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+The Project Gutenberg eBook of Enquire Within Upon Everything, by Anonymous
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
+most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
+of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
+will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
+using this eBook.
+
+Title: Enquire Within Upon Everything
+ The Great Victorian Domestic Standby
+
+Author: Anonymous
+
+Release Date: January 21, 2004 [eBook #10766]
+[Most recently updated: February 25, 2021]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+Produced by: Jon Ingram, Clytie Siddall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENQUIRE WITHIN UPON EVERYTHING ***
+
+
+
+
+ ENQUIRE WITHIN
+
+ UPON
+
+ EVERYTHING.
+
+
+
+
+
+"WHETHER YOU WISH TO MODEL A FLOWER IN WAX; TO STUDY THE RULES OF
+ETIQUETTE; TO SERVE A RELISH FOR BREAKFAST OR SUPPER; TO PLAN A DINNER
+FOR A LARGE PARTY OR A SMALL ONE; TO CURE A HEADACHE; TO MAKE A WILL; TO
+GET MARRIED; TO BURY A RELATIVE; WHATEVER YOU MAY WISH TO DO, MAKE, OR
+TO ENJOY, PROVIDED YOUR DESIRE HAS RELATION TO THE NECESSITIES OF
+DOMESTIC LIFE, I HOPE YOU WILL NOT FAIL TO 'ENQUIRE
+WITHIN.'"--Editor.
+
+
+ENQUIRERS ARE REFERRED TO THE INDEX AT THE END.
+
+
+EIGHTY-NINTH EDITION. REVISED.
+MAKING THE TOTAL ISSUE TO DATE
+ONE MILLION ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-EIGHT
+THOUSAND COPIES.
+LONDON:
+
+HOULSTON AND SONS,
+
+PATERNOSTER SQUARE.
+
+1894.
+
+
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+
+COMPANION WORKS TO ENQUIRE WITHIN.
+
+
+ DAILY WANTS, DICTIONARY OF. 7s. 6d.
+
+ USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, DICTIONARY OF. 10s.
+
+ MEDICAL AND SURGICAL KNOWLEDGE, DICTIONARY OF. 5s.
+
+ REASON WHY. CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS. 3s. 6d.
+
+ REASON WHY. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 3s. 6d.
+
+ REASON WHY. GENERAL SCIENCE. 2s. 6d.
+
+ REASON WHY. NATURAL HISTORY. 2s. 6d.
+
+ HISTORICAL REASON WHY. ENGLISH HISTORY. 2s. 6d.
+
+ REASON WHY. GARDENER'S AND FARMER'S. 2s. 6d.
+
+ REASON WHY. DOMESTIC SCIENCE FOR HOUSEWIVES. 2s. 6d.
+
+ BIBLICAL REASON WHY. SACRED HISTORY. 2s. 6d.
+
+ FAMILY SAVE-ALL; OR, SECONDARY COOKERY, ETC. 2s. 6d.
+
+ JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY; OR, THE INTERVIEW. 2s. 6d.
+
+ PRACTICAL HOUSEWIFE AND FAMILY MEDICAL GUIDE. 2s. 6d.
+
+ NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. 2s. 6d.
+
+ CORNER CUPBOARD. A FAMILY REPOSITORY. 2s. 6d.
+
+ HOW A PENNY BECAME A THOUSAND POUNDS. } 2s. 6d.
+ LIFE DOUBLED BY THE ECONOMY OF TIME. }
+ Either of these two Works separately. 1s. 6d. cloth.
+
+ WONDERFUL THINGS OF ALL NATIONS. Two Series, each 2s. 6d.
+
+ THE HISTORICAL FINGER-POST. 2s. 6d.
+
+
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+
+BY THE SAME EDITOR.
+
+
+ HISTORY OF PROGRESS IN GREAT BRITAIN. _Two Series, each_ 6s.
+
+ THAT'S IT; OR, PLAIN TEACHING. _Cloth, gilt edges_, 3s. 6d.
+
+ WALKS ABROAD AND EVENINGS AT HOME. _Cloth, gilt edges_, 3s. 6d.
+
+ ELEGANT WORK FOR DELICATE FINGERS. 1s.
+
+ PHILOSOPHY AND MIRTH UNITED BY PEN AND PENCIL. 1s.
+
+ HANDY BOOK OF SHOPKEEPING; OR SHOPKEEPER'S GUIDE. 1s.
+
+ SHILLING KITCHINER; OR, ORACLE OF COOKERY FOR THE MILLION. 1s.
+
+
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+
+EDITOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+If there be any among my Readers who, having turned over the pages of
+"ENQUIRE WITHIN," have hastily pronounced them to be confused and
+ill-arranged, let them at once refer to THE INDEX, at page 389*, and for
+ever hold their peace.
+
+The INDEX is, to the vast congregation of useful hints and receipts that
+fill the pages of this volume, what the DIRECTORY is to the great
+aggregation of houses and people in London.
+
+No one, being a stranger to London, would run about asking for "MR.
+SMITH." But, remembering the Christian name and the profession of the
+individual wanted, he would turn to the DIRECTORY, and trace him out.
+
+Like a house, every paragraph in "ENQUIRE WITHIN" has its number,--and
+the INDEX is the DIRECTORY which will explain what Facts, Hints, and
+Instructions _inhabit_ that number.
+
+For, if it be not a misnomer, we are prompted to say that "ENQUIRE
+WITHIN" is _peopled_ with hundreds of ladies and gentlemen, who have
+approved of the plan of the work, and contributed something to its store
+of useful information. There they are, waiting to be questioned, and
+ready to reply. Within each page some one lives to answer for the
+correctness of the information imparted, just as certainly as where, in
+the window of a dwelling, you see a paper directing you to "ENQUIRE
+WITHIN," some one is there to answer you.
+
+HOUSEKEEPERS of experience live at Nos. 1, 30, 438, 1251 and 2091; old
+Dr. KITCHINER lives at 44; CAPTAIN CRAWLEY is to be found at 46 and
+2568; the well-known Mrs. WARREN lives at 1809; Miss ACTON at 1310; Dr.
+FRANKLIN at 1398; Mrs. HITCHING at 215; Mr. BANTING at 1768; Dr. WILSON
+PHILIP at 1762; Mr. WITHERING at 2338; Mr. MECHI at 997; Dr. STENHOUSE
+at 1776; Dr. ERASMUS WILSON at 1700; Dr. SOUTHWOOD SMITH at 1743; Dr.
+BLAIR at 2180; M. SOYER at 1130; Dr. BABINGTON at 2407; Miss GIFFORD at
+2337; and Dr. CLARK at 2384. In addition to these and many more, a
+DOCTOR lives at 475; a GARDENER at 249; a SCHOOLMASTER at 161; a BUTCHER
+at 27; a DANCING-MASTER at 139; an ARTIST at 2548; a NATURALIST at 2330;
+a DYER at 2682; a MODELLER at 2346; a PROFESSED COOK at 1032; a
+PHILANTHROPIST at 1368; a LAWYER at 1440; a SURGEON at 796; a CHESS
+PLAYER at 71; a WHIST PLAYER, almost next door, at 73; a CHEMIST at 650;
+a BREWER at 2267; a LAWN TENNIS PLAYER at 2765; a HOMOEOPATHIC
+PRACTITIONER at 925; a WOOD-STAINER at 1413; two CONFECTIONERS at 1628
+and 2024; a POULTRY-KEEPER at 1642; a METEOROLOGIST at 962; PHILOSOPHERS
+at 973 and 1783; a PRACTICAL ECONOMIST at 985; a BAKER at 1002; a MASTER
+OF THE CEREMONIES at 1924 and 2613; a BIRD FANCIER at 2155: a
+WASHERWOMAN at 2729; an ANALYTICAL CHEMIST at 2747; an ACCOUNTANT at
+2769; and so on.
+
+Well! there they live--always at home. Knock at their doors--ENQUIRE
+WITHIN. NO FEES TO PAY!!
+
+Much care has been taken in selecting the information that is given,
+and, as is amply shown by the above list, so many kind and competent
+friends have lent a hand in the production of this volume that is
+impossible to turn to any page without at once being reminded of the
+GENEROUS FRIEND who abides there.
+
+To some extent, though in a far less degree, assistance has been
+rendered by the authors of many useful and popular works, for which due
+acknowledgment must be made. Chief among these works are Dr. Kitchiner's
+"COOKS' ORACLE"; "THE COOK," in _Houlston and Sons' Industrial
+Library_; "THE SHOPKEEPER'S GUIDE;" "THE WIFE'S OWN COOKERY," "THE
+PRACTICAL HOUSEWIFE," and many of the volumes of the "REASON WHY"
+series.
+
+Lastly, as in everyday life it is found necessary at times to make a
+thorough inspection of house and home, and to carry out requisite
+repairs, alterations, and additions, this has been done in the recent
+editions of "ENQUIRE WITHIN," to which some hundreds of paragraphs have
+been added, while others have been remodelled and revised in accordance
+with the progress of the times in which we live. Care, however, has been
+taken to alter nothing that needed no alteration, so that, practically,
+this Popular Favourite is still the _old_ "ENQUIRE WITHIN;"
+improved, it is true, but in no way so changed as to place it beyond the
+recognition of those to whom it has been a BOOK OF CONSTANT REFERENCE
+since its first appearance.
+
+
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHER'S PREFACE
+
+TO THE SEVENTY-FIFTH EDITION.
+
+
+The unparalleled success achieved by "ENQUIRE WITHIN UPON EVERYTHING"
+demands special mention from its Publishers at the present moment. Its
+prominent characteristics--varied usefulness and cheapness--have won for
+it universal esteem. There is scarcely a spot reached by English
+civilization to which this book has not found its way, receiving
+everywhere the most cordial welcome and winning the warmest praise.
+Proof of this world-wide popularity is clearly shown by the record of
+the number of copies sold, now amounting to the wonderful total of
+
+ONE MILLION COPIES
+
+--a sale which the Publishers believe to be _absolutely without
+precedent_ among similar books of reference. This result has been mainly
+brought about by the kindly interest shown in the book by many friends,
+to whom the Publishers' most hearty thanks are tendered for their
+generous support and recommendations.
+
+The work of revision has been carried on from year to year with
+watchfulness and care, and many Additions have been made, both modern
+and interesting, including Homoeopathy, Lawn Tennis, &c. Enquirers on
+the laws of Landlord and Tenant, Husband and Wife, Debtor and Creditor,
+are supplied with the latest information. Diseases and their Remedies,
+and Medicines, their Uses and Doses, have received special attention.
+The Index has been considerably extended, and with the aid of this, and
+the Summary of Contents, it is hoped that no Enquirer will fail to
+receive complete and satisfactory replies.
+
+* * * * *
+
+THE "ENQUIRE WITHIN" AND "REASON WHY" SERIES now comprises Twenty-seven
+Volumes, containing upwards of SEVEN THOUSAND pages of closely printed
+matter. They are entirely original in plan, and executed with the most
+conscientious care. The Indexes have been prepared with great labour,
+and alone occupy about 500 pages. A vast Fund of valuable Information,
+embracing every Subject of Interest or Utility, is thus attainable, and
+at a merely nominal Cost.
+
+These Works are in such general demand, that the Sale has already
+reached considerably upwards of
+
+ONE-AND-A-HALF MILLION VOLUMES.
+
+The attention of all parties interested in the dissemination of sound
+Theoretical Instruction and Practical Knowledge is particularly directed
+to the Twenty-seven Volumes in this Series of Popular and Valuable Books.
+
+1-3. "DAILY WANTS, THE DICTIONARY OF," containing nearly 1,200 pages of
+ Information upon all matters of Practical and Domestic Utility.
+ Above 118,000 copies have been sold.
+
+4-7. "USEFUL KNOWLEDGE, THE DICTIONARY OF," a Book of Reference upon
+ History, Geography, Science, Statistics, &c. A Companion Work to
+ the "Dictionary of Daily Wants."
+
+8 & 9. "MEDICAL AND SURGICAL KNOWLEDGE, THE DICTIONARY OF," a Complete
+ Practical Guide on Health and Disease, for Families, Emigrants,
+ and Colonists.
+
+10. "ENQUIRE WITHIN UPON EVERYTHING."
+
+11. "THE REASON WHY, CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS," giving the Origin,
+ History, and Tenets of the Christian Sects, with the Reasons
+ assigned _by themselves_ for their Specialities of Faith and
+ forms of Worship.
+
+12. "THE REASON WHY, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY," containing upwards
+ of 1,200 Reasons, explanatory of the Physical Phenomena of
+ Earth and Sea, their Geological History, and the Geographical
+ distribution of Plants, Animals, and the Human Race.
+
+13. "THE REASON WHY, BIBLICAL AND SACRED HISTORY," a Family Guide to
+ Scripture Readings, and a Handbook for Biblical Students.
+
+14. "THE REASON WHY, GENERAL SCIENCE," giving Hundreds of Reasons for
+ things which, though generally received, are imperfectly
+ understood. This Volume has reached a sale of 53,000.
+
+15. "THE REASON WHY, HISTORICAL," designed to simplify the study of
+ English History.
+
+16. "THE REASON WHY, NATURAL HISTORY," giving REASONS for very numerous
+ interesting Facts in connection with the Habits and Instincts
+ of the various Orders of the Animal Kingdom.
+
+17. "THE REASON WHY, GARDENING AND FARMING," giving some Thousands of
+ Reasons for various Facts and Phenomena in reference to the
+ Cultivation and Tillage of the Soil.
+
+18. "THE REASON WHY, HOUSEWIFE'S SCIENCE," affording to the Manager of
+ Domestic Affairs intelligible Reasons for the various duties
+ she has to superintend or to perform.
+
+19. "JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY ALL ROUND OUR HOUSE; OR, THE INTERVIEW," with
+ copious Information upon Domestic Matters.
+
+20. "THE PRACTICAL HOUSEWIFE AND FAMILY MEDICAL GUIDE," a Series of
+ Instructive Papers on Cookery, Food, Treatment of the Sick,
+ &c., &c.
+
+21. "THE FAMILY SAVE-ALL," a System of Secondary Cookery with Hints for
+ Economy in the use of Articles of Household Consumption.
+
+22. "NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS," a Work full of curious Information on
+ all Subjects, gathered from actual Answers to Correspondents of
+ various Magazines and Newspapers.
+
+23. "THE CORNER CUPBOARD," containing Domestic Information, Needlework
+ Designs, and Instructions for the Aquarium, &c.
+
+24. "LIFE DOUBLED BY THE ECONOMY OF TIME," and "HOW A PENNY BECAME A
+ THOUSAND POUNDS." The first of these teaches the Value of
+ Moments, and shows how Life may be abridged by a careless
+ indifference to trifles of time; the second pursues a similar
+ argument with reference to Money.
+
+25 & 26. "WONDERFUL THINGS;" affording interesting descriptions of the
+ _Wonders of all Nations_, with Illustrations.
+
+27. "THE HISTORICAL FINGER-POST," giving briefly, but clearly, the
+ meaning and origin of hundreds of Terms, Phrases, Epithets,
+ Cognomens, Allusions, &c., in connection with History,
+ Politics, Theology, Law, Commerce, Literature, Army and Navy,
+ Arts and Sciences, Geography, Tradition, National, Social, and
+ Personal Characteristics. &c.
+
+
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+
+ADULTERATIONS OF FOOD, TESTS FOR 2747
+
+BEVERAGES, PREPARATION OF, AND RECEIPTS FOR 565, 2267, 2455
+
+BIRD-KEEPING, BEE-KEEPING, AND POULTRY-KEEPING 2155
+
+CARVING, ARRANGEMENTS OF THE DINNER TABLE, ETC. 2616
+
+CHILDREN, REARING AND MANAGEMENT OF 2025
+
+CHOICE OF FOOD, MARKETING, ETC. 1
+
+CONFECTIONERY: CAKES, JELLIES, SWEETMEATS 2091
+
+COMMERCIAL AND MONETARY HINTS, MAXIMS 441
+
+CORRECT SPEAKING, HINTS ON WRITING 161
+
+DECORATION, PAINTING, STAINING, GILDING, ETC. 1413
+
+DESTRUCTION OF VERMIN, NOXIOUS ANIMALS 1722
+
+DRESS, CHOICE, ARRANGEMENT, AND CARE OF 1926
+
+DYEING, SCOURING, CLEANING, LAUNDRY OPERATIONS 2682
+
+EMERGENCIES AND ACCIDENTS, DROWNING, FIRE, ETC. 1376
+
+ETIQUETTE, FORMS AND CEREMONIES OF 1924
+
+FOOD OF VARIOUS KINDS, WHEN IN SEASON 30
+
+FANCY NEEDLEWORK 1808
+
+FUEL, LIGHTING, ETC., ECONOMY AND MANAGEMENT OF 984
+
+FURNITURE, SELECTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF 296
+
+GARDENING OPERATIONS THROUGHOUT THE YEAR 249
+
+HOUSEHOLD CARPENTRY, MENDING, REPAIRING 308
+
+INDOOR GAMES AND AMUSEMENTS 45
+
+LADIES' EMPLOYMENTS: LEATHER-WORK, DIAPHANIE ETC. 2506
+
+LEGAL INFORMATION AND ADVICE 1440
+
+MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ADVICE 475
+
+MINOR COMPLAINTS, COUGH, CRAMP ETC. 553
+
+MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS: INK, GUM, CEMENT, ETC. 2481
+
+OUTDOOR SPORTS AND PASTIMES, LAWN TENNIS 2568
+
+POISONING, TREATMENT IN CASES OF 1340
+
+PREPARATION OF FOOD, COOKING OPERATIONS 1003
+
+PRESERVING AND PICKLING, HINTS ON 1619
+
+MODELLING, PREPARING BOTANICAL SPECIMENS, ETC. 2330
+
+RULES OF CONDUCT: COUNSELS, HINTS, ADVICE 2180
+
+SANITARY PRECAUTIONS AND REGULATIONS 1717
+
+SAUCES, RELISHES, ZESTS, HOW TO PREPARE 2203
+
+TABLES OF PERCENTAGES, INTEREST, MARKETING, WAGES 2770
+
+TOILET REQUISITES, RECEIPTS FOR, ETC. 1677
+
+
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+
+
+
+ ENQUIRE WITHIN
+
+ UPON
+
+ EVERYTHING.
+
+
+
+
+
+ * * * * *
+
+
+1. Choice of Articles of Food.
+
+ Nothing is more important in the affairs of housekeeping than the
+ choice of wholesome food. Apropos to this is an amusing conundrum
+ which is as follows:--"A man went to market and bought _two_ fish.
+ When he reached home he found they were the same as when he had bought
+ them; yet there were _three!_ How was this?" The answer is--"He bought
+ two mackerel, and one _smelt!_" Those who envy him his bargain need
+ not care about the following rules; but to others they will be
+ valuable:
+
+
+2. Mackerel
+
+ must be perfectly fresh, or it is a very indifferent fish; it will
+ neither bear carriage, nor being kept many hours out of the water. The
+ firmness of the flesh and the clearness of the eyes must be the
+ criteria of fresh mackerel, as they are of all other fish.
+
+
+3. Turbot, and all flat white fish,
+
+ are rigid and firm when fresh; the under side should be of a rich
+ cream colour. When out of season, or too long kept, this becomes a
+ bluish white, and the flesh soft and flaccid. A clear bright eye in
+ any fish is also a mark of its being fresh and good.
+
+
+4. Cod
+
+ is known to be fresh by the rigidity of the muscles (or flesh), the
+ redness of the gills, and clearness of the eyes. Crimping much
+ improves this fish.
+
+
+5. Salmon.
+
+ The flavour and excellence of this fish depend upon its freshness and
+ the shortness of time since it was caught; for no method can
+ completely preserve the delicate flavour that salmon has when just
+ taken out of the water. A great deal of what is brought to London has
+ been packed in ice, and comes from the Scotch and Irish rivers, and,
+ though perfectly fresh, is not quite equal to salmon from English
+ streams.
+
+
+6. Herrings
+
+ should be eaten when very fresh; and, like mackerel, will not remain
+ good many hours after they are caught. But they are excellent,
+ especially for breakfast relishes, either salted, split, dried, and
+ peppered, or pickled. Mackerel are very good when prepared in either
+ of these ways.
+
+
+7. Fresh Water Fish.
+
+ The remarks as to firmness and clear fresh eyes apply to this variety
+ of fish, of which there are carp, tench, pike, perch, &c.
+
+
+8. Lobsters
+
+ recently caught, have always some remains of muscular action in the
+ claws, which may be excited by pressing the eyes with the finger; when
+ this cannot be produced, the lobster must have been too long kept.
+ When boiled, the tail preserves its elasticity if fresh, but loses it
+ as soon as it becomes stale. The heaviest lobsters are the best; when
+ light they are watery and poor. Hen lobsters may generally be known by
+ the spawn, or by the breadth of the "flap."
+
+
+9. Crab and Crayfish
+
+ must be chosen by observations similar to those given above in the
+ choice of lobsters. Crabs have an agreeable smell when fresh.
+
+
+10. Prawns and Shrimps,
+
+ when fresh, are firm and crisp.
+
+
+11. Oysters.
+
+ If fresh, the shell is firmly closed; when the shells of oysters are
+ open, they are dead, and unfit for food. The small-shelled oysters,
+ the Byfleet, Colchester, and Milford, are the finest in flavour.
+ Larger kinds, as the Torbay oysters, are generally considered only fit
+ for stewing and sauces, and as an addition to rump-steak puddings and
+ pies, though some persons prefer them to the smaller oysters, even
+ when not cooked. Of late years English oysters have become scarce and
+ dear; and in consequence the American Blue Point oysters find a ready
+ market.
+
+
+12. Beef.
+
+ The grain of ox beef, when good, is loose, the meat red, and the fat
+ inclining to yellow. Cow beef, on the contrary, has a closer grain and
+ whiter fat, but the meat is scarcely as red as that of ox beef.
+ Inferior beef, which is meat obtained from ill-fed animals, or from
+ those which had become too old for food, may be known by a hard,
+ skinny fat, a dark red lean, and, in old animals, a line of horny
+ texture running through the meat of the ribs. When meat rises up
+ quickly, after being pressed by the finger, it may be considered as
+ being the flesh of an animal which was in its prime; but when the dent
+ made by pressure returns slowly, or remains visible, the animal had
+ probably passed its prime, and the meat consequently must be of
+ inferior quality.
+
+
+13. Veal
+
+ should be delicately white, though it is often juicy and
+ well-flavoured when rather dark in colour. Butchers, it is said, bleed
+ calves purposely before killing them, with a view to make the flesh
+ white, but this also makes it dry and flavourless. On examining the
+ loin, if the fat enveloping the kidney be white and firm-looking, the
+ meat will probably be prime and recently killed. Veal will not keep so
+ long as an older meat, especially in hot or damp weather: when going,
+ the fat becomes soft and moist, the meat flabby and spotted, and
+ somewhat porous like sponge. Large, overgrown veal is inferior to
+ small, delicate, yet fat veal. The fillet of a cow-calf is known by
+ the udder attached to it, and by the softness of the skin; it is
+ preferable to the veal of a bull-calf.
+
+
+14. Mutton.
+
+ The meat should be firm and close in grain, and red in colour, the fat
+ white and firm. Mutton is in its prime when the sheep is about five
+ years old, though it is often killed much younger. If too young, the
+ flesh feels tender when pinched; if too old, on being pinched it
+ wrinkles up, and so remains. In young mutton, the fat readily
+ separates; in old, it is held together by strings of skin. In sheep
+ diseased of the rot, the flesh is very pale-coloured, the fat
+ inclining to yellow; the meat appears loose from the bone, and, if
+ squeezed, drops of water ooze out from the grains; after cooking, the
+ meat drops clean away from the bones. Wether mutton is preferred to
+ that of the ewe; it may be known by the lump of fat on the inside of
+ the thigh.
+
+
+15. Lamb.
+
+ This meat will not keep long after it is killed. The large vein in the
+ neck is bluish in colour when the fore quarter is fresh, green when it
+ is becoming stale. In the hind quarter, if not recently killed, the
+ fat of the kidney will have a slight smell, and the knuckle will have
+ lost its firmness.
+
+
+16. Pork.
+
+ When good, the rind is thin, smooth, and cool to the touch; when
+ changing, from being too long killed, it becomes flaccid and clammy.
+ Enlarged glands, called kernels, in the fat, are marks of an ill-fed
+ or diseased pig.
+
+
+17. Bacon
+
+ should have a thin rind, and the fat should be firm, and tinged red by
+ the curing; the flesh should be of a clear red, without intermixture
+ of yellow, and it should firmly adhere to the bone. To judge the state
+ of a ham, plunge a knife into it to the bone; on drawing it back, if
+ particles of meat adhere to it, or if the smell is disagreeable, the
+ curing has not been effectual, and the ham is not good; it should, in
+ such a state, be immediately cooked. In buying a ham, a short thick
+ one is to be preferred to one long and thin. Of English hams,
+ Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and Hampshire are most esteemed; of foreign,
+ the Westphalian. The bacon and "sugar cured" hams now imported in
+ large quantities from Canada and the United States are both cheap and
+ good.
+
+
+18. Venison.
+
+ When good, the fat is clear, bright, and of considerable thickness. To
+ know when it is necessary to cook it, a knife must be plunged into the
+ haunch; and from the smell the cook must determine whether to dress it
+ at once, or to keep it a little longer.
+
+
+19. Turkey.
+
+ In choosing poultry, the age of the bird is the chief point to be
+ attended to. An old turkey has rough and reddish legs; a young one
+ smooth and black. Fresh killed, the eyes are full and clear, and the
+ feet moist. When it has been kept too long, the parts about the vent
+ have a greenish appearance.
+
+
+20. Common Domestic Fowls,
+
+ when young, have the legs and combs smooth; when old these parts are
+ rough, and on the breast long hairs are found when the feathers axe
+ plucked off: these hairs must be removed by singeing. Fowls and
+ chickens should be plump on the breast, fat on the back, and
+ white-legged.
+
+
+21. Geese.
+
+ The bills and feet are red when old, yellow when young. Fresh killed,
+ the feet are pliable, but they get stiff when the birds are kept too
+ long. Geese are called green when they are only two or three months
+ old.
+
+
+22. Ducks.
+
+ Choose them with supple feet and hard plump breasts. Tame ducks have
+ yellow feet, wild ones red.
+
+
+23. Pigeons
+
+ are very indifferent food when they are kept too long. Suppleness of
+ the feet shows them to be young; the flesh is flaccid when they are
+ getting bad from keeping. Tame pigeons are larger than wild pigeons,
+ but not so large as the wood pigeon.
+
+
+24. Hares and Rabbits
+
+ when old, have the haunches thick, the ears dry and tough, and the
+ claws blunt and ragged. A young hare has claws smooth and sharp, ears
+ that easily tear, and a narrow cleft in the lip. A leveret is
+ distinguished from a hare by a knob or small bone near the foot.
+
+
+25. Partridges,
+
+ when young, have yellowish legs and dark-coloured bills. Old
+ partridges are very indifferent eating.
+
+
+26. Woodcocks and Snipes,
+
+ when old, have the feet thick and hard; when these are soft and
+ tender, they are both young and fresh killed. When their bills become
+ moist, and their throats muddy, they have been too long killed.
+
+(See FOOD IN SEASON, Pars. 30--42.)
+
+
+27. Names and Situations of the Various Joints.
+
+
+28. Meats.
+
+ In different parts of the kingdom the method of cutting up carcases
+ varies. That which we describe below is the most general, and is known
+ as the English method.
+
+ i. Beef.
+
+ Fore Quarter Fore rib (five ribs);
+ middle rib (four ribs);
+ chuck (three ribs).
+ Shoulder piece (top of fore leg);
+ brisket (lower or belly part of the ribs);
+ clod (fore shoulder blade);
+ neck;
+ shin (below the shoulder);
+ cheek.
+ Hind Quarter. Sirloin;
+ rump;
+ aitch-bone
+ these are the three divisions of the upper part of the quarter;
+ buttock and mouse-buttock,
+ which divide the thigh;
+ veiny piece, joining the buttock;
+ thick flank
+ and thin flank (belly pieces)
+ and leg.
+ The sirloin and rump of both sides form a baron.
+
+_Beef is in season all the year; best in winter._
+
+
+ [THE MISER FASTS WITH GREEDY MIND TO SPARE.]
+
+
+ ii. Mutton.
+
+ Shoulder;
+ breast (the belly);
+ over which are the loin (chump, or tail end):
+ loin (best end):
+ neck (best end);
+ neck (scrag end);
+ leg;
+ haunch, or leg and chump end of loin;
+ and head.
+ A chine is two necks;
+ a saddle, two loins.
+
+_Mutton is best in winter, spring, and autumn._
+
+
+ iii. Lamb
+
+ is cut into fore quarter
+ and hind quarter;
+ saddle;
+ loin;
+ neck;
+ breast;
+ leg;
+ and shoulder.
+
+_Grass lamb is in season from Easter to Michaelmas; house lamb from
+Christmas to Lady-day._
+
+
+ iv. Pork
+
+ is cut into leg,
+ hand or shoulder;
+ hind loin;
+ fore loin;
+ belly-part;
+ spare-rib, or neck;
+ and head.
+
+_Pork is in season nearly all the year round, but is better relished in
+winter than in summer._
+
+
+ v. Veal
+
+ is cut into neck (scrag end);
+ neck (best end);
+ loin (best end);
+ loin (chump, or tail end);
+ fillet (upper part of hind leg);
+ hind knuckle, which joins the fillet;
+ knuckle of fore leg;
+ blade (bone of shoulder);
+ breast (best end);
+ and breast (brisket end).
+
+_Veal is always in season, but dear in winter and spring._
+
+
+ vi. Venison
+
+ is cut into haunch;
+ neck;
+ shoulder;
+ and breast.
+
+ _Doe venison is best in January, October, November, and December, and
+ buck venison in June, July, August, and September._
+
+
+ vii. Scottish Mode of Division.
+
+ According to the English method the carcase of beef is disposed of
+ more economically than upon the Scotch plan. The English plan affords
+ better steaks, and better joints for roasting; but the Scotch plan
+ gives a greater variety of pieces for boiling. The names of pieces in
+ the Scotch plan, not found in the English, are:
+
+ the hough, or hind leg;
+ the nineholes, or English buttock;
+ the large and small runner,
+ taken from the rib and chuck pieces of the English plan;
+ the shoulder-lyer,
+ the English shoulder, but cut differently;
+ the spare-rib or fore-sye, the sticking piece, &c.
+
+The Scotch also cut mutton differently.
+
+
+ viii. Ox-tail
+
+ is much esteemed for purposes of soup; so also is the Cheek. The
+ Tongue is highly esteemed. The Heart, stuffed with veal stuffing,
+ roasted, and served hot, with red currant jelly as an accompaniment,
+ is a palatable dish. When prepared in this manner it is sometimes
+ called 'Smithfield Hare', on account of its flavour being something
+ like that of roast hare.
+
+
+ ix. Calves' Heads
+
+ are very useful for various dishes; so also are their Knuckles, Feet,
+ Heart, &c.
+
+
+
+29. Relative Economy of the Joints.
+
+
+ i. The Round
+
+ is, in large families, one of the most profitable parts owing to its
+ comparative freedom from bone: it is usually boiled, and is generally
+ sold at the same price as the sirloin, and ribs. It is sometimes
+ divided downwards, close to the bone; one side being known as the 'top
+ side', and the other as the 'silver side'. Either of these parts is as
+ good roasted as boiled.
+
+
+ ii. The Brisket
+
+ is always less in price than the roasting parts. It is not so
+ economical a part as the round, having more bone with it, and more
+ fat. Where there are children, very fat joints are not desirable,
+ being often disagreeable to them, and sometimes prejudicial,
+ especially if they have a dislike to fat. This joint also requires
+ more cooking than many others; that is to say, it requires a double
+ allowance of time to be given for simmering it; it will, when served,
+ be hard and scarcely digestible if no more time be allowed to simmer
+ it than that which is sufficient for other joints and meats. Joints
+ cooked in a boiler or saucepan, should always be _simmered_, that
+ is to say, boiled as slowly as possible. Meat boiled fast, or "at a
+ gallop," as the phrase goes, is always tough and tasteless. The
+ brisket is excellent when stewed; and when cooked fresh (i.e.,
+ unsalted) an excellent stock for soup may be extracted from it, and
+ yet the meat will serve as well for dinner.
+
+
+ iii. The Edge-bone, or Aitch-bone,
+
+ is not considered to be a very economical joint, the bone being large
+ in proportion to the meat; but the greater part of it, at least, is as
+ good as that of any prime part. On account of the quantity of bone in
+ it, it is sold at a cheaper rate than the best joints. It may be
+ roasted or boiled.
+
+
+ iv. The Rump
+
+ is the part of which the butcher makes great profit, by selling it in
+ the form of steaks, but the whole of it may be purchased as a joint,
+ and at the price of other prime parts. It may be turned to good
+ account in producing many excellent dishes. If salted, it is simply
+ boiled; if used unsalted, it is generally stewed.
+
+
+ v. The Veiny Piece
+
+ is sold at a moderate price per pound; but, if hung for a day or two,
+ it is very good and very profitable. Where there are a number of
+ servants and children to have an early dinner, this part of beef will
+ be found desirable.
+
+
+ vi. The Leg and Shin
+
+ afford excellent stock for soup; and, if not reduced too much, the
+ meat taken from the bones may be served as a stew with vegetables; or
+ it may be seasoned, pounded with butter, and potted; or, chopped very
+ fine, and seasoned with herbs, and bound together by egg and bread
+ crumbs, it may be fried in balls, or in the form of large eggs, and
+ served with a gravy made with a few spoonfuls of the soup.
+
+
+ vii. Ox Cheek
+
+ makes excellent soup. The meat, when taken from the bones, may be
+ served as a stew.
+
+
+ viii. The Sirloin and the Ribs
+
+ are the roasting parts of beef, and these bear in all places the
+ highest price. The more profitable of these two joints at a family
+ table is the ribs. The bones, if removed from the beef before it is
+ roasted, are useful in making stock for soup. When boned, the meat of
+ the ribs is often rolled up on the shape of a small round or fillet,
+ tied with string, and roasted; and this is the best way of using it,
+ as it enables the carver to distribute equally the upper part of the
+ meat with the fatter parts, at the lower end of the bones.
+
+
+30. Food in Season.
+
+ There is an old maxim, "A place for everything, and everything in its
+ place," To which may be added another, "A season for everything, and
+ everything in season."
+
+ [Fish, Poultry, &c., whose names are distinguished by _Italics_
+ [here marked _like this_] in each month's "Food in Season," are to be
+ had in the highest perfection during the month.]
+
+
+31. In Season in January.
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Barbel, brill, carp, cod, crabs, cray-fish, dabs, _dace_, eels,
+ flounders, _haddocks_, herrings, lampreys, ling, lobsters, mussels,
+ oysters, perch, pike, plaice, prawns, salmon-trout, shrimps, skate,
+ smelts, soles, sprats, sturgeon, _tench_, thornback, turbot,
+ _whiting_.
+
+ ii. Meat.--Beef, house-lamb, mutton, pork, veal, and doe venison.
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.--Capons, chickens, ducks, wild-ducks, fowls,
+ geese, grouse, _hares_, larks, moor-game, partridges, pheasants,
+ pigeons (tame), pullets, _rabbits_, snipes, turkeys (hen), widgeons,
+ woodcocks.
+
+ iv. Vegetables.--Beet, broccoli (white and purple), Brussels sprouts,
+ cabbage, cardoons, carrots, celery, chervil, colewort, cresses,
+ endive, garlic, herbs (dry), Jerusalem artichokes, kale (Scotch),
+ leeks, lettuces, mint (dry), mustard, onions, parsley, parsnips,
+ potatoes, rape, rosemary, sage, salsify, Savoy cabbages, scorzonera,
+ shalots, skirrets, sorrel, spinach (winter), tarragon, thyme, turnips.
+
+ v. Forced Vegetables.--Asparagus, cucumbers, mushrooms, sea-kale.
+
+ vi. Fruit.--Almonds.
+ Apples: Golden pippin, golden russet, Kentish pippin,
+ nonpareil, winter pearmain.
+ Pears: Bergamot d'Hollande, Bon Chrétien, Chaumontel,
+ Colmar, winter beurré.
+ Grapes: English and foreign.
+ Chestnuts,
+ medlars,
+ oranges,
+ walnuts,
+ filbert nuts.
+
+ [THE HYPOCRITE WILL FAST SEEM MORE HOLY.]
+
+
+32. In Season in February.
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Barbel, brill, carp, cockles, cod, crabs, cray-fish, dabs, dace, eels,
+ flounders, haddocks, herrings, lampreys, ling, lobsters, mussels,
+ oysters, perch, pike, plaice, prawns, salmon, shrimps, skate, smelts,
+ soles, sturgeon, tench, thornback, turbot, whiting.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, house-lamb, mutton, pork, veal.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Capons, chickens, ducklings, geese, hares, partridges, pheasants,
+ pigeons (tame and wild), rabbits (tame), snipes, turkeys, turkey
+ poults, wild-ducks, woodcocks.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Beet, broccoli (white and purple), Brussels sprouts, cabbage,
+ cardoons, carrots, celery, chervil, colewort, cresses, endive, garlic,
+ herbs (dry), Jerusalem artichokes, leeks, lettuces, mint (dry),
+ mushrooms, onions, parsnips, parsley, potatoes, radish, rape,
+ rosemary, sage, salsify, Savoys, scorzonera, shalots, skirrets,
+ sorrel, spinach, sprouts, tarragon, thyme, turnips, winter savoury.
+
+
+ v. Forced Vegetables.
+
+ Asparagus, cucumbers, mushrooms, sea-kale, &c.
+
+
+ vi. Fruit.
+
+ Apples: Golden pippin, golden russet, Holland pippin, Kentish pippin,
+ nonpareil, Wheeler's russet, winter pearmain. Chestnuts, oranges.
+ Pears: Bergamot, winter Bon Chrétien, winter Russelet.
+
+
+
+33. In Season in March.
+
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Brill, carp, cockles, cod, conger-eels, crabs, dabs, dory, eels,
+ flounders, ling, lobsters, mackerel, mullets, mussels, oysters, perch,
+ pike, plaice, prawns, salmon, salmon-trout, shrimps, skate, smelts,
+ soles, sturgeon, turbot, tench, and whiting.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, house-lamb, mutton, pork, veal.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Capons, chickens, ducklings, fowls, geese, grouse, leverets, pigeons,
+ rabbits, snipes, turkeys, woodcocks.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Artichokes (Jerusalem), beet, broccoli (white and purple), Brussels
+ sprouts, cabbage, cardoons, carrots, celery, chervil, colewort,
+ cresses, endive, garlic, herbs (dry), kale (sea and Scotch), lettuces,
+ mint, mushrooms, mustard, onions, parsley, parsnips, potatoes, rape,
+ rosemary, sage, Savoys, shalots, sorrel, spinach, tarragon, thyme,
+ turnips, turnip-tops.
+
+
+ v. Forced Vegetables.
+
+ Asparagus, French beans, cucumbers, and rhubarb.
+
+
+ vi. Fruit.
+
+ Apples: Golden russet, Holland pippin, Kentish pippin, nonpareil,
+ Norfolk beefing, Wheeler's russet. Chestnuts, oranges. Pears:
+ Bergamot, Chaumontel, winter Bon Chrétien. _Forced:_ Strawberries.
+
+
+
+34. In Season in April.
+
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Brill, carp, chub, cockles, cod, conger-eels, _crabs_, dabs, dory,
+ eels, floandeis, halibut, herrings, ling, _lobsters_, mackerel,
+ mullets, mussels, oysters, perch, pike, _prawns_, plaice, _salmon_,
+ shrimps, _skate_, smelts, soles, sturgeon, _tench_, trout, turbot,
+ whiting.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, grass-lamb, house-lamb, mutton, pork, veal.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Chickens, ducklings, fowls, geese, leverets, pigeons, pullets,
+ rabbits, turkey poults, wood-pigeons.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Asparagus, broccoli, chervil, colewort, cucumbers, endive, fennel,
+ herbs of all sorts, lettuce, onions, parsley, parsnips, peas,
+ radishes, sea-kale, sorrel, spinach, small salad, tarragon,
+ turnip-radishes, turnip-tops, and rhubarb.
+
+
+ v. Fruit.
+
+ Apples: Golden russet, nonpareil, Wheeler's russet. Nuts, oranges.
+ Pears: Bergamot, Bon Chrétien, Carmelite. _Forced:_ Apricots,
+ cherries, strawberries.
+
+
+
+35. In Season in May.
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Brill, carp, chub, cod, conger-eels, _crab_, cray-fish, dabs, dace,
+ dory, eels, flounders, gurnets, haddock, halibut, herring, ling,
+ _lobsters_, mackerel, mullet, perch, pike, plaice, _prawns_, _salmon_,
+ shrimps, _skate_, smelts, soles, sturgeon, tench, trout, turbot,
+ whiting.
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, grass-lamb, house-lamb, mutton, pork, veal.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Chickens, ducklings, fowls, geese, leverets, pigeons, pullets,
+ rabbits; wood-pigeons.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Angelica, artichokes, asparagus, balm, kidney-beans, cabbage, carrots,
+ cauliflowers, chervil, cucumbers, fennel, herbs of all sorts, lettuce,
+ mint, onions, parsley, peas, new potatoes, radishes, rhubarb, salad of
+ all sorts, sea-kale, sorrel, spinach, turnips.
+
+
+ v. Fruit.
+
+ Apples: Golden russet, winter russet. May-duke cherries; currants;
+ gooseberries; melons. Pears: L'amozette, winter-green. _Forced_:
+ Apricots, peaches, strawberries.
+
+
+
+36. In Season in June.
+
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Carp, cod, conger-eels, _crabs_, cray-fish, dabs, dace, dory, eels,
+ flounders, gurnets, haddocks, herrings, ling, _lobsters_, mackerel,
+ mullet, perch, pike, plaice, _prawns, salmon, salmon-trout, skate_,
+ smelts, soles, sturgeon, tench, trout, turbot, whitebait, whiting.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, _grass-lamb_, house-lamb, mutton, pork, veal, buck venison.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Chickens, ducklings, fowls, geese, leverets, pigeons, plovers,
+ pullets, rabbits, turkey poults, wheat-ears, wood-pigeons.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Angelica, artichokes, asparagus, beans (French, kidney, and Windsor),
+ white beet, cabbage, carrots, cauliflowers, chervil, cucumbers,
+ endive, herbs of all sorts, leeks, lettuce, onions, peas, potatoes,
+ radishes, salad of all sorts, spinach, turnips, vegetable marrow.
+
+
+ v. For Drying.
+
+ Burnet, mint, tarragon, lemon thyme.
+
+
+ vi. Fruit.
+
+ Apples: Quarrenden, stone pippin, golden russet. Apricots. Cherries:
+ May-duke, bigaroon, white-heart. Currants; gooseberries; melons.
+ Pears: Winter-green. Strawberries. _Forced_: Grapes, nectarines,
+ peaches, pines.
+
+
+
+37. In Season in July.
+
+
+ i. Fish
+
+ Barbel, brill, carp, cod, conger-eels, _crabs_, cray-fish, dabs,
+ _dace_, dory, eels, flounders, gurnets, haddocks, herrings, ling,
+ _lobsters_, _mackerel_, mullet, perch, pike, plaice, _prawns_, salmon,
+ skate, soles, tench, thornback, trout.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, _grass-lamb_, mutton, veal, buck venison.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ _Chickens_, ducks, fowls, _green geese_, leverets, pigeons, plovers,
+ rabbits, turkey poults, wheat-ears, wild pigeons, wild rabbits.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Artichokes, asparagus, balm, beans (French, kidney, scarlet, and
+ Windsor), carrots, cauliflowers, celery, chervil, cucumbers, endive,
+ herbs of all sorts, lettuces, mushrooms, peas, potatoes, radishes,
+ salads of all sorts, salsify, scorzonera, sorrel, spinach, turnips.
+
+
+ v. For Drying.
+
+ Knotted marjoram, mushrooms, winter savoury.
+
+
+ vi. For Pickling.
+
+ French beans, red cabbage, cauliflowers, garlic, gherkins,
+ nasturtiums, onions.
+
+
+ vii. Fruit.
+
+ Apples: Codlin, jennetting, Margaret, summer pearmain, summer pippin,
+ quarrenden. Apricots, cherries (black-heart), currants, plums,
+ greengages, gooseberries, melons, nectarines, peaches. Pears:
+ Catherine, green-chisel, jargonelle. Pineapples, raspberries,
+ strawberries.
+
+
+ [WITHOUT ECONOMY NONE CAN BE RICH.]
+
+
+38. In Season in August.
+
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Barbel, brill, carp, cod, conger-eels, crabs, cray-fish, dabs, _dace_,
+ eels, flounders, gurnets, haddocks, herrings, lobsters, _mackerel_,
+ mullet, oysters, _perch, pike_, plaice, _prawns_, salmon, skate,
+ tench, thornback, _turbot_, whiting.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, grass-lamb, mutton, veal, buck venison.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Chickens, ducks, fowls, _green geese, grouse_ (from 12th), leverets,
+ pigeons, plovers, rabbits, turkeys, turkey poults, wheat-ears, wild
+ ducks, wild pigeons, wild rabbits.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Artichokes, beans (French, kidney, scarlet and Windsor), white beet,
+ carrots, cauliflowers, celery, cucumbers, endive, pot-herbs of all
+ sorts, leeks, lettuces, mushrooms, onions, peas, potatoes, radishes,
+ salad of all sorts, salsify, scorzonera, shalots, spinach, turnips.
+
+
+ v. For Drying.
+
+ Basil, sage, thyme.
+
+
+ vi. For Pickling.
+
+ Red cabbage, capsicums, chilies, tomatoes, walnuts.
+
+
+ vii. Fruit.
+
+ Apples: Codlin, summer pearmain, summer pippin. Cherries, currants,
+ figs, filberts, gooseberries, grapes, melons, mulberries, nectarines,
+ peaches. Pears: Jargonelle, summer, Bon Chrétien, Windsor. Plums,
+ greengages, raspberries, Alpine strawberries.
+
+
+
+39. In Season in September.
+
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Barbel, brill, carp, cockles, cod, conger-eels, crab, _dace_, eels,
+ flounders, gurnets, haddocks, hake, herrings, lobsters, mullet,
+ mussels, _oysters, perch, pike_, plaice, prawns, shrimps, soles,
+ tench, thornback, turbot, whiting.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, mutton, pork, veal, buck venison.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Chickens, ducks, fowls, _green geese, grouse, hares_, larks, leverets,
+ partridges, pigeons, plovers, rabbits, _teal_, turkeys, turkey poults,
+ wheat-ears, _wild ducks_, wild pigeons, wild rabbits.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Artichokes, Jerusalem artichokes, beans (French and scarlet),
+ cabbages, carrots, cauliflowers, celery, cucumbers, endive, herbs of
+ all sorts, leeks, lettuces, mushrooms, onions, parsnips, peas,
+ potatoes, radishes, salad of all sorts, shalots, turnips.
+
+
+ v. Fruit.
+
+ Apples: Golden nob, pearmain, golden rennet. Cherries (Morella),
+ damsons, figs, filberts. Grapes: Muscadine, Frontignac, red and black
+ Hamburgh, Malmsey. Hazel nuts, walnuts, medlars, peaches. Pears:
+ Bergamot, brown beurré. Pineapples, plums, quinces, strawberries,
+ walnuts.
+
+
+
+40. In Season in October.
+
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Barbel, brill, turbot, carp, cockles, cod, conger-eels, crabs, _dace,
+ dory_, eels, gudgeon, haddocks, _hake_, halibut, herrings, lobsters,
+ mussels, oysters, perch, _pike_, prawns, salmon-trout, shrimps,
+ smelts, soles, tench, thornback, whiting.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, mutton, pork, veal, doe venison.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Chickens, dotterel, ducks, fowls, green geese, grouse, hares, larks,
+ moor-game, partridges, _pheasants_, pigeons, rabbits, snipes, teal,
+ turkey, wheat-ears, widgeon, wild ducks, wild pigeons, wild rabbits,
+ woodcocks.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Artichokes, Jerusalem artichokes, broccoli, cabbages, cauliflowers,
+ celery, coleworts, endive, herbs of all sorts, leeks, onions,
+ parsnips, peas, potatoes, radishes, salad, Savoys, scorzonera,
+ skirrets, shalots, spinach (winter), tomatoes, truffles, turnips.
+
+
+ v. Fruit.
+
+ Apples: Pearmain, golden pippin, golden rennet, royal russet. Black
+ and white bullace, damsons, late figs, almonds, filberts, hazel nuts,
+ walnuts, filberts. Grapes, medlars. Peaches: Old Newington, October.
+ Pears: Bergamot, beurré, Chaumontel, Bon Chrétien, swan's-egg.
+ Quinces, services, walnuts.
+
+
+
+41. In Season in November.
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Barbel, brill, turbot, carp, cockles, cod, crabs, _dace, dory_, eels,
+ gudgeons, gurnets, haddocks, _hake_, halibut, herrings, ling,
+ lobsters, mussels, oysters, perch, _pike_, plaice, prawns, salmon,
+ shrimps, skate, smelts, soles, sprats, tench, thornback, turbot,
+ whiting.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, house-lamb, mutton, pork, veal, doe venison.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Chickens, dotterel, ducks, fowls, _geese, grouse, hares_, larks,
+ partridges, pheasants, pigeons, rabbits, _snipes, teal_, turkey,
+ wheat-ears, widgeon, wild ducks, _wood-cocks_.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Jerusalem artichokes, beet root, borecole, broccoli, cabbages,
+ cardoons, carrots, celery, chervil, coleworts, endive, herbs of all
+ sorts, leeks, lettuces, onions, parsnips, potatoes, salad, Savoys,
+ scorzonera, skirrets, shalots, spinach, tomatoes, turnips.
+
+
+ v. Fruit.
+
+ Almonds. Apples: Holland pippin, golden pippin, Kentish pippin,
+ nonpareil, winter pearmain, Wheeler's russets. Bullace, chestnuts,
+ hazel nuts, walnuts, filberts, grapes, medlars. Pears: Bergamot,
+ Chaumontel, Bon Chrétien.
+
+
+ [WITH ECONOMY, FEW NEED BE POOR.]
+
+
+42. In Season in December.
+
+
+ i. Fish.
+
+ Barbel, brill, turbot, carp, cockles, _cod_, crabs, dab, _dory_, eels,
+ gudgeon, gurnets, haddocks, bake, halibut, herrings, _ling_, lobsters,
+ mackerel, mussels, oysters, perch, pike, plaice, ruffe, salmon,
+ shrimps, _skate_, smelts, soles, sprats, sturgeon, _tench_, whitings.
+
+
+ ii. Meat.
+
+ Beef, house-lamb, mutton, pork, veal, doe venison.
+
+
+ iii. Poultry and Game.
+
+ Capons, chickens, ducks, fowls, geese, grouse, guinea-fowl, hares,
+ larks, partridges, pea-fowl, pheasants, pigeons, rabbits, snipes,
+ teal, turkeys, wheat-ears, widgeon, wild ducks, woodcocks.
+
+
+ iv. Vegetables.
+
+ Jerusalem artichokes, beet root, borecole, white and purple broccoli,
+ cabbages, cardoons, carrots, celery, endive, herbs of all sorts,
+ leeks, lettuces, onions, parsnips, potatoes, salad, Savoys,
+ scorzonera, skirrets, shalots, spinach, truffles, turnips,
+ _forced_ asparagus.
+
+
+ v. Fruit.
+
+ Almonds. Apples: Golden pippin, nonpareil, winter pearmain, golden
+ russet. Chestnuts, hazel nuts, walnuts, filberts, Almeria grapes,
+ medlars, oranges. Pears: Bergamot, beurre d'hiver.
+
+
+
+43. Drying Herbs.
+
+ Fresh herbs are preferable to dried ones, but as they cannot always be
+ obtained, it is most important to dry herbs at the proper seasons:
+
+ Basil is in a fit state for drying about the middle of August,
+ Burnet in June, July, and August,
+ Chervil in May, June, and July.
+ Elder Flowers in May, June, and July.
+ Fennel in May, June, and July.
+ Knotted Marjoram during July.
+ Lemon Thyme end of July and through August.
+ Mint, end of June and July.
+ Orange Flowers, May, June, ard July.
+ Parsley, May, June, and July.
+ Sage, August and September.
+ Summer Savoury, end of July and August.
+ Tarragon, June, July, and August.
+ Thyme, end of July and August.
+ Winter Savoury, end of July and August.
+
+ These herbs always at hand will be a great aid to the cook. Herbs
+ should be gathered on a dry day; they should be immediately well
+ cleansed, and dried by the heat of a stove or Dutch oven. The leaves
+ should then be picked off, pounded and sifted, put into stoppered
+ bottles, labelled, and put away for use. Those who are unable or may
+ not care to take the trouble to dry herbs, can obtain them prepared
+ for use in bottles at the green-grocer's.
+
+
+44. Dr. Kitchiner's Rules for Marketing.
+
+ The best rule for marketing is to pay ready money for everything, _and
+ to deal with the most respectable tradesmen_ in your neighbourhood. If
+ you leave it to their integrity to supply you with a good article at
+ the fair market price, you will be supplied with better provisions,
+ and at as reasonable a rate as those bargain-hunters who trot
+ "_around, around, around about_" a market till they are trapped to buy
+ some _unchewable_ old poultry, _tough_ tup-mutton, _stringy_ cow-beef,
+ or _stale_ fish, at a very little less than the price of prime and
+ proper food. With _savings_ like these they toddle home in triumph,
+ cackling all the way, like a goose that has got ankle-deep into good
+ luck. All the skill of the most accomplished cook will avail nothing
+ unless she is furnished with prime provisions. The best way to procure
+ these is to deal with shops of established character: you may appear
+ to pay, perhaps, ten _per cent._ more than you would were you to deal
+ with those who pretend to sell cheap, but you would be much more than
+ in that proportion better served. Every trade has its tricks and
+ deceptions; those who follow them can deceive you if they please, and
+ they are too apt to do so if you provoke the exercise of their
+ over-reaching talent. Challenge them to a game at "_Catch who can_,"
+ by entirely relying on your own judgment, and you will soon find
+ nothing but very long experience can make you equal to the combat of
+ marketing to the utmost advantage. If you think a tradesman has
+ imposed upon you, never use a second word, if the first will not do,
+ nor drop the least hint of an imposition; the only method to induce
+ him to make an abatement is the hope of future favours; pay the
+ demand, and deal with the gentleman no more; but do not let him see
+ that you are displeased, or as soon as you are out of sight your
+ reputation will suffer as much as your pocket has. Before you go to
+ market, look over your larder, and consider well what things are
+ wanting--especially on a Saturday. No well-regulated family can suffer
+ a disorderly caterer to be jumping in and out to make purchases on a
+ Sunday morning. You will be enabled to manage much better if you will
+ make out a bill of fare for the week on the Saturday before; for
+ example, for a family of half a dozen:
+
+ Sunday Roast beef and pudding.
+
+ Monday Fowl, what was left of pudding fried,
+ or warmed in the Dutch oven.
+
+ Tuesday Calf's head, apple pie.
+
+ Wednesday Leg of mutton.
+
+ Thursday Ditto broiled or hashed, and pancakes.
+
+ Friday Fish, pudding.
+
+ Saturday Fish, or eggs and bacon.
+
+ It is an excellent plan to have certain things on certain days. When
+ your butcher or poulterer knows what you will want, he has a better
+ chance of doing his best for you; and never think of ordering beef for
+ roasting except for Sunday. When you order meat, poultry, or fish,
+ tell the tradesman when you intend to dress it: he will then have it
+ in his power to serve you with provision that will do him credit,
+ which the finest meat, &c., in the world will never do, unless it has
+ been kept a proper time to be ripe and tendar.
+
+ (Kitchiner's Cook's Oracle 56th Thousand. 5s. Houlsion & Sons.)
+
+
+ [DO GOOD TO YOUR ENEMY, THAT HE MAY BECOME YOUR FRIEND.]
+
+
+
+45. The Family Circle
+
+ Under this title a group of acquaintances in London once instituted
+ and carried out a series of friendly parties. The following form of
+ invitation, and the rules of the "Family Circle," will be found
+ interesting, probably useful:
+
+ Will you do me the favour of meeting here, as a guest, on------
+ next, at seven precisely, a few friends who have kindly joined in an
+ attempt to commence occasional pleasant and social parties, of which
+ the spirit and intent will be better understood by the perusal of
+ the few annexed remarks and rules from
+
+ Yours sincerely,------
+
+ "They manage it better in France," is a remark to be often applied
+ with reference to social life in England, and the writer fancies
+ that the prevalence here of a few bad customs, easily changed,
+ causes the disadvantageous difference between ourselves and our more
+ courteous and agreeable neighbours.
+
+ i. Worldly appearance; the phantom leading many to suppose that
+ wealth is the standard of worth--in the minds of friends, a notion
+ equally degrading to both parties.
+
+ ii. Overdress; causing unnecessary expense and waste of time.
+
+ iii. Expensive entertainments, as regards refreshments.
+
+ iv. Late hours.
+
+ The following brief rules are suggested, in a hope to show the way
+ to a more constant, easy, and friendly intercourse amongst friends,
+ the writer feeling convinced that society is equally beneficial and
+ requisite--in fact, that mankind in seclusion, like the sword in the
+ scabbard, often loses polish, and gradually rusts.
+
+ RULE I. That meetings be held in rotation at each member's house,
+ for the enjoyment of conversation; music, grave and gay; dancing,
+ gay only; and card-playing at limited stakes.
+
+ RULE II. That such meetings commence at seven and end about or after
+ twelve, and that members and guests be requested to remember that
+ punctuality has been called the politeness of kings.
+
+ RULE III. That as gentlemen are allowed for the whole season to
+ appear, like the raven, in one suit, ladies are to have the like
+ privilege; and that no lady be allowed to quiz or notice the habits
+ of another lady; and that demi-toilette in dress be considered the
+ better taste in the family circle; not that the writer wishes to
+ raise or lower the proper standard of ladies' dress, which ought to
+ be neither too high nor too low, but at a happy medium.
+
+ RULE IV. That any lady infringing the last rule be liable to reproof
+ by the oldest lady present at the meeting, if the oldest lady, like
+ the oldest inhabitant, can be discovered.
+
+ RULE V. That every member or guest, be requested to bring with them
+ their own vocal, instrumental, or dance music, and take it away with
+ them, if possible, to avoid loss and confusion.
+
+ RULE VI. That no member or guest, able to sing, play, or dance,
+ refuse, unless excused by medical certificate; and that no cold or
+ sore throat be allowed to last more than a week.
+
+ RULE VII. That as every member or guest known to be able to sing,
+ play, or dance, is bound to do so if requested, the performer
+ (especially if timid) is to be kindly criticized and encouraged; it
+ being a fact well known, that the greatest masters of an art are
+ always the most lenient critics, from their deep knowledge of the
+ feeling, intelligence, and perseverance required to at all approach
+ perfection.
+
+ RULE VIII. That gentlemen present do pay every attention to ladies,
+ especially visitors; but such attention is to be general, and not
+ particular--for instance, no gentleman is to dance more than three
+ times with one lady during the evening, except in the case of
+ lovers, privileged to do odd things during their temporary lunacy,
+ and also married couples, who are expected to dance together at
+ least once during the evening, and oftener if they please.
+
+ RULE IX. That to avoid unnecessary expense, the refreshments be
+ limited to cold meat, sandwiches, bread, cheese, butter, vegetables,
+ fruits, tea, coffee, negus, punch, malt liquors, &c., &c.
+
+ RULE X. That all personal or face-to-face laudatory speeches
+ (commonly called toasts, or, as may be, roasts) be for the future
+ forbidden, without permission or inquiry, for reasons
+ following:--That as the family circle includes bachelors and
+ spinsters, and he, she, or they may be secretly engaged, it will be
+ therefore cruel to excite hopes that may be disappointed; and that
+ as some well-informed Benedick of long experience may after supper
+ advise the bachelor to find the way to woman's heart--_vice
+ versa_, some deep-feeling wife or widow, by "pity moven," may,
+ perhaps, after supper advise the spinster the other way, which, in
+ public, is an impropriety manifestly to be avoided.
+
+ RULE XI. (_suggested by a lady_). That any lady, after supper, may
+ (if she please) ask any gentleman apparently diffident, or requiring
+ encouragement, to dance with her, and that no gentleman can of
+ course refuse so kind a request.
+
+ RULE XII. That no gentleman be expected to escort any lady home on
+ foot beyond a distance of three miles, unless the gentleman be
+ positive and the lady agreeable.
+
+ RULE THE LAST. That as the foregoing remarks and rules are intended,
+ in perfect good faith and spirit, to be considered general and not
+ personal, no umbrage is to be taken, and the reader is to bear in
+ mind the common and homely saying,--
+
+ "Always at trifles scorn to take offence,
+ It shows great pride and very little sense."
+
+ P.S.--To save trouble to both parties, this invitation be deemed
+ accepted, without the necessity to reply, unless refused within
+ twenty-four hours.
+
+
+46. Evening Pastimes.
+
+ Among the innocent recreations of the fireside, there are few more
+ commendable and practicable than those afforded by what are severally
+ termed Anagrams, Arithmorems, Single and Double Acrostics, Buried
+ Cities, &c., Charades, Conundrums, Cryptographs, Enigmas, Logogriphs,
+ Puzzles, Rebuses, Riddles, Transpositions, &c. Of these there are such
+ a variety, that they are suited to every capacity; and they present
+ this additional attraction, that ingenuity may be exercised in the
+ _invention_ of them, as well as in their solution. Many persons
+ who have become noted for their literary compositions may date the
+ origin of their success to the time when they attempted the
+ composition of a trifling enigma or charade.
+
+
+47. Acrostics.
+
+ The acrostic is a short poem in which the first letters of each line,
+ read collectively, form a name, word, or sentence. The word comes from
+ the Greek _akros_, extreme, and _stichos_, order or line. The acrostic
+ was formerly in vogue for valentine and love verses. When employed as
+ a riddle it is called a _Rebus_, which see.
+
+
+ [AS A MAN LIVES, SO SHALL HE DIE.]
+
+48. Acrostics (Double).
+
+ This very fashionable riddle is a double Rebus, the initial and final
+ letters of a word or words selected making two names or two words. The
+ usual plan is to first suggest the foundation words, and then to
+ describe the separate words, whose initials and finals furnish the
+ answer to the question. Thus:
+
+ A Party to charm the young and erratic--
+ But likely to frighten the old and rheumatic.
+
+ 1 The carriage in which the fair visitants came:
+
+ 2 A very old tribe with a very old name;
+
+ 3 A brave Prince of Wales free from scandal or shame.
+
+ The answer is Picnic.
+
+ 1 P Phaeton N
+ 2 I Iceni I
+ 3 C Caradoc C
+
+ Sometimes the Double Acrostic is in prose, as in this brief example:
+
+ A Briton supports his wig, his grand-mother, his comfort, and his
+ country-women.
+
+ The answer is, Beef--Beer:
+
+ _Bob, Eve, Ease, Fair_.
+
+
+49. Acrostics (Triple)
+
+ are formed on the same plan, three names being indicated by the
+ initial, central, and final letters of the selected words.
+
+
+50. Anagrams
+
+ are formed by the transposition of the letters of words or sentences,
+ or names of persons, so as to produce a word, sentence, or verse, of
+ pertinent or of widely different meaning. They are very difficult to
+ discover, but are exceedingly striking when good. The following are
+ some of the most remarkable:
+
+
+ Words Transpositions
+
+ Astronomers............ No more stars.
+ Catalogues..............Got as a clue.
+ Elegant ................Neat leg.
+ Impatient...............Tim in a pet.
+ Immediately.............I met my Delia.
+ Masquerade .............Queer as mad.
+ Matrimony...............Into my arm.
+ Melodrama...............Made moral.
+ Midshipman..............Mind his map.
+ Old England.............Golden land.
+ Parishioners............I hire parsons.
+ Parliament..............Partial men.
+ Penitentiary............Nay I repeat it.
+ Presbyterian............Best in prayer.
+ Radical Reform..........Rare mad frolic.
+ Revolution..............To love ruin.
+ Sir Robert Peel.........Terrible poser.
+ Sweetheart..............There we sat.
+ Telegraphs..............Great helps.
+
+
+
+51. Arithmorems.
+
+ This class of riddle is of recent introduction. The Arithmorem is made
+ by substituting figures in a part of the word indicated, for Roman
+ numerals. The nature of the riddle--from the Greek _arithmos_, number,
+ and the Latin _remanere_, back again--will be easily seen from the
+ following example, which is a double Arithmorem:
+
+
+ H 51 and _a tub_--a fine large fish.
+ A 100 and _gore_--a sprightly movement in music.
+ R 5 and _be_--a part of speech.
+ U 551 and _as and_--a Spanish province.
+ To 201 and _ran_--a stupefying drug.
+ R 102 and _nt_--an acid.
+ OU 250 and _pap_--a Mexican town.
+
+
+ The answer is Havanna--Tobacco.
+ _H_alibu_t_, _A_llegr_o_, _V_er_b_, _A_ndalusi_a_,
+ _N_arcoti_c_, _N_itri_c_, _A_capulc_o_.
+
+
+52. Charades
+
+ are compositions, poetical or otherwise, founded upon words, each
+ syllable of which constitutes a _noun_, the whole of each word
+ constituting another noun of a somewhat different meaning from those
+ supplied by its separate syllables. Words which fully answer these
+ conditions are the best for the purposes of charades; though many
+ other words are employed. In writing, the first syllable is termed
+ "_My first_," the second syllable "_My second_," and the complete word
+ "_My whole_." The following is an example of a Poetical Charade:
+
+ The breath of the morning is sweet;
+ The earth is bespangled with flowers,
+ And buds in a countless array
+ Have ope'd at the touch of the showers.
+ The birds, whose glad voices are ever
+ A music delightful to hear,
+ Seem to welcome the joy of the morning,
+ As the hour of the bridal draws near.
+ What is that which now steals on _my first_,
+ Like a sound from the dreamland of love,
+ And seems wand'ring the valleys among,
+ That they may the nuptials approve?
+ 'Tis a sound which _my second_ explains,
+ And it comes from a sacred abode,
+ And it merrily trills as the villagers throng
+ To greet the fair bride on her road.
+ How meek is her dress, how befitting a bride
+ So beautiful, spotless, and pure!
+ When she weareth _my second_, oh, long may it be
+ Ere her heart shall a sorrow endure.
+ See the glittering gem that shines forth from her hair--
+ 'Tis _my whole_, which a good father gave;
+ Twas worn by her mother with honour before--
+ But _she_ sleeps in peace in her grave.
+ Twas her earnest request, as she bade them adieu,
+ That when her dear daughter the altar drew near,
+ She should wear the same gem that her mother had worn
+ When she as a bride full of promise stood there.
+
+ The answer is _Ear-ring_. The bells _ring_, the sound steals upon the
+ _ear_, and the bride wears an _ear ring_. Charades may be sentimental
+ or humorous, in poetry or prose; they may also be _acted_, in which
+ manner they afford considerable amusement.
+
+
+53. Charades (Acted).
+
+ A drawing room with folded doors is the best for the purpose. Various
+ household appliances are employed to fit up something like a stage,
+ and to supply the fitting scenes. Characters dressed in costumes made
+ up of handkerchiefs, coats, shawls, table-covers, &c., come on and
+ perform an extempore play, founded upon the parts of a word, and its
+ _whole_, as indicated already. For instance, the events explained in
+ the poem given might be _acted_--glasses might be rung for
+ bells--something might be said in the course of the dialogues about
+ the sound of the bells being delightful to the _ear_; there might be a
+ dance of the villagers, in which a _ring_ might be formed; a wedding
+ might be performed, and so on: but for _acting charades_ there are
+ many better words, because _Ear-ring_ could with difficulty be
+ _represented_ without at once betraying the meaning. There is a little
+ work entitled "Philosophy and Mirth united by Pen and Pencil," and
+ another work, "Our Charades; and How we Played Them," [1] by Jean
+ Francis, which supply a large number of these Charades. But the
+ following is the most extensive list of words ever published upon
+ which Charades may be founded:
+
+ [Note: hyphen added to Art less, Bar rack]
+
+ [Footnote 1: "Philosophy and Mirth, united by Pen and Pencil," One
+ Shilling.
+
+ "Our Charades; and How we played Them," by Jean Francis, One Shilling.
+
+ Both published by Houlston and Sons, Paternoster Square, London, EC.]
+
+
+ [A FOOL'S BOLT IS SOON SHOT.]
+
+
+54. Words which may be converted into Acting or Written Charades:
+
+Aid-less
+Air-pump
+Ale-house
+Ann-ounce
+Arch-angel
+Arm-let
+Art-less
+Ass-ail
+
+Ba-boon
+Back-bite
+Back-slide
+Bag-gage
+Bag-pipe
+Bag-dad
+Bail-able
+Bale-ful
+Band-age
+Band-box
+Bane-ful
+Bar-bed
+Bar-gain
+Bar-rack
+Bar-row
+Bat-ten
+Beard-less
+Bid-den
+Bird-lime
+Birth-right
+Black-guard
+Blame-less
+Block-head
+Boat-man
+Boot-jack
+Book-worm
+Bound-less
+Bow-ling
+Brace-let
+Brain-less
+Break-fast
+Breath-less
+Brick-bat
+Brick-dust
+Bride-cake
+Bride-groom
+Broad-cloth
+Broad-side
+Broad-sword
+
+Brow-beat
+Brown-stone
+Bug-bear
+Bull-dog
+Bump-kin
+Buoy-ant
+But-ton
+
+Cab-in
+Can-did
+Can-ton
+Care-ful
+Car-pet
+Car-rot
+Cart-ridge
+Chair-man
+Chamber-maid
+Cheer-ful
+Cheer-less
+Christ-mas
+Church-yard
+Clans-men
+Clerk-ship
+Cob-web
+Cock-pit
+Cod-ling
+Coin-age
+Con-fined
+Con-firm
+Con-form
+Con-tent
+Con-test
+Con-tract
+Con-verse
+Cork-screw
+Count-less
+Court-ship
+Crab-bed
+Cross-bow
+Cur-tail
+Cut-throat
+
+Dark-some
+Day-break
+Death-watch
+Dog-ma
+Don-key
+Drink-able
+Drug-get
+Duck-ling
+
+Ear-ring
+Earth-quake
+Ear-wig
+
+False-hood
+Fan-atic
+Fare-well
+Far-thing
+Fear-less
+Fee-ling
+Field-farm
+Fire-lock
+Fire-man
+Fire-pan
+Fire-ship
+Fire-work
+Fir-kin
+Fish-hook
+Flag-rant
+Flip-pant
+Flood-gate
+Fond-ling
+Foot-ball
+Foot-man
+Foot-pad
+Foot-step
+Foot-stool
+For-age
+For-bear
+For-bid
+Found-ling
+Fox-glove
+Free-hold
+Free-stone
+Fret-work
+Fri-day
+Friend-ship
+Frost-bite
+Fur-long
+
+Gain-say
+Gang-way
+Glow-worm
+Glut-ton
+God-child
+God-daughter
+God-father
+God-like
+God-mother
+God-son
+Gold-finch
+Gold-smith
+Goose-berry
+Grand-father
+Grate-ful
+Grave-stone
+Green-finch
+Grey-hound
+Grim-ace
+Grind-stone
+Ground-plot
+Ground-sell
+Guard-ship
+Gun-powder
+
+Had-dock
+Hail-stone
+Hail-storm
+Half-penny
+Ham-let
+Ham-mock
+Hand-cuff
+Hang-man
+Hap-pen
+Hard-ship
+Hard-ware
+Harts-horn
+Head-land
+Head-less
+Head-long
+Head-stone
+Head-strong
+Hear-say
+Heart-less
+Heart-sick
+Heart-string
+Hedge-hog
+Heir-less
+Heir-loom
+Hell-hound
+Hell-kite
+Hence-forth
+Hen-roost
+Herb-age
+Herds-man
+Her-self
+Hid-den
+High-land
+High-way
+Hind-most
+Hoar-frost
+Hob-goblin
+Hogs-head
+Home-bred
+Honey-bag
+Honey-comb
+Honey-moon
+Honey-suckle
+Hood-wink
+Horse-back
+Horse-shoe
+Host-age
+Hot-bed
+Hot-house
+Hot-spur
+Hounds-ditch
+Hour-glass
+House-hold
+House-maid
+House-wife
+Hum-drum
+Hump-back
+Hurri-cane
+
+Ill-nature
+Ill-usage
+In-action
+In-born
+In-crease
+In-justice
+Ink-ling
+In-land
+In-mate
+In-no-cent
+In-sane
+In-spirit
+In-tent
+Inter-meddle
+Inter-sect
+Inter-view
+In-valid
+In-vent
+In-vest
+In-ward
+Ire-ful
+Iron-mould
+I-sing-lass
+
+Jac(k)o-bite
+Joy-ful
+Joy-less
+Justice-ship
+
+Key-stone
+Kid-nap
+King-craft
+King-fisher
+Kins-man
+Kit-ten
+Knight-hood
+Know-ledge
+
+Lace-man
+Lady-bird
+Lady-ship
+Lamp-black
+Land-lady
+Land-lord
+Land-mark
+Land-scape
+Land-tax
+Lap-dog
+Lap-pet
+Laud-able
+Law-giver
+Law-suit
+Lay-man
+Leap-frog
+Leap-year
+Lee-ward
+Life-guard
+Like-wise
+Live-long
+Load-stone
+Log-book
+Log-wood
+Loop-hole
+Lord-ship
+Love-sick
+Low-land
+Luck-less
+Luke-warm
+
+Ma-caw
+Mad-cap
+Mad-house
+Mad-man
+Mag-pie
+Main-mast
+Main-sail
+Main-spring
+Mam-moth
+Man-age
+Man-date
+Marks-man
+Mar-row
+Mass-acre
+Match-less
+May-game
+Meat-man
+Mis-chance
+Mis-chief
+Mis-count
+Mis-deed
+Mis-judge
+Mis-quote
+Monks-hood
+Moon-beam
+Moon-light
+Muf-fin
+
+Name-sake
+Nan-keen
+Nap-kin
+Neck-cloth
+Neck-lace
+Nest-ling
+News-paper
+Nick-name
+Night-cap
+Night-gown
+Night-mare
+Night-watch
+Nine-fold
+Noon-tide
+North-star
+North-ward
+Not-able
+Not-ice
+No-where
+Nut-gall
+Nut-meg
+
+Oak-apple
+Oat-cake
+Oat-meal
+Off-end
+Oil-man
+O-men
+On-set
+O-pen
+O-pinion
+Our-selves
+Out-act
+Out-bid
+Out-brave
+Out-brazen
+Out-cast
+Out-cry
+Out-do
+Out-grow
+Out-law
+Out-line
+Out-live
+Out-march
+Out-rage
+Out-ride
+Out-run
+Out-sail
+Out-sell
+Out-shine
+Out-side
+Out-sit
+Out-sleep
+Out-spread
+Out-stare
+Out-stretch
+Out-talk
+Out-vie
+Out-ward
+Out-weigh
+Out-wit
+Out-work
+Out-worn
+Over-act
+Over-awe
+Over-bear
+Over-board
+Over-boil
+Over-burden
+Over-cast
+Over-charge
+Over-cloud
+Over-come
+Over-court
+Over-do
+Over-due
+Over-eye
+Over-feed
+Over-flow
+Over-grown
+Over-head
+Over-hear
+Over-heard
+Over-joy
+Over-lade
+Over-lay
+Over-leap
+Over-load
+Over-look
+Over-mast
+Over-match
+Over-pass
+Over-pay
+Over-peer
+Over-plus
+Over-poise
+Over-power
+Over-press
+Over-rack
+Over-rate
+Over-reach
+Over-right
+Over-ripen
+Over-roast
+Over-rule
+Over-run
+Over-see
+Over-seer
+Over-set
+Over-shade
+Over-shadow
+Over-shoe
+Over-shoot
+Over-sight
+Over-size
+Over-sleep
+Over-spread
+Over-stock
+Over-strain
+Over-sway
+Over-swell
+Over-take
+Over-throw
+Over-took
+Over-value
+Over-work
+Ox-gall
+Ox-lip
+
+Pack-age
+Pack-cloth
+Pad-dock
+Pad-lock
+Pain-ful
+Pain-less
+Pal-ace
+Pal-ate
+Pal-let
+Pan-cake
+Pan-tiler
+Pa-pa
+Pa-pal
+Par-able
+Pa-rent
+Pa-ring
+Par-snip
+Par-son
+Par-took
+Part-ridge
+Pass-able
+Pass-over
+Pas-time
+Patch-work
+Pa-tent
+Path-way
+Pat-ten
+Peace-able
+Pea-cock
+Pear-led
+Peer-age
+Peer-less
+Pen-knife
+Pen-man
+Pen-man-ship
+Penny-worth
+Per-jury
+Pert-in-a-city
+Pick-lock
+Pick-pocket
+Pie-bald
+Pike-staff
+Pill-age
+Pin-cushion
+Pine-apple
+Pip-kin
+Pitch-fork
+Pit-men
+Plain-tiff
+Play-fellow
+Play-house
+Play-mate
+Play-wright
+Plough-man
+Plough-share
+Pole-cat
+Pol-lute
+Pop-gun
+Pop-in-jay
+Port-age
+Port-hole
+Post-age
+Post-chaise
+Post-date
+Post-house
+Post-man
+Post-office
+Pot-ash
+Pot-hook
+Pound-age
+Prim-rose
+Prior-ship
+Prop-a-gate
+Punch-bowl
+
+Quad-rant
+Quench-less
+Quick-lime
+Quick-sand
+Quick-set
+Quick-silver
+
+Rain-bow
+Ram-part
+Ran-sack
+Rap-a-city
+Rasp-berry
+Rattle-snake
+Red-breast
+Red-den
+Rid-dance
+Ring-leader
+Ring-let
+Ring-tail
+Ring-worm
+Rolling-pin
+Rose-water
+Rot-ten
+Round-about
+Round-house
+Run-a-gate
+Rush-light
+
+Safe-guard
+Sal-low
+Sand-stone
+Sat-in
+Sat-ire
+Sauce-box
+Sauce-pan
+Saw-dust
+Saw-pit
+Scare-crow
+Scarf-skin
+Scar-let
+School-fellow
+School-master
+School-mistress
+Scot-free
+Screech-owl
+Scul-lion
+Sea-born
+Sea-calf
+Sea-coal
+Sea-faring
+Sea-girt
+Sea-gull
+Sea-maid
+Sea-man
+Seam-less
+Seam-stress
+Sea-nymph
+Sea-piece
+Sea-port
+Sea-sick
+Sea-son
+Sea-ward
+Second-hand
+Seed-cake
+Seed-ling
+Seed-pearl
+Seed-time
+Seers-man
+Sex-tile
+Sex-ton
+Shame-less
+Sham-rock
+Shape-less
+Sharp-set
+Sheep-cot
+Sheep-shearing
+Sheep-walk
+Sheet-anchor
+Shell-fish
+Shift-less
+Ship-board
+Ship-wreck
+Shirt-less
+Shoe-string
+Shoe-waker
+Shop-board
+Shop-keeper
+Shop-man
+Shore-less
+Short-hand
+Short-lived
+Short-sighted
+Shot-free
+Shoulder-belt
+Shrove-tide
+Side-board
+Side-long
+Side-saddle
+Side-ways
+Sight-less
+Silk-weaver
+Silk-worm
+Silver-smith
+Sin-less
+Six-fold
+Skim-milk
+Skip-jack
+Sky-lark
+Sky-light
+Slap-dash
+Sleeve-less
+Slip-board
+Slip-shod
+Slip-slop
+Slope-wise
+Slow-worm
+Snip-pet
+Snip-snap
+Snow-ball
+Snow-drop
+Snuff-box
+Sod-den
+Sol-ace
+So-lo
+Sol-vent
+Some-body
+Some-how
+Some-time
+Some-what
+Some-where
+Song-stress
+Son-net
+Southern-wood
+Span-king
+Spare-rib
+Spar-row
+Speak-able
+Speech-less
+Spite-ful
+Sports-man
+Spot-less
+Spring-halt
+Spruce-beer
+Stair-case
+Star-board
+Star-gazer
+Star-less
+Star-light
+Star-like
+Star-ling
+States-man
+Stead-fast
+Steel-yard
+Steer-age
+Step-dame
+Step-daughter
+Step-father
+Step-mother
+Steward-ship
+Stiff-neck
+Still-born
+Stock-jobber
+Stone-fruit
+Store-fruit
+Store-house
+Stow-age
+Strata-gem
+Straw-berry
+Stream-let
+Strip-ling
+Sum-mary
+Summer-house
+Summer-set
+Sun-beam
+Sun-burnt
+Sun-day
+Sun-dry
+Sun-flower
+Sun-less
+Sup-plant
+Sup-pliant
+Sup-port
+Sup-port-able
+Sup-position
+Sup-press
+Swans-down
+Sweep-stake
+Sweet-bread
+Sweet-briar
+Sweet-heart
+Sweet-william
+Sweet-willow
+Swine-herd
+Swords-man
+
+Tar-get
+Tar-tar
+Taw-dry
+Tax-able
+Tea-cup
+Teem-ful
+Teem-less
+Tell-tale
+Ten-able
+Ten-a-city
+Ten-ant
+Ten-dance
+Ten-don
+Ten-dril
+Ten-or
+Thank-ful
+Thank-less
+Them-selves
+Thence-forth
+There-after
+There-at
+There-by
+There-fore
+There-from
+There-in
+There-on
+There-to
+There-with
+Thick-set
+Thought-ful
+Thought-less
+Thread-bare
+Three-fold
+Three-score
+Thresh-old
+Through-out
+Thunder-bolt
+Thunder-struck
+Till-age
+Tip-pet
+Tip-staff
+Tire-some
+Title-page
+Toad-stool
+Toil-some
+Tom-boy
+Tooth-ache
+Top-knot
+Top-most
+Top-sail
+Touch-stone
+Touch-wood
+Towns-man
+Toy-shop
+Track-less
+Trap-door
+Tre-foil
+Trip-let
+Trip-thong
+Trod-den
+Turn-pike
+Turn-spit
+Turn-stile
+Tutor-age
+Twelfth-night
+Twelfth-tide
+Two-fold
+Two-pence
+
+Up-braid
+Up-hill
+Up-hold
+Up-land
+Up-ride
+Up-right
+Up-roar
+Up-shot
+Up-start
+Up-ward
+Use-less
+
+Vain-glory
+Van-guard
+Vault-age
+
+Wag-on
+Wag-tail
+Wain-scot
+Waist-coat
+Wake-ful
+Wal-nut
+Wan-ton
+Ward-mate
+Ward-robe
+Ward-ship
+Ware-house
+War-fare
+War-like
+War-rant
+Wash-ball
+Waste-ful
+Watch-ful
+Watch-man
+Watch-word
+Water-course
+Water-fall
+Water-fowl
+Water-man
+Water-mark
+Water-mill
+Water-work
+Way-lay
+Way-ward
+Weather-cock
+Weather-glass
+Weather-wise
+Web-bed
+Web-foot
+Wed-lock
+Week-day
+Wel-come
+Wel-fare
+Well-born
+Well-bred
+Wheel-wright
+Where-at
+Where-by
+Whet-stone
+Whip-cord
+Whip-hand
+Whirl-pool
+Whirl-wind
+White-wash
+Whit-low
+Whit-sun-tide
+Who-ever
+Whole-sale
+Whole-some
+Wild-fire
+Wil-low
+Wind-lass
+Wind-mill
+Wind-pipe
+Win-now
+Win-some
+Wise-acre
+Wit-less
+Wolf-dog
+Wood-cock
+Wood-land
+Wood-lark
+Wood-man
+Wood-note
+Wood-nymph
+Work-house
+Work-man
+Work-shop
+Worm-wood
+Wrath-ful
+Wrath-less
+Wrist-band
+Writ-ten
+
+Year-ling
+Youth-ful
+
+ [A LIAR SHOULD HAVE A GOOD MEMORY.]
+
+
+55. Chronograms or Chrono-graphs
+
+ are riddles in which the letters of the Roman notation in a sentence
+ or series of words are so arranged as to make up a date. The following
+ is a good example:
+
+ My Day Closed Is In Immortality.
+
+ The initials MDCIII. give 1603, the year of Queen Elizabeth's death.
+ Sometimes the Chronogram is employed to express a date on coins or
+ medals; but oftener it is simply used as a riddle:
+
+ A poet who in blindness wrote; another lived in Charles's reign; a
+ third called the father of English verse; a Spanish dramatist; the
+ scolding wife of Socrates; and the Prince of Latin poets,--their
+ initials give the year of the Great Plague--MDCLXV.--1665: Milton,
+ Dryden, Chaucer, Lope-de-Vega, Xantippe, Virgil.
+
+ The word comes from _Chronos_, time, and _gramma_, a letter.
+
+
+ [BEGIN WELL AND END BETTER.]
+
+
+56. Conundrums.
+
+ These are simple catches, in which the sense is playfully cheated, and
+ are generally founded upon words capable of double meaning. The
+ following are examples:
+
+ Where did Charles the First's executioner dine, and what did he
+ take?
+ _He took a chop at the King's Head._
+
+ When is a plant to be dreaded more than a mad dog?
+ _When it's madder._
+
+ What is majesty stripped of its externals?
+ It is _a jest_.
+ [The _m_ and the _y_, externals, are taken away.]
+
+ Why is hot bread like a caterpillar?
+ _Because it's the grub that makes the butter fly._
+
+ Why did the accession of Victoria throw a greater damp over England
+ than the death of King William?
+ _Because the King was missed_ (mist) _while the Queen was reigning_
+ (raining).
+
+ Why should a gouty man make his will?
+ _To have his legatees_ (leg at ease).
+
+ Why are bankrupts more to be pitied than idiots?
+ _Because bankrupts are broken, while idiots are only cracked._
+
+ Why is the treadmill like a true convert?
+ _Because it's turning is the result of conviction._
+
+ When may a nobleman's property be said to be all feathers?
+ _When his estates are all entails_ (hen-tails).
+
+
+ [EVERY MAN KNOWS WHERE HIS OWN SHOE PINCHES.]
+
+
+57. Cryptography, or secret writing
+
+ from the Greek _cryptos_, a secret, and _graphein_, to write--has been
+ largely employed in state despatches, commercial correspondence, love
+ epistles, and riddles. The telegraphic codes employed in the
+ transmission of news by electric wire, partakes somewhat of the
+ cryptographic character, the writer employing certain words or
+ figures, the key to which is in the possession of his correspondent.
+ The single-word despatch sent by Napier to the Government of India,
+ was a sort of cryptographic conundrum--_Peccavi_, I have sinned
+ (Scinde); and in the agony column of the 'Times' there commonly appear
+ paragraphs which look puzzling enough until we discover the key-letter
+ or figure. Various and singular have been the devices adopted--as, for
+ instance, the writing in the perforations of a card especially
+ prepared, so as only to allow the real words of the message to be
+ separated from the mass of writing by means of a duplicate card with
+ similar perforations; the old Greek mode of writing on the edges of a
+ strip of paper wound round a stick in a certain direction, and the
+ substitution of figures or signs for letters or words. Where one
+ letter is always made to Stand for another, the secret of a
+ cryptograph is soon discovered, but when, as in the following example,
+ the same letter does not invariably correspond to the letter for which
+ it is a substitute, the difficulty of deciphering the cryptograph is
+ manifestly increased:
+
+ Ohs ya h sych, oayarsa rr loucys syms
+ Osrh srore rrhmu h smsmsmah emshyr snms.
+
+ The translation of this can be made only by the possessor of the key.
+
+ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
+ h u s h m o n e y b y c h a r l e s h r o s s e s q
+
+ "Hush Money, by Charles H. Ross, Esq."--twenty-six letters which, when
+ applied to the cryptograph, will give a couplet from Parnell's
+ "Hermit":
+
+ "Far in a wild, unknown to public view,
+ From youth to age a reverend hermit grew."
+
+ The employment of figures and signs for letters is the most usual form
+ of the cryptograph. From the following jumble we get a portion of
+ Hamlet's address to the Ghost:
+
+ 9 a 6 2 x # 9 a 1 | 3 a 3 # 2 \ # * 7 6 \
+ 9 5 2 1 2 7 2 a 1 ; #
+ 4 2 8 * ; # ( 3 \ 3 , * 7 8 2 9 x , 1 * \
+ 6 * 4 x 3 a 1 9 | a 2 1
+
+ With the key
+
+ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
+ 9 4 5 1 2 7 6 8 3 + - x | a * ( ) \ # , ; : . o $ /
+
+ it is easy to write and not very hard to read the entire speech. The
+ whole theory of the cryptogram is that each correspondent possesses
+ the key to the secret. To confound an outside inquirer the key is
+ often varied. A good plan is to take a line from any ordinary book and
+ substitute the first twenty-six of its letters for those of the
+ alphabet. In your next cryptogram you take the letters from another
+ page or another book. It is not necessary to give an example. Enough
+ will be seen from what we have written to instruct an intelligent
+ inquirer.
+
+
+58. Decapitations and Curtailments
+
+ are riddles somewhat of the nature of the Logogriph, which _see_.
+ In the first, the omission of the successive initials produces new
+ words, as--Prelate, Relate, Elate, Late, Ate. In the curtailment the
+ last letter of the word is taken away with a similar result,
+ as--Patent, Paten, Pate, Pat, Pa. Of like kind are the riddles known
+ as variations, mutilations, reverses, and counterchanges. A good
+ example of the last-named is this:
+
+ Charge, Chester, Charge: on, Stanley, on!
+ Were the last words of Marmion.
+ Had I but been in Stanley's place,
+ When Marmion urged him to the chase,
+ A tear might come on every face.
+
+ The answer is onion--On, I, on.
+
+
+ [MOCK NOT A COBBLER FOR HIS BLACK THUMB.]
+
+
+59. Enigmas
+
+ are compositions of a different character, based upon _ideas_,
+ rather than upon words, and frequently constructed so as to mislead,
+ and to surprise when the solution is made known. Enigmas may be
+ founded upon simple catches, like Conundrums, in which form they are
+ usually called RIDDLES, such as:
+
+ "Though you set me on foot,
+ I shall be on my head."
+
+ The answer is, _A nail in a shoe_. The celebrated Enigma on the
+ letter H, by Miss Catherine Fanshawe, but usually attributed to Lord
+ Byron, commencing:
+
+ "'Twas whispered in heaven, 'twas muttered in hell,
+ And echo caught faintly the sound as it fell;"
+
+ and given elsewhere in this volume (See _par_. 215, page 77), is an
+ admirable specimen of what may be rendered in the form of an Enigma.
+
+
+
+60. Hidden Words.
+
+ A riddle in which names of towns, persons, rivers, &c., are hidden or
+ arranged, without transposition, in the midst of sentences which
+ convey no suggestion of their presence. In the following sentence, for
+ instance, there are hidden six Christian names:--Here is hid a name
+ the people of Pisa acknowledge: work at each word, for there are worse
+ things than to give the last shilling for bottled wine.--The names are
+ Ida, Isaac, Kate, Seth, Ethel, Edwin. Great varieties of riddles,
+ known as Buried Cities, Hidden Towns, &c., are formed on this
+ principle, the words being sometimes placed so as to read backwards,
+ or from right to left. The example given will, however, sufficiently
+ explain the mode of operation.
+
+
+
+61. Lipogram
+
+ from _leipein_, to leave out, and _gramma_, a letter--is a riddle in
+ which a name or sentence is written without its vowels, as:
+
+ Thprffthpddngsthtng,
+ The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
+
+ Whnhnorslst ts--rlftd,
+ Dths bt--sr rtrt fm nfmy.
+
+ "When honour's lost 'tis a relief to die,
+ Death's but a sure retreat from infamy."
+
+ This riddle sometimes appears as a proverb.
+
+ "Fear's the white feather all cowards wear."
+ ----s' th wht fthr ll cwrds----
+
+
+
+62. Logogriph.
+
+ This is a riddle (_logos_, a word, and _griphos_, a riddle) in which a
+ word is made to undergo several changes. These changes are brought
+ about by the addition, subtraction, omission, or substitution of a
+ letter or letters. The following, by the late Lord Macaulay, is an
+ excellent example:
+
+ "Cut off my head, how singular I act:
+ Cut off my tail, and plural I appear.
+ Cut off my head and tail--most curious fact,
+ Although my middle's left, there's nothing there!
+ What is my head cut off?--a sounding sea!
+ What is my tail cut off?--a flowing river!
+ Amid their mingling deaths I fearless play
+ Parent of softest sounds, though mute for ever!"
+
+ The answer is _cod_. Cut off its head and it is _od_ (odd, singular);
+ its tail, and it is Co., plural, for company; head and tail, and it is
+ o, nothing. Its head is a sounding C (sea), its tail a flowing D
+ (river Dee), and amid their depths the cod may fearless play, parent
+ of softest _sounds_ yet mute for ever.
+
+
+
+63. Metagram,
+
+ a riddle in which the change of the initial letter produces a series
+ of words of different meanings; from _meta_, implying change, and
+ _gramma_, a letter. Thus:
+
+ I cover your head; change my head, and I set you to sleep; change it
+ again and again, and with every change comes a new idea.--Cap, Nap,
+ Gap, Sap, Hap, Map, Lap, Pap, Rap, Tap. This kind of riddle is also
+ known as word-capping.
+
+
+ [GUNPOWDER MADE BY A MONK AT COLOGNE A.D.1330.]
+
+
+64. Palindrome,
+
+ from the Greek _palin-dromos_, running back again. This is a word,
+ sentence, or verse that reads the same both forwards and
+ backwards--as, madam, level, reviver; live on no evil; love your
+ treasure and treasure your love; you provoked Harry before Harry
+ provoked you; servants respect masters when masters respect servants.
+ Numerous examples of Palindrome or reciprocal word-twisting exist in
+ Latin and French; but in English it is difficult to get a sentence
+ which will be exactly the same when read either way. The best example
+ is the sentence which, referring to the first banishment of the Great
+ Napoleon, makes him say, as to his power to conquer Europe:
+
+ "Able was I ere I saw Elba."
+
+
+
+65. Puzzles
+
+ vary much. One of the simplest that we know is this:
+
+ Take away half of thirteen and let eight remain.
+
+ Write XIII on a slate, or on a piece of paper--rub out the lower
+ half of the figures, and VIII will remain.
+
+ Upon the principle of the square-words, riddlers form Diagonals,
+ Diamonds, Pyramids, Crosses, Stars, &c. These specimens will show
+ their peculiarities:
+
+
+
+66. Oblique Puzzle.
+
+ Malice, eight, a polemical meeting, a Scottish river, what I write
+ with, a decided negative, the capital of Ireland. The initials
+ downward name a celebrated musician.
+
+ (solution in p.67 below.)
+
+
+67. Diagonal Puzzle.
+
+ A direction, a singer, a little bird, a lady's ring, a sharp shaver.
+
+ Read from left to right and right to left, the centrals show two
+ famous novelists.
+
+ The following are answers to these two puzzles, and afford good
+ examples of their construction to any one who wishes to try his hand
+ at their manufacture.
+
+
+ OBLIQUE. DIAGONAL.
+
+ R E V E N G E L A B E L
+ O C T A V E T E N O R
+ S Y N O D D I V E R
+ S P E Y J E W E L
+ I N K R A Z O R
+ N O
+ I
+
+
+
+68. Diamond Puzzle.
+
+ The head of a mouse, what the mouse lives in, the county of calves,
+ the city of porcelain, a German town, a Transatlantic stream, a
+ royal county, a Yorkshire borough, Eve's temptation, our poor
+ relation, myself. Centrals down and across, show a wide, wide, long
+ river.
+
+ The construction of the Diamond Puzzle is exhibited in the following
+ diagram, which is, at the same time, the answer to it.
+
+
+ DIAMOND.
+ M
+ A I R
+ E S S E X
+ D R E S D E N
+ G O T T I N G E N
+ M I S S I S S I P P I
+ B E R K S H I R E
+ H A L I F A X
+ A P P L E
+ A P E
+ I
+
+
+
+69. Rebuses
+
+ are a class of Enigma generally formed by the first, sometimes the
+ first and last, letters of words, or of transpositions of letters, or
+ additions to words. Dr. Johnson, however, represents Rebus to be a
+ word represented by a picture. And putting the Doctor's definition and
+ our own explanation together, the reader may glean a good conception
+ of the nature of the Rebus of which the following is an example:
+
+ The father of the Grecian Jove;
+ A little boy who's blind;
+ The foremost land in all the world;
+ The mother of mankind;
+ A poet whose love-sonnets are
+ Still very much admired;--
+ The _initial_ letters will declare
+ A blessing to the tired.
+
+ Answer--_S_aturn; _L_ove; _E_ngland; _E_ve; _P_lutarch.
+ The initials form _sleep._
+
+ The excellent little work mentioned in para. 63, entitled "Philosophy
+ and Mirth united by Pen and Pencil," has this novelty, that many of
+ the Enigmas are accompanied by enigmatical pictures, so that the eye
+ is puzzled as well as the ear.
+
+
+ [GLASS FIRST BROUGHT TO ENGLAND A.D. 668.]
+
+
+70. Square Words.
+
+ A comparatively modern sort of riddle, in which the letters of each
+ word selected reads both across and down. With four letters the
+ making of the riddle is easy, but with five or six the difficulty
+ increases. We give an example of each.
+
+ i. Inside, a thought, a liquid gem, a timid creature.
+
+ ii. To run out, odour, to boil, to loosen, unseen essence.
+
+ iii. Compensations, a court favourite, to assist, to bite slightly,
+ Spanish money, sarcasms.
+
+ i. ii.
+ P I T H I S S U E
+ I D E A S C E N T
+ T E A R S E E T H
+ H A R E U N T I E
+ E T H E R
+
+ iii.
+ A M E N D S
+ M I N I O N
+ E N A B L E
+ N I B B I E
+ D O L L A R
+ S N E E R S
+
+ With seven or eight letters the riddle becomes exceedingly difficult,
+ especially if the selected words are of like character and syllables.
+
+
+
+71. Chess, Laws of.
+
+ The rules given below are those which are now universally accepted by
+ English players.
+
+ i. The board is to be so placed as to leave a white square at the
+ right hand of the player.
+
+ ii. Any mistake in placing the board or the men may be rectified
+ before the fourth move is completed, but not after.
+
+ iii. The players draw lots for the first move, and take the move
+ alternately.
+
+ [When odds are given, the player giving them moves first. White
+ generally moves first; therefore, if black win the move, the board
+ is turned. It is usual to play with the white and black men
+ alternately.]
+
+ iv. The piece touched must be moved. When the fingers of the player
+ have once left the man, it cannot be again removed from the square
+ it occupies.
+
+ [Except the move be illegal, when the opponent can insist on the
+ piece being moved in the proper manner, or for the opposing King to
+ be moved.]
+
+ v. In touching a piece simply to adjust it, the player must notify
+ to his adversary that such is his intention.
+
+ [It is usual, in such a case, to say _J'adoube_ (I adjust); but he
+ may not touch a piece with the intention of moving it, and then,
+ when he discover his mistake, say, _J'adoube._ The phrase is simply
+ intended to be used when a piece is displaced or overturned by
+ accident.]
+
+ vi. If a player take one of his own men by mistake, or touch a wrong
+ man, or one of his opponent's men, or make an illegal move, his
+ adversary may compel him to take the man, make the right move, move
+ his King, or replace the piece, and make a legal move.
+
+ vii. A pawn may be played either one or two squares at a time when
+ first moved.
+
+ [In the latter case it is liable to be taken _en passant_, with a
+ pawn that could have taken it had it been played only one square.]
+
+ viii. A player cannot castle under any of the following
+ circumstances:--1. If he has moved either King or Rook. 2. If the
+ King be in check. 3. If there be any piece between the King and the
+ Rook. 4. If the King, in moving, pass over any square commanded by
+ any one of his adversary's forces.
+
+ [You cannot castle to get out of check.]
+
+ ix. If a player give a check without crying "check," the adversary
+ need not take notice of the check. But if two moves only are made
+ before the discovery of the mistake, the pieces may be replaced, and
+ the game properly played.
+
+ x. If a player say check without actually attacking the King, and
+ his adversary move his King or take the piece, the latter may elect
+ either to let the move stand or have the pieces replaced and another
+ move made.
+
+ xi. If, at the end of a game, the players remain, one with a
+ superior to an inferior force, or even if they have equal forces,
+ the defending player may call upon his adversary to mate in fifty
+ moves on each side, or draw the game.
+
+ [If one player persist in giving perpetual check, or repeating the
+ same move, his opponent may count the moves for the draw; in which
+ case touching a piece if reckoned a move.]
+
+ xii. Stalemate, or perpetual check is a drawn game.
+
+ xiii. Directly a pawn reaches its eighth square it must be exchanged
+ for a piece.
+
+ [It is usual to change the pawn for a Queen, but it may be replaced
+ by a Rook, Bishop, or Knight, without reference to the pieces
+ already on the board. In practice it would be changed for a Queen or
+ a Knight, seeing that the Queen's moves include those of the Rook
+ and Bishop. Thus you may have two or more Queens, three or more
+ Rooks, Bishops, or Knights on the board at the end of the game.]
+
+ xiv. Should any dispute arise, the question must be submitted to a
+ bystander, whose decision is to be considered final.
+
+ For information as to the best modes of play, the Openings and Endings
+ of Games, &c., read 'The Book of Chess', by G.H. Selkirk, published by
+ Messrs. Houlston and Sons.
+
+
+72. Draughts, Rules of the Game.
+
+ The accepted laws for regulating the game are as follows:
+
+ i. The board is to be so placed as to have the white or black double
+ corners at the right hand of the player.
+
+ ii. The first move is taken by chance or agreement, and in all the
+ subsequent games of the same sitting, the first move is taken
+ alternately. Black generally moves first.
+
+ iii. Any action which prevents your adversary from having a full
+ view of the board is not allowed, and if persisted in, loses the
+ game to the offending player.
+
+ iv. The man touched must be moved, but the men may be properly
+ adjusted during any part of the game. After they are so placed, if
+ either player, when it is his turn to play, touch a man, he must
+ move it. If a man be so moved as to be visible on the angle
+ separating the squares, the player so touching the man must move it
+ to the square indicated.
+
+ [By this it is meant that a player may not move first to one square
+ and then to another. Once moved on to a square, the man must remain
+ there.]
+
+ v. It is optional with the player either to allow his opponent to
+ stand the huff, or to compel him to take the offered piece.
+
+ ["Standing the huff" is when a player refuses to take an offered
+ piece, but either intentionally or accidentally makes another move.
+ His adversary then removes the man that should have taken the piece,
+ and makes his own move--huff and move, as it is called.]
+
+ vi. Ten minutes is the longest time allowed to consider a move,
+ which if not made within that time, forfeits the game.
+
+ vii. It is compulsory upon the player to take all the pieces he can
+ legally take by the same series of moves. On making a King, however,
+ the latter remains on his square till a move has been made on the
+ other side.
+
+ viii. All disputes are to be decided by the majority of the
+ bystanders present, or by an umpire.
+
+ ix. No player may leave the room without the consent of his
+ adversary, or he forfeits the game.
+
+ x. A false move must be remedied as soon as it is discovered, or the
+ maker of such move loses the game.
+
+ xi. When only a small number of men remain toward the end of the
+ game, the possessor of the lesser number may call on his opponent to
+ win in at least fifty moves, or declare the game drawn. With two
+ Kings to one, the game must be won in at most twenty moves on each
+ side.
+
+ xii. The player who refuses to abide by the rules loses the game. In
+ the losing game a player must take all the men he can by his move.
+
+
+
+73. Whist.
+
+ (Upon the principle of Hoyle's games.)
+
+ Great silence and attention should be observed by the players. Four
+ persons cut for partners; the two highest are against the two
+ lowest. The partners sit opposite to each other, and he who cuts the
+ lowest card is entitled to the deal. The ace is the lowest in
+ cutting.
+
+ i. Shuffling---Each person has a right to shuffle the cards before
+ the deal; but it is usual for the elder hand only; and the dealer
+ after.
+
+ ii. Cutting.--The pack is then cut by the right hand adversary; and
+ the dealer distributes the cards, one by one, to each of the
+ players, beginning with the player on his left, until he comes to
+ the last card, which he turns up for trump, and leaves on the table
+ till the first trick be played.
+
+ iii. First Play.--The elder hand, the player on the left of the
+ dealer, plays first. The winner of the trick plays again; and so on,
+ till all the cards are played out.
+
+ iv. Mistakes.--No intimations, or signs are permitted between the
+ partners. The mistake of one party is the profit of the adversary.
+
+ v. Collecting Tricks.--The tricks belonging to each player should be
+ turned and collected by one of the partners only. All above six
+ tricks reckon towards game.
+
+ vi. Honours.--The ace, king, queen, and knave of trumps are called
+ honours; and when either of the partners hold three separately, or
+ between them, they count two points towards the game; and in case
+ they have four honours, they count four points.
+
+ vii. Game.--_Long Whist game consists of ten points, Short Whist of
+ five points._
+
+
+
+74. Terms used in Whist.
+
+ i. _Finessing,_ is the attempt to gain an advantage; thus:--If you
+ have the best and third best card of the suit led you put on the
+ third best, and run the risk of your adversary having the second
+ best; if he has it not, which is two to one against him, you are
+ then certain of gaining a trick.
+
+ ii. _Forcing_, is playing the suit of which your partner or
+ adversary has not any, and which in order to win he must trump.
+
+ iii. _Long Trump,_ the one or more trumps in your hand when all the
+ rest are out.
+
+ iv. _Loose Card,_ a card of no value, and the most proper to throw
+ away.
+
+ v. _Points,_--Ten make the game; as many as are gained by tricks or
+ honours, so many points are set up to the score of the game.
+
+ vi. _Quarte_, four successive cards in suit.
+
+ vii. _Quarte Major_, a sequence of ace, king, queen, and knave.
+
+ viii. _Quinte_, five successive cards in suit.
+
+ ix. _Quinte Major,_ is a sequence of ace, king, queen, knave, and
+ ten.
+
+ x. _See-saw,_ is when each partner trumps a suit, and when they play
+ those suits to each other for that purpose.
+
+ xi. _Score_, is the number of points set up. The following is a good
+ method of scoring with coins or counters:
+
+ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
+ 00 0 0 00 000 0
+ 0 00 000 00 00 000 0 0 0
+
+
+ For Short Whist there are regular markers.
+
+ xii. _Slam,_ is when either side win every trick.
+
+ xiii. _Tenance,_ is possessing the first last and third best cards,
+ and being the player; you consequently catch the adversary when that
+ suit is played: as, for instance, in case you have ace and queen of
+ any suit, and your adversary leads that suit, you must win two
+ tricks, by having the best and third best of the suit played, and
+ being the last player.
+
+ xiv. _Tierce,_ three successive cards in suit.
+
+ xv. _Tierce Major,_ a sequence of ace, king, and queen.
+
+
+ [CHILDREN AND CHICKENS MUST ALWAYS BE PICKING.]
+
+
+75. Maxims for Whist.
+
+ i. Lead from your strong suit, be cautious how you change suits, and
+ keep a commanding card to bring it in again.
+
+ ii. Lead through the strong suit and up to the weak; but not in
+ trumps; unless very strong in them.
+
+ iii. Lead the highest of a sequence; but if you have a quarte or
+ cinque to a king, lead the lowest.
+
+ iv. Lead through an honour, particularly if the game is against you.
+
+ v. Lead your best trump, if the adversaries be eight, and you have
+ no honour; but not if you have four trumps, unless you have a
+ sequence.
+
+ vi. Lead a trump if you have four or five, or a strong hand; but not
+ if weak.
+
+ vii. Having ace, king, and two or three small cards, lead ace and
+ king if weak in trumps, but a small one if strong in them.
+
+ viii. If you have the last trump, with some winning cards, and one
+ losing card only, lead the losing card.
+
+ ix. Return your partner's lead, not the adversaries'; and if you
+ hold only three originally, play the best; but you need not return
+ it immediately, when you win with a king, queen, or knave, and have
+ only small ones, or when you hold a good sequence, a strong suit, or
+ five trumps.
+
+ x. Do not lead from ace queen, or ace knave.
+
+ xi. Do not--as a rule--lead an ace, unless you have a king.
+
+ xii. Do not lead a thirteenth card, unless trumps be out.
+
+ xiii. Do not trump a thirteenth card, unless you be last player, or
+ want the lead.
+
+ xiv. Keep a small card to return your partner's lead.
+
+ xv. Be cautious in trumping a card when strong in trumps,
+ particularly if you have a strong suit.
+
+ xvi. Having only a few small trumps, make them when you can.
+
+ xvii. If your partner refuse to trump a suit, of which he knows you
+ have not the best, lead your best trump.
+
+ xviii. When you hold all the remaining trumps, play one, and then
+ try to put the lead in your partner's hand.
+
+ xix. Remember how many of each suit are out, and what is the best
+ card left in each hand.
+
+ xx. Never force your partner if you are weak in trumps, unless you
+ have a renounce, or want the odd trick.
+
+ xxi. When playing for the odd trick, be cautious of trumping out,
+ especially if your partner be likely to trump a suit. Make all the
+ tricks you can early, and avoid finessing.
+
+ xxii. If you take a trick, and have a sequence, win it with the
+ lowest.
+
+ [THERE ARE NONE SO WICKED AS REPRESENTED.]
+
+
+76. Laws of Whist,
+
+ as accepted at the best Clubs.
+
+ i. The deal is determined by cutting-in. Cutting-in and cutting-out
+ must be by pairs.
+
+ [Less than three cards, above or below, is not a cut. Ace is lowest.
+ Ties cut again. Lowest deals. Each player may shuffle, the dealer
+ last. The right-hand adversary cuts to dealer.]
+
+ ii. If a card be exposed, a fresh deal may be demanded.
+
+ iii. Dealer must not look at bottom card; and the trump-card must be
+ left, face upwards, on the table till the first trick be turned, or
+ opponents may call a fresh deal.
+
+ iv. Too many or too few cards is a misdeal--an exposed or face card.
+ In either case, a fresh deal may be demanded.
+
+ [In cases of a misdeal, the deal passes to the next player.]
+
+ v. After the first round has been played, no fresh deal can be
+ called.
+
+ [If the first player hold fewer than thirteen cards, the other hands
+ being right, the deal stands.]
+
+ vi. If two cards be dealt to the same player, the dealer may rectify
+ his error before dealing another card.
+
+ [The dealer must not touch the cards after they have left his hands;
+ but he may count those remaining in the pack if he suspect a
+ misdeal, or he may ask the players to count their cards. One partner
+ may not deal for another without the consent of opponents.]
+
+ vii. If the trump-card be not taken into the dealer's hand at the
+ expiration of the first round, it may be treated as an exposed card,
+ and called.
+
+ [After this, no one has a right to ask what was the trump-card, but
+ he may ask "What are Trumps?"]
+
+ viii. If the third hand play before the second, the fourth has a
+ right to play before his partner; or if the fourth hand play before
+ the second or third, the cards so played must stand, and the second
+ be compelled to win the trick if he can.
+
+ ix. If a player lead out of his turn, or otherwise expose a card,
+ that card may be _called_, if the playing of it does not cause a
+ revoke.
+
+ [Calling a card is the insisting of its being played when the suit
+ comes round, or when it may be played.]
+
+ x. If a player trump by mistake, he may recall his card, and play to
+ the suit, if the card be not covered; but he may be compelled to
+ play the highest or lowest of the suit led, and to play the exposed
+ trump when it is called by his adversaries.
+
+ xi. If, before a trick be turned, a player discover that he has not
+ followed suit, he may recall his card; but the card played in error
+ can be called when the suit is played.
+
+ xii. Before a trick is turned, the player who made it may see the
+ preceding trick.
+
+ [Only _one_ trick is to be shown; not more, as is sometimes
+ erroneously believed.]
+
+ xiii. Before he plays, a player may require his partner to "draw his
+ card," or he may have each card in the trick claimed before the
+ trick be turned.
+
+ xiv. When a player does not follow suit his partner is allowed to
+ ask him whether he has any card of the suit led.
+
+ xv. The penalty for a revoke--either by wrongfully trumping the suit
+ led, or by playing a card of another suit--is the loss of three
+ tricks; but no revoke can be claimed till the cards are abandoned,
+ and the trick turned.
+
+ [Revokes forfeit three tricks from the hand or score: or opponents
+ may add three to their score; partner may ask and correct a trick if
+ not turned; the revoking side cannot score out in that deal.]
+
+ xvi. No revoke can be claimed after the tricks are gathered up, or
+ after the cards are cut for the next deal.
+
+ [The wilful mixing up of the cards in such case loses the game.]
+
+ xvii. The proof of a revoke lies with the claimants, who may examine
+ each trick on the completion of the round.
+
+ xviii. If a revoke occur on both sides, there must be a new deal.
+
+ xix. Honours cannot be counted unless they are claimed previous to
+ the next deal.
+
+ [No omission to score honours can be rectified after the cards are
+ packed; but an overscore, if proved, must be deducted.]
+
+ xx. Honours can only be called at eight points (in Long Whist), and
+ at nine they do not count.
+
+ [In some Clubs, eight, with the deal, cannot call against nine.]
+
+
+
+77. Short Whist
+
+ is the above game cut in half. Honours are not _called_ at any part of
+ the game; but, as in Long Whist, they are counted by their holders and
+ scored--except at the score of four. All the maxims and Rules
+ belonging to the parent game apply to Short Whist.
+
+
+78. Points at Short Whist.
+
+ The Game consists of Five Points. One for a Single--5 to 3 or 4; Two
+ for a Double--5 to 1 or 2; Three for a Triple--5 to love. A
+ Rubber--two Games successively won, or the two best Games out of
+ three--counts for Two Points. Thus, if the first Game be won by 5 to
+ 4, the Points are 1 to love; the second Game won by the opposite side
+ by 5 to 1, the Points are then 1 to 2; the third Game won by the side
+ which won the first, by 5 to love. The Points are then 6 to 2--a
+ balance of 4. This is arrived at thus: the Single in the first Game,
+ 1; the Triple in the third Game, 3; the Rubber (two Games of three),
+ 2; together, 6. From this deduct 2, for the Double gained by the
+ opponents in the second Game, which leaves 4, as above. Short Whist is
+ usually played for points--say, a shilling, or a penny, for each
+ point; two for the Game, and two for the Rubber.
+
+
+ [NONE ARE SO GOOD AS THEY SHOULD BE.]
+
+
+79. Advice to all Players.
+
+ i. Count, and arrange your cards into suits; but do not always place
+ your trumps in one particular part of your hand, or your opponents
+ will discover how many you have.
+
+ ii. Attend to the game, and play as though your hand consisted of
+ twenty-six instead of thirteen cards.
+
+ iii. In the second round of a suit, win the trick when you can, and
+ lead out for your partner's high cards as soon as possible.
+
+ iv. Touch only the card you intend to play.
+
+ v. Retain a high trump as long as you can, to bring back your strong
+ suit.
+
+ vi. With a weak hand, always try to secure the seventh or odd trick
+ to save the game.
+
+ vii. Attend to the score, and play as if the whole fortune of the
+ game depended on yourself.
+
+ viii. Remember the number of trumps out at every stage of the game.
+ Note, also, the fall of every court-card in the other suits, so that
+ you are never in doubt as to the card that will win the trick.
+
+ ix. Hold the turn-up as long as you can, as by that means you keep
+ your adversaries from knowing your strength in trumps.
+
+ x. Do not force your partner unnecessarily, as by that means you
+ sometimes become his adversary instead of his friend.
+
+ xi. When in doubt, play a trump. Play the game in its integrity, and
+ recollect that Whist is full of inferences as well as facts.
+
+
+
+80. Cribbage.
+
+ The game of Cribbage differs from all other games by its immense
+ variety of chances. It is played with the full pack of cards, often by
+ four persons, but it is a better game for two. There are also
+ different modes of playing--with five, six, or eight cards; but the
+ best games use those with five or six cards.
+
+
+ [NIGHT IS NOT DARK TO THE GOOD.]
+
+
+81. Terms Used in Cribbage.
+
+ i. _Crib._--The crib is composed of the cards thrown out by each
+ player, and the dealer is entitled to score whatever points are made
+ by them.
+
+ ii. _Pairs_ are two similar cards, as two aces or two kings. Whether
+ in hand or play they reckon for two points.
+
+ iii. _Pairs-Royal_ are three similar cards, and reckon for six
+ points, whether in hand or play.
+
+ iv. _Double Pairs-Royal_ are four similar cards and reckon for
+ twelve points, whether in hand or play. The points gained by pairs,
+ pairs-royal, and double pairs-royal, in playing, are thus
+ effected:--Your adversary having played a seven and you another,
+ constitutes a pair, and entitles you to score two points; your
+ antagonist then playing a third seven, makes a pair-royal, and he
+ marks six; and your playing a fourth is a double pair-royal, and
+ entitles you to twelve points.
+
+ v. _Fifteens_.--Every fifteen reckons for two points, whether in
+ hand or play. In hand they are formed either by two cards--as a five
+ and any tenth card, a six and a nine, a seven and an eight, or by
+ three cards, as a two, a five, and an eight, two sixes and a three.
+ If in play, such cards as together make fifteen are played, the
+ player whose card completes that number, scores two points.
+
+ vi. _Sequences_ are three or four more successive cards, and reckon
+ for an equal number of points, either in hand or play. In playing a
+ sequence, it is of no consequence which card is thrown down first;
+ as thus:--your adversary playing an ace, you a five, he a three, you
+ a two, then he a four--he counts five for the sequence.
+
+ vii. _Flush_.--When, the cards are all of one suit, they reckon for
+ as many points as there are cards. For a flush in the crib, the
+ turned-up card must be of the same suit as those put out.
+
+ viii. _Nob_.--The knave of the suit turned up reckons for one point;
+ if a knave be turned up, the dealer marks two.
+
+ ix. _End Hole_.--The point scored by the last player, if he make
+ under thirty-one; if he make thirty-one exactly, he marks two.
+
+ x. _Last_.--Three points taken at the commencement of the game of
+ five-card cribbage by the non-dealer.
+
+
+ [NOR IS DAY BRIGHT TO THE WICKED.]
+
+
+82. The Accepted Laws of Cribbage.
+
+ i. The players cut for deal. The ace is lowest in cutting. In case
+ of a tie, they cut again. The holder of the lowest card deals.
+
+ ii. Not fewer than four cards is a cut; nor must the non-dealer
+ touch the pack after he has cut it.
+
+ iii. Too many or too few cards dealt constitutes a misdeal, the
+ penalty for which is the taking of two points by the non-dealer.
+
+ iv. A faced card, or a card exposed during the act of dealing
+ necessitates a new deal, without penalty.
+
+ v. The dealer shuffles the cards and the non-dealer cuts them for
+ the "start."
+
+ vi. If the non-dealer touch the cards (except to cut them for the
+ turn-up) after they have been cut for the start, he forfeits two
+ points.
+
+ vii. In cutting for the start, not fewer than three cards must be
+ lifted from the pack or left on the table.
+
+ viii. The non-dealer throws out for the crib before the dealer. A
+ card once laid out cannot be recalled, nor must either party touch
+ the crib till the hand is played out. Either player confusing the
+ crib cards with his hand, is liable to a penalty of three points.
+
+ [In three and four-hand cribbage the left-hand player throws out
+ first for the crib, then the next; the dealer last. The usual and
+ best way is for the non-dealer to throw his crib over to the
+ dealer's side of the board; on these two cards the dealer places his
+ own, and hands the pack over to be cut. The pack is then at the
+ right side of the board for the next deal.]
+
+ ix. The player who takes more points than those to which he is
+ entitled, either in play or in reckoning hand or crib, is liable to
+ be "pegged;" that is, to be put back as many points as he has
+ over-scored, and have the points added to his opponent's side.
+
+ [In pegging you must not remove your opponent's _front_ peg
+ till you have given him another. In order "to take him down,'' you
+ remove _your own back peg_ and place it _where his front peg
+ ought to be_, you then take his _wrongly placed peg_ and put
+ it in _front of your own front_, as many holes as he has
+ forfeited by wrongly scoring.]
+
+ x. No penalty attaches to the taking of too few points in play,
+ hand, or crib.
+
+ xi. When a player has once taken his hand or crib, he cannot amend
+ his score.
+
+ xii. When a knave is turned up, "two for his heels" must be scored
+ before the dealer's own card be played, or they cannot be taken.
+
+ xiii. A player cannot demand the assistance of his adversary in
+ reckoning hand and crib.
+
+ xiv. A player may not, except to "peg him," touch his adversary's
+ pegs, under a penalty of two points. If the foremost peg has been
+ displaced by accident, it must be placed in the hole behind the peg
+ standing on the board.
+
+ xv. The peg once holed cannot be removed by either player till
+ another point or points be gained.
+
+ xvi. The player who scores a game as won when, in fact, it is not
+ won, loses it.
+
+ xvii. A _lurch_--scoring the whole sixty-one before your adversary
+ has scored thirty-one--is equivalent to a double game, if agreed to
+ previous to the commencement of the game.
+
+ xviii. A card that may be legally played cannot be withdrawn after
+ it has been once thrown face upwards on the table.
+
+ xix. If a player neglect to score his hand, crib, or any point or
+ points of the game, he cannot score them after the cards are packed
+ or the next card played.
+
+ xx. The player who throws up his cards and refuses to score,
+ forfeits the game.
+
+ xxi. If a player neglect to play when he can play a card within the
+ prescribed thirty-one, he forfeits two holes.
+
+ xxii. Each player's hand and crib must be plainly thrown down on the
+ table and not mixed with the pack, under penalty of the forfeiture
+ of the game.
+
+ The player who refuses to abide by the rules, loses the game.
+ Bystanders must not interfere unless requested to decide any
+ disputed point.
+
+
+
+83. Five-Card Cribbage.
+
+ In this the sixty-one points or holes on the cribbage-board mark the
+ game. The player cutting the lowest card deals; after which, each
+ player lays out two of the five cards for the crib, which belongs to
+ the dealer. The adversary cuts the remainder of the pack, and the
+ dealer turns up and lays upon the crib the uppermost card, the
+ turn-up. If it be a knave, he marks two points. The card turned up is
+ reckoned by both in counting their hands or crib. After laying out,
+ the eldest hand plays a card, which the other should endeavour to
+ pair, or find one, the pips of which, reckoned with the first, will
+ make fifteen; then the non-dealer plays another card, and so on
+ alternately, until the pips on the cards played make thirty-one, or
+ the nearest possible number under that.
+
+
+84. Counting for Game in Cribbage.
+
+ When he whose turn it is to play cannot produce a card that makes
+ thirty-one, or comes under that number, he says, "Go," and his
+ antagonist scores one, or plays any card or cards he may have that
+ will make thirty-one, or under. If he can make exactly thirty-one, he
+ takes two points; if not, one. Such cards as remain after this are not
+ played, but each player then counts and scores his hand, the
+ non-dealer first. The dealer then marks the points for his hand, and
+ also for his crib, each reckoning the cards every way they can
+ possibly be varied, and always including the turned-up card.
+
+
+ Points.
+ For every fifteen 2
+ Pair, or two of a sort 2
+ Pair-royal, or three of a sort 6
+ Double pair-royal, or four ditto 12
+ Knave of the turned-up suit 1
+ Sequences and flushes, whatever their number.
+
+
+
+85. Examples of Hands in Cribbage.
+
+
+ Two sevens, two eights, and a nine count 24
+ Two eights, a seven, and two nines " 20
+ Two nines, a six, seven, and eight " 16
+ Two sixes, two fives, and a four " 24
+ Two sixes, two fours, and a five " 24
+ Two fives, two fours, and a six " 24
+ Two threes, two twos, and an ace " 16
+ Two aces, two twos, and a three " 16
+ Three fives and a tenth card " 14
+ Three fours and a seven " 12
+ Three twos and a nine " 8
+ Six, seven, eight, and two aces the ragged 13
+ 6 + 1 and 8 = 15-2;
+ 6 + 1 and 8 = 16-4;
+ 6 + 1 + 1 + 7 = 15-6;
+ 7 + 8 = 15-8,
+ the pair of aces and the sequence 5 = 13.
+ Three sixes and a nine count 12
+ Three sevens and an eight " 12
+ Three eights and a seven " 12
+ Three nines and a six " 12
+ Three threes and a nine " 12
+ Three sixes and a three " 12
+ Three sevens and an ace " 12
+ Two tens (pair) and two fives " 12
+ Two tenth cards (not a pair) and two fives = 10
+ Two nines and two sixes " 12
+ Two eights and two sevens " 12
+ Two sixes and two threes " 8
+ Two fives, a four, and a six " 12
+ Two fours, a five, and a six " 12
+ Two sixes, a four, and a five " 12
+ Two threes and two nines " 8
+ Two nines, a seven, and an eight " 10
+ Two eights, a seven, and a nine " 12
+ Two sevens, an eight, and a nine " 12
+ Two sixes, a seven, and an eight " 10
+ Two sixes, a three, and a nine " 8
+ A seven, eight, nine, ten, and knave " 7
+ A six, seven, eight, nine, and ten " 9
+ A six, seven, eight, and nine " 8
+ A six, five, and two sevens " 8
+ Any double sequence of three cards
+ and a pair (as knave, queen, and
+ two kings). " 6
+ Any sequence of three cards and a fifteen " 5
+ Any sequence of four cards and a
+ fifteen (as seven, eight, nine and ten) counts 6
+ Any sequence of six cards " 6
+ Any sequence of four cards and a flush " 8
+ Any flush of four cards and a fifteen " 6
+ Any flush of four cards and a pair " 6
+
+ The highest number that can be counted from five cards is 29--made
+ from four fives and a knave; that is, three fives and a knave of the
+ suit turned up, and a five on the pack--for the combinations of the
+ four fives, 16; for the double pair-royal, 12; his nob, 1-29.
+
+
+ [RUSTLE IS NOT INDUSTRY.]
+
+
+86. Maxims for laying out the Crib Cards.
+
+ In laying out cards for the crib, the player should consider not only
+ his own hand, but also to whom the crib belongs, as well as the state
+ of the game; for what might be right in one situation would be wrong
+ in another. Possessing a pair-royal, it is generally advisable to lay
+ out the other cards for crib, unless it belongs to the adversary.
+ Avoid giving him two fives, a deuce and a trois, five and six, seven
+ and eight, five and any other tenth card. When he does not thereby
+ materially injure his hand, the player should for his own crib lay out
+ close cards, in hope of making a sequence; or two of a suit, in
+ expectation of a flush; or cards that of themselves reckoned with
+ others will count fifteen. When the antagonist be nearly up, and it
+ may be expedient to keep such cards as may prevent him from gaining at
+ play. The rule is to baulk your adversary's crib by laying out cards
+ not likely to prove of advantage to him, and to lay out favourably for
+ your own crib. This applies to a stage of the game when it may be of
+ consequence to keep in hand cards likely to tell in play, or when the
+ non-dealer would be either out by his hand, or has reason for thinking
+ the crib of little moment. A king and a nine is the best baulk, as
+ none can form a sequence beyond it; king or queen, with an ace, six,
+ seven, eight, or nine, are good ones to put out. Low cards are
+ generally the most likely to gain at play; the flushes and sequences,
+ particularly if the latter be aiso flushes, are eligible hands, as
+ thereby the player will often be enabled either to assist his own
+ crib, or baulk that of the opponent; a knave should never be put out
+ for his crib, if it can be retained in hand.
+
+
+87. Three or Four-Hand Cribbage
+
+ differs little from the preceding. They put out but one card each to
+ the crib, and when thirty-one, or the nearest to that has been made,
+ the next eldest hand leads, and the players go on again in rotation,
+ with the remaining cards, till all are played out, before they proceed
+ to show hands and crib. For three-handed cribbage triangular boards
+ are used.
+
+
+88. Three-Hand Cribbage
+
+ is sometimes played, wherein one person sits out, not each game, but
+ each deal in rotation. In this the first dealer generally wins.
+
+
+89. Six-Card Cribbage.
+
+ The two players commence on an equality, without scoring any points
+ for the last, retain four cards in hand, and throw out two for crib.
+ At this game it is of advantage to the last player to keep as close as
+ possible, in hope of coming in for fifteen, a sequence, or pair,
+ besides the end hole, or thirty-one. The first dealer is thought to
+ have some trifling advantage, and each player may, on the average,
+ expect to make twenty-five points in every two deals. The first
+ non-dealer is considered to have the preference, when he gains ten or
+ more the first hand, the dealer not making more than his average
+ number.
+
+
+90. Eight-Card Cribbage
+
+ is sometimes played. Six are retained in hand, and the game is
+ conducted on the same plan as before.
+
+
+91. All Fours
+
+ is usually played by two persons; not unfrequently by four. Its name
+ is derived from the four chances, called _high, low, Jack, game_, each
+ making a point. It is played with a complete pack of cards, six of
+ which are to be dealt to each player, three at a time; and the next
+ card, the thirteenth, is turned up for the trump by the dealer, who,
+ if it prove a knave, scores one point. The highest card cut deals
+ first. The cards rank the same as at whist--the first to score ten
+ points, wins.
+
+
+92. Laws of All-Fours.
+
+ i. A new deal can be demanded for an exposed card, too few or too
+ many cards dealt; in the latter case, a new deal is optional,
+ provided it be done before a card has been played, but not after, to
+ draw from the opposing hand the extra card.
+
+ ii. No person can beg more than once in each hand, except by mutual
+ agreement.
+
+ iii. Each player must trump or follow suit on penalty of the
+ adversary scoring one point.
+
+ iv. If either player score wrongly it must be taken down, and the
+ adversary either scores four points or one, as may have previously
+ been agreed.
+
+ v. When a trump is played, it is allowable to ask your adversary if
+ it be either high or low.
+
+ vi. One card may count all-fours; for example, the eldest hand holds
+ the knave and stands his game, the dealer has neither trump, ten,
+ ace, nor court-card; it will follow that the knave will be both
+ high, low, Jack, and game, as explained by--
+
+
+93. Terms used in All-Fours.
+
+ i. _High_.--For the highest trump out, the holder scores one point.
+
+ ii. _Low_.--For the lowest trump out, the original holder scores one
+ point, even if it be taken by the adversary.
+
+ iii. _Jack_.--For the knave of trumps the holder scores one. If it
+ be won by the adversary, the winner scores the point.
+
+ iv. _Game_.--The greatest number that, in the tricks gained, are
+ shown by either player, reckoning:
+
+ _Four_ for an ace.
+ _Three_ for a king.
+ _Two_ for a queen.
+ _One_ for a knave.
+ _Ten_ for a ten.
+
+ The other cards do not count: thus it may happen that a deal may
+ be played without having any to reckon for game.
+
+ v. _Begging_ is when the eldest hand, disliking his cards, uses his
+ privilege, and says, "_I beg_;" in which case the dealer either
+ suffers his adversary to score one point, saying, "_Take one_," or
+ gives each player three cards more from the pack, and then turns up
+ the next card, the seventh for trumps. If, however, the trump turned
+ up to be of the same suit as the first, the dealer must go on,
+ giving each three cards more, and turning up the seventh, until a
+ change of suit for trumps shall take place.
+
+
+94. Maxims for All-Fours.
+
+ i. Make your knave as soon as you can.
+
+ ii. Secure your tens by playing any small cards, by which you may
+ throw the lead into you adversary's hand.
+
+ iii. Win your adversary's best cards when you can, either by
+ trumping or with superior cards.
+
+ iv. If, being eldest hand, you hold either ace, king, or queen of
+ trumps, without the knave or ten, play them immediately, as, by this
+ means, you may chance to win the knave or ten.
+
+
+
+95. Loo.
+
+ This game is played both Limited and Unlimited Loo; it is played two
+ ways, both with five and three cards. Several may play, but five or
+ seven make the better game.
+
+
+96. Three-Card Loo.
+
+ i. This game is played by any number of persons, from three, but
+ five or seven make the best game.
+
+ ii. The cards are cut for deal, the holder of the lowest card being
+ dealer; after which the deal goes round, from left to right. In case
+ of a tie, the players cut again. Ace is lowest, and the court-cards
+ and tens are reckoned of the same value,--namely, ten.
+
+ iii. The left-hand adversary shuffles or makes the pack, and the
+ player to the right of the dealer cuts previous to the deal.
+
+ iv. The cards take their usual value, ace highest; then king, queen,
+ knave, ten, and so on, down to deuce. The dealer then gives three
+ cards, one at a time, face downwards, to each player; and also
+ dealing an extra hand, or "miss," which may be thrown on the table
+ either as the first or last card of each round.
+
+ v. A card too many or too few is a misdeal.
+
+ vi. The stakes being settled beforehand, the dealer puts into the
+ pool his three halfpence, pence, or sixpences, and the game
+ proceeds:
+
+ vii. The first player on the left of the dealer looks at his hand,
+ and declares whether he will play or take the miss. If he decide to
+ play, he says, "I play," or "I take the miss;" but he may elect to
+ do neither; in which case he places his cards on the pack, and has
+ nothing further to do with that round. The next player looks at his
+ hand, and says whether he will play or not; and so on, till the turn
+ comes to the dealer, who, if only one player stand the chance of the
+ loo, may either play or give up the stakes.
+
+ viii. In the first round it is usual either to deal a _single_; that
+ is, a round without a _miss_, when all the players must play; or
+ each player puts into the pool a sum equal to that staked by the
+ dealer in which latter case a miss is dealt.
+
+
+ [NEVER OPEN THE DOOR TO A LITTLE VICE.]
+
+
+97. Laws of Loo.
+
+ i. For a misdeal the dealer is looed.
+
+ ii. For playing out of turn or looking at the miss without taking
+ it, the player is looed.
+
+ iii. If the first player possess two or three trumps, he must play
+ the highest, or be looed.
+
+ iv. With ace of trumps only, the first player must lead it, or be
+ looed.
+
+ v. The player who looks at his own cards, or the miss out of his
+ turn, is looed.
+
+ vi. The player who looks at his neighbour's hand, either during the
+ play or when they lie on the table, is looed.
+
+ vii. The player who informs another what cards he possesses, or
+ gives any intimation that he knows such or such cards to be in the
+ hand or the miss, is looed.
+
+ viii. The player who throws up his cards after the leading card is
+ played, is looed.
+
+ ix. Each player who follows the elder hand must head the trick if he
+ can, or be looed.
+
+ x. Each player must follow suit if he can, or be looed.
+
+ The player who is looed pays into the pool the sum agreed.
+
+
+98. Mode of Play.
+
+ i. When it is seen how many players stand in the round, the elder
+ hand plays a card--his highest trump if he has two or more; if not,
+ any card he chooses. The next plays, and, if he can, follows suit or
+ heads the trick with a trump. If he can do neither, he throws away
+ any card.
+
+ ii. And so the round goes on; the highest card of the suit, or the
+ highest trump, winning the trick. The winner of the trick then leads
+ another card.
+
+ iii. The game consists of three tricks, and the pool is divided
+ equally among the players possessing them. Thus, if there be three
+ pence, shillings, or half-crowns, in the pool, the tricks are a
+ penny, sixpence, or half-a-crown each. The three tricks may of
+ course be won by a single player, or they may be divided between two
+ or three. Each player who fails to win a trick is looed, and pays
+ into the next pool the amount determined on as the loo.
+
+ iv. When played for a determinate stake, as a penny for the deal and
+ three pence for the loo, the game is called _Limited Loo_. When each
+ player is looed for the sum in the pool, it is _Unlimited Loo_.
+
+ v. Caution is necessary in playing this game _to win_. As a general
+ rule, the first player should not take the miss, as the dealer's
+ stake is necessarily to be added to the loo. Nor the miss be taken
+ after two players have "struck in" (declared to play), for the
+ chances are that they possess good leading cards.
+
+
+99. Club Law.
+
+ _Another way_ of playing Loo is for all the parties to play whenever a
+ club is turned up as trumps. It is merely another mode of increasing
+ the pool.
+
+
+
+100. Five-Card Loo.
+
+ i. In principle it is the same as the other game Loo, only instead
+ of three, the dealer (having paid his own stake into the pool) gives
+ five cards to each player, one by one, face downwards.
+
+ ii. After five cards have been dealt to each player, another is
+ turned up for trump; the knave of clubs generally, or sometimes the
+ knave of the trump suit, as agreed upon, is the highest card, and is
+ styled Pam; the ace of trumps is next in value, and the rest on
+ succession, as at Whist. Each player can change all or any of the
+ five cards dealt, or throw up his hand, and escape being looed.
+ Those who play their cards, either with or without changing, and do
+ not gain a trick, are looed. This is also the case with all who have
+ stood the game, when a flush or flushes occur; and each, except a
+ player holding pam, of an inferior flush, must pay a stake, to be
+ given to him who sweeps the board, or divided among the winners at
+ the ensuing deal, according to the tricks made. For instance, if
+ every one at dealing stakes half-a-crown, the tricks are entitled to
+ sixpence a-piece, and whoever is looed must put down half-a-crown,
+ exclusive of the deal; sometimes it is settled that each person
+ looed shall pay a sum equal to what happens to be on the table at
+ the time. Five cards of a suit, or four with pam, make a flush which
+ sweeps the board, and yields only to a superior flush, or the elder
+ hand. When the ace of trumps is led, it is usual to say, "_Pam be
+ civil_;" the holder of which last-mentioned card must then let the
+ ace pass.
