kalmias. + +B. EMPETRIFORMIS (_syn Menziesia empetrifolia_).--North America, 1829. +This is a compact, neat species, and well suited for alpine gardening. +The flowers are rosy-purple, and produced abundantly. + + +BUDDLEIA. + +BUDDLEIA GLOBOSA.--Orange Ball Tree. Chili, 1774. A shrubby species, +ranging in height from 12 feet to 20 feet, and the only one at all +common in gardens. Favoured spots in Southern England would seem to +suit the plant fairly well, but to see it at its best one must visit +some of the maritime gardens of North Wales, where it grows stout and +strong, and flowers with amazing luxuriance. Where it thrives it must +be ranked amongst the most beautiful of wall plants, for few, indeed, +are the standard specimens that are to be met with, the protection +afforded by a wall being almost a necessity in its cultivation. The +leaves are linear-lanceolate, and covered with a dense silvery +tomentum on the under side, somewhat rugose above, and partially +deciduous. Flowers in small globular heads, bright orange or yellow, +and being plentifully produced are very showy in early summer. It +succeeds well in rich moist loam on gravel. + +B. LINDLEYANA.--China, 1844. This has purplish-red flowers and angular +twigs, but it cannot be relied upon unless in very sheltered and mild +parts of the country. + +B. PANICULATA (_syn B. crispa_).--Nepaul, 1823. This may at once be +distinguished by its curly, woolly leaves, and fragrant lilac flowers. +It is a desirable species, but suffers from our climate. + + +BUPLEURUM. + +BUPLEURUM FRUTICOSUM.--Hare's Ear. South Europe, 1596. A small-growing, +branching shrub, with obovate-lanceolate leaves, and compound umbels +of yellowish flowers. It is more curious than beautiful. + + +CAESALPINIA. + +CAESALPINIA SEPIARIA (_syn C. japonica_).--India, 1857. This is as yet +a comparatively little known shrub, but one that from its beauty and +hardihood is sure to become a general favourite. Planted out in a +light, sandy, peaty soil, and where fully exposed, this shrub has done +well, and proved itself a suitable subject for the climate of England +at least. The hard prickles with which both stem and branches are +provided renders the shrub of rather formidable appearance, while the +leaves are of a peculiarly pleasing soft-green tint. For the flowers, +too, it is well worthy of attention, the pinky anthers contrasting so +markedly with the deep yellow of the other portions of the flower. +They are arranged in long racemes, and show well above the foliage. + + +CALLUNA. + +CALLUNA VULGARIS (_syn Erica vulgaris_).--Common Ling on Heather. This +is the commonest native species, with purplish-pink flowers on small +pedicels. There are many very distinct and beautiful-flowering forms, +the following being some of the best: C. vulgaris alba, white-flowered; +C. vulgaris Hammondi, C. vulgaris minor, and C. vulgaris pilosa, all +white-flowered forms; C. vulgaris Alportii, and C. vulgaris Alportii +variegata, the former bearing rich crimson flowers, and the latter with +distinctly variegated foliage; C. vulgaris argentea, and C. vulgaris +aurea, with silvery-variegated and golden foliage; C. vulgaris +flore-pleno, a most beautiful and free-growing variety, with double +flowers; C. vulgaris Foxii, a dwarf plant that does not flower freely; +and C. vulgaris pumila, and C. vulgaris dumosa, which are of small +cushion-like growth. + + +CALOPHACA. + +CALOPHACA WOLGARICA.--Siberia, 1786. This member of the Pea family is +of dwarf, branching growth, thickly clothed with glandular hairs, and +bears yellow flowers, succeeded by reddish-purple pods. It is of no +special importance as an ornamental shrub, and is most frequently seen +grafted on the Laburnum, though its natural easy habit of growth is far +preferable. Hailing from Siberia, it may be considered as fairly hardy +at least. + + +CALYCANTHUS. + +CALYCANTHUS FLORIDUS.--Carolina Allspice. Carolina, 1726. If only +for the purplish-red, pleasantly-scented flowers, this North American +shrub is worthy of extensive culture. The hardiness, accommodating +nature, and delicious perfume of its brightly-coloured flowers render +this shrub one of the choicest subjects for the shrubbery or edges +of the woodland path. It is of easy though compact growth, reaching +in favourable situations a height of 12 feet, and with ovate leaves +that are slightly pubescent. Growing best in good fairly moist loam, +where partial shade is afforded, the sides of woodland drives and +paths will suit this Allspice well; but it wants plenty of room for +branch-development. There are several nursery forms of this shrub, +such as C. floridus glaucus, C. floridus asplenifolia, and C. floridus +nanus, all probably distinct enough, but of no superior ornamental +value to the parent plant. + +C. OCCIDENTALIS.--Californian or Western Allspice. California, 1831. +This is larger in all its parts than the former, and for decorative +purposes is even preferable to that species. The flowers are dark +crimson, and nearly twice as large as those of C. floridus, but rather +more sparsely produced. This is a very distinct and desirable species, +and one that can be recommended for lawn and park planting, but, like +the former, it delights to grow in a rather moist and shady situation. + + +CARAGANA. + +CARAGANA ARBORESCENS.--Siberian Pea Tree. Siberia, 1752. On account +of its great hardihood, this is a very desirable garden shrub or +small-growing tree. The bright-yellow, pea-shaped flowers are very +attractive, while the deep-green, pinnate foliage imparts to the tree a +somewhat unusual but taking appearance. Soil would not seem to be of +much moment in the cultivation of this, as, indeed, the other species +of Caragana, for it thrives well either on dry, sunny banks, where the +soil is light and thin, or in good stiff, yellow loam. + +C. FRUTESCENS.--Siberia, 1852. Flowers in May, and is of partially +upright habit; while C. Chamlagii, from China, has greenish-yellow +flowers, faintly tinted with pinky-purple. + +C. MICROPHYLLA (_syn C. Altagana_), also from Siberia, is smaller of +growth than the foregoing, but the flowers are individually larger. It +is readily distinguished by the more numerous and hairy leaflets and +thorny nature. + +C. SPINOSA.--Siberia, 1775. This, as the name indicates, is of spiny +growth, and is a beautiful and distinct member of the family. They are +all hardy, and readily propagated from seed. + + +CARDIANDRA. + +CARDIANDRA ALTERNIFOLIA.--Japan, 1866. With its neat habit, and pretty +purple-and-white, plentifully-produced flowers, this is worthy of the +small amount of care and coddling required to insure its growth in this +country. Hailing from Japan, it cannot be reckoned as very hardy, but +treated as a wall plant this pretty evergreen does well and flowers +freely. It can, however, be said that it is equally hardy with some +of the finer kinds of Hydrangea, to which genus it is nearly allied. + + +CARPENTERIA. + +CARPENTERIA CALIFORNICA.--Sierra Nevada, California, 1880. This is +undoubtedly one of the most distinct and beautiful of hardy shrubs. +That it is perfectly hardy in England and Ireland recently-conducted +experiments conclusively prove, as plants have stood unprotected +through the past unusually severe winters with which this country has +been visited. When in full bloom the pure-white flowers, resembling +those of the Japanese Anemone, render it of great beauty, while the +light gray leaves are of themselves sufficient to make the shrub one of +particular attraction. The Carpenteria is nearly related to the Mock +Orange (Philadelphus), grows about 10 feet in height, with lithe and +slender branches, and light gray leaves. The flowers, which are pure +white with a bunch of yellow stamens, and sweet-scented, are produced +usually in fives at the branch-tips, and contrast markedly with the +long and light green foliage. It grows and flowers with freedom almost +anywhere, but is all the better for wall protection. From cuttings or +suckers it is readily increased. + + +CARYOPTERIS. + +CARYOPTERIS MASTACANTHUS.--China and Japan, 1844. This is a neat-growing +Chinese shrub, and of value for its pretty flowers that are produced +late in the autumn. It must be ranked as fairly hardy, having stood +through the winters of Southern England unprotected; but it is just as +well to give so choice a shrub the slight protection afforded by a +wall. The leaves are neat, thickly-arranged, and hoary, while the whole +plant is twiggy and of strict though by no means formal growth. Flowers +lavender-blue, borne at the tips of the shoots, and appearing in +succession for a considerable length of time. Light, sandy peat would +seem to suit it well, at least in such it grows and flowers freely. + + +CASSANDRA. + +CASSANDRA CALYCULATA (_syn Andromeda calyculata_).--North America, +1748. This is a handsome species from the Virginian swamps, but one +that is rarely seen in a very satisfactory condition in this country. +It grows about 18 inches high, with lanceolate dull-green leaves, and +pretty pinky-white flowers, individually large and produced abundantly. +For the banks of a pond or lake it is a capital shrub and very +effective, particularly if massed in groups of from a dozen to twenty +plants in each. There are several nursery forms, of which A. calyculata +minor is the best and most distinct. + + +CASSINIA. + +CASSINIA FULVIDA (_syn Diplopappus chrysophyllus_).--New Zealand. This +is a neat-growing and beautiful shrub, the rich yellow stems and under +sides of the leaves imparting quite a tint of gold to the whole plant. +The flowers are individually small, but the whole head, which is +creamy-white, is very effective, and contrasts strangely with the +golden sheen of this beautiful shrub. It is inclined to be of rather +upright growth, is stout and bushy, and is readily increased from +cuttings planted in sandy soil in the open border. Probably in the +colder parts of the country this charming shrub might not prove +perfectly hardy, but all over England and Ireland it seems to be quite +at home. The flowers are produced for several months of the year, but +are at their best about mid-November, thus rendering the shrub of still +further value. It grows freely in sandy peaty soil of a light nature. + + +CASSIOPE. + +CASSIOPE FASTIGIATA (_syn Andromeda fastigiata_) and C. TETRAGONA (_syn +Andromeda tetragona_) are small-growing species, only suitable for rock +gardening--the former of neat upright habit, with large pinky-white +bells all along the stems; and the latter of bushy growth, with square +stems and small white flowers. + + +CASTANEA. + +CASTANEA SATIVA (_syn C. vesca_ and _C. vulgaris_).--Sweet Spanish +Chestnut. Asia Minor. Few persons who have seen this tree as an +isolated specimen and when in full flower would feel inclined to +exclude it from our list. The long, cylindrical catkins, of a +yellowish-green colour, are usually borne in such abundance that the +tree is, during the month of June, one of particular interest and +beauty. So common a tree needs no description, but it may be well to +mention that there are several worthy varieties, and which flower +almost equally well with the parent tree. + + +CATALPA. + +CATALPA BIGNONIOIDES.--Indian Bean. North America, 1798. When in +full bloom this is a remarkable and highly ornamental tree, the +curiously-marked flowers and unusually large, bronzy-tinted foliage +being distinct from those of almost any other in cultivation. That it +is not, perhaps, perfectly hardy in every part of the country is to be +regretted, but the numerous fine old specimens that are to be met with +all over the country point out that there need be little to fear when +assigning this pretty and uncommon tree a position in our parks and +gardens. The flowers, produced in spikes at the branch-tips, are white, +tinged with violet and speckled with purple and yellow in the throat. +Individually the flowers are of large size and very ornamental, and, +being produced freely, give the tree a bright and pleasing appearance +when at their best. Usually the tree attains to a height of 30 feet in +this country, with rather crooked and ungainly branches, and large +heart-shaped leaves that are downy beneath. It flourishes well on any +free soil, and is an excellent smoke-resisting tree. C. bignonioides +aurea is a decided variety, that differs mainly in the leaves being of +a desirable golden tint. + +C. BUNGEI and C. KAEMPFERI, natives of China and Japan, are hardly +to be relied upon, being of tender growth, and, unless in the most +favoured situations, suffer from our severe winters. They resemble our +commonly cultivated tree. + +C. SPECIOSA.--United States, 1879. The Western Catalpa is more erect +and taller of growth than C. bignonioides. The flowers too are larger, +and of purer white, and with the throat markings of purple and yellow +more distinct and not inclined to run into each other. Leaves large, +heart-shaped, tapering to a point, of a light pleasing green and soft +to the touch. It flowers earlier, and is more hardy than the former. + + +CEANOTHUS. + +CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS.--New Jersey Tea. North America, 1713. A shrub of +4 feet in height, with deep green serrated leaves, that are 2 inches +long and pubescent on the under sides. Flowers white, in axillary +panicles, and produced in great abundance. This is one of the hardiest +species, but succeeds best when afforded wall protection. + +C. AZUREUS.--Mexico, 1818. This species, though not hardy enough for +every situation, is yet sufficiently so to stand unharmed as a wall +plant. It grows from 10 feet to 12 feet high, with deep-green leaves +that are hoary on the under sides. The flowers, which are borne in +large, axillary panicles, are bright blue, and produced in June and the +following months. In a light, dry soil and sunny position this shrub +does well as a wall plant, for which purpose it is one of the most +ornamental. There are several good nursery forms, of which the following +are amongst the best:--C. azureus Albert Pettitt, C. azureus albidus, +C. azureus Arnddii, one of the best, C. azureus Gloire de Versailles, +and C. azureus Marie Simon. + +C. CUNEATUS (_syn C. verrucosus_).--California, 1848. This is another +half-hardy species that requires wall protection, which may also be +said of C. Veitchianus, one of the most beautiful of the family, with +dense clusters of rich blue flowers and a neat habit of growth. + +C. DENTATUS.--California, 1848. With deeply-toothed, shining-green +leaves, and deep blue, abundantly-produced flowers, this is a +well-known wall plant that succeeds in many parts of the country, +particularly within the influence of the sea. It commences flowering in +May, and frequently continues until frosts set in. It is a very +desirable species, that in favoured situations will grow to fully 10 +feet high, and with a spread laterally of nearly the same dimensions. + +C. PAPILLOSUS.--California, 1848. This is a straggling bush, with +small, blunt leaves, and panicles of pale blue flowers on long +footstalks. A native of California and requiring wall protection. + +C. RIGIDUS.--Another Californian species, is of upright, stiff growth, +a sub-evergreen, with deep purple flowers produced in April and May. + +There are other less hardy kinds, including C. floribundus, C. +integerrimus, C. velutinus, and C. divaricatus. + + +CEDRELA. + +CEDRELA SINENSIS (_syn Ailanthus flavescens_).--China, 1875. This is a +fast growing tree, closely resembling the Ailanthus, and evidently +quite as hardy. It has a great advantage over that tree, in that the +flowers have an agreeable odour, those of the Ailanthus being somewhat +sickly and unpleasant. The flowers are individually small, but arranged +in immense hanging bunches like those of Koelreuteria paniculata, and +being pleasantly scented are rendered still the more valuable. The +whole plant has a yellow hue, and the roots have a peculiar reddish +colour, and very unlike those of the Ailanthus, which are white. + + +CELASTRUS. + +CELASTRUS SCANDENS.--Climbing Waxwork, or Bitter Sweet. North America, +1736. When planted in rich, moist soil, this soon forms an attractive +mass of twisting and twining growths, with distinct glossy foliage +in summer and brilliant scarlet fruit in autumn. The flowers are +inconspicuous, the chief beauty of the shrub being the show of fruit, +which resembles somewhat those of the Spindle Tree (Euonymus), and to +which it is nearly allied. A native of North America, it grows from 12 +feet to 15 feet high, and is useful in this country for covering arches +or tree stems, or for allowing to run about at will on a mound of earth +or on rockwork. + + +CELTIS. + +CELTIS AUSTRALIS.--South Europe, 1796. This species is much like C. +occidentalis, with black edible fruit. It is not of so tall growth as +the American species. + +C. OCCIDENTALIS.--Nettle tree. North America, 1656. In general +appearance this tree resembles the Elm, to which family it belongs. It +has reticulated, cordate-ovate, serrated leaves, with small greenish +flowers on slender stalks, and succeeded by blackish-purple fruit about +the size of a pea. A not very ornamental tree, at least so far as +flowers are concerned, but valuable for lawn planting. It varies very +much in the size and shape of the leaves. + + +CERCIS. + +CERCIS CANADENSIS.--North America, 1730. This species resembles C. +Siliquastrum, but is of much smaller growth, and bears paler flowers; +while C. CHINENSIS, which is not hardy, has large, rosy-pink flowers. + +C. SILIQUASTRUM.--Judas Tree. South Europe, 1596. A small-growing tree +of some 15 feet in height, and with usually a rather ungainly and +crooked mode of growth. It is, however, one of our choicest subjects +for ornamental planting, the handsome reniform leaves and rosy-purple +flowers produced along the branches and before the leaves appear +rendering it a great favourite with planters. There are three distinct +forms of this shrub--the first, C. Siliquastrum alba, having pure white +flowers; C. Siliquastrum carnea, with beautiful deep pink flowers; and +C. Siliquastrum variegata, with neatly variegated foliage, though +rather inconstant of character. Natives of South Europe, and amongst +the oldest trees of our gardens. + +They all succeed best when planted in rather damp loam, and do not +object to partial shade, the common species growing well even beneath +the drip of large standard trees. + + +CHIMONANTHUS. + +CHIMONANTHUS FRAGRANS.--Winter Flower. Japan, 1766. This Japanese shrub +is certainly one of the most remarkable that could be brought under +notice, the deliciously fragrant flowers being produced in abundance +during the winter months, and while the plant is yet leafless. Being of +slender growth, it is best suited for planting against a wall, the +protection thus afforded being just what is wanted for the perfect +development of the pretty flowers. C. fragrans grandiflora has larger +and less fragrant flowers than the species, and is more common in +cultivation. + + +CHIONANTHUS. + +CHIONANTHUS RETUSA.--China, 1852. This is not a very hardy species, +and, being less ornamental than the American form, is not to be +recommended for general planting. + +C. VIRGINICA.--Fringe Tree. North America, 1736. A very ornamental, +small-growing tree, with large deciduous leaves and pendent clusters of +pure white flowers with long fringe-like petals, and from which the +popular name has arisen. It is a charming tree, or rather shrub, in +this country, for one rarely sees it more than 10 feet high, and one +that, to do it justice, must have a cool and rather damp soil and a +somewhat shady situation. + + +CHOISYA. + +CHOISYA TERNATA.--Mexican Orange Flower. Mexico, 1825. A beautiful and +distinct shrub that succeeds well in the south and west of England. The +evergreen leaves are always fresh and beautiful, and of a dark shining +green, while the sweetly-fragrant flowers are produced freely on the +apices of last year's wood. They have a singular resemblance to those +of the orange, and on the Continent are commonly grown as a substitute +for that popular flower. The plant succeeds well in any light, rich +soil, and soon grows into a goodly-sized shrub of 4 feet or 5 feet in +height. As a wall plant it succeeds well, but in warm, maritime +situations it may be planted as a standard without fear of harm. +Cuttings root freely if placed in slight heat. + + +CISTUS. + +CISTUS CRISPUS.--Portugal, 1656. This is a distinct species, with +curled leaves, and large reddish-purple flowers. It is a valuable +ornamental shrub, but, like the others, suffers from the effects of +frost. + +C. LADANIFERUS.--Gum Cistus. Spain, 1629. A pretty but rather tender +shrub, growing in favourable situations to about 4 feet in height. It +has lanceolate leaves that are glutinous above, and thickly covered +with a whitish tomentum on the under sides, and large and showy vhite +flowers with a conspicuous purple blotch at the base of each petal. +Unless in southern and western England, but particularly on the +sea-coast, this handsome Portuguese shrub is not to be depended on, in +so far as hardihood is concerned. + +C. LAURIFOLIUS.--Laurel-leaved Cistus. Spain, 1731. This is the +hardiest species in cultivation, but, like the latter, is favourable to +the milder parts of these islands, and especially maritime districts. +Frequently it rises to 7 feet in height, and is then an object of great +beauty, the large yellowish-white flowers showing well above the deep +green Laurel-like leaves. + +C. MONSPELIENSIS (South of Europe, 1656), and its variety C. +monspeliensis florentinus, the former with white, and the latter with +white and yellow flowers, are fairly hardy in the milder parts of +Britain, but cannot be recommended for general planting. + +C. PURPUREUS.--Purple-flowered Cistas. In this species, which may rank +next to the latter in point of hardihood, the flowers are of a deep +reddish-purple, and with a darker blotch at the base of each petal. + +C. SALVIFOLIUS is of loose and rather untidy growth, with rugose leaves +and white flowers. It is very variable in character, and the form +generally cultivated grows about 4 feet high, and has ovate-lanceolate, +almost glabrous leaves. + +Other species that are occasionally to be found in collections are C. +creticus, with yellow and purple flowers; C. hirsutus, white with +yellow blotches at the base of the petals; and C. Clusii, with very +large pure-white flowers. All the species of Gum Cistus, or Rock Rose +as they are very appropriately named, will be found to succeed best +when planted in exalted positions, and among light, though rich, strong +soil. They are easy of propagation. + + +CITRUS. + +CITRUS TRIFOLIATA.--Japan, 1869. This is a singular low-growing shrub, +with ternate leaves, spiny branches, and fragrant white flowers. It is +hardy in many English situations, but does not fruit freely, although +the orange-blossom-like flowers are produced very abundantly. A pretty +little glossy-leaved shrub that is well worthy of attention, +particularly where a cosy corner can be put aside for its cultivation. + + +CLADRASTIS. + +CLADRASTIS AMURENSIS.--Amoor Yellow Wood. Amur, 1880. This is a shrub +that is sure to be extensively cultivated when better known, and more +readily procured. It has stood uninjured for several years in various +parts of England, so that its hardihood may be taken for granted. The +pretty olive-green of the bark, and the greyish-green of the leathery +leaves, render the shrub one of interest even in a flowerless state. In +July and August the dense spikes of white, or rather yellowish-white +flowers are produced freely, and that, too, even before the shrub has +attained to a height of 2 feet. It is well worthy of extended culture. + +C. TINCTORIA (_syn C. lutea_ and _Virgilia lutea_).--Yellow Wood. North +America, 1812. This is a handsome deciduous tree that does well in many +parts of the country, and is valued for the rich profusion of white +flowers produced, and which are well set-off by the finely-cut pinnate +leaves. It is a valuable tree for park and lawn planting, requiring a +warm, dry soil, and sunny situation--conditions under which the wood +becomes well-ripened, and the flowers more freely produced. + + +CLEMATIS. + +CLEMATIS ALPINA (_syn Atragene alpina, A. austriaca_ and _A. +siberica_).--Europe and North America. This is a climbing species with +bi-ternately divided leaves, and large flowers with four blue sepals +and ten to twelve small flattened organs, which are usually termed +petals. + +C. CIRRHOSA.--Evergreen Virgin's Bower. Spain, 1596. An interesting, +early-flowering species. The flowers, which are greenish-white, are +produced in bunches and very effective. It is an evergreen species, of +comparative hardihood, and flowers well in sheltered situations. + +C. FLAMMULA.--Virgin's Bower. France, 1596. This old and well-known +plant is quite hardy in this country. The leaves are pinnate, and the +flowers white and fragrant. C. Flammula rubro-marginata is a worthy and +beautiful-leaved variety. + +C. FLORIDA.--Japan, 1776. This is a beautiful species, and an old +inhabitant of English gardens. Leaves composed of usually three +oval-shaped leaflets, and unusually bright of tint. The flowers are +very large, and pure white. It should be planted in a warm sheltered +corner against a wall. + +C. GRAVEOLENS.--This is a dwarf shrub, with neatly tripinnate leaves, +and solitary, strongly-scented yellow flowers of medium size. A native +of Chinese Tartary, and quite hardy. + +C. LANUGINOSA.--China, 1851. A handsome species, with large purple +leaves that are hairy on the under sides. Flowers pale blue or lilac, +very large, and composed of six or eight spreading sepals. C. +lanuginosa pallida has immense flowers, often fully half a foot in +diameter. Flowers in June. + +C. MONTANA.--Nepaul, 1831. This is valuable on account of its flowering +in May. It is a free-growing species, with trifoliolate leaves on long +footstalks, and large white flowers. C. montana grandiflora is a +beautiful variety, having large white flowers so abundantly produced as +to hide the foliage. It is quite hardy and of rampant growth. + +C. PATENS (_syns C. caerulea_ and _C. azurea grandiflora_).--Japan, +1836. This has large, pale-violet flowers, and is the parent of many +single and double flowered forms. The typical form is, however, very +deserving of cultivation, on account of the freedom with which it +blooms during June and July from the wood of the previous year. It is +perfectly hardy even in the far north. + +C. VIORNA.--Leather Flower. United States. This is a showy, +small-flowered species, the flowers being campanulate, greenish-white +within and purplish without. C. Viorna coccinea is not yet well known, +but is one of the prettiest of the small-flowered section. The flowers, +which are leathery as in the species, are of a beautiful vermilion on +the outside and yellow within. + +C. VITALBA.--Lady's Bower, or Old Man's Beard. A handsome native climbing +shrub, common in limestone or chalky districts, and unusually abundant +in the southern English counties. Clambering over some neglected fence, +often to nearly 20 feet in height, this vigorous-growing plant is seen +to best advantage, the three or five-lobed leaves and festoons of +greenish-white, fragrant flowers, succeeded by the curious and attractive +feathery carpels, render the plant one of the most distinct and desirable +of our native wildlings flowering in August. + +C. VITICELLA.--Spain, 1569. This is a well-known species of not too +rampant growth, and a native of Spain and Italy. The flowers vary a +good deal in colour, but in the typical plant they are reddish-purple +and produced throughout the summer. Crossed with C. lanuginosa, this +species has produced many ornamental and beautiful hybrids, one of the +finest and most popular being C. Jackmanii. + +C. WILLIAMSI (_syn C. Fortunei_).--Japan, 1863. The fragrant, white +flowers of this species are semi-double, and consist of about 100 +oblong-lanceolate sepals narrowed to the base. The leathery leaves are +trifoliolate with heart-shaped leaflets. It proves quite hardy, and has +several varieties. + +GARDEN VARIETIES.--As well as the above there are many beautiful garden +hybrids, some of which in point of floral colouring far outvie the +parent forms. Included in the following list are a few of the most +beautiful kinds:-- + +Alba Victor. +Alexandra. +Beauty of Worcester. +Belle of Woking. +Blue Gem. +Duchess of Edinburgh. +Edith Jackman. +Fairy Queen. +John Gould Veitch. +Lady Bovill. +Lord Beaconsfield. +Lucie Lemoine. +Madame Baron Veillard. +Miss Bateman. +Mrs. A. Jackman. +Othello. +Prince of Wales. +Rubella. +Star of India. +Stella. +Venus Victrix. +William Kennett. + + +CLERODENDRON. + +CLERODENDRON TRICHOTOMUM.--Japan, 1800. This is at once one of the most +beautiful and distinct of hardy shrubs. It is of stout, nearly erect +growth, 8 feet high, and nearly as much through, with large, +dark-green, ovate leaves, and deliciously fragrant white flowers, with +a purplish calyx, and which are at their best in September. Thriving +well in any light soil, being of vigorous constitution, and extremely +handsome of flower, are qualities which combine to render this shrub +one of particular importance in our gardens. + +C. FOETIDUM, a native of China, is only hardy in southern and seaside +situations, where it forms a bush 5 feet high, with heart-shaped leaves, +and large clusters of rosy-pink flowers. + + +CLETHRA. + +CLETHRA ACUMINATA.--Pointed-leaved Pepper Tree. Carolina, 1806. This is +not so hardy as C. alnifolia, hailing from the Southern States of North +America, but with a little protection is able to do battle with our +average English winter. It resembles C. alnifolia, except in the +leaves, which are sharp pointed, and like that species delights to grow +in damp positions. The flowers are white and drooping, and the growth +more robust than is that of C. alnifolia generally. For planting by the +pond or lake-side, the Pepper Trees are almost invaluable. + +C. ALNIFOLIA.--Alder-leaved Pepper Tree. North America, 1831. A rather +stiff-growing shrub of about 5 feet in height, with leaves resembling +those of our common Alder, and bearing towards the end of July spikes +of almost oppressively fragrant dull-white flowers at the tips of the +branches. It is a valuable shrub, not only in an ornamental way, but on +account of it thriving in damp, swampy ground, where few others could +exist, while at the same time it will succeed and flower freely in +almost any good garden soil. + + +COCCULUS. + +COCCULUS CAROLINUS.--This is a half hardy, twining shrub, of free +growth when planted by a tree stem in a sheltered wood, but with by no +means showy flowers; indeed, it may be described in few words as a +shrub of no great beauty nor value. + +C. LAURIFOLIUS, from the Himalayas and Japan, is even less hardy than +the above, although, used as a wall plant, it has survived for many +years in the south and west of England. The foliage of this species is +neat and ornamental, but liable to injury from cold easterly winds. + + +COLLETIA. + +COLLETIA CRUCIATA (_syn C. bictonensis_).--Chili, 1824. With flattened +woody branches, and sharp-pointed spines which take the place of +leaves, this is at once one of the most singular of hardy flowering +shrubs. It forms a stout dense bush about 4 feet high, and bears +quantities of small white flowers, which render the plant one of great +beauty during the summer months. + +C. SPINOSA.--Peru, 1823. This species grows fairly well in some parts +of England and Ireland, and is a curious shrub with awl-shaped leaves, +and, like the other members of the family, an abundant producer of +flowers. It thrives best as a wall plant, and when favourably situated +a height of 12 feet is sometimes attained. + + +COLUTEA. + +COLUTEA ARBORESCENS.--Bladder Senna. France, 1548. This is a common +plant in English gardens, bearing yellow Pea-shaped flowers, that are +succeeded by curious reddish bladder-like seed pods. It grows to 10 +feet or 12 feet in height, and is usually of lax and slender growth, +but perfectly hardy. + +C. CRUENTA (_syn C. orientalis_ and _C. sanguine_).--Oriental Bladder +Senna. Levant, 1710. This is a free-growing, round-headed, deciduous +bush, of from 6 feet to 8 feet high when fully grown. The leaves are +pinnate and glaucous, smooth, and bright green above, and downy +beneath. Flowers individually large, of a reddish-copper colour, with a +yellow spot at the base of the upper petal. The fruit is an inflated +boat-shaped reddish pod. The Bladder Sennas are of very free growth, +even in poor, sandy soil, and being highly ornamental, whether in +flower or fruit, are to be recommended for extensive cultivation. + + +CORIARIA. + +CORIARIA MYRTIFOLIA.--South Europe, 1629. A deciduous shrub growing to +about 4 feet in height, with Myrtle-like leaves, and upright terminal +racemes of not very showy flowers, produced about mid-summer--generally +from May to August. For its pretty foliage and the frond-like +arrangement of its branches it is principally worthy of culture. From +southern Europe and the north of Africa, where it is an occupant of +waste ground and hedges, but still rare in our gardens. + + +CORNUS. + +CORNUS ALBA.--White-fruited Dogwood. Siberia, 1741. This is a native of +northern Asia and Siberia, not of America as Loudon stated. For the +slender, red-barked branches and white or creamy flowers, this species +is well worthy of notice, while the white fruit renders it very +distinct and effective. It grows to about 10 feet in height. C. alba +Spathi is one of the most ornamental of shrubs bearing coloured leaves, +these in spring being of a beautiful bronzy tint, and changing towards +summer to a mixture of gold and green, or rather an irregular margin of +deep gold surrounds each leaf. It was first sent out by the famous +Berlin nurseryman whose name it bears. C. alba Gouchaulti is another +variegated leaved variety, but has no particular merit, and originated +in one of the French nurseries. + +C. ALTERNIFOLIA.--North America, 1760. This species is a lover of damp +ground, and grows from 20 feet to nearly 30 feet high, with clusters of +pale yellow flowers, succeeded by bluish-black berries that render the +plant highly ornamental. It is still rare in British gardens. + +C. AMOMUM (_syn C. sericea_).--From the eastern United States. It is a +low-growing, damp-loving shrub, with yellowish-white flowers, borne +abundantly in small clusters. It grows about 8 feet in height, and has +a graceful habit, owing to the long and lithe branches spreading +regularly over the ground. The fruit is pale blue, and the bark a +conspicuous purple. + +C. ASPERIFOLIA is another showy American species, with reddish-brown +bark, hairy leaves, of small size, and rather small flowers that are +succeeded by pearly-white berries borne on conspicuous reddish stalks. + +C. BAILEYI resembles somewhat the better-known C. stolonifera, but it +is of more erect habit, is not stoloniferous, has rather woolly leaves, +at least on the under side, and bears yellowish-white fruit. It grows +in sandy soil, and is a native of Canada. + +C. CALIFORNICA (_syn C. pubescens_) grows fully 10 feet high, with +smooth branches, hairy branchlets, and cymes of pretty white flowers, +succeeded by white fruit. It occurs from southern California to British +Columbia. + +C. CANADENSIS.--Dwarf Cornel or Birchberry. Canada, 1774. This is of +herbaceous growth, and remarkable for the large cream-coloured flower +bracts, and showy red fruit. + +C. CANDIDISSIMA (_syn C. paniculata_) is a beautiful American species, +with panicled clusters of almost pure white flowers, that are succeeded +by pale blue fruit. It is a small growing tree, with narrow, pointed +leaves, and greyish coloured, smooth bark. Like many of its fellows, +this species likes rather moist ground. + +C. CIRCINATA, from the eastern United States, is readily distinguished +by its large, round leaves, these sometimes measuring 6 inches long by +3-1/2 inches wide. The yellowish-white flowers are individually small, +and succeeded by bright blue fruits, each as large as a pea. + +C. CAPITATA (_syn Benthamia fragifera_).--Nepaul, 1825. An evergreen +shrub, with oblong, light green leaves and terminal inconspicuous +greenish flowers, surrounded by an involucre of four large, +pinky-yellow bracts. It is this latter that renders the shrub so very +conspicuous when in full flower. Unfortunately, the Benthamia is not +hardy throughout the country, the south and west of England, especially +Cornwall, and the southern parts of Ireland being the favoured spots +where this handsome shrub or small growing tree--for in Cornwall it has +attained to fully 45 feet in height, and in Cork nearly 30 feet--may be +found in a really thriving condition. Around London it does well enough +for a time, but with severe frost it gets cut back to the ground, and +though it quickly recovers and grows rapidly afterwards, before it is +large enough to flower freely it usually suffers again. The fruits are +as large and resemble Strawberries, and of a rich scarlet or reddish +hue, and though ripe in October they frequently remain on the trees +throughout the winter. Both for its flowers and fruit, this Nepaul +shrub-tree is well worthy of a great amount of trouble to get it +established in a cosy corner of the garden. Rich, well-drained loam is +all it wants, while propagation by seed is readily effected. + +C. FLORIDA, the Florida Dogwood, is not always very satisfactory when +grown in this country, our climate in some way or other being +unsuitable for its perfect development. It is a handsome shrub or +small-growing tree, with small flowers surrounded by a large and +conspicuous white involucre. The leaves are ovate-oblong, and pubescent +on the undersides. It is a valuable as well as ornamental little tree, +and is worthy of a great amount of coddling and coaxing to get it +established. + +C. KOUSA (_syn Benthamia japonica_).--Japan. This is a very distinct +and beautiful flowering shrub. Flowers very small individually, but +borne in large clusters, and yellow, the showy part being the four +large, pure white bracts which subtend each cluster of blossoms, much +like those in Cornus florida, only the bracts are more pointed than +those of the latter species. Being quite hardy, and a plant of great +interest and beauty, this little known Cornus is sure to be widely +planted when better known. + +C. MACROPHYLLA (_syn C. brachypoda_).--Himalayas, China and Japan, +1827. This is an exceedingly handsome species, of tabulated appearance, +occasioned by the branches being arranged almost horizontally. The +leaves are of large size, elliptic-ovate, and are remarkable for their +autumnal tints. The elder-like flowers appear in June. They are pure +white and arranged in large cymes. C. macrophylla variegata is a +distinct and very ornamental form of the above, in which the leaf +margins are bordered with white. + +C. MAS.--Cornelian Cherry. Austria, 1596. One of our earliest flowering +trees, the clusters of yellow blooms being produced in mild seasons by +the middle of February. It is not at all fastidious about soil, +thriving well in that of very opposite description. It deserves to be +extensively cultivated, if only for the profusion of brightly-tinted +flowers, which completely cover the shoots before the leaves have +appeared. C. Mas aurea-elegantissima, the tricolor-leaved Dogwood, is a +strikingly ornamental shrub, with green leaves encircled with a golden +band, the whole being suffused with a faint pinky tinge. It is of more +slender growth than the species, and a very desirable acquisition to +any collection of hardy ornamental shrubs. C. Mas argenteo-variegata is +another pretty shrub, the leaves being margined with clear white. + +C. NUTTALLII grows to fully 50 feet in height, and is one of the most +beautiful of the Oregon and Californian forest trees. The flower bracts +are of large size, often 6 inches across, the individual bracts being +broad and white, and fully 2-1/2 inches long. + +C. OFFICINALIS is a Japanese species, that is, however, quite hardy in +this country, and nearly resembles the better known C. Mas, but from +which it may at once be known by the tufts of brownish hairs that are +present in the axils of the principal leaf veins. + +C. STOLONIFERA.