+
+ iii. Any player with five cards of a suit (a flush) looes all the
+ players who stand in the game.
+
+ iv. The rules in this game are the same as in Three Card Loo.
+
+
+101. Put.
+
+ The game of Put is played with an entire pack of cards, generally by
+ two, but sometimes by four persons. At Put the cards have a value
+ distinct from that in other games. The best card in the pack is a
+ _trois_, or three; the next a _deuce_, or two; then the ace, king,
+ queen, knave, ten in rotation. The dealer distributes three cards to
+ each player, by one at a time; whoever cuts the lowest card has the
+ deal, and five points make the game, except when both parties say, "_I
+ put_"--for then the score is at an end, and the contest is determined
+ in favour of the player who may win two tricks out of three. When it
+ happens that each player has won a trick, and the third is a tie--that
+ is, covered by a card of equal value--the whole goes for nothing, and
+ the game must begin anew.
+
+
+102. Two-Handed Put.
+
+ The eldest hand plays a card; and whether the adversary pass it, win
+ it, or tie it, has a right to say, "_I put_," or place his cards on
+ the pack. If you accept the first and your opponent decline the
+ challenge, you score one; if you prefer the latter, your adversary
+ gains a point; but if, before he play, your opponent says, "_I put_,"
+ and you do not choose to see him, he is entitled to add one to his
+ score. It is sometimes good play to say, "_I put_," before you play a
+ card: this depends on the nature of your hand.
+
+
+103. Four-Handed Put.
+
+ Each party has a partner, and when three cards are dealt to each, one
+ of the players gives his partner his best card, and throws the other
+ two face downwards on the table: the dealer is at liberty to do the
+ same to his partner, and _vice versa_. The two who have received their
+ partners' cards play the game, previously discarding their worst card
+ for the one received from their partners. The game then proceeds as
+ at two-handed Put.
+
+
+104. Laws of Put.
+
+ i. When the dealer accidentally discovers any of his adversary's
+ cards, the adversary may demand a new deal.
+
+ ii. When the dealer discovers any of his own cards in dealing, he
+ must abide by the deal.
+
+ iii. When a faced card is discovered during the deal, the cards must
+ be reshuffled, and dealt again.
+
+ iv. If the dealer give his adversary more cards than are necessary,
+ the adversary may call a fresh deal, or suffer the dealer to draw
+ the extra cards from his hand.
+
+ v. If the dealer give himself more cards than are his due, the
+ adversary may add a point to his game, and call a fresh deal, or
+ draw the extra cards from the dealer's hand.
+
+ vi. No bystander must interfere, under penalty of paying the stakes.
+
+ vii. Either party saying, "_I put_"--that is, "I play"--cannot
+ retract, but must abide the event of the game, or pay the stakes.
+
+
+ [KNOWLEDGE MAKES HUMBLE.]
+
+
+105. Speculation
+
+ is a lively round game, at which several may play, with a complete
+ pack of cards, bearing the same value as at whist. A pool is made with
+ fish or counters, on which such a value is fixed as the company may
+ agree. The highest trump in each deal wins the pool; and should it
+ happen that not one trump be dealt, then the company pool again, and
+ the event is decided by the succeeding deal. After determining the
+ deal, &c., the dealer pools six fish, and every other player four;
+ then three cards are given to each, by one at a time, and another
+ turned up for trump. The cards are not to be looked at, except in this
+ manner: The eldest hand shows the uppermost card, which, if a trump,
+ the company may speculate on, or bid for--the highest bidder buying
+ and paying for it, provided the price offered be approved of by the
+ seller. After this is settled, if the first card does not prove a
+ trump, then the next eldest is to show the uppermost card, and so
+ on--the company speculating as they please, till all are discovered,
+ when the possessor of the highest trump, whether by purchase or
+ otherwise, gains the pool. To play at speculation well, recollection
+ is requisite of what superior cards of that particular suit have
+ appeared in the preceding deals, and calculation of the probability of
+ the trump offered proving the highest in the deal then undetermined.
+
+
+106. Connexions.
+
+ Three or four persons may play at this game. If the former number, ten
+ cards each are to be given; but if the latter, only eight are dealt,
+ which bear the same value as at whist, except that diamonds are always
+ trumps. The connexions are formed as follows:
+
+ i. By the two black aces.
+
+ ii. The ace of spades and king of hearts.
+
+ iii. The ace of clubs and king of hearts.
+
+
+107. For the First Connexion,
+
+ 2s. are drawn from the pool; for the second, 1s.; for the third, and
+ by the winner of the majority in tricks, 6d. each is taken. These sums
+ are supposing gold staked: when only silver is pooled, then pence are
+ drawn. A trump played in any round where there is a connexion wins the
+ trick, otherwise it is gained by the player of the first card of
+ connexions; and, after a connexion, any following player may trump
+ without incurring a revoke: and also, whatever suit may be led, the
+ person holding a card of connexion is at liberty to play the same; but
+ the others must, if possible, follow suit, unless one of them can
+ answer the connexion, which should be done in preference. No money can
+ be drawn till the hands are finished; then the possessors of the
+ connexions are to take first, according to precedence, and those
+ having the majority of tricks take last.
+
+
+108. Matrimony.
+
+ This game is played with an entire pack of cards, by any number of
+ persons from five to fourteen. It consists of five chances, usually
+ marked on a board, or sheet of paper, as follows:
+
+
+ Best.
+ The Ace of Diamonds turned up.
+ --------------------
+ Confederacy. | INTRIGUE; OR | Matrimony.
+ King and Knave.| QUEEN AND KNAVE. | King and Queen.
+ --------------------
+ Pairs.
+ The Highest.
+
+
+ Matrimony is generally played with counters, and the dealer puts what
+ he pleases on each or any chance, the other players depositing each
+ the same quantity, less one--that is, when the dealer stakes twelve,
+ the rest of the company lay down eleven each. After this, two cards
+ are dealt round to every one, beginning on the left; then to each
+ person one other card, which is turned up, and he who so happens to
+ get the ace of diamonds sweeps all. If it be not turned up, then each
+ player shows his hand; and any of them having matrimony, intrigue,
+ &c., takes the counters on that point; and when two or more people
+ happen to have a similar combination, the oldest hand has the
+ preference; and, should any chance not be gained, it stands over to
+ the next deal.--_Observe_: The ace of diamonds turned up takes the
+ whole pool, but when in hand ranks only as any other ace; and if not
+ turned up, nor any ace in hand, then the king, or next superior card,
+ wins the chance styled best.
+
+
+ [IGNORANCE MAKES PROUD.]
+
+
+109. Pope Joan.
+
+ A game somewhat similar to Matrimony. It is played by any number, with
+ an ordinary pack of cards, and a marking or pool board, to be had of
+ most fancy stationers. The eight of diamonds must first be taken from
+ the pack. After settling the deal, shuffling, &c., the dealer dresses
+ the board. This he does by putting the counters into its several
+ compartments--one counter or other stake to Ace, one each to King,
+ Queen, Knave, and Game; two to Matrimony, two to Intrigue, and six to
+ the nine of diamonds, styled the Pope. This dressing is, in some
+ companies, at the individual expense of the dealer, though, the
+ players usually contribute two stakes each towards the pool. The cards
+ are then dealt round equally to every player, one turned up for trump,
+ and about six or eight left in the stock to form stops. For example,
+ if the ten of spades be turned up, the nine becomes a stop. The four
+ kings, and the seven of diamonds, are always fixed stops, and the
+ dealer is the only person permitted, in the course of the game, to
+ refer occasionally to the stock for information what other cards are
+ stops in their respective deals. If either ace, king, queen, or knave
+ happen to be the turned-up-trump, the dealer may take whatever is
+ deposited on that head; but when Pope be turned up, the dealer is
+ entitled both to that and the game, besides a stake for every card
+ dealt to each player. Unless the game be determined by Pope being
+ turned up, the eldest hand begins by playing out as many cards as
+ possible; first the stops, then Pope, if he have it, and afterwards
+ the lowest card of his longest suit--particularly an ace, for that
+ never can be led through. The other players follow, when they can, in
+ sequence of the same suit, till a stop occurs. The player having the
+ stop becomes eldest hand, and leads accordingly; and so on, until some
+ player parts with all his cards, by which he wins the pool (game), and
+ becomes entitled besides to a stake for every card not played by the
+ others, except from any one holding Pope, which excuses him from
+ paying. If Pope has been played, then the player having held it is not
+ excused. King and Queen form what is called matrimony; queen and
+ knave, when in the same hand, make intrigue; but neither these nor
+ ace, king, queen, knave, or pope, entitle the holder to the stakes
+ deposited thereon, unless played out; and no claim can be allowed
+ after the board be dressed for the succeeding deal. In all such cases
+ the stakes remain for future determination. Pope Joan needs only a
+ little attention to recollect what stops have been made in the course
+ of the play. For instance, if a player begin by laying down the eight
+ of clubs, then the seven in another hand forms a stop, whenever that
+ suit be led from any lower card; or the holder, when eldest, may
+ safely lay it down, in order to clear his hand.
+
+
+ [KNOWLEDGE TALKS LOWLY]
+
+
+110. Cassino.
+
+ The game of cassino is played with an entire pack of cards, generally
+ by four persons, but sometimes by three, and often by two.
+
+
+111. Terms used in Cassino.
+
+ i. _Great Cassino_, the ten of diamonds, which reckons for two
+ points.
+
+ ii. _Little Cassino_, the two of spades, which reckons for one
+ point.
+
+ iii. _The Cards_ is when you have a greater share than your
+ adversary, and reckons for three points.
+
+ iv. _The Spades_ is when you have the majority of that suit, and
+ reckons for one point.
+
+ v. _The Aces_: each of which reckons for one point.
+
+ vi. _Lurched_ is when your adversary has won the game before you
+ have gained six points.
+
+ In some deals at this game it may so happen that neither party win
+ anything, as the points are not set up according to the tricks, &c.,
+ obtained, but the smaller number is constantly subtracted from the
+ larger, both in cards and points; and if they both prove equal, the
+ game commences again, and the deal goes on in rotation. When three
+ persons play at this game, the two lowest add their points together,
+ and subtract from the highest; but when their two numbers together
+ either amount to or exceed the highest, then neither party scores.
+
+
+112. Laws of Cassino.
+
+ i. The deal and partners are determined by cutting, as at whist, and
+ the dealer gives four cards, one at a time, to each player, and
+ either regularly as he deals, or by one, two, three, or four at a
+ time, lays four more, face upwards, upon the board, and, after the
+ first cards are played, four others are dealt to each person, until
+ the pack be concluded; but it is only in the first deal that any
+ cards are to be turned up.
+
+ ii. The deal is not lost when a card is faced by the dealer, unless
+ in the first round, before any of the four cards are turned up upon
+ the table; but if a card happen to be faced in the pack, before any
+ of the said four be turned up, then the deal begins again.
+
+ iii. Any person playing with less than four cards must abide by the
+ loss; and should a card be found under the table, the player whose
+ number is deficient takes the same.
+
+ iv. Each person plays one card at a time, with which he may not only
+ take at once every card of the same denomination upon the table, but
+ likewise all that will combine therewith; as, for instance, a ten
+ takes not only every ten, but also nine and ace, eight and deuce,
+ seven and three, six and four, or two fives; and if he clear the
+ board before the conclusion of the game, he is to score a point; and
+ whenever any player cannot pair or combine, then he is to put down a
+ card.
+
+ v. The tricks are not to be counted before all the cards are played;
+ nor may any trick but that last won be looked at, as every mistake
+ must be challenged immediately.
+
+ vi. After all the pack is dealt out, the player who obtains the last
+ trick sweeps all the cards then remaining unmatched upon the table
+ and wins the game.
+
+
+113. Vingt-un.
+
+ Description of the Game.--The game of _Vingt-un_, or twenty-one, may
+ be played by two or more persons; and, as the deal is advantageous,
+ and often continues long with the same person, it is usual to
+ determine it at the commencement by turning up the first ace, or knave.
+
+
+114. Method of Playing Vingt-un.
+
+ The cards must all be dealt out in succession, unless a natural
+ Vingt-un occur, and in the meantime the pone, or youngest hand, should
+ collect those that have been played, and shuffle them together, ready
+ for the dealer, against the period when he shall have distributed the
+ whole pack. The dealer first gives two cards, one at a time, to each
+ player, including himself; then he asks each player in rotation,
+ beginning with the eldest hand on the left, whether he stands or
+ chooses another card. If he need another card, it must be given from
+ off the top of the pack, and afterwards another, or more, if desired,
+ till the points of the additional card or cards, added to those dealt,
+ exceed or make twenty-one exactly, or such a number less than
+ twenty-one as the player thinks fit to stand upon. When the points on
+ the player's cards exceed twenty-one, he throws the cards on the
+ table, face downwards, and pays the stake. The dealer is, in turn,
+ entitled to draw additional cards; and, on taking a Vingt-un, receives
+ double stakes from all who stand the game, except such other players,
+ likewise having twenty-one, between whom it is thereby a drawn game.
+ When any adversary has a Vingt-un, and the dealer not, then the
+ opponent so having twenty-one, wins double stakes from him. In other
+ cases, except a natural Vingt-un happen, the dealer pays single stakes
+ to all whose numbers under twenty-one are higher than his own, and
+ receives from those who have lower numbers; but nothing is paid or
+ received by such players as have similar numbers to the dealer. When
+ the dealer draws more than twenty-one, he pays to all who have not
+ thrown up. In some companies ties pays the dealer.
+
+
+ [IGNORANCE TALKS LOUD.]
+
+
+115. Natural Vingt-un.
+
+ Twenty-one, when dealt in a player's first two cards, is styled a
+ _Natural_. It should be declared at once, and entitles the holder to
+ double stakes from the dealer, and to the deal, except it be agreed to
+ pass the deal round. If the dealer turns up a natural he takes double
+ stakes from all the players and retains the deal. If there be more
+ than one natural, all after the first receive single stakes only. Aces
+ count either eleven or one; court cards, ten; the rest according to
+ their points.
+
+
+116. The Odds of natural Vingt-un
+
+ depend upon the average number of cards likely to come under or exceed
+ twenty-one; for example, if those in hand make fourteen exactly, it is
+ seven to six that the one next drawn does not make the number of
+ points above twenty-one; but if the points be fifteen, it is seven to
+ six against that hand; yet it would not, therefore, always be prudent
+ to stand at fifteen, for as the ace may be calculated both ways, it is
+ rather above an even bet that the adversary's first two cards amount
+ to more than fourteen. A natural Vingt-un may be expected once in
+ seven coups when two, and twice in seven when four, people play, and
+ so on, according to the number of players.
+
+
+117. Quadrille.
+
+ This game, formerly very popular, has been superseded by Whist.
+ Quadrille, the game referred to by Pope in his "Rape of the Lock," is
+ now obsolete.
+
+
+118. Ecarté.
+
+ This game, which has lately revived in popularity, is played by two
+ persons with a pack of cards from which the twos, threes, fours,
+ fives, and sixes have been discarded. In the clubs it is usual to play
+ with two packs, used alternately. The players cut for deal, the
+ highest card deals. The pack is shuffled and the non-dealer cuts. The
+ dealer then from the united pack gives five cards to each, beginning
+ with his adversary, by twos and threes, or threes and twos; and always
+ dealing in the same way throughout the game. The eleventh card is
+ turned up for trump. If the turn-up be a king, the dealer marks one
+ point; five points being game. The non-dealer looks at his cards, and
+ if he be dissatisfied with them, he may propose--that is, change any
+ or all of them for others from the stock, or remainder of the pack on
+ the table. Should he propose, he says, "I propose," or "cards," and it
+ is in the option of the dealer to give or refuse cards. When he
+ decides to give, he says, "I accept," or "How many?" Should he refuse
+ to change he says, "I decline," or "Play." The dealer may, if he
+ accept the proposal, change any or all the cards in his own hand.
+ Sometimes a second discard is allowed, but that must be by previous
+ agreement. Of course the non-dealer may play without discarding, in
+ which case the dealer must play his own hand without changing any of
+ his cards. When the hands are arranged the non-dealer plays a card,
+ which is won or lost by the playing of a superior card of the suit
+ led. The second must follow suit, or win the trick if he can;
+ otherwise he may throw any card he chooses. The order in value of the
+ cards is--king, queen, knave, ace, ten, nine, eight, seven. The winner
+ of the trick leads for the next trick, and so on, till the five cards
+ on each side are played. The winner of three tricks scores one point;
+ if he win the whole five tricks--the _rôle_--he scores two points; if
+ he hold the king, he names it before playing his first card--"I mark
+ king." Should the non-dealer play without proposing, and fail to make
+ three tricks, his adversary marks two points; should the dealer refuse
+ to accept and fail to win three tricks, his opponent scores two. The
+ game is five up; that is, the player who first marks five points,
+ wins. The score is marked by two cards, a three and a two, or by
+ counters. The deal is taken alternately; but when the play is for
+ rubbers it is usual to cut for deal at the end of each rubber.
+
+
+ [KNOWLEDGE IS MODEST, CAUTIOUS, AND PURE.]
+
+
+119. Rules of Ecarté.
+
+ i. Each player has right to shuffle the cards above the table.
+
+ ii. The cut must not be fewer than two cards off the pack, and at
+ least two cards must be left on the table.
+
+ iii. When more than one card is exposed in cutting, there must be a
+ new deal.
+
+ iv. The highest ecarté card cut secures the deal, which holds good
+ even though the pack be imperfect.
+
+ v. The dealer must give five cards to each by three and two, or by
+ two and three, at a time, which plan must not be changed, during the
+ game.
+
+ vi. An incorrect deal, playing out of turn, or a faced card,
+ necessitates a new deal.
+
+ vii. The eleventh card must be turned up for trumps; and the
+ remaining cards placed, face downwards, on the table.
+
+ viii. The king turned up must be marked by the dealer before the
+ trump of the next deal is turned up.
+
+ ix. A king of trumps held in hand must be announced and marked
+ before the player lays down his first card, or he loses his right to
+ mark it. If played in the first trick, it must be announced before
+ it is played to.
+
+ x. A proposal or acceptance cannot be retracted or altered.
+
+ xi. Before taking cards, the player must place his discarded cards,
+ face downwards, on the table, and neither look at or touch them till
+ the round be over.
+
+ xii. The player holding king marks one point; making three tricks,
+ one point; five tricks, two points.
+
+ xiii. The non-dealer playing without proposing and failing to win
+ the point, gives two tricks to his opponent.
+
+ xiv. The dealer who refuses the first proposal and fails to win the
+ point (three tricks), gives his opponent two points.
+
+ xv. An admitted overscore or underscore may be amended without
+ penalty before the cards are dealt for the following round.
+
+
+120. Euchre,
+
+ which is founded on Ecarté, and is the national game of the United
+ States, is played with a pack of cards from which the twos, threes,
+ fours, fives, and sixes have been withdrawn. In the Euchre pack the
+ cards rank as at Whist, with this exception--the knave of trumps,
+ called the Right Bower, and the other knave of the same colour, known
+ as the Left Bower take precedence over the rest of the trumps. Thus,
+ when hearts are trumps, the cards rank thus:--Knave of hearts, knave
+ of diamonds, ace, king, queen, ten, nine, eight, and seven of hearts.
+ When diamonds are trumps, the knave is right bower, and the knave of
+ hearts left bower; and in like manner the knaves of spades and clubs
+ become right and left bower, when the black suits are trumps.--In
+ Four-handed Euchre, two play against two, and the tricks taken by both
+ partners count for points.
+
+
+ [IGNORANCE BOASTFUL, CONCEITED, AND SURE.]
+
+
+121. Rules for Euchre.
+
+ i. The players cut for deal; the higher card cut dealing.
+
+ ii. The cards are dealt by twos and threes, each player having five.
+
+ iii. The eleventh card is turned up for trumps.
+
+ iv. Five points constitute game.
+
+ v. The player winning three or four tricks marks one point; winning
+ five tricks, two points.
+
+ vi. When the first player considers his hand strong enough to score,
+ he can order it up--that is, he can oblige the dealer to discard one
+ of his cards and take up the trump in its stead.
+
+ vii. When the first player does not find his hand strong enough, he
+ may pass--" I pass;" with the view of changing the suit.
+
+ viii. In case of the first player "ordering it up," the game begins
+ by his playing a card, to which the dealer must follow suit or
+ trump, or throw away. The winner of the trick then leads: and so on
+ till all the five cards in each hand are played.
+
+ ix. If the player order up the trump and fail to make three tricks,
+ he is euchred, and his opponent marks two points.
+
+ x. If the player, not being strong enough, passes, the dealer can
+ say, "I play," and take the trump into his own hand; but, as before,
+ if he fail to score, he is euchred.
+
+ xi. If both players pass, the first has the privilege of altering
+ the trump, and the dealer is compelled to play. Should the first
+ player fail to score, he is euchred.
+
+ xii. If he pass for the second time, the dealer can alter the trump,
+ with the same penalty if he fail to score.
+
+ xiii. When trumps are led and you cannot follow suit, you must play
+ the left bower if you have it, to win the trick.
+
+ The score is marked as in Ecarté, by each side with a two and three.
+
+
+122. Bézique.
+
+ This fashionable game is played with two packs of cards, from which
+ the twos, threes, fours, fives, and sixes, have been discarded. The
+ sixty-four cards of both packs, shuffled well together, are then dealt
+ out, eight to each player, by threes, twos, and threes; the
+ seventeenth turned up for trump, and the rest left, face downwards, on
+ the table. If the trump card be a seven, the dealer scores ten points.
+ An incorrect deal or an exposed card necessitates a new deal, which
+ passes to the other player. A trump card takes any card of another
+ suit. Except trumping, the higher card, whether of the same suit or
+ not, takes the trick--the ace ranking highest, the ten next, and then
+ the king, queen, knave, nine, &c. When two cards of equal value are
+ played, the first wins. _Some players require the winning card to be
+ of the same suit as that led, unless trumped._ After each trick is
+ taken, an additional card is drawn by each player from the top of the
+ pack--the taker of the last trick drawing first, and so on till all
+ the pack is exhausted, including the trump card. Players are not
+ obliged to follow suit or trump until all the cards have been drawn
+ from the pack. Tricks are of no value, except for the aces and tens
+ they may contain. Tricks should not be looked at till the end of the
+ deal, except by mutual consent. When a player plays without drawing,
+ he must draw two cards next time, and his opponent scores ten. When a
+ player draws out of turn, his opponent scores ten, if he has not drawn
+ a card himself. When a player draws two cards instead of one, his
+ opponent may decide which card is to be returned to the pack--it
+ should not be placed at the top, but towards the middle of the pack. A
+ player discovering his opponent holding more than eight cards, while
+ he only holds eight, adds 100 to his score. Should both have more than
+ their proper number there is no penalty, but each must play without
+ drawing.
+
+
+ [BE NOT THE FIRST BY WHOM THE NEW IS TRIED.]
+
+
+123. Mode of Playing.
+
+ i. Immediately after taking a trick, and then only, a player can
+ make a Declaration; but he must do so before drawing another card.
+ Only one Declaration can be made after each trick.
+
+ ii. If, in making a declaration, a player put down a wrong card or
+ cards, either in addition to or in the place of any card or cards of
+ that declaration, he is not allowed to score until he has taken
+ another trick. Moreover, he must resume the cards, subject to their
+ being called for as "faced" cards.
+
+ iii. The seven of trumps may be exchanged for the trump card, and
+ for this exchange ten is scored. This exchange is made immediately
+ after he has taken a trick, but he may make a declaration at the
+ same time, the card exchanged not being used in such declaration.
+
+ iv. Whenever the seven of trumps is played, except in the last eight
+ tricks, the player scores ten for it, no matter whether he wins the
+ trick or not.
+
+ v. When all the cards are drawn from the pack, the players take up
+ their eight cards. No more declarations can he made, and the play
+ proceeds as at Whist, the ten ranking higher than the king, and the
+ ace highest.
+
+ vi. In the last eight tricks the player is obliged to follow suit,
+ and he must win the trick if possible, either by playing a higher
+ card, or, if he has not a card of the same suit, by playing a trump.
+
+ vii. A player who revokes in the last eight tricks, or omits to take
+ when he can, forfeits the eight tricks to his opponent.
+
+ viii. The last trick is the thirty-second, for which the winner
+ scores ten. The game may be varied by making the last trick the
+ twenty-fourth--the next before the last eight tricks. It is an
+ unimportant point, but one that should be agreed upon before the
+ game is commenced.
+
+ ix. After the last eight tricks are played, each player examines his
+ cards, and for each ace and ten that he holds he scores ten.
+
+ x. The non-dealer scores aces and tens first; and in case of a tie,
+ the player scoring the highest number of points, less the aces and
+ tens in the last deal, wins the game. If still a tie, the taker of
+ the last trick wins.
+
+ xi. All cards played in error are liable to be called for as "faced"
+ cards at any period of the game, except during the last eight
+ tricks.
+
+ xii. In counting forfeits a player may either add the points to his
+ own score or deduct them from the score of his opponent.
+
+
+
+124. Terms used in Bezique.
+
+ i. _A Declaration_ is the exhibition on the table of any cards or
+ combination of, cards, as follows:
+
+ ii. _Bezique_ is the queen of spades and knave of diamonds, for
+ which the holder scores 40 points. A variation provides that when
+ the trump is either spades or diamonds, Bezique may be queen of
+ clubs and knave of hearts. Bézique having been declared, may be
+ again used to form Double Bezique--two queens of spades and two
+ knaves of diamonds. All four cards must be visible on the table
+ together--500 points.
+
+ iii. _Sequence_ is ace, ten, king, queen, and knave of trumps--250
+ points.
+
+ iv. _Royal Marriage_ is the king and queen of trumps--40 points.
+
+ v. _Common Marriage_ is the king and queen of any suit, except
+ trumps--20 points.
+
+ vi. _Four aces_ are the aces of any suits--100 points.
+
+ vii. _Four kings_ are the kings of any suits--80 points.
+
+ viii. _Four Queens_ are the queens of any suits--60 points.
+
+ ix. _Four knaves_ are the knaves of any suits--40 points.
+
+
+ [NOR YET THE LAST TO CAST THE OLD ASIDE.]
+
+
+125. Marriages, Sequences, &c.
+
+ i. The cards forming the declarations are placed on the table to
+ show that they are properly scored, and the cards may thence be
+ played into tricks as if in your hand.
+
+ ii. Kings and queens once married cannot be re-married, but can be
+ used, while they remain on the table, to make up four kings, four
+ queens, or a sequence.
+
+ iii. The king and queen used in a sequence cannot afterwards be
+ declared as a royal marriage.
+
+ iv. If four knaves have been declared, the knave of diamonds may be
+ used again for a bézique, or to complete a sequence.
+
+ v. If four aces have been declared, the ace of trumps may he again
+ used to perfect a sequence.
+
+ vi. If the queen of spades has been married, she may he again used
+ to form a bézique, and _vice versâ_, and again for four queens.
+
+ vii. Playing the seven of trumps--except in last eight tricks--10;
+ exchanging the seven of trumps for the trump card--10; the last
+ trick--10; each ace and ten in the tricks--at the end of each
+ deal--10.
+
+ viii. The game is 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 up. Markers are sold with
+ the cards.
+
+
+
+126. Forfeits at Bezique.
+
+ The following are Forfeits:
+
+ i. For drawing out of turn, 10;
+
+ ii. For playing out of turn, 10;
+
+ iii. For playing without drawing, 10;
+
+ iv. For overdrawing, 100;
+
+ v. For a revoke in the last eight tricks, all the eight tricks.
+
+
+
+127. Cautions in Bezique.
+
+ In playing Bézique, it is best to keep your tens till you can make
+ them count; to retain your sequence cards as long as possible; to
+ watch your opponent's play; to declare a royal marriage previous to
+ declaring a sequence or double bezique; to make sure of the last trick
+ but one in order to prevent your opponent from declaring; to declare
+ as soon as you have an opportunity.
+
+
+128. Three-Handed Bezique.
+
+ i. The above rules hold good in the case of three-handed
+ games--treble bézique counting 1,500. An extra pack of cards is
+ required for the third other player; so that, in the case of three,
+ the trump card is the twenty-fifth.
+
+ ii. The game is always played from left to right, the first player
+ on the left of the dealer commencing. Three-handed bézique is
+ sometimes played with two packs of cards, suppressing an eight, thus
+ rendering them divisible by three.
+
+
+
+129. Four-Handed Bezique.
+
+ i. Four-handed Bezique may be played by partners decided either by
+ choice or cutting. Partners sit opposite each other, one collecting
+ the tricks of both, and the other keeping the score, or each may
+ keep his own score, which is preferable.
+
+ ii. A player may make a declaration immediately after his partner
+ has taken a trick, and may inquire of his partner if he has anything
+ to declare, before drawing.
+
+ iii. Declarations must be made by each player separately, as in
+ two-handed bézique.
+
+ iv. The above descriptions will serve to sufficiently acquaint the
+ reader with the rules and modes of play adopted in this excellent
+ game. Bézique is said to be of Swedish origin, and to have been
+ introduced to English players through the medium of some Indian
+ officers who had learned it of a Scandinavian comrade. Variations in
+ the play occur in different companies. These, however, having been
+ indicated above, need not be more particularly noted.
+
+
+
+130. Napoleon.
+
+ This popular game is played by four, five, or six persons with a full
+ pack of cards, which take the same value as in Whist. The object of
+ the game is to make tricks, which are paid to or received from the
+ dealer at a fixed rate, a penny or more a trick, as previously
+ arranged. The deal being decided in the usual way, the pack is cut and
+ five cards are dealt one at a time to each player, beginning at the
+ left. After every round the deal passes. Each player looks at his
+ cards, the one to the left of the dealer being the first to declare.
+ When he thinks he can make two or three tricks he says, "I go two," or
+ "I go three." The next may perhaps think he can make four tricks; and
+ if the fourth believes he can do better he declares Napoleon, and
+ undertakes to win the whole five tricks. The players declare or pass
+ in the order in which they sit; and a declaration once made cannot be
+ recalled. The game then, proceeds. The first card played is the trump
+ suit; and to win the trick, a higher card than that led in each suit
+ must be played. The winner of the first trick leads for the second,
+ and so on till each of the five tricks are played out. Each player
+ must follow suit, but he is not bound to head the trick or to trump.
+ Each card as played remains face upwards on the table. Supposing the
+ stake to be a penny a trick, the declarer, if he win all the tricks he
+ declared, receives from each of his adversaries a penny for each of
+ the declared tricks; but if he fail to win the required number, he
+ pays to each of them a penny a trick. For Napoleon he receives double
+ stakes from each player; but failing to win the five tricks, he pays
+ them single stakes. The game, though simple, requires good judgment
+ and memory to play it well. In some companies it is varied by the
+ introduction of a Wellington, which is a superior call after the
+ Napoleon, and takes triple stakes; or a Sedan, in which the player
+ undertakes to lose all his tricks. This declaration takes precedence
+ of all the others. Each player may Pass, or decline to make a
+ declaration; and when all the players pass, the deal is void.
+ Occasionally a pool or kitty is made by each dealer paying a half
+ stake; or the players may purchase new cards from the pack. In either
+ case, the pool is taken by the winner of the first Napoleon, or
+ divided according to arrangement at the close of the play. The best
+ play in Napoleon is not to win tricks, but to co-operate in defeating
+ the declaring hand.
+
+
+131. Picquet.
+
+ A game for two players, once very fashionable in France and of some
+ repute in England; but now quite obsolete. Like Quadrille, it is
+ encumbered with a vast number of rules and maxims, technical terms and
+ calculations; all too long and tiresome for modern card-players.
+
+
+132. Poker, or Draw Poker,
+
+ a gambling game common in the United States. An elaboration of the old
+ English game of Brag, which, like Blind Hookey and Baccarat, is purely
+ one of chance, generally played by two or three sharpers opposed to
+ three or four greenhorns. And, for these reasons, is unworthy a place
+ in this volume.
+
+
+133. Lansquenet.
+
+ This is a game for a large company, much played in France, where it is
+ the custom to mix three, four, or more packs of cards together. In
+ England it is played with one pack, after the following plan:--The
+ dealer, who has rather an advantage, begins by shuffling the cards,
+ and having them cut by any of the party. He then deals two cards on
+ his left hand, turning them up; then one for himself, and a fourth,
+ which he places in the middle of the table for the company, called the
+ _rejouissance_. Upon this card any or all of the company, except the
+ dealer, may stake their counter or money, either a limited or
+ unlimited sum, as may be agreed on, which the dealer is obliged to
+ answer, by staking a sum equal to the whole put upon it by different
+ players. He continues dealing, and turning the cards upwards, one by
+ one, till two of a sort appear: for instance, two aces, two deuces,
+ &c., which, in order to separate, and that no person may mistake for
+ single cards, he places on each side of his own card; and as often as
+ two, three, or the fourth card of a sort comes up, he always places
+ them, as before, on each side of his own. Any single card the company
+ have a right to take and put their money upon, unless the dealer's own
+ card happens to be double, which often occurs by this card being the
+ same as one of the two cards which the dealer first of all dealt out
+ on his left-hand. Thus he continues dealing till he brings either
+ their cards, or his own. As long as his own card remains undrawn he
+ wins; and whichever card comes up first, loses. If he draw or deal out
+ the two cards on his left, which are called the hand-cards, before his
+ own, he is entitled to deal again; the advantage of which is no other
+ than being exempted from losing when he draws a similar card to his
+ own, immediately after he has turned up one for himself. This game is
+ often played more simply without the _rejouissance_ card, giving every
+ person round the table a card to put his money on. Sometimes it is
+ played by dealing only two cards, one for the dealer, and another for
+ the company.--Generally Lansquenet is played with counters instead of
+ money. With counters at (say) a penny a dozen, it is a lively and
+ amusing game.
+
+
+ [A LADY IN AMERICA MADE A QUILT IN 55,555 PIECES.]
+
+
+134. Quinze or Fifteen
+
+ is played by two persons. The cards are shuffled by both players, and
+ when they have cut for deal (which falls to the lot of him who cuts
+ the lowest), the dealer has the liberty to shuffle them again. When
+ this is done, the adversary cuts them; after which, the dealer gives
+ one card to his opponent, and one to himself. Should the dealer's
+ adversary not approve of his card, he is entitled to have as many
+ cards given to him, one after the other, as will make fifteen, or come
+ nearest to that number; which are usually given from the top of the,
+ pack: for example--if he should have a deuce, and draw a five, which
+ amounts to seven, he must continue going on, in expectation of coming
+ nearer to fifteen. If he draw an eight, which will make just fifteen,
+ he, as being eldest hand, is sure of winning the game. But if he
+ overdraw himself, and make more than fifteen, he loses, unless the
+ dealer should happen to do the same; which circumstance constitutes a
+ drawn game; and the stakes are consequently doubled. In this manner
+ they persevere, until one of them has won the game, by standing and
+ being nearest to fifteen. At the end of each game the cards are packed
+ and shuffled, and the players again cut for deal. The advantage is
+ invariably or the side of the elder hand.
+
+
+135. Solitaire
+
+ This is a game for one person, played on a board pierced with
+ thirty-seven holes, in each one of which is placed a marble or peg.
+ The art or motive of the game is to remove one marble and then to
+ shift the rest about, so as to bring the last marble to the hole
+ whence the first was removed. One marble or man takes any other over
+ which it can leap into a vacant hole beyond; or any number of men in
+ succession, so long as there is a hole into which it can go. An
+ example of a game played will better explain the method, than any
+ amount of verbal instruction.
+
+ Remove the marble from the centre hole; then bring the marble from 1
+ in the upper limb of the diagram, to the centre, jumping over and
+ taking the piece between. By following the direction of the figures,
+ it will be found that the last place arrived at will be the centre
+ from which you started. With practice and patience the Solitaire
+ player will be able to start from and return to any hole on the board.
+
+
+ 5 O-----O-----O 35
+ | | |
+ | 1 | |
+ 14 O-----O-----O 4
+ | | |
+ 17 16 18 17 |15 16|18 3|5 18 2
+ 15 O-----O-----O-----O-----O-----O-----O 9
+ | | | |2 | | |
+ | | 14|21 19|20 4 |6 22 | |
+ O-----O-----O-----O-----O-----O-----O
+ | | |12 1 |22 |21 19| |
+ | 10|18 11|13 18|8 7 |9 8 |18 7 |
+ 17 O-----O-----O-----O-----O-----O-----O 9
+ | 10|18 |
+ | 20| 6 |
+ 12 O-----O-----O
+ | | |
+ |13 |13 |
+ 11 O-----O-----O
+ THE CENTRE-HOLE GAME.
+
+
+ Many variations of the game will suggest themselves as you proceed;
+ but the above will suffice to show the plan and system of Solitaire.
+
+
+
+136. Backgammon.
+
+ A game of mingled chance and skill, played on a board marked with
+ points, and generally to be found inside the box draughtboard. The
+ board has twenty-four points, coloured alternately red and blue; the
+ implements of play are fifteen draught-men on each side, and the
+ movements of the men are determined by the throw of two dice; each
+ player being provided with a dice box and dies. It is an elaborate
+ game to explain on paper, and would occupy too much space to be given
+ in detail in this work. Those, however, who desire to be fully
+ informed as to its various intricacies, may consult "Bohn's Handbook
+ of Games," or the cheaper and more concise treatise by Captain Crawley.
+
+
+
+137. Dominoes.
+
+ This game is played by two or four persons, with twenty-eight pieces
+ of oblong ivory, plain at the back, but on the face divided by a black
+ line in the middle, and indented with spots, from one to a double-six,
+ which pieces are a double-blank, ace-black, double-ace, deuce-blank,
+ deuce-ace, double-deuce, trois-blank, trois-ace, trois-deuce,
+ double-trois, four-blank, four-ace, four-deuce, four-trois,
+ double-four, five-blank, five-ace, five-deuce, five-trois, five-four,
+ double-five, six-blank, six-ace, six-deuce, six-trois, six-four,
+ six-five, and double-six. Sometimes a double set is played with, of
+ which double-nine is the highest.
+
+
+138. Method of Play.
+
+ At the commencement of the game the dominoes are well mixed together,
+ with their faces upon the table. Each player draws one, and if four
+ play, those who choose the two highest are partners against these who
+ take the two lowest. Drawing the latter also serves to determine who
+ is to lay down the first piece--a great advantage. Afterwards each
+ player takes seven pieces at random. The eldest hand having laid down
+ one, the next must pair him at either end of the piece he may choose,
+ according to the number of pips, or the blank in the compartment of
+ the piece; but whenever any one cannot match the part, either of the
+ domino last put down, or of that unpaired at the other end of the row,
+ then he says, "_Go_;" and the next is at liberty to play. Thus they
+ play alternately, either until one party has played all his pieces,
+ and thereby won the game, or till the game be _blocked_; that is, when
+ neither party can play, by matching the pieces where unpaired at
+ either end; then that player wins who has the smallest number of pips
+ on the pieces remaining in his hand. It is to the advantage of every
+ player to dispossess himself as early as possible of the heavy pieces,
+ such as a double-six, five, four, &c. Sometimes, when two persons
+ play, they take each only three or five pieces, and agree to _play_ or
+ _draw_, i.e., when one cannot come in, or pair the pieces upon the
+ board at the end unmatched, he draws from the pieces in stock till he
+ finds one to suit. There are various other ways of playing dominoes,
+ but they are all dependent on the matching of the pips.
+
+
+
+139. Quadrilles.
+
+ The First Set.
+
+ _First Figure, Le Pantalon_.--Right and left. Balancez to partners;
+ turn partners. Ladies' chain. Half promenade; half right and left.
+ (Four times.)
+
+ _Second Figure, L'Été_.--Leading lady and opposite gentleman advance
+ and retire; chassez to right and left; cross over to each other's
+ places; chassez to right and left. Balancez and turn partners. (Four
+ times.)
+
+ _Or Double L'Été_.--Both couples advance and retire at the same
+ time; cross over; advance and retire again; cross to places.
+ Balancez and turn partners. (Four times.)
+
+ _Third Figure, La Poule_.--Leading lady and opposite gentleman cross
+ over, giving right hands; recross, giving left hands, and fall in a
+ line. Set four in a line; half promenade. Advance two, and retire
+ (twice). Advance four, and retire; half right and left. (Four
+ times.)
+
+ _Fourth Figure, Trenise_.--The first couple advance and retire
+ twice, the lady remaining on the opposite side; the two ladies go
+ round the first gentleman, who advances up the centre; balancez and
+ turn hands. (Four times.)
+
+ _Fifth Figure, La Pastorale_.--The leading couple advance twice,
+ leaving the lady opposite the second time. The three advance and
+ retire twice. The leading gentleman advance and set. Hands four half
+ round; half right and left. [1] (Four times)
+
+ _Sixth Figure, Galop Finale_.--Top and bottom couples galopade quite
+ round each other. Advance and retire; four advance again, and change
+ the gentlemen. Ladies' chain. Advance and retire four, and regain
+ your partners in your places. The fourth time all galopade for an
+ unlimited period. (Four times.)
+
+ _Or_, All galopade or promenade, eight bars. Advance four _en
+ galopade oblique_, and retire, then half promenade, eight bars.
+ Advance four, retire, and return to places with the half promenade,
+ eight bars. Ladies' chain, eight bars. Repeated by the side couples,
+ then by the top and bottom, and lastly by the side couples,
+ finishing with grand promenade.
+
+ In different companies the Quadrille varies slightly. For instance,
+ in the last figure, sometimes called Flirtation, the four couples
+ set in a circle, the gentlemen turn their partners, the ladies
+ advance to the centre and retire, the gentlemen advance and retire;
+ the gentlemen turn the ladies to the left and promenade: the whole
+ figure being repeated four times.
+
+
+[Footnote 1: This or the Trenise must be omitted.]
+
+
+
+140.--Lancers.
+
+ i. _LaRose_.--First gentleman and opposite lady advance and
+ set--turn with both hands, retiring to places--return, leading
+ outside--set and turn at corners.
+
+ ii. _La Lodoiska_.--First couple advance twice, leaving the lady in
+ the centre--set in the centre--turn to places--all advance in two
+ lines--all turn partners.
+
+ iii. _La Dorset_.--First lady advance and stop, then the opposite
+ gentleman--both retire, turning round--ladies' hands across half
+ round, and turn the opposite gentlemen with left hands--repeat back
+ to places, and turn partners with left hands.
+
+ iv. _L'Étoile_.--First couple set to couple at right--set to couple
+ at left--change places with partners, and set, and pirouette to
+ places--right and left with opposite couple,
+
+ v. _Les Lanciers_.--The grand chain. The first couple advance and
+ turn facing the top; then the couple at right advance behind the top
+ couple; then the couple at left and the opposite couple do the same,
+ forming two lines. All change places with partners and back again.
+ The ladies turn in a line on the right, the gentlemen in a line on
+ the left. Each couple meet up the centre. Set in two lines, the
+ ladies in one line, the gentlemen in the other. Turn partners to
+ places. Finish with the grand chain.
+
+
+
+141. The Caledonians.
+
+ _First Figure_.--The first and opposite couples hands across round
+ the centre and back to places--set and turn partners. Ladies' chain.
+ Half promenade--half right and left. Repeated by the side couples.
+
+ _Second Figure_.--The first gentleman advance and retire twice. All
+ set at corners, each lady passing into the next lady's place on the
+ right. Promenade by all. Repeated by the other couples.
+
+ _Third Figure_.--The first lady and opposite gentleman advance and
+ retire, bending to each other. First lady and opposite gentleman
+ pass round each other to places. First couple cross over, having
+ hold of hands, while the opposite couple cross on the outside of
+ them--the same reversed. All set at corners, turn, and resume
+ partners. All advance and retire twice, in a circle with hands
+ joined--turn partners.
+
+ _Fourth Figure_.--The first lady and opposite gentleman advance and
+ stop; then their partners advance; turn partners to places. The four
+ ladies move to right, each taking the next lady's place, and
+ stop--the four gentlemen move to left, each taking the next
+ gentleman's place, and stop--the ladies repeat the same to the
+ right--then the gentlemen to the left. All join hands and promenade
+ round to places, and turn partners. Repeated by the other couples.
+
+ _Fifth Figure_.--The first couple promenade or waltz round inside
+ the figure. The four ladies advance, join hands round, and
+ retire--then the gentlemen perform the same--all set and turn
+ partners. Chain figure of eight half round, and set. All promenade
+ to places and turn partners. All change sides, join right hands at
+ corners, and set--back again to places. Finish with grand
+ promenade.
+
+ These three are the most admired of the quadrilles: the First Set
+ invariably takes precedence of every other dance.
+
+
+ [COFFEE WAS FIRST BROUGHT TO ENGLAND IN 1641.]
+
+
+142. Spanish Dance.
+
+ Danced in a circle or a line by sixteen or twenty couples. The couples
+ stand as for a Country Dance, except that the first gentleman must
+ stand on the ladies' side, and the first lady on the gentlemen's side.
+ First gentleman and second lady balancez to each other, while first
+ lady and second gentleman do the same, and change places. First
+ gentleman and partner balancez, while second gentleman and partner do
+ the same, and change places. First gentleman and second lady balancez,
+ while first lady and second gentleman do the same, and change places.
+ First gentleman and second lady balancez to partners, and change
+ places with them. All four join hands in the centre, and then change
+ places, in the same order as the foregoing figure, four times. All
+ four poussette, leaving the second lady and gentleman at the top, the
+ same as in a Country Dance. The first lady and gentleman then go
+ through the same figure with the third lady and gentleman, and so
+ proceed to the end of the dance. This figure is sometimes danced in
+ eight bars time, which not only hurries and inconveniences the
+ dancers, but also ill accords with the music.
+
+
+143. Waltz Cotillon.
+
+ Places the same as quadrille. First couple waltz round inside; first
+ and second ladies advance twice and cross over, turning twice; first
+ and second gentlemen do the same; third and fourth couples the same;
+ first and second couples waltz to places, third and fourth do the
+ same; all waltz to partners, and turn half round with both hands,
+ meeting the next lady; perform this figure until in four places; form
+ two side lines, all advance twice and cross over, turning twice; the
+ same, returning; all waltz round; the whole repeated four times.
+
+
+144. La Galopade
+
+ is an extremely graceful and spirited dance, in a continual chassez.
+ An unlimited number may join; it is danced in couples, as waltzing.
+
+
+145. The Galopade Quadrilles.
+
+ 1st. Galopade.
+ 2nd, Right and left, sides the same.
+ 3rd, Set and turn, hands all eight.
+ 4th, Galopade.
+ 5th, Ladies' chain, sides the same.
+ 6th, Set and turn partners all eight.
+ 7th, Galopade.
+ 8th, Tirois, sides the same.
+ 9th, Set and turn partners all eight.
+ 10th, Galopade.
+ 11th, Top lady and bottom gentleman advance and retire, the other
+ six do the same.
+ 12th, Set and turn partners all eight.
+ 13th, Galopade.
+ 14th, Four ladies advance and retire, gentlemen the same.
+ 15th, Double ladies' chain.
+ 16th, Set and turn partners all eight.
+ 17th, Galopade.
+ 18th, Poussette, sides the same.
+ 19th, Set and turn.
+ 20th, Galopade waltz.
+
+
+
+146. The Mazurka.
+
+ This dance is of Polish origin--first introduced into England by the
+ Duke of Devonshire, on his return from Russia. It consists of twelve
+ movements; and the first eight bars are played (as in quadrilles)
+ before the first movement commences.
+
+
+
+147. The Redowa Waltz
+
+ is composed of: three parts, distinct from each other. 1st, The
+ Pursuit. 2nd, The waltz called Redowa. 3rd, The waltz a Deux Temps,
+ executed to a peculiar measure, and which, by a change of the rhythm,
+ assumes a new character. The middle of the floor must he reserved for
+ the dancers who execute the promenade, called the pursuit, while those
+ who dance the waltz turn in a circle about the room. The position of
+ the gentleman is the same as for the waltz. The gentleman sets out
+ with the left foot, and the lady with the right. In the pursuit the
+ position is different, the gentleman and his partner face, and take
+ each other by the hand. They advance or fall back at pleasure, and
+ balance in advance and backwards. To advance, the step of the pursuit
+ is made by a glissade forward, without springing, _coupé_ with the
+ hind foot, and _jeté_ on it. You recommence with the other foot, and
+ so on throughout. The retiring step is made by a sliding step of the
+ foot backwards, without spring, _jeté_ with the front foot, and
+ _coupé_ with the one behind. It is necessary to advance well upon the
+ sliding step, and to spring lightly in the two others, _sur place_,
+ balancing equally in the _pas de poursuite_, which is executed
+ alternately by the left in advance, and the right backwards. The lady
+ should follow all the movements of her partner, falling back when he
+ advances, and advancing when he falls back. Bring the shoulders a
+ little forward at each sliding step, for they should always follow the
+ movement of the leg as it advances or retreats; but this should not be
+ too marked. When the gentleman is about to waltz, he should take the
+ lady's waist, as in the ordinary waltz. The step of the Redowa, in
+ turning, may be thus described. For the gentleman--_jete_ of the left
+ foot, passing before the lady. _Glissade_ of the right foot behind to
+ the fourth position aside--the left foot is brought to the third
+ position behind--then the _pas de basque_ is executed by the right
+ foot, bringing it forward, and you recommence with the left. The _pas
+ de basque_ should be made in three very equal beats, as in the
+ Mazurka. The lady performs the same steps as the gentleman, beginning
+ by the _pas de basque_ with the right foot. To waltz à deux temps to
+ the measure of the Redowa, we should make each step upon each beat of
+ the bar, and find ourselves at every two bars, the gentleman with his
+ left foot forwards, and the lady with her right, that is to say, we
+ should make one whole and one half step to every bar. The music is
+ rather slower than for the ordinary waltz.
+
+
+ [PHOSPHORUS WAS DISCOVERED IN 1677.]
+
+
+148. Valse Cellarius.
+
+ The gentleman takes the lady's left hand with his right, moving one
+ bar to the left by _glissade_, and two hops on his left foot, while
+ the lady does the same to the right, on her right foot; at the second
+ bar they repeat the same with the other foot--this is repeated for
+ sixteen bars; they then waltz sixteen bars, _glissade_ and two hops,
+ taking care to occupy the time of two bars to get quite round. The
+ gentleman now takes both hands of the lady, and makes the grand
+ square--moving three bars to his left--at the fourth bar making two
+ beats while turning the angle; his right foot is now moved forward to
+ the other angle three bars--at the fourth, beat again while turning
+ the angle; the same repeated for sixteen bars--the lady having her
+ right foot forward when the gentleman has his left toot forward; the
+ waltz is again repeated; after which several other steps are
+ introduced, but which must needs be seen to be understood.
+
+
+149. Circular Waltz.
+
+ The dancers form a circle, then promenade during the introduction--all
+ waltz sixteen bars--set, holding partner's right hand, and turn--waltz
+ thirty-two bars--rest, and turn partners slowly--face partner and
+ chassez to the right and left--pirouette lady twice with the right
+ hand, all waltz sixteen bars--set and turn--all form a circle, still
+ retaining the lady by the right hand, and move round to the left,
+ sixteen bars--waltz for finale.
+
+
+150. Polka Waltzes.
+
+ The couples take hold of hands as in the usual waltz.
+
+ _First Waltz_. The gentleman hops the left foot well forward, then
+ hack; and _glissades_ half round. He then hops the right foot forward
+ and back, and _glissades_ the other half round. The lady performs the
+ same steps, beginning with the right foot.
+
+ _Second._ The gentleman, hopping, strikes the left heel three times
+ against the right heel, and then jumps half round on the left foot; he
+ then strikes the right heel three times against the left, and jumps on
+ the right foot, completing the circle. The lady does the same steps
+ with reverse feet.
+
+ _Third._ The gentleman raises up the left foot, steps it lightly on
+ the ground forward, then strikes the right heel smartly twice, and
+ _glissades_ half round. The same is then done with the other foot. The
+ lady begins with the right foot.
+
+
+
+151. Valse a Deux Temps.
+
+ This waltz contains, like the common waltz, three times, but
+ differently divided. The first time consists of a gliding step; the
+ second a chassez, including two times in one. A chassez is performed
+ by bringing one leg near the other, then moving it forward, backward,
+ right, left, and round. The gentleman begins by sliding to the left
+ with his left foot, then performing a chassez towards the left with
+ his right foot without turning at all during the first two times. He
+ then slides backwards with his right leg, turning half round; after
+ which he puts his left leg behind, to perform a chassez forward,
+ turning then half round for the second time. The lady waltzes in the
+ same manner, except that the first time she slides to the right with
+ the right foot, and also performs the chassez on the right, and
+ continues the same as the gentleman, except that she slides backwards
+ with her right foot when the gentleman slides with his left foot to
+ the left; and when the gentleman slides with his right foot backwards,
+ she slides with the left foot to the left. To perform this waltz
+ gracefully, care must be taken to avoid jumping, but merely to slide,
+ and keep the knees slightly bent.
+
+
+ [AVERAGE WEIGHT OF MAN'S BRAIN, 3-1/2LBS, WOMAN'S 2LBS. 11OZ.]
+
+
+152. Circassian Circle.
+
+ The company is arranged in couples round the room--the ladies being
+ placed on the right of the gentlemen,--after which, the first and
+ second couples lead off the dance.
+
+ _Figure._ Eight and left, set and turn partners--ladies' chain,
+ waltz.
+
+ At the conclusion, the first couple with fourth, and the second with
+ the third couple, recommence the figure,--and so on until they go
+ completely round the circle, when the dance is concluded.
+
+
+
+153. Polka.
+
+ In the polka there an but two principal steps, all others belong to
+ fancy dances, and much mischief and inconvenience is likely to arise
+ from their improper introduction into the ball-room.
+
+ _First step._ The gentleman raises the left foot slightly behind the
+ right, the right foot is then hopped with, and the left brought
+ forward with a glissade. The lady commences with the right, jumps on
+ the left, and glissades with the right. The gentleman during his
+ step has hold of the lady's left hand with his right.
+
+ _Second step._ The gentleman lightly hops the left foot forward on
+ the heel, then hops on the toe, bringing the left foot slightly
+ behind the right. He then glissades with the left foot forward; the
+ same is then done, commencing with the right foot. The lady dances
+ the same step, only beginning with the right foot.
+
+ There are a variety of other steps of a fancy character, but they can
+ only be understood with the aid of a master, and even when well
+ studied, must be introduced with care. The polka should be danced with
+ grace and elegance, eschewing all _outré_ and ungainly steps and
+ gestures, taking care that the leg is not lifted too high, and that
+ the dance is not commenced in too abrupt a manner. Any number of
+ couples may stand up, and it is the privilege of the gentleman to form
+ what figure he pleases, and vary it as often as his fancy and taste
+ may dictate.
+
+ _First Figure._ Four or eight bars are devoted to setting forwards
+ and backwards, turning from and towards your partner, making a
+ slight hop at the commencement of each set, and holding your
+ partner's left hand; you then perform the same step (forwards) all
+ round the room.
+
+ _Second Figure._ The gentleman faces his partner, and does the same
+ step backwards all round the room, the lady following with the
+ opposite foot, and doing the step forwards.
+
+ _Third Figure._ The same as the second figure, only reversed, the
+ lady stepping backwards, and the gentleman forwards, always going
+ the same way round the room.
+
+ _Fourth Figure._ The same step as figures two and three, but turning
+ as in a waltz.
+
+
+ [MAN'S HEART BEATS 92,160 TIMES IN A DAY.]
+
+
+
+154. The Gorlitza
+
+ is similar to the polka, the figures being waltzed through.
+
+
+155. The Schottische.
+
+ The gentleman holds the lady precisely as in the polka. Beginning with
+ the left foot, he slides it forward, then brings up the right foot to
+ the place of the left, slides the left foot forward, and springs or
+ hops on this foot. This movement is repeated to the right. He begins
+ with the right foot, slides it forward, brings up the left foot to the
+ place of the right foot, slides the right foot forward again, and hops
+ upon it. The gentleman springs twice on the left foot, turning half
+ round; twice on the right foot; twice _encore_ on the left foot,
+ turning half round; and again twice on the right foot, turning half
+ round. Beginning again, he proceeds as before. The lady begins with
+ the right foot, and her step is the same in principle as the
+ gentleman's. Vary, by a _reverse turn_; or by going in a straight line
+ round the room. Double, if you like, each part, by giving four bars to
+ the first part, and four bars to the second part. The _time_ may be
+ stated as precisely the same as in the polka; but let it not be
+ forgotten that _La Schottische_ ought to be danced _much slower_.
+
+
+156. Country Dances. _Sir Roger de Coverley_.
+
+ First lady and bottom gentleman advance to centre, salute, and retire;
+ first gentleman and bottom lady, same. First lady and bottom
+ gentleman advance to centre, turn, and retire; first gentleman and
+ bottom lady the same. Ladies promenade, turning off to the right down
+ the room, and back to places, while gentlemen do the same, turning to
+ the left; top couple remain at bottom; repeat to the end of dance.
+
+
+157. La Polka Country Dances.
+
+ All form two lines, ladies on the right, gentlemen on the left.
+
+ _Figure_. Top lady and second gentleman heel and toe (polka step)
+ across to each other's place--second lady and top gentleman the
+ same. Top lady and second gentleman retire back to places--second
+ lady and top gentleman the same. Two couples polka step down the
+ middle and back again--two first couples polka waltz. First couple
+ repeat with the third couple, then with fourth, and so on to the end
+ of dance.
+
+
+158. The Highland Reel.
+
+ This dance is performed by the company arranged in parties of three,
+ along the room in the following manner: a lady between two gentlemen,
+ in double rows. All advance and retire--each lady then performs the
+ reel with the gentleman on her right hand, and retires with the
+ opposite gentleman to places--hands three round and back again--all
+ six advance and retire--then lead through to the next trio, and
+ continue the figure to the end of the room. Adopt the Highland step,
+ and music of three-four time.
+
+
+159. Terms used to Describe the Movements of Dances.
+
+ _Balancez_.--Set to partners.
+
+ _Chaine Anglaise_.--The top and bottom couples right and left.
+
+ _Chaine Anglaise double_.--The right and left double.
+
+ _Chaine des Dames_.--The ladies' chain.
+
+ _Chaine des Dames double_.--The ladies' chain double, which is
+ performed by all the ladies commencing at the same time.
+
+ _Chassez_.--Move to the right and left.
+
+ _Chassez croisez_.--Gentlemen change places with partners, and back
+ again.
+
+ _Demie Chaine Anglaise_.--The four opposite persons half right and
+ left.
+
+ _Demie Promenade_.--All eight half promenade.
+
+ _Dos-à-dos_.--The two opposite persons pass round each other.
+
+ _Demie Moulinet_.--The ladies all advance to the centre, giving
+ hands, and return to places.
+
+ _La Grande Chaine_.--All eight chassez quite round, giving
+ alternately right and left hands to partners, beginning with the
+ right.
+
+ _Le Grand Rond_.--All join hands and advance and retire twice.
+
+ _Pas d'Allemande_.--The gentlemen turn the partners under their
+ arms.
+
+ _Traversez_.--The two opposite persons change places.
+
+ _Vis-à-vis_.--The opposite partner.
+
+
+ [THE HUMAN BODY HAS 240 BONES.]
+
+
+160. Scandal--Live it down.
+
+ Should envious tongues some malice frame,
+ To soil and tarnish your good name,
+ Live it down!
+
+ Grow not disheartened; 'tis the lot
+ Of all men, whether good or not:
+ Live it down!
+
+ *Him not in answer, but be calm;
+ For silence yields a rapid balm:
+ Live it down!
+
+ Go not among your friends and say,
+ Evil hath fallen on my way:
+ Live it down!
+
+ Far better thus yourself alone
+ To suffer, than with friends bemoan
+ The trouble that is all your own:
+ Live it down!
+
+ What though men _evil_ call your _good!_
+ So CHRIST Himself, misunderstood,
+ Was nailed unto a cross of wood!
+ And now shall you for lesser pain,
+ Your inmost soul for ever stain,
+ By rendering evil back again?
+ Live it down!
+
+
+
+161. Errors in Speaking.
+
+ There are several kinds of errors in speaking. The most objectionable
+ of them are those in which words are employed that are unsuitable to
+ convey the meaning intended. Thus, a person wishing to express his
+ intention of going to a given place, says, "I _propose_ going," when,
+ in fact, he _purposes_ going. The following affords an amusing
+ illustration of this class of error:--A venerable matron was speaking
+ of her son, who, she said, was quite stage-struck. "In fact," remarked
+ the old lady, "he is going to a _premature_ performance this evening!"
+ Considering that most _amateur_ performances are _premature_, it
+ cannot be said that this word was altogether misapplied; though,
+ evidently, the maternal intention was to convey quite another meaning.
+
+
+162. Other Errors
+
+ arise from the substitution of sounds similar to the words which
+ should be employed; that is, spurious words instead of genuine ones.
+ Thus, some people say "renumerative," when they mean "remunerative." A
+ nurse, recommending her mistress to have a _perambulator_ for her
+ child, advised her to purchase a _preamputator_!
+
+
+163. Other Errors (2)
+
+ are occasioned by imperfect knowledge of the English grammar: thus,
+ many people say, "Between you and I," instead of "Between you and
+ _me_." And there are numerous other departures from the rules of
+ grammar, which will be pointed out hereafter.
+
+
+164. By the Misuse of the Adjective:
+
+ "What _beautiful_ butter!" "What a _nice_ landscape!" They should say,
+ "What a _beautiful_ landscape!" "What _nice_ butter!" Again, errors
+ are frequently occasioned by the following causes:
+
+
+165. By the Mispronunciation of Words.
+
+ Many persons say _pro_noun_ciation_ instead of _pronunciation_; others
+ say pro-nun'-she-a-shun, instead of pro-nun-ce-a-shun.
+
+
+166. By the Misdivision of Words and syllables.
+
+ This defect makes the words _an ambassador_ sound like _a
+ nam-bassador_, or _an adder_ like _a nadder_.
+
+
+167. By Imperfect Enunciation,
+
+ as when a person says _hebben_ for _heaven_, _ebber_ for _ever_,
+ _jocholate_ for _chocolate_, &c.
+
+
+168. By the Use of Provincialisms,
+
+ or words retained from various dialects, of which we give the
+ following examples:
+
+
+169. Cambridgeshire, Cheshire, Suffolk, &c.
+
+ Foyne, twoyne, for _fine_, _twine_; ineet for _night_; a-mon for
+ _man_; poo for _pull_.
+
+
+170. Cumberland, Scotland, &c.
+
+ Cuil, bluid, for _cool_, _blood_; spwort, seworn, whoam, for _sport_,
+ _scorn_, _home_; a-theere for _there_; e-reed, seeven, for _red_,
+ _seven_; bleedin' for _bleeding_; hawf for _half_; saumon for
+ _salmon_.
+
+
+171. Devonshire, Cornwall, &c.
+
+ F-vind for _find_; fet for _fetch_; wid for _with_; zee for _see_;
+ tudder for _the other_; drash, droo, for _thrash_, and _through_;
+ gewse for _goose_, &c.
+
+
+172. Essex, London, &c.
+
+ V-wiew for _view;_ vent for _went;_ vite for _white;_ ven for _when;_
+ vot for _what_. Londoners are also prone to say Toosday for _Tuesday;_
+ noomerous for _numerous_; noospaper for _newspaper_, &c.
+
+
+[THE MUSICAL SCALE WAS INVENTED IN 1022.]
+
+
+173. Hereford, &c.:
+
+ Clom for _climb;_ hove for _heave;_ puck for _pick;_ rep for _reap;_
+ sled for _sledge_.
+
+
+174. Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Lancashire, &c.
+
+ Housen for _houses;_ a-ioyne for _lane;_ mon for _man;_ thik for
+ _this;_ brig for _bridge;_ thack, pick, for _thatch, pitch_.
+
+
+175. Yorkshire, &c.
+
+ Foyt for _foot;_ foight for _fight;_ o-noite, foil, coil, hoil, for
+ _note, foal, coal, hole;_ loyne for _lane;_ o-nooin, gooise, fooil,
+ tooil, for _noon, goose, fool, tool;_ spwort, scworn, whoam, for
+ _sport, scorn, home;_ g-yet for _gate_.
+
+
+176. Examples of Provincial Dialects.
+
+ The following will be found very amusing:
+
+
+177. The Cornish Schoolboy.
+
+ An ould man found, one day, a young gentleman's portmantle, as he were
+ a going to es dennar; he took'd et en and gived et to es wife, and
+ said, "Mally, here's a roul of lither, look, see, I suppoase some poor
+ ould shoemaker or other have los'en; tak'en, and put'en a top of the
+ teaster of tha bed; he'll be glad to hab'en agin sum day, I dear say."
+ The ould man, Jan, that was es neame, went to es work as before.
+ Mally then opened the portmantle, and found en et three hunderd
+ pounds. Soon after thes, the ould man not being very well, Mally said,
+ "Jan, I'ave saaved away a little money, by the bye, and as thee
+ caan't read or write, thee shu'st go to scool" (he were then nigh
+ threescore and ten). He went but a very short time, and comed hoam one
+ day and said, "Mally, I waint go to scool no more, 'caase the childer
+ do be laffen at me: they can tell their letters, and I caan't tell my
+ A, B, C, and I wud rayther go to work agen." "Do as thee wool," ses
+ Mally. Jan had not been out many days, afore Vhe young gentleman came
+ by that lost the portmantle, and said, "Well, my ould man, did'ee see
+ or hear tell o' sich a thing as a portmantle?" "Port-mantle, sar,
+ was't that un, sumthing like thickey?" (pointing to one behind es
+ saddle). "I vound one the t'other day zackly like that." "Where es,
+ et?" "Come along, I carr'd'en and gov'en to my ould 'ooman, Mally;
+ thee sha't av'en, nevr vear.--Mally, where es that roul of lither I
+ broft en tould thee to put en a top o' the teaster of the bed,
+ _afore I go'd to scool?_" "Drat thee emperance," said the young
+ gentleman; "thee art bewattled; _that were afore I were born._"
+ So he druv'd off, and left all the three hunderd pounds with Jan and
+ Mally.
+
+
+178. Yorkshire.
+
+ Men an' women is like so monny cards, played wi' be two oppoanents,
+ Time an' Eternity: Time gets a gam' noo an' then, and hez t' pleasure
+ o' keepin' his cards for a bit, bud Eternity's be far t'better hand,
+ an' proves, day be day, an' hoor be hoor, 'at he's winnin incalcalably
+ fast.--"Hoo sweet, hoo varry sweet is life!" as t' fiee said when he
+ wur stuck i' treacle!
+
+
+179. Effect of Provincialisms
+
+ Persons bred in these localities, and in Ireland and Scotland, retain
+ more or less of their provincialisms; and, therefore, when they move
+ into other districts, they become conspicuous for their peculiarities
+ of speech. Often they appear vulgar and uneducated, when they are not
+ so. It is, therefore, desirable for all persons to approach the
+ recognised standard of correctness as nearly as possible.
+
+
+180. Correction of Errors in Speaking.
+
+ To correct these errors by a systematic course of study would involve
+ a closer application than most persons could afford, and require more
+ space than we can devote to the subject. We will therefore give
+ numerous Rules and Hints, in a concise and simple form, which will be
+ of great assistance to inquirers. These Rules and Hints will be
+ founded upon the authority of scholars, the usages of the bar, the
+ pulpit, and the senate, and the authority of societies formed for the
+ purpose of collecting and diffusing knowledge pertaining to the
+ language of this country.
+
+
+ [A SALMON NAS BEEN KNOWN TO PRODUCE 10,000,000 EGGS.]
+
+
+181. Rules and Hints for Correct Speaking.
+
+ 1. _Who_ and _whom_ are used in relation to persons, and _which_ in
+ relation to things. But it was once common to say, "the man
+ _which._" This should now be avoided. It is now usual to say, "Our
+ Father _who_ art in heaven," instead of "_which_ art in heaven."
+
+ 2. _Whose_ is, however, sometimes applied to things as well as to
+ persons. We may therefore say, "The country _whose_ inhabitants are
+ free." Grammarians differ in opinion upon this subject, but general
+ usage justifies the rule.
+
+ 3. _Thou_ is employed in solemn discourse, and you in common
+ language. _Ye_ (plural) is also used in serious addresses, and you
+ in familiar language.
+
+ 4. The uses of the word _It_ are various, and very perplexing to the
+ uneducated. It is not only used to imply persons, but things, and
+ even, ideas, and therefore, in speaking or writing, its assistance
+ is constantly required. The perplexity respecting this word arises
+ from the fact that in using it in the construction of a long
+ sentence, sufficient care is not taken to ensure that when _it_ is
+ employed it really points out or refers to the object intended. For
+ instance, "It was raining when John set out in his cart to go to the
+ market, and he was delayed so long that it was over before he
+ arrived." Now what is to be understood by this sentence? Was the
+ rain over? or the market? Either or both might be inferred from the
+ construction of the sentence, which, therefore, should be written
+ thus:--"It was raining when John set out in his cart to go to the
+ market, and he was delayed so long that the market was over before
+ he arrived."
+
+ 5. _Rule_.--After writing a sentence always look through it, and see
+ that wherever the word It is employed, it refers to or carries the
+ mind back to the object which it is intended to point out.
+
+ 6. The general distinction between _This_ and _That_ may be thus
+ defined: _this_ denotes an object present or near, in time or place,
+ _that_ something which is absent.
+
+ 7. _These_ refers, in the same manner, to present objects, while
+ _those_ refers to things that are remote.
+
+ 8. _Who_ changes, under certain conditions, into _whose_ and _whom_.
+ But _that_ and _which_ always remain the same.
+
+ 9. _That_ may be applied to nouns or subjects of all sorts; as, the
+ _girl that_ went to school, the _dog that_ bit me, the _ship that_
+ went to London, the _opinion that_ he entertains.
+
+ 10. The misuse of these pronouns gives rise to more errors in
+ speaking and writing than any other cause.
+
+ 11. When you wish to distinguish between two or more persons, say,
+ "_Which_ is the happy man?"--not _who_--"_Which_ of those ladies do
+ you admire?"
+
+ 12. Instead of "_Who_ do you think him to be?"--say, "_Whom_ do you
+ think him to be?"
+
+ 13. _Whom_ should I see?
+
+ 14. To _whom_ do you speak?
+
+ 15. _Who_ said so?
+
+ 16. _Who_ gave it to you?
+
+ 17. Of _whom_ did you procure them?
+
+ 18. _Who_ was _he_?
+
+ 19. _Who_ do men say that _I_ am?
+
+ 20. _Whom_ do they represent _me_ to be? [1]
+
+ 21. In many instances in which _who_ is used as an interrogative, it
+ does not become _whom_; as "_Who_ do you speak to?" "_Who_ do you
+ expect?" "_Who_ is she married to?" "_Who_ is this reserved for?"
+ "_Who_ was it made by?" Such sentences are found in the writings of
+ our best authors, and it would be presumptuous to consider them as
+ ungrammatical. If the word _whom_ should be preferred, then it would
+ be best to say, "For _whom_ is this reserved?" &c.
+
+ 22. Instead of "After _which_ hour," say "After _that_ hour."
+
+ 23. _Self_ should never be added to _his, their, mine, or thine._
+
+ 24. _Each_ is used to denote every individual of a number.
+
+ 25. _Every_ denotes all the individuals of a number.
+
+ 26. _Either_ and _or_ denote an alternative: "I will take _either_
+ road, at your pleasure;" "I will take this _or_ that."
+
+ 27. _Neither_ means _not either_; and _nor_ means _not the other_.
+
+ 28. _Either_ is sometimes used for _each_--"Two thieves were
+ crucified, on _either_ side one."
+
+ 29. "Let _each_ esteem others as good as themselves," should be,
+ "Let _each_ esteem others as good as _himself_."
+
+ 30. "There are bodies _each_ of which _are_ so small," should be,
+ "each of which _is_ so small."
+
+ 31. Do not use double superlatives, such as _most straightest_,
+ _most highest_, _most finest_.
+
+ 32. The term _worser_ has gone out of use; but _lesser_ is still
+ retained.
+
+ 33. The use of such words as _chiefest_, _extremest_, &c., has
+ become obsolete, because they do not give any superior force to the
+ meanings of the primary words, _chief_, _extreme_, &c.
+
+ 34. Such expressions as _more impossible_, _more indispensable_,
+ _more universal_, _more uncontrollable_, _more unlimited_, &c., are
+ objectionable, as they really enfeeble the meaning which it is the
+ object of the speaker or writer to strengthen. For instance,
+ _impossible_ gains no strength by rendering it _more_ impossible.
+ This class of error is common with persons who say, "A _great large_
+ house," "A _great big_ animal," "A _little small_ foot," "A _tiny
+ little_ hand."
+
+ 35. _Here_, _there_, and _where_, originally denoting place, may
+ now, by common consent, he used to denote other meanings; such as,
+ "_There_ I agree with you," "_Where_ we differ," "We find pain
+ _where_ we expected pleasure," "_Here_ you mistake me."
+
+ 36. _Hence_, _whence_, and _thence_, denoting departure, &c., may be
+ used without the word _from_. The idea of _from_ is included in the
+ word _whence_--therefore it is unnecessary to say "_From whence_."
+
+ 37. _Hither_, _thither_, and _whither_, denoting to a place, have
+ generally been superseded by _here_, _there_, and _where_. But there
+ is no good reason why they should not be employed. If, however, they
+ are used, it is unnecessary to add the word _to_, because that is
+ implied--"_Whither_ are you going?" "_Where_ are you going?" Each of
+ these sentences is complete. To say, "Where are you going _to_?" is
+ redundant.
+
+ 38. Two _negatives_ destroy each other, and produce an affirmative.
+ "_Nor_ did he _not_ observe them," conveys the idea that he _did_
+ observe them.
+
+ 39. But negative assertions are allowable. "His manners are not
+ unpolite," which implies that his manners are, in some degree,
+ marked by politeness.
+
+ 40. Instead of "I _had_ rather walk," say "I _would_ rather walk."
+
+ 41. Instead of "I _had better_ go," say "It were better that I
+ should go."
+
+ 42. Instead of "I doubt not _but_ I shall be able to go," say "I
+ doubt not that I shall be able to go."
+
+ 43. Instead of "Let you and _I_," say "Let you and me."
+
+ 44. Instead of "I am not so tall as _him_," say "I am not so tall as
+ he."
+
+ 45. When asked "Who is there?" do not answer "Me," but "I."
+
+ 46. Instead of "For you and _I_," say "For you and me."
+
+ 47. Instead of "_Says_ I," say "I said."
+
+ 48. Instead of "You are taller than _me_," say "You are taller than
+ I."
+
+ 49. Instead of "I _ain't_," or "I _arn't_," say "I am not."
+
+ 50. Instead of "Whether I be present or _no_," say "Whether I be
+ present or not."
+
+ 51. For "Not that I know _on_," say "Not that I know."
+
+ 52. Instead of "_Was_ I to do so," say "_Were_ I to do so."
+
+ 53. Instead of "I would do the same if I _was him_," say "I would do
+ the same if I were he."
+
+ 54. Instead of "I _had_ as lief go myself," say "I would as soon go
+ myself," or "I would rather."
+
+ 55. It is better to say "Bred and born," than "Born and bred."
+
+ 56. It is better to say "Six weeks ago," than "Six weeks back."
+
+ 57. It is better to say "Since which time," than "Since when."
+
+ 58. It is better to say "I repeated it," than "I said so over
+ again."
+
+ 59. It is better to say "A physician," or "A surgeon," than "A
+ medical man."
+
+ 60. Instead of "He was too young to _have_ suffered much," say "He
+ was too young to suffer much."
+
+ 61. Instead of "_Less_ friends," say "Fewer friends." Less refers
+ to quantity.
+
+ 62. Instead of "A _quantity_ of people," say "A number of people."
+
+ 63. Instead of "_He and they_ we know," say "Him and them."
+
+ 64. Instead of "_As_ far as I can see," say "So far as I can see."
+
+ 65. Instead of "If I am _not mistaken_," say "If I mistake not."
+
+ 66. Instead of "You _are mistaken_," say "You mistake."
+
+ 67. Instead of "What _beautiful_ tea!" say "What good tea!"
+
+ 68. Instead of "What a _nice_ prospect!" say "What a _beautiful_
+ prospect!"
+
+ 69. Instead of "A _new pair_ of gloves," say "A pair of new gloves."
+
+ 70. Instead of saying "_He_ belongs to the _house_," say "The house
+ belongs to him."
+
+ 71. Instead of saying "_Not no_ such thing," say "Not any such
+ thing."
+
+ 72. Instead of "I hope you'll think nothing _on_ it," say "I hope
+ you'll think nothing of it."
+
+ 73. Instead of "Restore it _back_ to me," say "Restore it to me."
+
+ 74. Instead of "I suspect the _veracity_ of his story," say "I doubt
+ the truth of his story."
+
+ 75. Instead of "I seldom _or ever_ see him," say "I seldom see him."
+
+ 76. Instead of "_Rather warmish_" or "A _little_ warmish," say
+ "Rather warm."
+
+ 77. Instead of "I expected _to have_ found him," say "I expected to
+ find him."
+
+ 78. Instead of "_Shay_," say "Chaise."
+
+ 79. Instead of "He is a very _rising_ person," say "He is rising
+ rapidly."
+
+ 80. Instead of "Who _learns_ you music?" say "Who teaches you
+ music?"
+
+ 81. Instead of "I _never_ sing _whenever_ I can help it," say "I
+ never sing when I can help it."
+
+ 82. Instead of "Before I do that I must _first_ ask leave," say
+ "Before I do that I must ask leave."
+
+ 83. Instead of "To _get over_ the difficulty," say "To overcome the
+ difficulty."
+
+ 84. The phrase "_get over_" is in many cases misapplied, as, to "get
+ over a person," to "get over a week," to "get over an opposition."
+
+ 85. Instead of saying "The _observation_ of the rule," say "The
+ observance of the rule."
+
+ 86. Instead of "A man _of_ eighty years of age," say "A man eighty
+ years old."
+
+ 87. Instead of "Here _lays_ his honoured head," say "Here lies his
+ honoured head."
+
+ 88. Instead of "He died from _negligence_," say "He died through
+ neglect," or "in consequence of neglect."
+
+ 89. Instead of "Apples are plenty," say "Apples are plentiful."
+
+ 90. Instead of "The _latter end_ of the year," say "The end, or the
+ close of the year."
+
+ 91. Instead of "The _then_ government," say "The government of that
+ age, or century, or year, or time."
+
+ 92. Instead of "For _ought_ I know," say "For aught I know."
+
+ 93. Instead of "A _couple_ of chairs," say "Two chairs."
+
+ 94. Instead of "_Two couples_," say "Four persons."
+
+ 95. But you may say "A married couple," or, "A married pair," or, "A
+ couple of fowls," &c., in any case where one of each sex is to be
+ understood.
+
+ 96. Instead of "They are _united together_ in the bonds of
+ matrimony," say "They are united in matrimony," or, "They are
+ married."
+
+ 97. Instead of "We travel _slow_," say "We travel slowly."
+
+ 98. Instead of "He plunged _down_ into the river," say "He plunged
+ into the river."
+
+ 99. Instead of "He jumped _from off of_ the scaffolding," say "He
+ jumped off from the scaffolding."
+
+ 100. Instead of "He came the last _of all_," say "He came the
+ last."
+
+ 101. Instead of "_universal_," with reference to things that have
+ any limit, say "general;" "generally approved," instead of
+ "universally approved;" "generally beloved," instead of "universally
+ beloved."
+
+ 102. Instead of "They ruined _one another_," say "They ruined each
+ other."
+
+ 103. Instead of "If _in case_ I succeed," say "If I succeed."
+
+ 104. Instead of "A _large enough_ room," say "A room large enough."
+
+ 105. Instead of "This villa _to let_," say "This villa to be let."
+
+ 106. Instead of "I am slight in comparison _to_ you," say "I am
+ slight in comparison with you."
+
+ 107. Instead of "I went _for_ to see him," say "I went to see him."
+
+ 108. Instead of "The cake is all _eat up_," say "The cake is all
+ eaten."
+
+ 109. Instead of "It is bad _at the best_," say "It is very bad."
+
+ 110. Instead of "Handsome is _as_ handsome does," say "Handsome is
+ who handsome does."
+
+ 111. Instead of "As I _take_ it," say "As I see," or, "As I under
+ stand it."
+
+ 112. Instead of "The book fell _on_ the floor," say "The book fell
+ to the floor."
+
+ 113. Instead of "His opinions are _approved of_ by all," say "His
+ opinions are approved by all."
+
+ 114. Instead of "I will add _one more_ argument," say "I will add
+ one argument more," or "another argument."
+
+ 115. Instead of "Captain Reilly was killed _by_ a bullet," say
+ "Captain Reilly was killed with a bullet."
+
+ 116. Instead of "A sad curse is war," say "War is a sad curse."
+
+ 117. Instead of "He stands _six foot_ high," say "He measures six
+ feet," or "His height is six feet."
+
+ 118. Instead of "I go _every now and then_," say "I go often, or
+ frequently."
+
+ 119. Instead of "Who finds him in clothes," say "Who provides him
+ with clothes."
+
+ 120. Say "The first two," and "the last two," instead of "the _two
+ first_," "the two last;" leave out all expletives, such as "of all,"
+ "first of all," "last of all," "best of all," &c., &c.
+
+ 121. Instead of "His health was _drank with enthusiasm_," say "His
+ health was drunk enthusiastically."
+
+ 122. Instead of "_Except_ I am prevented," say "Unless I am
+ prevented."
+
+ 123. Instead of "In its _primary sense_," say "In its primitive
+ sense."
+
+ 124. Instead of "It grieves me to _see_ you," say "I am grieved to
+ see you."
+
+ 125. Instead of "Give me _them_ papers," say "Give me those papers."
+
+ 126. Instead of "_Those_ papers I hold in my hand," say "These
+ papers I hold in my hand."
+
+ 127. Instead of "I could scarcely imagine but _what_," say "I could
+ scarcely imagine but that."
+
+ 128. Instead of "He was a man _notorious_ for his benevolence," say
+ "He was noted for his benevolence."
+
+ 129. Instead of "She was a woman _celebrated_ for her crimes," say
+ "She was notorious on account of her crimes."
+
+ 130. Instead of "What may your name be?" say "What is your name?"
+
+ 131. Instead of "Bills are requested not to be stuck here," say
+ "Billstickers are requested not to stick bills here."
+
+ 132. Instead of "By _smoking it often_ becomes habitual," say "By
+ smoking often it becomes habitual."
+
+ 133. Instead of "I lifted it _up_," say "I lifted it."
+
+ 134. Instead of "It is _equally of the same_ value," say "It is of
+ the same value," or "equal value."
+
+ 135. Instead of "I knew it _previous_ to your telling me," say "I
+ knew it previously to your telling me."
+
+ 136. Instead of "You _was_ out when I called," say "You were out
+ when I called."
+
+ 137. Instead of "I thought I should _have won_ this game," say "I
+ thought I should win this game."
+
+ 138. Instead of "_This_ much is certain," say "Thus much is
+ certain," or, "So much is certain."
+
+ 139. Instead of "He went away _as it may be_ yesterday week," say
+ "He went away yesterday week."
+
+ 140. Instead of "He came _the Saturday as it may be before the
+ Monday_," specify the Monday on which he came.
+
+ 141. Instead of "Put your watch _in_ your pocket," say "Put your
+ watch into your pocket."
+
+ 142. Instead of "He has _got_ riches," say "He has riches."
+
+ 143. Instead of "Will you _set_ down?" say "Will you sit down?"
+
+ 144. Instead of "The hen is _setting_," say "The hen is sitting."
+
+ 145. Instead of "It is raining very _hard_," say "It is raining
+ very fast."
+
+ 146. Instead of "No _thankee_," say "No thank you."
+
+ 147. Instead of "I cannot do it without _farther_ means," say "I
+ cannot do it without further means."
+
+ 148. Instead of "No sooner _but_," or "No other _but_," say "than."
+
+ 149. Instead of "_Nobody else_ but her," say "Nobody but her."
+
+ 150. Instead of "He fell _down_ from the balloon," say "He fell from
+ the balloon."
+
+ 151. Instead of "He rose _up_ from the ground," say "He rose from
+ the ground."
+
+ 152. Instead of "_These_ kind of oranges _are_ not good," say "This
+ kind of oranges is not good."
+
+ 153. Instead of "Somehow or _another_," say "Somehow or other."
+
+ 154. Instead of "_Undeniable_ references required," say
+ "Unexceptionable references required."
+
+ 155. Instead of "I cannot _rise_ sufficient funds," say "I cannot
+ raise sufficient funds."
+
+ 156. Instead of "I cannot _raise_ so early in the morning," say "I
+ cannot rise so early in the morning."
+
+ 157. Instead of "_Well_, I don't know," say "I don't know."
+
+ 158. Instead of "_Will_ I give you some more tea?" say "Shall I give
+ you some more tea?"
+
+ 159. Instead of "Oh dear, what _will_ I do?" say "Oh dear, what
+ shall I do?"
+
+ 160. Instead of "I think _indifferent_ of it," say "I think
+ indifferently of it."
+
+ 161. Instead of "I will send it _conformable_ to your orders," say
+ "I will send it conformably to your orders."
+
+ 162. Instead of "Give me a _few_ broth," say "Give me some broth."
+
+ 163. Instead of "_Her_ said it was hers," say "She said it was
+ hers."
+
+ 164. Instead of "To be _given away gratis_," say "To be given away."
+
+ 165. Instead of "Will you enter in?" say "Will you enter?"
+
+ 166. Instead of "_This_ three days or more," say "These three days
+ or more."
+
+ 167. Instead of "He is a bad _grammarian_," say "He is not a
+ grammarian."
+
+ 168. Instead of "We _accuse him for_," say "We accuse him of."
+
+ 169. Instead of "We _acquit_ him _from_," say "We acquit him of."
+
+ 170. Instead of "I am averse _from_ that," say "I am averse to
+ that."
+
+ 171. Instead of "I confide _on_ you," say "I confide in you."
+
+ 172. Instead of "I differ _with_ you," say "I differ from you."
+
+ 173. Instead of "As soon as _ever_," say "As soon as."
+
+ 174. Instead of "The _very best_" or "The _very worst_," say "The
+ best or the worst."
+
+ 175. Instead of "A _winter's morning_," say "A winter morning," or
+ "A wintry morning."
+
+ 176. Instead of "Fine morning, _this_ morning," say "This is a fine
+ morning."
+
+ 177. Instead of "How _do_ you _do_?" say "How are you?"
+
+ 178. Instead of "Not so well as I could wish," say "Not quite well."
+
+ 179. Avoid such phrases as "No great shakes," "Nothing to boast of,"
+ "Down in my boots," "Suffering from the blues." All such sentences
+ indicate vulgarity.
+
+ 180. Instead of "No one _cannot_ prevail upon him," say "No one can
+ prevail upon him."
+
+ 181. Instead of "No one _hasn't_ called," say "No one has called."
+
+ 182. Avoid such phrases as "If I was you," or even, "If I were you."
+ Better say, "I advise you how to act."
+
+ 183. Instead of "You have a _right_ to pay me," say "It is right
+ that you should pay me."
+
+ 184. Instead of "I am going _on_ a tour," say "I am about to take a
+ tour," or "going."
+
+ 185. Instead of "I am going _over_ the bridge," say "I am going
+ _across_ the bridge."
+
+ 186. Instead of "He is coming here," say "He is coming hither."
+
+ 187. Instead of "He lives opposite the square," say "He lives
+ opposite to the square."
+
+ 188. Instead of "He _belongs_ to the Reform Club," say "He is a
+ member of the Reform Club."
+
+ 189. Avoid such phrases as "I am up to you," "I'll be down upon
+ you," "Cut," or "Mizzle."
+
+ 190. Instead of "I _should just_ think I could," say "I think I
+ can."
+
+ 191. Instead of "There has been a _good deal_," say "There has been
+ much."
+
+ 192. Instead of "_Following up_ a principle," say "Guided by a
+ principle."
+
+ 193. Instead of "Your _obedient, humble servant_," say "Your
+ obedient," or, "Your humble servant."
+
+ 194. Instead of saying "The effort you are making _for_ meeting the
+ bill," say "The effort you are making to meet the bill."
+
+ 195. Instead of saying "It _shall_ be submitted to investigation and
+ inquiry," say "It shall be submitted to investigation," or "to
+ inquiry."
+
+ 196. Dispense with the phrase "_Conceal from themselves the fact_;"
+ it suggests a gross anomaly.
+
+ 197. Never say "_Pure and unadulterated_," because the phrase
+ embodies a repetition.
+
+ 198. Instead of saying "Adequate for," say "Adequate to."
+
+ 199. Instead of saying "A _surplus over and above_," say "A
+ surplus."
+
+ 200. Instead of saying "A _lasting and permanent_ peace," say "A
+ permanent peace."
+
+ 201. Instead of saying "I left you _behind at_ London," say "I left
+ you behind me at London."
+
+ 202. Instead of saying "_Has been_ followed by immediate dismissal,"
+ say "Was followed by immediate dismissal."
+
+ 203. Instead of saying "Charlotte was met _with_ Thomas," say
+ "Charlotte was met by Thomas." But if Charlotte and Thomas were
+ walking together, "Charlotte and Thomas were met by," &c.
+
+ 204. Instead of "It is strange that no author should _never_ have
+ written," say "It is strange that no author should ever have
+ written."
+
+ 205. Instead of "I won't never write," say "I will never write."
+
+ 206. To say "Do _not_ give him _no more_ of your money," is
+ equivalent to saying "Give him some of your money." Say "Do not give
+ him _any_ of your money."
+
+ 207. Instead of saying "They are not what nature _designed_ them,"
+ say "They are not what nature designed them to be."
+
+ 208. Instead of "By this _means_," say "By these means."
+
+ 209. Instead of saying "A beautiful _seat and gardens_," say "A
+ beautiful _seat_ and its gardens."
+
+ 210. Instead of "All that was _wanting_," say "All that was wanted."
+
+ 211. Instead of saying "I had not the pleasure of hearing his
+ sentiments when I wrote that letter," say "I had not the pleasure of
+ having heard," &c.
+
+ 212. Instead of "The quality of the apples _were_ good," say "The
+ quality of the apples was good."
+
+ 213. Instead of "The want of learning, courage, and energy _are_
+ more visible," say "Is more visible."
+
+ 214. Instead of "We are conversant _about_ it," say "We are
+ conversant with it."
+
+ 215. Instead of "We called _at_ William," say "We called on
+ William."
+
+ 216. Instead of "We die _for_ want," say "We die of want."
+
+ 217. Instead of "He died _by_ fever," say "He died of fever."
+
+ 218. Instead of "I _enjoy_ bad health," say "My health is not good."
+
+ 219. Instead of "_Either_ of the three," say "Any one of the three."
+
+ 220. Instead of "Better _nor_ that," say "Better than that."
+
+ 221. Instead of "We often think _on_ you," say "We often think of
+ you."
+
+ 222. Instead of "Though he came, I did not see him," say "Though he
+ came, yet I did not see him."
+
+ 223. Instead of "Mine is _so_ good as yours," say "Mine is as good
+ as yours."
+
+ 224. Instead of "He was remarkable handsome," say "He was remarkably
+ handsome."
+
+ 225. Instead of "Smoke ascends _up_ the chimney," I say "Smoke
+ ascends the chimney."
+
+ 226. Instead of "You will _some_ day be convinced," say "You will
+ one day be convinced."
+
+ 227. Instead of saying "Because I don't choose to," say "Because I
+ would rather not."
+
+ 228. Instead of "_Because_ why?" say "Why?"
+
+ 229. Instead of "That _there_ boy," say "That boy."
+
+ 230. Instead of "Direct your letter to me," say "Address your letter
+ to me."
+
+ 231. Instead of "The horse is not _much worth_," say "The horse is
+ not worth much."
+
+ 232. Instead of "The subject-matter of debate," say "The subject of
+ debate."
+
+ 233. Instead of saying "When he _was_ come back," say "When he had
+ come back."
+
+ 234. Instead of saying "His health has been _shook_," say "His
+ health has been shaken."
+
+ 235. Instead of "It was _spoke_ in my presence," say "It was spoken
+ in my presence."
+
+ 236. Instead of "_Very_ right," or "_Very_ wrong," say "Right," or
+ "Wrong."
+
+ 237. Instead of "The _mortgager_ paid him the money," say "The
+ mortgagee paid him the money." The mortgagee lends; the mortgager
+ borrows.
+
+ 238. Instead of "This town is not _as_ large as we thought," say
+ "This town is not so large as we thought."
+
+ 239. Instead of "I _took you to be_ another person," say "I mistook
+ you for another person."
+
+ 240. Instead of "On _either_ side of the river," say "On each side
+ of the river."
+
+ 241. Instead of "_There's_ fifty," say "There are fifty."
+
+ 242. Instead of "The _best_ of the two," say "The better of the
+ two."
+
+ 243. Instead of "My clothes have _become too small_ for me," say "I
+ have grown too stout for my clothes."
+
+ 244. Instead of "Is Lord Lytton in?" say "Is Lord Lytton within?"
+
+ 245. Instead of "Two _spoonsful_ of physic," say "Two spoonfuls of
+ physic."
+
+ 246. Instead of "He _must_ not do it." say "He need not do it."
+
+ 247. Instead of "She said, says she," say "She said."
+
+ 248. Avoid such phrases as "I said, says I," "Thinks I to myself,
+ thinks I," &c.
+
+ 249. Instead of "I don't think so," say "I think not."
+
+ 250. Instead of "He was in _eminent_ danger," say "He was in
+ _imminent_ danger."
+
+ 251. Instead of "The weather is _hot_," say "The weather is very
+ warm."
+
+ 252. Instead of "I _sweat_," say "I _perspire_."
+
+ 253. Instead of "I _only_ want two shillings," say "I want only two
+ shillings."
+
+ 254. Instead of "Whatsomever," always take care to say "Whatever,"
+ or "Whatsoever."
+
+ 255. Avoid such exclamations as "God bless me!" "God deliver me!"
+ "By God!" "By Gor'!" "My Lor'!" "Upon my soul," &c., which are
+ vulgar on the one hand, and savour of impiety on the other, for:
+
+ 256. "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain."
+
+
+ [Footnote 1: Persons who wish to become well acquainted with the
+ principles of 'English Grammar' by an easy process, are recommended to
+ procure "The Useful Grammar," price 3d., published by Houlston and
+ Sons.]
+
+
+ [SOME FEMALE SPIDERS PRODUCE 2,000 EGGS.]
+
+
+182. Pronunciation.
+
+ Accent is a particular stress or force of the voice upon certain
+ syllables or words. This mark ' in printing denotes the syllable upon
+ which the stress or force of the voice should he placed.
+
+
+ [THERE ARE 9,000 CELLS IN A SQUARE FOOT OF HONEYCOMB.]
+
+
+183. A Word may have more than One Accent.
+
+ Take as an instance aspiration. In uttering this word we give a marked
+ emphasis of the voice upon the first and third syllables, and
+ therefore those syllables are said to be accented. The first of these
+ accents is less distinguishable than the second, upon which we dwell
+ longer, therefore the second accent in point of order is called the
+ primary, or chief accent of the word.
+
+
+ [A COW CONSUMES 100 LBS. OF GREEN FOOD DAILY.]
+
+
+184. When the full Accent falls on a Vowel,
+
+ that vowel should have a long sound, as in _vo'cal_; but when I it,
+ falls on or after a consonant, the preceding vowel has a short sound,
+ as in _hab'it_.
+
+
+ [2,300 SILKWORMS PRODUCE 1LB OF SILK.]
+
+
+185. To obtain a Good Knowledge of Pronunciation,
+
+ it is advisable for the reader to listen to the examples given by good
+ speakers, and by educated persons. We learn the pronunciation of
+ words, to a great extent, by _imitation_, just as birds acquire the
+ notes of other birds which may be near them.
+
+
+ [A QUEEN BEE PRODUCES 100,000 EGGS IN A SEASON.]
+
+
+186. Double Meaning.
+
+ But it will be very important to bear in mind that there are many
+ words having a double meaning or application, and that the difference
+ of meaning is indicated by the difference of the accent. Among these
+ words, _nouns_ are distinguished from _verbs_ by this means: _nouns_
+ are mostly accented on the first syllable, and _verbs_ on the last.
+
+
+ [A COW YIELDS 168 LBS. OF BUTTER PER ANNUM.]
+
+
+187. Noun signifies Name;
+
+ _Nouns_ are the names of persons and things, as well as of things not
+ material and palpable, but of which we have a conception and
+ knowledge, such as _courage_, _firmness_, _goodness_, _strength_; and
+ _verbs_ express _actions, movements,_ &c. If the word used signifies
+ that anything has been done, or is being done, or is, or is to be
+ done, then that word is a _verb_.
+
+
+ [IT WOULD TAKE 27,600 SPIDERS TO PRODUCE 1 LB. OF WEB.]
+
+
+ 188. Examples of the above.
+
+ Thus when we say that anything is "an in'sult," that word is a _noun_,
+ and is accented on the first syllable; but when we say he did it "to
+ insult' another person," the word insult' implies _acting_, and
+ becomes a verb, and should be accented on the last syllable. The
+ effect is, that, in speaking, you should employ a different
+ pronunciation in the use of the same word, when uttering such
+ sentences as these:--"What an in'sult!" "Do you mean to insult' me?"
+ In the first sentence the stress of voice must be laid upon the first
+ syllable, _in'_, and in the latter case upon the second syllable,
+ _sult'_.
+
+
+189. Meaning varied by Accentuation.
+
+ A list of nearly all the words that are liable to this variation is
+ given in the following page. It will be noticed that those in the
+ first column, having the accent on the first syllable, are mostly
+ nouns; and that those in the second column, which have the accent on
+ the second and final syllable, are mostly verbs:
+
+
+ Noun, &c. Verb, &c.| Noun, &c. Verb, &c. |Noun, &c. Verb, &c.
+ ---------------------|----------------------|--------------------
+ Ab'ject abject' | Con'trast contrast' | In'lay inlay'
+ Ab'sent absent' | Con'verse converse' | In'sult insult'
+ Ab'stract abstract' | Con'vert convert' | Ob'ject object'
+ Ac'cent accent' | Con'vict convict' | Out'leap outleap'
+ Affix affix' | Con'voy convoy' | Per'fect perfect'
+ As'pect aspect' | De'crease decrease' | Per'fume perfume'
+ At’tribute attribute'| Des'cant descant' | Per'mit permit'
+ Aug'ment augment' | Des'ert desert' | Pre'fix prefix'
+ Au'gust august' | De'tail detail' | Pre'mise premise'
+ Bom'bard bombard' | Di'gest digest' | Pre'sage presage'
+ Col'league colleague'| Dis'cord discord' | Pres'ent present'
+ Col'lect collect' | Dis'count discount' | Prod'uce produce'
+ Com'ment comment' | Ef'flux efflux' | Proj'ect project'
+ Com'pact compact' | Es'cort escort' | Prot'est protest'
+ Com'plot complot' | Es'say essay' | Reb'el rebel'
+ Com'port comport' | Ex'ile exile' | Rec'ord record'
+ Com'pound compound' | Ex'port export' | Ref'use refuse'
+ Com'press compress' | Ex'tract extract' | Re'tail retail'
+ Con'cert concert' | Fer'ment ferment' | Sub'ject subject'
+ Con'crete concrete' | Fore'cast forecast' | Su'pine supine'
+ Con'duct conduct' | Fore'taste foretaste'| Sur'vey survey'
+ Con fine confine' | Fre'quent frequent' | Tor'ment torment'
+ Con'flict conflict' | Im'part impart' | Tra'ject traject'
+ Con'serve conserve' | Im'port import' | Trans'fer transfer'
+ Con'sort consort' | Im'press impress' | Trans'port transport'
+ Con'test contest' | Im'print imprint' | Un'dress undress'
+ Con'text context' | In'cense incense' | Up'cast upcast'
+ Con'tract contract' | In'crease increase' | Up'start upstart'
+
+
+
+190. Exceptions
+
+ Cement' is an Exception to the above rule, and should always be
+ accented on the last syllable. So also the word Consols'.
+
+
+191. Hints to "Cockney Speakers."
+
+ The most objectionable error of the Cockney, that of substituting the
+ _v_ for the _w_, and _vice versâ_, is, we believe, pretty generally
+ abandoned. Such sentences as "Are you going to Vest Vickkam?" "This is
+ wery good weal," &c., were too intolerable to be retained. Moreover,
+ there has been a very able schoolmaster at work during the past forty
+ years. This schoolmaster is no other than the loquacious Mr. _Punch_,
+ from whose works we quote a few admirable exercises:
+
+ i. Low Cockney.--"Seen that party lately?" "What! the party with the
+ wooden leg, as come with--" "No, no--not that party. The party, you
+ know, as--" "Oh! ah! I know the party you mean, now." "Well, a party
+ told me as he can't agree with that other party, and he says that if
+ another party can't be found to make it all square, he shall look
+ out for a party as will."--(_And so on for half an hour._)
+
+ ii. Police.--"Lor, Soosan, how's a feller to eat meat such weather
+ as this! Now, a bit o' pickled salmon and cowcumber, or a lobster
+ salid, _might_ do."
+
+ iii. Cockney Yachtsman.--(Example of affectation.) Scene: the
+ Regatta Ball.--"I say, Tom, what's that little craft with the black
+ velvet flying at the fore, close under the lee scuppers of the
+ man-of-war?" "Why, from her fore-and-aft rig, and the cut of her
+ mainsail, I should say she's down from the port of London; but I'll
+ signal the commodore to come and introduce us!"
+
+ iv. Omnibus Driver.--_Old acquaintance_. "'Ave a drop, Bill?"
+ _Driver._ "Why, yer see, Jim, this 'ere young hoss has only been in
+ 'arness once afore, and he's such a beggar to bolt, ten to one if I
+ leave 'im he'll be a-runnin' hoff, and a smashin' into suthun.
+ Howsoever--here--(_handing reins to a timid passenger_)--lay hold,
+ sir, I'LL CHANCE IT!"
+
+ v. Costermonger (_to extremely genteel person_).--"I say, guv'ner,
+ give us a hist with this 'ere bilin' o' greens!" (A large hamper of
+ market stuff.)
+
+ vi. Genteel Cockney (_by the seaside_).--_Blanche._ "How grand, how
+ solemn, dear Frederick, this is! I really think the ocean is more
+ beautiful under this aspect than under any other!"
+ _Frederick_.--"H'm--ah! Per-waps. By the way, Blanche, there's a
+ fella shwimping. S'pose we ask him if he can get us some pwawns for
+ breakfast to-mowaw mawning?"
+
+ vii. Stuck-up Cockney.--(_Small Swell enters a tailor's shop_.)
+ "A--Brown, A--want some more coats!" _Snip_. "Yes, sir. Thank you,
+ sir. How many would you please to want?" _Small Swell_. "A--let me
+ see; A--ll have eight. A--no, I'll have nine; and look here!
+ A--shall want some trousers." _Snip_. "Yes, sir, thank you, sir. How
+ many would you like?" _Small Swell_.--"A--don't know exactly.
+ S'pose we say twenty-four pairs; and look here! Show me some
+ patterns that won't be worn by any snobs!"
+
+ viii. Cockney Flunkey,--(_Country Footman meekly inquires of London
+ Footman_)--"Pray, sir, what do you think of our town? A nice place,
+ ain't it" _London Footman (condescendingly_). "Vell, Joseph, I likes
+ your town well enough. It's clean: your streets are hairy; and you
+ have lots of rewins. But I don't like your champagne, it's all
+ gewsberry!"
+
+ ix Cockney Cabby (_with politeness_).--"Beg pardon, sir; please
+ don't smoke in the keb. sir; ladies do complain o' the 'bacca
+ uncommon. Better let me smoke it for yer outside, sir!"
+
+ x. Military Cockney.--_Lieutenant Blazer (of the Plungers)_.--"Gwood
+ gwacious! Here's a howible go! The ifan [? word not legible] v's
+ going to gwow a moustache! _Cornet Huffey_ (whose face is
+ whiskerless). "Yaw don't mean that! Wall! there's only one
+ alternative for us. We must shave!"
+
+ xi. Juvenile Low Cockney.--"Jack; Whereabouts is Amstid-am?" _Jack._
+ "Well, I can't say exackerley, but I know it's somewhere near
+ 'Ampstid-'eath!"
+
+ xii. Cockney Domestic.--_Servant girl_--"Well, mam--Heverythink
+ considered, I'm afraid you won't suit me. I've always bin brought up
+ genteel: and I couldn't go nowheres where there ain't no footman
+ kep'."
+
+ xiii. Another.--_Lady._ "Wish to leave! why, I thought, Thompson,
+ you were very comfortable with me!" _Thompson (who is extremely
+ refined)_. "Ho yes, mum! I don't find no fault with you, mum--nor
+ yet with master--but the truth _his_, mum--the _hother_ servants is
+ so orrid vulgar and hignorant, and speaks so hungrammaticai, that I
+ reely cannot live in the same 'ouse with 'em--and I should like to
+ go this day month, if so be has it won't illconvenience you!"
+
+ xiv. Cockney "Waiter.--"'Am, sir? Yessir? Don't take anything with
+ your 'am, do you, sir?" _Gentleman._ "Yes, I do; I take the letter
+ H!"
+
+ xv. Cockney Hairdresser.--"They say, sir, the cholera is in the
+ Hair, sir!" _Gent (very uneasy)_. "Indeed! Ahem! Then I hope you're
+ very particular about the brushes you use." _Hairdresser._ "Oh, I
+ see you don't nunderstand me, sir; I don't mean the 'air of the 'ed,
+ but the _h_air _h_of the _h_atmosphere?"
+
+ xvi. Cockney Sweep _(seated upon a donkey)_.--"Fitch us out another
+ penn'orth o' strawberry hice, with a dollop o' lemon water in it."
+
+ xvii. Feminine Cookney _(by the sea-side.)_--"Oh, Harriet, dear, put
+ on your hat and let us thee the stheamboat come in. The thea is tho
+ rough!--and the people will be tho abthurdly thick!"
+
+
+ [ALUM FIRST DISCOVERED A.D. 1300.]
+
+
+
+192. Correction
+
+ Londoners who desire to correct the defects of their utterance cannot
+ do better than to exercise themselves frequently upon those words
+ respecting which they have been in error.
+
+
+193. Hints for the Correction of the Irish Brogue.
+
+ According to the directions given by Mr. B. H. Smart, an Irishman
+ wishing to throw off the brogue of his mother country should avoid
+ hurling out his words with a superfluous quantity of breath. It is not
+ _broadher_ and _widher_ that he should say, but the _d_, and every
+ other consonant, should be neatly delivered by the tongue, with as
+ little riot, clattering, or breathing as possible. Next let him drop
+ the roughness or rolling of the _r_ in all places but the beginning of
+ syllables; he must not say _stor-rum_ and _far-rum_, but let the word
+ be heard in one smooth syllable. He should exercise himself until he
+ can convert _plaze_ into _please_, _planty_ into _plenty_, _Jasus_
+ into _Jesus_, and so on. He should modulate his sentences, so as to
+ avoid directing his accent all in one manner--from the acute to the
+ grave. Keeping his ear on the watch for good examples, and exercising
+ himself frequently upon them, he may become master of a greatly
+ improved utterance.
+
+
+ [TEA FIRST USED IN ENGLAND A.D. 1698.]
+
+
+194. Hints for Correcting the Scotch Brogue.
+
+ The same authority remarks that as an Irishman uses the closing accent
+ of the voice too much, so a Scotchman has the contrary habit, and is
+ continually drawling his tones from the grave to the acute, with an
+ effect which, to southern ears, is suspensive in character. The smooth
+ guttural _r_ is as little heard in Scotland as in Ireland, the trilled
+ _r_ taking its place. The substitution of the former instead of the
+ latter must be a matter of practice. The peculiar sound of the _u_,
+ which in the north so of ten borders on the French _u_, must be
+ compared with the several sounds of the letter as they are heard in
+ the south; and the long quality which a Scotchman is apt to give to
+ the vowels that ought to be essentially short, must he clipped. In
+ fact, aural observation and lingual exercise are the only sure means
+ to the end; so that a Scotchman going to a well for a bucket of water,
+ and finding a countryman bathing therein, would not exclaim, "Hey,
+ Colin, dinna ye ken the water's for drink, and nae for bathin'?"
+
+
+195. Of Provincial Brogues
+
+ it is scarcely necessary to say much, as the foregoing advice applies
+ to them. One militiaman exclaimed to another, "Jim, you hain't in
+ step" "Bain't I?" exclaimed the other; "well, change yourn!" Whoever
+ desires knowledge must strive for it. It must not be dispensed with
+ after the fashion of Tummus and Jim, who held the following dialogue
+ upon a vital question:--_Tummus_. "I zay, Jim, be you a
+ purtectionist?" _Jim_. "E'as I be." _Tummus_. "Wall, I zay, Jim, what
+ _be_ purtection?" _Jim_. "Loa'r, Tummus, doan't 'ee knaw?" _Tummus_.
+ "Naw, I doan't." _Jim_. "Wall, I doan't knaw as can tell 'ee, Tummus,
+ _vur I doan't exakerly knaw mysel'!_"
+
+
+196. Rules of Pronunciation.
+
+ i. C before _a, o_, and _u_, and in some other situations, is a
+ close articulation, like _k_. Before _e, i_, and _y, c_ is precisely
+ equivalent to _s_ in _same, this_; as in _cedar, civil, cypress,
+ capacity_.
+
+ ii. E final indicates that the preceding vowel is long; as in hate,
+ mete, sire, robe, lyre, abate, recede, invite, remote, intrude.
+
+ iii. E final indicates that _c_ preceding has the sound of _s_; as
+ in _lace, lance;_ and that _g_ preceding has the sound of _j_, as in
+ _charge, page, challenge_.
+
+ iv. E final, in proper English words, never forms a syllable, and in
+ the most-used words, in the terminating unaccented syllable it is
+ silent. Thus, _motive, genuine, examine, granite_, are pronounced
+ _motiv, genuin, examin, granit_.
+
+ v. E final, in a few words of foreign origin, forms a syllable; as
+ _syncope, simile_.
+
+ vi. E final is silent after _l_ in the following
+ terminations,--_ble, cle, dle, fle, gle, kle, ple, tle, zle;_ as in
+ _able, manacle, cradle, ruffle, mangle, wrinkle, supple, rattle,
+ puzzle_, which are pronounced _a'bl, mana'cl, cra'dl, ruf'fl man'gl,
+ wrin'kl, sup'pl, puz'zl_.
+
+ vii. E is usually silent in the termination _en_; as in _token,
+ broken;_ pronounced _tokn, brokn_.
+
+ viii. OUS, in the termination of adjectives and their derivatives,
+ is pronounced _us;_ as in _gracious, pious, pompously_.
+
+ ix. CE, CI, TI before a vowel, have the sound of _sh;_ as in
+ _cetaceous, gracious, motion, partial, ingratiate;_ pronounced
+ _cetashus, grashus, moshun, parshal, ingrashiate._
+
+ x. SI, after an accented vowel, is pronounced like _zh;_ as in
+ _Ephesian, confusion;_ pronounced _Ephezhan, confuzhon_
+
+ xi. When CI or TI precede similar combinations, as in
+ pron_u_n_ci_a_ti_on, nego_ti_a_ti_on, they should be pronounced _ze_
+ instead of _she_, to prevent a repetition of the latter syllable; as
+ _pronunceashon_ instead of _pronunsheashon._
+
+ xii. GH, both in the middle and at the end of words ia silent; as in
+ _caught, bought, fright, nigh, sigh;_ pronounced _caut, baut, frite,
+ ni, si._ In the following exceptions, however, _gh_ are pronounced
+ as _f:--cough, chough, clough, enough, laugh, rough, slough, tough,
+ trough._
+
+ xiii. When WH begins a word, the aspirate _h_ precedes _w_ in
+ pronunciation; as in _what, whiff, whale;_ pronounced _hwat, hwiff,
+ hwale, w_ having precisely the sound of _oo_, French _ou_. In the
+ following words _w_ is silent:--_who, whom, whose, whoop, whole._
+
+ xiv. H after _r_ has no sound or use; as in _rheum, rhyme_;
+ pronounced _reum, ryme_.
+
+ xv. H should be sounded in the middle of words; as in fore_h_ead,
+ ab_h_or, be_h_old, ex_h_aust, in_h_abit, un_h_orse.
+
+ xvi. H should always be sounded except in the following
+ words:--heir, herb, honest, honour, hospital, hostler, hour, humour,
+ and humble, and all their derivatives,--such as humorously, derived
+ from humour.
+
+ xvii. K and G are silent before _n_; as _know, gnaw;_ pronounced
+ _no, naw._
+
+ xviii. W before _r_ is silent; as in _wring, wreath;_ pronounced
+ _ring, reath._
+
+ xix. B after _m_ is silent; as in _dumb, numb;_ pronounced _dum,
+ num._
+
+ xx. L before _k_ is silent; as in _balk, walk, talk;_ pronounced
+ _bauk, wauk, tauk._
+
+ xxi. PH has the sound of _f;_ as in _philosophy;_ pronounced
+ _filosofy._
+
+ xxii. NG has two sounds, one as in _anger_, the other as in
+ _fin-ger._ **
+
+ xxiii. N after _m_, and closing a syllable, is silent; as in _hymn,
+ condemn._
+
+ xxiv. P before _s_ and _t_ is mute; as in _psalm, pseudo,
+ ptarmigan;_ pronounced _sarm, sudo, tarmigan._
+
+ xxv. R, has two sounds, one strong and vibrating, as at the
+ beginning of words and syllables, such as _robber, reckon, error;_
+ the other as at the terminations of words, or when succeeded by a
+ consonant, as _farmer, morn._
+
+ xxvi. Before the letter R, there is a slight sound of _e_ between
+ the vowel and the consonant. Thus, _bare, parent, apparent, mere,
+ mire, more, pure, pyre,_ are pronounced nearly _baer, paerent,
+ appaerent, me-er,mier, moer,puer, pyer._ This pronunciation proceeds
+ from the peculiar articulation of _r_, and it occasions a slight
+ change of the sound of _a_, which can only be learned by the ear.
+
+ xxvii. There are other rules of pronunciation affecting the
+ combinations of vowels, &c.; but as they are more difficult to
+ describe, and as they do not relate to errors which are commonly
+ prevalent, we shall content ourselves with giving examples of them
+ in the following list of words. When, a syllable in any word in this
+ list is printed in italics [_like this_], the accent or stress of
+ voice should be laid on that syllable.
+
+
+ [AUCTIONS COMMENCED IN BRITAIN IN A.D. 1779.]
+
+
+197. Proper Pronunciations of Words often Wrongly Pronounced.
+
+ Again, usually pronounced a-_gen_, not as spelled.
+
+ Alien, á-li-en not _ale-yen._
+
+ Antipodes, an-_tip_-o-dees.
+
+ Apostle, as _a-pos'l_, without the _t_.
+
+ Arch, _artch_ in compounds of our own language, as in archbishop,
+ archduke; but _ark_ in words derived from the Greek, as archaic,
+ ar-_ka_-ik; archaeology, ar-ke-_ol_-o-gy; archangel,
+ ark-_ain_-gel; archetype, _ar_-ke-type; archiepiscopal,
+ ar-ke-e-_pis_-co-pal; archipelago, ar-ke-_pel_-a-go; ar-chives,
+ _ar_-kivz, &c.
+
+ Asia, _a_-sha.
+
+ Asparagus as spelled, not asparagrass.
+
+ Aunt, ant, not _au_nt.
+
+ Awkward, awk-_wurd,_ not awk-_urd._
+
+ Bade, bad.
+
+ Because, be-_cawz,_ not ba-_cos_
+
+ Been, bin.
+
+ Beloved, as a verb, be-_luvd;_ as an adjective, be-_luv_-ed.
+ Blessed, cursed, &c., are subject to the same rule.
+
+ Beneath, with the _th_ in breath, not with the _th_ in breathe.
+
+ Biog'raphy, as spelled, not beography.
+
+ Buoy, boy, not bwoy.
+
+ Canal', as spelled, not ca-nel.
+
+ Caprice, capreece.
+
+ Catch, as spelled, not ketch.
+
+ Chaos, _ka_-oss.
+
+ Charlatan, _shar_-latan.
+
+ Chasm, kazm.
+
+ Chasten, chasn.
+
+ Chivalry, _shiv_-alry.
+
+ Chemistry, _kem'_-is-tre, not _kim_-is-tre.
+
+ Choir, kwire.
+
+ Clerk, klark.
+
+ Combat, _kum_-bat.
+
+ Conduit, _kun_-dit.
+
+ Corps, kor: the plural corps is pronounced korz.
+
+ Covetous, _cuv_-e-tus, not cov-e-tus.
+
+ Courteous, _curt_-yus.
+
+ Courtesy (politeness), _cur_-te-sey.
+
+ Courtesy (a lowering of the body), _curt_-sey.
+
+ Cresses, as spelled, not _cree_-ses.
+
+ Cu'riosity, cu-re-os-e-ty, not cur_os_ity.
+
+ Cushion, _coosh_-un, not coosh-_in_.
+
+ Daunt, d_aw_nt, not dant or darnt, as some erroneously pronounce it.
+
+ Design and desist have the sound of _s_, not of _z_.
+
+ Desire should have the sound of _z_.
+
+ Despatch, de-_spatch_, not _dis_-patch.
+
+ Dew, due, not doo.
+
+ Diamond, as spelled, not _di_mond.
+
+ Diploma, de-_plo_-ma, not _dip_-lo-ma.
+
+ Diplomacy, de-_plo_-ma-cy, not _dip_-lo-ma-cy.
+
+ Direct, de-_reckt_, not _di_-rect.
+
+ Divers (several), _di_-verz; but diverse (different), _di_-verse.
+
+ Dome, as spelled, not doom.
+
+ Drought, drowt, not drawt.
+
+ Duke, as spelled, not dook.
+
+ Dynasty, _dyn_-as-te, not _dy_-nas-ty.
+
+ Edict, _e_-dickt, not _ed_-ickt.
+
+ E'en and e'er, een and air.
+
+ Egotism, _eg_-o-tizm, not _e_-go-tism.
+
+ Either, _e_-ther or _i_-ther.
+
+ Engine, _en_-jin, not _in_-jin.
+
+ Ensign, _en_-sign; ensigncy, _en_-sin-se.
+
+ Epistle, without the _t_.
+
+ Epitome, e-_pit_-o-me.
+
+ Epoch, e-pock, not ep-ock.
+
+ Equinox, e-qui-nox, not eck-wi-nox.
+
+ Europe, U-rope, not U-rup. Euro-_pe_an not Eu-ro-pean.
+
+ Every, _ev_-er-y, not _ev_-ry.
+
+ Executor, egz-_ec_-utor, not with the sound of _x_.
+
+ Extraordinary, as spelled, not ex-_tror_--di ner-i, or
+ _ex_-traordinary, nor extrornarey
+
+ February, as spelled, not Febuary.
+
+ Finance, fe-_nance_, not _fi_nance.
+
+ Foundling, as spelled, not _fond_-ling.
+
+ Garden, _gar_-dn, not gar-den, nor gard-ing.
+
+ Gauntlet, gawnt-let, not _gant_-let.
+
+ Geography, as spelled, not _jo_graphy, or gehography.
+
+ Geometry, as spelled, not _jom_-etry.
+
+ Haunt, hawnt, not hant.
+
+ Height, hite, not highth.
+
+ Heinous, _hay_-nuss, not _hee_-nus.
+
+ Highland, _hi_-land, not _hee_-land.
+
+ Horizon, ho-_ri_-zn, not _hor_-i-zon.
+
+ Housewife, pronounced in the ordinary way when it means the mistress
+ of a house who is a good manager, but _huz_-wif, when it means a
+ small case for needles.
+
+ Hymeneal, hy-men-e-_al_, not hy-menal.
+
+ Instead, in-_sted_, not instid.
+
+ Isolate _-so_-late; not _iz_-o-late, nor _is_-olate.
+
+ Jalap, _jal_-ap, not jolup.
+
+ January, as spelled, not Jenuary nor Janewary.
+
+ Leave, as spelled, not leaf.
+
+ Legend _lej_-end, not _le_-gend.
+
+ Lieutenant, lef-_ten_-ant, not leu-_ten_-ant.
+
+ Many, _men_-ney, not man-ny.
+
+ Marchioness, _mar_-shun-ess, not as spelled.
+
+ Massacre, _mas_-sa-ker, not mas-sa-cre.
+
+ Mattress, as spelled, not _mat_-trass.
+
+ Matron, _ma_-trun, not mat-ron.
+
+ Medicine, _med_-e-cin, not _med_-cin.
+
+ Minute (sixty seconds), _min_-it.
+
+ Minute (small), mi-_nute_.
+
+ Miscellany, mis-_cel_-lany, not _mis_-cellany.
+
+ Mischievous, _mis_-chiv-us, not mis-_cheev_-us.
+
+ Ne'er, for never, nare.
+
+ Neighbourhood, _nay_-bur-hood, not _nay_-burwood.
+
+ Nephew, _nev_-u, not _nef_u.
+
+ New, nu, not noo.
+
+ Notable (worthy of notice), _no_-tu-bl.
+
+ Oblige, as spelled, not obleege.
+
+ Oblique, ob-_leek_, not o-_blike_.
+
+ Odorous, o-der-us, not _od_-ur-us.
+
+ Of, ov, except when compounded with the here, and where, which
+ should be pronounced here-_of_, there-_of_, and where-_of_.
+
+ Off, as spelt, not awf.
+
+ Organization, _or_-gan-i-_za_-shun, not or-ga-_ne_-za-shun.
+
+ Ostrich, os-tr'ch, not _os_-tridge.
+
+ Pageant, _paj_-ent, not _pa_-jant.
+
+ Parent. _pare_-ent, not _par_-ent.
+
+ Partisan, _par_-te-zan, not par-te-_zan_, nor _par_--ti-zan.
+
+ Patent, _pa_-tent, not _pat_-ent.
+
+ Physiognomy, as _fiz_-i-_og_nomy, not phy-sionnomy.
+
+ Pincers, _pin_-cerz, not pinch-erz.
+
+ Plaintiff, as spelled, not plan-tiff.
+
+ Pour, pore, not so as to rhyme with our.
+
+ Precedent (an example), _pres_-e-dent; pre-_ce_-dent (going before
+ in point of time, previous, former), is the pronunciation of the
+ adjective.
+
+ Prologue, _pro_-log, not _prol_-og.
+
+ Quadrille, ka-_dril_, not quod-ril.
+
+ Quay, key, not as spelled.
+
+ Radish, as spelled, not red-ish.
+
+ Raillery, _rail'_-er-y, or _ral_-er y, not as spelled.
+
+ Rather, _rar_-ther, not ray-ther.
+
+ Resort, re-_sort_.
+
+ Resound, re-_zound_.
+
+ Respite, _res_-pit, not as spelled.
+
+ Rout (a party; and to rout), should be pronounced rowt. Route (a
+ road), root.
+
+ Saunter, _saun_-ter, not _sarn_-ter or _san_-ter.
+
+ Sausage, _saw_-sage not sos-sidge, nor sassage.
+
+ Schedule, _shed_-ule, not shed-dle.
+
+ Seamstress is pronounced _seem_-stress, but semp-stress, as the word
+ is now commonly spelt, is pronounced _sem_-stress.
+
+ Sewer, _soo_-er or _su_-er, not shore, nor shure.
+
+ Shire, as spelled, when uttered as a single word, but shortened into
+ shir in composition.
+
+ Shone, shon, not shun, nor as spelled.
+
+ Soldier, _sole_-jer.
+
+ Solecism, _sol_-e-cizm, not sole-cizm.
+
+ Soot as spelled, not sut.
+
+ Sovereign, _sov_-er-in, not suv-er-in.
+
+ Specious, _spe_-shus, not _spesh_-us.
+
+ Stomacher, _stum_-a-cher.
+
+ Stone (weight), as spelled, not stun.
+
+ Synod, _sin_-od, not _sy_-nod.
+
+ Tenure, _ten_-ure, not _te_-nure.
+
+ Tenet, _ten_-et, not _te_-net.
+
+ Than, as spelled, not thun.
+
+ Tremor, _trem_-ur, not _tre_-mor.
+
+ Twelfth, should have the th sounded.
+
+ Umbrella, as spelled, not um-ber-el-la.
+
+ Vase, vaiz or varz, not vawze.
+
+ Was, woz, not wuz.
+
+ Weary, _weer_-i, not w_ar_y.
+
+ Were, wer, not ware.
+
+ Wont, wunt, not as spelled.
+
+ Wrath, rawth, not rath: as an adjective it is spelled wroth, and
+ pronounced with the vowel sound shorter, as wrath-ful, &c.
+
+ Yacht, yot, not yat.
+
+ Yeast, as spelled, not yest.
+
+ Zenith, _zen_-ith, not _ze_-nith.
+
+ Zodiac, _zo_-de-ak.
+
+ Zoology should have both o's sounded,as zo-_ol_-o-gy, not
+ _zoo_-lo-gy
+
+
+ _Note._--The tendency of all good elocutionists is to pronounce as
+ nearly in accordance with the spelling as possible.
+
+ Pronounce:
+
+ --ace not iss, as furn_ace_, not furn_iss_.
+
+ --age, not idge, as cabbage, courage, postage, village.
+
+ --ain, ane, not in, as certain, cert_ane_, not cert_in_.
+
+ --ate, not it, as moder_ate_, not moder_it_.
+
+ --ect, not ec, as asp_ect_, not asp_ec_; subj_ect_, not subj_ec_.
+
+ --ed, not id, or ud, as wicked, not wick_i_d, or wick_u_d.
+
+ --el, not l, _mod_el, not _mod_l; _nov_el,not _nov_l.
+
+ --en, not n, as sudd_en_, not sudd_n_.--Burden, burthen, garden,
+ lengthen, seven, strengthen, often, and a few others,have the _e_
+ silent.
+
+ --ence, not unce, as influ_ence_, not influ-_unce_.
+
+ --es, not is, as pleas_es_, not pleas_is_.
+
+ --ile should be pronounced il, as fert_il_, not fert_ile_, in all
+ words except chamomile _(cam)_, exile, gentile, infantile,
+ reconcile and senile, which should be pronounce ile.
+
+ --in, not n, as Lat_in_, not Lat_n_.
+
+ --nd, not n, as husba_nd_, not husb_an_, thous_and_, not thous_an_.
+
+ --ness, not n_iss_, as careful_ness_, not careful n_iss_.
+
+ --ng, not n, as singi_ng_, not sing_in_; speaki_ng_, not speak_in_.
+
+ --ngth, not nth, as stre_ng_th, not stre_nth_.
+
+ --son, the _o_ should be silent; as in treason; _tre-zn_, not
+ _tre-son_.
+
+ --tal, not tle, as capi_tal_, not capi_tle; _me_tal, not met_tle;_
+ mor_tal_, not mor_tle_; periodi_cal_; not periodi_cle_.
+
+ --xt, not x, as ne_xt_, not ne_x_.
+
+
+ [PUBLICATION OF BANNS OF MARRIAGE COMMENCED A.D.1210.]
+
+
+ 198. Punctuation.
+
+ Punctuation teaches the method of placing _Points_, in written
+ or printed matter, in such a manner as to indicate the pauses which
+ would be made by the author if he were communicating his thoughts
+ orally instead of by written signs.
+
+
+ [SILK FIRST BROUGHT FROM INDIA A.D. 274.]
+
+
+199. Writing and Printing
+
+ are substitutes for oral communication; and correct punctuation is
+ essential to convey the meaning intended, and to give due force to
+ such passages as the author may wish to impress upon the mind of the
+ person to whom they are being communicated.
+
+
+ [WINES WERE FIRST MADE IN BRITAIN A.D. 276.]
+
+
+200. The Points are as follows:
+
+ Comma ,
+ Semicolon ;
+ Colon :
+ Period, or Full Point .
+ Apostrophe '
+ Hyphen -
+ Note of Interrogation ?
+ Note of Exclamation !
+ Parenthesis ( )
+ Asterisk, or Star *
+
+ As these are all the points required in simple epistolary composition,
+ we will confine our explanations to the rules which should govern the
+ use of them.
+
+
+201. The Other Points,
+
+ however, are:
+
+ the paragraph ¶
+ the section §
+ the dagger [can not be shown in a .txt file]
+ the double dagger [ditto]
+ the parallel ||
+ the bracket [ ]
+ and some others.
+
+ These, however, are quite unnecessary, except for elaborate works, in
+ which they are chiefly used for notes or marginal references. The rule
+ --is sometimes used as a substitute for the bracket or parenthesis.
+
+
+202. Pauses
+
+ The Comma , denotes the shortest pause;
+ the semicolon ; a little longer pause than the comma;
+ the colon : a little longer pause than the semicolon;
+ the period . or full point the longest pause.
+
+
+203. The Relative Duration
+
+ of these pauses is described as:
+
+ Comma While you count One.
+ Semicolon " " " Two.
+ Colon " " " Three.
+ Period " " " Four.
+
+ This, however, is not an infallible rule, because the duration of the
+ pauses should be regulated by the degree of rapidity with which the
+ matter is being read. In slow reading the duration of the pauses
+ should be increased.
+
+
+204. The Other Points
+
+ are rather indications of expression, and of meaning and connection,
+ than of pauses, and therefore we will notice them separately.
+
+
+205. The Misplacing
+
+ of even so slight a point, or pause, as the comma, will often alter
+ the meaning of a sentence. The contract made for lighting the town of
+ Liverpool, during the year 1819, was thrown void by the misplacing of
+ a comma in the advertisements, thus:
+
+ "The lamps at present are about 4,050, and have in general two
+ spouts each, composed of not less than twenty threads of cotton."
+
+ The contractor would have proceeded to furnish each lamp with the said
+ twenty threads, but this being but half the usual quantity, the
+ commissioners discovered that the difference arose from the comma
+ following instead of preceding the word _each_. The parties agreed to
+ annul the contract, and a new one was ordered.
+
+
+206. Without Punctuation.
+
+ The Following Sentence shows how difficult it is to read without the
+ aid of the points used as pauses:
+
+ Death waits not for storm nor sunshine within a dwelling in one of
+ the upper streets respectable in appearance and furnished with such
+ conveniences as distinguish the habitations of those who rank among
+ the higher clashes of society a man of middle age lay on his last
+ bed momently awaiting the final summons all that the most skillful
+ medical attendance all that love warm as the glow that even an
+ angel's bosom could do had been done by day and night for many long
+ weeks had ministering spirits such as a devoted wife and loving
+ children are done all within their power to ward off the blow but
+ there he lay his raven hair smoothed off from his noble brow his
+ dark eyes lighted with unnatural brightness and contrasting strongly
+ with the pallid hue which marked him as an expectant of the dread
+ messenger.
+
+
+ [COALS FIRST BROUGHT TO LONDON A.D. 1357.]
+
+
+207. With Punctuation.
+
+ The same sentence, properly pointed, and with capital letters placed;
+ after full-points, according to the adopted rule, may be easily read
+ and understood:
+
+ Death waits not for storm nor sunshine. Within a dwelling in one of
+ the upper streets, respectable in appearance, and furnished with
+ such conveniences as distinguish the habitations of those who rank
+ among the higher classes of society, a man of middle age lay on his
+ last bed, momently awaiting the final summons. All that the most
+ skilful medical attendance--all that love, warm as the glow that
+ fires an angel's bosom, could do, had been done; by day and night,
+ for many long weeks, had ministering spirits, such as a devoted
+ wife; and loving children are, done all within their power to ward
+ off the blow. But there he lay, his raven hair smoothed off from his
+ noble brow, his dark eyes lighted with unnatural brightness, and
+ contrasting strongly with the pallid hue which marked him as an
+ expectant of the dread messenger.
+
+
+208. The Apostrophe '
+
+ is used to indicate the combining of two words in one,--as John's
+ book, instead of John, his book; or to show the omission of parts of
+ words, as Glo'ster, for Gloucester--tho' for though. These
+ abbreviations should be avoided as much as possible. Cobbett says the
+ apostrophe "ought to be called the mark of _laziness_ and
+ vulgarity." The first use, however, of which we gave an example, is a
+ necessary and proper one.
+
+
+209. The Hyphen, or conjoiner -
+
+ is used to unite words which, though they are separate
+ and distinct, have so close a connection as almost to become one word,
+ as water-rat, wind-mill, &c. It is also used in writing and printing,
+ at the end of a line, to show where a word is divided and continued in
+ the next line. Look down the ends of the lines in this column, and you
+ will notice the hyphen in several places.
+
+
+210. The Note of Interrogation ?
+
+ indicates that the sentence to which it is put asks a question; as,
+ "What is the meaning of that assertion? What am I to do?"
+
+
+211. The Note of Exclamation or of admiration !
+
+ indicates surprise, pleasure, or sorrow; as "Oh! Ah! Goodness!
+ Beautiful! I am astonished! Woe is me!"
+
+ Sometimes, when an expression of strong surprise or pleasure is
+ intended, two notes of this character are employed, thus!!
+
+
+212. The Parenthesis ( )
+
+ is used to prevent confusion by the introduction to a sentence of a
+ passage not necessary to the sense thereof. "I am going to meet Mr.
+ Smith (though I am not an admirer of him) on Wednesday next." It is
+ better, however, as a rule, not to employ parenthetical sentences.
+
+
+213. The Asterisk, or Star *
+
+ may be employed to refer from the text to a note of explanation at the
+ foot of a column, or at the end of a letter. [***] Three stars are
+ sometimes used to call particular attention to a paragraph.
+
+
+ [PAPER MADE OF COTTON RAGS A.D. 1000.]
+
+
+214. Hints upon Spelling
+
+ The following rules will be found of great assistance in writing,
+ because they relate to a class of words about the spelling of which
+ doubt and hesitation are frequently felt:
+
+ i. All words of one syllable ending in _l_, with a single vowel
+ before it, have double _l_ at the close; as, _mill_, _sell_.
+
+ ii. All words of one syllable ending in _l_, with a double vowel
+ before it, have one _l_ only at the close: as, _mail_, _sail_.
+
+ iii. Words of one syllable ending in _l_, when compounded, retain
+ but one _l_ each; as, _fulfil_, _skilful_.
+
+ iv. Words of more than one syllable ending in _l_ have one _l_ only
+ at the close; as, _delightful_, _faithful_; except _befall_,
+ _downfall_, _recall_, _unwell_, &c.
+
+ v. All derivatives from words ending in _l_ have one _l_ only; as,
+ _equality_, from _equal_; _fulness_, from _full_; except they end
+ in _er_ or _ly_; as, _mill_, _miller_; _full_, _fully_.
+
+ vi. All participles in _ing_ from verbs ending in _e_ lose the
+ _e_ final; as _have, having; amuse, amusing;_ unless they come
+ from verbs ending in double _e_, and then they retain, both; as,
+ _see, seeing; agree, agreeing._
+
+ vii. All adverbs in _ly_ and nouns in _ment_ retain the _e_ final
+ of the primitives; as, _brave, bravely; refine, refinement;_
+ except _acknowledgment, judgment,_ &c.
+
+ viii. All derivatives from words ending in _er_ retain the _e_
+ before the _r;_ as, _refer, reference;_ except _hindrance,_ from
+ _hinder; remembrance_ from _remember; disastrous_ from _disaster;
+ monstrous_ from _monster; wondrous_ from _wonder; cumbrous_ from
+ _cumber,_ &c.
+
+ ix. Compound words, if both end not in _i_, retain their primitive
+ parts entire; as, _millstone, changeable, graceless;_ except
+ _always, also, deplorable, although, almost, admirable,_ &c.
+
+ x. All words of one syllable ending in a consonant, with a single
+ vowel before it, double that consonant in derivatives; as, _sin,
+ sinner; ship, shipping; big, bigger; glad, gladder,_ &c.
+
+ xi. Words of one syllable ending in a consonant, with a double vowel
+ before it, do not double the consonant in derivatives: as, _sleep,
+ sleepy; troop, troopers._
+
+ xii. All words of more than one syllable ending in a single
+ consonant, preceded by a single vowel, and accented on the last
+ syllable, double that consonant in derivatives; as, _commit,
+ committee; compel, compelled; appal, appalling; distil,
+ distiller._
+
+ xiii. Nouns of one syllable ending in _y_ preceded by a consonant,
+ change _y_ into _ies_ in the plural; and verbs ending in _y_,
+ preceded by a consonant, change _y_ into _ies_ in the third person
+ singular of the present tense, and into _ied_ in the past tense
+ and past participle, as, _fly, flies; I apply, he applies; we
+ reply, we replied, or have replied._ If the _y_ be preceded by a
+ vowel, this rule is not applicable; as _key, keys; I play, he
+ plays;_ we have _enjoyed_ ourselves.
+
+ xiv. Compound words whose primitives end in _y_ change _y_ into _i_;
+ as, _beauty, Beautiful; lovely, loveliness._
+
+
+215. H or no H? That is the Question.
+
+ Few things point so directly to the want of _cultivation_ as the
+ misuse of the letter H by persons in conversation. We hesitate to
+ assert that this common defect in speaking indicates the absence of
+ _education_--for, to our surprise, we have heard even educated persons
+ frequently commit this common, and vulgar error. Now, for the purpose
+ of assisting those who desire to improve their mode of speaking, we
+ intend to tell a little story about our next door neighbour, Mrs.
+ Alexander Hitching,--or, as she frequently styled herself, with an air
+ of conscious dignity, Mrs. HALEXANDER 'ITCHING. Her husband was a
+ post-captain of some distinction, seldom at home, and therefore Mrs.
+ A. H. (or, as she rendered it, Mrs. H. I.) felt it incumbent upon
+ herself to represent her own dignity, and the dignity of her husband
+ also. Well, this Mrs. Hitching was a next-door neighbour of ours--a
+ most agreeable lady in many respects, middle aged, good looking,
+ uncommonly fond of talking, of active, almost of fussy habits, very
+ good tempered and good natured, but with a most unpleasant habit of
+ misusing the letter H to such a degree that our sensitive nerves have
+ often been shocked when in her society. But we must beg the reader, if
+ Mrs. H. should be an acquaintance of his, not to breathe a word of our
+ having written this account of her--or there would be no limit to her
+ "_h_indignation." And, as her family is very numerous, it will be
+ necessary to keep the matter as quiet as can be, for it will scarcely
+ be possible to mention the subject anywhere, without "'orrifying" some
+ of her relations, and instigating them to make Mrs. H. become our
+ "_h_enemy," instead of remaining, as we wish her to do, our intimate
+ friend.
+
+ One morning, Mrs. H. called upon me, and asked me to take a walk,
+ saying that it was her _h_object to look out for an 'ouse, as her
+ lease had nearly terminated; and as she had often heard her dear
+ 'Itching say that he would like to settle in the neighbourhood of
+ 'Ampstead 'Eath, she should like me to assist her by my judgment in
+ the choice of a residence.
+
+ "I shall he most happy to accompany you," I said.
+
+ "I knew you would," said she; "and I am sure a _h_our or two in your
+ society will give me pleasure. It's so long since we've 'ad a
+ gossip. Besides which, I want a change of _h_air."
+
+ I glanced at her peruke, and for a moment laboured under the idea
+ that she intended to call at her hairdresser's; but I soon
+ recollected.
+
+ "I suppose we had better take the _h_omnibus," she remarked, "and we
+ can get out at the foot of the 'ill."
+
+ I assented, and in a few minutes we were in the street, in the line
+ of the omnibus, and one of those vehicles soon appearing--
+
+ "Will you 'ail it?" inquired she.
+
+ So I hailed it at once, and we got in. Now Mrs. H. was so fond of
+ talking that the presence of strangers never restrained her--a fact
+ which I have often had occasion to regret. She was no sooner within
+ the omnibus than she began remarking upon _h_inconveaience of such
+ vehicles, because of their smallness, and the _h_insolence of many
+ of the conductors. She thought that the proprietors ought only to
+ 'ire men upon whose civility they could depend. Then she launched
+ out into larger topics--said she thought that the _H_emperor of
+ _H_austria--(here I endeavoured to interrupt her by asking whether
+ she had any idea of the part of Hampstead she would like; but she
+ would complete her remarks by saying)--must be as 'appy as the days
+ are long, now that the _H_empress had presented him with a _hare_ to
+ the throne! (Some of the passengers smiled, and turning round,
+ looked out of the windows.)
+
+ I much wished for our arrival at the spot where we should alight,
+ for she commenced a story about an 'andsome young nephew of hers,
+ who was a distinguished _h_officer of the _h_army. This was
+ suggested to her, no doubt, by the presence in the omnibus of a
+ fine-looking young fellow with a moustache. She said that at present
+ her nephew was stationed in _h_ireland; but he expected soon to be
+ _h_ordered to South _H_africa.
+
+ The gentleman with the moustache seemed much amused, and smilingly
+ asked her whether her nephew was at all _h_ambitious? I saw that he
+ (the gentleman with the moustache) was jesting, and I would have
+ given anything to have been released from the unpleasant predicament
+ I was in. But what was more annoyance when Mrs. H. proceeded to say
+ to this youth, whose face was radiant with humour, that it was the
+ 'ight of her nephew's _h_ambition to serve his country in the _h_our
+ of need; and then she proceeded to ask her fellow-traveller his
+ opinion, of the _h_upshot of the war--remarking that she 'oped it
+ would soon be _h_over!
+
+ At this moment I felt so nervous that I pulled out my handkerchief,
+ and endeavoured to create a diversion by making a loud nasal noise,
+ and remarking that I thought the wind very cold, when an accident
+ happened which took us all by surprise: one of the large wheels of
+ the minibus dropped off, and all the passeigers were jostled down
+ into a corner but, fortunately without serious injury. Mrs. H.,
+ however, happening to be under three or four persons, raised a loud
+ cry for "'elp! 'elp!" She was speedily got out, when she assured us
+ that she was not 'urt; but she was in such a state of _h_agitation
+ that she wished to be taken to a chemist's shop, to get some
+ _h_aromatic vinegar, or some _Hoe_ de Cologne! The chemist was
+ exceedingly polite to her, for which she said she could never
+ express her _h_obligations--an assertion which seemed to me to be
+ literally true. It was some time before she resumed her accustomed
+ freedom of conversation; but as we ascended the hill she explained
+ to me that she should like to take the house as tenant from '_ear_
+ to _'ear!_--but she thought landlords would _h_object to such an
+ agreement, as when they got a good tenant they liked to 'old 'im as
+ long as they could. She expressed an opinion that 'Amstead must be
+ very 'ealthy, because it was so 'igh _h_up.
+
+ We soon reached the summit of the hill, and turned through a lane
+ which led towards the Heath, and in which villas and cottages were
+ smiling on each side. "Now, there's a _h_elegant little place!" she
+ exclaimed, "just suited to my _h_ideas--about _h_eight rooms and a
+ _h_oriel _h_over the _h_entrance." But it was not to let--so we
+ passed on.
+
+ Presently, she saw something likely to suit her, and as there was a
+ bill in the window, "To be let--Enquire Within," she gave a loud
+ rat-a-tat-tat at the door.
+
+ The servant opened it.
+
+ "I see this 'ouse is to let."
+
+ "Yes, ma'am, it is; will you walk in?"
+
+ "'Ow many rooms are there?"
+
+ "Eleven, ma'am; but if you will step in, mistress will speak to
+ you."
+
+ A very graceful lady made her appearance at the parlour door, and
+ invited us to step in. I felt exceedingly nervous, for I at once
+ perceived that the lady of the house spoke with that accuracy and
+ taste which is one of the best indications of refinement.
+
+ "The house _is_ to let--and a very pleasant residence we have found
+ it."
+
+ "'Ave you _h_occupied it long?"
+
+ "Our family has resided here for more than nine years."
+
+ "Then, I suppose, your lease 'as run _h_out!"
+
+ "No! we have it for five years longer: but my brother, who is a
+ clergyman, has been appointed to a living in Yorkshire, and for his
+ sake, and for the pleasure of his society, we desire to remove."
+
+ "Well--there's nothing like keeping families together for the sake
+ of 'appiness. Now there's my poor dear 'Itching" [There she paused,
+ as if somewhat affected, and some young ladies who were in the room
+ drew their heads together, and appeared to consult about their
+ needlework; but I saw, by dimples upon their cheeks, which they
+ could not conceal, that they were smiling], "'e's 'itherto been
+ _h_at 'ome so seldom, that I've 'ardly _h_ever known what 'appiness
+ _h_is."
+
+ I somewhat abruptly broke in upon the conversation, by suggesting
+ that she had better look through the house, and inquire the
+ conditions of tenancy. We consequently went through the various
+ rooms, and in every one of them she had "an _h_objection to this,"
+ or "a 'atred for that," or would give "an 'int which might be
+ useful" to the lady when she removed. The young ladies were heard
+ tittering very much whenever Mrs. H. broke out, in a loud voice,
+ with her imperfect elocution, and I felt so much annoyed, that I
+ determined to cure her of her defective speaking.
+
+ In the evening, after returning home, we were sitting by the fire,
+ feeling comfortable and chatty, when I proposed to Mrs. Hitching the
+ following enigma from the pen of the late Henry Mayhew:--
+
+
+ The Vide Vorld you may search, and my fellow not find;
+ I dwells in a Wacuum, deficient in Vind;
+ In the Wisage I'm seen--in the Woice I am heard,
+ And yet I'm inwisible, gives went to no Vurd.
+ I'm not much of a Vag, for I'm vanting in Vit;
+ But distinguished in Werse for the Wollums I've writ.
+ I'm the head of all Willains, yet far from the Vurst--
+ I'm the foremost in Wice, though in Wirtue the first.
+ I'm not used to Veapons, and ne'er goes to Vor;
+ Though in Walour inwincible--in Wictory sure;
+ The first of all Wiands and Wictuals is mine--
+ Rich in Wen'son and Weal, but deficient in Vine.
+ To Wanity given, I in Welwets abound;
+ But in Voman, in Vife, and in Vidow ain't found:
+ Yet conspicuous in Wirgins, and I'll tell you, between us,
+ To persons of taste I'm a bit of a Wenus;
+ Yet none take me for Veal--or for Voe in its stead,
+ For I ranks not among the sweet Voo'd, Vun, and Ved!
+
+ Before the recital of the enigma was half completed, Mrs. Hitching
+ laughed heartily--she saw, of course, the meaning of it--that it was a
+ play upon the Cockney error of using the V instead of the W, and the
+ latter instead of the V. Several times, as I proceeded, she exclaimed
+ "_H_excellent! _h_excellent!" and when I had finished, she
+ remarked that is was very "_h_ingenious," and enough to
+ "_h_open the _h_eyes" of the Cockneys to their stupid and
+ vulgar manner of speaking.
+
+ A more difficult and delicate task lay before me. I told her that as
+ she was so much pleased with the first enigma, I would submit another
+ by the same author. I felt very nervous, but determined to proceed:
+
+ I dwells in the Herth, and I breathes in the Hair;
+ If you searches the Hocean, you'll find that I'm there.
+ The first of all Hangels, in Holympus am Hi,
+ Yet I'm banished from 'Eaven, expelled from on 'Igh.
+ But though on this Horb I am destined to grovel,
+ I'm ne'er seen in an 'Ouse, in an 'Ut, nor an 'Ovel;
+ Not an 'Oss nor an 'Unter e'er bears me, alas!
+ But often I'm found on the top of a Hass.
+ I resides in a Hattic, and loves not to roam,
+ And yet I'm invariably absent from 'Ome.
+ Though 'ushed in the 'Urricane, of the Hatmosphere part,
+ I enters no 'Ed, I creeps into no 'Art.
+ Only look, and you'll see in the Heye I appear,
+ Only 'ark, and you'll 'ear me just breathe in the Hear;
+ Though in sex not an 'E, I am (strange paradox!)
+ Not a bit of an 'Eifer, but partly a Hox.
+ Of Heternity Hi'm the beginning! And, mark,
+ Though I goes not with Noah, I am first in the Hark.
+ I'm never in 'Ealth--have with Fysic no power;
+ I dies in a Month, but comes back In a Hour!
+
+ In re-citing the above I strongly emphasized the misplaced _h_'s.
+ After a brief pause, Mrs. Hitchings exclaimed, "Very good; very
+ clever." I then determined to complete my task by repeating the
+ following enigma upon the same letter written by Miss Catherine
+ Fanshawe and often erroneously attributed to Byron:
+
+ 'Twas whispered in heaven, 'twas muttered in hell,
+ And echo caught faintly the sound as it fell;
+ On the confines of earth 'twas permitted to rest,
+ And the depths of the ocean its presence confessed.
+ 'Twill be found in the sphere when 'tis riven asunder,
+ Be seen in the lightning, and heard in the thunder.
+ 'Twas allotted to man with his earliest breath,
+ Attends at his birth, and awaits him in death;
+ It presides o'er his happiness, honour, and health,
+ Is the prop of his house, and the end of his wealth.
+ In the heaps of the miser 'tis hoarded with care,
+ But is sure to be lost on his prodigal heir.
+ It begins every hope, every wish it must bound,
+ With the husbandman toils, with the monarch is crowned.
+ Without it the soldier and seaman may roam,
+ But woe to the wretch who expels it from home.
+ In the whispers of conscience its voice will be found,
+ Nor e'en in the whirlwind of passion be drowned.
+ 'Twill not soften the heart, and though deaf to the ear,
+ 'Twill make it acutely and instantly hear.
+ But in shade let it rest, like a delicate flower--
+ Oh, breathe on it softly--it dies in an hour.
+
+ She was much pleased, but seemed thoughtful, and once or twice in
+ conversation checked herself, and corrected herself in the
+ pronunciation of words that were difficult to her.
+
+ A few days afterwards., I called upon her, and upon being introduced
+ to the parlour to wait for her appearance, I saw lying upon her table
+ the following:
+
+ MEMORANDUM ON THE USE OF THE LETTER H.
+
+ Pronounce--Herb, 'Erb.
+ " Heir, 'Eir.
+ " Honesty, 'Onesty.
+ " Honour, 'Onour.
+ " Hospital, 'Ospital.
+ " Hostler, 'Ostler.
+ " Hour, 'Our.
+ " Humour, 'Umour.
+ " Humble, 'Umble.
+ " Humility, 'Umility.
+
+ _In all other cases the H is to be sounded when it begins a word._
+
+ _Mem_.--Be careful to sound the _H_ slightly in such words as
+ w_h_ere, w_h_en, w_h_at, w_h_y--don't say were, wen, wat, wy.
+
+ I am happy to say that it is now a pleasure to hear Mrs. Hitching's
+ conversation. I only hope that others may improve as she has done.
+
+
+ [GLASS MANUFACTURING IN ENGLAND A.D. 1457.]
+
+
+216. Conversation.
+
+ There are many talkers, but few who know how to converse agreeably.
+ Speak distinctly, neither too rapidly nor too slowly. Accommodate the
+ pitch of your voice to the hearing of the person with whom you are
+ conversing. Never speak with your mouth full. Tell your jokes, and
+ laugh afterwards. Dispense with superfluous words--such as, "Well, I
+ should think," etc.
+
+
+ [TABACCO BROUGHT TO ENGLAND FROM VIRGINIA A.D. 1588.]
+
+
+217. The Woman who wishes her conversation to be agreeable
+
+ will avoid conceit or affectation, and laughter which is not natural
+ and spontaneous, Her language will be easy and unstudied, marked by a
+ graceful carelessness, which, at the same time, never oversteps the
+ limits of propriety. Her lips will readily yield to a pleasant smile;
+ she will not love to hear herself talk; her tones will bear the
+ impress of sincerity, and her eyes kindle with animation as she
+ speaks. The art of pleasing is, in truth, the very soul of good
+ breeding; for the precise object of the latter is to render us
+ agreeable to all with whom we associate--to make us, at the same time,
+ esteemed and loved.
+
+
+ [TELESCOPES INVENTED IN GERMANY A.D. 1590.]
+
+
+218. Rudeness.
+
+ We need scarcely advert to the rudeness of interrupting any one who is
+ speaking, or to the impropriety of pushing, to its full extent, a
+ discussion which has become unpleasant.
+
+
+219. Pedantry.
+
+ Some Men have a Mania for Greek and Latin quotations: this is
+ peculiarly to be avoided. It is like pulling up the stones from a tomb
+ wherewith to kill the living. Nothing is more wearisome than pedantry.
+
+
+220. Proportion.
+
+ If you feel your Intellectual Superiority to any one with whom you are
+ conversing, do not seek to bear him down: it would be an inglorious
+ triumph, and a breach of good manners. Beware, too, of speaking
+ lightly of subjects which bear a sacred character.
+
+
+221. Writing and Talking.
+
+ It is a Common Idea that the art of writing and the art of
+ conversation are one; this is a great mistake. A man of genius may be
+ a very dull talker.
+
+
+222. Interesting Conversation.
+
+ The Two Grand Modes of making your conversation interesting, are to
+ enliven it by recitals calculated to affect and impress your hearers,
+ and to intersperse it with anecdotes and smart things. Count Antoine
+ Rivarol, who lived from 1757 to 1801, was a master in the latter mode.
+
+
+223. Composition.
+
+ If you would write to any purpose, you must be perfectly free from
+ without, in the first place, and yet more free from within. Give
+ yourself the natural rein; think on no pattern, no patron, no paper,
+ no press, no public; think on nothing, but follow your own impulses.
+ Give yourself as you are, what you are, and how you see it. Everyman
+ sees with his own eyes, or does not see at all. This is
+ incontrovertibly true. Bring out what you have. If you have nothing,
+ be an honest beggar rather than a respectable thief. Great care and
+ attention should be devoted to epistolary correspondence, as nothing
+ exhibits want of taste and judgment so much as a slovenly letter.
+ Since the establishment of the penny postage it is recognised as a
+ rule that all letters should be prepaid; indeed, many persons make a
+ point of never taking in an unpaid letter. The following hints may be
+ worthy of attention:
+
+
+224. Stamps.
+
+ Always put a Stamp on your envelope, at the top, in the right-hand
+ corner.
+
+
+225. Direction.
+
+ Let the Direction be written very plain; this will save the postman
+ trouble, and facilitate business by preventing mistakes.
+
+
+226. Postal District.
+
+ If the Address be in London add the letters of the postal district in
+ which it happens to be, for this also saves trouble in the General
+ Post Office. Thus in writing to the publishers of "Enquire Within,"
+ whose house of business is in the East Central (E.C.) postal district,
+ address your letter to Messrs. Houlston and Sons, Paternoster Square,
+ London, E.C.
+
+
+227. Heading.
+
+ At the head of your Letter, in the right-hand corner, put your address
+ in full, with the day of the month underneath; do not omit this,
+ though you may be writing to your most intimate friend for the third
+ or even the fourth time in the course of a day.
+
+
+228. Subject.
+
+ What you have to say in your Letter, say as plainly as possible, as if
+ you were speaking; this is the best rule. Do not revert three or four
+ times to one circumstance, but finish as you go on.
+
+
+229. Signature.
+
+ Let your signature be written as plainly as possible (many mistakes
+ will be avoided, especially in writing to strangers), and without any
+ flourishes, as these do not add in any way to the harmony of your
+ letter. We have seen signatures that have been almost impossible to
+ decipher, being a mere mass of strokes, without any form to indicate
+ letters. This is done chiefly by the ignorant, and would lead one to
+ suppose that they were ashamed of signing what they had written.
+
+
+230. Crossing the Page.
+
+ Do not cross your letters: surely paper is cheap enough now to admit
+ of using an extra half-sheet, in case of necessity.
+
+
+231. Return Envelope.
+
+ If you write to a Stranger for information, or on your own business,
+ be sure to send a stamped envelope with your address plainly written;
+ this will not fail to procure you an answer.
+
+
+232. Good Materials.
+
+ If you are not a good writer it is advisable to use the best ink,
+ paper, and pens. For although they may not alter the character of your
+ handwriting, yet they will assist to make your writing look better.
+
+
+233. Clean and Neat.
+
+ The paper on which you write should be clean, and neatly folded.
+
+
+234. Stains.
+
+ There should not be stains on the envelope; if otherwise, it is only
+ an indication of your own slovenliness.
+
+
+235. Individual Respect.
+
+ Care must be taken in giving titled persons, to whom you write, their
+ proper designations.
+
+
+236. Addresses of Letters.
+
+ As this branch of epistolary correspondence is one of the most
+ important, we subjoin a few additional hints which letter writers
+ generally would do well to attend to.
+
+ i. When writing several letters, place each in its envelope, and
+ address it as soon as it is written. Otherwise awkward mistakes may
+ occur, your correspondents receiving letters not intended for them.
+ If there be a town of the same name as that to which you are writing
+ existing in another county, specify the county which you mean or,
+ the address. Thus, Richmond, _Yorkshire_.
+
+ ii. When the person to whom you are writing is visiting or residing
+ at the house of another person, it is considered vulgar to put "at
+ Mr. So-and-So's," but simply "Mr. So-and-So's," _at_ being
+ understood.
+
+ iii. It is more respectful to write the word "Esquire" in full. The
+ ----substituted for initials is vulgar, and pardonable only in
+ extreme cases; if the Christian name or initials of your
+ correspondent do not occur to you at the moment, endeavour to
+ ascertain them by inquiry.
+
+ iv. When addressing a gentleman with the prefix "Mr.," the Christian
+ name or initials should always follow, being more polite, as well as
+ avoiding confusion where persons of the same surname may reside in
+ one house.
+
+ v. In addressing a letter to two or more unmarried ladies, write
+ "The Misses Johnson," and not "The _Miss Johnsons_;" and, lastly,
+ always write an address clearly and legibly, so that it may not be
+ delayed in delivery, nor be missent.
+
+
+237. Addresses of Persons of Rank and Distinction [1]:
+
+
+238. The Royal Family.
+
+ _Superscription_.--To the Queen's (_King's_) Most Excellent Majesty.
+
+ _Commencement_.--Most Gracious Sovereign; May it please your Majesty.
+
+ _Conclusion_.--I remain, with the profoundest veneration, Your
+ Majesty's most faithful subject and dutiful servant.
+
+
+239. Princes of the Blood Royal.
+
+ i. _The Sons and Daughters, Brothers and Sisters, Uncles and Aunts of
+ the Sovereign_.--_Sup._--To His (_Her_) Royal Highness the Prince of
+ Wales (_Princess Beatrice_).
+
+ _Comm_.--Your Royal Highness.
+
+ _Con_.--I remain, with the greatest respect (I have the honour to
+ be), your Royal Highness's most obedient servant.
+
+ ii. _Other branches of the Royal Family_.--_Sup._--To His Royal
+ Highness the Duke of Cambridge.
+
+ _Comm_.--Your Royal Highness.
+
+ _Con_.--I remain, with the greatest respect, your Royal Highness's
+ most humble and obedient servant.
+
+
+240. Nobility and Gentry.
+
+ i. _Duke or Duchess.--Sup._--To His Grace the Duke (_Her Grace the
+ Duchess_) of Northumberland.
+
+ _Comm_.--My Lord Duke (_Madam_).
+
+ _Con_.--I have the honour to be, My Lord Duke (_Madam_), Your
+ Grace's most devoted and obedient servant.
+
+ ii. _Marquis or Marchioness.--Sup._--To the Most Honourable the
+ Marquis (_Marchioness_) of Salisbury.
+
+ _Comm_.--My Lord Marquis (_Madam_).
+
+ _Con_.--I have the honour to be, My Lord Marquis, Your Lordship's
+ (_Madam, Your Ladyship's_) most obedient and most humble
+ servant.
+
+ iii. _Earl or Countess.--Sup._--To the Right Honourable the Earl
+ (_Countess_) of Aberdeen.
+
+ _Comm_.--My Lord (_Madam_).
+
+ _Con_.--I have the honour to be, My Lord, Your Lordship's (_Madam,
+ Your Ladyship's_) most obedient and very, humble servant.
+
+ iv. _Viscount or Viscountess.--Sup._--To the Right Honourable Lord
+ Viscount (_Lady Viscountess_) Gough.
+
+ _Comm_. and _Con_. same as Earl's.
+
+ v. _Baron or Baroness.--Sup._--To the Right Honourable Lord (_Lady_)
+ Rowton.
+
+ _Comm. and Con_. same as Earl's.
+
+ vi. _Younger Sons of Earls, and all the Sons of Viscounts and
+ Barons.--Sup._--To the Honourable Arthur Hamilton Gordon.
+
+ _Comm_.--Honoured Sir.
+
+ _Con_.--I have the honour to be, Honoured Sir, Your most obedient
+ and very humble servant.
+
+ vii. _Baronet and His Wife.--Sup._--To Sir Stafford Northcote, Bart.
+ (_Lady Northcote_).
+
+ _Comm_.--Sir (_Madam_).
+
+ _Con._--I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most humble and obedient
+
+
+ viii. _Knight and his Wife_.--_Sup._--To Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott
+ (Lady Truscott).
+
+ _Comm._ and _Con._ as preceding.
+
+ ix. _Esquire._--This title is now accorded to every man of position
+ and respectability, but persons entitled to superior consideration are
+ distinguished by "&c., &c., &c.," added to their superscription.
+
+ The wives of Gentlemen, when several of the same name are married, are
+ distinguished by the Christian name of their husbands, as Mrs. _John_
+ Harvey, Mrs. _William_ Temple.
+
+ x. _Privy Councillors_.--These have the title of _Right Honourable_,
+ which is prefixed to their name thus:
+
+ _Sup._--To the Right Honourable William Ewart Gladstone, M.P.
+
+ _Comm._--Sir.
+
+ _Con._--I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient very humble
+ servant.
+
+
+ [Footnote 1: Adapted from the "Dictionary of Daily Wants," published
+ by Houlston and Sons, Paternoster Square, E.C., in one volume, half
+ bound, at 7s. 6d., or in three separate volumes, cloth, each 2s. 6d.]
+
+
+
+241. The Clergy.
+
+ i. _Archbishop_.--Sup.--To His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury.
+
+ _Comm._--Your Grace.
+
+ _Con._--I remain, Your Grace's most devoted obedient servant.
+
+ ii. _Bishop_.--_Sup._--To the Right Reverend the Bishop of Winchester.
+
+ _Comm._--Right Reverend Sir.
+
+ _Con._--I remain, Right Reverend Sir, Your most obedient humble
+ servant.
+
+ iii. _Doctor of Divinity_.--_Sup._--To the Reverend James William
+ Vivian, D.D., or, To the Reverend Dr. Vivian.
+
+ _Comm._--Reverend Sir.
+
+ _Con._--I have the honour to be, Reverend Sir, Your most obedient
+ servant.
+
+ iv. _Dean._--_Sup._--To the Very Reverend The Dean of St. Paul's; or,
+ To the Very Reverend Richard William Church, M.A., D.C.L., D.D., Dean
+ of St. Paul's.
+
+ _Comm._--Mr. Dean; or, Reverend Sir.
+
+ _Con._--I have the honour to be, Mr. Dean (or Reverend Sir), Your
+ most obedient servant.
+
+ v. _Archdeacon_.--_Sup._--To the Venerable Archdeacon Hessey, D.C.L.
+
+ _Comm._--Reverend Sir.
+
+ _Con._--I have the honour to remain, Reverend Sir, Your most
+ obedient servant.
+
+ vi. _Clergymen_.--_Sup._--To the Reverend Thomas Dale.
+
+ _Com._ and _Con._ same as the preceding.
+
+ vii. _Clergymen with Titles_.--When a Bishop or other Clergyman
+ possesses the title of _Right Honourable_ or _Honourable_, it is
+ prefixed to his Clerical title, but Baronets and Knights have their
+ clerical title placed first, as in the following examples:--
+
+ _Sup._--To the Right Honourable and Right Reverend the Lord Bishop
+ of Bath and Wells.
+
+ _Sup._--To the Honourable and Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of
+ Norwich.
+
+ _Sup._--To the Right Honourable and Reverend Lord Wriothesley
+ Russell, M.A.
+
+ _Sup._--To the Honourable and Reverend Baptist Wriothesley Noel,
+ M.A.
+
+ _Sup._--To the Reverend Sir Henry R. Dukinfield, Bart, M.A.
+
+ No clerical dignity confers a title or rank on the wife of the
+ dignitary, who is simply addressed _Mistress_, unless possessing a
+ title in her own right, or through her husband, independently of his
+ clerical rank.
+
+
+242. Judges &c.
+
+ i. _Lord Chancellor_.--_Sup._--To the Right Honourable Roundell
+ Palmer, Lord Selborne, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.
+
+ ii. _Master of the Rolls._--_Sup._--To the Right Honourable the Master
+ of the Rolls.
+
+ iii. _Chief Justice_.--_Sup._--To the Right Honourable the Lord Chief
+ Justice; or, the Right Honourable Lord Coleridge, Lord Chief Justice
+ of England.
+
+ The Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas is addressed in the
+ same form, and are all styled _My Lord_.
+
+ iv. _Lords Justices of Appeal_.--The Lords Justices of Appeal are
+ Knights, and should be addressed thus:
+
+ _Sup_.--To the Right Honourable Sir W. Milbourne James, Knt.
+
+ v. _Judge of County Courts._--_Sup_.--To His Honour John James
+ Jeffreys, Judge of County Courts.
+
+
+ [A DIRTY GRATE MAKES DINNER LATE.]
+
+
+243. Officers of the Navy and Army.
+
+ i. _Naval Officers._--Admirals have the rank of their flag added to
+ their own name and title thus:
+
+ _Sup_.--To the Honourable Sir Richard Saunders Dundas, Admiral of
+ the White.
+
+ If untitled, they are simply styled _Sir_.
+
+ _Commodores_ are addressed in the same way as admirals.
+
+ _Captains_ are addressed either to "Captain William Smith, R.N.;" or
+ if on service, "To William Smith, Esquire, Commander of H.M.S.--"
+
+ _Lieutenants_ are addressed in the same way.
+
+ ii. _Military Officers._--All officers in the army above Lieutenants,
+ Cornets, and Ensigns, have their military rank prefixed to their name
+ and title.
+
+ _Sup_.--To _General_ Sir Frederick Roberts.
+
+ _Subalterns_ are addressed as _Esquire_, with the regiment to which
+ they belong, if on service.
+
+
+244. Municipal Officers.
+
+ i. _Lord Mayor.--Sup_.--To the Right Honourable the Lord Mayor (_The
+ Lady Mayoress_) of London, York, Dublin; The Lord Provost (_The Lady
+ Provost_) of Edinburgh.
+
+ _Comm_.--My Lord (_Madam_).
+
+ _Con_.--I have the honour to be, my Lord, Your Lordship's (_Madam,
+ Your Ladyship's_) most obedient humble servant.
+
+ ii. The Mayors of all Corporations, with the Sheriffs, Aldermen, and
+ Recorder of London, are styled _Right Worshipful_; and the Aldermen
+ and Recorder of other Corporations, as well as Justices of the Peace,
+ _Worshipful_.
+
+
+245. Ambassadors.
+
+ Ambassadors have _Excellency_ prefixed to the other titles, and their
+ accredited rank added.
+
+ _Sup_.--To His Excellency Count Karolyi, Ambassador Extraordinary
+ and Plenipotentiary from H.I.M. (His Imperial Majesty) The Emperor
+ of Austria.
+
+ _Sup_.--To His Excellency The Right Honourable Earl of Dufferin,
+ K.P., G.C.M.G., K.C.B., Her Britannic Majesty's Ambassador
+ Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Sublime Ottoman Porte.
+
+ _Comm_.--My Lord.
+
+ _Con_.--I have the honour to be, My Lord, Your Excellency's Most
+ humble obedient servant.
+
+ The wives of Ambassadors have also Excellency added to their other
+ titles.
+
+ Envoys and Chargés d'Affaires are generally styled Excellency, but
+ by courtesy only.
+
+ Consuls have only their accredited rank added to their names or
+ titles, if they have any.
+
+
+246. Addresses of Petitions, &c.
+
+ i. _Queen in Council._--All applications to the Queen in Council, the
+ Houses of Lords and Commons, &c., are by _Petition_, as follows,
+ varying only the title:
+
+ To the Queen's most Excellent Majesty in Council, The humble
+ Petition of M.N., &c., showeth That your Petitioner.... Wherefore
+ Your Petitioner humbly prays that Your Majesty will be graciously
+ pleased to.... And Your Petitioner, as in duty bound, will ever
+ pray.
+
+
+ ii. _Lords and Commons._--To the Right Honourable the Lords
+ Spiritual and Temporal (To the Honourable the Commons) of the United
+ Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, in Parliament assembled.
+
+ The humble Petitioner &c. And your Petitioner [or Petitioners] will
+ ever pray, &c.
+
+
+247. To those who Write for the Press.
+
+ It would be a great service to editors and printers if all who write
+ for the press would observe the following rules. They are reasonable,
+ and correspondents will regard them as such:
+
+ i. write with black ink, on white paper, wide ruled.
+
+ ii. Make the pages or folios small, one-fourth of a foolscap sheet
+ is large enough.
+
+ iii. Leave the second page of each leaf blank; or, in other words,
+ write on one side of the paper only.
+
+ iv. Give to the written page an ample margin _all round_; or fold
+ down the left hand side to the extent of one-fourth the width of the
+ entire paper so as to leave a broad margin on the left side of the
+ paper.
+
+ v. Number the pages; in the order of their succession.
+
+ vi. Write in a plain, bold, legible hand, without regard to beauty
+ of appearance.
+
+ vii. Use no abbreviations which are not to appear in print.
+
+ viii. Punctuate the manuscript as it should be printed.
+
+ ix. For italics underscore one line; for small capitals, two;
+ capitals, three.
+
+ x. Never interline without the caret (^) to show its place.
+
+ xi. Take special pains with every letter in proper names.
+
+ xii. Review every word, to be sure that none is illegible.
+
+
+ xiii. Put directions to the printer at the head of the first page.
+
+ xiv. Never write a private letter to the editor on the printer's
+ copy, but always on a separate sheet.
+
+
+248. Hints to those who have Pianofortes.
+
+ i. Damp is very injurious to a pianoforte; it ought therefore to be
+ placed in a dry place, and not exposed to draughts.
+
+ ii. Keep your piano free from dust, and do not allow needles, pins, or
+ bread to be placed upon it, especially if the key-board is exposed, as
+ such articles are apt to get inside and produce a jarring or whizzing
+ sound.
+
+ iii. Do not load the top of a piano with books, music, &c., as the
+ tone is thereby deadened, and the disagreeable noise alluded to in the
+ last paragraph is often produced likewise.
+
+ iv. Have your piano tuned about every two months; whether it is used
+ or not, the strain is always upon it, and if it is not kept up to
+ concert pitch it will not stand in tune when required, which it will
+ do if it be attended to regularly.
+
+ v. An upright instrument sounds better if placed about two inches from
+ the wall.
+
+ vi. When not in use keep the piano locked.
+
+ vii. To make the polish look nice, rub it with an old silk
+ handkerchief, being careful first of all to dust off any small
+ particles, which otherwise are apt to scratch the surface.
+
+ viii. Should any of the notes keep down when struck, it is a sure sign
+ that there is damp somewhere, which has caused the small note upon
+ which the key works to swell.
+
+
+249. Gardening Operations for the Year.
+
+
+250. January.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Christmas Rose, Crocus, Winter Aconite, Alyssum, Primrose, Snowdrop.
+
+
+251. Gardening Operations.
+
+ In-door preparations for future operations must be made, as in this
+ month there are only five hours a day available for out-door work,
+ unless the season be unusually mild. Mat over tulip beds, begin to
+ force roses. Place pots over seakale and surround them with manure,
+ litter, dried leaves, &c. Plant dried roots of border flowers in mild
+ weather. Take strawberries in pots into the greenhouse. Take cuttings
+ of chrysanthemums and strike them under glass. Prune and plant
+ gooseberry, currant, fruit, and deciduous trees and shrubs. Cucumbers
+ and melons to be sown in the hot-bed. Apply manures to the soil.
+
+
+252. February.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Snowdrop, Violet, Alyssum, Primrose.
+
+
+253. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Transplant pinks, carnations, sweet-williams, candy-tuft, campanulas,
+ &c. Sow sweet and garden peas and lettuces, for succession of crops,
+ covering the ground with straw, &c. Sow also Savoys, leeks, and
+ cabbages. Prune and nail fruit trees, and towards the end of the month
+ plant stocks for next year's grafting; also cuttings of poplar, elder,
+ willow trees, for ornamental shrubbery. Sow fruit and forest tree
+ seeds.
+
+
+254. March.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Primrose, Narcissus, Hyacinth, Wallflower, Hepatica, Daisy,
+ Polyanthus.
+
+
+255. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Seeds of "spring flowers" to be sown. Border flowers to be planted
+ out. Tender annuals to be potted out under glasses. Mushroom beds to
+ be made. Sow artichokes, Windsor beans, and cauliflowers for autumn;
+ lettuces and peas for succession of crops, onions, parsley, radishes,
+ Savoys, asparagus, red and white cabbages, and beet; turnips, early
+ brocoli, parsnips and carrots. Plant slips and parted roots of
+ perennial herbs. Graft trees and protect early blossoms. Force
+ rose-tree cuttings under glasses.
+
+
+256. April.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Cowslip, Anemone, Ranunculus, Tulip, Polyanthus, Auricula, Narcissus,
+ Jonquil, Wallflower, Lilac, Laburnum.
+
+
+257. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Sow for succession peas, beans, and carrots; parsnips, celery, and
+ seakale. Sow more seeds of "spring flowers." Plant evergreens,
+ dahlias, chrysanthemums, and the like, also potatoes, slips of thyme,
+ parted roots, lettuces, cauliflowers, cabbages, onions. Lay down turf,
+ remove caterpillars. Sow and graft camelias, and propagate and graft
+ fruit and rose trees by all the various means in use. Sow cucumbers
+ and vegetable marrows for planting out. _This is the most important
+ month in the year for gardeners._
+
+
+258. May.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Hawthorn, Gentianella, Anemone, Ranunculus, Columbine, Honeysuckle,
+ Laburnum, Wistaria.
+
+
+259. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Plant out your seedling flowers as they are ready, and sow again for
+ succession larkspur, mignonette, and other spring flowers. Pot out
+ tender annuals. Remove auriculas to a north-east aspect. Take up
+ bulbous roots as the leaves decay. Sow kidney beans, brocoli for
+ spring use, cape for autumn, cauliflowers for December; Indian corn,
+ cress, onions to plant out as bulbs next year, radishes, aromatic
+ herbs, turnips, cabbages, savoys, lettuces, &c. Plant celery,
+ lettuces, and annuals; thin spring crops; stick peas, &c. Earth up
+ potatoes, &c. Moisten mushroom beds.
+
+
+260. June.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Water-lily, Honeysuckle, Sweet-william, Pinks, Syringa, Rhododendron,
+ Delphinium, Stock.
+
+
+261. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Sow giant stocks to flower next spring. Take slips of myrtles to
+ strike, pipings of pinks, and make layers of carnation. Put down
+ layers and take cuttings of roses and evergreens. Plant annuals in
+ borders, and place auriculas in pots in shady places. Sow kidney
+ beans, pumpkins, cucumbers for pickling, and (late in the month)
+ endive and lettuces. Plant out cucumbers, marrows, leeks, celery,
+ broccoli, cauliflowers, savoys, and seedlings, and plants propagated
+ by slips. Earth up potatoes, &c. Cut herbs for drying when in flower.
+
+
+262. July.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Rose, Carnation, Picotee, Asters, Balsams.
+
+
+263. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Part auricula and polyanthus roots. Take up summer bulbs as they go
+ out of flower, and plant saffron crocus and autumn bulbs. Gather
+ seeds. Clip evergreen borders and edges, strike myrtle slips under
+ glasses. Net fruit trees. Finish budding by the end of the month. Head
+ down espaliers. Sow early dwarf cabbages to plant out in October for
+ spring; also endive, onions, kidney beans for late crop, and turnips.
+ Plant celery, endive, lettuces, cabbages, leeks, strawberries, and
+ cauliflowers. Tie up lettuces. Earth celery. Take up onions, &c., for
+ drying.
+
+
+264. August.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Geranium, Verbena, Calceolaria, Hollyhock.
+
+
+265. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Sow annuals to bloom indoors in winter, and pot all young stocks
+ raised in the greenhouse. Sow early red cabbages, cauliflowers for
+ spring and summer use, cos and cabbage lettuce for winter crop. Plant
+ out winter crops. Dry herbs and mushroom spawn. Plant out strawberry
+ roots, and net currant trees, to preserve the fruit through the
+ winter.
+
+
+266. September.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Clematis, or Traveller's Joy, Jasmine, Passion Flower, Arbutus.
+
+
+267. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Plant crocuses, scaly bulbs, and evergreen shrubs. Propagate by
+ layers and cuttings of all herbaceous plants, currant, gooseberry, and
+ other fruit trees. Plant out seedling pinks. Sow onions for spring
+ plantation, carrots, spinach, and Spanish radishes in warm spots.
+ Earth up celery. House potatoes and edible bulbs. Gather pickling
+ cucumbers. Make tulip and mushroom beds.
+
+
+268. October.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Asters, Indian Pink, Chrysanthemum, Stock.
+
+
+269. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Sow fruit stones for stocks for future grafting, also larkspurs and
+ the hardier annuals to stand the winter, and hyacinths and smooth
+ bulbs in pots and glasses. Plant young trees, cuttings of jasmine,
+ honeysuckle, and evergreens. Sow mignonette for pots in winter. Plant
+ cabbages, &c., for spring. Cut down asparagus, separate roots of
+ daisies, irises, &c. Trench, drain, and manure.
+
+
+270. November.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Laurestinus, Michaelmas Daisy, Chrysanthemum.
+
+
+271. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Sow sweet peas and garden peas for early flowers and crops. Take up
+ dahlia roots. Complete beds for asparagus and artichokes. Plant dried
+ roots of border flowers, daisies, &c. Take potted mignonette indoors.
+ Make new plantations of strawberries, though it is better to do this
+ in October. Sow peas, leeks, beans, and radishes. Plant rhubarb in
+ rows. Prune hardy trees, and plant stocks of fruit trees. Store
+ carrots, &c. Shelter from frost where it may be required. Plant shrubs
+ for forcing. Continue to trench and manure vacant ground.
+
+
+272. December.--Flowers of the Month.
+
+ Cyclamen and Winter Aconite Holly berries are now available for floral
+ decoration.
+
+
+273. Gardening Operations.
+
+ Continue in open weather to prepare vacant ground for spring, and to
+ protect plants from frost. Cover bulbous roots with matting. Dress
+ flower borders. Prepare forcing ground for cucumbers, and force
+ asparagus and seakale. Plant gooseberry, currant, apple, and pear
+ trees. Roll grass-plats if the season be mild and not too wet. Prepare
+ poles, stakes, pea-sticks, &c., for spring.
+
+
+274. Kitchen Garden.
+
+ This is one of the most important parts of general domestic economy,
+ whenever the situation of a house and the size of the garden will
+ permit the members of a family to avail themselves of the advantages
+ it offers. It is, indeed, much to be regretted that small plots of
+ ground, in the immediate vicinity of the metropolis more especially,
+ are too often converted into flower gardens and shrubberies, or used
+ as mere play-grounds for children, when they might more usefully be
+ employed in raising vegetables for the family. With a little care and
+ attention, a kitchen garden, though small, might be rendered not only
+ useful, but, in fact, as ornamental as a modern grass lawn; and the
+ same expense incurred to make the ground a laboratory of sweets, might
+ suffice to render it agreeable to the palate as well as to the
+ olfactory nerves, and that even without offending the most delicate
+ optics. It is only in accordance with our plan to give the hint and to
+ put before the reader such novel points as may facilitate the proposed
+ arrangement. It is one objection to the formation of a kitchen garden
+ in front of the dwelling, or in sight of the drawing-room and parlour,
+ that its very nature makes it rather an eyesore than otherwise at all
+ seasons. This, however, may be readily got over by a little attention
+ to neatness and good order, for the vegetables themselves, if properly
+ attended to, may be made really ornamental; but then, in cutting the
+ plants for use, the business must be done neatly--all useless leaves
+ cleared from the ground, the roots no longer wanted taken up, and the
+ ravages of insects guarded against by sedulous extirpation. It will
+ also be found a great improvement, where space will admit of it, to
+ surround the larger plots of ground, in which the vegetables are
+ grown, with flower borders stocked with herbaceous plants and others,
+ such as annuals and bulbs in due order of succession, or with neat
+ espaliers, with fruit trees, or even gooseberry and currant bushes,
+ trained along them, instead of being suffered to grow in a state of
+ ragged wildness, as is too often the case.
+
+
+ [A WAITING APPETITE KINDLES MANY A SPITE.]
+
+
+275. Artificial Mushroom Beds.
+
+ Mushrooms may be grown in pots, boxes, or hampers. Each box may be
+ about three feet long, one and a half broad, and seven inches in
+ depth. Let each box be half filled with manure in the form of fresh
+ horse-dung from the stables, the fresher the better, but if wet, it
+ should be allowed to dry for three or four days before it is put into
+ the boxes. When the manure has been placed in the box it should be
+ well beaten down. After the second or third day, if the manure has
+ begun to generate heat, break each brick of mushroom spawn (which may
+ be obtained from any seedsman) into pieces about three inches square,
+ then lay the pieces about four inches apart upon the surface of the
+ manure in the box; here they are to lie for six days, when it will
+ probably be found that the side of the spawn next to the manure has
+ begun to run in the manure below; then add one and a half inch more of
+ fresh manure on the top of the spawn in the box, and beat it down as
+ formerly. In the course of a fortnight, when you find that the spawn
+ has run through the manure, the box will be ready to receive the mould
+ on the top; this mould must be two and a half inches deep, well beaten
+ down, and the surface made quite even. In the space of five or six
+ weeks the mushrooms will begin to come up; if the mould then seems
+ dry, give it a gentle watering with lukewarm water. The box will
+ continue to produce from six weeks to two months, if duly attended to
+ by giving a little water when dry, for the mushrooms need neither
+ _light_ nor _free air_. If cut as button mushrooms each box will yield
+ from twenty-four to forty-eight pints, according to the season and
+ other circumstances. They may be kept in dry dark cellars, or any
+ other places where the frost will not reach them. By preparing in
+ succession of boxes, mushrooms may be had all the year through.--They
+ may be grown without the manure, and be of a finer flavour. Take a
+ little straw, and lay it carefully in the bottom of the mushroom box,
+ about an inch thick, or rather more. Then take some of the spawn
+ bricks and break them down--each brick into about ten pieces, and lay
+ the fragments on the straw, as close to each other as they will lie.
+ Cover them up with mould three and a half inches deep, and well
+ pressed down. When the surface appears dry give a little tepid water,
+ as directed for the mode of raising them described above, but this
+ method needs about double the quantity of water that the former does,
+ owing to having no moisture in the bottom, while the other has the
+ manure. The mushrooms will begin to start in a month or five weeks,
+ sometimes sooner, sometimes later, according to the heat of the place
+ where the boxes are situated.
+
+
+ [SOME HOURS WE SHOULD FIND FOR THE PLEASURES OF THE MIND.]
+
+
+276. Dwarf Plants.
+
+ The following method of producing miniature trees is taken from an
+ article on this subject in 'Gardening Illustrated'.
+
+ "Take an orange, and having cut a hole in the peel about the size of
+ a shilling, take out the juice and pulp. Fill the skin thus emptied
+ with some cocoa-nut fibre, fine moss, and charcoal, just stiffened
+ with a little loam, and then put an acorn or a date stone, or the
+ seed or kernel of any tree that it is proposed to obtain in a
+ dwarfed form in this mixture, just about the centre of the hollow
+ orange peel. Place the orange peel in a tumbler or vase in a window,
+ and occasionally moisten the contents with a little water through
+ the hole in the peel, and sprinkle the surface apparent through the
+ hole with some fine woodashes. In due time the tree will push up its
+ stem through the compost and the roots will push through the orange
+ peel. The roots must then be cut off flush with the peel, and this
+ process must be repeated at frequent intervals for about two years
+ and a half. The stem of the tree will attain the height of four or
+ five inches and then assume a stunted gnarled appearance, giving it
+ the appearance of an old tree. When the ends of the roots are cut
+ for the last time, the orange peel, which, curiously enough, does
+ not rot, must be painted black and varnished."
+
+ The writer of the article saw this process carried out by a Chinaman
+ that he had in his service, and the trees thrived and presented a
+ healthy appearance for eight years, when the Chinaman left his employ
+ and took the trees with him. He tried the plan which has been
+ described but failed, but he was successful with an acorn and a
+ datestone which were planted each in a thumb-pot in a mixture of peat
+ and loam. The dwarfing was effected by turning the plants out of the
+ pots at intervals of six weeks and pinching off the ends of the roots
+ that showed themselves behind the compost. This shows that the
+ production of dwarf plants is chiefly due to a constant and systematic
+ checking of the root growth.
+
+
+277. To Clear Rose Trees from Blight.
+
+ Mix equal quantities of Sulphur and tobacco dust, and strew the
+ mixture over the trees of a morning when the dew is on them. The
+ insects will disappear in a few days. The trees should then be
+ syringed with a decoction of elder leaves.
+
+
+278. To prevent Mildew on all sorts of Trees.
+
+ The best preventive against mildew is to keep the plant subject to it
+ occasionally syringed with a decoction of elder leaves, which will
+ prevent the fungus growing on them.
+
+
+279. Your Friend the Toad.
+
+ Toads are among the best friends the gardener has; for they live
+ almost exclusively on the most destructive kinds of vermin. Unsightly,
+ therefore, though they may be, they should on all accounts be
+ encouraged; they should never be touched nor molested in any way; on
+ the contrary, places of shelter should be made for them, to which they
+ may retire from the burning heat of the sun. If you have none in your
+ garden, it will be quite worth your while to search for them in your
+ walks, and bring them home, taking care to handle them tenderly, for
+ although they have neither the will nor the power to injure you, a
+ very little rough treatment will injure them; no cucumber or melon
+ frame should be without one or two.
+
+
+280. Slugs and Snails
+
+ are great enemies to every kind of garden plant, whether flower or
+ vegetable; they wander in the night to feed, and return at daylight to
+ their haunts. In order to catch them lay cabbage leaves about the
+ ground, especially on the beds which they frequent. Every morning
+ examine these leaves, and you will find a great many taking refuge
+ beneath, and these may be killed by sprinkling them with a little lime
+ or salt. These minerals are very annoying to snails and slugs; a pinch
+ of salt kills them, and they will not touch fresh lime. It is a common
+ practice to sprinkle lime over young crops, and along the edges of
+ beds, about rows of peas and beans, lettuces and other vegetables; but
+ when it has been on the ground some days, or has been moistened by
+ rain, it loses its strength.
+
+
+ [LET THE TICKING CLOCK GUIDE THE BOILING CROCK.]
+
+
+281. Traps for Snails.
+
+ Snails are particularly fond of bran; if a little is spread on the
+ ground, and covered over with a few cabbage-leaves or tiles, they will
+ congregate under them in great numbers, and by examining them every
+ morning, and destroying them, their numbers will be materially
+ decreased.
+
+
+282. Grubs.
+
+ Grubs on orchard trees, and gooseberry and currant bushes, will
+ sometimes be sufficiently numerous to spoil a crop; but if a bonfire
+ be made with dry sticks and weeds on the windward side of the orchard,
+ so that the smoke may blow among the trees, you will destroy
+ thousands; for the grubs have such an objection to smoke, that very
+ little of it makes them roll themselves up and fall off: they must be
+ swept up afterwards and destroyed.
+
+
+283. Caterpillars and Aphides.
+
+ A garden syringe or engine, with a cap on the pipe full of very minute
+ holes, will wash away these disagreeable visitors very quickly. You
+ must bring the pipe close to the plant, and pump hard, so as to have
+ considerable force on, and the plant, however badly infested, will
+ soon be cleared, without receiving any injury. Afterwards rake the
+ earth under the trees, and kill the insects that have been dislodged,
+ or many will recover and climb up the stems of the plants. Aphides may
+ also be cleared by means of tobacco smoke, but after this has been
+ applied the plant should be well syringed.
+
+
+284. Butterflies and Moths,
+
+ however pretty, are the worst enemies one can have in a garden; a
+ single insect of this kind may deposit eggs enough to overrun a tree
+ with caterpillars, therefore they should be destroyed at any cost of
+ trouble.
+
+
+285. Birds.
+
+ To prevent destruction of fruit buds by birds.--Just before the buds
+ are ready to burst, and again when they have begun to expand, give
+ them a plentiful dusting with chimney soot. The soot is unpalatable to
+ the birds, and they will attack no bush that is thus sprinkled. It in
+ no way injures the nascent blossom or leaf, and is washed off in due
+ course of time by the rain.
+
+
+286. Wasps.
+
+ Wasps destroy a good deal of fruit, but every pair of wasps killed in
+ spring saves the trouble and annoyance of a swarm in autumn.
+
+
+287. Cure for Sting of Wasp or Bee.
+
+ A little ammonia applied to the puncture will speedily relieve the
+ pain, and so will the juice of an onion obtained by cutting an onion
+ in half and rubbing the cut part over the part affected. It is
+ necessary, however, to be very careful in any attempt upon a wasp, for
+ its sting, like that of the bee, causes much pain and frequently
+ induces considerable swelling. In case of being stung, get the
+ blue-bag from the laundry, and rub it well into the wound as soon as
+ possible. Later in the season, it is customary to hang vessels of
+ beer, or water and sugar, in the fruit-trees, to entice them to drown
+ themselves. A wasp in a window may be killed almost instantaneously by
+ the application of a little sweet oil on the tip of a feather.
+
+
+288. To protect Dahlias from Earwigs.
+
+ Dip a piece of wool or cotton in oil, and slightly tie it round the
+ stalk, about a foot from the earth. The stakes which you will put into
+ the ground to support your plants must also be surrounded by the oiled
+ cotton or wool, or the insects will climb up them to the blossoms and
+ tender tops of the stems. Insects may be prevented from climbing up
+ stakes, trees, &c., by encircling them with a broad ring of tar, which
+ may be renewed as often as may be necessary. Small pots inverted and
+ placed on the top of stakes form a useful trap for slugs, snails,
+ earwigs, &c., which crawl into them for shelter in the early morning,
+ and may thus be caught and destroyed. When it is sought to take
+ earwigs by this means, the bottom of each pot should be filled with a
+ wisp of hay or dried grass, or a little cotton wool.
+
+
+289. To free Plants from Leaf-Lice.
+
+ The following is recommended as a cheap and easy mode of getting
+ rid of this pest:--Mix one ounce of flowers of sulphur with one bushel
+ of sawdust; scatter this over the plants infected with these insects:
+ they will soon be freed, though a second application may possibly be
+ necessary.
+
+
+
+
+290. A Moral.
+
+ I had a little spot of ground,
+ Where blade nor blossom grew,
+ Though the bright sunshine all around
+ Life-giving radiance threw.
+ I mourned to see a spot so bare
+ Of leaves of healthful green,
+ And thought of bowers, and blossoms fair,
+ I frequently had seen.
+
+ Some seeds of various kinds lay by--
+ I knew not what they were--
+ But, rudely turning o'er the soil,
+ I strewed them thickly there;
+ And day by day I watched them spring
+ From out the fertile earth,
+ And hoped for many a lovely thing
+ Of beauty and of worth.
+
+ But as I marked their leaves unfold
+ As weeds before my view,
+ And saw how stubbornly and bold
+ The thorns and nettles grew--
+ I sighed to think that I had done,
+ Unwittingly, a thing
+ That, where a beauteous bower should thrive,
+ But worthless weeds did spring.
+
+ And thus I mused; the things we do,
+ With little heed or ken,
+ May prove of worthless growth, and strew
+ With thorns the paths of men;
+ For little deeds, like little seeds,
+ May flowers prove, or noxious weeds!
+
+
+
+291. Taking a House.
+
+ Before taking a house, be careful to calculate that the rent is not
+ too high in proportion to your means; for remember that the rent is a
+ claim that must be paid with but little delay, and that the landlord
+ has greater power over your property than any other creditor. It is
+ difficult to assign any fixed proportion between income and rental to
+ suit all cases, but a reasonable basis for the settlement of this
+ point may be found in the assertion that while not less than one-tenth
+ of a man's entire income need be set apart for rent, not more than a
+ sixth, or at the very utmost a fifth should be devoted to this
+ purpose, and this amount ought to include parochial rates and taxes.
+
+
+292. Having determined the Amount of Rent
+
+ which you can afford to pay, be careful to select the best and most
+ convenient house which can be obtained for that sum. And in making
+ that selection let the following matters be carefully considered:
+
+
+293. First--Carefully regard the Healthfulness of the Situation.
+
+ Find out the nature of the sub-soil on which the house stands--for
+ example, a gravel or chalk subsoil is better than a subsoil of clay,
+ because the former admits of a speedy escape of the surplus water in
+ time of heavy and continuous rain, while the latter does not. Avoid
+ the neighbourhood of graveyards, and of factories giving forth
+ unhealthy vapours. Avoid low and damp districts, the course of canals,
+ and localities of reservoirs of water, gas works, &c. Make inquiries
+ as to the drainage of the neighbourhood, and inspect the drainage and
+ water supply of the premises. A house standing on an incline is likely
+ to be better drained than one standing upon the summit of a hill, or
+ on a level below a hill. Endeavour to obtain a position where the
+ direct sunlight falls upon the house, for this is absolutely essential
+ to health; and give preference to a house the openings of which are
+ sheltered from the north and east winds.
+
+
+294. Second--Consider the Distance of the House
+
+ from your place of occupation: and also its relation to provision
+ markets, and shops in the neighbourhood.
+
+
+295. Examine the House in Detail.
+
+ Having considered these material and leading features, examine the
+ house in detail, carefully looking into its state of repair; notice
+ the windows that are broken; whether the chimneys smoke; whether they
+ have been recently swept; whether the paper on the walls is damaged,
+ especially in the lower parts, and the corners, by the skirtings;
+ whether the locks, bolts, handles of doors, and window fastenings are
+ in proper condition; make a list of the fixtures; ascertain whether
+ all rates and taxes have been paid by the previous tenant, and whether
+ the person from whom you take the house is the original landlord, or
+ his agent or tenant. And do not commit yourself by the signing of any
+ agreement until you are satisfied upon all these points, _and see that
+ all has been done which the landlord may have undertaken to do, before
+ you take possession of the house_.
+
+
+ [A BLUNT KNIFE SHOWS A DULL WIFE.]
+
+
+296. If you are about to Furnish a House,
+
+ buy merely enough to get along with at first, and add other things by
+ degrees. It is only by experience that you can tell what will be the
+ wants of your family. If you spend all your money, you will find you
+ have purchased many things you do not actually want, and have no means
+ left to get many things which you do want. If you have enough, and
+ more than enough, to get everything suitable to your situation, do not
+ think you must spend all, you may be able to lay out in furniture,
+ merely because you happen to have it. Begin humbly. As riches
+ increase, it is easy and pleasant to increase in comforts; but it is
+ always painful and inconvenient to decrease. Neatness, tastefulness,
+ and good sense may be shown in the management of a small household,
+ and the arrangement of a little furniture, as well as upon a larger
+ scale. The consideration which many purchase by living beyond their
+ income, and, of course, living upon others, is not worth the trouble
+ it costs. It does not, in fact, procure a man valuable friends, or
+ extensive influence.
+
+
+297. Carpets.
+
+ In buying carpets, as in everything else, those of the best quality
+ are cheapest in the end. As it is extremely desirable that they should
+ look as clean as possible, avoid buying carpeting that has any white
+ in it. Even a very small portion of white interspersed through the
+ pattern will in a short time give a dirty appearance to the whole.
+
+
+298. A Carpet in which all the Colours are Light
+
+ never has a clean, bright effect, from the want of dark tints to
+ contrast and set off the light ones.
+
+
+299. For a Similar Reason,
+
+ carpets whose colours are all of what artists call middle tint
+ (neither dark nor light), cannot fail to look dull and dingy, even
+ when quite new.
+
+
+300. For a Carpet to be really Beautiful
+
+ and in good taste, there should be, as in a picture, a judicious
+ disposal of light and shadow, with a gradation of very bright and of
+ very dark tints; some almost white, and others almost or quite black.
+
+
+301. The Best Carpets
+
+ The most truly chaste, rich, and elegant carpets are those which are
+ of one colour only, the pattern, if pattern it may be called, being
+ formed by a judicious arrangement of every variety of shade of this
+ colour. For instance, a Brussels carpet entirely red; the pattern
+ formed by shades or tints varying from the deepest crimson (almost a
+ black), to the palest pink (almost a white). Also one of green only,
+ shaded from the darkest bottle-green, in some parts of the pattern, to
+ the lightest pea-green in others. Or one in which there is no colour
+ but brown, in all its various gradations, some of the shades being
+ nearly black, others of a light buff.
+
+
+302. The Curtains, Sofas, &c.,
+
+ must be of corresponding colours, that the effect of the whole may be
+ satisfactory to the eye.
+
+
+303. Colours of Carpets.
+
+ Carpets of many gaudy colours are much less in demand than formerly.
+ Two or three colours only, with the dark and light shades of each,
+ make a very handsome carpet.
+
+
+304. Hearth-Rug.
+
+ If you cannot obtain a Hearth-rug that exactly corresponds with the
+ carpet, get one entirely different; for a decided contrast looks
+ better than a bad match. The hearth-rug, however, should reflect the
+ colour or colours of the carpet if possible.
+
+
+305. Sheepskin Rugs.
+
+ Large rugs of sheepskin, in white, crimson, or black, form comfortable
+ and effective hearth-rugs for a drawing-room or dining-room. In the
+ winter these may be removed and an ordinary woollen rug laid down as
+ long as fires are kept up.
+
+
+ [A BAD BROOM LEAVES A DIRTY ROOM.]
+
+
+306. Wallpaper.
+
+ In choosing paper for a room, avoid that which has a variety of
+ colours, or a large showy figure, as no furniture can appear to
+ advantage with such. Large figured papering makes a small room look
+ smaller, but, on the contrary, a paper covered with a small pattern
+ makes a room look larger, and a striped paper, the stripes running
+ from ceiling to floor, makes a low room look higher.
+
+
+307. Kitchen Floors.
+
+ The best covering for a Kitchen Floor is a thick unfigured oil-cloth,
+ of one colour. Linoleum or kamptulicon is warmer to the feet than the
+ ordinary painted oilcloth.
+
+
+308. Family Tool Chests.
+
+ Much inconvenience and considerable expense might be saved if it were
+ the general custom to keep in every house certain tools for the
+ purpose of performing at home what are called small jobs, instead of
+ being always obliged to send for a mechanic and pay him for executing
+ little things that, in most cases, could be sufficiently well done by
+ a man or boy belonging to the family, if the proper instruments were
+ at hand.
+
+
+309. The Cost
+
+ of these articles is very trifling, and the advantages of having them
+ always in the house are far beyond the expense.
+
+
+310. Example Contents.
+
+ For instance, there should be an axe, a hatchet, a saw (a large wood
+ saw also, with a buck or stand, if wood is burned), a hammer, a
+ tack-hammer, a mallet, three or four gimlets and bradawls of different
+ sizes, two screw-drivers, a chisel, a small plane, one or two
+ jack-knives, a pair of large scissors or shears, and a carpet fork or
+ stretcher.
+
+
+311. Nails.
+
+ Also an assortment of nails of various sizes, from large spikes down
+ to small tacks, not forgetting some large and small brass-headed nails.
+
+
+312. Screws.
+
+ An assortment of screws, likewise, will be found very convenient, and
+ iron hooks of different sizes on which to hang things.
+
+
+313. Container.
+
+ The nails and screws should be kept in a wooden box, made with
+ divisions to separate the various sorts and sizes, for it is very
+ troublesome to have them mixed.
+
+
+314. Maintain Supply.
+
+ And let care be taken to keep up the supply, lest it should run out
+ unexpectedly, and the deficiency cause delay and inconvenience at a
+ time when some are wanted.
+
+
+315. Tool Closet.
+
+ It is well to have somewhere, in the lower part of the house, a roomy
+ light closet, appropriated entirely to tools, and things of equal
+ utility, for executing promptly such little repairs as may be required
+ from time to time, without the delay or expense of procuring an
+ artisan. This closet should have at least one large shelf, and that
+ about three feet from the floor.
+
+
+316. Drawer.
+
+ Beneath this shelf may be a deep drawer, divided into two
+ compartments. This drawer may contain cakes of glue, pieces of chalk,
+ and balls of twine of different size and quality.
+
+
+317. Shelves.
+
+ There may be shelves at the sides of the closet for glue-pots,
+ paste-pots and brushes, pots for black, white, green, and red paint,
+ cans of oil and varnish, paint-brushes, &c.
+
+
+318. Hanging Tools.
+
+ Against the wall, above the large shelf, let the tools be suspended,
+ or laid across nails or hooks of proper size to support them.
+
+
+319. More Effective.
+
+ This is much better than keeping them in a box, where they may be
+ injured by rubbing sgainst each other, and the hand may be hurt in
+ feeling among them to find the thing that is wanted.
+
+
+320. Visible.
+
+ But when hung up against the back wall of the closet, of course each
+ tool can be seen at a glance.
+
+
+321. Organization.
+
+ There is an excellent and simple contrivance for designating the exact
+ places allotted to all these articles in a very complete tool closet.
+
+
+322. Outlined Tools.
+
+ On the closet wall, directly under the large nails that support the
+ tools, is drawn with a small brush dipped in black paint or ink, a
+ representation in outline of the tool or instrument belonging to that
+ particular place.
+
+
+ [A HUSBAND'S WRATH SPOILS THE BEST BROTH.]
+
+
+323. Examples of Outlining.
+
+ For instance, under each saw is sketched the outline of that saw,
+ under each gimlet a sketch of that gimlet, under the screw-drivers are
+ slight drawings of screw-drivers.
+
+
+324. Place Shown.
+
+ So that when any tool that has been taken away for use is brought back
+ to the closet, the exact spot to which it belongs can be found in a
+ moment; and the confusion which is occasioned in putting tools away in
+ a box and looking for them again when they are wanted, is thus
+ prevented.
+
+
+325. Wrapping Paper.
+
+ Wrapping paper may be piled on the floor under the large shelf. It
+ can be bought at a low price by the ream, at the large paper
+ warehouses; and every house should keep a supply of it in several
+ varieties. For instance, coarse brown paper for common purposes, which
+ is strong, thick, and in large sheets, is useful for packing heavy
+ articles; and equally so for keeping silks, ribbons, blondes, &c., as
+ it preserves their colours.
+
+
+326. Printed Papers.
+
+ Printed papers are unfit for wrapping anything, as the printing ink
+ rubs off on the articles enclosed in them, and also soils the gloves
+ of the person that carries the parcel.
+
+
+327. Waste Newspapers.
+
+ Waste newspapers had best be used for lighting fires and singeing
+ poultry. If you have accumulated more than you can use, your butcher
+ or grocer will generally buy them of you if they are clean.
+
+
+328. Waste Paper.
+
+ Waste paper that has been written on, cut into slips, and creased and
+ folded, makes very good allumettes or lamp-lighters. These matters may
+ appear of trifling importance, but order and regularity are necessary
+ to happiness.
+
+
+329. Beds for the Poor.
+
+
+ Beech-tree leaves are recommended for filling the beds of poor
+ persons. They should be gathered on a dry day in the autumn, and
+ perfectly dried. It is said that the smell of them is pleasant and
+ that they will not harbour vermin. They are also very springy.
+
+
+330. To Preserve Tables.
+
+ A piece of oilcloth (about twenty inches long) is a useful appendage
+ to a common sitting-room. Kept in the closet, it can be available at
+ any time, in order to place upon it jars, lamps, &c., whose contents
+ are likely to soil your table during the process of emptying or
+ filling them. A wing and duster are harmonious accompaniments to the
+ oilcloth.
+
+
+331. Protecting Gilt Frames.
+
+ Gilt frames may be protected from flies and dust by pinning tarlatan
+ over them. Tarlatan fit for the purpose may be purchased at the
+ draper's. It is an excellent material for keeping dust from books,
+ vases, wool work, and every description of household ornament.
+
+
+332. Damp Walls.
+
+ The following method is recommended to prevent the effect of damp
+ walls on paper in rooms:--Line the damp part of the wall with sheet
+ lead, rolled very thin, and fastened up with small copper nails. It
+ may be immediately covered with paper. The lead is not to be thicker
+ than that which is used to line tea-chests.
+
+
+333. Another Method.
+
+ Another mode of preventing the ill effects of damp in walls on
+ wall-paper, is to cover the damp part with a varnish formed of naphtha
+ and shellac, in the proportion of 1/4lb. of the latter to a quart of
+ the former. The smell of the mixture is unpleasant, but it wears off
+ in a short time, and the wall is covered with a hard coating utterly
+ impervious to damp, and to which the wall paper can be attached in the
+ usual way.
+
+
+334. No Wet Scouring In Winter.
+
+ Bedrooms should not be scoured in the winter time, as colds and
+ sickness may be produced thereby. Dry scouring upon the French plan,
+ which consists of scrubbing the floors with dry brushes, may be
+ resorted to, and will be found more effective than can at first be
+ imagined. If a bedroom is wet scoured, a dry day should be chosen--the
+ windows should be opened, the linen removed, and a fire should be lit
+ when the operation is finished.
+
+
+ [A WIFE'S ART IS DISPLAYED IN A TABLE WELL LAID.]
+
+
+335. To Get Rid of a Bad Smell in a Room Newly Painted.
+
+ Place a vessel full of lighted charcoal in the middle of the room, and
+ throw on it two or three handfuls of juniper berries, shut the
+ windows, the chimney, and the door close; twenty-four hours
+ afterwards, the room may be opened, when it will be found that the
+ sickly, unwholesome smell will be entirely gone. The smoke of the
+ juniper berry possesses this advantage, that should anything be left
+ in the room, such as; tapestry, &c., none of it will be spoiled.
+
+
+336. Smell of Paint.
+
+ To get rid of the smell of oil paint, let a pailful of water stand in
+ the room newly painted.
+
+
+337. Airing a Larder.
+
+ If a larder, by its position, will not admit of opposite windows, a
+ current of air should be admitted by means of a flue from the outside.
+
+
+338. Keeping a Door Open.
+
+ To keep a door open, place a brick covered neatly with a piece of
+ carpeting against it, when opened sufficiently.
+
+
+339. To Ascertain whether a Bed be Aired.
+
+ Introduce a drinking glass between the sheets for a minute or two,
+ just when the warming-pan is taken out; if the bed be dry, there will
+ only be a slight cloudy appearance on the glass, but if not, the damp
+ of the bed will collect in and on the glass and assume the form of
+ drops--a warning of danger.
+
+
+340. To prevent the Smoking of a Lamp.
+
+ Soak the wick in strong vinegar, and dry it well before you use it;
+ the flame will then burn clear and bright.
+
+
+341. Encrusted Tea-Kettles.
+
+ Water of every kind, except rain water, will speedily cover the inside
+ of a tea-kettle with an unpleasant crust; this may easily be guarded
+ against by placing a clean oyster-shell or a piece of stone or marble
+ in the tea-kettle. The shell or stone will always keep the interior of
+ the kettle in good order, by attracting the particles of earth or of
+ stone.
+
+
+342. To Soften Hard Water.
+
+ or purify river water, simply boil it, and then leave it exposed to
+ the atmosphere.
+
+
+343. Cabbage Water
+
+ should be thrown away immediately it is done with, and the vessel
+ rinsed with clean water, or it will cause unpleasant smells.
+
+
+344. Disinfectants.
+
+ A little charcoal mixed with clear water thrown into a sink will
+ disinfect and deodorize it. Chloride of lime and carbolic acid
+ considerably diluted, if applied in a liquid form, are good
+ disinfectants, and carbolic powder--a pink powder with a smell
+ resembling tar, and sold at about 2d. per lb.--is both useful and
+ effective. The air of a bedroom may be pleasantly sweetened by
+ throwing some ground coffee on a fire shovel previously heated.
+
+
+345. Chimney Smoking.
+
+ Where a chimney smokes only when a fire is first lighted, it may be
+ guarded against by allowing the fire to kindle gradually, or by
+ heating the chimney by burning straw or paper in the grate previous to
+ laying in the fire.
+
+
+346. Ground Glass.
+
+ The frosted appearance of ground glass may be very nearly imitated by
+ gently dabbing the glass over with a paint brush dipped in white paint
+ or any other oil colour. The paint should be thin, and but very little
+ colour taken up at one time on the end of the bristles. When applied
+ with a light and even touch the resemblance is considerable.
+
+
+347. Oiling Clocks.
+
+ Family clocks ought only to be oiled with the very purest oil,
+ purified by a quart of lime water to a gallon of oil, in which it has
+ been well shaken, and suffered to stand for three or four days, when
+ it may be drawn off.
+
+
+348. Neat Mode of Soldering.
+
+ Cut out a piece of tinfoil the size of the surfaces to be soldered.
+ Then dip a feather in a solution of sal ammoniac, and wet over the
+ surfaces of the metal, then place them in their proper position with
+ the tinfoil between. Put the metals thus arranged on a piece of iron
+ hot enough to melt the foil. When cold the surfaces will be found
+ firmly soldered together.
+
+
+ [WHO NEVER TRIES CANNOT WIN THE PRIZE.]
+
+
+349. Maps and Charts.
+
+ Maps, charts, or engravings may be effectually varnished by brushing a
+ very delicate coating of gutta-percha solution over their surface. It
+ is perfectly transparent, and is said to improve the appearance of
+ pictures. By coating both sides of important documents they can be
+ kept waterproof and preserved perfectly.
+
+
+350. Temperature of Furniture.
+
+ Furniture made in the winter, and brought from a cold warehouse into a
+ warm apartment, is very liable to crack.
+
+
+351. Paper Fire-Screens
+
+ should be sized and coated with transparent varnish, otherwise they
+ will soon become soiled and discoloured.
+
+
+352. Pastilles for Burning.
+
+ Cascarilla bark, eight drachms; gum benzoin, four drachms; yellow
+ sanders, two drachms; styrax, two drachms; olibanum, two drachms;
+ charcoal, six ounces; nitre, one drachm and a half; mucilage of
+ tragacanth, sufficient quantity. Reduce the substances to a powder,
+ and form into a paste with the mucilage, and divide into small cones;
+ then put them into an oven, used quite dry.
+
+
+353. Breaking Glass.
+
+ Easy method of breaking glass to any required Figure.--Make a small
+ notch by means of a file on the edge of a piece of glass, then make
+ the end of a tobacco-pipe, or of a rod of iron of the same size, red
+ hot in the fire, apply the hot iron to the notch, and draw it slowly
+ along the surface of the glass in any direction you please: a crack
+ will follow the direction of the iron.
+
+
+354. Bottling and Fining.
+
+ Corks should be sound, clean, and sweet. Beer and porter should be
+ allowed to stand in the bottles a day or two before being corked. If
+ for speedy use, wiring is not necessary. Laying the bottles on their
+ sides will assist the ripening for use. Those that are to be kept
+ should be wired, and put to stand upright in sawdust. Wines should be
+ bottled in spring. If not fine enough, draw off a jugful and dissolve
+ isinglass in it, in the proportion of half an ounce to ten gallons,
+ and then pour back through the bung-hole. Let it stand a few weeks.
+ Tap the cask above the lees. When the isinglass is put into the cask,
+ stir it round with a stick, taking great care not to touch the lees at
+ the bottom. For white wine only, mix with the isinglass a quarter of a
+ pint of milk to each gallon of wine, some whites of eggs, beaten with
+ some of the wine. One white of an egg to four gallons makes a good
+ fining.
+
+
+355. To Sweeten Casks.
+
+ Mix half a pint of vitriol with a quart of water, pour it into the
+ barrel, and roll it about; next day add one pound of chalk, and roll
+ again. Bung down for three or four days, then rinse well with hot
+ water.
+
+
+356. Wrinkly Paintings.
+
+ Oil paintings hung over the mantel-piece are liable to wrinkle with
+ the heat.
+
+
+357. To Loosen Glass Stoppers of Bottles.
+
+ With a feather rub a drop or two of salad oil round the stopper, close
+ to the mouth of the bottle or decanter, which must then be placed
+ before the fire, at the distance of about eighteen inches; the heat
+ will cause the oil to insinuate itself between the stopper and the
+ neck. When the bottle has grown warm, gently strike the stopper on
+ one side, and then on the other, with any light wooden instrument;
+ then try it with the hand: if it will not yet move, place it again
+ before the fire, adding another drop of oil. After a while strike
+ again as before; and, by persevering in this process, however tightly
+ it may be fastened in, you will at length succeed in loosening it.
+
+
+358. The Best Oil for Lamps,
+
+ whether animal, vegetable, or mineral, is that which is clear and
+ nearly colourless, like water.
+
+
+359. China or Wedgwood Teapots.
+
+ China teapots are the safest, and, in many respects, the most
+ pleasant. Wedgwood ware is very apt, after a time, to acquire a
+ disagreeable taste.
+
+
+ [THE BEST PHYSICIANS ARE DR. DIET, DR. QUIET AND DR. MERRYMAN.]
+
+
+360. Care of Linen.
+
+ When linen is well dried and laid by for use, nothing more is
+ necessary than to secure it from damp and insects. It may he kept free
+ from the latter by a judicious mixture of aromatic shrubs and flowers,
+ cut up and sewed in silken bags, which must be interspersed among the
+ drawers and shelves. The ingredients used may consist of lavender,
+ thyme, roses, cedar shavings, powdered sassafras, cassia, &c., into
+ which a few drops of otto of roses, or other strong-scented perfume
+ may be thrown.
+
+
+361. Repairing Linen.
+
+ In all cases it will he found more consistent with economy to examine
+ and repair all washable articles, more especially linen, that may
+ stand in need of it, previous to sending them to the laundry. It will
+ also be prudent to have every article carefully numbered, and so
+ arranged, after washing, as to have their regular turn and term in
+ domestic use.
+
+
+362. Mending.
+
+ When you make a new article always save the pieces until "mending
+ day," which may come sooner than expected. It will be well even to buy
+ a little extra quantity for repairs. Read over repeatedly the
+ "DOMESTIC HINTS" (_pars_. 1783-1807). These numerous paragraphs
+ contain most valuable suggestions, that will be constantly useful if
+ well remembered. They should be read frequently that their full value
+ may be secured. Let your servants also read them, for nothing more
+ conduces to good housekeeping than for the servant to understand the
+ "system" which her mistress approves of.
+
+
+363. Cleansing of Furniture.
+
+ The cleaning of furniture forms an important part of domestic economy,
+ not only in regard to neatness, but also in point of expense.
+
+
+364. Method of Cleansing.
+
+ The readiest mode indeed consists in good manual rubbing, or the
+ application of a little elbow-grease, as it is whimsically termed; but
+ our finest cabinet work requires something more, where brilliancy of
+ polish is of importance.
+
+
+365. Italian Varnish.
+
+ The Italian Cabinet-Work in this respect excels that of any other
+ country. The workmen first saturate the surface with olive oil, and
+ then apply a solution of gum arabic dissolved in boiling alcohol.
+ This mode of varnishing is equally brilliant, if not superior, to that
+ employed by the French in their most elaborate works.
+
+
+366. Another Method.
+
+ But another Mode may be substituted, which has less the appearance of
+ a hard varnish, and may always be applied so as to restore the
+ pristine beauty of the furniture by a little manual labour. Heat a
+ gallon of water, in which dissolve one pound and a half of potash; and
+ a pound of virgin wax, boiling the whole for half an hour, then suffer
+ it to cool, when the wax will float on the surface. Put the wax into a
+ mortar, and triturate it with a marble pestle, adding soft water to it
+ until it forms a soft paste, which, laid neatly on furniture, or even
+ on paintings, and carefully rubbed when dry with a woollen rag, gives
+ a polish of great brilliancy, without the harshness of the drier
+ varnishes.
+
+
+367. Marble Chimney-Pieces.
+
+ Marble chimney-pieces may also be rubbed with it, after cleaning the
+ marble with diluted muriatic acid, or warm soap and vinegar; but the
+ iron or brass work connected with them requires other processes.
+
+
+368. Polished Iron Work
+
+ may be preserved from rust by an inexpensive mixture, consisting of
+ copal varnish intimately mixed with as much olive oil as will giye it
+ a degree of greasiness, adding thereto nearly as much spirit of
+ turpentine as of varnish.
+
+
+369. Cast Iron Work
+
+ is best preserved by the common method of rubbing with black-lead.
+
+
+370. Rust.
+
+ If rust has made its appearance on grates or fire-irons, apply a
+ mixture of two parts of tripoli to one of sulphur, intimately mingled
+ on a marble slab, and laid on with a piece of soft leather. Or emery
+ and oil may be applied with excellent effect; not laid on in the usual
+ slovenly way, but with a spongy piece of fig wood fully saturated with
+ the mixture. This will not only clean but impart a polish to the metal
+ as well.
+
+
+371. Brass.
+
+ Brass Ornaments, when not gilt or lacquered, may be cleaned in the
+ same way, and a fine colour given to them, by two simple processes.
+
+
+372. First Brass Process.
+
+ The first is to beat sal ammoniac into a fine powder, then to moisten
+ it with soft water, rubbing it on the ornaments, which must be heated
+ over charcoal, and rubbed dry with bran and whiting.
+
+
+373. Second Brass Process.
+
+ The second is to wash the brasswork with roche alum boiled in strong
+ ley, in proportion of an ounce to a pint; when dry, rub it with fine
+ tripoli. Either of these processes will give to brass the brilliancy
+ of gold.
+
+
+374. Carpets.
+
+ If the corner of a carpet becomes loose and prevents the door opening,
+ or trips every one up that enters the room, nail it down at once. A
+ dog's-eared carpet marks the sloven as well as the dog's-eared book.
+ An English gentleman, travelling some years ago in Ireland, took a
+ hammer and tacks with him, because he found dog's-eared carpets at all
+ the inns where he rested. At one of these inns he tacked down the
+ carpet, which, as usual, was loose near the door, and soon afterwards
+ rang for his dinner. While the carpet was loose the door could not be
+ opened without a hard push; so when the waiter came up, he just
+ unlatched the door, and then going back a couple of yards, he rushed
+ against it, as his habit was, with a sudden spring, to force it open.
+ But the wrinkles of the carpet were no longer there to stop it, and
+ not meeting with the expected resistance, the unfortunate waiter fell
+ full length into the room. It had never entered his head that so much
+ trouble might be saved by means of a hammer and half a dozen tacks,
+ until his fall taught him that makeshift is a very unprofitable kind
+ of shift. There are a good many houses in England where a similar
+ practical lesson might be of service.
+
+
+375. Cleaning Carpets.
+
+ Take a pail of cold water, and add to it three gills of ox-gall. Rub
+ it into the carpet with a soft brush. It will raise a lather, which
+ must be washed off with clear cold water. Rub dry with a clean cloth.
+ Before nailing down a carpet after the floor has been washed, be
+ certain that the floor is quite dry, or the nails will rust and injure
+ the carpet. Fuller's earth is used for cleaning carpets, and weak
+ solutions of alum or soda are used for reviving the colours. The crumb
+ of a hot wheaten loaf rubbed over a carpet has been found effective.
+
+
+376. Carpet-Beating.
+
+ Beat a carpet on the wrong side first; and then more gently on the
+ right side. Beware of using sticks with sharp points, which may tear
+ the carpet.
+
+
+377. Sweeping Carpets.
+
+ Persons who are accustomed to use tea-leaves for sweeping their
+ carpets, and find that they leave stains, will do well to employ fresh
+ cut grass instead. It is better than tea-leaves for preventing dust,
+ and gives the carpets a very bright, fresh look.
+
+
+378. Making a Carpet Last Longer.
+
+ A half-worn carpet may be made to last longer by ripping it apart, and
+ transposing the breadths.
+
+
+379. Sweeping a Stair-Carpet.
+
+ A stair carpet should never be swept down with a long broom, but
+ always with a short-handled brush, a dust-pan being held closely under
+ each step of the stairs during the operation of sweeping.
+
+
+380. Cleaning Oilcloth.
+
+ Oilcloth should never be scrubbed with a brush, but, after being first
+ swept, it should be cleansed by washing with a large soft cloth and
+ lukewarm or cold water. On no account use soap or hot water, as either
+ will injure the paint, and in time remove it.
+
+
+381. Cleaning Straw Matting.
+
+ Straw matting may be cleaned with a large coarse cloth dipped in salt
+ and water, and then wiped dry. The salt prevents the matting from
+ turning yellow.
+
+
+ [EAT NOT TO DULNESS--DRINK NOT TO ELEVATION.]
+
+
+382. Method of Cleaning Paper-Hangings.
+
+ Cut into eight half quarters a quartern loaf, two days old; it must be
+ neither newer nor staler. With one of these pieces, after having blown
+ off all the dust from the paper to be cleaned, by the means of a good
+ pair of bellows, begin at the top of the room, and, holding the crust
+ in the hand, wipe lightly downward with the crumb, about half a yard
+ at each stroke, till the upper part of the hangings is completely
+ cleaned all round. Then go round again, with the like sweeping stroke
+ downwards, always commencing each successive course a little higher
+ than the upper stroke had extended, till the bottom be finished. This
+ operation, if carefully performed, will frequently make very old paper
+ look almost equal to new. Great care must be taken not to rub the
+ paper hard, nor to attempt cleaning it the cross or horizontal way.
+ The surface of the bread, too, must be always cut away as soon as it
+ becomes dirty, and the pieces renewed as often as may be necessary.
+
+
+383. Cleaning Rosewood Furniture.
+
+ Rosewood furniture should be rubbed gently every day with a clean soft
+ cloth to keep it in order.
+
+
+384. Cleaning Ottomans and Sofas.
+
+ Ottomans and sofas, covered with cloth, damask, or chintz, will look
+ better for being cleaned occasionally with bran and flannel.
+
+
+385. Polishing Dining-Tables.
+
+ Dining tables may be polished by rubbing them for some time with a
+ soft cloth and a little linseed oil.
+
+
+386. Mahogany.
+
+ Mahogany frames of sofas, chairs, &c., should be first well dusted,
+ and then cleaned with a flannel dipped in sweet oil or linseed oil.
+
+
+387. To Clean Cane-bottom Chairs.
+
+ Turn the chair bottom upwards, and with hot water and a sponge wash
+ the canework well, so that it may become completely soaked. Should it
+ be very dirty you must add soap. Let it dry in the open air, or in a
+ place where there is a thorough draught, and it will become as tight
+ and firm as when new, provided none of the strips are broken.
+
+
+388. Alabaster.
+
+ Stains may be removed by washing with soap and water, then
+ whitewashing the stained part, letting it stand some hours, then
+ washing off the whitewash, and rubbing the stained part with a flannel
+ moistened with lukewarm soap and water.
+
+
+389. To Clean Marble.
+
+ Take two parts of common soda, one part of pumice stone, and one part
+ of finely powdered chalk; sift it through a fine sieve, and mix it
+ with water. Rub the marble well all over with the mixture, and the
+ stains will be removed; then wash the marble with soap and water, and
+ it will be as clean as it was at first.
+
+
+390. Glass.
+
+ Glass should be washed in cold water, which gives it a brighter and
+ clearer look than when cleansed with warm water; or, what is better,
+ wash in warm water and rinse in cold water.
+
+
+391. Using Charcoal (1).
+
+ Glass vessels, and other utensils, may be purified and cleaned by
+ rinsing them out with powdered charcoal.
+
+
+392. Bottles.
+
+ There is no easier method of cleaning glass bottles than putting into
+ them fine coal-ashes, and well shaking, either with water or not, hot
+ or cold, according to the substance that fouls the bottle. Charcoal
+ left in a bottle or jar for a little time will take away disagreeable
+ smells.
+
+
+393. Cleaning Japanned Waiters, Urns, &c.
+
+ Rub on with a sponge a little white soap and some lukewarm water, and
+ wash the waiter or urn quite clean. Never use hot water, as it will
+ cause the japan to scale off. Having wiped it dry, sprinkle a little
+ flour over it; let it remain untouched for a short time, and then rub
+ it with a soft dry cloth, and finish with a silk handkerchief. White
+ heat marks on the waiters are difficult to remove; but rubbing them
+ with a flannel dipped in sweet oil, and afterwards in spirits of wine,
+ may be tried. Waiters of 'papier maché' should be washed with a sponge
+ and cold water only, and dredged with flour while damp. After the
+ lapse of a few minutes the flour must be wiped off, and the article
+ polished with a silk handkerchief.
+
+
+ [DISEASE IS SOON SHAKEN BY PHYSIC SOON TAKEN.]
+
+
+394. Papier Maché.
+
+ Papier Maché articles of all kinds should be washed with a sponge and
+ cold water, without soap, dredged with flour while damp, and polished
+ with a flannel or a silk handkerchief.
+
+
+395. Brunswick Black for Varnishing Grates.
+
+ Melt four pounds of common asphaltum, and add two pints of linseed
+ oil, and one gallon of oil of turpentine. This is usually put up in
+ stoneware bottles for sale, and is used with a paint brush. If too
+ thick, more turpentine may be added.
+
+
+396. Blacking for Stoves
+
+ may be made with half a pound of black-lead finely powdered, and (to
+ make it stick) mix with it the whites of three eggs well beaten; then
+ dilute it with sour beer or porter till it becomes as thin as
+ shoe-blacking; after stirring it, set it over hot coals to simmer for
+ twenty minutes; when cold it may be kept for use.
+
+
+397. To Clean Knives and Forks.
+
+ Wash the blades in warm (but not hot) water, and afterwards rub them
+ lightly over with powdered rotten-stone mixed to a paste with a little
+ cold water; then polish them with a clean cloth.
+
+
+398. For Cleaning Painted Wainscot or Other Woodwork,
+
+ fuller's earth will be found cheap and useful: on wood not painted it
+ forms an excellent substitute for soap.
+
+
+399. To Scour Boards.
+
+ Lime, one part; sand, three parts; soft soap, two parts. Lay a little
+ on the boards with the scrubbing brush, and rub thoroughly. Rinse with
+ clean water, and rub dry. This will keep the boards of a good colour,
+ and keep away vermin.
+
+
+400. Charcoal (2).
+
+ All sorts of glass vessels and other utensils may be purified from
+ long-retained smells of every kind, in the easiest and most perfect
+ manner, by rinsing them out well with charcoal powder, after the
+ grosser impurities have been scoured off with sand and potash. Rubbing
+ the teeth and washing out the mouth with fine charcoal powder, will
+ render the teeth beautifully white, and the breath perfectly sweet,
+ where an offensive breath has been owing to a scorbutic disposition of
+ the gums. Putrid water is immediately deprived of its bad smell by
+ charcoal. When meat, fish, &c., from intense heat, or long keeping,
+ are likely to pass into a state of corruption, a simple and pure mode
+ of keeping them sound and healthful is by putting a few pieces of
+ charcoal, each about the size of an egg, into the pot or saucepan
+ wherein the fish or flesh is to be boiled. Among others, an experiment
+ of this kind was tried upon a turbot, which appeared to be too far
+ gone to be eatable; the cook, as advised, put three or four pieces of
+ charcoal, each the size of an egg, under the strainer in the
+ fish-kettle; after boiling the proper time, the turbot came to the
+ table sweet and firm.
+
+
+401. To take Stains out of Mahogany Furniture.
+
+ Stains and spots may be taken out of mahogany with a little aquafortis
+ or oxalic acid and water, rubbing the part with a cork dipped in the
+ liquid till the colour is restored. Then wash the wood well with
+ water, and dry and polish as usual.
+
+
+402. To take Ink-Stains out of Mahogany.
+
+ Put a few drops of spirits of nitre in a teaspoonful of water; touch
+ the spot with a feather dipped in the mixture, and as soon as the ink
+ disappears, rub it over with a rag wetted in cold water, or there will
+ be a white mark, which will not be easily effaced.
+
+
+403. To remove Ink-Stains from Silver.
+
+ Ink-stains on the tops and other portions of silver ink-stands may be
+ completely eradicated by making a little chloride of lime into a paste
+ with water, and rubbing it upon the stains. Chloride of lime has been
+ misnamed "The general bleacher," but it is a great enemy to all
+ metallic surfaces.
+
+
+ [DISEASE IS THE PUNISHMENT OF NEGLECT.]
+
+
+404. To take Ink-Stains out of a Coloured Table-Cover.
+
+ Dissolve a teaspoonful of oxalic acid in a teacup of hot water; rub
+ the stained part well with a flannel or linen rag dipped in the
+ solution.
+
+
+405. Ink Stains.
+
+ Very frequently, when logwood has been used in manufacturing ink, a
+ reddish stain still remains, after the use of oxalic acid, as in the
+ former directions. To remove it, procure a solution of the chloride of
+ lime, and apply it in the same manner as directed for the oxalic acid.
+
+
+406. To take Ink out of Boards.
+
+ Apply strong muriatic acid, or spirits of salts, with a piece of
+ cloth; afterwards wash well with water.
+
+
+407. Oil or Grease
+
+ may be removed from a hearth by covering it immediately with hot
+ ashes, or with burning coals.
+
+
+408. Marble may be Cleaned
+
+ by mixing up a quantity of the strongest soap-lees with quick-lime, to
+ the consistence of milk, and laying it on the marble for twenty-four
+ hours; clean it afterwards with soap and water.
+
+
+409. Silver and Plated Ware
+
+ should be washed with a sponge and warm soapsuds every day after
+ using, and wiped dry with a clean soft towel.
+
+
+410. Bronzed Chandeliers, Lamps, &c.,
+
+ should be merely dusted with a feather-brush, or with a soft cloth, as
+ washing them will take off the bronzing.
+
+
+411. To clean Brass Ornaments.
+
+ Wash the brasswork with roche alum boiled to a strong ley, in the
+ proportion of an ounce to a pint. When dry it must be rubbed with fine
+ tripoli.
+
+
+412. For Cleaning Brasses belonging to mahogany furniture,
+
+ use either powdered whiting or scraped rotten-stone, mixed with sweet
+ oil and rubbed on with chamois leather.
+
+
+413. Brasses, Britannia Metal, Tins, Coppers, &c.,
+
+ may be cleaned with a mixture of rotten-stone, soft soap, and oil of
+ turpentine, mixed to the consistency of stiff putty. The stone should
+ be powdered very fine and sifted. The articles should first be washed
+ with hot water, to remove grease; then a little of the above mixture,
+ mixed with water, should be rubbed over the metal; then rub off
+ briskly with dry, clean rag or leather, and a beautiful polish will be
+ obtained.
+
+
+414. To preserve Steel Goods from Rust.
+
+ After bright grates have been thoroughly cleaned, they should be
+ dusted over with unslacked lime, and thus left until wanted. Coils of
+ piano wires, thus sprinkled, will keep from rust for many years.
+ Table-knives which are not in constant use ought to be put in a case
+ in which sifted quicklime is placed, about eight inches deep. They
+ should be plunged to the top of the blades, but the lime should not
+ touch the handles.
+
+
+415. To keep Iron and Steel Goods from Rust.
+
+ Dissolve half an ounce of camphor in one pound of hog's lard; take off
+ the scum: mix as much black lead as will give the mixture an iron
+ colour. Iron and steel goods, rubbed over with this mixture, and left
+ with it on twenty-four hours, and then dried with a linen cloth, will
+ keep clean for months. Valuable articles of cutlery should be wrapped
+ in zinc foil, or be kept in boxes lined with zinc. This is at once an
+ easy and most effective method.
+
+
+416. Iron Wipers.
+
+ Old soft towels, or pieces of old sheets or tablecloths, make
+ excellent wipers for iron and steel goods.
+
+
+417. To Clean Looking-Glasses.
+
+ First wash the glass all over with lukewarm soapsuds and a sponge.
+ When dry, rub it bright with a chamois leather on which a little
+ prepared chalk, finely powdered, has been sprinkled.
+
+
+ [KEEP THE BLOOD PURE AND SPARE THE LEECH.]
+
+
+418. To Clean Mirrors, &c.
+
+ If they should be hung so high that they cannot be conveniently
+ reached, have a pair of steps to stand upon; but mind that they stand
+ steady. Then take a piece of soft sponge, well washed, and cleaned
+ from everything gritty, dip it into water and squeeze it almost dry,
+ dip it into some spirit of wine, and then rub it over the glass. Next,
+ dust the glass over with some powder blue or whiting sifted through
+ muslin; wipe the powder lightly and quickly off again with a cloth;
+ then take a clean cloth, and rub the glass well once more, and finish
+ by rubbing it with a silk handkerchief. If the glass be very large,
+ clean one-half at a time, as otherwise the spirit of wine will dry
+ before it can be rubbed off. If the frames are not varnished, the
+ greatest care is necessary to keep them quite dry, so as not to touch
+ them with the sponge, as this will discolour or take off the gilding.
+ To clean the frames, take a little raw cotton in the state of wool,
+ and rub the frames with it; this will take off all the dust and dirt
+ without injuring the gilding. If the frames are well varnished, rub
+ them with spirit of wine, which will take out all spots, and give them
+ a fine polish. Varnished doors may be done in the same manner. Never
+ use any cloth to _frames_ or _drawings_, or oil paintings, when
+ cleaning and dusting them.
+
+
+419. China and Glass.
+
+ The best material for cleansing either porcelain or glass, is fuller's
+ earth: but it must be beaten into a fine powder, and carefully cleared
+ from all rough or hard particles, which might endanger the polish of
+ the surface.
+
+
+420. Porcelain.
+
+ In cleaning porcelain, it must also be observed that some species
+ require more care and attention than others, as every person must have
+ observed that chinaware in common use frequently loses some of its
+ colours.
+
+
+421. Red Fading.
+
+ The red, especially of vermilion, is the first to go, because that
+ colour, together with some others, is laid on by the Chinese after
+ burning.
+
+
+422. Modern Porcelain Fades Less.
+
+ The modern chinese porcelain is not, indeed, so susceptible of this
+ rubbing or wearing off, as--vegetable reds are now used by them
+ instead of the mineral colour.
+
+
+423. Temperature with China and Glass.
+
+ It ought to be taken for granted that all china or glass ware is well
+ tempered: yet a little careful attention may not be misplaced, even on
+ that point; for though ornamental china or glassware is not exposed to
+ the action of hot water in common domestic use, yet it may be
+ injudiciously immersed therein for the purpose of cleaning; and as
+ articles intended solely for ornament are not so highly annealed as
+ others, it will be proper never to apply water beyond a tepid
+ temperature.
+
+
+424. Annealing Glass.
+
+ An ingenious and simple mode of annealing glass has been some time in
+ use by chemists. It consists in immersing the vessel in cold water,
+ gradually heated to the boiling point, and suffered to remain till
+ cold, when it will be fit for use. Should the glass be exposed to a
+ higher temperature than that of boiling water, it will be necessary to
+ immerse it in oil.
+
+
+425. To take Marking-Ink out of Linen.
+
+ Use a solution of cyanide of potassium applied with a camel-hair
+ brush. After the marking ink disappears, the linen should be well
+ washed in cold water.
+
+
+426. To take Stains of Wine out of Linen.
+
+ Hold the articles in milk while it is boiling on the fire, and the
+ stains will soon disappear.
+
+
+427. Fruit Stains in Linen.
+
+ To remove them, rub the part on each side with yellow soap, then tie
+ up a piece of pearlash in the cloth, &c., and soak well in hot water,
+ or boil; afterwards expose the stained part to the sun and air until
+ the stain is removed.
+
+
+428. Mildewed Linen
+
+ may be restored by soaping the spots while wet, covering them with
+ fine chalk scraped to powder, and rubbing it well in.
+
+
+429. To keep Moths, Beetles, &c., from Clothes.
+
+ Put a piece of camphor in a linen bag, or some aromatic herbs, in the
+ drawers, among linen or woollen clothes, and no insects will come near
+ them.
+
+
+ [LOOSE HABITS LEAD TO TIGHT BANDAGES.]
+
+
+430. Moths.
+
+ Clothes closets that have become infested with moths, should be well
+ rubbed with a strong decoction of tobacco, and repeatedly sprinkled
+ with spirits of camphor.
+
+
+431. To remove Stains from Floors.
+
+ For removing spots of grease from boards, take fuller's earth and
+ pearlash, of each a quarter of a pound, and boil in a quart of soft
+ water. While hot lay the mixture on the greased parts, allowing it to
+ remain on them from ten or twelve hours; after which it may be scoured
+ off with sand and water. A floor much spotted with grease should be
+ completely washed over with this mixture the day before it is scoured.
+ Fuller's earth and ox-gall, boiled together, form a very powerful
+ cleansing mixture for floors or carpets. Stains of ink are removed by
+ the application of strong vinegar, or salts of lemon.
+
+
+432. Scouring Drops for removing Grease
+
+ There are several preparations of this name; one of the best is made
+ as follows:--Camphine, or spirit of turpentine, three ounces: essence
+ of lemon, one ounce; mix and put up in a small phial for use when
+ required.
+
+
+433. To take Grease out of Velvet or Cloth.
+
+ Pour some turpentine over the part that is greasy; rub it till quite
+ dry with a piece of clean flannel; if the grease be not quite removed,
+ repeat the application, and when done, brush the part well, and hang
+ up the garment in the open air to take away the smell.
+
+
+434. Medicine Stains
+
+ may be removed from silver spoons by rubbing them with a rag dipped in
+ sulphuric acid, and washing it off with soapsuds.
+
+
+435. To Extract Grease Spots from Books or Paper.
+
+ Gently warm the greased or spotted part of the book or paper, and then
+ press upon it pieces of blotting-paper, one after another, so as to
+ absorb as much of the grease as possible. Have ready some fine clear
+ essential oil of turpentine heated almost to a boiling state, warm the
+ greased leaf a little, and then, with a soft clean brush, apply the
+ heated turpentine to both sides of the spotted part. By repeating this
+ application, the grease will be extracted. Lastly, with another brush
+ dipped in rectified spirit of wine, go over the place, and the grease
+ will no longer appear, neither will the paper be discoloured.
+
+
+436. Stains and Marks from Books.
+
+ A solution of oxalic acid, citric acid, or tartaric acid, is attended
+ with the least risk, and may be applied to paper and prints without
+ fear of damage. These acids, which take out writing ink, and do not
+ touch the printing, can be used for restoring books where the margins
+ have been written upon, without injuring the text.
+
+
+437. To take Writing Ink out of Paper.
+
+ Solution of muriate of tin, two drachms; water, four drachms. To be
+ applied with a camel-hair brush. After the writing has disappeared,
+ the paper should be passed through water, and dried.
+
+
+438. A Hint on Household Management.
+
+ Have you ever observed what a dislike servants have to anything cheap?
+ They hate saving their master's money. I tried this experiment with
+ great success the other day. Finding we consumed a vast deal of soap,
+ I sat down in my thinking chair, and took the soap question into
+ consideration, and I found reason to suspect we were using a very
+ expensive article, where a much cheaper one would serve the purpose
+ better. I ordered half a dozen pounds of both sorts, but took the
+ precaution of changing the papers on which the prices were marked
+ before giving them into the hands of Betty. "Well, Betty, which soap
+ do you find washes best?" "Oh, please sir, the dearest, in the blue
+ paper; it makes a lather as well again as the other." "Well, Betty,
+ you shall always have it then;" and thus the unsuspecting Betty saved
+ me some pounds a year, and washed the clothes better--_Rev. Sydney
+ Smith_.
+
+
+ [BOTTLES OF BRANDY ARE FOLLOWED BY BOTTLES OF PHYSIC.]
+
+
+439. Domestic Rules.
+
+ Mrs Hamilton, in her "Cottagers of Glenburnie," gives three simple
+ rules for the regulation of domestic affairs, which deserve to be
+ remembered, and which would, if carried into practice, be the means of
+ saving time, labour, and patience, and of making every house a
+ "well-ordered" one. They are as follows:
+
+ i. Do everything in its proper time.
+
+ ii. Keep everything to its proper use.
+
+ iii. Put everything in its proper place.
+
+
+440. An Ever-dirty Hearth,
+
+ and a grate always choked with cinders and ashes, are infallible
+ evidences of bad housekeeping.
+
+
+441. Economy.
+
+ If you have a strip of land, do not throw away soapsuds. Soapsuds are
+ good manure for bushes and young plants.
+
+
+442. Washing Woollens.
+
+ Woollen clothes should be washed in very hot suds, and not rinsed.
+ Lukewarm water shrinks them.
+
+
+443. Keeping Coffee and Tea.
+
+ Do not let coffee and tea stand in tin.
+
+
+444. Freshness of Surfaces.
+
+ Scald your wooden-ware often, and keep your tin-ware dry.
+
+
+445. Re-using Letters.
+
+ Preserve the backs of old letters to write upon.
+
+
+446. Make Writing-Books.
+
+ If you have Children who are learning to write, buy coarse white paper
+ by the quantity, and make it up into writing-books. This does not
+ cost half so much as it does to buy them ready made at the stationer's.
+
+
+447. No Waste.
+
+ See that nothing is thrown away which might have served to nourish
+ your own family or a poorer one.
+
+
+448. Bread.
+
+ As far as possible, have pieces of bread eaten up before they become
+ hard: spread those that are not eaten, and let them dry, to be pounded
+ for puddings, or soaked for brewis.
+
+
+449. Brewis.
+
+ Brewis is made of crusts and dry pieces of bread, soaked a good while
+ in hot milk, mashed up, and eaten with salt. Above all, do not let
+ crusts accumulate in such quantities that they cannot be used. With
+ proper care, there is no need of losing a particle of bread.
+
+
+450. Regular Mending.
+
+ All the Mending in the house should be done once a week if possible.
+
+
+451. Never put out Sewing.
+
+ If it be not possible to do it in your own family, hire some one to
+ come to the house and work with them.
+
+
+452. White Spots on Furniture.
+
+ A warming-pan full of coals, or a shovel of coals, held over varnished
+ furniture, will take out white spots. Care should be taken not to hold
+ the pan near enough to scorch; the place to which heat has thus been
+ applied, should be rubbed with a flannel while warm.
+
+
+453. Acid Fading.
+
+ Sal-Volatile or hartshorn will restore colours taken out by acid. It
+ may be dropped upon any garment without doing harm.
+
+
+454. New Iron
+
+ should be very gradually heated at first. After it has become inured
+ to the heat, it is not as likely to crack.
+
+
+455. Before Using a Brass Kettle.
+
+ Clean a brass kettle, before using it for cooking, with salt and
+ vinegar.
+
+
+456. Shaking Carpets.
+
+ The oftener carpets are shaken the longer they wear; the dirt that
+ collects under them grinds out the threads.
+
+
+457. Saving Rags.
+
+ All linen rags should be saved, for they are useful in sickness. If
+ they have become dirty and worn by cleaning silver, &c., wash them and
+ scrape them into lint.
+
+
+458. Softening Washing-Water.
+
+ If you are troubled to get soft water for Washing, fill a tub or
+ barrel half full of wood ashes, and fill it up with water, so that you
+ may have ley whenever you want it. A gallon of strong ley, put into a
+ great kettle of hard water, will make it as soft as rain water. Some
+ people use pearlash, or potash; but this costs something, and is very
+ apt to injure the texture of the cloth.
+
+
+459. Protecting Knife-Handles.
+
+ Do not let knives be dropped into hot dish-water. It is a good plan to
+ have a large tin pot to wash them in, just high enough to wash the
+ bladet _without wetting_ the handles.
+
+
+460. Do It Well.
+
+ It is better to accomplish perfectly a very small amount of work, than
+ to half do ten times as much.
+
+
+ [BE TEMPERATE IN ALL THINGS.]
+
+
+461. Polishing Knives with Charcoal.
+
+ Charcoal Powder will be found a very good thing to give knives a
+ first-rate polish.
+
+
+462. Preventing Wear.
+
+ A bonnet and trimmings may be worn a much longer time, if the dust be
+ brushed well off after walking.
+
+
+463. Good Examples.
+
+ Much knowledge may be obtained by the good housewife observing how
+ things are managed in well-regulated families.
+
+
+464. Apple Pips.
+
+ Apples intended for dumplings should not have the core taken out of
+ them, as the pips impart a delicious flavour to the dumpling.
+
+
+465. Rice Pudding.
+
+ A rice pudding is excellent without either eggs or sugar, if baked
+ gently: it keeps better without eggs.
+
+
+466. "Wilful Waste makes Woeful Want."
+
+ Do not cook a fresh joint whilst any of the last remains uneaten
+ --hash it up, and with gravy and a little management, eke out another
+ day's dinner.
+
+
+467. Shanks of Mutton.
+
+ The shanks of mutton make a good stock for nearly any kind of gravy,
+ and they are very cheap--a dozen may be had for a penny, enough to
+ make a quart of delicious soup.
+
+
+468. Lack of Fresh Air.
+
+ Thick curtains, closely drawn around the bed, are very injurious,
+ because they not only confine the effluvia thrown off from our bodies
+ whilst in bed, but interrupt the current of pure air.
+
+
+469. Regular Accounting.
+
+ Regularity in the payment of accounts is essential to housekeeping.
+ All tradesmen's bills should be paid weekly, for then any errors can
+ be detected whilst the transactions are fresh in the memory.
+
+
+470. Enough Talk.
+
+ Allowing children to talk incessantly is a mistake. We do not mean to
+ say that they should be restricted from talking in proper seasons, but
+ they should be taught to know when it is proper for them to cease.
+
+
+471. Blacking for Leather Seats, &c.
+
+ Beat well the yolks of two eggs and the white of one: mix a
+ tablespoonful of gin and a teaspoonful of sugar, thicken it with ivory
+ black, add it to the eggs, and use as common blacking; the seats or
+ cushions being ieft a day or two to harden. This is good for dress
+ boots and shoes
+
+
+472. Black Reviver for Black Cloth.
+
+ Bruised galls, one pound; logwood, two pounds; green vitriol, half a
+ pound; water, five quarts. Boil for two hours, and strain. Use to
+ restore the colour of black cloth.
+
+
+473. Enamel Paint
+
+ Special preparations of paint, styled "enamel," are now made, suitable
+ for both useful and decorative purposes--garden stands, indoor
+ furniture or ornaments, baths, &c. They are ready mixed in a variety
+ of shades, can be easily applied, and dry with a hard glossy surface.
+
+
+ [KEEP THE HEAD COOL AND THE FEET WARM.]
+
+
+474. Hints for Home Comfort.
+
+ i. Eat slowly and you will not overeat.
+
+ ii. Keeping the feet warm will prevent headaches.
+
+ iii. Late at breakfast--hurried for dinner--cross at tea.
+
+ iv. A short needle makes the most expedition in plain sewing.
+
+ v. Between husband and wife little attentions beget much love.
+
+ vi. Always lay your table neatly, whether you have company or
+ not.
+
+ vii. Put your balls or reels of cotton into little bags, leaving
+ the ends out.
+
+ viii. Whatever you may choose to give away, always be sure to
+ _keep your temper_.
+
+ ix. Dirty windows speak to the passer-by of the negligence of
+ the inmates.
+
+ x. In cold weather a leg of mutton improves by being hung
+ three, four, or five weeks.
+
+ xi. When meat is hanging, change its position frequently, to
+ equally distribute the juices.
+
+ xii. There is much more injury done by admitting visitors to
+ invalids than is generally supposed.
+
+ xiii. Matches, out of the reach of children, should be kept in
+ every bedroom. They are cheap enough.
+
+ xiv. Apple and suet dumplings are lighter when boiled in a net
+ than a cloth. Skim the pot well.
+
+ xv. When sheets or chamber towels get thin in the middle, cut
+ them in two, sew the selvedges together, and hem the sides.
+
+ xvi. When you are particular in wishing to have precisely what
+ you want from a butcher, go and buy it yourself.
+
+ xvii. A flannel petticoat will wear as nearly as long again, if
+ turned hind part before, when the front begins to wear thin.
+
+ xviii. People in general are not aware how very essential to the
+ health of the inmates is the free admission of light into
+ their houses.
+
+ xix. When you dry salt for the table, do not place it in the salt
+ cellars until it is cold, otherwise it will harden into a
+ lump.
+
+ xx. Never put away plate, knives and forks, &c., uncleaned, or
+ great inconvenience will arise when the articles are wanted.
+
+ xxi. Feather beds should be opened every third year, the ticking
+ well dusted, soaped, and waxed, the feathers dressed and
+ returned.
+
+ xxii. Persons of defective sight, when threading a needle, should
+ hold it over something white, by which the sight will be
+ assisted.
+
+ xxiii. In mending sheets and shirts, put in pieces sufficiently
+ large, or in the first washing the thin parts give way, and
+ the work done is of no avail.
+
+ xxiv. When reading by candle-light, place the candle behind you,
+ that the rays may pass over your shoulder on to the book.
+ This will relieve the eyes.
+
+ xxv. A wire fire-guard, for each fire-place in a house, costs
+ little, and greatly diminishes the risk to life and
+ property. Fix them before going to bed.
+
+ xxvi. In winter, get the work forward by daylight, to prevent
+ running about at night with candles. Thus you escape grease
+ spots, and risks of fire.
+
+ xxvii. Be at much pains to keep your children's feet dry and warm.
+ Don't bury their bodies in heavy flannels and wools, and
+ leave their arms and legs naked.
+
+ xxviii. Apples and pears, cut into quarters and stripped of the
+ rind, baked with a little water and sugar, and eaten with
+ boiled rice, are capital food for children.
+
+ xxix. A leather strap, with a buckle to fasten, is much more
+ commodious than a cord for a box in general use for short
+ distances; cording and uncording is a tedious job.
+
+ xxx. After washing, overlook linen, and stitch on buttons, hooks
+ and eyes, &c.; for this purpose keep a "house-wife's
+ friend," full of miscellaneous threads, cottons, buttons:
+ hooks, &c.
+
+ xxxi. For ventilation open your windows both at top and bottom.
+ The fresh air rushed in one way, while the foul escapes the
+ other. This is letting in your friend and expelling your
+ enemy.
+
+ xxxii. There is not any real economy in purchasing cheap calico for
+ night-shirts. Cheap calico soon wears into holes, and
+ becomes discoloured in washing.
+
+ xxxiii. Sitting to sew by candle-light at a table with a dark cloth
+ on it is injurious to the eyesight. When no other remedy
+ presents itself, put a sheel of white paper before you.
+
+ xxxiv. Persons very commonly complain of indigestion; how can it be
+ wondered at, when they seem, by their habit of swallowing
+ their food wholesale, to forget for what purpose they are
+ provided with teeth.
+
+ xxxv. Never allow your servants to put wiped knives on your table,
+ for, generally speaking, you may see that that have been
+ wiped with a dirty cloth. If a knife is brightly cleaned,
+ they are compelled to use a clean cloth.
+
+ xxxvi. There is not anything gained in economy by having very young
+ and inexperienced servants at low wages; the cost of what
+ they break, waste, and destroy, is more than an equivalent
+ for higher wages, setting aside comfort and respectability.
+
+ xxxvii. No article in dress tarnishes so readily as black crape
+ trimmings, and few things injure it more than damp;
+ therefore, to preserve its beauty on bonnets, a lady in nice
+ mourning should in her evening walks, at all seasons of the
+ year, take as her companion an old parasol to shade her
+ crape.
+
+
+ [GUARD THE FOOT, AND THE HEAD WILL SELDOM HARM.]
+
+
+475. Domestic Pharmacopoeia.
+
+ In compiling this part of our hints, we have endeavoured to supply
+ that kind of information which is so often wanted in the time of need,
+ and cannot be obtained when a medical man or a druggist is not near.
+ The doses are all fixed for adults, unless otherwise specified. The
+ various remedies are arranged in sections, according to their uses, as
+ being more easy for reference,
+
+
+476. Collyria, or Eye Washes
+
+
+477. Alum.
+
+ Dissolve half a drachm of alum in eight ounces (half a pint) of water.
+ _Use_ as astringent wash. When twice as much alum and only half the
+ quantity of water are used, it acts as a discutient, but not as an
+ eye-water.
+
+ _Note_ that this and the following washes are for _outward
+ application_ only.
+
+
+478. Common.
+
+ Add half an ounce of diluted acetic acid to three ounces of decoction
+ of poppy heads.
+
+ _Use_ as anodyne wash.
+
+
+479. Compound Alum.
+
+ Dissolve alum and white vitriol, of each one drachm, in one pint of
+ water, and filter through paper.
+
+ _Use_ as astringent wash.
+
+
+480. Zinc and Lead.
+
+ Dissolve white vitriol and acetate of lead, of each seven grains, in
+ four ounces of elder-flower water; add one drachm of laudanum
+ (tincture of opium), and the same quantity of spirit of camphor, then
+ strain.
+
+ _Use_ as detergent wash.
+
+
+481. Acetate of Zinc.
+
+ Dissolve half a drachm of white vitriol in five ounces of water.
+ Dissolve two scruples of acetate of lead in five ounces of water. Mix
+ these solutions, then set aside for a short time, and afterwards
+ filter.
+
+ _Use_ as astringent wash; this forms a most valuable collyrium.
+
+
+482. Sulphate of Zinc.
+
+ Dissolve twenty grains of white vitriol in a pint of water or rose
+ water.
+
+ _Use_ for weak eyes.
+
+
+483. Zinc and Camphor.
+
+ Dissolve a scruple of white vitriol in ten ounces of water; add one
+ drachm of spirit of camphor, and strain.
+
+ _Use_ as a stimulant.
+
+
+484. Compound Zinc.
+
+ Dissolve fifteen grains of white vitriol in eight ounces of camphor
+ water (_Mistura camphoræ_), and the same quantity of decoction of
+ poppy heads.
+
+ _Use_ as anodyne and detergent wash: it is useful for weak eyes.
+
+
+485. Confections and Electuaries.
+
+
+486. Purpose.
+
+ _Confections_ are used as vehicles for the administration of more
+ active medicines, and _Electuaries_ are made for the purpose of
+ rendering some remedies palatable. Both should be kept in closely
+ covered jars.
+
+
+487. Almond Confection.
+
+ Remove the outer coat from an ounce of sweet almonds, and beat them
+ well in a mortar with one drachm of powdered gum arabic, and half an
+ ounce of white sugar.
+
+ _Use_ to make a demulcent mixture known as "almond emulsion."
+
+
+488. Alum Confection.
+
+ Mix two scruples of powdered alum with four scruples of treacle.
+
+ _Dose_, half a drachm.
+
+ _Use_ as astringent in sore throat, relaxed uvula, and ulcerations of
+ mouth.
+
+
+489. Orange Confection.
+
+ Take one ounce of the freshly rasped rind of orange, and mix it with
+ three ounces of white sugar, and beat together till perfectly
+ incorporated.
+
+ _Dose_, from one drachm to one ounce.
+
+ _Use_ as a gentle stomachic and tonic, and as a vehicle for
+ administering tonic powders.
+
+
+490. Black Pepper Confection.
+
+ Take of black pepper and elecampane root, each one ounce; fennel
+ seeds, three ounces; honey and sugar, of each two ounces. Rub the dry
+ ingredient to a fine powder, and when the confection is wanted, add
+ the honey, and mix well.
+
+ _Dose_, from one to two drachms.
+
+ _Use_ in haemorrhoids, or piles.
+
+
+ [BETTER PAY THE COOK THAN THE DOCTOR.]
+
+
+491. Cowhage.
+
+ Mix in treacle as much of the fine hairs or spiculæ of cowhage as the
+ treacle will take up.
+
+ _Dose_, a teaspoonful every morning and evening.
+
+ _Use_ as an anthelmintic.
+
+
+492. Senna Confection. No. 1.
+
+ Take of senna, powdered, four ounces; figs, half a pound, viassia
+ pulp, tamarind pulp, and the pulp of prunes, each four ounces;
+ coriander seeds, powdered, two ounces; liquorice root, one ounce and a
+ half; sugar, one pound and a quarter; water, one pint and a half. Rub
+ the senna with the coriander, and separate, by sifting, five ounces of
+ the mixture. Boil the water, with the figs and liquorice added, until
+ it is reduced to one half; then press out and strain the liquor.
+ Evaporate the strained liquor in a jar by boiling until twelve fluid
+ ounces remain; then add the sugar, and make a syrup. Now mix the pulps
+ with the syrup, add the sifted powder, and mix well.
+
+ _Use_ as a purgative.
+
+
+493. Senna Confection. No. 2.
+
+ A more simple confection, but equally efficacious, may be made in the
+ following manner. Infuse an ounce of senna leaves in a pint of boiling
+ water, pouring the water on the leaves in a covered mug or jug, or
+ even an old earthenware teapot. Let the infusion stand till it is
+ cold, then strain off the liquor, and place it in a saucepan or
+ stewpan, adding to it one pound of prunes. Let the prunes stew gently
+ by the side of the fire till the liquor is entirely absorbed.
+
+ _Use_ as a purgative or laxative, giving half a teaspoonful to little
+ children and a teaspoonful to children over ten years of age.
+
+
+494. Castor Oil and Senna Confection.
+
+ Take one drachm of powdered gum arabic, and two ounces of confection
+ of senna, and mix, by gradually rubbing together in a mortar, with
+ half an ounce of castor oil.
+
+ _Dose_, from half an ounce to an ounce.
+
+ _Use_ as a purgative.
+
+
+495. Sulphur and Senna Confection.
+
+ Take of sulphur and sulphate of potash, each half an ounce; confection
+ of senna, two ounces; oil of aniseed, twenty minims; mix well.
+
+ _Dose_, from one to two drachms.
+
+ _Use_ as a purgative.
+
+
+496. Cream of Tartar Confection.
+
+ Take one ounce of cream of tartar, one drachm of jalap, and half a
+ drachm of powdered ginger; mix into a thick paste with treacle.
+
+ _Dose_, two drachms.
+
+ _Use_ as a purgative.
+
+
+497. Antispasmodic Electuary.
+
+ Take six drachms of powdered valerian and orange leaves, mixed and
+ made into an electuary, with a sufficient quantity of syrup of
+ wormwood.
+
+ _Dose_, from one to two drachms, to be taken two or
+ three times a day.
+
+
+498. Decoctions.
+
+ These should only be made as they are wanted; pipkins or tin saucepans
+ should be used for the purpose; and no decoction should be boiled
+ longer than ten minutes.
+
+
+499. Chimaphila.
+
+ Take one ounce of pyrola (chimaphila, or winter-green), and boil it in
+ a pint and a half of water until the water is reduced to one pint;
+ then strain.
+
+ _Dose_, from one to two ounces, four times a day.
+
+ _Use_ in dropsies, as a diuretic.
+
+
+500. Logwood.
+
+ Boil one ounce and a half of bruised logwood in two pints of water
+ until the water is reduced to one pint; then add one drachm of bruised
+ cassia, and strain.
+
+ _Dose_, from one to two ounces.
+
+ _Use_ as an astringent.
+
+
+501. Dandelion.
+
+ Take two ounces of the freshly-sliced root, and boil in a quart of
+ water until it comes to a pint.
+
+ _Dose_, from two to four ounces, that is to say, from an eighth of a
+ pint to a quarter of a pint.
+
+ _Use_ for sluggish state of the liver.
+
+
+502. Embrocations and Liniments.
+
+ These remedies are used externally as local stimulants, to relieve
+ deep seated inflammations when other means cannot he employed, as they
+ are more easily applied locally.
+
+
+503. Anodyne and Discutient.
+
+ Take two drachms of scraped white soap, half a drachm of extract of
+ henbane, and dissolve them by a gentle heat in six ounces of olive
+ oil.
+
+ _Use_ for glandular enlargements which are painful and stubborn, about
+ half an ounce to be well rubbed into the part twice a day.
+
+
+504. Strong Ammoniated.
+
+ Add one ounce of strong liquid ammonia to two ounces of olive oil,
+ shake well together until properly mixed.
+
+ _Use_ as a stimulant in rheumatic pains, paralytic numbnesses, chronic
+ glandular enlargements, lumbago, sciatica, &c.
+
+ _Note_ that this embrocation must be used with care, and only employed
+ in very obstinate cases.
+
+
+505. Compound Ammoniated.
+
+ Add six drachms of oil of turpentine to the strong ammoniated liniment
+ above.
+
+ _Use_ for the diseases mentioned in the preceding paragraph and
+ chronic affections of the knee and ankle joints.
+
+
+506. Lime and Oil.
+
+ Take equal parts of common linseed oil and lime water and shake well.
+
+ _Use_ for burns, scalds, sun peelings, &c.
+
+
+507. Camphorated.
+
+ Take half an ounce of camphor and dissolve it in two ounces of olive
+ oil.
+
+ _Use_ as a stimulating and soothing application for stubborn breasts,
+ glandular enlargements, dropsy of the belly, and rheumatic pains.
+
+
+508. Soap Liniment with Spanish Flies.
+
+ Take three ounces and a half of soap liniment, and half an ounce of
+ tincture of Spanish flies, mix and shake well.
+
+ _Use_ as stimulant to chronic bruises, sprains, rheumatic pains,
+ and indolent swellings.
+
+
+509. Turpentine.
+
+ Take two ounces and a half of resin cerate, and melt it by standing
+ the vessel in hot water, then add one ounce and a half of oil of
+ turpentine, and mix.
+
+ _Use_ as stimulant to ulcers, burns, scalds, &c.
+
+
+510. Enemas.
+
+ These are a peculiar kind of medicines, administered by injecting them
+ into the rectum or outlet of the body. The intention is either to
+ empty the bowels, kill worms, protect the lining membrane of the
+ intestines from injury, restrain copious discharges, allay spasms in
+ the bowels, or to nourish the body. These clysters, or glysters, are
+ administered by means of bladders and pipes, or a proper apparatus.
+
+
+511. Laxative.
+
+ Take two ounces of Epsom salts, and dissolve in three quarters of a
+ pint of gruel, or thin broth, with an ounce of olive oil.
+
+
+512. Nutritive.
+
+ Take twelve ounces of strong beef tea, and thicken with hartshorn
+ shavings or arrowroot.
+
+
+513. Turpentine.
+
+ Take half an ounce of oil of turpentine, the yolk of one egg, and half
+ a pint of gruel. Mix the turpentine and egg, and then add the gruel.
+
+ _Use_ as an anthelmintic.
+
+
+514. Common.
+
+ Dissolve one ounce of salt in twelve ounces of gruel.
+
+
+515. Castor Oil.
+
+ Mix two ounces of castor oil with one drachm of starch, then rub them
+ together, and add fourteen ounces of thin gruel.
+
+ _Use_ as a purgative.
+
+
+516. Opium.
+
+ Rub three grains of opium with two ounces of starch, then add two
+ ounces of warm water.
+
+ _Use_ as an anodyne in colic, spasms, &c.
+
+
+517. Oil.
+
+ Mix four ounces of olive oil with half an ounce of mucilage and half a
+ pint of warm water.
+
+ _Use_ as a demulcent.
+
+
+518. Asafoetida.
+
+ Mix one drachm of the tincture of asafoetida in a pint of barley
+ water.
+
+ _Use_ as an anthelmintic, or in convulsions from teething.
+
+
+519. Gargles.
+
+ These are remedies used to stimulate chronic sore throats, or a
+ relaxed state of the swallow, or uvula.
+
+
+520. Acidulated.
+
+ Mix one part of white vinegar with three parts of honey of roses, and
+ twenty-four of barley water.
+
+ _Use_ in chronic inflammation of the throat, malignant sore
+ throat, &c.
+
+
+521. Astringent.
+
+ Take two drachms of roses and mix with eight ounces of boiling water,
+ infuse for one hour, strain, and add one drachm of alum and one ounce
+ of honey of roses.
+
+ _Use_ for severe sore throat, relaxed uvula, &c.
+
+
+ [VIOLENT PASSIONS LEAD TO GREAT DEPRESSIONS.]
+
+
+522. For Salivation.
+
+ Mix from one to four drachms of bruised gall-nuts with a pint of
+ boiling water, and infuse for two hours, then strain and sweeten.
+
+
+523. Tonic and Stimulant.
+
+ Mix six ounces of decoction of bark with two ounces of tincture of
+ myrrh, and half a drachm of diluted sulphuric acid.
+
+ _Use_ in scorbutic affections.
+
+
+524. Alum.
+
+ Dissolve one drachm of alum in fifteen ounces of water, then add half
+ an ounce of treacle, and one drachm of diluted sulphuric acid.
+
+ _Use_ as an astringent.
+
+
+525. Myrrh.
+
+ Add six drachms of tincture of myrrh to seven ounces of infusion of
+ linseed, and then add one drachm of diluted sulphuric acid.
+
+ _Use_ as a detergent.
+
+
+526. For Slight Inflammation of the Throat.
+
+ Add one drachm of sulphuric ether to half an ounce of syrup of
+ marsh-mallows, and six ounces of barley water. This may be used
+ frequently.
+
+
+527. Lotions.
+
+ Lotions are usually applied to the parts required by means of a piece
+ of linen rag or piline, wetted with them, or by wetting the bandage
+ itself.
+
+ They are for _outward application only_.
+
+
+528. Emollient.
+
+ Use decoction of marsh-mallow or linseed.
+
+
+529. Elder Flowers.
+
+ Add two drachms and a half of elder flowers to one quart of boiling
+ water, infuse for one hour, and strain.
+
+ _Use_ as a discutient.
+
+
+530. Sedative.
+
+ Dissolve one drachm of extract of henbane in twenty-four drachms of
+ water.
+
+
+531. Opium.
+
+ Mix two drachms of bruised opium with haif a pint of boiling water.
+
+ _Use_, when cold, for painful ulcers, bruises, &c.
+
+
+532. Stimulant.
+
+ Dissolve one drachm of caustic potash in one pint of water, and then
+ gradually pour it upon twenty-four grains of camphor and one drachm of
+ sugar, previously bruised together in a mortar.
+
+ _Use_ for fungoid and flabby ulcers.
+
+
+533. Ordinary.
+
+ Mix one drachm of salt with eight ounces of water.
+
+ _Use_ for foul ulcers and flabby wounds.
+
+
+534. Cold Evaporating.
+
+ Add two drachms of Goulard's extract, and the same quantity of
+ sulphuric ether to a pint of cold water.
+
+ _Use_ as lotion for contusions, sprains, inflamed parts, &c.
+
+
+535. Hydrochlorate of Ammonia.
+
+ Dissolve two drachms of sal ammoniac in six ounces of water, then add
+ an ounce of distilled vinegar and the same quantity of rectified
+ spirit.
+
+ _Use_ as a refrigerant.
+
+
+536. Yellow Lotion.
+
+ Dissolve one grain of corrosive sublimate in an ounce of lime water,
+ taking care to bruise the crystals of the salt in order to assist its
+ solution.
+
+ _Use_ as a detergent.
+
+ _Note_, that corrosive sublimate is a _violent and deadly poison_.
+
+
+537. Black Wash.
+
+ Add half a drachm of calomel to four ounces of lime water, or eight
+ grains to an ounce of lime water; shake well.
+
+ _Use_ as a detergent.
+
+
+538. Acetate of Lead with Opium
+
+ Take twenty grains of acetate of lead, and a drachm of powdered opium,
+ mix, and add an ounce of vinegar and four ounces of warm water, set
+ aside for an hour, then filter.
+
+ _Use_ as an astringent.
+
+
+539. Creosote.
+
+ Add a drachm of creosote to a pint of water, and mix by shaking.
+
+ _Use_ as an application in cutaneous diseases.
+
+
+540. Galls.
+
+ Boil one drachm of bruised galls in twelve ounces of water until only
+ half a pint remains, then strain, and add one ounce of laudanum.
+
+ _Use_ as an astringent and sedative.
+
+
+541. Ointments and Cerates
+
+ These remedies are used as local applications to parts, generally
+ ulcers. They are usually spread upon linen or other materials.
+
+
+542. Camphorated.
+
+ Mix half an ounce of camphor with one ounce of lard, having, of
+ course, previously powdered the camphor, by adding a few drops of
+ spirits of wine.
+
+ _Use_ as a discutient and stimulant in indolent tumours.
+
+
+543. Chalk.
+
+ Mix as much prepared chalk as you can into some lard, so as to form a
+ thick ointment.
+
+ _Use_ as an application to burns and scalds.
+
+
+544. For Itch.
+
+ Mix four drachms of sublimed sulphur, two ounces of lard, and half a
+ drachm of diluted sulphuric acid together.
+
+ _Use_ as an ointment to be rubbed into the body.
+
+
+545. For Scrofulous Ulcerations.
+
+ Mix one drachm of ioduret of zinc and one ounce of lard together.
+
+ _Use_ twice a day to the ulcerations.
+
+
+546. Catechu.
+
+ Mix one ounce of powdered catechu, two drachms and a half of powdered
+ alum, one ounce of powdered white resin, and two ounces and a half of
+ olive oil, together.
+
+ Use for flabby and indolent ulcerations.
+
+
+547. Tartar Emetic.
+
+ Mix twenty grains of tartar emetic and ten grains of white sugar with
+ one drachm and a half of lard.
+
+ _Use_ as a counter-irritant in white swellings, &c.
+
+
+548. Pills.
+
+
+549. Strong Purgative.
+
+ Take of powdered aloes, scammony, and gamboge, each fifteen grains,
+ mix, and add sufficient Venice turpentine to make into a mass, then
+ divide into twelve pills.
+
+ _Dose_, one or two occasionally.
+
+
+550. Milder Purgative.
+
+ Take four grains of powdered scammony and the same quantity of
+ compound extract of colocynth, and two grains of calomel; mix well,
+ and add two drops of oil of cloves, or thin gum-water, to enable the
+ ingredients to combine properly, and divide into two pills.
+
+ _Dose_, one or two when necessary.
+
+
+551. Common Purgative.
+
+ Take of powdered jalap and compound extract of colocynth each four
+ grains, of calomel two grains, mix as usual, and divide into two
+ pills.
+
+ _Dose_, one or two occasionally.
+
+
+552. Tonic.
+
+ Mix twenty-four grains of extract of gentian and the same of purified
+ green vitriol (_sulphate of iron_) together, and divide into twelve
+ pills.
+
+ _Dose_, one or two when necessary. Use in debility.
+
+
+553. Cough.
+
+ Mix one drachm of compound powder of ipecacuanha with one scruple of
+ gum ammoniacum and one of dried squill bulb in powder. Make into a
+ mass with mucilage, and divide into twenty pills.
+
+ _Dose_, one, three times a day.
+
+
+554. Astringent.
+
+ Mix sixteen grains of acetate of lead (_sugar of lead_) with four
+ grains of opium, and make into a mass with extract of dandelion, so as
+ to make eight pills.
+
+ _Dose_, from one to two. Use as an astringent in obstinate diarrhoea,
+ dysentery, and spitting of blood.
+
+
+555. Mixtures.
+
+
+556. Fever, Simple.
+
+ Add three ounces of spirit of mindererus (_Liquor ammonia acetatis_),
+ three drachms of spirits of sweet nitre, four drachms of antimonial
+ wine, and a drachm of syrup of saffron, to four ounces of water, or
+ medicated water, such as cinnamon, aniseed, &c.
+
+ _Dose_, for an adult, one or two tablespoonfuls every three hours. Use
+ as a diaphoretic.
+
+
+557. Aromatic.
+
+ Mix two drachms of aromatic confection with two drachms of compound
+ tincture of cardamoms, and eight ounces of peppermint water.
+
+ _Dose_, from one ounce to one and a half. Use in flatulent colic and
+ spasms of the bowels.
+
+
+558. Cathartic.
+
+ Dissolve two ounces of Epsom salts in six ounces of compound infusion
+ of senna, then add two ounces of peppermint water.
+
+ _Dose_, from one and a half to two ounces. Use as a warm and active
+ cathartic.
+
+
+559. Diuretic.
+
+ Dissolve one drachm of powdered nitre in three ounces of camphor
+ mixture; add five ounces of the decoction of broom, with six drachms
+ of sweet spirits of nitre, and three drachms of tincture of squills;
+ mix.
+
+ _Dose_, one teaspoonful every two hours, or two tablespoonfuls every
+ three hours. Use, excellent in dropsies
+
+
+560. Cough.
+
+ Dissolve three grains of tartar emetic and fifteen grains of opium in
+ one pint of boiling water, then add four ounces of treacle, two ounces
+ of vinegar, and one pint more of boiling water.
+
+ _Dose_, from two teaspoonfuls to two tablespoonfuls, according to
+ circumstances, every three hours, or three times a day. Use in common
+ catarrh, bronchitis, and irritable cough.
+
+
+561. Cough (for Children).
+
+ Mix three drachms of ipecacuanha wine with half an ounce of oxymel of
+ squills, the same quantity of spirits of tolu, one ounce of mucilage,
+ and two ounces of water.
+
+ _Dose_, one teaspoonful for children under one year, two teaspoonfuls
+ from one to five years, and a tablespoonful from five years, every
+ time the cough is troublesome.
+
+
+562. Antispasmodic.
+
+ Dissolve fifty grains of camphor in two drachms of chloroform, and
+ then add two drachms of compound tincture of lavender, six drachms of
+ mucilage of gum arabic, eight ounces of aniseed, cinnamon, or some
+ other aromatic water, and two ounces of distilled water; mix well.
+
+ _Dose_, one tablespoonful every half hour if necessary. Use in cholera
+ in the cold stage, when cramps are severe, or exhaustion very great;
+ and as a general antispasmodic in doses of one dessert spoonful when
+ the spasms are severe.
+
+
+563. Tonic and Stimulant.
+
+ Dissolve one drachm of extract of bark, and half a drachm of powdered
+ gum arabic, in six ounces of water, and then add one ounce of syrup of
+ marshmallow, and the same quantity of syrup of tolu.
+
+ _Dose_, one tablespoonful every three hours. Use after fevers and
+ catarrhs.
+
+
+564. Stomachic.
+
+ Take twenty grains of powdered rhubarb, and rub it down in three
+ ounces and a half of peppermint water, then add sal volatile and
+ compound tincture of gentian, each one drachm and a half; mix.