--Red Osier Dogwood. North America, 1741. This has +rather inconspicuous flowers, that are succeeded by whitish fruit, and +is of greatest value for the ruddy tint of the young shoots. It grows +fully 6 feet high, and increases rapidly by underground suckers. The +species is quite hardy. + +C. TARTARICA (_syn C. siberica_).--Siberia, 1824. This has much +brighter coloured bark, and is of neater and dwarfer habit, than the +typical C. alba. It is a very beautiful and valuable shrub, of which +there is a variegated leaved form. + + +COROKIA. + +COROKIA COTONEASTER.--New Zealand, 1876. A curious, dwarf-growing +shrub, with small, bright yellow, starry flowers produced in June. The +hardiness of the shrub is rather doubtful. + + +CORONILLA. + +CORONILLA EMERUS.--Scorpion Senna. France, 1596. This shrub, a native +of the middle and southern parts of Europe, forms an elegant loose bush +about 5 feet high, with smooth, pinnate, sub-evergreen leaves, and +Pea-shaped flowers, that are reddish in the bud state, but bright +yellow when fully expanded. It is an elegant plant, and on account of +its bearing hard cutting back, is well suited for ornamental hedge +formation; but however used the effect is good, the distinct foliage +and showy flowers making it a general favourite with planters. It will +thrive in very poor soil, but prefers a light rich loam. + + +CORYLOPSIS. + +CORYLOPSIS HIMALAYANA.--E. Himalayas, 1879. This is a stronger growing +species than C. pauciflora and C. spicata, with large leaves averaging +4 inches long, that are light green above and silky on the under sides. +The parallel veins of the leaves are very pronounced, while the +leaf-stalks, as indeed the young twigs too, are covered with a hairy +pubescence. + +C. PAUCIFLORA is readily distinguished from the former by its more +slender growth, smaller leaves, and fewer flowered spikes. Flowers +primrose-yellow. + +C. SPICATA.--Japan, 1864. This Japanese shrub is of very distinct +appearance, having leaves like those of our common Hazel, and drooping +spikes of showy-yellowish, fragrant flowers that are produced before +the leaves. There is a variegated form in cultivation. + +The various species of Corylopsis are very ornamental garden plants, +and to be recommended, on account of their early flowering, for +prominent positions in the shrubbery or by the woodland walk. Light, +rich loam seems to suit them well. + + +CORYLUS. + +CORYLUS AVELLANA PURPUREA.--Purple Hazel. This has large leaves of a +rich purple colour, resembling those of the purple Beech, and is a very +distinct plant for the shrubbery border. Should be cut down annually if +large leaves are desired. + +C. COLURNA.--Constantinople Hazel. Turkey, 1665. This is the largest +and most ornamental of the family, and is mentioned here on account of +the showy catkins with which the tree is usually well supplied. When +thickly produced, as they usually are on established specimens, these +long catkins have a most effective and pleasing appearance, and tend to +render the tree one of the most distinct in cultivation. Under +favourable circumstances, such as when growing in a sweet and rather +rich brown loam, it attains to fully 60 feet in height, and of a neat +shape, from the branches being arranged horizontally, or nearly so. +Even in a young state the Constantinople Hazel is readily distinguished +from the common English species, by the softer and more angular leaves, +and by the whitish bark which comes off in long strips. The stipules, +too, form an unerring guide to its identity, they being long, linear, +and recurved. + + +COTONEASTER. + +COTONEASTER BACILLARIS.--Nepaul, 1841. A large-growing species, and one +of the few members of the family that is more ornamental in flower than +in fruit. It is of bold, portly, upright growth, and sends up shoots +from the base of the plant. The pretty white flowers are borne in +clusters for some distance along the slender shoots, and have a very +effective and pleasing appearance; indeed, the upper portion of the +plant has the appearance of a mass of white blossoms. + +C. FRIGIDA.--Nepaul, 1824. The species forms a large shrub or low tree +with oblong, elliptical, sub-evergreen leaves. The flowers are white +and borne in large corymbs, which are followed by scarlet berries in +September. + +C. MICROPHYLLA.--Small-leaved Cotoneaster. Nepaul, 1825. This is, from +a flowering point of view, probably the most useful of any member of +this rather large genus. Its numerous pretty white flowers, dark, +almost Yew-green leaves, and abundance of the showiest red berries in +winter, will ever make this dwarf, clambering plant a favourite with +those who are at all interested in beautiful shrubs. All, or nearly +all, the species of Cotoneaster are remarkable and highly valued for +their showy berries, but, except the above, and perhaps C. buxifolia +(Box-leaved Cotoneaster), few others are worthy of consideration from a +purely flowering point of view. + +C. SIMONSII.--Khasia, 1868. The stems of this species usually grow from +4 feet to 6 feet high, with sub-erect habit. The leaves are +roundly-elliptic and slightly silky beneath. The small flowers are +succeeded by a profusion of scarlet berries that ripen in autumn. This +is generally considered the best for garden purposes. + + +CRATAEGUS. + +CRATAEGUS AZAROLUS.--South Europe, 1640. This is a very +vigorous-growing species, with a wide, spreading head of rather +upright-growing branches. The flowers are showy and the fruit large and +of a pleasing red colour. + +C. AZAROLUS ARONIA (_syn C. Aronia_).--Aronia Thorn. South Europe, +1810. This tree attains to a height of 20 feet, has deeply lobed leaves +that are wedge-shaped at the base, and slightly pubescent on the under +sides. The flowers, which usually are at their best in June, are white +and showy, and succeeded by large yellow fruit. Generally the Aronia +Thorn forms a rather upright and branchy specimen of neat proportions, +and when studded with its milk-white flowers may be included amongst +the most distinct and ornamental of the family. + +C. COCCINEA.--Scarlet-fruited Thorn. North America, 1683. If only for +its lovely white flowers, with bright, pinky anthers, it is well worthy +of a place even in a selection of ornamental flowering trees and +shrubs. It is, however, rendered doubly valuable in that the +cordate-ovate leaves turn of a warm brick colour in the autumn, while +the fruit, and which is usually produced abundantly, is of the +brightest red. + +C. COCCINEA MACRANTHA.--North America, 1819. This bears some resemblance +to the Cockspur Thorn, but has very long, curved spines--longer, perhaps, +than those of any other species. + +C. CORDATA is one of the latest flowering species, in which respect it +is even more hardy than the well-known C. tanace-tifolia. It forms a +small compact tree, of neat and regular outline, with dark green +shining leaves, and berries about the same size as those of the common +species, and deep red. + +C. CRUS-GALLI.--Cockspur Thorn. North America, 1691. This has large +and showy white flowers that are succeeded by deep red berries. It is +readily distinguished by the long, curved spines with which the whole +tree is beset. Of this species there are numerous worthy forms, +including C. Crus-galli Carrierii, which opens at first white, and +then turns a showy flesh colour; C. Crus-galli Layi, C. Crus-galli +splendens, C. Crus-galli prunifolia, C. Crus-galli pyracanthifolia, and +C. Crus-galli salicifolia, all forms of great beauty--whether for their +foliage, or beautiful and usually plentifully-produced flowers. + +C. DOUGLASII.--North America, 1830. This is peculiar in having dark +purple or almost black fruit. It is of stout growth, often reaching to +20 feet in height, and belongs to the early-flowering section. + +C. NIGRA (_syn C. Celsiana_).--A tree 20 feet high, with stout branches, +and downy, spineless shoots. Leaves large, ovate-acute, deeply incised, +glossy green above and downy beneath. Flowers large and fragrant, pure +white, and produced in close heads in June. Fruit large, oval, downy, +and yellow when fully ripe. A native of Sicily, and known under the +names of C. incisa and C. Leeana. This species must not be confused +with a variety of our common Thorn bearing a similar name. + +C. OXYACANTHA.--Common Hawthorn. This is, perhaps, the most ornamental +species in cultivation, and certainly the commonest. The common wild +species needs no description, the fragrant flowers varying in colour +from pure white to pink, being produced in the richest profusion. Under +cultivation, however, it has produced some very distinct and desirable +forms, far superior to the parent, including amongst others those with +double-white, pink, and scarlet flowers. + +C. OXYACANTHA PUNICEA flore-pleno (Paul's double-scarlet Thorn), is one +of, if not the handsomest variety, with large double flowers that are +of the richest crimson. Other good flowering kinds include C. +Oxyacantha praecox (Glastonbury Thorn); C. Oxyacantha Oliveriana; C. +Oxyacantha punicea, with deep scarlet flowers; C. Oxyacantha rosea, +rose-coloured and abundantly-produced flowers; C. Oxyacantha foliis +aureis, with yellow fruit; C. Oxyacantha laciniata, cut leaves; C. +Oxyacantha multiplex, double-white flowers; C. Oxyacantha foliis +argenteis, having silvery-variegated leaves: C. Oxyacantha pendula, of +semi-weeping habit; C. Oxyacantha stricta, with an upright and stiff +habit of growth; C. Oxyacantha Leeana, a good form; and C. Oxyacantha +leucocarpa. + +C. PARVIFOLIA.--North America, 1704. This is a miniature Thorn, of slow +growth, with leaves about an inch long, and solitary pure-white flowers +of large size. The flowers open late in the season, and are succeeded +by yellowish-green fruit. + +C. PYRACANTHA.--Fiery Thorn. South Europe, 1629. This is a very +distinct species, with lanceolate serrated leaves, and pinkish or +nearly white flowers. The berries of this species are, however, the +principal attraction, being orange-scarlet, and produced in dense +clusters. C. Pyracantha crenulata and C. Pyracantha Lelandi are worthy +varieties of the above, the latter especially being one of the most +ornamental-berried shrubs in cultivation. + +C. TANACETIFOLIA.--Tansy-leaved Thorn. Greece, 1789. This is a very +late-flowering species, and remarkable for its Tansy-like foliage. It +is of unusually free growth, and in almost any class of soil, and is +undoubtedly, in so far at least as neatly divided leaves and wealth of +fruit are concerned, one of the most distinct and desirable species of +Thorn. + +Other good species and varieties that may just be mentioned as being +worthy of cultivation are C. apiifolia, C. Crus-galli horrida, C. +orientalis, and C. tomentosum (_syn C. punctata_). To a lesser or +greater extent, the various species and varieties of Thorn are of great +value for the wealth and beauty of flowers they produce, but the above +are, perhaps, the most desirable in that particular respect. They are +all of free growth, and, except in waterlogged soils, thrive well and +flower freely. + + +CYTISUS. + +CYTISUS ALBUS.--White Spanish Broom. Portugal, 1752. This is a +large-growing shrub of often 10 feet in height, with wiry, somewhat +straggling branches, and remarkable for the wealth of pure-white +flowers it produces. In May and June, if favourably situated, every +branch is wreathed with small white flowers, and often to such an +extent that at a short distance away the plant looks like a sheet of +white. Being perfectly hardy and of very free growth in any light soil, +and abundantly floriferous, this handsome shrub is one of particular +value in ornamental planting. By placing three or five plants in +clump-fashion, the beauty of this Broom is greatly enhanced. + +C. ALDUS INCARNATUS (_syn C. incarnatus_) resembles C. purpureus in its +leaves and general appearance, but it is of larger growth. The flowers, +which are at their best in May, are of a vinous-rose colour, and +produced plentifully. + +C. BIFLORUS (_syn C. elongatus_).--Hungary, 1804. This is a dwarf, +spreading, twiggy bush, of fully a yard high. Leaves trifoliolate, +clothed beneath with closely adpressed hairs, and bright yellow, +somewhat tubular flowers, usually produced in fours. + +C. DECUMBENS.--A charming alpine species, of low, spreading growth, +bright-green three-parted leaves, and bearing axillary bunches of large +yellow, brownish-purple tinted flowers. A native of the French and +Italian Alps, and quite hardy. + +C. NIGRICANS.--Austria, 1730. Another beautiful species, with long, +erect racemes of golden-yellow flowers, and one whose general hardihood +is undoubted. On its own roots, and allowed to roam at will, this +pretty, small-growing Broom is of far greater interest than when it is +grafted mop-high on a Laburnum stem, and pruned into artificial shapes, +as is, unfortunately, too often the case. + +C. PURPUREUS.--Purple Broom. Austria, 1792. Alow, spreading shrub, with +long wiry shoots, clothed with neat trifoliolate leaves, and bearing an +abundance of its purple, Pea-shaped flowers. There is a white-flowered +form, C. purpureus albus, and another named C. purpureus ratis-bonensis, +with pretty yellow flowers, produced on long and slender shoots. + +C. SCOPARIUS.--Yellow Broom. This is a well-known native shrub, with +silky, angular branches, and bright yellow flowers in summer. There are +several varieties, but the most remarkable and handsome is C. scoparius +Andreanus, in which the wings of the flowers are of a rich golden +brown. It is one of the showiest shrubs in cultivation. + +For ornamental planting the above are about the best forms of Broom, +but others might include C. austriacus, C. Ardoini, and C. capitatus, +the latter being unusually hardy, and bearing dense heads of flowers. +In so far as soil is concerned, the Brooms are readily accommodated, +while either from seeds or cuttings they are easily propagated. + + +DABOECIA. + +DABOECIA POLIFOLIA (_syn Menziesia polifolia_).--St. Dabeoc's Heath. +South Western Europe, Ireland and the Azores. A dwarf, and rather +straggling, viscid shrub, with linear-ovate leaves that are silvery +beneath. The flowers are pink, and abundantly produced. D. polifolia +alba has white flowers; and D. polifolia atro-purpurea, purplish +flowers. + + +DANAE. + +DANAE LAURUS (_syn D. racemosa_ and _Ruscus racemosus_).--Alexandrian +Laurel. A native of Portugal (1739), with glossy-green leaf substitutes, +and racemes of small, not very showy, greenish-yellow flowers. + + +DAPHNE. + +DAPHNE ALPINA.--Italy, 1759. A deciduous species, which has white or +rosy-white, sweet-scented flowers. It is a pretty, but rare shrub, that +grows well in light sandy leaf soil. + +D. ALTAICA.--Siberia, 1796. Though rare in gardens, this is a pretty +and neat-foliaged species, and bears white flowers in abundance. It +wants a warm corner and dry soil. + +D. BLAGAYANA.--Styria, 1872. This is still rare in cultivation, but it +is a very desirable species, bearing ivory-white highly-fragrant +flowers. For the alpine garden it is particularly suitable, and though +growing rather slowly thrives well in good light soil. + +D. CHAMPIONI +(_syn D. Fortunei_), from China, is a rare and pretty species, bearing +lilac flowers in winter, and whilst the shrub is leafless. It does best +in a warm situation, such as planted against a wall facing south. + +D. CNEORUM.--Garland Flower. South Europe, 1752. This is a charming +rock shrub, of dwarf, trailing habit, with small glossy-green leaves, +and dense clusters of deep pink, deliciously-fragrant flowers. + +D. FIONIANA is of neat growth, with small, glossy, dark leaves, and +pale rose-coloured flowers. Its sturdy, dwarf habit, constant verdure, +and pretty sweet-scented flowers, should make this species a favourite +with cultivators. Known also as D. hyemalis. + +D. GENKWA.--Japanese Lilac. Japan, 1866. This is a rare and beautiful +species, of recent introduction, with large lilac-tinted, +sweetly-scently flowers. + +D. LAUREOLA.--Spurge Laurel. This is not, in so far at least as flowers +are concerned, a showy species, but the ample foliage and sturdy habit +of the plant will always render this native species of value for the +shrubbery. It is of value, too, as growing and flowering freely in the +shade. The flowers are sweetly-scented and of a greenish-yellow colour, +and appear about February. + +D. MEZEREUM.--The Mezereon. Europe (England). One of the commonest and +most popular of hardy garden shrubs. It is of stout, strict growth, and +produces clusters of pinky, rose, or purplish flowers before winter is +past, and while the branches are yet leafless. Few perfectly hardy +flowering shrubs are so popular as the Mezereon, and rightly so, for a +more beautiful plant could not be mentioned, wreathed as every branch +is, and almost back to the main stem, with the showiest of flowers. It +likes good, rich, dampish soil, and delights to grow in a quiet, shady +nook, or even beneath the spread of our larger forest trees. There are +several very distinct varieties, of which the white-flowered D. +Mezereum flore albo is one of the most valuable. The fruit of this +variety is bright golden-yellow. D. Mezereum autumnale and D. Mezereum +atro-rubrum are likewise interesting and beautiful forms. + +D. PETRAEA (_syn D. rupestris_).--Rock Daphne. Tyrol. This is quite +hardy in the more sheltered corners of the rock garden, with neat, +shining foliage and pretty rosy flowers, produced so thickly all over +the plant as almost to hide the foliage from view. At Kew it thrives +well in peaty loam and limestone, and although it does not increase +very quickly is yet happy and contented. It is a charming rock shrub. + +D. PONTICA.--Pontic Daphne. Asia Minor, 1759. This is much like D. +lauriola, but has shorter and more oval leaves, and the flowers, +instead of being borne in fives like that species, are produced in +pairs. They are also of a richer yellow, and more sweetly scented. + +D. SERICEA (_syn D. collina_).--Italy and Asia Minor, 1820. This forms +a bush fully 2 feet high, with evergreen, oblong, shining leaves, and +clusters of rose-coloured flowers that are pleasantly scented. It is +quite hardy, and an interesting species that is well worthy of more +extended culture. There is a variety of this with broader foliage than +the species, and named D. sericea latifolia (_syn D. collina +latifolia_). + + +DAPHNIPHYLLUM. + +DAPHNIPHYLLUM GLAUCESCENS.--East Indies, Java and Corea. A handsome +Japanese shrub that will be valued for its neat Rhododendron-like +foliage, compact habit of growth, and for the conspicuous bark which is +of a warm reddish hue. The leaves are large and elliptic, six inches +long, and are rendered strangely conspicuous from the foot-stalks and +midrib being dull crimson, this affording a striking contrast to the +delicate green of the leaves. It grows freely in light sandy peat. +There are two well-marked forms, one named D. glaucescens viridis, in +which the red markings of the leaves are absent; and D. glaucescens +jezoensis, a pretty and uncommon variety. + + +DESFONTAINEA. + +DESFONTAINEA SPINOSA.--Andes from Chili to New Grenada, 1853. This is a +desirable shrub, and one that is perfectly hardy in most parts of the +country. It is a charming shrub of bold, bushy habit, with prickly +holly-like foliage, and scarlet and yellow, trumpet-shaped pendent +flowers, borne in quantity. The shelter of a wall favours the growth +and flowering of this handsome shrub, but it also succeeds well in the +open if planted in rich, light soil, and in positions that are not +exposed to cold and cutting winds. + + +DEUTZIA. + +DEUTZIA CRENATA (_syn D. scabra_ and _D. Fortunei_).--Japan 1863. This +is of stout, bushy growth, often reaching a height of 8 feet, and +lateral spread of nearly as much. The ovate-lanceolate leaves are rough +to the touch, and its slender, but wiry stems, are wreathed for a +considerable distance along with racemes of pure white flowers. It is a +very distinct shrub, of noble port, and when in full flower is +certainly one of the most ornamental of hardy shrubs. The +double-flowered form, D. crenata flore-pleno, is one of the prettiest +flowering shrubs in cultivation, the wealth of double flowers, not +white as in the species, but tinged with reddish-purple being highly +attractive. D. crenata, Pride of Rochester, is another form with +double-white flowers, and a most distinct and beautiful shrub. Two +other very beautiful varieties are those known as D. crenata Watererii +and D. crenata Wellsii. + +D. GRACILIS is a somewhat tender shrub of fully 18 inches high, with +smooth leaves and pure-white flowers produced in the greatest freedom. +It does well in warm, sheltered sites, but is most frequently seen as a +greenhouse plant. A native of Japan. + + +DIERVILLA. + +DIERVILLA FLORIBUNDA (_syn D. multiflora_ and _Weigelia floribunda_), +from Japan, 1864, has narrow, tubular, purplish-coloured corollas, that +are only slightly opened out at the mouth. The Diervillas are valuable +decorative shrubs, of free growth in good rich loam, and bearing a +great abundance of the showiest of flowers. For shrubbery planting they +must ever rank high, the beautiful flowers and rich green ample leafage +rendering them distinct and attractive. + +D. GRANDIFLORA (_syn D. amabilis_ and _Weigelia amabilis_).--Japan. +This is of larger growth than D. rosea, with strongly reticulated +leaves, that are prominently veined on the under sides, and much +larger, almost white flowers. It is a distinct and worthy species. +There are some beautiful varieties of this species, named Isolinae, Van +Houttei, and Striata. + +D. ROSEA (_syn Weigelia rosea_).--China, 1844. This is a handsome hardy +shrub of small stature, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, and clusters of +showy pink, or sometimes white flowers, that are produced in April and +May. There are many good varieties of this shrub, of which the +following are the most popular:--D. rosea arborescens grandiflora; D. +rosea Lavallii, with an abundance of crimson-red flowers; D. rosea +Stelzneri, with an abundance of deep red flowers; D. rosea hortensis +nivea, large foliage, and large, pure-white flowers; D. rosea candida, +much like the latter, but bearing pure-white flowers; and D. rosea +Looymansii aurea has beautiful golden leaves. + + +DISCARIA. + +DISCARIA LONGISPINA.--This is at once a curious and beautiful shrub, of +low, creeping growth, and poorly furnished with leaves, which, however, +are amply made up for by the deep green of the shoots and stems, and +which give to the plant almost the appearance of an evergreen. The +flowers, which are bell-shaped and white, are almost lavishly produced, +and as they last for a very long time, with only the pure white +assuming a pinky tinge when subjected to excessive sunshine, the value +of the shrub is still further enhanced. For planting against a mound of +rock this scrambling shrub is of value, but the position should not be +exposed to cold winds, for the plant is somewhat tender. From South +America, and allied to the better known Colletias. + +D. SERRATIFOLIA (_syn Colletia serratifolia_), is even a handsomer +plant than the former, with minute serrated foliage, and sheets of +small white flowers in June. + + +DIOSPYROS. + +DIOSPYROS KAKI COSTATA.--The Date Plum. China, 1789. Fruit as big as a +small apple; leaves leathery, entire, and broadly ovate; flowers and +fruits in this country when afforded the protection of a wall. The +fruit is superior to that of D. virginiana (Persimmon). + +D. LOTUS, the common Date Plum, is a European species, with purplish +flowers, and oblong leaves that are reddish on the under sides. Both +species want a light, warm soil, and sheltered situation. + +D. VIRGINIANA.--The Persimmon, or Virginian Date Plum. North America, +1629. A small-growing tree, with coriaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow +flowers. In southern situations and by the seaside it is perfectly +hardy, and succeeds well, but in other districts it is rather tender. +The fruit is edible, yellow in colour, and about an inch in diameter. + + +DIRCA. + +DIRCA PALUSTRIS.--Leather Wood. North America, 1750. A much-branched +bush, of quite a tree-like character, but rarely more than 3 feet high. +To the Daphnes it is nearly allied, and is close in resemblance; but +there is a curious yellowish hue pervading the whole plant. The flowers +are produced on the naked shoots in April, and are rendered conspicuous +by reason of the pendent yellow stamens. They are borne in terminal +clusters of three or four together. It delights to grow in a cool, +moist soil, indeed it is only when so situated that the Leather Wood +can be seen in a really thriving condition. + + +DRIMYS. + +DRIMYS AROMATICA (_syn Tasmannia aromatica_).--Tasmanian Pepper Plant. +Tasmania, 1843. This is, if we might say so, a more refined plant than +D. Winteri, with smaller and narrower leaves, and smaller flowers. The +plant, too, has altogether a faint reddish tinge, and is of upright +growth. A native of Tasmania, and called by the natives the Pepper +Plant, the fruit being used as a substitute for that condiment. Like +the other species the present plant is only hardy in warm, maritime +places, and when afforded the protection of a wall. + +D. WINTERI (_syn Winter a aromatica_).--Winter's Bark. South America, +1827. The fine evergreen character is the chief attraction of this +American shrub, so far at least as garden ornamentation is concerned. +With some persons even the greenish-white flowers are held in esteem, +and it cannot be denied that a well flowered plant has its own +attractions. The long, narrow leaves are pale green above and glaucous +beneath, and make the shrub of interest, both on account of their +evergreen nature and brightness of tint. Unfortunately it is not very +hardy, requiring even in southern England a sunny wall to do it +justice. + + +ELAEAGNUS. + +ELAEAGNUS ARGENTEA.--Silver Berry. North America, 1813. A spreading +shrub 8 feet or 10 feet high, with lanceolate leaves clothed with +silvery scales. The flowers are axillary and clustered, and are +succeeded by pretty, silvery-ribbed berries. + +E. GLABRA (_syn E. reflexus_).--From Japan. This is one of the +handsomest species, forming bushes of delightful green, leathery +leaves, and with a neat and rather compact habit of growth. It grows +with great freedom when planted in light, sandy soil, big globose +bushes being the result of a few years' growth. Being perfectly hardy +it is to be recommended if only for the ample leathery, deep green +foliage. The flowers are inconspicuous. There is a form having the +leaves margined with pale yellow, and known under the name of E. glabra +variegata. + +E. LONGIPES (_syn E. edulis_ and _E. crisp a_).--Japan, 1873. This +species, is also worthy of culture, whether for the ornamental flowers +or fruit. It is a shrub 6 feet high, bearing an abundance of spotted, +oval red berries on long footstalks. Quite hardy. + +E. MACROPHYLLA.--Japan. This is of robust growth, with handsome, dark +green leaves, and purplish branch tips. The leaves are thick of +texture, often fully 3 inches long, glossy-green above, and silvery +beneath. The latter is all the more remarkable, as the leaves have the +habit of curling up their edges, and thus revealing the light, silvery +tint of the under sides. It thrives well in light, sandy peat, and may +be relied upon as one of the hardiest of shrubs. + +E. ROTUNDIFOLIA.--An interesting and perfectly hardy species, growing +about five feet high, and remarkable for the great wealth of pretty +scarlet and amber-coloured berries. The flowers are not very showy, but +this is made up by the beautiful silvery leaves, most pronounced on the +under sides, and wealth of fruit, which hangs on long stalks like +Cherries. + +Other species of less interest are E. pungens, of which there is a +variegated variety; E. Simoni, a neat Chinese shrub; and E. latifolia, +of good habit and with large leaves. The various species and varieties +of Elaeagnus may all be cultivated in light, free soil, and from +experiments that were recently made, they have been found of great +value for planting by the seaside. They are popularly known as the Wild +Olives and Evergreen Oleasters. + + +EMBOTHRIUM. + +EMBOTHRIUM COCCINEUM.--Fire Bush. South America, 1851. This is a +beautiful shrub, of tall growth, with flowers of great interest and +beauty. Except in warm and favoured situations, it is not very hardy, +and should always be grown as a wall plant. The fiery scarlet, +orange-tinted flowers, resembling somewhat those of the Honeysuckle, +are very beautiful by the first weeks of May. It grows to about 6 feet +in height in southern England, and is, when in full flower, a shrub of +unusual beauty. + + +EPHEDRA. + +EPHEDRA VULGARIS (_syn Ephedra monastachya_), from Siberia, 1772, is a +half-hardy shrub of trailing habit, with inconspicuous flowers. +Thriving in very poor soil, or on rocky situations, is the only reason +why it is introduced here. + + +EPIGAEA. + +EPIGAEA REPENS.--Ground Laurel, or New England Mayflower. Northern +United States, 1736. This is, perhaps, in so far as stature is +concerned, hardly worthy of a place in our list, yet it is such a +pretty and useful shrub, though rarely rising more than 6 inches from +the ground, that we cannot well pass it over. For planting beneath Pine +or other trees, where it can spread about at will, this prostrate shrub +is most at home. There it enlivens the spot with its pretty evergreen +foliage, and sweet-scented, white or pinky flowers. It is quite hardy. + + +ERCILLA. + +ERCILLA SPICATA (_syn Bridgesia spicata_).--Chili, 1840. A +small-growing, half-climbing shrub, with leathery, deep green leaves, +and inconspicuous flowers. Hailing from Chili, it is not very hardy, +but given the protection of a wall, or planted against a tree-stump, it +soon forms a neat mass of evergreen foliage. + + +ERICA. + +ERICA CARNEA.--South Europe, 1763. This is one of the most beautiful +and desirable of hardy Heaths, on account of the richly-coloured +flowers and early season at which they are produced. In the typical +species the flowers are pink or flesh-coloured, and produced in January +and February. It is a dwarf, compact growing species, with bright green +foliage. There is a form with pure white flowers, named E. carnea alba, +or E. herbacea, but although distinct and beautiful, it is not of so +robust growth as the parent. + +E. CILIARIS.--A pretty native species, with ciliate glandular leaves, +and racemes of highly-coloured, rosy flowers. Found in Dorsetshire and +Cornwall. + +E. CINEREA,--Gray-leaved Heath. In this species, also a native of +Britain, the flowers are of a reddish-purple colour, and borne in dense +terminal racemes. There are numerous varieties, including a +white-flowered E. cinerea alba; E. cinerea atro-purpurea, bearing dark +purple flowers; E. cinerea atro-sanguinea, dark red flowers; E. cinerea +coccinea, scarlet; E. cinerea purpurea, purple flowers; and E. cinerea +rosea, with deep rose-coloured flowers. + +E. MEDITERRANEA.--Mediterranean Heath. Portugal, 1648. This is a +robust-growing species, of rather erect habit, and often attaining to +fully a yard in height. Flowers abundantly produced, and of a pretty +pinky hue. Of this there are several varieties, the following being +best known: E. mediterranea hibernica, found in Ireland; E. +mediterranea alba, with white flowers; E. mediterranea nana, of very +dwarf growth; and E. mediterranea rubra, with showy, deep red flowers. + +E. SCOPARIA and E. ERECTA are desirable species, the former bearing +greenish flowers, and the latter of decidedly upright growth. + +E. TETRALIX.--Cross-leaved Heath. A native species of low, and bushy +growth, with close umbels or terminal clusters of pretty pinky flowers. +The varieties of this most worthy of notice are E. Tetralix alba, white +flowered; E. Tetralix Mackiana, crimson flowered; E. Tetralix rubra, +deep red flowers; and E. Tetralixbicolor, with parti-coloured flowers. + +E. VAGANS..--Cornish Heath. A native species, bearing pinky-white +flowers, but there are forms with white and red flowers, named E. +vagans alba and E. vagans rubra. + +The various kinds of Heath succeed best either in peaty soil, or that +composed for the greater part of light, sandy loam, but many will grow +and flower freely if planted in rich yellow loam. They are very +desirable plants, either for bed formation, for rockwork ornamentation, +or for planting around the shrubbery margins. Propagation is effected +either by cuttings or sub-divisions, but seedlings of several species +spring up freely under favourable conditions. + + +ESCALLONIA. + +ESCALLONIA FLORIBUNDA (_syn E. montevideusis_).--New Grenada, 1827. +This is one of the handsomest species, bearing long, arching clusters +of white flowers. It is a very desirable shrub for wall or lattice-work +covering, against which it grows rapidly, and soon forms an object of +great beauty by reason of its neat foliage and graceful habit, as also +wealth of pretty flowers. + +E. ILLINATA.--Chili, 1830. This should also be included, it being a +handsome and pretty-flowered plant. + +E. MACRANTHA.--Chiloe, 1848. This is a general favourite in English +gardens, where it succeeds well, but especially in maritime parts of +the country. It is of stout growth, 6 feet or more in height, of +spreading habit, and with elliptical, serrulated, bright green leaves, +and clusters of crimson-red flowers produced in summer. For +wall-covering this is an almost invaluable shrub, although it succeeds +well as a standard in all but the colder parts of the country. Any +free, open soil suits it well, but thorough drainage must be attended +to. There are several very distinct and good varieties, such as E. +macrantha sanguinea, with flowers deeper in colour than those of the +parent plant; and E. macrantha Ingrami, a profuse-blooming and very +desirable form. + +E. PHILLIPIANA.--Valdivia, 1873. When seen as a standard bush, and +loaded with its myriads of tiny white flowers, this must rank amongst +the handsomest members of the family. It is very hardy, and retains its +foliage throughout the winter. The hybrid forms, E. exoniensis and E. +leucantha, deserve recognition, the latter even as late as November +being laden with its small spikes of pretty white flowers, which +contrast nicely with the neat, evergreen foliage. + +E. PTEROCLADON.--Patagonia, 1854. This is remarkable for the +curiously-winged branches, which give to the shrub a rather peculiar +and distinct appearance. The freely-produced flowers are white or pink. + +E. RUBRA.--Chili, 1827. This has less handsome leaves and flowers than +the above, but it is, all the same, a beautiful plant. The flowers vary +a good deal in depth of colouring, and may be seen of all tints between +pure white and red. + +The Escallonias are all of very free growth in any light, warm, sandy, +and well-drained soil, and are readily propagated. + + +EUCRYPHIA. + +EUCRYPHIA PINNATIFOLIA.--Chili, 1880. This shrub, is as yet rare in +cultivation, and is not suited for the colder or more exposed parts of +the country. It is, however, a singularly distinct and beautiful shrub, +with deep glossy-green, pinnate foliage, and bearing large, pure white +flowers, that are rendered all the more conspicuous by the +golden-yellow anthers. As an ornamental shrub it is well worthy of +cultivation. In so far as its hardihood in this climate has to do, it +may be mentioned that in various parts of England and Ireland it has +stood in the open ground unharmed for several years back. Light, sandy, +well drained peat would seem to meet with its requirements. + + +EUONYMUS. + +EUONYMUS AMERICANA.--American Spindle Tree. North America, 1686. This +is a deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub, of about 6 feet in height, +found over a wide area in Canada and the United States. It is of +partially erect growth, with long and lithe branches, covered with +pleasing light green bark. Flowers appearing in June, and succeeded by +rough, warted, brilliant scarlet capsules, which are particularly showy +and attractive. It likes a shady situation, and rich, rather damp soil. + +E. EUROPAEUS.--West Asia, Europe (Britain), &c. An indigenous species, +rarely exceeding 6 feet in height, and rendered very effective in +autumn by reason of the pale scarlet fruit, which, when fully ripe, and +having split open, reveals the orange-coloured arils of the seeds. It, +too, delights to grow in the shade. + +E. FIMBRIATUS, Japan and India, and its handsome variegated form, E. +fimbriatus foliis variegatus et argenteo maculatus, are rather too +tender for cultivation in this country, even in southern districts, and +where afforded wall protection. E. verrucosus and E. atropurpureus are +also worthy of cultivation. + +E. LATIFOLIUS.--Broad-leaved Spindle Tree. A European species (1730), +deciduous, and growing from 10 feet to sometimes fully 20 feet in +height. The leaves are bright, shining green, and much larger than +those of our native species. Flowers, purplish-white, appearing in +June; the capsules large, deep red, and when open contrasting very +effectively with the bright orange arils in which the seeds are +enveloped. It is a very distinct and beautiful, small-growing lawn +tree, and succeeding, as it does, best in shade is an extra +qualification. + + +FABIANA. + +FABIANA IMBRICATA.--Chili, 1838. This is, unfortunately, not hardy in +any but the milder maritime parts of England and Ireland. It is a +charming shrub of Heather-like appearance, with small, crowded leaves, +and pure white flowers produced in May. Planted at the base of a +southern wall it does best, and where it thrives it is certainly one of +our handsomest half-hardy shrubs. + + +FATSIA. + +FATSIA JAPONICA (_syns Aralia japonica_ and _A. Sieboldii_).--Japan, +1858. This is of no particular value as a flowering shrub, but being +hardy in most districts, and having large handsome leaves that impart +to it a tropical appearance, it is well worthy of culture. The flowers +are ivory-white, and produced in large umbels towards the end of +autumn, but our early frosts too often mar their beauty. In this +country it grows about 10 feet high, and is usually what is termed +"leggy" in appearance, and thrives well in any good loamy soil if +fairly dry. + + +FENDLERA. + +FENDLERA RUPICOLA.--Mexico, 1888. A low-growing shrub, peculiar to the +dry rocky parts of the United States, particularly the south-western +district. It grows about a yard high, and bears a great profusion of +bluish-white flowers, that are rendered very conspicuous by reason of +the bright yellow stamens. It is the only known species, and is nearly +allied to the Saxifrages. Any fairly good garden soil will suit it +well, but it wants to be planted where superfluous moisture is quickly +carried off. + + +FORSYTHIA. + +FORSYTHIA SUSPENSA (_syn F. Fortunei_ and _F. Sieboldii_).--Japan and +China, 1864. A slender-growing shrub, with variable leaves, and long, +trailing shoots. The flowers are abundantly produced, are of a +beautiful golden tint, and bell-shaped, and being of good substance +last for a long time. Either as a wall plant, or for using in some +sheltered corner, and where the branches can spread about at will, it +forms a very distinct and handsome shrub, and one that is perfectly +hardy and quite indifferent as regards the quality of soil in which it +is planted. There are several forms of this pretty shrub, but as they +do not differ to any great extent from the species, are hardly worthy +of consideration. + +F. suspensa intermedia is a garden hybrid, 1891. + +F. VIRIDISSIMA.