+
+ _Dose_, from one to one ounce and a half. Use this mixture as a tonic,
+ stimulant, and stomachic.
+
+
+565. Drinks.
+
+
+566. Tamarind. (1)
+
+ Boil two ounces of the pulp of tamarinds in two pints of milk, then
+ strain. Use as cooling drink.
+
+
+567. Tamarind. (2)
+
+ Boil two ounces of the pulp in two pints of warm water, and allow it
+ to get cold, then strain. Use as cooling drink.
+
+
+568. Powders.
+
+
+569. Compound Soda.
+
+ Mix twenty-four grains of calomel, thirty-six grains of
+ sesquicarbonate of soda, and one drachm of compound chalk powder,
+ together. Divide into twelve powders. One of the powders to be given
+ for a dose when required. Use as a mild purgative for children during
+ teething.
+
+
+570. Tonic.
+
+ Mix one drachm of powdered rhubarb with the same quantity of dried
+ carbonate of soda, then add two drachms of powdered calumba root.
+
+ _Dose_, from ten to twenty grains as a tonic after fevers, in all
+ cases of debility, and dyspepsia attended with acidity.
+
+
+571. Rhubarb and Magnesia.
+
+ Mix one drachm of powdered rhubarb with two drachms of carbonate of
+ magnesia, and half a drachm of ginger.
+
+ _Dose_, from fifteen grains to one drachm. Use as a purgative for
+ children.
+
+
+572. Sulphur and Potash.
+
+ Mix one drachm of sulphur with four scruples of bicarbonate of potash,
+ and two scruples of nitre.
+
+ _Dose_, from half a drachm to one drachm. Use as a purgative,
+ diuretic, and refrigerant.
+
+
+573. Anti-Diarrhoeal.
+
+ Mix one grain of powdered ipecacuanha, and one grain of powdered
+ opium, with the same quantity of camphor.
+
+ _Dose_, one of these powders to be given in jam, treacle, &c., once or
+ twice a day; but to adults only.
+
+
+574. Antispasmodic.
+
+ Mix four grains of subnitrate of bismuth, forty-eight grains of
+ carbonate of magnesia, and the same quantity of white sugar, and then
+ divide in four equal parts.
+
+ _Dose_, one-fourth part. Use in obstinate pain in the stomach with
+ cramps, unattended by inflammation.
+
+
+575. Antipertussal, or against Whooping-Cough.
+
+
+ Mix one drachm of powdered belladonna root, and two ounces of white
+ sugar, together.
+
+ _Dose_, six grains morning and evening for children under one year;
+ nine grains for those under two and three years of age; fifteen grains
+ for those between five and ten; and thirty grains for adults.
+
+ _Caution_, this should be prepared by a chemist, as the belladonna is
+ a poison, and occasional doses of castor oil should be given while it
+ is being taken.
+
+
+576. Purgative (Common).
+
+ Mix ten grains of calomel, with one drachm of powdered jalap, and
+ twenty grains of sugar.
+
+ _Dose_, one-half of the whole for adults.
+
+
+577. Sudorific.
+
+ Mix six grains of compound antimonial powder, two grains of
+ ipecacuanha, and two grains of sugar together.
+
+ _Dose_, as mixed, to be taken at bed-time. Use in catarrh and fever.
+
+
+578. Miscellaneous.
+
+
+579. Anthelmintic, or Vermifuge.
+
+For ridding the bowels of tape-worms, an excellent medicine exists in
+the male fern--_Aspidium felix mas_. A decoction may be made of the
+fresh roots, or the root may be dried and powdered.
+
+_Dose_, of the powdered root, from ten to thirty grains; of the
+decoction, from a tablespoonful to a wineglassful, according to age. Use
+to kill tape-worm.
+
+
+580. Another Anthelmintic.
+
+ For thread-worms, which infest the rectum and especially the lower
+ portion, near the orifice of the body, an injection of salt and water,
+ in the proportion of one ounce and a half of salt to a pint, or twenty
+ ounces of water, or of quassia chips, will generally prove effectual,
+ and obviate the necessity of administering medicine.
+
+
+581. Emulsion, Laxative.
+
+ Rub down an ounce of castor oil in two drachms of mucilage of gum
+ arabic, add three ounces of dill water, and a drachm of tincture of
+ jalap, gradually.
+
+ _Dose_, as prepared, the whole to be taken while fasting in the
+ morning.
+
+
+582. Emulsion, Purgative.
+
+ Rub down six grains of scammony with six drachms of white sugar in a
+ mortar, and gradually add four ounces of almond emulsion, and two
+ drops of oil of cloves.
+
+ _Dose_, as prepared, early in the morning.
+
+
+583. To Prevent Pitting after Small Pox.
+
+ Spread a sheet of thin leather with the ointment of ammoniacum with
+ mercury, and cut out a place for the mouth, eyes, and nostrils. This
+ forms what is called a mask, and, after anointing the eyelids with a
+ little blue ointment, it should be applied to the face, and allowed to
+ remain for three days for the distinct kind, and four days for the
+ running variety. _Apply before_ the spots fill with matter, although
+ it will answer sometimes even after they have become pustulous. It may
+ be applied to any part in the same way.
+
+
+584. Another Method,
+
+ and one more reliable, is that of touching every pustule, or poc, on
+ the face or bosom with a camel-hair pencil dipped in a weak solution
+ of lunar caustic (_nitrate of silver_), made in the proportion of two
+ grains of nitrate of silver to one ounce of distilled water. The time
+ for application is about the seventh day, while each pustule is filled
+ with a limpid fluid, or before suppuration takes place, the lotion
+ arresting that action, and by preventing the formation of matter,
+ saving the skin from being pitted; a result that follows from the
+ conversion of the adipose tissue into pus.
+
+
+585. A Third Method
+
+ of effecting the same purpose is by passing a fine needle through each
+ poc, when fully distended with lymph; the escape of the fluid
+ averting, as in the other mode, the suppuration which would otherwise
+ ensue.
+
+
+ [A FOOL OR A PHYSICIAN AT FORTY.]
+
+
+586. Another Method.
+
+ A fourth and much more simple method of preventing pitting from
+ small-pox is to lightly touch every part of the face with a feather
+ dipped in sweet oil. It also tends to prevent this disfigurement to
+ cause the light in the patient's apartment by day to assume a yellow
+ tinge or colour, which may be easily managed by fitting the room with
+ yellow or brownish yellow linen blinds.
+
+
+587. Mucilage of Gum Arabic.
+
+ Rub one ounce of gum arabic in a mortar, with four ounces of warm
+ water. Use for coughs, &c.
+
+
+588. Mucilage of Starch.
+
+ Rub one drachm of starch with a little water, and gradually add five
+ ounces of water, then boil until it forms a mucilage. Use for enemas,
+ topical applications, and demulcents.
+
+
+589. Diseases.
+
+ _For the proper Remedies and their Doses see "Prescriptions"_ (_par._
+ 650).
+
+
+590. Seek Medical Advice.
+
+ It should be clearly understood, that in all cases of disease, the
+ advice of a skilful physician is of the first importance. It is not,
+ therefore, intended by the following information to supersede fhe
+ important and necessary practice of the medical man; but rather, by
+ exhibiting the treatment required, to show in what degree his aid is
+ imperative. In cases, however, where the disorder may be simple and
+ transient, or in which remote residence, or other circumstances, may
+ deny the privilege of medical attendance, the following particulars
+ will be found of the utmost value. Moreover, the hints given upon what
+ should be AVOIDED will be of great service to the patient, since the
+ _physiological_ is no less important than the _medical_ treatment of
+ disease.
+
+
+591. Apoplexy.
+
+ Immediate and large bleeding from the arm, cupping at the back of the
+ neck, leeches to the temples, aperients Nos. 1 and 7, one or two drops
+ of croton oil rubbed or dropped on the tongue. Avoid excesses,
+ intemperance, animal food.
+
+
+592. Bile, Bilious, or Liver Complaints.
+
+ Abstinence from malt liquors, cool homoeopathic cocoa for drink, no
+ tea or coffee, few vegetables, no broths or soups; lean juicy meat not
+ over-cooked for dinner, with stale bread occasionally and a slice of
+ toasted bacon for breakfast. Nos. 44 and 45.
+
+
+593. Chicken Pox.
+
+ Mild aperients, No. 4, succeeded by No. 7, and No. 8, if much fever
+ accompany the eruption.
+
+
+594. Chilblains.
+
+ Warm, dry woollen clothing to exposed parts in cold weather, as a
+ preventive. In the first stage, friction with No. 48, used cold. When
+ ulcers form they should be poulticed with bread and water for a day or
+ two, and then dressed with calamine cerate. Or, chilblains in every
+ stage, whether of simple inflammation or open ulcer, may always he
+ successfully treated by Goulard's extract, used pure or applied on
+ lint twice a day.
+
+
+595. Common Continued Fever.
+
+ Aperients in the commencement, No. 1, followed by No. 7, then
+ diaphoretics, No. 8, and afterwards tonics, No. 13, in the stage of
+ weakness. Avoid all excesses.
+
+
+596. Common Cough.
+
+ The linctus, No. 42 or No. 43, abstinence from malt liquor, and
+ protection from cold damp air. Avoid cold, damp, and draughts.
+
+
+597. Constipation.
+
+ The observance of a regular period of evacuating the bowels, which is
+ most proper in the morning after breakfast. The use of mild aperients,
+ No. 47, and brown bread instead of white. There should be an entire
+ change in the dietary for a few days while taking opening medicine.
+
+
+598. Consumption.
+
+ The disease may be complicated with various morbid conditions of the
+ lungs and heart, which require appropriate treatment. To allay the
+ cough, No. 42 is an admirable remedy. Avoid cold, damp, excitement,
+ and over exertion.
+
+
+599. Convulsions (Children).
+
+ If during teething, free lancing of the gums, the warm bath, cold
+ applications to the head, leeches to the temples, an emetic, and a
+ laxative clyster, No. 20.
+
+
+600. Croup.
+
+ Leeches to the throat, with hot fomentations as long as the attack
+ lasts; the emetic, No. 16, afterwards the aperient, No. 5. Avoid cold
+ and damp.
+
+
+ [DESPISE SCHOOL AND REMAIN A FOOL.]
+
+
+601. Dropsy.
+
+ Evacuate the water by means of No. 10, and by rubbing camphorated oil
+ into the body night and morning.
+
+
+602. Epilepsy.
+
+ If accompanied or produced by fulness of the vessels of the head,
+ leeches to the temples, blisters, and No. 1 and No. 7. If from
+ debility or confirmed epilepsy, the mixture, No. 18. Avoid drinking
+ and excitement.
+
+
+603. Eruptions on the Face.
+
+ The powder, No. 30, internally, sponging the face with the lotion, No.
+ 31. Avoid excesses in diet.
+
+
+604. Erysipelas.
+
+ Aperients, if the patient be strong, No. 1, followed by No. 7, then
+ tonics, No. 27. No. 27 may be used from the commencement for weak
+ subjects.
+
+
+605. Faintness.
+
+ Effusion of cold water on the face, stimulants to the nostrils, pure
+ air, and the recumbent position; afterwards, avoidance of the exciting
+ cause. Avoid excitement.
+
+
+606. Frost-Bite and Frozen Limbs.
+
+ No heating or stimulating liquors must be given. Rub the parts
+ affected with ice, cold, or snow water, and lay the patient on a cold
+ bed.
+
+
+607. Gout.
+
+ The aperients No. 1, followed by No. 24, bathing the parts with
+ gin-and-water; for drink, weak tea or coffee. Warmth by flannels.
+ Abstain from wines, spirits, and animal food.
+
+
+608. Gravel.
+
+ No. 5, followed by No. 7, the free use of magnesia as an aperient. The
+ pill No. 22. Abstain from fermented drinks and hard water. Another
+ form of gravel must be treated by mineral acids, given three times a
+ day.
+
+
+609. Whooping Cough.
+
+ Wooping cough may be complicated with congestion or inflammation of
+ the lungs, or convulsions, and then becomes a serious disease. If
+ uncomplicated, No. 43.
+
+
+610. Hysterics.
+
+ The fit may be prevented by the administration of thirty drops of
+ laudanum, and as many of ether. When it has taken place open the
+ windows, loosen the tight parts of the dress, sprinkle cold water on
+ the face, &c. A glass of wine or cold water when the patient can
+ swallow. Avoid excitement and tight lacing.
+
+
+611. Indigestion.
+
+ The pills No. 2, with the mixture No. 18, at the same time abstinence
+ from veal, pork, mackerel, salmon, pastry, and beer; for drink,
+ homoeopathic cocoa, a glass of cold spring water the first thing every
+ morning. Avoid excesses.
+
+
+612. Inflammation of the Bladder.
+
+ Bleeding, aperients No. 5 and No. 7, the warm bath, afterwards opium;
+ the pill No. 11, three times a day till relieved. Avoid fermented
+ liquors, &c.
+
+
+613. Inflammation of the Bowels.
+
+ Leeches, blisters, fomentations, hot baths, iced drinks, the pills No.
+ 19; move the bowels with clysters, if necessary, No. 20. Avoid cold,
+ indigestible food, &c.
+
+
+614. Inflammation of the Brain.
+
+ Application of cold to the head, bleeding from the temples or back of
+ the neck by leeches or cupping; aperients No. 1, followed by No. 7;
+ mercury to salivation, No. 15. Avoid excitement, study, intemperance.
+
+
+615. Inflammation of the Kidneys.
+
+ Bleeding from the arm, leeches over the seat of pain, aperients No. 5,
+ followed by No. 49, the warm bath. Avoid violent exercise, rich living.
+
+
+616. Inflammation of the Liver.
+
+ Leeches over the right side, the seat of pain, blisters, aperients No.
+ 1, followed by No. 7, afterwards the pills No. 19, till the gums are
+ slightly tender. Avoid cold, damp, intemperance, and anxiety.
+
+
+617. Inflammation of the Lungs.
+
+ Bleeding from the arm or over the painful part of the chest by
+ leeches, succeeded by a blister; the demulcent mixture, No. 14, to
+ allay the cough, with the powders No. 15. Avoid cold, damp, and
+ draughts.
+
+
+618. Inflammation of the Stomach.
+
+ Leeches to the pit of the stomach, followed by fomentations, cold iced
+ water for drink, bowels to be evacuated by clysters; abstinence from
+ all food except cold gruel, milk and water, or tea. Avoid excesses,
+ and condiments.
+
+
+619. Inflammatory Sore Throat.
+
+ Leeches and blisters externally, aperients No. 1, followed by No. 7,
+ gargle to clear the throat, No. 17. Avoid cold, damp, and draughts.
+
+
+620. Inflamed Eyes.
+
+ The bowels to be regulated by No. 5, a small blister behind the ear or
+ on the nape of the neck--the eye to be bathed with No. 35.
+
+
+621. Influenza.
+
+ No 4 as an aperient and diaphoretic. No. 14 to allay fever and cough.
+ No. 27 as a tonic, when weakness only remains. Avoid cold and damp,
+ use clothing suited to the change of temperature.
+
+
+622. Intermittent Fever, or Ague.
+
+ Take No. 13 during the intermission of the paroxysm of the fever;
+ keeping the bowels free with a wine-glass of No. 7. Avoid bad air,
+ stagnant pools, &c.
+
+
+623. Itch.
+
+ The ointment of No. 28, or lotion No. 29.
+
+
+624. Jaundice.
+
+ The pills No. 1, afterwards the mixture No. 7, drinking freely of
+ dandelion tea.
+
+
+625. Looseness of the Bowels (English Cholera).
+
+ One pill No. 19, repeated if necessary; afterwards the mixture No. 21.
+ Avoid unripe fruits, acid drinks, ginger beer; wrap flannel around the
+ abdomen.
+
+
+626. Measles.
+
+ A well-ventilated room, aperients No. 4, with No. 14 to allay the
+ cough and fever.
+
+
+627. Menstruation (Excessive).
+
+ No. 40 during the attack, with rest in the recumbent position; in the
+ intervals, No. 39.
+
+
+628. Menstruation (Scanty).
+
+ In Strong patients, cupping the loins, exercise in the open air, No.
+ 40, the feet in warm water before the expected period, the pills No.
+ 38; in weak subjects, No. 39. Gentle and regular exercise. Avoid hot
+ rooms, and too much sleep. In cases of this description it is
+ desirable to apply to a medical man for advice. It may be useful to
+ many to point out that pennyroyal tea is a simple and useful medicine
+ for inducing the desired result.
+
+
+629. Menstruation (Painful).
+
+ No. 41 during the attack; in the intervals, No. 38 twice a week, with
+ No. 39. Avoid cold, mental excitement, &c.
+
+
+630. Mumps.
+
+ Fomentation with a decoction of camomiles and poppy heads; No. 4 as an
+ aperient, and No. 9 during the stage of fever. Avoid cold and attend
+ to the regularity of the bowels.
+
+
+631. Nervousness.
+
+ Cheerful society, early rising, exercise in the open air, particularly
+ on horseback, and No. 12. Avoid excitement, study, and late meals.
+
+
+632. Palpitation of the Heart.
+
+ The pills No 2, with, the mixture No. 12.
+
+
+633. Piles.
+
+ The paste No. 34, at the same time a regulated diet. When the piles
+ are external, or can be reached, one or two applications of Goulard's
+ extract, with an occasional dose of lenitive electuary, will generally
+ succeed in curing them.
+
+
+634. Quinsey.
+
+ A blister applied all round the throat: an emetic, No. 16, commonly
+ succeeds in breaking the abscess; afterwards the gargle No. 17. Avoid
+ cold and damp.
+
+
+635. Rheumatism.
+
+ Bathe the affected parts with No. 23, and take internally No. 24, with
+ No. 25 at bedtime, to ease pain, &c. Avoid damp and cold, wear flannel.
+
+
+636. Rickets.
+
+ The powder No. 33, a dry, pure atmosphere, a nourishing diet.
+
+
+637. Ringworm.
+
+ The lotion No. 32, with the occasional use of the powder No. 5. Fresh
+ air and cleanliness.
+
+
+638. Scarlet Fever.
+
+ Well-ventilated room, sponging the body when hot with cold or tepid
+ vinegar, or spirit and water; aperients, No 4; diaphoretics No. 8. If
+ dropsy succeed the disappearance of the eruption, frequent purging
+ with No. 5, succeeded by No. 7.
+
+
+639. Scrofula.
+
+ Pure air, light but warm clothing, diet of fresh animal food; bowels
+ to be regulated by No. 6 and No. 26, taken regularly for a
+ considerable time.
+
+
+640. Scurvy.
+
+ Fresh animal and vegetable food, and the free use of ripe fruits and
+ lemon juice. Avoid cold and damp.
+
+
+641. Small Pox
+
+ A well-ventilated apartment, mild aperients; if fever be present, No.
+ 7, succeeded by diaphoretics No. 8, and tonics No. 13 in the stage of
+ debility, or decline of the eruption.
+
+
+642. St. Vitus's Dance.
+
+ The occasional use, in the commencement, of No. 5, followed by No. 7,
+ afterwards No. 46.
+
+
+643. Thrush.
+
+ One of the powders No. 6 every other night; in the intervals a
+ dessertspoonful of the mixture No. 18 three times a day; white spots
+ to be dressed with the honey of borax.
+
+
+644. Tic Doloreux.
+
+ Regulate the bowels with No. 3, and take in the intervals of pain, No.
+ 27. Avoid cold, damp, and mental anxiety.
+
+
+645. Toothache.
+
+ Continue the use of No. 3 for a few alternate days. Apply liquor
+ ammoniae to reduce the pain, and when that is accomplished, fill the
+ decayed spots with silver succedaneum without delay, or the pain will
+ return. A drop of creosote, or a few drops of chloroform on cotton,
+ applied to the tooth, or a few grains of camphor placed in the decayed
+ opening, or camphor moistened with turpentine, will often afford
+ instant relief.
+
+
+646. Typhus Fever.
+
+ Sponging the body with cold or tepid water, a well-ventilated
+ apartment, cold applications to the head and temples. Aperients No.
+ 4, with refrigerants No. 9, tonics No. 13 in the stage of debility.
+
+
+647. Water on the Brain.
+
+ Local bleeding by means of leeches, blisters, aperients No. 5, and
+ mercurial medicines, No. 15.
+
+
+648. Whites.
+
+ The mixture No. 36, with the injection No. 37. Clothing light but
+ warm, moderate exercise in the open air, country residence.
+
+
+649. Worms in the Intestines.
+
+ The aperient No. 5, followed by No. 7, afterwards the free use of lime
+ water and milk in equal parts, a pint daily. Avoid unwholesome food.
+
+
+650. Prescriptions.
+
+ _To be used in the Cases enumerated under the head "Diseases" (page
+ 112)._
+
+
+651. List of Prescriptions.
+
+ The following prescriptions, originally derived from various
+ prescribers' Pharmacopoeias, embody the favourite remedies employed by
+ the most eminent physicians:--
+
+ 1. Take of powdered aloes, nine grains; extract of colocynth,
+ compound, eighteen grains; calomel, nine grains; tartrate of
+ antimony, two grains; mucilage, sufficient to make a mass, which is
+ to be divided into six pills; two to be taken every twenty-four
+ hours, till they act thoroughly on the bowels: in cases of
+ inflammation, apoplexy, &c.
+
+ 2. Powdered rhubarb, Socotrine aloes, and gum mastic, each one
+ scruple; make into twelve pills: one before and one after dinner.
+
+ 3. Compound extract of colocynth, extract of jalap, and Castile
+ soap, of each one scruple; make into twelve pills.
+
+ 4. James's powder, five grains; calomel, three grains: in fevers,
+ for adults. For children, the following:--Powdered camphor, one
+ scruple; calomel and powdered scammony, of each nine grains; James's
+ powder, six grains; mix, and divide into six powders. Half of one
+ powder twice a day for an infant a year old; a whole powder for two
+ years: and for four years, the same three times a day.
+
+ 5. James's powder, six grains; powdered jalap, ten grains; mix, and
+ divide into three or four powders, according to the child's age: in
+ one powder if for an adult.
+
+ 6. Powdered rhubarb, four grains; mercury and chalk, three grains;
+ ginger in powder, one grain: an alterative aperient for children.
+
+ 7. Dried sulphate of magnesia, six drachms; sulphate of soda, three
+ drachms; infusion of senna, seven ounces; tincture of jalap, and
+ compound tincture of cardamoms, each half an ounce: in acute
+ diseases generally; take two tablespoonfuls every four hours till it
+ operates freely.
+
+ 8. Nitrate of potass, one drachm and a half; spirits of nitric
+ ether, half an ounce; camphor mixture, and the spirit of mindererus,
+ each four ounces: in fevers, &c.; two tablespoonfuls, three times a
+ day, and for children a dessertspoonful every four hours.
+
+ 9. Spirit of nitric ether, three drachms; dilute nitric acid, two
+ drachms; syrup, three drachms; camphor mixture, seven ounces; in
+ fevers, &c., with debility; dose as in preceding prescription.
+
+ 10. Decoction of broom, half a pint; cream of tartar, one ounce,
+ tincture of squills, two drachms: in dropsies; a third part three
+ times a day.
+
+ 11. Pills of soap and opium, five grains for a dose, as directed.
+
+ 12. Ammoniated tincture of valerian, six drachms; camphor mixture,
+ seven ounces; a fourth part three times a day; in spasmodic and
+ hysterical disorders.
+
+ 13. Disulphate of quina, half a drachm; dilute sulphuric acid,
+ twenty drops; compound infusion of roses, eight ounces: two
+ tablespoonfuls every four hours, in intermittent and other fevers,
+ during the absence of the paroxysm.
+
+ 14. Almond mixture seven ounces and a half; wine of antimony and
+ ipecacuanha, of each one drachm and a half: a tablespoonful every
+ four hours; in cough with fever, &c.
+
+ 15. Calomel, one grain; powdered white sugar, two grains; to make a
+ powder to be placed on the tongue every two or three hours. Should
+ the calomel act on the bowels, powdered kino is to be substituted
+ for the sugar.
+
+ 16. Antimony and ipecacuanha wines, of each an ounce; a teaspoonful
+ every ten minutes for a child till vomiting is produced; but for an
+ adult a large tablespoonful should be taken.
+
+ 17. Compound infusion of roses, seven ounces; tincture of myrrh, one
+ ounce.
+
+ 18. Infusion of orange peel, seven ounces; tincture of hops, half an
+ ounce; and a drachm of carbonate of soda: two tablespoonfuls twice a
+ day. Or, infusion of valerian, seven ounces; carbonate of ammonia,
+ two scruples; compound tincture of bark, six drachms; spirits of
+ ether, two drachms: one tablespoonful every twenty-four hours.
+
+ 19. Blue pill, four grains; opium, half a grain: to be taken three
+ times a day.
+
+ 20. For a Clyster.--A pint and a half of gruel or fat broth, a
+ tablespoonful of castor oil, one of common salt, and a lump of
+ butter; mix, to be injected slowly. A third of this quantity is
+ enough for an infant.
+
+ 21. Chalk mixture, seven ounces; aromatic and opiate confection, of
+ each one drachm; tincture of catechu, six drachms: two
+ tablespoonfuls every two hours.
+
+ 22. Carbonate of soda, powdered rhubarb, and Castile soap, each one
+ drachm; make thirty-six pills; three twice a day.
+
+ 23. Lotion.--Common salt, one ounce, distilled water, seven ounces;
+ spirit of wine, one ounce: mix.
+
+ 24. Dried sulphate of magnesia, six drachms; heavy carbonate of
+ magnesia, two drachms; wine of colchicum, two drachms; water, eight
+ ounces: take two tablespoonfuls every four hours.
+
+ 25. Compound powder of ipecacuanha, ten grains; powdered guaiacum,
+ four grains: in a powder at bedtime.
+
+ 26. Brandish's solution of potash; thirty drops twice a day in a
+ wineglass of beer.
+
+ 27. Disulphate of quina, half a drachm; dilute sulphuric acid, ten
+ drops; compound infusion of roses, eight ounces: two tablespoonfuls
+ every four hours, and as a tonic in the stage of weakness succeeding
+ fever.
+
+ 28. Flowers of sulphur, two ounces; hog's lard, four ounces; white
+ hellebore powder, half an ounce: oil of lavender, sixty drops.
+
+ 29. Hydriodate of potass, two drachms; distilled water, eight
+ ounces.
+
+ 30. Flowers of sulphur, half a drachm; carbonate of soda, a scruple;
+ tartarized antimony, one-eighth of a grain: one powder, night and
+ morning, in eruptions of the skin or face.
+
+ 31. Milk of bitter almonds, seven ounces; bichloride of mercury,
+ four grains; spirits of rosemary, one ounce: bathe the eruption with
+ this lotion three times a day.
+
+ 32. Sulphate of zinc, two scruples; sugar of lead, fifteen grains;
+ distilled water, six ounces: the parts to be washed with the lotion
+ two or three times a day.
+
+ 33. Carbonate of iron, six grains; powdered rhubarb, four grains:
+ one powder night and morning.
+
+ 34. Elecampane powder, two ounces; sweet fennel-seed powder, three
+ ounces; black pepper powder, one ounce; purified honey, and brown
+ sugar, of each two ounces; the size of a nutmeg, two or three times
+ a day.
+
+ 35. Sulphate of zinc, twelve grains; wine of opium, one drachm; rose
+ water, six ounces.
+
+ 36. Sulphate of magnesia, six drachms; sulphate of iron, ten grains;
+ diluted sulphuric acid, forty drops; tincture of cardamoms
+ (compound), half an ounce; water, seven ounces: a fourth part night
+ and morning.
+
+ 37. Decoction of oak bark, a pint; dried alum, half an ounce: for an
+ injection, a syringeful to be used night and morning.
+
+ 38. Compound gamboge pill, and a pill of assafoetida and aloes, of
+ each half a drachm: make twelve pills; two twice or three times a
+ week.
+
+ 39. Griffiths' mixture--one tablespoonful three times a day.
+
+ 40. Ergot of rye, five grains; in a powder, to be taken every four
+ hours. This should only be taken under medical advice and sanction.
+
+ 41. Powdered opium, half a grain; camphor, two grains in a pill; to
+ be taken every three or four hours whilst in pain.
+
+ 42. Syrup of balsam of tolu, two ounces; the muriate of morphia, two
+ grains; muriatic acid, twenty drops: a teaspoonful twice a day.
+
+ 43. Salts of tartar, two scruples, twenty grains of powdered
+ cochineal; 1/4 lb. of honey; water, half a pint; boil, and give a
+ tablespoonful three times a day.
+
+ 44. Calomel, ten grains; Castile soap, extract of jalap, extract of
+ colocynth, of each one scruple; oil of juniper, five drops: make
+ into fifteen pills; one three times a day.
+
+ 45. Infusion of orange peel, eight ounces; carbonate of soda, one
+ drachm; and compound tincture of cardamoms, half an ounce: take a
+ tablespoonful three times a day, succeeding the pills.
+
+ 46. Carbonate of iron, three ounces; syrup of ginger, sufficient to
+ make an electuary: a teaspoonful three times a day.
+
+ 47. Take of Castile soap, compound extract of colocynth, compound
+ rhubarb pill, and the extract of jalap, each one scruple; oil of
+ caraway, ten drops; make into twenty pills, and take one after
+ dinner every day whilst necessary.
+
+ 48. Spirit of rosemary, five parts; spirit of wine, or spirit of
+ turpentine, one part.
+
+ 49. Take of thick mucilage, one ounce; castor oil, twelve drachms;
+ make into an emulsion: add mint water, four ounces; spirit of nitre,
+ three drachms; laudanum, one drachm; mixture of squills, one drachm;
+ and syrup, seven drachms; mix; two tablespoonfuls every six hours.
+
+
+652. Medicines (Aperient).
+
+ In the spring time of the year, the judicious use of aperient
+ medicines is much to be commended.
+
+
+653. Spring Aperients.
+
+ For children, an excellent medicine is
+
+ i. Brimstone and treacle, prepared by mixing an ounce and a half of
+ sulphur, and half an ounce of cream of tartar, with eight ounces of
+ treacle; and, according to the age of the child, giving from a small
+ teaspoonful to a dessertspoonful, early in the morning, two or three
+ times a week.
+
+ As this sometimes produces sickness, the following may be used:
+
+ ii. Take of powdered Rochelle salts one drachm and a half, powdered
+ jalap and powdered rhubarb each fifteen grains, ginger two grains,
+ mix. _Dose_, for a child above five years, one _small_ teaspoonful;
+ above ten years, a _large_ teaspoonful; above fifteen, half the
+ whole, or two teaspoonfuls: and for a person above twenty, three
+ teaspoonfuls, or the whole, as may be required by the habit of the
+ person.
+
+ This medicine may be dissolved in warm water, mint, or common tea. The
+ powder can be kept for use in a wide-mouthed bottle, and be in
+ readiness for any emergency. The druggist may be directed to treble or
+ quadruple the quantities, as convenient.
+
+
+654. Aperient Pills.
+
+ To some adults all liquid medicines produce such nausea that pills are
+ the only form in which aperients can be exhibited; the following is a
+ useful formula:
+
+ i. Take of compound rhubarb pill a drachm and one scruple, of
+ powdered ipecacuanha ten grains, and of extract of hyoscyamus one
+ scruple; mix, and beat into a mass, and divide into twenty-four
+ pills; take one or two, or if of a very costive habit, _three_ at
+ bedtime.
+
+ ii. For persons requiring a more powerful aperient, the same
+ formula, with twenty grains of compound extract of colocynth, will
+ form a good purgative pill. The mass receiving this addition must be
+ divided into thirty, instead of twenty-four pills.
+
+
+655. Black Draught.
+
+ The common aperient medicine known as black draught is made in the
+ following manner:
+
+ i. Take of senna leaves six drachms, bruised ginger half a drachm,
+ sliced liquorice root four drachms, Epsom salts two and a half
+ ounces, boiling water half an imperial pint. Keep this standing on
+ the hob or near the fire for three hours, then strain, and after
+ allowing it to grow cool, add of sal volatile one drachm and a half,
+ of tincture of senna, and of tincture of cardamoms, each half an
+ ounce. This mixture will keep a long time in a cool place. _Dose_, a
+ wineglassful for an adult; and two tablespoonfuls for young persons
+ about fifteen years of age. It is not a suitable medicine for
+ children.
+
+
+656. Tonic Aperient.
+
+ The following will be found a useful medicine for persons of all ages.
+
+ i. Take of Epsom salts one ounce, diluted sulphuric acid one drachm,
+ infusion of quassia chips half an _imperial_ pint, compound tincture
+ of rhubarb two drachms. _Dose_, half a wineglassful twice a day.
+
+
+657. Infants' Aperient.
+
+ The following may be used with safety for young children.
+
+ i. Take of rhubarb five grains, magnesia three grains, white sugar a
+ scruple, grey powder five grains; mix. _Dose_, for an infant from
+ twelve to eighteen months of age, from one-third to one-half of the
+ whole.
+
+ ii. A useful laxative for children is composed of calomel five
+ grains, and sugar a scruple, made into five powders. _Dose_, half of
+ one of these for a child from birth to one year, and a whole one
+ from that age to three years.
+
+
+658. Flour of Brimstone
+
+ is a mild aperient in doses of about a quarter of an ounce; it is best
+ taken in milk. Flour of brimstone, which is also called sublimed
+ sulphur, is generally put up in ounce packets at 7d.; its wholesale
+ price is 4d. per pound.
+
+
+ [A SPARK MAY RAISE AN AWFUL BLAZE.]
+
+
+659. Medicines.
+
+ Preparations of them.--The following directions are of the utmost
+ value in connection with the DOMESTIC PHARMACOPOEIA, DISEASES,
+ PRESCRIPTIONS, and POISONS.
+
+ _They will be found most important to emigrants, attendants upon the
+ sick, and persons who reside out of the reach of medical aid, sailors,
+ &c., &c. They contain instructions not only for the compounding of
+ medicines, but most useful hints and cautions upon the application of
+ leeches, blisters, poultices, &c._
+
+
+660. Articles Required for Mixing Medicines.
+
+ _Three glass measures_, one to measure ounces, another to measure
+ drachms, and a measure for minims, drops, or small doses.
+
+ A _pestle and mortar_, both of glass and Wedgwood-ware.
+
+ A glass funnel.
+
+ Glass stirring rods.
+
+ A _spatula_, or flexible knife, for spreading ointments, making pills,
+ &c.
+
+ _A set of scales and weights_.
+
+ _A small slab of marble_, or porcelain, for making pills upon, mixing
+ ointments, &c.
+
+
+661. Medicine Weights and Measures.--_Weights_.
+
+ When you open your box containing the scales and weights, you will
+ observe that there are several square pieces of brass, of different
+ sizes and thicknesses, and stamped with a variety of characters. These
+ are the weights, which may now be explained.
+
+
+
+
+662. Troy Weight.
+
+ Medicines are made up by troy weight, although drugs are bought by
+ avoirdupois weight. There are twelve ounces to the pound troy, which
+ is marked lb.; the ounce, which contains eight drachms, is marked
+ [*ounce]i. [looks like a z on top of a 3]; the drachm, containing
+ three scruples, is marked [*drachm]i. [looks like a 3]; and the
+ scruple of twenty grains is marked [*scruple]i. [looks like a
+ backwards C with a horizontal cross-bar]. The grain weights are marked
+ by little circles, thus:
+
+ -------
+ |o o|
+ Five | o | Grains
+ |o o|
+ -------
+
+ Each of the grain weights, in addition to the circles denoting their
+ several weights, bears also the stamp of a crown. Care must be taken
+ not to mistake this for one of the numerals. Besides these weights
+ there are others marked [*scruple]ss, which means half a scruple;
+ [*drachm]ss, meaning half a drachm; and [*ounce]ss, meaning half an
+ ounce. When there are ounces, drachms, or scruples, the number of them
+ is shown by Roman figures, thus:--i. ii. iii. iv. v., &c., and
+ prescriptions are written in this style.
+
+
+663. Measures.--Liquid
+
+ Liquid medicines are always measured by the following table:
+
+
+ 60 minims......... \ / 1 fluid drachm.
+ 8 fluid drachms | are | 1 fluid ounce.
+ 20 fluid ounces... | contained | 1 pint.
+ 8 pints.......... / in \ 1 gallon.
+
+
+ And the signs which distinguish each are as follows:--c. means a
+ gallon; o a pint; _fl_ [*ounce], a fluid ounce; _fl_ [*drachm], a
+ fluid drachm; and m, a minim, or drop. Formerly drops used to be
+ ordered, but as the size of a drop must necessarily vary, minims are
+ always directed to be employed now for any particular medicine,
+ although for such medicines as oil of cloves, essence of ginger, &c.,
+ drops are frequently ordered.
+
+
+664. Specific Measuring Vessels.
+
+ In order that Medicines may be measured Accurately, there are
+ graduated glass vessels for measuring ounces, drachms, and minims.
+
+
+665. Approximate Measures.
+
+ When proper measures are not at hand, it is necessary to adopt some
+ other method of determining the quantities required, and therefore the
+ following table has been drawn up for that purpose:
+
+
+ A tumbler ....... \ / 10 ounces.
+ A teacup ........ | | 6 "
+ A wineglass .... | usually | 2 "
+ A tablespoon..... |- contains -| 4 drachms.
+ A dessertspoon... | about | 2 "
+ A teaspoon....... / \ 1 "
+
+
+ These quantities refer to ordinary sized spoons and vessels. Some cups
+ hold half as much more, and some tablespoons contain six drachms. A
+ medicine glass, which is graduated so as to show the number of
+ spoonfuls it contains, should be kept in every family.
+
+
+ [TO-DAY, MAN LIVES IN PLEASURE, WEALTH AND PRIDE.]
+
+
+666. Process of Making Medicines.
+
+ To Powder Substances.--Place the substance in the mortar, and strike
+ it _gently_ with direct perpendicular blows of the pestle, until it
+ separates into several pieces, then remove all but a small portion,
+ which bruise gently at first, and rub the pestle round and round the
+ mortar, observing that the circles described by the pestle should
+ gradually decrease in diameter, and then increase again, because by
+ this means every part of the powder is subjected to the process of
+ pulverization. In powdering substances, making emulsions, and whenever
+ using a mortar, the pestle should always travel _from the right to the
+ left_.
+
+
+667. Preparation and Assistance.
+
+ Some substances require to be prepared in a particular manner before
+ they can be powdered, or to be assisted by adding some other body. For
+ example, camphor powders more easily when a few drops of spirits of
+ wine are added to it; mace, nutmegs, and such oily aromatic substances
+ are better for the addition of a little white sugar; resins and
+ gum-resins should be powdered in a cold place, and if they are
+ intended to be dissolved, a little fine well-washed white sand mixed
+ with them assists the process of powdering. Tough roots, like gentian
+ and calumba, should be cut into thin slices; and fibrous roots, like
+ ginger, cut slanting, otherwise the powder will be full of small
+ fibres. Vegetable matter, such as peppermint, loosestrife, senna, &c.,
+ requires to be dried before it is powdered.
+
+
+668. Care of the Mortar.
+
+ Be careful not to pound too hard in glass, porcelain, or Wedgwood-ware
+ mortar; they are intended only for substances that pulverize easily,
+ and for the purpose of mixing or incorporating medicines. Never use
+ acids in a marble mortar, and be sure that you do not powder galls or
+ any other astringent substances in any but a brass mortar.
+
+
+669. Sifting.
+
+ Sifting is frequently required for powdered substances, and this is
+ usually done by employing a fine sieve, or tying the powder up in a
+ piece of muslin, and striking it against the left hand over a piece of
+ paper.
+
+
+670. Filtering.
+
+ Filtering is frequently required for the purpose of obtaining clear
+ fluids, such as infusions, eye-washes, and other medicines; and it is,
+ therefore, highly important to know how to perform this simple
+ operation. First of all take a square piece of white blotting paper,
+ and double it over so as to form an angular cup. Open out this filter
+ paper very carefully, and having placed it in a funnel, moisten it
+ with a little water. Then place the funnel in the neck of the bottle,
+ and pour the liquid gently down the side of the paper, otherwise the
+ fluid is apt to burst the paper.
+
+
+671. Maceration.
+
+ Maceration is another process that is frequently required to be
+ performed in making up medicines, and consists simply in immersing the
+ medicines in _cold water_ or spirits for a certain time.
+
+
+672. Digestion.
+
+ Digestion resembles maceration, except that the process is assisted by
+ a gentle heat. The ingredients are placed in a flask, such as salad
+ oil is sold in, which should be fitted with a plug of tow or wood, and
+ have a piece of wire twisted round the neck. The flask is held by
+ means of the wire over the flame of a spirit lamp, or else placed in
+ some sand warmed in an old iron saucepan over the fire, care being
+ taken not to place more of the flask below the sand than the portion
+ occupied by the ingredients.
+
+
+673. Infusion.
+
+ Infusion is one of the most frequent operations required in making up
+ medicines, its object being to extract the aromatic and volatile
+ principles of substances, that would be lost by decoction, or
+ digestion; and to extract the soluble from the insoluble parts of
+ bodies. Infusions may be made with cold water, in which case they are
+ weaker, but more pleasant. The general method employed consists in
+ slicing, bruising, or rasping the ingredients first, then placing them
+ in a common jug (which should be as globular as possible), and pouring
+ boiling water over them. Cover the jug with a cloth folded six or
+ eight times, but if there be a lid to the jug so much the better. When
+ the infusion has stood the time directed, hold a piece of _very
+ coarse_ linen over the spout, and pour the liquid through it into
+ another jug.
+
+
+ [TO-MORROW, POOR--OR LIFE ITSELF DENIED.]
+
+
+674. Decoction.
+
+ Decoction, or boiling, is employed to extract the mucilaginous or
+ gummy parts of substances, their bitter, astringent, or other
+ qualities, and is nothing more than boiling the ingredients in a
+ saucepan with the lid slightly raised. Be sure never to use an iron
+ saucepan for astringent decoctions, such as oak-bark, galls, &c., as
+ they will turn the saucepan black, and spoil the decoction. The
+ enamelled saucepans are very useful for decoctions, but an excellent
+ plan is to put the ingredients into a jar and boil the jar, thus
+ preparing it by a water bath, as it is technically termed; or by using
+ a common pipkin, which answers still better. No decoction should be
+ allowed to boil for more than ten minutes.
+
+
+675. Extracts.
+
+ Extracts are made by evaporating the liquors obtained by infusion or
+ decoction, but these can be bought much cheaper and better of chemists
+ and druggists, and so can tinctures, confections, cerates and
+ plasters, and syrups: but as every one is not always in the
+ neighbourhood of druggists, we shall give recipes for those most
+ generally useful, and the method of making them.
+
+
+676. Precautions to be observed in Giving Medicines.
+
+
+677. Sex.
+
+ Medicines for females should not be so strong as those for males,
+ therefore it is advisable to reduce the doses about one-third.
+
+
+678. Temperament.
+
+ Persons of a phlegmatic temperament bear stimulants and purgatives
+ better than those of a sanguine temperament, therefore the latter
+ require smaller doses.
+
+
+679. Habits.
+
+ Purgatives never act so well upon persons accustomed to take them as
+ upon those who are not, therefore it is better to change the form of
+ purgative from pill to potion, powder to draught, or aromatic to
+ saline. Purgatives should never be given when there is an irritable
+ state of the bowels.
+
+
+680. Use of Alcohol.
+
+ Stimulants and narcotics never act so quickly upon persons accustomed
+ to use spirits freely as upon those who live abstemiously.
+
+
+681. Climate.
+
+ The action of medicines is modified by climate and seasons. In summer,
+ certain medicines act more powerfully than in winter, and the same
+ person cannot bear the dose in July that he could in December.
+
+
+682. General Health.
+
+ Persons whose general health is good bear stronger doses than the
+ debilitated and those who have suffered for a long time.
+
+
+683. Idiosyncrasy.
+
+ By this is meant a peculiar temperament or disposition not common to
+ people generally. For example, some persons cannot take calomel in the
+ smallest dose without being salivated, or rhubarb without having
+ convulsions; others cannot take squills, opium, senna, &c.; and this
+ peculiarity is called the patient's idiosyncrasy, therefore it is
+ wrong to _insist_ upon their taking these medicines.
+
+
+684. Forms best suited for Administration.
+
+ Fluids act quicker than solids, and powders sooner than pills.
+
+
+685. Best Method of Preventing the Nauseous Taste of Medicines.
+
+ Castor oil may be taken in milk, coffee, or spirit, such as brandy;
+ but the best method of covering the nauseous flavour is to put a
+ tablespoonful of strained orange juice in a wineglass, pour the castor
+ oil into the centre of the juice, and then squeeze a few drops of
+ lemon juice upon the top of the oil. The wineglass should first be
+ dipped, rim downwards, into water, so that the interior may be wetted.
+ Cod liver oil may be taken, like castor oil, in orange juice.
+ Peppermint water neutralizes, to a great extent, the nauseous taste of
+ Epsom salts; a strong solution of extract of liquorice, that of aloes;
+ milk, that of cinchona bark; and cloves that of senna.
+
+
+ [TO-DAY, LAYS PLANS FOR MANY YEARS TO COME.]
+
+
+686. An Excellent Way to Prevent the Taste of Medicines
+
+ is to have the medicine in a glass, as usual, and a tumbler of water
+ by the side of it; take the medicine, and retain it in the mouth,
+ which should be kept closed, and if drinking the water be then
+ commenced, the taste of the medicine is washed away. Even the
+ bitterness of quinine and aloes may be prevented by this means. If the
+ nostrils are firmly compressed by the thumb and finger of the left
+ hand, while taking a nauseous draught, and so retained till the mouth
+ has been washed out with water, the disagreeable taste of the medicine
+ will be almost imperceptible.
+
+
+687. Giving Medicines to Persons.
+
+ Medicines should be given in such a manner that the effect of the
+ first dose shall not have ceased when the next dose is given,
+ therefore the intervals between the doses should be regulated
+ accordingly.
+
+
+688. Doses of Medicine for Different Ages.
+
+ It must be plain to every one that children do not require such
+ powerful medicine as adults or old people, and therefore it is
+ desirable to have some fixed method of determining or regulating the
+ administration of doses of medicine. Now let it be supposed that the
+ dose for a full-grown person is one drachm, then the following
+ proportions will be suitable for the various ages given; keeping in
+ view other circumstances, such as sex, temperament, habits, climate,
+ state of _general health_, and idiosyncrasy.
+
+
+ Age. Proportion. Proportionate Dose.
+
+ 7 weeks one-fifteenth or grains 4
+ 7 months one-twelfth or grains 5
+ Under 2 years one-eighth or grains 7-1/2
+ " 3 " one-sixth or grains 10
+ " 4 " one-fourth or grains 15
+ " 7 " one-third or scruple 1
+ " 14 " one-half or drachm 1/2
+ " 20 " two-fifths or scruples 2
+ Above21 " the full dose or drachm 1
+ " 65 " The inverse gradation
+
+
+
+689. Drugs, with their Properties and Doses.
+
+ The various drugs have been arranged according to their properties,
+ and the doses of each have been given. Many, however, have been
+ necessarily omitted from each class, because they cannot be employed
+ except by a medical man. The _doses_ are meant for adults.
+
+
+690. Classes of Drugs.
+
+ Medicines have been divided into four grand classes
+
+ 1. General stimulants;
+ 2. Local stimulants;
+ 3. Chemical remedies;
+ 4. Mechanical remedies.
+
+
+691. General Stimulants.
+
+ General stimulants are subdivided into two classes, diffusible and
+ permanent stimulants: the first comprising narcotics and
+ antispasmodics, and the second tonics and astringents.
+
+
+692. Narcotics.
+
+ Narcotics are medicines which stupefy and diminish the activity of the
+ nervous system. Given in small doses, they generally act as
+ stimulants, but an increased dose produces a sedative effect. Under
+ this head are included alcohol, camphor, ether, the hop, and opium.
+
+
+693. Alcohol.
+
+ Alcohol, or rectified spirit, is a very powerful stimulant, and is
+ never used as a remedy without being diluted to the degree called
+ proof spirit; and even then it is seldom used internally. It is _used
+ externally_ in restraining bleeding, when there is not any vessel of
+ importance wounded. It is also used as a lotion to burns, and is
+ applied by dipping a piece of lint into the spirit, and laying it over
+ the part. Freely diluted (one part to eighteen) with water, it forms a
+ useful eye-wash in the last stage of ophthalmia.
+
+ _Used internally_, it acts as a very useful stimulant when diluted and
+ taken moderately, increasing the general excitement, and giving energy
+ to the muscular fibres; hence it becomes very useful in certain cases
+ of debility, especially in habits disposed to create acidity; and in
+ the low stage of typhus fevers.
+
+ _Dose_.--It is impossible to fix anything like a dose for this remedy,
+ as much will depend upon the individual; but diluted with water and
+ sweetened with sugar, from half an ounce to two ounces may be given
+ three or four times a day. In cases of extreme debility, however, much
+ will depend upon the disease.
+
+ _Caution_.--Remember that alcohol is an irritant _poison_, and that
+ daily indulgence in its use originates dyspepsia, or indigestion, and
+ many other serious complaints. Of all kinds of spirits the best as a
+ tonic and stomachic is _brandy_.
+
+
+ [TO-MORROW, SINKS INTO THE SILENT TOMB.]
+
+
+694. Camphor.
+
+ Camphor is not a very steady stimulant, as its effect is transitory;
+ but in large doses it acts as a narcotic, abating pain and inducing
+ sleep. In moderate doses it operates as a diaphoretic, diuretic,
+ antispasmodic, increasing the heat of the body, allaying irritation
+ and spasm.
+
+ It is _used externally_ as a liniment when dissolved in oil, alcohol,
+ or acetic acid, being employed to allay rheumatic pains; and it is
+ also useful as an embrocation in sprains, bruises, chilblains, and,
+ when combined with opium, it has been advantageously employed in
+ flatulent colic, and severe diarrhoea, being rubbed over the bowels.
+
+ _When reduced to a fine powder_, by the addition of a little spirit of
+ wine and friction, it is very useful as a local stimulant to indolent
+ ulcers, especially when they discharge a foul kind of matter; a pinch
+ is taken between the finger and thumb, and sprinkled into the ulcer,
+ which is then dressed as usual.
+
+ _When dissolved in oil of turpentine_, a few drops placed in a hollow
+ tooth and covered with jeweller's wool, or scraped lint, give almost
+ instant relief to toothache. _Used internally_, it is apt to excite
+ nausea, and even vomiting, especially when given in the solid form.
+
+ _As a stimulant_ it is of great service in all low fevers, malignant
+ measles, malignant sore throat, and confluent small-pox; and when
+ combined with opium and bark, it is extremely useful in checking the
+ progress of malignant ulcers, and gangrene.
+
+ _As a narcotic_ it is very useful, because it allays pain and
+ irritation, without increasing the pulse very much.
+
+ _When powdered and sprinkled_ upon the surface of a blister, it
+ prevents the cantharides acting in a peculiar and painful manner upon
+ the bladder.
+
+ _Combined with senna_, it increases its purgative properties; and it
+ is also used to correct the nausea produced by squills, and the
+ irritating effects of drastic purgatives and mezereon.
+
+ _Dose_, from four grains to half a scruple, repeated at short
+ intervals when used in small doses, and long intervals when employed
+ in large doses.
+
+ _Doses of the various preparations_.--Camphor mixture, from half an
+ ounce to three ounces; compound tincture of camphor (_paregoric
+ elixir_), from fifteen minims to two drachms.
+
+ _Caution_.--When given in an overdose it acts as a poison, producing
+ vomiting, giddiness, delirium, convulsions, and sometimes death. Opium
+ is the best antidote for camphor, whether in excess or taken as a
+ poison. _Mode of exhibition_.--It may be rubbed up with almond
+ emulsion, or mucilage, or the yolk of eggs, and by this means
+ suspended in water, or combined with chloroform as a mixture, in which
+ form it is a valuable stimulant in cholera and other diseases. (_See_
+ Mixtures, 556-564).
+
+
+695. Ether.
+
+ Ether is a diffusible stimulant, narcotic and antispasmodic.
+
+
+696. Sulphuric Ether
+
+ Sulphuric Ether is used _externally_ both as a stimulant and a
+ refrigerant. In the former case its evaporation is prevented by
+ covering a rag moistened with it with oiled silk, in order to relieve
+ headache; and in the latter case it is allowed to evaporate, and thus
+ produce coldness: hence it is applied over scalded surfaces by means
+ of rags dipped in it.
+
+ _As a local application_, it has been found to afford almost instant
+ relief in earache, when combined with almond oil, and dropped into the
+ ear.
+
+ It is used _internally_ as a stimulant and narcotic in low fevers and
+ cases of great exhaustion.
+
+ _Dose_, from fifteen minims to half a drachm, repeated at short
+ intervals, as its effects soon pass off. Give in a little camphor
+ julep, or water.
+
+
+697. Nitric Ether
+
+ Nitric Ether is a refrigerant, diuretic, and antispasmodic, well known
+ as "_sweet spirit of nitre_."
+
+ _Used externally_, its evaporation relieves headache, and it is
+ sometimes applied to burns. It is used _internally_ to relieve nausea,
+ flatulence, and thirst in fevers; also as a diuretic.
+
+ _Dose_, from ten minims to one drachm. The smaller dose taken in a
+ little warm water or gruel is useful as a sudorific in cases of cold
+ and chill, to induce and promote the proper action of the skin which
+ has been checked. If a larger dose be taken, it acts as a diuretic and
+ not as a sudorific, and so fails to produce the desired effect.
+
+
+ [TO-DAY, HIS FOOD IS DRESSED IN DAINTY FORMS.]
+
+
+698. Compound Spirit of Sulphuric
+Ether
+
+ Compound Spirit of Sulphuric Ether is a very useful stimulant,
+ narcotic, and antispasmodic.
+
+ _Used internally_ in cases of great exhaustion, attended with
+ irritability.
+
+ _Dose_, from half a drachm to two drachms, in camphor julep. When
+ combined with laudanum, it prevents the nauseating effects of the
+ opium, and acts more beneficially as a narcotic.
+
+
+699. The Hop
+
+ The Hop is a narcotic, tonic, and diuretic; it reduces the frequency
+ of the pulse, and does not affect the head, like most anodynes.
+
+ _Used externally_, it acts as an anodyne and discutient, and is useful
+ as a fomentation for painful tumours, rheumatic pains in the joints,
+ and severe contusions. A pillow stuffed with hops acts as a narcotic.
+ When the powder is mixed with lard, it acts as an anodyne dressing in
+ painful ulcers.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _extract_, from five grains to one scruple; of the
+ _tincture_, from half a drachm to two drachms; of the _powder_, from
+ three! grains to one scruple; of the _infusion_, half an ounce to one
+ and a half ounce.
+
+
+700. Opium
+
+ Opium is a stimulant, narcotic, and anodyne.
+
+ _Used externally_ it acts almost as well as when taken into the
+ stomach, and without affecting the head or causing nausea. Applied to
+ irritable ulcers in the form of tincture, it promotes their cure, and
+ allays pain. Cloths dipped in a strong solution, and applied over
+ painful bruises, tumours, or inflamed joints, allay pain. A small
+ piece of solid opium stuffed into a hollow tooth relieves toothache. A
+ weak solution of opium forms a valuable collyrium in ophthalmia. Two
+ drops of the wine of opium dropped into the eye acts as an excellent
+ stimulant in bloodshot eye; or after long-continued inflammation, it
+ is useful in strengthening the eye. Applied as a liniment, in
+ combination with ammonia and oil, or with camphorated spirit, it
+ relieves muscular pain. When combined with oil of turpentine, it is
+ useful as a liniment in spasmodic colic.
+
+ _Used internally_, it acts as a very powerful stimulant: then as a
+ sedative, and finally as an anodyne and narcotic, allaying pain in the
+ most extraordinary manner, by acting directly upon the nervous system.
+ In acute rheumatism it is a most excellent medicine when combined with
+ calomel and tartrate of antimony; but its exhibition requires the
+ judicious care of a medical man.
+
+ _Doses of the various preparations._--. _Confection of opium_, from
+ five grains to half a drachm; _extract of opium_, from one to five
+ grains (this is a valuable form, as it does not produce so much after
+ derangement of the nervous system as solid opium); _pills of soap and
+ opium_, from five to ten grains; _compound ipecacuanha powder_
+ ("Dover's Powder"), from ten to fifteen grains; _compound kino
+ powder_, from five to fifteen grains; _wine of opium_, from ten minims
+ to one drachm. _Caution._--Opium is a powerful _poison_ when taken in
+ too large a quantity (_See_ POISONS, _pars._ 1340-1367), and thus
+ should be used with extreme caution. It is on this account that we
+ have omitted some of its preparations. The best antidote for opium is
+ camphor.
+
+
+701. Antispasmodics.
+
+ Antispasmodics are medicines which possess the power of overcoming the
+ spasms of the muscles, or allaying any severe pain which is not
+ attended by inflammation. The class includes a great many, but the
+ most safe and serviceable are ammonia, assafoetida, galbanum,
+ valerian, bark, ether, camphor, opium, and chloroform; with the
+ minerals, oxide of zinc and calomel.
+
+
+702. Ammonia.
+
+ Ammonia, or Sal Volatile, is an antispasmodic antacid, stimulant and
+ diaphoretic.
+
+ _Used externally_, combined with oil, it forms a cheap and useful
+ liniment, but it should be dissolved in _proof_ spirit before the oil
+ is added. One part of this salt, and three parts of extract of
+ belladonna, mixed and spread upon leather, makes an excellent plaster
+ for relieving rheumatic pains. As a local stimulant it is well known,
+ as regards its effects in hysterics, faintness, and lassitude, when
+ applied to the nose, as common smelling salts.
+
+ It is used _internally_ as an adjunct to infusion of gentian in
+ dyspepsia or indigestion, and in moderate doses in gout.
+
+ _Dose_, from five to fifteen grains. _Caution_.--Overdoses act as a
+ narcotic and irritant poison.
+
+
+ [TO-MORROW, IS HIMSELF A FEAST FOR WORMS.]
+
+
+703. Bicarbonate of Ammonia
+
+ Bicarbonate of Ammonia is used internally the same as _sal volatile_.
+
+ _Dose_, from six to twelve grains. It is frequently combined with
+ Epsom salts.
+
+
+704. Solution of Sesoquicarbonate of Ammonia,
+
+ Solution of Sesoquicarbonate of Ammonia, used the same as _sal
+ volatile_.
+
+ _Dose_, from half a drachm to one drachm, combined with some milky
+ fluid, like almond emulsion.
+
+
+705. Asafoetida
+
+ Asafoetida is an antispasmodic, expectorant, excitant, and
+ anthelmintic.
+
+ _Used internally_, it is extremely useful in dyspepsia, flatulent
+ colic, hysteria, and nervous diseases; and where there are no
+ inflammatory symptoms, it is an excellent remedy in hooping cough and
+ asthma.
+
+ _Used locally_ as an enema, it is useful in flatulent colic, and
+ convulsions that come on through teething.
+
+ _Doses of various preparations_.--_Solid gum_, from five to ten grains
+ as pills; _mixture_, from half an ounce to one ounce; _tincture_, from
+ fifteen minims to one drachm; _ammoniated tincture_, from twenty
+ minims to one drachm.
+
+ _Caution_.--Never give this drug when inflammation exists.
+
+
+706. Galbanum
+
+ Galbanum is stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant, and deobstruent.
+
+ _Used externally_, it assists in dispelling tumours when spread upon
+ indolent leather as a plaster, and is useful in weakness of the legs
+ from rickets, being applied as a plaster to the loins.
+
+ _Employed internally_, it is useful in chronic or old-standing
+ rheumatism and hysteria.
+
+ _Doses of preparations_.--Of the _gum_, from ten to fifteen grains as
+ pills; _tincture_, from fifteen minims to one drachm. It may be made
+ into an emulsion with mucilage and water.
+
+
+707. Valerian
+
+ Valerian is a powerful antispasmodic, tonic, and excitant, acting
+ chiefly on the nervous centres.
+
+ _Used internally_, it is employed in hysteria, nervous languors, and
+ spasmodic complaints generally. It is useful in low fevers.
+
+ _Doses of various preparations_.--_Powder_, from ten grains to half a
+ drachm, three or four times a day; _tincture_, from two to four
+ drachms; _ammoniated tincture_, from one to two drachms; _infusion_,
+ from two to three ounces, or more.
+
+
+708. Peruvian Bark
+
+ Bark, or, as it is commonly called, Peruvian bark, is an
+ antispasmodic, tonic, astringent, and stomachic.
+
+ _Used externally_, it is an excellent detergent for foul ulcers, and
+ those that heal slowly.
+
+ _Used internally_, it is particularly valuable in intermittent fever
+ or ague, malignant measles, dysentery, diarrhoea, intermittent
+ rheumatism, St. Vitus's dance, indigestion, nervous affections,
+ malignant sore throat, and erysipelas; its use being indicated in all
+ cases of debility.
+
+ _Doses of its preparations_.--_Powder_, from five grains to two
+ drachms, mixed in wine, water, milk, syrup, or solution of liquorice;
+ _infusion_, from one to three ounces; _decoction_, from one to three
+ ounces; _tincture_ and _compound tincture_, each from one to three
+ drachms.
+
+ _Caution_.--If it causes oppression at the stomach, combine it with an
+ aromatic; if it causes vomiting, give it in wine or soda water; if it
+ purges, give opium; and if it constipates give rhubarb.
+
+
+709. Sulphuric Ether
+
+ Sulphuric Ether is given internally as an antispasmodic in difficult
+ breathing and spasmodic asthma; also in hysteria, cramp of the
+ stomach, hiccough, locked jaw, and cholera. It is useful in checking
+ sea-sickness.
+
+ _Dose_, from twenty minims to one drachm.
+
+ _Caution_.--An overdose produces apoplectic symptoms.
+
+
+ [TO-DAY HE'S CLAD IN GAUDY, RICH ARRAY]
+
+
+710. Camphor (2)
+
+ Camphor is given internally as an antispasmodic in hysteria, cramp in
+ the stomach, flatulent colic, and St. Vitus's dance.
+
+ _Dose_, from two to twenty grains.
+
+
+711. Opium (2)
+
+ Opium is employed internally in spasmodic affections, such as cholera,
+ spasmodic asthma, hooping cough, flatulent colic, and St. Vitus's
+ dance.
+
+ _Dose_, from one-sixth of a grain to two grains of the solid opium,
+ according to the disease.
+
+
+712. Oxide of Zinc
+
+ Oxide of Zinc is an antispasmodic, astringent, and tonic.
+
+ _Used externally_, as an ointment, it forms an excellent astringent in
+ affections of the eyelids, arising from relaxation; or as a powder, it
+ is an excellent detergent for unhealthy ulcers.
+
+ _Used internally_, it has proved efficacious in St. Vitus's dance, and
+ some other spasmodic affections.
+
+ _Dose_, from one to six grains twice a day.
+
+
+713. Calomel
+
+ Calomel is an antispasmodic, alterative deobstruent, purgative, and
+ errhine.
+
+ _Used internally_, combined with opium, it acts as an antispasmodic in
+ locked jaw, cholera, and many other spasmodic affections. As an
+ alterative and deobstruent, it has been found useful in leprosy and
+ itch, when combined with antimonials and guaiacum, and in enlargement
+ of the liver and glandular affections. It acts beneficially in
+ dropsies, by producing watery motions. In typhus it is of great
+ benefit when combined with antimonials; and it may be given as a
+ purgative in almost any disease, provided there is not any
+ inflammation of the bowels, irritability of the system, or great
+ debility.
+
+ _Dose_, as a deobstruent and alterative, from one to five grains,
+ daily; as a cathartic, from five to fifteen grains; to produce
+ ptyalism, or salivation, from one to two grains, in a pill, with a
+ quarter of a grain of opium, night and morning.
+
+ _Caution_.--When taking calomel, exposure to cold or dampness should
+ be guarded against, as such an imprudence would bring out an eruption
+ of the skin, attended with fever. When this does occur, leave off the
+ calomel, and give bark, wine, and purgatives; take a warm bath twice a
+ day, and powder the surface of the body with powdered starch.
+
+
+714. Tonics.
+
+ Tonics are given to improve the tone of the system, and restore the
+ natural energies and general strength of the body. They consist of
+ bark, quassia, gentian, camomile, wormwood, and angostura bark.
+
+
+715. Quassia
+
+ Quassia is a simple tonic, and can be used with safety by any one, as
+ it does not increase the animal heat, or quicken the circulation.
+
+ _Used internally_, in the form of infusion, it has been found of great
+ benefit in indigestion and nervous irritability, and is useful after
+ bilious fevers and diarrhoea.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _infusion_, from one and a half to two ounces, three
+ times a day.
+
+
+716. Gentian
+
+ Gentian is an excellent tonic and stomachic; but when given in large
+ doses, it acts as an aperient.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in all cases of general debility, and when
+ combined with bark is used in intermittent fevers. It has also been
+ employed in indigestion, and it is sometimes used, combined with sal
+ volatile, in that disease; but, at other times alone, in the form of
+ infusion. After diarrhoea, it proves a useful tonic. Its infusion is
+ sometimes applied _externally_ to foul ulcers.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _infusion_, one and a half to two ounces; of the
+ _tincture_, one to four drachms; of the _extract_, from ten to thirty
+ grains.
+
+
+717. Camomile.
+
+ The flowers of the camomile are tonic, slightly anodyne,
+ antispasmodic, and emetic.
+
+ They are _used externally_ as fomentations, in colic, faceache, and
+ tumours, and to unhealthy ulcers.
+
+ They are _used internally_ in the form of infusion, with carbonate of
+ soda, ginger, and other stomachic remedies, in dyspepsia, flatulent
+ colic, debility following dysentery and gout. Warm infusion of the
+ flowers acts as an emetic; and the powdered flowers are sometimes
+ combined with opium or kino, and given in intermittent fevers.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _powdered_ flowers, from ten grains to one drachm,
+ twice or thrice a day; of the _infusion_, from one to two ounces, as a
+ tonic, three times a day: and from six ounces to one pint as an
+ emetic; of the _extract_, from five to twenty grains.
+
+
+ [TO-MORROW, SHROUDED FOR A BED OF CLAY.]
+
+
+718. Wormwood
+
+ Wormwood is a tonic and anthelmintic.
+
+ It is _used externally_ as a discutient and antiseptic.
+
+ It is used _internally_ in long-standing cases of dyspepsia, in the
+ form of infusion, with or without aromatics. It has also been used in
+ intermittents.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _infusion_, from one to two ounces, three times a day;
+ of the _powder_, from one to two scruples.
+
+
+719. Angostura Bark
+
+ Angostura Bark, or Cusparia, is a tonic and stimulant. It expels
+ flatulence, increases the appetite, and produces a grateful warmth in
+ the stomach.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in intermittent fevers, dyspepsia, hysteria,
+ and all cases of debility, where a stimulating tonic is desirable,
+ particularly after bilious diarrhoea.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _powder_, from ten to fifteen grains, combined with
+ cinnamon powder, magnesia, or rhubarb; of the _extract_, from three to
+ ten grains; of the _infusion_, from one to two ounces.
+
+ _Caution_.--This drug should never be given in inflammatory diseases
+ or hectic fever.
+
+
+720. Astringents.
+
+ Astringents are medicines given for the purpose of diminishing
+ excessive discharges, and to act indirectly as tonics. This class
+ includes catechu, kino, oak bark, log wood, rose leaves, chalk, and
+ white vitriol.
+
+
+721. Catechu
+
+ Catechu is a most valuable astringent.
+
+ It is _used externally_, when powdered, to promote the contraction of
+ flabby ulcers. As a local astringent it is useful in relaxed uvula, a
+ small piece being dissolved in the mouth; small, spotty ulcerations of
+ the mouth and throat, and bleeding gums, and for these two affections
+ it is used in the form of infusion to wash the parts.
+
+ It is _given internally_ in diarrhoea, dysentery, and hemorrhage from
+ the bowels.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _infusion_, from one to three ounces; of the
+ _tincture_, from one to four drachms; of the _powder_, from ten to
+ thirty grains.
+
+ _Caution_.--It must not be given with soda or any alkali; nor metallic
+ salts, albumen, or gelatine, as its property is destroyed by this
+ combination.
+
+
+722. Kino
+
+ Kino is a powerful astringent.
+
+ It is _used externally_ to ulcers, to give tone to them when flabby,
+ and discharging foul and thin matter.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in the same diseases as catechu.
+
+ _Dose_, of the powder, from ten to fifteen grains; of the _tincture_,
+ from one to two drachms; of the _compound powder_, from ten to twenty
+ grains; of the _infusion_, from a half to one and a half ounce.
+
+ _Caution_.--Kino is used in combination with calomel, when salivation
+ is intended, to prevent, by its astringency, the action of the calomel
+ on the bowels, and thereby insure its affecting the constitution.--
+ (See CATECHU [para. 721]).
+
+
+723. Oak Bark
+
+ Oak Bark is an astringent and tonic.
+
+ It is _used externally_ in the form of decoction, to restrain bleeding
+ from lacerated surfaces. As a local astringent, it is used in the
+ form of decoction, as a gargle in sore throat and relaxed uvula.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in the same diseases as catechu, and when
+ combined with aromatics and bitters, in intermittent fevers.
+
+ _Dose_ of the _powder_, from fifteen to thirty grains; of the
+ _decoction_, from two to eight drachms.
+
+
+724. Logwood
+
+ Logwood is not a very satisfactory astringent.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in diarrhoea, the last stage of dysentery, and
+ a lax state of the intestines.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _extract_, from ten grains to one drachm; of the
+ _decoction_ from one to three ounces, three or four times a day.
+
+
+725. Rose Leaves
+
+ Rose Leaves are stringent and tonic.
+
+ They are _used internally_ in spitting of blood, hemorrhage from the
+ stomach, intestines, &c., as a gargle for sore throat, and for the
+ night sweats of consumption. The infusion is frequently used as a
+ tonic with diluted sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol), after low fevers,
+ or in combination with Epsom salts and sulphuric acid in certain
+ states of the bowels.
+
+ _Dose_ of _infusion_, from two to four ounces.
+
+
+ [TO-DAY, ENJOYS HIS HALLS, BUILT TO HIS MIND.]
+
+
+726. Chalk
+
+ Chalk, when prepared by washing, becomes an astringent as well as
+ antacid.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in diarrhoea, in the form of mixture, and
+ _externally_ as an application to burns, scalds, and excoriations.
+
+ _Dose_ of the _mixture_, from one to two ounces.
+
+
+727. White Vitriol
+
+ White Vitriol, or Sulphate of Zinc, is an astringent, tonic, and
+ emetic.
+
+ It is _used externally_ as a collyrium for ophthalmia (See DOMESTIC
+ PHARMACOPEIA, _par. 475 et seq._), and as a detergent for scrofulous
+ ulcers, in the proportion of three grains of the salt to one ounce of
+ water.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in indigestion, and many other diseases; _but
+ it should not be given unless ordered by a medical man, as it is a
+ poison._
+
+
+728. Local Stimulants.
+
+ Local stimulants comprise emetics, cathartics, diuretics,
+ diaphoretics, expectorants, sialogogues, errhines, and epispastics.
+
+
+729. Emetics.
+
+ Emetics are medicines given for the purpose of causing vomiting, as in
+ cases of poisoning. They consist of ipecacuanha, camomile, antimony,
+ copper, zinc, and several others.
+
+
+730. Ipecacuanha
+
+ Ipecacuanha is an emetic, diaphoretic, and expectorant.
+
+ It is _used internally_ to excite vomiting, in doses of from ten to
+ twenty grains of the powder, or one to one and a half ounce of the
+ infusion, every half hour until vomiting takes place. To make it act
+ well and easily, the patient should drink half pints of warm water
+ after each dose of the infusion. As a diaphoretic, it should be given
+ in doses of three grains, mixed with some soft substance, such as
+ crumbs of bread, and repeated every four hours.
+
+ _Dose_ of the _wine,_ from twenty minims to one drachm as a
+ diaphoretic, and from one drachm to one and a half ounces as an
+ emetic.
+
+ _Caution._--Do not give more than the doses named above, because,
+ although a safe emetic, yet it is an acrid narcotic poison.
+
+
+731. Mustard
+
+ Mustard is too well known to require describing. It is an emetic,
+ diuretic, stimulant, and rubefacient.
+
+ It is _used externally_ as a poultice. Mustard poultices are made of
+ the powder, bread crumbs, and water; or of one part of mustard to two
+ of flour; or, especially for children, of linseed meal, mixed with a
+ little of the powder, or having some of the powder slightly sprinkled
+ on the surface. Sometimes a little vinegar is added under the idea
+ that it increases the strength of the poultice, but this is not
+ necessary. In all cases where a stimulant is required, such as sore
+ throats, rheumatic pains in the joints, cholera, cramps in the
+ extremities, diarrhoea, and many other diseases. When applied it
+ should not he left on too long, as it is apt to cause ulceration of
+ the part. From ten to thirty minutes is quite long enough.
+
+ When _used internally_ as an emetic, a large teaspoonful mixed with a
+ tumbler of warm water generally operates quickly and safely,
+ frequently when other emetics have failed. In dropsy it is sometimes
+ given in the form of whey, which is made by boiling half an ounce of
+ the bruised seeds in a pint of milk, and straining off the curd.
+
+ From three to four ounces of this is to be taken for a dose three
+ times a day.
+
+
+732. Cathartics.
+
+ Cathartics are divided into laxatives and purgatives. Manna,
+ tamarinds, castor oil, sulphur, and magnesia are _laxatives;_ senna,
+ rhubarb, jalap, colocynth, buckthorn, aloes, cream of tartar,
+ scammony, calomel, Epsom salts, Glauber's salts, sulphate of potash,
+ and Venice turpentine are _purgatives._
+
+
+733. Manna
+
+ Manna is a very gentle laxative, and therefore used for children and
+ delicate persons.
+
+ _Dose for children,_ from one to two drachms; and for _adults,_ from
+ one to two ounces, combined with rhubarb and cinnamon water.
+
+
+734. Tamarinds
+
+ Tamarinds are generally laxative and refrigerant. As it is agreeable,
+ this medicine will generally be eaten by children when they will not
+ take other medicines.
+
+ _Dose,_ from half to one ounce. As a refrigerant beverage in fevers it
+ is extremely grateful.
+
+
+ [TO-MORROW, IN A COFFIN IS CONFINED.]
+
+
+735. Castor Oil
+
+ Castor Oil is a most valuable medicine, as it generally operates
+ quickly and mildly.
+
+ It is _used externally,_ combined with citron ointment, as a topical
+ application in common leprosy.
+
+ It is _used internally_ as an ordinary purgative for infants, as a
+ laxative for adults, and in diarrhoea and dysentery. In colic it is
+ very useful and safe; and also after delivery.
+
+ _Dose_ for _infants,_ from forty drops to two drachms; for _adults,_
+ from half an ounce to one and a half ounces.
+
+
+736. Sulphur.
+
+ Sublimed sulphur is laxative and diaphoretic.
+
+ It is _used externally_ in skin diseases, especially itch, both in the
+ form of ointment and as a vapour bath.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in hemorrhoids, combined with magnesia, as a
+ laxative for children, and as a diaphoretic in rheumatism.
+
+ _Dose,_ from one scruple to two drachms, mixed in milk or with
+ treacle. When combined with an equal proportion of cream of tartar, it
+ acts as a purgative.
+
+
+737. Magnesia.
+
+ _Calcined magnesia_ possesses the same properties as the carbonate.
+
+ _Dose,_ from ten to thirty grains, in milk or water.
+
+ _Carbonate of magnesia_ is an antacid and laxative, and is very useful
+ for children when teething, and for heartburn in adults.
+
+ _Dose,_ from a half to two drachms, in water or milk.
+
+ _Fluid Magnesia_ is a useful preparation by whose use is avoided the
+ grittiness that is inseparable from magnesia when taken in the form of
+ powder.
+
+
+738. Senna
+
+ Senna is a purgative, but is apt to gripe when given alone; therefore
+ it is combined with some aromatic, such as cloves or ginger, and the
+ infusion should be made with _cold_ instead of hot water. It usually
+ acts in about four hours, but its action should be assisted by
+ drinking warm fluids.
+
+ _Dose,_ of the _confection,_ commonly called _"lenitive electuary,"_
+ from one to three or four drachma at bedtime; of the _infusion,_ from
+ one to two ounces; of the _tincture,_ irom one to two drachms; of the
+ _syrup_ (used for children), from one drachm to one ounce.
+
+ _Caution._--Do not give senna, in any form except confection, in
+ hemorrhoids, and never in irritability of the intestines.
+
+
+739. Rhubarb
+
+ Rhubarb is a purgative, astringent and stomachic.
+
+ It is _used externally_ in the form of powder to ulcers, to promote a
+ healthy action.
+
+ It is given _internally_ in diarrhoea, dyspepsia, and a debilitated
+ state of the bowels. Combined with a mild preparation of calomel, it
+ forms an excellent purgative for children.
+
+ _Dose,_ of the _infusion,_ from one to two ounces; of the _powder,_
+ from one scruple to half a drachm as a purgative, and from six to ten
+ grains as a stomachic; of the _tincture_ and _compound tincture,_ from
+ one to four drachms; of the _compound pill,_ from ten to twenty grains.
+
+
+740. Jalap
+
+ Jalap is a powerful cathartic and hydrogogue, and is therefore apt to
+ gripe.
+
+ _Dose,_ of the _powder,_ from ten to thirty grains, combined with a
+ drop or two of aromatic oil; of the _compound powder,_ from fifteen to
+ forty grains; of the _tincture,_ from one to three drachms; of the
+ _extract,_ from ten to twenty grains. The watery extract is better
+ than the alcoholic.
+
+
+741. Colocynth
+
+ Colocynth is a powerful drastic cathartic, and should never be given
+ alone, unless ordered by a medical man, as its action is too violent
+ for some constitutions.
+
+ _Dose,_ of the _extract,_ from five to fifteen grains; of the
+ _compound extract,_ from five to fifteen grains; of the _compound
+ colocynth pill,_ the best of all its preparations, from ten to twenty
+ grains.
+
+
+742. Buckthorn
+
+ Buckthorn is a brisk purgative for children in the form of syrup.
+
+ _Dose_ of the _syrup,_ from one to six drachms.
+
+
+743. Aloes
+
+ Aloes is a purgative and cathartic in large, and tonic in smaller
+ doses.
+
+ _Dose,_ of _powder,_ from two to ten grains, combined with soap,
+ bitter extracts, or other purgative medicines, and given in the form
+ of pills; of the _compound pill,_ from five to twenty grains; of the
+ _pill of aloes_ and _myrrh_ from five to twenty grains; of the
+ _tincture_, from four drachms to one ounce; of the _compound
+ tincture_, from one to four drachms; of the _extract_, from six to ten
+ grains; of the _compound decoction_, from four drachms to two ounces.
+
+
+ [TO-DAY, HE FLOATS ON HONOUR'S LOFTY WAVE.]
+
+
+744. Cream of Tartar
+
+ Cream of Tartar is a purgative and refrigerant.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in dropsy, especially of the belly, in doses
+ of from one scruple to one drachm. As a refrigerant drink it is
+ dissolved in hot water, and sweetened with sugar, and is used in
+ febrile diseases, care being taken not to allow it to rest too much
+ upon the bowels.
+
+ _Dose_, as a _purgative_, from two to four drachms, as a _hydrogogue_,
+ from four to six drachms, mixed with honey or treacle.
+
+ _Caution._--Its use should be followed by tonics, especially gentian
+ and angostura.
+
+
+745. Scammony
+
+ Scammony is a drastic purgative, generally acting quickly and
+ powerfully; sometimes producing nausea, and even vomiting, and being
+ very apt to gripe.
+
+ It is _used internally_, to produce watery evacuations in dropsy, to
+ remove intestinal worms, and correct the slimy motions of children.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _powder_, from five to sixteen grains, given in
+ liquorice water, treacle, or honey; of the _confection_, from twenty
+ to thirty grains.
+
+ _Caution._--Do not give it in an irritable or inflamed state of the
+ bowels.
+
+
+746. Epsom Salts
+
+ Epsom Salts is a purgative and diuretic. This medicine generally
+ operates quickly, and therefore is extremely useful in acute diseases.
+ It is found to be beneficial in dyspepsia when combined with infusion
+ of gentian and a little ginger. It forms an excellent enema with olive
+ oil.
+
+ _Dose_, from a half to two ounces, dissolved in warm tea or water.
+ Infusion of roses partially covers its taste and assists its action.
+
+ _Note_, that with regard to Epsom salts, the _larger in reason_ is the
+ amount of water in which they are taken, the _smaller_ the dose of
+ salts required: thus, half an ounce properly dissolved may be made a
+ strong dose. The action and efficacy of Epsom salts may be greatly
+ increased by adding one grain of tartar emetic to a dose of salts.
+
+
+747. Glauber's Salt
+
+ Glauber's Salt is a very good purgative.
+
+ _Dose_, from a half to two ounces, dissolved in warm water.
+
+
+748. Sulphate of Potash
+
+ Sulphate of Potash is a cathartic and deobstruent. It is _used
+ internally_, combined with aloes or rhubarb, in obstructions of the
+ bowels, and is an excellent saline purgative in dyspepsia and
+ jaundice.
+
+ _Dose_, from ten grains to one drachm.
+
+
+749. Venice Turpentine
+
+ Venice Turpentine is cathartic, diuretic, stimulant, and anthelmintic.
+
+ It is _used externally_ as a rubefacient, and is given _internally_ in
+ flatulent colic, in tapeworm, rheumatism, and other diseases.
+
+ _Dose_, as a _diuretic_, from ten grains to one drachm; as a
+ _cathartic_, from ten to twelve drachms; as an _anthelmintic_, from
+ one to two ounces every eight hours, till the worm be ejected.
+
+
+750. Diuretics.
+
+ Diuretics are medicines which promote an increased secretion of urine.
+ They consist of nitre, acetate of potassa, squills, juniper, oil of
+ turpentine, and others, vegetable and mineral.
+
+
+751. Nitre
+
+ Nitre is a diuretic and refrigerant.
+
+ It is _used externally_ as a detergent when dissolved in water, and as
+ a lotion to inflamed and painful rheumatic joints.
+
+ It is given _internally_ in doses of from ten grains to half a drachm,
+ or even one drachm; in spitting blood it is given in one drachm doses
+ with great benefit. It is beneficial in sore throat, a few grains
+ being allowed to dissolve in the mouth.
+
+
+752. Acetate of Potassa
+
+ Acetate of Potassa is diuretic and cathartic.
+
+ It is given _internally_ as a diuretic, in combination with infusion
+ of quassia; in dropsy, in doses of from one scruple to one drachm,
+ every three or four hours.
+
+ _Dose_, as a _cathartic_, from two to three drachms.
+
+
+753. Squills
+
+ Squills is diuretic and expectorant when given in small doses; and
+ emetic and purgative when given in large doses.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in dropsy, in combination with calomel and
+ opium; in asthma, with ammoniacum; in catarrh, in the form of oxymel.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _dried bulb powdered_, from one to two grains every six
+ hours; of the _compound pill_, from ten to fifteen grains; of the
+ _tincture_, from ten minims to half a drachm; of the _oxymel_, from a
+ half to two drachms; of the _vinegar_, from twenty minims to two
+ drachms.
+
+
+ [TO-MORROW, LEAVES HIS TITLE FOR A GRAVE.]
+
+
+754. Juniper
+
+ Juniper is diuretic and stomachic.
+
+ It is given _internally_ in dropsy.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _infusion_, from two to three ounces every four hours,
+ of the _oil_, from one to five minims.
+
+
+755. Oil of Turpentine
+
+ Oil of Turpentine is a diuretic, anthelmintic, and rubefacient.
+
+ It is _used externally_ in flatulent colic, sprinkled over flannels
+ dipped in hot water and wrung out dry.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in the same diseases as Venice turpentine.
+
+ _Dose_, from five minims to two drachms.
+
+
+756. Diaphoretics.
+
+ Diaphoretics are medicines given to increase the secretion from the
+ skin by sweating. They comprise acetate of ammonia, calomel, antimony,
+ opium, camphor, sarsaparilla.
+
+
+757. Solution of Acetate of Ammonia
+
+ Solution of Acetate of Ammonia is a most useful diaphoretic.
+
+ It is _used externally_ as a discutient, as a lotion to inflamed
+ milk-breasts, as an eye-wash, and a lotion in scald head.
+
+ It is given _internally_ to promote perspiration in febrile diseases,
+ which it does most effectually, especially when combined with camphor
+ mixture. This is the article so frequently met with in prescriptions,
+ and called spirits of mindercrus.
+
+ _Dose_, from a half to one and a half ounces every three or four hours.
+
+
+758. Antimony.--_Tartar emetic_
+
+ _Tartar emetic_ is diaphoretic, emetic, expectorant, alterative, and
+ rubefacient.
+
+ It is _used externally_ as an irritant in white swellings and
+ deep-seated inflammations, in the form of an ointment.
+
+ It is given _internally_ in pleurisy, bilious fevers, and many other
+ diseases, but its exhibition requires the skill of a medical man, to
+ watch its effects.
+
+ _Dose_, from one-sixth of a grain to four grains.
+
+ _Caution_.--It is a _poison_, and therefore requires great care in
+ its administration.
+
+
+759. Antimonial Powder
+
+ Antimonial Powder is a diaphoretic, emetic, and alterative.
+
+ It is given _internally_, in febrile diseases, to produce
+ determination to the skin, and is useful in rheumatism, when combined
+ with opium or calomel.
+
+ _Dose_, from three to ten grains every four hours, taking plenty of
+ warm fluids between each dose.
+
+
+760. Sarsiparilla
+
+ Sarsiparilla is diaphoretic, alterative, diuretic, and tonic.
+
+ It is given _internally_ in cutaneous diseases, old-standing
+ rheumatism, scrofula, and debility.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _decoction_, from four to eight ounces; of the
+ _compound decoction_, from four to eight ounces; of the _extract_,
+ from five grains to one drachm.
+
+
+761. Expectorants.
+
+ Expectorants are medicines given to promote the secretion from the
+ windpipe, &c. They consist of antimony, ipecacuanha, squills,
+ ammoniacum, and tolu.
+
+
+762. Ammoniacum
+
+ Ammoniacum is an expectorant, antispasmodic, diuretic, and
+ deobstruent.
+
+ It is _used externally_ as a discutient, and is given _internally_,
+ with great benefit in asthma, hysteria, and chronic catarrh.
+
+ _Dose_, from ten to twenty grains.
+
+
+763. Tolu
+
+ Tolu is an excellent expectorant, when there are no inflammatory
+ symptoms.
+
+ It is given _internally_ in asthma and chronic catarrh.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _balsam_, from five to thirty grains, combined with
+ mucilage and suspended in water; of the _tincture_, from a half to one
+ drachm; of the _syrup_, from a half to four drachms.
+
+
+764. Sialogogues.
+
+ These are given to increase the flow of saliva or spittle. They
+ consist of ginger and calomel, pellitory of Spain, tobacco, the acids,
+ and some others.
+
+
+765. Ginger
+
+ Ginger ia a sialogogue, carminative, and stimulant.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in flatulent colic, dyspepsia, and to prevent
+ the griping of medicines. When chewed, it acts as a sialogogue, and is
+ therefore useful in relaxed uvula.
+
+ _Dose_, from ten to twenty grains of the _powder_; of the _tincture_,
+ from ten minims to one drachm.
+
+
+ [TO-DAY, HIS BEAUTEOUS VISAGE WE EXTOL.]
+
+
+766. Epispastics and Rubefacients.
+
+ These are remedies which are applied to blister and cause redness of
+ the surface. They consist of cantharides, ammonia, Burgundy pitch, and
+ mustard.
+
+
+767. Cantharides, or Spanish flies
+
+ Cantharides, or Spanish flies, when used internally, are diuretic and
+ stimulant; and epispastic and rubefacient when applied externally.
+
+ _Mode of application._--A portion of the blistering plaster is spread
+ with the thumb upon brown paper, linen, or leather, to the size
+ required; its surface then _slightly_ moistened with olive oil and
+ sprinkled with camphor, and the plaster applied by a _light_ bandage:
+ or it is spread on adhesive plaster, and attached to the skin by the
+ adhesive margin of the plaster.
+
+ _Caution._--If a blister is to be applied to the head, shave it at
+ least ten hours before it is put on; it is better to place a thin
+ piece of gauze, wetted with vinegar, between the skin and the blister.
+ If a distressing feeling be experienced about the bladder, give warm
+ and copious draughts of linseed tea, milk, or decoction of quince
+ seeds, and apply warm fomentations of milk and water to the blistered
+ surface. The _period required_ for a _blister_ to remain on varies
+ from eight to ten hours for adults, and from twenty minutes to two
+ hours for children: as soon as it is removed, if the blister is not
+ raised, apply a "spongio-piline" poultice, and it will then rise
+ properly. When it is required to act as a rubefacient, the blister
+ should remain on from one to three hours for adults, and from fifteen
+ to forty minutes for children.
+
+ _To dress a blister._--Cut the bag of cuticle containing the scrum at
+ the lowest part, by snipping it with the scissors, so as to form an
+ opening like this--V; and then apply a piece of calico, spread with
+ spermaceti or some other dressing. Such is the ordinary method; but a
+ much better and more expeditious plan, and one that prevents all pain
+ and inconvenience in the healing, is, after cutting the blister as
+ directed above, to immediately cover it with a warm bread and water
+ poultice for about an hour and a half, and on the removal of the
+ poultice to dust the raw surface with violet powder; apply a
+ handkerchief to retain the powder, and lastly dust the part every two
+ hours. It will be healed in twelve hours.
+
+ _Caution._--Never attempt to take cantharides internally, except under
+ the advice of a medical man, as it is a poison, and requires extreme
+ caution in its use.
+
+
+768. Burgundy Pitch
+
+ Burgundy Pitch is warmed and spread upon linen or leather, and applied
+ over the chest in cases of catarrh, difficult breathing, and hooping
+ cough; over the loins in debility or lumbago; and over any part that
+ it is desirable to excite a mild degree of inflammation in.
+
+
+769. Chemical Remedies.
+
+ These comprise refrigerants, antacids, antalkalies, and escharotics.
+
+
+770. Refrigerants.
+
+ These are medicines given for the purpose of suppressing an unnatural
+ heat of the body. They are Seville oranges, lemons, tamarinds, nitre,
+ and cream of tartar.
+
+
+771. Seville Oranges
+
+ Seville Oranges and sweet oranges are formed into a refrigerant
+ beverage, which is extremely grateful in febrile diseases.
+
+ The _rind_ is an agreeable mild tonic, carminative, and stomachic.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _tincture_, from one to four drachms; of the
+ _infusion_, from one to two ounces.
+
+
+ [TO-MORROW, LOATHSOME IN THE SIGHT OF ALL.]
+
+
+772. Lemons
+
+ Lemons are used to form a refrigerant beverage, which is given to
+ quench thirst in febrile and inflammatory diseases,
+
+ Lemon _juice_ given with carbonate of potash (half an ounce of the
+ juice to twenty grains of the salt), and taken while effervescing,
+ allays vomiting; a tablespoonful, taken occasionally, allays
+ hysterical palpitations of the heart, it is useful in scurvy caused by
+ eating too much salt food, but requires to be taken with sugar.
+
+ The _rind_ forms a nice mild tonic and stomachic in certain forms of
+ dyspepsia.
+
+ _Dose_ of the _infusion_ (made the same as orange peel), from one to
+ two ounces.
+
+
+773. Antacids.
+
+ These are given to correct acidity in the system. They are soda,
+ ammonia, chalk, and magnesia.
+
+
+774. Soda, Carbonate of, and Sesquicarbonate of Soda
+
+ Soda, Carbonate of, and Sesquicarbonate of Soda, are antacids and
+ deobstruents.
+
+ They are _used internally_ in acidity of the stomach and dyspepsia.
+
+ _Dose_ of both preparations, from 10 grains to half a drachm.
+
+
+775. Antalkalies.
+
+ These are given to neutralize an alkaline state of the system. They
+ are citric acid, lemon juice, and tartaric acid.
+
+
+776. Citric Acid
+
+ Citric Acid is used to check profuse sweating, and as a substitute for
+ lemon juice when it cannot be procured.
+
+ _Dose_, from ten to thirty grains.
+
+
+777. Tartaric Acid
+
+ Tartaric Acid, when largely diluted, forms an excellent refrigerant
+ beverage and antalkali. It enters into the composition of
+ extemporaneous soda and Seidlitz waters.
+
+ _Dose_, from ten to thirty grains.
+
+
+778. Escharotics.
+
+ These are remedies used to destroy the vitality of a part. They
+ comprise lunar caustic, bluestone, and solution of chloride of zinc.
+
+
+779. Bluestone, or Sulphate of Copper
+
+ Bluestone, or Sulphate of Copper, is used in a solution of from four
+ to fifteen grains to the ounce of water, and applied to foul and
+ indolent ulcers, by means of rag dipped in it. It is rubbed in
+ substance on fungous growths, warts, &c., to destroy them.
+
+ _Caution_.--It is a poison.
+
+
+780. Lunar Caustic; or Nitrate of Silver
+
+ Lunar Caustic; or Nitrate of Silver, is an excellent remedy in
+ erysipelas when applied in solution (one drachm of the salt to one
+ ounce of water), which should be brushed all over the inflamed part,
+ and for an inch beyond it. This blackens the skin, but it soon peels
+ off. To destroy warts, proud flesh, and unhealthy edges of ulcers,
+ &c., it is invaluable; and as an application to bed sores, pencilled
+ over with a solution of the same strength, and in the same manner as
+ for erysipelas.
+
+ _Caution_.--It is a poison.
+
+
+781. Solution of Chloride of Zinc,
+
+ Solution of Chloride of Zinc, more commonly known as Sir William
+ Burnett's "Disinfecting Fluid," is a valuable escharotic in
+ destroying the parts of poisoned wounds, such as the bite of a mad
+ dog. It is also very useful in restoring the hair after the scalp has
+ been attacked with ringworm; but its use requires extreme caution, as
+ it is a powerful escharotic. In itch, diluted (one part to thirty-two)
+ with water, it appears to answer very well.
+
+ _Caution_.--It is a most powerful poison.
+
+
+782. Mechanical Remedies.
+
+ These comprise anthelmintics, demulcents, diluents, and emollients.
+
+
+783. Anthelmintics.
+
+ These are medicines given for the purpose of expelling or destroying
+ worms. They are cowhage, scammony, male fern root, calomel, gamboge,
+ tin, and turpentine.
+
+
+784. Cowhage
+
+ Cowhage is used to expel the round worm, which it does by wounding it
+ with the fine prickles.
+
+ _Dose_ of the confection, for a child three or four years old, a
+ teaspoonful early, for three mornings, followed by a dose of castor
+ oil. (_See par_ 491.)
+
+ The mechanical anthelmintics are strictly confined to those agents
+ which kill the worm in the body by piercing its cuticle with the sharp
+ darts or spiculae of the cowhage hairs, or the fine metallic points of
+ powdered tin (_pulvis stanni_). When these drops are employed, they
+ should be given in honey or treacle for ten or fifteen days, and an
+ aperient powder every fourth morning, to expel the killed worms.
+
+
+[TO-DAY, HE HAS DELUSIVE DREAMS OF HEAVEN.]
+
+
+785. Male Fern Root
+
+ Male Fern Root is a powerful anthelmintic, and an astringent. It is
+ used to kill tapeworm.
+
+ _Dose_, three drachms of the powdered root mixed in a teacupful of
+ water, to be taken in the morning while in bed, and followed by a
+ brisk purgative two hours afterwards; or from a tablespoonful to a
+ wineglassful, according to age, to be taken early in the morning.
+ (_See par 569_).
+
+
+786. Gamboge
+
+ Gamboge is a powerful drastic and anthelmintic.
+
+ It is _used internally_ in dropsy, and for the expulsion of tapeworm;
+ but its use requires caution, as it is an irritant poison.
+
+ _Dose_, from two to six grains, in the form of pills, combined with
+ colocynth, soap, rhubarb, or bread-crumbs.
+
+
+787. Demulcents.
+
+ These are used to diminish irritation, and soften parts by protecting
+ them with a viscid matter. They are tragacanth, linseed, marsh-mallow,
+ mallow, liquorice, arrowroot, isinglass, suet, wax, and almonds.
+
+
+788. Tragacanth
+
+ Tragacanth is used to allay tickling cough, and lubricate abraded
+ parts. It is usually given in the form of mucilage.
+
+ _Dose_, from ten grains to one drachm, or more.
+
+
+789. Linseed
+
+ Linseed is emollient and demulcent.
+
+ It is _used externally_, in the form of powder or "meal," as a
+ poultice; and the oil, combined with lime water, is applied to burns
+ and scalds.
+
+ It is used _internally_ as an infusion in diarrhoea, dysentery, and
+ irritation of the intestines after certain poisons, and in catarrh.
+ The best form of linseed meal is that which is obtained from seed from
+ which the oil has not been extracted.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _infusion_, as much as the patient pleases.
+
+
+790. Marsh-Mallow
+
+ Marsh-Mallow is _used internally_ in the same diseases as linseed.
+
+ The leaves are _used externally_ as a fomentation, and the boiled
+ roots are bruised and applied as an emollient poultice.
+
+ _Dose_, the same as for linseed.
+
+
+791. Mallow
+
+ Mallow is _used externally_ as a fomentation and poultice in
+ inflammation, and the infusion is _used internally_ in dysentery,
+ diseases of the kidneys, and the same diseases as marsh-mallow and
+ linseed. It is also used as an enema.
+
+ _Dose_, same as for linseed and marsh-mallow.
+
+
+792. Liquorice
+
+ Liquorice is an agreeable demulcent, and is given in the form of
+ decoction in catarrh, and some forms of dyspepsia, and the extract is
+ used in catarrh.
+
+ _Dose_, of the _extract_, from ten grains to one drachm; of the
+ _decoction_, from two to four ounces.
+
+
+793. Arrowroot etc.
+
+ Arrowroot, islinglass, almonds, suet, and wax, are too well known to
+ require descriptions. (_See par 487_, for "Almond Confection" for
+ preparations.)
+
+
+794. Diluents.
+
+ These are chiefly watery compounds, such as weak tea, water, thin
+ broth, gruel, weak infusions of balm, hore-hound, pennyroyal, ground
+ ivy, mint, and sage.
+
+
+795. Emollients.
+
+ These consist of unctuous remedies, such as cerates and ointments, and
+ any materials that combine heat with moisture,--poultices of bread,
+ bran, linseed meal, carrots, and turnips. (_See par 809_.)
+
+
+796. Domestic Surgery.
+
+ This will comprise such hints and advice as will enable any one to act
+ on an emergency, or in ordinary trivial accidents requiring simple
+ treatment: and also to distinguish between serious and simple
+ accidents, and the best means to adopt in all cases that are likely to
+ fall under a person's notice.
+
+ These hints will be of the utmost value to heads of families, to
+ emigrants, and to persons who are frequently called upon to attend the
+ sick. We strongly recommend the Parent, Emigrant, and Nurse, _to read
+ over these directions occasionally_,--to regard it as a duty to do so
+ at least three or four times a year, so as to be prepared for
+ emergencies whenever they may arise. When accidents occur, people are
+ too excited to acquire immediately a knowledge of what they should do;
+ and many lives have been lost for want of this knowledge.
+
+ Study, therefore, at moderate intervals, the _Domestic Surgery_,
+ _Treatment of Poisons_, _Rules for the Prevention of Accidents_, _How
+ to Escape from Fires_, _the Domestic Pharmacopoeia_, _&c._, which will
+ he found in various pages of _Enquire Within_.
+
+ And let it be impressed upon your mind that THE INDEX will enable you
+ to refer to _anything_ you may require IN A MOMENT. Don't trouble to
+ hunt through the pages; but when you wish to ENQUIRE WITHIN, remember
+ that the INDEX is the knocker, by which the door of knowledge may be
+ opened.
+
+
+ [TO-MORROW, CRIES TOO LATE TO BE FORGIVEN.]
+
+
+797. Dressings.
+
+ These are substances usually applied to parts for the purpose of
+ soothing, promoting their reunion when divided, protecting them from
+ external injuries, absorbing discharges, protecting the surrounding
+ parts, insuring cleanliness, and as a means of applying various
+ medicines.
+
+
+798. Certain Instruments
+
+ Certain Instruments are required for the application of dressings in
+ domestic surgery, viz.--scissors, a pair of tweezers or simple
+ forceps, a knife, needles and thread, a razor, a lancet, a piece of
+ lunar caustic in a quill, and a sponge.
+
+
+799. Materials for dressings.
+
+ These consist of lint, scraped linen, carded cotton, tow, ointment
+ spread on calico, adhesive plaster, compresses, pads, bandages,
+ poultices, old rags of linen or calico, and water.
+
+
+800. Rules.
+
+ The following rules should be attended to in applying dressings:
+
+ i. Always prepare the new dressing before removing the old one.
+
+ ii. Always have hot and cold water at hand, and a vessel to place
+ the foul dressings in.
+
+ iii. Have one or more persons at hand ready to assist, and, to
+ prevent confusion, tell each person what they are to do before you
+ commence; thus, one is to wash out and hand the sponges, another to
+ heat the adhesive plaster, or hand the bandages and dressings, and,
+ if requisite, a third to support the limb, &c.
+
+ iv. Always stand on the outside of a limb to dress it.
+
+ v. Place the patient in as easy a position as possible, so as not to
+ fatigue him.
+
+ vi. Arrange the bed _after_ changing the dressings; but in some
+ cases you will have to do so before the patient is placed on it.
+
+ vii. Never be in a hurry when applying dressings, do it quietly.
+
+ viii. When a patient requires moving from one bed to another, the
+ best way is for one person to stand on each _side_ of the patient,
+ and each to place an arm behind his back, while he passes his arms
+ over their necks, then let their other arms be passed under his
+ thighs, and by holding each other's hands, the patient can be raised
+ with ease, and removed to another bed. If the leg is injured, a
+ third person should steady it; and if the arm, the same precaution
+ should be adopted. Sometimes a stout sheet is passed under the
+ patient, and by several people holding the sides, thy patient is
+ lifted without any fatigue or much disturbance.
+
+
+801. Lint, how made.
+
+ Lint, how made. This may be quickly made by nailing a piece of old
+ linen on a board, and scraping its surface with a knife. It is used
+ either alone or spread with ointment. Scraped lint is the fine
+ filaments from ordinary lint, and is used to stimulate ulcers and
+ absorb discharges; it is what the French call _charpie_.
+
+
+802. Uses of Scraped Lint.
+
+ This is made into various shapes for particular purposes. When it is
+ screwed up into a conical or wedge-like shape, it is called a _tent_,
+ and is used to dilate fistulous openings, so as to allow the matter to
+ escape freely; and to plug wounds, so as to promote the formation of a
+ clot of blood, and thus arrest bleeding. When rolled into little
+ balls, called _boulettes_, it is used for absorbing matter in
+ cavities, or blood in wounds. Another useful form is made by rolling a
+ mass of scraped lint into a long roll, and then tying it in the middle
+ with a piece of thread; the middle is then doubled and pushed into a
+ deep-seated wound, so as to press upon the bleeding vessel, while the
+ ends remain loose and assist in forming a clot; or it is used in
+ deep-seated ulcers to absorb the matter and keep the edges apart. This
+ form is called the _bourdonnet_. Another form is called the _pelote_,
+ which is merely a ball of scraped lint tied up in a piece of linen
+ rag, commonly called a dabber. This is used in the treatment of
+ protrusion of the navel in children.
+
+
+803. Carded Cotton
+
+ Carded Cotton is used as a dressing for superficial burns, and care
+ should be taken to free it from specks, as flies are apt to lay their
+ eggs there, and generate maggots.
+
+
+804. Tow
+
+ Tow is chiefly employed as a padding for splints, as a compress, and
+ also as an outer dressing where there is much discharge from a surface.
+
+
+805. Ointments
+
+ Ointments are spread on calicoes, lint, or even thin layers of tow, by
+ means of a knife; they should not be spread too thick. Sometimes
+ ointment is applied to discharging surfaces on a piece of linen,
+ folded over on itself several times, and then cut at the corners with
+ scissors, in order to make small holes in it. The matter discharged
+ passes out freely through these holes, and is received in a layer of
+ tow spread over the linen.
+
+
+806. Adhesive Plaster
+
+ Adhesive Plaster is cut into strips, ranging in width, according to
+ the nature of the wound, &c., but the usual width is about
+ three-quarters of an inch. Isinglass plaster is not so irritating as
+ diachylon, and is more easily removed.
+
+
+807. Compresses
+
+ Compresses are made of pieces of linen, calico, lint, or tow, doubled
+ or cut into various shapes, according to the purposes for which they
+ are required. They are used to confine dressings in their places, and
+ to apply an equal pressure on parts. They should be free from darns,
+ hems, and knots. Ordinary compresses are square, oblong, and
+ triangular. Compresses are also graduated by placing square pieces of
+ folded cloth on one another, so arranged that they decrease in size
+ each time. They are used for keeping up pressure upon certain parts.
+
+
+808. Pads
+
+ Pads are made by sewing tow inside pieces of linen, or folding linen
+ and sewing the pieces together. They are used to keep off pressure
+ from parts such as that caused by splints in fractures.
+
+
+809. Poultices
+
+ Poultices are usually made of linseed meal, oatmeal, or bread, either
+ combined with water or other fluids; sometimes they are made of
+ carrots, charcoal, potatoes, yeast, and linseed meal, mustard, &c.,
+ but the best and most economical kind of poultice is a fabric made of
+ sponge and wool felted together, and backed by Indian rubber, called
+ "spongio piline."
+
+ The method of using this poultice is as follows:--A piece of the
+ material of the required form and size is cut off, and the edges are
+ pared or bevelled off with a pair of scissors, so that the caoutchouc
+ may come in contact with the surrounding skin, in order to prevent
+ evaporation of the fluid used; for, as it only forms the vehicle, the
+ various poultices generally used can be employed with much less
+ expenditure of time and money, and increased cleanliness.
+
+ For example,--a _vinegar_ poultice is made by moistening the fabric
+ with distilled vinegar; an _alum_ poultice, by using a strong solution
+ of alum; a _charcoal_ poultice, by sprinkling powdered charcoal on the
+ moistened surface of the material; a _yeast_ poultice, by using warmed
+ yeast, and moistening the fabric with hot water, which is to be well
+ squeezed out previous to the absorption of the yeast; a _beer_
+ poultice, by employing warm porter-dregs or strong beer as the fluid;
+ and a _carrot_ poultice, by using the expressed and evaporated liquor
+ of boiled carrots.
+
+ Spongio-piline costs about one farthing a square inch, and may be
+ obtained of the chemist. As a fomentation it is most invaluable, and
+ by moistening the material with compound camphor liniment or
+ hartshorn, it acts the same as a mustard poultice.
+
+
+ [TO-MORROW, DIES IN ANGUISH AND DESPAIR.]
+
+
+810. Mustard Poultices.
+
+ These may be made of the mustard powder alone, or in combination with
+ bread crumbs, or linseed meal. When mustard only is used, the powder
+ should be moistened with water, and the paste thus produced spread on
+ a piece of linen, and covered with muslin to intervene between the
+ mustard and the skin. When mixed with linseed the powder and the meal
+ may be incorporated before water is added, or the meal may be
+ moistened and spread on linen for application, and the mustard be then
+ strewn on the surface, more or less thickly according to the age of
+ the patient. Rigollot's Mustard leaves, which can be procured from any
+ chemist, are now much used in the place of mustard poultices. They
+ only require wetting before application, and are both clean and
+ economical.
+
+
+811. Bandages.
+
+ Bandages are strips of calico, linen, flannel, muslin, elastic
+ webbing, bunting, or some other substance, of various lengths, and
+ from one to six inches wide, free from hems or darns, soft and
+ unglazed. They are better after they have been washed. Their uses are
+ to retain dressings, apparatus, or parts of the body in their proper
+ positions, support the soft parts, and maintain equal pressure.
+
+
+812. Simple and Compound Bandages.
+
+ Bandages are simple and compound; the former are simple slips rolled
+ up tightly like a roll of ribbon. There is also another simple kind,
+ which is rolled from both ends--this is called a double-headed
+ bandage. The compound bandages are formed of many pieces.
+
+
+813. Bandages for Different Parts of the Body.
+
+ Bandages for the Head should be two inches wide and five yards long;
+ for the neck, two inches wide, and three yards long; for the arm, two
+ inches wide, and seven yards long; for the leg, two inches and a half
+ wide and seven yards long; for the thigh three inches wide, and eight
+ yards long; and for the body, four or six inches wide and ten or
+ twelve yards long.
+
+
+814. To Apply a Single-Headed Bandage,
+
+ To apply a single-headed bandage, lay the _outside of the end_ near to
+ the part to be bandaged, and hold the roll between the little, ring
+ and middle fingers, and the palm of the left hand, using the thumb and
+ forefinger of the same hand to guide it, and the right hand to keep it
+ firm, and pass the bandage partly round the leg towards the left hand.
+ It is sometimes necessary to reverse this order, and therefore it is
+ well to be able to use both hands.
+
+ Particular parts require a different method of applying bandages, and
+ therefore it is necessary to describe the most useful separately; and
+ there are different ways of putting on the same bandage, which consist
+ in the manner the folds or turns are made. For example, the _circular_
+ bandage is formed by horizontal turns, each of which overlaps the one
+ made before it; the _spiral_ consists of spiral turns; the _oblique_
+ follows a course oblique or slanting to the centre of the limb; and
+ the _recurrent_ folds back again to the part whence it started.
+
+
+815. Circular Bandages
+
+ Circular bandages are used for the _neck_, to retain dressings on any
+ part of it, or for blisters, setons, &c.; for the _head_, to keep
+ dressings on the forehead or any part contained within a circle
+ passing round the head; for the _arm_, previous to bleeding; for the
+ _leg_, above the knee; and for the _fingers_, &c.
+
+
+816. To Confine the Ends of Bandages
+
+ To confine the ends of bandages some persons use pins, others slit the
+ end for a short distance, and tie the two strips into a knot, and some
+ use a strip of adhesive plaster. Always place the point of a pin in
+ such a position that it cannot prick the patient, or the person
+ dressing the limb, or be liable to be drawn out by using the limb;
+ therefore, as a general rule, turn the head of the pin from the free
+ end of the bandage, of towards the upper part of the limb. The best
+ mode is to _sew_ the bandage on. A few stitches will hold it more
+ securely than pins can.
+
+
+ [LITTLE DEEDS ARE LIKE LITTLE SEEDS.]
+
+
+817. The Oblique Bandage
+
+ The oblique bandage is generally used for arms and legs, to retain
+ dressings.
+
+
+818. The Spiral Bandage
+
+ The Spiral Bandage is generally applied to the trunk and extremities,
+ but is apt to fall off even when very carefully applied; therefore the
+ recurrent bandage, which folds back again, is generally used.
+
+
+819. The Recurrent Bandage
+
+ The recurrent bandage is the best kind of bandage that we can employ
+ for general purposes. The method of putting it on the leg is as
+ follows:--Apply the end of the bandage that is free, with the outside
+ of it next the skin, and hold this end with the finger and thumb of
+ the left hand, while some one supports the heel of the patient; then
+ with the right hand pass the bandage over the piece you are holding,
+ and keep it crossed thus, until you can place your right forefinger
+ upon the spot where it crosses the other bandage, where it must be
+ kept firm. Now hold the roll of the bandage in your left hand, with
+ the palm turned upwards, and _taking care to keep that part of the
+ bandage between your right forefinger, and the roll in your left hand,
+ quite slack_; turn your left hand over, and bring the bandage down
+ upon the leg; then pass the roll under the leg towards your right
+ hand, and repeat this until the leg is bandaged up to the knee, taking
+ care _not to drag_ the bandage at any time during the process of
+ bandaging. When you arrive at the knee, pass the bandage round the leg
+ in circles just below the knee, and pin it as usual.
+
+ Bandaging is very easy, and if you once see any one apply a bandage
+ properly, and attend to these rules, there will not be any difficulty;
+ but bear one thing in mind, without which you will never put on a
+ bandage even decently; and that is, _never to drag_ or pull at a
+ bandage, but make the turns while it is slack, and you have your right
+ forefinger placed upon the point where it is to be folded down. When a
+ limb is properly bandaged, the folds should run in a line
+ corresponding to the shin-bone. Use, to retain dressings, and for
+ varicose veins.
+
+
+820. A Bandage for the Chest
+
+ A bandage for the chest is always placed upon the patient in a sitting
+ posture; and it may be put on in circles, or spirally. Use, in
+ fractures of the ribs, to retain dressings, and after severe
+ contusions.
+
+
+821. A Bandage for the Belly
+
+ A bandage for the belly is placed on the patient as directed for the
+ chest, carrying it spirally from above downwards. Use, to compress
+ belly after dropsy, or retain dressings.
+
+
+822. Bandaging the Hand.
+
+ The hand is bandaged by crossing the bandage over the back of the hand
+ Use, to retain dressings.
+
+
+823. Different Bandages for the Head.
+
+ For the head, a bandage may be circular, or spiral, or both; in the
+ latter case, commence by placing one circular turn just over the ears;
+ then bring down from left to right, and round the head again, so as to
+ alternate a spiral with a circular turn. Use, to retain dressings on
+ the head or over the eye; but this form soon gets slack. The circular
+ bandage is the best, crossing it over both eyes.
+
+
+824. For the Foot.
+
+ Place the end just above the outer ankle, and make two circular turns,
+ to prevent its slipping: then bring it down from the inside of the
+ foot over the instep towards the outer part; pass it under the sole of
+ the foot, and upwards and inward over the instep towards the inner
+ ankle, then round the ankle and repeat again. Use, to retain dressings
+ to the instep, heel, or ankle.
+
+
+825. For the Leg and Foot
+
+ For the leg and foot, commence and proceed as directed in the
+ preceding paragraph; then continue if up the leg as ordered in the
+ _Recurrent Bandage_.
+
+
+826. Substitutes.
+
+ As it sometimes happens that it is necessary to apply a bandage at
+ once, and the materials are not at hand it is desirable to know how to
+ substitute something else _that any one may apply with ease_. This can
+ be readily done with handkerchiefs.
+
+
+ [THEY GROW TO FLOWERS, OR TO WEEDS.]
+
+
+827. Handkerchiefs.
+
+ Any ordinary handkerchief will do; but a square of linen folded into
+ various shapes answers better. The shapes generally required are as
+ follows:--The triangle, the long square, the cravat, and the cord.
+
+
+828. The Triangular Handkerchief
+
+ The triangular handkerchief is made by folding it from corner to
+ corner. Use, as a bandage for the head.
+
+ _Application_.--Place the base round the head, and the short part
+ hanging down behind, then tie the long ends over it.
+
+
+829. The Long Square
+
+ The long square is made by folding the handkerchief in three. Use, as
+ a bandage to the ribs, belly, &c. If one handkerchief is not long
+ enough, sew two together.
+
+
+830. The Cravat
+
+ The cravat is folded as usual with cravats. Use, as a bandage for the
+ head, arms, legs, feet, neck, &c.
+
+
+831. The Cord
+
+ The cord is used to compress vessels, when a knot is made in it, and
+ placed over the vessel to be compressed. It is merely a handkerchief
+ twisted in its diagonal.
+
+
+832. Multiple Handkerchiefs.
+
+ Two or more handkerchiefs must sometimes be applied, as in a broken
+ collar-bone, or when it is necessary to keep dressings under the arm.
+ The bandage is applied by knotting the opposite comers of one
+ handkerchief together, and passing the left arm through it, then
+ passing another handkerchief under the right arm, and tying it. By
+ this means we can brace the shoulders well back, and the handkerchief
+ will press firmly over the broken collar-bone: besides, this form of
+ bandage does not readily slip or get slack, but it requires to be
+ combined with the sling, in order to keep the arm steady.
+
+
+833. For an Inflamed Breast
+
+ For an inflamed breast that requires support, or dressings to be kept
+ to it, pass one corner over the shoulder, bring the body of it over
+ the breast, and pass it upwards and backwards under the arm of that
+ side, and tie the opposite corners together.
+
+
+834. An Excellent Sling
+
+ An excellent sling is formed by placing one handkerchief around the
+ neck, and knotting opposite corners ever the breast bone, then placing
+ the other in triangle under the arm, to be supported with the base
+ near to the hand; tie the ends over the handkerchief, and pin the top
+ to the other part, after passing it around the elbow.
+
+
+835. Apparatus.
+
+ When a person receives a severe contusion of the leg or foot, or
+ breaks his leg, or has painful ulcers over the leg, or is unable from
+ some cause to bear the pressure of the bedclothes, it is advisable to
+ know how to keep them from hurting the leg. This may be done by
+ bending up a fire-guard, or placing a chair, resting upon the edge of
+ its back and front of the seat, over the leg, or putting a box on each
+ side of it, and placing a plank ever them; but the best way is to make
+ a _cradle_, as it is called. This is done by getting three pieces of
+ wood, and three pieces of iron wire, and passing the wire or hoop
+ through the wood. This can be placed to any height, and is very useful
+ in all cases where pressure cannot be borne. Wooden hoops cut in
+ halves answer better than the wire.
+
+
+836. When a Person Breaks his Leg
+
+ When a person breaks his leg, and _splints_ cannot he had directly,
+ get bunches of straw or twigs, roll them up in handkerchiefs, and
+ placing one on each side of the leg or arm, bind another handkerchief
+ firmly around them; or make a long bag about three inches in diameter,
+ or even more, of coarse linen duck, or carpet, and stuff this full of
+ bran, sawdust, or sand, sew up the end, and use this the same as the
+ twigs. It forms an excellent extemporaneous splint. Another good plan
+ is to get a hat-box made of chip, and cut it into suitable lengths; or
+ for want of all these, take some bones out of a pair of stays, and run
+ them through a stout piece of rug, protecting the leg with a fold of
+ rug, linen, &c. A still better splint or set of splints can be
+ extemporized by cutting a sheet of thick pasteboard into proper sized
+ slips, then passing each piece through a basin of hot water to soften
+ it. It is then applied to the fractured limb like an ordinary splint,
+ when it hardens as it dries, taking the exact shape of the part to
+ which it is applied.
+
+
+ [GOOD-NATURE COLLECTS HONEY FROM EVERY HERB.]
+
+
+
+837. Applying Dry Warmth.
+
+ When dry warmth is required to be applied to any part of the body, fry
+ a flour pancake and lay it over the part; or warm some sand and place
+ in the patient's socks, and lay it to the part; salt put into a paper
+ bag does as well; or warm water put into a stone jar, and rolled up in
+ flannel.
+
+
+838. Minor Operations.
+
+
+839. Bleeding
+
+ Bleeding is sometimes necessary at once in certain accidents, such as
+ concussion, and therefore it is well to know how to do this. First of
+ all, bind up the arm above the elbow with a piece of bandage or a
+ handkerchief pretty firmly, then place your finger over one of the
+ veins at the bend of the arm, and feel if there is any pulsation; if
+ there is, try another vein, and if it does not pulsate or beat, choose
+ that one. Now rub the arm from the wrist towards the elbow, place the
+ left thumb upon the vein, and hold the lancet as you would a pen, and
+ nearly at right angles to the vein, taking care to prevent its going
+ in too far, by keeping the thumb near to the point, and resting the
+ hand upon the little finger. Now place the point of the lancet on the
+ vein, push it suddenly inwards, depress the elbow, and raise the hand
+ upwards and outwards, so as to _cut obliquely across_ the vein.
+
+ When sufficient blood is drawn off, which is known by feeling the
+ pulse at the wrist, and near the thumb, bandage the arm. If the pulse
+ feel like a piece of cord, more blood should be taken away, but if it
+ is soft, and can be easily pressed, the bleeding should be stopped.
+ When you bandage the arm, place a piece of lint over the opening made
+ by the lancet, and pass a bandage lightly but firmly around the arm,
+ so as to cross it over the bend of the elbow, in form of a figure 8.
+
+
+840. Dry Cupping
+
+ Dry cupping is performed by throwing a piece of paper dipped into
+ spirit of wine, and ignited, into a wineglass, and placing it over the
+ part, such as the neck, temples, &c. It thus draws the flesh into the
+ glass, and causes a determination of blood to the part, which is
+ useful in headache, and many other complaints. This is an excellent
+ method of extracting the poison from wounds made by adders, mad dogs,
+ fish, &c.
+
+
+841. Ordinary Cupping
+
+ Ordinary Cupping is performed the same as dry cupping, with this
+ exception, that the part is scarified or scratched with a lancet, so
+ as to cause the blood to flow; or by the application of a
+ scarificator, which makes by one action from seven to twenty-one light
+ superficial cuts. Then the glass is placed over it again with the
+ lighted paper in it, and when sufficient blood has been taken away,
+ the parts are then sponged, and a piece of sticking plaster placed
+ over them.
+
+
+842. Leeches and their Application.
+
+ The leech used for medical purposes is called the _hirudo medicinalis_
+ to distinguish it from other varieties, such as the horse-leech and
+ the Lisbon leech. It varies from two to four inches in length, and is
+ of a blackish brown colour, marked on the back with six yellow spots,
+ and edged with a yellow line on each side. Formerly leeches were
+ supplied by Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, and other fenny countries, but
+ latterly most of the leeches are procured from France, where they are
+ now becoming scarce.
+
+
+843. When Leeches are Applied
+
+ When leeches are applied to a part, it should be thoroughly freed from
+ down or hair by shaving, and all liniments, &c., carefully and
+ effectually cleaned away by washing. If the leech is hungry it will
+ soon bite, but sometimes great difficulty is experienced in getting
+ them to fasten. When this is the case, roll the leech into a little
+ porter, or moisten the surface with a little blood, or milk, or sugar
+ and water. Leeches may be applied by holding them over the part with a
+ piece of linen cloth, or by means of an inverted glass, under which
+ they must be placed.
+
+
+844. When applied to the Gums
+
+ When applied to the gums, care should be taken to use a leech glass,
+ as they are apt to creep down the patient's throat: a large swan's
+ quill will answer the purpose of a leech glass. When leeches are
+ gorged they will drop off themselves; never _tear_ them off from a
+ person, but just dip the point of a moistened finger into some salt
+ and touch them with it.
+
+
+ [ILL-NATURE SUCKS POISON FROM THE SWEETEST FLOWER.]
+
+
+845. Quantity Removed.
+
+ Leeches are supposed to abstract about two drachms of blood, or six
+ leeches draw about an ounce; but this is independent of the bleeding
+ after they have come off, and more blood generally flows then than
+ during the time they are sucking. The total amount of blood drawn and
+ subsequently lost by each leech-bite, is nearly half an ounce.
+
+
+846. After Leeches Come Away,
+
+ After leeches come away, encourage the bleeding by flannels dipped in
+ hot water and wrung out dry, and then apply a warm spongiopiline
+ poultice. If the bleeding is not to be encouraged, cover the bites
+ with a rag dipped in olive oil, or spread with spermaceti ointment,
+ having previously sponged the parts clean.
+
+
+847. When Bleeding Continues
+
+ When bleeding continues from leech-bites, and it is desirable to stop
+ it, apply pressure with the fingers over the part, or dip a rag in a
+ strong solution of alum and lay over them, or use the tincture of
+ sesquichloride of iron, or apply a leaf of matico to them, placing the
+ under surface of the leaf next to the skin, or touch each bite with a
+ finely-pointed piece of lunar caustic, or lay a piece of lint soaked
+ in the extract of lead over the bites; and if all these tried in
+ succession fail, pass a fine needle through a fold of the skin so as
+ to include the bite, and twist a piece of thread round it. Be sure
+ never to allow any one to go to sleep with leech-bites bleeding,
+ without watching them carefully; and never apply too many to children;
+ or place them where their bites can be compressed if necessary. In
+ other words, _never apply leeches to children except over a bone_.
+
+
+848. After Leeches have been Used
+
+ After leeches have been used they should be placed in water containing
+ sixteen per cent. of salt, which facilitates the removal of the blood
+ they contain; and they should afterwards be placed one by one in warm
+ water, and the blood forced out by _gentle_ pressure. The leeches
+ should then be thrown into fresh water, which is to be renewed every
+ twenty-four hours: they may then be re-applied after an interval of
+ eight or ten days, and be disgorged a second time. The best plan,
+ however, is to empty the leech by drawing the thumb and forefinger of
+ the right hand along its body from the tail to the mouth, the leech
+ being firmly held at the sucker extremity by the fingers of the left
+ hand. By this means, with a few minutes' rest between each
+ application, the same leech may be used four or five times in
+ succession.
+
+
+849. If a Leech be Accidentally Swallowed,
+
+ If a leech be accidentally swallowed, or by any means should get into
+ the body, employ an emetic, or enema of salt and water.
+
+
+850. Scarification
+
+ Scarification is useful in severe contusions, and inflammation of
+ parts. It is performed by scratching or slightly cutting through the
+ skin with a lancet, holding the lancet as you would a pen when you are
+ ruling lines on paper.
+
+
+851. Terms used to express the Properties of Medicines.
+
+
+852. Absorbents
+
+ Absorbents are medicines which destroy acidity in the stomach and
+ bowels, such as magnesia, prepared chalk, &c.
+
+
+853. Alteratives
+
+ Alteratives are medicines which restore health to the constitution,
+ without producing any sensible effect, such as sarsaparilla, sulphur,
+ &c.
+
+
+854. Analeptics
+
+ Analeptics are medicines that restore the strength which has been lost
+ by sickness, such as gentian, bark, &c.
+
+
+855. Anodynes
+
+ Anodynes are medicines which relieve pain, and they are divided into
+ three kinds, _sedatives, hypnotics,_ and _narcotics_ (see these
+ terms); camphor is anodyne as well as narcotic.
+
+
+856. Antacids
+
+ Antacids are medicines which destroy acidity, such as lime, magnesia,
+ soda, &c.
+
+
+ [ONE WATCH SET RIGHT WILL DO TO SET MANY BY.]
+
+
+857. Antalkalies
+
+ Antalkalies are medicines given to neutralize alkalies in the system,
+ such as citric, nitric, and sulphuric, acids, &c.
+
+
+858. Anthelmintics
+
+ Anthelmintics are medicines used to expel and destroy worms from the
+ stomach and intestines, such as turpentine, cowhage, male fern, &c.
+
+
+859. Antibilious
+
+ Antibilious are medicines which are useful in bilious affections, such
+ as calomel, &c.
+
+
+860. Antirheumatics
+
+ Antirheumatics are medicines used for the cure of rheumatism, such as
+ colchicum, iodide of potash, &c.
+
+
+861. Antiscorbutics
+
+ Antiscorbutics are medicines against scurvy, such as citric acid, &c.
+
+
+862. Antiseptics
+
+ Antiseptics are substances used to correct putrefaction, such as bark,
+ camphor, charcoal, vinegar, and creosote.
+
+
+863. Antispasmodics
+
+ Antispasmodics are medicines which possess the power of overcoming
+ spasms of the muscles, or allaying severe pain from any cause
+ unconnected with inflammation, such as valerian, ammonia, opium, and
+ camphor.
+
+
+864. Aperients
+
+ Aperients are medicines which move the bowels gently, such as rhubarb,
+ manna, and grey powder.
+
+
+865. Aromatics
+
+ Aromatics are cordial, spicy, and agreeably-flavoured, medicines, such
+ as cardamoms, cinnamon, &c.
+
+
+866. Astringents
+
+ Astringents are medicines which contract the fibres of the body,
+ diminish excessive discharges, and act indirectly as tonics, such as
+ oak bark, galls, &c.
+
+
+867. Attenuants
+
+ Attenuants are medicines which are supposed to thin the blood, such as
+ ammoniated iron, &c.
+
+
+868. Balsamics
+
+ Balsamics are medicines of a soothing kind, such as tolu, Peruvian
+ balsam, &c.
+
+
+869. Carminatives
+
+ Carminatives are medicines which allay pain in the stomach and bowels,
+ and expel flatulence, such as aniseed water, &c.
+
+
+870. Cathartics
+
+ Cathartics are strong purgative medicines, such as jalap, &c.
+
+
+871. Cordials
+
+ Cordials are exhilarating and warming medicines, such as aromatic
+ confection, &c.
+
+
+872. Corroborants
+
+ Corroborants are medicines and food which increase the strength, such
+ as iron, gentian, meat, and wine.
+
+
+873. Demulcents
+
+ Demulcents correct acrimony, diminish irritation, and soften parts by
+ covering their surfaces with a mild and viscid matter, such as
+ linseed-tea, gum, mucilage, honey, and marsh-mallow.
+
+
+874. Deobstruents
+
+ Deobstruents are medicines which remove obstructions, such as iodide
+ of potash, &c.
+
+
+875. Detergents
+
+ Detergents clean the surfaces over which they pass, such as soap, &c.
+
+
+876. Diaphoretics
+
+ Diaphoretics produce perspiration, such as tartrate of antimony,
+ James's powder, and camphor.
+
+
+877. Digestives
+
+ Digestives are remedies applied to ulcers or wounds, to promote the
+ formation of matter, such as resin, ointments, warm poultices, &c.
+
+
+878. Discutients
+
+ Discutients possess the power of repelling or resolving tumours, such
+ as galbanum, mercury, and iodine.
+
+
+879. Diuretics
+
+ Diuretics act upon the kidneys and bladder, and increase the flow of
+ urine, such as nitre, squills, cantharides, camphor, antimony, and
+ juniper.
+
+
+880. Drastics
+
+ Drastics are violent purgatives, such as gamboge, &c.
+
+
+881. Emetics
+
+ Emetics produce vomiting, or the discharge of the contents of the
+ stomach, such as mustard and hot water, tartar-emetic, ipecacuanha,
+ sulphate of zinc, and sulphate of copper.
+
+
+882. Emmenagogues
+
+ Emmenagogues are medicines which exercise a direct action on the
+ uterus or womb, provoking the natural periodical secretion, such as
+ castor, asafoetida, galbanum, iron, mercury, aloes, hellebore, savine,
+ ergot of rye, juniper, and pennyroyal.
+
+
+883. Emollients
+
+ Emollients are remedies used externally to soften the parts they are
+ applied to, such as spermaceti, palm oil, &c.
+
+
+884. Epispastics
+
+ Epispastics are medicines which blister or cause effusion of serum
+ under the cuticle, such as Spanish flies, Burgundy pitch, rosin, and
+ galbanum.
+
+
+885. Errhines
+
+ Errhines are medicines which produce sneezing, such as tobacco, &c.
+
+
+886. Escharotics
+
+ Escharotics are medicines which corrode or destroy the vitality of the
+ part to which they are applied, such as lunar caustic, &c.
+
+
+ [ONE THAT GOES WRONG MAY MISLEAD A WHOLE NEIGHBOURHOOD.]
+
+
+887. Expectorants
+
+ Expectorants are medicines which increase expectoration, or the
+ discharge from the bronchial tubes, such as ipecacuanha, squills,
+ opium, ammoniacum.
+
+
+888. Febrifuges
+
+ Febrifuges are remedies used in fevers, such as all the antimonials,
+ bark, quinine, mineral acids, arsenic.
+
+
+889. Hydragogues
+
+ Hydragogues are medicines which have the effect of removing the fluid
+ of dropsy, by producing watery evacuations, such as gamboge, calomel,
+ &c.
+
+
+890. Hypnotics
+
+ Hypnotics are medicines that relieve pain by procuring sleep, such as
+ hops, henbane, morphia, poppy.
+
+
+891. Laxatives
+
+ Laxatives are medicines which cause the bowels to act rather more than
+ natural, such as manna, &c.
+
+
+892. Narcotics
+
+ Narcotics are medicines which cause sleep or stupor, and allay pain,
+ such as opium, &c.
+
+893. Nutrients
+
+ Nutrients are remedies that nourish the body, such as sugar, sago, &c.
+
+
+894. Paregorics
+
+ Paregorics are medicines which actually assuage pain, such as compound
+ tincture of camphor, henbane, hops, opium.
+
+
+895. Prophylactics
+
+ Prophylactics are remedies employed to prevent the attack of any
+ particular disease, such as quinine, &c.
+
+
+896. Purgatives
+
+ Purgatives are medicines that promote the evacuation of the bowels,
+ such as senna, aloes, jalap, salts.
+
+
+897. Refrigerants
+
+ Refrigerants are medicines which suppress an unusual heat of the body,
+ such as wood-sorrel, tamarind, &c.
+
+
+898. Rubefacients
+
+ Rubefacients are medicaments which cause redness of the skin, such as
+ mustard, &c.
+
+
+899. Sedatives
+
+ Sedatives are medicines which depress the nervous energy, and destroy
+ sensation, so as to compose, such as foxglove. (_See_ Paregorics.)
+
+
+900. Sialogogues
+
+ Sialogogues are medicines which promote the flow of saliva or spittle,
+ such as salt, calomel, &c.
+
+
+901. Soporifics
+
+ Soporifics are medicines which induce sleep, such as hops, &c.
+
+
+902. Stimulants
+
+ Stimulants are remedies which increase the action of the heart and
+ arteries, or the energy of the part to which they are applied, such as
+ food, wine, spirits, ether, sassafras, which is an internal stimulant,
+ and savine, which is an external one.
+
+
+903. Stomachics
+
+ Stomachics restore the tone of the stomach, such as gentian, &c.
+
+
+904. Styptics
+
+ Styptics are medicines which constrict the surface of a part, and
+ prevent the effusion of blood, such as kino, Friar's balsam, extract
+ of lead, and ice.
+
+
+905. Sudorifics
+
+ Sudorifics promote profuse perspiration or sweating, such as
+ ipecacuanha, antimony, James's powder, ammonia.
+
+
+906. Tonics
+
+ Tonics give general strength to the constitution, restore the natural
+ energies, and improve the tone of the system, such as all the
+ vegetable bitters, most of the minerals, also some kinds of food,
+ wine, and beer.
+
+
+907. Vesicants
+
+ Vesicants are medicines which blister, such as strong liquid ammonia,
+ &c.
+
+
+908. Special Rules for the Prevention of Cholera.
+
+ i. It is impossible to urge too strongly the necessity, in all cases
+ of cholera, of instant recourse to medical aid, and also in every form
+ and variety of indisposition; for all disorders are found to merge in
+ the dominant disease.
+
+ ii. Let immediate Relief be sought under disorder of the bowels
+ especially, however slight. The invasion of cholera may thus be
+ readily prevented.
+
+ iii. Let every Impurity, animal and vegetable, be quickly removed to a
+ distance from the habitation, such as slaughterhouses, pig-sties,
+ cesspools, necessaries, and all other domestic nuisances.
+
+ iv. Let all Uncovered Drains be carefully and frequently cleansed.
+
+ v. Let the Grounds in and around the habitation be drained, so as
+ effectually to carry off moisture of every kind.
+
+ vi. Let all Partitions he removed from within and without habitations,
+ which unnecessarily impede ventilation.
+
+ vii. Let every Room be daily thrown open for the admission of fresh
+ air; this should be done about noon, when the atmosphere is most
+ likely to be dry.
+
+ viii. Let Dry Scrubbing be used in domestic cleansing in place of
+ water cleansing.
+
+ ix. Let excessive Fatigue, and exposure to damp and cold, especially
+ during the night, be avoided.
+
+ x. Let the Use of Cold Drinks and acid liquors, especially under
+ fatigue, be avoided, or when the body is heated.
+
+ xi. Let the Use of Cold Acid Fruits and vegetables be avoided.
+
+ xii. Let Excess in the use of ardent and fermented liquors and tobacco
+ be avoided.
+
+ xiii. Let a Poor Diet, and the use of impure water in cooking, or for
+ drinking, be avoided.
+
+ xiv. Let the Wearing of wet and insufficient clothes be avoided.
+
+ xv. Let a Flannel or woollen belt be worn round the belly.
+
+ xvi. Let Personal Cleanliness be carefully observed.
+
+ xvii. Let every cause tending to depress the moral and physical
+ energies be carefully avoided. Let exposure to extremes of heat and
+ cold be avoided.
+
+ xviii. Let Crowding of persons within houses and apartments be
+ avoided.
+
+ xix. Let Sleeping in low or damp rooms be avoided.
+
+ xx. Let Fires be kept up during the night in sleeping or adjoining
+ apartments, the night being the period of most danger from attack,
+ especially under exposure to cold or damp.
+
+ xxi. Let all Bedding and clothing be daily exposed during winter and
+ spring to the fire, and in summer to the heat of the sun.
+
+ xxii. Let the Dead be buried in places remote from the habitations of
+ the living. By the timely adoption of simple means such as these,
+ cholera, or other epidemic, will be made to lose its venom.
+
+
+ [THE LOVELIEST BIRD HAS NO SONG.]
+
+
+909. Rules for the Preservation of Health.
+
+
+910. Fresh Air.
+
+ Pure atmospheric air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and a _very_
+ small proportion of carbonic acid gas. Air once breathed has lost the
+ chief part of its oxygen, and acquired a proportionate increase of
+ carbonic acid gas.
+
+ _Therefore_, health requires that we breathe the same air once only.
+
+
+911. Diet and Exercise.
+
+ The solid part of our Bodies is continually wasting, and requires to
+ be repaired by fresh substances.