--Japan, 1845. This is another desirable species, but it +is not comparable in point of beauty with the former. It is usually of +strong erect growth, with stout shoots, wreathed with bright yellow +flowers towards the end of winter. It is a very beautiful shrub, and a +valuable addition to the winter or early spring flowering section. + + +FOTHERGILLA. + +FOTHERGILLA ALNIFOLIA.--North Eastern America, 1765. This is an +ungainly habited shrub, of dwarf growth, the branches being somewhat +slender and crooked. The flowers are white, sweetly scented, and +produced in dense terminal spikes. It is perfectly hardy. + + +FRAXINUS. + +FRAXINUS ORNUS (_syn F. argentea, F. rotundifolia_, and _Ornus +europea_).--Manna Ash. South Europe, 1730. This is a handsome tree, +especially when young and vigorous, and by far the most ornamental +species in cultivation. For planting in situations where large-growing +subjects would be out of place this is a valuable tree, while the +wealth of flowers renders it particularly interesting and effective. It +rarely exceeds 30 feet in height, with leaves not unlike those of the +common Ash, and conspicuous panicles of light, feathery, white +petaliferous flowers, produced usually in great abundance all over the +tree. Perfectly hardy. + +F. Ornus serotina alba and F. Ornus serotina violacea are beautiful +seedling forms that were raised in France, and on account of their +dwarf habit and profusion of flowers are well worthy of attention. The +flowers of the first-named variety are pure white, the stamens having +at first yellow anthers, which speedily turn to a rich blackish-brown. +The other differs but little, only in the flowers, which are of a +distinct greyish-violet hue, while the leaves are of a darker shade of +green, and the leaflets longer and narrower. + +F. MARIESII.--Northern China, 1880. This is hardy in most parts of the +country. The whole tree is quite glabrous except the petioles, which +are clothed with a dense pubescence. Flowers pure white, and arranged +in large dense panicles. + + +FREMONTIA. + +FREMONTIA CALIFORNICA.--California, 1851. A handsome and deciduous +Californian shrub, but scarcely hardy enough for the open air without +protection. In Southern England and Ireland, however, it does well, and +all the better if planted within the influence of the sea. The large +yellow flowers are often about 2 inches across, and produced singly +along the branches, while the leaves are large, lobed, and of an +enticing shade of green. Planted against a wall, in good dampish loam, +it succeeds well. + + +FUCHSIA. + +FUCHSIA MACROSTEMA GLOBOSA (_syn F. globosa_).--Chili. This is readily +recognised by the globose form assumed by the incurved sepals, while +the flowers are smaller and less showy than those of F. Riccartoni. +Hardihood about similar to the following. + +F. RICCARTONI.--This seedling from F. m. globosa is one of the two +hardiest varieties, but even this plant, except in warm, maritime +districts, is by no means satisfactory. Where it does well it is a +shrub of great beauty, and blooms profusely. This species has red, +straight sepals, and a purple corolla. In favoured districts it may +frequently be seen as much as 12 feet high, and is then during the +flowering period an object of great beauty. It originated at Riccarton, +near Edinburgh, about 1830. + + +GARRYA. + +GARRYA ELLIPTICA.--California, 1818. This is a handsome shrub, with dark +green coreaceous leaves, resembling very nearly those of the Evergreen +Oak. The long, tassellated catkins, of a peculiar yellowish-green +colour, render the plant one of much interest and beauty. As a wall +plant it thrives well, the slight protection thus afforded favouring the +growth and expansion of the catkins. For planting in the shrubbery it is +also well suited, and where it oft-times attains to a height of 6 feet, +and is bushy in proportion. It is well to bear in mind that there are +male and female plants of the Garrya, and that the former is the more +ornamental. Good rich, well-drained loam will suit this shrub well. + + +GAULTHERIA. + +GAULTHERIA NUMMULARIOIDES (_syn G. nummulariae_ and _G. repens_). +--Himalayas. This is a neat Alpine species, with small and very dark +green leaves. It likes a shady situation and vegetable soil. For +planting on the rockwork, amongst tree roots, or beneath the shade of +trees, the Gaultherias are particularly suitable. Light, but rich +vegetable soil suits them best. + +G. PROCUMBENS.--Canada Tea, or Creeping Winter-green. North America, +1762. This is of much smaller growth than the following, rarely rising +to a greater height than about half a foot, with lanceolate, serrated +leaves, and pendulous axillary clusters of white flowers. + +G. SHALLON.--North-west America, 1826. Growing in favourable situations +to fully a yard in height, this distinct evergreen shrub, which is +fairly common in cultivation, is particularly valuable, as it thrives +well under the shade and drip of trees. It is a rambling plant, with +ovate-cordate, almost sessile leaves, and bears tiny white flowers that +are succeeded by purplish fruit. G. Shallon acutifolia has more sharply +pointed leaves than those of the species. + + +GENISTA. + +GENISTA AETNENSIS (_syn Spartium aetnensis_).--Etna Broom. Sicily and +Sardinia, 1816. This is a large-growing species of elegant growth, and +remarkable for the abundance of yellow flowers with which it is +literally covered in August. Than this South-European Pea-flower, +perhaps not another member of the family is more worthy of culture, the +neat, elegant habit of growth and profusion of flowers rendering it a +plant of particular interest and beauty. It is quite hardy, thrives in +any light soil if well drained, and is readily propagated from seed, +which it ripens in abundance. + +G. ANXANTICA.--Naples, 1818. This is a nearly allied species to our +native G. tinctoria, and is of dwarf growth with a rich abundance of +golden yellow flowers that are produced towards the end of summer. + +G. CINEREA (_syn G. ramosissima_), from South Europe, is a very +beautiful and desirable species, a yard high, and bearing in July +slender twigs of the brightest yellow flowers. + +G. EPHEDROIDES.--Corsica and Sardinia, 1832. With small and +abundantly-produced flowers, this resembles Ephedra, hence its name. + +G. GERMANICA.--Germany, 1773. This is a handsome rock garden shrub, of +fully 18 inches in height, with arching stems and a plentiful supply of +bright flowers during the summer and autumn months. + +G. HISPANICA.--South-western Europe, 1759. This species resembles our +common Broom, but the branches are not angular. The large, yellow, +fragrant flowers appear in July. There is a charming double-flowered +variety named G. hispanica flore-pleno. + +G. LUSITANICA.--Portugal, 1771. This is remarkable for its opposite +branches, is of spiny growth, and one of the earliest to appear in +flower. + +G. MONOSPERMA.--South Europe, 1690. This has white flowers, and is of +value as a seaside shrub, and grows well in almost pure sand. A native +of the Mediterranean coast. + +G. PILOSA.--Greenweed. Europe (Britain). This is a dense prostrate +native species, with bright yellow blossoms produced freely during May +and June. A delightful rock shrub, and one that will succeed well almost +in pure gravel. + +G. PROSTRATA.--Burgundy and Alps of Jura, 1775. A small-growing species +suitable for rock gardening, and of spreading bushy growth. Flowers +small, but ornamental, and produced in May and June. + +G. RADIATA (_syn Spartium radiatum_).--South Europe, 1758. This is a +slender-growing shrub, about 18 inches high, with narrow leaflets, and +terminal heads of yellow flowers produced in summer. + +G. SAGITTALIS.--South Europe, 1750. With its peculiarly winged and +jointed stems, which are of a deep green colour, this is one of the most +distinct forms. The flowers are few but pretty, and with the dwarf habit +render the plant an excellent subject for rockwork. + +G. TINCTORIA.--Dyers' Greenweed. Europe (Britain), North and West Asia. +This is a spineless species, and bears a profusion of yellow flowers +from July onwards. The double-flowering variety, G. tinctoria +flore-pleno, is, in so far as ornamental qualities are concerned, +superior to the parent form. + +G. TINCTORIA ELATIOR (_syn G. elatior_) grows to 12 feet in height, is +of free, spreading growth, and a very handsome plant. The flowers, which +are individually small and yellow, are so thickly produced that the +shrub, in late summer, has the appearance of a sheet of gold. + +G. TRIANGULARIS (_syn G. triquetra_).--South Europe, 1815. This is a +decidedly good garden plant, and of neat, trailing habit. The stems are +three sided, and the flowers golden yellow and plentifully produced. A +native of South Europe, and perfectly hardy in almost any position. + +The above include most of the hardy Genistas, though G. capitata and G. +daurica, both very ornamental kinds, might be added to the list. They +are all very hardy, free-flowering shrubs, of simple culture, and +succeeding well in any light and rather dry soil. + + +GLEDITSCHIA. + +GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS.--Honey Locust. United States, 1700. As an +ornamental hardy tree this is well worthy the attention of planters, the +pinnate and bipinnate foliage being particularly elegant, while the +flowers, though individually small, are borne in such quantities of +fascicled racemes as to attract notice. The stem and branches are armed +with formidable prickles, but there is a form in which the prickles are +absent. A native of North America, and readily cultivated in any soil of +even fair quality. For town planting it is a valuable tree. There is a +good weeping variety named G. triacanthos pendula. + +G. SINENSIS (_syn G. horrida_).--China, 1774. This nearly resembles the +latter, and is occasionally to be met with in cultivation in this +country. + + +GORDONIA. + +GORDONIA LASIANTHUS.--Loblolly Bay. North America, 1739. A shrub of +great beauty, but one that, unfortunately, is rarely to be seen outside +the walls of a botanic garden. It is of Camellia-like growth, with +large, sweetly fragrant flowers and a good habit of growth. + +G. PUBESCENS.--North America, 1774. This is of smaller growth than the +latter, rarely exceeding about 6 feet high, with large white flowers +that are rendered all the more conspicuous by the tuft of golden +stamens. Both species are somewhat tender, although hailing from the +coast, swampy grounds of the southern States of North America. Planted +in favoured sites, they usually grow freely in light, peaty soil, or +that containing a large admixture of decayed leaf soil. + + +GRABOWSKIA. + +GRABOWSKIA BOERHAAVIAEFOLIA.--Peru, 1780. This is occasionally to be +seen in sheltered and favoured gardens, but it is not to be relied upon +in other than southern and seaside districts. The plant is of no +particular interest to the cultivator, the outline being ungainly, while +the pale blue flowers are both dull and uninteresting. It belongs to the +Solanum family, and is only worth cultivating as a curiosity. Light, +warm soil and a sunny position are necessities in the cultivation of +this shrub. + + +GRISELINIA. + +GRISELINIA LITTORALIS.--New Zealand, 1872. This forms a compact bush of +moderate size, and is fairly hardy. The leaves are of a light, pleasing +green shade, coriaceous, and glossy, and remain on the plant during +winter. It is an excellent shrub for the seaside, and, moreover, will +succeed well in stiff soils where many other plants would refuse to +grow. + + +GYMNOCLADUS. + +GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS.--Kentucky Coffee Tree. Canada, 1748. When in +full leafage this is a distinct and beautiful tree, the foliage hanging +in well-rounded masses, and presenting a pretty effect by reason of the +loose and tufted appearance of the masses of finely-divided leaves. +Leaves often 3 feet long, bipinnate, and composed of numerous +bluish-green leaflets. Flowers white, borne in loose spikes in the +beginning of summer, and succeeded by flat, somewhat curved brown pods. +It prefers a rich, strong soil or alluvial deposit. + +G. CHINENSIS.--Soap Tree. China, 1889. Readily distinguished from the +American species by its much smaller and more numerous leaflets, and +thicker fruit pod. It is not very hardy in this country unless in the +milder sea-side districts. The leaves are used by the Chinese women to +wash their hair, hence the popular name of Soap Tree. + + +HALESIA. + +HALESIA DIPTERA (_syn H. reticulata_).--North America, 1758. This is not +so suitable for our climate as H. tetraptera, though in southern parts +of the country it forms a neat, healthy bush, and flowers freely. It is +distinguished, as the name indicates, by having two wings to the seed +vessel, H. tetraptera having four. + +H. HISPIDA (_syn Pterostyrax hispidum_).--Japan, 1875. This is a shrub +of perfect hardihood, free growth, and very floriferous. The flowers, +which are pure white, and in long racemes, resemble much those of the +Snowdrop Tree. Leaves broad and slightly dentated. It is a handsome +shrub, of free growth, in light, sandy loam, and quite hardy even when +fully exposed. + +H. PARVIFLORA has smaller flowers than those of our commonly-cultivated +plant. + +H. TETRAPTERA.--Snowdrop Tree. North America, 1756. This is a very +ornamental tall-growing shrub, of somewhat loose growth, and bearing +flowers which resemble, both in size and appearance, those of our common +Snowdrop. It is one of the most ornamental of all the small-growing +American trees, and richly deserves a place in every collection, on +account of the profusion with which the flowers are produced in April +and May. They are snow-white, drooping, and produced in lateral +fascicles of eight or ten together. It is a native of river banks in +North Carolina, and is well suited for cultivation in this country. +Light, peaty soil will grow it to perfection. + + +HALIMODENDRON. + +HALIMODENDRON ARGENTEUM (_syn Robinia Halimodendron_).--Salt tree. A +native of Asiatic Russia (1779), having silvery foliage, and pink or +purplish-pink flowers, axillary or fascicled. It is a neat and pretty +shrub, that is rendered valuable as succeeding well in maritime +districts. Quite hardy and of free growth in sandy soil. + + +HAMAMELIS. + +HAMAMELIS JAPONICA.--The Japanese Witch Hazel. Japan, 1862. This is a +small species with lemon-yellow flowers. H. japonica arborea is a taller +growing variety, with primrose-yellow petals, and a deep claret calyx. +The flowers are borne in clusters in early spring. Rarely in this +country do we find this species of greater height than about 8 feet, but +it is of bushy growth, though somewhat straggling in appearance. As +early as the beginning of January this Witch Hazel may be found in +bloom, the bare branches being studded here and there with the +curious-shaped flowers, these having bright yellow, twisted petals and +reddish calyces. H.j. Zuccarinianais a very desirable free-flowering +variety, with pale yellow petals and a greenish-brown calyx. + +H. VIRGINICA.--Virginian Witch Hazel. North America, 1736. This has +smaller flowers than H.j. arborea, and they are plentifully produced in +autumn or early winter. In this country it assumes the shape of an open +bush of about 6 feet in height, but is usually of untidy appearance from +the branches being irregularly disposed. + +They all delight in cool, rather moist soil, and are of value for their +early-flowering nature. + + +HEDYSARUM. + +HEDYSARUM MULTIJUGUM.--South Mongolia. Hardly ten years have elapsed +since this pretty shrub was introduced into England, so that at present +it is rather rare in our gardens. It is a decided acquisition, if only +for the production of flowers at a time when these are scarce. Usually +the flowering time is in August, but frequently in the first weeks of +October the pretty flowers are still full of beauty. It is of bushy +habit, from 4 feet to 5 feet high, with oblong leaflets, in number from +twenty to thirty-five, which are Pea-green above and downy on the under +sides. Flowers bright red, and produced in axillary racemes. It is +perfectly hardy, and grows freely in porous decomposed leaf-soil. + + +HELIANTHEMUM. + +HELIANTHEMUM HALIMIFOLIUM.--Spain, 1656. This species is of erect habit, +3 feet or 4 feet high, and with leaves reminding one of those of the Sea +Purslane. It is an evergreen, and has large bright yellow flowers, +slightly spotted at the base of the petals. + +H. LAEVIPES (_syn Cistus laevipes_).--South-western Europe. A dwarf +shrub, with Heath-like leaves, and yellow flowers that are produced in +great abundance. + +H. LASIANTHUM (_syns H. formosum_ and _Cistus formosus_).--Spain and +Portugal, 1780. This is a beautiful species, but not hardy unless in the +South and West. It has large, bright yellow flowers, with a deep +reddish-purple blotch at the base of each petal. + +H. LAVENDULAEFOLIUM has lavender-like leaves, with the under surface +hoary, and yellow flowers. A native of the Mediterranean regions. + +H. LIBONATES.--This species bears dark green Rosemary-like leaves, and +yellow flowers that are produced very abundantly. South Europe. + +H. PILOSUM.--South of France, 1831. This bears white flowers that are of +good substance, and about an inch across. + +H. POLIFOLIUM (_syn H. pulverulentum_).--Europe (Britain), and North +Africa. This is a neat-growing shrub, of very dwarf growth, with hairy +leaves and yellow flowers; and H. polifolium roseum, has pretty rosy-red +flowers. + +H. UMBELLATUM.--South Europe, 1731. A neat, small-growing species, with +white flowers and glossy-green leaves covered with a rusty-white +tomentum beneath. + +H. VULGARE.--Common Rock Rose. Europe (Britain), North Africa, and West +Asia. A widely distributed native plant, of dwarf growth, with +linear-oblong, hairy leaves, and usually yellow flowers. H. vulgare +nummularium differs in having the leaves green and sub-orbicular, with +yellow flowers. H. vulgare barbaturn is of erect habit, with silky, +hairy, oval leaves. H. vulgare mutabile bears pale rose flowers, marked +with yellow at the base. H. vulgare grandiflorum is remarkable for the +large, bright yellow flowers, and is one of the most beautiful and +worthy varieties. H. vulgare ovalifolium (_syn H. serpyllifolium_) bears +yellow flowers and ovate leaves, with the margins revolute. H. vulgare +hyssopifolium bears reddish flowers, but the colouring varies +considerably, and saffron is not uncommon. + +The Rockroses are very valuable plants, in that they will succeed on +poor, gravelly banks where few other plants could eke out an existence. +They cannot withstand stiff soil, nor that at all inclined to be damp, +their favourite resorts being exposed, rocky ground, and dry, gravelly +banks. Being readily increased from cuttings, which take root well under +a hand glass or in a cool house, it is advisable, at least with the more +tender forms, to have at hand a stock, so that blanks in the shrubbery +may be filled up. + + +HIBISCUS. + +HIBISCUS SYRIACUS (_syn Althaea frutex_).--Syrian Mallow. Syria, 1596. +An old occupant of our gardens, and one that cannot be too freely +cultivated. When favourably situated, it often reaches 6 feet in height, +with three-lobed, neatly-toothed leaves, and with large, showy blossoms +that are borne towards the end of summer. The typical species has +purplish flowers, with a crimson spot at the base of each petal, but +others, varying in colour from snow-white to purple and blue, are common +in cultivation. H. syriacus coelestis bears bright blue flowers, while +H. syriacus variegatus has beautifully variegated foliage. Of the +double-flowered forms, there are several beautiful and worthy plants, +the following list containing some of the best varieties of this popular +shrub:-- + +H. syriacus albo-pleno. + " amaranthus. + " amplissima. + " ardens. + " caerulea plena. + " carnea plena. + " De la Veuve. + " elegantissimum. + " fastuosa. + " Lady Stanley. + " Leopoldii. + " lilacina plena. + " paeoniaeflora. + " puniceus plenus. + " rosea plena. + " rubra plena. + " spectabilis plena. + " violacea. + + +HIPPOPHAE. + +HIPPOPHAE RHAMNOIDES.--Sea Buckthorn, or Sallow Thorn. Though generally +considered as a sea-side shrub, the Sea Buckthorn is by no means +exclusively so, thriving well, and attaining to large dimensions, in +many inland situations. The flowers are not at all conspicuous, but this +is amply compensated for by the beautiful silvery-like leaves and wealth +of fruit borne by the shrub. In not a few instances, for fully a foot in +length, the branches are smothered with crowded clusters of bright +orange berries, and which render the shrub during November and December +both distinct and effective. It does best in sandy soil, and is readily +increased from suckers, which are usually plentifully produced by old +plants. For sea-side planting it is one of our most valuable shrubs, +succeeding, as it does, well down even to high water mark, and where the +foliage is lashed with the salt spray. + + +HOLBOELLIA. + +HOLBOELLIA LATIFOLIA (_syn Stauntonia latifolia_).--Himalayas, 1840. An +evergreen climbing shrub that is more often found under glass than out +of doors. In the South of England, however, it is quite hardy against a +sunny wall. It grows 12 feet high, with shining green leathery leaves, +and fragrant purplish-green flowers. H. latifolia angustifolia has +decidedly narrower leaves than the species, but is in no other way +different. + + +HYDRANGEA. + +HYDRANGEA ARBORESCENS.--North America, 1736. This is a plant of large +growth, but the flowers are greenish-white, and by no means conspicuous. + +H. HORTENSIS (_syn Hortensia opuloides_).--China, 1790. This is an +old-fashioned garden shrub that is only hardy in the south and west of +these islands and in the vicinity of the sea. In some of the forms +nearly all the flowers are sterile, the calyx-lobes being greatly +expanded, and in others the outer flowers only are sterile. According to +the nature of the soil the flowers vary much in colour, some being pure +white, others pink, and others of varying shades of blue. There are some +very beautiful and distinct varieties, such as H. hortensis japonica; H. +hortensis Otaksa, with large panicles of sterile blue flowers; H. +hortensis rosea-alba, with large rosy flowers; H. hortensis Thomas Hogg, +a very free-flowering and welcome form; H. hortensis mandschurica, and +H. hortensis stellata flore-pleno, with partially double flowers, are +worthy of attention. + +H. PANICULATA.--Japan, 1874. This is one of the most distinct species, +in which the flower-heads are elongated, not flat, as in most other +species, and from which the finest form in cultivation has been +obtained. This is H. paniculata grandiflora, in which the flowers are +sterile and pure white, forming large panicles often a foot in length. +It is a magnificent variety, and, being perfectly hardy, should be +extensively planted for ornament. The flowers are produced in late +summer, but remain in good form for fully two months, dying off a rich +reddish hue. + +H. QUERCIFOLIA.--Oak-leaved Hydrangea. Florida, 1803. This species has +neatly lobed leaves, and terminal panicles of pinky-white, but partially +barren, flowers. + +H. SCANDENS.--Climbing Hydrangea. Japan, 1879. This is not very hardy, +but with the protection of a sunny wall it grows freely. + +The Hydrangeas require a rich, loamy soil, and, unless in maritime +districts, a warm and sheltered situation. They are readily propagated +by means of cuttings. + + +HYMENANTHERA. + +HYMENANTHERA CRASSIFOLIA.--A curious New Zealand shrub with rigid +ashy-coloured branches, and small leathery leaves. The flowers are +violet-like in colour, but by no means conspicuous. The small white +berries which succeed the flowers are, in autumn, particularly +attractive, and very ornamental. It is perfectly hardy and of free +growth in light peaty earth. + + +HYPERICUM. + +HYPERICUM ANDROSAEMUM.--Tutsan, or Sweet Amber. Europe (Britain). A +pretty native species, growing about 2 feet high, with ovate leaves +having glandular dots and terminal clustered cymes of yellow flowers. + +H. AUREUM.--South Carolina and Georgia, 1882. This soon forms a neat and +handsome plant. The flowers are unusually large, and remarkable for the +tufts of golden-yellow stamens with which they are furnished. + +H. CALYCINUM.--Aaron's Beard, or Rose of Sharon. South-east Europe. This +is a well-known native species of shrubby growth, bearing large yellow +flowers from 3 inches to 4 inches in diameter. It is a prostrate plant, +with coriaceous glossy leaves with small pellucid dots, and of great +value for planting in the shade. + +H. ELATUM is a spreading species from North America (1762), growing to +fully 4 feet in height, and bearing terminal corymbs of large, bright +yellow flowers in July and August. Leaves rather large, oblong-ovate, +and revolute. On account of its spreading rapidly from the root, this +species requires to be planted where it will have plenty of room. + +H. HIRCINUM.--Goat-scented St. John's Wort. Mediterranean region, 1640. +A small-growing and slender species, with oblong-lanceolate leaves 2 +inches long, and producing small yellow flowers in terminal heads. There +is a smaller growing form known as H. hircinum minus. The plant emits a +peculiar goat-like odour. + +H. MOSERIANUM is a beautiful hybrid form with red anthers. + +H. OBLONGIFOLIUM (_syns H. Hookerianum_ and _H. nepalensis_).--Nepaul, +1823. An evergreen species, about 4 feet high, with oblong, pellucid, +dotted leaves, and deep golden, somewhat waxy flowers at the end of +summer. + +H. PROLIFICUM.--North America, 1758. This is a much branched twiggy +shrub, about 4 feet high, with small, linear-lanceolate leaves, thickly +studded with pellucid dots. Flowers not very large, five-petalled, and +of a pleasing bright yellow colour. The allied if not identical H. +Kalmiana is worthy of being included in a selection of these plants. + +H. URALUM.--Nepaul, 1823. A neat but fragile species that attains to +about a yard in height. Leaves rather small, elliptic, almost stalkless, +and perforated with transparent dots. Flowers small and of a bright +golden yellow. + +H. fasciculatum, H. pyrimidatum, and H. patulum are all worthy of +attention, where a good representative collection is of importance. The +Hypericums succeed best when planted in a rather sandy and not too dry +loam, and they are readily increased either from divisions or by means +of cuttings. + + +IDESIA. + +IDESIA POLYCARPA (_syns Flacourtica japonica_ and _Polycarpa +Maximowiczii_).--A Japanese tree of small growth, and only introduced to +this country in 1866. It is a handsome, hardy species, bearing large, +bright-green leaves with conspicuous crimson footstalks, often 4 inches +across, and of a glaucous tint on the under sides. The deliciously +fragrant flowers are greenish-white or yellowish-green, and produced in +graceful drooping racemes. In southern England it does well, and, being +a tree of unusual beauty of both leaves and flowers, is well worthy of +attention. Rich loam, not too stiff, will grow the Idesia well. + + +ILEX. + +ILEX AQUIFOLIUM.--Common Holly. Europe (Britain) and West Asia. Though +the Hollies are not usually reckoned ornamental for the sake of their +flowers, their berries are highly so. Some of them are nevertheless +deliciously fragrant when in bloom. The leaves of this, our native +species, in their typical form are oblong-ovate, wavy, and deeply +spiny-toothed. The tree flowers in May and June, while the clusters of +bright red berries ripen in autumn, persist all the winter, and +sometimes even hang on tree till a second crop is matured, provided they +are not devoured by birds during severe weather. The varieties are very +numerous, and differ chiefly in the form and toothing of the leaves, +which are variegated in many cases, their size and form, and in the +colour of the berries in a few instances. + +I. Aquifolium albo-marginata has ovate, nearly flat, spiny-serrate +leaves, with a narrow silvery margin, and fruits freely. I. Aquifolium +fructu albo has white berries; in I. Aquifolium fructu luteo they are +yellow and very abundantly produced; and in I. Aquifolium fructu nigro +they are black. I. Aquifolium handsworthensis has elliptic-oblong spiny +leaves, with a creamy-white margin and marbled with gray. Grafted trees +bear berries in great profusion from the time they are only a foot high, +and are highly ornamental. I. Aquifolium Hodginsii has large, broadly +oblong-ovate, slightly spiny leaves, and large crimson-red berries that +ripen late in autumn. I. Aquifolium Hodginsii aurea is a sub-variety +with a broad golden margin to the leaves, and the disc splashed with +gray. Beautiful and distinct is I. Aquifolium Lawsoniana, with ovate, +flat, almost spineless leaves, heavily and irregularly blotched with +yellow in the centre. The berries are of a brilliant red. The variety +differs from Milkmaid in having flat, nearly entire leaves. I. +Aquifolium pendula has a wide, rounded, drooping head, but otherwise +does not differ from the type. Many others bear berries, but the above +are all very distinct forms. + +I. OPACA.--American Holly. United States, 1744. The leaves of this +species are oblong or oval, small, spiny-serrate, and of a dark opaque +green. The berries, which ripen in autumn, are small, bright red, and +very liable to be eaten by birds. In America this Holly is put to +precisely the same purposes as the common Holly is in Europe. It is +perfectly hardy here. + + +ILLICIUM. + +ILLICIUM FLORIDANUM, from Florida (1771), is a beautiful but uncommon +shrub, probably on account of its being tender and susceptible to injury +by frost, unless in the warmer and more favoured parts of the country. +The fragrant flowers are of a purplish-rose, while the foliage is neat +and of a pleasing green. + +I. ANISATUM (_syn I. religiosum_), from China and Japan (1842), is too +tender for outdoor culture in this country. + + +INDIGOFERA. + +INIDGOFERA GERARDIANA (_syns I. floribunda_ and _I. Dosua_).--India, +1842. This forms a compact dwarf bush in the open, but is still better +suited for covering a wall, the growth and floriferousness being then +much increased. The foliage is neat and Pea-green, while the bright pink +Pea-like flowers are produced in long racemes. It is a pretty bush, and +grows freely enough in any good garden soil, but very fine flowering +specimens may be seen in light, sandy soil of a peaty nature. There is a +white flowered variety named I. Gerardiana alba. + + +ITEA. + +ITEA VIRGINICA.--North America, 1744. This is a neat, deciduous shrub of +3 feet or 4 feet in height. The ovate-lanceolate leaves are of a light +greyish-green, and the small white flowers are produced in dense racemes +or spikes. Planted in a somewhat shady place, and in rather cool, damp +soil, this little shrub does well and flowers profusely. + + +JAMESIA. + +JAMESIA AMERICANA.--Rocky Mountains and Colorado, 1865. Amongst early +spring-flowering shrubs this pretty but neglected plant is one of the +best, of perfect hardihood, for it stands the vigour of our winters with +impunity, and of dense thick growth; it is suitable for using in a +variety of ways, as well as for purely ornamental purposes. The leaves +are oval and neatly dentated, and the flowers individually of large +size, pure white, and produced in terminal bunches. Cool soil and a +shady situation would seem to suit the plant admirably, but for screen +purposes in the rock garden or border it is invaluable on account of the +strong and dense twigs. + + +JASMINUM. + +JASMINUM FRUTICANS.--South Europe, 1570. An evergreen species, well +adapted, from its rather stiff and upright growth, for planting alone. +It has trifoliolate leaves and showy yellow flowers. + +J. HUMILE.--India, 1656. A hardy species of dwarf growth, and bearing +beautiful golden flowers produced in summer. + +J. NUDIFLORUM.--Naked Jasmine. China, 1844. A showy and well-known +species, from China, with numerous, usually solitary yellow flowers, +ternate leaves, and flexible branches. The variety J. nudiflorum +aureo-variegatum has golden-variegated leaves. + +J. OFFICINALE.--Northern India to Persia, 1548. The white-flowered +Jasmine of our gardens is a very beautiful and desirable clambering +shrub, either for wall covering, for planting by tree stumps, rooteries, +or rockeries, or for screening and draping the pergola or garden +latticework. From its great hardihood, vigour of growth, and beauty of +flowers, it is certainly one of the most deservedly popular of wall +shrubs. The branches are deep green, angular, and flexible, the leaves +pinnate, and the flowers pure-white and sweetly-scented. The variety J. +officinale affine has flowers that are individually larger than those of +the species; J. officinale aurea has badly variegated leaves; J. +officinale grandiflorum and J. officinale grandiflorum majus, are also +desirable kinds. + +J. PUBIGERUM GLABRUM (_syn J. Wallichianum_), from North-west India, is +not well-known, being tender in most parts of the country. + +J. REVOLUTUM.--India, 1812. This has persistent dark, glossy-green +leaves, and fragrant, bright yellow flowers, produced in large, terminal +clusters. From India, but perfectly hardy as a wall plant, and for which +purpose, with its bright evergreen leaves, it is well suited. + +As regards soil, the Jasmines are very accommodating, and are propagated +by layers or cuttings. + + +KADSURA. + +KADSURA JAPONICA.--Japan, 1846. This is a small-growing shrub, with +lanceolate and pointed leaves, that are remotely dentated. The flowers +are not very showy, being of a yellowish-white colour and about an inch +across. They are produced both terminal and axillary, and in fair +abundance. The scarlet fruits are arranged in clusters, and when fully +ripe are both showy and interesting. Generally speaking this shrub +suffers from severe frost, but as only the branch tips are injured, it +shoots freely from the stock. It produces its flowers in the autumn. +There is a variety with variegated leaves. + + +KALMIA. + +KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA.--Sheep Laurel. Canada, 1736. This is at once +distinguished from K. latifolia by its much smaller and narrower leaves +and smaller flowers, which latter are, however, of brighter tint and +more plentifully produced. It rarely exceeds 2 feet in height. Of this +there are two very distinct forms, that named K. angustifolia pumila, +being of neat and dense small growth; and K. angustifolia rubra, in +which the flowers are of an unusually deep red. + +K. GLAUCA.--Canada and Sitcha, 1767. This, which has lilac-purple +flowers, produced in early spring, is not a very desirable species, +being rather straggling of growth and with few flowers. + +K. HIRSUTA.--Hairy-leaved Kalmia. South-east Virginia to Florida, 1786. +This is at once distinguished by the rather rough and hairy foliage and +few rosy-tinted flowers. It is of dwarf, neat growth. + +K. LATIFOLIA.--Calico Bush, or Mountain Laurel. Alleghanies, Canada, and +Western Florida, 1734. A favourite shrub in every garden where the +conditions of soil will allow of its being successfully cultivated. In +peaty soil, or light, friable loam and leaf soil, it forms a dense, +round-headed bush, often 8 feet in height, and nearly as much through, +with pleasing green leaves, and dense clusters of beautiful pink, +wax-like flowers. The flowering period commences in May, and usually +extends to the end of July. This is a choice shrub of great hardihood, +and one of the handsomest flowering in cultivation. There is a still +more beautiful form named K. latifolia major splendens, and one with +small Myrtle-like foliage named K. latifolia myrtifolia. + +The members of this handsome family are, as a rule, partial to cool, +damp soil, peat of a light, sandy nature being preferred. They thrive +well where Azaleas and Rhododendrons will succeed. In bold masses they +have a fine effect, but a well developed standard specimen of the +commonly cultivated species is highly ornamental. + + +KERRIA. + +KERRIA JAPONICA (_syn Corchorus japonicus_).--Japan, 1700. A Japanese +shrub, the double-flowered variety of which, K. japonica flore-pleno, is +one of our commonest wall plants. The orange-yellow flowers, produced in +great rosettes, are highly ornamental, and have earned for the shrub a +well-known name. It succeeds well almost anywhere, and, though usually +seen as a wall plant, is perfectly hardy, and forms a neat shrub for the +open border. There is a form in which the leaves are variegated, and +known under the name of K. japonica variegata. + + +KOELREUTERIA. + +KOELREUTERIA PANICULATA.--Northern China, 1763. Whether for its foliage +or flowers, this small-growing tree is worthy of a place. Though of +rather irregular growth, the beautiful foliage and large panicles of +yellowish flowers, which stand well above the leaves, make the shrub +(for it does not in this country attain to tree height), one of +particular interest, and a valuable aid in ornamental planting. In a +sheltered corner, and planted in rich soil, it grows and flowers freely. + + +LABURNUM. + +LABURNUM ADAMI (_syn Cytisus Adami_).--A graft hybrid form between the +common Laburnum and Cytisus purpureus, the result being flowers of the +Laburnum, the true Cytisus purpureus, and the graft hybrid between the +two. It was raised by Jean Louis Adam in 1825. It is a curious and +distinct tree, worthy of culture if only for the production of three +distinct kinds of flowers on the same plant. + +L. ALPINUM (_syn Cytisus alpinus_).--Scotch Laburnum. Europe, 1596. This +very closely resembles the common Laburnum, but it is of larger growth, +and flowers later in the season. The flowers, too, though in longer +racemes, are usually less plentifully produced. It grows 30 feet high. +There is a weeping form, L. alpinum pendulum, and another with fragrant +flowers, named L. alpinum fragrans, as also a third, with very long +racemes of flowers, named L. alpinum Alschingeri. + +L. CARAMANICUM.--Asia Minor, 1879. A bushy shrub of vigorous habit, with +trifoliolate and petiolate leaves of a pale green colour, thick and +tough, and brightly polished on the upper surface. Flowers bright +yellow, the calyx being helmet-shaped and rusty-red. It is a beautiful +but uncommon shrub, and succeeds very well in chalky or calcareous soil. +Flowers in July. + +L. VULGARE (_syn Cytisus Laburnum_).--Common Laburnum. Southern France +to Hungary, 1596. This is one of our commonest garden and park trees, +and at the same time one of the most beautiful and floriferous. The +large, pendulous racemes of bright yellow flowers are, when at their +best in May, surpassed neither in quantity nor beauty by those of any +other hardy tree. There are several varieties of this Laburnum--a few +good, but many worthless, at least from a garden point of view. L. +vulgare Parkesii is a seedling form, bearing large racemes of +deep-coloured flowers, often 14 inches long; L. vulgare Watereri was +raised in the Knap Hill Nursery, Surrey, and is one of the most distinct +and beautiful of the many forms into which the Laburnum has been +sub-divided. The flower racemes are very long and richly coloured. L. +vulgare quercifolium and L. vulgare sessilifolium are fairly well +described by their names; L. vulgare fragans differs only in having +sweetly-scented flowers; L. vulgare involutum has curiously-curled +leaves; while L. vulgare aureum, where it does well, is a beautiful and +distinct form. + + +LARDIZABALA. + +LARDIZABALA BITERNATA.--Chili, 1848. Requires wall protection, there +being few situations in which it will succeed when planted in the open. +It is a tall, climbing shrub, with dark green persistent leaves, and +bearing purplish flowers in drooping racemes in mid-winter. Planted in +rather dry soil, at the base of a sunny wall, this shrub forms a by no +means unattractive covering, the twice ternate, glossy leaves being +fresh and beautiful the winter through. + + +LAPAGERIA. + +LAPAGERIA ROSEA.--Chili, 1847. This is, unfortunately, not hardy, unless +in favoured maritime districts, but in such situations it has stood +unharmed for many years, and attained to goodly proportions. It is a +beautiful climber, with deep-green leaves, and large, fleshy, +campanulate flowers of a deep rose colour. There is a white-flowered +form called L. alba, introduced from Chili in 1854. Planted on an east +aspect wall, and in roughly broken up peat and gritty sand, it succeeds +well. + + +LAVANDULA. + +LAVANDULA VERA (_syn L. Spica_).--Common Lavender. South Europe, 1568. A +well-known and useful plant, but of no particular value for ornamental +purposes. It is of shrubby growth, with narrow-lanceolate, hoary leaves, +and terminal spikes of blue flowers. + + +LAVATERA. + +LAVATERA ARBOREA.--Tree Mallow. Coasts of Europe, (Britain). A +stout-growing shrub reaching in favourable situations a height of fully +6 feet, with broadly orbicular leaves placed on long stalks. The flowers +are plentiful and showy, of a pale purplish-red colour, and collected +into clusters. It is a seaside shrub succeeding best in sheltered +maritime recesses, and when in full flower is one of the most ornamental +of our native plants. There is also a beautiful variegated garden form, +L. a. variegata. + + +LEDUM. + +LEDUM LATIFOLIUM (_syn L. groenlandicum_).--Wild Rosemary, or Labrador +Tea. This is a small shrub, reaching to about 3 feet in height, +indigenous to swampy ground in Canada, Greenland, and over a large area +of the colder parts of America. Leaves oval or oblong, and plentifully +produced all over the plant. Flowers pure white, or slightly tinted with +pink, produced in terminal corymbs, and usually at their best in April. +A perfectly hardy, neat-growing, and abundantly-flowered shrub, but one +that, somehow, has gone greatly out of favour in this country. This +plant has been sub-divided into several varieties, that are, perhaps, +distinct enough to render them worthy of attention. They are L. +latifolium globosum, with white flowers, borne in globose heads, on the +short, twiggy, and dark-foliaged branches. L. latifolium angustifolia +has narrower leaves than those of the species, while L. latifolium +intermedium is of neat growth and bears pretty, showy flowers. + +L. PALUSTRE.--Marsh Ledum. This is a common European species, growing +from 2 feet to 3 feet high, with much smaller leaves than the former, +and small pinky-white flowers produced in summer. It is an interesting +and pretty plant. The Ledums succeed best in cool, damp, peaty soil. + + +LEIOPHYLLUM. + +LEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM (_syns L. thymifolia, Ammyrsine buxifolia_ and +_Ledum buxifolium_).--Sand Myrtle. New Jersey and Virginia, 1736. This +is a dwarf, compact shrub from New Jersey, with box-like leaves, and +bunches of small white flowers in early summer. For using as a rock +plant, and in sandy peat, it is an excellent subject, and should find a +place in every collection. + + +LESPEDEZA. + +LESPEDEZA BICOLOR (_syn Desmodium penduliflorum_).--North China and +Japan. A little-known but beautiful small-growing shrub, of slender, +elegant growth, and reaching, under favourable culture, a height of +about 6 feet. The leaves are trifoliolate, small, and neat, and the +abundant racemes of individually small, Pea-shaped flowers are of the +richest and showiest reddish-purple. Being only semi-hardy will account +for the scarcity of this beautiful Japanese shrub, but having stood +uninjured in all but the coldest parts of these islands should induce +lovers of flowering shrubs to give it a fair chance. + + +LEUCOTHOE. + +LEUCOTHOE AXILLARIS (_syn Andromeda axillaris_).--North America, 1765. +This is of small growth, from 2 feet to 3 feet high, with oval-pointed +leaves and white flowers in short racemes produced in May and June. It +is not a very satisfactory species for cultivation in this country. + +L. CATESBAEI (_syns Andromeda Catesbaei_ and _A. axillaris_).--North +America. This has white flowers with an unpleasant odour like that of +Chestnut blossoms, but is worthy of cultivation, and succeeds best in +cool sandy peat or friable yellow loam. + +L. DAVISIAE, from California (1853), is a very handsome evergreen shrub, +of small and neat growth, and will be found an acquisition where compact +shrubs are in demand. The leaves are small, of a deep green colour, and +remain throughout the year. Flowers produced in great abundance at the +branch tips, usually in dense clusters, and individually small and pure +white. + +L. RECURVA (_syn Andromeda recurva_).--North America. A very distinct +plant on account of the branch tips being almost of a scarlet tint, and +thus affording a striking contrast to the grayish-green of the older +bark. The flowers are pinky-white and produced in curving racemes and +abundantly over the shrub. Like other members of the family it delights +to grow in cool sandy peat. + + +LEYCESTERIA. + +LEYCESTERIA FORMOSA, from Nepaul (1824), is an erect-growing, deciduous +shrub, with green, hollow stems, and large ovate, pointed leaves of a +very deep green colour. The flowers are small, and white or purplish, +and produced in long, pendulous, bracteate racemes from the axils of +the upper leaves. It is one of the most distinct and interesting of +hardy shrubs, the deep olive-green of both stem and leaves, and +abundantly-produced and curiously-shaped racemes, rendering it a +conspicuous object wherever planted. Perfectly hardy, and of free, +almost rampant growth in any but the stiffest soils. Cuttings root +freely and grow rapidly. + + +LIGUSTRUM. + +LIGUSTRUM IBOTA (_syn L. amurense_).--Japan, 1861. A compact growing +species, about 3 feet in height, with small spikes of pure white flowers +produced freely during the summer months. + +L. JAPONICUM (_syns L. glabrum, L. Kellennanni, L. Sieboldii_ and _L. +syringaeflorum_).--Japan Privet. This is a dwarf-growing species rarely +exceeding 4 feet in height, with broad, smooth, glossy-green leaves, and +large compound racemes of flowers. There are several varieties, +including L. japonicum microphyllum, with smaller leaves than the +parent; and one with tricoloured foliage and named L. japonicum +variegatum. + +L. LUCIDUM (_syns L. magnoliaefolium_ and _L. strictum_).--Shining-leaved +Privet, or Woa Tree. China, 1794. A pretty evergreen species, with oval +leaves, and terminal, thyrsoid panicles of white flowers. It is an old +inhabitant of our gardens, and forms a somewhat erect, twiggy bush, of +fully 10 feet in height. Of this there are two varieties, one with +larger bunches of flowers, and named L. lucidum floribundum, and another +with variegated leaves, L. lucidum variegatum. L. lucidum coriaceum +(Leathery-leaved Privet) is a distinct variety, with thick, +leathery-green leaves, and dense habit of growth. + +L. OVALIFOLIUM (_syn L. californicum_).--Oval-leaved Privet. Japan, +1877. This is a commonly-cultivated species, with semi-evergreen leaves, +and spikes of yellowish-white flowers. It is a good hedge plant, and +succeeds well as a town shrub. There are several variegated forms, of +which L. ovalifolium variegatum (Japan, 1865) and L. ovalifolium aureum +are the best. + +L. QUIHOI.--China, 1868. This is a much valued species, as it does not +flower until most of its relations have finished. Most of the Privets +flower at mid-summer, but this species is often only at its best by the +last week of October and beginning of November. It forms a straggling +freely-branched shrub, of fully 6 feet in height and nearly as much +through, with dark shining-green oblong leaves, and loose terminal +panicles of pure white, powerfully-scented flowers. It flourishes, like +most of the Privets, on poor soil, and is a little-known species that +note should be made of during the planting season. + +L. SINENSE (_syns L. villosum_ and _L. Ibota villosum_).--Chinese +Privet. China, 1858. This is a tall deciduous shrub, with oblong and +tomentose leaves, and flowers in loose, terminal panicles and produced +freely in August. L. sinense nanum is one of the prettiest forms in +cultivation. It is almost evergreen, with a horizontal mode of growth, +and dense spikes of crearny-white flowers, so thickly produced as almost +to hide the foliage from view. It is a most distinct and desirable +variety. + +L. VULGARE.--Common Privet. Although one of our commonest shrubs, this +Privet can hardly be passed unnoticed, for the spikes of creamy-white +flowers, that are deliciously scented, are both handsome and effective. +Of the common Privet there are several distinct and highly ornamental +forms, such as L. vulgare variegatum, L. vulgare pendulum, having +curiously-creeping branches, and the better-known and valuable L. +vulgare sempervirens (_syn L. italicum_), the Italian Privet. + + +LINNAEA. + +LINNAEA BOREALIS.--Twin Flower. A small and elegant, much-creeping +evergreen shrub, with small, ovate crenate leaves, and pairs of very +fragrant, pink flowers. Two conditions are necessary for its +cultivation--a half-shaded aspect where bottom moisture is always +present, and a deep, rich, friable loam. A native of Scotland and +England, flowering in July. + + +LIPPIA. + +LIPPIA CITRIODORA (_syns Aloysia citriodora_ and _Verbena +triphylla_).--Lemon-scented Verbena. Chili, 1794. With its slender +branches and pale green, pleasantly-scented, linear leaves, this little +plant is a general favourite that needs no description. The flowers are +not very ornamental, being white or lilac, and produced in small, +terminal panicles. A native of Chili, it is not very hardy, but grown +against a sunny wall, and afforded the protection of a mat in winter, +with a couple of shovelfuls of cinders heaped around the stem, it passes +through the most severe weather with little or no injury, save, in some +instances, the branch tips being killed back. Propagated readily from +cuttings placed in a cool frame or under a hand-light. + + +LIRIODENDRON. + +LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA.--Tulip Tree. North America, 1688. One of the +noblest hardy exotic trees in cultivation. The large, four-lobed, +truncate leaves, of a soft and pleasing green, are highly ornamental, +and are alone sufficient to establish the identity of the tree. Flowers +large, yellow, and sweet-scented, and usually freely produced when the +tree has attained to a height of between 20 feet and 30 feet. When we +consider the undoubted hardihood of the tree and indifference to soil, +its noble aspect, handsome foliage that is so distinct from that of any +other tree, and showy flowers, we feel justified in placing it in the +very first rank of ornamental trees. L. tulipifera integrifolia has +entire leaves, which render it distinct from the type; L. tulipifera +fastigiata, or pyramidalis, is of erect growth; L. tulipifera aurea, +with golden foliage; and L. tulipifera crispa, with the leaves curiously +undulated--a peculiarity which seems constant, but is more curious than +beautiful. Few soils come amiss to the Tulip Tree, it thriving well in +that of very opposite descriptions--loam, almost pure gravel, and +alluvial deposit. + + +LONICERA. + +LONICERA CAPRIFOLIUM.--Europe. This species resembles L. Periclymenum, +but is readily distinguished by the sessile flower-heads, and +fawny-orange flowers. + +L. FLEXUOSA (_syn L. brachypoda_).--Japan, 1806. This is a pretty +species, and one of the most useful of the climbing section. By its +slender, twining, purplish stems, it may at once be distinguished, as +also by the deep green, purplish-tinted leaves, and sweetly-scented +flowers of various shades of yellow and purple. A native of China, and +perfectly hardy as a wall plant. L. flexuosa aureo-reticulata is a +worthy variety, in which the leaves are beautifully netted or variegated +with yellow. + +L. FRAGRANTISSIMA.--China, 1845. This species is often confounded with +L. Standishii, but differs in at least one respect, that the former is +strictly a climber, while the latter is of bushy growth. The leaves, +too, of L. Standishii are hairy, which is not the case with the other +species. It is a very desirable species, with white fragrant flowers, +produced during the winter season. + +L. PERICLYMENUM.--Honeysuckle, or Woodbine. An indigenous climbing +shrub, with long, lithe, and twisted cable-like branches, and bearing +heads of sweetly-scented, reddish-yellow flowers. This is a favourite +wild plant, and in the profusion and fragrance of its flowers it is +surpassed by none of the exotic species. There are several distinct +nursery forms of this plant, including those known as L. Periclymenum +Late Dutch, L. Periclymenum Early Cream, and L. Periclymenum +odoratissimum; as also one with variegated foliage. + +L. SEMPERVIRENS.--Scarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle. A North American +evergreen species (1656), with scarlet, almost inodorous flowers, +produced freely during the summer. For wall covering it is one of the +most useful of the family. The variety L. sempervirens minor is worthy +of attention. + +L. STANDISHII, a Chinese species (1860), has deliciously fragrant while +flowers, with a slight purplish tint, and is well worthy of attention, +it soon forming a wall covering of great beauty. + +L. TATARICA.---Tartarian Honeysuckle. Tartary, 1752. This is a very +variable species, in so far at least as the colour of flowers is +concerned, and has given rise to several handsome varieties. The typical +plant has rosy flowers, but the variety L. tatarica albiflora has pure +white flowers; and another, L. tatarica rubriflora has freely produced +purplish-red flowers. + +L. XYLOSTEUM (_syn Xylosteum dumetorum_).--Fly Honeysuckle. Europe +(England) to the Caucasus. The small, creamy-white flowers of this plant +are not particularly showy, but the scarlet berries are more conspicuous +in September and October. The gray bark of the branches has also a +distinct effect in winter when grown in contrast to the red-barked +species of Cornus, Viburnum, and yellow-barked Osier. It is one of the +oldest occupants of British shrubberies. L. Xylosteum leucocarpum has +white berries; those of L. Xylosteum melanocarpum are black; and in L. +Xylosteum xanthocarpum they are yellow. + +The Honeysuckles are all of the readiest culture, and succeed well in +very poor soils, and in that of opposite qualities. Propagated from +cuttings or by layering. + + +LOROPETALON. + +LOROPETALON CHINENSE.--Khasia Mountains and China, 1880. This is a +pretty and interesting shrub belonging to the more familiar Witch Hazel +family. Flowers clustered in small heads, the calyx pale green, and the +long linear petals almost pure white. Being quite hardy, and interesting +as well as ornamental, should insure this Chinese shrub a place in every +good collection. + + +LYCIUM. + +LYCIUM BARBARUM.--Box Thorn, or Tea Tree. North Asia, 1696. A pretty +lax, trailing shrub, with long, slender, flexible twigs, small +linear-lanceolate leaves, and rather sparsely-produced lilac or violet +flowers. Planted against a wall, or beside a stout-growing, open-habited +shrub, where the peculiarly lithe branches can find support, this plant +does best. Probably nowhere is the Box Thorn so much at home as in +seaside places, it then attaining to sometimes 12 feet in height, and +bearing freely its showy flowers during summer, and the bright scarlet +or orange berries in winter. + +L. EUROPAEUM.--European Box Thorn. South Europe, 1730. This is a spiny, +rambling shrub, that may often be seen clambering over some cottage +porch, or used as a fence or wall plant in many parts of England. It +often grows nearly 20 feet long, and is then a plant of great beauty, +with linear-spathulate leaves of the freshest green, and pretty little +pink or reddish flowers. For quickly covering steep, dry banks and +mounds where few other plants could exist this European Box Thorn is +invaluable. Either species will grow in very poor, dry soil, and is +readily propagated by means of cuttings. + + +LYONIA. + +LYONIA PANICULATA (_syns L. ligustrina, Andromeda globulifera, A. +pilifera_, and _Menziesia globularis_).--North America, 1806. This +species grows about a yard high, with clustered, ovate leaves, and +pretty, pinky, drooping flowers. + + +MACLURA. + +MACLURA AURANTIACA.--Osage Orange, or Bow-wood. North America, 1818. +This is a wide-spreading tree with deciduous foliage, and armed with +spines along the branches. The leaves are three inches long, ovate and +pointed, and of a bright shining green. Flowers rather inconspicuous, +being green with a light tinge of yellow, and succeeded by fruit bearing +a resemblance when ripe to the Seville orange. It is hardy, and grows +freely in rather sandy or gravelly soil. + + +MAGNOLIA. + +MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA.--Cucumber Tree. North America, 1736. This is a large +and handsome species, of often as much as 50 feet in height, and with a +head that is bushy in proportion. The leaves are 6 inches long, ovate +and pointed, and of a refreshing shade of green. Flowers +greenish-yellow, sweetly scented, and produced abundantly all over the +tree. They are succeeded by small, roughish fruit, resembling an infant +cucumber, but they usually fall off before becoming ripe. + +M. CAMPBELII.--Sikkim, 1868. This is a magnificent Indian species, but, +unfortunately, it is not hardy except in the favoured English and Irish +localities. The leaves are large, and silky on the undersides, while the +flowers are crimson and white, and equally as large as those of the +better-known M. grandiflora. + +M. CONSPICUA (_syn M. Yulan_).--Yulan. China, 1789. A large-growing +shrub, with Pea-green, deciduous foliage, and large, pure white flowers +that oft get damaged by the spring frosts. M. conspicua Soulangeana is a +supposed hybrid between M. conspicua and M. obovata. Whatever may be the +origin of this Magnolia, it is certainly a handsome and showy plant of +very vigorous growth, producing freely its white, purple-tinted flowers, +and which last for a long time in perfection. There are several other +varieties, including M. conspicua Soulangeana nigra, with dark purplish +flowers; M. conspicua Alexandrina, M. conspicua Soulangeana speciosa, +and M. conspicua Norbertii. + +M. CORDATA, a native of the Southern Alleghanies (1801), is still rare +in collections. It is a small-growing, deciduous species, with yellow +flowers, that are neither scented nor showy. + +M. FRASERI (_syn M. auriculata_).--Long-leaved Cucumber Tree. North +America, 1786. This species has distinctly auriculated leaves and large, +yellowish-white, fragrant flowers. + +M. GLAUCA.--Laurel Magnolia. North America, 1688. This is one of the +commonest species in our gardens, and at the same time one of the +hardiest. It is of shrub size, with Laurel-like leaves, and +sweetly-scented, small, pure white flowers, produced about the end of +June. + +M. GRANDIFLORA.--North America, 1737. One of the handsomest species, +with very large, glossy, evergreen leaves, and deliciously odoriferous, +creamy-white flowers, that are often fully 6 inches across. It is +usually seen as a wall plant, and the slight protection thus afforded is +almost a necessity in so far as the development of the foliage and +flowers is concerned. M. grandiflora exoniensis (Exmouth Magnolia) is a +very handsome form. + +M. LENNEI.--This is a garden hybrid between M. conspicua and M. obovata +discolor, and has flowers as large as a goose's egg, of a rosy-purple +colour, and produced profusely. + +M. MACROPHYLLA.--North America, 1800. This species has very large leaves +and flowers, larger, perhaps, than those of any other species. They are +very showy, being white with a purple centre. It attains a height of 30 +feet. + +M. OBOVATA DISCOLOR (_syn M. purpurea_).--Japan, 1790. This is a +small-growing, deciduous shrub, with large, dark green leaves, and +Tulip-shaped flowers, that are purple on the outside and almost white +within. + +M. PARVIFLORA, from Japan, with creamy-white, fragrant flowers, that are +globular in shape, is a very distinct and attractive species, but cannot +generally be relied upon as hardy. + +M. STELLATA (_syn M. Halleana_).--Japan, 1878. A neat, small-growing, +Japanese species, of bushy habit, and quite hardy in this country. The +small, white, fragrant flowers are produced abundantly, even on young +plants, and as early as April. One of the most desirable and handsome of +the small-growing species. M. stellata (pink variety) received an Award +of Merit at the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society on March 28, +1893. This bids fair to be really a good thing, and may best be +described as a pink-flowered form of the now well-known and popular +species. + +M. UMBRELLA (_syn M. tripetala_).--Umbrella Tree. North America, 1752. A +noble species, with large, deep green leaves, that are often 16 inches +long. It is quite hardy around London, and produces its large, white, +fragrant flowers in succession during May and June. The fruit is large +and showy, and of a deep purplish-red colour. + + +MEDICAGO. + +MEDICAGO ARBOREA.--South Europe, 1596. This species grows to the height +of 6 feet or 8 feet, and produces its Pea-shaped flowers from June +onwards. The leaves are broadly oval and serrated at the tips, but they +vary in this respect. It is not hardy unless in warm, sheltered corners +of southern England and Ireland, although it stood unharmed for many +years at Kew. It succeeds best, and is less apt to receive injury, when +planted in rather dry and warm soil. + + +MENISPERMUM. + +MENISPERMUM CANADENSE.--Moonseed. North America, 1691. This shrub is +principally remarkable for the large, reniform, peltate leaves, which +are of value for covering pergolas, bowers and walls. The flowers are of +no great account, being rather inconspicuous and paniculate. It is hardy +in most places, and is worthy of culture for its graceful habit and +handsome foliage. + + +MICROGLOSSA. + +MICROGLOSSA ALBESCENS (_syn Aster albescens_ and _A. +cabulicus_).--Himalayas, 1842. This member of the Compositae family is a +much-branched shrub, with grayish lanceolate foliage, and clusters of +flowers about 6 inches in diameter, and of a bluish or mauve colour. It +is a native of Nepaul, and, with the protection of a wall, perfectly +hardy around London. + + +MITCHELLA. + +MITCHELLA REPENS.--Partridge Berry. North America, 1761. A low-growing, +creeping plant, having oval, persistent leaves, white flowers, and +brilliant scarlet fruit. It is a neat little bog plant, resembling +Fuchsia procumbens in habit, and with bunches of the brightest +Cotoneaster-like fruit. For rock gardening, or planting on the margins +of beds in light, peaty soil, this is one of the handsomest and most +beautiful of hardy creeping shrubs. + + +MITRARIA. + +MITRARIA COCCINEA.--Scarlet Mitre Pod. Chiloe, 1848. This is only hardy +in the South of England and Ireland, and even there it requires wall +protection. It is a pretty little shrub, with long, slender shoots, +which, during the early part of the summer, are studded with the bright +red, drooping blossoms, which are urn-shaped, and often nearly 2 inches +long. It delights in damp, lumpy, peat. + + +MYRICA. + +MYRICA ASPLENIFOLIA (_syn Comptonia asplenifolia_).--Sweet Fern. North +America, 1714. A North American plant of somewhat straggling growth, +growing to about 4 feet high, and with linear, pinnatified, +sweet-smelling leaves. The flowers are of no decorative value, being +small and inconspicuous, but for the fragrant leaves alone the shrub +will always be prized. It grows well in peaty soil, is very hardy, and +may be increased by means of offsets. This shrub is nearly allied to our +native Myrica or Sweet Gale. + +M. CALIFORNICA.--Californian Wax Myrtle. California, 1848. In this we +have a valuable evergreen shrub that is hardy beyond a doubt, and that +will thrive in the very poorest classes of soils. In appearance it +somewhat resembles our native plant, but is preferable to it on account +of the deep green, persistent leaves. The leaves are about 3 inches +long, narrow, and produced in tufts along the branches. Unlike our +native species, the Californian Wax Myrtle has no pleasant aroma to the +leaves. + +M. CERIFERA.--Common Candle-berry Myrtle. Canada, 1699. This is a neat +little shrub, usually about 4 feet high, with oblong-lanceolate leaves, +and inconspicuous catkins. + +M. GALE.--Sweet Gale or Bog Myrtle. This has inconspicuous flowers, and +is included here on account of the deliciously fragrant foliage, and +which makes it a favourite with cultivators generally. It is a native +shrub, growing from 3 feet to 4 feet high, with deciduous, +linear-lanceolate leaves, and clustered catkins appearing before the +leaves. A moor or bog plant, and of great value for planting by the pond +or lake side, or along with the so-called American plants, for the aroma +given off by the foliage. + +The Myricas are all worthy of cultivation, although the flowers are +inconspicuous--their neat and in most cases fragrant foliage, and +adaptability to poor soil or swampy hollows, being extra +recommendations. + + +MYRTUS. + +MYRTUS COMMUNIS.--Common Myrtle. South Europe, 1597. A well-known shrub, +which, unless in very favoured spots and by the sea-side, cannot survive +our winters. Where it does well, and then only as a wall plant, this and +its varieties are charming shrubs with neat foliage and an abundance of +showy flowers. The double-flowered varieties are very handsome, but they +are more suitable for glass culture than planting in the open. + +M. LUMA (_syn Eugenia apiculata_ and _E. Luma_).--Chili. Though +sometimes seen growing out of doors, this is not to be recommended for +general planting, it being best suited for greenhouse culture. + +M. UGNI (_syn Eugenia Ugni_).--Valdivia, 1845. A small-growing, +Myrtle-like shrub, that is only hardy in favoured parts of the country. +It is of branching habit, with small, wiry stems, oval, coriacious +leaves, and pretty pinky flowers. The edible fruit is highly ornamental, +being of a pleasing ruddy tinge tinted with white. This dwarf-growing +shrub wants the protection of a wall, and when so situated in warm +seaside parts of the country soon forms a bush of neat and pleasing +appearance. + + +NEILLIA. + +NEILLIA OPULIFOLIA (_syn Spiraea opulifolia_).--Nine Bark. North +America, 1690. A hardy shrub, nearly allied to Spiraea. It produces a +profusion of umbel-like corymbs of pretty white flowers, that are +succeeded by curious swollen membraneous purplish fruit. N. opulifolia +aurea is worthy of culture, it being of free growth and distinct from +the parent plant. + +N. THYRSIFLORA, Nepaul, 1850, would seem to be quite as hardy as N. +opulifolia, and is of more evergreen habit. The leaves are doubly +serrated and three lobed, and cordate-ovate. Flowers white in spicate, +thyrsoid racemes, and produced rather sparsely. + + +NESAEA. + +NESAEA SALICIFOLIA (_syn Heimia salicifolia_).--Mexico, 1821. This can +only be styled as half hardy, but with wall protection it forms a pretty +bush often fully a yard in height. The leaves resemble those of some +species of Willow, being long and narrow, while the showy yellow flowers +are freely produced in August and September. It thrives best when +planted in light, dry soil, and in a sheltered position. + + +NEVIUSA. + +NEVIUSA ALABAMENSIS.--Alabama Snow Wreath. Alabama, 1879. This is a rare +American shrub, with leaves reminding one of those of the Nine Bark, +Neillia opulifolia, and the flowers, which are freely produced along the +full length of the shoots, are white or yellowish-green, with prominent +stamens of a tufted brush-like character. It is usually treated as a +green-house plant, but may be seen growing and flowering freely in the +open ground at Kew. + + +NUTTALLIA. + +NUTTALLIA CERASIFORMIS.--Osoberry. California, 1848. This shrub is of +great value on account of the flowers being produced in the early weeks +of the year, and when flowers are few and far between. It grows from 6 +feet to 10 feet high, with a thick, twiggy head, and drooping racemes of +white flowers borne thickly all over the plant. Few soils come amiss to +this neglected shrub, it growing and flowering freely even on poor +gravelly clay, and where only a limited number of shrubs could succeed. + + +OLEARIA. + +OLEARIA HAASTII.--New Zealand, 1872. This Composite shrub is only hardy +in the milder parts of England and Ireland. It is of stiff, dwarf +growth, rarely growing more than 4 feet high, but of neat and compact +habit. Flowering as it does in late summer it is rendered of special +value, the Daisy-like white blossoms being produced in large and flat +clusters at the branch tips. The leaves are neat and of leathery +texture, and being evergreen lend an additional charm to the shrub. + +O. MACRODONTA (_syn O. dentata_), from New Zealand, 1886, is tolerably +hardy, and may be seen in good form both at Kew and in the South of +Ireland. The large Holly-like leaves are of a peculiar silvery-green +tint above, and almost white on the under sides. Flowers white, and +produced in dense heads in June and July. + +O. Forsterii and O. Gunniana (_syn Eurybia Gunniana_) are nearly hardy +species, the latter, from New Zealand, bearing a profusion of white +Daisy-like flowers on dense, twiggy branches. + + +ONONIS. + +ONONIS ARVENSIS.--Restharrow. A native undershrub of very variable size, +according to the position in which it is found growing. It creeps along +the ground, the shoots sending out roots as they proceed, and is usually +found on dry sandy banks. The flowers when at their best are very +ornamental, being bright pink, and with the standard streaked with a +deeper shade. They are abundantly produced, and render the plant very +conspicuous during the summer and autumn months. When planted on an old +wall, and allowed to roam at will, the Restharrow is, perhaps, seen to +best advantage. + + +OSMANTHUS. + +OSMANTHUS AQUIFOLIUM ILLICIFOLIUS.--Holly-leaved Osmanthus. Japan. This +is a handsome evergreen shrub, with Holly-like leaves, and not very +conspicuous greenish-white flowers. It is a very desirable shrub, of +which there are varieties named O.A. ilicifolius argenteo-variegatus, +O.A. ilicifolius aureo-variegatus, and O.A. ilicifolius nanus, the +names of which will be sufficient to define their characters. + +O.A. ILICIFOLIUS MYRTIFOLIUS.--Myrtle-leaved Osmanthus. A very distinct +and beautiful shrub, with unarmed leaves. It is of dwarf, compact +growth, with small, sharply-pointed leaves, and inconspicuous flowers. +For the front line of a shrubbery this is an invaluable shrub, its +pretty leaves and neat twiggy habit making it a favourite with planters. +The variety rotundifolius is seldom seen in cultivation, but being +distinct in foliage from any of the others is to be recommended. They +grow freely in any good garden soil, but all the better if a little peat +is added at the time of planting. + + +OSTRYA. + +OSTRYA CARPINIFOLIA (_syn O. vulgaris_).--Common Hop Hornbeam. South +Europe, 1724. A much-branched, round-headed tree, with cordate-ovate, +acuminate leaves. Both this and the following species, by reason of the +resemblance between their female catkins and those of the Hop, and +between their leaves and those of the Hornbeam, have acquired the very +descriptive name of Hop Hornbeam. This is a large-growing tree, +specimens in various parts of the country ranging in height from 50 feet +to 60 feet. + +O. VIRGINICA.--Virginian Hop Hornbeam. Eastern United States, 1692. +Resembles the latter, but is of smaller growth, rarely exceeding 40 feet +in height. They grow fairly well in almost any class of soil, and on +account of the long and showy catkins are well worthy of cultivation. + + +OXYDENDRUM. + +OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM (_syn Andromeda arborea_).--Sorrel-tree. Eastern +United States, 1752. Unfortunately this species is not often found under +cultivation, being unsuitable generally for our climate. In some +instances, however, it has done well, a specimen in the Knap Hill +Nursery, Surrey, being 30 feet high, and with a dense rounded head. The +flowers are very beautiful, being of a waxy white, and produced +abundantly. It wants a free rich soil, and not too exposed site. + + +OZOTHAMNUS. + +OZOTHAMNUS ROSMARINIFOLIUS.--Australia, 1827. A pretty little Australian +Composite, forming a dense, twiggy shrub, with narrow, Rosemary-like +leaves, and small, whitish, Aster-like flowers which resemble those of +its near relative, the Olearia, and are produced so thickly that the +plant looks like a sheet of white when the blooms are fully developed. +It flowers in June and July. In most parts of the country it will +require protection, but can be classed as fairly hardy. Cuttings root +freely if placed in sandy soil in a cool frame. + + +PAEONIA. + +PAEONIA MOUTAN.--Moutan Paeony, or Chinese Tree Paeony. China and Japan, +1789. A beautiful shrubby species introduced from China about one +hundred years ago. The first of the kind introduced to England had +single flowers, and the plant is figured in Andrews' _Botanists' +Repository_ (tab. 463) under the name of P. papaveracea. The flowers are +white with a dark red centre. In the _Botanical Magazine_ (tab. 2175), +the same plant is figured under the name of P. Moutan var. papaveracea. +This is perfectly hardy in our gardens, and is the parent of many +beautiful and distinct varieties, including double and single white, +pink, crimson, purple, and striped. + + +PALIURUS. + +PALIURUS ACULEATUS (_syn P. australis_).--Christ's Thorn, or Garden +Thorn. Mediterranean region, 1596. A densely-branched, spiny shrub, with +small leaves, and not very showy, yellowish-green flowers. It grows and +flowers freely enough in light, peaty earth, but is not very hardy, the +tips of the branches being usually killed back should the winter be at +all severe. + + +PARROTIA. + +PARROTIA PERSICA.--Persia, 1848. Well known for the lovely autumnal +tints displayed by the foliage when dying off. But for the flowers, too, +it is well worthy of culture, the crimson-tipped stamens of the male +flowers being singularly beautiful and uncommon. In February it is no +unusual sight to see on well-established plants whole branches that are +profusely furnished with these showy flowers. For planting in a warm +corner of a rather dry border it seems to be well suited; but it is +perfectly hardy and free of growth when suited with soil and site. It is +as yet rare in cultivation, but is sure, when better known and more +widely disseminated, to become a general favourite with lovers of hardy +shrubs. + + +PASSIFLORA. + +PASSIFLORA CAERULEA.--Passion Flower. Brazil and Peru, 1699. Though not +perfectly hardy, yet this handsome climbing plant, if cut down to the +ground, usually shoots up freely again in the spring. The flowers, which +are produced very freely, but particularly in maritime districts, vary +from white to blue, and the prettily-fringed corona and centre of the +flower render the whole peculiarly interesting and beautiful. P. +caerulea Constance Elliott has greenish-white flowers; and P. caerulea +Colvillei has white sepals and a blue fringe. The latter is of more +robust growth, and more floriferous than the species. + + +PAULOWNIA. + +PAULOWNIA IMPERIALIS.--Japan, 1840. This is a handsome, fast-growing +tree, and one that is particularly valuable for its ample foliage, and +distinct and showy flowers. Though perfectly hardy, in other respects it +is unfortunate that the season at which the Paulownia flowers is so +early that, unless the conditions are unusually favourable, the flower +buds get destroyed by the frost. The tree grows to fully 40 feet high in +this country, and is a grandly decorative object in its foliage alone, +and for which, should the flowers never be produced, it is well worthy +of cultivation. They are ovate-cordate, thickly covered with a grayish +woolly tomentum, and often measure, but particularly in young and +healthy trees, as much as 10 inches in length. The Foxglove-like flowers +are purplish-violet and spotted, and borne in terminal panicles. They +are sweetly-scented. When favourably situated, and in cool, sandy loam +or peaty earth, the growth of the tree is very rapid, and when a tree +has been cut over, the shoots sent out often exceed 6 feet in length in +one season, and nearly 2 inches in diameter. There are many fine old +trees throughout the country, and which testify to the general hardihood +of the Paulownia. + + +PERIPLOCA. + +PERIPLOCA GRAECA.--Poison Vine. South Eastern Europe, and Orient, 1597. +A tall, climbing shrub, with small, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and +clusters of curious purplish-brown, green-tipped flowers produced in +summer. The long, incurved appendages, in the shape of a crown, and +placed so as to protect the style and anthers, render the flowers of +peculiar interest. Though often used as a greenhouse plant, it is +perfectly hardy, and makes a neat, deciduous wall or arch covering, +thriving to perfection in rich soil that is well-drained. It is readily +propagated from cuttings. + + +PERNETTYA. + +PERNETTYA MUCRONATA (_syn Arbutus mucronata_).--Prickly Heath. Magellan, +1828. This is a dwarf-growing, wiry shrub, with narrow, stiff leaves, +and bears an abundance of white, bell-shaped flowers. It is a capital +wind screen, and may be used to advantage on the exposed side of +rockwork or flower beds, or as an ornamental shrub by the pond or lake +side. The small dark-green leaves, the tiny white flowers, and great +abundance of deep purple berries in winter, are all points that are in +favour of the shrub for extended cultivation. The pretty, pinky shoots, +too, help to make the plant attractive even in mid-winter. Propagation +by layers or seed is readily brought about. To grow this shrub to +perfection, peaty soil or decayed vegetable matter will be found most +suitable. There is a narrow-leaved form named P. mucronata angustifolia, +and another on which the name of P. mucronata speciosa has been +bestowed. + +There are many beautiful-berried forms of the Pernettya, but as their +flowers are small can hardly be included in our list. + + +PHILADELPHUS. + +PHILADELPHUS CORONARIUS.--Mock Orange, or Syringa. South Europe, 1596. A +well-known and valuable garden shrub, of from 6 feet to 10 feet high, +with ovate and serrulated leaves, and pretty racemes of white or +yellowish-white, fragrant flowers. P. coronarius aureo-variegatus is one +of the numerous forms of this shrub, having brightly-tinted, golden +foliage, but the flowers are in no way superior to those of the parent. +It is, if only for the foliage, an extremely pretty and distinct +variety. P. coronarius argenteo-variegatus has silvery-tinted leaves; P. +coronarius flore-pleno, full double flowers; and P. coronarius Keteleeri +flore-pleno is the best double-flowered form in cultivation. + +P. GORDONIANUS, an American species (1839), is a well-known and +beautiful shrub, in which the flowers are usually double the size of +those of the common species, and which are not produced till July, while +those of P. coronarius appear in early May. + +P. GRANDIFLORUS (_syns P. floribundus, P. latifolius_ and _P. +speciosus_).--Southern United States, 1811. This has rotundate, +irregularly-toothed leaves, and large white, sweetly-scented flowers +produced in clusters. This forms a stout bush 10 feet high, and as much +through. There are two varieties, P. grandiflorus laxus, and P. +grandiflorus speciosissimus, both distinct and pretty kinds. + +P. HIRSUTUS.--North America, 1820. Another handsome, small-flowered +species, of dwarf growth, and having hairy leaves. + +P. INODOROUS, also from North America (1738), differs little in size +and shape of flowers from P. grandiflorus, but the flowers are without +scent. The leaves, too, are quite glabrous and obscurely toothed. + +P. LEMOINEI BOULE D'ARGENT is a cross, raised in 1888, from P. Lemoinei +and the double-flowered form of P. coronarius. The flowers are double +white and with the pleasant, but not heavy, scent of P. microphyllus. P. +Lemoinei Gerbe de Neige bears pleasantly-scented flowers that are as +large as those of the well-known P. speciosissimus. There is an erect +form of P. Lemoinei named erectus that is also worthy of note. + +P. LEWISI, from North America, is hardly sufficiently distinct from some +of the others to warrant special notice. + +P. MICROPHYLLUS, from New Mexico (1883), is of low growth, and +remarkable for its slender branches, small, Myrtle-like leaves, and +abundance of small, white flowers. It is a decidedly pretty shrub, but +is not so hardy as the others. + +P. SATZUMI (_syn P. chinensis_).