+
+ _Therefore_, food which is to repair the loss, should be taken with
+ due regard to the exercise and waste of the body.
+
+
+912. Water.
+
+ The fluid part of our bodies also wastes constantly; there is but one
+ fluid in animals, which is water.
+
+ _Therefore_, water only is necessary, and no artifice can produce a
+ better drink.
+
+
+913. Proportion of Food and Drink.
+
+ The fluid of our bodies is to the solid in proportion as nine to one.
+
+ _Therefore_, a like proportion should prevail in the total amount of
+ food taken.
+
+
+914. Sunshine.
+
+ Light exercises an important influence upon the growth and vigour of
+ animals and plants.
+
+ _Therefore_, our dwellings should freely admit the solar rays.
+
+
+915. Bad Odours.
+
+ Decomposing animal and vegetable substances yield various noxious
+ gases which enter the lungs and corrupt the blood.
+
+ _Therefore_, all impurities should be kept away from our abodes, and
+ every precaution be observed to secure a pure atmosphere.
+
+
+916. Warmth.
+
+ Warmth is essential to all the bodily functions.
+
+ _Therefore_, an equal bodily temperature should be maintained by
+ exercise, by clothing, or by fire.
+
+
+917. Exercise and Clothing.
+
+ Exercise warms, invigorates and purifies the body; clothing preserves
+ the warmth the body generates; fire imparts warmth externally.
+
+ _Therefore_, to obtain and preserve warmth, exercise and clothing are
+ preferable to fire.
+
+
+918. Ventilation.
+
+ Fire consumes the Oxygen of the air, and produces noxious gases.
+
+ _Therefore_, the air is less pure in the presence of candles, gas, or
+ coal fire, than otherwise, and the deterioration should be repaired by
+ increased ventilation.
+
+
+ [SO THE LOVELIEST WOMAN MAY LACK VIRTUE.]
+
+
+919. Clean Skin.
+
+ The skin is a highly-organized membrane, full of minute pores, cells,
+ bloodvessels, and nerves; it imbibes moisture or throws it off,
+ according to the state of the atmosphere and the temperature of the
+ body. It also "breathes," as do the lungs (though less actively). All
+ the internal organs sympathize with the skin.
+
+ _Therefore,_ it should be repeatedly cleansed.
+
+
+920. Over-Work.
+
+Late hours and anxious pursuits exhaust the nervous system, and produce
+disease and premature death.
+
+_Therefore_, the hours of labour and study should be short.
+
+
+921. Body and Mind.
+
+ Mental and bodily exercise are equally essential to the general health
+ and happiness.
+
+ _Therefore_, labour and study should succeed each other.
+
+
+922. Over-Indulgence.
+
+ Man will live most healthily upon simple solids and fluids, of which a
+ sufficient but temperate quantity should be taken.
+
+ _Therefore_, over indulgence in strong drinks, tobacco, snuff, opium,
+ and all mere indulgences, should be avoided.
+
+
+923. Moderate Temperature.
+
+Sudden alternations of heat and cold are dangerous (especially to the
+young and the aged).
+
+_Therefore_, clothing, in quantity and quality, should be adapted to the
+alternations of night and day, and of the seasons; and drinking cold
+water when the body is hot, and hot tea and soups when cold, are
+productive of many evils.
+
+
+924. Summary.
+
+ Moderation in eating and drinking, short hours of labour and study,
+ regularity in exercise, recreation, and rest, cleanliness, equanimity
+ of temper and equality of temperature,--these are the great
+ essentials to that which surpasses all wealth, _health of mind and
+ body_.
+
+
+925. Homoeopathy.
+
+
+926. Principle of Homoeopathy.
+
+ As homoeopathy is now practised so widely and, indeed, preferred to
+ the older system in many families, the Domestic Pharmacopoeia could
+ scarcely lay claim to be considered complete without a brief mention
+ of the principal remedies used and recommended by homoeopathic
+ practitioners, and the disorders for which these remedies are
+ specially applicable. The principle of homoeopathy is set forth in the
+ Latin words "_similia similibus curantur_," the meaning of which is
+ "likes are cured by likes."
+
+ The meaning of this is simply that the homoeopathist in order to cure
+ a disease, administers a medicine which would produce in a perfectly
+ healthy subject, symptoms _like_, but not _identical_ with or the
+ _same_ as, the symptoms to counteract which the medicine is given. The
+ homoeopathic practitioner, therefore, first makes himself thoroughly
+ acquainted with the symptoms that are exhibited by the sufferer;
+ having ascertained these, in order to neutralize them and restore the
+ state of the patient's health to a state of equilibrium, so to speak,
+ he administers preparations that would produce symptoms of a like
+ character in persons in good health.
+
+ It is not said, be it remembered, that the drug can produce in a
+ healthy person the disease from which the patient is suffering: it is
+ only advanced by homoeopathists that the drug given has the power of
+ producing in a person in health, symptoms similar to those of the
+ disease under which the patient is languishing, and that the correct
+ mode of treatment is to counteract the disease symptoms by the
+ artificial production of similar symptoms by medicinal means, or in
+ other words, to suit the medicine to the disorder, by a previously
+ acquired knowledge of the effects of the drug, by experiment on a
+ healthy person.
+
+
+927. Allopathy
+
+ Allopathy is the name given to the older treatment of disorders, and
+ the name is obtained from the fact, that the drugs given, do not
+ produce symptoms corresponding to those of the disease for whose
+ relief they are administered as in homoeopathy. The introduction of
+ the term is contemporary with homoeopathy itself. It was merely given
+ to define briefly the distinction that exists between the rival modes
+ of treatment, and it has been accepted and adopted by all medical men
+ who have no faith in homoeopathy, and the treatment that its followers
+ prescribe.
+
+
+ [DEEP RIVERS FLOW WITH SILENT MAJESTY.]
+
+
+928. Comparison.
+
+ Allopathic treatment is said to be experimental, while Homeopathic
+ treatment is based on certainty, resulting from experience. The
+ allopathist tries various drugs, and if one medicine or one
+ combination of drugs fails, tries another; but the homoeopathist
+ administers only such medicaments as may be indicated by the symptoms
+ of the patient. If two drugs are given, as is frequently, and perhaps
+ generally, the case, it is because the symptoms exhibited are of such
+ a character that they cannot be produced in a healthy person by the
+ action of one and the same drug, and, consequently cannot be
+ counteracted or neutralized by the action of a single drug.
+
+
+929. Homoeopathic Medicines
+
+ Homoeopathic medicines are given in the form of globules or tinctures,
+ the latter being generally preferred by homeopathic practitioners.
+ When contrasted with the doses of drugs given by allopathists, the
+ small doses administered by homoeopathists must at first sight appear
+ wholly in adequate to the purpose for which they are given; but
+ homoeopathists, whose dilution and trituration diffuse the drug given
+ throughout the vehicle in which it is administered, argue that by this
+ _extension of its surface_ the active power of the drug is greatly
+ increased; and that there is reason in this argument is shown by the
+ fact that large doses of certain drugs administered for certain
+ purposes will pass through the system without in any way affecting
+ those organs, which will be acted on most powerfully by the very same
+ drugs when administered in much smaller doses. Thus a small dose of
+ sweet spirit of nitre will act on the skin and promote perspiration,
+ but a large dose will act as a diuretic only, and exert no influence
+ on the skin.
+
+
+930. Treatment of Ailments by Homoeopathy.
+
+ Great stress is laid by homeopathists on attention to diet, but not
+ so much so in the present day as when the system was first introduced.
+ The reader will find a list of articles of food that may and may not
+ be taken in _par_. 961. For complete direction on this point, and on
+ diseases and their treatment and remedies, he must be referred to
+ works on this subject by Dr. Richard Epps and others. All that can be
+ done here is to give briefly a few of the more common ailments "that
+ flesh is heir to," with the symptoms by which they are indicated, and
+ the medicines by which they may be alleviated and eventually cured.
+
+
+931. Asthma
+
+ Asthma, an ailment which should be referred in all cases to the
+ medical practitioner.
+
+ _Symptoms_. Difficulty of breathing, with cough, either spasmodic and
+ without expectoration, or accompanied with much expectoration.
+
+ _Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, especially with congestion or slight
+ spitting of blood; Antimonium tartaricum for wheezing and rattling in
+ the chest; Arsenicum for chronic asthma; ipecacuanha; Nux vomica.
+
+
+932. Bilious Attacks
+
+ Bilious attacks, if attended with diarrhoea and copious evacuations of
+ a bright yellow colour.
+
+ _Medicines_. Bryonia, if arising from sedentary occupations, or from
+ eating and drinking too freely; or Nux vomica and Mercurius in
+ alternation, the former correcting constipation and the latter nausea,
+ fulness at the pit of the stomach, and a foul tongue.
+
+
+933. Bronchitis.
+
+ _Symptoms_. Catarrh accompanied with fever, expectoration dark, thick,
+ and sometimes streaked with blood; urine dark, thick, and scanty.
+
+ _Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, especially in earlier stages; Bryonia
+ for pain in coughing and difficulty of breathing; Antimonium
+ tartaricum, loose cough with much expectoration and a feeling of, and
+ tendency to, suffocation; Ipecacuanha, accumulation of phlegm in
+ bronchial tubes and for children.
+
+
+ [SHALLOW BROOKS ARE NOISY.]
+
+
+934. Bruises and Wounds.
+
+ For all bruises, black eyes, etc., apply Arnica lotion; for slight
+ wounds, after washing well with cold water, apply Arnica plaster; to
+ stop bleeding when ordinary means fail, and for larger wounds, apply
+ concentrated tincture of Calendula.
+
+
+935. Cold in the Head or Catarrh.
+
+ _Symptoms_. Feverish feeling generally, and especially about the head,
+ eyes, and nose, running from, and obstruction of, nose; soreness and
+ irritation of the throat and bronchial tubes.
+
+ _Medicines_. Aconitum napellus for feverish symptoms; Belladonna for
+ sore throat and headache with inclination to cough; Mercurius for
+ running from nose and sneezing; Nux vomica for stoppage of nostrils;
+ Chamomilla for children and women, for whom Pulsatilla is also useful
+ in such cases.
+
+
+936. Chilblains.
+
+ _Symptoms_. Irritation and itching of the skin, which assumes a bluish
+ red colour.
+
+ _Medicines_. Arnica montana, taken internally or used as outward
+ application, unless the chilblain be broken, when arsenicum should be
+ used. If the swelling and irritation do not yield to these remedies
+ use Belladona and Rhus toxicodendron.
+
+
+937. Cholera.
+
+ i. Bilious or English cholera.
+
+ _Symptoms_. Nausea, proceeding to vomiting, griping of the bowels,
+ watery and offensive evacuations, in which much bile is present,
+ accompanied with weakness and depression.
+
+ _Medicines_. Bryonia, with ipecacuanha at commencement of attack.
+
+ ii. Malignant or Asiatic cholera.
+
+ _Symptoms_ as in English cholera, but in a more aggravated form,
+ followed by what is called the "cold stage," marked by great
+ severity of griping pain in the stomach, accompanied with frequent
+ and copious watery evacuations, and presently with cramps in all
+ parts of the body; after which the extremities become chilled, the
+ pulse scarcely discernible, the result of which is stupor and
+ ultimately death.
+
+ _Medicines_. Camphor, in the form of tincture, in frequent doses,
+ until the sufferer begins to feel warmth returning to the body, and
+ perspiration ensues. In the later stages, Cuprum and Veratrum.
+
+
+938. Tincture of Camphor
+
+ Tincture of camphor is one of the most useful of the homoeopathic
+ remedies in all cases of colic, diarrhoea, etc. In ordinary cases
+ fifteen drops on sugar may be taken every quarter of an hour until the
+ pain is allayed. In more aggravated cases, and in cases of cholera, a
+ few drops may be taken at intervals of from two to five minutes. A
+ dose of fifteen drops of camphor on sugar tends to counteract a chill
+ if taken soon after premonitory symptoms show themselves, and act as a
+ prophylactic against cold.
+
+
+939. Colic or Stomach-Ache.
+
+ This disorder is indicated by griping pains in the bowels, which
+ sometimes extends upwards into and over the region of the chest.
+ Sometimes the pain is attended with vomiting and cold perspiration. A
+ warm bath is useful, and hot flannels, or a jar or bottle filled with
+ hot water should be applied to the abdomen.
+
+ _Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, especially when the abdomen is tender
+ to the touch, and the patient is feverish; Belladonna for severe
+ griping and spasmodic pains; Bryonia for bilious colic and diarrhoea;
+ Chamomilla for children.
+
+
+940. Constipation.
+
+ Women are more subject than men to this confined state of the bowels,
+ which will, in many cases yield to exercise, plain nutritious diet,
+ with vegetables and cooked fruit, and but little bread, and an enema
+ of milk and water, or thin gruel if it is some time since there has
+ been any action of the bowels.
+
+ _Medicines_. Bryonia, especially for rheumatic patients, and disturbed
+ state of the stomach; Nux vomica, for persons of sedentary habits,
+ especially males; Pulsatilla, for women; Sulphur, for constipation
+ that is habitual or of long continuance.
+
+
+941. Convulsions.
+
+ For convulsions arising from whatever cause, a warm bath is desirable,
+ and a milk and water enema, if the child's bowels are confined.
+
+ _Medicines_. Belladonna and Chamomilla, if the convulsions are caused
+ by teething, with Aconitum napellus if the little patient be feverish;
+ Aconitum napellus, Cina, and Belladonna, for convulsions caused by
+ worms; Aconite and Coffoea, when they arise from fright; Ipecacuanha
+ and Nux vomica, when they have been caused by repletion, or food that
+ is difficult of digestion.
+
+
+942. Cough.
+
+ For this disorder, a light farinaceous diet is desirable, with plenty
+ of out-door exercise and constant use of the sponging-bath.
+
+ _Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, for a hard, dry, hacking cough;
+ Antimonium, for cough with wheezing and difficulty of expectoration;
+ Belladonna, for spasmodic cough, with tickling in the throat, or sore
+ throat; Bryonia, for hard, dry cough, with expectorations streaked
+ with blood; ipecacuanha, for children.
+
+
+943. Croup.
+
+ As this disorder frequently and quickly terminates fatally, recourse
+ should be had to a duly qualified practitioner as soon as possible.
+ The disease lies chiefly in the larynx and bronchial tubes, and is
+ easily recognisable by the sharp, barking sound of the cough. A warm
+ bath and mustard poultice will often tend to give relief.
+
+ _Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, in the earlier stages of the disorder,
+ and spongia and Hepar sulphuris, in the more advanced stages, the
+ latter medicine being desirable when the cough is not so violent and
+ the breathing easier.
+
+
+944. Diarrhoea.
+
+ The _medicines_ to be used in this disorder are those which are
+ mentioned under colic and bilious attacks.
+
+
+945. Dysentery
+
+ Dysentery is somewhat similar to diarrhoea, but the symptoms are more
+ aggravated in character, and the evacuations are chiefly mucus
+ streaked with blood. As a local remedy hot flannels or a stone jar
+ filled with hot water and wrapped in flannel, should be applied to the
+ abdomen.
+
+ _Medicines_. Colocynthis and Mercurius in alternation.
+
+
+946. Dyspepsia
+
+ Dyspepsia or Indigestion arises from weakness of the digestive organs.
+
+ Symptoms. Chief among these are habitual costiveness, heartburn and
+ nausea, disinclination to eat, listlessness and weakness, accompanied
+ with fatigue after walking, &c., restlessness and disturbed sleep at
+ night, bad taste in the mouth, with white tongue, especially in the
+ morning, accompanied at times with fulness in the region of the
+ stomach, and flatulence which causes disturbance of the heart.
+
+ The causes of indigestion are too numerous to be mentioned here, but
+ they may be inferred when it is said that scrupulous attention must be
+ paid to diet (see _par_. 961); that meals should be taken at regular
+ and not too long intervals; that warm drinks, stimulants, and tobacco
+ should be avoided; that early and regular hours should be kept, with a
+ cold or chilled sponge bath every morning; and that measures should be
+ taken to obtain a fair amount of exercise, and to provide suitable
+ occupation for both body and mind during the day.
+
+ _Medicines_. Arnica montana for persons who are nervous and irritable,
+ and suffer much from headache; Bryonia for persons who are bilious and
+ subject to rheumatism, and those who are listless, disinclined to eat,
+ and have an unpleasant bitter taste in the mouth; Hepar sulphuris for
+ chronic indigestion and costiveness, attended with tendency to vomit
+ in the morning; Mercurius in cases of flatulence, combined with
+ costiveness; Nux vomica for indigestion that makes itself felt from 2
+ a.m. to 4 a.m., or thereabouts, with loss of appetite and nausea in
+ the morning, and for persons with a tendency to piles, and those who
+ are engaged in sedentary occupations; Pulsatilla for women generally,
+ and Chamomilla for children.
+
+
+947. Fevers.
+
+ For all fevers of a serious character, such as scarlet fever, typhus
+ fever, typhoid fever, gastric fever, intermittent fever, or ague, &c.,
+ it is better to send at once for a medical man. In cases of ordinary
+ fever, indicated by alternate flushes and shivering, a hot dry skin,
+ rapid pulse, and dry foul tongue, the patient should have a warm bath,
+ take but little nourishment, and drink cold water.
+
+ _Medicine_. Aconitum napellus.
+
+
+ [AND FAITH BE OUR STAFF.]
+
+
+948. Flatulency.
+
+ This disorder, which arises from, and is a symptom of, indigestion,
+ frequently affects respiration, and causes disturbance and quickened
+ action of the heart. The patient should pay attention to diet, as for
+ dyspepsia.
+
+ _Medicines_. China and Nux vomica; Pulsatilla for women, and
+ Chamomilla for children. See DYSPEPSIA (946).
+
+
+949. Headache.
+
+ This disorder proceeds from so many various causes, which require
+ different treatment, that it is wiser to apply at once to a regular
+ homoeopathic practitioner, and especially in headache of frequent
+ occurrence.
+
+ _Medicines_. Nux vomica when headache is caused by indigestion;
+ Pulsatilla being useful for women; Belladonna and Ignatia, for sick
+ headache; Aconitum napellus and Arsenicum for nervous headache.
+
+
+950. Heartburn.
+
+ For this unpleasant sensation of heat, arising from the stomach,
+ accompanied by a bitter taste, and sometimes by nausea, Nux vomica is
+ a good medicine. Pulsatilla may be taken by women.
+
+
+951. Indigestion.
+
+ See DYSPEPSIA (946).
+
+
+952. Measles.
+
+ This complaint, which seldom attacks adults, is indicated in its early
+ stage by the usual accompaniments and signs of a severe cold in the
+ head--namely, sneezing, running from the nose and eyelids, which are
+ swollen. The sufferer also coughs, does not care to eat, and feels
+ sick and restless. About four days after the first appearance of these
+ premonitory symptoms, a red rash comes out over the face, neck, and
+ body, which dies away, and finally disappears in about five days. The
+ patient should be kept warm, and remain in one room during the
+ continuance of the disorder, and especially while the rash is out,
+ lest, through exposure to cold in any way, the rash may be checked and
+ driven inwards.
+
+ _Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, and Pulsatilla, which are sufficient
+ for all ordinary cases. If there be much fever, Belladonna; and if the
+ rash be driven in by a chill, Bryonia.
+
+
+953. Mumps.
+
+ This disorder is sometimes consequent on measles. It is indicated by
+ the swelling of the glands under the ears and lower jaw. It is far
+ more painful than dangerous. Fomenting with warm water is useful.
+
+ _Medicines_. Mercurius generally; Belladonna may be used when mumps
+ follow an attack of measles.
+
+
+954. Nettlerash.
+
+ This rash, so called because in appearance it resembles the swelling
+ and redness caused by the sting of a nettle, is generally produced by
+ a disordered state of the stomach.
+
+ _Medicines_. Aconitum napellus, Nux vomica, or Pulsatilla, in
+ ordinary cases; Arsenicum is useful if there be much fever; Belladonna
+ if the rash is accompanied with headache.
+
+
+955. Piles.
+
+ The ordinary homoeopathic remedies for this painful complaint are Nux
+ vomica and Sulphur.
+
+
+956. Sprains.
+
+ Apply to the part affected a lotion formed of one part of tincture of
+ Arnica to two of water. For persons who cannot use Arnica, in
+ consequence of the irritation produced by it, a lotion of tincture of
+ Calendula may be used in the proportion of one part of the tincture to
+ four of water.
+
+
+957. Teething.
+
+ Infants and very young children frequently experience much pain in the
+ mouth during dentition, and especially when the tooth is making its
+ way through the gum. The child is often feverish, the mouth and gums
+ hot and tender, and the face flushed. There is also much running from
+ the mouth, and the bowels are disturbed, being in some cases confined,
+ and in others relaxed, approaching to diarrhoea.
+
+ _Medicines_. These are Aconitum napellus, in ordinary cases; Nux
+ vomica, when the bowels are confined; Chamomilla, when the bowels are
+ relaxed; Mercurius, if the relaxed state of the bowels has deepened
+ into diarrhoea; Belladonna, if there be symptoms of disturbance of the
+ brain.
+
+
+958. Whooping-Cough.
+
+ This disease is sometimes of long duration, for if it shows itself in
+ the autumn or winter months, the little patient will frequently retain
+ the cough until May or even June, when it disappears with the return
+ of warmer weather. Change of air when practicable is desirable,
+ especially when the cough has been of long continuance.
+
+ In this cough there are three stages. In the first the symptoms are
+ those of an ordinary cold in the head and cough. In the second the
+ cough becomes hard, dry and rapid, and the inhalation of the air,
+ after or during the paroxysm of coughing produces the peculiar sound
+ from which the disease is named. In the final stage the cough occurs
+ at longer intervals, and the paroxysms are less violent and ultimately
+ disappear. In this stage the disease is subject to fluctuation, the
+ cough again increasing in frequency of occurrence and intensity if the
+ patient has been unduly exposed to cold or damp, or if the weather is
+ very changeable.
+
+ Children suffering from whooping-cough should have a light nourishing
+ diet and only go out when the weather is mild and warm.
+
+ _Medicines_. Aconitum napellus in the very commencement of the
+ disorder, followed by Ipecacuanha and Nux vomica when the second stage
+ is just approaching and during its continuance. These medicines may be
+ continued if necessary during the third stage.
+
+
+959. Worms.
+
+ The presence of worms is indicated by irritation of the membrane of
+ the nose, causing the child to thrust its finger into the nostrils; by
+ irritation of the lower part of the body; by thinness, excessive
+ appetite and restlessness in sleep. Children suffering from worms
+ should eat meat freely and not take so much bread, vegetables, and
+ farinaceous food as children generally do. They should have as much
+ exercise as possible in the open air, and be sponged with cold water
+ every morning. The worms that mostly trouble children are the thread
+ worms, which are present chiefly in the lower portion of the
+ intestines, and the round worm.
+
+ _Medicines, &c_. Administer an injection of weak salt-and-water, and
+ give Aconitum napellus, to be followed by Ignatia and Sulphur in the
+ order in which they are here given. These are the usual remedies for
+ thread worms. For round worms, whose presence in the stomach is
+ indicated by great thinness, sickness and discomfort, and pain in the
+ stomach, Aconitum napellus, Cina, Ignatia and Sulphur are given.
+
+
+960. Extent of Doses in Homoeopathy.
+
+ Homoeopathic medicines are given in the form of globules, pilules, or
+ tincture, the last-named being generally preferred. The average doses
+ for adults are from half a drop to one drop of the tincture given in a
+ tablespoonful of water, from two to four pilules, or from three to six
+ globules. In using the tincture it is usual to measure out a few
+ tablespoonfuls of water and to add to it a certain number of drops
+ regulated by the quantity of water that is used. For children medicine
+ is mixed at the same strength, but a less quantity is given. The
+ proper quantity for a dose is always given in books and manuals for
+ the homoeopathic treatment of disease. Small cases of the principal
+ medicines used in homoeopathy can be procured from most chemists, and
+ with each case a little book showing the symptoms and treatment of all
+ ordinary complaints is usually given.
+
+
+961. Diet in Homoeopathy.
+
+ The articles of food that are chiefly recommended when attention to
+ diet is necessary are stale bread, beef, mutton, poultry, fresh game,
+ fish, chiefly cod and flat fish, avoiding mackerel, &c., eggs and
+ oysters. Rice, sago, tapioca, and arrowroot are permitted, as are also
+ potatoes, carrots, turnips, broccoli, cauliflower, asparagus, French
+ beans, and broad beans. Water, milk, cocoa, and chocolate may be
+ drunk. It is desirable to avoid all things that are not specified in
+ the foregoing list. Ripe fruit may be eaten, but unripe fruit, unless
+ cooked should be scrupulously avoided.
+
+
+962. Signs of the Weather.
+
+
+963. Dew.
+
+ If the dew lies plentifully on the grass after a fair day, it is a
+ sign of another fair day. If not, and there is no wind, rain must
+ follow. A red evening portends fine weather; but if the redness spread
+ too far upwards from the horizon in the evening, and especially in the
+ morning, it foretells wind or rain, or both.
+
+
+964. Colour of Sky.
+
+ When the sky, in rainy weather, is tinged with sea green, the rain
+ will increase; if with deep blue, it will be showery.
+
+
+965. Clouds.
+
+ Previous to much rain falling, the clouds grow bigger, and increase
+ very fast, especially before thunder. When the clouds are formed like
+ fleeces, but dense in the middle and bright towards the edges, with
+ the sky bright, they are signs of a frost, with hail, snow, or rain.
+ If clouds form high in air, in thin white trains like locks of wool,
+ they portend wind, and probably rain. When a general cloudiness covers
+ the sky, and small black fragments of clouds fly underneath, they are
+ a sure sign of rain, and probably will be lasting. Two currents of
+ clouds always portend rain, and, in summer, thunder.
+
+
+966. Heavenly Bodies
+
+ A haziness in the air, which dims the sun's light, and makes the orb
+ appear whitish, or ill-defined--or at night, if the moon and stars
+ grow dim, and a ring encircles the former, rain will follow. If the
+ sun's rays appear like Moses' horns--if white at setting, or shorn of
+ his rays, or if he goes down into a bank of clouds in the horizon, bad
+ weather is to be expected. If the moon looks pale and dim, we expect
+ rain; if red, wind; and if of her natural colour, with a clear sky,
+ fair weather. If the moon is rainy throughout, it will clear at the
+ change, and, perhaps, the rain return a few days after. If fair
+ throughout, and rain at the change, the fair weather will probably
+ return on the fourth or fifth day.
+
+
+967. Weather Precautions.
+
+ If the weather appears doubtful, always take the precaution of having
+ an umbrella when you go out, as you thereby avoid the chance of
+ getting wet--or encroaching under a friend's umbrella.--or being under
+ the necessity of borrowing one, which involves the trouble of
+ returning it, and possibly puts the lender to inconvenience.
+
+
+968. Leech Barometer.
+
+ Take an eight ounce phial and three-parts fill it with water, and
+ place in it a healthy leech, changing the water in summer once a week,
+ and in winter once in a fortnight, and it will most accurately
+ prognosticate the weather. If the weather is to be fine, the leech
+ lies motionless at the bottom of the glass, and coiled together in a
+ spiral form; if rain may be expected, it will creep up to the top of
+ its lodgings, and remain there till the weather is settled; if we are
+ to have wind, it will move through its habitation with amazing
+ swiftness, and seldom goes to rest till it begins to blow hard; if a
+ remarkable storm of thunder and rain is to succeed, it will lodge for
+ some days before almost continually out of the water, and discover
+ great uneasiness in violent throes and convulsive-like motions; in
+ frost as in clear summer-like weather it lies constantly at the
+ bottom; and in snow as in rainy weather it pitches its dwelling in the
+ very mouth of the phial. The top should be covered over with a piece
+ of muslin.
+
+
+969. The Chemical Barometer.
+
+ Take a long narrow bottle, such as an old-fashioned Eau-de-Cologne
+ bottle, and put into it two and a half drachms of camphor, and eleven
+ drachms of spirit of wine; when the camphor is dissolved, which it
+ will readily do by slight agitation, add the following mixture:--Take
+ water, nine drachms; nitrate of potash (saltpetre), thirty-eight
+ grains; and muriate of ammonia (sal ammoniæ), thirty-eight grains.
+ Dissolve these salts in the water prior to mixing with the camphorated
+ spirit; then shake the whole well together. Cork the bottle well, and
+ wax the top, but afterwards make a very small aperture in the cork
+ with a red-hot needle. The bottle may then be hung up, or placed in
+ any stationary position. By observing the different appearances which
+ the materials assume, as the weather changes, it becomes an excellent
+ prognosticator of a coming storm or of fine weather.
+
+
+970. Signification of Names.
+
+
+971. Christian Names of Men.
+
+ Aaron, _Hebrew_, a mountain, or lofty.
+ Abel, _Hebrew_, vanity.
+ Abraham, _Hebrew_, the father of many.
+ Absalom, _Hebrew_, the father of peace.
+ Adam, _Hebrew_, red earth.
+ Adolphus, _Saxon_, happiness and help.
+ Adrian, _Latin_, one who helps.
+ Alan, _Celtic_, harmony; or Slavonic, a hound.
+ Albert, _Saxon_, all bright.
+ Alexander, _Greek_, a helper of men.
+ Alfred, _Saxon_, all peace.
+ Alonzo, form of Alphonso, _q.v._
+ Alphonso, _German_, ready or willing.
+ Ambrose, _Greek_, immortal.
+ Amos, _Hebrew_, a burden.
+ Andrew, _Greek_, courageous.
+ Anthony, _Latin_, flourishing.
+ Archibald, _German_, a bold observer.
+ Arnold, _German_, a maintainer of honour.
+ Arthur, _British_, a strong man.
+ Augustus,)
+ Augustin,) _Latin_ venerable, grand.
+ Baldwin, _German_, a bold winner.
+ Bardulph, _German_, a famous helper.
+ Barnaby, _Hebrew_, a prophet's son.
+ Bartholomew, _Hebrew_, the son of him who made the
+ waters to rise.
+ Beaumont, _French_, a pretty mount.
+ Bede, _Saxon_, prayer.
+ Benjamin, _Hebrew_, the son of a right hand.
+ Bennet, _Latin_, blessed.
+ Bernard, _German_, bear's heart.
+ Bertram, _German_, fair, illustrious.
+ Bertrand, _German_, bright raven.
+ Boniface, _Latin_, a well-doer.
+ Brian, _French_, having a thundering voice.
+ Cadwallader, _British_, valiant in war.
+ Cæsar, _Latin_, adorned with hair.
+ Caleb, _Hebrew_, a dog.
+ Cecil, _Latin_, dim-sighted.
+ Charles, _German_, noble-spirited.
+ Christopher, _Greek_, bearing Christ.
+ Clement, _Latin_, mild-tempered.
+ Conrad, _German_, able counsel.
+ Constantine, _Latin_, resolute.
+ Cornelius, _Latin_, meaning uncertain.
+ Crispin, _Latin_, having curled locks.
+ Cuthbert, _Saxon_, known famously.
+ Dan, _Hebrew_, judgment.
+ Daniel, _Hebrew_, God is judge.
+ David, _Hebrew_, well-beloved.
+ Denis, _Greek_, belonging to the god of wine.
+ Douglas, _Gaelic_, dark grey.
+ Duncan, _Saxon_, brown chief.
+ Dunstan, _Saxon_, most high.
+ Edgar, _Saxon_, happy honour.
+ Edmund, _Saxon_, happy peace.
+ Edward, _Saxon_, happy keeper.
+ Edwin, _Saxon_, happy conqueror.
+ Egbert, _Saxon_, ever bright.
+ Elijah, _Hebrew_, God the Lord.
+ Elisha, _Hebrew_, the salvation of God.
+ Emmanuel, _Hebrew_, God with us.
+ Enoch, _Hebrew_, dedicated.
+ Ephraim, _Hebrew_, fruitful.
+ Erasmus, _Greek_, lovely, worthy to be loved.
+ Ernest, _Greek_, earnest, serious.
+ Esau, _Hebrew_, hairy.
+ Eugene, _Greek_, nobly descended.
+ Eustace, _Greek_, standing firm.
+ Evan, or Ivan, _British_, the same as John.
+ Everard, _German_, well reported.
+ Ezekiel, _Hebrew_, the strength of God.
+ Felix, _Latin_, happy.
+ Ferdinand, _German_, pure peace.
+ Fergus, _Saxon_, manly strength.
+ Francis, _German_, free.
+ Frederic, _German_, rich peace.
+ Gabriel, _Hebrew_, the strength of God.
+ Geoffrey, _German_, joyful.
+ George, _Greek_, a husbandman.
+ Gerard, _Saxon_, all towardliness.
+ Gideon, _Hebrew_, a breaker.
+ Gilbert, _Saxon_, bright as gold.
+ Giles, _Greek_, a little goat.
+ Godard, _German_, a godly disposition.
+ Godfrey, _German_, God's peace.
+ Godwin, _German_, victorious in God.
+ Griffith, _British_, having great faith.
+ Guy, _French_, a leader.
+ Hannibal, _Punic_, a gracious lord.
+ Harold, _Saxon_, a champion.
+ Hector, _Greek_, a stout defender.
+ Henry, _German_, a rich lord.
+ Herbert, _German_, a bright lord.
+ Hercules, _Greek_, the glory of Hera, or Juno.
+ Hezekiah, _Hebrew_, cleaving to the Lord.
+ Horace, _Latin_. }
+ Horatio, _Italian_, } worthy to be beheld.
+ Howel, _British_, sound or whole.
+ Hubert, _German_, a bright colour.
+ Hugh, _Dutch_, high, lofty.
+ Humphrey, _German_, domestic peace.
+ Ignatius, _Latin_, fiery.
+ Ingram, _German_, of angelic purity.
+ Isaac, _Hebrew_, laughter.
+ Jabez, _Hebrew_, one who causes pain.
+ Jacob, _Hebrew_, a supplanter.
+ James or Jacques, beguiling.
+ Joab, _Hebrew_, fatherhood.
+ Job, _Hebrew_, sorrowing.
+ Joel, _Hebrew_, acquiescing.
+ John, _Hebrew_, the grace of the Lord.
+ Jonah, _Hebrew_, a dove.
+ Jonathan, _Hebrew_, the gift of the Lord.
+ Joscelin, _German_, just.
+ Joseph, _Hebrew_, addition.
+ Joshua, _Hebrew_, a Saviour.
+ Josiah/Josais, _Hebrew_, the fire of the Lord.
+ Julius, _Latin_, soft-haired.
+ Lambert, _Saxon_, a fair lamb.
+ Lancelot, _Spanish_, a little lance.
+ Laurence, _Latin_, crowned with laurels.
+ Lazarus, _Hebrew_, destitute of help.
+ Leonard, _German_, like a lion.
+ Leopold, _German_, defending the people.
+ Lewis / Louis, _French_, the defender of the people.
+ Lionel, _Latin_, a little lion.
+ Llewellin, _British_, like a lion.
+ Llewellyn, _Celtic_, lightning.
+ Lucius, _Latin_, shining.
+ Luke, _Greek_, a wood or grove.
+ Manfred, _German_, great peace.
+ Mark, _Latin_, a hammer.
+ Martin, _Latin_, martial.
+ Matthew, _Hebrew_, a gift or present.
+ Maurice, _Latin_, sprung of a Moor.
+ Meredith, _British_, the roaring of the sea.
+ Michael, _Hebrew_, who is like God?
+ Morgan, _British_, a mariner.
+ Moses, _Hebrew_, drawn out.
+ Nathaniel, _Hebrew_, the gift of God.
+ Neal, _French_, somewhat black.
+ Nicholas, _Greek_, victorious over the people.
+ Noel, _French_, belonging to one's nativity.
+ Norman, _French_, one born in Normandy.
+ Obadiah, _Hebrew_, the servant of the Lord.
+ Oliver, _Latin_, an olive.
+ Orlando, _Italian_, counsel for the land.
+ Orson, _Latin_, a bear.
+ Osmund, _Saxon_, house peace.
+ Oswald, _Saxon_, ruler of a house.
+ Owen, _British_, well-descended.
+ Patrick, _Latin_, a nobleman.
+ Paul, _Latin_, small, little.
+ Paulinus, _Latin_, little Paul.
+ Percival, _French_, a place in France.
+ Percy, _English_, adaptation of "pierce eye".
+ Peregrine, _Latin_, outlandish.
+ Peter, _Greek_, a rock or stone.
+ Philip, _Greek_, a lover of horses.
+ Phineas, _Hebrew_, of bold countenance.
+ Ralph, contracted from Randolph, or Randal, or Ranulph,
+ _Saxon_, pure help.
+ Raymond, _German_, quiet peace.
+ Reuben, _Hebrew_, the son of vision.
+ Reynold, _German_, a lover of purity.
+ Richard, _Saxon_, powerful.
+ Robert, _German_, famous in counsel.
+ Roderick, _German_, rich in fame.
+ Roger, _German_, strong counsel.
+ Roland/Rowland _German_, counsel for the land.
+ Rollo, form of Roland, _q.v._
+ Rufus, _Latin_, reddish.
+ Samson, _Hebrew_, a little son.
+ Samuel, _Hebrew_, heard by God.
+ Saul, _Hebrew_, desired.
+ Sebastian, _Greek_, to be reverenced.
+ Seth, _Hebrew_, appointed.
+ Silas, _Latin_, sylvan or living in the woods.
+ Simeon, _Hebrew_, hearing.
+ Simon, _Hebrew_, obedient.
+ Solomon, _Hebrew_, peaceable.
+ Stephen, _Greek_, a crown or garland.
+ Swithin, _Saxon_, very high.
+ Theobald, _Saxon_, bold over the people.
+ Theodore, _Greek_, the gift of God.
+ Theodosius, _Greek_, given of God.
+ Theophilus, _Greek_, a lover of God.
+ Thomas, _Hebrew_, a twin.
+ Timothy, _Greek_, a fearer of God.
+ Titus, _Greek_, meaning uncertain.
+ Toby / Tobias, _Hebrew_, the goodness of the Lord.
+ Valentine, _Latin_, powerful.
+ Victor, _Latin_, conqueror.
+ Vincent, _Latin_, conquering.
+ Vivian, _Latin_, living.
+ Walter, _German_, a conqueror.
+ Walwin, _German_, a conqueror.
+ Wilfred, _Saxon_, bold and peaceful.
+ William, _German_, defending many.
+ Zaccheus, _Syriac_, innocent.
+ Zachary, _Hebrew_, remembering the Lord.
+ Zebedee, _Syriac_, having an inheritance.
+ Zechariah, _Hebrew_, remembered of the Lord.
+ Zedekiah, _Hebrew_, the justice of the Lord.
+
+
+
+972. Christian Names of Women.
+
+ Ada, _German_, same as Edith, _q.v._
+ Adela, _German_, same as Adeline, _q.v._
+ Adelaide, _German_, same as Adeline, _q.v._
+ Adeline, _German_, a princess.
+ Agatha, _Greek_, good.
+ Agnes, _German_, chaste.
+ Alethea, _Greek_, the truth.
+ Althea, _Greek_, hunting.
+ Alice / Alicia, German_, noble.
+ Alma, _Latin_, benignant.
+ Amabel, _Latin_, loveable.
+ Amy / Amelia, _French_, a beloved.
+ Angelina, _Greek_, lovely, angelic.
+ Anna / Anne, _Hebrew_, gracious.
+ Arabella, _Latin_, a fair altar.
+ Aureola, _Latin_, like gold.
+ Aurora, _Latin_, morning brightness.
+ Barbara, _Latin_, foreign or strange.
+ Beatrice, _Latin_, making happy.
+ Bella, _Italian_, beautiful.
+ Benedicta, _Latin_, blessed.
+ Bernice, _Greek_, bringing victory.
+ Bertha, _Greek_, bright or famous.
+ Bessie, short form of Elizabeth, _q.v._
+ Blanche, _French_, fair.
+ Bona, _Latin_, good.
+ Bridget, _Irish_, shining bright.
+ Camilla, _Latin_, attendant at a sacrifice.
+ Carlotta, _Italian_, same as Charlotte, _q.v._
+ Caroline, _feminine of_ Carolus, _the Latin of_ Charles,
+ noble-spirited.
+ Cassandra, _Greek_, a reformer of men.
+ Catherine, _Greek_, pure or clean.
+ Cecilia, _Latin_, from Cecil.
+ Charity, _Greek_, love, bounty.
+ Charlotte, _French_, all noble.
+ Chloe, _Greek_, a green herb.
+ Christiana, _Greek_, belonging to Christ.
+ Cicely, a corruption of Cecilia, _q.v._
+ Clara, _Latin_, clear or bright.
+ Clarissa, _Latin_, clear or bright.
+ Constance, _Latin_, constant.
+ Dagmar, _German_, joy of the Danes.
+ Deborah, _Hebrew_, a bee.
+ Diana, _Greek_, Jupiter's daughter.
+ Dorcas, _Greek_, a wild roe.
+ Dorothea/Dorothy, _Greek_, the gift of God.
+ Edith, _Saxon_, happiness.
+ Eleanor, _Saxon_, all fruitful.
+ Eliza/Elizabeth, _Hebrew_, the oath of God.
+ Ellen, another form of Helen, _q.v._
+ Emily, corrupted from Amelia.
+ Emma, _German_, a nurse.
+ Esther/Hesther, _Hebrew_, secret.
+ Eudoia, _Greek_, prospering in the way.
+ Eudora, _Greek_, good gift.
+ Eudosia, _Greek_, good gift or well-given.
+ Eugenia, _French_, well-born.
+ Eunice, _Greek_, fair victory.
+ Eva / Eve, _Hebrew_, causing life.
+ Fanny, _diminutive of_ Frances, _q.v._
+ Fenella, _Greek_, bright to look on.
+ Flora, _Latin_, flowers.
+ Florence, _Latin_, blooming, flourishing.
+ Frances, _German_, free.
+ Gertrude, _German_, all truth.
+ Grace, _Latin_, favour.
+ Hagar, _Hebrew_, a stranger.
+ Hadassah, _Hebrew_, form of Esther, _q.v._
+ Hannah, _Hebrew_, gracious.
+ Harriet, _German_, head of the house.
+ Helen / Helena, _Greek_, alluring.
+ Henrietta, _fem. and dim_. of Henry, _q.v._
+ Hephzibah, _Hebrew_, my delight is in her.
+ Hilda, _German_, warrior maiden.
+ Honora, _Latin_, honourable,
+ Huldah, _Hebrew_, a weazel.
+ Isabella, _Spanish_, fair Eliza.
+ Jane / Jeanne, _feminine of_ John, _q.v._
+ Janet / Jeannette, little Jane.
+ Jemima, _Hebrew_, a dove.
+ Joan, _Hebrew, fem. of_ John, _q.v._
+ Joanna or Johanna, _form of_ Joan, _q.v._
+ Joyce, _French_, pleasant.
+ Judith, _Hebrew_, praising.
+ Julia / Juliana, _feminine of_ Julian, _q.v._
+ Katharine, _form of_ Catherine, _q.v._
+ Keturah, _Hebrew_, incense.
+ Keziah, _Hebrew_, cassia.
+ Laura, _Latin_, a laurel.
+ Lavinia, _Latin_, of Latium.
+ Letitia, _Latin_, joy of gladness.
+ Lilian / Lily, _Latin_, a lily.
+ Lois, _Greek_, better.
+ Louisa, _German, fem. of_ Louis, _q.v._
+ Lucretia, _Latin_, a chaste Roman lady.
+ Lucy, _Latin, feminine of_ Lucius.
+ Lydia, _Greek_, descended from Lud,
+ Mabel, _Latin_, lovely or loveable.
+ Madeline, _form of_ Magdalen, q.v.
+ Magdalen, _Syriac_, magnificent.
+ Margaret, _Greek_, a pearl.
+ Maria / Marie, _forms of_ Mary, q.v.
+ Martha, _Hebrew_, bitterness.
+ Mary, _Hebrew_, bitter.
+ Matilda, _German_, a lady of honour.
+ Maud, _German, form of_ Matilda, q.v.
+ May, _Latin_, month of May, or _dim. of_ Mary,
+ q.v.
+ Mercy, _English_, compassion.
+ Mildred, _Saxon_, speaking mild,
+ Minnie, _dim. of_ Margaret, q.v.
+ Naomi, _Hebrew_, alluring.
+ Nest, _British, the same as_ Agnes,
+ Nicola, _Greek, feminine of_ Nicholas.
+ Olive / Olivia, _Latin_, an olive.
+ Olympic, _Greek_, heavenly.
+ Ophelia, _Greek_, a serpent.
+ Parnell / Petronilla, little Peter.
+ Patience, _Latin_, bearing patiently.
+ Paulina, _Latin, feminine of_ Paulinus.
+ Penelope, _Greek_, a weaver.
+ Persis, _Greek_, destroying.
+ Philadelphia, _Greek_, brotherly love.
+ Philippa, _Greek, feminine of_ Philip.
+ Phoebe, _Greek_, the light of life.
+ Phyllis, _Greek_, a green bough.
+ Polly, _variation of_ Molly, _dim. of_ Mary, q.v.
+ Priscilla, _Latin_, somewhat old.
+ Prudence, _Latin_, discretion.
+ Pysche, _Greek_, the soul.
+ Rachel, _Hebrew_, a lamb.
+ Rebecca, _Hebrew_, fat or plump.
+ Rhoda, _Greek_, a rose.
+ Rosa / Rose, _Latin_, a rose.
+ Rosalie / Rosaline, _Latin_, little rose.
+ Rosalind, _Latin_, beautiful as a rose.
+ Rosabella, _Italian_, a fair rose.
+ Rosamond, _Saxon_, rose of peace.
+ Roxana, _Persian_, dawn of day.
+ Ruth, _Hebrew_, trembling, or beauty.
+ Sabina, _Latin_, sprung from the Sabines
+ Salome, _Hebrew_, perfect.
+ Sapphira, _Greek_, like a sapphire stone.
+ Sarah, _Hebrew_, a princess.
+ Selina, _Greek_, the moon.
+ Sibylla, _Greek_, the counsel of God.
+ Sophia, _Greek_, wisdom.
+ Sophronia, _Greek_, of a sound mind.
+ Susan / Susanna _Hebrew_, a lily.
+ Tabitha, _Syriac_, a roe.
+ Temperance, _Latin_, moderation.
+ Theodosia, _Greek_, given by God.
+ Tryphena, _Greek_, delicate.
+ Tryphosa, _Greek_, delicious.
+ Victoria, _Latin_, victory.
+ Vida, _Erse, feminine of_ David.
+ Ursula, _Latin_, a she bear.
+ Walburga, _Saxon_, gracious.
+ Winifred, _Saxon_, winning peace.
+ Zenobia, _Greek_, the life of Jupiter.
+
+
+ [NOR BREAK THE TIES OF FRIENDSHIP NEEDLESSLY.]
+
+
+
+973. Hints on the Barometer.
+
+
+
+974. _Why does a Barometer indicate the Pressure of the Atmosphere?_
+
+ Because it consists of a tube containing quicksilver, closed at one
+ end and open at the other, so that the pressure of air upon the open
+ end balances the weight of the column of mercury (quicksilver); and
+ when the pressure of the air upon the open surface of the mercury
+ increases or decreases, the mercury rises or falls in response thereto.
+
+
+
+975. _Why is a Barometer called also a "Weather Glass"?_
+
+ Because changes in the weather are generally preceded by alterations
+ in the atmospheric pressure. But we cannot perceive those changes as
+ they gradually occur; the alteration in the height of the column of
+ mercury, therefore, enables us to know that atmospheric changes are
+ taking place, and by observation we are enabled to determine certain
+ rules by which the state of the weather may be foretold with
+ considerable probability.
+
+
+
+976. _Why docs the Hand of the Weather Dial change its Position when the
+ Column of Mercury rises or falls?_
+
+ Because a weight which floats upon the open surface of the mercury is
+ attached to a string, having a nearly equal weight at the other
+ extremity; the string is laid over a revolving pivot, to which the
+ hand is fixed, and the friction of the string turns the hand as the
+ mercury rises or falls.
+
+
+
+977. _Why does Tapping the Face of the Barometer sometimes cause the
+ Hand to Move?_
+
+ Because the weight on the surface of the mercury frequently leans
+ against the side of the tube, and does not move freely. And, also, the
+ mercury clings to the sides of the tube by capillary attraction;
+ therefore, tapping on the face of the barometer sets the weight free,
+ and overcomes the attraction which impedes the rise or fall of the
+ mercury.
+
+
+978. _Why does the Fall of the Barometer denote the Approach of Rain?_
+
+ Because it shows that as the air cannot support the full weight of the
+ column of mercury, the atmosphere must be thin with watery vapours.
+
+
+979. _Why does the Rise of the Barometer denote the Approach of Fine
+ Weather?_
+
+ Because the external air, becoming dense, and free from highly elastic
+ vapours, presses with increased force upon the mercury upon which the
+ weight floats; that weight, therefore, sinks in the short tube as the
+ mercury rises in the long one, and in sinking, turns the hand to
+ Change, Fair, &e.
+
+
+980. _When does the Barometer stand highest?_
+
+ When there is a duration of frost, or when north-easterly winds
+ prevail.
+
+
+981. _Why does the Barometer stand highest at these Times?_
+
+ Because the atmosphere is exceedingly dry and dense, and fully
+ balances the weight of the column of mercury.
+
+
+982. _When does the Barometer stand lowest?_
+
+ When a thaw follows a long frost, or when south-west winds prevail.
+
+
+983. _Why does the Barometer stand lowest at these Times?_
+
+ Because much moisture exists in the air, by which it is rendered less
+ dense and heavy. [1]
+
+ [Footnote 1: From "The Reason Why--General Science, containing 1,400
+ Reasons for things generally believed but imperfectly understood."
+ London: Houlston and Sons.]
+
+
+984. Cheap Fuel
+
+ One bushel of small coal or sawdust, or both mixed together, two
+ bushels of sand, one bushel and a half of clay. Let these be mixed
+ together with common water, like ordinary mortar; the more they are
+ stirred and mixed together the better; then make them into balls, or,
+ with a small mould, in the shape of bricks, pile them in a dry place,
+ and use when hard and sufficiently dry. A fire cannot be lighted with
+ them, but when the fire is lighted, put two or three on behind with
+ some coals in front, and the fire will be found to last longer than if
+ made up in the ordinary way.
+
+
+985. Economy of Fuel.
+
+ There is no part of domestic economy which everybody professes to
+ understand better than the management of a fire, and yet there is no
+ branch in the household arrangement where there is a greater
+ proportional and unnecessary waste than arises from ignorance and
+ mismanagement in this article.
+
+
+986. The Use of the Poker.
+
+ The use of the poker should be confined to two particular points--the
+ opening of a dying fire, so as to admit the free passage of the air
+ into it, and sometimes, but not always, through it; or else, drawing
+ together the remains of a half-burned fire, so as to concentrate the
+ heat, whilst the parts still ignited are opened to the atmosphere.
+
+
+987. The Use of Bellows (1).
+
+ When using a pair of bellows to a fire only partially ignited, or
+ partially extinguished, blow, at first, not into the part that is
+ still alight, but into the dead coals close to it, so that the air may
+ partly extend to the burning coal.
+
+
+988. The Use of Bellows (2).
+
+ After a few blasts blow into the burning fuel, directing the stream
+ partly towards the dead coal, when it will be found that the ignition
+ will extend much more rapidly than under the common method of blowing
+ furiously into the flame at random.
+
+
+989. Ordering Coals.
+
+ If the consumer, instead of ordering a large supply of coals at once,
+ will at first content himself with a sample, he may with very little
+ trouble ascertain who will deal fairly with him; and, if he wisely
+ pays ready money, he will be independent of his coal merchant; a
+ situation which few families, even in genteel life, can boast of.
+
+
+990. The Truest Economy (1).
+
+ To deal for ready money only in all the departments of domestic
+ arrangement, is the truest economy. This truth cannot be repeated too
+ often.
+
+
+991. The Truest Economy (2).
+
+ Ready money will always command the best and cheapest of every article
+ of consumption, if expended with judgment; and the dealer, who intends
+ to act fairly, will always prefer it.
+
+
+992. Cash vs. Credit (1).
+
+ Trust not him who seems more anxious to give credit than to receive
+ cash.
+
+
+993. Cash vs. Credit (2).
+
+ The former hopes to secure custom by having a hold upon you in his
+ books, and continues always to make up for his advance, either by an
+ advanced price, or an inferior article, whilst the latter knows that
+ your custom can only be secured by fair dealing.
+
+
+994. Buy at Proper Seasons.
+
+ There is, likewise, another consideration, as far as economy is
+ concerned, which is not only to buy with ready money, but to buy at
+ proper seasons; for there is with every article a cheap season and a
+ dear one; and with none more than coals, insomuch that the master of a
+ family who fills his coal cellar in the middle of the summer, rather
+ than the beginning of the winter, will find it filled at far less
+ expense than it would otherwise cost him.
+
+
+995. Waste.
+
+ It is now necessary to remind our readers that chimneys often smoke,
+ and that coals are often wasted by throwing too much fuel at once upon
+ a fire.
+
+
+996. Preventing Waste.
+
+ To prove this it is only necessary to remove the superfluous coal from
+ the top of the grate, when the smoking instantly ceases; as to the
+ waste, that evidently proceeds from the injudicious use of the poker,
+ which not only throws a great portion of the small coals among the
+ cinders, but often extinguishes the fire it was intended to foster.
+
+
+997. The "Parson's" or Front Fire Grate.
+
+ The construction of most of the grates of the present day tends very
+ much to a great consumption of fuel without a proportionate increase
+ in the heat of the room. The "Parson's" grate was suggested by the
+ late Mr. Mechi, of Tiptree Hall, Kelvedon, Essex, in order to obtain
+ increased heat from less fuel. Speaking of this grate, Mr. Mechi
+ says:
+
+ "The tested gain by the use of this grate is an increase of 15
+ degrees of temperature, with a saving of one-third in fuel. I
+ believe that there are several millions of grates on the wrong
+ principle, hurrying the heat up the chimney instead of into the
+ room, and thus causing an in-draught of cold air. This is especially
+ the case with strong drawing registers. No part of a grate should be
+ of iron, except the thin front bars; for iron is a conductor away of
+ heat, but fire-bricks are not so."
+
+ The principle of the grate is thus explained by a writer in 'The
+ Field', who says:
+
+ "If any of your readers are troubled with smoky fires and cold
+ rooms, allow me to recommend them to follow Mr. Mechi's plan, as I
+ have done. Remove the front and bottom bars from any ordinary grate;
+ then lay on the hearth, under where the bars were, a large fire
+ tile, three inches thick, cut to fit properly, and projecting about
+ an inch further out than the old upright bars. Then get made by the
+ blacksmith a straight hurdle, twelve inches deep, having ten bars,
+ to fit into the slots which held the old bars, and allow it to take
+ its bearing upon the projecting fire-brick. The bars should be
+ round, of five-eighth inch rod, excepting the top and bottom, which
+ are better flat, about 1-1/4 in. broad. My dining-room grate was
+ thus altered at a total cost of eighteen shillings two years ago,
+ the result being that a smoky chimney is cured, and that the room is
+ always at a really comfortable temperature, with a smaller
+ consumption of coal than before. The whole of the radiation is into
+ the room, with perfect slow combustion."
+
+
+998. Oil Lighting.
+
+ Whenever oil, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral, is used for the
+ purpose of artificial light, it should be kept free from all exposure
+ to atmospheric air; as it is apt to absorb considerable quantities of
+ oxygen. If animal oil is very coarse or tenacious, a very small
+ quantity of oil of turpentine may be added.
+
+
+999. Improving Candles.
+
+ Candles improve by keeping a few months. If wax candles become
+ discoloured or soiled, they may be restored by rubbing them over with
+ a clean flannel slightly dipped in spirits of wine.
+
+
+1000. Lighting Candles.
+
+ In lighting candles always hold the match to the side of the wick, and
+ not over the top of it, as is generally done.
+
+
+1001. Night Lights.
+
+ Field's and Child's night lights are generally known and are easily
+ obtainable. But under circumstances where they cannot be procured, the
+ waste of candles may be thus applied. Make a _fine_ cotton, and wax it
+ with white wax. Then cut into the requisite lengths. Melt the grease
+ and pour into pill boxes, previously either fixing the cotton in the
+ centre, or dropping it in just before the grease sets. If a little
+ white wax be melted with the grease, all the better. In this manner,
+ the ends and drippings of candles may be used up. When set to burn,
+ place in a saucer, with sufficient water to rise to the extent of the
+ 16th of an inch around the base of the night light.
+
+
+1002. Revolving Ovens.
+
+ These ovens may be easily made by any tin-man. They are not now
+ manufactured for sale, which is to be regretted, on account of their
+ obvious utility. When suspended in front of any ordinary fire by means
+ of a bottle-jack or a common worsted string, the Revolving Oven will
+ bake bread, cakes, pies, &c., in a much more equal and perfect manner
+ than either a side oven or an American oven, without depriving the
+ room of the heat and comfort of the fire. Before an ordinary fire, in
+ any room in the house, it will bake a four-pound loaf in an hour and
+ twenty minutes. It also bakes pastry remarkably well, and all the care
+ it requires is merely to give it a look now and then to see that it
+ keeps turning.
+
+ The bottom of the oven,[1] is made in the form of two saucers, the
+ lower one of which is inverted, while the other stands on it in the
+ ordinary position. A rim, from 1 in. to 2 in. in height, is fixed
+ round the eage of the upper saucer, but a little within it, and over
+ this rim fits a cylinder with a top, slightly domed, which also
+ resembles a saucer turned upside-down. In the centre of the top is a
+ circular ventilator, through which steam, generated in baking, can
+ escape, and the ventilator is covered by a domed plate, as large as
+ the top of the oven. This acts as a radiator to reflect heat on the
+ top of the oven, and is furnished with a knob, by which the cylinder
+ that covers the article to be baked may be removed, in order to view
+ the progress of the baking. Two strong wires project from the bottom
+ on either side, terminating in loops or eyes for the reception of the
+ hooks of a handle, by which the entire apparatus may be suspended in
+ front of the fire.
+
+ [Footnote 1: An illustration of this oven is given in the "Dictionary
+ of Daily Wants," under the word "Oven." This work is published by
+ Messrs. Houlston and Sons, Paternoster-square, E.C.]
+
+
+1003. Yeast (1).
+
+ Boil, say on Monday morning, two ounces of the best hops in four
+ quarts of water for half an hour; strain it, and let the liquor cool
+ to new-milk warmth; then put in a small handful of salt, and half a
+ pound of sugar; beat up one pound of the best flour with some of the
+ liquor, and then mix well all together. On Wednesday add three pounds
+ of potatoes, boiled, and then mashed, to stand till Thursday; then
+ strain it and put it into bottles, and it is ready for use. _It must
+ be stirred frequently while it is making, and kept near the fire_.
+ Before using, shake the bottle up well. It will keep in a cool place
+ for two months, and is best at the latter part of the time. This yeast
+ ferments spontaneously, not requiring the aid of other yeast; and if
+ care be taken to let it ferment well in the earthen bowl in which it
+ is made, you may cork it up tight when bottled. The quantity above
+ given will fill four seltzer-water bottles.
+
+
+ [NEVER SPEND YOUR MONEY BEFORE YOU HAVE IT.]
+
+
+1004. Yeast (2).
+
+ The following is an excellent recipe for making yeast:--For 14 lbs. of
+ flour (but a greater quantity does not require so much in
+ proportion),--into two quarts of water put a quarter of an ounce of
+ hops, two potatoes sliced, and a tablespoonful of malt or sugar; boil
+ for twenty minutes, strain through a sieve, let the liquor stand till
+ new-milk warm, then add the quickening; let it stand in a large jar or
+ jug till sufficiently risen; first put into an earthen bottle from a
+ pint to two quarts of the yeast, according to the size of the baking,
+ for a future quickening. Let it stand uncorked an hour or two, and put
+ into a cool place till wanted for a fresh baking. Put the remainder of
+ it, and two quarts of warm water, to half or more of the flour; stir
+ well, let it stand to rise, knead up with the rest of the flour, put
+ it into or upon tins, and let it stand to rise. Then bake in a
+ moderately quick oven. For a first quickening a little German yeast
+ will do.
+
+
+1005. Economical Yeast.
+
+ Boil one pound of good flour, a quarter of a pound of brown sugar, and
+ a little salt, in two gallons of water, for one hour. When milk-warm,
+ bottle it, and cork it close. It will be fit for use in twenty-four
+ hours. One pint of this yeast will make eighteen pounds of bread.
+
+
+1006. Pure and Cheap Bread.
+
+ Whole meal bread may be made by any one who possesses a small hand
+ mill that will grind about twenty pounds of wheat at a time. This
+ bread is far more nutritious than ordinary bread made from flour from
+ which the bran has been entirely separated. The meal thus obtained may
+ be used for puddings, &c. There are mills which grind and dress the
+ wheat at one operation. Such mills may be obtained at any
+ ironmonger's. The saving in the cost of bread amounts to nearly
+ one-third, which would soon cover the cost of the mill, and effect a
+ most important saving, besides promoting health, by avoiding the evil
+ effects of adulterated flour.
+
+
+1007. Home-made Bread.
+
+ To one quartern of flour (three pounds and a half), add a
+ dessertspoonful of salt, and mix them well; mix about two
+ tablespoonfuls of good fresh yeast with half a pint of water a little
+ warm, but not hot; make a hole with your hand in the middle of the
+ flour, but not quite touching the bottom of the pan; pour the water
+ and yeast into this hole, and stir it with a spoon till you have made
+ a thin batter; sprinkle this over with flour, cover the pan over with
+ a dry cloth, and let it stand in a warm room for an hour; not near the
+ fire, except in cold weather, and then not too close; then add a pint
+ of water a little warm, and knead the whole well together, till the
+ dough comes clean through the hand (some flour will require a little
+ more water; but in this, experience must be your guide); let it stand
+ again for about a quarter of an hour, and then bake at pleasure.
+
+
+1008. Indian Corn Flour and Wheaten Bread.
+
+ The peculiarity of this bread consists in its being composed in part
+ of Indian corn flour, which will be seen by the following analysis by
+ the late Professor Johnston, to be much richer in gluten and fatty
+ matter than the flour of wheat, to which circumstance it owes its
+ highly nutritive character:
+
+ English Fine Indian Corn
+ Wheaten Flour. Flour.
+ Water 16 14
+ Gluten 10 12
+ Fat 2 8
+ Starch, &c. 72 66
+ --- ---
+ Total 100 100
+
+
+ Take of Indian corn flour seven pounds, pour upon it four quarts of
+ boiling water, stirring it all the time; let it stand till about
+ new-milk warm, then mix it with fourteen pounds of fine wheaten flour,
+ to which a quarter of a pound of salt has been previously added. Make
+ a depression on the surface of this mixture, and pour into it two
+ quarts of yeast, which should be thickened to the consistence of cream
+ with some of the flour; let it stand all night; on the following
+ morning the whole should be well kneaded, and allowed to stand for
+ three hours; then divide it into loaves, which are better baked in
+ tins, in which they should stand for half an hour, then bake.
+ Thirty-two pounds of wholesome, nutritive, and very agreeable bread
+ will be the result. It is of importance that the flour of Indian corn
+ should be procured, as Indian corn meal is that which is commonly met
+ with at the shops, and the coarseness of the husk in the meal might to
+ some persons be prejudicial.
+
+
+ [NEVER TROUBLE ANOTHER FOR WHAT YOU CAN DO YOURSELF.]
+
+
+1009. To make Bread with German Yeast.
+
+ To one quartern of flour add a dessertspoonful of salt as before;
+ dissolve one ounce of dried German yeast in about three tablespoonfuls
+ of cold water, add to this one pint and a half of water a little warm,
+ and pour the whole into the flour; knead it well immediately, and let
+ it stand as before directed for one hour: then bake at pleasure. It
+ will not hurt if you make up a peck of flour at once, and bake three
+ or four loaves in succession, provided you do not keep the dough too
+ warm. German yeast may be obtained at almost any corn-chandler's in
+ the metropolis and suburbs. In winter it will keep good for a week in
+ a dry place, and in summer it should be kept in cold water, and the
+ water changed every day. Wheat meal requires a little more yeast than
+ fine flour, or a longer time to stand in the dough for rising.
+
+
+1010. Unfermented Bread.
+
+ Three pounds wheat meal, or four pounds of white flour, two heaped
+ tablespoonfuls of baking powder, a tablespoonful of salt, and about
+ two and a half pints of lukewarm water, or just sufficient to bring
+ the flour to a proper consistence for bread-making; water about a
+ quart. The way of making is as follows:
+
+ First mix the baking powder, the salt, and about three fourths of the
+ flour well together by rubbing in a pan; then pour the water over the
+ flour, and mix well by stirring. Then add most of the remainder of the
+ flour, and work up the dough with the hand to the required
+ consistence, which is indicated by the smoothness of the dough, and
+ its not sticking to the hands or the sides of the pan when kneaded.
+ The rest of the flour must then be added to stiffen the dough, which
+ may then be placed in tins or formed by the hand into any shape that
+ may be preferred and placed on flat tins for baking.
+
+ The tins should be well floured. Put the loaves at once into a
+ well-heated oven. After they have been in the oven about a quarter of
+ an hour open the ventilator to slacken the heat and allow the steam to
+ escape. In an hour the process of baking will be completed. Bread made
+ in this way keeps moist longer than bread made with yeast, and is far
+ more sweet and digestible. This is especially recommended to persons
+ who suffer from indigestion, who will find the brown bread invaluable.
+
+
+1011. Baking Powders and Egg Powders.
+
+ These useful preparations are now much used in making bread and pastry
+ of all kinds, and have the merit of being both cheap and wholesome.
+ They may be procured of all grocers and oilmen. The basis of all
+ baking powders consists of carbonate of soda and tartaric acid or
+ cream of tartar, and egg powders are made of the same materials, with
+ a little harmless colouring matter such as turmeric. By the action of
+ these substances, carbonic acid is generated in the dough, which
+ causes it to rise in the same manner as the so-called "aerated bread"
+ made on Dr. Dauglish's system, by which carbonic acid is forced into
+ the dough before baking.
+
+
+ [NEVER PUT OFF TILL TO-MORROW WHAT YOU CAN DO TO-DAY.]
+
+
+1012. How to Use Baking Powder, &c.
+
+ Baking powder may be used instead of yeast in making all kinds of
+ bread, cake, teacakes, &c., and for biscuits and pastry, either
+ without or in combination with butter, suet, &c. Bread, &c., made with
+ baking powder is never placed before the fire to rise as when made
+ with yeast, but the dough may be shaped and put into the oven as soon
+ as it is made. The chief points to bear in remembrance are that in
+ making bread two teaspoonfuls of baking powder should be used to every
+ pound of flour, but for pastry, cakes, buns, &c., three teaspoonfuls
+ should be used. The ingredients should always be thoroughly
+ incorporated by mixing; the tins on which or in which the dough is
+ placed to bake should be well floured, and not greased; and the oven
+ should always be very hot, so that the baking may be effected as
+ rapidly as possible.
+
+
+1013. Bread (Cheap and Excellent).
+
+ Simmer slowly, over a gentle fire, a pound of rice in three quarts of
+ water, till the rice has become perfectly soft, and the water is
+ either evaporated or imbibed by the rice: let it become cool, but not
+ cold, and mix it completely with four pounds of flour; add to it some
+ salt, and about four tablespoonfuls of yeast. Knead it very
+ thoroughly, for on this depends whether or not your good materials
+ produce a superior article. Next let it rise well before the fire,
+ make it up into loaves with a little of the flour--which, for that
+ purpose, you must reserve from your four pounds--and bake it rather
+ long. This is an exceedingly good and cheap bread.
+
+
+1014. Economical and Nourishing Bread.
+
+ Suffer the miller to remove from the flour only the coarse flake bran.
+ Of this bran, boil five or six pounds in four and a half gallons of
+ water; when the goodness is extracted from the bran,--during which
+ time the liquor will waste half or three-quarters of a gallon,--strain
+ it and let it cool. When it has cooled down to the temperature of new
+ milk, mix it with fifty-six pounds of flour and as much salt and yeast
+ as would be used for other bread; knead it exceedingly well; let it
+ rise before the fire, and bake it in small loaves: small loaves are
+ preferable to large ones, because they take the heat more equally.
+ There are two advantages in making bread with bran water instead of
+ plain water; the one being that there is considerable nourishment in
+ bran, which is thus extracted and added to the bread; the other, that
+ flour imbibes much more of bran water than it does of plain water; so
+ much more, as to give in the bread produced almost a fifth in weight
+ more than the quantity of flour made up with plain water would have
+ done. These are important considerations to the poor. Fifty-six pounds
+ of flour, made with plain water, would produce sixty-nine and a half
+ pounds of bread; made with bran water, it will produce eighty-three
+ and a half pounds.
+
+
+1015. Use Bran-Water.
+
+ A great increase on Home-made Bread, even equal to one-fifth, may be
+ produced by using bran water for kneading the dough. The proportion is
+ three pounds of bran for every twenty-eight pounds of flour, to be
+ boiled for an hour, and then strained through a hair sieve.
+
+
+1016. Rye and Wheat Flour.
+
+ Rye and wheat flour, in equal quantities, make an excellent and
+ economical bread.
+
+
+1017. Potatoes in Bread.
+
+ Place in a large dish fifteen pounds of flour near the fire to warm;
+ take five pounds of good potatoes, those of a mealy kind being
+ preferable, peel and boil them as if for the table, mash them fine,
+ and then mix with them as much cold water as will allow all except
+ small lumps to pass through a coarse sieve into the flour, which will
+ now be ready to receive them; add yeast, &c., and mix for bread in the
+ usual way. This plan has been followed for some years: finding that
+ bread made according to it is much superior to that made of flour
+ only, and on this ground alone we recommend its adoption; but in
+ addition to this, taking the high price of flour, and moderately low
+ price of potatoes, here is a saving of over twenty per cent., which is
+ surely an object worth attending to by those of limited means.
+
+
+ [ALL THINGS HAVE A BEGINNING, GOD EXCEPTED.]
+
+
+1018. Use of Lime Water in making Bread.
+
+ It has lately been found that water saturated with lime produces in
+ bread the same whiteness, softness, and capacity of retaining
+ moisture, as results from the use of alum; while the former removes
+ all acidity from the dough, and supplies an ingredient needed in the
+ structure of the bones, but which is deficient in the _cerealia_. The
+ best proportion to use is, five pounds of water saturated with lime,
+ to every nineteen pounds of flour. No change is required in the
+ process of baking. The lime most effectually coagulates the gluten,
+ and the bread weighs well; bakers must therefore approve of its
+ introduction, which is not injurious to the system, like alum, &c.
+
+
+1019. Rice Bread.
+
+ Take one pound and a half of rice, and boil it gently over a slow fire
+ in three quarts of water about five hours, stirring it, and afterwards
+ beating it up into a smooth paste. Mix this, while warm, into two
+ gallons or four pounds of flour, adding at the same time the usual
+ quantity of yeast. Allow the dough to work a certain time near the
+ fire, after which divide it into loaves, and it will be found, when
+ baked, to produce twenty-eight or thirty pounds of excellent white
+ bread.
+
+
+1020. Apple Bread.
+
+ A very light, pleasant bread is made in France by a mixture of apples
+ and flour, in the proportion of one of the former to two of the
+ latter. The usual quantity of yeast is employed, as in making common
+ bread, and is beaten with flour and warm pulp of the apples after they
+ have boiled, and the dough is then considered as set; it is then put
+ in a proper vessel, and allowed to rise for eight or twelve hours, and
+ then baked in long loaves. Very little water is requisite: none,
+ generally, if the apples are very fresh.
+
+
+1021. Pulled Bread.
+
+ Take from the oven an ordinary loaf when it is about _half baked_, and
+ with the fingers, while the bread is yet hot, dexterously pull the
+ half-set dough into pieces of irregular shape, about the size of an
+ egg. Don't attempt to smooth or flatten them--the rougher their shapes
+ the better. Set upon tins, place in a very slow oven, and bake to a
+ rich brown. This forms a deliciously crisp crust for cheese. If you do
+ not bake at home, your baker will prepare it for you, if ordered.
+ Pulled bread may be made in the revolving ovens. It is very nice with
+ wine instead of biscuits.
+
+
+1022. French Bread and Rolls.
+
+ Take a pint and a half of milk; make it quite warm; half a pint of
+ small-beer yeast; add sufficient flour to make it as thick as batter;
+ put it into a pan; cover it over, and keep it warm: when it has risen
+ as high as it will, add a quarter of a pint of warm water, and half an
+ ounce of salt,--mix them well together,--rub into a little flour two
+ ounces of butter; then make your dough, not quite so stiff as for your
+ bread; let it stand for three-quarters of an hour, and it will be
+ ready to make into rolls, &c.:--let them stand till they have risen,
+ and bake them in a quick oven.
+
+
+1023. Rolls.
+
+ Mix the salt with the flour. Make a deep hole in the middle. Stir the
+ warm water into the yeast, and pour it into the hole in the flour.
+ Stir it with a spoon just enough to make a thin batter, and sprinkle
+ some flour over the top. Cover the pan, and set it in a warm place for
+ several hours. When it is light, add half a pint more of lukewarm
+ water, and make it, with a little more flour, into a dough. Knead it
+ very well for ten minutes. Then divide it into small pieces, and knead
+ each separately. Make them into round cakes or rolls. Cover them, and
+ set them to rise about an hour and a half. Bake them, and, when done,
+ let them remain in the oven, without the lid, for about ten minutes.
+
+
+ [GOD IS THE FIRST OF ALL.]
+
+
+1024. Sally Lunn Tea Cakes.
+
+ Take one pint of milk quite warm, a quarter of a pint of thick
+ small-beer yeast; put them into a pan with flour sufficient to make it
+ as thick as batter,--cover it over, and let it stand till it has
+ risen as high as it will, i. e., about two hours: add two ounces of
+ lump sugar, dissolved in a quarter of a pint of warm milk, a quarter
+ of a pound of butter rubbed into the flour very fine,--then make the
+ dough the same as for French rolls, &c.; let it stand half an hour;
+ then make up the cakes, and put them on tins:--when they have stood to
+ rise, bake them in a quick oven. Care should be taken never to mix the
+ yeast with water or milk too hot or too cold, as either extreme will
+ destroy the fermentation. In summer it should he lukewarm,--in winter
+ a little warmer,--and in very cold weather, warmer still. When it has
+ first risen, if you are not prepared, it will not harm if it stand an
+ hour.
+
+
+1025. Cooking Instruments.
+
+
+1026. The Gridiron.
+
+ The gridiron, though the simplest of cooking instruments, is by no
+ means to be despised. In common with all cooking utensils the
+ Gridiron should be kept scrupulously clean; and when it is used, the
+ bars should be allowed to get warm before the meat is placed upon it,
+ otherwise the parts crossed by the bars will be insufficiently
+ dressed. The fire should be sharp, clear, and free from smoke. The
+ heat soon forms a film upon the surface of the meat, by which the
+ juices are retained. Chops and steaks should not be too thick nor too
+ thin. From a half to three-quarters of an inch is the proper
+ thickness. Avoid thrusting the fork into the meat, by which you
+ release the juice. There is a description of gridiron in which the
+ bars are grooved to catch the juice of the meat, but a much better
+ invention is the upright gridiron, which is attached to the front of
+ the grate, and has a pan at the bottom to catch the gravy. Kidneys,
+ rashers, &c., dressed in this manner will he found delicious.
+
+
+1027. The Frying-pan
+
+ The frying-pan is a noisy and a greasy servant, requiring much
+ watchfulness. Like the Gridiron, the Frying-pan requires a clear but
+ not a large fire, and the pan should be allowed to get thoroughly hot,
+ and be well covered with fat, before meat is put into it. The
+ excellence of frying very much depends upon the sweetness of the oil,
+ butter, lard, or fat that may be employed. The Frying-pan is very
+ useful in the warming of cold vegetables and other kinds of food, and
+ in this respect may be considered a real friend of economy. All know
+ the relish afforded by a pancake, to say nothing of eggs and bacon,
+ and various kinds of fish, to which both the Saucepan and the Gridiron
+ are quite unsuited, because they require that which is the essence of
+ frying, _boiling and browning in fat_.
+
+
+1028. The Spit.
+
+ The spit is a very ancient and very useful implement of cockery.
+ Perhaps the process of roasting stands only second in the rank of
+ excellence in cookery. The process is perfectly sound in its chemical
+ effects upon the food, while the joint is kept so immediately under
+ the eye of the cook, that it must be the fault of that functionary if
+ it does not go to the table in the highest state of perfection. The
+ process of roasting should be commenced very slowly, the meat being
+ kept a good distance from the fire, and gradually brought forward,
+ until it is thoroughly soaked within and browned without. The Spit has
+ this advantage over the Oven, and especially over the common oven,
+ that the meat retains its own flavour, not having to encounter the
+ evaporation from fifty different dishes, and that the steam from its
+ own substance passes entirely away, leaving the essence of the meat in
+ its primest condition.
+
+
+ [VIRTUE IS THE FAIREST OF ALL.]
+
+
+1029. The Meat Hook.
+
+ The meat hook has in the present day superseded the use of the Spit in
+ middle class families. It is thrust into the meat, and the joint
+ thereby suspended before the fire. For roasting in this manner the
+ lintel of the mantel-piece is furnished with a brass or iron arm,
+ turning on pivots in a plate fastened to the lintel, and notched along
+ its upper edge. From this arm, which is turned back against the lintel
+ when not in use, the meat is hung and turned by means of a bottle-jack
+ or a skein of worsted, knotted in three or four places, which answers
+ the purpose equally well, and may be replaced by a new one when
+ required, at a merely nominal cost. Meat roasted in this manner should
+ be turned occasionally, the hook being inserted first at one end and
+ then at the other.
+
+
+1030. The Dutch Oven.
+
+ The Dutch oven is of great utility for small dishes of various kinds,
+ which the Spit would spoil by the magnitude of its operations, or the
+ Oven destroy by the severity of its heat. It combines, in fact, the
+ advantages of roasting and baking, and may be adopted for compound
+ dishes, and for warming cold scraps: it is easily heated, and causes
+ no material expenditure of fuel.
+
+
+1031. The Saucepan.
+
+ When we come to speak of the Saucepan, we have to consider the claims
+ of a very large, ancient, and useful family. There are large
+ saucepans, dignified with the name of Boilers, and small saucepans,
+ which come under the denomination of Stewpans. There are few kinds of
+ meat or fish which the Saucepan will not receive, and dispose of in a
+ satisfactory manner; and few vegetables for which it is not adapted.
+
+ When rightly used, it is a very economical servant, allowing nothing
+ to be lost; that which escapes from the meat while in its charge forms
+ broth, or may be made the basis of soups. Fat rises upon the surface
+ of the water, and may be skimmed off; while in various stews it
+ combines, in an eminent degree, what we may term the _fragrance_ of
+ cookery, and the _piquancy_ of taste. The French are perfect masters
+ of the use of the Stewpan. And we shall find that, as all cookery is
+ but an aid to digestion, the operations of the Stewpan resemble the
+ action of the stomach very closely. The stomach is a close sac, in
+ which solids and fluids are mixed together, macerated in the gastric
+ juice, and dissolved by the aid of heat and motion, occasioned by the
+ continual contractions and relaxations of the coats of the stomach
+ during the action of digestion. This is more closely resembled by the
+ process of stewing than by any other of our culinary methods.
+
+
+1032. Various Processes of Cooking.
+
+
+1033. Utility of the Kitchen.
+
+ "In the hands of an expert cook," says Majendie, "alimentary
+ substances are made almost entirely to change their nature, their
+ form, consistence, odour, savour, colour, chemical composition, &c.;
+ everything is so modified, that it is often impossible for the most
+ exquisite sense of taste to recognise the substance which makes up
+ the basis of certain dishes. The greatest utility of the kitchen
+ consists in making the food agreeable to the senses, and rendering
+ it easy of digestion."
+
+
+1034. Theory of Cooking.
+
+ To some extent the claims of either process of cooking depend upon the
+ taste of the individual. Some persons may esteem the peculiar flavour
+ of fried meats, while others will prefer broils or stews. It is
+ important, however, to understand the _theory_ of each method of
+ cooking, so that whichever may be adopted, may be done well. Bad
+ cooking, though by a good method, is far inferior to good cooking by a
+ bad method.
+
+
+ 1035. Roasting.--Beef.
+
+ A sirloin of about fifteen pounds (if much more in weight the outside
+ will be done too much before the inner side is sufficiently roasted),
+ will require to be before the fire about three and a half or four
+ hours. Take care to spit it evenly, that it may not be heavier on one
+ side than the other; put a little clean dripping into the dripping
+ pan (tie a sheet of paper over it to preserve the fat) baste it well
+ as soon as it is put down, and every quarter of an hour all the time
+ it is roasting, till the last half-hour; then take off the paper and
+ make some gravy for it, stir the fire and make it clear; to brown and
+ froth it, sprinkle a little salt over it, baste it with butter, and
+ dredge it with flour; let it go a few minutes longer, till the froth
+ rises, take it up, put it on the dish, &c. Garnish it with
+ horseradish, scraped as fine as possible with a very sharp knife.
+
+
+ [VICE IS THE MOST HURTFUL OF ALL.]
+
+
+1036. Yorkshire Pudding
+
+ A Yorkshire Pudding is an excellent accompaniment to roast beef.
+
+
+1037. Ribs of Beef.
+
+ The first three ribs, of fifteen or twenty pounds, will take three
+ hours, or three and a half; the fourth and fifth ribs will take as
+ long, managed in the same way as the sirloin. Paper the fat and the
+ thin part, or it will be done too much, before the thick part is done
+ enough.
+
+
+1038. Ribs of Beef boned and rolled.
+
+ Keep two or three ribs of beef till quite tender, take out the bones,
+ and skewer the meat as round as possible, like a fillet of veal. Some
+ cooks egg it, and sprinkle it with veal stuffing before rolling it. As
+ the meat is in a solid mass, it will require more time at the fire
+ than ribs of beef with the bones: a piece of ten or twelve pounds
+ weight will not be well and thoroughly roasted in less than four and a
+ half or five hours. For the first half-hour it should not be less than
+ twelve inches from the fire, that it may get gradually warm to the
+ centre; the last half-hour before it is finished, sprinkle a little
+ salt over it, and, if you like, flour it, to froth it.
+
+
+1039. Mutton.
+
+ As beef requires a large sound fire, mutton must have a brisk and
+ sharp one: if you wish to have mutton tender it should be hung as long
+ as it will keep, and then good eight-tooth (_i.e._,four years old)
+ mutton, is as good eating as venison.
+
+
+1040. The Leg, Haunch, and Saddle
+
+ The leg, haunch, and saddle, will be the better for being hung up in a
+ cool airy place for four or five days, at least; in temperate weather,
+ a week: in cold weather, ten days, A leg of eight pounds will take
+ about two hours; let it be well basted.
+
+
+1041. A Chine or Saddle.
+
+ _i.e._ the two loins, of ten or eleven pounds--two hours and a half.
+ It is the business of the butcher to take off the skin and skewer it
+ on again, to defend the meat from extreme heat, and preserve its
+ succulence. If this is neglected, tie a sheet of paper over it; baste
+ the strings you tie it on with directly, or they will burn. About a
+ quarter of an hour before you think it will be done, take off the skin
+ or paper, that it may get a pale brown colour, and then baste it, and
+ flour it lightly to froth it.
+
+
+1042. A Shoulder.
+
+ A shoulder, of seven pounds, an hour and three-quarters, or even two
+ hours. If a spit is used, put it in close to the shank-bone, and run
+ it along the blade-bone.
+
+
+1043. A Loin of Mutton.
+
+ A loin of mutton, from an hour and a half to an hour and
+ three-quarters. The most elegant way of carving this is to cut it
+ lengthwise, as you do a saddle. A neck, about the same time as a loin.
+ It must be carefully jointed to prevent any difficulty in carving.
+
+
+1044. The Neck and Breast.
+
+ The neck and breast are, in small families, commonly roasted together.
+ The cook will then crack the bones across the middle before they are
+ put down to roast. If this is not done carefully, the joint is very
+ troublesome to carve. Time for a breast, an hour and a quarter. The
+ breast when eaten by itself is better stewed. It may be boned, rolled,
+ and then roasted. A belly of pork is excellent in this way, when
+ boned, stuffed, and roasted.
+
+
+1045. A Haunch.
+
+ _i.e._, the leg and part of the loin of mutton. Send up two
+ sauce-boats with it; one of rich-drawn mutton gravy, made without
+ spice or herbs, and the other of sweet sauce. A haunch generally
+ weighs about fifteen pounds, and requires about three hours and a half
+ to roast it.
+
+
+ [THOUGHT IS THE MOST SWIFT OF ALL.]
+
+
+1046. Mutton _(Venison fashion)_.
+
+ Take a neck of good four or five-year-old Southdown wether mutton, cut
+ long in the bones; let it hang in mild weather, at least a week. Two
+ days before you dress it, take allspice and black pepper, ground and
+ pounded fine, a quarter of an ounce each, rub them together and then
+ rub your mutton well with this mixture twice a day. When you dress it,
+ wash off the spice with warm water, and roast it in paste.
+
+
+1047. Veal
+
+ Veal requires particular care to roast it a nice brown. Let the fire
+ be the same as for beef; a sound large fire for a large joint, and a
+ brisker for a smaller; put it at some distance from the fire to soak
+ thoroughly, and then draw it nearer to finish it brown. When first
+ laid down it is to be basted; baste it again occasionally. When the
+ veal is on the dish, pour over it half a pint of melted butter; if you
+ have a little brown gravy by you, add that to the butter. With those
+ joints which are not stuffed, send up forcemeat in balls, or rolled
+ into sausages, as garnish to the dish, or fried pork sausages. Bacon
+ is always eaten with veal.
+
+
+1048. Fillet of Veal.
+
+ Fillet of veal of from twelve to sixteen pounds, will require from
+ four to five hours at a good fire: make some stuffing or forcemeat,
+ and put it under the flap, that there may be some left to eat cold, or
+ to season a hash: brown it, and pour good melted butter over it.
+ Garnish with thin slices of lemon, and cakes or balls of stuffing, or
+ duck stuffing, or fried pork sausages, curry sauce, bacon, &c.
+
+
+1049. A Loin.
+
+ A loin is the best part of the calf, and will take about three hours
+ roasting. Paper the kidney fat, and the back: some cooks send it up on
+ a toast, which is eaten with the kidney and the fat of this part,
+ which is more delicate than any marrow, &c. If there is more of it
+ than you think will be eaten with the veal, before you roast it cut it
+ out, it will make an excellent suet pudding: take care to have your
+ fire long enough to brown the ends.
+
+
+1050. A Shoulder of Veal
+
+ A shoulder of veal, from three hours to three hours and a half: stuff
+ it with the forcemeat ordered for the fillet of veal, in the under
+ side.
+
+
+1051. Neck
+
+ Neck, best end, will take two hours. The scrag part is best made into
+ a pie or broth. Breast, from an hour and a half to two hours. Let the
+ caul remain till it is almost done, then take it off to brown the
+ meat; baste, flour, and froth it.
+
+
+1052. Veal Sweetbread.
+
+ Trim a fine sweetbread--it cannot be too fresh; parboil it for five
+ minutes, and throw it into a basin of cold water; roast it plain, or
+ beat up the yolk of an egg, and prepare some fine bread-crumbs. Or
+ when the sweetbread is cold, dry it thoroughly in a cloth, run a lark
+ spit or a skewer through it, and tie it on the ordinary spit; egg it
+ with a paste brush, powder it well with bread-crumbs, and roast it.
+ For sauce, put fried bread-crumbs round it, and melted butter with a
+ little mushroom ketchup and lemon juice, or serve on buttered toast,
+ garnished with egg sauce, or with gravy.
+
+
+1053. Lamb
+
+ Lamb is a delicate, and commonly considered tender meat; but those who
+ talk of tender lamb, while they are thinking of the age of the animal,
+ forget that even a chicken must be kept a proper time after it has
+ been killed, or it will be tough eating. To the usual accompaniments
+ of roast meat, green mint sauce or a salad is commonly added: and some
+ cooks, about five minutes before it is done, sprinkle it with a little
+ minced parsley.
+
+
+1054. Grass-Lamb.
+
+ Grass-Lamb is in season from Easter to Michaelmas.
+
+
+1055. House-Lamb.
+
+ House-Lamb from Christmas to Lady-day.
+
+
+1056. Mint.
+
+ When green mint cannot be got, mint vinegar is an acceptable
+ substitute for it.
+
+
+1057. Roasting a Hind-Quarter.
+
+ Hind-quarter of eight pounds will take from an hour and three-quarters
+ to two hours; baste and froth it.
+
+
+1058. Roasting a Fore-Quarter.
+
+ Fore-quarter of ten pounds, about two hours.
+
+
+1059. Preparation.
+
+ It is a pretty general Custom, when you take off the shoulder from the
+ ribs, to rub them with a lump of butter, and then to squeeze a lemon
+ or Seville orange over them, and sprinkle them with a little pepper
+ and salt.
+
+
+ [HOPE IS THE MOST COMMON OF ALL.]
+
+
+1060. Roasting a Leg.
+
+ Leg of five pounds, from an hour to an hour and a half.
+
+
+1061. Roasting a Shoulder.
+
+ Shoulder, with a quick fire, an hour.
+
+
+1062. Roasting Ribs.
+
+ Ribs, about an hour to an hour and a quarter; joint it nicely; crack
+ the ribs across, and bend them up to make it easy for the carver.
+
+
+1063. Roasting Loin, Neck or Breast.
+
+ Loin, an hour and a quarter. Neck an hour. Breast, three-quarters of
+ an hour.
+
+
+1064. Poultry, Game, &c.
+
+ H. M.
+ A small capon, fowl, or chicken requires........... 0 26
+ A large fowl ....... 0 45
+ A capon, full size ........ 0 35
+ A goose ........... 1 0
+ Wild ducks, and grouse ..... 0 15
+ Pheasants, and turkey poults ... 0 20
+ A moderate sized turkey, stuffed . . 1 15
+ Partridges .......... 0 25
+ Quail .............. 0 10
+ A hare, or rabbit .....about 1 0
+ Leg of pork, 1/4 hour for each
+ pound, and above that allowance .................. 0 20
+ Chine of pork, as for leg, and ... 0 20
+ A neck of mutton ....... 1 30
+ A haunch of venison . . . about 3 30
+
+
+
+1065. Effectiveness of Roasting.
+
+ Roasting, by causing the contraction of the cellular substance which
+ contains the fat, expels more fat than boiling. The free escape of
+ watery particles in the form of vapour, so necessary to produce
+ flavour, must be regulated by frequent basting with the fat which has
+ exuded from the meat, combined with a little salt and water--otherwise
+ the meat would burn, and become hard and tasteless. A brisk fire at
+ first will, by charring the outside, prevent the heat from
+ penetrating, and therefore should only be employed when the meat is
+ half roasted.
+
+
+1066. The Loss by Roasting (General).
+
+ The loss by roasting is said to vary from 14-3/8ths to nearly double
+ that rate per cent. The average loss on roasting butcher's meat is 22
+ percent.: and on domestic poultry, 20-1/2.
+
+
+1067. The Loss by Roasting (Specific).
+
+ The loss per cent, on roasting beef, viz., on sirloins and ribs
+ together is 19-1/6 th; on mutton, viz., legs and shoulders together,
+ 24-4/5 ths, on fore-quarters of lamb, 22-1/3 rd; on ducks, 27-1/5 th;
+ on turkeys, 20-1/2; on geese, 19-1/2; on chickens, 14-3/5 ths. So that
+ it will be seen by comparison with the percentage given of the loss by
+ boiling, that roasting is not so economical; especially when we take
+ into account that the loss of weight by boiling is not actual loss of
+ economic materials, for we then possess the principal ingredients for
+ soups; whereas, after roasting, the fat only remains. The average loss
+ in boiling and and roasting together is 18 per cent. according to
+ Donovan, and 28 per cent. according to Wallace--a difference that may
+ be accounted for by supposing a difference in the fatness of the meat,
+ duration and degree of heat, &c., employed.
+
+
+1068. Boiling.
+
+ This most simple of culinary processes is not often performed in
+ perfection; it does not require quite so much nicety and attendance as
+ roasting; to skim your pot well, and keep it really boiling, or
+ rather, simmering, all the while--to know how long is required for
+ doing the joint, &c., and to take it up at the critical moment when it
+ is done enough--comprehends almost the whole art and mystery. This,
+ however, demands a patient and perpetual vigilance, of which,
+ unhappily, few persons are capable.
+
+ The cook must take especial care that the water really boils all the
+ while she is cooking, or she will be deceived in the time; and make up
+ a sufficient fire (a frugal cook will manage with much less fire for
+ boiling than she uses for roasting) at first, to last all the time,
+ without much mending or stirring, and thereby save much trouble. When
+ the pot is coming to a boil, there will always, from the cleanest meat
+ and clearest water, rise a scum to the top of it; proceeding partly
+ from the foulness of the meat, and partly from the water: this must be
+ carefully taken off, as soon as it rises. On this depends the good
+ appearance of all boiled things--an essential matter.
+
+ When you have skimmed well, put in some cold water, which will throw
+ up the rest of the scum. The oftener it is skimmed, and the clearer
+ the surface of the water is kept, the cleaner will be the meat. If let
+ alone, it soon boils down and sticks to the meat, which, instead of
+ looking delicately white and nice, will have that coarse appearance we
+ have too often to complain of, and the butcher and poulterer will be
+ blamed for the carelessness of the cook, in not skimming her pot with
+ due diligence.
+
+ Many put in milk, to make what they boil look white, but this does
+ more harm than good; others wrap it up in a cloth; but these are
+ needless precautions; if the scum be attentively removed, meat will
+ have a much more delicate colour and finer flavour than it has when
+ muffled up. This may give rather more trouble--but those we wish to
+ excel in their art must only consider how the processes of it can be
+ most perfectly performed: a cook who has a proper pride and pleasure
+ in her business will make this her maxim and rule on all occasions.
+
+ Put your meat into cold water, in the proportion of about a quart of
+ water to a pound of meat; it should be covered with water during the
+ whole of the process of boiling, but not drowned in it; the less
+ water, provided the meat be covered with it, the more savoury will be
+ the meat, and the better will be the broth in every respect. The water
+ should be heated gradually, according to the thickness, &c., of the
+ article boiled; for instance, a leg of mutton of ten pounds weight
+ should be placed over a moderate fire, which will gradually make the
+ water hot without causing it to boil, for about forty minutes; if the
+ water boils much sooner, the meat will be hardened, and shrink up as
+ if it was scorched--by keeping the water a certain time heating
+ without boiling, its fibres are dilated, and it yields a quantity of
+ scum, which must be taken off as soon as it rises, for the reasons
+ already mentioned.
+
+ "If a vessel containing water be placed over a steady fire, the
+ water will grow continually hotter, till it reaches the limit of
+ boiling; after which, the regular accessions of heat are wholly
+ spent in converting it into steam: the water remains at the same
+ pitch of temperature, however fiercely it boils. The only difference
+ is, that with a strong fire it sooner comes to boil, and more
+ quickly boils away, and is converted into steam."
+
+ Such are the opinions stated by Buchanan in his "Economy of Fuel."
+ There was placed a thermometer in water in that state which cooks call
+ gentle simmering--the heat was 212°, _i.e._, the same degree as the
+ strongest boiling. Two mutton chops were covered with cold water, and
+ one boiled fiercely, and the other simmered gently, for three-quarters
+ of an hour; the flavour of the chop which was simmered was decidedly
+ superior to that which was boiled; the liquor which boiled fast was in
+ like proportion more savoury, and, when cold, had much more fat on its
+ surface; this explains why quick boiling renders meat hard,
+ &c.--because its juices are extracted in a greater degree.
+
+
+ [A SCRAPER AT THE DOOR KEEPS DIRT FROM THE FLOOR.]
+
+
+1069. Time of Boiling.
+
+ Reckon the time from the water first coming to a boil. The old rule,
+ of fifteen minutes to a pound of meat, is, perhaps, rather too little;
+ the slower the meat boils, the tenderer, the plumper, and whiter it
+ will be. For those who choose their food thoroughly cooked (which all
+ will who have any regard for their stomachs), twenty minutes to a
+ pound will not be found too much for gentle simmering by the side of
+ the fire; allowing more or less time, according to the thickness of
+ the joint and the coldness of the weather; always remembering, the
+ slower it boils the better. Without some practice it is difficult to
+ teach any art; and cooks seem to suppose they must be right, if they
+ put meat into a pot, and set it over the fire for a certain
+ time--making no allowance, whether it simmers without a bubble, or
+ boils at a gallop.
+
+
+ [A LETTER-BOX SAVES MANY KNOCKS.]
+
+
+1070. Before Boiling.
+
+ Fresh killed meat will take much longer time boiling than that which
+ has been kept till it is what the butchers call ripe, and longer in
+ cold than in warm weather. If it be frozen it must be thawed before
+ boiling as before roasting; if it be fresh killed, it will be tough
+ and hard, if you stew it ever so long, and ever so gently. In cold
+ weather, the night before you dress it, bring it into a place of which
+ the temperature is not less than forty-five degrees of Fahrenheit's
+ thermometer.
+
+ The size of the boiling-pots should be adapted to what they are to
+ contain; the larger the saucepan the more room it takes upon the fire;
+ and a larger quantity of water requires a proportionate increase of
+ fire to boil it. In small families block tin saucepans are best, as
+ being lightest and safest: moreover, if proper care is taken of them,
+ and they are well dried after they are cleansed, they are by far the
+ cheapest; the purchase of a new tin saucepan being little more than
+ the expense of tinning a copper one. Take care that the covers of your
+ boiling-pots fit close, not only to prevent unnecessary evaporation of
+ the water, but that the smoke may not insinuate itself under the edge
+ of the lid, and give the meat a bad taste.
+
+
+1071. Average Boiling Times.
+
+ The following Table will be useful as an average of the time required
+ to boil the various articles:
+
+ H.M.
+ A ham, 20 lbs. weight, requires 6 30
+ A tongue (if dry), after soaking 4 O
+ A tongue out of pickle 2-1/2 to 3 O
+ A neck of mutton 1 30
+ A chicken O 20
+ A large fowl O 45
+ A capon O 35
+ A pigeon O 15
+
+
+
+1072. Remove Immediately.
+
+ If you let meat or poultry remain in the water after it is done
+ enough, it will become sodden and lose its flavour.
+
+
+1073. Degree of Cooking.
+
+ Beef and mutton is preferred by some people a little underdone. Very
+ large joints if slightly underdone, will make the better hash or
+ broil. Lamb, pork, and veal are uneatable if not thoroughly
+ boiled--but these meats should not be overdone. A trivet, a
+ fish-drainer, or an American contrivance called a "spider"--which is
+ nothing more than a wire dish raised on three or four short legs--put
+ on the bottom of the boiling-pot, raising the contents about an inch
+ and a half from the bottom, will prevent that side of the meat which
+ comes next the bottom being done too much; and the lower part will be
+ as delicately done as the upper; and this will enable you to take out
+ the meat without inserting a fork, &c., into it. If yeu have not a
+ trivet, a drainer, or a "spider," use a soup-plate laid the wrong side
+ upwards.
+
+
+1074. Stock.
+
+ Take care of the liquor you have boiled poultry or meat in, as it is
+ useful for making soup.
+
+
+1075. Using the Stock.
+
+ The good housewife never boils a joint without converting the broth
+ into some sort of soup.
+
+
+1076. Reducing Salt.
+
+ If the liquor be too salt, use only half the quantity, and add some
+ water; wash salted meat well with cold water before you put it into
+ the boiler.
+
+
+1077. The Process of Boiling.
+
+ Boiling extracts a portion of the juice of meat, which mixes with the
+ water, and also dissolves some of its solids; the more fusible parts
+ of the fat melt out, combine with the water, and form soup or broth.
+ The meat loses its red colour, becomes more savoury in taste and
+ smell, and more firm and digestible. If the process is continued _too
+ long_, the meat becomes indigestible, less succulent, and tough.
+
+
+1078. Loss by Boiling (General).
+
+ The loss by boiling varies from 6-1/4 to 16 per cent. The average loss
+ on boiling butcher's meat, pork, hams, and bacon, is 12; and on
+ domestic poultry, is 14-3/4.
+
+
+1079. Loss by Boiling (Specific).
+
+ The loss per cent, on boiling salt beef is 15; on legs of mutton, 10;
+ hams, 12-1/2; salt pork, 13-1/3; knuckles of veal, 8-1/3; bacon,
+ 6-1/4; turkeys, 16; chickens, 13-1/2.
+
+
+1080. Economy of Fat.
+
+ In most families many members are not fond of fat--servants seldom
+ like it: consequently there is frequently much wasted; to avoid which,
+ take off bits of suet fat from beefsteaks, &c., previous to cooking;
+ they can be used for puddings. With good management there need be no
+ waste in any shape or form.
+
+
+ [A BELL HUNG WELL ITS TALE WILL TELL.]
+
+
+1081. Broiling.
+
+ Broiling requires a brisk, rapid heat, which by producing a greater
+ degree of change in the affinities of the raw meat than roasting,
+ generates a higher flavour, so that broiled meat is more savoury than
+ roast. The surface becoming charred, a dark-coloured crust is formed,
+ which retards the evaporation of the juices; and, therefore, if
+ properly done, broiled meat may he as tender and juicy as roasted meat.
+
+
+
+1082. Baking.
+
+ Baking does not admit of the evaporation of the vapours so rapidly as
+ by the processes of broiling and roasting; the fat is also retained
+ more, and becomes converted, by the agency of the heat, into an
+ empyreumatic oil, which renders the meat less fitted for delicate
+ stomachs, and more difficult to digest. The meat is, in fact, partly
+ boiled in its own confined water, and partly roasted by the dry, hot
+ air of the oven. The loss by baking has not been estimated and reduced
+ to a tabular form.
+
+
+1083. Frying.
+
+ Frying is of all methods the most objectionable, from the foods being
+ less digestible when thus prepared, as the fat employed undergoes
+ chemical changes. Olive oil in this respect is preferable to lard or
+ butter. The crackling noise which accompanies the process of frying
+ meat in a pan is occasioned by the explosions of steam formed in fat,
+ the temperature of which is much above 212 degrees. If the meat is
+ very juicy it will not fry well, because it becomes sodden before the
+ water is evaporated; and it will not brown, because the temperature is
+ too low to scorch it. To fry fish well the fat should be _boiling hot
+ (600 degrees),_ and the fish _well dried_ in a cloth; otherwise, owing
+ to the generation of steam the temperature will fall so low that it
+ will be boiled in its own steam, and not be browned. Meat, or indeed
+ any article, should be frequently turned and agitated during frying to
+ promote the evaporation of the watery particles. To make fried things
+ look well, they should be done over _twice_ with egg and stale
+ bread-crumbs.
+
+
+1084. Bastings.
+
+ i. Fresh butter.
+ ii. Clarified suet.
+ iii. Minced sweet herbs, butter, and claret, especially for mutton
+ and lamb.
+ iv. Water and salt.
+ v. Cream and melted butter, especially for a flayed pig.
+ vi. Yolks of eggs, grated biscuit and juice of oranges.
+
+
+1085. Dredgings.
+
+ i. Flour mixed with grated bread.
+ ii. Sweet herbs dried and powdered, and mixed with grated bread.
+ iii. Lemon-peel dried and pounded, or orange-peel, mixed with flour.
+ iv. Sugar finely powdered, and mixed with pounded cinnamon, and
+ flour or grated bread.
+ v. Fennel seeds, corianders, cinnamon, and sugar, finely beaten
+ and mixed with grated bread or flour.
+ vi. For young pigs, grated bread or flour, mixed with beaten
+ nutmeg, ginger, pepper, sugar, and yolks of eggs.
+ vii. Sugar, bread, and salt mixed.
+
+
+1086. Estimating Meat for Cooking.
+
+ The housewife who is anxious to dress no more meat than will suffice
+ for the meal, should remember that beef loses about one pound in four
+ in boiling, but in roasting, loses in the proportion of one pound five
+ ounces, and in baking about two ounces less, or one pound three
+ ounces; mutton loses in boiling about fourteen ounces in four pounds;
+ in roasting, one pound six ounces.
+
+
+1087. Caution on Charcoal.
+
+ Cooks should be cautioned against the use of charcoal in any quantity,
+ except whore there is a free _current of air;_ for charcoal is highly
+ prejudicial in a state of ignition, although it may be rendered even
+ actively beneficial when boiled, as a small quantity of it, if boiled
+ with _meat on the turn,_ will effectually cure the unpleasant taint.
+
+
+ [AN ILL-FIXED BLIND NO ONE CAN WIND.]
+
+
+1O88. Preparation of Vegetables.
+
+ There is nothing in which the difference between an elegant and an
+ ordinary table is more seen, than in the dressing of vegetables, more
+ especially of greens; they may be equally as fine at first, at one
+ place as at another, but their look and taste are afterwards very
+ different, entirely from the careless way in which they have been
+ cooked. They are in greatest perfection when in greatest plenty, i.e.,
+ when in full season. By season, we do not mean those early days, when
+ luxury in the buyers, and avarice in the sellers about London, force
+ the various vegetables, but the time of the year in which, by nature
+ and common culture, and the mere operation of the sun and climate,
+ they are most plenteous and in perfection.
+
+
+1089. New Potatoes and Green Peas.
+
+ New Potatoes and green peas, unless sent to us from warmer latitudes
+ than our own, are seldom worth eating before Midsummer.
+
+
+1090. Unripe Vegetables.
+
+ Unripe vegetables are as insipid and unwholesome as unripe fruits.
+
+
+1091. The Quality of Vegetables.
+
+ As to the quality of vegetables, the middle size are preferable to the
+ largest or the smallest; they are more tender, juicy, and full of
+ flavour, just before they are quite full-grown: freshness is their
+ chief value and excellence. The eye easily discovers if they have been
+ kept too long; they soon lose their beauty in all respects.
+
+
+1092. Freshness of Vegetables.
+
+Roots, greens, salads, &c., and the various productions of the garden,
+when first gathered, are plump and firm, and have a fragrant freshness
+no art can give them again; though it will refresh them a little to put
+them into cold spring water for some time before they are dressed.
+
+
+1093. To Boil Vegetables.
+
+ Soft water will best preserve the colour of such as are green; if you
+ have only hard water, put to it a teaspoonful of carbonate of potash.
+
+
+1094. Preparing Vegetables.
+
+ Take care to wash and cleanse Vegetables thoroughly from dust, dirt,
+ and insects--this requires great attention. Pick off all the outside
+ leaves, trim them nicely, and if they are not quite fresh-gathered and
+ have become flaccid, it is absolutely necessary to restore their
+ crispness before cooking them, or they will be tough and unpleasant.
+ To do this, lay them in a pan of clean water, with a handful of salt
+ in it, for an hour before you dress them. Most vegetables being more
+ or less succulent, it is necessary that they possess their full
+ proportion of fluids in order to retain that state of crispness and
+ plumpness which they have when growing.
+
+
+1095. Staleness.
+
+ On being cut or gathered, the exhalation from their surface continues,
+ while from the open vessels of the cut surface there is often great
+ exudation or evaporation, and thus their natural moisture is
+ diminished; tho tender leaves become flaccid, and the thicker masses
+ or roots lose their plumpness. This is not only less pleasant to the
+ eye, but is a serious injury to the nutritious powers of the
+ vegetable; for in this flaccid and shrivelled state its fibres are
+ less easily divided in chewing, and the water which exists in the form
+ of their respective natural juices is less directly nutritious.
+
+
+1096. Preservation.
+
+ The first Care in the preservation of succulent vegetables, therefore,
+ is to prevent them from losing their natural moisture. They should
+ alway be boiled in a saucepan by themselves, and have plenty of water:
+ if meat is boiled with them in the same pot, the one will spoil the
+ look and taste of the other.
+
+
+1097. Cleaning.
+
+ To have vegetables delicately clean, put on your pot, make it boil,
+ put a little salt in, and skim it perfectly clean before you put in
+ the greens, &c., which should not be put in till the water boils
+ briskly: the quicker they boil the greener they will be.
+
+
+1098. When Done.
+
+ When the vegetables sink, they are generally done enough, if the water
+ has been kept constantly boiling. Take them up immediately, or they
+ will lose their colour and goodness, Drain the water from them
+ thoroughly before you send them to table. This branch of cookery
+ requires the most vigilant attention.
+
+
+ [KEEP YOUR KEYS AND BE AT EASE.]
+
+
+1099. Over-Cooked.
+
+ If vegetables are a minute or two too long over the fire, they lose
+ all their beauty and flavour.
+
+
+1100. Undercooked.
+
+ If not thoroughly boiled tender, they are very indigestible, and much
+ more troublesome during their residence in the stomach than underdone
+ meats.
+
+
+1101. Take Care your Vegetables are Fresh.
+
+ To preserve or give colour in cookery many good dishes are spoiled;
+ but the rational epicure, who makes nourishment the main end of
+ eating, will be content to sacrifice the shadow to enjoy the
+ substance. As the fishmonger often suffers for the sins of the cook,
+ so the cook often gets undeservedly blamed instead of the greengrocer.
+
+
+1102. To Cleanse Vegetables of Insects.
+
+ Make a strong brine of one pound and a half of salt to one gallon of
+ water; into this, place the vegetables with the stalk ends uppermost,
+ for two or three hours: this will destroy all the insects which
+ cluster in the leaves, and they will fall out and sink to the bottom
+ of the water.
+
+
+1103. Potatoes.
+
+ Most people esteem potatoes beyond any other vegetable, yet few
+ persons know how to cook them. The following will be found to be
+ excellent methods of cooking this delicious esculent.
+
+
+1104. To Boil Potatoes.
+
+ Put them into a saucepan with scarcely sufficient water to cover them.
+ Directly the skins begin to break, lift them from the fire, and as
+ rapidly as possible pour off _every drop_ of the water. Then place a
+ coarse (we need not say clean) towel over them, and return them to the
+ fire again until they are thoroughly done, and quite dry. A little
+ salt, to flavour, should be added to the water before boiling.
+
+
+1105. To Peel Potatoes.
+
+ The above recipe is for boiling potatoes in their jackets, as the
+ phrase goes. When potatoes are to be peeled prior to cooking, the
+ tubers should first be well washed and put in a bowl of clean water.
+ As each potato is taken out of this receptacle and peeled, it should
+ be thrown into another bowl of cold water, close at hand to receive
+ them. This prevents undue discolouration of the potatoes.
+
+
+1106. To Steam Potatoes.
+
+ Some kinds of potatoes are better steamed than boiled. Whether
+ dressed with the skins on or off a careful eye must be kept on them,
+ and when they are nearly done the steamer should be removed, the water
+ in the saucepan thrown off, and the steamer then replaced, in order to
+ allow the process of cooking to be completed. Some people shake the
+ steamer when potatoes are somewhat close and heavy, under the idea
+ that it renders them floury, and in many cases the shaking has this
+ effect.
+
+
+1107. Potatoes Fried with Fish.
+
+ Take cold fish and cold potatoes. Pick all the bones from the former,
+ and mash the fish and the potatoes together; form into rolls, and fry
+ with lard until the outsides are brown and crisp. For this purpose,
+ the drier kinds of fish, such as cod, hake, &c., are preferable;
+ turbot, soles, eels, &c., are not so good. This is an economical and
+ excellent relish.
+
+
+1108. Potatoes Mashed with Onions.
+
+ Prepare some boiled onions, by putting them through a sieve, and mix
+ them with potatoes. Regulate the portions according to taste.
+
+
+1109. Potato Cheesecakes.
+
+ One pound of mashed potatoes, quarter of a pound of currants, quarter
+ of a pound of sugar and butter, and four eggs, to be well mixed
+ together; bake them in patty-pans, having first lined them with puff
+ paste.
+
+
+1110. Potato Colcanon.
+
+ Boil potatoes and greens (or spinach) separately; mash the potatoes;
+ squeeze the greens dry; chop them quite fine, and mix them with the
+ potatoes with a little butter, pepper, and salt. Put into a mould,
+ buttering it well first: let it stand in a hot oven for ten minutes.
+
+
+ [A CHAIR UNSOUND SOON FINDS THE GROUND.]
+
+
+1111. Potatoes Roasted under Meat.
+
+ Half boil large potatoes; drain the water; put them into an earthen
+ dish, or small tin pan, under meat roasting before the fire; baste
+ them with the dripping. Turn them to brown on all sides; send up in a
+ separate dish.
+
+
+1112. Potato Balls Ragoût.
+
+ Add to a pound of potatoes a quarter of a pound of grated ham, or some
+ sweet herbs, or chopped parsley, an onion or shalot, salt, pepper, and
+ a little grated nutmeg, and other spice, with the yolk of a couple of
+ eggs; then dress as _Potatoes Escalloped_. (1116).
+
+
+1113. Potato Snow.
+
+ Pick out the whitest potatoes, put them on in cold water; when they
+ begin to crack, strain, and put them in a clean stewpan before the
+ fire till they are quite dry, and fall to pieces; rub them through a
+ wire sieve upon the dish they are to be sent up on, and do not disturb
+ them afterwards.
+
+
+1114. Potatoes Fried Whole.
+
+ When nearly boiled enough, put them into a stewpan with a bit of
+ butter, or some clean beef dripping; shake them about often, to
+ prevent burning, till they are brown and crisp; drain them from the
+ fat. It will be an improvement if they are floured and dipped into the
+ yoke of an egg, and then rolled in finely sifted bread-crumbs.
+
+
+1115. Potatoes Fried in Slices.
+
+ Peel large potatoes, slice them about a quarter of an inch thick, or
+ cut them into shavings, as you would peel a lemon; dry them well in a
+ clean cloth, and fry them in lard or dripping. Take care that the fat
+ and frying-pan are quite clean; put it on a quick fire, and as soon as
+ the lard boils, and is still, put in the slices of potato, and keep
+ moving them until they are crisp; take them up, and lay them to drain
+ on a sieve. Send to table with a little salt sprinkled over them.
+
+
+1116. Potatoes Escalloped.
+
+ Mash potatoes in the usual way; then butter some nice clean
+ scallop-shells, pattypans, or tea cups or saucers; put in your
+ potatoes; make them smooth at the top; cross a knife over them; strew
+ a few fine bread-crumbs on them; sprinkle them with a paste-brush with
+ a few drops of melted butter, and set them in a Dutch oven. When
+ nicely browned on the top, take them carefully out of the shells, and
+ brown on the other side. Cold potatoes may be warmed up this way.
+
+
+1117. Potato Scones.
+
+ Mash boiled potatoes till they are quite smooth, adding a little salt;
+ then knead out the flour, or barley-meal, to the thickness required;
+ toast on the girdle, pricking them with a fork to prevent them
+ blistering. When eaten with fresh or salt butter they are equal to
+ crumpets--even superior, and very nutritious.
+
+
+1118. Potato Pie.
+
+ Peel and slice your potatoes very thinly into a pie-dish; between each
+ layer of potatoes put a little chopped onion, and sprinkle a little
+ pepper and salt; put in a little water, and cut about two ounces of
+ fresh butter into bits, and lay them on the top; cover it close with
+ paste. The yolks of four eggs may be added; and when baked, a
+ tablespoonful of good mushroom ketchup poured in through a funnel.
+ Another method is to put between the layers small bits of mutton,
+ beef, or pork. In Cornwall, turnips are added. This constitutes (on
+ the Cornish method) a cheap and satisfactory dish for families.
+
+
+1119. Cold Potatoes.
+
+ There are few articles in families more subject to waste, whether in
+ paring, boiling, or being actually wasted, than potatoes; and there
+ are few cooks who do not boil twice as many potatoes every day as are
+ wanted, and fewer still who do not throw the residue away as being
+ totally unfit in any shape for the next day's meal; yet if they would
+ take the trouble to beat up the despised cold potatoes with an equal
+ quantity of flour, they would find them produce a much lighter
+ dumpling or pudding than they can make with flour alone: and by the
+ aid of a few spoonfuls of good gravy, they will provide a cheap and
+ agreeable appendage to the dinner table.
+
+
+ [EVERY RECEIPT IS THE BASIS OF MANY OTHERS.]
+
+
+1120. Mashed Potatoes and Spinach or Cabbage.
+
+ Moisten cold mashed potatoes with a little white sauce: take cold
+ cabbage or spinach, and chop it very finely. Moisten with a brown
+ gravy. Fill a tin mould with layers of potatoes and cabbage; cover the
+ top, and put it into a stewpan of boiling water. Let it remain long
+ enough to warm the vegetables; then turn the vegetables out and serve
+ them. Prepare by boiling the vegetables separately, and put them into
+ the mould in layers, to be turned out when wanted. It forms a very
+ pretty dish for an entrée.
+
+
+1121. Cold Carrots and Turnips.
+
+ These may be added to soups, if they have not been mixed with gravies:
+ or if warmed up separately, and put into moulds in layers, they may be
+ turned out, and served the same as the potatoes and cabbage described
+ above.
+
+
+1122. French Beans.
+
+ Cut away the stalk-end, and strip off the strings, then cut them into
+ shreds. If not quite fresh, have a basin of spring water, with a
+ little salt dissolved in it, and as the beans are cleaned and stringed
+ throw them in; put them on the fire in boiling water, with some salt
+ in it; after they have boiled fifteen or twenty minutes, take one out
+ and taste it; as soon as they are tender take them up, throw them into
+ a cullender or sieve to drain. Send up the beans whole when they are
+ very young.
+
+
+1123. Boiled Turnip Radishes.
+
+ Boil in plenty of salted water, and in about twenty-five minutes they
+ will be tender; drain well, and send them to table with melted butter.
+ Common radishes, when young, tied in bunches, boiled for twenty
+ minutes, and served on a toast, are excellent.
+
+
+1124. Asparagus.
+
+ Asparagus (often mis-called "_asparagrass_").--Scrape the stalks till
+ they are clean; throw them into a pan of cold water, tie them up in
+ bundles of about a quarter of a hundred each; cut off the stalks at
+ the bottom to a uniform length leaving enough to serve as a handle for
+ the green part; put them into a stewpan of boiling water, with a
+ handful of salt in it. Let it boil, and skim it. When they are tender
+ at the stalk, which will be in from twenty to thirty minutes, they are
+ done enough.
+
+ Watch the exact time of their becoming tender; take them up that
+ instant. While the asparagus is boiling, toast a round of a a quartern
+ loaf, about half an inch thick; brown it delicately on both sides; dip
+ it lightly in the liquor the asparagus was boiled in, and lay it in
+ the middle of a dish; melt some butter, but do not put it over them.
+ Serve butter in a butter-boat.
+
+
+1125. Artichokes.
+
+ Soak them in cold water, wash them well; put them into plenty of
+ boiling water, with a handful of salt, and let them boil gently for an
+ hour and a half or two hours: trim them and drain on a sieve; send up
+ melted butter with them, which some put into small cups, one for each
+ guest.
+
+
+1126. Stewed Water-Cress.
+
+ The following receipt will be found an agreeable and wholesome
+ dish:--Lay the cress in strong salt and water, to clear it from
+ insects. Pick and wash nicely, and stew it in water for about ten
+ minutes; drain and chop, season with pepper and salt, add a little
+ butter, and return it to the stewpan until well heated. Add a little
+ vinegar previously to serving; put around it sippets of toast or fried
+ bread. The above, made thin, as a substitute for parsley and butter,
+ will be found an excellent sauce for a boiled fowl. There should be
+ considerably more of the cress than of the parsley, as the flavour is
+ much milder.
+
+
+ [A GOOD SUGGESTION IS OFTEN INVALUABLE.]
+
+
+1127. Stewed Mushrooms.
+
+ Cut off the ends of the stalks, and pare neatly some middle-sized or
+ button mushrooms, and put them into a basin of water with the juice of
+ a lemon as they are done. When all are prepared, take them from the
+ water with the hands to avoid the sediment, and put them into a
+ stewpan with a little fresh butter, white pepper, salt, and a little
+ lemon juice; cover the pan close, and let them stew gently for twenty
+ minutes or half an hour; then thicken the butter with a spoonful of
+ flour, and add gradually sufficient cream, or cream and milk, to make
+ the same about the thickness of good cream. Season the sauce to
+ palate, adding a little pounded mace or grated nutmeg. Let the whole
+ stew gently until the mushrooms are tender. Remove every particle of
+ butter which may be floating on the top before serving.
+
+
+1128. Indications of Wholesome Mushrooms.
+
+ Whenever a fungus is pleasant, in flavour and odour, it may be
+ considered wholesome; if, on the contrary, it have an offensive smell,
+ a bitter, astringent, or styptic taste, or even if it leave an
+ unpleasant flavour in the mouth, it should not be considered fit for
+ food. The colour, figure, and texture of these vegetables do not
+ afford any characters on which we can safely rely; yet it may be
+ remarked that in colour the pure yellow, gold colour, bluish pale,
+ dark or lustre brown, wine red, or the violet, belong to many that are
+ eatable; whilst the pale or sulphur yellow, bright or blood-red, and
+ the greenish belong to few but the poisonous. The safe kinds have most
+ frequently a compact, brittle texture; the flesh is white; they grow
+ more readily in open places, such as dry pastures and waste lands,
+ than in places humid or shaded by wood. In general, those should be
+ suspected which grow in caverns and subterranean passages, on animal
+ matter undergoing putrefaction, as well as those whose flesh is soft
+ or watery.
+
+
+1129. To Distinguish Mushrooms from Poisonous Fungi.
+
+ i. Sprinkle a little salt on the spongy part or gills of the sample
+ to be tried. If they turn yellow, they are poisonous,--if black,
+ they are wholesome. Allow the salt to act, before you decide on the
+ question.
+
+ ii. False mushrooms have a warty cap, or else fragments of membrane,
+ adhering to the upper surface, are heavy, and emerge from a vulva or
+ bag; they grow in tufts or clusters in woods, on the stumps of
+ trees, &c., whereas the true mushrooms grow in pastures.
+
+ iii. False mushrooms have an astringent, styptic, and disagreeable
+ taste. When cut they turn blue. They are moist on the surface, and
+ generally of a rose or orange colour.
+
+ iv. The gills of the true mushroom are of a pinky red, changing to a
+ liver colour. The flesh is white. The stem is white, solid, and
+ cylindrical.
+
+
+1130. Cookery for Soldiers Sailors, Travellers, and Emigrants.
+
+ The following seven receipts are due to the inventive genius of the
+ late Alexis Soyer, who at one time was chief cook of the Reform Club:
+
+
+1131. Stewed Salt Beef and Pork.
+
+ Put into a saucepan about two pounds of well-soaked beef, cut in eight
+ pieces; half a pound of salt pork, divided in two, and also soaked:
+ half a pound of rice, or six tablespoonfuls; a quarter of a pound of
+ onions, or four middle-sized ones, peeled and sliced; two ounces of
+ brown sugar, or a large tablespoonful; a quarter of an ounce of
+ pepper, and five pints of water; simmer gently for three hours, remove
+ the fat from the top, and serve. This dish is enough for six people,
+ and it cannot fail to be excellent if the receipt be closely followed.
+ Butchers' salt meat will require only a four hours' soaking, having
+ been but lightly pickled.
+
+
+ [A GOOD BEGINNING MAKES A GOOD ENDING.]
+
+
+1132. Mutton Soup.
+
+ Put into a pan--half a pound of mutton will make a pint of good family
+ soup--six pounds of mutton, cut in four or six pieces; three quarters
+ of a pound of mixed vegetables, or three ounces of preserved, three
+ and a half teaspoonfuls of salt, one teaspoonful of sugar, and half a
+ teaspoonful of pepper, if handy; five tablespoonfuls of barley or
+ rice; eight pints of water; let it simmer gently for three hours and a
+ half, remove this fat, and serve. Bread and biscuit may be added in
+ small quantities.
+
+
+1133. Plain Pea Soup.
+
+ Put in a pan six pounds of pork, well soaked and cut into eight
+ pieces; pour six quarts of water over; one pound of split peas; one
+ teaspoonful of sugar; half a teaspoonful of pepper; four ounces of
+ fresh vegetables, or two ounces of preserved, if handy; let it boil
+ gently for two hours, or until the peas are tender. When the pork is
+ rather fat, as is generally the case, wash it only; a quarter of a
+ pound of broken biscuit may be used for the soup. Salt beef, when
+ rather fat and well soaked, may be used for pea soup.
+
+
+1134. French Beef Soup, or Pot au Feu (Camp Fashion).
+
+ Put into the kettle six pounds of beef, cut into two or three pieces,
+ bone included; one pound of mixed green vegetables, or half a pound of
+ preserved, in cakes; four teaspoonfuls of salt; if handy, one
+ teaspoonful of pepper, one of sugar, and three cloves; and eight pints
+ of water. Let it boil gently three hours; remove some of the fat, and
+ serve. The addition of a pound and a half of bread, cut into slices,
+ or one pound of broken biscuits, well soaked, will make a very
+ nutritious soup. Skimming is not required.
+
+
+1135. How to Stew Fresh Beef, Pork, Mutton, and Veal.
+
+ Cut or chop two pounds of fresh beef into ten or twelve pieces; put
+ these into a saucepan, with one and a half teaspoonfuls of salt, one
+ teaspoonful of sugar, half a teaspoonful of pepper, two middle-sized
+ onions sliced, half a pint of water. Set on the fire for ten minutes
+ until forming a thick gravy. Add a good teaspoonful of flour, stir on
+ the fire a few minutes; add a quart and a half of water; let the whole
+ simmer until the meat is tender. Beef will take from two hours and a
+ half to three hours; mutton and pork, about two hours; veal, one hour
+ and a quarter to one hour and a half; onions, sugar, and pepper, if
+ not to be had, must be omitted; it will even then make a good dish;
+ half a pound of sliced potatoes, or two ounces of preserved potatoes;
+ either fresh or preserved vegetables may be added if they can be
+ obtained, also a small dumpling.
+
+
+1136. Plain Boiled Beef.
+
+ Put in a saucepan six pounds of well-soaked beef, cut in two, with
+ three quarts of cold water; simmer gently three hours, and serve.
+ About a pound of either carrots, turnips, parsnips, greens, or
+ cabbage, as well as dumplings, may be boiled with it.
+
+
+1137. Cossack's Plum Pudding.
+
+ Put into a basin one pound of flour, three quarters of a pound of
+ raisins (stoned, if time be allowed), three quarters of a pound of the
+ fat of salt pork (well washed, cut into small squares, or chopped),
+ two tablespoonfuls of sugar or treacle; and half a pint of water; mix
+ all together; put into a cloth tied lightly; boil for four hours, and
+ serve. If time will not admit, boil only two hours, though four are
+ preferable. How to spoil the above:--Add anything to it.
+
+
+1138. Meat Cookery.
+
+
+1139. Beef Minced.
+
+ Cut into small dice remains of cold beef: the gravy reserved from it
+ on the first day of it being served should be put in the stewpan, with
+ the addition of warm water, some mace, sliced shalot, salt, and black
+ pepper. Let the whole simmer gently for an hour, A few minutes before
+ it is served, take out the meat and dish it, add to the gravy some
+ walnut ketchup, and a little lemon juice or walnut pickle. Boil up the
+ gravy once more, and, when hot, pour it over the meat. Serve it with
+ bread sippets.
+
+
+1140. Beef with Mashed Potatoes.
+
+ Mash some potatoes with hot milk, the yolk of an egg, some butter and
+ salt. Slice the cold beef and lay it at the bottom of a pie-dish,
+ adding to it some sliced shalot, pepper, salt, and a little beef
+ gravy; cover the whole with a thick paste of potatoes, making the
+ crust to rise in the centre above the edges of the dish. Score the
+ potato crust with the point of a knife in squares of equal sizes. Put
+ the dish before a fire in a Dutch oven, and brown it on all sides; by
+ the time it is coloured, the meat and potatoes will be sufficiently
+ done.
+
+
+ [TRY ALL THINGS, HOLD FAST THAT WHICH IS GOOD.]
+
+
+1141. Beef Bubble and Squeak.
+
+ Cut into pieces convenient for frying, cold roasted or boiled beef;
+ pepper, salt, and fry them; when done, lay them on a hot drainer, and
+ while the meat is draining from the fat used in frying them, have in
+ readiness a cabbage already boiled in two waters; chop it small, and
+ put it in the frying-pan with some butter, add a little pepper and
+ keep stirring it, that all of it may be equally done. When taken from
+ the fire, sprinkle over the cabbage a very little vinegar, only enough
+ to give it a slightly acid taste. Place the cabbage in the centre of
+ the dish, and arrange the slices of meat neatly around it.
+
+
+1142. Beef or Mutton Lobscous.
+
+ Mince, not too finely, some cold roasted beef or mutton. Chop the
+ bones, and put them in a saucepan with six potatoes peeled and sliced,
+ one onion, also sliced, some pepper and salt; of these make a gravy.
+ When the potatoes are completely incorporated with the gravy, take out
+ the bones and put in the meat; stew the whole together for an hour
+ before it is to be served.
+
+
+1143. Beef Rissoles.
+
+ Mince and season cold beef, and flavour it with mushroom or walnut
+ ketchup. Make of beef dripping a very thin paste, roll it out in thin
+ pieces, about four inches square; enclose in each piece some of the
+ mince, in the same way as for puffs, cutting each neatly all round;
+ fry them in dripping to a very light brown. The paste can scarcely be
+ rolled out too thin.
+
+
+1144. Veal Minced.
+
+ Cut veal from the fillet or shoulder into very small dice; put into
+ veal or mutton broth with a little mace, white pepper, salt, some
+ lemon peel grated, and a tablespoonful of mushroom ketchup or mushroom
+ powder, rubbed smooth into the gravy, Take out some of the gravy when
+ nearly done, and when cool enough thicken it with flour, cream, and a
+ little butter; boil it up with the rest of the gravy, and pour it over
+ the meat when done. Garnish with bread sippets. A little lemon juice
+ added to the gravy improves its flavour.
+
+
+1145. Veal dressed with White Sauce.
+
+ Boil milk or cream with a thickening of flour and butter; put into it
+ thin slices of cold veal, and simmer it in the gravy till it is made
+ hot without boiling. When nearly done, beat up the yolk of an egg,
+ with a little anchovy and white sauce; pour it gently to the rest,
+ stirring it all the time; simmer again the whole together, and serve
+ it with sippets of bread and curled bacon alternately.
+
+
+1146. Veal Rissoles.
+
+ Mince and pound veal extremely fine; grate into it some remains of
+ cooked ham. Mix these well together with white sauce, flavoured with
+ mushrooms: form this mixture into balls, and enclose each in pastry.
+ Fry them in butter to a light brown. The same mince may be fried in
+ balls without pastry, being first cemented together with egg and
+ breadcrumbs.
+
+
+1147. Mutton Hashed.
+
+ Cut cold mutton into thin slices, fat and lean together; make gravy
+ with the bones whence the meat has been taken, boiling them long
+ enough in water, with onion, pepper and salt; strain the gravy, and
+ warm, but do not boil, the mutton in it. Then take out some of the
+ gravy to thicken it with flour and butter, and flavour it with
+ mushroom ketchup. Pour in the thickening and boil it up, having
+ previously taken out the meat, and placed it neatly on the dish in
+ which it is to go to the table. Pour over it the boiling gravy, and
+ add sippets of bread.
+
+
+1148. Lamb.
+
+ Fry slices or chops of lamb in butter till they are slightly browned.
+ Serve them on a _purée_ of cucumbers, or on a dish of spinach; or dip
+ the slices in bread-crumbs, chopped parsley, and yolk of an egg; some
+ grated lemon and a little nutmeg may be added. Fry them, and pour a
+ little nice gravy over them when served.
+
+
+ [WE LEARN SOMETHING, EVEN BY OUR FAILURES.]
+
+
+1149. Pork.
+
+ Slices of cold pork, fried and laid on apple sauce, form an excellent
+ side or corner dish. Boiled pork may also he made into rissoles,
+ minced very fine like sausage meat, and seasoned sufficiently, but not
+ over much.
+
+
+1150. Round of Salt Beef.
+
+ Skewer it tight and round, and tie a fillet of broad tape about it.
+ Put it into plenty of cold water, and carefully remove the scum; let
+ it boil till all the scum is removed, and then put the boiler on one
+ side of the fire, to continue simmering slowly till it is done. Half a
+ round may be boiled for a small family. When you take it up, wash the
+ scum off with a paste-brush--garnish with carrots and turnips.
+
+
+1151. Aitchbone of Beef.
+
+ Manage in the same way as the round. The soft, marrow-like fat which
+ lies on the back is best when hot, and the hard fat of the upper
+ corner is best cold.
+
+
+1152. Stewed Brisket of Beef.
+
+ Stew in sufficient water to cover the meat; when tender, take out the
+ bones, and skim off the fat; add to the gravy, when strained, a glass
+ of wine, and a little spice tied up in a muslin bag. (This can he
+ omitted if preferred.) Have ready either mushrooms, truffles, or
+ vegetables boiled, and cut into shapes, Lay them on and around the
+ beef; reduce part of the gravy to glaze, lay it on the top, and pour
+ the remainder into the dish.
+
+
+1153. Baked Brisket of Beef.
+
+ Brisket of beef may lie baked, the bones being removed, and the holes
+ filled with oysters, fat bacon, parsley, or all three in separate
+ holes; these stuffings being chopped and seasoned to taste. Dredge it
+ well with flour, pour upon it half a pint of broth, bake for three
+ hours, skim off the fat, strain the gravy over the meat, and garnish
+ with cut pickles.
+
+
+1154. Pork, Spare-rib.
+
+ Joint it nicely before roasting, and crack the ribs across as lamb.
+ Take care not to have the fire too fierce. The joint should be basted
+ with very little butter and flour, and may be sprinkled with fine
+ dried sage, It takes from two to three hours. Apple sauce, mashed
+ potatoes, and greens are the proper accompaniments, also good mustard,
+ fresh made.
+
+
+1155. Lamb Stove or Lamb Stew.
+
+ Take a lamb's head and lights, open the jaws of the head, and wash
+ them thoroughly; put them in a pot with some beef stock, made with
+ three quarts of water and two pounds of shin of beef, strained; boil
+ very slowly for an hour; wash and string two or three good handfuls of
+ spinach; put it in twenty minutes before serving; add a little
+ parsley, and one or two onions, a short time before it comes off the
+ fire; season with pepper and salt, and serve all together in a tureen.
+
+
+1156. Roast Beef Bones
+
+ Roast beef bones furnish a very relishing luncheon or supper, prepared
+ with poached or fried eggs and mashed potatoes as accompaniments.
+ Divide the bones, having good pickings of meat on each; score them in
+ squares, pour a little melted butter over, and sprinkle with pepper
+ and salt; put them on a dish; set in a Dutch oven for half or three
+ quarters of an hour, according to the thickness of the meat; keep
+ turning till they are quite hot and brown: or broil them on the
+ gridiron. Brown but do not burn them. Serve with piquant sauce.
+
+
+1157. Marrow Bones.
+
+ Saw the bones evenly, so that they will stand steadily; put a piece of
+ paste into the ends; set them upright in a saucepan, and boil till
+ they are done enough--beef marrow bone will require from an hour and a
+ half to two hours; serve fresh-toasted bread with them.
+
+
+1158. Beef (Rump) Steak and Onion Sauce.
+
+ Peel and slice two large onions, put them into a quart stewpan, with
+ two tablespoonfuls of water; cover the pan close, and set on a slow
+ fire till the water has boiled away, and the onions have become a
+ little browned; then add half a pint of good broth, and boil the
+ onions till they are tender; strain the broth, and chop very fine;
+ season with mushroom ketchup, pepper, and salt; put in the onions
+ then, and let them boil gently for five minutes, pour into the dish,
+ and lay over it a broiled rump steak. If instead of broth you use good
+ beef gravy, it will be delicious.
+
+
+ [WHEN WE THINK WE FAIL, WE ARE OFTEN NEAR SUCCESS.]
+
+
+1159. Beef à la Mode and Veal Ditto.
+
+ Take about eleven pounds of the mouse buttock,--or clod of beef,--or
+ blade bone,--or the sticking-piece, or the like weight of the breast
+ of veal;--cut it into pieces of three or four ounces each; put in
+ three or four ounces of beef dripping, and mince a couple of large
+ onions, and lay them into a large deep stewpan. As soon as it is quite
+ hot, flour the meat, put it into the stewpan, continue stirring with a
+ wooden spoon; when it has been on about ten minutes, dredge with
+ flour, and keep doing so till you have stirred in as much as you think
+ will thicken it; then add by degrees about a gallon of boiling water;
+ keep stirring it together; skim it when it boils, and then put in one
+ drachm of ground black pepper, two of allspice, and two bay-leaves;
+ set the pan by the side of the fire, or at a distance over it, and let
+ it stew _very slowly_ for about three hours; when you find the meat
+ sufficiently tender, put it into a tureen, and it is ready for table.
+
+
+1160. Ox-Cheek Stewed.