--Japan, 1851. A slender-growing +species, with long and narrow leaves, and large, white flowers. + +P. TRIFLORUS and P. MEXICANUS are other species that might be worthy of +including in a representative collection of these plants. + +This is a valuable genus of shrubs, all being remarkable for the +abundance of white, and usually sweet-scented, flowers which they +produce. They require no special treatment, few soils, if at all free +and rich, coming amiss to them; while even as shrubs for shady +situations they are not to be despised. Propagation is effected by means +of cuttings, which root freely if placed in sandy soil. + + +PHILLYREA. + +P. ANGUSTIFOLIA (narrow-leaved Phillyrea), P. ilicifolia (Holly-leaved +Phillyrea), P. salicifolia (Willow-leaved Phillyrea), P. buxifolia +(Box-leaved Phillyrea), and P. ligustrifolia (Privet-leaved Phillyrea), +are all more or less valuable species, and their names indicate their +peculiarities of leafage. P. angustifolia rosmarinifolia (_syn P. +neapolitana_) is a somewhat rare shrub, but one that is well worthy of +culture, if only for its neat habit and tiny little Rosemary-like +leaves. It is from Italy, and known under the synonym of _P. +rosmarinifolia_. + +P. LATIFOLIA (_syn P. obliqua_).--Broad-leaved Phillyrea. South Europe, +1597. This is a compact-growing and exceedingly ornamental shrub, with +bright and shining, ovate-serrulated leaves. For its handsome, evergreen +foliage and compact habit of growth it is, perhaps, most to be valued, +for the small flowers are at their best both dull and inconspicuous. Not +very hardy unless in the sea-coast garden. + +P. MEDIA (_syns P. ligustrifolia_ and _P. oleaefolia_).--South Europe, +1597. This is another interesting species, but not at all common in +cultivation. + +P. VILMORINIANA (_syns P. laurifolia_ and _P. decora_).--Asia Minor, +1885, This is a grand addition to these valuable shrubs, of which it is +decidedly the best from an ornamental point of view. It is of compact +growth, with large, Laurel-like leaves, which are of a pleasing shade of +green, and fully 4 inches long. They are of stout, leathery texture, and +plentifully produced. That this shrub is perfectly hardy is now a +well-established fact. + +The Phillyreas succeed well in light, warm, but not too dry soil, and +they do all the better if a warm and sheltered position is assigned to +them. Being unusually bright of foliage, they are of great service in +planting for shrubbery embellishment, and which they light up in a very +conspicuous manner during the dull winter months. They get shabby and +meagre foliaged if exposed to cold winds. + + +PHLOMIS. + +PHLOMIS FRUTICOSA.--Jerusalem Sage. Mediterranean region, 1596. This is +a neat-growing shrubby plant, with ovate acute leaves, that are covered +with a yellowish down. From the axils of the upper leaves the whorls of +yellow flowers are freely produced during the summer months. It is +valued for its neat growth, and as growing on dry soils where few other +plants could eke out an existence. + + +PHOTINIA. + +PHOTINIA JAPONICA (_syn Eriobotrya japonica_).--Loquat, Japan Medlar, or +Japan Quince. Japan, 1787. This is chiefly remarkable for its handsome +foliage, the leaves being oblong of shape and downy on the under sides. +The white flowers are of no great beauty, but being produced at the +beginning of winter, and when flowers are scarce, are all the more +welcome. It requires protection in all but the warmer parts of these +islands. + +P. ARBUTIFOLIA (_syns Crataegus arbutifolia_ and _Mespilus +arbutifolia_).--Arbutus-leaved Photinia, or Californian May-bush. +California, 1796. This is a very distinct shrub, with leaves resembling +those of the Strawberry Tree (Arbutus), the flowers in an elongated +panicle, and bright red bark on the young wood. + +P. BENTHAMIANA is only worthy of culture for its neat habit and freedom +of growth when suitably placed. + +P. SERRULATA (_syn Crataegus glabra_).--Chinese Hawthorn. Japan and +China, 1804. This has Laurel-like leaves, 4 inches or 5 inches long, +and, especially when young, of a beautiful rosy-chocolate colour, and +clustered at the branch-tips. Flowers small, white, and produced in flat +corymbs. An invaluable seaside shrub. + +They all grow well either in light, rich loam, or in sandy, peaty earth, +and are usually propagated by grafting. + + +PHYLODOCE. + +PHYLODOCE TAXIFOLIA (_syns P. caerulea_ and _Menziesia caerulea_).--An +almost extinct native species, having crowded linear leaves, and +lilac-blue flowers. It is only of value for rock gardening. + + +PIERIS. + +PIERIS FLORIBUNDA (_syns Andromeda floribunda_ and _Leucothoe +floribunda_).--United States, 1812. Few perfectly hardy shrubs are more +beautiful than this, with its pure white Lily-of-the-Valley like +flowers, borne in dense racemes and small, neat, dark green leaves. To +cultivate this handsome shrub in a satisfactory way, fairly rich loam +or peat, and a situation sheltered from cold and cutting winds, are +necessities. + +P. JAPONICA (_syn Andromeda japonica_).--Japan, 1882. A hardy, +well-known shrub, that was first brought specially under notice in "The +Garden," and of which a coloured plate and description were given. It is +thickly furnished with neat and small deep-green, leathery leaves, and +pretty, waxy white flowers, pendulous at the branch tips. Planted in +free, sandy peat, it thrives vigorously, and soon forms a neat specimen +of nearly a yard in height. It is a very desirable hardy species, and +one that can be confidently recommended for ornamental planting. There +is a variegated variety, P. japonica elegantissima, with leaves clearly +edged with creamy-white, and flushed with pink. Amongst variegated, +small-growing shrubs it is a gem. + +P. MARIANA (_syn Andromeda Mariana ovalis_).--North America, 1736. A +neat shrub of about 3 feet in height, with oval leaves, and pretty white +flowers in pendent clusters. + +P. OVALIFOLIA (_syn Andromeda ovalifolia_).--Nepaul, 1825. A fine, +tall-growing species, with oval-pointed, leathery leaves placed on long +footstalks. Flowers in lengthened, drooping, one-sided racemes, and +white or pale flesh-coloured. Being perfectly hardy, and attaining to as +much as 20 feet in height, it is a desirable species for the lawn or +shrubbery. + + +PIPTANTHUS. + +PIPTANTHUS NEPALENSIS (_syn Baptisia nepalensis_).--Evergreen Laburnum. +Temperate Himalaya, 1821. A handsome, half-hardy shrub, of often fully +10 feet high, with trifoliolate, evergreen leaves, and terminal racemes +of large yellow flowers. In the south and west of England and Ireland it +does well, and only receives injury during very severe winters. Planted +either as a single specimen, or in clumps of three or five, the +evergreen Laburnum has a pleasing effect, whether with its bright, +glossy-green leaves, or abundance of showy flowers. It is of somewhat +erect growth, with stout branches and plenty of shoots. Propagated from +seed, which it ripens abundantly in this country. + + +PITTOSPORUM. + +PITTOSPORUM TOBIRA.--Japan, 1804. This forms a neat, evergreen shrub, +with deep green, leathery leaves, and clusters of white, fragrant +flowers, each about an inch in diameter. It is hardy in the more +favoured parts of the south and west of England, where it makes a +reliable seaside shrub. + +P. UNDULATUM, from Australia (1789), is also hardy against a wall, but +cannot be depended upon generally. It is a neat shrub, with wavy leaves, +that are rendered conspicuous by the dark midribs. They grow well in any +good garden soil. + + +PLAGIANTHUS. + +PLAGIANTHUS LYALLI, a native of New Zealand (1871), and a member of the +Mallow family, is a free-flowering and beautiful shrub, but one that +cannot be recommended for general planting in this country. At Kew it +does well and flowers freely on an east wall. The flowers are +snow-white, with golden-yellow anthers, and produced on the ends of the +last season's branchlets during June and July. The flower-stalks, being +fully 2 inches long, give to the flowers a very graceful appearance. In +this country the leaves are frequently retained till spring. + +P. LAMPENI.--Van Dieman's Land, 1833. This is about equally hardy with +the former, and produces a great abundance of sweetly-scented flowers. + +P. PULCHELLUS (_syn Sida pulchella_).--Australia and Tasmania. Another +half-hardy species, which bears, even in a young state, an abundance of +rather small, whitish flowers. + + +POLYGALA. + +POLYGALA CHAMAEBUXUS.--Bastard Box. A neat little shrubby plant, with +small ovate, coriaceous leaves, and fragrant yellow and cream flowers. +P. chamaebuxus purpureus differs in bearing rich reddish-purple flowers, +and is one of the most showy and beautiful of rock plants. They are +natives of Europe (1658), and grow best in vegetable mould. + + +POTENTILLA. + +POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA.--Northern Hemisphere (Britain). An indigenous +shrub that grows about a yard high, with pinnate leaves and golden +flowers. It is a most persistent blooming plant, as often for four +months, beginning in June, the flowers are produced freely in +succession. It delights to grow in a strong soil, and, being of low, +sturdy growth, does well for the outer line of the shrubbery. + + +PRUNUS. + +PRUNUS AMYGDALUS (_syn Amygdalus communis_).--Common Almond. Barbary, +1548. Whether by a suburban roadside, or even in the heart of the +crowded city, the Almond seems quite at home, and is at once one of the +loveliest and most welcome of early spring-flowering trees. The flowers +are rather small for the family, pale pink, and produced in great +quantity before the leaves. There are several distinct forms of the +Almond, differing mainly in the colour of the flowers, one being pink, +another red, while a third has double flowers. P. Amygdalus macrocarpa +(Large-fruited Almond) is by far the handsomest variety in cultivation, +the flowers being large, often 3 inches in diameter, and white tinged +with pink, particularly at the base of the petals. The flowers, too, are +produced earlier than those of any other Almond, while the tree is of +stout growth and readily suited with both soil and site. + +P. AMYGDALUS DULCIS (_syn A. dulcis_), Sweet Almond, of which there are +three distinct varieties, P.A. dulcis purpurea, P.A. dulcis macrocarpa, +and P.A. dulcis pendula, should be included in every collection of these +handsome flowering plants. + +P. AVIUM JULIANA (_syn Cerasus Juliana_).--St. Julian's Cherry. South +Europe. This bears large flowers of a most beautiful and delicate blush +tint. P. Avium multiplex is a double form of the Wild Cherry, or Gean, +with smaller leaves than the type. + +P. BOISSIERII (_syn Amygdalus Boissierii_).--Asia Minor, 1879. This is a +bushy shrub, with almost erect, long, and slender branches, and +furnished with leaves an inch long, elliptic, and thick of texture. +Flowers pale flesh-coloured, and produced abundantly. It is a very +ornamental and distinct plant, and is sure, when better known, to +attract a considerable amount of attention. + +P. CERASIFERA (_syn P. Myrobalana_).--Cherry, or Myrobalan Plum. Native +Country unknown. A medium-sized tree, with an abundance of small white +flowers, which are particularly attractive if they escape the early +spring frosts. It is of stout, branching habit, with a well-rounded +head, and has of late years attracted a good deal of notice as a hedge +plant. P. cerasifera Pissardii, the purple-leaved Cherry plum, is a +remarkable and handsome variety, in which the leaves are deep purple, +thus rendering the plant one of the most distinct and ornamental-foliaged +of the family. It produces its white, blush-tinted flowers in May. It +was received by M.A. Chatenay, of Sceau, from M. Pissard, director of +the garden of His Majesty the Shah of Persia. When it flowered it was +figured in the _Revue Horticole_, 1881, p. 190. + +P. CERASUS (_syn Cerasus vulgaris_).--Common Cherry. A favourite +medium-sized tree, and one that lends itself readily to cultivation. As +an ornamental park tree this Cherry, though common, must not be +despised, for during summer, when laden with its pure white flowers, or +again in autumn when myriads of the black, shining fruits hang in +clusters from its branches, it will be readily admitted that few trees +have a more beautiful or conspicuous appearance, P. Cerasus flore-pleno +(double-flowered Cherry) is a distinct and desirable variety. P. Cerasus +multiplex is a very showy double form, more ornamental than P. Avium +muliplex, and also known under the names of _Cerasus ranunculiflora_ and +_C. Caproniana multiplex_. P. Cerasus semperflorens (_syn Cerasus +semperflorens_), the All Saints, Ever Flowering, or Weeping, Cherry, is +another valuable variety, of low growth, and with gracefully drooping +branches, particularly when the tree is old. It is a very desirable lawn +tree, and flowers at intervals during the summer. + +P. CHAMAECERASUS (_syn Cerasus Chamaecerasus_).--Ground Cherry. Europe, +1597. This is a dwarf, slender-branched, and gracefully pendent shrub, +of free growth, undoubted hardihood, and well worthy of extended +cultivation. The variety C. Chamaecerasus variegata has the leaves +suffused with greenish lemon. There is also a creeping form named P. +Chamaecerasus pendula. + +P. DAVIDIANA.--Abbé David's Almond. China. This is the tree to which, +under the name of Amygdalus Davidiana alba, a First-class Certificate +was awarded in 1892 by the Royal Horticultural Society. The typical +species is a native of China, from whence it was introduced several +years ago, but it is still far from common. It is the earliest of the +Almonds to unfold its white flowers, for in mild winters some of them +expand before the end of January; but March, about the first week, it is +at its best. It is of more slender growth than the common Almond, and +the flowers, which are individually smaller, are borne in great +profusion along the shoots of the preceding year, so that a specimen, +when in full flower, is quite one mass of bloom. There is a rosy-tinted +form known as Amygdalus Davidiana rubra. + +P. DIVARICATA, from the Caucasus (1822), is useful on account of the +pure white flowers being produced early in the year, and before the +leaves. It has a graceful, easy habit of growth, and inclined to spread, +and makes a neat lawn or park specimen. + +P. DOMESTICA, Common Garden Plum, and P. domestica insititia, Bullace +Plum, are both very ornamental-flowering species, and some of the +varieties are even more desirable than the parent plants. + +P. ILLICIFOLIA (_syn Cerasus ilicifolius_).--Holly-leaved Cherry. +California. A distinct evergreen species, with thick leathery leaves, +and erect racemes of small white flowers. A native of dry hilly ground +along the coast from San Francisco to San Diego. Hardy in most +situations, but requiring light warm soil and a dry situation. + +P. LAUNESIANA (_syn Cerasus Launesiana_).--Japan, 1870. This is a +valuable addition to the already long list of ornamental-flowering +Cherries. It flowers in the early spring, when the tree is literally +enshrouded in rose-coloured flowers, and which produce a very striking +effect. The tree is quite hardy, flowers well even in a young state, and +will grow in any soil that suits our common wild species. + +P. LAUROCERASUS (_syn Cerasus Laurocerasus_).--Common, or Cherry Laurel. +Levant, 1629. Although a well-known garden and park shrub, of which a +description is unnecessary, the common or Cherry Laurel, when in full +flower, must be ranked amongst our more ornamental shrubs. There are +several varieties all worthy of culture for the sake of their evergreen +leaves and showy flower spikes. P. Laurocerasus rotundifolia has leaves +that are broader in proportion to their length than those of the common +species; P. Laurocerasus caucasica is of sturdy growth, with deep green +leaves, and a compact habit of growth; P. Laurocerasus colchica is the +freest-flowering Laurel in cultivation, with horizontally arranged +branches and pale green leaves; P. Laurocerasus latifolia, a rather +tender shrub, with bold handsome foliage; and P. Laurocerasus +parvifolia, of low growth, but never very satisfactory in appearance. +Three other less common forms might also be mentioned. P. Laurocerasus +angustifolia, with narrow leaves; P. Laurocerasus camelliaefolia, with +thick leathery foliage; and P. Laurocerasus intermedia, halfway between +P. Laurocerasus angustifolia and the common Laurel. + +P. LUSITANICA (_syn Cerasus lusitanica_).--Portugal Laurel. Portugal, +1648. A well-known shrub or small growing tree, and one of the most +valuable of all our hardy evergreens. It is of neat and compact growth, +with a good supply of bright green shining foliage, and bears long +spikes of pleasing creamy white perfumed flowers. P. lusitanica +myrtifolia (Myrtle-leaved Portugal Laurel) differs from the species in +the smaller, longer, and narrower leaves, which are more thickly +arranged, and in its more decided upright habit. P. lusitanica variegata +is hardly sufficiently constant or distinct to warrant recommendation. +P. lusitanica azorica, from the Azores, is of more robust growth than +the common plant, with larger and richer green leaves, and the bark of +the younger branches is of a very decided reddish tinge. + +P. MAHALEB (_syn Cerasus Mahaleb_).--The Mahaleb, or Perfumed Cherry. +South Europe, 1714. This and its variegated variety P. Mahaleb variegata +are very free-flowering shrubs, and of neat growth. The variegated +variety is well worthy of attention, having a clear silvery variegation, +chiefly confined to the leaf margin, but in a less degree to the whole +of the foliage, and imparting to it a bright, glaucous tint that is +highly ornamental. There is a partially weeping form named P. Mahaleb +pendula. + +P. MARITIMA.--Beach or Sand Plum. North America, 1800. A prostrate, +spreading shrub, that is of value for planting in poor sandy soil, and +along the sea coast. The flowers are small, but plentifully produced. + +P. NANA (_syns Amygdalus nana_ and _A. Besseriana_).--Dwarf Almond. From +Tartary, 1683. This is of dwarf, twiggy growth, rarely more than 3 feet +high, and bearing an abundance of rose-coloured flowers in early +February. From its neat, small growth, and rich profusion of flowers, +this dwarf Almond may be reckoned as a most useful and desirable shrub. +Suckers are freely produced in any light free soil. + +P. PADUS (_syn Cerasus Padus_).--Bird Cherry or Hagberry. An indigenous +species, with oblong, doubly-serrated leaves, and terminal or axillary +racemes of pure-white flowers. It is a handsome and distinct +small-growing tree, and bears exposure at high altitudes in a +commendable manner. + +P. PANICULATA FLORE-PLENO (_syns Cerasus serrulata flore-pleno_ and _C. +Sieboldii_).--China, 1822. This is one of the most desirable of the +small-growing and double-flowered Cherries. It is of neat growth, with +short, stout branches that are sparsely furnished with twigs, and +smooth, obovate, pointed leaves, bristly serrated on the margins. +Flowers double and white at first, but afterwards tinged with pink, +freely produced and of good, lasting substance. P. paniculata Watereri +is a handsome variety that most probably may be linked to the species. + +P. PENNSYLVANIA.--American Wild Red Cherry. North America, 1773. This is +an old-fashioned garden tree, and one of the choicest, producing in May +a great abundance of its tiny white flowers. + +P. PERSICA FLORE-PLENO (_syns Amygdalus Persica flore-pleno_ and +_Persica vulgaris_), double-flowering Peach, is likewise well worthy of +culture, there being white, rose, and crimson-flowering forms. + +P. PUDDUM (_syns P. Pseudo-cerasus_ and _Cerasus +Pseudo-cerasus_).--Bastard Cherry. China, 1891. There are very few more +ornamental trees in cultivation in this country than the +double-flowering Cherry. It makes a charming small-growing tree, is of +free growth and perfectly hardy, and one of, if not the most, +floriferous of the tribe. The flowers are individually large, pinky or +purplish-white, and produced with the leaves in April. + +P. SINENSIS.--China, 1869. A Chinese Plum of somewhat slender growth, +and with the branches wreathed in small, white flowers. It is often seen +as a pot plant, but it is one of the hardiest of its family. P. sinensis +flore-pleno is a double white form, and the most ornamental for pot +work. There is also a variety with rose-coloured flowers. + +P. SPINOSA.--Sloe, or Blackthorn. An indigenous, spiny shrub, with tiny +white flowers; and P. spinosa flore-pleno has small, rosette-like +flowers that are both showy and effective. + +P. TOMENTOSA.--Japan, 1872. This is one of the most desirable of hardy +shrubs, with large, white, flesh-tinted flowers produced in the first +weeks of March, and in such quantities as almost to hide the branches +from view. It forms a well-rounded, dense bush of 5 feet or 6 feet high. + +P. TRILOBA (_syns P. virgata, Amygdalopsis Lindleyi_ and _Prunopsis +Lindleyi_).--China, 1857. This is a very handsome early-flowering shrub, +that is at once recognised by the generally three-lobed leaves. It is +one of the first to flower, the blossoms being produced in March and +April, and sometimes even earlier when the plant is grown against a +sunny, sheltered wall. The semi-double flowers are large and of good +substance, and of a rosy-white tint, but deep rose in the bud state. +There is a nursery form of this plant with white flowers, named P. +triloba alba. It is quite hardy, bears pruning well, and grows quickly, +soon covering a large space of a wall or warm, sunny bank. As an +ornamental flowering lawn shrub it has few equals, the blossoms +remaining good for fully a fortnight. + +P. VIRGINIANA (_syn Cerasus virginiana_) and P. SEROTINA (North American +Bird Cherries) are worthy species, with long clusters of flowers +resembling those of our native Bird Cherry. They are large-growing +species, and, particularly the latter, are finding favour with +cultivators in this country on account of their bold and ornamental +appearance. + + +PTELEA. + +PTELEA TRIFOLIATA.--Hop Tree, or Swamp Dogwood. North America, 1704. A +small-growing tree, with trifoliolate, yellowish-green leaves placed on +long footstalks, and inconspicuous greenish flowers. The leaves, when +bruised, emit an odour resembling Hops. P. trifoliata variegata is one +of the handsomest of golden-leaved trees, and is well worthy of +extensive planting. It is preferable in leaf colouring to the golden +Elder. Perfectly hardy. + + +PUNICA. + +PUNICA GRANATUM.--Pomegranate. For planting against a southern-facing +wall this pretty shrub is well suited, but it is not sufficiently hardy +for the colder parts of the country. Frequently in the more favoured +parts of the country it reaches a height of 14 feet, with a +branch-spread of nearly as much, and is then, when in full flower, an +object of general admiration and of the greatest beauty. The flowers are +of a rich, bright scarlet colour, and well set off by the glossy, dark +green leaves. P. Granatum rubra flore-pleno is a decidedly ornamental +shrub, in which the flowers are of a bright scarlet, and perfectly +double. They grow satisfactorily in light, but rich soil. + + +PYRUS. + +PYRUS ARIA.--White Beam Tree. Europe (Britain). A shrub or small-growing +tree, with lobed leaves, covered thickly on the under sides with a +close, flocculent down. The flowers are small and white, and produced in +loose corymbs. It is a handsome small tree, especially when the leaves +are ruffled by the wind and the under sides revealed to view. The red or +scarlet fruit is showy and beautiful. + +P. AUCUPARIA.--Mountain Ash, or Rowan Tree. Too well-known to need +description, but one of our handsomest small-growing trees, and whether +for the sake of its dense corymbs of small white flowers or large +bunches of scarlet fruit it is always welcomed and admired. P. Aucuparia +pendula has the branches inclined to be pendulous; and P. Aucuparia +fructo-luteo differs from the normal plant in having yellowish instead +of scarlet fruit. + +P. AMERICANA (_syn Sorbus americana_).--American Mountain Ash. This +species, a native of the mountains of Pennsylvania and Virginia (1782), +is much like our Rowan Tree in general appearance, but the bunches of +berries are larger, and of a brighter red colour. + +P. ANGUSTIFOLIA.--North America, 1750. A double-flowered crab is offered +under this name, of vigorous growth, bearing delicate pink, rose-like +flowers that are deliciously fragrant, and borne contemporaneously with +the leaves. The merits claimed for the shrub are perfect hardihood, +great beauty of blossom and leaf, delicious fragrance, and adaptability +to various soils. The single-flowered form extends over large areas in +the Atlantic States of North America. They are very desirable, +small-growing trees, and are described by Professor Sargent as being not +surpassed in beauty by any of the small trees of North America. + +P. BACCATA.--Siberian Crab. Siberia and Dahuria, 1784. This is one of +the most variable species in cultivation, and from which innumerable +forms have been developed, that differ either in habit, foliage, +flowers, or fruit. The deciduous calyx would seem to be the only +reliable distinguishing character. It is a widely-distributed species, +being found in North China and Japan, Siberia and the Himalayas, and has +from time immemorial been cultivated by the Chinese and Japanese, so +that it is not at all surprising that numbers of forms have been +developed. + +P. CORONARIA.--Sweet Scented Crab. North America, 1724. This is a +handsome species, with ovate, irregularly-toothed leaves, and pink and +white fragrant flowers. The flowers are individually large and +corymbose, and are succeeded by small green fruit. + +P. DOMESTICA (_syn Sorbus domestica_).--True Service. Britain. This +resembles the Mountain Ash somewhat, but the flowers are panicled, and +the berries fewer, larger, and pear-shaped. The flowers are conspicuous +enough to render the tree of value in ornamental planting. + +P. FLORIBUNDA (_syns P. Malus floribunda_ and _Malus microcarpa +floribunda_).--China and Japan, 1818. The Japanese Crabs are wonderfully +floriferous, the branches being in most instances wreathed with flowers +that are individually not very large, and rarely exceeding an inch in +diameter when fully expanded. Generally in the bud state the flowers are +of a deep crimson, but this disappears as they become perfectly +developed, and when a less striking tint of pinky-white is assumed. From +the St. Petersburgh gardens many very ornamental Crabs have been sent +out, these differing considerably in colour of bark, habit, and tint of +flowers. They have all been referred to the above species. P. floribunda +is a worthy form, and one of the most brilliant of spring-flowering +trees. The long, slender shoots are thickly covered for almost their +entire length with flowers that are rich crimson in the bud state, but +paler when fully opened. There are numerous, very distinct varieties, +such as P. floribunda atrosanguinea, with deep red flowers; P. +floribunda Elise Rathe, of pendulous habit; P. floribunda John Downie, +very beautiful in fruit; P. floribunda pendula, a semi-weeping variety; +P. floribunda praecox, early-flowering; P. floribunda mitis, of small +size; P. floribunda Halleana or Parkmanii, probably the most beautiful +of all the forms; and P. floribunda Fairy Apple and P. floribunda +Transcendant Crab, of interest on account of their showy fruit. P. +floribunda Toringo (Toringo Crab) is a Japanese tree of small growth, +with sharply cut, usually three-lobed, pubescent leaves, and small +flowers. Fruit small, with deciduous calyx lobes. + +P. GERMANICA (_syn Mespilus germanica_).--Common Medlar. Europe +(Britain), Asia Minor, Persia. Early records show that the Medlar was +cultivated for its fruit as early as 1596. Some varieties are still +grown for that purpose, and in that state the tree is not devoid of +ornament. The large, white flowers are produced singly, but have a fine +effect in their setting of long, lanceolate, finely-serrate leaves +during May. + +P. JAPONICA (_syn Cydonia japonica_).--Japanese Quince. Japan, 1815. +This is one of the commonest of our garden shrubs, and one that is +peculiarly well suited for our climate, whether planted as a standard or +as a wall plant. The flowers are brilliant crimson, and plentifully +produced towards the end of winter and before the leaves. Besides the +species there are several very fine varieties, including P. japonica +albo cincta, P. japonica atropurpurea, P. japonica coccinea, P. japonica +flore-pleno, P. japonica nivalis, a charming species, with snowy-white +flowers; P. japonica rosea, of a delicate rose-pink; and P. japonica +princeps. P. japonica cardinalis is one of the best of the numerous +forms of this beautiful shrub. The flowers are of large size, of full +rounded form, and of a deep cardinal-rose colour. They are produced in +great quantity along the branches. A well-grown specimen is in April a +brilliant picture of vivid colour, and the shrub is sooner or later +destined to a chief place amongst our ornamental flowering shrubs. P. +japonica Maulei (_syn Cydonia Maulei_), from Japan (1874), is a rare +shrub as yet, small of growth, and with every twig festooned with the +brightest of orange-scarlet flowers. It is quite hardy, and succeeds +well under treatment that will suit the common species. + +P. PRUNIFOLIA.--Siberia, 1758. Whether in flower or fruit this beautiful +species is sure to attract attention. It is a tree of 25 feet in height, +with nearly rotundate, glabrous leaves on long footstalks, and pretty +pinky-white flowers. The fruit is very ornamental, being, when fully +ripe, of a deep and glowing scarlet, but there are forms with yellow, +and green, as also striped fruit. + +P. RIVULARIS.--River-side Wild Service Tree. North-west America, 1836. A +native of North America, with terminal clusters of white flowers, +succeeded by sub-globose red or yellow fruit, is an attractive and +handsome species. The fruit is eaten by the Indians of the North-west, +and the wood, which is very hard and susceptible of a fine polish, is +largely used in the making of wedges. It is a rare species in this +country. + +P. SINICA (_syn P. sinensis of Lindley_).--Chinese Pear Tree. China and +Cochin China, 1820. Another very ornamental Crab, bearing a great +abundance of rosy-pink or nearly white flowers. It is a shrub-like tree, +reaching a height of 20 feet, and with an upright habit of growth. Bark +of a rich, reddish-brown colour. It is one of the most profuse and +persistent bloomers of the whole family. + +P. SINENSIS (_syn Cydonia chinensis_).--Chinese Quince. China, 1818. +This is rarely seen in cultivation, it having, comparatively speaking, +few special merits of recommendation. + +P. SMITHII (_syns Mespilis Smithii_ and _M. grandiflora_).--Smith's +Medlar. Caucasus, 1800. The habit of this tree closely resembles that of +a Hawthorn, and although the flowers are only half the size of those of +the Common Medlar, they are produced in greater profusion, so that the +round-headed tree becomes a sheet of white blossom during May and June. +The reddish-brown fruits are small for a Medlar, and ripen in October. + +P. TORMINALIS.--Wild Service Tree. A native species of small growth, +with ovate-cordate leaves, and small white flowers. P. torminalis +pinnatifida, with acutely-lobed leaves, and oval-oblong fruit may just +be mentioned. + +P. VESTITA.--Nepaul White Beam. Nepaul, 1820. In this species the leaves +are very large, ovate-acute or elliptic, and when young thickly coated +with a white woolly-like substance, but which with warm weather +gradually gives way until they are of a smooth and shining green. The +flowers are borne in woolly racemose corymbs, and are white succeeded by +greenish-brown berries as large as marbles. + +Other species of less interest are P. varidosa, P. salicifolia, P. +salvaefolia, P. Bollwylleriana, and P. Amygdaliformis. They are all of +free growth, and the readiest culture, and being perfectly hardy are +well worthy of a much larger share of attention than they have +heretofore received. + + +RHAMNUS. + +RHAMNUS ALATERNUS.--Mediterranean region, 1629. This is an evergreen +shrub, with lanceolate shining leaves of a dark glossy-green colour, and +pretty flowers produced from March till June. There are several +well-marked varieties, one with golden and another with silvery leaves, +and named respectively, R. Alaternus foliis aureis, and R. Alaternus +foliis argenteus. + +R. ALPINUS.--Europe, 1752. This is a neat-growing species, with greenish +flowers and black fruit. + +R. CATHARTICUS, Common Buckthorn, is a native, thorny species, with +ovate and stalked leaves, and small, thickly clustered greenish flowers, +succeeded by black berries about the size of peas. + +R. FRANGULA.--The Berry-bearing Alder. Europe and Britain. A more erect +shrub than the former, and destitute of spines. The leaves too are +larger, and the fruit of a dark purple colour when ripe. More common in +Britain than the former. + + +RHAPHIOLEPIS. + +RHAPHIOLEPIS JAPONICA INTEGERRIMA (_syn R. ovata_).--A Japanese shrub +(1865), with deep green, ovate, leathery leaves that are not over +abundant, and produced generally at the branch-tips. The pure white, +fragrant flowers are plentifully produced when the plant is grown in a +cosy corner, or on a sunny wall. Though seldom killed outright, the +Raphiolepis becomes badly crippled in severe winters. It is, however, a +bold and handsome shrub, and one that may be seen doing well in many +gardens around London. + + +RHAPHITHAMNUS. + +RHAPHITHAMNUS CYANOCARPUS (_syn Citharexylum cyanocarpum_). Chili. This +bears a great resemblance to some of the thorny Berberis, and is at once +a distinct and beautiful shrub. The flowers are large and conspicuous, +and of a taking bluish-lilac colour. Having stood unharmed in Ireland +through the unusually severe winters of 1879-80, when many more common +shrubs were killed outright, it may be relied upon as at least fairly +hardy. The soil in which this rare and pretty shrub does best is a +brown, fibrous peat, intermingled with sharp sand. + + +RHODODENDRON. + +RHODODENDRON ARBORESCENS (_syn Azalea arborescens_), from the Carolina +Mountains (1818), is a very showy, late-blooming species. The white, +fragrant flowers, and noble port, together with its undoubted hardihood, +should make this shrub a general favourite with cultivators. + +R. CALENDULACEUM (_syn Azalea calendulacea_), from North America (1806), +is another of the deciduous species, having oblong, hairy leaves, and +large orange-coloured flowers. It is of robust growth, and in favoured +situations reaches a height of 6 feet. When in full flower the slopes of +the Southern Alleghany Mountains are rendered highly attractive by +reason of the great flame-coloured masses of this splendid plant, and +are one of the great sights of the American Continent during the month +of June. + +R. CALIFORNICUM.--California. A good hardy species with broadly +campanulate rosy-purple flowers, spotted with yellow. + +R. CAMPANULATUM (_syn R. aeruginosum_).--Sikkim, 1825. A small-growing +species, rarely over 6 feet high, with elliptic leaves that are +fawn-coloured on the under sides. The campanulate flowers are large and +showy, rose or white and purple spotted, at the base of the three upper +lobes. In this country it is fairly hardy, but suffers in very severe +weather, unless planted in a sheltered site. + +R. CAMPYLOCARPUM.--Sikkim, 1851. This has stood the winter uninjured in +so many districts that it may at least be recommended for planting in +favoured situations and by the seaside. It is a Sikkim species that was +introduced about forty years ago, and is still rather rare. The leaves +are about 4 inches long, 2 inches wide, and distinctly undulated on the +margins. Flowers bell-shaped, about 2 inches in diameter, and arranged +in rather straggling terminal heads. They are sulphur-yellow, without +markings, a tint distinct from any other known Indian species. + +R. CATAWBIENSE.--Mountains from Virginia to Georgia, 1809. A bushy, free +growing species, with broadly oval leaves, and large campanulate +flowers, produced in compact, rounded clusters. They vary a good deal in +colour, but lilac-purple is the typical shade. This is a very valuable +species, and one that has given rise to a large number of beautiful +varieties. + +R. CHRYSANTHUM is a Siberian species (1796) of very dwarf, compact +growth, with linear-lanceolate leaves that are ferruginous on the under +side, and beautiful golden-yellow flowers an inch in diameter. It is a +desirable but scarce species. + +R. COLLETTIANUM is an Afghanistan species, and one that may be reckoned +upon as being perfectly hardy. It is of very dwarf habit, and bears an +abundance of small white and faintly fragrant flowers. For planting on +rockwork it is a valuable species. + +R. DAHURICUM.--Dahuria, 1780. A small-growing, scraggy-looking species +of about a yard high, with oval-oblong leaves that are rusty-tomentose +on the under sides. The flowers, which are produced in February, are +purple or violet, in twos or threes, and usually appear before the +leaves. It is a sparsely-leaved species, and of greatest value on +account of the flowers being produced so early in the season. One of the +hardiest species in cultivation. R. dahuricum atro-virens is a beautiful +and worthy variety because nearly evergreen. + +R. FERRUGINEUM.--Alpine Rose. Europe, 1752. This dwarf species, rarely +exceeding a yard in height, occurs in abundance on the Swiss Alps, and +generally where few other plants are to be found. It is a neat little +compact shrub, with oblong-lanceolate leaves that are rusty-scaly on the +under sides, and has terminal clusters of rosy-red flowers. + +R. FLAVUM (_syn Azalea pontica_).--Pontic Azalea. A native of Asia Minor +(1793), is probably the commonest of the recognised species, and may +frequently, in this country, be seen forming good round bushes of 6 feet +in height, with hairy lanceolate leaves, and large yellow flowers, +though in this latter it varies considerably, orange, and orange tinged +with red, being colours often present. It is of free growth in any good +light peaty or sandy soil. + +R. HIRSUTUM.--Alpine Rose. South Europe, 1656. Very near R. ferrugincum, +but having ciliated leaves, with glands on both sides. R. hallense and +R. hirsutiforme are intermediate forms of a natural cross between R. +hirsutum and R. ferrugincum. They are handsome, small-growing, brightly +flowered plants, and worthy of culture. + +R. INDICUM.--Indian Azalea. A native of China (1808), and perfectly +hardy in the more favoured portions of southern England, where it looks +healthy and happy out of doors, and blooms freely from year to year. +This is the evergreen so-called Azalea that is so commonly cultivated in +greenhouses, with long hirsute leaves, and large showy flowers. R. +indicum amoenum (_syn Azalea amoena_), as a greenhouse plant is common +enough, but except in the South of England and Ireland it is not +sufficiently hardy to withstand severe frost. The flowers are, moreover, +not very showy, at least when compared with some of the newer forms, +being dull magenta, and rather lax of habit. + +R. LEDIFOLIUM (_syns Azalea ledifolia_ and _A. liliiflora_).--Ledum-leaved +Azalea. China, 1819. A perfectly hardy species. The flowers are large +and white, but somewhat flaunting. It is, however, a desirable species +for massing in quantity, beside clumps of the pink and yellow flowered +kinds. Though introduced nearly three-quarters of a century ago, this +is by no means a common plant in our gardens. + +R. MAXIMUM.