+
+ Prepare the day before it is to be eaten; clean the cheek and put it
+ into soft water, just warm; let it lie for three or four hours, then
+ put it into cold water, to soak all night; next day wipe it clean, put
+ it into a stewpan, and just cover it with water; skim it well when it
+ is coming to a boil, then add two whole onions with two or three
+ cloves stuck into each, three turnips quartered, a couple of carrots
+ sliced, two bay-leaves, and twenty-four corns of allspice, a head of
+ celery, and a bundle of sweet herbs, pepper, and salt; lastly, add a
+ little cayenne and garlic, if liked.
+
+ Let it stew gently till perfectly tender, about three hours; then take
+ out the cheek, divide into pieces fit to help at table; skim and
+ strain the gravy; melt an ounce and a half of butter in a stewpan;
+ stir into it as much flour as it will take up; mix with it by degrees
+ a pint and a half of the gravy; add a tablespoonful of mushroom or
+ walnut ketchup, or port wine, and boil a short time. Serve up in a
+ soup or ragoût dish, or make it into barley broth. This is a very
+ economical, nourishing, and savoury meal.
+
+
+1161. Hashed Mutton or Beef.
+
+ Slice the meat small, trim off the brown edges, and stew down the
+ trimmings with the bones, well broken, an onion, a bunch of thyme and
+ parsley, a carrot cut into slices, a few peppercorns, cloves, salt,
+ and a pint and a half of water or stock. When this is reduced to
+ little more than three quarters of a pint, strain it, clear it from
+ the fat, thicken it with a large dessertspoonful of flour or
+ arrowroot, add salt and pepper, boil the whole for a few minutes, then
+ lay in the meat and heat it well. Boiled potatoes are sometimes sliced
+ hot into the hash.
+
+
+1162. Irish Stew.
+
+ Take two pounds of potatoes; peel and slice them; cut rather more than
+ two pounds of mutton chops, either from the loin or neck; part of the
+ fat should he taken off; beef, two pounds, six large onions sliced, a
+ slice of ham, or lean bacon, a spoonful of pepper, and two of salt.
+ This stew may be done in a stewpan over the fire, or in a baker's
+ oven, or in a close-covered earthen pot. First put a layer of
+ potatoes, then a layer of meat and onions, sprinkle the seasoning,
+ then a layer of potatoes, and again the meat and onions and seasoning;
+ the top layer should be potatoes, and the vessel should be quite full.
+ Then put in half a pint of good gravy, and a spoonful of mushroom
+ ketchup. Let the whole stew for an hour and a half; be very careful it
+ does not burn.
+
+
+ [SECOND TRIALS OFTEN SUCCEED.]
+
+
+1163. Palatable Stew.
+
+ Cut pieces of salt beef and pork into dice, put them into a stewpan
+ with six whole peppercorns, two blades of mace, a few cloves, a
+ teaspoonful of celery-seeds, and a faggot of dried sweet herbs; cover
+ with water, and stew gently for an hour, then add fragments of
+ carrots, turnips, parsley, or any other vegetables at hand, with two
+ sliced onions, and some vinegar to flavour; thicken with flour or
+ rice, remove the herbs, and pour into the dish with toasted bread, or
+ freshly baked biscuit, broken small, and serve hot. When they can be
+ procured, a few potatoes improve it very much.
+
+
+1164. Ragoût of Cold Veal.
+
+ Either a neck, loin, or fillet of veal will furnish this excellent
+ ragoût with a very little expense or trouble. Cut the veal into
+ handsome cutlets; put a piece of butter, or clean dripping, into a
+ frying pan; as soon as it is hot, flour and fry the veal to a light
+ brown; take it out, and if you have no gravy ready, put a pint of
+ boiling water into the frying-pan, give it a boil-up for a minute, and
+ strain it in a basin while you make some thickening in the following
+ manner:
+
+ Put an ounce of butter into a stewpan; as soon as it melts, mix as
+ much flour as will dry it up; stir it over the fire for a few minutes,
+ and gradually add the gravy you made in the frying-pan: let them
+ simmer together for ten minutes; season with pepper, salt, a little
+ mace, and a wineglassful of mushroom ketchup or wine; strain it
+ through a tammy, or fine sieve, over the meat, and stew very gently
+ till the meat is thoroughly warmed, If you have any ready-boiled
+ bacon, cut it in slices, and put it to warm with the meat.
+
+
+1165. Economical Dish.
+
+ Cut some rather fat ham or bacon into slices, and fry to a nice brown;
+ lay them aside to keep warm; then mix equal quantities of potatoes and
+ cabbage, bruised well together, and fry them in the fat left from the
+ ham. Place the mixture at the bottom, and lay the slices of bacon on
+ the top. Cauliflower, or broccoli, substituted for cabbage, is truly
+ delicious; and, to any one possessing a garden, quite easily procured,
+ as those newly blown will do. The dish must be well seasoned with
+ pepper.
+
+
+1166. Mock Goose
+
+ (being a leg of pork skinned, roasted, and stuffed goose
+ fashion).--Parboil the leg; take off the skin, and then put it down to
+ roast; baste it with butter, and make a _savoury powder_ of finely
+ minced or dried or powdered sage, ground black pepper, salt, and some
+ bread-crumbs, rubbed together through a cullender: add to this a
+ little very finely minced onion; sprinkle it with this when it is
+ almost roasted; put half a pint of made gravy into the dish, and goose
+ stuffing under the knuckle skin; or garnish the dish with balls of it
+ fried or boiled.
+
+
+1167. Roast Goose.
+
+ When a goose is well picked, singed, and cleaned, make the stuffing,
+ with about two ounces of onion--if you think the flavour of raw onions
+ too strong, cut them in slices, and lay them in cold water for a
+ couple of hours, add as much apple or potato as you have of onion, and
+ half as much green sage, chop them very fine, adding four ounces,
+ _i.e._, about a large breakfast cupful, of stale breadcrumbs, a bit of
+ butter about as big as a walnut, and a very little pepper and salt,
+ the yolk of an egg or two, and incorporating the whole well together,
+ stuff the goose; do not quite fill it, but leave a little room for the
+ stuffing to swell. Spit it, tie it on the spit at both ends, to
+ prevent it swinging round, and to prevent the stuffing from coming
+ out. From an hour and a half to an hour and three-quarters will roast
+ a fine full-grown goose. Send up gravy and apple sauce with it.
+
+
+ [SECOND THOUGHTS ARE OFTEN BEST.]
+
+
+1168. Jugged Hare.
+
+ Wash it very nicely, cut it up in pieces proper to help at table, and
+ put them into a jugging-pot, or into a stone jar, just sufficiently
+ large to hold it well; put in some sweet herbs, a roll or two of rind
+ of a lemon, and a fine large onion with five cloves stuck in it; and,
+ if you wish to preserve the flavour of the hare, a quarter of a pint
+ of water; but, if you wish to make a ragoût, a quarter of a pint of
+ claret or port wine, and the juice of a lemon. Tie the jar down
+ closely with a bladder, so that no steam can escape; put a little hay
+ in the bottom of the saucepan, in which place the jar; let the water
+ boil for about three hours, according to the age and size of the hare,
+ keeping it boiling all the time, and till up the pot as it boils away.
+
+ Care, however, must be taken that it is not overdone, which is the
+ general fault in all made dishes. When quite tender, strain off the
+ gravy from the fat, thicken it with flour, and give it a boil up; lay
+ the pieces of hare in a hash dish, and pour the gravy over it. You may
+ make a pudding the same as for roast hare, and boil it in a cloth, and
+ when you dish up your hare, cut it in slices, or make forcemeat balls
+ of it for garnish. For sauce, red currant jelly.
+
+
+1169. Stewed Hare.
+
+ A much easier and quicker way is the following:--Prepare the hare as
+ for jugging; put it into a stewpan with a few sweet herbs, half a
+ dozen cloves, the same of allspice and black pepper, two large onions,
+ and a roll of lemon peel; cover it with water: when it boils, skim it
+ clean, and let it simmer gently till tender (about two hours); then
+ take the meat up with a slice, set it by a fire to keep hot while you
+ thicken the gravy; take three ounces of butter and some flour, rub
+ together, put in the gravy, stir it well, and let it boil about ten
+ minutes; strain it through a sieve over the meat, and it is ready.
+
+
+1170. Curried Beef, Madras Way.
+
+ Take about two ounces of butter, and place it in a saucepan, with two
+ small onions cut up into slices, and let them fry until they are a
+ light brown; then add a tablespoonful and a half of curry powder, and
+ mix it up well. Now put in the beef, cut into pieces about an inch
+ square; pour in from a quarter to a third of a pint of milk, and let
+ it simmer for thirty minutes; then take it off, and place it in a
+ dish, with a little lemon juice. Whilst cooking stir constantly, to
+ prevent it burning. Send to table with a wall of mashed potatoes or
+ boiled rice round it. It greatly improves any curry to add with the
+ milk a quarter of a cocoa-nut, scraped very small, and squeezed
+ through muslin with a little water; this softens the taste of the
+ curry, and, indeed, no curry should be made without it.
+
+
+1171. Ragoût of Duck, or any kind of Poultry or Game.
+
+ Partly roast, then divide into joints, or pieces of a suitable size
+ for helping at table. Set it on in a stewpan, with a pint and a half
+ of broth, or, if you have no broth, water, with any little trimmings
+ of meat to enrich it; a large onion stuck with cloves, a dozen berries
+ of allspice, the same quantity of black pepper, and the rind of half a
+ lemon shaved thin. When it boils, skim it very clean, and then let it
+ simmer gently, with the lid close, for an hour and a half. Then strain
+ off the liquor, and take out the pieces, which keep hot in a basin or
+ deep dish.
+
+ Rinse the stewpan, or use a clean one, in which put two ounces of
+ butter, and as much flour or other thickening as will bring it to a
+ stiff paste; add to it the gravy by degrees. Let it boil up, then add
+ a glass of port wine, a little lemon juice, and a teaspoonful of salt;
+ simmer a few minutes. Put the meat in a deep dish, strain the gravy
+ over, and garnish with sippets of toasted bread. The flavour may be
+ varied at pleasure by adding ketchup, curry powder, or vinegar.
+
+
+1172. To Dress Cold Turkey, Goose, Fowl, Duck, Pigeon, or Rabbit.
+
+ Cut the cold bird or rabbit in quarters, beat up an egg or two
+ (according to the quantity to be dressed) with a little grated nutmeg,
+ and pepper and salt, some parsley minced fine, and a few crumbs of
+ bread; mix these well together, and cover the pieces with this batter:
+ broil them, or put them in a Dutch oven, or have ready some dripping
+ hot in a pan, in which fry them a light brown colour; thicken a little
+ gravy with some flour, put a large spoonful of ketchup to it, lay the
+ fry in a dish, and pour the sauce round it; garnish with slices of
+ lemon and toasted bread.
+
+
+ [READ FREQUENTLY THE MEDICAL HINTS.]
+
+
+1173. Pulled Turkey, Fowl, or Chicken.
+
+ Skin a cold chicken, fowl, or turkey; take off the fillets from the
+ breasts, and put them into a stewpan with the rest of the white meat
+ and wings, side-bones, and merry-thought, with a pint of broth, a
+ large blade of mace pounded, a shalot minced fine, the juice of half a
+ lemon, and a strip of the peel, some salt, and a few grains of
+ cayenne; thicken it with flour and butter, and let it simmer for two
+ or three minutes, till the meat is warm. In the meantime score the
+ legs and rump, powder them with pepper and salt, broil them in a dish
+ and lay the pulled chicken round them. Three tablespoonfuls of good
+ cream, or the yolks of as many eggs, will be a great improvement to it.
+
+
+1174. Hashed Poultry, Game, or Rabbit.
+
+ Cut them into joints, put the trimmings into a stew pan with a quart
+ of the broth in which they were boiled, and a large onion cut in four;
+ let the whole boil half an hour: strain it through a sieve; then put
+ two tablespoonfuls of flour in a basin, and mix it well by degrees
+ with the hot broth; set it on the fire to boil up, then strain it
+ through a fine sieve: wash out the stewpan, lay the poultry in it, and
+ pour the gravy on it (through a sieve); set it by the side of the fire
+ to simmer very gently (it must not _boil_) for fifteen minutes; five
+ minutes before you serve it up, cut the stuffing in slices, and put it
+ in to warm, then take it out, and lay it round the edge of the dish,
+ and put the poultry in the middle; skim the fat off the gravy, then
+ shake it round well in the stewpan, and pour it over the hash. Garnish
+ the dish with toasted sippets.
+
+
+1175. Ducks or Geese Hashed.
+
+ Cut an onion, into small dice: put it into a stewpan with a bit of
+ butter; fry it, but do not let it get any colour; put as much boiling
+ water into the stewpan as will make sauce for the hash; thicken it
+ with a little flour; cut up the duck, and put it into the sauce to
+ warm; do not let it boil; season it with pepper and salt and ketchup.
+
+
+1176. Broiled Goose.
+
+ _The legs of geese, &c_., broiled, and laid on a bed of apple sauce,
+ form an appetising dish for luncheon or supper.
+
+
+1177. Grilled Fowl.
+
+ Take the remains of cold fowls, and skin them or not, at choice;
+ pepper and salt them, and sprinkle over them a little lemon juice, and
+ let them stand an hour; wipe them dry, dip them into clarified butter,
+ and then into fine bread-crumbs, and broil gently over a clear fire. A
+ little finely minced lean of ham or grated lemon peel, with a
+ seasoning of cayenne, salt, and mace, mixed with the crumbs, will vary
+ this dish agreeably. When fried instead of broiled, the fowls may be
+ dipped into yolk of egg instead of butter.
+
+
+1178. A Nice Way of serving up a fowl that has been dressed.
+
+ Beat the whites of two eggs to a thick froth; add a small bit of
+ butter, or some salad oil, flour, a little lukewarm water, and two
+ tablespoonfuls of beer, beaten altogether till it is of the
+ consistency of very thick cream. Cut up the fowl into small pieces,
+ strew over it some chopped parsley and shalot, pepper, salt, and a
+ little vinegar, and let it lie till dinner-time; dip the fowl in the
+ batter, and fry it in boiling lard, of a nice light brown. Veal that
+ has been cooked may be dressed in the same way.
+
+
+1179. Curry of any Kind.
+
+ Cut up a good fowl; skin it or not, as you please; fry it nicely
+ brown: slice two or three onions, and fry them; put the fried fowl and
+ onions into a stew-pan with a tablespoonful of curry powder, and one
+ clove of garlic: cover it with water or veal gravy: let it stew slowly
+ for one hour, or til very tender; have ready, mixed in two or three
+ spoonfuls of good cream, one teaspoonful of flour, two ounces of
+ butter, juice of a lemon, some salt; after the cream is in, it must
+ only have one boil up, not to stew. Any spice may be added if the
+ curry powder is not highly seasoned. With chicken, rabbit, or fish,
+ observe the same rule. Curry is made also with sweetbreads, breast of
+ veal, veal cutlets, lamb, mutton or pork chops, lobster, turbot,
+ soles, eels, oysters, &c. Any kind of white meat is fit for a curry.
+
+
+ [AND STUDY ALL THE PRECAUTIONS.]
+
+
+1180. Curried Eggs.
+
+ Slice two onions and fry them in butter, add a tablespoonful of curry
+ powder; let the onions and curry powder stew in a pint of good broth
+ till the former are quite tender; mix a cup of cream, and thicken with
+ arrowroot, or rice flour. Simmer a few minutes, then add six or eight
+ hard-boiled eggs cut in slices; heat them thoroughly, but do not let
+ them boil.
+
+
+1181. Cold Meat Broiled, With Poached Eggs.
+
+ The inside of a sirloin of beef or a leg of mutton is the best for
+ this dish. Cut the slices of equal thickness, and broil and brown
+ them carefully and slightly over a clear smart fire, or in a Dutch
+ oven; give those slices most fire that are least done; lay them in a
+ dish before the fire to keep hot, while you poach the eggs and mash
+ the potatoes. This makes a savoury luncheon or supper. The meat should
+ be _underdone_ the first time.
+
+
+1182. Curried Oysters.
+
+ This receipt may be greatly modified, both in quantity and
+ ingredients. Let a hundred of large oysters be opened into a basin
+ without losing one drop of their liquor. Put a lump of fresh butter
+ into a good-sized saucepan, and when it boils, add a large onion, cut
+ into thin slices, and let it fry in the uncovered stewpan until it is
+ of a rich brown: now add a bit more butter, and two or three
+ tablespoonfuls of curry powder. When these ingredients are well mixed
+ over the fire with a wooden spoon, add gradually either hot water, or
+ broth from the stock-pot; cover the stewpan, and let the whole boil
+ up. Meanwhile, have ready the meat of a cocoa-nut, grated or rasped
+ fine, put this into the stewpan with an unripe apple, chopped. Let the
+ whole simmer over the fire until the apple is dissolved, and the
+ cocoa-nut very tender; then add a cupful of strong thickening made of
+ flour and water, and sufficient salt, as a curry will not bear being
+ salted at table. Let this boil up for five minutes.
+
+ Have ready also a vegetable marrow, or part of one, cut into bits, and
+ sufficiently boiled to require little or no further cooking. Put this
+ in with a tomato or two. These vegetables improve the flavour of the
+ dish, but either or both of them may be omitted. Now put into the
+ stewpan the oysters with their liquor, and the milk of the cocoa-nut,
+ if it be perfectly sweet; stir them well with the former ingredients;
+ let the curry stew gently for a few minutes, then throw in the
+ strained juice of half a lemon. Stir the curry from time to time with
+ a wooden spoon, and as soon as the oysters are done enough, serve it
+ up with a corresponding dish of rice on the opposite side of the
+ table. This dish is considered at Madras the _ne plus ultra_ of Indian
+ cookery.
+
+
+1183. Fried Oysters.
+
+ Large oysters are the best. Simmer for a minute or two in their own
+ liquor; drain perfectly dry; dip in yolks of eggs, and then in
+ bread-crumbs, seasoned with nutmeg, cayenne, and salt; fry them of a
+ light brown. They are chiefly used as garnish for fish, or for rump
+ steaks; but if intended to be eaten alone, make a little thick melted
+ butter, moistened with the liquor of the oysters, and serve as sauce.
+
+
+1184. Stewed Oysters.
+
+ The beard or fringe is generally taken off. When this is done, set on
+ the beards with the liquor of the oysters, and a little white gravy,
+ rich, but unseasoned; having boiled for a few minutes, strain off the
+ beards, put in the oysters, and thicken the gravy with flour and
+ butter (an ounce of butter to half a pint of stew), a little salt,
+ pepper, and nutmeg, or mace, a spoonful of ketchup, and three of
+ cream; some prefer a little essence of anchovy to ketchup, others the
+ juice of a lemon, others a glass of white wine; the flavour may be
+ varied according to taste. Simmer till the stew is thick, and the
+ oysters warmed through, but avoid letting them boil. Lay toasted
+ sippets at the bottom of the dish and round the edges.
+
+
+ [STUDY THE PRECAUTIONS RESPECTING FIRE.]
+
+
+1185. Bologna Sausages.
+
+ Take equal quantities of bacon, fat and lean, beef, veal, pork, and
+ beef suet; chop them small, season with pepper, salt, &c., sweet
+ herbs, and sage rubbed fine. Have a well-washed intestine, fill, and
+ prick it; boil gently for an hour, and lay on straw to dry. They may
+ be smoked the same as hams.
+
+
+1186. Oxford Sausages.
+
+ To each pound of lean pork allow one pound of lean veal, one pound of
+ fat, part pork and part veal. Chop and beat well with a lard-beater.
+ Allow one pound of bread-crumbs, thyme, a little parsley; an ounce of
+ sage leaves, chopped very small; two heads of leeks, or a little
+ garlic, or shalot, chopped very fine; salt, pepper, and nutmeg. To
+ each pound allow one egg, the yolks and whites separately; beat both
+ well, mix in the yolks, and as much of the whites as is necessary to
+ moisten the bread. Then make the sausages in the usual way.
+
+
+1187. Worcester Sausages.
+
+ Worcester sausages are made of beef, &c.; add allspice, and any other
+ spices and herbs you may choose.
+
+
+1188. Mutton Sausages.
+
+ The lean of the leg is the best. Add half as much of beef suet; that
+ is, a pound of lean and half a pound of suet (this proportion is good
+ for all sausages). Add oysters, anchovies chopped very fine, and
+ flavour with seasoning. No herbs. These will require a little fat in
+ the pan to fry.
+
+
+1189. Veal Sausages.
+
+ Veal sausages are made exactly as Oxford sausages, except that you add
+ ham fat, or fat bacon; and, instead of sage, use marjoram, thyme, and
+ parsley.
+
+
+1190. Preparing Sausage Skins.
+
+ Turn them inside out, and stretch them on a stick; wash and scrape
+ them in several waters. When thoroughly cleansed, take them off the
+ sticks, and soak in salt and water two or three hours before filling.
+
+
+1191. Saveloys.
+
+ Saveloys are made of salt pork, fat and lean, with bread-crumbs,
+ pepper, and sage; they are always put in skins: boil half an hour
+ slowly. These are eaten cold.
+
+
+1192. Black Hog Pudding.
+
+ Catch the blood of a hog; to each quart of blood put a large
+ teaspoonful of salt, and stir it without ceasing till it is cold.
+ Simmer half a pint or a pint of Embden groats in a small quantity of
+ water till tender; there must be no gruel. The best way of doing it is
+ in a double saucepan, so that you need not put more water than will
+ moisten them. Chop up (for one quart of blood) one pound of the inside
+ fat of the hog, and a quarter of a pint of bread-crumbs, a
+ tablespoonful of sage, chopped fine, a teaspoonful of thyme, three
+ drachms each of allspice, salt, and pepper, and a teacupful of cream.
+ When the blood is cold, strain it through a sieve, and add to it the
+ fat, then the groats, and then the seasoning. When well mixed, put it
+ into the skin of the largest gut, well cleansed; tie it in lengths of
+ about nine inches, and boil gently for twenty minutes. Take them out
+ and prick them when they have boiled a few minutes.
+
+
+1193. Scotch Woodcock.
+
+ Three or four slices of bread; toast and butter well on both
+ sides,--nine or ten anchovies washed, scraped, and chopped fine; put
+ them between the slices of toast,--have ready the yolks of four eggs
+ well beaten, and half a pint of cream--which set over the fire to
+ thicken, but not boil,--then pour it over the toast, and serve it to
+ table as hot as possible.
+
+
+1194. Sweetbread.
+
+ Trim a fine sweetbread (it cannot be too _fresh_); parboil it for five
+ minutes, and throw it into a basin of cold water. Then roast it
+ plain--or beat up the yolk of an egg, and prepare some fine
+ breadcrumbs; or when the sweetbread is cold, dry it thoroughly in a
+ cloth; run a lark-spit or a skewer through it, and tie it on the
+ ordinary spit; egg it with a paste-brush; powder it well with
+ bread-crumbs, and roast it. For sauce, fried bread-crumbs, melted
+ butter, with a little mushroom ketchup, and lemon juice, or serve on
+ buttered toast, garnished with egg sauce, or with gravy. Instead of
+ spitting the sweetbread, you may put it into a tin Dutch oven, or fry
+ it.
+
+
+ [READ THE HINTS TO HUSBANDS AND WIVES.]
+
+
+1195. Sweetbreads Plain.
+
+ Parboil and slice them as before, dry them in a clean cloth, flour
+ them, and fry them a delicate brown; take care to drain the fat well,
+ and garnish with slices of lemon, and sprigs of chervil or parsley, or
+ crisp parsley. Serve with sauce, and slices of ham or bacon, or
+ force-meat balls.
+
+
+1196. Kidneys.
+
+ Cut them through the long way, score them, sprinkle a little pepper
+ and salt on them, and run a wire skewer through to keep them from
+ curling on the gridiron, so that they may be evenly broiled. Broil
+ over a clear fire, taking care not to prick the kidney with the fork,
+ and turning them often till they are done; they will take about ten or
+ twelve minutes, if the fire is brisk. Another mode is to fry them in
+ butter, and make gravy for them in the pan (after you have taken out
+ the kidneys), by putting in a teaspoonful of flour; as soon as it
+ looks brown, put in as much water as will make gravy. Kidneys will
+ take five minutes more to fry than to broil.
+
+
+1197. Devil.
+
+ The gizzard and rump, or legs, &c., of a dressed turkey, capon, or
+ goose, or mutton or veal kidney, scored, peppered, salted, and
+ broiled, sent up for a relish, being made very hot, has obtained the
+ name of a "devil."
+
+
+1198. Bacon.
+
+ Dr. Kitchiner very justly says:
+
+ "The boiling of bacon is a very simple subject to comment upon; but
+ our main object is to teach common cooks the art of dressing common
+ food in the best manner. Cover a pound of nice streaked bacon with
+ cold water, let it boil gently for three quarters of an hour; take
+ it up, scrape the under side well, and cut off the rind: grate a
+ crust of bread not only on the top, but all over it, as you would
+ ham, put it before the fire for a few minutes, not too long, or it
+ will dry and spoil it. Bacon is sometimes as salt as salt can make
+ it, therefore before it is boiled it must be soaked in warm water
+ for an hour or two, changing the water once; then pare off the rusty
+ and smoked part, trim it nicely on the under side, and scrape the
+ rind as clean as possible."
+
+
+1199. Ham or Bacon Slices.
+
+ Ham or bacon slices should not be less than one-eighth or more than a
+ quarter of an inch thick, and, for delicate persons, should be soaked
+ in hot water for a quarter of an hour, and then well wiped and dried
+ before broiling. If you wish to curl a slice, roll it up, and put a
+ wooden skewer through it; then in may be dressed in a cheese-toaster
+ or a Dutch oven.
+
+
+1200. Relishing Rashers of Bacon.
+
+ If you have any _cold bacon_, you may make a very nice dish of it by
+ cutting it into slices about a quarter of an inch thick. Then grate
+ some crust of bread as directed for ham, and powder the slices well
+ with it on both sides; lay the rashers in a cheese-toaster,--they will
+ be browned on one side in about three minutes:--turn them and do the
+ other. These are a delicious accompaniment to poached or fried
+ eggs:--the bacon, having been boiled first, is tender and
+ mellow.--They are an excellent garnish round veal cutlets,
+ sweetbreads, calf's head hash, green peas, or beans, &c.
+
+
+1201. Anchovy Sandwiches.
+
+ Anchovy sandwiches made with the above, will be found excellent.
+
+
+1202. Anchovy Toast.
+
+ Anchovy toast is made by spreading anchovy paste upon bread either
+ toasted or fried.
+
+
+ [FIRE IS A GOOD SERVANT BUT A BAD MASTER.]
+
+
+1203. Scotch Porridge.
+
+ _For four persons_.--Boil three pints of water in a clean saucepan,
+ add a teaspoonful of salt; mix very gradually, while the water is
+ boiling, one pound of fine oatmeal, stirring constantly, while you put
+ in the meal, with a round stick about eighteen inches long, called a
+ "spirtle." Continue stirring for fifteen minutes; then pour into soup
+ plates, allow it to cool a little, and serve with sweet milk. Scotch
+ porridge is one of the most nutritive diets that can be given,
+ especially for young persons, on account of the bone-producing
+ elements contained in oatmeal. It is sometimes boiled with milk
+ instead of water, but the mixture is then rather rich for delicate
+ stomachs.
+
+
+1204. Scotch Brose.
+
+ This favourite Scotch dish is generally made with the liquor in which
+ meat has been boiled. Put half a pint of oatmeal into a porringer with
+ a little salt, if there be not enough in the broth,--of which add as
+ much as will mix it to the consistence of hasty pudding or a little
+ thicker,--lastly, take a little of the fat that swims on the broth
+ and put it on the porridge, and eat it in the same way as hasty
+ pudding.
+
+
+1205. Barley Broth, Scotch.
+
+ Dr. Kitchiner, from whose "Cook's Oracle," [1] we take this receipt,
+ after testing it, says:
+
+ "This is a most frugal, agreeable, and nutritive meal. It will
+ neither lighten the purse nor lie heavy on the stomach. It will
+ furnish you with a pleasant soup, _and meat_ for eight persons.
+
+ Wash three-quarters of a pound of Scotch barley in a little cold
+ water; put it in a soup-pot with a shin or leg of beef, of about ten
+ pounds weight, sawn into four pieces (tell the butcher to do this
+ for you); cover it well with cold water; set it on the fire; when it
+ boils, skim it very clean, and put in two onions, of about three
+ ounces weight each; set it by the side of the fire to simmer very
+ gently for about two hours; then skim all the fat clean off, and put
+ in two heads of celery and a large turnip cut into small squares;
+ season it with salt, and let it boil for an hour and a half longer,
+ and it will be ready: take out the meat carefully with a slice (and
+ cover it up, and set it by the fire to keep warm), and skim the
+ broth well before you put it in the tureen.
+
+ Put a quart of the soup into a basin, and about an ounce of flour
+ into a stewpan, and pour the broth to it by degrees, stirring it
+ well together; set it on the fire, and stir it till it boils, then
+ let it boil up, and it is ready. Put the meat in a ragoût dish, and
+ strain the sauce through a sieve over the meat; you may put to it
+ some capers, or minced gherkins, or walnuts, &c. If the beef has
+ been stewed with proper care, in a very gentle manner, and taken up
+ at 'the critical moment when it is just tender,' you will obtain an
+ excellent and savoury meal."
+
+
+ [Footnote 1: Published by Messrs. Houlston and Suns,
+ Paternoster-square. London, E.C.]
+
+
+1206. Hotch-Potch for Summer.
+
+ Make a stock from the neck or ribs of lamb or mutton, reserving some
+ chops, which cook for a shorter time and serve in the tureen. Chop
+ small, four turnips, four carrots, a few young onions, a little
+ parsley, and one lettuce; boil for one hour. Twenty minutes before
+ they are done, put in a cauliflower cut small, one quart of shelled
+ peas, and a pint of young beans.
+
+
+1207. Hotch-Potch for Winter.
+
+ This can be made of beef or mutton, or, for those who are partial to
+ Scotch cookery, a sheep's head and feet, one pound of old green peas,
+ steeped all the night previously, one large turnip, three carrots,
+ four leeks, a little parsley, all cut small, with the exception of one
+ carrot, which should be grated; add a small bunch of sweet herbs,
+ pepper, and salt. The peas take two hours and a half to cook; the
+ other vegetables, two hours; the head, three hours; and the feet, four
+ hours.
+
+
+ [THERE IS NO BALM FOR EVERY WOUND.]
+
+
+1208. Beef Broth.
+
+ Beef broth may be made by adding vegetables to essence of beef--or
+ you may wash a leg or shin of beef, the bone of which has been well
+ cracked by the butcher; add any trimmings of meat, game, or poultry,
+ heads, necks, gizzards, feet, &c.; cover them with cold water; stir
+ the whole up well from the bottom, and the moment it begins to simmer,
+ skim it carefully. Your broth must be perfectly clear and limpid; on
+ this depends the goodness of the soups, sauces, and gravies of which
+ it is the basis. Add some cold water to make the remaining scum rise,
+ and skim it again.
+
+ When the scum has done rising, and the surface of the broth is quite
+ clear, put in one moderate sized carrot, a head of celery, two
+ turnips, and two onions,--it should not have any taste of sweet herbs,
+ spice, or garlic, &c.; either of these flavours can easily be added
+ after, if desired,--cover it close, set it by the side of the fire,
+ and let it simmer very gently (so as not to waste the broth) for four
+ or five hours, or more, according to the weight of the meat. Strain it
+ through a sieve in to a clean and dry stone pan, and set it in the
+ coldest place you have, if for after use.
+
+
+1209. Beef Tea.
+
+ Beef extract, by adding water, forms the best beef tea or broth for
+ invalids. (See BEEF EXTRACT, _par._ 1226.)
+
+
+1210. Clear Gravy Soup
+
+ This may be made from shin of beef, which should not be large or
+ coarse. The meat will be found serviceable for the table. From ten
+ pounds of the meat let the butcher cut off five or six from the thick
+ fleshy part, and again divide the knuckle, that the whole may lie
+ compactly in the vessel in which it is to be stewed. Pour in three
+ quarts of cold water, and when it has been brought slowly to boil, and
+ been well skimmed, throw in an ounce and a half of salt, half a large
+ teaspoonful of peppercorns, eight cloves, two blades of mace, a faggot
+ of savoury herbs, a couple of small carrots, and the heart of a root
+ of celery; to these add a mild onion or not, at choice.
+
+ When the whole has stewed very softly for four hours, probe the large
+ bit of beef, and, if quite tender, lift it out for table; let the soup
+ he simmered from two to three hours longer, and then strain it through
+ a fine sieve, into a clean pan. When it is perfectly cold, clear off
+ every particle of fat: heat a couple of quarts; stir in, when it
+ boils, half an ounce of sugar, a small tablespoonful of good soy, and
+ twice as much of Harvey's sauce, or, instead of this, of clear and
+ fine mushroom ketchup. If carefully made, the soup will be perfectly
+ transparent, and of good colour and flavour. A thick slice of ham will
+ improve it, and a pound or so of the neck of beef with an additional
+ pint of water, will likewise enrich its quality. A small quantity of
+ good broth may be made of the fragments of the whole, boiled down with
+ a few fresh vegetables.
+
+
+1211. Beef Glaze.
+
+ Beef glaze, or portable soup, is simply the essence of beef condensed
+ by evaporation. It may be put into pots, like potted meats, or into
+ skins, as sausages, and will keep for many months. If further dried in
+ cakes or lozenges, by being laid on pans or dishes, and frequently
+ turned, it will keep for years, and supply soup at any moment.
+
+
+1212. Vermicelli Soup.
+
+ To three quarts of gravy soup, or stock, add six ounces of vermicelli.
+ Simmer for half an hour; stir frequently.
+
+
+1213. Vegetable Soup.
+
+ Peel and cut into very small pieces three onions, three turnips, one
+ carrot, and four potatoes, put them into a stewpan with a quarter of a
+ pound of butter, the same of lean ham, and a bunch of parsley, pass
+ them ten minutes over a sharp fire; then add a large spoonful of
+ flour, mix well in, moisten with two quarts of broth, and a pint of
+ boiling milk; boil up, keeping it stirred; season with a little salt
+ and sugar, and run it through a hair sieve; put it into another
+ stewpan, boil again, skim, and serve with fried bread in it.
+
+
+1214. Asparagus Soup.
+
+ Two quarts of good beef or veal stock, four onions, two or three
+ turnips, some sweet herbs, and the white parts of a hundred young
+ asparagus,--if old, half that quantity,--and let them simmer till fit
+ to be rubbed through a tammy; strain and season it; have ready the
+ boiled green tops of the asparagus, and add them to the soup.
+
+
+ [BOOKS AND THOUGHT;--THEY SHOULD NOT SUPERSEDE IT.]
+
+
+1215. Carrot Soup.
+
+ Scrape and wash half a dozen large carrots; peel off the red outside
+ (which is the only part used for this soup); put it into a gallon
+ stewpan, with one head of celery, and an onion cut into thin pieces;
+ take two quarts of beef, veal, or mutton broth, or liquor in which
+ mutton or beef has been boiled, as the foundation for this soup. Stock
+ that is equally good may be made by boiling down some cold roast
+ mutton or beef bones. When you have put the broth to the roots, cover
+ the stewpan close, and set it on a slow stove for two hours and a
+ half, when the carrots will be soft enough. At this stage some cooks
+ put in a teacupful of bread-crumbs. Next boil the soup for two or
+ three minutes; rub it through a tammy or hair sieve, with a wooden
+ spoon, and add as much broth as will make it a proper thickness,
+ _i.e._, almost as thick as pea soup; put it into a clean stewpan, make
+ it hot and serve.
+
+
+1216. Cock-a-Leekie.
+
+ Boil from four to six pounds of good shin of beef well broken, until
+ the liquor is very good. Strain it and add a good-sized fowl, with two
+ or three leeks cut in pieces about an inch long, put in pepper and
+ salt to taste, boil slowly about an hour, then put in as many more
+ leeks, and give it three-quarters of an hour longer. A somewhat
+ similar soup may be made of good beef stock, and leeks cut up and put
+ in without a fowl, though this cannot be called Cock-a-Leekie with
+ propriety.
+
+
+1217. Mince Meat.
+
+ Take seven pounds of currants well picked and cleaned; of finely
+ chopped beef suet, and finely chopped apples (Kentish or golden
+ pippins), each three and a half; pounds; citron, lemon peel, and
+ orange peel cut small, each half a pound; fine moist sugar, two
+ pounds; mixed spice, an ounce; the rind of four lemons and four
+ Seville oranges; mix well, and put in a deep pan. Mix a bottle of
+ brandy, another of white wine, and the juice of the lemons and oranges
+ that have been grated, together in a basin; pour half over and press
+ down tight with the hand, then add the other half and cover closely.
+ This may be made one year so as to be used the next.
+
+
+1218. Minced Collops.
+
+ Two pounds of good rump steak, chopped very fine; six good-sized
+ onions, also chopped small; put both into a stewpan, with as much
+ water or gravy as will cover the meat; stir it without ceasing till
+ the water begins to boil; then set the stewpan aside, where the
+ collops can simmer, not boil, for three-quarters of an hour. Just
+ before serving, stir in a tablespoonful of flour, a little pepper and
+ salt, and boil it up once. Serve with mashed potatoes round the dish.
+ The above quantity will be enough for four persons.
+
+
+1219. Forcemeat Balls.
+
+ (For turtle, mock turtle, or made dishes.)--Pound some veal in a
+ marble mortar, rub it through a sieve with as much of the udder as you
+ have veal, or about n third of the quantity of butter: put some
+ bread-crumbs into a stewpan, moisten them with milk, add a little
+ chopped parsley and shalot, rub them well together in a mortar, till
+ they form a smooth paste; put it through a sieve, and when cold,
+ pound, and mix all together, with the yolks of three eggs boiled hard;
+ season the mixture with salt, pepper, and curry powder, or cayenne;
+ add to it the yolks of two raw eggs, rub it well together, and make it
+ into small balls which should be put into the soup or hash, as the
+ case may be, ten minutes before it is ready.
+
+ [THERE IS SOMETHING TO BE LEARNED FROM THE MEREST TRIFLE.]
+
+
+1220. Beef Extract.
+
+ (AS RECOMMENDED BY BARON LIEBIG).--Take a pound of good juicy beef
+ from which all the skin and fat has been cut away, chop it up like
+ sausage meat; mix it thoroughly with a pint of cold water, place it on
+ the side of the stove to heat very slowly, and give it an occasional
+ stir. It may stand two or three hours before it is allowed to simmer,
+ and will then require but fifteen minutes of gentle boiling. Salt
+ should be added when the boiling commences, and this for invalids in
+ general, is the only seasoning required. When the extract is thus far
+ prepared, it may be poured from the meat into a basin, and allowed to
+ stand until any particles of fat on the surface can he skimmed off,
+ and the sediment has subsided and left the soup quite clear, when it
+ may be poured off gently, heated in a clean saucepan, and served. The
+ scum should be well cleared as it accumulates.
+
+
+1221. Potted Beef.
+
+ Take three or four pounds, or any smaller quantity, of lean beef, free
+ from sinews, and rub it well with a mixture made of a handful of salt,
+ one ounce of saltpetre, and one ounce of coarse sugar; let the meat
+ lie in the salt for two days, turning and rubbing it twice a day. Put
+ it into a stone jar with a little beef gravy, and cover it with a
+ paste to keep it close. Bake it for several hours in a very slow oven
+ till the meat is tender; then pour off the gravy, which should be in a
+ very small quantity, or the juice of the meat will be lost; pound the
+ meat, when cold, in a marble mortar till it is reduced to a smooth
+ paste, adding by degrees a little fresh butter melted. Season it as
+ you proceed with pepper, allspice, nutmeg, pounded mace, and cloves,
+ or such of these spices as are thought agreeable. Some flavour with
+ anchovy, ham, shalots, mustard, wine, flavoured vinegar, ragoût
+ powder, curry powder, &c., according to taste. When it is thoroughly
+ beaten and mingled together, press it closely into small shallow pots,
+ nearly full, and fill them up with a layer a quarter of an inch thick
+ of clarified butter, and tie them up with a bladder, or sheet of
+ Indian rubber. They should be kept in a cool place.
+
+
+1222. Strasburg Potted Meat.
+
+ Take a pound and a half of rump of beef, cut into dice, and put it in
+ an earthen jar, with a quarter of a pound of butter at the bottom; tie
+ the jar close up with paper, and set over a pot to boil; when nearly
+ done, add cloves, mace, allspice, nutmeg, salt, and cayenne pepper to
+ taste; then boil till tender, and let it get cold. Pound the meat,
+ with four anchovies washed and boned; add a quarter of a pound of
+ oiled butter, work it well together with the gravy, warm a little, and
+ add cochineal to colour. Then press into small pots, and pour melted
+ mutton suet over the top of each.
+
+
+1223. Brown Stock (1).
+
+ Put five pounds of shin of beef, three pounds of knuckle of veal, and
+ some sheep's trotters or cow-heel into a closely-covered stewpan, to
+ draw out the gravy very gently, and allow it to become nearly brown.
+ Then pour in sufficient boiling water to entirely cover the meat, and
+ let it boil up, skimming it frequently; seasoning it with whole
+ peppers, salt, and roots, herbs, and vegetables of any kind. That
+ being done, let it boil gently five or six hours, pour the broth off
+ from the meat, and let it stand during the night to cool. The
+ following morning take off the scum and fat, and put it away in a
+ stone jar for further use.
+
+
+1224. Brown Stock (2).
+
+ Brown stock may be made from all sorts of meat, bones, remnants of
+ poultry, game, &c. The shin of beef makes an excellent stock.
+
+
+1225. Brown Gravy.
+
+ Three onions sliced, and fried in butter to a nice brown; toast a
+ large thin slice of bread until quite hard and of a deep brown. Take
+ these, with any piece of meat, bone, &c., and some herbs, and set them
+ on the fire, with water according to judgment, and stew down until a
+ rich and thick gravy is produced. Season, strain, and keep cool.
+
+
+1226. Goose or Duck Stuffing.
+
+ Chop very fine about two ounces of onion, of _green_ sage leaves about
+ an ounce (both unboiled), four ounces of bread-crumbs, a bit of butter
+ about as big as a walnut, &c., the yolk and white of an egg, and a
+ little pepper and salt; some add to this a minced apple.
+
+
+ [STRIVE TO LEARN FROM ALL THINGS.]
+
+
+1227. Bacon.
+
+ Bacon is an extravagant article in housekeeping; there is often twice
+ as much dressed as need be; when it is sent to table as an
+ accompaniment to boiled poultry or veal, a pound and a half is plenty
+ for a dozen people, A good German sausage is a very economical
+ substitute for bacon; or fried pork sausage.
+
+
+1228. Culinary Economy.
+
+ The English, generally speaking, are very deficient in the practice of
+ culinary economy; a French family would live well on what is often
+ wasted in an English kitchen: the bones, dripping, pot-liquor, remains
+ of fish, vegetables, &c., which are too often consigned to the
+ grease-pot or the dust-heap, especially where pigs or fowls are not
+ kept, might, by a very trifling degree of management on the part of
+ the cook, or mistress of a family, be converted into sources of daily
+ support and comfort, at least to some poor pensioner or other, at an
+ expense that even the miser could scarcely grudge.
+
+
+1229. Calf's Head Pie.
+
+ Boil the head an hour and a half, or rather more. After dining from
+ it, cut the remaining meat off in slices. Boil the bones in a little
+ of the liquor for three hours; then strain it off, let it remain till
+ next day, and then take off the fat.
+
+ _To make the Pie._--Boil two eggs for five minutes; let them get cold,
+ then lay them in slices at the bottom of a pie-dish, and put alternate
+ layers of meat and jelly, with pepper and chopped lemon also
+ alternately, till the dish is full; cover with a crust and bake it.
+ Next day turn the pie out upside down.
+
+
+1230. Sea Pie.
+
+ Make a thick pudding crust, line a dish with it, or what is better, a
+ cake-tin; put a layer of sliced onions, then a layer of salt beef cut
+ in slices, a layer of sliced potatoes, a layer of pork, and another of
+ onions; strew pepper over all, cover with a crust, and tie down
+ tightly with a cloth previously dipped in boiling water and floured.
+ Boil for two hours, and serve hot in a dish.
+
+
+1231. Rump-Steak Pie.
+
+ Cut three pounds of rump-steak (that has been kept till tender) into
+ pieces half as big as your hand, trim off all the skin, sinews, and
+ every part which has not indisputable pretensions to be eaten, and
+ beat them with a chopper. Chop very fine half a dozen shalots, and add
+ to them half an ounce of pepper and salt mixed; strew some of the
+ seasoning at the bottom of the dish, then a layer of steak, then some
+ more of the seasoning, and so on till the dish is full; add half a
+ gill of mushroom ketchup, and the same quantity of gravy, or red wine;
+ cover it as in the preceding receipt, and bake it two hours. Large
+ oysters, parboiled, bearded, and laid alternately with the
+ steaks--their liquor reduced and substituted instead of the ketchup
+ and wine, will impart a delicious flavour to the pie.
+
+
+1232. Raised Pies.
+
+ Put two pounds and a half of flour on the pasteboard,--and set on the
+ fire, in a saucepan, three quarters of a pint of water, and half a
+ pound of good lard. When the water boils, make a hole in the middle of
+ the flour, pour in the water and lard by degrees, gently incorporating
+ the flour with a spoon, and when it is well mixed, knead it with your
+ hands till it becomes stiff; dredge a little flour to prevent it
+ sticking to the board, or you cannot make it look smooth. Roll the
+ dough with your hands--the rolling-pin must not be used--to about the
+ thickness of a quart pot; leave a little for the covers, and cut the
+ remainder into six circular discs. Take each of these pieces in
+ succession; put one hand in the middle, and keep the other close on
+ the outside till you have worked it either into an oval or a round
+ shape.
+
+ Have your meat ready cut, and seasoned with pepper and salt; if pork,
+ cut it in small slices--the griskin is the best for pasties: if you
+ use mutton, cut it in very neat cutlets, and put them in the pies as
+ you make them; roll out the covers with the rolling-pin, and cut them
+ to the size of the pies, wet them round the edge, put them on the pie.
+ Then press the paste of each pie and its cover together with the thumb
+ and finger, and lastly, nick the edge all round with the back of a
+ knife, and bake them an hour and a half.
+
+
+ [OBSERVATION IS THE BEST TEACHER.]
+
+
+1233. Wild Duck, To Dress.
+
+ The birds are roasted like common ducks, but without stuffing, and
+ with a rather less allowance of time for cooking. For example, a
+ full-sized duck will take from three-quarters of an hour to an hour in
+ roasting, but a wild duck will take from forty to fifty minutes.
+ Before carving the knife should be drawn longitudinally along the
+ breast, and upon these a little cayenne pepper must be sprinkled, and
+ a lemon squeezed. They require a good made gravy, as described below.
+ They are excellent half roasted and hashed in a good gravy made as
+ follows:
+
+
+1234. Sauce for Wild Duck.
+
+ Simmer a teacupful of port wine, the same quantity of good gravy, a
+ small shalot, with pepper, nutmeg, mace, and salt to taste, for about
+ ten minutes; put in a bit of butter and flour; give it all one boil,
+ and pour it over the birds, or serve in a sauce tureen.
+
+
+1235. Widgeon and Teal, To Dress.
+
+ These birds may be roasted or half roasted and baked, according to the
+ directions given for wild duck, and served up with, a sauce or gravy
+ made in precisely the same way. A widgeon will take as long to roast
+ as a wild duck, but a teal, being a smaller bird, will take only from
+ twenty to thirty minutes.
+
+
+1236. Roast Duck.
+
+ Put into the body of the bird a seasoning of parboiled onions mixed
+ with finely-chopped sage, salt, pepper, and a slice of butter. Place
+ it before a brisk fire, but not sufficiently near to be scorched;
+ baste it constantly, and when the breast is well plumped, and the
+ steam from it draws towards the fire, dish and serve it quickly, with
+ a little good brown gravy poured round them, and also some in a gravy
+ tureen. Young ducks will take about half an hour to roast; full-sized
+ ones from three-quarters of an hour to an hour.
+
+
+1237 Roast Partridge.
+
+ Let the bird hang as long as it can be kept without being offensive.
+ Pick it carefully, and singe it; wipe the inside thoroughly with a
+ clean cloth, truss it with the head turned under the wing and the legs
+ drawn close together, but not crossed. Flour partridges prepared in
+ this manner when first laid to the fire, and baste them plentifully
+ with butter. Serve them with bread sauce and good brown gravy.
+
+
+1238. Partridge Pudding.
+
+ Skin a brace of well-kept partridges, and cut them into pieces; line a
+ deep basin with suet crust, and lay in the pieces, which should be
+ rather highly seasoned with white pepper and cayenne, and moderately
+ with salt. Pour in water for the gravy, close the pudding carefully,
+ and boil it for three hours or three hours and a half. When mushrooms
+ are plentiful, put a layer of buttons or small mushrooms, cleaned as
+ for pickling, alternately with a layer of partridge in filling tho
+ pudding. The crust may he left untouched and merely emptied of its
+ contents, where it is objected to, or a richer crust made with butter
+ may be used instead of the ordinary suet crust.
+
+
+1239. Roast Ptarmigan.
+
+ The ptarmigan, which is either a variety of grouse or grouse in its
+ winter plumage, and black game, when roasted, are cooked in precisely
+ the same manner as grouse.
+
+
+1240. Roast Grouse.
+
+ Truss the birds in the same manner as pheasants, and set down before a
+ brisk fire. When nearly ready--they will be done in from twenty to
+ twenty-five minutes--baste well with butter and sprinkle with flour in
+ order to froth them, and send to table with some good brown gravy and
+ some fried bread crumbs and bread sauce. These accompaniments should
+ be served in different sauce tureens.
+
+
+ [SMALL BEGINNINGS MAY LEAD TO LARGE ENDS.]
+
+
+1241. To Truss and Roast a Pheasant.
+
+ The following method of trussing a pheasant--which applies equally to
+ partridges, grouse, &c., and to fowls, guineafowls, &c.--is prescribed
+ by Francatelli in his "Cook's Guide":
+
+ "Rub the scaly cuticle off the legs with a cloth; trim away the
+ claws and spurs; cut off the neck close up to the back, leaving the
+ skin of the breast entire; wipe the pheasant clean and truss it in
+ the following manner, viz.:--Place the pheasant upon its breast, run
+ a trussing needle and string through the left pinion (the wings
+ being removed); then turn the bird over on its back, and place the
+ thumb and forefinger of the left hand across the breast, holding the
+ legs erect; thrust the needle through the middle joint of both
+ thighs, draw it out and then pass it through the other pinion, and
+ fasten the strings at the back; next pass the needle through the
+ hollow of the back, just below the thighs, thrust it again through
+ the legs and body and tie the strings tightly; this will give it an
+ appearance of plumpness."
+
+ Roast and send to table in the same manner, and with the same
+ accompaniments as directed for Roast Partridge (_par._ 1237.)
+
+
+1242. Cold Partridge Pie.
+
+ Bone as many partridges as the size of pie to be made may require. Put
+ a whole raw truffle, peeled, into each partridge, and fill up the
+ remaining space in each bird with good forcemeat. Make a raised crust;
+ lay a few slices of veal in the bottom, and a thick layer of
+ forcemeat; then the partridges, and four truffles to each partridge;
+ then cover the partridges and truffles over with sheets of bacon,
+ cover the pie in, and finish it. It will take four hours baking.
+
+ Cut two pounds of lean ham (if eight partridges are in the pie) into
+ very thin slices, put it in a stewpan along with the bones and giblets
+ of the partridges, and any other loose giblets that are at hand, an
+ old fowl, a faggot of thyme and parsley, a little mace, and about
+ twenty-four shalots: add about a pint of stock. Set the stewpan on a
+ stove to simmer for half an hour, then put in three quarts of good
+ stock; let it boil for two hours, then strain it off, and reduce the
+ liquid to one pint; add sherry wine to it, and put aside till the pie
+ is baked.
+
+ When the pie has been out of the oven for half an hour, boil the
+ residue strained from the bones &c., of the partridges, and put it
+ into the pie. Let it stand for twenty-four hours before it is
+ eaten.--_Do not take, any of the fat from the pie, as that is what
+ preserves it._ A pie made in this manner will be eatable for three
+ months after it is cut; in short, it cannot spoil in any reasonable
+ time. All cold pies are made in this manner. Either poultry or game,
+ when put into a raised crust and intended not to be eaten until cold,
+ should be boned, and the liquor that is to fill up the pie made from
+ the bones, &c.
+
+
+1243. Veal Pie.
+
+ Take some of the middle or scrag of a small neck; season it with
+ pepper and salt, and, put to it a few pieces of lean bacon or ham. If
+ a high seasoning is required, add mace, cayenne, and nutmeg to tho
+ salt and pepper, and forcemeat and egg balls, truffles, morels,
+ mushrooms, sweetbreads cut into small bits, and cocks' combs blanched,
+ can form part of the materials, if liked, but the pie will be very
+ good without them. Have a rich gravy to pour in after baking.
+
+
+1244. Mutton Pie.
+
+ The following is a capital family dish:--Cut mutton into pieces about
+ two inches square, and half an inch thick; mix pepper, pounded
+ allspice, and salt together, dip the pieces in this; sprinkle stale
+ bread-crumbs at the bottom of the dish; lay in the pieces, strewing
+ the crumbs over each layer; put a piece of butter the size of a hen's
+ egg at the top; add a wineglassful of water, and cover in, and bake in
+ a moderate oven rather better than an hour. Take an onion, chopped
+ fine; a faggot of herbs; half an anchovy; and add to it a little beef
+ stock or gravy; simmer for a quarter of an hour; raise the crust at
+ one end, and pour in the liquor--not the thick part. (_See_ POTATO
+ PIE. _par_, 1118).
+
+
+ [IF NONE ENDEAVOUR, THERE WOULD BE AN END TO DISCOVERY.]
+
+
+1245. Seven-Bell Pasty.
+
+ Shred a pound of suet fine, cut salt pork into dice, potatoes and
+ onions small, rub a sprig of dried sage up fine; mix with some pepper,
+ and place in the corner of a square piece of paste; turn over the
+ other corner, pinch up the sides, and bake in a quick oven. If any
+ bones, &c., remain from the meat, season with pepper and sage, place
+ them with a gill of water in a pan, and bake with the pasty; when
+ done, strain and pour the gravy into the centre of the pasty.
+
+
+1246. Apple Pie.
+
+ Pare, core, and quarter the apples; boil the cores and parings in
+ sugar and water; strain off the liquor, adding more sugar; grate the
+ rind of a lemon over the apples, and squeeze the juice into the syrup;
+ mix half a dozen cloves with the fruit, put in a piece of butter the
+ size of a walnut; cover with puff paste.
+
+
+1247. Cup in a Pie-Dish.
+
+ The custom of placing an inverted cup in a fruit pie, is to retain the
+ juice while the pie is baking in the oven, and prevent its boiling
+ over. When the cup is first put in the dish it is full of cold air,
+ and when the pie is placed in the oven, this air will expand by the
+ heat and fill the cup, and drive out all the juice and a portion of
+ the present air it contains, in which state it will remain until
+ removed from the oven, when the air in the cup will condense, and
+ occupy a very small space, leaving the remainder to be filled with
+ juice; but this does not take place till the danger of the juice
+ boiling over is passed.
+
+
+1248. Excellent Paste for Fruit or Meat Pies.
+
+ Excellent paste for fruit or meat pies may be made with two-thirds of
+ wheat flour, one-third of the flour of boiled potatoes, and some
+ butter or dripping; the whole being brought to a proper consistence
+ with warm water, and a small quantity of yeast or baking powder added
+ when lightness is desired. This will also make very pleasant cakes
+ for breakfast, and may be made with or without spices, fruits, &c.
+
+
+1249. Pastry for Tarts, &c.
+
+
+ Take of flour one pound; baking powder, three teaspoonfuls; butter,
+ six ounces; water, enough to bring it to the consistence required.
+
+
+1250. Preparation.
+
+ When much pastry is made in a house, a quantity of fine flour should
+ be kept on hand, in dry jars, and quite secured from the air, as it
+ makes lighter pastry and bread when kept a short time, than when fresh
+ ground.
+
+
+1251. My Wife's Little Suppers.
+
+
+1252. Meat Cakes.
+
+ Take any cold meat, game, or poultry (if underdone, all the better),
+ mince it fine, with a little fat bacon or ham, or an anchovy; season
+ it with pepper and salt; mix well, and make it into small cakes three
+ inches long, an inch and a half wide, and half an inch thick; fry
+ these a light brown, and serve them with good gravy, or put into a
+ mould, and boil or bake it. Bread-crumbs, hard yolks of eggs, onions,
+ sweet herbs, savoury spices, zest, curry-powder, or any kind of
+ forcemeat may be added to these meat cakes.
+
+
+1253. Oyster Patties.
+
+ Roll out puff paste a quarter of an inch thick, cut it into squares
+ with a knife, sheet eight or ten patty pans, put upon each a bit of
+ bread the size of half a walnut; roll out another layer of paste of
+ the same thickness, cut it as above, wet the edge of the bottom paste,
+ and put on the top; pare them round to the pan, and notch them about a
+ dozen times with the back of the knife, rub them lightly with yolk of
+ egg, bake them in a hot oven about a quarter of an hour: when done,
+ take a thin slice off the top, then with a small knife, or spoon, take
+ out the bread and the inside paste, leaving the outside quite entire;
+ then parboil two dozen of large oysters, strain them from their
+ liquor, wash, beard, and cut them into four; put them into a stewpan
+ with an ounce of butter rolled in flour, half a gill of good cream, a
+ little grated lemon peel, the oyster liquor, free from sediment,
+ reduced by boiling to one-half, some cayenne pepper, salt, and a
+ teaspoonful of lemon juice; stir it over a fire five minutes, and fill
+ the patties.
+
+
+ [THE STEAM ENGINE IS A MIGHTY AGENT OF GOOD.]
+
+
+1254. Lobster Patties.
+
+ Prepare the patties as in the last receipt. Take a hen lobster already
+ boiled; pick the meat from the tail and claws, and chop it fine; put
+ it into a stewpan with a little of the inside spawn pounded in a
+ mortar till quite smooth, an ounce of fresh butter, half a gill of
+ cream, and half a gill of veal consommé, cayenne pepper, and salt, a
+ teaspoonful of essence of anchovy, the same of lemon juice, and a
+ tablespoonful of flour and water: stew for five minutes.
+
+
+1255. Egg and Ham Patties.
+
+ Cut a slice of bread two inches thick, from the most solid part of a
+ stale quartern loaf: have ready a tin round cutter, two inches in
+ diameter; cut out four or five pieces, then take a cutter two sizes
+ smaller, press it nearly through the larger pieces, then remove with a
+ small knife the bread from the inner circle: have ready a large
+ stewpan full of boiling lard; fry the discs of bread of a light brown
+ colour, drain them dry with a clean cloth, and set them by till
+ wanted; then take half a pound of lean ham, mince it small, add to it
+ a gill of good brown sauce; stir it over the fire a few minutes, and
+ put to it a small quantity of cayenne pepper and lemon juice: fill the
+ shapes with the mixture, and lay a poached egg upon each.
+
+
+1256. Veal and Ham Patties.
+
+ Chop about six ounces of ready-dressed lean veal, and three ounces of
+ ham, very small; put it into a stewpan with an ounce of butter rolled
+ in flour, half a gill of cream, half a gill of veal stock, a little
+ grated nutmeg and lemon peel, some cayenne pepper and salt, a spoonful
+ of essence of ham, and lemon juice, and stir it over the fire some
+ time, taking care it does not burn.
+
+
+1257. Puff Paste.
+
+ To a pound and a quarter of sifted flour, rub gently in with the hand
+ half a pound of fresh butter, mix up with half a pint of spring water,
+ knead it well, and set it by for a quarter of an hour; then roll it
+ out thin, lay on it in small pieces three quarters of a pound more of
+ butter, throw on it a little flour, double it up in folds, and roll it
+ out thin three times, and set it by for about an hour _in a cold
+ place_. Or, if a more substantial and savoury paste be desired, use
+ the following:
+
+
+1258. Paste for Meat or Savoury Pies.
+
+ Sift two pounds of fine flour to a pound and a half of good salt
+ butter, break it into small pieces, and wash it well in cold water;
+ rub gently together the butter and flour, and mix it up with the yolks
+ of three eggs, beat together with a spoon, and nearly a pint of spring
+ water; roll it out, and double it in folds three times, and it is
+ ready.
+
+
+1259. Chicken and Ham Patties.
+
+ Use the white meat from the breast of the chickens or fowls, and
+ proceed as for veal and ham patties.
+
+
+1260. Prime Beef Sausages.
+
+ Take a pound of lean beef, and half a pound of suet, remove the skin,
+ chop it fine as for mince collop, then beat it well with a roller, or
+ in a marble mortar, till it is all well mixed and will stick together;
+ season highly, and make into flat round cakes, about an inch thick,
+ and shaped with a cup or saucer, and fry of a light brown. The
+ sausages should be served up on boiled rice, as for curry, if for
+ company, you may do them with eggs and bread-crumbs; but they are
+ quite as good without. Or they may be rolled in puff or pie paste, and
+ baked.
+
+
+1261. Potato Puffs.
+
+ Take cold roast meat, either beef, or mutton, or veal and ham, clear
+ it from the gristle, cut it small, and season with pepper, salt, and
+ pickles, finely minced. Boil and mash some potatoes, and make them
+ into a paste with one or two eggs; roll out the paste, with a dust of
+ flour, cut it round with a saucer, put some of your seasoned meat on
+ one half, and fold the other half over it like a puff; pinch or nick
+ it neatly round, and fry of a light brown. This is an elegant method
+ of preparing meat that has been dressed before.
+
+
+ [THE STEAM FROM A KETTLE SUGGESTED THE STEAM ENGINE.]
+
+
+1262. Fried Eggs and Minced Ham or Bacon.
+
+ Choose some very fine bacon streaked with a good deal of lean; cut
+ this into very thin slices, and afterwards into small square pieces;
+ throw them into a stewpan and set it over a gentle fire, that they may
+ lose some of their fat. When as much as will freely come is thus
+ melted from them, lay them on a warm dish. Put into a stewpan a
+ ladleful of melted bacon or lard; set it on a stove; put in about a
+ dozen of the small pieces of bacon, then incline the stewpan and break
+ in an egg. Manage this carefully, and the egg will presently be done:
+ it will be very round, and the little dice of bacon will stick to it
+ all over, so that it will make, a very pretty appearance. Take care
+ the yolks do not harden. When the egg is thus done, lay it carefully
+ on a warm dish, and do the others.
+
+
+1263. Fish Cake.
+
+ Take the meat from the bones of any kind of cold fish, and put the
+ bones with the head and fins into a stewpan with a pint of water, a
+ little salt, pepper, an onion, and a faggot of sweet herbs, to stew
+ for gravy. Mince the meat, and mix it well with crumbs of bread and
+ cold potatoes, equal parts, a little parsley and seasoning. Make into
+ a cake, with the white of an egg, or a little butter or milk; egg it
+ over, and cover with bread crumbs, then fry a light brown. Pour the
+ gravy over, and stew gently for fifteen minutes, stirring it carefully
+ twice or thrice. Serve hot, and garnish with slices of lemon, or
+ parsley. These cakes aiford a capital relish from scraps of cold fish.
+ Housekeepers who would know how to economise all kinds of nutritious
+ fragments, should refer to the "Family Save-all," which supplies a
+ complete course of "Secondary Cookery." [1]
+
+
+ [Footnote 1: Published by Houlston and Sons, Paternoster-square,
+ London, E.C. Price 2s. 6d.]
+
+
+1264. Marbled Goose.
+
+ The following is suitable for larger supper parties, or as a stock
+ dish for families where visitors are frequent; it is also excellent
+ for breakfasts, or for picnics :--Take a fine mellow ox-tongue out of
+ pickle, cut off the root and horny part at the tip, wipe dry, and boil
+ till it is quite tender. Then peel it, cut a deep slit in its whole
+ length, and lay a fair proportion of the following mixture within
+ it:--Mace half an ounce, nutmeg half an ounce, cloves half an ounce,
+ salt two tablespoonfuls, and twelve Spanish olives. The olives should
+ be stoned, and all the ingredients well pounded and mixed together.
+ Next take a barn-door fowl and a good large goose, and bone them. Put
+ the tongue inside the fowl, rub the latter outside with the seasoning,
+ and having ready some slices of ham divested of the rind, wrap them
+ tightly round the fowl. Put the fowl and its wrapping of ham inside
+ the goose, with the remainder of the seasoning, sew it up, and make
+ all secure and of natural shape with a piece of new linen and tape.
+ Put it in an earthen pan or jar just large enough to hold it, with
+ plenty of clarified butter, and bake it for two hours and a half in a
+ slow oven; then take it out, and when cold take out the goose and set
+ it in a sieve; take off the butter and hard fat, which put by the fire
+ to melt, adding, if required, more clarified butter. Wash and wipe out
+ the pan, put the bird again into it, and take care that it is well
+ covered with the warm butter; then tie the jar down with bladder and
+ leather. It will keep thus for a long time. When wanted for the table
+ the jar should be placed in a tub of hot water, so as to melt the
+ butter, the goose then can he taken out, and sent to table cold.
+
+
+ [BE BOLD ENOUGH TO EXPERIMENT.]
+
+
+1265. Oyster Pie.
+
+ The following directions may be safely relied upon. Take a large dish,
+ butter it, and spread a rich paste over the sides and round the edge,
+ but not at the bottom. The oysters should be fresh, and as large and
+ fine as possible. Drain off part of the liquor from the oysters. Put
+ them into a pan, and season them with pepper, salt, and spice. Stir
+ them well with the seasoning. Have ready the yolks of some hard-boiled
+ eggs, chopped fine, and the grated bread.
+
+ Pour the oysters (with as much of their liquor as you please) into the
+ dish that has the paste in it. Strew over them the chopped egg and
+ grated bread. Roll out the lid of the pie, and put it on, crimping the
+ edges handsomely. Take a small sheet of paste, cut it into a square,
+ and roll it up. Cut it with a sharp knife into the form of a double
+ tulip. Make a slit in the centre of the upper crust, and stick the
+ tulip in it. Cut out eight large leaves of paste, and lay them on the
+ lid. Bake the pie in a quick oven.
+
+
+1266. Salad.
+
+ The mixing of salad is an art which it is easy to attain with care.
+ The main point is to incorporate the several articles required for the
+ salad, and to serve up at table as fresh as possible. The herbs
+ should be "morning gathered," and they will be much refreshed by
+ laying an hour or two in spring water. Careful picking, and washing,
+ and drying in a cloth, in the kitchen, are also very important, and
+ the due proportion of each herb requires attention.
+
+ The sauce may be thus prepared:--Boil two eggs for ten or twelve
+ minutes, and then put them in cold water for a few minutes, so that
+ the yolks may become quite cold and hard. Rub them through a coarse
+ sieve with a wooden spoon, and mix them with a tablespoonful of water
+ or cream, and then add two tablespoonfuls of fine flask oil, or melted
+ butter; mix, and add by degrees a teaspoonful of salt, and the same
+ quantity of mustard: mix till smooth, and then incorporate with the
+ other ingredients about three tablespoonfuls of vinegar.
+
+ Pour this sauce down the side of the salad bowl, but do not stir up
+ the salad till wanted to be eaten. Garnish the top of the salad with
+ the white of the eggs, cut in slices; or these may be arranged in such
+ manner as to be ornamental on the table. Some persons may fancy they
+ are able to prepare a salad without previous instruction, but, like
+ everything else, a little knowledge in this case is not thrown away.
+
+
+1267. French Mode of Dressing Salad.
+
+ Fill the salad bowl with lettuce and small salading, taking care not
+ to cut up the lettuce into too small strips. Sprinkle with salt and
+ pepper, and, if liked, drop some mustard, mixed thin, over the salad,
+ and strew a little moist sugar over it. Then pour over the whole three
+ tablespoonfuls of good salad oil and one of Orléans vinegar, and turn
+ over the lettuce lightly with a salad spoon and fork, that every
+ portion of it may be brought into contact with the mixture. This mode
+ of preparing a salad is far more expeditious than the ordinary way.
+
+
+1268. Salad Mixture in Verse.
+
+ Two large potatoes, passed through kitchen sieve,
+ Unwonted softness to the salad give;
+ Of mordant mustard add a single spoon--
+ Distrust the condiment which bites so soon;
+ But deem it not, thou man of herbs, a fault
+ To add a double quantity of salt;
+ Three times the spoon with oil of Lucca crown,
+ And once with vinegar procured from town.
+ True flavour needs it, and your poet begs
+ The pounded yellow of two well-boiled eggs;
+ Let onion atoms lurk within the bowl,
+ And, scarce suspected, animate the whole;
+ And lastly, on the favoured compound toss
+ A magic teaspoon of anchovy sauce;
+ Then, though green turtle fail, though venison's tough,
+ And ham and turkey be not boiled enough
+ Serenely full, the epicure may say,--
+ "Fate cannot harm me--I have dined today."
+
+
+1269. Apple Puddings.
+
+ One pound of flour, six ounces of very finely minced beef suet; roll
+ thin, and fill with one pound and a quarter of boiling apples; add the
+ grated rind and strained juice of a small lemon, tie it in a cloth;
+ boil for one hour and twenty minutes, or longer. A small slice of
+ fresh butter stirred into it when it is sweetened will be an
+ acceptable addition; grated nutmeg, or cinnamon in fine powder, may be
+ substituted for lemon rind. For a richer pudding use half a pound of
+ butter for the crust, and add to the apples a spoonful or two of
+ orange or quince marmalade.
+
+
+ [HE IS UNFORTUNATE WHO CANNOT BEAR MISFORTUNE.]
+
+
+1270. Boston Apple Pudding.
+
+ Peel and core one dozen and a half of good apples; cut them small; put
+ them into a stewpan with a little water, cinnamon, two cloves, and the
+ peel of a lemon; stew over a slow fire till soft; sweeten with moist
+ sugar, and pass it through a hair sieve; add the yolks of four eggs
+ and one white, a quarter of a pound of good butter, half a nutmeg, the
+ peel of a lemon grated, and the juice of one lemon; beat well
+ together; line the inside of a pie-dish with good puff paste; put in
+ the pudding, and bake half an hour.
+
+
+1271. Bread Pudding.
+
+ Unfermented brown bread, two ounces; milk, half a pint; one egg;
+ sugar, quarter of an ounce. Cut the bread into slices, and pour the
+ milk over it boiling hot; let it stand till well soaked, and stir in
+ the egg and sugar, well beaten, with a little grated nutmeg; and bake
+ or steam for one hour.
+
+
+1272. Plum Pudding.
+
+ Take of flour, one pound; three teaspoonfuls of baking powder; beef
+ suet, eight ounces; currants, eight ounces; nutmeg and orange peel,
+ grated fine, quarter of an ounce; three eggs. To be boiled or steamed
+ four hours.
+
+
+1273. Cabinet Pudding.
+
+ Cut three or four muffins in two, pour over them boiling milk
+ sufficient to cover them, cover them up until they are tender. Make a
+ rich custard with the yolks of eight eggs and the whites of four, a
+ pint of cream, a quarter of a pound of loaf sugar, an ounce of
+ almonds, blanched and cut, lemon peel and nutmeg grated, and a glass
+ of ratafia or brandy, and add to the soaked muffins. Butter a tin
+ mould for boiling--for baking, a dish. Put a layer of dried cherries,
+ greengages, apricots, or French plums; cover with the mixture, adding
+ fruit and mixture alternately, until the mould or dish is quite full.
+ Boil an hour, and serve with wine sauce. In boiling this pudding it
+ should be placed in a stewpan with only water enough, to reach half
+ way up the mould. If for baking, it will not take so long. Lay a puff
+ paste round the edges of the dish.
+
+
+1274. Elegant Bread Pudding.
+
+ Take light white bread, and cut it in thin slices. Put into a pudding
+ shape a layer of any sort of preserve, then a slice of bread, and
+ repeat until the mould is almost full. Pour over all a pint of warm
+ milk, in which four beaten eggs have been mixed; cover the mould with
+ a piece of linen, place it in a saucepan with a little boiling water,
+ let it boil twenty minutes, and serve with pudding sauce.
+
+
+1275. Economical Family Pudding.
+
+ Bruise with a wooden spoon, through a cullender, six large or twelve
+ middle-sized boiled potatoes; beat four eggs, mix with a pint of good
+ milk, stir in the potatoes; sugar and seasoning to taste; butter the
+ dish; bake half an hour. A little Scotch marmalade makes a delicious
+ accompaniment.
+
+
+1276. Batter Pudding.
+
+ Take of flour, four ounces; a teaspoonful of baking powder; a little
+ sugar, and one egg. Mix with milk to a thin batter, and bake in a
+ well-buttered tin, in a brisk oven, half an hour. A few currants may
+ be strewed in the bottom of the tin if preferred.
+
+
+1277. Batter Pudding, Baked or Boiled.
+
+ Six ounces of fine flour, a little salt, and three eggs; beat well
+ with a little milk, added by degrees until it is the thickness of
+ cream; put into a buttered dish: bake three-quarters of an hour: or if
+ boiled put it into a buttered and floured basin, tied over with a
+ cloth; boil one hour and a half or more.
+
+
+ [FALSEHOOD, LIKE A NETTLE, STINGS THOSE WHO MEDDLE WITH IT.]
+
+
+1278. Half-Pay Pudding.
+
+ Four ounces of each of the following ingredients, viz., suet, flour,
+ currants, raisins, and bread-crumbs; two tablespoonfuls of treacle,
+ half a pint of milk--all of which must be well mixed together, and
+ boiled in a mould, for four hours.
+
+
+1279. Fig Pudding.
+
+ Three-quarters of a pound of grated bread, half a pound of best figs,
+ six ounces of suet, six ounces of moist sugar, a teacupful of milk,
+ and a little nutmeg. The figs and suet must be chopped very fine. Mix
+ the bread and suet first, then the figs, sugar, and nutmegs, one egg
+ beaten well, and lastly the milk. Boil in a mould four hours. To be
+ eaten with sweet sauce.
+
+
+1280. Plain Suet Pudding.
+
+ Take of flour, one pound and a half; bicarbonate of soda, three
+ drachms; or two teaspoonfuls of baking powder; beef suet, four ounces;
+ powdered ginger, half a drachm; water or milk, one pint. Mix according
+ to the directions given for the tea cake (_par_. 2099) and boil or
+ steam for two hours.
+
+
+1281. Barley Pudding.
+
+ Take a quarter of a pound of Scotch or pearl barley. Wash, and simmer
+ it in a small quantity of water; pour off the water, and add milk and
+ flavouring as for rice puddings. Beat up with sugar and nutmeg, and
+ mix the milk and barley in the same way. It may be more or less rich
+ of eggs, and with or without the addition of butter, cream, or marrow.
+ Put it into a buttered deep dish, leaving room for six or eight ounces
+ of currants, and an ounce of candied peel, cut up fine, with a few
+ apples cut in small pieces. An hour will bake it.
+
+
+1282. Carrot Pudding.
+
+ Grate a raw red carrot; mix with double the weight of bread-crumbs or
+ biscuit, or with the same weight of each: to a pound and a half of
+ this mixture, put a Pint of new milk or cream, or half a pint of each,
+ four or six ounces of clarified butter, three or four eggs well
+ beaten, sugar to taste, a little nutmeg, and a glass of brandy; line
+ or edge a dish with puff paste; pour in the mixture; put slices of
+ candied lemon or orange peel on the top, and bake in a moderately hot
+ oven.
+
+
+1283. Potato Pudding.
+
+ Boil mealy potatoes in their skins, according to the plan laid down
+ (_par_. 1104) skin and mash them with a little milk, pepper and salt:
+ this will make a good pudding to bake under roast meat. With the
+ addition of a bit of butter, an egg, milk, pepper, and salt, it makes
+ an excellent batter for a meat pudding baked.
+
+ Grease a baking dish; put a layer of potatoes, then a layer of meat
+ cut in bits, and seasoned with pepper, salt, a little allspice, either
+ with or withouf chopped onions; a little gravy of roast meat is a
+ great improvement: then put another layer of potatoes, then meat, and
+ cover with potatoes. Put a buttered paper over the top, to prevent it
+ from being burnt, and bake it from an hour to an hour and a half.
+
+
+1284. Almond Pudding.
+
+ A large cupful of finely-minced beef suet, a teacupful of milk, four
+ ounces of bread-crumbs, four ounces of well-cleaned currants, two
+ ounces of almonds, half a pound of stoned raisins, three well-beaten
+ eggs, and the whites of another two; sugar, nutmeg, and cinnamon, and
+ a small glass of rum. Butter a shape, and place part of the raisins
+ neatly in rows. Blanch the almonds; reserve the half of them to be
+ placed in rows between the raisins just before serving. Mix all the
+ remaining ingredients well together, put into the shape, and boil
+ three hours.
+
+
+1285. Sauce for Almond Pudding.
+
+ One teaspoonful of milk, and two yolks of eggs well beaten, and some
+ sugar; place on the fire and stir till it _just comes to the boil_:
+ then let it cool. When lukewarm, stir into it a glass of sherry or
+ currant wine, and serve in a sauce tureen. This sauce is a great
+ improvement to raisin pudding.
+
+
+1286. Peas Pudding.
+
+ Dry a pint or quart of split peas thoroughly before the fire; then tie
+ them up loosely in a cloth, put them into warm water, boil them a
+ couple of hours, or more, until quite tender; take them up, beat them
+ well in a dish with a little salt, the yolk of an egg, and a bit of
+ butter. Make it quite smooth, tie it up again in a cloth, and boil it
+ an hour longer. This is highly nourishing.
+
+
+ [LET TRUTH BE OUR GUIDE.]
+
+
+1287. Apple Dumplings.
+
+ Paste the same as for apple pudding, divide into as many pieces as
+ dumplings are required; peel and core the apples; roll out your paste
+ large enough; put in the apples; close the dumplings, tie each in a
+ cloth very tightly. Boil them one hour; when you take them up, dip
+ them quickly in cold water, and put them in a cup while you untie
+ them; they will turn out without breaking.
+
+
+1288. Rice Dumplings.
+
+ Pick and wash a pound of rice, and boil it gently in two quarts of
+ water till it becomes dry--keeping the pot well covered, and not
+ stirring it. Then take it off the fire, and spread it out to cool on
+ the bottom of an inverted sieve, loosening the grains lightly with a
+ fork, that all the moisture may evaporate. Pare a dozen pippins, or
+ some large juicy apples, and scoop out the core; then fill up the
+ cavity with marmalade, or with lemon and sugar. Cover every apple all
+ over with a thick coating of the boiled rice. Tie up each in a
+ separate cloth, and put them into a pot of cold water. They will
+ require about an hour and a quarter after they begin to boil, perhaps
+ longer.
+
+
+1289. Boiled Custard.
+
+ Boil half a pint of new milk, with a piece of lemon peel, two peach
+ leaves, half a stick of cassia, a few whole allspice, from four to six
+ ounces of white sugar. Cream may be used instead of milk; beat the
+ yolks and white of four eggs, strain the milk through coarse muslin,
+ or a hair sieve; then mix the eggs and milk very gradually together,
+ and stir it well from the bottom, on the fire, till it thickens.
+
+
+1290. Baked Custard.
+
+ Boil in a pint of milk a few coriander seeds, a little cinnamon and
+ lemon peel; sweeten with four ounces of loaf sugar, mix with it a pint
+ of cold milk; beat eight eggs for ten minutes; add the other
+ ingredients; pour it from one pan into another six or eight times,
+ strain through a sieve; let it stand; skim the froth from the top,
+ pour it into earthen cups, and bake immediately in a hot oven till
+ they are of a good colour; ten minutes will be sufficient.
+
+
+1291. French Batter.
+
+ Two ounces of butter cut into bits, pour on it less than a quarter of
+ a pint of water boiling; when dissolved, add three-quarters of a pint
+ of water cold, so that it shall not be quite milk warm; mix by degrees
+ smoothly with twelve ounces of fine dry flour and a small pinch of
+ salt, if the batter be for fruit fritters, but with more if for meat
+ or vegetables. Before used, stir into it the whites of two eggs beaten
+ to solid froth; previously to this, add a little water if too thick.
+ This is excellent for frying vegetables, and for fruit fritters.
+
+
+1292. A Black Man's Recipe to Dress Rice.
+
+ Wash him well, much wash in cold water, the rice flour make him stick.
+ Water boil all ready very fast. Throw him in, rice can't burn, water
+ shake him too much. Boil quarter of an hour or little more; rub one
+ rice in thumb and finger, if all rub away him quite done. Put rice in
+ cullender, hot water run away; pour cup of cold water on him, put back
+ rice in saucepan, keep him covered near the fire, then rice all ready.
+ Eat him up!
+
+
+1293. Yellow Rice.
+
+ Take one pound of rice, wash it clean, and put it into a saucepan
+ which will hold three quarts; add to it half a pound of currants
+ picked and washed, one quarter of an ounce of the best turmeric
+ powder, previously dissolved in a cupful of water, and a stick of
+ cinnamon; pour over them two quarts of cold water, place the saucepan
+ uncovered on a moderate fire, and allow it to boil till the rice is
+ dry, then stir in a quarter of a pound of sugar, and two ounces of
+ butter: cover up, and place the pan near the fire for a few minutes,
+ then mix it well and dish up. This is a favourite dish with the
+ Japanese, and will be found excellent as a vegetable with roast meat,
+ poultry, &c. It also forms a capital pudding, which may be improved by
+ the addition of raisins, and a few blanched almonds.
+
+
+ [THE FALL OF THE LEAF IS A WHISPER TO THE LIVING.]
+
+
+1294. Boiled Rice for Curry.
+
+ Put the rice on in _cold_ water, and let it come to a boil for a
+ minute or so: strain it quite dry, and lay it on the hob in a stewpan
+ without a cover to let the steam evaporate, then shake it into the
+ dish while very hot. A squeeze of lemon juice after it boils will make
+ it separate better.
+
+
+1295. Lemon Rice.
+
+ Boil sufficient rice in milk, with white sugar to taste, till it is
+ soft; put it into a pint basin or an earthenware blanc-mange mould,
+ and leave it till cold. Peel a lemon very thick, cut the peel into
+ shreds about half or three-quarters of an inch in length, put them
+ into a little water, boil them up, and throw the water away, lest it
+ should be bitter, then pour about a teacupful of fresh water upon
+ them; squeeze and strain the juice of the lemon, add it with white
+ sugar to the water and shreds, and let it stew gently at the fire for
+ two hours. (When cold it will be a syrup.) Having turned out the
+ jellied rice into a cutglass dish, or one of common delf, pour the
+ syrup gradually over the rice, taking care the little shreds of the
+ peel are equally distributed over the whole.
+
+
+1296. Remains of Cold Sweet Dishes.
+
+
+1297. Ripe Pudding.
+
+ Over the cold rice pudding pour a custard, and add a few lumps of
+ jelly or preserved fruit. Remember to remove the baked coating of the
+ pudding before the custard is poured over it.
+
+
+1298. Apple Tart.
+
+ Cut into triangular pieces the remains of a cold apple tart: arrange
+ the pieces around the sides of a glass or china bowl, and leave space
+ in the centre for a custard to be poured in.
+
+
+1299. Plum Pudding.
+
+ Cut into thin round slices cold plum pudding, and fry them in butter.
+ Fry also Spanish fritters, and place them high in the centre of the
+ dish, and the fried pudding all round the heaped-up frittera. Powder
+ all with lump sugar, and serve them with wine sauce in a tureen.
+
+
+1300. Fritters.
+
+ Make them of any of the batters directed for pancakes, by dropping a
+ small quantity into the pan; or make the plainer sort, and dip pared
+ apples, sliced and cored, into the batter, and fry them in plenty of
+ hot lard. Currants, or sliced lemon as thin as paper, make an
+ agreeable change. Fritters for company should be served on a folded
+ napkin in the dish. Any sort of sweetmeat, or ripe fruit, may be made
+ into fritters.
+
+
+1301. Oyster Fritters.
+
+ Make a batter of flour, milk, and eggs; season with a very little
+ nutmeg. Beard the oysters, and put as many as you think proper in
+ each fritter.
+
+
+1302. Potato Fritters.
+
+ Boil two large potatoes, bruise them fine, beat four yolks and three
+ whites of eggs, and add to the above one large spoonful of cream,
+ another of sweet wine, a squeeze of lemon, and a little nutmeg. Beat
+ this batter well half an hour. It will be extremely light. Put a good
+ quantity of fine lard into a stewpan, and drop a spoonful at a time of
+ the batter into it. Fry the fritters; and serve as a sauce, a glass of
+ white wine, the juice of a lemon, one dessert-spoonful of peach-leaf
+ or almond water, and some white sugar, warmed together; not to be
+ served in a dish.
+
+
+1303. Apple Fritters.
+
+ Peel and core some fine pippins, and cut into slices. Soak them in
+ wine, sugar, and nutmeg, for a few hours. Make a batter of four eggs
+ to a tablespoonful of rose water, a tablespoonful of wine, and a
+ tablespoonful of milk, thickened with enough flour, stirred in by
+ degrees; mix two or three hours before wanted. Heat some butter in a
+ frying-pan; dip each slice of apple separately in the batter, and fry
+ brown; sift pounded sugar, and grate a nutmeg over them.
+
+
+ [THE HOPE IS SURE WHICH HAS ITS FOUNDATION IN VIRTUE.]
+
+
+1304. Pancakes.
+
+ Make a light batter of eggs, flour, and milk; a little salt, nutmeg,
+ and ginger may be added; fry in a small pan, in hot dripping or lard.
+ Sugar and lemon should be served to eat with them. Or, when eggs are
+ scarce, make the batter with small beer, ginger, and so forth; or
+ water, with flour, and a very little milk, will serve, but not so well
+ as eggs and all milk.
+
+
+1305. Cream Pancakes.
+
+ Mix two eggs, well beaten, with a pint of cream, two ounces of sifted
+ sugar, six of flour, a little nutmeg, cinnamon, and mace. Fry the
+ pancakes thin, with a bit of butter.
+
+
+1306. Rice Pancakes.
+
+ Boil half a pound of ground rice to a jelly in a pint of water or
+ milk, and keep it well stirred from the bottom to prevent its being
+ burnt; if too thick add a little more milk; take it off the fire; stir
+ in six or eight ounces of butter, a pint of cream, six or eight eggs
+ well beaten, a pinch of salt, sugar, and nutmeg, with as much flour as
+ will make the batter thick enough. Fry with lard or dripping.
+
+
+1307. Scones.
+
+ Flour, two pounds; bicarbonate of soda, quarter of an ounce; salt,
+ quarter of an ounce; sour buttermilk, one pint, more or less. Mix to
+ the consistence of light dough, roll out about half an inch thick, and
+ cut them out to any shape you please, and bake on a _griddle_ over a
+ clear fire about ten or fifteen minutes; turning them to brown on both
+ sides--or they may be done on a hot plate, or ironing stove. A griddle
+ is a thin plate of cast iron about twelve or fourteen inches in
+ diameter, with a handle attached, to hang it up by.--These scones are
+ excellent for tea, and may be eaten either cold or hot, buttered, or
+ with cheese.
+
+
+1308. Friar's Omelette.
+
+ Boil a dozen apples, as for sauce; stir in a quarter of a pound of
+ butter, and the same of white sugar; when cold, add four eggs, well
+ beaten; put it into a baking dish thickly strewed over with crumbs of
+ bread, so as to stick to the bottom and sides; then put in the apple
+ mixture; strew crumbs of bread over the top; when baked, turn it out
+ and grate loaf sugar over it.
+
+
+1309. Ordinary Omelette.
+
+ Take four eggs, beat the yolks and whites together with a
+ tablespoonful of milk, and a little salt and pepper; put two ounces of
+ butter into a frying-pan to boil, and let it remain until it begins to
+ brown; pour the batter into it, and let it remain quiet for a minute;
+ turn up the edges of the omelette gently from the bottom of the pan
+ with a fork; shake it, to keep it from burning at the bottom, and fry
+ it till of a bright brown. It will not take more than five minutes
+ frying.
+
+
+1310. Miss Acton's Observations on Omelettes, Pancakes, Fritters, &c.
+
+ "There is no difficulty in making good omelettes, pancakes, or
+ fritters; and, as they may be expeditiously prepared and served,
+ they are often a very convenient resource when, on short notice, an
+ addition is required to a dinner. The eggs for all of them should be
+ well and lightly whisked; the lard for frying batter should be
+ extremely pure in flavour, and quite hot when the fritters are
+ dropped in; the batter itself should be smooth as cream, and it
+ should be briskly beaten the instant before it is used. All fried
+ pastes should be perfectly drained from the fat before they are
+ served, and sent to table promptly when they are ready.
+
+ "Eggs may be dressed in a multiplicity of ways, but are seldom more
+ relished in any form than in a well-made and expeditiously served
+ omelette. This may be plain, or seasoned with minced herbs and a
+ very little shalot, when the last is liked, and is then called
+ _Omelettes aux fines herbes_; or it may be mixed with minced ham or
+ grated cheese: in any case it should be light, thick, full-tasted,
+ and _fried only on one side_; if turned in the pan, as it frequently
+ is in England, it will at once be flattened and rendered tough.
+ Should the slight rawness, which is sometimes found in the middle of
+ the inside when the omelette is made in the French way, be objected
+ to, a heated shovel, or a salamander, may be held over it for an
+ instant, before it is folded on the dish.
+
+ "The pan for frying it should be quite small; for if it be composed
+ of four or five eggs only, and then put into a large one, it will
+ necessarily spread over it and be thin, which would render it more
+ like a pancake than an omelette; the only partial remedy for this,
+ when a pan of proper size cannot be had, is to raise the handle of
+ it high, and to keep the opposite side close down to the fire, which
+ will confine the eggs into a smaller space. No gravy should be
+ poured into the dish with it, and, indeed, if properly made, it will
+ require none. Lard is preferable to butter for frying batter, as it
+ renders it lighter; but it must not be used for omelettes. Filled
+ with preserves of any kind, it is called a sweet omelette."
+
+
+1311. Baked Pears.
+
+ Take twelve large baking pears; pare and cut them into halves, leaving
+ on about half an inch of the stem. Take out the core with the point of
+ a knife, and place the pears thus prepared close together in a block
+ tin saucepan, the inside of which is quite bright, and whose cover
+ fits quite close. Put to them the rind of a lemon cut thin, with half
+ its juice, a small stick of cinnamon, and twenty grains of allspice;
+ cover them with spring water, and allow one pound of loaf sugar to a
+ pint and a half of water: cover up close, and bake for six hours in a
+ very slow oven;--they will be quite tender, and of a good colour.
+ Prepared cochineal is generally used for colouring the pears; but if
+ the above is strictly attended to, it will be found to answer best.
+
+
+1312. Apples served with Custard.
+
+ Pare and core apples; cut them in pieces; bake or stew them with as
+ little water as possible; when they have become pulpy, sweeten and put
+ them in a pie-dish, and, when cold, pour over them an unboiled
+ custard, and put back into the oven till the custard is fixed. A Dutch
+ oven will do. Equally good hot or cold.
+
+
+1313. Apples in Syrup.
+
+ Pare and core some hard apples, and throw them into a basin of water.
+ When all are done, clarify as much loaf sugar as will cover them; put
+ the apples in along with the juice and rind of a lemon, and let them
+ simmer till they are quite clear; care must be taken not to break
+ them; place them on the dish they are to appear upon at table, and
+ pour the syrup over. These are for immediate use.
+
+
+1314. Apricots Stewed in Syrup.
+
+ Wipe the down from young apricots, and stew them as gently as possible
+ in a syrup made of four ounces of sugar to half a pint of water,
+ boiled the usual time.
+
+
+1315. Mother Eve's Pudding.
+
+ If you want a good pudding, to teach you I'm willing:
+ Take two pennyworth of eggs, when twelve for a shilling;
+ And of the same fruit that Eve had once chosen,
+ Well pared and well chopped, at least half a dozen;
+ Six ounces of bread (let your maid eat the crust),
+ The crumbs must be grated as small as the dust;
+ Six ounces of currants from the stones you must sort,
+ Lest they break out your teeth, and spoil all your sport;
+ Six ounces of sugar won't make it too sweet;
+ Some salt and some nutmeg will make it complete;
+ Three hours let it boil, without hurry or flutter,
+ And then serve it up, without sugar or butter.
+
+
+1316. Accidents.
+
+ _Always send for a surgeon immediately an accident occurs, but treat
+ as directed until he arrives_.
+
+
+ [AN EVIL CONSCIENCE IS THE GREATEST PLAGUE.]
+
+
+1317. In both Scalds and Burns.
+
+ In both scalds and burns, the following facts cannot be too firmly
+ impressed on the mind of the reader, that in either of these accidents
+ the _first, best_, and _often the only remedies required_, are sheets
+ of wadding, fine wool, or carded cotton, and in default of these,
+ violet powder, flour, magnesia, or chalk. The object for which these
+ several articles are employed is the same in each instance; namely, to
+ exclude the air from the injured part; for if the air can be
+ effectually shut out from the raw surface, and care is taken not to
+ expose the tender part till the new cuticle is formed, the cure may be
+ safely left to nature.
+
+ The moment a person is called to a case of scald or burn, he should
+ cover the part with a sheet, or a portion of a sheet, of wadding,
+ taking care not to break any blister that may have formed, or stay to
+ remove any burnt clothes that may adhere to the surface, but as
+ quickly as possible envelope every part of the injury from all access
+ of the air, laying one or two more pieces of wadding on the first, so
+ as effectually to guard the burn or scald from the irritation of the
+ atmosphere; and if the article used is wool or cotton, the same
+ precaution, of adding more material where the surface is thinly
+ covered, must be adopted; a light bandage finally securing all in
+ their places.
+
+ Any of the popular remedies recommended below may be employed when
+ neither wool, cotton, nor wadding are to be procured, it being always
+ remembered that that article which will best exclude the air from a
+ burn or scald is the best, quickest, and least painful mode of
+ treatment. And in this respect nothing has surpassed cotton loose or
+ attached to paper as in wadding.
+
+
+1318. If the Skin is much Injured.
+
+ If the skin is much injured in burns, spread some linen pretty thickly
+ with chalk ointment, and lay over the part, and give the patient some
+ brandy and water if much exhausted; then send for a medical man. If
+ not much injured, and very painful, use the same ointment, or apply
+ carded cotton dipped in lime water and linseed oil. If you please, you
+ may lay cloths dipped in ether over the parts, or cold lotions. Treat
+ scalds in the same manner, or cover with scraped raw potato; but the
+ chalk ointment is the best. In the absence of all these, cover the
+ injured part with treacle, and dust over it plenty of flour.
+
+
+1319. Body in Flames.
+
+ Lay the person down on the floor of the room, and throw the
+ tablecloth, rug, or other large cloth over him, and roll him on the
+ floor.
+
+
+1320. Dirt in the Eye.
+
+ Place your forefinger upon the cheek-bone, having the patient before
+ you; then slightly bend the finger, this will draw down the lower lid
+ of the eye, and you will probably be able to remove the dirt; but if
+ this will not enable you to get at it, repeat this operation while you
+ have a netting-needle or bodkin placed over the eyelid; this will turn
+ it inside out, and enable you to remove the sand, or eyelash, &c.,
+ with the corner of a fine silk handkerchief. As soon as the substance
+ is removed, bathe the eye with cold water, and exclude the light for a
+ day. If the inflammation is severe, let the patient take a purgative,
+ and use a refrigerant lotion.
+
+
+1321. Lime in the Eye.
+
+ Syringe it well with warm vinegar and water in the proportion of one
+ ounce of vinegar to eight ounces of water; take a purgative, and
+ exclude light.
+
+
+1322. Iron or Steel Spiculæ in the Eye.
+
+ These occur while turning iron or steel in a lathe, and are best
+ remedied by doubling back the upper or lower eyelid, according to the
+ situation of the substance, and with the flat edge of a silver probe,
+ taking up the metallic particle, using a lotion made by dissolving six
+ grains of sugar of lead, and the same of white vitriol, in six ounces
+ of water, and bathing the eye three times a day till the inflammation
+ subsides. Another plan is--Drop a solution of sulphate of copper (from
+ one to three grains of the salt to one ounce of water) into the eye,
+ or keep the eye open in a wineglassful of the solution. Take a
+ purgative, bathe with cold lotion, and exclude light to keep down
+ inflammation.
+
+
+ [SLEEP FALLS SWEETLY UPON THE VIRTUOUS.]
+
+
+1323. Dislocated Thumb.
+
+ This is frequently produced by a fall. Make a clove hitch, by passing
+ two loops of cord over the thumb, placing a piece of rag under the
+ cord to prevent it cutting the thumb; then pull in the same line as
+ the thumb. Afterwards apply a cold lotion.
+
+
+1324. Cuts and Wounds.
+
+ Clean cut wounds, whether deep or superficial, and likely to heal by
+ the first intention, should never be washed or cleaned, but at once
+ evenly and smoothly closed by bringing both edges close together, and
+ securing them in that position by adhesive plaster. Cut thin strips of
+ sticking-plaster, and bring the parts together; or if large and deep,
+ cut two broad pieces, so as to look like the teeth of a comb, and
+ place one on each side of the wound, which must be cleaned previously.
+ These pieces must be arranged so that they shall interlace one
+ another; then, by laying hold of the pieces on the right side with one
+ hand, and those on the other side with the other hand, and pulling
+ them from one another, the edges of the wound are brought together
+ without any difficulty.
+
+
+1325. Ordinary Cuts.
+
+ Ordinary cuts are dressed by thin strips, applied by pressing down the
+ plaster on one side of the wound, and keeping it there and pulling in
+ the opposite direction; then suddenly depressing the hand when the
+ edges of the wound are brought together.
+
+
+1326. Contusions.
+
+ Contusions are best healed by laying a piece of folded lint, well
+ wetted with the extract of lead, on the part, and, if there is much
+ pain, placing a hot bran poultice over the dressing, repeating both,
+ if necessary, every two hours. When the injuries are very severe, lay
+ a cloth over the part, and suspend a basin over it filled with cold
+ lotion. Put a piece of cotton into the basin, so that it shall allow
+ the lotion to drop on the cloth, and thus keep it always wet.
+
+
+1327. Hæmorrhage.
+
+ Hæmorrhage, when caused by an artery being divided or torn, may be
+ known by the blood issuing out of the wound in leaps or jerks, and
+ being of a bright scarlet colour. If a vein is injured, the blood is
+ darker and flows continuously. To arrest the latter, apply pressure by
+ means of a compress and bandage. To arrest arterial bleeding, get a
+ piece of wood (part of a mop handle will do), and tie a piece of tape
+ to one end of it; then tie a piece of tape loosely over the arm, and
+ pass the other end of the wood under it; twist the stick round and
+ round until the tape compresses the arm sufficiently to arrest the
+ bleeding, and then confine the other end by tying the string round the
+ arm. A compress made by enfolding a penny piece in several folds of
+ lint or linen, should, however, be first placed under the tape and
+ over the artery.
+
+ If the bleeding is very obstinate, and it occurs in the _arm_, place a
+ cork underneath the string, on the inside of the fleshy part, where
+ the artery may be felt beating by any one; if in the _leg_, place a
+ cork in the direction of a line drawn from the inner part of the knee
+ towards the outer part of the groin. It is an excellent thing to
+ accustom yourself to find out the position of these arteries, or,
+ indeed, any that are superficial, and to explain to every person in
+ your house where they are, and how to stop bleeding.
+
+ If a stick cannot be got, take a handkerchief, make a cord bandage of
+ it, and tie a knot in the middle; the knot acts as a compress, and
+ should be placed over the artery, while the two ends are to be tied
+ around the thumb. Observe _always to place the ligature between the
+ wound and the heart_. Putting your finger into a bleeding wound, and
+ making pressure until a surgeon arrives, will generally stop violent
+ bleeding.
+
+
+1328. Bleeding from the Nose.
+
+ Bleeding from the nose, from whatever cause, may generally be stopped
+ by putting a plug of lint into the nostrils, if this does not do,
+ apply a cold lotion to the forehead; raise the head, and place over it
+ both arms, so that it will rest on the hands; dip the lint plug,
+ _slightly moistened_, into some powdered gum arabic, and plug the
+ nostrils again; or dip the plug into equal parts of powdered gum
+ arabic and alum, and plug the nose. Or the plug may be dipped in
+ Friar's balsam, or tincture of kino. Heat should be applied to the
+ feet; and, in obstinate cases, the sudden shock of a cold key, or cold
+ water poured down the spine, will often instantly stop the bleeding.
+ If the bowels are confined, take a purgative.
+
+
+ [MORNING IS WELCOME TO THE INDUSTRIOUS.]
+
+
+1329. Violent Shocks.
+
+ Violent shocks will sometimes stun a person, and he will remain
+ unconscious. Untie strings, collars, &c.; loosen anything that is
+ tight, and interferes with the breathing; raise the head; see if there
+ is bleeding from any part; apply smelling-salts to the nose, and hot
+ bottles to the feet.
+
+
+1330. Concussion.
+
+ In concussion, the surface of the body is cold and pale, and the pulse
+ weak and small, the breathing slow and _gentle_, and the pupil of the
+ eye generally contracted or small. You can get an answer by speaking
+ loud, so as to arouse the patient. Give a little brandy and water,
+ keep the place quiet, apply warmth, and do not raise the head too
+ high. If you tickle the feet, the patient feels it.
+
+
+1331. Compression of the Brain.
+
+ In compression of the brain from any cause, such as apoplexy, or a
+ piece of fractured bone pressing on it, there is loss of sensation. If
+ you tickle the feet of the injured person he does not feel it. You
+ cannot arouse him so as to get an answer. The pulse is slow and
+ laboured; the breathing deep, laboured, and _snorting_; the pupil
+ enlarged. Raise the head, loosen strings or tight things, and send
+ for a surgeon. If one cannot be got at once, apply mustard poultices
+ to the feet and thighs, leeches to the temples and hot water to the
+ feet.
+
+
+1332. Choking.
+
+ When a person has a fish bone in the throat, insert the forefinger,
+ press upon the root of the tongue, so as to induce vomiting; if this
+ does not do, let him swallow a _large piece_ of potato or soft bread;
+ and if these fail, give a mustard emetic.
+
+
+1333. Fainting, Hysterics, &c.
+
+ Loosen the garments, bathe the temples with water or eau-de-Cologne;
+ open the window, admit plenty of fresh air, dash cold water on the
+ face, apply hot bricks to the feet, and avoid bustle and excessive
+ sympathy.
+
+
+1334. Drowning.
+
+ Attend to the following _essential rules_:
+
+ i. Lose no time.
+
+ ii. Handle the body gently.
+
+ iii. Carry the body face downwards, with the head gently raised, and
+ never hold it up by the feet.
+
+ iv. Send for medical assistance immediately, and in the meantime act
+ as follows:
+
+ v. Strip the body, rub it dry: then wrap it in hot blankets, and
+ place it in a warm bed in a warm room.
+
+ vi. Cleanse away the froth and mucus from the nose and mouth.
+
+ vii. Apply warm bricks, bottles, bags of sand, &c., to the armpits,
+ between the thighs, and to the soles of the feet.
+
+ viii. Rub the surface of the body with the hands enclosed in warm
+ dry worsted socks.
+
+ ix. If possible, put the body into a warm bath.
+
+ x. To restore breathing, put the pipe of a common bellows into one
+ nostril, carefully closing the other, and the mouth; at the same
+ time drawing downwards, and pushing gently backwards, the upper part
+ of the windpipe, to allow a more free admission of air; blow the
+ bellows gently, in order to inflate the lungs, till the breast be
+ raised a little; then set the mouth and nostrils free, and press
+ gently on the chest: repeat this until signs of life appear. The
+ body should be covered the moment it is placed on the table, except
+ the face, and all the rubbing carried on under the sheet or blanket.
+ When they can be obtained, a number of tiles or bricks should be
+ made tolerably hot in the fire, laid in a row on the table, covered
+ with a blanket, and the body placed in such a manner on them, that
+ their heat may enter the spine. When the patient revives, apply
+ smelling-salts to the nose, give warm wine or brandy and water.
+
+ _Cautions_.
+
+ i. Never rub the body with salt or spirits.
+
+ ii. Never roll the body on casks,
+
+ iii. Continue the remedies for twelve hours without ceasing.
+
+
+ [PURE WATER IS BETTER THAN FOUL WINE.]
+
+
+1335. Hanging.
+
+ Loosen the cord, or whatever it may be by which the person has been
+ suspended. Open the temporal artery or jugular vein, or bleed from the
+ arm; employ electricity, if at hand, and proceed as for drowning,
+ taking the additional precaution to apply eight or ten leeches to the
+ temples.
+
+
+1336. Apparent Death from Drunkenness.
+
+ Raise the head, loosen the clothes, maintain warmth of surface, and
+ give a mustard emetic as soon as the person can swallow.
+
+
+1337. Apoplexy and Fits Generally.
+
+ Raise the head; loosen all tight clothes, strings, &c.; apply cold
+ lotions to the head, which should be shaved; apply leeches to the
+ temples, bleed, and send for a surgeon.
+
+
+1338. Suffocation from Noxious Gases, &c.
+
+ Remove to the fresh air; dash cold vinegar and water in the face,
+ neck, and breast; keep up the warmth of the body; if necessary, apply
+ mustard poultices to the soles of the feet and spine, and try
+ artificial respirations as in drowning, with electricity.
+
+
+1339. Lightning and Sun Stroke.
+
+ Treat the same as apoplexy.
+
+
+1340. Poisons, General Observations.
+
+ The abbreviations used are as follows:--
+
+ E., effects or symptoms.
+ T., treatment.
+ A., antidotes or counter poisons.
+ D.A., dangerous antidotes.
+
+
+1341. Poison.
+
+ A poison is a _substance_ which is capable of altering or destroying
+ some or all of the functions necessary to life. When a person is in
+ good health, and is suddenly attacked, after having taken some food or
+ drink, with violent pain, cramp in the stomach, feeling of sickness or
+ nausea, vomiting, convulsive twitchings, and a sense of suffocation;
+ or if he be seized, under the same circumstances, with giddiness,
+ delirium, or unusual sleepiness, then it may be supposed that he has
+ been poisoned.
+
+
+1342. Classes of Poisons.
+
+ Poisons have been divided into four classes:
+
+ i. Those causing local symptoms.
+ ii. Those producing spasmodic symptoms.
+ iii. Narcotic or sleepy symptoms; and
+ iv. Paralytic symptoms.
+
+ Poisons may be mineral, animal, or vegetable.
+
+
+1343. Procedure.
+
+ i. Always send immediately for a Medical Man.
+
+ ii. Save all fluids vomited, and articles of food, cups, glasses,
+ &c., used by the patient before being taken ill, and lock them up.
+
+ iii. Examine the cups to guide you in your treatment; that is, smell
+ them, and look at them.
+
+
+1344. Give and Apply.
+
+ As a rule give emetics after poisons that cause sleepiness and
+ raving;--chalk, milk, eggs, butter, and warm water, or oil, after
+ poisons that cause vomiting and pain in the stomach and bowels, with
+ purging; and when there is no inflammation about the throat, tickle it
+ with a feather to excite vomiting.
+
+
+1345. Arsenic.
+
+ (_White arsenic; orpiment, or yellow arsenic; realgar, red arsenic;
+ Scheele's green, or arsenite of copper; King's yellow; ague drops_;
+ and _arsenical paste_.)
+
+ E. Little or no taste. Within an hour, heat and pain in the stomach,
+ followed by vomiting of green, yellow, and bloody matter, burning,
+ and violent thirst; purging, and twisting about the navel; pulse
+ small, quick, and irregular, breathing laboured, voice hoarse,
+ speaking painful; skin cold and clammy. Sometimes there are cramps
+ and convulsions, followed by death.
+
+ T. Give plenty of warm water, _new milk_ in large quantities, lime
+ water, white of egg, mixed with gruel or honey, gruel, linseed tea;
+ apply leeches to the bowels, foment, and give starch or gruel
+ enemas. Scrape the iron rust off anything you can get at, mix it
+ with plenty of water, and give in large draughts frequently, and
+ give an emetic of mustard or ipecacuanha. The chief dependence,
+ however, must be placed on the use of the stomach-pump.
+
+ _Caution_.--Never give large draughts of fluid until those given
+ before have been vomited, because the stomach will not contract
+ properly if filled with fluid, and the object is to get rid of the
+ poison as speedily as possible.
+
+
+1346. Copper.
+
+ (_Blue vitriol_, or _bluestone; verdigris; verditer; verdigris
+ crystals_.)
+
+ E. An acid, rough, disagreeable taste in the mouth; a dry, parched
+ tongue, with sense of strangling in the throat; coppery eructations;
+ frequent spitting; nausea; frequent desire and effort to vomit, or
+ copious vomiting; severe darting pains in the stomach; griping;
+ frequent purging; belly swollen and painful; skin hot, and violent
+ burning thirst; breathing difficult; intense headache and giddiness,
+ followed by cold sweats, cramps in the legs, convulsions, and death.
+
+ A. White of eggs mixed with water (twelve to one pint), to be given
+ in wineglassfuls every two minutes; iron filings mixed with water,
+ or very strong coffee, accompanied by small and repeated doses of
+ castor oil.
+
+ D.A. Vinegar, bark, alkalies, gall nuts.
+
+ T. If there is much pain in the belly or stomach, apply leeches.
+ Give large draughts of milk and water, to encourage vomiting.
+
+
+1347. Mercury.
+
+ (_Corrosive sublimate; calomel; red precipitate; vermilion; turbeth
+ mineral; prussiate of mercury_.)
+
+ E. Acid metallic taste; tightness and burning in the throat; pain in
+ the back part of the mouth, stomach, and bowels; anxiety of
+ countenance; nausea; and vomiting of bloody and bilious fluids;
+ profuse purging, and difficulty of making water; pulse small, hard,
+ and quick; skin clammy, icy coldness of the hands and feet; and
+ death in 24 or 36 hours.
+
+ A. White of eggs mixed with water, given as above; milk; flour and
+ water, mixed pretty thick; linseed tea; and barley water.
+
+ T. Give large draughts of warm water, if you cannot get anything
+ else; strong emetic of ipecacuanha, the stomach-pump, a dose of
+ castor oil and laudanum. Apply poppy-head fomentations to bowels,
+ and leeches if the belly is very tender.
+
+
+1348. Antimony.
+
+ (_Tartar emetic; butter of; Kermes' mineral_.)
+
+ E. A rough metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, copious vomitings,
+ sudden hiccough, purging, pains resembling those caused by colic,
+ frequent and violent cramps, sense of choking, severe heartburn,
+ pain at the pit of the stomach, difficult breathing, wildness of
+ speech, cramp in the legs, and death.
+
+ A. Decoction or tincture of galls; strong tea; decoction or powder
+ of Peruvian bark.
+
+ D.A. White vitriol, ipecacuanha, as emetics.
+
+ T. Give large draughts of water, or sugar and water, to promote
+ vomiting; apply leeches to the throat and stomach if painful; and
+ give one grain of extract of opium dissolved in a wineglassful of
+ sugar and water, as soon as the vomiting ceases, and repeat three
+ times at intervals of a quarter of an hour; and finally, one grain,
+ in a little castor oil emulsion, every six hours.
+
+
+1349. Tin.
+
+ (_Butter of tin; putty powder_.)
+
+ E. Colic and purging.
+
+ A. Milk.
+
+ T. Give warm or cold water to promote vomiting, or tickle the throat
+ with a feather.
+
+
+1350. Zinc.
+
+ (_White vitriol; flowers of; chloride of_.)
+
+ E. An astringent taste, sensation of choking, nausea, vomiting,
+ purging, pain and burning in the throat and stomach, difficult
+ breathing, pallor and coldness of the surface, pinched face, cramps
+ of the extremities, but, with the exception of the chloride, seldom
+ death.
+
+ A. For the two first give copious draughts of milk, and white of
+ eggs and water, mucilage, and olive oil; for the third, carbonate of
+ soda, and warm water in frequent draughts, with the same as for the
+ other compounds.
+
+ T. Relieve urgent symptoms by leeching and fomentations, and after
+ the vomiting give castor oil. For the chloride, use friction and
+ warmth.
+
+
+ [BREATH MAY BLOW OUT A CANDLE, AN EXTINGUISHER PREVENT FIRE.]
+
+
+1351. Silver, Gold and Bismuth.
+
+ Silver: (_Lunar caustic; flowers of silver_);
+
+ Gold (_Chloride of_);
+
+ and Bismuth (_Nitrate; flowers of; pearl white_),
+
+ are not frequently met with as poisons.
+
+ E. Burning pain in the throat, mouth, accompanied with the usual
+ symptoms of corrosive poisons.
+
+ A. For silver, common salt and water; for gold and bismuth, no
+ antidotes are known.
+
+ T. Give milk and mucilaginous fluids, and castor oil.
+
+
+1352. Acids.
+
+ (_Hydrochloric_, or _spirit of salt; nitric_, or _aquafortis;
+ sulphuric_, or _oil of vitriol_.)
+
+ E. Acid burning taste, acute pain in the gullet and throat, vomiting
+ of bloody fluid, which effervesces when chalk is added to it;
+ hiccough, tenderness of the belly, cold sweats, pinched face,
+ convulsions, and death.
+
+ A. Give _calcined_ magnesia, chalk, soap and water. Administer
+ frequent draughts of water to weaken the acid with carbonate of
+ soda, potass, or magnesia, to neutralize it; thick soap-suds made
+ with common soap; chalk, or in default of the alkalies and chalk,
+ break down the plaster of the wall or ceiling, mix in water, and
+ give the sufferer. Excite vomiting, and repeat the remedies till all
+ the acid is neutralized.
+
+
+1353. Chlorine (_gas_).
+
+ E. Violent coughing, tightness of the chest, debility, inability to
+ stand.
+
+ A. The vapour of caustic ammonia to be inhaled, or ten drops of
+ liquid ammonia to one ounce of water to be taken.
+
+ T. Dash cold water over the face, and relieve urgent symptoms.
+
+
+1354. Lead.
+
+ (_Sugar of; red lead; wine sweetened by; and water impregnated with_).
+
+ E. Sugary astringent metallic taste, tightness of the throat, pains
+ as if caused by colic, violent vomiting, hiccough, convulsions, and
+ death.
+
+ A. Epsom or Glauber's salt; plaster of Paris; or phosphate of soda.
+
+ T. An emetic of sulphate of zinc (twenty-four grains to half a pint
+ of water); leeches to belly; fomentations if necessary; and a dose
+ of castor oil mixed with laudanum.
+
+
+1355. Phosphorus.
+
+ E. Intense burning and pain in the throat and stomach.
+
+ A. Magnesia and carbonate of soda.
+
+ T. Large draughts of cold water, and tickle the throat with a
+ feather.
+
+ _Caution_. Do not give oil or milk.
+
+
+1356. Lime.
+
+ E. Burning in the throat and stomach, cramps in the belly, hiccough,
+ vomiting, and paralysis of limbs.
+
+ A. Vinegar or lemon juice.
+
+ T. Thin starch water to be drunk frequently.
+
+
+1357. Alkalies.
+
+ (_Caustic potash; soda; ammonia_.)
+
+ E. Acrid, hot, disagreeable taste; burning in the throat, nausea,
+ and vomiting bloody matter; profuse purging, pain in the stomach,
+ colic, convulsions, and death.
+
+ A. Vinegar and vegetable acids
+
+ T. Give linseed tea, milk, almond or olive oil, and excite vomiting.
+
+
+1358. Baryta
+
+ (_Carbonate, pure_, and _muriate_ of, _See_ LIME para. 1356.)
+
+
+1359. Nitre.
+
+ E. Heartburn, nausea, violent vomiting, purging, convulsions,
+ difficult breathing, violent pain in the bowels, kidneys, and
+ bladder, with bloody urine.
+
+ T. Emetics, frequent draughts of barley water, with castor oil and
+ laudanum.
+
+
+1360. Narcotic Poisons.
+
+ (_Bane berries; fool's parsley; deadly nightshade; water hemlock;
+ thorn apple; opium, or laudanum; camphor, &c._)
+
+ E. Giddiness, faintness, nausea, vomiting, stupor, delirium, and
+ death.
+
+ T. Give emetics, large draughts of fluids, tickle the throat, apply
+ smelling salts to the nose, dash cold water over the face and chest,
+ apply mustard poultices, and, above all, endeavour to rouse the
+ patient by walking between two persons; and, if possible, by
+ electricity; and give forty drops of sal-volatile in strong coffee
+ every half-hour.
+
+
+1361. Vegetable Irritating Poisons.
+
+ (_Mezsreon; monk's-hood; bitter apple; gamboge; white hellebore, &c._)
+
+ E. Acrid, biting, bitter taste, choking sensation, dryness of the
+ throat, retching, vomiting, purging, pains in the stomach and
+ bowels, breathing difficult, and death.
+
+ T. Give emetics of camomile, mustard, or sulphate of zinc; large
+ draughts of warm milk, or other bland fluids; foment and leech the
+ belly if necessary, and give strong _infusion_ of coffee.
+
+
+ [TAKE CARE OF PENCE, POUNDS WILL TAKE CARE OF THEMSELVES.]
+
+
+1362. Oxalic Acid.
+
+ E. Vomiting and acute pain in the stomach, general debility, cramps,
+ and death.
+
+ A. Chalk.
+
+ T. Give large draughts of lime water or magnesia.
+
+
+1363. Spanish Flies.
+
+ E. Acrid taste, burning heat in the throat, stomach, and belly,
+ bloody vomitings, colic, purging, retention of urine, convulsions,
+ death.
+
+ T. Large draughts of olive oil; thin gruel, milk, starch enemas,
+ linseed tea, laudanum, and camphorated water.
+
+
+1364. Poisonous Fish.
+
+ (_Old-wife; sea-lobster; mussel; tunny; blower; rock-fish, &c._)
+
+ E. Intense pain in the stomach after swallowing the fish, vomiting,
+ purging, and sometimes cramps.
+
+ T. Give an emetic; excite vomiting by tickling the throat, and
+ plenty of warm water. Follow emetics by active purgatives,
+ particularly of castor oil and laudanum, or opium and calomel, and
+ abate inflammation by the usual remedies.
+
+
+1365. Bites of Reptiles.
+
+ (_Viper; black viper; Indian serpents; rattle-snake._)
+
+ E. Violent and quick inflammation of the part, extending towards the
+ body, soon becoming livid; nausea, vomiting, convulsions, difficult
+ breathing, mortification, cold sweats, and death.
+
+ T. Suppose that the wrist has been bitten: immediately tie a tape
+ between the wound and the heart, scarify the parts with a penknife,
+ razor, or lancet, and apply a cupping-glass over the bite,
+ frequently removing it and bathing the wound with volatile alkali,
+ or heat a poker and burn the wound well, or drop some of Sir Wm.
+ Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid into the wound, or cauterize the bite
+ freely with lunar caustic, but not till the part has been well
+ sucked with the mouth, or frequently washed and cupped. The strength
+ is to be supported by brandy, ammonia, ether, and opium. Give plenty
+ of warm drinks, and cover up in bed.
+
+
+1366. Mad Animals, Bite of.
+
+ E. Hydrophobia, or a fear of fluids.
+
+ T. Tie a string tightly over the part, cut out the bite, and
+ cauterize the wound with a red-hot poker, lunar caustic, or Sir Wm.
+ Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid. Then apply a piece of
+ "spongio-piline," give a purgative, and plenty of warm drink.
+ Whenever chloroform can be procured, sprinkle a few drops upon a
+ handkerchief, and apply to the nose and mouth of the patient before
+ cauterizing the wound. When the breathing appears difficult, cease
+ the application of the chloroform. A physician, writing in the
+ _Times_, strongly urged this course, and stated, many years ago,
+ that there is no danger, with ordinary care, in the application of
+ the chloroform, while the cauterization may be more effectively
+ performed.
+
+
+1367. Insect Stings.
+
+ (_Wasp, bee, gnat, hornet, gadfly, scorpion._)
+
+ E. Swelling, nausea, and fever.
+
+ T. Press the barrel of a watch-key over the part, so as to expose
+ the sting, which must be removed. Give fifteen drops of hartshorn
+ or sal-volatile in half a wine-glassful of camomile tea, and cover
+ the part stung with a piece of lint soaked in extract of lead.
+
+
+1368. Cautions for the Prevention of Accidents.
+
+ The following regulations should be engraved on the memory of all:
+
+ i. As many sudden deaths come by water, particular caution is
+ therefore necessary in its vicinity.
+
+ ii. Do not stand near a tree, or any leaden spout, iron gate, or
+ palisade, in times of lightning.
+
+ iii. Lay loaded guns in safe places, and never imitate firing a gun
+ in jest.
+
+ iv. Never sleep near charcoal; if drowsy at any work where charcoal
+ fires are used, take the fresh air.
+
+ v. Carefully rope trees before they are cut down, that when they
+ fall they may do no injury.
+
+ vi. When benumbed with cold beware of sleeping out of doors; rub
+ yourself, if you have it in your power, with snow, and do not
+ hastily approach the fire.
+
+ vii. Beware of damp.
+
+ viii. Air vaults, by letting them remain open some time before you
+ enter, or scattering powdered lime in them. Where a lighted candle
+ will not burn, animal life cannot exist; it will be an excellent
+ caution, therefore, before entering damp and confined places, to try
+ this simple experiment.
+
+ ix. Never leave saddle or draught horses, while in use, by
+ themselves; nor go immediately behind a led horse, as he is apt to
+ kick. When crossing a roadway always go behind a cart or carriage,
+ never in front of it.
+
+ x. Do not ride on footways.
+
+ xi. Look closely after children, whether they are up or in bed; and
+ particularly when they are near the fire, an element with which they
+ are very apt to amuse themselves.
+
+ xii. Leave nothing poisonous open or accessible; and never omit to
+ write the word "POISON" in large letters upon it, wherever it may be
+ placed.
+
+ xiii. In walking the streets keep out of the line of the cellars,
+ and never look one way and walk another.
+
+ xiv. Never throw pieces of orange peel, or broken glass bottles,
+ into the streets.
+
+ xv. Never meddle with gunpowder by candle-light.
+
+ xvi. In trimming a lamp with naphtha, never fill it. Leave space for
+ the spirit to expand with warmth.
+
+ xvii. Never quit a room leaving the poker in the fire.
+
+ xviii. When the brass rod of the stair-carpet becomes loose, fasten
+ it immediately.
+
+ xix. In opening effervescing drinks, such as soda water, hold the
+ cork in your hand.
+
+ xx. Quit your house with care on a frosty morning.
+
+ xxi. Have your horses' shoes roughed directly there are indications
+ of frost.
+
+ xxii. Keep lucifer matches in their cases, and never let them be
+ strewed about.
+
+ xxiii. Kick into the gutter any piece of orange peel that you may
+ see on the pavement or the roadway. By so doing you may save many
+ from meeting with dangerous accidents.
+
+ xxvi. Never allow your servants to leave brooms, brushes,
+ slop-pails, water cans, &c. in outside doorways, or at the head of a
+ flight of stairs when engaged in house-work.
+
+
+ [IF YOU ARE IN DEBT, SOMEBODY OWNS PART OF YOU.]
+
+
+1369. Accidents in Carriages.
+
+ It is safer, as a general rule, to keep your place than to jump out.
+ Getting out of a gig over the back, provided you can hold on a little
+ while, and run, is safer than springing from the side. But it is best
+ to keep your place, and hold fast. In accidents people act not so much
+ from reason as from excitement: but good rules, firmly impressed upon
+ the mind, generally rise uppermost, even in the midst of fear.
+
+
+1370. Life Belts.
+
+ An excellent and cheap life belt, for persons proceeding to sea,
+ bathing in dangerous places, or learning to swim, may be thus
+ made:--Take a yard and three quarters of strong jean, double, and
+ divide it into nine compartments. Let there be a space of two inches
+ after each third compartment. Fill the compartments with very fine
+ cuttings of cork, which may be made by cutting up old corks, or (still
+ better) purchased at the corkcutter's. Work eyelet holes at the bottom
+ of each compartment, to let the water drain out. Attach a neck-band
+ and waist-strings of stout boot-web, and sew them on strongly.
+
+
+1371. Another.
+
+ Cut open an old boa, or victorine, and line it with fine cork-cuttings
+ instead of wool. For ladies going to sea these are excellent, as they
+ may be worn in stormy weather, without giving appearance of alarm in
+ danger. They may be fastened to the body by ribands or tapes, of the
+ colour of the fur. Gentlemen's waistcoats may be lined the same way.
+
+
+1372. Charcoal Fumes.
+
+ The usual remedies for persons overcome with the fumes of charcoal in
+ a close apartment are, to throw cold water on the head, and to bleed
+ immediately; also apply mustard or hartshorn to the soles of the feet.
+
+
+ [ECONOMY IS THE EASY CHAIR OF OLD AGE.]
+
+
+1373. Cautions in Visiting the Sick.
+
+ Do not visit the sick when you are fatigued, or when in a state of
+ perspiration, or with the stomach empty--for in such conditions you
+ are liable to take the infection. When the disease is very contagious,
+ place yourself at the side of the patient which is nearest to the
+ window. Do not enter the room the first thing in the morning, before
+ it has been aired; and when you come away, take some food, change your
+ clothing immediately, and expose the latter to the air for some days.
+ Tobacco smoke is a preventive of malaria.
+
+
+1374. Children and Cutlery.
+
+ Serious accidents having occurred to babies through their catching
+ hold of the blades of sharp instruments, the following hint will be
+ useful. If a child lay hold of a knife or razor, do not try to pull it
+ away, or to force open the hand; but, holding the child's hand that is
+ empty, offer to its other hand anything nice or pretty, and it will
+ immediately open the hand, and let the dangerous instrument fall.
+
+
+1375. Directing Letters.
+
+ It may sound like being over particular, but we recommend persons to
+ make a practice of fully addressing notes, &c., on all occasions;
+ when, in case of their being dropped by careless messengers (which is
+ not a rare occurrence), it is evident for whom they are intended,
+ without undergoing the inspection of any other person bearing a
+ similar name.
+
+
+1376. Prevention of Fires.
+
+ The following simple suggestions are worthy of observation:
+
+ Add one ounce of alum to the last water used to rinse children's
+ dresses, and they will be rendered uninflammable, or so slightly
+ combustible that in event of coming into contact with fire, they would
+ only smoulder away very slowly, and not burst into flame. This is a
+ simple precaution, which may be adopted in families of children. Bed
+ curtains, and linen in general, may also be treated in the same way.
+ Tungstate of soda has been recommended for the purpose of rendering
+ any article of female dress incombustible. Any chemist will intimate
+ to the purchaser the manner in which the tungstate of soda should be
+ employed.
+
+
+1377. Precautions in Case of Fire.
+
+ The following precautions should be impressed upon the memory of all
+ our readers:
+
+
+1378. Fire!
+
+ Should a Fire break out, send off to the nearest engine or police
+ station.
+
+
+1379. Water.
+
+ Fill Buckets with Water, carry them as near the fire as possible, dip
+ a mop into the water, and throw it in showers on the fire, until
+ assistance arrives.
+
+
+1380. A Wet Blanket.
+
+ If a Fire is violent, wet a blanket, and throw it on the part which is
+ in flames.
+
+
+1381. Chimney Fire (1).
+
+ Should a Fire break out in the Kitchen Chimney, or any other, a
+ blanket wetted should be nailed to the upper ends of the mantelpiece,
+ so as to cover the opening entirely; the fire will then go out of
+ itself: for this purpose two knobs should be permanently fixed in the
+ upper ends of the mantelpiece, on which the blanket may be hitched.
+
+
+1382. Curtains on Fire.
+
+ Should the Bed or Window Curtains be on fire, lay hold of any woollen
+ garment, and beat it on the flames until extinguished.
+
+
+1383. No Draughts.
+
+ Avoid leaving the Window Or Door open in the room where the fire has
+ broken out, as the current of air increases the force of the fire.
+
+
+1384. Burning Staircase: Escape.
+
+ Should the Staircase be burning, so as to cut off all communication,
+ endeavour to escape by means of a trap-door in the roof, a ladder
+ leading to which should always be at hand.
+
+
+1385. Avoid Hurry and Confusion.
+
+ Avoid hurry and confusion; no person except a fireman, friend, or
+ neighbour, should be admitted.
+
+
+1386. Dress on Fire.
+
+ If a Lady's Dress takes Fire, she should endeavour to roll herself in
+ a rug, carpet, or the first woollen garment she meets with.
+
+
+1387. Handy Baize.
+
+ It is a Good Precaution to have always at hand a large piece of baize,
+ to throw over a female whose dress is burning, or to be wetted and
+ thrown over a fire that has recently broken out.
+
+
+ [LITTLE STICKS KINDLE THE FIRE, BUT GREAT ONES PUT IT OUT.]
+
+
+1388. Use Pearlash.
+
+ A Solution of Pearlash in Water, thrown upon a fire, extinguishes it
+ instantly. The proportion is a quarter of a pound, dissolved in some
+ hot water, and then poured into a bucket of common water.
+
+
+1389. Buckets and Mops.
+
+ It is recommended to Householders to have two or three fire-buckets
+ and a carriage-mop with a long handle near at hand; they will be found
+ essentially useful in case of fire.
+
+
+1390. Check before Retiring.
+
+ All householders, but particularly hotel, tavern, and inn-keepers,
+ should exercise a wise precaution by directing that the last person up
+ should look over the premises previous to going to rest, to ascertain
+ that all fires are safe and lights extinguished.
+
+
+1391. To Extinguish a Fire in a Chimney (2).
+
+ So many serious fires have been caused by chimneys catching fire, and
+ not being quickly extinguished, that the following method of doing
+ this should be made generally known. Throw some powdered brimstone on
+ the fire in the grate, or ignite some on the hob, and then put a board
+ or something in the front of the fireplace, to prevent the fumes
+ descending into the room. The vapour of the brimstone, ascending the
+ chimney, will then effectually extinguish the fire.
+
+
+1392. To Extinguish a Fire in a Chimney (3).
+
+ To Extinguish a Fire in the chimney, besides any water at hand, throw
+ on it salt, or a handful of flour of sulphur, as soon as you can
+ obtain it; keep all the doors and windows tightly shut, and hold
+ before the fireplace a blanket, or some woollen article, to exclude
+ the air.
+
+
+1393. Escaping from a Fire.
+
+ In escaping from a fire, creep or crawl along the room with your face
+ close to the ground. Children should be early taught how to press out
+ a spark when it happens to reach any part of their dress, and also
+ that running into the air will cause it to blaze immediately.
+
+
+1394. Don't Read in Bed.
+
+ Reading in bed at night should be avoided, as, besides the danger of
+ an accident, it never fails to injure the eyes.
+
+
+1395. Warming a Bed.
+
+ To heat a bed at a moment's notice, throw a little salt on the hot
+ coals in the warming-pan, and suffer it to burn for a minute previous
+ to use.
+
+
+1396. No Plant Life.
+
+ Flowers and shrubs should be excluded from a bed-chamber.
+
+
+1397. Swimming.
+
+ Every person should endeavour to acquire the power of swimming. The
+ fact that the exercise is a healthful accompaniment of bathing, and
+ that lives may be saved by it, even when least expected, is a
+ sufficient argument for the recommendation. The art of swimming is, in
+ reality, very easy. The first consideration is not to attempt to learn
+ to swim too hastily. That is to say, you must not expect to succeed in
+ your efforts to swim, until you have become accustomed to the water,
+ and have overcome your repugnance to the coldness and novelty of
+ bathing. Every attempt will fail until you have acquired a certain
+ confidence in the water, and then the difficulty will soon vanish.
+
+
+ [WHAT THOU CANST DO THYSELF, COMMIT NOT TO ANOTHER.]
+
+
+1398. Dr. Franklin's Advice to Swimmers.
+
+ "The only obstacle to improvement in this necessary and
+ life-preserving art is fear: and it is only by overcoming this
+ timidity that you can expect to become a master of the following
+ acquirements. It is very common for novices in the art of swimming
+ to make use of cork or bladders to assist in keeping the body above
+ water; some have utterly condemned the use of them; however, they
+ may be of service for supporting the body while one is learning what
+ is called the stroke, or that manner of drawing in and striking out
+ the hands and feet that is necessary to produce progressive motion.
+ But you will be no swimmer till you can place confidence in the
+ power of the water to support you; I would, therefore, advise the
+ acquiring that confidence in the first place; especially as I have
+ known several who, by a little practice, necessary for that purpose,
+ have insensibly acquired the stroke, taught, as it were, by nature.
+
+ The practice I mean is this: choosing a place where the water
+ deepens gradually, walk coolly into it till it is up to your breast;
+ then turn round your face to the shore, and throw an egg into the
+ water between you and the shore; it will sink to the bottom and be
+ easily seen there if the water be clear. It must lie in the water so
+ deep that you cannot reach to take it up but by diving for it. To
+ encourage yourself in order to do this, reflect that your progress
+ will be from deep to shallow water, and that at any time you may, by
+ bringing your legs under you, and standing on the bottom, raise your
+ head far above the water; then plunge under it with your eyes open,
+ which must be kept open on going under, as you cannot open the
+ eyelids for the weight of water above you; throwing yourself toward
+ the egg, and endeavouring by the action of your hands and feet
+ against the water to get forward, till within reach of it.
+
+ In this attempt you will find that the water buoys you up against
+ your inclination; that it is not so easy to sink as you imagine, and
+ that you cannot, but by active force, get down to the egg. Thus you
+ feel the power of water to support you, and learn to confide in that
+ power, while your endeavours to overcome it, and reach the egg,
+ teach you the manner of acting on the water with your feet and
+ hands, which action is afterwards used in swimming to support your
+ head higher above the water, or to go forward through it.
+
+
+1399. continued...
+
+ "I would the more earnestly press you to the trial of this method,
+ because I think I shall satisfy you that your body is lighter than
+ water, and that you might float in it a long time with your mouth
+ free for breathing, if you would put yourself into a proper posture,
+ and would be still, and forbear struggling; yet, till you have
+ obtained this experimental confidence in the water, I cannot depend
+ upon your having the necessary presence of mind to recollect the
+ posture, and the directions I gave you relating to it. The surprise
+ may put all out of your mind.
+
+
+1400. continued...
+
+ "Though the legs, arms, and head of a human body, being solid parts,
+ are specifically somewhat heavier than fresh water, as the trunk,
+ particularly the upper part, from its hollowness, is so much lighter
+ than water, so the whole of the body, taken altogether, is too light
+ to sink wholly under water, but some part will remain above until
+ the lungs become filled with water, which happens when a person, in
+ the fright, attempts breathing while the mouth and nostrils are
+ under water.
+
+
+1401. continued...
+
+ "The legs and arms are specifically lighter than salt water, and
+ will be supported by it, so that a human body cannot sink in salt
+ water, though the lungs were filled as above, but from the greater
+ specific gravity of the head. Therefore a person throwing himself on
+ his back in salt water, and extending his arms, may easily lie so as
+ to keep his mouth and nostrils free for breathing; and, by a slight
+ motion of his hand, may prevent turning, if he should perceive any
+ tendency to it.
+
+
+1402. continued...
+
+ "In fresh water if a man throw himself on his back near the surface,
+ he cannot long continue in that situation, but by proper action of his
+ hands on the water; if he use no such action, the legs and lower part
+ of the body will gradually sink till he come into an upright position,
+ in which he will continue suspended, the hollow of his breast keeping
+ the head uppermost.
+
+
+1403. continued...
+
+ "But if in this erect position the head be kept upright above the
+ shoulders, as when we stand on the ground, the immersion will, by the
+ weight of that part of the head that is out of the water, reach above
+ the mouth and nostrils, perhaps a little above the eyes, so that a man
+ cannot long remain suspended in water with his head in that position.
+
+
+1404. continued...
+
+ "The body continuing suspended as before, and upright, if the head be
+ leaned quite back, so that the face look upward, all the back part of
+ the head being under water, and its weight consequently in a great
+ measure supported by it, the face will remain above water quite free
+ for breathing, will rise an inch higher every inspiration, and sink as
+ much every expiration, but never so low as that the water may come
+ over the mouth.
+
+
+1405. continued...
+
+ "If therefore a person unacquainted with swimming and falling
+ accidentally into the water, could have presence of mind sufficient to
+ avoid struggling and plunging, and to let the body take this natural
+ position, he might continue long safe from drowning, till, perhaps,
+ help should come; for, as to the clothes, their additional weight when
+ immersed is very inconsiderable, the water supporting it; though when
+ he comes out of the water, he will find them very heavy indeed.
+
+
+
+1406. continued...
+
+ "But I would not advise any one to depend on having this presence of
+ mind on such an occasion, but learn fairly to swim, as I wish all men
+ were taught do in their youth; they would on many occasions, be the
+ safer for having that skill; and on many more, the happier, as free
+ from painful apprehensions of danger, to say nothing of the enjoyment
+ in so delightful and wholesome an exercise. Soldiers particularly
+ should, methinks, all be taught to swim; it might be of frequent use,
+ either in surprising an enemy or saving themselves; and if I had now
+ boys to educate, I should prefer those schools (other things being
+ equal) where an opportunity was afforded for acquiring so advantageous
+ an art, which, once learned, is never forgotten.