--American Great Laurel. North America, 1756. This is a very +hardy American species, growing in favoured localities from 10 feet to +15 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly ferruginous beneath. +Flowers rose and white, in dense clusters. There are several handsome +varieties that vary to a wide extent in the size and colour of flowers. +R. maximum album bears white flowers. + +R. MOLLE (_syn Azalea mollis_), from Japan (1867), is a dwarf, deciduous +species of neat growth, with flame-coloured flowers. It is very hardy, +and a desirable acquisition to any collection of small-growing shrubs. + +R. OCCIDENTALE (_syn Azalea occidentalis_), Western Azalea, is valuable +in that the flowers are produced later than those of almost any other +species. These are white, blotched with yellow at the base of the upper +petals; and being produced when the leaves are almost fully developed, +have a very pleasing effect, particularly as they are borne in great +quantity, and show well above the foliage. This is a Californian species +that has been found further west of the Rocky Mountains than any other +member of Ihe family. + +R. PARVIFOLIUM.--Baiacul, 1877. This is a pleasing and interesting +species, with small deep-green ovate leaves, and clusters of white +flowers, margined with rose. It is of dwarf and neat growth, and well +suited for planting on the rock garden. + +R. PONTICUM.--Pontic Rhododendron, or Rose Bay. Asia Minor, 1763. This +is the commonest species in cultivation, and although originally a +native of the district by the Black or Pontic Sea, is now naturalised +in many parts of Europe. It is the hardiest and least exacting of the +large flowered species, and is generally employed as a stock on which +to graft the less hardy kinds. Flowers, in the typical species, pale +purplish-violet and spotted. There is a great number of varieties, +including white, pink, scarlet, and double-flowering. + +R. PONTICUM AZALEOIDES (_syn R. ponticum deciduum_), a hybrid between R. +ponticum and a hardy Azalea, is a sub-evergreen form, with a compact +habit of growth, and bearing loose heads of fragrant lavender-and-white +flowers. It is quite hardy at Kew. + +R. RACEMOSUM.--Central China, 1880. A neat little species, of dwarf, +compact growth, from the Yunnan district of China. The flowers are pale +pink edged with a deeper tint, about an inch across, and borne in +terminal and axillary clusters. It has stood unharmed for several years +in southern England, so may be regarded as at least fairly hardy. Its +neat dwarf growth, and flowering as it does when hardly a foot high, +renders it a choice subject for the Alpine garden. + +R. RHODORA (_syn Rhodora canadensis_).--North America, 1767. In general +aspect this shrub resembles an Azalea, but it comes into flower long +even before R. molle. Being deciduous, and producing its pretty purplish +sweet-scented flowers in early spring, gives to the plant a particular +value for gardening purposes, clumps of the shrub being most effective +at the very time when flowers are at their scarcest. It thrives well in +any peaty soil, and is quite hardy. + +R. VISCOSUM (_syn Azalea viscosa_).--Clammy Azalea, or Swamp +Honeysuckle. North America, 1734. This is one of the hardiest, most +floriferous, and easily managed of the family. The white or rose and +deliciously fragrant flowers are produced in great abundance, and impart +when at their best quite a charm to the shrub. It delights in rather +moist, peaty soil, and grows all the stronger and flowers all the more +freely when surrounded by rising ground or tall trees at considerable +distance away. The variety R. viscosum glaucum has leaves paler than +those of the species; and R. viscosum nitidum, of dwarf, compact growth, +has leaves deep green on both sides. + +R. WILSONI, a cross between R. ciliatum and R. glaucum, is of remarkably +neat growth, and worthy of cultivation where small-sized kinds are a +desideratum. + +The following Himalayan species have been found to thrive well in the +warmer parts of England, and in close proximity to the sea;--R. +argenteum, R. arboreum, R. Aucklandii, R. barbatum, R. ciliatum, R. +campanulatum, R. cinnabarinum, R. Campbelli, R. compylocarpum, R. +eximium, R. Fortunei, R. Falconeri, R. glaucum, R. Hodgsoni, R. lanatum, +R. niveum, R. Roylei, R. Thompsoni, and R. Wallichii. + +R. Ungernii and R. Smirnowii, from the Armenian frontier, are also +worthy of culture, but they are at present rare in cultivation in this +country. + +Few hardy shrubs, it must be admitted, are more beautiful than these +Rhododendrons, none flowering more freely or lasting longer in bloom. +Their requirements are by no means hard to meet, light, peaty soil, or +even good sandy loam, with a small admixture of decayed vegetable +matter, suiting them well. Lime in any form must, however, be kept away +both from Azaleas and Rhododendrons. They like a quiet, still place, +where a fair amount of moisture is present in the air and soil. + + +HARDY HYBRID RHODODENDRONS. + +GHENT AZALEAS, as generally known, from having been raised in Belgium, +are a race of hybrids that have been produced by crossing the Asiatic R. +pontica with the various American species noted above, but particularly +R. calendulaceum, R. nudiflorum, and R. viscosum, and these latter with +one another. These have produced hybrids of almost indescribable beauty, +the flowers of which range in colour from crimson and pink, through +orange and yellow, to almost white. + +Within the last few years quite an interesting race of Rhododendrons has +been brought out, with double or hose-in-hose flowers, and very +appropriately termed the Narcissiflora group. They include fully a dozen +highly ornamental kinds, with flowers of varying shades of colour. + +The following list includes some of the best and most beautiful of these +varieties:-- + +Alba marginata. +Ardens. +Astreans. +Aurore-de-Royghen. +Baron G. Pyke. +Beauté Celeste. +Bessie Holdaway. +Belle Merveille. +Bijou des Amateurs. +Cardinal. +Charles Bowman. +Comte de Flanders. +Decus hortorum. +Due de Provence. +Emperor Napoleon III. +Eugenie. +Fitz Quihou. +Glorie de Belgique. +Gloria Mundi. +Gueldres Rose. +Honneur de Flandre. +Imperator. +Jules Caesar. +La Superbe. +Louis Hellebuyck. +Madame Baumann. +Marie Verschaffelt. +Mathilde. +Meteor. +Nancy Waterer. +Ne Plus Ultra. +Optima. +Pallas. +Queen Victoria. +Reine des Belges. +Remarquable. +Roi des Belges. +Roi des Feux. +Sinensis rosea. +Sulphurea. +Triumphans. +Unique. +Viscocephala. + +Double-flowered Rhododendrons:-- + +Bijou de Gendbrugge. +Graf Von Meran. +Heroine. +Narcissiflora. +Louis Aimée Van Houtte. +Mina Van Houtte. +Ophirié. +Van Houttei. + + +RHODOTHAMNUS. + +RHODOTHAMNUS CHAMAECISTUS (_syn Rhododendron Chamaecistus_).--Ground +Cistus. Alps of Austria and Bavaria, 1786. A very handsome shrub, of +small growth, and widely distributed in Bavaria, Switzerland, and +elsewhere. Planted in peaty soil and in a rather damp, shady situation +it thrives best, the oval-serrate leaves, covered with white, villous +hairs, and pretty rosy flowers, giving it an almost unique appearance. +It is a charming rock shrub and perfectly hardy. + + +RHODOTYPOS. + +RHODOTYPOS KERRIOIDES.--White Kerria. Japan, 1866. A handsome deciduous +shrub, and one that is readily propagated, and comparatively cheap. It +is distinct and pretty when in flower, and one of the hardiest and most +accommodating of shrubs. The leaves are handsome, being deeply serrated +and silky on the under sides, while the pure white flowers are often +about 2 inches across. It grows about 4 feet in height, and is a very +distinct and desirable shrub. + + +RHUS. + +RHUS COTINUS.--Smoke Plant, Wig Tree, or Venetian Sumach. Spain to +Caucasus, 1656. On account of its singular appearance this shrub always +attracts the attention of even the most unobservant in such matters. It +is a spreading shrub, about 6 feet high, with rotundate, glaucous +leaves, on long petioles. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, but +the feathery nature of the flower clusters, occasioned by the +transformation of the pedicels and hairs into fluffy awns, renders this +Sumach one of the most curious and attractive of hardy shrubs. Spreading +about freely, this south European shrub should be allowed plenty of room +so that it may become perfectly developed. + +R. GLABRA (_syns R. caroliniana, R. coccinea, R. elegans_, and _R. +sanguinea_).--Smooth or Scarlet Sumach. North America, 1726. A smaller +tree than the last, with leaves that are deep glossy-green above and +whitish beneath. The male tree bears greenish-yellow flowers, and the +female those of a reddish-scarlet, but otherwise no difference between +the trees can be detected. R. glabra laciniata (Fern Sumach) is a +distinct and handsome variety, with finely cut elegant leaves, and a +dwarf and compact habit of growth. The leaves are very beautiful, and +resemble those of the Grevillea robusta. It is a worthy variety. + +R. SUCCEDANEA.--Red Lac Sumach. Japan, 1768. This is not often seen +planted out, though in not a few places it succeeds perfectly well. It +has elegant foliage, each leaf being 15 inches long, and divided into +several pairs of leaflets. + +R. TOXICODENDRON.--Poison Oak or Poison Ivy. North America, 1640. This +species is of half-scandent habit, with large, trifoliolate leaves, +which turn of various tints of red and crimson in the autumn. It is +quite hardy, and seen to best advantage when allowed to run over large +rockwork and tree stumps in partial shade. The variety R. toxicodendron +radicans has ample foliage, and is suited for similar places to the +last. The leaves turn bright yellow in the autumn. + +R. TYPHINA.--Stag's Horn Sumach, or Vinegar Tree. A native of North +America (1629), and a very common shrub in our gardens, probably on +account of its spreading rapidly by suckers. It is, when well grown, a +handsome and distinct shrub or small tree, with large, pinnate, hairy +leaves, and shoots that are rendered very peculiar by reason of the +dense hairs with which they are covered for some distance back. The +dense clusters of greenish-yellow flowers are sure to attract attention, +although they are by no means pretty. R. typhina viridiflora is the +male-flowered form of this species, with green flowers. + +R. VENENATA (_syn R. vernix_).--Poison Elder, Sumach, or Dogwood. North +America, 1713. This is remarkable for its handsome foliage, and is the +most poisonous species of the genus. + +All the Sumachs grow and flower freely in any good garden soil, indeed, +in that respect they are not at all particular. They throw up shoots +freely, so that increasing the stock is by no means difficult. + + +RIBES. + +RIBES ALPINUM PUMILUM AUREUM.--Golden Mountain Currant. The ordinary +green form is a native of Britain, of which the plant named above is a +dwarf golden-leaved variety. + +R. AUREUM.--Buffalo Currant. North-west America, 1812. In this species +the leaves are lobed and irregularly toothed, while the flowers are +yellow, or slightly reddish-tinted. It is of rather slender and +straggling growth. R. aureum praecox is an early-flowering variety; and +R. aureum serotinum is valued on account of the flowers being produced +much later than are those of the parent plant. + +R. CEREUM (_syn R. inebrians_).--North America, 1827. One of the +dwarfer-growing species of Flowering Currant, forming a low, dense bush +of Gooseberry-like appearance, but destitute of spines. By May it is in +full flower, and the blooms, borne in large clusters, have a pretty +pinkish tinge. The foliage is small, neat, and of a tender green that +helps to set off the pretty flowers to perfection. It is a native of +North-west America, and perfectly hardy in every part of the country. +Though not equal in point of floral beauty with our common flowering +Currant, still the miniature habit, pretty and freely-produced +pink-tinted flowers, and fresh green foliage will all help to make it an +acquisition wherever planted. Like the other species of Ribes the +present plant grows and flowers very freely in any soil, and almost +however poor. + +R. FLORIDUM (_syns R. missouriense_ and _R. pennsylvanicum_).--American +Wild Black Currant. North America, 1729. This should be included in all +collections for its pretty autumnal foliage, which is of a bright +purplish bronze. + +R. GORDONIANUM (_syns R. Beatonii_ and _R. Loudonii_) is a hybrid +between R. aureum and R. sanguineum, and has reddish, yellow tinged +flowers, and partakes generally of the characters of both species. + +R. MULTIFLORUM, Eastern Europe (1822), is another desirable species, +with long drooping racemes of greenish-yellow flowers, and small red +berries. + +R. SANGUINEUM.--Flowering Currant. North-west America, 1826. An old +inhabitant of our gardens, and well deserving of all that can be said in +its favour as a beautiful spring-flowering shrub. It is of North +American origin, with deep red and abundantly-produced flowers. There +are several distinct varieties as follows:--R. sanguineum flore-pleno +(Burning Bush), with perfectly double flowers, which are produced later +and last longer than those of the species; R. sanguineum album, with +pale pink, or almost white flowers; R. sanguineum atro-rubens, with +deeply-coloured flowers; R. sanguineum glutinosum and R. sanguineum +grandiflorum, bearing compact clusters of flowers that are rosy-flesh +coloured on the outside and white or pinky-white within. + +R. SPECIOSUM.--Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry. California, 1829. A +Californian species, remarkable for being more or less spiny, and with +flowers resembling some of the Fuchsias. They are crimson, and with +long, protruding stamens. As a wall plant, where it often rises to 6 +feet in height, this pretty and taking species is most often seen. + +The flowering Currants are of unusually free growth, and are not at all +particular about soil, often thriving well in that of a very poor +description. They are increased readily from cuttings and by layers. + + +ROBINIA. + +ROBINIA DUBIA (_syns R. echiuata_ and _R. ambigua_).--A very pretty +garden hybrid form, said to have for its parentage R. Pseud-Acacia and +R. viscosa. It is of quite tree-like growth and habit, with unusually +short spines, and Pea-green foliage. The flowers are produced pretty +freely, and are of a pale rose colour, and well set off by the +light-green leaves, over which they hang in neat and compact spikes. + +R. HISPIDA.--Rose Acacia. North America, 1743. Amongst large-growing +shrubs this is certainly one of the most distinct and handsome, and at +the same time one of the hardiest and readiest of culture. Under +favourable conditions it grows about 16 feet high, with large oval or +oblong leaflets, and having the young branches densely clothed with +bristles. The flowers, which are individually larger than those of the +False Acacia, are of a beautiful rosy-pink, and produced in June and +July. It is a very ornamental, small growing species, and one that is +peculiarly suitable for planting where space is limited. R. hispida +macrophylla (Large-leaved Rose Acacia) is rendered distinct by its +generally more robust growth, and by its larger foliage and flowers. The +species, however, varies a good deal in respect of the size of leaves +and flowers. + +R. PSEUD-ACACIA.--Common Locust, Bastard Acacia, or False Acacia. North +America, 1640. A noble-growing and handsome tree, with smooth shoots, +and stipules that become transformed into sharp, stiff spines. The +flowers are in long racemes, pure-white or slightly tinged with pink, +and with a faint pleasing odour. This species has been sub-divided into +a great number of varieties, some of which are very distinct, but the +majority are not sufficiently so to warrant special attention. The +following include the best and most popular kinds:--R. Pseud-Acacia +Decaisneana, a distinct form bearing light pinky flowers; R. +Pseud-Acacia Bessoniana, with thornless branches and a dense head of +refreshing Pea-green foliage; R. Pseud-Acacia angustifolia, with narrow +leaves; R. Pseud-Acacia aurea, a conspicuous but not very constant +golden leaved form; R. Pseud-Acacia inermis, of which there are weeping, +upright, and broad-leaved forms, has narrow leaves that are glaucous +beneath, and the characteristic spines of the species are wanting or +rarely well developed. R. Pseud-Acacia monophylla is very distinct, the +leaves being entire instead of pinnate; while R. Pseud-Acacia crispa has +curiously-curled foliage. Then there is the peculiar R. Pseud-Acacia +tortuosa, of ungainly habit; R. Pseud-Acacia umbraculifera, with a +spreading head; R. Pseud-Acacia sophoraefolia, the leaves of which +resemble those of Sophora japonica; and R. Pseud-Acacia amorphaefolia, +with very large foliage when compared with the parent tree. The above +may be taken as the most distinct and desirable forms of the False +Acacia, but there are many others, such as R. Pseud-Acacia colutoides, +R. Pseud-Acacia semperflorens, and R. Pseud-Acacia Rhederi, all more or +less distinct from the typical tree. + +R. VISCOSA (_syn R. glutinosa_).--Clammy Locust. North America, 1797. +This is a small-growing tree, and readily distinguished by the clammy +bark of the younger shoots. Flowers in short racemes, and of a beautiful +rose-pink, but varying a good deal in depth of tint. It is a valuable +species for ornamental planting, and flowers well even in a young state. + +Few soils would seem to come amiss to the Acacias, but observations +made in many parts of the country conclusively prove that the finest +specimens are growing on light, rich loam overlying a bed of gravel. +They are propagated from seed, by layers, or by grafting. + + +ROSA. + +ROSA ALBA.--This is a supposed garden hybrid between R. canina and R. +gallica (1597). It has very glaucous foliage, and large flowers, which +vary according to the variety from pure white to rose. + +R. REPENS (_syn R. arvensis_).--Field Rose. Europe (Britain). This +species bears white flowers that are produced in threes or fours, rarely +solitary. The whole plant is usually of weak and straggling growth, with +shining leaves. + +R. BRACTEATA (Macartney Rose), R. PALUSTRIS (Marsh Rose), and R. +MICROPHYLLA (small-leaved Rose), belong to that section supplied with +floral leaves or bracts, and shaggy fruit. They are of compact growth, +with neat, shining leaves, the flowers of the first-mentioned being rose +or carmine, and those of the other two pure white. + +R. CANINA.--Dog Rose. Our native Roses have now been reduced to five +species, of which the present is one of the number. It is a straggling +shrub, 6 feet or 8 feet high, and armed with curved spines. Flowers +sweet-scented, pink or white, and solitary, or in twos or threes at the +branch tips. + +R. CENTIFOLIA.--Hundred-leaved, or Cabbage Rose. Orient, 1596. A +beautiful, sweetly-scented species, growing to 6 feet in height, and +having leaves that are composed of from three to five broadly ovate, +toothed leaflets. The flowers are solitary, or two or three together, +drooping, and of a rosy hue, but differing in tint to a considerable +extent. This species has varied very much, principally through the +influences of culture and crossing, the three principal and marked +variations being size, colour, and clothing of the calyx tube. There are +the common Provence Roses, the miniature Provence or Pompon Roses, and +the Moss Rose--all of which are merely races of R. centifolia. + +R. DAMASCENA.--Damask Rose. Orient, 1573. A bushy shrub varying from 2 +feet to 8 feet in height according to cultural treatment and age. The +flowers are white or red, large, borne in corymbose clusters, and +produced in great profusion during June and July. The varieties that +have arisen under cultivation by seminal variation, hybridisation, or +otherwise are exceedingly numerous. Those now grown are mostly double, +and a large proportion of them are light in colour. They include the +quatre saisons and the true York and Lancaster. The flowers are highly +fragrant, and, like those of R. centifolia and other species, are used +indiscriminately for the purpose of making rose water. The species is +distinguished from R. centifolia by its larger prickles, elongated +fruit, and long, reflexed sepals. + +R. FEROX.--North Asia. This species bears flowers in clusters of two and +three together, terminating the branches. The petals are white with a +yellow base. The branches are erect, and thickly crowded with prickles +of unequal size. + +R. GALLICA.--The French, or Gallic Rose. Europe and Western Asia. This +Rose forms a bushy shrub 2 feet to 3 feet high, and has been so long +grown in British gardens that the date of its introduction has been lost +in obscurity. It is doubtless the red Rose of ancient writers, but at +present the flowers may be red, crimson, or white, and there are +varieties of all intermediate shades. Several variegated or striped +Roses belong here, including Gloria Mundi, a popular favourite often but +erroneously grown under the name of York and Lancaster. They all flower +in June and July, and, together with other kinds that flower about the +same time, are generally known as summer or old-fashioned garden Roses. + +R. HEMISPHAERICA (_syn R. sulphurea_).--Orient, 1629. A bushy plant +growing from 4 feet to 6 feet high, and bearing large double yellow +flowers. + +R. INDICA.--Common China, or Monthly Rose. Introduced from China, near +Canton, in 1789, but the native country is not known with certainty. The +flowers of the plant when first introduced were red and generally +semi-double, but the varieties now vary through all shades of blush, +rose, and crimson, and the plant varies exceedingly in height, in its +different forms 1 foot to 20 feet in height. The Monthly Roses form +bushes generally about 2 feet high or a little over. The Noisette and +Tea Roses, with several other more or less distinct types, belong here, +but as most of them are well known and otherwise well cared for, it is +unnecessary to dwell upon them in detail beyond the two varieties here +given, and which should not be overlooked. + +R. INDICA MINIMA (_syn R. semperflorens minima, R. Lawrenceana_, and _R. +minima_).--Fairy, or Miniature Rose. China, 1810. A beautiful little +Rose that rarely exceeds a height of 4 inches or 5 inches. The flowers +are about the size of a half-crown, and somewhat after the York and +Lancaster as regards colouring, though not, perhaps, so distinctly +marked, and are produced in abundance. For the rock garden it is one of +the most desirable, and being perfectly hardy still further adds to its +value. + +R. INDICA SEMPERFLORENS (_syns R. bengalensis_ and _R. +diversifolia_).--The Ever-flowering China Rose. China, 1789. A somewhat +spreading bush, with slender branches, armed with curved prickles. +Leaves composed of three or five leaflets, and tinted with purple. +Flowers almost scentless, solitary, semi-double, and of a bright and +showy crimson. + +R. LUTEA (_syn R. Eglanteria_).--The Austrian Brier, or Yellow +Eglantine. South Europe, 1596. This belongs to the Sweet Brier section, +and is a bush of from 3 feet to 6 feet high, with shining dark-green +leaves, and large, cup-shaped flowers that are yellow or sometimes +tinged with reddish-brown within. The Scarlet Austrian Brier (R. lutea +punicea) is a handsome variety, with the upper surface of the petals +scarlet and the under surface yellow. + +R. RUBIGINOSA (_syn R. Eglanteria_).--Eglantine, or Sweet Brier. This +species has pink flowers and clammy leaves, which are glandular on the +under surface, and give out a fragrant smell by which it may be +recognised. + +R. RUGOSA (_syn R. ferox of Bot. Reg._), a Japanese species, and its +variety R. rugosa alba, are beautiful shrubs that have proved themselves +perfectly hardy and well suited for extensive culture in this country. +They are of stiff, shrubby habit, about 4 feet high, and with branches +thickly clothed with spines becoming brown with age. Leaflets oval in +shape, deep green, with the upper surface rough to the touch, the under +sides densely tomentose. Flowers single, fully 3 inches in diameter, the +petals of good substance, and white or rose-coloured. The fruit is +large, larger than that of perhaps any other rose, and of a bright red +when fully ripe. In so far as beauty of fruit is concerned, this Rose +has certainly no rival, and whether for the rockwork or open border it +must be classed amongst the most useful and beautiful of hardy shrubs. +R. rugosa is a capital hedge plant, and being a true species it is +readily propagated from seed. R. rugosa Kamtschatika is a deep-red +flowered form with deciduous spines. + +R. SEMPERVIRENS.--Evergreen Rose. South Europe and India, 1529. A +climbing species, with long, slender branches, armed with hooked +prickles. Leaves evergreen, shining, and composed of from five to seven +leaflets. The clustered flowers are white and sweet-scented. + +R. SPINOSISSIMA (_syn R. pimpinellifolia_).--Burnet, or Scotch Rose. A +small bush about 2 feet high, of neat growth, with small leaves, and +pink or white flowers that are solitary at the branch ends. + +R. VILLOSA.--Downy Rose. Europe (Britain). This species is of erect +bushy growth, with the leaflets softly downy on both sides. Flowers +white or pale pink, succeeded by globular fruits, that are more or less +covered with fine hair or prickles. + + +ROSMARINUS. + +ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS.--Common Rosemary. Mediterranean region, 1848. A +familiar garden shrub, of dense growth, with dusky-gray green linear +leaves, and pale blue or white flowers. There is a golden and a silver +leaved variety, named respectively R. officinalis foliis-aureis, and R. +officinalis foliis-argenteis; as also one distinguished by having +broader foliage than the species, and named R. officinalis latifolius. + + +RUBUS. + +RUBUS ARCTICUS.--Arctic Regions of both hemispheres. An interesting +species about 6 inches high, with trifoliolate leaves, and deep-red +flowers. For Alpine gardening it is a valuable species of dwarf growth. + +R. AUSTRALIS, from New Zealand, is a very prickly species, with the +leaves reduced to their stalks and the midribs of three leaflets. Not +being very hardy it is usually seen as a wall plant. + +R. BIFLORUS.--Himalayas, 1818. A tall-growing species with whitish, +spiny stems, and simple three-lobed leaves that are tomentose on the +under sides. The flowers are thickly produced, pure white, and render +the plant highly attractive, and of great beauty. + +R. DELICIOSUS.--This Rocky Mountain Bramble (1870) is a very worthy +species, with three or five-lobed (not pinnate) leaves, and large, pure +white flowers that are each about 2 inches in diameter, and produced in +profusion from the leaf-axils. For ornamental planting this may be +placed in the first rank of the family to which it belongs. + +R. FRUTICOSUS.--Common Bramble, or Blackberry. Of this well-known native +species there are several worthy varieties, of which the double-flowered +are especially worth notice, blooming as they do in the latter part of +summer. R. fruticosus flore albo-pleno (Double white-flowered Bramble), +and R. fruticosus flore roseo-pleno (Double red-flowered Bramble) are +very pretty and showy varieties, and well worth including in any +collection. There is a pretty variegated-leaved form of the common +Bramble, known as R. fruticosus variegatus. + +R. LACINIATUS, Cut-leaved Bramble, might also be included on account of +its profusion of white flowers, and neatly divided foliage. + +R. NUTKANUS.--North America, 1826. This has white flowers, but otherwise +it resembles R. odoratus. + +R. ODORATUS.--Purple flowering Raspberry. North America, 1700. The +sweet-scented Virginian Raspberry forms a rather dense, upright growing +bush, fully 4 feet high, with large broadly five-lobed and toothed +leaves, that are more or less viscid, sweet-scented, and deciduous. The +leaves are placed on long, hairy, viscid foot-stalks. Flowers in +terminal corymbs, large and nearly circular, purplish-red in colour, and +composed of five broad, round petals. The fruit, which is rarely +produced in this country, is velvety and amber-coloured. It is a very +ornamental species, the ample Maple-like leaves and large flowers +rendering it particularly attractive in summer. The leaves, and not the +flowers as is generally supposed, are sweetly scented. + +R. ROSAEFOLIUS.--Rose-leaved Raspberry. Himalayas, 1811. Another +half-hardy species, and only suited for planting against sunny walls. +Leaves pinnate, finer than those of the Raspberry. R. r. coronarius, +with semi-double white flowers, is better than the type. + +R. SPECTABILIS.--The Salmon Berry. North America, 1827. Grows about 6 +feet high, with ternate or tri-lobate leaves that are very thickly +produced. Flowers usually bright red or purplish-coloured, and placed on +long pendulous footstalks. It is of very dense growth, occasioned by the +number of suckers sent up from the roots. + +There are also some of the so-called American Brambles well worthy of +attention, two of the best being Kittatiny and Lawton's: + +The brambles are particularly valuable shrubs, as owing to their dense +growth they may be used for a variety of purposes, but especially for +covering unsightly objects or banks. They are all wonderfully +floriferous, and succeed admirably even in very poor and stony soils. +Increase is readily obtained either from root suckers or by layering. + + +RUSCUS. + +RUSCUS ACULEATUS.--Butcher's Broom, Pettigree and Pettigrue. Europe +(Britain), and North Africa. This is a native evergreen shrub, with +rigid cladodes which take the place of leaves, and not very showy +greenish flowers appearing about May. For the bright red berries, which +are as large as small marbles, it is alone worth cultivating, while it +is one of the few shrubs that grow at all satisfactorily beneath the +shade of our larger trees. + +R. HYPOPHYLLUM.--Double Tongue. Mediterranean region, 1640. This species +has the flowers on the undersides of the leaf-like branches; and its +variety R.H. Hypoglossum has them on the upper side. Both are of value +for planting in the shade. + + +SAMBUCUS. + +SAMBUCUS CALIFORNICA.--Californian Elder. A rare species as yet, but one +that from its elegant growth and duration of flowers is sure, when +better known, to become widely distributed. + +S. GLAUCA has its herbaceous parts covered with a thick pubescence; +leaves pubescent on both sides, and with yellow flowers produced in +umbels. + +S. NIGRA.--Common Elder. Bourtry, or Bour tree. Although one of our +commonest native trees, the Elder must rank amongst the most ornamental +if only for its large compound cymes of white or yellowish-white +flowers, and ample bunches of shining black berries. There are, however, +several varieties that should be largely cultivated, such as S. nigra +foliis aureis (Golden Elder), S. nigra fructu albo (White Fruited), S. +nigra laciniata (Cut-leaved Elder), S. nigra argentea (Silver-leaved +Elder), S. nigra rotundifolia (Round-leaved Elder), the names of which +will be sufficient for the purposes of recognition. + +S. RACEMOSA.--Scarlet-berried Elder. South Europe and Siberia, 1596. +This is almost a counterpart of our native species, but instead of black +the berries are brilliant scarlet. It is a highly ornamental species, +but it is rather exacting, requiring for its perfect growth a cool and +moist situation. Of this there is a cut-leaved, form, named S. racemosa +serratifolia. + +S. ROSAEFLORA is said to be a seedling from S. glauca, but differs in +many important points from the parent. It has smooth shoots and +branches, ovate-acuminate leaves that are downy beneath, and flowers +rose-coloured without and white within. They are produced in short, +spike-like clusters, and are almost destitute of smell. The reddish +rings at the insertion of the leaves is another distinguishing feature. + +For freedom of growth in almost every class of soil, and readiness with +which they may be increased, the more showy kinds of Elder are well +worthy of attention. + + +SCHIZANDRA. + +SCHIZANDRA CHINENSIS.--Northern China, 1860. This is a climbing shrub, +with oval, bright green leaves, and showy carmine flowers. For clothing +arbors and walls it may prove of use, but it is as yet rare in +cultivation. + +S. COCCINEA, from North America (1806), is another uncommon species in +which the leaves are oblong and petiolate, and the flowers red or +scarlet. For purposes similar to the last this species may be employed. + + +SCHIZOPHRAGMA. + +SCHIZOPHRAGMA HYDRANGEOIDES.--Climbing Hydrangea. Japan, 1879. As yet +this is an uncommon shrub, and allied to the Hydrangea. It is of slender +growth, the stems rooting into the support, and with pinky-white +flowers. As an ornamental climber it is of no great value, and requires +a favoured spot to grow it at all satisfactorily. + + +SHEPHERDIA. + +SHEPHERDIA ARGENTEA.--Beef Suet Tree, or Rabbit Berry. North America, +1820. This shrub is rendered of particular interest on account of the +intense silvery hue of the foliage. The leaves are narrow and +lanceolate, silvery on both sides, and dotted over with rusty-brown +scales beneath. The flowers, which are produced in April, are small and +yellow, unisexual, or each sex on a distinct plant. Berries scarlet, +about the size of red Currants, and ripe about September. + +S. CANADENSIS.--North America, 1759. This is a small-growing, straggling +species, fully 4 feet high, and clothed with rusty scales. The leaves +are ovate or elliptic, and green above, and the flowers of an +inconspicuous yellow, succeeded by orange-red berries. + + +SKIMMIA. + +SKIMMIA FORTUNEI.--Japan, 1845. This is a neat-growing shrub, with +glossy, laurel-like leaves, white or greenish-white flowers, and an +abundance of scarlet berries in autumn. It succeeds best in a somewhat +shady situation, and when planted in not too heavy peaty soil, but where +abundance of not stagnant moisture is present. + +S. JAPONICA (of Thunberg) (_syn S. oblata_).--Japan, 1864. A +neat-growing, evergreen shrub, with rather larger and more showy leaves +than the former, and spikes of pretty whitish, sweetly scented flowers. +The female form of this is usually known as S. fragrans. What is usually +known as S. oblata ovata, and S. oblata Veitchii, are only forms of the +true S. japonica; while S. fragrantissima is the male of the same +species. The beautiful, berried plant that has been exhibited under the +name of S. Foremanii, and which is of very vigorous growth, and produces +pyramidal spikes of sweetly scented flowers, is probably S. japonica, or +a seminal variety. Another variety sent out under the name of S. +macrophylla has unusually large leaves; and another named S. Rogersi +produces fruit very abundantly. + +S. LAUREOLA (_syn Limonia Laureola_), from the Himalayas, is an uncommon +species, with very fragrant and pale yellow flowers. + +S. RUBELLA (China, 1874) is another member of the family that has +greenish-white, sweet-scented flowers, and which when better known will +be largely planted. + + +SMILAX. + +SMILAX ASPERA.--The Prickly Ivy. South Europe, 1648. A trailing-habited +shrub, with prickly stems, ovate, spiny-toothed, evergreen leaves, and +rather unattractive flowers. There are other hardy species from North +America, including S. Bona-nox (better known as S. tamnoides), S. +rotundifolia, and S. herbacea, the first being the most desirable. S. +aspera mauritanica is a hardy variety, but one that is rare in +cultivation, with long, wiry shoots, and well adapted for wall or +trellis covering. They all require favoured situations, else the growth +is short, and the plants stunted and meagre in appearance. + + +SOLANUM. + +SOLANUM CRISPUM.--Potato-tree. A native of Chili, 1824, and not very +hardy, except in the coast regions of England and Ireland. It grows +stout and bushy, often in favoured places rising to the height of 12 +feet, and has large clusters of purple-blue flowers that are succeeded +by small, white berries. This is a decidedly ornamental shrub, that +should be cultivated wherever a suitable place can be spared. It bears +hard pruning back with impunity, and succeeds in any light, rich, loamy +soil. + +S. DULCAMARA.--Bitter Sweet, and Woody Nightshade. This is a native +plant, and one of great beauty when seen clambering over a fence, or +bank. It has long, flexuous stems, and large clusters of purple flowers, +which are made all the more conspicuous by the showy yellow anthers. The +scarlet fruit is very effective. + + +SOPHORA. + +SOPHORA JAPONICA (_syn Styphnolobium japonicum_).--Chinese or Japanese +Pagoda-tree. China and Japan, 1763. A large deciduous tree, with elegant +pinnate foliage, and clusters of greenish-white flowers produced in +September. Leaves dark-green, and composed of about eleven leaflets. S. +japonica pendula is one of the most constant of weeping trees, and +valuable for planting in certain well-chosen spots on the lawn or in the +park. + +S. TETRAPTERA.--New Zealand, 1772. This requires protection in this +country. It is a valuable species, having numerous leaflets, and bearing +racemes of very showy yellow flowers. S. tetraptera microphylla is a +smaller-leaved variety, with ten to forty pairs of leaflets, and is +known in gardens under the names of Edwardsia Macnabiana, and E. +tatraptera microphylla. + + +SPARTIUM. + +SPARTIUM JUNCEUM (_syn S. acutifolium_).--Spanish, or Rush Broom. +Mediterranean region and Canary Isles, 1548. This resembles our common +Broom, but the slender Rush-like branches are not angular, and usually +destitute of leaves. The fragrant yellow flowers are produced abundantly +in racemes, and when at their best impart to the shrub a very striking +and beautiful appearance. For planting in poor, sandy or gravelly soils, +or amongst stones and shingle, and where only a very limited number of +shrubs could be got to grow, the Spanish Broom will be found an +excellent and valuable plant. It is a native of Southern Europe, and is +quite hardy all over the country. Propagated from seed. + + +SPIRAEA. + +SPIRAEA BELLA.--Pretty-flowered Spiraea. Himalayas, 1820. The reddish +stems of this rather tall-growing species are of interest, and render +the plant distinct. Leaves ovate, acute, and serrated, and tomentose +beneath. Flowers in spreading corymbs of a very beautiful rose colour, +and at their best from the middle of May till the middle of June. S. +bella alba has white flowers. + +S. BLUMEI.--Blume's Spiraea. Japan. This is a Japanese species, growing +4 feet or 5 feet high, with small, ovate, bluntly-pointed leaves, and +white flowers arranged in compact terminal cymes. It is a good and +worthy species for ornamental planting. + +S. BULLATA (_syn S. crispifolia_.)--Japan. This will ever be accounted +valuable for the rock garden, owing to its very dwarf habit and extreme +floriferousness. It bears tiny bunches of bright rose-coloured flowers, +and these look all the more charming owing to the miniature size of the +shrub, its average height being about 12 inches. A very interesting and +valuable rock shrub, and one that no doubt about its perfect hardihood +need be entertained. + +S. CANA.--Hoary-leaved Spiraea. Croatia, 1825. This is a small spreading +shrub that rarely rises to more than 18 inches in height, with small, +ovate, hoary leaves, and pretty white flowers arranged in corymbs. For +rockwork planting it is one of the most valuable species, growing freely +and producing its showy flowers in abundance. Quite hardy. + +S. CANTONIENSIS (_syn S. Reevesiana_).--Reeve's Spiraea. Japan, 1843. An +evergreen or sub-evergreen species, growing 3 feet high, with lanceolate +leaves on long footstalks, and large, pure white flowers arranged in +terminal corymbs, and placed on long peduncles. + +S. CHAMAEDRIFOLIA (_syn S. ceanothifolia_).--Germander-leaved Spiraea. +South-eastern Europe to Japan, 1789. Grows about a yard high, with +ovate, pubescent leaves, and white flowers. It varies widely in the +shape and size of leaves. S. chamaedrifolia ulmifolia (Elm-leaved +Spiraea) a twiggy shrub, 3 feet high, with broad leaves and white +flowers, is from Siberia. S. chamaedrifolia crataegifolia +(Hawthorn-leaved Spiraea) is of stout, half-erect growth, with rather +stiff glaucous leaves that are oval in shape, and bright red or pink +flowers in fastigiate panicles. From Siberia 1790, and flowering at +mid-summer. + +S. DECUMBENS (_syn S. nana_).