+
+
+1407.
+
+ "I know by experience, that it is a great comfort to a swimmer, who
+ has a considerable distance to go, to turn himself sometimes on his
+ back, and to vary, in other respects, the means of procuring a
+ progressive motion.
+
+
+1408.
+
+ "When he is seized with the cramp in the leg, the method of driving it
+ away is to give the parts affected a sudden, vigorous, and violent
+ shock; which he may do in the air as he swims on his back.
+
+
+1409.
+
+ "During the great heats in summer, there is no danger in bathing,
+ however warm we may be, in rivers which have been thoroughly warmed by
+ the sun. But to throw one's self into cold spring water, when the body
+ has been heated by exercise in the sun, is an imprudence which may
+ prove fatal. I once knew an instance of four young men who, having
+ worked at harvest in the heat of the day, with a view of refreshing
+ themselves, plunged into a spring of cold water; two died upon the
+ spot, a third next morning, and the fourth recovered with great
+ difficulty. A copious draught of cold water, in similar circumstances,
+ is frequently attended with the same effect in North America.
+
+
+1410.
+
+ "The exercise of swimming is of the most healthy and agreeable in the
+ world. After having swum for an hour or two in the evening one sleeps
+ coolly the whole night, even during the most ardent heat of summer.
+ Perhaps, the pores being cleansed, the insensible perspiration
+ increases, and occasions this coolness. It is certain that much
+ swimming is the means of stopping diarrhoea, and even of producing a
+ constipation. With respect to those who do not know how to swim, or
+ who are affected with diarrhoea at a season which does not permit them
+ to use that exercise, a warm bath, by cleansing and purifying the
+ skin, is found very salutary, and often effects a radical cure. I
+ speak from my own experience, frequently repeated, and that of others,
+ to whom I have recommended this.
+
+
+1411.
+
+ "When I was a boy, I amused myself one day with flying a paper kite;
+ and approaching the banks of the lake, which was nearly a mile broad,
+ I tied the string to a stake, and the kite ascended to a very
+ considerable height above the pond, while I was swimming. In a little
+ time, being desirous of amusing myself with my kite, and enjoying at
+ the same time the pleasure of swimming, I returned, and loosening from
+ the stake the string, with the little stick which was fastened to it,
+ went again into the water, where I found that, lying on my back, and
+ holding the stick in my hand, I was drawn along the surface of the
+ water in a very agreeable manner. Having then engaged another boy to
+ carry my clothes round the pond, to a place which I pointed out to him
+ on the other side, I began to cross the pond with my kite, which
+ carried me quite over without the least fatigue, and with the greatest
+ pleasure imaginable. I was only obliged occasionally to halt a little
+ in my course, and resist its progress, when it appeared that by
+ following too quickly, I lowered the kite too much; by doing which
+ occasionally I made it rise again. I have never since that time
+ practised this singular mode of swimming, and I think it not
+ impossible to cross, in this manner, from Dover to Calais."
+
+
+1412. Using Life-Belts.
+
+ Those who prefer the Aid of Belts will find it very easy and safe to
+ make belts upon the plan explained in _pars_. 1370, 1371; and by
+ gradually reducing the floating power of the belts from day to day,
+ they will gain confidence, and speedily acquire the art of swimming.
+
+
+ [A CHILD IS THE BRIGHTEST RAY IN THE SUNSHIRE OF THE PARENT'S HEART.]
+
+
+1413. Staining.--General Observations.
+
+ When _alabaster, marble,_ and other _stones_ are coloured, and the
+ stain is required to be deep, it should be poured on boiling hot, and
+ brushed equally over every part, if made with water; if with spirit,
+ it should be applied cold, otherwise the evaporation, being too rapid,
+ would leave the colouring matter on the surface, without any, or very
+ little, being able to penetrate. In greyish or brownish stones, the
+ stain will be wanting in brightness, because the natural colour
+ combines with the stain; therefore, if the stone be a pure colour, the
+ result will be a combination of the colour and stain.
+
+ In staining _bone_ or _ivory_, the colours will take better before
+ than after polishing; and if any dark spots appear, they should be
+ rubbed with chalk, and the article dyed again, to produce uniformity
+ of shade. On removal from the boiling hot dye-bath, the bone should be
+ immediately plunged into cold water, to prevent cracks from the heat.
+
+ If _paper_ or _parchment_ is stained, a broad varnish brush should be
+ employed, to lay the colouring on evenly.
+
+ When the stains for _wood_ are required to be very strong, it is
+ better to soak and _not_ brush them; therefore, if for inlaying or
+ fine work, the wood should be previously split or sawn into proper
+ thicknesses; and when it is necessary to brush the wood several times
+ over with the stains, it should be allowed to dry between each
+ coating.
+
+ When it is wished to render any of the stains more durable and
+ beautiful, the work should be well rubbed with Dutch or common rushes
+ after it is coloured, and then varnished with seed-lac varnish, or if
+ a better appearance is desired, with three coats of the same, or
+ shell-lac varnish. Common work only requires frequent rubbing with
+ linseed oil and woollen rags. The remainder, with the exception of
+ _glass_, will be treated in the following sections:
+
+
+ [A LAUGHING CHILD IS THE BEST PORTRAIT OF HAPPINESS.]
+
+
+1414. Alabaster, Marble, and Stone.
+
+ Alabaster, marble, and stone, may be stained of a yellow, red, green,
+ blue, purple, black, or any of the compound colours, by the stains
+ used for wood.
+
+
+1415. Bone and Ivory. _Black_.
+
+ i. Lay the article for several hours in a strong solution of nitrate
+ of silver, and expose to the light.
+
+ ii. Boil the article for some time in a strained decoction of
+ logwood, and then steep it in a solution of persulphate or acetate
+ of iron.
+
+ iii. Immerse frequently in ink, until of sufficient depth of colour.
+
+
+1416. Bone and Ivory. _Blue._
+
+ i. Immerse for some time in a dilute solution of sulphate of
+ indigo--partly saturated with potash--and it will be fully stained.
+
+ ii. Steep in a strong solution of sulphate of copper.
+
+
+1417. Bone and Ivory. _Green._
+
+ i. Dip blue-stained articles for a short time in nitro-hydrochlorate
+ of tin, and then in a hot decoction of fustic.
+
+ ii. Boil in a solution of verdigris in vinegar until the desired
+ colour is obtained.
+
+
+1418. Bone and Ivory. _Red_.
+
+ i. Dip the articles first in the tin mordant used in dyeing, and
+ then plunge into a hot decoction of Brazil wood--half a pound to a
+ gallon of water--or cochineal.
+
+ ii. Steep in red ink until sufficiently stained.
+
+
+1419. Bone and Ivory. _Scarlet._
+
+ Use lac dye instead of the preceding.
+
+
+1420. Bone and Ivory. _Violet._
+
+ Dip in the tin mordant, and then immerse in a decoction of logwood.
+
+
+1421. Bone and Ivory. _Yellow._
+
+ i. Impregnate with nitro-hydrochlorate of tin, and then digest with
+ heat in a strained decoction of fustic.
+
+ ii. Steep for twenty-four hours in a strong solution of the neutral
+ chromate of potash, and then plunge for some time in a boiling
+ solution of acetate of lead.
+
+ iii. Boil the articles in a solution of alum--a pound to half a
+ gallon--and then immerse for half an hour in the following
+ mixture:--Take half a pound of turmeric, and a quarter of a pound of
+ pearl-ash; boil in a gallon of water. When taken from this, the bone
+ must be again dipped in the alum solution.
+
+
+ [AVOID YOURSELF WHAT YOU THINK WRONG IN YOUR NEIGHBOUR.]
+
+
+1422. Horn.
+
+ Horn must be treated in the same manner as bone and ivory for the
+ various colours given under that heading.
+
+
+1423. Imitation of Tortoiseshell.
+
+ First steam and then press the horn into proper shapes, and afterwards
+ lay the following mixture on with a small brush, in imitation of the
+ mottle of tortoiseshell:--Take equal parts of quicklime and litharge,
+ and mix with strong soap-lees; let this remain until it is thoroughly
+ dry, brush off, and repeat two or three times, if necessary. Such
+ parts as are required to be of a reddish brown should be covered with
+ a mixture of whiting and the stain.
+
+
+1424. Iron. _Black, for ships' guns, shots, &c._
+
+ To one gallon of vinegar add a quarter of a pound of iron rust, let it
+ stand for a week; then add a pound of dry lampblack, and
+ three-quarters of a pound of copperas; stir it up at intervals for a
+ couple of days. Lay five or six coats on the gun, &c., with a sponge,
+ allowing it to dry well between each. Polish with linseed oil and soft
+ woollen rag, and it will look like ebony.
+
+
+1425. Paper and Parchment._Blue._
+
+ i. Stain the material green with the verdigris stain given in No.
+ 1433, and brush over with a solution of pearlash--two ounces to the
+ pint--till it becomes blue.
+
+ ii. Use the blue stain for wood.
+
+
+1426. Paper and Parchment. _Green_ and _Red._
+
+ The same as for wood.
+
+
+1427. Paper and Parchment. _Orange._
+
+ Brush over with a tincture of turmeric, formed by infusing an ounce of
+ the root in a pint of spirit of wine; let this dry, and give another
+ coat of pearlash solution, made by dissolving two ounces of the salt
+ in a quart of water.
+
+
+1428. Paper and Parchment._Purple._
+
+ i. Brush over with the expressed juice of ripe privet berries.
+
+ ii. The same as for wood.
+
+
+1429. Paper and Parchment._Yellow._
+
+ i. Brush over with tincture of turmeric.
+
+ ii. Add anatto or dragon's-blood to the tincture of turmeric, and
+ brush over as usual.
+
+
+1430. Wood. _Black._
+
+ i. Drop a little sulphuric acid into a small quantity of water,
+ brush over the wood and hold to the fire; it will turn a fine black,
+ and take a good polish.
+
+ ii. Take half a gallon of vinegar, an ounce of bruised nut galls, of
+ logwood chips and copperas each half a pound--boil well; add half an
+ ounce of the tincture of sesquichloride of iron, formerly called the
+ muriated tincture and brush on hot.
+
+ iii. Use the stain given for ships' guns.
+
+ iv. Take half a gallon of vinegar, half a pound of dry lampblack,
+ and three pounds of iron rust, sifted. Mix, and let stand for a
+ week. Lay three coats of this on hot, and then rub with linseed oil,
+ and you will have a fine deep black.
+
+ v. Add to the above stain an ounce of nut galls, half a pound of
+ log-wood chips, and a quarter of a pound of copperas; lay on three
+ coats, oil well, and you will have a black stain that will stand any
+ kind of weather, and one that is well suited for ships' combings,
+ &c.
+
+ vi. Take a pound of logwood chips, a quarter of a pound of Brazil
+ wood, and boil for an hour and a half in a gallon of water. Brush
+ the wood several times with this decoction while hot. Make a
+ decoction of nut galls by simmering gently, for three or four days,
+ a quarter of a pound of the galls in two quarts of water; give the
+ wood three coats of this, and, while wet, lay on a solution of
+ sulphate of iron (two ounces to a quart), and when dry, oil or
+ varnish.
+
+ vii. Give three coats with a solution of copper filings in
+ aquafortis, and repeatedly brush over with the logwood decoction,
+ until the greenness of the copper is destroyed.
+
+ viii. Boil half a pound of logwood chips in two quarts of water, add
+ an ounce of pearlash, and apply hot with a brush. Then take two
+ quarts of the logwood decoction, and half an ounce of verdigris, and
+ the same of copperas; strain, and throw in half a pound of iron
+ rust. Brush the work well with this, and oil.
+
+
+ [THE HIGHEST HAPPINESS IS TO BE GOOD AND TO DO GOOD.]
+
+
+1431. Wood. _Blue._
+
+ i. Dissolve copper filings in aquafortis, brush the wood with it,
+ and then go over the work with a hot solution of pearlash (two
+ ounces to a pint of water) till it assumes a perfectly blue colour.
+
+ ii. Boil a pound of indigo, two pounds of woad, and three ounces of
+ alum, in a gallon of water; brush well over until thoroughly stained.
+
+
+1432. Imitation of Botany Bay Wood.
+
+ Boil half a pound of French Berries (the unripe berries of the
+ _rhamnus infectorius_) in two quarts of water till of a deep yellow,
+ and while boiling hot give two or three coats to the work. If a deeper
+ colour is desired, give a coat of logwood decoction over the yellow.
+ When nearly dry form the grain with No. viii. _black stain_ (_see
+ par_. 1430) used hot; and when dry, dust and varnish.
+
+
+1433. Wood. _Green_.
+
+ Dissolve verdigris in vinegar, and brush over with the hot solution
+ until of a proper colour.
+
+
+1434. Wood. _Mahogany Colour_._Dark_.
+
+ i. Boil half a pound of madder and two ounces of logwood chips in a
+ gallon of water, and brush well over while hot; when dry, go over
+ the whole with pearlash solution, two drachms to the quart.
+
+ ii. Put two ounces of dragon's-blood, bruised, into a quart of oil
+ of turpentine; let the bottle stand in a warm place, shake
+ frequently, and, when dissolved, steep the work in the mixture.
+
+
+1435. Wood. _Light Red Brown_.
+
+ i. Boil half a pound of madder and a quarter of a pound of fustic in
+ a gallon of water; brush over the work when boiling hot, until
+ properly stained.
+
+ ii. The surface of the work being quite smooth, brush over with a
+ weak solution of aquafortis, half an ounce to the pint, and then
+ finish with the following:--Put four ounces and a half of dragon's
+ blood and an ounce of soda, both well bruised, to three pints of
+ spirits of wine; let it stand in a warm place, shake frequently,
+ strain, and lay on with a soft brush, repeating till of a proper
+ colour; polish with linseed oil or varnish.
+
+
+1436. Wood. _Purple_
+
+ Brush the work several times with the logwood decoction used for No.
+ vi. _black_ (_see par_. 1430), and when perfectly dry, give a coat of
+ pearlash solution--one drachm to a quart--taking care to lay it on
+ evenly.
+
+
+1437. Wood. _Red_.
+
+ i. Boil a pound of Brazil wood and an ounce of pearlash in a gallon
+ of water, and while hot brush over the work until of a proper
+ colour. Dissolve two ounces of alum in a quart of water, and brush
+ the solution over the work before it dries.
+
+ ii. Take a gallon of the above stain, add two more ounces of
+ pearlash; use hot, and brush often with the alum solution.
+
+ iii. Use a cold infusion of archil, and brush over with the pearlash
+ solution used for No. 1434.
+
+
+1438. Imitation of Rosewood.
+
+ i. Boil half a pound of logwood in three pints of water till it is
+ of a very dark red, add half an ounce of salt of tartar; stain the
+ work with the liquor while _boiling hot_, giving three coats; then,
+ with a painter's graining brush, form streaks with No. viii. _black
+ stain_ (_see par_. 1430); let the work dry, and varnish.
+
+ ii. Brush over with the logwood decoction used for No. vi. _black_,
+ three or four times; put half a pound of iron filings into two
+ quarts of vinegar; then with a graining brush, or cane bruised at
+ the end, apply the iron filing solution in the form required, and
+ polish with bees'-wax and turpentine when dry, or varnish.
+
+
+1439. Wood. _Yellow_.
+
+ i. Brush over with the tincture of turmeric.
+
+ ii. Warm the work and brush over with weak aquafortis, then hold to
+ the fire. Varnish or oil as usual.
+
+
+1440. Laws of Employers and Employed.
+
+
+1441. Hiring and Dismissal.
+
+ It is customary with respect to domestic servants, that if the terms
+ are not otherwise defined, the hiring is by the month, and may be put
+ an end to by either party giving a month's warning; or, at the will of
+ the employer, a month's wages.
+
+
+1442. Dismissal.
+
+ An employer may dismiss a servant upon paying wages for one month
+ beyond the date of actual dismissal, the wages without service being
+ deemed equivalent to the extra board and lodging with service.
+
+
+1443. Distinctions.
+
+ There are Distinctions with respect to clerks, and servants of a
+ superior class. A month's warning or wages will not determine the
+ engagements of servants of this class.
+
+
+1444. Terms.
+
+ The Terms on which clerks and superior servants are employed being
+ very various, it is desirable to have some specific agreement, or
+ other proof of the conditions of service and wages.
+
+
+1445. Need for Stamping.
+
+ Agreements with menial servants need not be stamped; but contracts of
+ a higher and special character should be.
+
+
+1446. Terms of Agreement.
+
+ The Terms of an Agreement should be distinctly expressed, and be
+ signed by both parties. And the conditions under which the agreement
+ may be terminated by either party should be fully stated.
+
+
+1447. Mutuality of Interest.
+
+ Every Agreement should bear Evidence of Mutuality of interest. If one
+ party agrees to stay with another, and give gratuitous services, with
+ the view of acquiring knowledge of a business, and the other party
+ does not agree to employ and to _teach_, the agreement is void, as
+ being without consideration.
+
+
+1448. Contract.
+
+ An employer must Contract to employ, as well as a servant to _serve_,
+ otherwise the employer may put an end to the contract at his own
+ pleasure. In such a case a servant may be dismissed without notice.
+
+
+1449. Permanency.
+
+ An Agreement to give Permanent Employment is received as extending
+ only to a substantial and reasonable period of time, and that there
+ shall be no immediate and peremptory dismissal, without cause.
+
+
+1450. Stipulation.
+
+ When no Stipulation is made at the time of the hiring, or in the
+ agreement, that a servant shall be liable for breakages, injuries from
+ negligence, &c., the employer can only recover from the servant by due
+ process of law.
+
+
+1451. Prudent Stipulation.
+
+ It is a Prudent Stipulation that, if a servant quit his employ before
+ the specified time, or without due notice, a certain amount of wages
+ shall be forfeited; otherwise the employer can only recover by action
+ for damages.
+
+
+1452. Livery Servants.
+
+ In the case of Livery Servants, it should be agreed that, upon
+ quitting service, they deliver up the liveries; otherwise disputes may
+ arise that can only be determined by recourse to law.
+
+
+1453. Change of Trade.
+
+ When a Master to whom an Apprentice is bound for a particular trade,
+ changes that trade for another, the indenture binding the apprentice
+ becomes null and void.
+
+
+1454. Act of God.
+
+ If a Servant, retained for a year, happen within the period of his
+ service to fall sick, or to be hurt or lamed, or otherwise to become
+ of infirm body by the act of God, while doing his master's business,
+ the master cannot put such servant away, nor abate any part of his
+ wages for such time.
+
+
+1455. Terms of Discharge.
+
+ But this does not interfere with the Right of an Employer to determine
+ a contract for services in those cases where terms of discharge are
+ specified in the contract of hiring. In such cases, inability to
+ serve, through sickness or other infirmity, puts an end to right to
+ wages, which are in consideration of such services.
+
+
+1456. Forfeit.
+
+ When the Hiring of a Superior Servant is for a year, if the servant,
+ prior to the expiration of the year, commits any act by which he may
+ be lawfully discharged, he cannot claim wages for the part of the year
+ which he may have served.
+
+
+1457. Claim.
+
+ But a Menial Servant may claim up to the date of his dismissal, unless
+ his discharge be for embezzlement or other felonious acts.
+
+
+1458. Death.
+
+ Upon the Death of a Servant, his personal representative may claim
+ arrears of wages due, unless the contract of employment specified and
+ required the completion of any particular period.
+
+
+1459. Bankrupt Master.
+
+ When a Master becomes Bankrupt, the wages or salary of any clerk or
+ servant in his employ, not exceeding four months' wages or salary, and
+ not more than £50, is payable in full before the general creditors
+ receive anything. So also the wages of any labourer or workman not
+ exceeding two months' wages. For any further sums due to him, the
+ clerk, servant, or workman must prove against the bankrupt's estate
+ the same as other creditors.
+
+
+1460. Receipts.
+
+ Receipts should be taken for Wages paid. Where servants have been
+ under age, it has been held that moneys advanced for fineries and
+ extravagances unbecoming to a servant did not constitute payment of
+ wages, and the employer has been compelled to pay again.
+
+
+1461. Moneys paid to a Married Woman.
+
+ The receipt of a married woman is a good discharge for any wages or
+ earnings, acquired or gained by her in any employment or occupation in
+ which she is engaged separately from her husband.
+
+
+1462. Medical Attendance.
+
+ A Master may bacome liable for Medical Attendance upon his sick
+ servant if he calls in his own medical man, and orders him to attend
+ to the servant.
+
+
+1463. End of Claim.
+
+ When a Servant is Discharged for any just cause, he cannot claim wages
+ beyond the last pay-day under the contract of hiring.
+
+
+1464. General Hiring.
+
+ A General Hiring of a Clerk or warehouseman is for a year, even though
+ the wages be paid by the month, unless a month's warning or wages be
+ specified in the contract of employment.
+
+
+1465. Special Privileges.
+
+ Where a Servant Reserves to Himself Special Privileges, such as
+ particular portions of his time, the hiring becomes special, and
+ cannot be governed by the terms of general engagements. So, also,
+ where a servant stipulates to be exempted from particular duties that
+ usually belong to his situation.
+
+
+1466. Refusal of Duty.
+
+ Should a Servant Refuse to perform any duty required from him, his
+ right so to refuse will generally be determined by the usages
+ prevailing among servants of a similar class.
+
+
+1467. Seduction from Employment.
+
+ A Servant being Seduced from the Employment of a master, the latter
+ has a right of action against the seducer for losses sustained.
+
+
+1468. Masters Responsible.
+
+It is an Established Maxim in Law, that whoever does an act by the hands
+of another shall be deemed to have done it himself. And hence, in many
+matters, masters are responsible for the acts of their servants. But if
+a servant does an unlawful act, not arising out of the discharge of his
+duties to his master, then the employer is not responsible.
+
+
+1469. Purchase of Goods by Servants for Employer.
+
+ A servant cannot by buying goods for his employer's use pledge his
+ master's credit, unless his master authorized him to do so, or unless
+ the master has previously paid for goods bought by the servant in like
+ manner on a former occasion. If a master contracts with a servant to
+ provide certain things and pays him for so doing, a tradesman
+ supplying the things can only sue the servant and not the master for
+ his money.
+
+
+1470. Privileged Communications.
+
+ An action will not lie against an employer for giving an unfavourable
+ character of a servant, even though it be in writing. Communications
+ of this nature, in answer to inquiries, are considered privileged. But
+ if it can be proved that an employer has given a _false_ character
+ from motives of _malice_, then an action for libel will lie against
+ him; but the representations must be proved to be false as well as
+ malicious.
+
+
+1471. Laws of Landlord and Tenant.
+
+
+1472. Leases.
+
+ A lease is a conveyance of premises or lands for a specified term of
+ years, at a yearly rent, with definite conditions as to alterations,
+ repairs, payment of rent, forfeiture, &c. Being an instrument of much
+ importance, it should always be drawn by a respectable attorney, who
+ will see that all the conditions, in the interest of the lessee, are
+ fulfilled.
+
+
+ [SAVING AFFORDS THE MEANS OF GIVING.]
+
+
+1473. Precaution.
+
+ In taking a lease, the tenant's solicitor should carefully examine the
+ covenants, or if he take an underlease, he should ascertain the
+ covenants of the original lease, otherwise, when too late, he may find
+ himself so restricted in his occupation that the premises may be
+ wholly useless for his purpose, or he may be involved in perpetual
+ difficulties and annoyances; for instance, he may find himself
+ restricted from making alterations convenient or necessary for his
+ trade; he may find himself compelled to rebuild or pay rent in case of
+ fire; he may find himself subject to forfeiture of his lease, or other
+ penalty, if he should underlet or assign his interest, carry on some
+ particular trade, &c.
+
+
+1474. Covenants.
+
+ The covenants on the landlord's part are usually for the quiet
+ enjoyment of the premises by the lessee. On the tenant's part, they
+ are usually to pay the rent and taxes; to keep the premises in
+ suitable repair; and to deliver up possession when the term has
+ expired.
+
+
+1475. Rent and Taxes.
+
+ The lessee covenants to pay the rent and all taxes, except the land
+ and property taxes, which may be deducted from the rent.
+
+
+1476. Assignments.
+
+ Unless there be a covenant against assignment, a lease may be
+ assigned, that is, the whole interest of the lessee may be conveyed to
+ another, or it may be underlet; if, therefore, it is intended that it
+ should not, it is proper to insert a covenant to restrain the lessee
+ from assigning or underletting. Tenants for terms of years may assign
+ or underlet, but tenants at will cannot.
+
+
+1477. Repairs.
+
+ A tenant who covenants to keep a house in repair is not answerable for
+ its natural decay, but is bound to keep it wind and water tight, so
+ that it does not decay for want of cover. A lessee who covenants to
+ pay rent and keep the premises in repair, is liable to pay the rent
+ although the premises may be burned down, unless a stipulation to the
+ contrary be inserted in the lease.
+
+
+1478. Neglect of Repairs by Landlord.
+
+ If a landlord covenant to repair, and neglect to do so, the tenant may
+ do it, and withhold so much of the rent. But it is advisable that
+ notice thereof should be given by the tenant to the landlord, in the
+ presence of a witness, prior to commencing the repairs.
+
+
+1479. Right of Landlord to Enter Premises.
+
+ A landlord may enter upon the premises (having given previous notice,
+ although not expressed in the lease), for the purpose of viewing the
+ state of the property.
+
+
+1480. Termination of Leases.
+
+ A tenant must deliver up possession at the expiration of the term (the
+ lease being sufficient notice), or he will continue liable to the rent
+ as tenant by sufferance without any new contract; but if the landlord
+ recognises such tenancy by accepting a payment of rent after the lease
+ has expired, such acceptance will constitute a tenancy; but previous
+ to accepting rent, the landlord may bring his ejectment without
+ notice; for, the lease having expired, the tenant is a trespasser. A
+ lease covenanted to be void if the rent be not paid upon the day
+ appointed, is good, unless the landlord make an entry.
+
+
+1481. Rights of Married Women.
+
+ Married Women, with the concurrence of their husbands, may grant
+ leases by deed for any term. Husbands, seised in right of their wives,
+ may grant leases for twenty-one years. If a wife is executrix, the
+ husband and wife have the power of leasing, as in the ordinary case of
+ husband and wife. A married woman living separate from her husband may
+ by taking a lease bind her separate estate for payment of the rent and
+ performance of the covenants.
+
+
+1482. Copyholders.
+
+ Copyholders may not grant a lease for longer than one year, unless by
+ custom, or permission of the lord: and the lease of a steward of a
+ manor is not good, unless he is duly invested with a power for that
+ purpose.
+
+
+1483. Notices.
+
+ All notices, of whatever description, relating to tenancies, should be
+ in writing, and the person serving the said notice should write on the
+ back thereof a memorandum of the date on which it was served, and
+ should keep a copy of the said notice, with a similar memorandum
+ attached.
+
+
+1484. Yearly Tenancies.
+
+ Houses are considered as _let_ for the year, and the tenants are
+ subject to the laws affecting annual tenancies, unless there be an
+ agreement in writing to the contrary.
+
+
+1485. _Agreement for taking a House on an Annual Tenancy_.
+
+ Memorandum of Agreement, entered into this----day of-------18--,
+ between R.A., of----, and L.O., of of----, as follows:
+
+ The said R.A. doth hereby let unto the said L.O. a dwelling-house,
+ situate in----, in the parish of-----, for the term of one year
+ certain, and so on from year to year, until half a year's notice to
+ quit be given by or to either party, at the yearly rent of----
+ pounds, payable quarterly; the tenancy to commence at----day next.
+
+ And the said R.A. doth undertake to pay the land-tax, the
+ property-tax, and the sewer-rate, and to keep the said house in all
+ necessary repairs, so long as the said L.O. shall continue therein.
+ And the said L.O. doth undertake to take the said house of R.A. for
+ the before-mentioned term and rent, and pay all rates and taxes,
+ except as aforesaid. The said R.A. to be at liberty to re-enter if
+ any rent shall be in arrear for 21 days, whether such rent has been
+ demanded or not.
+
+ Witness our hands, the day and year aforesaid.
+ Witness, G.C.
+ R.A.
+ L.O.
+
+
+1486. Payment of Taxes by Landlord.
+
+ If the landlord agree to pay all the rates and taxes, then a different
+ wording of the agreement should take place, as thus:
+
+ And the said R.A. doth undertake to pay all rates and taxes, of
+ whatever nature or kind, chargeable on the said house and premises,
+ and to keep the said house in all necessary repairs, so long as the
+ said L.O. shall continue therein.
+
+
+1487. Indemnity from Arrears.
+
+ If the landlord agree to secure the incoming tenant from all arrears
+ (and the tenant should see to this) due on account of rent, rates, and
+ taxes, the indemnification should be written on a separate paper, and
+ in something like the following terms:
+
+
+1488. _Indemnification against Rents, Rates and Taxes in Arrear_.
+
+ I, R.A., landlord of a certain house and premises now about to be
+ taken and occupied by L.O., do hereby agree to indemnify the said
+ L.O. from the payment of any rent, taxes, or rates in arrear, prior
+ to the date of the day at which his said tenancy commences. As
+ witness my hand this----day of----18
+
+ R.A., Landlord of the above premises.
+ Witness, G.C.
+
+
+1489. _Agreement for taking a House for Three Years_.
+
+ Memorandum of an agreement made the----day of----, 18 , between
+ R.A., of----, and L.O. of----, as follows:
+
+ The said R.A. doth let unto the said L.O. a house (and garden, if
+ any) with appurtenances, situate in----, in the parish of----, for
+ three years certain. The rent to commence from----day next, at and
+ under the yearly rent of----, payable quarterly, the first payment
+ to be at----day next.
+
+ The said L.O. doth agree to take the said house (and garden) of the
+ said R.A. for the term and rent payable in manner aforesaid; and
+ that he will, at the expiration of the term, leave the house in as
+ good repair as he found it [reasonable wear and tear excepted]. The
+ said R.A. to be at liberty to re-enter, if any rent shall be in
+ arrear for 21 days, whether such rent has been demanded or not.
+ Witness our hands.
+ R.A.
+ L.O.
+ Witness, G.C.
+
+
+1490. Payment of Rent.
+
+ Rent is usually payable at the regular quarter-days, namely, Lady-day,
+ or March 25th; Midsummer-day, or June 24th; Michaelmas-day, September
+ 29th; and Christmas-day, December 25th. It is due at mid-day; but no
+ proceedings for non-payment, where the tenant remains upon the
+ premises, can be taken till the next day.
+
+
+1491. Payment of Rent Imperative.
+
+ No consideration will waive the payment of the rent, should the
+ landlord insist on demanding it. Even should the house be burnt,
+ blown, or fall down, the tenant is still liable for rent; and the
+ tenancy can only be voidable by the proper notice to quit, the same as
+ if the house remained in the most perfect condition.
+
+
+1492. Demanding Rent.
+
+ The landlord himself is the person most proper to demand rent; he may
+ employ another person, but if he does, he must authorize him by
+ letter, or by power of attorney; or the demand may be objected to.
+
+
+1493. Receipt for Rent.
+
+ When an agent has been duly authorized, a receipt from him for any
+ subsequent rent is a legal acquittance to the tenant, notwithstanding
+ the landlord may have revoked the authority under which the agent
+ acted, unless the landlord should have given the tenant due and proper
+ notice thereof.
+
+
+1494. Legal Tender.
+
+ A tender of rent should be in the current coin of the kingdom. But a
+ tender of Bank of England notes is good, even in cases of distress.
+
+
+1495. _Form of a Receipt for Rent._
+
+ Received of Mr. L.O. the sum of ten pounds ten shillings, for a
+ quarter's rent due at Lady-day last, for the house, No. ,-------
+ street.
+
+ £10 10s. [Stamp] R. A.
+ --------
+
+
+1496. Receipt Given by an Agent.
+
+ If the receipt be given by an agent, it should be signed:
+
+ G. C.,
+ Agent for R.A., landlord of the above premises.
+
+
+1497. Care of Receipts for Rent.
+
+ Be careful of your last quarter's receipt for rent, for the production
+ of that document bars all prior claim. Even when arrears have been due
+ on former quarters, the receipt, if given for the last quarter,
+ precludes the landlord from recovery thereof.
+
+
+1498. Notice to Quit.
+
+ When either the landlord or tenant intends to terminate a tenancy, the
+ way to proceed is by a notice to quit, which is drawn up in the two
+ following ways:
+
+
+1499. _Form of a Notice to Quit from a Tenant to his Landlord._
+
+ Sir,--I hereby give you notice, that on or before the------day of
+ ------next, I shall quit and deliver up possession of the house and
+ premises I now hold of you, situate at------, in the parish of
+ ------, in the county of------.
+
+ Dated the------day of------, 18
+ Witness, G.C.
+ L.O.
+ To Mr. R. A.
+
+
+1500. _Notice from Landlord to his Tenant._
+
+ --Sir,--I hereby give you notice to quit and deliver up possession
+ to me of the house and appurtenances, situate No------, which you
+ now hold of me, on or before------next.
+ Dated------, 18 .
+ (Signed) R.A. (landlord).
+ To Mr. L. O.
+
+
+1501. Notice to Quit.
+
+ An opinion is very generally entertained, however, that a quarter's
+ warning to quit, where the house is of small rental, is sufficient
+ notice; but where the rent is payable quarterly, or at longer
+ intervals, this is a mistake, for unless a special agreement is made
+ defining the time to be given as a warning, six months' notice to quit
+ must be given, to expire on the same day of the year upon which the
+ tenancy commenced. Where the rent is payable weekly or monthly, the
+ notice to quit will be good if given for the week or month, provided
+ care be taken that it expires upon the day of the week or month of the
+ beginning of the tenancy.
+
+
+1502. _Form of Notice from a Landlord to his Tenant to Quit or Pay an
+ increased Rent._
+
+ To Mr. R. A.--Sir,--I hereby give you notice to deliver up
+ possession, and quit on or before------, the [_here state the house
+ or apartment_] and appurtenances which you now hold of me in
+ [_insert the name of street, &c._], and in default of your
+ compliance therewith, I do and will insist on your paying me for the
+ same, the [_annual or monthly_] rent of----, being an additional
+ rental of----pounds per annum [_over and above the present annual
+ rental_] rent, for such time as you shall detain the key and keep
+ possession over the said notice.
+ Witness my hand, this----day of----, 18.
+ Witness, G.C.
+ L.O.
+
+
+ [A HUNGRY MAN SEES FAR.]
+
+
+1503. Refusal to Give up Possession.
+
+ If a tenant holds over, after receiving a sufficient notice to quit,
+ _in writing,_ he becomes liable to pay double the yearly value; if he
+ holds over after having himself given even parole notice to quit, he
+ is liable to pay double rent.
+
+
+1504. Lodgings and Lodgers.
+
+
+1505. The Goods of a Lodger.
+
+ The goods of a lodger are not liable to distress for rent due to the
+ superior landlord.
+
+
+1506. Distraint on Furniture, etc., of Lodger.
+
+ If any furniture, goods, or chattels of a lodger are distrained for
+ rent due to the superior landlord, the lodger should immediately serve
+ the superior landlord or his bailiff with a declaration in writing,
+ setting forth that the immediate tenant of the house has no interest
+ in the things distrained which belong to the lodger, and also setting
+ forth whether any and what rent is due, and for what period, from the
+ lodger to his immediate landlord; and the lodger should pay to the
+ superior landlord, or his bailiff, the rent so due from him, so much
+ as shall be sufficient to discharge the claim of the superior
+ landlord. The lodger should make out and sign an inventory of the
+ things claimed by him, and annex it to this declaration.
+
+
+1507. Application to Magistrate, etc., if Landlord proceed with
+ Distress.
+
+ If, after taking these steps, the superior landlord, or his bailiff,
+ should proceed with a distress upon the lodger's goods, the lodger
+ should apply to a stipendiary magistrate or to two justices of the
+ peace, who will order his goods to be restored to him.
+
+
+1508. Broker Entering Apartments.
+
+ A broker having obtained possession through the outer door, may break
+ open any of the private doors of the lodgers, if necessary, for the
+ purpose of distraining the goods of the tenant.
+
+
+1509. Renting for a specific Term.
+
+ If lodgings are taken for a certain and specified time, no notice to
+ quit is necessary. If the lodger, however, continues after the
+ expiration of the term, he becomes a regular lodger, unless there is
+ an agreement to the contrary. If he owes rent, the housekeeper can
+ detain his goods whilst on the premises, or distrain, as a landlord
+ may distrain the goods of a tenant.
+
+
+1510. Lodgers and Householders bound by the same Law.
+
+ No distinction exists between lodgers and other tenants as to the
+ payment of their rent, or the turning them out of possession; they are
+ also similarly circumstanced with regard to distress for rent, as
+ householders, except that (as above mentioned) the goods of lodgers
+ cannot be distrained for rent due to the superior landlord.
+
+
+1511. Weekly Tenants.
+
+ In case of weekly tenants, the rent should be paid weekly, for if it
+ is once let to run a quarter, and the landlord accept it as a quarter,
+ the tenant cannot be forced to quit without a quarter's notice.
+
+
+1512. Yearly Lodgers.
+
+ Lodgings by the year should only be taken from a person who is either
+ proprietor of the house, or holds possession for an unexpired term of
+ years.
+
+
+1513. Furnished Lodgings.
+
+ Furnished lodgings are usually let by the week, on payment of a fixed
+ sum, part of which is considered as rent for the apartment, and part
+ for the use of the furniture. In some instances an agreement is made
+ for so much per week rent, and so much for the use of the furniture,
+ and to place all moneys received to the account of the furniture,
+ until that part of the demand shall be satisfied, as the landlord
+ cannot distrain for the use of his furniture.
+
+
+ [HE THAT PLAYS WITH FIRE MAY BE BURNT.]
+
+
+1514. Lodgers Leaving Apartments Without Notice.
+
+ Persons renting furnished apartments frequently absent themselves
+ without apprising the householder, perhaps with the rent in arrear. If
+ there is probable reason to believe that the lodger has left, on the
+ second week of such absence the householder may send for a policeman,
+ and in his presence enter the lodger's apartment and take out the
+ latter's property, and secure it until application is made for it.
+
+
+1515. Verbal Agreements.
+
+ If a person make a verbal agreement to take lodgings at a future day,
+ and decline to fulfil his agreement, the housekeeper has no remedy,
+ and even the payment of a deposit makes no difference.
+
+
+1516. Landlord using Lodger's Apartments.
+
+ If a landlord enter and use apartments while his tenant is in legal
+ possession, without his consent, he forfeits his right to recover
+ rent.
+
+
+1517. Lodgings to Immodest Women.
+
+ If lodgings are let to an immodest woman, to enable her to receive
+ visitors of the male sex, the landlord cannot recover his rent. But if
+ the landlord did not know the character of the woman when he let the
+ lodgings, he may recover, but not if _after_ he knew the fact he
+ permitted her to remain as his tenant. If the woman, however, merely
+ lodges there, and has her visitors elsewhere, her character will not
+ affect his claim for rent.
+
+
+1518. Rent Recoverable.
+
+ If a lodger quit apartments without notice, the landlord can still
+ recover his rent by action, although he has put up a bill in the
+ window to let them.
+
+
+1519. Removing Goods.
+
+ Removing goods from furnished lodgings, with intent to steal, is a
+ felony: unlawfully pledging is a misdemeanour.
+
+
+1520. Liability for Rent.
+
+ Where the lodger has removed, and there are no goods whereon to make a
+ levy, the rent becomes a debt, and can only be recovered as such in
+ the County Court of the district.
+
+
+1521. _Agreement for Letting a Furnished House or Apartment._
+
+ Memorandum of an agreement made and entered into this----day of
+ ----, 18 , between R.A., of----, of the one part, and L.O., of
+ ----, of the other part, as follows:--That the said R.A. agrees to
+ let, and the said L.O. to take, all that messuage or tenement (with
+ the garden and appurtenances thereto) situate at, &c. _[or if an
+ apartment be the subject of demise,_ all the entire first floor,
+ _particularly describing the other appurtenances],_ together with
+ all the furniture, fixtures, and other things mentioned and
+ comprised in the schedule hereunder written, for the space of----
+ months, to be computed from the----day of----, at the rent of
+ ----pounds per quarter, payable quarterly, the first quarterly
+ payment to be made on the----day of----next ensuing the date
+ hereof. And it is further agreed, by and between the said parties,
+ that each party shall be at liberty to determine the said tenancy,
+ on giving to the other a quarter's notice in writing. And the said
+ L.O. agrees, that in the determination of the tenancy, he will
+ deliver up the said dwelling-house (or the entire first floor, &c.),
+ together with all the fixtures and furniture as aforesaid, in as
+ good a condition as the same now are, reasonable wear and tear
+ thereof excepted, and shall and will replace any of the crockery and
+ china or other utensils that shall be broken or otherwise damaged.
+ In witness, &c.--[_Here is to follow the Inventory, or List of
+ Articles referred to above._]
+
+
+1522. Remedies to Recover Rent.
+
+ Distress is the most efficient remedy to recover rent, but care should
+ be taken that it be done legally; if the distress be illegal, the
+ party aggrieved has a remedy by action for damages. Excessive
+ distresses are illegal. The distrainer ought only to take sufficient
+ to recover the rent due, and costs; if, however, the articles sell for
+ a greater sum than is sufficient to pay these, the remainder must be
+ returned to the tenant, who can demand a bill of the sale, and recover
+ the overplus, if any.
+
+
+ [PLAY NOT WITH EDGED TOOLS.]
+
+
+1523. Distress, Legal and Illegal.
+
+ A distress can be made only for rent that is due, and cannot be made
+ until the day after, nor unless it has been demanded by the landlord
+ or his agent. The outer door must not be broken open for the purpose
+ of distraining, neither can the distress be made between sun-setting
+ and sun-rising, nor on Sunday, Good Friday, or Christmas-day; nor
+ after the rent has been tendered to the landlord or his agent. A
+ second distress can be made, if the value of the first is not enough
+ to pay the real and costs, but not if, at the time of making the first
+ distress, there were sufficient goods upon the premises to satisfy the
+ full amount, if the landlord had then thought proper to take them.
+ Wearing apparel and bedding of debtor and his family, and tools or
+ implements of trade to the value of £5 are exempt from seizure, except
+ where a tenant holds possession after term of tenancy or notice to
+ quit has expired.
+
+
+1524. Seizure of Goods removed.
+
+ Goods conveyed off the premises to prevent a distress may be seized
+ anywhere within thirty days after the removal, and if force is
+ resorted to by the landlord, it must be in the presence of a
+ constable; but goods removed before the rent is actually due cannot be
+ followed, but the rent can be recovered by action as a debt in the
+ County Court. The general rule is, that nothing can be distrained
+ which cannot be returned in the same condition as before the distress
+ was made.
+
+
+1525. Appraisement.
+
+ Section 1 of the Act 2 W. and M., cap. 5, requiring appraisement
+ before sale of goods, is repealed, and appraisement is not necessary
+ unless demanded in writing by the tenant, or owner of the goods, who
+ must pay the cost of such appraisement and subsequent removal of goods
+ for sale. Appraisement made by the distraining broker, or any
+ interested person, is illegal.
+
+
+1526. Bankrupts' Rent.
+
+ In cases of bankruptcy not more than one year's lent is obtainable by
+ distress; if more be due, the landlord is only entitled to come in
+ with the rest of the creditors for the further sum due.
+
+
+1527. Illegal Charges for Distraint.
+
+ By the 51 and 52 Vic. cap. 21 (Law of Distress Amendment Act, 1888),
+ no person distraining for rent shall take other charges than those
+ hereafter scheduled: any party charging more can be sued for treble
+ the amount unlawfully taken.
+
+
+1528. Expenses of Distraint:
+
+ £ s. d.
+ Levying a distress (under £20) 0 3 0
+ [Over £20 and under £50, 3 p.c.
+ on the amount; £50 to £200,
+ 2-1/2 p.c.; above £200, 1 p.c.]
+ Man in possession, per day, if
+ rent due be under £20. 0 4 6
+ Ditto, over £20 0 5 0
+ (Man to provide his own board in all cases.)
+
+ The above charges are payable on account simply of the levy: if the
+ sum due, with the above charges, be not paid within five days (or 15
+ days on written request of debtor), and the goods are removed and sold
+ by auction, all expenses of such removal and sale are deductable from
+ the amount realized.
+
+
+1529. Brokers' Charges.
+
+ Brokers must give copies of charges in all cases.
+
+
+1530. Valuation and Sale of Goods.
+
+ The goods, when valued, are usually bought by the appraiser at his own
+ valuation, and a receipt at the bottom of the inventory, witnessed by
+ the person who swore them, is a sufficient discharge.
+
+
+1531. Stamped Agreements.
+
+ Much uncertainty having existed as to the legal nature of the
+ agreements on paper between landlords and tenants, the following
+ communication to the proper authorities, and their reply, will be
+ interesting to all concerned:
+
+
+1532. About Agreements.
+
+ "To the Commissioners of Inland Revenue,
+ Somerset House,
+ London.--Middlesbro',
+ Aug. 18th, 1855.
+ Sirs,--The sea-port town of Middlesbro', in the county of York,
+ contains about 14,000 inhabitants, and many dwelling-houses and
+ shops are let from quarter to quarter, and from year to year, upon
+ written memorandums of agreement, where the rents are under £20 a
+ year; and as some difference of opinion exists respecting the proper
+ stamp duties to be paid on such agreements, your opinion is
+ requested, whether the common lease stamp for such an agreement will
+ be sufficient, or what other stamps (if any) will such memorandums
+ require?
+ Your most obedient servant,
+ WM. MYERS, Solicitor."
+
+ _Answer_
+
+ "Inland Revenue Office,
+ Somerset House,
+ London,
+ 27th August, 1855.
+ Sir,--The Board having had before them your letter of the 18th
+ inst., I am directed, in reply, to state that the documents therein
+ referred to will be chargeable with stamp duty as leases whether
+ the tenancy be from quarter to quarter, or from year to year.
+ I am, sir, your obedient servant,
+ THOMAS FINGLE.
+ W. Myers, Esq."
+
+
+1533. Stamped Documents.
+
+ In all cases where the law requires a stamp, whether for an agreement
+ or a receipt, do not omit it. As the stamp laws are liable to frequent
+ alterations, it is best to refer to the tables in the recognised
+ almanacks for the year, or to make inquiries at the stamp offices.
+
+
+1534. Debtor and Creditor.
+
+
+1535. Bankruptcy.
+
+ The former distinction between insolvents and bankrupts is now
+ abolished. All debtors, traders or not, are now subject to the laws
+ of bankruptcy. _Married Women_ are now liable to be made bankrupt; but
+ no person under age, except under certain circumstances, with the
+ sanction of the Receiver. Liquidation by private arrangement is
+ abolished.
+
+
+1536. Bankruptcy Proceedings.
+
+ Bankruptcy proceedings commence with a petition, either by the debtor
+ himself or by a creditor or creditors. All petitions go before the
+ High Court (or the district County Court), and no composition or
+ arrangement is sanctioned until after the debtor has been publicly
+ examined. All proceedings are controlled by the Court. For bankruptcy
+ purposes, the County Courts have all the powers and jurisdiction of
+ the High Court of Justice.
+
+
+1537. Acts of Bankruptcy.
+
+ "Acts of Bankruptcy" comprise:--Assignment of property for benefit of
+ creditors; fraudulent transfer of property; leaving, or remaining out
+ of, England, or absence from dwelling-house to defeat or delay
+ creditors; filing declaration of insolvency or presenting a bankruptcy
+ petition against self; levy of execution; failure to comply with a
+ bankruptcy notice to pay a judgment debt; giving notice to creditors
+ of suspension of payment; and having a receiving order made against
+ one.
+
+
+1538. Receiving Order.
+
+ If a debtor commit an act of bankruptcy, the Court may, on petition
+ either by creditor or debtor, make a receiving order for the
+ protection of the estate. All receiving orders to be advertised in the
+ _London Gazette_ and locally.
+
+
+1539. Petition.
+
+ A creditor (or creditors) cannot present a petition unless the debt
+ (or debts) amount to £50; the debt must be a liquidated sum, payable
+ now or at some future time; the act of bankruptcy on which the
+ petition is grounded must have occurred within _three months_ before
+ presentation of petition; and the debtor must be domiciled in, or
+ within a year before petition have resided in or had a place of
+ business in, England. No petition can, after presentment, be withdrawn
+ without leave of the Court. A creditor's petition must be accompanied
+ by affidavits verifying the statements therein.
+
+
+1540. Official Receiver.
+
+ On a receiving order being made, the debtor's property vests in the
+ Official Receiver, who must summon a first meeting of creditors,
+ giving to each not less than seven days' notice of time and place in
+ the 'Gazette' and locally.
+
+
+1541. The Meeting of Creditors.
+
+ The meeting of creditors summoned as above shall consider whether a
+ proposal for a composition or scheme of arrangement shall be
+ entertained, or whether the debtor shall be adjudged bankrupt, and the
+ mode of dealing with the debtor's property.
+
+
+1542. Duties of Debtor.
+
+ The debtor must furnish the Official Receiver with a full statement of
+ his affairs in the prescribed form, verified by affidavit, and all
+ such information as the Receiver may require. This statement, if made
+ on a _debtor's petition_, must be submitted to the Receiver within
+ _three days_ of the date of the receiving order; if on a _creditor's
+ petition_, within _seven days_; or the debtor will be liable to be
+ adjudged bankrupt on petition to the Court by Receiver or creditor.
+
+
+ [A SWALLOW MAKES NOT SUMMER OR SPRING-TIME.]
+
+
+1543. Public Examination.
+
+ Before any resolution or composition is approved by creditors, a
+ public examination of the bankrupt, on oath, must be held by the
+ Court, at which the Receiver must be present.
+
+
+1544. Composition or Scheme of Arrangement.
+
+ The creditors may at their first meeting or any adjournment thereof,
+ by special resolution, entertain a composition or scheme of
+ arrangement, and if the same be accepted by the creditors, application
+ must be made to the Court to approve it, the Official Receiver
+ reporting as to the terms of the composition or arrangement, which the
+ Court will approve or reject according to the circumstances.
+
+
+1545. Default in Payment of Instalments.
+
+ Default in payment of instalments, in composition or scheme, renders
+ the debtor liable to be adjudged bankrupt on application by any
+ creditor to the Court.
+
+
+1546. Adjudication of Bankruptcy when a Composition is not Accepted.
+
+ If after a receiving order has been made the creditors resolve that
+ the debtor be adjudged bankrupt, or pass no resolution, or do not
+ meet, or if a composition or scheme is not accepted and approved
+ within fourteen days after the debtor's public examination, the Court
+ will adjudge the debtor bankrupt, and his property shall become
+ divisible among his creditors, and shall vest in a Trustee. Notice of
+ such adjudication must be advertised in the _London Gazette_ and
+ locally.
+
+
+1547. Appointment of Trustee.
+
+ The creditors of a bankrupt may, by resolution, appoint a Trustee of
+ the debtor's property. If this has not been done prior to
+ adjudication, the Official Receiver shall call a creditors' meeting
+ for that purpose. The creditors may resolve to leave the appointment
+ to the committee of inspection. The person appointed shall give
+ security to the Board of Trade, which shall, if it sees fit, certify
+ the appointment. If no Trustee is appointed by the creditors, the
+ Board may appoint one.
+
+
+1548. Committee of Inspection.
+
+ A committee of inspection must not exceed five, nor be less than
+ three, in number, and must be creditors qualified to vote, or their
+ authorised representatives.
+
+
+1549. Bankrupt's Responsibilities.
+
+ The bankrupt must render every assistance to creditors in realizing
+ his property. He must produce a clear statement of his affairs at the
+ first meeting. He must be present for public examination on the day
+ named by the Court and the adjournment thereof. He must also furnish a
+ list of debts due to or from him. He must attend all meetings of
+ creditors, and wait on the Trustee when required to answer any
+ questions regarding his property, and to execute all documents and to
+ carry out anything that may be ordered by the Trustee or the Court.
+
+
+1550. Trustee's Duties (1).
+
+ The trustee's duties are to manage the estate and distribute the
+ proceeds, under regulation of the committee of inspection, or of
+ resolutions arrived at by the creditors at any general meeting. He
+ has to call meetings of committee and creditors when necessary. He can
+ transfer or dispose of the bankrupt's property for the benefit of the
+ creditors as the bankrupt could have done himself prior to his
+ bankruptcy. He can also carry on the bankrupt's business if necessary,
+ compromise or arrange with creditors, and sell bankrupt's property by
+ public auction or private contract.
+
+
+1551. Trustee's Duties (2).
+
+ The trustee must render accounts to the Board of Trade not less than
+ twice a year; and must pay all money received into the Bankruptcy
+ Estates Account, kept by the Board of Trade at the Bank of England,
+ and not, in any circumstances, into his private banking account.
+
+
+1552. Priority Debts.
+
+ Certain debts have priority, and must be paid in full, or as far as
+ assets will admit. These are--parochial and local rates, due at date
+ of receiving order, or within a year before; assessed land, property,
+ and income tax, up to April 5th next before date of order, not
+ exceeding one year's assessment; wages and salaries of clerks,
+ servants, labourers, or workmen, not exceeding £50, due for four
+ months' service.
+
+
+ [WHAT IS DONE WELL ENOUGH, IS DONE QUICKLY ENOUGH.]
+
+
+1553. Distraint with Bankruptcy.
+
+ Landlord may distrain for rent either before or after bankruptcy, but
+ only for one year's rent if _after_ bankruptcy. Any balance beyond one
+ year's rent must be proved as in case of an ordinary debt.
+
+
+1554. Allowance for Maintenance.
+
+ Allowance for maintenance may be made to bankrupt by the Trustee with
+ consent of committee of inspection, for his support, or for services
+ in winding up the estate. Where the bankrupt is a beneficed clergyman,
+ the Trustee may apply for sequestration of profits, and, with
+ concurrence of the bishop, allow a sum equal to a curate's stipend for
+ bankrupt's services in the parish. In the case of officers and civil
+ servants, in receipt of salary, the Court directs what part of
+ bankrupt's income shall be reserved for benefit of creditors.
+
+
+1555. Declaration of Final Dividend.
+
+ A final dividend may be declared when the Trustee and committee of
+ inspection consider that as much of the estate has been realised as
+ can be done fairly without needlessly protracting the bankruptcy.
+
+
+1556. Close of Bankruptcy.
+
+ Bankruptcy may be declared closed, and order to that effect published
+ in the 'London Gazette', when the Court is satisfied that all
+ bankrupt's property has been realised, or a satisfactory arrangement
+ or composition made with the creditors.
+
+
+1557. Grant of Order of Discharge.
+
+ Order of discharge may be granted by the Court on the application of
+ the bankrupt at any time after adjudication. The Court may suspend or
+ withhold order if bankrupt has kept back property or acted
+ fraudulently.
+
+
+1558. Fraud.
+
+ In cases of fraud, the bankrupt may be proceeded against under the
+ Debtors Act, 1869, under which he may be imprisoned for not exceeding
+ two years with or without hard labour.
+
+
+1559. Void Settlement.
+
+ Settlement of property by a Debtor on wife and children will become
+ void if the settlor becomes bankrupt within _two_ years after date of
+ settlement, and within _ten_ years unless it can be proved that the
+ settlor was able to pay his debts when settlement was made without aid
+ of property settled. This does not apply to a settlement made before
+ marriage, or after marriage of property accruing in the right of wife,
+ or settlement made in favour of purchaser in good faith for valuable
+ consideration.
+
+
+1560. Arrest of the Debtor.
+
+ Arrest of the debtor may be ordered by the Court if, after a
+ bankruptcy notice or petition, there is reason to believe he is about
+ to abscond or to remove, conceal, or destroy any of his goods, books,
+ &c., or if, after a receiving order, he removes any goods above the
+ value of £5, or if, without good cause, he fails to attend the Court
+ for examination.
+
+
+1561. Breach of Promise of Marriage.
+
+ Oral engagements and promises to marry will sustain an action, unless
+ the marriage is limited to take place upwards of a year from the
+ making of the contract, in which case the agreement to marry must be
+ in writing. No plaintiff can recover a verdict unless his or her
+ testimony shall be corroborated by some other material evidence in
+ support of the promise. The conduct of the suitor, subsequent to the
+ breaking off the engagement, would weigh with the jury in estimating
+ damages. An action may be commenced although the gentleman is not
+ married. The length of time which must elapse before action must be
+ reasonable. A lapse of three years, or even half that time, without
+ any attempt by the gentleman to renew the acquaintance, would lessen
+ the damages very considerably--perhaps do away with all chance of
+ success, unless the delay could be satisfactorily explained.
+
+ The mode of proceeding is by an action at law. For this an attorney
+ must be retained, who will manage the whole affair to its termination.
+ The first proceeding (the writ, service thereof, &c.) costs from £2 to
+ £5. The next proceeding--from a fortnight to a month after service of
+ the writ--costs about £5 more. The whole costs, to the verdict of the
+ jury, from £35 to £50, besides the expenses of the lady's witnesses.
+ If the verdict be in her favour, the other side have to pay her costs,
+ with the exception of about £10. If the verdict be against her, the
+ same rule holds good, and she must pay her opponent's costs--probably
+ from £60 to £70.
+
+
+ [TOO MANY COOKS SPOIL THE BROTH.]
+
+
+1562. Before Going to Law.
+
+ Before legal proceedings are commenced, a letter should be written to
+ the gentleman, by the father or brother of the lady, requesting him to
+ fulfil his engagement. A copy of this letter should be kept, and it
+ had better be delivered by some person who can prove that he did so,
+ and that the copy is correct: he should make a memorandum of any
+ remarks or conversation.
+
+
+1563. Examples.
+
+ We give an abstract or two from the law authorities: they will, we
+ have no doubt, be perused by our fair readers with great attention,
+ and some satisfaction.
+
+ "A man who was paying particular attentions to a young girl, was
+ asked by the father of the latter, after one of his visits, what his
+ intentions were, and he replied, 'I have pledged my honour to marry
+ the girl in a month after Christmas'; and it was held that this
+ declaration to the father, who had a right to make the inquiry, and
+ to receive a true and correct answer, taken in connection with the
+ visits to the house, and the conduct of the young people towards
+ each other, was sufficient evidence of a promise of marriage."
+
+
+1564. Length of Engagement.
+
+ "The Common Law does not altogether discountenance long engagements
+ to be married. If parties are young, and circumstances exist,
+ showing that the period during which they had agreed to remain
+ single was not unreasonably long, the contract is binding upon them;
+ but if they are advanced in years, and the marriage is appointed to
+ take place at a remote and unreasonably long period of time, the
+ contract would be voidable, at the option of either of the parties,
+ as being in restraint of matrimony. If no time is fixed and agreed
+ upon for the performance of the contract, it is in contemplation of
+ law _a contract to marry within a reasonable period after request._"
+
+
+1565. Call or Refusal.
+
+ "Either of the Parties, therefore, after the making of such a
+ contract, may call upon the other to fulfil the engagement; and in
+ case of a refusal, or a neglect so to do on the part of the latter
+ within a reasonable time after the request made, the party so
+ calling upon the other for a fulfilment of the engagement may treat
+ the betrothment as at end, and bring an action for damages for a
+ breach of the engagement. If both parties lie by for an unreasonable
+ period, and neither renew the contract from time to time by their
+ conduct or actions, nor call upon one another to carry it into
+ execution, the engagement will be deemed to be abandoned by mutual
+ consent, and the parties will be free to marry whom they please."
+
+
+1566. Roman Law.
+
+ "The Roman Law very properly considered the term of two years amply
+ sufficient for the duration of a betrothment; and if a man who had
+ engaged to marry a girl did not think fit to celebrate the nuptials
+ within two years from the date of the engagement, the girl was
+ released from the contract."
+
+
+1567. Deed of Separation between a Man and his Wife.
+
+ This indenture, made the----day of----, in the year of our Lord
+ 1864, between Charles B----, of----, of the first part, Anna R----
+ B----(the wife of the said Charles B----), of the second part, and
+ G----R----B----of the third part: Whereas the said Charles B----
+ and Anna R----, his wife, have, for good reasons, determined to live
+ separate and apart from each other, and on that consideration the
+ said Charles B----hath consented to allow unto the said Anna R----
+ B----a clear weekly payment or sum of----s., for her maintenance
+ and support during her life, in manner hereinafter contained: And
+ whereas the said G----R----B----hath agreed to become a party to
+ these presents, and to enter into the covenant hereinafter contained
+ on his part:
+
+ Now this indenture witnesseth, that in pursuance of the said
+ agreement, he, the said Charles B--, for himself, his heirs,
+ executors, and administrators, doth covenant, promise, and agree, to
+ and with the said G--R--B--, his executors, administrators, and
+ assigns in manner following, that is to say, that he, the said
+ Charles B--, shall and will, from time to time, and at all times
+ hereafter, permit and suffer the said Anna R--B--to live separate
+ and apart from him, the said Charles B--, as if she were sole and
+ unmarried, and in such place and places as to her from time to time
+ shall seem meet; and that he, the said Charles B--, shall not nor
+ will molest or disturb the said Anna R--B--in her person or manner
+ of living, nor shall, at any time or times, hereafter require, or by
+ any means whatever, either by ecclesiastical censures, or by taking
+ out citation, or other process, or by commencing or instituting any
+ suit whatsoever, seek or endeavour to compel any restitution of
+ conjugal rights, nor shall not nor will commence or prosecute
+ proceedings of any description against the said Anna R--B--in any
+ ecclesiastical court or elsewhere; nor shall nor will use any force,
+ violence, or restraint to the person of the said Anna R--B--; nor
+ shall nor will, at any time during the said separation, sue, or
+ cause to be sued, any person or persons whomsoever for receiving,
+ harbouring, lodging, protecting, or entertaining her, the said Anna
+ R--B--, but that she, the said Anna R--B--, may in all things live
+ as if she were a _feme sole_ and unmarried, without the restraint
+ and coercion of the said Charles B--, or any person or person by his
+ means, consent, or procurement; and also that all the clothes,
+ furniture, and other the personal estate and effects, of what nature
+ or kind soever, now belonging or at any time hereafter to belong to,
+ or be in the actual possession of her, the said Anna R--B--; and all
+ such sums of money and personal estate as she, the said Anna R--B--,
+ or the said Charles B--in her right, shall or may at any time or
+ times during the said separation acquire or be entitled to at law or
+ in equity, by purchase, gift, will, intestacy, or otherwise, shall
+ be the sole and separate property of the said Anna R--B--, to
+ manage, order, sell, dispose of, and use the same in such manner, to
+ all intents and purposes, as if she were a _feme sole_ and
+ unmarried:
+
+ And further, that he, the said Charles B--, his executors or
+ administrators, or some or one of them, shall and will well and
+ truly pay, or cause to be paid, unto the said G--R--B, his
+ executors, administrators, or assigns, a clear weekly payment or sum
+ of--s., on Monday in each and every week during the life of the
+ said Anna R--B--, but in trust for her, the said Anna R--B--, for
+ her separate maintenance and support: And the said G--R--B--, for
+ himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, doth hereby
+ covenant and agree to and with the said Charles B--, his executors,
+ administrators, and assigns, that she, the said Anna R--B--, shall
+ not nor will not, at any time or times hereafter, in any wise molest
+ or disturb him the said Charles B--, or apply for any restitution of
+ conjugal rights, or for alimony, or for any further or other
+ allowance or separate maintenance than the said weekly sum of--s;
+ and that he, the said G--R--his heirs, executors, or
+ administrators, shall and will, from time to time, at all times
+ hereafter, save, defend, and keep harmless and indemnify the said
+ Charles B--, his heirs, executors, and administrators, and his and
+ their lands and tenements, goods and chattels, of, from, and against
+ all and all manner of action and actions, suit and suits, and all
+ other proceedings whatsoever which shall or may at any time
+ hereafter be brought, commenced, or prosecuted against him the said
+ Charles B--, his heirs, executors, or administrators, or any of
+ them, and also of, from, and against all and every sum and sums of
+ money, costs, damages, and expenses which he, the said Charles B--,
+ his executors, administrators, and assigns, shall or may be obliged
+ to pay, or shall or may suffer, sustain, or be put unto, for, or by
+ reason, or on account of any debt or debts which shall, at any time
+ hereafter, during such separation as aforesaid, be contracted by the
+ said; Anna R--B--, or by reason, or means, or on account of any
+ act, matter, cause, or thing whatsoever relating thereto. In witness
+ whereof, the said parties to these presents have hereunto set their
+ hands and seals, the day and year first above written.
+
+
+ [AT OPEN DOORS DOGS COME IN.]
+
+
+1568. Divorce and other Matrimonial Causes.
+
+ The powers of the Ecclesiastical Court are abolished in these cases,
+ which are now taken in the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division of
+ the High Court.
+
+
+ [IDLE FOLKS TAKE THE MOST PAINS.]
+
+
+1569. Divorce _à mensâ et thoro_.
+
+ By Divorce _à mensâ et thoro_ is meant a separation only; it does not
+ sever the matrimonial tie, so as to permit the parties to contract
+ another marriage. These are now called _judicial separations._
+
+
+1570. Suits of Jactitation of Marriage.
+
+ By suits of jactitation of marriage is meant suits which are brought
+ when a person maliciously and falsely asserts that he or she is
+ already married to another, whereby a belief in their marriage is
+ spread abroad, to the injury of the complaining party.
+
+
+1571. Absolute Divorce.
+
+ By absolute divorce is meant a dissolution of the marriage, by which
+ the parties are set absolutely free from all marital engagements, and
+ capable of subsequent marriage. In these cases a _decree nisi_ is
+ first obtained, which is made absolute after the lapse of a certain
+ time, unless the decree should be set aside by subsequent appeal.
+
+
+1572. Grounds of Divorce.
+
+ The grounds of divorce are very various, and in most cases fit only
+ for confidential communication to a solicitor. In all cases a highly
+ respectable professional adviser should be employed.
+
+
+1573. Sentence of Judicial Separation.
+
+ A sentence of judicial separation may be obtained either by the
+ husband or the wife, on the ground of desertion without cause for two
+ years or upwards. To constitute wilful desertion on the part of the
+ husband, his absence must be against the will of his wife, and she
+ must not have been a consenting party to it.
+
+
+1574. Insufficient Grounds.
+
+ Persons cannot be legally separated upon the mere disinclination of
+ one or both to live together. The disinclination must be proved upon,
+ reasons that the law recognises; and the court must see that those
+ reasons actually exist.
+
+
+1575. Costs.
+
+ The amount of sosts of a judicial separation or a divorce varies from
+ £25 to £500 or more, according to the circumstances of the suit, and
+ the litigation that may ensue. But a person being a pauper may obtain
+ relief from the court by suing _in forma pauperis._ Any such person
+ must lay a case before counsel, and obtain an opinion from such
+ counsel that he or she has reasonable grounds for appealing to the
+ court for relief. The opinion of the counsel must then be laid before
+ the judge ordinary, and leave be obtained to proceed with the suit.
+
+
+1576. Magisterial Order for Protection of Wife's Property.
+
+ When a wife is able to prove that her husband has deserted her without
+ cause and against her will, she may obtain from the Matrimonial Court,
+ or from the judge ordinary, an order to protect her against his
+ creditors, and against any person claiming under him, by way of
+ purchase or otherwise, any property she may acquire by her own lawful
+ industry, or may become possessed of after such desertion.
+
+
+1577. Obtaining an Order.
+
+ The order may in any case be obtained from the court, and when the
+ wife lives in London, from a police magistrate; or where she lives in
+ the country, from two magistrates sitting in petty sessions.
+
+
+1578. Nature of the Order (1).
+
+ The order does not prevent the Husband returning to his Wife, but only
+ prevents his taking her earnings while the desertion eontinues.
+
+
+ [HOME IS HOME, BE IT EVER SO HOMELY.]
+
+
+1579. Nature of the Order (2).
+
+ The order, when obtained, puts the wife in the same position with
+ regard to ownership of property and the right to sue and be sued upon
+ contracts (that is, all bargains and business transactions), as if she
+ had obtained the decree of judicial separation, placing her, in fact,
+ if the situation of a single woman.
+
+
+1580. Penalty.
+
+ If after this Order is made, the husband, or any creditor of his, or
+ person claiming through him by purchase or otherwise, should seize or
+ continue to hold any property of the wife, after notice of such order,
+ the wife may bring an action against her husband or such other person,
+ and may recover the property itself, and double its value in money.
+
+
+1581. Liability of Husband for Wife's Debts.
+
+ A husband is only liable for the debts and liabilities of his wife
+ contracted before marriage to the extent of the property which he
+ receives from, or becomes entitled to through his wife. The wife
+ herself is liable to the extent of her separate property for all debts
+ incurred by her either before or after marriage.
+
+
+1582. Earnings, etc., of Married Women.
+
+ A married woman, after January 1, 1883, may carry on business separate
+ from her husband, and is entitled absolutely for her separate use to
+ all wages and earnings acquired by her in any employment, occupation,
+ or trade, in which she is engaged, and which she carries on separately
+ from her husband, and to all money acquired by her through the
+ exercise of any literary, artistic, or scientific skill, and her
+ receipt alone is a good discharge for the amount.
+
+
+1583. Personal Property, etc., of Married Women.
+
+ A woman married after January 1, 1883, is entitled to hold all real
+ and personal property which she was entitled to either at or after
+ marriage, for her separate use.
+
+
+1584. To Search for Wills.
+
+ If you wish to examine a will, your best course is to go to "The Wills
+ Office," at Somerset House, Strand, have on a slip of paper the name
+ of the testator--this, on entering, give to a clerk whom you will see
+ at a desk on the right. At the same time pay a shilling, and you will
+ then be entitled to search all the heavy Index volumes for the
+ testator's name. The name found, the clerk will hand over the will for
+ perusal, and there is no difficulty whatever, _provided you know about
+ the year of the testator's death._ The Indexes are all arranged and
+ numbered according to their years.
+
+ Not only the names of those who left wills are given, but also of
+ those intestates to whose effects letters of administration have been
+ granted. There is no charge beyond the shilling paid for entering. If
+ you require a copy of the will, the clerk will calculate the expense,
+ and you can have the copy in a few days. No questions whatever are
+ asked--nor does the length of the will, or the time occupied in
+ reading it, make any difference in the charge. Beyond the shilling
+ paid on entering, there is no other demand whatever, unless for
+ copying the whole or a portion of the will.
+
+ If the deceased at the time of his death had a fixed place of abode
+ within the district of any of the District Registries attached to the
+ Court of Probate, the will may now be proved, or letters of
+ administration obtained from the district registrar. There are
+ numerous district registries, viz., at Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol,
+ York, Newcastle, Durham, and other places. If the will has not been
+ proved in London, it will be found in the registry of the district in
+ which the deceased dwelt at the time of his death. The same rules are
+ observed in the country as in London, with regard to examination, &c.
+ The fee--one shilling--is the same in all. Having ascertained that the
+ deceased left a will, and that it has been proved, the next inquiry
+ is, _"Where was it proved?"_ The above explanation and remarks apply
+ also to the administrations granted to the effects of those who died
+ without wills.
+
+
+ [EVERY MAN'S HOUSE IS HIS CASTLE.]
+
+
+1585. Making a Will.
+
+ The personal property of any person deceased, left undisposed of by
+ deed or will, is divisible among his widow, should he leave one, and
+ his next of kin, in the following order:
+
+ i. Children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, &c. The next
+ inheritors, in the absence of these, are,
+
+ ii. Father;--if none, mother, and brothers and sisters, and their
+ children (but not their grandchildren);
+
+ iii. His grandfathers and grandmothers;--if none,
+
+ iv. His uncles and aunts;--if none,
+
+ v. His cousins, and great-nephews and nieces.
+
+
+1586. Further Details on Intestacy.
+
+ If the Deceased leave a Widow, but no child or children, one half of
+ his personal estate will fall to his widow, and the other half will be
+ divisible among the next of kin. The father of an intestate without
+ children is entitled to one half of his estate, if he leave a widow,
+ and to the whole if he leave no widow. When the nearest of kin are the
+ mother and the brothers and sisters, the personal estate is divisible
+ in equal portions, one of which will belong to the mother, and one to
+ each of the brothers and sisters; and if there be children of a
+ deceased brother or sister, an equal portion is divisible among each
+ family of children.
+
+
+1587. Valid Wills (1).
+
+ Wills, to be Valid, can only be made by persons at or above the age of
+ twenty-one, and in a sound state of mind at the time of making the
+ last will and testament; not attainted of treason; nor a felon; nor an
+ outlaw. As regards the power of married women to make wills, a married
+ woman may make a will, disposing, as she may think fit, of all
+ property to which she is entitled for her separate use.
+
+
+1588. Valid Wills (2).
+
+ No will is valid unless it is in writing, signed at the foot or end
+ thereof by the testator, or by some other person in his presence and
+ by his direction. And such signature must be made or acknowledged by
+ the testator, in the presence of two or more witnesses, all of whom
+ must be present at the same time, and such witnesses must attest and
+ subscribe the will in the presence and with the knowledge of the
+ testator.
+
+
+1589. Irrevocable.
+
+ A Will or Codicil once made cannot be altered or revoked, unless
+ through a similar formal process to that under which it was made; or
+ by some other writing declaring an intention to revoke the same, and
+ executed in the manner in which an original will is required to be
+ executed; or by the burning, tearing, or otherwise destroying the same
+ by the testator, or by some person in his presence and by his
+ direction with the intention of revoking the same.
+
+
+1590. Loses Effect.
+
+ No Will or Codicil, or any part of either, that has once been revoked
+ by any or all of these acts, can be revived again, unless it be
+ executed in the manner that a fresh will or codicil is required to be.
+
+
+1591. Alterations.
+
+ Alterations in Wills or Codicils require the signature of the testator
+ and of two witnesses to be made upon the margin, or upon some other
+ part of the will, opposite or neat to the alteration.
+
+
+1592. Revoked by Marriage.
+
+ Every Will is revoked by the subsequent marriage of the testator or
+ testatrix, except a will made in the exercise of a power of
+ appointment, when the property appointed thereby would not, in default
+ of appointment, pass to the heir, executor, or administrator, or next
+ of kin of the testator or testatrix.
+
+
+1593. Basic Requirements.
+
+ There being no Stamp Duty, or tax, on a will itself, it should be
+ written on plain parchment or paper. Nor is it necessary, though
+ always advisable where means are sufficient, to employ a professional
+ adviser to draw up and complete the execution of a will.
+
+
+1594. Identifying a Illegitimate Child.
+
+ If it be intended to give a legacy to an illegitimate child, the
+ testator must not class him with the lawful children, or designate him
+ simply as the child of his reputed parent, whether father or mother,
+ but must describe the child by name as the reputed child of----or
+ ----, so as to leave no doubt of identity.
+
+
+1595. Paraphernalia.
+
+ Wearing apparel, jewels, &c., belonging to a wife are considered in
+ law her "paraphernalia;" and though liable for the husband's debts
+ while living, cannot be willed away from her by her husband, unless he
+ wills to her other things in lieu thereof, expressing such intention
+ and desire in the will.
+
+ The wife may then make her choice whether she will accept the
+ substituted gift, or remain possessed of what the law declares her
+ entitled to.
+
+
+ [HALF A LOAF IS BETTER THAN NO BREAD.]
+
+
+
+1596. Property of Different Kinds.
+
+ Where property is considerable, and of different kinds,--or even where
+ inconsiderable, if of different kinds, and to be disposed of to
+ married or other persons, or for the benefit of children, for
+ charities, or trusts of any description, it is absolutely necessary
+ and proper that a qualified legal adviser should superintend the
+ execution of the will.
+
+
+1597. Executors.
+
+ When a person has resolved upon making a will, he should select from
+ among his friends persons of trust to become his executors, and should
+ obtain their consent to act. And it is advisable that a duplicate copy
+ of the will should be entrusted to the executor or executors. Or he
+ should otherwise deposit a copy of his will, or the original will, in
+ the office provided by the Probate Division of the High Court for the
+ safe custody of wills.
+
+
+1598. Simple Form of Will.
+
+
+
+ This is the last will and testament of J----B----, of No. 3, King's
+ Road, Chelsea. I hereby give, devise, and bequeath to my wife, Mary
+ B----, her heirs, executors, and administrators, for her and their
+ own use and benefit, absolutely and for ever, all my estate and
+ effects, both real and personal, whatsoever and wheresoever, and of
+ what nature and quality soever; and I hereby appoint her, the said
+ Mary B----, sole executrix of this my will. In witness whereof I
+ have hereunto set my hand this----day of----, one thousand eight
+ hundred and----.
+
+ JOHN B----.
+
+ Signed by the said John B----in the presence of us, present at the
+ same time, who, in his presence, and in the presence of each other,
+ attest and subscribe our names as witnesses hereto.
+
+ JOHN WILLIAMS, 15, Oxford Street, Westminster.
+
+ HENRY JONES, 19, Regent Street, Westminster.
+
+
+1599. Other Forms of Wills.
+
+ Other forms of wills give particular legacies to adults, or to
+ infants, with direction for application of interest during minority;
+ to infants, to be paid at twenty-one without interest; specific
+ legacies of government stock; general legacies of ditto; specific
+ legacies of leasehold property or household property; immediate or
+ deferred annuities; to daughters or sons for life, and after them
+ their children; legacies with directions for the application of the
+ money; bequests to wife, with conditions as to future marriage; define
+ the powers of trustees, provide for and direct the payment of debts,
+ &c. All these more complicated forms of wills require the
+ superintendence of a professional adviser.
+
+
+1600. Crossing Cheques.
+
+ If cheques have two parallel lines drawn across them, with or without
+ the addition of the words _"& Co.,"_ they will only be paid to a
+ banker.
+
+
+1601. Banker's Name across Cheque.
+
+ If, in addition, the name of any particular banker be written across
+ the cheque, it will only be paid to that banker or his agent.
+
+
+1602. Effect of Words "Not Negotiable" on Cheque.
+
+ If the words "Not Negotiable" be written across a cheque, the lawful
+ holder of the cheque is not prevented thereby from negotiating it. The
+ effect of these words is to prevent any person receiving a cheque so
+ marked from acquiring a better title to it than the person had from
+ whom he received it. If, therefore, such a cheque has been stolen, the
+ thief cannot, by passing it away for value, vest in the person so
+ acquiring it a good title.
+
+
+1603. Repayment of Money, etc., borrowed when under Age.
+
+ An infant, or person under twenty-one years of age, is not liable to
+ repay money borrowed by him, nor to pay for goods supplied to him,
+ unless they be necessaries.
+
+
+1604. Acceptance of Liability.
+
+ Even if a person after coming of age promise to pay debts contracted
+ during infancy, he is not liable, whether the promise be made in
+ writing or not.
+
+
+ [WILFUL WASTE MAKES WOEFUL WANT.]
+
+
+1605. Limitation of Recovery of Land or Real Estate.
+
+ A person becoming entitled to any land or real estate, must bring an
+ action to recover it within _twelve_ years from the time when his
+ right accrued, otherwise his claim will be barred by the "Statute of
+ Limitations."
+
+
+1606. Recovery of Damages by Workmen from Employer.
+
+ By the "Employers' Liability Act," 1880, a workman may recover from
+ his employer damages for personal injuries sustained by him in the
+ course of his employment, if the accident happen through any one of
+ the following causes:
+
+ i. A defect in the way, works, machinery, or plant used in the
+ employer's business, and which defect the employer negligently
+ allows to remain unremedied.
+
+ ii. The negligence of some superintendent or overlooker in the
+ service of the employer.
+
+ iii. The negligence of the foreman or other person in the service of
+ the employer, whose orders or directions the workman was bound to
+ obey and did obey.
+
+ iv. The act or omission of any person in the service of the employer
+ done or made in obedience to the rules, bye-laws, or instructions
+ of the employer.
+
+ v. The negligence of any person in the service of the employer who
+ has the charge or control of any signal, points, locomotive engine,
+ or train upon a railway.
+
+
+1607. Amount Recoverable.
+
+ The largest sum which a workman can recover in any of the above cases
+ is limited to the amount of the average earnings for _three_ years of
+ a person in his situation.
+
+
+1608. Notice to Employer.
+
+ Notice in writing of the injury must be given to the employer, or sent
+ by registered post, giving the name and address of the person injured,
+ the date of the accident, and stating in ordinary language the cause
+ of the injury.
+
+
+1609. Actions for Compensation to be brought in County Court.
+
+ All actions for compensation under the above Act must be brought in
+ the County Court, and commenced within six months of the accident, or,
+ in case the workman die and the action is brought by his
+ representatives, then within _twelve_ months from his death.
+
+
+1610. Bills of Sale.
+
+ The "Bills of Sale Act," which came into operation on November 1,
+ 1882, effects several noteworthy changes of the utmost importance. It
+ repeals part of the Act of 1878, which repealed the Act of 1854.
+
+
+1611. What the term "Bill of Sale" includes.
+
+ The term "bill of sale" is made to include, in addition to those
+ assignments of personal property which were within its meaning under
+ the Act of 1854, "inventories of goods with receipt thereto attached;
+ and receipts for purchase-moneys of goods," where the goods remain in
+ the possession of the seller, and also an agreement to give a bill of
+ sale.
+
+
+1612. What the term "Personal Chattels" includes.
+
+ The term "personal chattels" has also a wider meaning than under the
+ old law, as it includes fixtures and growing crops when separately
+ assigned, and trade machinery when assigned, together with an interest
+ in land so as to require registration.
+
+
+1613. Chief Provisions of the Act.
+
+ All bills of sale made or given in consideration of any sum under £30
+ are void. No bill of sale executed after the Act shall be any
+ protection to the goods comprised therein against distress for poor
+ and other parochial rates.
+
+
+1614. Instruments giving Powers of Distress.
+
+ Certain instruments giving powers of distress are also to be
+ registered under the Act to be of any validity against the trustees in
+ bankruptcy or execution creditors.
+
+
+1615. Registration of Bill of Sale.
+
+ Every bill of sale must be registered within _seven_ days of its
+ making, instead of within _twenty-one_ days as under the old law; and
+ provision is made to prevent the evasion of the Act of 1878 by means
+ of renewed bills of sale in respect of the same debt--a practice much
+ resorted to up to the passing of that Act in order to avoid
+ registration.
+
+
+ [WISE PEOPLE ARE THE MOST MODEST.]
+
+
+1616. Renewal of Registration.
+
+ Registration of unsatisfied bills of sale must he renewed every _five_
+ years.
+
+
+1617. Voidance of Bill of Sale.
+
+ A bill of sale executed within seven days after the execution of a
+ prior unregistered bill of sale, if comprising all or part of the same
+ chattels, and if given as a security for the same debt or any part
+ thereof, will be absolutely void.
+
+
+1618. Bills of Sale to be Executed in presence of Solicitor.
+
+ To prevent necessitous persons being inveigled by sharpers into
+ signing bills of sale for sums in excess of advances, or in blank, as
+ has been done in some cases, every bill of sale had to be executed in
+ the presence of a solicitor, but under the Bills of Sale Act, 1882,
+ this is no longer imperative, the condition only affecting bills drawn
+ under the Act of 1878.
+
+
+1619. Preserving Fruit.
+
+ The grand secret of preserving is to deprive the fruit of its water of
+ vegetation in the shortest time possible; for which purpose the fruit
+ ought to be gathered just at the point of proper maturity. An
+ ingenious French writer considers fruit of all kinds as having four
+ distinct periods of maturity--the maturity of vegetation, of
+ honeyfication, of expectation, and of coction.
+
+
+1620. The First Period.
+
+ The first period he considers to be that when, having gone through the
+ vegetable processes up to the ripening, it appears ready to drop
+ spontaneously. This, however, is a period which arrives sooner in the
+ warm climate of France than in the colder orchards of England; but its
+ absolute presence may be ascertained by the general filling out of the
+ rind, by the bloom, by the smell, and by the facility with which it
+ may be plucked from the branch. But even in France, as generally
+ practised in England, this period may be hastened, either by cutting
+ circularly through the outer rind at the foot of the branch, so as to
+ prevent the return of the sap, or by bending the branch to a
+ horizontal position on an espalier, which answers the same purpose.
+
+
+1621. The Second Period.
+
+ The second period, or that of Honeyfication, consists in the ripeness
+ and flavour which fruits of all kinds acquire if plucked a few days
+ before arriving at their first maturity, and preserved under a proper
+ degree of temperature. Apples may acquire or arrive at this second
+ degree of maturity upon the tree, but it too often happens that the
+ flavour of the fruit is thus lost, for fruit over-ripe is always found
+ to have parted with a portion of its flavour.
+
+
+1622. The Third Stage.
+
+ The third stage, or of Expectation, as the theorist quaintly terms it,
+ is that which is acquired by pulpy fruits, which, though sufficiently
+ ripe to drop off the tree, are even then hard and sour. This is the
+ case with several kinds both of apples and pears, not to mention other
+ fruits, which always improve after keeping in the confectionery,--but
+ with respect to the medlar and the quince, this maturity of
+ expectation is absolutely necessary.
+
+
+1623. The Fourth Degree.
+
+ The fourth degree of maturity, or of Coction, is completely
+ artificial, and is nothing more nor less than the change produced upon
+ fruit by the aid of culinary heat.
+
+
+1624. Maturity of Vegetation.
+
+ We have already pointed out the first object necessary in the
+ preservation of fruit, its maturity of vegetation, and we may apply
+ the same principle to flowers or leaves which may be gathered for use.
+
+
+1625. Flowers.
+
+ The flowers ought to be gathered a day or two before the petals are
+ ready to drop off spontaneously on the setting of the fruit: and the
+ leaves must he plucked before the season has begun to rob them of
+ their vegetable juices. The degree of heat necessary for the purpose
+ of drying must next be considered, as it differs considerably with
+ respect to different substances.
+
+
+1626. Degrees of Heat Required.
+
+ Flowers or aromatic plants require the smallest increase of heat
+ beyond the temperature of the season, provided that season be genial:
+ something more for rinds or roots, and a greater heat for fruits; but
+ this heat must not be carried to excess.
+
+
+ [FOOLS HAVE AN ABUNDANCE OF VANITY.]
+
+
+1627. Proportions of Heat.
+
+ Philosophic confectioners may avail themselves of the thermometer; but
+ practice forms the best guide in this case, and therefore we shall
+ say, without speaking of degrees of Fahrenheit or Réaumur, that if the
+ necessary heat for flowers is one, that for rinds and roots must be
+ one and a quarter, that for fruits one and three quarters, or nearly
+ double of what one may be above the freezing point.
+
+
+1628. Hints about making Preserves.
+
+ It is not generally known that boiling fruit a long time, and
+ _skimming it well, without sugar_, and _without a cover_ to the
+ preserving pan, is a very economical and excellent way--economical,
+ because the bulk of the scum rises from the _fruit_, and not from the
+ _sugar_; but the latter should be good. Boiling it without a _cover_
+ allows the evaporation of all the watery particles therefrom, and
+ renders the preserves firm and well flavoured. The proportions are,
+ three quarters of a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit. Jam made in
+ this way of currants, strawberries, raspberries, or gooseberries, is
+ excellent. The sugar should be added after the skimming is completed.
+
+
+1629. To make a Syrup.
+
+ Dissolve one pound of sugar in about a gill of water, boil for a few
+ minutes, skimming it till quite clear. To every two pounds of sugar
+ add the white of one egg well beaten. Boil very quickly, and skim
+ carefully while boiling.
+
+
+1630. Covering for Preserves.
+
+ White paper cut to a suitable size, dipped in brandy, and put over the
+ preserves when cold, and then a double paper tied over the top. All
+ preserves should stand a night before they are covered. Instead of
+ brandy, the white of eggs may be used to glaze the paper covering, and
+ the paper may be pasted round the edge of the pot instead of tied--it
+ will exclude the air better.
+
+
+1631. To Bottle Fruits.
+
+ Let the fruit to be preserved be quite dry, and without blemish. Take
+ a bottle that is perfectly clean and dry within, and put in the fruit
+ in layers, sprinkling sugar between each layer, put in the bung, and
+ tie bladder over, setting the bottles, bung downwards, in a large
+ stewpan of cold water, with hay between to prevent breaking. When the
+ skin is just cracking, take them out. All preserves require exclusion
+ from the air. Place a piece of paper dipped in sweet oil over the top
+ of the fruit; prepare thin paper, immersed in gum-water, and while
+ wet, press it over and around the top of the jar; as it dries, it will
+ become quite firm and tight.
+
+
+1632. Keeping Apples.
+
+ Apples for keeping should be laid out on a _dry_ floor for three
+ weeks. They may then be packed away in layers, with dry straw between
+ them. Each apple should be rubbed with a dry cloth as it is put away.
+ They should be kept in a cool place, but should be sufficiently
+ covered with straw to protect them from frost. They should be plucked
+ on a dry day.
+
+
+1633. Dried Apples.
+
+ Dried apples are produced by taking fine apples of good quality, and
+ placing them in a very slow oven for several hours. Take them out
+ occasionally, rub and press them flat. Continue until they are done.
+ If they look dry, rub over them a little clarified sugar.
+
+
+1634. Preserved Rhubarb.
+
+ Peel one pound of the finest rhubarb, and cut it into pieces of two
+ inches in length; add three quarters of a pound of white sugar, and
+ the rind and juice of one lemon--the rind to be cut into narrow
+ strips. Put all into a preserving kettle, and simmer gently until the
+ rhubarb is quite soft; take it out carefully with a silver spoon, and
+ put it into jars; then boil the syrup a sufficient time to make it
+ keep well,--say one hour,--and pour it over the fruit. When cold, put
+ a paper soaked in brandy over it, and tie the jars down with a bladder
+ to exclude the air. This preserve should be made in the spring.
+
+
+[WALK SWIFTLY FROM TEMPTATION, OR IT MAY OVERTAKE YOU.]
+
+
+1635. Dry Apricots.
+
+ Gather before ripe, scald in a jar put into boiling water, pare and
+ stone them; put into a syrup of half their weight of sugar, in the
+ proportion of half a pint of water to two pounds of sugar; scald, and
+ then boil until they are clear. Stand for two days in the syrup, then
+ put into a thin candy, and scald them in it. Keep two days longer in
+ the candy, heating them each day, and then lay them on glasses to dry.
+
+
+1636. Preserved Peaches.
+
+ Wipe and pick the fruit, and have ready a quarter of the weight of
+ fine sugar in powder. Put the fruit into an ice-pot that shuts very
+ close; throw the sugar over it, and then cover the fruit with brandy.
+ Between the top and cover of the pot put a double piece of grey paper.
+ Set the pot in a saucepan of water till the brandy is as hot as you
+ can bear to put your finger into, but do not let it boil. Put the
+ fruit into a jar, and pour on the brandy. Cover in same manner as
+ preserves.
+
+
+1637. Brandy Peaches.
+
+ Drop them into a weak boiling lye, until the skin can be wiped off.
+ Make a thin syrup to cover them, boil until they are soft to the
+ finger-nail; make a rich syrup, and add, after they come from the
+ fire, and while hot, the same quantity of brandy as syrup. The fruit
+ must be covered.
+
+
+1638. Preserved Plums (1).
+
+ Cut your plums in half (they must not be quite ripe), and take out the
+ stones. Weigh the plums, and allow a pound of loaf sugar to a pound of
+ fruit. Crack the stones, take out the kernels, and break them in
+ pieces. Boil the plurns and kernels very slowly for about fifteen
+ minutes, in as little water as possible. Then spread them on a large
+ dish to cool, and strain the liquor. Next day add your syrup, and boil
+ for fifteen minutes. Put into jars, pour the juice over when warm, and
+ tie up with bladder when cold, with paper dipped in brandy over the
+ preserve.
+
+
+1639. Preserved Plums (2).
+
+ Another Way.--Plums for common use are very good done in treacle. Put
+ your plums into an earthen vessel that holds a gallon, having first
+ slit each plum with a knife. To three quarts of plums put a pint of
+ treacle. Cover them over, and set them on hot coals in the chimney
+ corner. Let them stew for twelve hours or more, occasionally stirring,
+ and next day put them up in jars. Done in this manner, they will keep
+ till the next spring.
+
+
+1640. To Preserve Lemons, Whole, for Dessert.
+
+ Take six fine, fresh, well-shaped lemons, cut a hole just round the
+ stalk, and with a marrow-spoon scoop out the pips, and press out the
+ juice, but leave the pulp in the lemons. Put them into a bowl with two
+ or three quarts of spring water, to steep out the bitterness. Leave
+ them three days, changing the water each day; or only two days if you
+ wish them to be very bitter. Strain the juice as soon as squeezed
+ out, boil it with one pound of loaf sugar (setting the jar into which
+ it was strained in a pan of boiling water fifteen or twenty minutes);
+ tie it up, _quite hot_, with bladder, and set by till wanted. Taste
+ the water the lemons are lying in at the end of the third day; if not
+ bitter, lift the lemons out into a china-lined pan, pour the water
+ through a strainer upon them, boil gently one or two hours; set by in
+ a pan. Boil again next day, until so tender that the head of a large
+ needle will easily pierce the rind. Put in one pound of loaf sugar,
+ make it just boil, and leave to cool. Next day boil the syrup, and
+ pour it on the lemons; add one pound of sugar, and hot water to supply
+ what was boiled away. Lift out the lemons, and boil the syrup and pour
+ on them again every day for a fortnight, then every three or four
+ days, adding gradually three pounds of sugar. When the lemons look
+ clear and bright, boil the syrup pretty hard, add the lemon juice
+ which had been set by, just boil, skim; put the lemons into jars, pour
+ the syrup upon them, and tie up the jars _instantly_ with bladder.
+
+
+ [VICE CHEATS ITS VOTARIES.]
+
+
+1641. Preserved Ginger.
+
+ Scald the young roots till they become tender, peel them, and place in
+ cold water, frequently changing the water: then put into a thin syrup,
+ and, in a few days, put into jars, and pour a rich syrup over them.
+
+
+1642. To Preserve Eggs (1).
+
+ It has been long known to housewives, that the great secret of
+ preserving eggs fresh is to place the small end downwards, and keep it
+ in that position--other requisites not being neglected, such as to
+ have the eggs perfectly fresh when deposited for keeping, not allowing
+ them to become wet, keeping them cool in warm weather, and avoiding
+ freezing in winter. Take an inch board of convenient size, say a foot
+ wide, and two and a half feet long, and bore it full of holes, each
+ about an inch and a half in diameter; a board of this size may have
+ five dozen holes bored in it, for as many eggs. Then nail strips of
+ thin board two inches wide round the edges to serve as a ledge. Boards
+ such as this may now be made to constitute the shelves of a cupboard
+ in a cool cellar. The only precaution necessary is to place the eggs
+ as fast as they are laid in these holes, with the small end downwards,
+ and they will keep for months perfectly fresh. The great advantage of
+ this plan is the perfect ease with which the fresh eggs are packed
+ away, and again obtained when wanted. A carpenter would make such a
+ board for a trifling charge.
+
+
+1643. Preserving Eggs (2).
+
+ Another Method.--The several modes recommended for preserving eggs any
+ length of time are not always successful. The egg, to be preserved
+ well, should be kept at a temperature so low that the air and fluids
+ within its shell shall not be brought into a decomposing condition;
+ and, at the same time, the air outside of its shell should be
+ excluded, in order to prevent its action in any way upon the egg.
+
+
+1644. Preserving Eggs, (3) Mixture for.
+
+ The following mixture for preserving eggs was patented several years
+ ago by Mr. Jayne, of Sheffield. He alleged that by means of it he
+ could keep eggs two years. A part of his composition is often made use
+ of--perhaps the whole of it would be better. Put into a tub or vessel
+ one bushel of quicklime, two pounds of salt, half a pound of cream of
+ tartar, and mix the same together, with as much water as will reduce
+ the composition, or mixture, to that consistence that it will cause an
+ egg put into it to swim with its top just above the liquid; then place
+ the eggs therein.
+
+
+1645. Preserving Eggs (4).
+
+ Eggs may be preserved by applying with a brush a solution of gum
+ arabic to the shells, and afterwards packing them in dry charcoal dust.
+
+
+1646. Improving Bad Butter.
+
+ Bad butter may be improved greatly by dissolving it in thoroughly hot
+ water; let it cool, then skim it off, and churn again, adding a little
+ good salt and sugar. A small portion can be tried and approved before
+ doing a larger quantity. The water should be merely hot enough to melt
+ the butter, or it will become oily.
+
+
+1647. Rancid Butter.
+
+ This may be restored by melting it in a water bath, with some coarsely
+ powdered animal charcoal, which has been thoroughly sifted from dust,
+ and strained through flannel.
+
+
+1648. Salt Butter.
+
+ Salt butter may be freshened by churning it with new milk, in the
+ proportion of a pound of butter to a quart of milk. Treat the butter
+ in all respects in churning as fresh. Cheap earthenware churns for
+ domestic use may be had at any hardware shop.
+
+
+1649. To Preserve Milk.
+
+ Provide bottles, which must be perfectly clean, sweet, and dry; draw
+ the milk from the cow into the bottles, and as they are filled,
+ immediately cork them well up, and fasten the corks with pack-thread
+ or wire. Then spread a little straw at the bottom of a boiler, on
+ which place the bottles, with straw between them, until the boiler
+ contains a sufficient quantity. Fill it up with cold water; heat the
+ water, and as soon as it begins to boil, draw the fire, and let the
+ whole gradually cool. When quite cold, take out the bottles and pack
+ them in sawdust, in hampers, and stow them in the coolest part of the
+ house. Milk preserved in this manner, and allowed to remain even
+ eighteen months in bottles, will be as sweet as when first milked from
+ the cow.
+
+
+1650. Keeping Meat.
+
+ Meat may be kept several days in the height of summer, sweet and good,
+ by lightly covering it with bran, and hanging it in some high or windy
+ room, or in a passage where there is a current of air.
+
+
+1651. Hams, Tongues, &c., Glazing for.
+
+ Boil a shin of beef twelve hours in eight or ten quarts of water; draw
+ the gravy from a knuckle of veal in the same manner; put the same
+ herbs and spices as if for soup, and add the whole to the shin of
+ beef. It must be boiled till reduced to a quart. It will keep good for
+ a year; and when wanted for use, warm a little, and spread over the
+ ham, tongue, &c., with a feather.
+
+
+1652. Curing of Hams and Bacon.
+
+ The most simple method is to use one ounce and a half of common soda
+ and the same quantity of saltpetre, to fourteen pounds of ham or
+ bacon, using the usual quantity of salt. The soda prevents that
+ hardness in the lean of the bacon which is so often found, and keeps
+ it quite mellow all through, besides being a preventive of rust.
+
+
+1653. Preserving Mackerel.
+
+ Mackerel are at certain times exceedingly plentiful, especially to
+ those who live near the coast. They may be preserved so as to make an
+ excellent and well-flavoured dish, weeks or months after the season is
+ past, by the following means. Having chosen some fine fish, cleanse
+ them perfectly, and either boil them or lightly fry them in oil. The
+ fish should be divided, and the bones, heads, and skins removed; they
+ should then be well rubbed over with the following seasoning:--For
+ every dozen good-sized fish use three tablespoonfuls of salt (heaped),
+ one ounce and a half of common black pepper, six or eight cloves, and
+ a little mace, finely powdered, and as much nutmeg, grated, as the
+ operator chooses to afford,--not, however, exceeding one nutmeg. Let
+ the whole surface be well covered with the seasoning; then lay the
+ fish in layers packed into a stone jar (not a glazed one); cover the
+ whole with good vinegar, and if they be intended to be long kept, pour
+ salad oil or melted fat over the top. _Caution._--The glazing on
+ earthen jars is made from lead or arsenic, from which vinegar draws
+ forth poison.
+
+
+1654. Preserving Potatoes.
+
+ The preservation of potatoes by dipping them in boiling water is a
+ valuable and useful discovery. Large quantities may be cured at once,
+ by putting them into a basket as large as the vessel containing the
+ boiling water will admit, and then just dipping them a minute or two,
+ at the utmost. The germ, which is so near the skin, is thus destroyed
+ without injury to the potato. In this way several tons might be cured
+ in a few hours. They should be then dried in a warm oven, and laid up
+ in sacks, secure from the frost, in a dry place.
+
+
+1655. To Preserve Cucumbers.
+
+ Take large and fresh-gathered cucumbers; split them down and take out
+ all the seeds, lay them in salt and water, sufficiently strong to bear
+ an egg, for three days; set them on a fire with cold water, and a
+ small lump of alum, and boil them a few minutes, or till tender; drain
+ them, and pour on them a thin syrup:--let them lie two days; boil the
+ syrup again, and put it over the cucumbers; repeat this part of the
+ process a second and a third time; then have ready some fresh
+ clarified sugar, boiled to a _blow_ (which may be known by dipping the
+ skimmer into the sugar, and blowing strongly through the holes of it;
+ if little bladders appear, it has attained that degree); put in the
+ cucumbers, and simmer for five minutes;--set by till next day;--boil
+ the syrup and cucumbers again, and put them in glasses for use.
+
+
+1656. Pickling.
+
+ There are three methods of pickling; the most simple is merely to put
+ the article into cold vinegar. The strongest pickling vinegar of white
+ wine should always be used for pickles; and for white pickles, use
+ distilled vinegar. This method may be recommended for all such
+ vegetables as, being hot themselves, do not require the addition of
+ spice, and such as do not require to be softened by heat, as capsicum,
+ chili, nasturtiums, button-onions, radish-pods, horseradish, garlic,
+ and shalots. Half fill the jars with best vinegar, fill them up with
+ the vegetables, and tie down immediately with bladder and leather.
+ One advantage of this plan is that those who grow nasturtiums,
+ radish-pods, and so forth, in their own gardens, may gather them from
+ day to day, when they are exactly of the proper growth. They are very
+ much better if pickled quite fresh, and all of a size, which can
+ scarcely be obtained if they be pickled all at the same time. The
+ onions should be dropped in the vinegar as fast as peeled; this
+ secures their colour. The horseradish should be scraped a little
+ outside, and cut up in rounds half an inch deep.
+
+
+1657. The Second Method of Pickling.
+
+ The second method of pickling is that of heating vinegar and spice,
+ and pouring them hot over the vegetables to be pickled, which are
+ previously prepared by sprinkling with salt, or immersing in brine. Do
+ not boil the vinegar, for if so its strength will evaporate. Put the
+ vinegar and spice into a jar, bung it down tightly, tie a bladder
+ over, and let it stand on the hob or on a trivet by the side of the
+ fire for three or four days; shake it well three or four times a day.
+ This method may be applied to gherkins, French beans, cabbage,
+ brocoli, cauliflowers, onions, and so forth.
+
+
+1658. The Third Method of Pickling.
+
+ The third method of pickling is when the vegetables are in a greater
+ or less degree done over the fire. Walnuts, artichokes, artichoke
+ bottoms and beetroots are done thus, and sometimes onions and
+ cauliflowers.
+
+
+1659. French Beans.
+
+ The best sort for this purpose are white runners. They are very large,
+ long beans, but should be gathered quite young, before they are
+ half-grown; they may be done in the same way as described in par. 1656.
+
+
+1660. Onions.
+
+ Onions should be chosen about the size of marbles; the silver-skinned
+ sort are the best. Prepare a brine, and put them into it hot; let them
+ remain one or two days, then drain them, and when quite dry, put them
+ into clean, dry jars, and cover them with hot pickle, in every quart
+ of which has been steeped one ounce each of horseradish sliced, black
+ pepper, allspice, and salt, with or without mustard seed. In all
+ pickles the vinegar should always be two inches or more above the
+ vegetables, as it is sure to shrink, and if the vegetables are not
+ thoroughly immersed in pickle they will not keep.
+
+
+1661. Red Cabbage.
+
+ Choose fine firm cabbages--the largest are not the best; trim off the
+ outside leaves; quarter the cabbage, take out the large stalk, slice
+ the quarters into a cullender, and sprinkle a little salt between the
+ layers; put but a little salt--too much will spoil the colour; let it
+ remain in the cullender till next day, shake it well, that all the
+ brine may run off; put it in jars, cover it with a hot pickle composed
+ of black pepper and allspice, of each an ounce, ginger pounded,
+ horseradish sliced, and salt, of each half an ounce, to every quart of
+ vinegar (steeped as above directed); two capsicums may be added to a
+ quart, or one drachm of cayenne.
+
+
+1662. Garlic and Shalots.
+
+ Garlic and shalots may be pickled in the same way as onions.
+
+
+1663. Melons, Mangoes and Long Cucumbers.
+
+ Melons, mangoes and long cucumbers may all be done in the same manner.
+ Melons should not be much more than half-grown; cucumbers full grown,
+ but not overgrown. Cut off the top, but leave it hanging by a bit of
+ rind, which is to serve as a hinge to a box-lid; with a marrow-spoon
+ scoop out all the seeds, and fill the fruit with equal parts of
+ mustard seed, ground pepper, and ginger, or flour of mustard instead
+ of the seed, and two or three cloves of garlic. The lid which encloses
+ the spice may be sewed down or tied, by running a white thread through
+ the cucumber and through the lid, then, after tying it together, cut
+ off the ends. The pickle may be prepared with the spices directed for
+ cucumbers, or with the following, which bears a nearer resemblance to
+ the Indian method:--To each quart of vinegar put salt, flour of
+ mustard, curry powder, bruised ginger, turmeric, half an ounce of
+ each, cayenne pepper one drachm, all rubbed together with a large
+ glassful of salad oil; shalots two ounces, and garlic half an ounce,
+ sliced; steep the spice in the vinegar as before directed, and put the
+ vegetables into it hot.
+
+
+1664. Brocoli or Cauliflowers.
+
+ Choose such as are firm, and of full size; cut away all the leaves,
+ and pare the stalk; pull away the flowers by bunches, steep in brine
+ two days, then drain them, wipe them dry, and put them into hot
+ pickle; or merely infuse for three days three ounces of curry powder
+ in every quart of vinegar.
+
+
+1665. Walnuts.
+
+ Be particular in obtaining them exactly at the proper season; if they
+ go beyond the middle of July, there is danger of their becoming hard
+ and woody. Steep them a week in brine. If they are wanted to be soon
+ ready for use, prick them with a pin, or run a larding-pin several
+ times through them; but if they are not wanted in haste, this method
+ had better be left alone. Put them into a kettle of brine, and give
+ them a gentle simmer, then drain them on a sieve, and lay them on fish
+ drainers (or what is equally good, the cover of a wicker hamper), in
+ an airy place, until they become black; then make a pickle of vinegar,
+ adding to every quart, black pepper one ounce, ginger; shalots, salt,
+ and mustard seed, one ounce each. Most pickle vinegar, when the
+ vegetables are used, may be turned to use, walnut pickle in
+ particular; boil it up, allowing to each quart, four or six anchovies
+ chopped small, and a large tablespoonful of shalots, also chopped. Let
+ it stand a few days, till it is quite clear, then pour off and bottle.
+ It is an excellent store sauce for hashes, fish, and various other
+ purposes.
+
+
+1666. Beetroots.
+
+ Boil or bake them gently until they are nearly done; according to the
+ size of the root they will require from an hour and a half to two
+ hours; drain them, and when they begin to cool, peel and cut in slices
+ half an inch thick, then put them into a pickle composed of black
+ pepper and allspice, of each one ounce; ginger pounded, horseradish
+ sliced, and salt, of each half an ounce to every quart of vinegar,
+ steeped. Two capsicums may be added to a quart, or one drachm of
+ cayenne.
+
+
+1667. Artichokes.
+
+ Gather young artichokes as soon as formed; throw them into boiling
+ brine, and let them boil two minutes; drain them; when cold and dry,
+ put them in jars, and cover with vinegar, prepared as method the
+ third, but the only spices employed should be ginger, mace, and nutmeg.
+
+
+1668. Artichoke Bottoms.
+
+ Select full-grown artichokes and boil them; not so much as for eating,
+ but just until the leaves can be pulled; remove them and the choke; in
+ taking off the stalk, be careful not to break it off so as to bring
+ away any of the bottom; it would be better to pare them with a silver
+ knife, and leave half an inch of tender stalk coming to a point; when
+ cold, add vinegar and spice, the same as for artichokes.
+
+
+1669. Mushrooms.
+
+ Choose small white mushrooms; they should be of but one night's
+ growth. Cut off the roots, and rub the mushrooms clean with a bit of
+ flannel and salt; put them in a jar, allowing to every quart of
+ mushrooms one ounce of salt, one ounce of ginger, half an ounce of
+ whole pepper, eight blades of mace, a bay-leaf, a strip of lemon rind,
+ and a wineglassful of sherry; cover the jar close, and let it stand on
+ the hob or on a stove, so as to be thoroughly heated, and on the point
+ of boiling. Let it remain thus a day or two, till the liquor is
+ absorbed by the mushrooms and spices; then cover them with hot
+ vinegar, close them again, and stand till it just comes to a boil;
+ then take them away from the fire. When they are quite cold, divide
+ the mushrooms and spice into wide-mouthed bottles, fill them up with
+ the vinegar, and tie them over. In a week's time, if the vinegar has
+ shrunk so as not entirely to cover the mushrooms, add cold vinegar. At
+ the top of each bottle put a teaspoonful of salad or almond oil; cork
+ close, and dip in bottle resin.
+
+
+1670. Samphire.
+
+ On the sea coast this is merely preserved in water, or equal parts of
+ sea-water and vinegar; but as it is sometimes sent fresh as a present
+ to inland parts, the best way of managing it under such circumstances
+ is to steep it two days in brine, then drain and put it in a stone jar
+ covered with vinegar, and having a lid, over which put thick paste of
+ flour and water, and set it in a very cool oven all night, or in a
+ warmer oven till it nearly but not quite boils. Then let it stand on
+ a warm hob for half an hour, and allow it to become quite cold before
+ the paste is removed; then add cold vinegar, if any more is required,
+ and secure as other pickles.
+
+
+1671. Indian Pickle.
+
+ The vegetables to be employed for this favourite pickle are small hard
+ knots of white cabbage, sliced; cauliflowers or brocoli in flakes;
+ long carrots, not larger than a finger, or large carrots sliced (the
+ former are far preferable); gherkins, French beans, small button
+ onions, white turnip radishes half grown, radish-pods, shalots, young
+ hard apples; green peaches, before the stones begin to form; vegetable
+ marrow, not larger than a hen's egg; small green melons, celery,
+ shoots of green elder, horseradish, nasturtiums, capsicums, and
+ garlic.
+
+ As all these vegetables do not come in season together, the best
+ method is to prepare a large jar of pickle at such time of the year as
+ most of the things may be obtained, and add the others as they come in
+ season. Thus the pickle will be nearly a year in making, and ought to
+ stand another year before using, when, if properly managed, it will be
+ excellent, but it will keep and continue to improve for years.
+
+ For preparing the several vegetables, the same directions may be
+ observed as for pickling them separately, only following this general
+ rule--that, if possible, boiling is to be avoided, and soaking in
+ brine to be preferred. Be very particular that every ingredient is
+ perfectly dry before it is put into the jar, and that the jar is very
+ closely tied down every time that it is opened for the addition of
+ fresh vegetables. Neither mushrooms, walnuts, nor red cabbage are to
+ be admitted.
+
+ _For the pickle:_--To a gallon of the best white wine vinegar add salt
+ three ounces, flour of mustard half a pound, turmeric two ounces,
+ white ginger sliced three ounces, cloves one ounce, mace, black
+ pepper, long pepper, white pepper, half an ounce each, cayenne two
+ drachms, shalots peeled four ounces, garlic peeled two ounces; steep
+ the spice in vinegar on the hob or trivet for two or three days. The
+ mustard and turmeric must be rubbed smooth with a little cold vinegar,
+ and stirred into the rest when as near boiling as possible. Such
+ vegetables as are ready may be put in; when cayenne, nasturtiums, or
+ any other vegetables mentioned in the first method of pickling (_par_.
+ 1656) come in season, put them in the pickle as they are; for the
+ preparation of vegetables mentioned in the second method (_par_.
+ 1657), use a small quantity of hot vinegar without spice; when cold,
+ pour it off, and put the vegetables into the general jar.
+
+ If the vegetables are greened in vinegar, as French beans and
+ gherkins, this will not be so necessary, but the adoption of this
+ process will tend to improve all. Onions had better not be wetted at
+ all; but if it be desirous not to have the full flavour, both onions,
+ shalots, and garlic may be sprinkled with salt in a cullender, to draw
+ off all the strong juice; let them lie two or three hours. The elder,
+ apples, peaches, and so forth, should be greened as gherkins. The
+ roots, radishes, carrots, celery, are only soaked in brine and dried.
+ Half a pint of salad oil is sometimes added. It should be rubbed up in
+ a bowl with the flour of mustard and turmeric.--It is not essential to
+ Indian pickle to have every variety of vegetable here mentioned; but
+ all these are admissible, and the greater the variety the more the
+ pickle is approved.
+
+
+1672. To Pickle Gherkins.
+
+ Put about two hundred and fifty in strong brine, and let them remain
+ in it three hours. Put them in a sieve to drain, wipe them, and place
+ them in a jar. For a pickle, best vinegar, one gallon; common salt,
+ six ounces; allspice, one ounce; mustard seed, one ounce; cloves, half
+ an ounce; mace, half an ounce; one nutmeg, sliced; a stick of
+ horseradish, sliced; boil fifteen minutes; skim it well. When cold,
+ pour it over them, and let stand twenty-four hours, covered up; put
+ them into a pan over the fire, and let them simmer only until they
+ attain a green colour. Tie the jars down closely with bladder and
+ leather.
+
+
+1673. Pickled Eggs.
+
+ If the following pickle were generally known, it would be more
+ generally used. It is an excellent pickle to be eaten with cold meat,
+ &c. The eggs should be boiled hard (say ten minutes), and then
+ divested of their shells; when _quite cold_ put them in jars, and pour
+ over them vinegar (sufficient to quite _cover_ them), in which has
+ been previously boiled the usual spices for pickling; tie the jars
+ down tight with bladder, and keep them till they begin to change
+ colour.
+
+
+1674. Pickling, Mems. relating to.
+
+ Do not keep pickles in common earthenware, as the glazing contains
+ lead, and combines with the vinegar. Vinegar for pickling should be
+ sharp, though not the sharpest kind, as it injures the pickles. If you
+ use copper, bell-metal, or brass vessels for pickling, never allow the
+ vinegar to cool in them, as it then is poisonous. Vinegar may be
+ prepared ready for use for any kind of pickling by adding a
+ teaspoonful of alum and a teacupful of salt to three gallons of
+ vinegar, with a bag containing pepper, ginger root, and all the
+ different spices that are used in pickling. Keep pickles only in wood
+ or stone ware. Anything that has held grease will spoil pickles. Stir
+ pickles occasionally, and if there are soft ones take them out, and
+ scald the vinegar, and pour it hot over the pickles. Keep enough
+ vinegar in every jar to cover the pickles completely. If it is weak,
+ take fresh vinegar and pour on hot. Do not boil vinegar or spice above
+ five minutes.
+
+
+1675. To Make British Anchovies.
+
+ Procure a quantity of sprats, as fresh as possible; do not wash or
+ wipe them, but just take them as caught, and for every peck of the
+ fish take two pounds of common salt, a quarter of a pound of bay salt,
+ four pounds of saltpetre, two ounces of salprunella, and two
+ pennyworth of cochineal. Pound all these ingredients in a mortar,
+ mixing them well together. Then take stone jars or small kegs,
+ according to your quantity of sprats, and place a layer of the fish
+ and a layer of the mixed ingredients alternately, until the pot is
+ full; then press hard down, and cover close for six months, when they
+ will be fit for use.
+
+
+1676. Aromatic/Moth Repellant.
+
+ A very pleasant perfume, and also preventive against moths, may be
+ made of the following ingredients:--Take of cloves, caraway seeds,
+ nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, and Tonquin beans, of each one ounce; then add
+ as much Florentine orris root as will equal the other ingredients put
+ together. Grind the whole well to powder, and then put it in little
+ bags among your clothes, &c.
+
+
+1677. Lavender Scent Bag.
+
+ Take of lavender flowers, free from stalk, half a pound; dried thyme
+ and mint, of each half an ounce; ground cloves and caraways, of each a
+ quarter of an ounce; common salt, dried, one ounce, mix the whole well
+ together, and put the product into silk or cambric hags. In this way
+ it will perfume the drawers and linen very nicely.
+
+
+1678. Lavender Water.
+
+ Essence of musk, four drachms; essence of ambergris, four drachms; oil
+ of cinnamon, ten drops; English lavender, six drachms; oil of
+ geranium, two drachms; spirit of wine, twenty ounces. To be all mixed
+ together.
+
+
+1679. Honey Water.
+
+ Rectified spirit, eight ounces; oil of cloves, oil of bergamot, oil of
+ lavender, of each half a drachm; musk, three grains; yellow sanders
+ shavings, four drachms. Let it stand for eight days, then add two
+ ounces each of orange-flower water and rose water.
+
+
+1680. Honey Soap.
+
+ Cut thin two pounds of yellow soap into a double saucepan,
+ occasionally stirring it till it is melted, which will be in a few
+ minutes if the water is kept boiling around it, then add a quarter of
+ a pound of palm oil, a quarter of a pound of honey, three pennyworth
+ of true oil of cinnamon; let all boil together another six or eight
+ minutes; pour out and let it stand till next day, it is then fit for
+ immediate use. If made as directed it will be found to be a very
+ superior soap.
+
+
+1681. The Hands.
+
+ Take a wineglassful of eau-de-Cologne, and another of lemon juice;
+ then scrape two cakes of brown windsor soap to a powder, and mix well
+ in a mould. When hard, it will be an excellent soap for whitening the
+ hands.
+
+
+1682 To Whiten the Nails.
+
+ Diluted sulphuric acid, two drachms; tincture of myrrh, one drachm;
+ spring water, four ounces: mix. First cleanse with white soap and then
+ dip the fingers into the mixture. A delicate hand is one of the chief
+ points of beauty; and these applications are really effective.
+
+
+1683. Removing Stains.
+
+ Stains may be removed from the hands by washing them in a small
+ quantity of oil of vitriol and cold water without soap. Salts of lemon
+ is also efficacious in removing ink-stains from the hands as well as
+ from linen.
+
+
+1684. Cold Cream.
+
+ i. Oil of almonds, one pound; white wax, four ounces. Melt together
+ gently in an earthen vessel, and when nearly cold stir in gradually
+ twelve ounces of rose-water.
+
+ ii. White wax and spermaceti, of each half an ounce; oil of almonds,
+ four ounces; orange-flower water, two ounces Mix as directed for
+ No. i.
+
+
+1685. To Soften the Skin and Improve the Complexion.
+
+ If flowers of sulphur be mixed in a little milk, and after standing an
+ hour or two, the milk (without disturbing the sulphur) be rubbed into
+ the skin, it will keep it soft and make the complexion clear. It is to
+ be used before washing. The mixture, it must be borne in mind, will
+ not keep. A little should be prepared over night with evening milk,
+ and used the next morning, but not afterwards. About a wine-glassful
+ made for each occasion will suffice.
+
+
+1686. Eyelashes.
+
+ To increase the length and strength of the eyelashes, simply clip the
+ ends with a pair of scissors about once a month. In eastern countries
+ mothers perform the operation on their children, both male and female,
+ when they are mere infants, watching the opportunity whilst they
+ sleep. The practice never fails to produce the desired effect.
+
+
+1687. The Teeth.
+
+ Dissolve two ounces of borax in three pints of water; before quite
+ cold, add thereto one teaspoonful of tincture of myrrh, and one
+ tablespoonful of spirits of camphor: bottle the mixture for use. One
+ wineglassful of the solution, added to half a pint of tepid water, is
+ sufficient for each application. This solution, applied daily,
+ preserves and beautifies the teeth, extirpates tartarous adhesion,
+ produces a pearl-like whiteness, arrests decay, and induces a healthy
+ action in the gums.
+
+
+1688. Camphorated Dentifrice.
+
+ Prepared chalk, one pound; camphor, one or two drachms. The camphor
+ must be finely powdered by moistening it with a little spirit of wine,
+ and then intimately mixing it with the chalk.
+
+
+1689. Myrrh Dentifrice.
+
+ Powdered cuttlefish, one pound; powdered myrrh, two ounces.
+
+
+1690. American Tooth Powder.
+
+ Coral, cuttlefish bone, dragon's blood, of each eight drachms; burnt
+ alum and red sanders, of each four drachms; orris root, eight drachms;
+ cloves and cinnamon, of each half a drachm; vanilla, eleven grains;
+ rose-wood, half a drachm; rose-pink, eight drachms. All to be finely
+ powdered and mixed.
+
+
+1691. Quinine Tooth Powder.
+
+ Rose pink, two drachms; precipitated chalk, twelve drachms; carbonate
+ of magnesia, one drachm; quinine (sulphate), six grains. All to be
+ well mixed together.
+
+
+1692 Hair Dye.
+
+ To make good hair dye some lime must be first obtained, and reduced to
+ powder by throwing a little water upon it. The lime must then be mixed
+ with litharge in the proportion of three parts of lime to one of
+ litharge. This mixture, when sifted through a fine hair sieve, forms
+ the most effectual hair dye that has yet been discovered.
+
+
+1693. Directions for Application.
+
+ Put a quantity of the mixture in a saucer, pour boiling water upon it,
+ and mix it up with a knife like thick mustard; divide the hair into
+ thin layers with a comb, and plaster the mixture thickly into the
+ layers to the roots, and all over the hair. When it is completely
+ covered with it, lay over it a covering of damp blue or brown paper,
+ then bind over it, closely, a hankerchief, then put on a night-cap,
+ over all, and go to bed; in the morning brush out the powder, wash
+ thoroughly with soap and warm water, then dry, curl, oil, &c. Hair
+ thus managed will be a permanent and beautiful black.
+
+
+1694. Hair Dye, usually styled Colombian, Argentine, &c., &c.
+
+ Solution No. i., Hydrosulphuret of ammonia, one ounce; solution of
+ potash, three drachms; distilled or rain water, one ounce (all by
+ measure). Mix, and put into small bottles, labelling it No. i.
+
+ Solution No. ii. Nitrate of silver, one drachm; distilled or rain
+ water, two ounces. Dissolve and label No. ii.
+
+
+1695. Directions for Application.
+
+ The solution No. i. is first applied to the hair with a tooth brush,
+ and the application continued for fifteen or twenty minutes. The
+ solution No. ii. is then brushed over, a comb being used to separate
+ the hairs, and allow the liquid to come in contact with every part.
+ Care must be taken that the liquid does not touch the skin, as the
+ solution No. ii. produces a permanent dark stain on all substances
+ with which it comes in contact. If the shade is not sufficiently deep,
+ the operation may be repeated. The hair should be cleansed from
+ grease before using the dye.
+
+
+1696. To test Hair Dye.
+
+ To try the effect of hair dye upon hair of any colour, cut off a lock
+ and apply the dye thoroughly as directed above. This will be a
+ guarantee of success, or will at least guard against failure.
+
+
+1697. The proper Application of Hair Dyes.
+
+ The efficacy of hair dyes depends as much upon their proper
+ application as upon their chemical composition. If not evenly and
+ patiently applied, they give rise to a mottled and dirty condition of
+ the hair. A lady, for instance, attempted to use the lime and litharge
+ dye, and was horrified on the following morning to find her hair
+ spotted red and black, almost like the skin of a leopard. The mixture
+ had not been properly applied.
+
+
+1698. Compounds to Promote the Growth of Hair.
+
+ When the hair falls off, from diminished action of the scalp,
+ preparations of cantharides often prove useful; they are sold under
+ various high-sounding titles. The following directions are as good as
+ any of the more complicated receipts:
+
+
+ [THRIVE BY HONESTY, OR REMAIN POOR.]
+
+1699. Pomade against Baldness.
+
+ Beef marrow, soaked in several waters, melted and strained, half a
+ pound; tincture of cantharides (made by soaking for a week one drachm
+ of powdered cantharides in one ounce of proof spirit), one ounce; oil
+ of bergamot, twelve drops.
+
+
+1700. Erasmus Wilson's Lotion against Baldness.
+
+ Eau-de-Cologne, two ounces; tincture of cantharides, two drachms; oil
+ of lavender or rosemary, of either ten drops. These applications must
+ be used once or twice a day for a considerable time; but if the scalp
+ become sore, they must be discontinued for a time, or used at longer
+ intervals.
+
+
+1701. Bandoline or Fixature.
+
+ Several preparations are used; the following are the best:
+
+ i. Mucilage of clean picked Irish moss, made by boiling a quarter of
+ an ounce of the moss in one quart of water until sufficiently thick,
+ rectified spirit in the proportion of a teaspoonful to each bottle,
+ to prevent its being mildewed. The quantity of spirit varies
+ according to the time it requires to be kept.
+
+ ii. Gum tragacanth, one drachm and a half; water, half a pint; proof
+ spirit (made by mixing equal parts of rectified spirit and water),
+ three ounces; otto of roses, ten drops; soak for twenty-four hours
+ and strain. Bergamot may be substituted for the otto of roses.
+
+
+1702. Excellent Hair Wash.
+
+ Take one ounce of borax, half an ounce of camphor; powder these
+ ingredients fine, and dissolve them in one quart of boiling water;
+ when cool, the solution will be ready for use; damp the hair
+ frequently. This wash effectually cleanses, beautifies, and
+ strengthens the hair, preserves the colour, and prevents early
+ baldness. The camphor will form into lumps after being dissolved, but
+ the water will be sufficiently impregnated.
+
+
+1703. Hair Oils.--Rose Oil.
+
+ Olive oil, one pint; otto of roses, five to sixteen drops. Essence of
+ bergamot, being much cheaper, is commonly used instead of the more
+ expensive otto of rose.
+
+
+1704. Red Rose Oil.
+
+ The same. The oil coloured before scenting, by steeping in it one
+ drachm of alkanet root, with a gentle heat, until the desired tint is
+ produced.
+
+
+1705. Oil of Roses.
+
+ Olive oil, two pints; otto of roses, one drachm; oil of rosemary, one
+ drachm: mix. It may be coloured red by steeping a little alkanet root
+ in the oil (with heat) before scenting it.
+
+
+1706. Pomatums.
+
+ For making pomatums, the lard, fat, suet, or marrow used must be
+ carefully prepared by being melted with as gentle a heat as possible,
+ skimmed, strained, and cleared from the dregs which are deposited on
+ standing.
+
+
+1707. Common Pomatum.
+
+ Mutton suet, prepared as above, one pound; lard, three pounds;
+ carefully melted together, and stirred constantly as it cools, two
+ ounces of bergamot being added.
+
+
+1708. Hard Pomatum.
+
+ Lard and mutton suet carefully prepared, of each one pound; white wax,
+ four ounces; essence of bergamot, one ounce.
+
+
+1709. Castor Oil Pomade.
+
+ Castor oil, four ounces; prepared lard, two ounces; white wax, two
+ drachms; bergamot, two drachms; oil of lavender, twenty drops. Melt
+ the fat together, and on cooling add the scents, and stir till cold.
+
+
+1710. Superfluous Hair.
+
+ Any remedy is doubtful; many of those commonly used are dangerous. The
+ safest plan is as follows:--The hairs should be perseveringly plucked
+ up by the roots, and the skin, having been washed twice a day with
+ warm soft water, without soap, should be treated with the following
+ wash, commonly called MILK OF ROSES:
+
+ Beat four ounces of sweet almonds in a mortar, and add half an ounce
+ of white sugar during the process; reduce the whole to a paste by
+ pounding; then add, in small quantities at a time, eight ounces of
+ rose water. The emulsion thus formed should be strained through a fine
+ cloth, and the residue again pounded, while the strained fluid should
+ be bottled in a large stoppered vial. To the pasty mass in the mortar
+ add half an ounce of sugar, and eight ounces of rose water, and strain
+ again. This process must be repeated three times.
+
+ To the thirty-two ounces of fluid, add twenty grains of the bichloride
+ of mercury, dissolved in two ounces of alcohol, and shake the mixture
+ for five minutes. The fluid should be applied with a towel,
+ immediately after washing, and the skin gently rubbed with a dry
+ cloth, till _perfectly_ dry. Wilson, in his work on _Healthy Skin,_
+ writes as follows:
+
+ "Substances are sold by the perfumers called depilatories, which are
+ represented as having the power of removing hair. But the hair is
+ not destroyed by these means, the root and that part of the shaft
+ implanted within the skin still remain, and are ready to shoot up
+ with increased vigour as soon as the depilatory is withdrawn. The
+ effect of the depilatory is the same, in this respect, as that of a
+ razor, and the latter is, unquestionably, the better remedy. It must
+ not, however, be imagined that depilatories are negative remedies,
+ and that, if they do no permanent good, they are, at least,
+ harmless; that is not the fact; they are violent irritants, and
+ require to be used with the utmost caution."
+
+
+1711. To Clean Hair Brushes.
+
+ As hot water and soap very soon soften the hair, and rubbing completes
+ its destruction, use soda, dissolved in cold water, instead; soda
+ having an affinity for grease, it cleans the brush with little
+ friction. Do not set them near the fire, nor in the sun, to dry, but
+ after shaking well, set them on the point of the handle in a shady
+ place.
+
+
+1712. To Clean Sponge.
+
+ Immerse it in cold buttermilk, and soak for a few hours, then wash out
+ in clean water.
+
+
+1713. The Young Lady's Toilette.
+
+ i. _Self-Knowledge--The Enchanted Mirror._
+
+ This curious glass will bring your faults to light,
+ And make your virtues shine both strong and bright.
+
+
+ ii. _Contentment--Wash to Smooth Wrinkles._
+
+ A daily portion of this essence use,
+ 'Twill smooth the brow, and tranquillity infuse.
+
+
+ iii. _Truth--Fine Lip-salve._
+
+ Use daily for your lips this precious dye.
+ They'll redden, and breathe sweet melody.
+
+
+ iv. _Prayer--Mixture, giving Sweetness to the Voice._
+
+ At morning, noon, and night this mixture take,
+ Your tones, improved, will richer music make.
+
+
+ v. _Compassion--Best Eye-water._
+
+ These drops will add great lustre to the eye;
+ When more you need, the poor will you supply.
+
+
+ vi. _Wisdom--Solution to prevent Eruptions._
+
+ It calms the temper, beautifies the face,
+ And gives to woman dignity and grace.
+
+
+ vii. _Attention and Obedience--Matchless Pair of Ear-rings._
+
+ With these clear drops appended to the ear,
+ Attentive lessons you will gladly hear.
+
+
+ viii. _Neatness and Industry--Indispensable Pair of Bracelets._
+
+ Clasp them on carefully each day you live,
+ To good designs they efficacy give.
+
+
+ ix. _Patience--An Elastic Girdle._
+
+ The more you use the brighter it will grow,
+ Though its least merit is external show.
+
+
+ x. _Principle--Ring of Tried Gold._
+
+ Yield not this golden bracelet while you live,
+ 'Twill sin restrain, and peace of conscience give.
+
+
+ xi. _Resignation--Necklace of Purest Pearl._
+
+ This ornament embellishes the fair,
+ And teaches all the ills of life to bear.
+
+
+ xii. _Love--Diamond Breast-pin_.
+
+ Adorn your bosom with this precious pin,
+ It shines without, and warms the heart within.
+
+
+ xiii--_Politeness--A Graceful Bandeau_.
+
+ The forehead neatly circled with this band,
+ Will admiration and respect command.
+
+
+ xiv. _Piety--A Precious Diadem_.
+
+ Whoe'er this precious diadem shall own,
+ Secures herself an everlasting crown.
+
+
+ xv. _Good Temper--Universal Beautifier_.
+
+ With this choice liquid gently touch the mouth,
+ It spreads o'er all the face the charms of youth.
+
+
+1714. Bathing.
+
+ If to preserve health be to save medical expenses, without even
+ reckoning upon time and comfort, there is no part of the household
+ arrangement so important as cheap convenience for personal ablution.
+ For this purpose baths upon a large and expensive scale are by no
+ means necessary; but though temporary or tin baths may be extremely
+ useful upon pressing occasions, it will be found to be finally as
+ cheap, and much more readily convenient, to have a permanent bath
+ constructed, which may be done in any dwelling-house of moderate size,
+ without interfering with other general purposes. There is no necessity
+ to notice the salubrious effects resulting from the bath, beyond the
+ two points of its being so conducive to both health and cleanliness,
+ in keeping up a free circulation of the blood, without any violent
+ muscular exertion, thereby really affording a saving of strength, and
+ producing its effects without any expense either to the body or to the
+ purse.
+
+
+1715. Fitting up a Bath.
+
+ Whoever fits up a bath in a house already built must be guided by
+ circumstances; but it will always be better to place it as near the
+ kitchen fireplace as possible, because from thence it may be heated,
+ or at least have its temperature preserved, by means of hot air
+ through tubes, or by steam prepared by the culinary fireplace without
+ interfering with its ordinary uses.
+
+
+1716. A Small Boiler.
+
+ A small boiler may be erected at very little expense in the bath-room,
+ where circumstances do not permit these arrangements. Whenever a bath
+ is wanted at a short warning, to boil the water necessary will always
+ be the shortest mode; but where it is in general daily use, the
+ heating the water by steam will be found the cheapest and most
+ convenient method.
+
+
+1717. Cleanliness.
+
+ The want of cleanliness is a fault which admits of no excuse. Where
+ water can be had for nothing, it is surely in the power of every
+ person to be clean.
+
+
+1718. Perspiration.
+
+ The discharge from our bodies by perspiration renders frequent changes
+ of apparel necessary.
+
+
+1719. Change of Apparel.
+
+ Change of apparel greatly promotes the secretion from the skin, so
+ necessary to health.
+
+
+1720. Cause of Illness.
+
+ When that matter which ought to be carried off by perspiration is
+ either retained in the body, or reabsorbed in dirty clothes, it is apt
+ to occasion fevers and other diseases.
+
+
+1721. Diseases of the Skin.
+
+ Most diseases of the skin proceedfrom want of cleanliness. These
+ indeed may be caught by infection, but they will seldom continue long
+ where cleanliness prevails.
+
+
+1722. Vermin.
+
+ To the same cause must we impute the various kinds of vermin that
+ infest the human body, houses, &c. These may generally be banished by
+ cleanliness alone.
+
+
+1723. Inducing Cleanliness.
+
+ Perhaps the intention of Nature, in permitting such vermin to annoy
+ mankind, is to induce them to the practice of this virtue.
+
+
+1724. Cause of Fevers.
+
+ One common cause of putrid and malignant fevers is the want of
+ cleanliness.
+
+
+1725. Incubation of Fevers.
+
+ These fevers commonly begin among the inhabitants of close dirty
+ houses, who breathe bad air, take little exercise, eat unwholesome
+ food, and wear dirty clothes. There the infection is generally
+ hatched, which spreads far and wide, to the destruction of many. Hence
+ cleanliness may be considered as an object of public attention. It is
+ not sufficient that I be clean myself, while the want of it in my
+ neighbour affects my health as well as his own.
+
+
+1726. Avoid Dirt.
+
+ If dirty people cannot be removed as a common nuisance, they ought at
+ least to be avoided as infectious. All who regard their health should
+ keep at a distance, even from their habitations. In places where
+ great numbers of people are collected, cleanliness becomes of the
+ utmost importance.
+
+
+1727. Tainted Air.
+
+ It is well known that infectious diseases are caused by tainted air.
+ Everything, therefore, which tends to pollute the air, or spread the
+ infection, ought with the utmost care to be avoided.
+
+
+1728. Clean Streets Necessary.
+
+ For this reason, in great towns, no filth of any kind should be
+ permitted to lie upon the streets. We are sorry to say that the
+ importance of general cleanliness in this respect does by no means
+ seem to be sufficiently understood.
+
+
+1729. Imitate the Dutch.
+
+ It were well if the lower classes of the inhabitants of Great Britain
+ would imitate their neighbours the Dutch in their assiduity in
+ cleansing their streets, houses, &c.
+
+
+1730. No Excuse.
+
+ Water, indeed, is easily obtained in Holland; but the situation of
+ most towns in Great Britain is more favourable to cleanliness.
+
+
+1731. Good Impression.
+
+ Nothing can be more agreeable to the senses, more to the honour of the
+ inhabitants, or conducive to their health, than a clean town; nor does
+ anything impress a stranger sooner with a disrespectful idea of any
+ people than its opposite.
+
+
+1732. Cleanliness in Religion.
+
+ It is remarkable that, in most eastern countries, cleanliness makes a
+ great part of their religion. The Mahometan, as well as the Jewish
+ religion, enjoins various bathings, washings, and purifications. No
+ doubt these were designed to represent inward purity; but they are at
+ the same time calculated for the preservation of health.
+
+
+1733. Not Only Ceremonial.
+
+ However whimsical these washings may appear to some, few things would
+ seem more to prevent diseases than a proper attention to many of them.
+
+
+1734. Wash Your Hands.
+
+ Were every person, for example, after handling a dead body, visiting
+ the sick, &c., to wash before he went into company, or sat down to
+ meat, he would run less hazard either of catching the infection
+ himself, or communicating it to others.
+
+
+1735. Frequent Washing.
+
+ Frequent washing not only removes the filth which adheres to the skin,
+ but likewise promotes the perspiration, braces the body, and enlivens
+ the spirits.
+
+
+1736. Including the Feet.