--Decumbent Spiraea. Tyrol. This is the +smallest-growing of the shrubby Spiraeas, rarely attaining to a greater +height than 12 inches. It is a neat growing plant, with small oval +leaves, and white pedunculate flowers. For planting on the rockwork or +in the front line of the shrubbery, this is an invaluable shrub, and +soon forms a neat and pretty specimen. It is perfectly hardy. + +S. DISCOLOR ARIAEFOLIA (_syn S. ariaefolia_).--White Beam-leaved +Spiraea. North-west America, 1827. This forms a dense, erect shrub about +6 feet high, with elliptic-oblong leaves, and clothed beneath with a +whitish tomentum. The flowers are in large, terminal, slender-stalked +panicles, and white or yellowish-white. It is one of the handsomest +species in cultivation, the neat and yet not stiff habit, and pretty, +plume-like tufts of flowers making it a general favourite with the +cultivators of hardy shrubs. Flowers about mid-summer. In rich soils, +and where partially shaded from cold winds, it thrives best. + +S. DOUGLASII.--Douglas's Spiraea. North-west America. This has long, +obovate-lanceolate leaves, that are white with down on the under +surface, and bears dense, oblong, terminal panicles of rosy flowers. S. +Douglasii Nobleana (Noble's Spiraea) is a variety of great beauty, +growing about a yard high, with large leaves often 4 inches long, and +looser panicles of purple-red flowers. Flowering in July. The variety +was introduced from California in 1859. + +S. FISSA.--Split-leaved Spiraea. Mexico, 1839. A stout, erect-growing +shrub, about 8 feet high, with rather small leaves, angular, downy +branches, and long, loose, terminal panicles of small and greenish-white +flowers. The leaves are wedge-shaped at the base, and when young have +the lateral incisions split into a pair of unequal and very sharp teeth. +Flowering in May and June. In the south and west of England it thrives +best. + +S. HYPERICIFOLIA (_syn S. flagellata_).--Asia Minor, 1640. A wiry twiggy +shrub, fully 4 feet high, with entire leaves, and small, white flowers +produced in umbels at the tips of the last year's shoots. It is a pretty +and desirable species. + +S. JAPONICA (_syns S. callosa_ and _S. Fortunei_).--Japanese Spiraea. +China and Japan, 1859. This is a robust species about a yard high, with +large lanceolate leaves, and small, rosy-red flowers arranged in +corymbose heads. Flowering at mid-summer. There are several fine +varieties of this species, including S. japonica alba, a compact bush +about a foot high with white flowers; S. japonica rubra differs from the +type in having dark red flowers; S. japonica splendens, is a +free-flowering dwarf plant, with peach-coloured flowers and suitable for +forcing; and S. japonica superba, has dark rose-red flowers. S. Bumalda +is a closely allied form, if not a mere variety of S. japonica. It is of +dwarf habit, with dark reddish-purple flowers. + +S. LAEVIGATA (_syns S. altaicensis_ and _S. altaica_).--Smooth Spiraea. +Siberia, 1774. A stout, spreading shrub about a yard high, with large, +oblong-lanceolate, smooth, and stalkless leaves. The white flowers are +arranged in racemose panicles, and produced in May. + +S. LINDLEYANA.--Lindley's Spiraea. Himalayas. A handsome, tall-growing +species, growing from 6 feet to 8 feet high, with very large pinnate +leaves, and pretty white flowers in large terminal panicles. It is the +largest-leaved Spiraea in cultivation, and forms a stately, handsome +specimen, and produces its showy flowers in great quantities. Flowering +at the end of summer. + +S. MEDIA (_syns S. confusa_ and _S. oblongifolia_).--Northern Asia, etc. +The pure white flowers of this species are very freely produced in +corymbs along the shoots of the previous season during the months of +June and July. The lanceolate-elliptic leaves are serrate, or the +smaller ones toothed near the apex only. Within the past few years the +species has been brought into prominence for forcing purposes, for which +it is admirably suited. It forms an upright, branching bush usually +about 3 ft. high, and is best known under the name of S. confusa. + +S. PRUNIFOLIA.--China and Japan, 1845. A twiggy-branched shrub growing 4 +feet or 5 feet high, with oval, Plum-like leaves, and white flowers. +There is a double-flowering variety named S. prunifolia flore-pleno, +which is both distinct and beautiful. + +S. ROTUNDIFOLIA.--Round-leaved Spiraea. Cashmere, 1839. A +slender-branched shrub, having downy shoots, and round, blunt leaves, +flowering in July. + +S. SALICIFOLIA.--Willow-leaved Spiraea. Europe, and naturalised in +Britain. An erect-growing, densely-branched shrub, with smooth shoots, +which spring usually directly from the ground. Leaves large, lanceolate, +smooth, doubly serrated, and produced plentifully. Flowers red or +rose-coloured, and arranged in short, thyrsoid panicles. It flowers in +July and August. S. salicifolia carnea has flesh-coloured flowers; S. +salicifolia paniculata has white flowers; and S. salicifolia grandiflora +has pink flowers as large again as the type. S. salicifolia alpestris +(Mountain Spiraea) grows fully 2 feet high, with lanceolate, +finely-toothed leaves, and loose, terminal panicles of pink or red +flowers. From Siberia, and flowering in autumn. S. salicifolia latifolia +(_syn S. carpinifolia_), the Hornbeam-leaved Spiraea, is a +white-flowered variety, with leaves resembling those of the Hornbeam. +From North America. + +S. SORBIFOLIA.--Sorbus-leaved Spiraea. Siberia, 1759. A handsome, stout +species, 4 feet high, with large, pinnate, bright green leaves, and +small, white, sweetly-scented flowers produced in thyrsoid panicles. + +S. THUNBERGII.--Thunberg's Spiraea. Japan. The white flowers of this +species smell somewhat like those of the Hawthorn, and are freely +produced on the leafless, twiggy stems, in March or early in April, +according to the state of the weather. They are borne in axillary +clusters from buds developed in the previous autumn, and are very +welcome in spring, long before the others come into bloom. The bush +varies from one to three feet high, and is clothed with +linear-lanceolate, sharply serrated leaves. + +S. TOMENTOSA.--Tomentose Spiraea. North America, 1736. This species +grows 2 feet or 3 feet high, has rusty tomentose shoots and leaves, and +large, dense, compound spikes of showy red flowers. Flowering in summer. + +S. TRILOBATA (_syn S. triloba_).--Three-lobed Spiraea. Altaian Alps, +1801. This is a distinct species with horizontally arranged branches, +small, roundish, three-lobed leaves, and white flowers arranged in +umbel-like corymbs. It flowers in May, and is quite hardy. + +S. UMBROSA (Shady Spiraea) and S. EXPANSA (Expanded-flowered Spiraea), +the former from Northern India and the latter from Nepaul, are well +suited for planting in somewhat shady situations, and are very +ornamental species. The first mentioned grows about a foot high, with +rather large leaves, and cymes of white flowers on long slender +footstalks; while S. expansa has pink flowers, and lanceolate and +coarsely serrated leaves. + +There are other valuable-flowering kinds, such as S. capitata, with +ovate leaves and white flowers; S. pikowiensis, a rare species with +white flowers; S. cuneifolia, with wedge-shaped leaves and panicles of +pretty white flowers; and S. vacciniaefolia, a dwarf-growing species, +with small ovate, serrulated leaves, and showy, pure white flowers. S. +betulifolia and S. chamaedrifolia flexuosa are worthy forms of free +growth and bearing white flowers. + + +STAPHYLEA. + +STAPHYLEA COLCHICA.--Colchican Bladder Nut. Caucasus. This is a very +distinct shrub, about 6 feet high, with large clusters of showy white +flowers. Being quite hardy, and very ornamental, this species is worthy +the attention of planters. + +S. PINNATA.--Job's Tears, or St. Anthony's Nut. South Europe. This is a +straggling shrub, from 6 feet to 8 feet high, with white, racemose +flowers, succeeded by bladder-like capsules. + +S. TRIFOLIA.--North America, 1640. This is distinguished by its larger +white flowers and trifoliolate leaves. It is the American Bladder Nut, +but, like the latter, can hardly be included amongst ornamental plants. + +All the Bladder Nuts grow freely in good light dampish loam. + + +STAUNTONIA. + +STAUNTONIA HEXAPHYLLA.--China and Japan, 1876. This evergreen twining +shrub is not to be generally recommended, it requiring wall protection +even in southern England. The leaves are deep green and pinnate, while +the greenish-white flowers are fragrant, and produced in the beginning +of summer. + + +STUARTIA. + +STUARTIA PENTAGYNA (_syn Malachodendron ovatum_).--North America, 1785. +This differs only from the S. virginica in having five distinct styles, +hence the name. Under very favourable circumstances this is the taller +growing species, and the leaves and flowers are larger. + +S. PSEUDO-CAMELLIA (_syn S. grandiflora_).--Japan, 1879. This is of +recent introduction, and differs from the others in the flowers being +rather larger, and of a purer white, and supplied with yellow instead of +red stamens. It is quite hardy in Southern England and Ireland at least. + +S. VIRGINICA (_syn S. marylandica_).--North America, 1743. This is a +handsome free-growing shrub, of often 10 feet in height, with large, +creamy-white flowers, that are rendered all the more conspicuous by the +crimson-red stamens. The flowers--like those of a single Rose, and fully +2-1/2 inches across--are produced in May. Quite hardy, as many fine +specimens in some of our old English gardens will point out. + +Though, perhaps, rather exacting in their requirements, the Stuartias +may be very successfully grown if planted in light, moist, peaty earth, +and where they will be screened from cold, cutting winds. + + +STYRAX. + +STYRAX AMERICANA and S. PULVERULENTA are not commonly cultivated, being +far less showy than the Japanese species. They bear white flowers. + +S. OFFICINALIS.--Storax. Levant, 1597. This is a small deciduous shrub, +with ovate leaves, and short racemes of pretty pure white flowers. A not +very hardy species, and only second-rate as an ornamental flowering +shrub. + +S. SERRULATA VIRGATA (_syn S. japonica_).--Japanese Storax. Japan. A +neat-habited and dense-growing shrub, with pretty white flowers that are +neatly set off by the showy yellow stamens. It is an extremely pretty +shrub, with long, slender, much-branched shoots, furnished with ovate +leaves, and deliciously-scented, snow-white bell-shaped flowers, +produced for nearly the full length of the shoots. So far, this shrub of +recent introduction has proved quite hardy. S. serrulata variegata is a +well-marked and constant form. + + +SYMPHORICARPUS. + +SYMPHORICARPUS OCCIDENTALIS.--Wolf Berry. North America. This species +has larger and more freely-produced flowers, and smaller fruit than the +commonly-cultivated plant. + +S. RACEMOSUS (_syn Symphoria racemosus_).--Snowberry. North America, +1817. One of the commonest shrubs in English gardens, with small, oval, +entire leaves, and neat little racemes of pretty pink flowers, succeeded +by the familiar snow-white berries, and for which the shrub is so +remarkable. + +S. VULGARIS.--Coral Berry, Common St. Peter's Wort. North America, 1730. +This is readily distinguished by its showy and freely-produced coral +berries. There is a very neat and much sought after variety, having +conspicuous green and yellow leaves, and named S. vulgaris foliis +variegatis. + +The Snowberries are of no great value as ornamental shrubs, but owing to +their succeeding well in the very poorest and stoniest of soils, and +beneath the shade and drip of trees, it is to be recommended that they +are not lost sight of. They grow and spread freely, and are therefore +useful where unchecked and rampant shrub growth is desirable. + + +SYMPLOCOS. + +SYMPLOCOS JAPONICA (_syn S. lucida_).--A small growing and not very +desirable species from Japan (1850). + +S. TINCTORIA.--Sweet-leaf, or Horse Sugar. South United States, 1780. +This is a small-growing shrub, with clusters of fragrant yellow flowers, +but it is not very hardy unless planted against a sheltered and sunny +wall. + + +SYRINGA. + +SYRINGA CHINENSIS (_syns. S. dubia_ and _S. rothomagensis_).--Rouen, or +Chinese Lilac. A plant of small growth, with narrow leaves, and +reddish-violet flowers. It is said to have been raised by M. Varin, of +the Botanic Garden, Rouen, as a hybrid between S. vulgaris and S. +persica, 1795. + +S. EMODI.--Himalayas, 1840. This is a desirable species, that forms a +stout bush or small tree, with oblong, reticulately-veined leaves, and +erect, dense panicles of white flowers, that are sometimes lilac tinged. +The flowers are strongly scented, and borne in great profusion late in +the season. There is a variegated form, S. Emodi variegata, and another +named S. Emodi villosa, both good varieties. + +S. JAPONICA (_syns S. amurensis_ and _Ligustrina amurensis_).--Japan. +This is of recent introduction, and is a decided acquisition, producing +in summer large and dense clusters of creamy-white flowers. It is a very +desirable species, and though coming from Japan seems to be perfectly +hardy. + +S. JOSIKAEA, Josika's Lilac, is of Hungarian origin (1835), and is so +totally different from the others as to be well worthy of special +attention. It rarely exceeds 6 feet in height, with dark-green, wrinkled +leaves, and erect spikes of pale mauve flowers. + +S. PERSICA (Persian Lilac).--Persia, 1640. This is a distinct +small-growing species, with slender, straight branches, and lilac or +white flowers produced in small clusters. The form bearing white flowers +is named S. persica alba; and there is one with neatly divided foliage +called S. persica laciniata. + +S. VULGARIS.--Common Lilac, or Pipe Tree. Persia and Hungary, 1597. This +is one of the commonest and most highly praised of English garden +shrubs, and one that has given rise, either by natural variation or by +crossing with other species, to a great number of superior forms. The +following include the best and most ornamental of the numerous +varieties:--alba, pure white flowers; alba-grandiflora, very large +clusters of white flowers; alba-magna, and alba virginalis, both good +white-flowering forms; Dr. Lindley, large clusters of reddish-lilac +flowers; Charles X., purplish-lilac flowers, but white when forced; +Souvenir De Ludwig Spath, with massive clusters of richly coloured +flowers; Glorie de Moulins, Marie Legrange, Noisetteana, Duchesse de +Nemours, and Vallettiana, all beautiful flowering forms that are well +worthy of cultivation, and that are of the simplest growth. + +The double-flowered varieties, for which we are much indebted to M. +Victor Lemoine, of Nancy, are fast gaining favour with cultivators in +this country, and rightly, too, for they include several very handsome, +full flowered forms. The following are best known:-- + +S. vulgaris Alphonse Lavallee, with full double red flowers, changing + to mauve. + " Emile Lemoine, mauve-pink, suffused with white; very + handsome. + " La Tour d'Auvergne, mauve shaded with rose. A beautiful + and very dark coloured form. + " Lemoinei, nearly resembling our common species, but with + full double flowers. + " Leon Simon, light pink, mauve shaded. + " Madame Lemoine, the finest form, bearing very large pure + white double flowers. + " Michael Buchner, rosy lilac. + " Virginité, whitish pink, nearly white when fully expanded. + +President Grevy is one of the same beautiful group. The blooms are +large, double, and produced in very massive clusters, and of a light +bluish-lilac tint, when forced almost white. The first of this group, S. +vulgaris Lemoinei, was sent out about 1884, and was then awarded a +certificate by the R.H.S. The range in colouring of these Lilacs is +rather confined, so that the various forms resemble one another in no +small degree, particularly when the flowers are opened under glass. From +the large size of the flower bunches, and the individual flowers being +double, they are all of great beauty, and being quite hardy still +further enhances their value for outdoor gardening purposes. + +The Lilacs grow freely in any soil of fair quality, but a free, rich, +and not too dry loam, would seem to suit the majority of these plants +best. + + +TAMARIX. + +TAMARIX GALLICA.--Common Tamarisk. India to Europe. This shrub often in +favoured maritime places reaches to a height of fully 10 feet, with long +and slender branches, and spikes of pretty, rosy-pink flowers produced +at the end of summer. For sea-side planting, it is an invaluable shrub, +and on account of its feathery appearance and wealth of showy flowers is +well worthy of being included in our list of ornamental and useful +shrubs. + +T. PARVIFLORA (_syns T. africana_ and _T. tetrandra_), South-eastern +Europe and Levant, is a nearly allied species, with white, pinky-tinged +flowers. + + +TECOMA. + +TECOMA GRANDIFLORA (_syn Bignonia grandiflora_), from China and Japan +(1800), is not so hardy as T. radicans, although in certain maritime +districts it succeeds fairly well. The flowers are very attractive, +being of a rich orange-scarlet, and produced in drooping clusters. Both +foliage and flowers are larger than those of T. radicans. It wants a +warm, sunny wall, and light, rich, and well-drained soil, and if only +for its lovely flowers, it is well worthy of coddling and good +treatment. + +T. RADICANS (_syn Bignonia radicans_).--Trumpet Flower. North America, +1640. An old occupant of our gardens and one of the most beautiful wall +plants in cultivation. It is a tall climber, of sometimes fully 20 feet +in height, with graceful pinnate leaves, and handsome trumpet-shaped +scarlet-red flowers, that are at their best about mid-summer, though the +period of flowering extends over a considerable length of time. The +stems are long, twisted, and wiry, and like those of the Ivy send out +roots at the joints and so fasten the plant in position. Few climbing +plants are more attractive than the Trumpet Flower, and being hardy in +most parts of the country, and free of growth, is to be recommended for +covering walls, and arches, or similar structures. T. radicans major is +of more robust growth than the species, with larger foliage and paler +flowers. The orange-scarlet flowers are produced in terminal corymbs. + + +TILIA. + +TILIA VULGARIS (_syns T. europea_ and _T. intermedia_).--Lime, or Linden +Tree. Europe, Caucasus, and naturalised in Britain. Probably none of the +Limes would be included in a list of ornamental-flowering trees and +shrubs, still that they are of great interest and beauty even in that +state cannot be denied. The common species as well as its numerous +varieties have sweetly scented, yellowish-white flowers in terminal +cymes, and are, though individually small, highly ornamental when fully +developed. Other species of great interest when in flower are T. alba +(_syn T. argentea_), Silver Lime; T. petiolaris, a curious and beautiful +species; and T. euchlora. + +The various species and varieties of Lime succeed well in almost any +class of soil, but rich loam on sand is considered the most suitable for +their perfect development. + + +ULEX. + +ULEX EUROPAEUS.--Furze, Gorse, or Whin. This pretty native shrub needs +no description, suffice it to say that it is one of the +handsomest-flowering shrubs in cultivation. U. europaeus flore-pleno +(Double-flowered Gorse) is even more beautiful than the species, the +wealth of golden flowers almost hiding the plant from view. U. europaeus +strictus (Irish Furze) is of more erect and slender growth, and less +rigid than the common species. + +U. NANUS.---Dwarf Gorse, Cat Whin, and Tam Furze. This differs +considerably from the common plant, not only in stature, but in the time +of flowering. In this species the bracts at the calyx base are small +compared with those of U. europaeus, while the smaller flowers are +produced during summer, and when not a bloom is to be found on its +supposed parent. It is of dense growth, the tallest stems rarely rising +from the ground to a greater height than about 15 inches. + +All the Furze family succeed admirably in the poorest of soil; indeed, a +dry gravelly bank would seem to be their favourite haunt. + + +VACCINIUM. + +VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM.--Canada to Carolina and Georgia, 1765. This is one +of the most beautiful and showy species, with dense clusters of small, +pinky flowers. + +V. MYRTILLUS.--Whortleberry, Bilberry, Blackberry, and Blueberry. A +native plant, with angular stems, ovate-toothed leaves, and pinky-white +flowers, succeeded by bright, bluish-black berries. + +V. PENNSYLVANICUM.--New England to Virginia, 1772. This has rather +inconspicuous flowers, and is of greatest value for the autumnal foliage +tints. + +V. VITIS-IDEA (Cowberry, Flowering Box, or Brawlins) a native species, +has racemose flowers, and red berries. + +Other species that might be included are V. canadense, V. stamineum, V. +frondosum, and V. ligustrifolium. + +The various species of Vaccinium are of dwarf or procumbent growth, and +only suitable for planting in beds, or on rockwork, where they will not +be lost sight of. They thrive best in soil of a peaty nature. + + +VERONICA. + +VERONICA PINQUIFOLIA.--New Zealand, 1870. This is one of the hardiest +species, but it is of low growth, and only suitable for alpine +gardening. It is a dwarf spreading shrub, with intensely glaucous leaves +and white flowers. + +V. TRAVERSII.--New Zealand, 1873. This may be considered as one of the +few species of hardy Veronicas. It grows about 4 feet high, with deep +green leaves arranged in rows, and white flowers, produced late in +summer. It is a very free-growing shrub, of perfect hardihood, and one +of, if not the best for general planting. + +The above two species are, so far as is at present known, the hardiest +in cultivation, although there are many kinds that will succeed well +under very favourable conditions, and particularly when planted by the +sea-side. Other half-hardy species might include V. salicifolia +(Willow-leaved Veronica), with long, narrow leaves, and white or +purplish flowers; V. ligustrifolia (Privet-leaved Veronica), with spikes +of feathery-white flowers; V. speciosa, with erect spikes of +purplish-blue flowers; and V. Andersoni, a hybrid form, with spikes of +bluish-violet flowers. + +The dwarf or alpine species might include V. cupressoides, with +Cypress-like foliage, V. Lyallii, V. carnosula, and others, but such +hardly come within our scope. + + +VIBURNUM. + +VIBURNUM ACERIFOLIUM.--Dockmackie. New England to Carolina, 1736. This +is one of the handsomest members of the family, being of slender growth +and compact and neat in habit. It grows to fully 4 feet in height, and +is well supplied with neatly three-lobed leaves, these in the autumn +turning to a deep crimson. The flowers, too, are highly ornamental, +being borne in fair sized clusters, and white or yellowish-white. It is +a very desirable and beautiful plant, quite hardy, and of free growth in +any fairly rich soil. + +V. AWAFUKII.--Japan, 1842. This is another rare and beautiful plant, of +neat habit, and producing an abundance of showy white flowers, that are, +however, seldom produced in this country. + +V. DAHURICUM.--Dahuria, 1785. This is a charming hardy species, which in +May and June is covered with numerous umbels of showy white flowers. It +forms a rather spreading bush of 6 feet or 8 feet high, with gray downy +branches, and neat foliage. The berries are oval-oblong, red at first, +but becoming black and faintly scented when fully ripe. + +V. DENTATUM.--Arrowwood. A native of the United States, 1763. This can +be recommended as a distinct and beautiful shrub, with cymes of white +flowers that are produced in plenty. The leaves are dark green, smooth, +and shining, and strongly veined, while the bark is ash-coloured, and +the berries bright blue. + +V. LANTANA.--Wayfaring Tree. Europe (Britain). This is a native species +of large bush, or almost tree growth, with rugose, oblong, serrulated +leaves, and large, flat cymes of white flowers appearing in May and +June. The whole tree is usually covered with a scaly tomentum, while the +fruit is a black flattened drupe. + +V. LENTAGO.--Sheepberry and Sweet Viburnum. North America, 1761. This +resembles our native V. Lantana, with dense clusters of white blossoms +succeeded by black berries. + +V. MACROCEPHALUM (_syn V. Fortunei_).--China, 1844. This is a Chinese +species, but one that cannot be depended on as hardy enough to withstand +our most severe winters. It has very large heads or panicles of white +neutral flowers. Against a sunny wall and in a cosy nook it may +occasionally be found doing fairly well, but it is not to be generally +recommended. + +V. NUDUM.--American Withe Rod. Canada to Georgia, 1752. This is also +worthy of being included in a selection of these shrubs. + +V. OPULUS.--Guelder Rose. A native shrub of great beauty, whether in +foliage, flower, or fruit. The leaves are variously lobed or deeply +toothed, large and handsome, and the flower heads of good size, flat, +and composed of a number of small flowers, the outer only being sterile. +Individually the flowers are dull and inconspicuous, but being produced +in amazing quantity, they have a very pleasing and effective appearance. +The great bunches of clear pinky berries render a fair-sized plant +particularly handsome and attractive, and for which alone, as also +beauty of autumnal foliage, the shrub is well worthy of extensive +culture. It grows fully 15 feet high, and may frequently be seen as much +through. V. Opulus sterilis (Snowball Tree) is one of the commonest +occupants of our shrubberies, and a decidedly ornamental-flowering +shrub. The large, almost globular flower heads hanging from every branch +tip, are too well-known to require description, and have made the shrub +one of the most popular in ornamental planting. + +V. PAUCIFLORUM is a native of cold, moist woods from Labrador to Alaska, +and may best be described as a miniature V. Opulus. It rarely grows more +than 4 feet high, with small cymes of flowers, that are devoid of the +neutral flowers of that species. + +V. PLICATUM, from Japan 1846, is another very beautiful and desirable +shrub, of rather dwarf, spreading growth, and having the leaves deeply +wrinkled, plaited, and serrated on the margins. The flowers resemble +those of the commonly cultivated species, but they are rather larger, +and of a purer white. It is a decidedly ornamental species of easy +growth in any good soil, and where not exposed to cold winds. + +V. PRUNIFOLIUM, New England to Carolina, 1731, with Plum-like leaves, +and pretty white flowers, is another free-growing and beautiful North +American species. + +V. PYRIFOLIUM.--Pear-leaved Viburnum. Pennsylvania to New Jersey, 1812. +This is a rarely-seen, but very ornamental species, with oval-shaped, +finely-toothed leaves, that are borne on short, slightly-winged stalks +about half-an-inch long. Flowers sweetly scented, white, and in broad +corymbs, the feathery appearance of the long, projecting stamens, each +tipped with a golden anther, adding considerably to the beauty of the +flowers. + +V. RETICULATUM and V. LAEVIGATUM are rarely seen species, but of interest +botanically, if not for floral beauty. + +V. TINUS.--Laurustinus. South Europe, 1596. So commonly cultivated a +shrub needs no description here, sufficient to say that the handsome +evergreen foliage and pretty pinky-white flowers assign to it a first +position amongst hardy ornamental flowering shrubs, V. Tinus strictum +has darker foliage than the species, is more upright, rather more hardy, +but not so profuse in the bearing of flowers. V. Tinus lucidum +(Glossy-leaved Laurustinus), of the several varieties of Laurustinus has +the largest foliage, finest flowers, and altogether is of the most +robust growth. It is, unfortunately, not very hardy, probably in that +respect not even equalling the parent plant. Usually it does not flower +freely, neither are the flowers produced so early as in the species, but +individually they are much larger. It is of tall growth, and rarely +forms the neat, dense bush, for which the common shrub is so admired. V. +Tinus rotundifolium has rounded leaves; and V. Tinus rotundifolium +variegatum has irregularly variegated leaves. + + +VINCA. + +VINCA MAJOR.--Band-plant, Cut-finger, and Larger Periwinkle. Europe +(Britain). For trailing over tree-stumps or rockwork this pretty +evergreen shrub has a distinctive value, the bright green leaves and +showy deep blue flowers rendering it both conspicuous and ornamental. V. +major elegantissima is a decided variety, the leaves being neatly and +evenly variegated, and making the plant of great value for bank or +rock-work decoration. + +V. MINOR.--Lesser Periwinkle. This is of much smaller growth than the +preceding, and differs, too, in not having the leaf-margins ciliated. +The variety V. minor flore-albo has white flowers, those of the normal +plant being pale blue; V. minor flore-pleno differs in having double +blue flowers; V. minor foliis aureis has golden-tinted leaves; and V. +minor foliis argenteis bears silvery mottled and very attractive +foliage. + +They are all of simple growth, succeeding well in somewhat shady +situations, and in by no means the richest of soil. As they run about +freely and soon cover an extent of ground they are rendered of great +value for a variety of purposes. + + +VITEX. + +VITEX AGNUS-CASTUS.--Chaste Tree, Hemp Tree, and Monk's Pepper-tree. A +South European shrub (1670), growing from 6 feet to 10 feet high, with +digitate leaves that are almost hoary beneath, and spikes of small +violet flowers. It is not very hardy, although in some of the warmer +parts of southern England and Ireland, fair-sized, healthy-looking +specimens are now and then to be met with. As a wall plant, however, it +succeeds best, and for which purpose, with its neat foliage and pretty +flowers, it is peculiarly suitable. + + +VITIS. + +VITIS HETEROPHYLLA HUMILIFOLIA.--Turquoise-berried Vine. North China and +Japan, 1868. The leaves of this Vine are three to five lobed, and the +small flowers freely produced in slightly branching cymes. The latter +are succeeded by their most interesting and attractive berries, that +ripen in September and October. They are pale china-blue, marked all +over with very dark specks. The stems grow to a height of 4 feet to 8 +feet, and should be trained against a wall in a sunny position to ripen +the berries. The plant is perfectly hardy. The variety V. heterophylla +variegata is a dwarf, low-growing plant with variegated leaves, and is +used for pot work, for covering the ground in sub-tropical bedding +designs, and might be used to great advantage for rambling over large +stones in the rock garden. + + +WISTARIA. + +WISTARIA CHINENSIS (_syns W. sinensis, Glycine chinensis_, and _G. +sinensis_).--Chinese Wistaria. China, 1816. This is the only species at +all common in gardens, and by far the handsomest in cultivation. It +justly ranks amongst the most beautiful of hardy climbing shrubs, and is +invaluable as a wall plant, or for clothing the bare stems of sparsely +foliaged trees. The purplish-lilac flowers are produced in long, +drooping racemes in early summer. W. chinensis alba has pretty white +flowers; W. chinensis flore-pleno has not proved very satisfactory, but +when seen at its best, which is, however, but rarely, the double flowers +are both beautiful and showy; W. chinensis variegata has badly +variegated foliage; and W. chinensis macrobotrys is a plant of great +beauty with very long racemes of pale lavender flowers, but they vary a +good deal in colour, those of some plants being almost white. It is a +very desirable variety, and one that when better known is sure to +attract attention. + +W. FRUTESCENS (_syns Glycine frutescens_ and _Thyrsanthus +frutescens_).--North America, 1724. This is a very handsome deciduous +climbing species from North America. The flowers, which appear towards +autumn, are bluish purple and fragrant, and borne in erect racemes. It +is quite hardy and equally suitable with the Chinese species for using +as a wall covering. W. frutescens magnifica is an improved form of the +species. + +W. JAPONICA.--Japan. A bush-like species bearing white flowers, but it +is rarely seen in cultivation. It is, however, quite hardy, and succeeds +well in the bush state at Kew. + +W. MULTIJUGA.--Japan, 1874. Resembles somewhat our commonly-cultivated +species, and has pale purple flowers arranged in long racemes. It is a +very ornamental and desirable species, but the flowers are not borne in +great quantity. + +The Wistarias are of simple culture, but succeed best in rather rich +alluvial soil, and where protection from cold winds is provided. + + +XANTHOCERAS. + +XANTHOCERAS SORBIFOLIA.--China, 1870. An extremely pretty flowered and +handsome leaved shrub, but owing to its late introduction is not yet +well known. So far it has proved itself perfectly hardy in this country, +there being specimens at wide distances apart that have stood uninjured +through our past severe winters. + +The leaves are pale green, and pinnate, somewhat resembling those of the +Rowan Tree. Flowers five petalled, creamy white, sometimes very slightly +tinged with flesh colour, with a coppery red or violet-purple centre, +and disposed in racemes. When fully expanded they are an inch across, +and somewhat reflexed. It flowers early in April, with the appearance of +the leaves, the blooms being produced in great abundance, in spike-like +clusters fully seven inches long, and succeeded by a small green +Pear-like fruit. This is one of the most distinct and handsome of +recently introduced shrubs, and will, when more widely disseminated, be +largely planted for purely ornamental purposes. It grows from 10 feet to +about 15 feet high. + + +XANTHORHIZA. + +XANTHORHIZA APIIFOLIA.--Yellow-root. Pennsylvania, 1776. A small growing +shrub, with yellow creeping roots, from which suckers are thrown up +profusely. The leaves are irregularly pinnate, and the minute flowers, +which are borne in large, branching spikes, are of a peculiar dark +purple colour. It prefers a cool, moist situation. + + +YUCCA. + +YUCCA FILAMENTOSA.--Silk Grass. North America, 1675. A well-known and +beautiful plant, with numerous leaves arranged in a dense rosette, and +from 1 foot to 2 feet long by 2 inches broad. Flower scape rising to 5 +feet or 6 feet in height, and bearing numerous flowers that are each +about 2 inches deep. There is a beautiful variegated form of this +species named Y. filamentosa variegata, and one with much narrower +leaves than the typical species, and known as Y. filamentosa +angustifolia. + +Y. GLORIOSA.--The Mound Lily. United States, 1596. This is another +well-known hardy species, with long, sharp-pointed leaves, and a +handsome, much branched scape, of flowers that are each about 2 inches +deep. There are several varieties, differing in colour of foliage, +including Y. gloriosa glaucescens, with decidedly glaucous foliage; Y. +gloriosa superba, with rigid leaves and a shorter and denser flower +scape; and another with variegated leaves. Y. gloriosa recurvifolia is +usually dwarfer in the stem than the type, and more inclined to branch +than the other species, and less rigid, with recurving leaves that are +not so sharp-pointed, The flower panicle is large and very much +branched. + +The Yuccas all do well if planted in light loam of good quality. + + +ZELKOVA. + +ZELKOVA ACUMINATA (_syns Z. japonica_ and _Planera acuminata_).--Japan. +This resembles very nearly our common Elm in appearance, and being +perfectly hardy is to be recommended for planting in this country. + +Z. CRENATA (_syns Planera crenata_ and _P. Richardi_).--Zelkova Tree. +Western Asia to Mount Caucasus, 1760. This is a handsome, large growing +tree, with oblong deeply-crenated leaves, and small and inconspicuous +flowers. For avenue planting or as a standard specimen this is a +valuable tree, being quite hardy, and of free and quick growth. P. +crenata pendula is a good weeping form, and worthy of culture. + +Z. CRETICA.--Crete. A pretty small growing bush or tree of about 20 feet +in height, with crenate, leathery, dark green leaves, which are usually +fully an inch in length. The leaves are hairy, and the twigs, too, are +thickly covered with short grey hairs. + + +ZAUSCHNERIA. + +ZAUSCHNERIA CALIFORNICA.--Californian Fuchsia, or Humming Birds' +Trumpet. California and Mexico, 1847. A small-growing, densely-branched +shrub, with linear-lanceolate silvery pubescent leaves, and bright red +or scarlet tubular flowers, with a long, slender style resembling some +of the Fuchsias. It is a pretty and distinct Alpine shrub, and not being +perfectly hardy should be assigned a rather warm and sheltered position. + + +ZENOBIA. + +ZENOBIA SPECIOSA (_syn Andromeda speciosa_ and _A. +cassinaefolia_).--South United States, 1800. This is a distinct and +pretty hardy species, a native of swampy low-lying districts. It grows +about four feet high, and bears pure white, bell-shaped, +Lily-of-the-Valley like flowers in great abundance during the summer. In +too dry situations it becomes sparse of foliage and unhappy, but grows +and flowers freely in light, peaty soil. Z. speciosa pulverulenta is a +very desirable variety, the whole plant, stems, foliage, and flowers, +being of a pleasing light gray or white colour. Individually the flowers +are larger than those of the species. + + + + +_ADDENDA_. + + +EXOCHORDA. + +EXOCHORDA GRANDIFLORA (_syn Spiraea grandiflora_).--North China. This +handsome shrub forms a much branched, spreading bush, about 4 feet to 6 +feet high, and flowers abundantly in May. The habit is similar to that +of a shrubby Spiraea, but the pure white flowers are as large as those +of some of the species of Cherry, and quite unlike those of any known +species of Spiraea. The flowers are liable to injury sometimes from late +spring frosts, but the plant itself is quite hardy. As a bush on the +lawn it is nevertheless highly ornamental and desirable. + + +MYRICARIA. + +MYRICARIA GERMANICA.--Europe, Asia, 1582. A tall, somewhat straggling +shrub, very similar to the Tamarisk, with terminal spikes of pink or +rosy flowers, produced freely nearly all the summer. It succeeds well in +this country in sea-side situations, and is often described as a +Tamarisk by gardeners. + + +TREES SUITABLE FOR PLANTING IN TOWNS. + +Acer macrophylla + saccharinum +Aesculus Hippocastanum + rubicunda +Ailanthus glandulosa +Crataegus Oxyacantha + flore-plena + tenacetifolia +Catalpa bignonioides +Cerasus (Prunus), nearly all +Gleditschia triacanthos +Liriodendron tulipiiera +Magnolia acuminata + glauca +Pyrus of sorts +Robinia Pseud-acacia and its varieties + viscosa +Sophora japonica +Tilia, in variet. + + +SHRUBS FOR TOWN PLANTING. + +Amelanchier, in variety +Arbutus Unedo +Berberis Aquifolium + vulgaris +Cistus ladaniferus + laurifolius +Colutea arborescens +Daphne Laureola + Mezereum + pontica +Deutzia crenata + gracilis +Forsythia suspensa + viridissima +Griselinia littoralis +Hibiscus syriacus +Hypericum calycinum +Hypericum nepalense +Koelrenteria paniculata +Leycesteria formosa +Philadelphus Gordonianus +Prunus nana +Pyrus japonica +Rhus Cotinus +Ribes aureum + sanguineum +Skimmia japonica +Syringa (nearly all) +Ulex europaeus fl.-pl. +Viburnum Opulus +Weigelia rosea +Yucca gloriosa + recurva + + +TREES FOR THE SEASIDE. + +Acer campestre + saccharinum +Arbutus Unedo +Ailanthus glandulosa +Aesculus Hippocastanum + rubicunda +Catalpa bignonioides +Fraxinus Ornus + + +SHRUBS FOR THE SEASIDE. + +Atriplex halimus +Cerasus lusitanica +Cytisus Laburnum + scoparius +Euonymus japonicus + europaeus +Fabiana imbricata +Griselinia littoralis +Hippophae rhomnoides +Ilex Aquifolium +Laurus nobilis +Lycium europaeum +Prunus Padus +Rhamnus frangula +Ribes sanguineum +Rosa spinosissima +Shepherdia argentea +Spirea adiantifolia +Syringa persica + vulgaris +Symphoricarpus racemosus +Tamarix gallica + germanica +Ulex europaea +Viburnum Tinus + + +THE FLOWERING SEASONS OF TREES AND SHRUBS. + +_The asterisk * after the name denotes that the species continues in +flower for a longer period than the month under which it is placed_. + +JANUARY. + +Erica carnea* +Chimonanthus fragrans* +Crataegus Oxyacantha praecox* +Jasminum nudiflorum* +Ulex europaeus* +Viburnum Tinus* + +FEBRUARY. + +Cornus Mas* +Daphne Laureola* + Mezereum* +Hamamelis japonica +Lonicera fragrantissima* +Magnolia conspicua* +Parrotia persica* +Pittosporum Tobira* +Prunus nana* + Davidiana* +Rosmarinus officinalis* + +MARCH. + +Arbutus Andrachne* +Berberis japonica* +Erica mediterranea* +Forsythia viridissima* +Garrya elliptica +Magnolia stellata* +Nuttallia cerasiformis* +Prunus Amygdalus* + ilicifolia* + japonica* + spinosa* + triloba* + tomentosa +Rhododendron dahuricum + ledifolium +Skimmia Fortunei +Spiraea Thunbergi* +Xanthoriza apiifolia* + +APRIL. + +Akebia quinata* +Amelanchier alnifolia + canadensis + vulgaris +Berberis Aquifolium* + Darwinii* + pinnata + vulgaris +Caesalpinia sepiaria +Caragana frutescens + spinosa* +Ceanothus cuneatus* + rigidus* +Clematis cirrhosa* + florida* +Cornus florida +Cytisus scoparius* +Daphne altaica + Blagayana + Cneorum* + Genkwa + sericea +Deutzia gracilis* +Diervilla rosea* +Drimys aromatica +Fothergilla alnifolia* +Fremontia californica +Halesia diptera + tetraptera +Kalmia glauca* +Laburnum vulgare* +Ledum latifolium + palustre +Lonicera Caprifolium* + tatarica* +Magnolia cordata* + Fraseri + Lennei + obovata discolor +Pieris floribunda* + japonica* +Prunus Avium Juliana + cerasifera + cerasifera Pissardii + Cerasus + domestica + divaricata + Mahaleb + maritima + Padus* + paniculata flore-pleno + Puddum* + sinensis +Pyrus angustifolia + baccata* + floribunda* + japonica Maulei +Pyrus prunifolia* + rivularis* + sinica + vestita +Rhododendron campanulatum + Rhodora* +Rhodotypos kerrioides +Ribes aureum* + cereum + floridum* + sanguineum +Rosa indica* +Sambucus racemosa* +Skimmia japonica + Laureola +Spiraea prunifolia +Stuartia virginica* +Syringa Emodi +Xanthoceras sorbifolia + +MAY. + +Abelia triflora* +Aesculus glabra + Hippocastanum +Arbutus Menziesii +Berberis aristata* + Bealei + empetrifolia + sinensis + trifoliolata + Wallichiana +Calycanthus floridus* +Caragana arborescens + microphylla +Ceanothus dentatus* +Cercis canadensis + Siliquastrum +Chionanthus retusa + virginica +Citrus trifoliata +Cladrastis tinctoria +Clematis alpina* + montana* +Cornus canadensis + stolonifera +Coronilla Emerus* +Crataegus Azarolus + Azarolus Aronia + coccinea + cordata* + Crus-galli + Douglasii + Oxyacantha* + parvifolia + Pyracantha + tenacetifolia +Cytisus albus* + albus incarnate* + biflorus* +Daphne alpina* +Deutzia crenata* +Epigaea repens +Fabiana imbricata +Fraxinus Ornus* + Mariesii +Gaultheria Shallon +Genista lusitanica + pilosa* + prostrata* +Halesia parviflora +Halimodendron argenteum* +Laburnum Adami* +Leiophyllum buxifolium* + Leucothoe axillaris + Catesbaei +Magnolia acuminata* + glauca + Umbrella +Ostrya carpinifolia +Paeonia Moutan +Pernettya mucronata* +Philadelphus coronarius +Pieris Mariana* + ovalifolia +Piptanthus nepalensis +Polygala Chamaebuxus* +Prunus Chamaecerasus + pennsylvanica + virginiana* +Pyrus Aria* + Aucuparia* + coronaria + germanica + prunifolia + sinensis + Smithii* + torminalis +Rhododendron arborescens + calendulaceum + Collettiana + ferrugineum* + flavum + hirsutum* + molle + ponticum + racemosum +Ribes speciosum +Robinia hispida + Pseud-Acacia* + viscosa +Rosa spinosissima* +Rubus biflorus + deliciosus + spectabilis +Sophora tetraptera +Spiraea cantoniensis + laevigata + trilobata +Staphylea pinnata* + trifolia* +Stuartia pentagyna* +Syringa chinensis* + Josikaea + persica* + vulgaris* +Vaccinium corymbosum* + pennsylvanicum +Viburnum acerifolium* + Lantana* + Lentago* + nudum* + plicatum* + prunifolium + pyrifolium* +Wistaria chinensis* + multijuga* +Exochorda grandiflora + +JUNE. + +Adenocarpus decorticans* +Aesculus californica* +Andromeda polifolia +Bryanthus erectus +Buddleia globosa* + Lindleyana* + paniculata* +Calophaca wolgarica* +Calycanthus occidentalis* +Carpenteria californica +Castanea saliva +Catalpa speciosa +Ceanothus azureus* +Choisya ternata* +Cistus crispus* + ladaniferus + laurifolius* + monspeliensis* + purpureus* + salvifolius* +Clematis lanuginosa* + patens* + Viorna + Viticella +Colutea arborescens* + cruenta* +Cornus circinata + macrophylla +Crataegus nigra* +Cytisus decumbens + nigricans +Daboecia polifolia +Diervilla floribunda* + grandiflora* +Escallonia macrantha* +Fuchsia Riccartoni* +Genista aetnensis* + saggitalis +Helianthemum halimifolium* + lasianthum + lavendulaefolium* +Helianthemum pilosum* + polifolium* + umbellatum* +Hypericum calycinum* + patulum* +Itea virginica +Jamesia americana +Jasminum revolutum* +Kalmia angustifolia + latifolia* +Kerria japonica* +Laburnum alpinum + caramanicum +Ligustrum japonicum + lucidum* + ovalitolium* + sinense* +Liriodendron tulipifera* +Lyonia paniculata +Magnolia macrophylla +Myricaria germanica* +Myrtus communis* +Neillia opulifolia +Olearia macrodonta +Oxydendrum arboreum* +Philadelphus grandiflorus + hirsutus + inodorus + Lewisi + microphyllus* +Phlomis fruticosa +Plagianthus pulchellus* +Potentilla fruticosa +Prunus lusitanica +Rhododendron californicum + campylocarpum + chrysanthum +Rhus Cotinus* +Robinia dubia* +Rosa alba* + centifolia* + damascena* + gallica* + lutea + rubiginosa + rugosa + sempervirens* +Rubus arcticus + laciniatus* + odoratus* +Sambucus nigra +Spiraea bullata* + cana* + chamaedrifolia* + decumbens* + hypericifolia* + japonica* + media* +Staphylea colchica +Stuartia Pseudo-Camellia* +Syringa japonica* +Tecoma radicans* +Tilia vulgaris* +Veronica pinquifolia + Traversii* +Viburnum dahuricum* + dentatum + macrocephalum + Opulus* +Yucca filamentosa +Zenobia speciosa* + +JULY. + +Aesculus parviflora* +Berberis Fortunei +Ceanothus americanus* +Clematis Flammula* + Vitalba* +Cornus alba + alternifolia + tartarica +Escallonia floribunda + Phillipiana* + pterocladon + rubra* +Eucryphia pinnatifolia* +Fuchsia macrostema globosa* +Genista anxanctica* + cinerea + germanica + hispanica* + radiata* + tinctoria* +Gordonia lasianthus* +Hydrangea hortensis* +Hypericum elatum + fasciculatum + hircinum* + prolificum* + uralum* +Jasminum fruticans* + humile* +Kalmia hirsuta* +Ligustrum Ibota* + Quihoi* +Lonicera Xylosteum* +Periploca graeca* +Philadelphus Gordonianus + satzumi +Photinia arbutifolia +Plagianthus Lyalli +Philadelphus Lemoinei +Rhododendron catawbiense + maximum + viscosum +Rosa bracteata + hemisphaerica +Spartium junceum* +Spiraea bella* + discolor ariaefolia +Spiraea salicifolia* + sorbifolia* + tomentosa +Tamarix gallica* + parviflora* +Tilia petiolaris* +Wistaria japonica* +Yucca gloriosa +Zauschneria californica + +AUGUST. + +Abelia chinensis* +Calluna vulgaris* +Catalpa bignonioides +Clerodendron foetidum +Erica cinerea* +Escallonia illinita +Gordonia pubescens +Hedysarum multijugum +Hibiscus syriacus* +Hypericum oblongifolium +Leycesteria formosa* +Loropetalum chinense* +Magnolia grandiflora* +Nesaea salicifolia* +Passiflora caerulea* +Rubus nutkanus +Sophora japonica* +Spiraea Douglasii + Lindleyana +Vitex Agnus-castus + +SEPTEMBER. + +Arbutus Unedo* +Baccharis halimifolia +Clerodendron trichotomum +Clethra acuminata* + alnifolia +Daphne Cneorum* +Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora* +Olearia Haastii + Gunniana +Photinia japonica +Microglossa albescens* +Tecoma grandiflora* + +OCTOBER. + +Berberidopsis corallina +Berberris nervosa* +Caryopteris Mastacanthus +Hamamelis virginica* +Lespedeza bicolor + +NOVEMBER. + +Azara microphylla +Cassinia fulvida +Chimonanthus fragrans* +Jasminum nudiflorum* + +DECEMBER. + +Chimonanthus fragrans* +Lardizabala biternata +Viburnum Tinus* + + + + +INDEX. + + +_Synonymous names are printed in italics_. + +Aaron's Beard, +Abelia chinensis, + _rupestris_, + triflora, +Adenocarpus _Boissieri_, + decorticans, +Aesculus californica, + chinensis, + flava, + flava discolor, + glabra, + Hippocastanum, + Pavia, + Pavia atrosanguinea, + Pavia humilis, + Pavia macrocarpa, + Pavia Whitleyana, + parviflora, + _rubicunda_, +Ailanthus _flavescens_, + glandulosa, +Akebia quinata, +Alabama Snow Wreath, +Alder, the berry bearing +Alexandrian Laurel, +Almond, Abbé David's + common, +_Aloysia citriodora_, +_Aloysia_. See Lippia +Alpine Rose, +_Althaea frutex_, +Amelanchier alnifolia, + canadensis, + vulgaris, +American Great Laurel, +American Withe Rod, +_Ammyrsine buxifoiia_, +Amoor Yellow Wood, +Amorpha canescens, + fruticosa, +_Amygdatus communis_, + _dulcis_, + _Besseriana_, + _Boissieri_, + _Lindleyi_, + _nana_, + _persica flore-pleno_, +_Amygdalus_. See Prunus, +Andromeda _arborea_, + _axillaris_, + _calyculata_, + _cassinaefolia_, + _Catesbaei_, + _fastigiata_, + _floribunda_, + _globulifera_, + _japonica_, + _Mariana ovalis_, + _ovalifolia_, + _pilifera_, + polifolia, + _recurva_, + _speciosa_, + _tetragona_, +Angelica tree, +Aralia _japonica_, + mandshurica, + _Sieboldii_, + spinosa, +Aralia. See Fatsia, +Arbutus Andrachne, + Menziesii, + Milleri, + _mucronata_, + photiniaefolia, + _procera_, + Rollisoni, + serratifolia, + Unedo, + Unedo Croomei, +Arctostaphylos alpina, + Uva-ursi, +Aristolochio Sipho, +Aronia Thorn, +Arrowwood, +Asimina triloba, +_Aster albescens_, + _cabulicus_, +_Atragene alpina_, +Azalea _arborescens_, + _calendulacea_, + _ledifolia_, + _mollis_, + _occidentalis_, + _pontica_, + _viscosa_, +_Azalea_. See Rhododendron, +Azaleas, Ghent, +Azara microphylla, + integrifolia, + lanceolata, + serrata, +Baccharis halimifolia, + patagonica, +Band plant, +Bastard Acacia, +Bastard Box, +_Baptisia nepalensis_, +Beach or Sand Plum, +Bearberry, +Beef Suet tree, +_Benthamia fragifera_, + _japonica_, +_Benthamia_. See Cornus, +Berberidopsis corallina, +Berberis Aquifolium, + Aquifolium repens, + aristata, + Bealei, + buxifolia, + congestiflora, + Darwinii, + _dulcis_, + empetrifolia, + Fortunei, + gracilis, + ilicifolia, + japonica, +Berberis _microphylla_, + nepalensis, + nervosa, + pinnata, + sinensis, + stenophylla, + trifoliolata, + trifurca, + vulgaris, + Wallichiana, +Berchemia volubilis, +Bignonia capreolata, + grandiflora, + radicans, +Bignonia. See Tecoma, +Billardiera longiflora, +Billberry, +Birchberry, +Bird Cherry, +Bitter Sweet, +Bladder Senna, +Blue Apple berry, +Blueberry, +Bog Myrtle, +Bour tree, +Box, flowering, +Box Thorn, +Bow-wood, +_Bridgesia spicata_, +_Bridgesia_. See Ercilla, +Bryanthus erectus, + empetriforrnis, +Buckeye, the, +Buckthorn, common, +Buddleia _crispa_, + globosa, + Lindleyana, + paniculata, +Bupleurum fruticosum, +Butcher's Broom, +Caesalpinia _japonica_, + sepiaria, +Calico bush, +Californian or Western Allspice, +Californian Fuchsia, +Calluna vulgaris, +Calophaca wolgarica, +Calycanthus floridus, + occidentalis, +Canada Tea, +Caragana _Altagana_, + arborescens, + frutescens, + microphylla, + spinosa, +Cardiandra alternifolia, +Carolina Allspice, +Carpenteria californica, +Caryopteris Mastacanthus, +Casandra calyculata, +Cassinia fulvida, +Cassiope fastigiata, + tetragona, +Castanea sativa, + _vesca_, + _vulgaris_, +Catalpa bignonioides, + Bungei, + Kaempferi, + speciosa, +Cat Whim, +Ceanothus americanus, + azureus, + cuneatus, + dentatus, + pappilosus, + rigidus, + _verrucosus_, +Cedrela sinensis, +Celustrus scandens, +Celtis australis, + occidentalis, +Cerasus _Caproniana multiplex_, + _Chamaecerasus_, + _ilicifolius_, + _Juliana_, + _Launesiana_, + _Laurocerasus_, + _lusitanica_, + _Mahaleb_, + _Padus_, + _Pseudocerasus_, + _ranunculiflora_, + _semperflorens_, + serrulata flore-pleno, + Sieboldii, + _virginiana_, + _vulgaris_, +_Cerasus_. See Prunus, +Cercis canadensis, + Siliquastrum, +Chaste tree, +Cherry, Bastard, + common, + ground, + Laurel, + St. Julian's, +Chimonanthus fragrans, +Chinese Akebia, +Chinese Pear tree, + Quince, +Chionanthus retusa, + virginica, +Choisya ternata, +Christ's Thorn, +Cistus crispus, + _formosus_, + ladaniferus, + _laevipes_, + laurifolius, + monspeliensis, + purpureus, + salvifolius, +_Citharexylum cyanocarpum_, +_Citharexylum_. See Rhapithamnus, +Citrus trifoliata, +Cladrastis amurensis, + tinctoria, + _lutea_, +Clammy Azalea, +Clammy Locust, +Clematis alpina, + _austriaca_, + _azurea grandiflora_, + _cirrhosa_, + _caerulea_, + Flammula, + florida, + _Fortunei_, + graveolens, + lanuginosa, + montana, + patens, + _sibirica_, + Viorna, + Vitalba, + Williamsii, +Clerodendron foetidum, + trichotomum, +Clethra acuminata, + alnifolia, +Climbing Berchemia, +Climbing Waxwork, +Cockspur Thorn, +Cocculus carolinus, + laurifolius, +Colchican Bladder Nut, +Colletia _bictonensis_, + cruciata, + _serratifolia_, + spinosa, +Colutea arborescens, + cruenta, + _orientalis_, + _sanguinea_, +_Comptonia asplenifolia_, +_Comptonia_. See Myrica, +Constantinople Hazel, +Coral Barberry, +Coral Berry, +_Corchorus japonicus_, +Coriaria myrtifolia, +Cornel, the, +Cornelian Cherry, +Corokia Cotoneaster, +Coronilla Emerus, +Cernus alba, + alternifolia, + amomum, + asperifolia, + Baileyi, + _brachypoda_, + californica, + canadensis, + candidissima, + capitata, + circinata, + florida, + Kousa, + macrophylla, + Mas, + Nuttalii, + officinalis, + _paniculata_, + _pubescens_, + _sericea_, + stolonifera, + tartarica, + _sibirica_, +Corylopsis Himalayana, + pauciflora, + spicata, +Corylus Avellana purpurea, + Colurna, +Cotoneaster bacillaris, + frigida, + microphylla, + Simonsii, +Cowberry, +Crataegus _arbutifolia_, + Azarolus, + Azarolus Aronia, + _Celsiana_, + coccinea, + coccinea macrantha, + cordata, + Crus-galli, + Douglasii, + _glabra_, + nigra, + Oxyacantha, + parvifolia, + Pyracantha, + tanacetifolia, +Cucumber tree, +Currants, flowering, +_Cydonia chinensis_, + _japonica_, +Cytisus _Adami_, + albus, + albus incarnatus, + _alpinus_, + biflorus, + decumbens, +Cytisus _elongatus_, + _incarnatus_, + _Laburnum_, + nigricans, + purpureus, + scoparius, +Daboecia polifolia, +Danae Laurus, + _racemosa_, +Daphne alpina, + altaica, + Blagayana, + Championi, + Cneorum, + _collina_, + Fioniana, + _Fortunei_, + Genkwa, + Laureola, + Mezereum, + petraea, + pontica, + _rupestris_, + sericea, +Daphniphyllum glaucescens, +Date Plum, the, +Desfontainea spinosa, +_Desmodium penduliftorum_, +_Desmodium_. See Lespedeza, +Deutzia crenata, + _Fortunei_, + gracilis, + _scabra_, +Diervilla _amabilis_, + floribunda, + grandiflora, + _multiflora_, + rosea, +_Dimorphanthus mandshuricus_, +_Dimorphanthus_. See Aralia, +Diospyros Kaki costata, + lotus, + virginiana, +_Diplopappus chrysophyllus_, +_Diplopappus_. See Cassinia, +Dirca palustris, +Discaria longispina, + serratifolia, +Dockmackie, +Dogwood, +Drimys aromatica, + Winteri, +Dutchman's Pipe, +Elaeagnus argentea, + _crispa_, + _edulis_, + glabra, + longipes, + macrophylla, + _reflexus_, + rotundifolia, +Elder, Californian, + Scarlet berried, +Embothrium coccineum, +Ephedra _monastachya_, + vulgaris, +Epigaea repens, +Ercilla spicata, +Erica carnea, + ciliaris, + cineria, + erecta, + mediterranea, + scoparia, + Tetralix, + vagans, + _vulgaris_, +_Eriobotrya japonica_, +_Eriobotrya_. See Photinia, +Etna Broom, +Eucryphia pinnatifolia, +_Eugenia apiculata_, + _Luma_, + _Ugni_, +Euonymus americana, + europaeus, + fimbriatus, + latifolius, +_Eurybia Gunniana_, +Evergreen Laburnum, +Escallonia floribunda, + illinita, + macrantha, + _montevidensis_, + Phillipiana, + pterocladon, + rubra, +Exochorda grandiflora, +Fabiana imbricata, +False Acacia, +Fatsia japonica, +Fendlera rupicola, +Fiery Thorn, +Fire Bush, +_Flacourtia japonica_, +Florida Dogwood, +Forsythia _Fortunei_, + _Sieboldii_, + suspensa, + viridissima, +Fothergilla alnifolia, +Fraxinus _argentea_, + Ornus, + Ornus serotina alba, + Ornus serotina violacea, + Mariesii, +Fremontia californica, +Fuchsia _globosa_, + macrostemma globosa, + Riccartoni, +Garland Flower, +Garrya elliptica, +Gaultheria _nummulariae_, + nummularioides, + procumbens, + _repens_, + Shallon, +Genista aetnensis, + anxantica, + capitata, + cinerea, + daurica, + _elatior_, + ephedroides, + germanica, + hispanica, + lusitanica, + monosperma, + pilosa, + prostrata, + radiata, + _ramosissima_, + sagittalis, + tinctoria, + tinctoria elatior, + triangularis, + _triquetra_, +Gleditschia triacanthos, + triacanthos pendula, + sinensis, + _horrida_, +_Glycine chinensis_, + _frutescens_, + _sinensis_, +Gordonia Lasianthus, + pubescens, +Grabowskia boerhaaviaefolia, +Griselinia littoralis, +Ground Cistus, +Ground Laurel, +Groundsel Tree, +Guelder Rose, +Gum Cistus, +Gymnocladus canadensis, + chinensis, +Hagberry, +Halesia diptera, + hispida, + parviflora, + _reticulata_, + tetraptera, +Halimodendron argenteum, +Hamamelis japonica, + japonica arborea, + japonica Zuccariniana, + virginica, +Hare's Ear, +Hawthorn, the, +Hazel, the, +Heather, the Common, +Hedysarum multijugum, +_Heimia salicifolia_, +_Heimia_. See Nesaea, +Helianthemum _formosum_, + halimifolium, + laevipes, + lasianthum, + lavendulaefolium, + libanotis, + pilosum, + polifolium, + _pulverulentum_, + _serpyllifolium_, + umbellatum, + vulgare, + vulgare nummularium, + vulgare barbatum, + vulgare mutabile, + vulgare grandiflorum, + vulgare ovalifolium, + vulgare hysopifolium, +Hemp Tree, +Hippophae rhamnoides, +Holboellia latifolia, +Holly, the, +Honey Locust, +Honeysuckles, +Hop tree, +Hornbeam, +Horse Chestnut, +_Hortensia opuloides_, +Humming Bird's Trumpet, +Hybiscus syriacus, + syriacus vars., +Hydrangea arborescens, + hortensis, + hortensis vars., + quercifolia, + scandens, + paniculata, + paniculata grandiflora, +Hydrangea, climbing, +Hymenanthera crassifolia, +Hypericum Androsaemum, + aureum, + calycinum, + elatum, + hircinum, + Moserianum, + oblongifolium, + _Hookerianum_, + _nepalensis_, + prolificum, + uralum, +Idesia polycarpa, +Ilex Aquifolium, + Aquifolium vars., + opaca, +Illicium anisatum, + floridanum, + _religiosum_, +Indian Azalea, +Indigofera Dosua, + _floribunda_, + Gerardiana, +Itea virginica, +Jamesia americana, +Japanese Storax, +Japan Medlar, or Quince, +Jasminum fruticans, + humile, + nudiflorum, + officinale, + pubigerum glabrum, + revolutum, + Wallichianum, +Jerusalem Sage, +Job's Tears, +Judas tree, +June Berry, the, +Kadsura japonica, +Kalmia angustifolia, + glauca, + hirsuta, + latifolia, + latifolia vars., +Kentucky Coffee Tree, +Kerria japonica, +Koelreuteria paniculata, +Labrador Tea, +Laburnum Adami, + alpinum, + caramanicum, + vulgare, +Lady's Bower, +Lapageria rosea, +Lardizabala biternata, +Laurel, Alexandrian, + American Great, + Cherry, + Ground, + Mountain, + Portugal, + Sheep, + Spurge, +Laurustinus, +Lavender, common, +Lavandula _Spica_, + vera, +Lavatera arborea, +Leather Wood, +Ledum _buxifolium_, + _groenlandicum_, + latifolium, + palustre, +Leiophyllum buxifolium, + _thymifolia_, +Lemon Scented Verbena, +Lespedeza bicolor, +Leucothoe axillaris, + Catesbaei, + Davisiae, + floribunda, + recurva, +Leycesteria formosa, +_Ligustrina amurensis_, +Ligustrum _amurense_, + _californicum_, + _glabrum_, + Ibota, + _Ibota villosum_, + japonicum, +Ligustrum _Kellermanni_ + lucidum, + magnoliaefolium, + ovalifolium, + _Sieboldii_, + sinense, + _strictum_, + _villosum_, + vulgare, +Lily, the Mound, +_Limonia Laureola_, +Linden Tree, +Ling, the common, +Linnaea borealis, +Lippia citriodora, +Liriodendron tulipifera, +Loblolly Bay, +Locust, common, +Lonicera _brachypoda_, + Caprifolium, + flexuosa, + fragrantissima, + Periclymenum, + sempervirens, + Standishii, + tatarica, + Xylosteum, +Loquat, the, +Loropetalum chinense, +Lycium barbarum, + europaeum, +Lyonia _ligustrina_, + paniculata, +Maclura aurantiaca, +Mahaleb, or Perfumed Cherry, +_Mahonia Aquifolium_, + _Bealei_, + _facicularis_, + _Fortunei_, + _glumacea_, + _gracilis_, + _Hookeri_, + _japonica_, + _nepalensis_, + _Neumanii_, + _repens_, + _trifoliolata_, + _trifurca_, +Magnolia acuminata, + _auriculata_, + Campbelii, + conspicua, + conspicua Alexandrina, + conspicua Soulangeana, + conspicua Soulangeana nigra, + conspicua Soulangeana Norbertii, + conspicua Soulangeana speciosa, + cordata, + Fraseri, + glauca, + grandiflora, + _Halleana_, + Lennei, + macrophylla, + obovata discolor, + parviflora, + _purpurea_, + stellata, + _tripetala_, + Umbrella, + _Yulan_, +_Malachodendron ovatum_, +Mallow, Syrian, +Mallow tree, +_Malus microcarpa floribunda_, +Manna Ash, +Marsh Ledum, +Mayflower, New England, +Medicago arborea, +Medlar, common, +Menispermum canadense, +_Menziesia_. See Daboecia; Phylodoce; + and Lyonia, +_Menziesia caerulea_, + _empetrifolia_, + _globularis_, + _polifolia_, +_Mespilus arbutifolia_, + _germanica_, + _grandiflora_, + _Smithii_, +Mexican Orange Flower, +Mezereon, the, +Microglossa albescens, +Mitchella repens, +Mitraria coccinea, +Mitre pod, scarlet, +Mock Orange, +Monk's Pepper-tree, +Moonseed, +Mountain Ash, +Mountain Laurel, +Moutan Paeony, +Myrica asplenifolia, + californica, + cerifera, + Gale, +Myricaria germanica, +Myrobalan Plum, +Myrtle, Bog, + Common, + Californian Wax, + Common Candle-berry, + Sand, +Myrtus communis, + Luma, + Ugni, +Neillia opulifolia, + thyrsiflora, +Nepaul White Beam, +Nesaea salicifolia, +Neviusa alabamensis, +New Jersey Tea, +Nine Bark, +Nuttalia cerasiformis, +Old Man's beard, +Olearia _dentata_, + Forsterii, + Gunniana, + Haastii, + macrodonta, +Ononis arvensis, +Orange Ball tree, +_Ornus europea_, +Osage Orange, +Osmanthus Aquifolium ilicifolius, + Aquifolium illicifolius myrtifolius, +Osoberry, +Ostrya carpinifolia, + virginica, + _vulgaris_, +Oxydendrum arboreum, +Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius, +Paeonia Moutan, +Pagoda-tree, Chinese, +Paliurus aculeatus, + _australis_, +Papaw, the Virginian, +Parrotia persica, +Partridge Berry, +Passiflora caerulea, +Paulownia imperialis, +_Pavia californica_, + _discolor_, + _flava_, + _humilis_, +_Pavia macrocarpa_, + _macrostachya_, + _rubra_, +_Pavia_, See Aesculus, +Pepper-plant, Tasmanian, +Pepper-tree, +Periploca graeca, +Periwinkles, +Pernettya mucronata, +Persimmon, the, +Philadelphus coronarius, + _chinensis_, + _floribundus_, + Gordonianus, + grandiflorus, + hirsutus, + inodorus, + _latifolius_, + Lemoinei, + Lewisii, + mexicanus, + microphyllus, + satzumi, + _speciosus_, + triflorus, +Phillyrea angustifolia, + _decora_, + latifolia, + _laurifolia_, + _ligustrifolia_, + media, + _neapolitana_, + _obliqua_, + _oleaefolia_, + _rosmarinifolia_, + Vilmoriniana, +Phlomis fruticosa, +Photinia arbutifolia, + Benthumiana, + japonica, + serrulata, +Phyllodoce taxifolia, + _caerulea_, +Pieris floribunda, + japonica, + Mariana, + ovalifolia, +Pipe tree, +Piptanthus nepalensis, +Pittosporum Tobira, + undulatum, +Plagianthus Lyalli, + Lampeni, + pulohellus, +_Planera acuminata_, + _crenata_, 134 + _Richardi_, +_Planera_, See Zelkova, +Poison Elder, +Poison Ivy, +Poison Oak, +Poison Vine, +_Polycarpa Maximowiczii_, +Pomegranate, +Pontic Daphne, +Portugal Laurel, +Potato tree, +Potentilla fruticosa, +Prickly Ivy, +Privets, +_Prunopsis Lindleyi_, +Prunus Amygdalus, + Amygdalus dulcis, + Avium Juliana, + Boissieri, + cerasifera, + cerasifera Pissardii, + Cerasus, +Prunus Chamaecerasus, + Davidiana, + divaricata, + domestica, + ilicifolia, + Launesiana, + Laurocerasus, + lusitanica, + Mahaleb, + maritima, + _Myrobalana_, + nana, + Padus, + paniculata flore-pleno, + pennsylvanica, + Persica flore-pleno, + _Pissardii_, + _Pseudo-cerasus_, + Puddum, + serotina, + sinensis, + spinosa, + tomentosa, + triloba, + virginiana, + _virgata_, +Ptelea trifoliata, +_Pterpstyrax hispidum_, +Punica Granatum, +Purple Broom, +Purple Hazel, +Pyrus amygdaliformis., + Aria, + Aucuparia, + americana, + angustifolia, + baccata, + Bollwylleriana, + coronaria, + domestica, + floribunda, + germanica, + japonica, + prunifolia, + _Malus floribunda_, + rivularis, + salvaefolia, + salicifolia, + _sinensis of Lindley_, + sinensis, + sinica, + Smithii, + torminalis, + vestita, +Quince, Japanese, + Chinese, +Rabbit berry, +Red Osier Dogwood, +Restharrow, +Rhamnus Alaternus, + alpinus, + catharticus, + Frangula, +Rhaphiolepis japonica integerrima, + _ovata_ +Rhaphithamnus cyanocarpus, +Rhododendron _aeruginosum_, + arborescens, + arboreum, + argenteum, + Aucklandii, + barbatum, + calendulaceum, + californicum, + campanulatum, + Campbelli, + campylocarpum, + catawbiense, +Rhododendron _Chamaecistus_, + chrysanthum, + ciliatum, + cinnabarinum, + Collettianum, + dahuricum, + eximium, + Falconeri, + ferrugineum, + flavuni, + Fortunei, + glaucum, + hirsutum, + Hodgsoni, + indicum, + lanatum, + ledifolium, + maximum, + molle, + niveum, + occidentale, + parvifolium, + ponticum, + ponticum azaleoides, + _ponticum deciduum_, + racemosum, + Rhodora, + Roylei, + Smirnowii, + Thompsoni, + Ungernii, + viscosum, + Wallichii, + Wilsoni, +Rhododendrons, hardy hybrid, +Rhodora canadensis, +Rhodothamnus Chamaecistus, +Rhodotypos Kerrioides, +Rhus caroliniana, + _coccinea_, + Cotinus, + _elegans_, + glabra, + _sanguinea_, + succedanea, + Toxicodendron, + typhina, + venenata, + _vernix_, +Ribes alpinum pumilum aureum, + aureum, + _Beatonii_, + cereum, + floridum, + Gordonianum, + _inebrians_, + _Loudonii_, + _missouriense_, + multiflorum, + _pennsylvanicum_, + sanguineum, + speciosum, +Robinia ambigua, + dubia, + _echinata_, + glutinosa, + _Halimodendron_, + hispida, + Pseud-Acacia, + viscosa, +Rock Abelia, +Rock Daphne, +Rock Rose, the, +Rosa alba, + _arvensis_, + _bengalensis_, + bracteata, + canina, +Rosa centifolia, + damascena, + _diversifolia_, + _Eglanteria_, + ferox, + gallica, + hemisphaerica, + indica, + indica minima, + indica semperflorens, + _Lawrenceana_, + lutea, + _minima_, + _pimpinellifolia_, + repens, + rugosa, + sempervirens, + _semperflorens minima_, + spinosissima, + sulphurea, + villosa, +Rose Acacia, +Rose Bay, +Rose of Sharon, +Rosmarinus officinalis, +Rosemary, common, +Rosemary, wild, +Rowan-tree, +Rubus arcticus, + australis, + biflorus, + deliciosus, + fruticosus, + laciniatus, + nutkanus, + odoratus, + rosaefolius, + spectabilis, +Ruscus aculeatus, + Hypophyllum, + _racemosus_, +St. Anthony's Nut, +St. Dabeoc's Heath, +St. Peter's Wort, +Sand Myrtle, +Sallow thorn, +Salt tree, +Sambucus californica, + glauca, + nigra, + racemosa, + rosaeflora, +Schizandra chinensis, + coccinea, +Schizophragma hydrangeoides, +Scorpion Senna, +Sea Buckthorn, +Sea Purslane, +Service tree, true, +Sheepberry, +Sheep Laurel, +Shepherdia argentea, + canadensis, +Shrubs for seaside planting, + for town planting, +Siberian Crab, +Siberian Pea tree, +_Sida pulchella_, +Silk grass, +Silver Berry, +Skimmia Fortunei, + japonica, + Laureola, + _oblata_, + rubella, +Smilax aspera, +Smoke Plant, +Snowberry, +Snowdrop Tree, +Soap Tree, +Solanum crispum, + Dulcamara, +Sophora japonica, + tetraptera, +_Sorbus Americana_, + _domestica_, +Sorrel-tree, +Spanish Broom; White, +Spanish Chestnut, Sweet, +Spartium junceum, + _acutifolium_, + _aetnensis_, + _radiatum_, +Spindle tree, +Spiraea altaica, + _altaicensis_, + _ariaefolia_, + bella, + Blumei, + bullata, + _callosa_, + cana, + cantoniensis, + ceanothifolia, + chamaedrifolia, + _confusa_, + _crispifolia_, + decumbens, + discolor ariaefolia, + Douglasii, + fissa, + _flagellata_, + _Fortunei_, + _grandiflora_, + hypericifolia, + japonica, + laevigata, + Lindleyana, + media, + nana, + _oblongifolia_, + _opulifolia_, + prunifolia, + _Reevesiana_, + rotundifolia, + salicifolia, + sorbifolia, + Thunbergii, + tomentosa, + _triloba_, + trilobata, + umbrosa, +Spurge Laurel, +Stag's Horn Sumach, +Staphylea colchica, + pinnata, + trifolia, +Stauntonia haxaphylla, + _latifolia_, +Strawberry Tree, +Stuartia grandiflora, + _marylandica_, + pentagyna, + pseudo-Camellia, + virginica, +_Styphnolobium japonicum_, +Styrax americana, + _japonica_, + officinalis, + pulverulenta, + serrulata virgata, +Sumach, +Swamp Dogwood, +Swamp Honeysuckle, +Sweet Amber, +Sweet Fern, +Sweet Gale, +Sweet Viburnum, +_Symphoria racemosus_, +Symphoricarpus occidentalis, + racemosus, + vulgaris, +Syrian Mallow, +Syringa chinensis, + _dubia_, + _rothomagensis_, + Emodi, + japonica, + _amurensis_, + Josikaea, + persica, + vulgaris, +Symplocos japonica, + tinctoria, +Tamarix gallica, + _africana_, + parviflora, + tetrandra, +Tam Furze, +Tansy-leaved Thorn, +_Tasmania aromatica_, +Tea, Labrador, +Tea tree, +Tecoma grandiflora, + radicans, +Thyrsanthus frutescens, +Tilia _europea_, + _intermedia_, + vulgaris, +Tree Mallow, +Tree of Heaven, +Trees for seaside planting, + for town planting, +Trumpet Flower, +Tulip tree, +Tutsan, the, +Ulex europaeus, + nanus, +Vaccinium corymbosum, + Myrtillus, + pennsylvanicum, + Vitis-Idea, +Veronica pinquifolia, + Travereii, +Vinca major, + minor, +Vinegar tree, +Venetian Sumach, +Verbena, Lemon-scented, +_Verbena triphylla_, +Viburnum acerifolium, + Awafukii, +Viburnum daburicum, + dentatum, + _Fortunei_, + laevigatum, + Lantana, + Lentago, + macrocephalum, + nudum, + Opulus, + pauciflorum, + plicatum, + prunifolium, + pyrifolium, + reticulatum, + Tinus, +_Virgilia lutea_, +_Virgilia_. See Cladrastis, +Virgin's Bower, +Vitex Agnas-castus, +Vitis heterophylla humulifolia, +Wayfaring tree, +_Weigelia_. See Diervilla, +_Weigelia amabilis_, + _floribunda_, + _rosea_, +White Bean tree, +White Kerria, +Whortlebury, +Wig tree, +Wild Rosemary, +_Wintera aromatica_, +Winter Flower, +Winter's Bark, +Wistaria chinensis, + frutescens, + japonica, + multijuga, + _sinensis_, +Witch Hazel, the, +Wolf Berry, +Woody Nightshade, +Xanthoceras sorbifolia, +Xanthoriza apiifolia, +_Xylosteum dumetorum_, +Yellow root, +Yellow wood, +Yucca filamentosa, + gloriosa, +Yulan, the, +Zauschneria californica, +Zenobia speciosa, +Zelkova acuminata, + crenata, + cretica, + _japonica_. + + + + +[Illustration: + +MESSRS. JAMES VEITCH & SONS, LTD. + +CAN SUPPLY THE FOLLOWING RARE AND BEAUTIFUL + +Japanese Magnolias, + +Which are among the finest recent additions to the British Arboretum, +and especially desirable for the Lawn and Park, whether as single +specimens or in groups. + +Magnolia Hypoleuca. + +One of the largest of the deciduous Magnolias. The flowers are creamy +white, measuring from six to seven inches in diameter when fully +expanded, deliciously fragrant, and produced in large numbers on the +adult tree, and even on young plants their appearance is quite a usual +occurence. In the autumn the tree is loaded with cones of brilliant +scarlet fruit, six to eight inches long. The large obovate leaves are +often a foot in length and half, as much broad. Our Mr. JAMES H. VEITCH +during his recent journeys in Japan frequently met with it at +considerable elevations, and considers it the finest flowering tree in +that country. + +First Class Certificate, Royal Horticultural Society. + +Magnolia Parviflora. + +A smaller tree than the preceding, and one of the finest lawn trees +ever introduced. It has a handsome deciduous foliage; the leaves are of +ovate-oblong shape, rather sharply pointed, and from five to six inches +long. The flowers, which are freely produced, are smaller than those of +_M. hypoleuca_ and with more oval segments, of which the outer three +are light purplish pink, and the inner three milk-white. + +An excellent coloured plate of this species is published in _The +Garden_ of December 8th, 1883, page 508. + +Magnolia Watsonii. + +A very fine Magnolia, resembling the preceding in habit and foliage, +but in its flowers approaching nearer to _M. hypoleuca_. These are from +five to six inches in diameter, cream colour on the inside, and +exhaling a pleasant perfume like that of Calycanthus. The broad ring of +incumbent yellow stamens, with blood-red filaments, is a conspicuous +ornament of the expanded flower. + +A beautiful coloured plate of this species is given in the _Botanical +Magazine_, tab. 7,157. + +Well established young plants of each of the above Magnolias, 7s. 6d. +and 10s. 6d. each. + +THE ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, +544, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.] + + + +[Illustration: + +IF YOU WANT +REALLY GOOD BULBS AND SEEDS +AT MODERATE PRICES, + +SEND TO + +MR. ROBERT SYDENHAM, +Tenby Street, Birmingham. + +THE LARGEST AMATEUR IMPORTER IN THE KINGDOM. + +No Nurseryman can Serve you Better or Cheaper, and Gardeners who Study +their Employers' Interests will do Well to Give Him a Trial. + +HIS UNIQUE SEED LIST, + +Acknowledged by all to be the Best, Cheapest, Most Reliable and +Unique List ever Published, is posted to all his friends and supporters +January 2nd of each year, and will be sent to any others +on application; it contains only the + +Best Vegetables and Flowers +WORTH GROWING. + +Being the Selections of the Largest Seed Growers, the Largest Market +Gardeners, and the most Celebrated Professional Gardeners and Amateurs +in the kingdom; it contains most useful cultural instructions for +Amateurs. + +HIS UNIQUE BULB LIST, +With Pamphlet Revised and Enlarged, +"How I Came to Grow Bulbs," + +The most Reliable Guide to the Best Varieties, and how to Grow them, is +posted to all his friends and supporters each year, August 15th, or +sent to any others, post free on application. + +Mr. SYDENHAM'S Bulbs and Seeds were Represented, and gained First +Prizes at London, Birmingham, Preston, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Shrewsbury, +Edinburgh, &c., &c., in 1892 and 1893. + +_LIST OF SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED DURING EACH YEAR ON APPLICATION_.] + + + +[Illustration: + +Business Established 1820. + +MAURICE YOUNG & SON. + +Nurserymen, Seedsmen, AND Landscape Gardeners + +MILFORD NURSERIES, MILFORD, Near GODALMING. + +Our Extensive Nurseries are well-stocked with a Grand Collection of +Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs. + +Coniferae, Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and other American Plants. + +Roses, Fruit Trees, Clematis, and other Climbers, Transplanted Forest +Trees, etc., all being in Splendid Condition for Removal. + +Every description of Landscape Gardening carefully carried out. Plans +prepared and estimates given. + +Forest Trees planted by the acre, and failures replaced. + +Full descriptive and reference catalogues post free on application.] + + + +[Illustration: + +CATALOGUES FREE. ORDERS EXECUTED PROMPTLY. + +BARRS SUPERIOR SEEDS +FOR FLOWER & KITCHEN GARDEN + +The best Seeds in the World for securing a supply of VEGETABLES "ALL +THE YEAR ROUND," and for keeping the FLOWER GARDEN always gay, and with +abundance of Flowers to cut for vases and bouquets; also seeds of +plants for Greenhouse decoration, summer and winter. + +_We guarantee all seeds we send out to be of Finest Selected Strains, +and of Good Growth. They cannot fail to give the fullest satisfaction_. + +Barr's 21/ Collection of Vegetable Seeds contains a liberal assortment +of the following useful Vegetables:--Beans (Broad and French Beans), +Beet, Borecole, Broccoli, Brussel Sprouts, Cabbage, Capsicum, Carrot, +Cauliflower, Celery, Colewort, Corn Salad, Cress, Cucumber, Endive, +Herbs, Leeks, Lettuce, Melon, Mustard, Onions, Parsley, Parsnips, Peas, +Radish, Salsify, Savoy Cabbage, Scorzonera, Spinach, Tomato, Turnip, and +Vegetable Marrow. + +Barr's 10/6 Collection of Choice Flower Seeds contains 31 Packets and +5 ozs. of Choice and Showy Annuals and Perennials, all of FINEST +SELECTED STRAINS. Send for our Catalogue of all the most beautiful +Annuals and Perennials; and with particulars of collections for all +purposes, and many sterling Novelties for 1897. + +All SEEDS CARRIAGE FREE, on Receipt of Remittance. + +Barr's Illustrated SEED GUIDE for 1897 FREE. + +BARR'S +12 & 13, King St., +Covent Garden. +LONDON. + +Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer Flowering Bulbs have a world-wide +reputation. Catalogue. ready 1st September. + +Hardy Plants. Descriptive Catalogue ready in Feb. + +Old English Florist Tulips. The Revival of a FAVOURITE OLD ENGLISH +TASTE. Catalogue ready in August. + +BARR'S BEAUTIFUL HARDY +GOLD MEDAL DAFFODILS +THE MOST LOVELY OF ALL SPRING FLOWERS + +Awarded the only GOLD MEDAL at the great Daffodil Conference of the +Royal Horticultural Society. + +Priced and Descriptive Catalogue sent Free on Application. + +BARR'S NURSERIES are reached from London by South-Western Rail to +Surbiton Station, and from thence a short walk past the New Recreation +Grounds, or cab to Pound Farm entrance (cab fare 1s.). Daffodils in +flower, April; Tulips in flower, May other hardy flowers "all the year +round." + +BARR & SONS, +12 & 13, King Street, +Covent Garden +LONDON.] + + + +[Illustration: + +65 HIGHEST AWARDS. + +GOLD MEDALS from all the principal Exhibitions. + +PURE ICHTHEMIC GUANO + +_ADJUDGED by the must eminent growers throughout the world_ + +THE MOST RELIABLE, +THE RICHEST FOOD, and +THE MOST NATURAL FERTILISER + +_FOR EVERY FORM OF GROWTH_. + +Send for book, "All about Ichthemic," by the late Dr. TAYLOR, F.G.S., +Gratis and Post Free. + +THIS GUANO, for the convenience of small users, is put up in handsome +enamelled Tins at 6d. and 1s.; sealed Bags, 7 lbs., 2s. 6d.; 14 lbs., +4s. 6d., carriage forward. Larger Bags, 28 lbs., 7s. 6d.; 56 lbs., 12s. +6d.; 1 cwt., 20s., carriage paid. + +May be obtained from the principal Nurserymen, Seedsmen, Florists, and +Chemists, or direct of + +Wm. COLCHESTER, +IPSWICH, ENGLAND. + +Shipping Depots all over the World.] + + + +[Illustration: + +GARDENING BOOKS. + +Chrysanthemums and their Culture +By Edwin Molyneux. Ninth Edition. By far the best practical work yet +written on this subject. _Price 1s.; post free, 1s. 2d_. + +Vines and Vine Culture. +The best book on Grapes. By Archibald F. Barron, late Superintendent of +the Royal Horticultural Society's Garden, Chiswick, and Secretary of the +Fruit Committee.--A New and Cheaper Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Demy +8vo, Handsomely Bound in Cloth. _Price, 5s.; post free, 5s. 3d_. + +The Carnation: its History, Properties, and Management, +With a descriptive list of the best varieties in cultivation, By the +late E.S. Dodwell. Third edition, with supplementary chapter on the +yellow ground. _Price, 1s. 6d.; post free, 1s. 7d_. + +Ferns and Fern Culture, +By J. Birkenhead, F.R.H.S.--How to grow Ferns, with selections for +stove, warm, cool, and cold greenhouses; for baskets, walls, wardian +cases, dwelling houses, &c. _Price, 1s. + +Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs, +By A.D. Webster. A valuable guide to planters of beautiful trees and +shrubs for the adornment of parks and gardens. Second and cheaper +edition. _Price 2s.; post free, 2s. 3d_. + +The Tuberous Begonia: Its History and Cultivation. +Second Edition, with list of best varieties to 1897. The best and most +comprehensive work on this grand "Flower of the Future." Twenty-five +Illustrations. _Price, 1s.; by post, 1s. 3d_. + +The Amateur Orchid Grower's Guide Book, +By H.A. Burberry (Orchid Grower to the Rt. Hon. J. Chamberlain, M.P.). +Second Edition, with coloured plates. Containing sound, practical +information, and advice for Amateurs, giving a List with Cultural +Descriptions of those most suitable for Cool-house, Intermediate-house, +and Warm-house Culture, together with a Calendar of Operations and +Treatment for each Month of the Year. In Cloth. _Price 5s.; post free, +5s. 3d_. + +Postal and money orders should be made payable at the East Strand Post +Office to F.A. COBBOLD, "GARDENING WORLD" Office, 1, Clement's Inn, +Strand, London, W.C.] + + + +[Illustration: + +THE GARDENING WORLD. + +Sound, Sensible, and Independent. +Widely read at home and abroad. +Full of news and useful information. +Up-to-date Illustrations. + +ONE PENNY WEEKLY. + +_Edited by JOHN FRASER, F.L.S., F.R.H.S._ + +The Leading Gardening Paper. + +Has the Largest Circulation amongst Gardeners and the best class of +Amateurs. + +Subscriptions:--1s. 8d. for three months; 3s. 3d. for 6 months; 6s. +6d. for 12 months. MUST BE PREPAID. + +THE BEST PAPER FOR SHOW LISTS AND REPORTS. + +ADVERTISEMENT SCALE FOR SINGLE INSERTION. + + £ s. d. +Whole Page 9 0 0 +Half Page 5 0 0 +One-Third Page ) +Column ) 3 5 0 +Per inch 0 6 0 + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and +Shrubs, by A. D. 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