+
+ Even washing the feet tends greatly to preserve health. The
+ perspiration and dirt with which these parts are frequently covered,
+ cannot fail to obstruct their pores. This piece of cleanliness would
+ often prevent colds and fevers.
+
+
+1737. Warm Water After Exposure.
+
+ Were people to bathe their feet and hands in warm water at night,
+ after being exposed to cold or wet through the day, they would seldom
+ experience any of the effects from these causes which often prove
+ fatal.
+
+
+1738. Especially Among the Sick.
+
+ In places where great numbers of sick people are kept, cleanliness
+ ought most religiously to be observed. The very smell in such places
+ is often sufficient to make one sick. It is easy to imagine what
+ effect that is likely to have upon the diseased.
+
+
+1739. Bad Chance.
+
+ A person in health has a greater chance to become sick, than a sick
+ person has to get well, in an hospital or infirmary where cleanliness
+ is neglected.
+
+
+1740. Animal Example.
+
+ The brutes themselves set us an example of cleanliness. Most of them
+ seem uneasy, and thrive ill, if they be not kept clean. A horse that
+ is kept thoroughly clean will thrive better on a smaller quantity of
+ food, than with a greater where cleanliness is neglected.
+
+
+1741. Our Feelings.
+
+ Even our own feelings are a sufficient proof of the necessity of
+ cleanliness. How refreshed, how cheerful and agreeable does one feel
+ on being washed and dressed; especially when these have been long
+ neglected.
+
+
+ [EVERY DAY OF YOUR LIFE IS A PAGE IN YOUR HISTORY.]
+
+
+1742. Gains Esteem.
+
+ Superior cleanliness sooner attracts our regard than even finery
+ itself, and often gains esteem where the other fails.
+
+
+1743. Notification of Infectious Diseases.
+
+ By a recent enactment (52 and 53 Vic. c. 72) it is made compulsory
+ that notice of infectious disease shall in all cases be given to the
+ local authority. By section 3 this duty is imposed on the head of the
+ family, or, failing him, the nearest relative of the patient. The
+ notice must be in writing or print, in an approved form, and must be
+ sent to the medical officer of health of the district. In addition to
+ this, the medical man attending the patient must send a certificate,
+ with all particulars, to the same official. Omitting to send either
+ the notice or the certificate, renders the legally responsible person
+ liable to a fine not exceeding £2. Each local authority must publish a
+ list of the diseases to which the Act applies in its district.
+
+
+1744. Exercise.
+
+ Exercise in the open air is of the first importance to the human
+ frame, yet how many are in a manner deprived of it by their own want
+ of management of their time! Females with slender means are for the
+ most part destined to indoor occupations, and have but little time
+ allotted them for taking the air, and that little time is generally
+ sadly encroached upon by the ceremony of dressing to go out. It may
+ appear a simple suggestion, but experience only will show how much
+ time might be redeemed by habits of regularity: such as putting the
+ shawls, cloaks, gloves, shoes, clogs, &c., &c., or whatever is
+ intended to be worn, in readiness, instead of having to search one
+ drawer, then another, for possibly a glove or collar--wait for shoes
+ being cleaned, &c.--and this when (probably) the outgoing persons have
+ to return to their employment at a given time. Whereas, if all were in
+ readiness, the preparations might be accomplished in a few minutes,
+ the walk not being curtailed by unnecessary delays.
+
+
+1745. Three Principal Points.
+
+ Three principal points in the manner of taking exercise should be
+ attended to:
+
+ i. The kind of exercise.
+
+ ii. The proper time for exercise,
+
+ iii. The duration of it.
+
+ With respect to the kinds of exercise, the various species of it may
+ be divided into active and passive. Among the first, which admit of
+ being considerably diversified, may be enumerated walking, running,
+ leaping, swimming, riding, fencing, different sorts of athletic games,
+ &c. Among the latter, or passive kinds of exercise may be comprised
+ riding in a carriage, sailing, friction, swinging &c.
+
+
+1746. Active Exercises.
+
+ Active exercises are more beneficial to youth, to the middle-aged, to
+ the robust in general, and particularly to the corpulent and the
+ plethoric.
+
+
+1747. Passive Exercises.
+
+ Passive kinds of exercise, on the contrary, are better calculated for
+ children; old, thin, and emaciated persons of a delicate and
+ debilitated constitution; and particularly for the asthmatic and
+ consumptive.
+
+
+1748. Time.
+
+ The time at which exercise is most proper depends on such a variety of
+ concurrent circumstances, that it does not admit of being regulated by
+ any general rules, and must therefore be collected from the
+ observations made on the effects of air, food, drink, &c.
+
+
+1749. Duration.
+
+ With respect to the duration of exercise, there are other particulars,
+ relative to a greater or less degree of fatigue attending the
+ different species, and utility of it in certain states of the mind and
+ body, which must determine this consideration as well as the preceding.
+
+
+1750. Accustomed Exercise.
+
+ That exercise is to be preferred which, with a view to brace and
+ strengthen the body, we are most accustomed to. Any unusual one may be
+ attended with a contrary effect.
+
+
+1751. Gradual Beginning and End.
+
+ Exercise should be begun and finished gradually, never abruptly.
+
+
+1752. Open Air Preferable.
+
+ Exercise in the open air has many advantages over that used within
+ doors.
+
+
+1753. Over-Indulgence.
+
+ To continue exercise until a profuse perspiration or a great degree of
+ weariness takes place, is far from being wholesome.
+
+
+1754. Early Exercise.
+
+ In the forenoon, when the stomach is not too much distended, muscular
+ motion is both agreeable and healthful; it strengthens digestion, and
+ heats the body less than with a full stomach; and a good appetite
+ after it is a proof that it has not been carried to excess.
+
+
+1755. Care Before Eating.
+
+ But at the same time it should be understood, that it is not advisable
+ to take violent exercise immediately before a meal, as digestion might
+ thereby be retarded.
+
+
+1756. Time Before Eating.
+
+ Neither should we sit down to a substantial dinner or supper
+ immediately on returning from a fatiguing walk, at the time when the
+ blood is heated, and the body in a state of perspiration from previous
+ exertion, as the worst consequences may arise, especially when the
+ meal is commenced with cooling dishes, salad, or a glass of cold drink.
+
+
+1757. Not After Meals.
+
+ Exercise is always hurtful after meals, from its impeding digestion,
+ by propelling those fluids too much towards the surface of the body
+ which are designed for the solution of the food in the stomach.
+
+
+1758. Walking.
+
+ To walk gracefully, the body must be erect, but not stiff, and the
+ head held up in such a posture that the eyes are directed forward. The
+ tendency of untaught walkers is to look towards the ground near the
+ feet; and some persons appear always as if admiring their shoe-ties.
+ The eyes should not thus be cast downward, neither should the chest
+ bend forward to throw out the back, making what are termed round
+ shoulders; on the contrary, the body should be held erect, as if the
+ person to whom it belongs were not afraid to look the world in the
+ face, and the chest by all means be allowed to expand. At the same
+ time, everything like strutting or pomposity must be carefully
+ avoided. An easy, firm, and erect posture is alone desirable. In
+ walking, it is necessary to bear in mind that the locomotion is to be
+ performed entirely by the legs. Awkward persons rock from side to
+ side, helping forward each leg alternately by advancing the haunches.
+ This is not only ungraceful but fatiguing. Let the legs alone advance,
+ bearing up the body.
+
+
+1759. Utility of Singing.
+
+ It has been asserted, and we believe with some truth, that singing is
+ a corrective of the too common tendency to pulmonic complaints. Dr.
+ Rush, an eminent physician, observes on this subject:
+
+ "The Germans are seldom afflicted with consumption; and this, I
+ believe, is in part occasioned by the strength which their lungs
+ acquire by exercising them in vocal music, for this constitutes an
+ essential branch of their education. The music master of an academy
+ has furnished me with a remark still more in favour of this opinion.
+ He informed me that he had known several instances of persons who
+ were strongly disposed to consumption, who were restored to health
+ by the exercise of their lungs in singing."
+
+
+1760. The Weather and the Blood.
+
+ In dry, sultry weather the heat ought to be counteracted by means of a
+ cooling diet. To this purpose cucumbers, melons, and juicy fruits are
+ subservient. We ought to give the preference to such alimentary
+ substances as lead to contract the juices which are too much expanded
+ by the heat, and this property is possessed by all acid food and
+ drink. To this class belong all sorts of salad, lemons, oranges,
+ pomegranates sliced and sprinkled with sugar, for the acid of this
+ fruit is not so apt to derange the stomach as that of lemons; also
+ cherries and strawberries, curds turned with lemon acid or cream of
+ tartar; cream of tartar dissolved in water; lemonade, and Rhenish or
+ Moselle wine mixed with water.
+
+
+1761. How to get Sleep.
+
+ How to get sleep is to many persons a matter of high importance.
+ Nervous persons who are troubled with wakefulness and excitability,
+ usually have a strong tendency of blood on the brain, with cold
+ extremities. The pressure of the blood on the brain keeps it in a
+ stimulated or wakeful state, and the pulsations in the head are often
+ painful. Let such rise and chafe the body and extremities with a brush
+ or towel, or rub smartly with the hands, to promote circulation, and
+ withdraw the excessive amount of blood from the brain, and they will
+ fall asleep in a few moments. A cold bath, or a sponge bath and
+ rubbing, or a good run, or a rapid walk in the open air, or going up
+ and down stairs a few times just before retiring, will aid in
+ equalizing circulation and promoting sleep. These rules are simple,
+ and easy of application in all cases.
+
+
+1762. Early Rising.
+
+ Dr. Wilson Philip, in his "Treatise on Indigestion," says:
+
+ "Although it is of consequence to the debilitated to go early to
+ bed, there are few things more hurtful to them than remaining in it
+ too long. Getting up an hour or two earlier often gives a degree of
+ vigour which nothing else can procure. For those who are not much
+ debilitated, and sleep well, the best rule is to get out of bed soon
+ after waking in the morning. This at first may appear too early, for
+ the debilitated require more sleep than the healthy; but rising
+ early will gradually prolong the sleep on the succeeding night, till
+ the quantity the patient enjoys is equal to his demand for it. Lying
+ late is not only hurtful, by the relaxation it occasions, but also
+ by occupying that part of the day at which exercise is most
+ beneficial."
+
+
+1763. Appetite.
+
+ Appetite is frequently lost through excessive use of stimulants, food
+ taken too hot, sedentary occupation, costiveness, liver disorder and
+ want of change of air. The first endeavour should be to ascertain and
+ remove the cause. Change of diet, and change of air will frequently be
+ found more beneficial than medicines.
+
+
+1764. Temperance.
+
+ "If," observes a writer, "men lived uniformly in a healthy climate,
+ were possessed of strong and vigorous frames, were descended from
+ healthy parents, were educated in a hardy and active manner, were
+ possessed of excellent natural dispositions, were placed in
+ comfortable situations in life, were engaged only in healthy
+ occupations, were happily connected in marriage, and kept their
+ passions in due subjection, there would be little occasion for
+ medical rules."
+
+ All this is very excellent and desirable; but, unfortunately for
+ mankind, unattainable.
+
+
+1765. More than Man.
+
+ Man must be something more than Man to be able to connect the
+ different links of this harmonious chain--to consolidate this _summum
+ bonum_ of earthly felicity into one uninterrupted whole; for,
+ independent of all regularity or irregularity of diet, passions, and
+ other sublunary circumstances, contingencies, and connections,
+ relative or absolute, thousands are visited by diseases and
+ precipitated into the grave, independent of accident, to whom no
+ particular vice could attach, and with whom the appetite never
+ overstepped the boundaries of temperance. Do we not hear almost daily
+ of instances of men living near to and even upwards of a century? We
+ cannot account for this either; because of such men we know but few
+ who have lived otherwise than the world around them; and we have known
+ many who have lived in habitual intemperance for forty or fifty years,
+ without interruption and with little apparent inconvenience.
+
+
+1766. No Link to Background.
+
+ The assertion has been made by those who have attained a great age
+ (Parr, and Henry Jenkins, for instance), that they adopted no
+ particular arts for the preservation of their health; consequently, it
+ might be inferred that the duration of life has no dependence on
+ manners or customs, or the qualities of particular food. This,
+ however, is an error of no common magnitude.
+
+
+1767. Moderation.
+
+ Peasants, labourers, and other hard-working people, more especially
+ those whose occupations require them to be much in the open air, may
+ be considered as following a regulated system of moderation; and hence
+ the higher degree of health which prevails among them and their
+ families. They also observe rules; and those which it is said were
+ recommended by Old Parr are remarkable for good sense; namely,
+
+ "Keep your head cool by temperance, your feet warm by exercise; rise
+ early, and go soon to bed; and if you are inclined to get fat, keep
+ your eyes open and your mouth shut,"
+
+ in other words, sleep moderately, and be abstemious in
+ diet;--excellent admonitions, more especially to these inclined to
+ corpulency.
+
+
+1768. Corpulence.
+
+ The late Mr. William Banting, author of a "Letter on Corpulence,"
+ gives the following excellent advice, with a dietary for use in cases
+ of obesity (corpulence):
+
+ i. _Medicine._--None, save a morning cordial, as a corrective.
+
+ ii. Dietary.
+
+ _Breakfast._--Four or five ounces of beef, mutton, kidneys,
+ broiled fish, bacon, or any kind of cold meat except pork, a large
+ cup (or two) of tea without milk or sugar, a little biscuit or dry
+ toast.
+
+ _Dinner._--Five or six ounces of any fish except salmon, any meat
+ except pork, any vegetables except potatoes; one ounce of dry
+ toast; fruit out of a pudding; any kind of poultry or game, and
+ two or three glasses of claret or sherry. Port, champagne, and
+ beer forbidden.
+
+ _Tea._--Two or three ounces of fruit; a rusk or two, and a cup or
+ two of tea, without milk or sugar.
+
+ _Supper._--Three or four ounces of meat or fish as at dinner, with
+ a glass or two of claret.
+
+ _Nightcap_ (if required).--A glass or two of grog,--whisky, gin,
+ or brandy,--without sugar; or a glass or two of sherry.
+
+ Mr. Banting adds,
+
+ "Dietary is the principal point in the treatment of corpulence (also
+ in rheumatic diseases, and even in incipient paralysis). If properly
+ regulated, it becomes in a certain sense a medicine. It purifies the
+ blood, strengthens the muscles and viscera, and sweetens life if it
+ does not prolong it."
+
+
+1769. Advantages of a Regular Life.
+
+ The advantages to be derived from a regular mode of living, with a
+ view to the preservation of health and life, are nowhere better
+ exemplified than in the precepts and practice of Plutarch, whose rules
+ for this purpose are excellent; and by observing them himself, he
+ maintained his bodily strength and mental faculties unimpaired to a
+ very advanced age. Galen is a still stronger proof of the advantages
+ of a regular plan, by means of which he is said to have reached the
+ great age of 140 years, without having ever experienced disease. His
+ advice to the readers of his "Treatise on Health" is as follows:
+
+ "I beseech all persons who shall read this work not to degrade
+ themselves to a level with the brutes, or the rabble, by gratifying
+ their sloth, or by eating and drinking promiscuously whatever
+ pleases their palates, or by indulging their appetites of every
+ kind. But whether they understand physic or not, let them consult
+ their reason, and observe what agrees, and what does not agree with
+ them, that, like wise men, they may adhere to the use of such things
+ as conduce to their health, and forbear everything which, by their
+ own experience, they find to do them hurt; and let them be assured
+ that, by a diligent observation and practice of this rule, they may
+ enjoy a good share of health, and seldom stand in need of physic or
+ physicians."
+
+
+1770. Health in Youth.
+
+ Late hours, irregular habits, and want of attention to diet, are
+ common errors with most young men, and these gradually, but at first
+ imperceptibly, undermine the health, and lay the foundation for
+ various forms of disease in after life. It is a very difficult thing
+ to make young persons comprehend this. They frequently sit up as late
+ as twelve, one, or two o'clock, without experiencing any ill effects;
+ they go without a meal to day, and to-morrow eat to repletion, with
+ only temporary inconvenience. One night they will sleep three or four
+ hours, and the next nine or ten; or one night, in their eagerness to
+ get away into some agreeable company, they will take no food at all,
+ and the next, perhaps, will eat a hearty supper, and go to bed upon
+ it. These, with various other irregularities, are common to the
+ majority of young men, and are, as just stated, the cause of much bad
+ health in mature life. Indeed, nearly all the shattered constitutions
+ with which too many are cursed, are the result of a disregard to the
+ plainest precepts of health in early life.
+
+
+1771. Disinfecting Liquid.
+
+ In a wine bottle of cold water, dissolve two ounces acetate of lead
+ (sugar of lead), and then add two (fluid) ounces of strong nitric acid
+ (aquafortis). Shake the mixture, and it will be ready for use.
+
+ A very small quantity of the liquid, in its strongest form, should be
+ used for cleansing all kinds of chamber utensils. For removing
+ offensive odours, clean cloths thoroughly moistened with the liquid,
+ diluted with eight or ten parts of water, should be suspended at
+ various parts of the room.--In this case the offensive and deleterious
+ gases are neutralized by chemical action.
+
+ Fumigation in the usual way is only the substitution of one odour for
+ another. In using the above, or any other disinfectant, let it never
+ be forgotten that _fresh air_, and plenty of it, is cheaper and more
+ effective than any other material.
+
+
+1772. Disinfecting Fumigation.
+
+ Common salt, three ounces; black manganese, oil of vitriol, of each
+ one ounce; water two ounces; carried in a cup through the apartments
+ of the sick; or the apartments intended to be fumigated, where
+ sickness has been, may be shut up for an hour or two, and then opened.
+
+
+1773. Coffee a Disinfectant.
+
+ Numerous experiments with roasted coffee prove that it is the most
+ powerful means, not only of rendering animal and vegetable effluvia
+ innocuous, but of actually destroying them. A room in which meat in an
+ advanced degree of decomposition had been kept for some time, was
+ instantly deprived of all smell on an open coffee-roaster being
+ carried through it, containing a pound of coffee newly roasted. In
+ another room, exposed to the effluvium occasioned by the clearing out
+ of the dung-pit, so that sulphuretted hydrogen and ammonia in great
+ quantities could be chemically detected, the stench was completely
+ removed in half a minute, on the employment of three ounces of
+ fresh-roasted coffee, whilst the other parts of the house were
+ permanently cleared of the same smell by being simply traversed with
+ the coffee-roaster, although the cleansing of the dung-pit continued
+ for several hours after.
+
+ The best mode of using the coffee as a disinfectant is to dry the raw
+ bean, pound it in a mortar, and then roast the powder on a moderately
+ heated iron plate, until it assumes a dark brown tint, when it is fit
+ for use. Then sprinkle it in sinks or cess-pools, or lay it on a plate
+ in the room which you wish to have purified. Coffee acid or coffee oil
+ acts more readily in minute quantities.
+
+
+1774. Charcoal as a Disinfectant.
+
+ The great efficacy of wood and animal charcoal in absorbing effluvia,
+ and the greater number of gases and vapours, has long been known.
+ Charcoal powder has also, during many centuries, been advantageously
+ employed as a filter for putrid water, the object in view being to
+ deprive the water of numerous organic impurities diffused through it,
+ which exert injurious effects on the animal economy. Charcoal not only
+ absorbs effluvia and gaseous bodies, but especially, when in contact
+ with atmospheric air, oxidize, and destroys many of the easily
+ alterable ones, by resolving them into the simplest combinations they
+ are capable of forming, which are chiefly water and carbonic acid. It
+ is on this oxidizing property of charcoal, as well as on its absorbent
+ power, that its efficacy as a deodorizing and disinfecting agent
+ chiefly depends.
+
+
+1775. Charcoal as an Antiseptic.
+
+ Charcoal is an antiseptic, that is to say, a substance which arrests
+ the decay and decomposition of animal substances. Meat, poultry, game
+ or fish, &c., may be preserved for a longer period in hot weather by
+ sprinkling it with powdered charcoal, which should be washed off in
+ clean cold water before the article is cooked.
+
+
+1776. Charcoal Respirators.
+
+ It has been proposed to employ charcoal ventilators, consisting of a
+ thin layer of charcoal enclosed between two thin sheets of wire gauze,
+ to purify the foul air which is apt to accumulate in water-closets, in
+ the close wards of hospitals, and in the impure atmospheres of many of
+ the back courts and mews-lanes of large cities, all the impurities
+ being absorbed and retained by the charcoal, while a current of pure
+ air alone is admitted into the neighbouring apartments. In this way
+ pure air may be obtained from exceedingly impure sources. The proper
+ amount of air required by houses in such situations might be admitted
+ through sheets of wire gauze or coarse canvas, containing a thin layer
+ of coarse charcoal powder.
+
+ A tolerably thick charcoal ventilator, as described above, could be
+ very advantageously applied to the gully-holes of common sewers, and
+ to the sinks in private dwellings, the foul water in both cases being
+ carried into the drain by means of tolerably wide syphon pipes,
+ retaining always about a couple of inches of water. Such an
+ arrangement would effectually prevent the escape of any effluvia,
+ would be easy of construction, and not likely to get soon out of
+ order.
+
+ In respirators for the mouth the air is made to pass through a quarter
+ of an inch of coarsely powdered charcoal, retained in its place by two
+ sheets of silvered wire gauze, covered over with thin woollen cloth,
+ by which means its temperature is greatly increased. The charcoal
+ respirator possesses a decided advantage over respirators of the
+ ordinary construction, in that all disagreeable effluvia are absorbed
+ by the charcoal, so that comparatively pure air is alone inhaled.
+ Adaptations may be made to cover the nostrils as well as the mouth,
+ for protecting the wearer against fevers and other infectious
+ diseases, and chiefly for use in chemical works, common sewers, &c.,
+ to protect the workmen from the noxious effects of the deleterious
+ gases to which they are frequently exposed.
+
+
+1777. Charcoal applied to Sores, &c.
+
+ Charcoal powder has been most successfully employed at hospitals, to
+ arrest the progress of gangrene and other putrid sores. The charcoal
+ does not require to be put immediately in contact with the sores, but
+ is placed above the dressings, not unfrequently quilted loosely in a
+ little cotton wool. In many cases patients who were rapidly sinking
+ have been restored to health.
+
+
+1778. Disinfection of Rooms.
+
+ Any room, however offensive it may be, can be perfectively deodorized
+ by means of a few trays filled with a thin layer of freshly-heated
+ wood charcoal. From these and other considerations it is evident that
+ charcoal is one of the cheapest and best disinfectants. Unlike many
+ other disinfectants, it evolves no disagreeable vapours, and if heated
+ in close vessels will always act, however long it has been in use,
+ quite as effectively as at first. The efficiency of the charcoal may
+ be greatly increased by making it red-hot before using it. This can
+ easily be done by heating it in an iron saucepan covered with an iron
+ lid. When the charcoal is to be applied to inflammable substances,
+ such as wooden floors, &c., of course it must be allowed to cool in
+ close vessels before being used.
+
+
+1779. Sir William Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid.
+
+ Of late years new disinfectants for the removal of disagreeable and
+ offensive odours, and the preservation of meat, &c., have been brought
+ into use. Sir William Burnett's disinfecting fluid is too well known
+ to require description. It is invaluable in a sick room, and is sold
+ by all chemists and druggists.
+
+
+1780. Glacialine.
+
+ This is a new disinfectant and antiseptic, which is highly recommended
+ and largely used for the preservation of meats, liquids, and all goods
+ of a perishable character from acidity, as in the case of beer, or
+ decomposition. It is sold by most chemists, druggists, and oilmen.
+
+
+1781. Chloride of Lime.
+
+ This substance, which is well known for its bleaching properties is a
+ useful disinfectant. It will neutralise the foul smell arising from
+ drains, closets, &c., when mixed with water and thrown down the pipes
+ whence the smell proceeds. A little dissolved in a bucket of water,
+ when used in scrubbing rooms and passages, will purify them and render
+ them wholesome, and also whiten the boards. It is sold by oilmen &c.,
+ at 3d. or 4d. per lb.--a much lower rate than that at which it is sold
+ by chemists.
+
+
+1782. Carbolic Powder and Fluid.
+
+ Carbolic acid in a fluid state is a highly concentrated disinfectant,
+ and a strong irritant poison. Care should be taken in its use and
+ storage, as many lives have been lost through taking carbolic acid
+ under the impression that it was some medicine or beverage. It is far
+ safer when in the form of powder which has been impregnated with the
+ acid. The powder has a pink colour, is recommended by the Government,
+ and is sold at the rate of 2d. per pound by oilmen, &c.
+
+
+1783. Domestic Hints (Sheep Near Sea).
+
+ _Why is the flesh of sheep that are fed near the sea more nutritious
+ than that of others?_
+
+ Because the saline particles (sea salt) which they find with their
+ green food give purity to their blood and flesh.
+
+
+1784. Domestic Hints (Marbled Fat in Meat).
+
+ _Why does the marbled appearance of fat in meat indicate that it is
+ young and tender?_
+
+ Because in young animals fat is dispersed through the muscles, but
+ in old animals it is laid in masses on the outside of the flesh.
+
+
+1785. Domestic Hints (White and Red Meat).
+
+ _Why is some flesh white and other flesh red?_
+
+ White flesh contains a larger proportion of albumen, (similar to the
+ white of egg) than that which is red. The amount of blood retained
+ in the flesh also influences its colour.
+
+
+1786. Domestic Hints (Raw and Cooked Oysters).
+
+ _Why are raw oysters more wholesome than those that are cooked?_
+
+ When cooked they are partly deprived of salt water, which promotes
+ their digestion; their albumen also becomes hard (like hard boiled
+ eggs).
+
+
+1787. Domestic Hints (Green Oysters).
+
+ _Why have some oysters a green tinge?_
+
+ This has been erroneously attributed to the effects of copper; but
+ it arises from the oyster feeding upon small green sea-weeds, which
+ grow where such oysters are found.
+
+
+1788. Domestic Hints (Twice-Boiled Cabbage).
+
+ _Why is cabbage rendered more wholesome by being boiled in two
+ waters?_
+
+ Because cabbages contain an oil, which is apt to produce bad
+ effects, and prevents some persons from eating "green" vegetables.
+ When boiled in two waters, the first boiling carries off the greater
+ part of this oil.
+
+
+1789. Domestic Hints (Just-Scraped Horseradish).
+
+ _Why should horseradish be scraped for the table only just before it
+ is required?_
+
+ Because the peculiar oil of horseradish is very volatile; it quickly
+ evaporates, and leaves the vegetable substance dry and insipid.
+
+
+1790. Domestic Hints (Mint with Pea Soup).
+
+ _Why is mint eaten with pea soup?_
+
+ The properties of mint are stomachic and antispasmodic. It is
+ therefore useful to prevent the flatulence that might arise,
+ especially from soups made of green or dried peas.
+
+
+1791. Domestic Hints (Apple Sauce with Pork and Goose).
+
+ _Why is apple sauce eaten with pork and goose?_
+
+ Because it is slightly laxative, and therefore tends to counteract
+ the effects of rich and stimulating meats. The acid of the apples
+ also neutralizes the oily nature of the fat, and prevents
+ biliousness.
+
+
+1792. Domestic Hints (Thunderstorms Souring Milk).
+
+ _Why does milk turn sour during thunderstorms?_
+
+ Because, in an electric condition of the atmosphere, ozone is
+ generated. Ozone is oxygen in a state of great intensity; and oxygen
+ is a general acidifier of many organic substances. Milk may be
+ prevented from becoming sour by boiling it, or bringing it nearly to
+ boiling point, for, as the old proverb says, "Milk boiled is milk
+ spoiled." Heating the milk expels the oxygen.
+
+
+1793. Domestic Hints (Butter from Churning).
+
+ _Why does the churning of cream or milk produce butter?_
+
+ Because the action of stirring, together with a moderate degree of
+ warmth, causes the cells in which the butter is confined to burst;
+ the disengaged fat collects in flakes, and ultimately coheres in
+ large masses.
+
+
+1794. Domestic Hints (Blue Mould on Cheese).
+
+ _What is the blue mould which appears sometimes upon cheese?_
+
+ It is a species of fungus, or minute vegetable, which may be
+ distinctly seen when examined by a magnifying glass.
+
+
+1795. Domestic Hints (Tenderness in Birds).
+
+ _Why are some of the limbs of birds more tender than others?_
+
+ The tenderness or toughness of flesh is determined by the amount of
+ exercise the muscles have undergone. Hence the wing of a bird that
+ chiefly walks, and the leg of a bird that chiefly flies, are the
+ most tender.
+
+
+1796. Domestic Hints (Tea Curing Headache).
+
+ _Why does tea frequently cure headache?_
+
+ Because, by its stimulant action on the general circulation, in
+ which the brain participates, the nervous congestions are overcome.
+
+
+1797. Domestic Hints (Clothes for Hot Weather).
+
+ _Why are clothes of smooth and shining surfaces best adapted for hot
+ weather?_
+
+ Because they reflect or turn back the rays of the sun, which are
+ thus prevented from penetrating them.
+
+
+1798. Domestic Hints (Loose Clothing Warmer).
+
+ _Why is loose clothing warmer than tight articles of dress?_
+
+ Because the loose dress encloses a stratum of warm air which the
+ tight dress shuts out; for the same reason, woollen articles, though
+ not warmer in themselves, appear so, by keeping warm air near to the
+ body.
+
+
+1799. Domestic Hints (Tea Made Best with Boiling Water).
+
+ _Why should the water poured upon tea be at the boiling point?_
+
+ Because it requires the temperature of boiling water to extract the
+ peculiar oil of tea.
+
+
+1800. Domestic Hints (First Infusion Best).
+
+ _Why does the first infusion of tea possess more aroma than the
+ second?_
+
+ Because the first infusion, if the water used is at the boiling
+ temperature, takes up the essential oil of the tea, while the second
+ water receives only the bitter extract supplied by the tannic acid
+ of tea.
+
+
+1801. Domestic Hints (Sky-Blue for Fair People).
+
+ _Why does a head-dress of sky-blue become a fair person?_
+
+ Because light blue is the complementary colour of pale orange, which
+ is the foundation of the blonde complexion and hair.
+
+
+1802. Domestic Hints (Brighter Colours for Dark People).
+
+ _Why are yellow, orange, or red colours suitable to a person of dark
+ hair and complexion?_
+
+ Because those colours, by contrast with the dark skin and hair, show
+ to the greater advantage themselves, while they enrich the hue of
+ black.
+
+
+1803. Domestic Hints (Light Green for Fair Complexions).
+
+ _Why is a delicate green favourable to pale blonde complexions?_
+
+ Because it imparts a rosiness to such complexions--red, its
+ complementary colour, being reflected upon green.
+
+
+1804. Domestic Hints (Light Green Unfavourable for Ruddy Complexions).
+
+ _Why is light green unfavourable to ruddy complexions?_
+
+ Because it increases the redness, and has the effect of producing an
+ overheated appearance.
+
+
+1805. Domestic Hints (Violet Unfavourable for All).
+
+ _Why are violet draperies unfavourable to every kind of complexion?_
+
+ Because, reflecting yellow, they augment that tint when it is
+ present in the skin or hair, change blue into green, and give to an
+ olive complexion a jaundiced look.
+
+
+1806. Domestic Hints (Blue Unsuitable for Brunettes).
+
+ _Why is blue unsuitable to brunettes?_
+
+ Because it reflects orange, and adds to the darkness of the
+ complexion.
+
+
+1807. Domestic Hints (Blue Veils for Complexion).
+
+ _Why do blue veils preserve the complexion?_
+
+ Because they diminish the effect of the scorching rays of light,
+ just as the blue glass over photographic studios diminishes the
+ effect of certain rays that would injure the delicate processes of
+ photography. [1]
+
+ [Footnote 1: "Housewife's Reason Why," containing upwards of 1,500
+ Reasons upon every kind of Domestic Subject. London: Houlston and
+ Sons. 2s. 6d.]
+
+
+1808. Fancy Needlework.
+
+ Although there is a continual change in designs and materials for
+ fancy needlework of every description, the fundamental principles on
+ which this kind of work in all its various branches is executed remain
+ the same. These are carefully, though briefly set forth in the
+ following series of instructions on this subject.
+
+
+1809. Instructions in Crochet.
+
+
+1810. Popularity of Crochet.
+
+ Perhaps no kind of work has ever attained such popularity as
+ _Crochet_. Whether as a simple trimming, as an elaborate quilt, or as
+ a fabric, almost rivalling Point Lace, it is popular with every woman
+ who has any time at all for fancy work, since it is only needful to
+ understand the stitches, and the terms and contractions used in
+ writing the descriptions of the different designs, to be enabled to
+ work with ease the most beautiful pattern that ever appeared in
+ crochet.
+
+
+1811. Stitches used in Crochet.
+
+ These, with their abbreviations, are:
+
+ Ch., chain stitch;
+ S., single crochet;
+ Dc., double crochet;
+ L., long stitch;
+ Double and treble long.
+
+
+1812. Chain Stitch, ch.
+
+ Hook the cotton into a loop, and keep on looping the cotton through a
+ previous stitch till a succession of chains are made to form a
+ foundation.
+
+
+1813. Single Crochet, S.
+
+ This occurs only in working designs; the hook is inserted in a stitch,
+ and the cotton is pulled through that and the cotton which is on the
+ hook at the same time; it thus makes a close tie.
+
+
+1814. Double Crochet, or Dc.
+
+ With cotton on the hook insert the latter into a stitch, draw the
+ cotton through; there are now two loops on the hook, take up the
+ cotton on the hook, and with cotton again upon the hook draw it
+ through the two loops.
+
+
+1815. Long Stitch, or L.
+
+ With the loop of last stitch on the hook, twist the cotton over the
+ hook, place the latter through a stitch, draw the cotton through, then
+ put the cotton over the hook, draw the cotton through two loops, and
+ again through two loops.
+
+
+1816. Double and Treble Long.
+
+ With the hook in a loop, twist the cotton twice or three times over
+ the hook, and draw the hook successively through either two or three
+ loops.
+
+
+1817. Square Crochet.
+
+ Square crochet is also sometimes used. The squares are either open or
+ close. An open square consists of one L, two Ch, missing two on the
+ line beneath, before making the next stitch. A close square has three
+ successive L's. Thus, any given number of close squares, followed by
+ an open, will have so many times three L's; consequently any
+ foundation for square crochet must have a number that can be divided
+ by three.
+
+
+1818. To Contract an Edge.
+
+ This may be done in Dc, or long stitch. Twist the thread round the
+ hook as often as required, insert it in the work, and half do a
+ stitch. Instead of finishing it, twist the thread round again, until
+ the same number of loops are on, and work a stitch entirely; so that,
+ for two stitches, there is only one head.
+
+
+1819. To Join on a Thread.
+
+ Joins should be avoided as much as possible in open work. In joining,
+ finish the stitch by drawing the new thread through, leaving two
+ inches for both ends, which must be held in.
+
+
+1820. To Use several Colours.
+
+ This is done in single crochet. Hold the threads not in use on the
+ edge of the work, and work them in. Change the colour by beginning the
+ stitch in the old colour, and finishing it with the new, continuing
+ the work with the latter holding in the old. If only one stitch is
+ wanted in the new colour, finish one stitch, and begin the next with
+ it; then change.
+
+
+1821. To Join Leaves, &c.
+
+ When one part of a leaf or flower is required to be joined to another,
+ drop the loop from the hook, which insert in the place to be joined;
+ draw the loop through and continue.
+
+
+1822. To Work over Cord.
+
+ Hold the cord in the left hand with the work, and work round it, as
+ you would over an end of thread, working closely. When beads are used
+ they must be first threaded on silk or thread, and then dropped,
+ according to the pattern, on the _wrong_ side of the work. This side
+ looks more even than the other: therefore, when bead purses are worked
+ from an engraving, they are worked the reverse of the usual way, viz.,
+ from right to left.
+
+
+1823. Oriental Crochet erroneously termed Tricotee.
+
+ This is worked by just making a chain the length required. Then put
+ the hook through a loop of the chain, pull the wool through without
+ twisting it, and so continue to the end, keeping all the stitches on
+ the hook. _In returning_, twist the wool over the hook, pull it
+ through the first loop, twist the wool again over the hook, pull it
+ through the next, and so continue to the end. There will now be a row
+ of flat loops, but not on the edge. Work exactly as at the first row
+ which was worked with the chain row, but in this there is no chain row.
+
+
+1824. Instructions in Netting.
+
+
+1825. Regularity in Netting.
+
+ The beauty of netting consists in its firmness and regularity. All
+ joins in the thread must be made in a very strong knot; and, if
+ possible, at an edge, so that it may not be perceived.
+
+
+1826. Implements used in Netting.
+
+ These are a netting needle and mesh. In filling a netting needle with
+ the material, be careful not to make it so full that there will be a
+ difficulty in passing it through the stitches. The size of the needle
+ must depend on the material to be employed, and the fineness of the
+ work. Steel needles are employed for every kind of netting except the
+ very coarsest. They are marked from 12 to 24, the latter being
+ extremely fine. The fine meshes are usually also of steel; but, as
+ this material is heavy, it is better to employ bone or wooden meshes
+ when large ones are required. Many meshes are flat; and in using them
+ the _width_ is given.
+
+
+1827. Diamond Netting.
+
+ The first stitch in this work is termed _diamond_ netting, the holes
+ being in the form of diamonds. To do the first row, a stout thread,
+ knotted to form a round, is fastened to the knee with a pin, or passed
+ over the foot, or on the hook sometimes attached to a work cushion for
+ the purpose. The end of the thread on the needle is knotted to this,
+ the mesh being held in the left hand on a line with it. Take the
+ needle in the right hand; let the thread come over the mesh and the
+ third finger, bring it back under the mesh, and hold it between the
+ thumb and first finger. Slip the needle through the loop over the
+ third finger, under the mesh and the foundation thread. In doing this
+ a loop will be formed, which must be passed over the fourth finger.
+ Withdraw the third finger from the loop, and draw up the loop over the
+ fourth, gradually, until it is quite tight on the mesh. The thumb
+ should be kept firmly over the mesh while the stitch is being
+ completed. When the necessary number of stitches is made on this
+ foundation, the future rows are to be worked backwards and forwards.
+ To form a _round_, the first stitch is to be worked into immediately
+ after the last, which closes the netting into a circle.
+
+
+1828. Round Netting.
+
+ Round Netting is very nearly the same stitch. The difference is merely
+ in the way of putting the needle through the loop and foundation, or
+ other stitch. After passing the needle through the loop, it must be
+ brought out, and put _downwards_ through the stitch. This stitch is
+ particularly suitable for purses.
+
+
+1829. Square Netting.
+
+ Square Netting is exactly the same stitch as diamond netting, only it
+ is begun at a corner, on one stitch, and increased (by doing two in
+ one) in the last stitch of every row, until the greatest width
+ required is attained. Then, by netting two stitches together at the
+ end of every row, the piece is decreased to a point again. When
+ stretched out, all the holes in this netting are squares.
+
+
+ [ONE KIND WORD MAY TURN ASIDE A TORRENT OF ANGER.]
+
+
+1830. Darning on Netting.
+
+ Square and diamond netting are the most frequently used, and are
+ ornamented with patterns darned on them, in simple darning or in
+ various point stitches. In the latter case it forms a variety of the
+ sort of work termed _guipure d'Art_.
+
+
+1831. Grecian Netting.
+
+ i. Do one plain row. First pattern row. Insert the needle in the
+ first stitch, and, without working it, draw through it the second
+ stitch, through the loop of which draw the first, and work it in the
+ ordinary way. This forms a twisted stitch, and the next is a very
+ small loop formed of a part of the second stitch. Repeat this
+ throughout the row.
+
+ ii. The second row is done plain.
+
+ iii. The third like the first; but the first and last stitches are
+ to be done in the usual manner, but begin the twisting with the
+ second and third loops.
+
+ iv. The fourth is plain. Repeat these four rows as often as
+ required.
+
+ v. Use No. 20 mesh for the fancy rows, and No. 14 for the plain.
+
+
+1832. Counting Stitches.
+
+ Stitches in Netting are always counted by knots.
+
+
+1833. Instructions in Tatting, or Frivolite.
+
+
+1834. Implements for Tatting.
+
+ The only necessary implements for tatting are a thin shuttle or short
+ netting-needle, and a gilt pin and ring, united by a chain. The cotton
+ used should be strong and soft. There are three available sizes, Nos.
+ 1, 2, and 3. Attention should be paid to the manner of holding the
+ hands, as on this depends the grace or awkwardness of the movement.
+ Fill the shuttle with the cotton (or silk) required, in the same
+ manner as a netting needle. Hold the shuttle between the thumb and
+ first and second fingers of the right hand, leaving about half a yard
+ of cotton unwound. Take up the cotton, about three inches from the
+ end, between the thumb and first finger of the left hand, and let the
+ end fall in the palm of the hand; pass the cotton round the other
+ fingers of the left hand (keeping them parted a little), and bring it
+ again between the thumb and forefinger, thus making a circle round the
+ extended fingers. There are only two stitches in tatting, and they are
+ usually done alternately; this is therefore termed a _double stitch_.
+
+
+1835. English Stitch.
+
+ The first stitch is called the _English stitch_, and made thus:--Let
+ the thread between the right and left hands fall towards you; slip the
+ shuttle under the thread between the first and second fingers; draw it
+ out rather quickly, keeping it in a horizontal line with the left
+ hand. You will find a slipping loop is formed on this cotton with that
+ which went round the fingers. Hold the shuttle steadily, with the
+ cotton stretched tightly out, and with the second finger of the left
+ hand slip the loop thus made under the thumb.
+
+
+1836. French Stitch.
+
+ The other stitch is termed _French stitch_; the only difference being,
+ that instead of allowing the cotton to fall _towards_ you, and passing
+ the shuttle _downwards_, the cotton is thrown in a loop over the left
+ hand, and the shuttle passed under the thread between the first and
+ second fingers _upwards_. The knot must be invariably formed by the
+ thread which passes round the fingers of the _left_ hand. If the
+ operation is reversed, and the knot formed by the cotton connected
+ with the shuttle, the loop will not draw up. This is occasioned by
+ letting the cotton from the shuttle hang loosely instead of drawing it
+ out and holding it tightly stretched. When any given number of these
+ double stitches are done, and drawn closely together, the stitches are
+ held between the first finger and thumb, and the other fingers are
+ withdrawn from the circle of cotton, which is gradually diminished by
+ drawing out the shuttle until the loop of tatting is nearly or
+ entirely closed. The tatted loops should be quite close to each other,
+ unless directions to the contrary are given.
+
+
+1837. Ornamental Edging.
+
+ The pin is used in making an ornamental edge, something like purl
+ edging, thus:--Slip the ring on the left-hand thumb, that the pin
+ attached may be ready for use. After making the required number of
+ double stitches, twist the pin in the circle of cotton, and hold it
+ between the forefinger and thumb, whilst making more double stitches;
+ repeat. The little loops thus formed are termed _picots._
+
+
+1838. Trefoil Tatting.
+
+ This is done by drawing three loops up tightly, made close together,
+ and then leaving a short space before making more. The trefoil is
+ sewed into shape afterwards with a needle.
+
+
+1839. To Join Loops.
+
+ When two loops are to be connected, a _picot_ is made in the _first_,
+ wherever the join is required. When you come to the corresponding
+ part of the _second_ loop, draw the thread which goes round the
+ fingers of the left hand through the _picot_ with a needle, pulling
+ through a loop large enough to admit the shuttle. Slip this through,
+ then draw the thread tight again over the fingers, and continue the
+ work. In many patterns a needle is used to work over, in buttonhole
+ stitch, the thread which passes from one loop to another. A long
+ needleful of the same cotton or silk used for the tatting is left at
+ the beginning of the work, and a common needle used to buttonhole over
+ bars wherever they occur.
+
+
+1840. Alternative Picots.
+
+ Picots are also sometimes made with the needle and cotton in working
+ over these bars.
+
+
+1841. Instructions in Knitting.
+
+
+1842. Improvements in Process.
+
+ Although the art of knitting is known perhaps more generally than
+ almost any other kind of fancy work, still as the knowledge is not
+ universal, and there have been of late years great improvements in
+ many of the processes, we hope that a short account of all the
+ stitches, and the elementary parts of the craft, will be welcomed by
+ many of our friends--and most seriously would we recommend them to
+ attain _perfection_ in this branch of work, because, above all others,
+ it is a resource to those who, from weak eyes, are precluded from many
+ kinds of industrial amusement, or who, as invalids, cannot bear the
+ fatigue of more elaborate work. The fact is that knitting does not
+ require eyesight at all; and a very little practice ought to enable
+ any one to knit whilst reading, talking, or studying, quite as well as
+ if the fingers were unemployed. It only requires that the fingers
+ should be properly used, and that one should not be made to do the
+ duty of another.
+
+
+1843. Implements for Knitting.
+
+ These are rods or pins of ivory, bone, or steel. The latter are most
+ commonly used, and should have tapered points, without the least
+ _sharpness_ at the extremity.
+
+
+1844. Casting On.
+
+ The first process in knitting is casting on. To effect this, hold the
+ end of cotton between the first and second fingers of the left hand;
+ bring it over the thumb and forefinger, and bend the latter to twist
+ the cotton into a loop; bend the needle in the loop; hold the cotton
+ attached to the reel between the third and little fingers of the right
+ hand, and over the point of the forefinger; bring the thread round the
+ needle by the slightest possible motion; bend the needle towards you,
+ and tighten the loop on the left-hand finger, in letting it slip off
+ to form the _first_ stitch.
+
+
+1845. Formation of Stitches.
+
+ Now take that needle with the loop on it in the left hand, and another
+ in the right. Observe the position of the hands. The left hand needle
+ is held between the thumb and the second finger, leaving the
+ forefinger free, to aid in moving the points of the needles. This mode
+ of using the forefinger, instead of employing it merely to hold the
+ needle, is the great secret of being able to knit without looking at
+ the work, for so extremely delicate is the sense of touch in this
+ finger, that it will, after a little practice, enable you to tell the
+ sort of stitch coming next, in the finest material, so that knitting
+ becomes merely mechanical. Insert the point in the loop, bringing it
+ behind the other needle, slip the thread round it, bring the point in
+ front, and transfer the loop to the left-hand needle without
+ withdrawing it from the right hand. Repeat the process for any number
+ of stitches required.
+
+
+1846. Plain Knitting.
+
+ Slip the point of the right-hand needle in a loop, bring the thread
+ round it, and with the forefinger push the point of the needle off the
+ loop so that the thread just twisted round forms a new one on the
+ right hand.
+
+
+1847. Purling.
+
+ The right-hand needle is slipped in the loop _in front of_ the
+ left-hand one, and the thread, after passing between the two, is
+ brought round it; it is then worked as before. The thread is always
+ brought forward before beginning a purled stitch, unless particular
+ directions to the contrary are given.
+
+
+1848. Mode of making Stitches.
+
+ To make one, merely bring the thread in front before knitting, when,
+ as it passes over the needle, it makes a loop; to make two, three, or
+ more, pass the thread _round the needle in addition_, once for 2,
+ twice for 3, and so on.
+
+
+1849. To Decrease.
+
+ Take one stitch off without knitting; knit one, then slip the point of
+ the left-hand needle in the unknitted stitch and draw it over the
+ other. It is marked in receipts d. To decrease 2 or more, slip 1, knit
+ 2, 3, or more together, _as one_, and pass the slip stitch over.
+
+
+1850. How to Join a Round.
+
+ Four or five needles are used in round work, such as socks, stockings,
+ &c. Cast on any given number of stitches on one needle, then slip
+ another needle in the last stitch, before casting any on it; repeat
+ for any number. When all are cast on, knit the first 2 stitches off
+ on to the end of the last needle. One needle is always left unused in
+ casting on for a round.
+
+
+1851. How to Join Toe of Sock, &c.
+
+ Divide all the stitches on to two needles, hold both in the left hand,
+ as if they were one, and in knitting take a loop off each one, which
+ knit together.
+
+
+1852. To Cast off.
+
+ Knit 2 stitches; with the left-hand needle draw the first over the
+ second; knit another; repeat. Observe that the row before the casting
+ off should never be very tightly knitted.
+
+
+1853. To Knit Three Stitches Together.
+
+ To knit three stitches together, so that the centre one shall be in
+ front.--Slip 2 off the needle together knit the third, and draw the
+ others over together.
+
+
+1854. To Raise a Stitch.
+
+ To raise a stitch is to knit the bar of thread between the two
+ stitches as one.
+
+
+1855. Abbreviations.
+
+ The abbreviations used are:
+
+ K, knit;
+ P, purl;
+ D. decrease;
+ K 2 t, knit two together;
+ P 2 t, purl 2 together;
+ M 1, make one.
+
+
+1856. Size of Needles.
+
+ Take care to have needles and cotton or wool that are suitable to each
+ other in size. The work of the best knitter in the world would appear
+ ill done if the needles were too fine or too coarse. In the former
+ case, the work would be close and thick; in the latter it would be too
+ much like a cobweb.
+
+
+1857. Instructions in Embroidery and Canvas Work.
+
+
+1858. Embroidery.
+
+ Embroidery, properly speaking, includes every sort of ornamental work
+ done with a sewing needle of any kind; but in its popular acceptation,
+ it applies only to the ornamentation of any article by the eye, or
+ from drawn or marked patterns--whatever may be the material, or
+ combination of materials employed; Berlin or canvas work, on the
+ contrary, is the usual designation of all kinds of embroidery on
+ canvas, _done by counting threads_, and frequently by the aid of a
+ painting on checked paper.
+
+
+1859. Distinction in Embroidered Work.
+
+ Although these two different sorts of work are really equally entitled
+ to the designation of _embroidery_, yet for the sake of making our
+ hints as intelligible as possible, we will adopt the popular terms,
+ and confine our present remarks to that sort of embroidery which is
+ not executed by the stitch.
+
+
+ [BE A FRIEND TO VIRTUE--A STRANGER TO VICE.]
+
+
+1860. Materials.
+
+ Every sort of embroidery material may be used for embroidering upon.
+ The most common are muslin, cambric, velvet, satin, cloth, and leather.
+
+
+1861. Application.
+
+ The simplest style of embroidery is that termed _Application,_--that
+ is, where the pattern is in one material, laid on another which forms
+ the ground. In this way muslin is worked on net, velvet is laid on
+ cloth, or on another velvet, and cretonne designs cut out and laid on
+ another material, the edges being either sewed over, or ornamented
+ with fancy cord, braid, gold thread, or any other appropriate material.
+
+
+1862. Braiding.
+
+ Another very easy style of ornamentation is that known as braiding.
+ Children's dresses are worked with narrow silk or worsted braid, the
+ latter being also used for ladies' aprons, flounces, &c. Gold and
+ silver braid enter largely into various sorts of decorated needlework,
+ and the Victoria braid, of cotton, which has something of the
+ appearance of satin stitch, is generally known.
+
+
+1863. Stitches in Braiding.
+
+ There is considerable art required to achieve putting on the Victoria
+ braid evenly and firmly. The stitches should be taken across the
+ braid. This makes it lie flat.
+
+
+1864. Elaborate Embroidery.
+
+ But the most elaborate kinds of embroidery are those which represent
+ flowers, fruit, and other devices on any material; and these may be
+ divided into white and coloured embroidery.
+
+
+1865. Broderie Anglaise.
+
+ White embroidery, or embroidery on muslin, is used for a great variety
+ of articles of ladies' dress. The simplest is termed Broderie
+ Anglaise. In this style, the pattern is either in satin stitch, or
+ from left to right, formed of holes cut out of the muslin, and sewed
+ over with embroidery cotton. The great art in working broderie is to
+ make the holes all of the same size, and to take the stitches closely
+ and regular.
+
+
+1866. Satin Stitch.
+
+ Satin stitch is a smooth raised work, used for leaves, flowers, &c. It
+ is done by first tracing the outlines accurately with soft cotton,
+ then taking stitches from point to point of the part to be raised, so
+ as to have the greatest thickness of cotton in the centre, and sewing
+ it over, in stitches taken close together, but slightly slanting, and
+ completely across the part outlined. The veining of leaves is
+ generally formed by taking the stitches from the vein to the edge,
+ first on one side and then on the other. The borders of embroidered
+ muslin collars, &c., are usually finished with buttonhole stitch,
+ worked either the width of an ordinary buttonhole, or in long
+ stitches, and raised like satin stitch. Eyelet holes are made by
+ piercing round holes with a stiletto, and sewing them round.
+
+
+1867. Fancy Stitches.
+
+ There are many fancy stitches introduced into muslin work, but these
+ require to be practically taught.
+
+
+1868. Frame for Embroidery.
+
+ The kind of frame on which muslin is most easily worked, consists of
+ two hoops of wood, about eight inches in diameter. One is rather
+ smaller than the other. On it the muslin is stretched, and the larger
+ one being slipped over it, and fitting tightly, keeps the muslin in
+ its place.
+
+
+1869. Embroidery on Satin, &c.
+
+ Satin and velvet are embroidered in coloured silks, gold and silver
+ bullion, pearls, &c. A very fashionable style is the work with _ombre_
+ or shaded silks.
+
+
+1870. Netting Silk in Embroidery.
+
+ The most delicate kinds of embroidery are worked with fine netting
+ silk, one strand of which is drawn out. This makes the silk appear
+ softer and richer.
+
+
+1871. Shading in Silks.
+
+ It requires considerable care to work well with ombre silks, to avoid
+ incorrect shading. Nature should be followed as closely as possible.
+ Not only must the form be carefully preserved, but the lights and
+ shades must be disposed in an artistic manner. For instance: the point
+ of a leaf is never the darkest part, nor should the lower leaves and
+ flowers of a group of the same kind be light.
+
+
+1872. Materials used in Embroidery and Canvas Work.
+
+ The materials for canvas work and embroidery may be classed under the
+ names of wool, silk, chenille, and braid; beads, straw, and a variety
+ of other fancy materials, are also brought into use. A knowledge of
+ the proper mode of using them, and the varieties of each which are
+ made, is one of the most useful things it is possible for the amateur
+ needle-woman to become acquainted with. We will, therefore, take them
+ in their order.
+
+
+1873. Wool.
+
+ German wool (or Berlin wool, as it is commonly called) is the most
+ beautiful material manufactured for canvas-work. The vast variety of
+ shades, the exquisite tints produced, the softness and evenness of the
+ fabric, are beyond all praise. We speak of Berlin wool _as it ought to
+ be_; for no article is more frequently of inferior quality. From damp,
+ or bad packing, or many other causes, it is frequently crushed and
+ injured, and in that state is not fit to be used for good work. Berlin
+ wool is supposed to be all dyed, as well as made, abroad; at present a
+ large proportion is entirely produced in our own country, which is
+ little, if at all, inferior to the foreign. Berlin wool is made only
+ in two sizes, 4-thread and 8-thread; unless the latter is specified in
+ directions, the other is always implied.
+
+ Berlin wools are either dyed in one colour, or in shades of the same
+ colour, or (_very rarely_) in shades of several colours. Technically,
+ a silk or wool dyed in shades of the same colour, going gradually from
+ light to dark, and from dark to light again, is termed an _ombre_, or
+ _shaded_ wool or silk, whereas _chine_ is the term employed when there
+ are several _colours_ used. There are, also, what are called _short_
+ and _long_ shades; that is, in the former the entire shades, from the
+ lightest to the lightest again, will occur within a short space, a
+ yard or so; whereas, in _long_ shades the gradation is much more
+ gradually made.
+
+ We notice these apparently trifling differences that readers may
+ comprehend the importance of obtaining precisely the proper materials
+ for each design. If we prescribe a certain article, it is because _it_
+ and no other will give the effect. Transparent, white, or silver beads
+ are usually worked with white silk, but clear glass beads, threaded on
+ cerise silk, produce a peculiarly rich effect by the coloured silk
+ shining through transparent glass. The silk used must be extremely
+ fine, as the beads vary much in size. A change of material, which
+ might appear of no consequence whatever, would completely spoil the
+ effect of the design.
+
+
+1874. Fleecy Wool.
+
+ Fleecy wool is the sort of wool used for jackets and other large
+ articles. Some of the tints are quite as brilliant as those of Berlin
+ wool. It is made in 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 threads, and is much cheaper
+ than German wool. It does very well for grounding large pieces of
+ canvas work.
+
+
+1875. Shetland Wool.
+
+ Shetland wool is very fine and soft, is much used, and prized for
+ shawls and neckties and for veils.
+
+
+1876. Eis Wool.
+
+ A pure German wool of silky brightness, is used for the same purpose
+ as Shetland wool excepting for veils. It is also used instead of silk
+ for embroidering on velvet, as tea cosies, &c.
+
+
+1877. Andalusian Wool.
+
+ Andalusian wool is a medium wool, less thick than Berlin wool, is used
+ for cuffs and shawls.
+
+
+1878. Other kinds of Wool.
+
+ There are also other names given to wools by the vendors or
+ manufacturers of them: for instance, "The Peacock Wool" and "The Coral
+ Wool" are trade marks, and not particular wools.
+
+
+1879. Scotch Fingering Wool.
+
+ Scotch fingering wool is used for knitting stockings and socks, and
+ gentlemen's kilt hose.
+
+
+1880. Thin Lambs' Wool and Wheeling Yarn.
+
+ Scotch yarns, used principally for children's socks and stockings.
+
+
+1881. Merino Wool.
+
+ Merino wool is the produce of a Spanish breed of sheep. The wool was
+ introduced into this country about the close of the last century.
+ George III. was a great patron of this breed. French Merino is made
+ from this peculiarily soft wool; so also Berlin wool, used for canvas
+ embroidery.
+
+
+1882. Angola Wool.
+
+ The produce of an African breed of sheep; is a soft hairy wool. Is
+ used for making Angola shawls and gloves, valued for their extreme
+ softness and warmth. These were popular till the cotton manufacturers
+ introduced a very poor imitation make entirely of cotton.
+
+
+1883. Camel-hair Wool.
+
+ Camel-hair wool is the production of the llama, or al-lama, a native
+ of South America. This ruminant animal resembles in its nature, but
+ not in its form, a camel. The back and sides of the llama are clothed
+ with fine long woolly hairs, becoming smooth, silky, and shining
+ towards the tips, the general colours being of a uniform bright brown.
+ The native Indians use it in the manufacture of stuffs, ropes, bags,
+ and mats.
+
+
+1884. Alpaca.
+
+ Al-Paco produces the alpaca wool. This creature is also a species of
+ camel, though different in shape. Cavier regarded the paco as a
+ variety of the llama; so also the vicugua. The llama is generally used
+ as a beast of burden, while the former are used chiefly for their
+ flesh and wool.
+
+
+1885. Yak Lace and Fringe.
+
+ This is said to be made from the tail hair of an animal resembling an
+ ox, a horse, and sheep; the first for its shape, the next for its
+ tail, and the third for its wool. The tail, under the Indian name of
+ _Chowrie_, is often mounted in horns and silver, and used as a switch
+ to keep off flies. The yak inhabits the coldest parts of Tibet, India.
+
+
+1886. Silk.
+
+ This well known production of the silk-worm in its natural state, as
+ reeled from the cocoon, is termed "raw silk;" and before this can be
+ used for weaving it requires to be twisted, or, as it is technically
+ termed, "thrown;" that is to say, it is not two threads twisted one
+ over the other, but the single filament itself is twisted so as to
+ render it firmer; this is termed "singles." The next process is termed
+ "tram." This is two threads loosely twisted together. This usually
+ constitutes the "weft" silk, which is thrown by the shuttle across the
+ long threads, or "warp," of the piece-silk.
+
+
+1887. Organzine.
+
+ Organzine, or hard silk, generally constitutes the "warp," or length
+ of the silk. This is made by first twisting each individual thread of
+ silk, and then two or more of the threads are twisted together by the
+ "throwing" mill (throw one thread over the other). In this state it
+ must be boiled, to discharge the gum which renders the silk hard to
+ the touch, and unfit to receive the dye. It is now boiled in soap and
+ water for four hours, and then boiled in clear water to discharge the
+ soap; after which it is glossy, soft, and fit for wearing.
+
+
+1888. Filoselle Silk.
+
+ Filoselle silk was formerly a "spun silk," and the product chiefly of
+ the silkworm, which naturally eats its way through its cocoon. It is
+ only comparatively of late years that this silk has been used. The
+ short filaments are spun in the same way that cotton and wool are
+ spun, and is afterwards woven. A great deal of this silk is used for
+ stockings and socks, and for weaving in with wool-fabrics, but there
+ is also another kind of Filoselle used in needlework. This is
+ two-thread silk, or "tram." Eight or ten of these slightly twisted
+ threads form a strand of silk, so that, according to the purpose
+ required, one, two, or more threads of it can be used for embroidery.
+ This is glossy as satin.
+
+
+1889. Floss Silk.
+
+ Floss silk consists of several filaments of untwisted silk sufficient
+ to make a strand of silk. It is used for working on the surface of
+ wool stitches to heighten the effect and give brilliancy.
+
+
+1890. Tusseh Silk.
+
+ Tusseh silk or, as some term it, "Tussore," is spun from the silk of
+ the perforated cocoon of the tusseh-moth. This silk is seldom dyed,
+ being the natural colour of the cocoon, which cannot be satisfactorily
+ extracted; nor will it absorb dye perfectly.
+
+
+1891. Embroidery Silk.
+
+ Embroidery silk is bright and lustrous, and composed of two rather
+ loosely twisted large threads. _Sadler's Silk_ and _Purse-Silk_ have
+ three threads. _Sewing Silk_ has two. _Tailor's Twist_ three threads.
+
+
+1892. Chenille.
+
+ Chenille is of two kinds. _Chenille à broder_ (the finest sort), and
+ _chenille ordinaire,_ which is stiff, and about the thickness of a
+ quill: both are round. The extreme richness of the appearance of
+ chenille makes it suitable for any work requiring great brilliancy; as
+ the plumage of birds, some flowers, and arabesques. Silk canvas is
+ much embroidered with chenille, but is extremely expensive, and very
+ soon injured by dust. It should only be employed for articles intended
+ to be glazed, such as pole-screens, the tops of work-boxes, and
+ screens.
+
+
+1893. Arrasene.
+
+ Arrasene is a perfectly flat silk-chenille--and is used for
+ embroidery on all descriptions of material.
+
+
+1894. Braids.
+
+ Braids are of various kinds. Russian silk braids are generally
+ employed for dresses, slippers, &c.; but for many of these purposes
+ the new Albert braid recently manufactured in England is much richer
+ and far more effective. Russian silk braid is generally narrow, and
+ the plait is of that kind which is termed Grecian--all the strands
+ going from the edge to the centre. In French braid, on the contrary,
+ the plait of every two strands over each other. French braid, in
+ silk, is very little used in this country. Slippers and other small
+ articles worked in braid have the effect greatly improved by laying a
+ gold thread on one or both sides of the braid.
+
+
+1895. Victoria, Adelaide, or Coronation Braid.
+
+ Victoria, Adelaide, or Coronation braid (for the same article has
+ been called by all these various names), is a cotton braid, which,
+ when laid on net or muslin, looks something like satin-stitch. It is
+ composed of thick and thin parts alternately, and is made in only two
+ sizes.
+
+
+1896. Albert Braid.
+
+ Albert braid is a sort of silk cord, made in many beautiful colours.
+ It is intended for either application, in braiding, and being
+ _raised,_ looks extremely well, with very small outlay of time or
+ money.
+
+
+1897. Gold and Silver Braids.
+
+ Gold and silver braids are often used in Mosaic work, and for
+ slippers, blotting-cases, &c. The Mosaic braid, which is comparatively
+ cheap, is generally used.
+
+
+1898. Stitches.
+
+ Various stitches are used in embroidery with crewels and silk.
+
+
+1899. Stem Stitch.
+
+ Stem stitch, also Crewel stitch, is that used for stems and for
+ ordinary filling-in of flowers and arabesques. Instead of working from
+ right to left, the stitches are smoother if worked from left to right.
+ In stems a long stitch is made, and then a second halfway the length
+ of the first, and half-way beyond it, till a stem is formed; and to
+ complete it work from right to left, placing the needle under a stitch
+ of the stem, not of the material, and so work back upon the top of the
+ previous stitches. In the stem first worked only the tiniest piece of
+ the material is taken up on the needle, so that the wool or silk is
+ all on the surface.
+
+
+1900. Stem Stitch in Flowers, &c.
+
+ In flowers and arabesques the stem-stitch is worked straight, but each
+ stitch differing in length from the other, so as to make the wool
+ smooth. Commence the work at the lowest part of the petals, and work
+ upwards to the edge.
+
+
+1901. Split Stem Stitch.
+
+ Having worked one stitch, in making the second split the first stitch
+ in the centre with the needle. In the stitch, the thread is continued
+ under the material.
+
+
+1902. Couching.
+
+ Couching is a laying down on the outline of the design, a thick strand
+ of filoselle, or cord or wool or silk of any kind, and then
+ over-stitching it down with a fine silk of the same, or a contrasting
+ colour.
+
+
+1903. Basket-work Stitch and Diaper Stitch.
+
+ These are done with gold, silver, or silk cords, stitched on the
+ material in patterns, with silk of another, or of the same colour. The
+ cords are just passed through the back of the work to its surface;
+ either one, two, or three at a time are held in place by the left
+ hand, the over-stitching being done by the right hand.
+
+
+1904. Canvas for Cross-stitch Work.
+
+
+ The Penelope is now universally used where the ground is filled in.
+ Formerly it resembled the silk canvas now used where no grounding is
+ required, but by accident a manufacturer observing some cross-stitch
+ work unpicked, took the hint, and the result was the "Penelope
+ canvas," of which there are different degrees of fineness, determined
+ by the number of double-crossed threads that may fill the space of one
+ inch.
+
+
+1905. Elephant Penelope Canvas.
+
+ Elephant Penelope Canvas is extremely coarse--fitted for working rugs
+ and eight or twelve thread wools.
+
+
+1906. Silk Canvas.
+
+ Silk canvas requires no grounding; it is made of a cotton thread
+ overcast with silk, and resembles coarse even-threaded cheese cloths,
+ but is silky.
+
+
+1907. Mode of doing Canvas Work.
+
+ This is always done by the thread,--particular care should in all
+ cases be taken that the size of the various materials is properly
+ proportioned. Placing the canvas in a frame, technically termed
+ _dressing the frame_, is an operation which requires considerable
+ care. The frame itself, especially for a large piece of work, should
+ be substantially made; otherwise the stress upon it will be apt to
+ warp it, and drag the canvas. If this occurs to any extent, the injury
+ can never be repaired.
+
+
+1908. To Frame Canvas.
+
+ After herringboning the raw edges of the canvas, sew them, _by_ the
+ thread, to the webbing of the frame,--that is, to the top and bottom.
+ Then stretch the ends till the canvas is extended to its utmost
+ length, put in the pegs, and brace the sides with fine twine. If the
+ canvas is too long for the frame, and any part has to be rolled over
+ the end, let the wood be first covered with a few thicknesses of
+ silver paper.
+
+
+1909. Design on Cloth.
+
+ Sometimes, to save the trouble of grounding, a design is worked on
+ cloth, over which canvas is laid. Whenever this is the case, the cloth
+ must be carefully damped, to remove the gloss, before it is put into
+ the frame. Then, as cloth will always stretch much more than canvas,
+ it must be cut a little smaller both ways. The raw edges of the cloth
+ should be turned in, and tacked to the canvas before they are framed.
+ Some people withdraw the threads of canvas after the work is done; but
+ it has a much richer effect if the threads of canvas are cut close to
+ the outer stitches; and if there are any small spaces in the pattern,
+ where the ground should be seen, they may be worked in wool of the
+ colour of the ground.
+
+
+1910. Stretching Work.
+
+ Should a piece of work be a little drawn when taken out of the frame,
+ damp the back well with a clean sponge, and stretch it again in the
+ frame in the opposite direction. Whenever Berlin-work is done on any
+ solid thick material, as cloth, velvet, &c., a needle should be used
+ with an eye sufficiently large to form a passage for this wool. This
+ prevents the latter from being crushed and impoverished as it passes
+ through.
+
+
+1911. Stitches in Canvas Work.
+
+ There are five kinds of stitch used in canvas work--_Cross Stitch,
+ Tent Stitch, Tapestry Stitch, German Stitch, and Irish Stitch_.
+
+
+1912. Cross Stitch.
+
+ Cross stitch is generally known. The needle is brought up in one pole
+ of the canvas and down on another, two threads higher and more to the
+ right. The slanting thread is then crossed in the opposite direction.
+ A cross-stitch covers two threads in each direction.
+
+
+1913. Tent Stitch.
+
+ Tent stitch occupies one-fourth the space of cross-stitch. It is taken
+ from one hole to the next above, and on the right hand side of a
+ previous stitch.
+
+
+ [EVERY ONE BASTETH THE FAT HOG, WHILE THE LEAN ONE BURNETH.]
+
+
+1914. Tapestry Stitch.
+
+ Tapestry stitch crosses two threads of the canvas in the length, and
+ one in the width. It is sometimes called Gobelin stitch, because it
+ resembles somewhat the Gobelin tapestry. It is not suited for coarse
+ canvas, and, in working from a Berlin pattern, _two_ straight stitches
+ must be counted as one square cross stitch.
+
+
+1915. German Stitch.
+
+ German stitch is worked diagonally, and consists of the first part of
+ a cross stitch, and a tent stitch alternately worked.
+
+
+1916. Irish Stitch.
+
+ Irish stitch is worked parallel with the selvedges of the canvas. None
+ of the stitches cross the threads in the _width_. In the first row,
+ take the thread alternately over four and two threads; in all future
+ rows take the stitches over four threads,--which, as they rise--first
+ from the long and then from the short stitch, will produce the same
+ appearance in others.
+
+
+1917. Handling Wool.
+
+ With regard to wools, they should never be wound, as the least
+ handling crushes the pile and spoils them. Chenille needs still more
+ careful handling.
+
+
+1918. Stiffening Work.
+
+ To stiffen large pieces of work, wet the wrong side thoroughly with
+ gum water or gum tragacanth, and dry it before a fire (the wet side
+ nearest the fire), before removing it from the frame.
+
+
+1919. Beads in Canvas Work.
+
+ Beads in canvas work have the treble merit of being at once brilliant,
+ durable, and attractive.
+
+
+1920. Tapestry Painting.
+
+ Tapestry painting is an imitation of the famed Gobelin tapestry, which
+ is hand-woven over fine cord. The imitation is painted on a
+ machine-woven rep canvas: the term rep is a corruption of the Saxon
+ term _wrepp_, or _rape_, a cord, Dutch _roop_, from which we get the
+ word rope. In the Gobelins the shading of the different tints of wool
+ that form a picture, or other designs, are put in by hand work, or
+ shuttles moved by the hand, and on the wrong side of the picture, and
+ the threads of wool, the weft run longitudinally, not horizontally, so
+ that when the design is finished the picture is turned horizontally,
+ and is complete. In Tapestry Painting the _rep_ of the canvas is from
+ right to left (horizontal), and this is then painted over and forms a
+ picture in imitation of the Gobelin tapestry. The latter is so named
+ after its French inventor, Giles Gobelin, about 1520. He was a famous
+ dyer who discovered the celebrated Gobelin's scarlet dye. The house in
+ which he lived was purchased by Louis XIV for a manufactory of
+ tapestry for adorning palaces, the designs for which were drawn by Le
+ Brun, a celebrated French painter, about 1666. Her Majesty Queen
+ Victoria has recently caused to be established at Windsor, an
+ establishment where the art of making "Gobelin Tapestry" is
+ successfully taught.
+
+
+1921. Tapestry of Auxerre.
+
+ This town, in the northern part of the province of Burgundy, was once
+ famous for its tapestry of a peculiar make. The design was handwoven
+ in small patches of colour, and then was sewed together at the back to
+ form the picture. Tapestry painting in blocks or masses of a single
+ colour successfully imitate this tapestry, only that where the joining
+ is of the real Auxerre tapestry is in tapestry painting marked by a
+ black outline.
+
+
+1922. Terra Cotta Painting.
+
+ Terra Cotta is an Italian term for "burnt-earth." Bricks are a coarse
+ kind of terra cotta. The new building erected at Kensington for the
+ reception of valuable remains and subjects of natural history, is
+ built entirely of terra cotta slabs. Terra Cotta vases of the early
+ and late Etruscan period, such as those in the British Museum, are
+ priceless. These are painted in various designs, and burnt in. The
+ Doulton Ware is a close, if not exact, representation of these
+ matchless specimens. Terra Cotta painting is simply vases and plates
+ of red terra cotta, painted in Greek designs with ordinary black
+ paint, and then varnished, or plates painted with a similar medium, in
+ flowers of various colours. These last, of course, are no imitations
+ of the antique.
+
+
+ [TIME AND TIDE TARRY FOR NO MAN.]
+
+
+1923. Lustra Painting.
+
+ Lustra painting is a recent invention that so much resembles silk
+ embroidery as to be mistaken for it. The outline of a design is
+ sketched either on Roman satin or any smooth fabric, and then bronze
+ powders of different colours are rubbed in with a preparation which is
+ a trade secret. The leaves and stems are outlined in silk, this
+ rendering the imitations more complete.
+
+
+1924. Hints upon Etiquette. [1]
+
+ [Footnote 1: See "Etiquette and Social Ethics." 1s. London: Houlston
+ and Sons]
+
+
+1925. Introduction to Society.
+
+ Avoid all extravagance and mannerism, and be not over-timid at the
+ outset. Be discreet and sparing of your words. Awkwardness is a great
+ misfortune, but it is not an unpardonable fault. To deserve the
+ reputation of moving in good society, something more is requisite than
+ the avoidance of blunt rudeness. Strictly keep to your engagements.
+ Punctuality is the essence of politeness.
+
+
+1926. The Toilet.
+
+ Too much attention cannot be paid to the arrangements of the toilet. A
+ man is often judged by his appearance, and seldom incorrectly. A neat
+ exterior, equally free from extravagance and poverty, almost always
+ proclaims a right-minded man. To dress appropriately, and with good
+ taste, is to respect yourself and others. A gentleman walking, should
+ always wear gloves, this being one of the characteristics of good
+ breeding. Fine linen, and a good hat, gloves, and boots, are evidences
+ of the highest taste in dress.
+
+
+1927. Visiting Dress.
+
+ A black coat and trousers are indispensable for a dinner, or a ball.
+ Either a white or black waistcoat is proper on such occasions. Morning
+ dress is sufficient for an ordinary visit of ceremony.
+
+
+1938. Officers' Dress.
+
+ Upon public and state occasions all officers should appear in uniform.
+
+
+1929. Ladies' Dress.
+
+ Ladies' dresses should be chosen so as to produce an agreeable
+ harmony. Never put on a dark-coloured bonnet with a light spring
+ costume. Avoid uniting colours which will suggest an epigram; such as
+ a straw-coloured dress with a green bonnet.
+
+
+1930. Arrangement of the Hair.
+
+ The arrangement of the hair is most important. Bands are becoming to
+ faces of a Grecian caste. Ringlets better suit lively and expressive
+ heads. Avoid the extremes of fashion, whatever the fashion may be,
+ especially those fashions which tend to spoil the hair and render it
+ unfitted for plainer styles.
+
+
+1931. Excess of Lace and Flowers.
+
+ Whatever be your style of face, avoid an excess of lace, and let
+ flowers be few and choice.
+
+
+1932. Appropriateness of Ornaments.
+
+ In a married woman a richer style of ornament is admissible. Costly
+ elegance for her--for a young girl, a style of modern simplicity.
+
+
+1933. Simplicity and Grace.
+
+ The most elegant dress loses its character if it is not worn with
+ grace. Young girls have often an air of constraint, and their dress
+ seems to partake of their want of ease. In speaking of her toilet, a
+ women should not convey the idea that her whole skill consists in
+ adjusting tastefully some trifling ornaments. A simple style of dress
+ is an indication of modesty.
+
+
+1934. Cleanliness.
+
+ The hands should receive special attention. They are the outward signs
+ of general cleanliness. The same may be said of the face, the neck,
+ the ears, and the teeth. The cleanliness of the system generally, and
+ of bodily apparel, pertains to Health, and is treated of under this
+ head.
+
+
+1935. The Handkerchief.
+
+ There is considerable art in using this accessory of dress and
+ comfort. Avoid extreme patterns, styles, and colours.
+
+ Never be without a handkerchief. Hold it freely in the hand, and do
+ not roll it into a ball. Hold it by the centre, and let the corners
+ form a fan-like expansion. Avoid using it too much. With some persons
+ the habit becomes troublesome and unpleasant.
+
+
+ [PUNCTUALITY BEGETS CONFIDENCE.]
+
+
+1936. Visits and Presentations.
+
+ i. Friendly calls should be made in the forenoon, and require
+ neatness, without costliness of dress.
+
+ ii. Calls to give invitations to dinner-parties, or balls, should be
+ very short, and should be paid in the afternoon.
+
+ iii. Visits of condolence require a grave style of dress.
+
+ iv. A formal visit should never be made before noon. If a second
+ visitor is announced, it will be proper for you to retire, unless
+ you are very intimate both with the host and the visitor announced;
+ unless, indeed, the host expresses a wish for you to remain.
+
+ v. Visits after balls or parties should be made within a month.
+
+ vi. In the latter, it is customary to enclose your card in an
+ envelope, bearing the address outside. This may be sent by post, if
+ you reside at a distance.
+
+ vii. But, if living in the neighbourhood, it is polite to send your
+ servant, or to call in person. In the latter case a corner should be
+ turned down.
+
+ viii. Scrape your shoes and use the mat. Never appear in a
+ drawing-room with mud on your boots.
+
+ ix. When a new visitor enters a drawing-room, if it be a gentleman,
+ the ladies bow slightly, if a lady, the guests rise.
+
+ x. Hold your hat in your hand, unless requested to put it down. Then
+ lay it beside you.
+
+ xi. The last arrival in a drawing-room takes a seat left vacant near
+ the mistress of the house.
+
+ xii. A lady is not required to rise to receive a gentleman, nor to
+ accompany him to the door.
+
+ xiii. When your visitor retires, ring the bell for the servant. You
+ may then accompany your guest as far towards the door as the
+ circumstances of your friendship seem to demand.
+
+ xiv. Request the servant, during the visits of guests, to attend to
+ the door the moment the bell rings.
+
+ xv. When you introduce a person, pronounce the name distinctly, and
+ say whatever you can to make the introduction agreeable. Such as "an
+ old and valued friend," a "schoolfellow of mine," "an old
+ acquaintance of our family."
+
+ xvi. Never stare about you in a room as if you were taking stock of
+ those who are present.
+
+ xvii. The gloves should not be removed during a visit.
+
+ xviii. Be hearty in your reception of guests; and where you see much
+ diffidence, assist the stranger to throw it off.
+
+ xix. A lady does not put her address on her visiting card.
+
+
+1937. Balls and Evening Parties.
+
+ i. An invitation to a ball should be given _at least_ a week
+ beforehand.
+
+ ii. Upon entering, first address the lady of the house; and after
+ her, the nearest acquaintances you may recognise in the room.
+
+ iii. If you introduce a friend, make him acquainted with the names
+ of the chief persons present. But first present him to the lady of
+ the house, and to the host.
+
+ iv. Appear in full dress.
+
+ v. Always wear gloves.
+
+ vi. Do not wear rings on the outside of your gloves.
+
+ vii. Avoid an excess of jewellery.
+
+ viii. Do not select the same partner frequently.
+
+ ix. Distribute your attentions as much as possible.
+
+ x. Pay respectful attention to elderly persons.
+
+ xi. Be cordial when serving refreshments, but not importunate.
+
+ xii. If there are more dancers than the room will accommodate, do
+ not join in every dance.
+
+ xiii. In leaving a large party it is unnecessary to bid farewell,
+ and improper to do so before the guests.
+
+ xiv. In balls and large parties there should be a table for cards,
+ and two packs of cards placed upon each table.
+
+ xv. Chess and all unsociable games should be avoided.
+
+ xvi. Although many persons do not like to play at cards except for a
+ stake, the stakes agreed to at parties should be very trifling, so
+ as not to create excitement or discussion.
+
+ xvii. The host and hostess should look after their guests, and not
+ confine their attentions. They should, in fact, attend chiefly to
+ those who are the least known in the room.
+
+ xviii. Avoid political and religious discussions. If you have a
+ hobby, keep it to yourself.
+
+ xix. After dancing, conduct your partner to a seat.
+
+ xx. Resign her as soon as her next partner advances.
+
+ (_For the Figures of Dances, see pars._ 139-159.--_See_ HINTS UPON
+ ETIQUETTE, _par_ 2024.)
+
+
+1938. Marriage Arrangements.
+
+
+1939. Special Licences.
+
+ Special licences are dispensations from the ordinary rule, under which
+ marriages can only take place canonically in the parish church, or
+ other places duly licensed for that purpose. They can only be obtained
+ from the Metropolitan or archbishop of the province, and often with no
+ small difficulty, not being readily granted; and when obtained the
+ fees are about £50.
+
+
+1940. Common Licences.
+
+ Common Licences enable persons of full age, or minors with consent of
+ parents or guardians, to be married in the church of the parish in
+ which one of them has resided for three weeks. They are procured from
+ Doctors' Commons, or from any surrogate, at the cost of about £2 10s.
+
+
+1941. Banns.
+
+ Banns must be published _three times_ in the parish church, in _each
+ place_ where the persons concerned reside. The clerk is applied to on
+ such occasions; his fee varies from 1s. 6d. upwards. When the marriage
+ ceremony is over, the parties repair to the vestry, and enter their
+ names in the parish registry. The registry is signed by the clergyman
+ and the witnesses present, and a certificate of the registry is given
+ to the bridegroom if desired. The charge for a certificate of marriage
+ is 2s. 7d., including the penny stamp on the documents, as by law
+ required, and the clergyman's fee varies according to circumstances.
+ The clerk will at all times give information thereupon; and it is best
+ for a friend of the bridegroom to attend to the pecuniary arrangements.
+
+
+1942. Marriage by Registration.
+
+ An Act was passed in the reign of William the Fourth, by which it was
+ rendered legal for persons wishing to be married by a civil ceremony,
+ to give notice of their intention to the Registrar of Marriages in
+ their district or districts. Three weeks' notice is necessary, to give
+ which the parties call, separately or together, at the office of the
+ registrar, who enters the names in a book. When the time of notice
+ has expired, it is only necessary to give the registrar an intimation,
+ on the previous day, of your intention to attend at his office on the
+ next day, and complete the registration. The ceremony consists of
+ merely answering a few questions, and making the declaration that you
+ take each other to live as husband and wife. The fee amounts only to
+ a few shillings, and in this form no wedding ring is required, though
+ it is usually placed on the ring-finger of the bride's left hand, in
+ the presence of the persons assembled. The married couple receive a
+ certificate of marriage, which is in every respect lawful.
+
+
+ [ONE TO-DAY IS WORTH TWO TO-MORROW.]
+
+
+1943. Wedding Dress.
+
+ It is impossible to lay down specific rules for dress, as fashions
+ change, and tastes differ. The great art consists in selecting the
+ style of dress most becoming to the person. A stout person should
+ adopt a different style from a thin person; a taLl one from a short
+ one. Peculiarities of complexion, and form of face and figure, should
+ be duly regarded; and in these matters there is no better course than
+ to call in the aid of any respectable milliner and dressmaker, who
+ will be found ready and able to give the best advice. The bridegroom
+ should simply appear in morning dress, and should avoid everything
+ eccentric and conspicuous in style. The bridesmaids should always be
+ made aware of the bride's dress before they choose their own, which
+ should be determined by a proper harmony with the former.
+
+
+1944. The Order of Going to Church.
+
+ The order of going to church is as follows:--The BRIDE, accompanied by
+ her _father_, occupies the _last carriage_. The father hands out the
+ bride, and leads her direct to the altar, round which those who have
+ been invited have already grouped themselves, leaving room for the
+ father, the bride, and the bridesmaids, who usually await the bride's
+ coming at the entrance to the church, or at the bottom of the chancel,
+ and follow her to the communion rails.
+
+
+1945. The Bridegroom.
+
+ The Bridegroom, who has made his way to the church, accompanied by his
+ "best man," or principal groomsman--an intimate friend or
+ brother--should be waiting at the communion rails to receive his
+ future wife on her arrival. He and she then stand facing the altar, he
+ being on the right of the bride, and the father or the gentleman who
+ is to "give away" the bride, on the left.
+
+
+1946. The Chief Bridesmaid.
+
+ The Chief Bridesmaid occupies a place immediately behind the _bride_,
+ to hold her gloves and handkerchief, and flowers; her _companions_
+ range themselves close to, and slightly in the rear of the principal
+ bridesmaid. If any difficulties occur from forgetfulness, or want of
+ knowledge, the woman who is usually in attendance at the church can
+ set everything right.
+
+
+1947. Important Details.
+
+ Remember to take the License and the Ring with you.--The fee to a
+ clergyman is according to the rank and fortune of the bridegroom; the
+ clerk if there be one, expects _five shillings_, and a trifle should
+ be given to the pew opener, and other officials of the church. There
+ is a fixed scale of fees at every church, to which the parties married
+ can add if they please.
+
+
+1948. Afterwards.
+
+ When the Ceremony is concluded, _the bride, taking the bridegroom's
+ arm, goes into the vestry, the others following_; signatures are then
+ affixed, and a registration made, after which the married pair enter
+ their carriage, and proceed to the breakfast, everyone else following.
+
+
+1949. The Order of Return.
+
+ The order of return from Church differs from the above only in the
+ fact that the bride and bridegroom now ride together in the first
+ carriage, the bride being on his left. The bridesmaids and other
+ guests find their way home in the remaining carriages, but to prevent
+ confusion some preconcerted arrangement is desirable.
+
+
+1950. The Wedding Breakfast.
+
+ The Wedding Breakfast having been already prepared, the wedding party
+ return thereto. If a large party, the bride and bridegroom occupy
+ seats in the centre of the long table, and the two extremities should
+ be presided over by the father and mother of the bride, or, failing
+ these, by elderly relatives, if possible one from each family.
+ Everyone should endeavour to make the occasion as happy as possible.
+ One of the senior members of either the bride or bridegroom's family
+ should, sometime before the breakfast has terminated, rise, and in a
+ brief but graceful manner, propose the "Health and happiness of the
+ wedded pair." It is much better to drink their healths together than
+ separately; and, after a brief interval, the bridegroom should return
+ thanks, which he may do without hesitation, since no one looks for a
+ speech upon such an occasion. A few words, feelingly expressed, are
+ all that is required. The breakfast generally concludes with the
+ departure of the happy pair upon their wedding tour.
+
+
+ [AN HOUR IN THE MORNING IS WORTH TWO AT NIGHT.]
+
+
+1951. Cards.
+
+ A newly married couple send out cards immediately after the ceremony
+ to their friends and acquaintance, who, on their part, return either
+ notes or cards of congratulation on the event. As soon as the lady is
+ settled in her new home, she may expect the calls of her acquaintance;
+ for which it is not absolutely necessary to remain at home, although
+ politeness requires that they should be returned as soon as possible.
+ But, having performed this, any further intercourse may be avoided
+ (where it is deemed necessary) by a polite refusal of invitations.
+ Where cards are to be left, the number must be determined according to
+ the various members of which the family called upon is composed. For
+ instance, where there are the mother, aunt, and daughters (the latter
+ having been introduced to society), three cards should be left.
+ Recently, the custom of sending cards has been in a great measure
+ discontinued, and instead of this, the words "No cards" are appended
+ to the ordinary newspaper advertisement, and the announcement of the
+ marriage, with this addition, is considered all sufficient.
+
+
+1952. Reception.
+
+ When the married pair have returned, and the day of reception arrives,
+ wedding cake and wine are handed round, of which every one partakes,
+ and each expresses some kindly wish for the newly married couple. The
+ bride ought not to receive visitors without a mother, or sister, or
+ some friend being present, not even if her husband be at home.
+ Gentlemen who are in professions, or have Government appointments,
+ cannot always await the arrival of visitors; when such is the case,
+ some old friend of the family should represent him, and proffer an
+ apology for his absence.
+
+
+1953. The Wedding Tour.
+
+ The Wedding Tour must depend upon the tastes and circumstances of the
+ married couple. Home-loving Englishmen and women may find much to
+ admire and enjoy without ranging abroad. Those whose time is somewhat
+ restricted should visit some spot which may be reached without
+ difficulty. Cornwall and Devonshire, the Isle of Wight, &c., are each
+ delightful to the tourist; and the former is now accessible by railway
+ as far as the Land's End. The scenery of the North of Devon, and of
+ both coasts of Cornwall, is especially beautiful. North Wales offers a
+ delightful excursion; the lakes of Westmoreland and Cumberland; the
+ lakes of Killarney, in Ireland; also the magnificent scenery of the
+ Scottish lakes and mountains. To those who wish for a wider range,
+ France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Rhine offer charms which cannot
+ be surpassed.
+
+
+1954. Wedding Cakes.
+
+ Four pounds of fine flour, well dried; four pounds of fresh butter;
+ two pounds of loaf sugar; a quarter of a pound of mace, pounded and
+ sifted fine; the same of nutmegs. To every pound of flour add eight
+ eggs; wash four pounds of currants, let them be well picked and dried
+ before the fire; blanch a pound of sweet almonds, and cut them
+ lengthwise very thin; a pound of citron; one pound of candied orange;
+ the same of candied lemon; half a pint of brandy. When these are made
+ ready, work the butter with your hand to a cream; then beat in the
+ sugar a quarter of an hour; beat the whites of the eggs to a very
+ strong froth; mix them with the sugar and butter; beat the yolks half
+ an hour at least, and mix them with the cake; then put in the flour,
+ mace, and nutmeg, keep beating it well till your oven is ready--pour
+ in the brandy, and beat the currants and almonds lightly in. Tie three
+ sheets of white paper round the bottom of your hoop to keep it from
+ running out; rub it well with butter, put in your cake; lay the
+ sweetmeats in layers; with cake between each layer; and after it is
+ risen and coloured cover it with paper before your oven is stopped up.
+ It will require three hours to bake properly.
+
+
+ [MORNING FOR WORK, EVENING FOR CONTEMPLATION.]
+
+
+1955. Almond Icing for Wedding Cake.
+
+ Beat the whites of three eggs to a strong froth, pulp a pound of
+ Jordan almonds very fine with rose water, mix them, with the eggs,
+ lightly together; put in by degrees a pound of common loaf sugar in
+ powder. When the cake is baked enough, take it out, and lay on the
+ icing; then put it in to brown.
+
+
+1956. Sugar Icing for Wedding Cake.
+
+ Beat two pounds of double refined sugar with two ounces of fine
+ starch, sift the whole through a gauze sieve, then beat the whites of
+ five eggs with a knife upon a pewter dish for half an hour; beat in
+ the sugar a little at a time, or it will make the eggs fall, and
+ injure the colour; when all the sugar is put in, beat it half an hour
+ longer, and then lay on your almond icing, spreading it even with a
+ knife. If put on as soon as the cake comes out of the oven, it will
+ harden by the time the cake is cold.
+
+
+1957. Marriages of Dissenters.
+
+ Marriages of Dissenters may be solemnized at any place of worship duly
+ licensed, and in accordance with the forms of their worship. In some
+ cases, the service of the Church of England is read, with slight
+ additions or modifications. The clerk of the place of worship should
+ be applied to for information.
+
+
+1958. Christenings.
+
+ Christenings may be performed either in accordance with the rites of
+ the Established Church, or of dissenting congregations; the time of
+ birth, and the name of every child, must also be registered. The fees
+ paid for christening vary with a variety of circumstances. Particulars
+ should in each case be obtained of the clerk of the place of worship.
+ It is usual to make a christening the occasion of festivity; but not
+ in such a manner as to require special remark. The parents and
+ god-parents of the child appear at church at the appointed hour. The
+ child is carried by the nurse. The dress of the parties attending a
+ christening should be what may be termed demi-costume, or
+ half-costume; but the infant should be robed in the choicest manner
+ that the circumstances will allow. It is usual for the sponsors to
+ present the child with a gift to be preserved for its future years.
+ Silver spoons, a silver knife and fork, a clasp-bible, a silver cup,
+ and other such articles, are usually chosen. It is usual, also, to
+ give a trifling present to the nurse.
+
+
+1959. Registration of Births.
+
+ The law of registration requires the parents, or occupiers of houses
+ in which the births happen, to register such birth at the registrar's
+ office within _six weeks_ after the date thereof. For registration,
+ within the time specified, _no charge is made_. But after the
+ expiration of the forty-second day from the birth, a fee of _seven
+ shillings and sixpence_ must be paid. After the expiration of six
+ months from the date of the birth, no registration is allowed. It is
+ therefore most important, as soon as possible after the birth of a
+ child, for the father or mother, or in default of either, the occupier
+ of the house in which to his knowledge the child is born, or any one
+ who may have been present at the birth, to go to the office of the
+ registrar of the district, and communicate the following particulars:
+
+ 1. Date when born.
+ 2. Name of the child.
+ 3. Boy or girl.
+ 4. Name of the father.
+ 5. Name and maiden name of the mother.
+ 6. Rank or profession of the father.
+ 7. Signature, description, and residence of the person giving the
+ information.
+ 8 Date of the registration.
+
+
+1960. Baptismal Name.
+
+ If any child born in England, whose birth has been registered, shall,
+ within six months of such registration, have any name given to it in
+ baptism other than that originally registered, such baptismal name may
+ be added to the previous registration, if, within seven days of such
+ baptism, application be made to the registrar by whom the child was
+ originally registered. For this purpose a certificate of the baptism
+ must be procured of the clergyman, for which a fee of 2s. 7d.
+ (including stamp) must he paid. This certificate must he taken to the
+ registrar, who will charge another fee of _one shilling_ for adding
+ the baptisinal name to the original registration.
+
+
+ [FRUGALITY PROVES AN EASY CHAIR FOR OLD AGE.]
+
+
+1961. Choice of Names.
+
+ To choose names for children, parents should consult the list of names
+ in _pars._ 971, 972.
+
+
+1962. Children born at Sea.
+
+ If any child of an English parent shall be born at sea on board a
+ British vessel, the captain or commanding officer shall make a minute
+ of the particulars touching the birth of the child, and shall, on the
+ arrival of the vessel at any part of the kingdom, or sooner, by any
+ other opportunity, send a certificate of the birth through the
+ post-office (_for which no postage will be charged_), to the Registrar
+ General, General Registrar Office, London.
+
+
+1963. Funerals and Registration of Deaths.
+
+ It is always best to place the direction of a funeral under a
+ respectable undertaker, with the precaution of obtaining his estimate
+ for the expenses, and limiting him to them. He can best advise upon
+ the observances to be attended to, since the style of funerals differs
+ with the station of the deceased's family, and is further modified by
+ the customs of particular localities, and even by religious views.
+
+
+1964. Registration of Deaths.
+
+ The father or mother of any child that dies, or the occupier of a
+ house in which any person may die, must, within _five days_ after such
+ death, give notice to the registrar of the district. Some person
+ present at the death should at the same time attend and give to the
+ registrar an account of the circumstances or cause of the death, to
+ the best of his or her knowledge or belief. Such person must sign his
+ or her name, and give the place of abode at which he or she resides.
+ The following are the particulars required:
+
+ 1. Date of Death.
+ 2. Name in full.
+ 3. Sex and age.
+ 4. Rank or profession.
+ 5. Cause of death.
+ 6. Signature, description, and residence of the person giving the
+ information.
+ 7. Date of the registration.
+
+ A certificate of the cause of death must be obtained from the medical
+ man in attendance, who is required to state when he last saw the
+ patient.
+
+
+1965. Persons dying at Sea.
+
+ The commander of any British vessel, on board of which a death occurs
+ at sea, must act the same as in a case of birth.
+
+
+1966. Certificates of Death.
+
+ Every registrar must deliver to the undertaker, _without fee_, a
+ certificate of the death, which certificate shall be delivered to the
+ officiating minister. No dead body can be buried without such
+ certificate, under a penalty of £10.
+
+
+1967. Observances of Deaths and Funerals.
+
+ It is usual, when a death takes place, to communicate it immediately,
+ upon mourning note-paper, to the principal members of the family, and
+ to request them to notify the same to the more remote relatives in
+ their circle. A subsequent note should state the day and hour at which
+ the funeral is fixed to take place.
+
+
+1968. Special Invitations.
+
+ Special invitations to funerals are not considered requisite to be
+ sent to near relatives; but to friends and acquaintances such
+ invitations should be sent.
+
+
+1969. Gloves.
+
+ Most persons who attend funerals will provide themselves with gloves;
+ but it is well to have a dozen pairs, of assorted sizes, provided in
+ case of accident. An arrangement can be made for those not used to be
+ returned.
+
+
+1970. Hatbands and Cloaks.
+
+ Hatbands and Cloaks will be provided by the undertaker.
+
+
+1971. Mourning.
+
+ The dressmaker will advise upon the "degree" of mourning to be worn,
+ which must be modified according to the age of the deceased, and the
+ relationship of the mourner. The undertaker will advise respecting the
+ degree of mourning to be displayed upon the carriages, horses, &c.
+
+
+[WE INCREASE OUR WEALTH WHEN WE LESSEN OUR DESIRES.]
+
+
+1972. Going to the Funeral.
+
+ In going to the Funeral the nearest relatives of the deceased occupy
+ the carriages nearest the hearse. The same order prevails in
+ returning. Only the relatives and most intimate friends of the family
+ should return to the house after the funeral; and their visit should
+ be as short as possible.
+
+
+1973. Walking Funerals.
+
+ In Walking Funerals it is considered a mark of respect for friends to
+ become pall-bearers. In the funerals of young persons, the pall should
+ be borne by their companions, wearing white gloves. It is a pretty and
+ an affecting sight to see the pall over the coffin of a young lady
+ borne by six of her female friends. Flowers may be placed, upon the
+ coffin, and strewed in and over the grave.
+
+
+1974. Societies.
+
+ As funerals in England, when conducted in ths ordinary way, with the
+ usual display of hearse, mourning carriages, and costly mourning, are
+ attended with considerable expense, societies have been formed in many
+ parishes with the view of reducing the outlay resorted to on these
+ occasions, and at a time perhaps when it would be better in many cases
+ to observe the strictest economy. The members of these societies
+ agree among themselves to do all that is possible to reduce
+ expenditure at funerals, and to render the accompaniments of the sad
+ ceremony as inexpensive as possible. Instead of going into mourning,
+ many now content themselves with wearing a simple band of cloth round
+ the left arm. This is done by women as well as by men.
+
+
+1975. Visits of Condolence.
+
+ Visits of condolence after funerals should be paid by relatives within
+ from a week to a fortnight; by friends within the second week of the
+ fortnight; friends of less intimacy should make enquiries and leave
+ cards.
+
+
+1976. Correspondence.
+
+ Correspondence with families in mourning should be upon black-edged
+ paper, if from members of the family; or upon the ordinary notepaper,
+ but sealed with black, if from friends.
+
+
+1977. Ceremonies.
+
+ All ceremonies are in themselves superficial things; yet a man of the
+ world should know them. They are the outworks of manners and decency,
+ which would be too often broken in upon, if it were not for that
+ defence which keeps the enemy at a proper distance. It is for that
+ reason we always treat fools and coxcombs with great ceremony, true
+ good-breeding not being a sufficient barrier against them.
+
+
+1978. Love's Telegraph.
+
+ If a gentleman want a wife, he wears a ring on the _first_ finger of
+ the left hand; if he be engaged, he wears it on the _second_ finger;
+ if married, on the _third_; and on the fourth if he never intends to
+ be married. When a lady is not engaged, she wears a hoop or diamond
+ on her _first_ finger; if engaged, on the _second_; if married, on the
+ _third_; and on the fourth if she intends to die unmarried. When a
+ gentleman presents a fan, flower, or trinket, to a lady with the
+ _left_ hand, this, on his part, is an overture of regard; should she
+ receive it with the _left_ hand, it is considered as an acceptance of
+ his esteem; but if with the _right_ hand, it is a refusal of the
+ offer. Thus, by a few simple tokens explained by rule, the passion of
+ love is expressed; and through the medium of the telegraph, the most
+ timid and diffident man may, without difficulty, communicate his
+ sentiments of regard to a lady, and, in case his offer should be
+ refused, avoid experiencing the mortification of an explicit refusal.
+
+
+1979. Wedding Rings.
+
+ The custom of wearing wedding rings appears to have taken its rise
+ among the Romans. Before the celebration of their nuptials, there was
+ a meeting of friends at the house of the lady's father, to settle
+ articles of the marriage contract, when it was agreed that the dowry
+ should be paid down on the wedding day or soon after. On this occasion
+ there was commonly a feast, at the conclusion of which the man gave to
+ the woman, as a pledge, a ring, which she put on the fourth finger of
+ her left hand, _because it was believed that a nerve reached thence to
+ the heart_, and a day was then named for the marriage.
+
+
+1980. Why the Wedding Ring is placed on the Fourth Finger.
+
+ "We have remarked on the vulgar error which supposes that an artery
+ runs from the fourth finger of the left hand to the heart. It is
+ said by Swinburn and others, that therefore it became the wedding
+ finger. The priesthood kept up this idea by still retaining it as
+ the wedding finger, but the custom is really associated with the
+ doctrine of the Trinity; for, in the ancient ritual of English
+ marriages, the ring was placed by the husband on the top of the
+ thumb of the left hand, with the words, 'In the name of the father;'
+ he then removed it to the forefinger, saying, 'In the name of the
+ Son;' then to the middle finger, adding, 'And of the Holy Ghost;'
+ finally, he left it as now, on the fourth finger, with the closing
+ word, 'Amen.'"
+ _The History and Poetry of Finger Rings_.
+
+
+1981. The Art of being Agreeable.
+
+ The true art of being agreeble is to appear well pleased with all the
+ company, and rather to seem well entertained with them than to bring
+ entertainment to them. A man thus disposed, perhaps may not have much
+ learning, nor any wit; but if he has common sense and something
+ friendly in his behaviour, it conciliates men's minds more than the
+ brightest parts without this disposition; and when a man of such a
+ turn comes up to old age, he is almost sure to be treated with
+ respect. It is true, indeed, that we should not dissembie and flatter
+ in company; but a man may be very agreeable, strictly, consistent with
+ truth and sincerity, by a prudent silence where he cannot concur, and
+ a pleasing assent where he can. Now and then you meet a person so
+ exactly formed to please, that he will gain upon everyone that hears
+ or beholds him: this disposition is not merely the gift of nature, but
+ frequently the effect of much knowledge of the world, and a command
+ over the passions.
+
+
+1982. Artificial Manners.
+
+ Artificial manners, and such as spring from good taste and refinement,
+ can never be mistaken, and differ as widely as gold and tinsel. How
+ captivating is gentleness of manner derived from true humility, and
+ how faint is every imitation! That suavity of manner which renders a
+ real gentlewoman courteous to all, and careful to avoid giving
+ offence, is often copied by those who merely subject themselves to
+ certain rules of etiquette: but very awkward is the copy. Warm
+ professions of regard are bestowed on those who do not expect them,
+ and the esteem which is due to merit appears to be lavished on every
+ one alike. And as true humility, blended with a right appreciation of
+ self-respect, gives a pleasing cast to the countenance, so from a
+ sincere and open disposition springs that artlessness of manner which
+ disarms all prejudice. Feeling, on the contrary, is ridiculous when
+ affected, and, even when real, should not be too openly manifested.
+ Let the manners arise from the mind, and let there be no disguise for
+ the genuine emotions of the heart.
+
+
+1983. Hints upon Personal Manners.
+
+ It is sometimes objected to books upon etiquette that they cause those
+ who consult them to act with mechanical restraint, and to show in
+ society that they are governed by arbitrary rules, rather than by an
+ intuitive perception of what is graceful and polite.
+
+
+1984. Unsound Objection.
+
+ This objection is unsound because it supposes that people who study
+ the theory of etiquette do not also exercise their powers of
+ observation in society, and obtain, by their intercourse with others,
+ that freedom and ease of deportment which society alone can impart.
+
+
+ [BETTER GO TO BED SUPPERLESS THAN RISE IN DEBT.]
+
+
+1985. Books upon Etiquette.
+
+ Books upon Etiquette are useful, inasmuch as they expound the laws of
+ polite society. Experience alone, however, can give effect to the
+ _precise_ manner in which those laws are required to be observed.
+
+
+1986. Simple Hints.
+
+ Whatever objections may be raised to the teachings of works upon
+ etiquette, there can be no sound argument against a series of simple
+ and brief hints, which shall operate as precautions against mistakes
+ in personal conduct.
+
+
+1987. No Gossip.
+
+ Avoid intermeddling with the affairs of others. This is a most common
+ fault. A number of people seldom meet but they begin discussing the
+ affairs of some one who is absent. This is not only uncharitable, but
+ positively unjust. It is equivalent to trying a _cause in the absence
+ of the person implicated_. Even in the criminal code a prisoner is
+ presumed to be innocent until he is found guilty. Society, however, is
+ less just, and passes judgment without hearing the defence. Depend
+ upon it, as a certain rule, _that the people who unite with you in
+ discussing the affairs of others will proceed to your affairs and
+ conduct in your absence_.
+
+
+1988. Consistent Principles.
+
+ Be consistent in the avowal of Principles. Do not deny to-day that
+ which you asserted yesterday. If you do, you will stultify yourself,
+ and your opinions will soon be found to have no weight. You may fancy
+ that you gain favour by subserviency; but so far from gaining favour,
+ you lose respect.
+
+
+1989. Avoid Falsehood.
+
+ Avoid falsehood. There can be found no higher virtue than the love of
+ truth. The man who deceives others must himself become the victim of
+ morbid distrust. Knowing the deceit of his own heart, and the
+ falsehood of his own tongue, his eyes must be always filled with
+ suspicion, and he must lose the greatest of all happiness--confidence
+ in those who surround him.
+
+
+1990. Elements of Manly Character.
+
+ The following elements of manly character are worthy of frequent
+ meditation:
+
+ i. To be wise in his disputes.
+
+ ii. To be a lamb in his home.
+
+ iii. To be brave in battle and great in moral courage.
+
+ iv. To be discreet in public.
+
+ v. To be a bard in his chair.
+
+ vi. To be a teacher in his household.
+
+ vii. To be a council in his nation.
+
+ viii. To be an arbitrator in his vicinity.
+
+ ix. To be a hermit in his church.
+
+ x. To be a legislator in his country.
+
+ xi. To be conscientious in his actions.
+
+ xii. To be happy in his life.
+
+ xiii. To be diligent in his calling.
+
+ xiv. To be just in his dealing.
+
+ xv. To do whatever he doeth as being done unto God, and not unto
+ men.
+
+
+1991. Good Temper.
+
+ Avoid Manifestations of Ill-temper. Reason is given for man's
+ guidance. Passion is the tempest by which reason is overthrown. Under
+ the effects of passion, man's mind becomes disordered, his face
+ disfigured, his body deformed. A moment's passion has frequently cut
+ off a life's friendship, destroyed a life's hope, embittered a life's
+ peace, and brought unending sorrow and disgrace. It is scarcely worth
+ while to enter into a comparative analysis of ill-temper and passion;
+ they are alike discreditable, alike injurious, and should stand
+ equally condemned.
+
+
+1992. Be Humble.
+
+ Avoid Pride. If you are handsome, God made you so; if you are learned,
+ some one instructed you; if you are rich, God gave you what you own.
+ It is for others to perceive your goodness; but you should be blind to
+ your own merits. There can be no comfort in deeming yourself better
+ than you really are: that is self-deception. The best men throughout
+ all history have been the most humble.
+
+
+1993. Affectation is a Form of Pride.
+
+ It is, in fact, pride made ridiculous and contemptible. Some one
+ writing upon affectation has remarked as follows:
+
+ "If anything will sicken and disgust a man, it is the affected,
+ mincing way in which some people choose to talk. It is perfectly
+ nauseous. If these young jackanapes, who screw their words into all
+ manner of diabolical shapes, could only feel how perfectly
+ disgusting they were, it might induce them to drop it. With many, it
+ soon becomes such a confirmed habit that they cannot again be taught
+ to talk in a plain, straightforward, manly way. In the lower order
+ of ladies' boarding-schools, and indeed, too much everywhere, the
+ same sickening, mincing tone is too often found. Do, pray, good
+ people, do talk in your natural tone, if you don't wish to be
+ utterly ridiculous and contemptible."
+
+
+1994. Vulgarity.
+
+ We have adopted the foregoing Paragraph because we approve of some of
+ its sentiments, but chiefly because it shows that persons who object
+ to affectation may go to the other extreme--vulgarity. It is vulgar,
+ we think, to call even the most affected people "jackanapes, who screw
+ their words into all manner of diabolical shapes." Avoid vulgarity in
+ manner, in speech, and in correspondence. To conduct yourself vulgarly
+ is to offer offence to those who are around you; to bring upon
+ yourself the condemnation of persons of good taste; and to incur the
+ penalty of exclusion from good society. Thus, cast among the vulgar,
+ you become the victim of your own error.
+
+
+1995. Avoid Swearing.
+
+ An oath is but the wrath of a perturbed spirit. It is _mean_. A man of
+ high moral standing would rather treat an offence with contempt than
+ show his indignation by an oath. It is _vulgar_, altogether too low
+ for a decent man. It is _cowardly_, implying a fear either of not
+ being believed or obeyed. It is _ungentlemanly_, A gentleman,
+ according to Webster, is a _genteel_ man--well-bred, refined. It is
+ _indecent_, offensive to delicacy, and extremely unfit for human ears.
+ It is _foolish_. "Want of decency is want of sense." It is
+ _abusive_--to the mind which conceives the oath, to the tongue which
+ utters it, and to the person at whom it is aimed. It is _venomous_,
+ showing a man's heart to be as a nest of vipers; and every time he
+ swears, one of them starts out from his head. It is _contemptible_,
+ forfeiting the respect of all the wise and good. It is _wicked_,
+ violating the Divine law, and provoking the displeasure of Him who
+ will not hold him guiltless who takes His name in vain.
+
+
+1996. Be a Gentleman.
+
+ Moderation, decorum, and neatness distinguish the gentleman; he is at
+ all times affable, diffident, and studious to please. Intelligent and
+ polite, his behaviour is pleasant and graceful. When he enters the
+ dwelling of an inferior, he endeavours to hide, if possible, the
+ difference between their ranks of life; ever willing to assist those
+ around him, he is neither unkind, haughty, nor over-bearing. In the
+ mansions of the rich, the correctness of his mind induces him to bend
+ to etiquette, but not to stoop to adulation; correct principle
+ cautions him to avoid the gaming-table, inebriety, or any other foible
+ that could occasion him self-reproach. Gratified with the pleasures of
+ reflection, he rejoices to see the gaieties of society, and is
+ fastidious upon no point of little import. Appear only to be a
+ gentleman, and its shadow will bring upon you contempt; be a
+ gentleman, and its honours will remain even after you are dead.
+
+
+1997. The Happy Man, or True Gentleman.
+
+ How happy is he born or taught,
+ That serveth not another's will,
+ Whose armour is his honest thought,
+ And simple truth his only skill:
+
+ Whose passions not his masters are.
+ Whose soul is still prepared for death
+ Not tied unto the world with care
+ Of prince's ear, or vulgar breath:
+
+ Who hath his life from rumours freed,
+ Whose conscience is his strong retreat
+ Whose state can neither flatterers feed.
+ Nor ruin make oppressors great,
+
+ Who God doth late and early pray
+ More of His grace than gifts to lend;
+ And entertains the harmless day
+ With a well-chosen book or friend;
+
+ This man is freed from servile bands,
+ Of hope to rise or fear to fall;
+ Lord of himself, though not of lands,
+ And having nothing, yet hath all.
+
+ _Sir Henry Wotton_, 1530.
+
+
+ [RICHES ARE BUT THE BAGGAGE OF FORTUNE.]
+
+
+1998. Be Honest.
+
+ Not only because "honesty is the best policy," but because it is a
+ duty to God and to man. The heart that can be gratified by dishonest
+ gains; the ambition that can be satisfied by dishonest means; the mind
+ that can be devoted to dishonest purposes, must be of the worst order.
+
+
+1999. General Principles.
+
+ Having laid down these General Principles for the government of
+ personal conduct, we will epitomize what we would still enforce:
+
+
+2000. Idleness.
+
+ Avoid Idleness. It is the parent of many evils. Can you pray, "Give us
+ this day our daily bread," and not hear the reply, "Do thou this day
+ thy daily duty"?
+
+
+2001. Idle Tales.
+
+ Avoid telling Idle Tales, which is like firing arrows in the dark: you
+ know not into whose heart they may fall.
+
+
+2002. Self-Praise.
+
+ Avoid talking about yourself, praising your own works, and proclaiming
+ your own deeds. If they are good they will proclaim themselves, if
+ bad, the less you say of them the better.
+
+
+2003. Envy.
+
+ Avoid Envy; for it cannot benefit you, nor can it injure those against
+ whom it is cherished.
+
+
+2004. Disputation.
+
+ Avoid Disputation for the mere sake of argument. The man who disputes
+ obstinately, and in a bigoted spirit, is like the man who would stop
+ the fountain from which he should drink. Earnest discussion is
+ commendable; but factious argument never yet produced a good result.
+
+
+2005. Kindness.
+
+ Be Kind in Little Things.--The true generosity of the heart is more
+ displayed by deeds of minor kindness, than by acts which may partake
+ of ostentation.
+
+
+2006. Politeness.
+
+ Be Polite.--Politeness is the poetry of conduct--and like poetry, it
+ has many qualities. Let not your politeness be too florid, but of
+ that gentle kind which indicates a refined nature.
+
+
+2007. Sociable.
+
+ Be Sociable--avoid reserve in society. Remember that the social
+ elements, like the air we breathe, are purified by motion. Thought
+ illumines thought, and smiles win smiles.
+
+
+2008. Punctuality.
+
+ Be Punctual.--One minute too late has lost many a golden opportunity.
+ Besides which, the want of punctuality is an affront offered to the
+ person to whom your presence is due.
+
+
+2009. Hints.
+
+ The foregoing Remarks may be said to apply to the moral conduct,
+ rather than, to the details of personal manners. Great principles,
+ however, suggest minor ones; and hence, from the principles laid down,
+ many hints upon personal behaviour may be gathered.
+
+
+2010. Hearty.
+
+ Be Hearty in your salutations, discreet and sincere in your
+ friendships.
+
+
+2011. Listen.
+
+ Prefer to Listen rather than to talk.
+
+
+2012. Respect.
+
+ Behave, even in the presence of your relations, as though you felt
+ respect to be due to them.
+
+
+2013. Humble.
+
+ In Society never forget that you are but one of many.
+
+
+2014. House Rules.
+
+ When you Visit a Friend, conform to the rules of his household; lean
+ not upon his tables, nor rub your feet against his chairs.
+
+
+2015. Privacy.
+
+ Pry not into Letters that are not your own.
+
+
+2016. Ladies.
+
+ Pay unmistakable Respect to ladies everywhere.
+
+
+2017. Silliness.
+
+ Beware of Foppery, and of silly flirtation.
+
+
+2018. Considerate.
+
+ In Public Places be not too pertinacious of your own rights, but find
+ pleasure in making concessions.
+
+
+2019. Conversation.
+
+ Speak Distinctly, look at the person to whom you speak, and when you
+ have spoken, give him an opportunity to reply.
+
+
+2020. Temperance.
+
+ Avoid Drunkenness as you would a curse; and modify all appetites,
+ especially those that are acquired.
+
+
+2021. Correct Dress.
+
+ Dress Well, but not superfluously; be neither like a sloven, nor like
+ a stuffed model.
+
+
+2022. Cleanliness.
+
+ Keep away all Uncleanly Appearances from the person. Let the nails,
+ the teeth, and, in fact, the whole system receive _salutary_ rather
+ than _studied_ care. But let these things receive attention at the
+ toilet--not elsewhere.
+
+
+2023. Jewellery.
+
+ Avoid displaying Excess of Jewellery. Nothing looks more effeminate
+ upon a man.
+
+
+2024. Central Ideas.
+
+ Every one of these Suggestions may be regarded as the centre of many
+ others, which the earnest mind cannot fail to discover. (See HINTS ON
+ ETIQUETTE, _par_. 1924.)
+
+
+2025. Children.
+
+ Happy indeed is the child who, during the first period of its
+ existence, is fed upon no other aliment than the milk of its mother,
+ or that of a healthy nurse. If other food become necessary before the
+ child has acquired teeth, it ought to be of a liquid form; for
+ instance, biscuits or stale bread boiled in an equal mixture of milk
+ and water, to the consistence of a thick soup; but by no means even
+ this in the first week of its life. Children who are brought up by
+ hand, that is to say, who are not nursed by mother or wet nurse,
+ require an occasioned change of diet, and thin gruel affords a
+ wholesome alternation to milk. When cows' milk is used it should be
+ obtained, if possible, from one and the same cow, and diluted with
+ boiled water. Swiss milk is recommended by some medical men. The
+ Aylesbury Dairy Company furnish a speciality for young children under
+ the name of "Artificial Human Milk," which is recommended.
+
+
+2026. Thickening.
+
+ Flour or Meal ought never to be used for soup, as it produces viscid
+ humours, instead of a wholesome nutritious chyle.
+
+
+2027 Introducing Solid Food.
+
+ After the first Six Months, weak veal or chicken broth may be given,
+ and also, progressively, vegetables that are not very flatulent, for
+ instance, carrots, endive, spinach, parsnips, with broth, and a little
+ stewed fruit, such as apples, pears, plums, and cherries.
+
+
+2028. After Weaning.
+
+ When the Infant Is Weaned, and has acquired its proper teeth, it is
+ advisable to let it have small portions of meat, and other vegetables,
+ as well as dishes prepared of flour, &c., so that it may gradually
+ become accustomed to every kind of strong and wholesome food.
+
+
+2029. Simple Food.
+
+ We ought, however, to be cautious, and not upon any account to allow a
+ child pastry, confectionery, cheese, heavy dishes made of boiled or
+ baked flour, onions, horseradish, mustard, smoked and salted meat,
+ especially pork, and all compound dishes; for the most simple food is
+ the most wholesome.
+
+
+2030. Potatoes.
+
+ Potatoes should be allowed only in moderation, and not to be eaten
+ with butter, but rather with other vegetables, either mashed up or in
+ broth.
+
+
+2031. Time-Table.
+
+ The Time of Taking Food is not a matter of indifference; very young
+ infants make an exception; for, as their consumption of vital power is
+ more rapid, they may be more frequently indulged with aliment.
+
+
+2032. Regularity.
+
+ It is, however, advisable to accustom even them to a certain
+ regularity, so as to allow them their victuals at stated periods of
+ the day; for it has been observed that those children which are fed
+ indiscriminately through the whole day, are subject to debility and
+ disease. The stomach should be allowed to recover its tone, and to
+ collect the juices necessary for digestion, before it is supplied with
+ a new portion of food.
+
+
+2033. Daily Diet.
+
+ The following Order of giving Food to children has been found proper,
+ and conducive to their health:--After rising in the morning, suppose
+ about six o'clock, a moderate portion of lukewarm milk, with well
+ baked bread, which should by no means be new; at nine o'clock, bread
+ with some fruit, or, if fruit be scarce, a small quantity of fresh
+ butter; about twelve o'clock, the dinner, of a sufficient quantity;
+ between four and five o'clock, some bread with fruit, or, in winter,
+ some preserve as a substitute for fruit.
+
+
+2034. Tea.
+
+ On this Occasion, Children should be allowed to eat till they are
+ satisfied, without surfeiting themselves, that they may not crave for
+ a heavy supper, which disturbs their rest, and is productive of bad
+ humours: lastly, about seven o'clock they may be permitted a light
+ supper, consisting either of milk, soup, fruit, or boiled vegetables
+ and the like, but neither meat nor mealy dishes, nor any article of
+ food which produces flatulency; in short, they ought then to eat but
+ little, and remain awake at least for an hour after it.
+
+
+2035. Bread.
+
+ It has often been contended that Bread is hurtful to children; but
+ this applies only to new bread, or such as is not sufficiently baked;
+ for instance, nothing can be more hurtful or oppressive than rolls,
+ muffins, and crumpets. Good wheaten bread, especially that baked by
+ the aerated process, is extremely proper during the first years of
+ infancy; but that made of whole wheat meal, or wheat flour from which
+ the bran has not been eliminated is, perhaps, more conducive to health
+ after the age of childhood.
+
+
+2036. Drink.
+
+ With respect to Drink, physicians are decidedly against giving it to
+ children in large quantities, and at irregular periods, whether it
+ consists of the mother's milk, or any other equally mild liquid.
+
+
+2037. Improper.
+
+ It is improper and pernicious to keep infants continually at the
+ breast; and it would be less hurtful, nay, even judicious, to let them
+ cry for a few nights, rather than to fill them incessantly with milk,
+ which readily turns sour on the stomach, weakens the digestive organs,
+ and ultimately generates scrofulous affections.
+
+
+2038. Liquids.
+
+ In the latter part of the First Year, pure water, milk-and-water, or
+ toast-and-water may occasionally be given. On no account should a
+ young child be permitted to taste beer or wine, unless specially
+ ordered by a medical man. Those parents who accustom their children to
+ drink water only, bestow on them a fortune, the value and importance
+ of which will be sensibly felt through life.
+
+
+2039. Drinking with Meals.
+
+ Many Children acquire a Habit of Drinking during their meals; it would
+ be more conducive to digestion if they were accustomed to drink only
+ after having made a meal. This salutary rule is too often neglected,
+ though it is certain that innundations of the stomach, during the
+ mastication and maceration of the food, not only vitiate digestion,
+ but they may be attended with other bad consequences; as cold drink,
+ when brought in contact with the teeth previously heated, may easily
+ occasion cracks or chinks in these useful bones, and pave the way for
+ their carious dissolution.
+
+
+2040. Crying.
+
+ If we Inquire into the Cause which produces the crying of infants, we
+ shall find that it seldom originates from pain, or uncomfortable
+ sensations, for those who are apt to imagine that such causes must
+ _always_ operate on the body of an infant, are egregiously mistaken;
+ inasmuch as they conceive that the physical condition, together with
+ the method of expressing sensations, is the same in infants and adults.
+
+
+2041. Difference.
+
+ It requires, however, no demonstration to prove that the state of the
+ former is essentially different from that of the latter.
+
+
+2042. Power.
+
+ In the First Year of Infancy, many expressions of the tender organs
+ are to be considered only as efforts of manifestations of power.
+
+
+2043. Exertions.
+
+ We observe, for instance, that a child, as soon as it is undressed, or
+ disencumbered from swaddling clothes, moves its arms and legs, and
+ often makes a variety of strong exertions; yet no reasonable person
+ would suppose that such attempts arise from a preternatural or
+ oppressive state of the little agent.
+
+
+2044. Exercise.
+
+ It is therefore equally absurd to draw an unfavourable inference from
+ every inarticulate cry; because, in most instances, these vociferating
+ sounds imply the effort which children necessarily make to display the
+ strength of their lungs, and exercise the organs of respiration.
+
+
+ [HASTE MAKES WASTE.]
+
+
+2045. Functions.
+
+ Nature has wisely ordained that by these very efforts the power and
+ utility of functions so essential to life should be developed, and
+ rendered more perfect with every inspiration.
+
+
+2046. Development of the Breast.
+
+ Hence it follows, that those over-anxious parents or nurses, who
+ continually endeavour to prevent infants crying do them a material
+ injury; for, by such imprudent management, their children seldom or
+ never acquire a perfect form of the breast, while the foundation is
+ laid in the pectoral vessels for obstructions and other diseases.
+
+
+2047. Independent.
+
+ Independently of any particular causes, the cries of children, with
+ regard to their general effects, are highly beneficial and necessary.
+
+
+2048. Sole Exercises.
+
+ In the First Period of Life, such exertions are almost the only
+ exercises of the infant; thus the circulation of the blood, and all
+ the other fluids, is rendered more uniform; digestion, nutrition, and
+ the growth of the body are thereby promoted; and the different
+ secretions, together with the very important office of the skin, or
+ insensible perspiration, are duly performed.
+
+
+2049. Extremely Improper.
+
+ It is Extremely Improper to consider every noise of an infant as a
+ claim upon our assistance, and to intrude either food or drink, with a
+ view to satisfy its supposed wants. By such injudicious conduct,
+ children readily acquire the injurious habit of demanding nutriment at
+ improper times, and without necessity; their digestion becomes
+ impaired; and consequently, at this early age, the whole mass of the
+ fluids is gradually corrupted.
+
+
+2050. Cold.
+
+ Sometimes, however, the Mother or Nurse removes the child from its
+ couch, carries it about frequently in the middle of the night, and
+ thus exposes it to repeated colds, which are in their effects
+ infinitely more dangerous than the most violent cries.
+
+
+2051. Indulgence.
+
+ We learn frum Daily Experience, that children who have been the least
+ indulged, thrive much better, unfold all their faculties quicker, and
+ acquire more muscular strength and vigour of mind, than those who have
+ been constantly favoured, and treated by their parents with the most
+ solicitous attention: bodily weakness and mental imbecility are the
+ usual attributes of the latter.
+
+
+2052. Free and Independent Agent.
+
+ The First and Principal Rule of education ought never to be
+ forgotten--that man is intended to be a free and independent agent;
+ that his moral and physical powers ought to be _spontaneously_
+ developed; that he should as soon as possible be made acquainted with
+ the nature and uses of all his faculties, in order to attain that
+ degree of perfection which is consistent with the structure of his
+ organs; and that he was not originally designed for what we endeavour
+ to make of him by artificial aid.
+
+
+2053. Guide and Watch.
+
+ The Greatest Art in educating children consists in a continued
+ vigilance over all their actions, without ever giving them an
+ opportunity of discovering that they are guided and watched.
+
+
+2054. Instances.
+
+ There are, however, Instances in which the loud complaints of infants
+ demand our attention.
+
+
+2055. Causes.
+
+ Thus, if their Cries be unusually violent and long continued, we may
+ conclude that they are troubled with colic pains; if, on such
+ occasions, they move their arms and hands repeatedly towards the face,
+ painful teething may account for the cause; and if other morbid
+ phenomena accompany their cries, or if these expressions be repeated
+ at certain periods of the day, we ought not to slight them, but
+ endeavour to discover the proximate or remote causes.
+
+
+2056. Sleep.
+
+ Infants cannot Sleep too Long; and it is a favourable symptom when
+ they enjoy a calm and long-continued rest, of which they, should by no
+ means be deprived, as this is the greatest support granted to them by
+ by nature.
+
+
+2057. Faster Life.
+
+ A Child lives comparatively much faster than an adult; its blood flows
+ more rapidly; every stimulus operates more powerfully; and not only
+ its constituent parts, but its vital resources also, are more speedily
+ consumed.
+
+
+ [DO A LITTLE WELL, AND YOU DO MUCH.]
+
+
+2058. Aid of Sleep.
+
+ Sleep promotes a more Calm and Uniform Circulation of the blood; it
+ facilitates the assimilation of the nutriment received, and
+ contributes towards a more copious and regular deposition of
+ alimentary matter, while the horizontal posture is the most favourable
+ to the growth and development of the child.
+
+
+2059. Proportion.
+
+ Sleep ought to be in Proportion to the age of the infant. After the
+ age of six months, the periods of sleep, as well as all other animal
+ functions, may in some degree be regulated; yet, even then, a child
+ should be suffered to sleep the whole night, and several hours both in
+ the morning and in the afternoon.
+
+
+2060. Night Preferable.
+
+ Mothers and Nurses should endeavour to accustom infants, from the time
+ of their birth, to sleep in the night preferably to the day, and for
+ this purpose they ought to remove all external impressions which may
+ disturb their rest, such as noise, light, &c., but especially not to
+ obey every call for taking them up, and giving food at improper times.
+
+
+2061. Day Sleep.
+
+ After the Second Year of their age, children will not instinctively
+ require to sleep in the forenoon, though after dinner it may be
+ continued to the third and fourth year of life, if the child shows a
+ particular inclination to repose; because, till that age, the full
+ half of life may safely be allotted to sleep.
+
+
+2062. Proportion of Sleep.
+
+ From that period, however, sleep ought to be shortened for the space
+ of one hour with every succeeding year, so that a child of seven years
+ old may sleep about eight, and not exceeding nine hours: this
+ proportion may be continued to the age of adolescence, and even
+ manhood.
+
+
+2063. Gradual Awakening.
+
+ To awaken Children from their sleep with a noise, or in an impetuous
+ manner, is extremely injudicious and hurtful; nor is it proper to
+ carry them from a dark room immediately into a glaring light, or
+ against a dazzling wall; for the sudden impression of light
+ debilitates the organs of vision, and lays the foundation of weak
+ eyes, from early infancy.
+
+
+2064. Room for Sleeping.
+
+ A Bedroom or Night Nursery ought to be spacious and lofty, dry, airy,
+ and not inhabited through the day.
+
+
+2065. No Contamination.
+
+ No Servants, if possible, should be suffered to sleep in the same
+ room, and no linen or washed clothes should ever be hung there to dry,
+ as they contaminate the air in which so considerable a portion of
+ infantile life must be spent.
+
+
+2066. Consequences.
+
+ The Consequences attending a vitiated atmosphere in such rooms are
+ serious, and often fatal.
+
+
+2067. Feather Beds.
+
+ Feather Beds should be banished from nurseries, as they are unnatural
+ and debilitating contrivances.
+
+
+2068. Windows.
+
+ The Windows should never be opened at night, but may be left open the
+ whole day in fine clear weather.
+
+
+2069. Position of Bedstead.
+
+ Lastly, the Bedstead must not be placed too low on the floor; nor is
+ it proper to let children sleep on a couch which is made without any
+ elevation from the ground; because the most mephitic and pernicious
+ stratum of air in an apartment is that within one or two feet from the
+ floor, while the most wholesome, or atmospheric air, is in the middle
+ of the room, and the inflammable gas ascends to the top.
+
+
+2070. Cookery for Children.
+
+
+2071. Food for an Infant.
+
+ Take of fresh cow's milk, one tablespoonful, and mix with two
+ tablespoonfuls of hot water; sweeten with loaf sugar, as much as may
+ be agreeable. This quantity is sufficient for once feeding a new-born
+ infant; and the same quantity may be given every two or three
+ hours,--not oftener,--till the mother's breast affords natural
+ nourishment.
+
+
+2072. Milk for Infants Six Months Old.
+
+ Take one pint of milk, one pint of water; boil it, and add one
+ tablespoonful of flour. Dissolve the flour first in half a teacupful
+ of water; it must he strained in gradually, and boiled hard twenty
+ minutes. As the child grows older, one-third water. If properly made,
+ it is the most nutritious, at the same time the most delicate food
+ that can be given to young children.
+
+
+2073. Broth.
+
+ Broth, made of mutton, veal, or chicken, with stale bread toasted, and
+ broken in, is safe and wholesome for the dinners of children when
+ first weaned.
+
+
+2074. Milk.
+
+ Milk, fresh from the cow, with a very little loaf sugar, is good and
+ safe food for young children. From three years old to seven, pure
+ milk, into which stale bread is crumbled, is the best breakfast and
+ supper for a child.
+
+
+2075. For a Child's Luncheon.
+
+ Good sweet butter, with stale bread, is one of the most nutritious, at
+ the same time the most wholesome articles of food that can be given
+ children after they are weaned.
+
+
+2076. Milk Porridge.
+
+ Stir four tablespoonsfuls of oatmeal, smoothly, into a quart of milk,
+ then stir it quickly into a quart of boiling water, and boil up a few
+ minutes till it is thickened: sweeten with sugar. Oatmeal, where it is
+ found to agree with the stomach, is much better for children, being a
+ mild aperient as well as cleanser; fine flour in every shape is the
+ reverse. Where biscuit-powder is in use, let it be made at home; this,
+ at all events, will prevent them getting the sweepings of the baker's
+ counters, boxes, and baskets, All the waste bread in the nursery, hard
+ ends of stale loaves, &c., ought to be dried in the oven or screen,
+ and reduced to powder in the mortar.
+
+
+2077. Meats for Children.
+
+ Mutton and poultry are the best. Birds and the white meat of fowls
+ are the most delicate food of this kind that can be given. These meats
+ should be slowly cooked, and no gravy, if made rich with butter,
+ should be eaten by a young child, Never give children hard, tough,
+ half-cooked meats, of any kind.
+
+
+2078. Vegetables for Children. Eggs, &c.
+
+ For children rice ought to be cooked in no more water than is
+ necessary to swell it; apples roasted, or stewed with no more water
+ than is necessary to steam them; vegetables so well cooked as to make
+ them require little butter, and less digestion; eggs boiled slowly and
+ soft. The boiling of milk ought to be directed by the state of the
+ bowels; if flatulent or bilious, a very little currie-powder may be
+ given with vegetables with good effect. Turmeric and the warm seeds
+ (not hot peppers) are also particularly useful in such cases.
+
+
+2079. Potatoes and Peas.
+
+ Potatoes, particularly some kinds, are not easily digested by
+ children; but this may be remedied by mashing them very fine, and
+ seasoning them with salt and a little milk. When peas are dressed for
+ children, let them be seasoned with mint and salt, which will take off
+ the flatulency. If they are old, let them be pulped, as the skins
+ cannot be digested by children's stomachs. Never give them vegetables
+ less stewed than would pulp through a cullender.
+
+
+2080. Rice Pudding With Fruit.
+
+ In a pint of new milk put two large spoonfuls of rice, well washed;
+ then add two apples, pared and quartered, or a few currants or rasins.
+ Simmer slowly till the rice is very soft, then add one egg beaten to
+ bind it: serve with cream and sugar.
+
+
+2081. Puddings and Pancakes for Children.
+
+ Sugar and egg, browned before the fire, or dropped as fritters into a
+ hot frying-pan, without fat, will make a nourishing meal.
+
+
+2082. To prepare Fruit for Children.
+
+ A far more wholesome way than in pies or puddings, is to put apples
+ sliced, or plums, currants, gooseberries, &c., into a stone jar, and
+ sprinkle among them as much sugar as necessary. Set the jar in the
+ oven, with a teacupful of water to prevent the fruit from burning, or
+ put the jar into a saucepan of water till its contents be perfectly
+ done, Slices of bread or some rice may be put in to the jar to eat
+ with the fruit.
+
+
+ [HONEST LOSS IS PREFERABLE TO SHAMEFUL GAIN.]
+
+
+2083. Rice and Apples.
+
+ Core as many nice apples as will fill the dish; boil them in light
+ syrup; prepare a quarter of a pound of rice in milk with sugar and
+ salt; put some of the rice in the dish, put in the apples, and fill up
+ the intervals with rice; bake it in the oven till it is a fine colour.
+
+
+2084. A nice Apple Cake for Children.
+
+ Grate some stale bread, and slice about double the quantity of apples;
+ butter a mould, and line it with sugar paste, and strew in some
+ crumbs, mixed with a little sugar; then lay in apples, with a few bits
+ of butter over them, and so continue till the dish is full; cover it
+ with crumbs, or prepared rice; season with cinnamon and sugar. Bake it
+ well.
+
+
+2085. Fruits for Children.
+
+ That fruits are naturally healthy in their season, if rightly taken,
+ no one who believes that the Creator is a kind and beneficent Being
+ can doubt. And yet the use of summer fruits appears often to cause
+ most fatal diseases, especially in children. Why is this? Because we
+ do not conform to the natural laws in using this kind of diet. These
+ laws are very simple, and easy to understand. Let the fruit be ripe
+ when you eat it; and eat when you require _food_. Fruits that have
+ _seeds_ are much more wholesome than the _stone_ fruits. But all
+ fruits are better, for very young children, if baked or cooked in some
+ manner, and eaten with bread. The French always eat bread with raw
+ fruit. Apples and winter pears are very excellent food for
+ children,--indeed, for almost any person in health,--but best when
+ eaten for breakfast or dinner. If taken late in the evening, fruit
+ often proves injurious. The old saying, that apples are _gold in the
+ morning, silver at noon, and lead at night_, is pretty near the truth.
+ Both apples and pears are often good and nutritious when baked or
+ stewed, and when prepared in this way are especially suitable for
+ those delicate constitutions that cannot bear raw fruit. Much of the
+ fruit gathered when unripe might be rendered fit for food by
+ preserving in sugar.
+
+
+2086. Ripe Currants.
+
+ Ripe Currants are excellent food for children. Mash the fruit,
+ sprinkle with sugar, and let them eat freely, taking some good bread
+ with the fruit.
+
+
+2087. Blackberry Jam.
+
+ Gather the fruit in dry weather; allow half a pound of good brown
+ sugar to every pound of fruit; boil the whole together gently for an
+ hour, or till the blackberries are soft, stirring and mashing them
+ well. Preserve it like any other jam, and it will be found very useful
+ in families, particularly for children, regulating their bowels, and
+ enabling you to dispense with cathartics. It may be used in the
+ ordinary way in roll-over puddings, and for tarts, or spread on bread
+ instead of butter; and even when the blackberries are bought, it is
+ cheaper than butter. In the country every family should preserve at
+ least half a peck of blackberries.
+
+
+2088. Blackberry Pudding or Pie.
+
+ Pudding or pie made of blackberries only, or of blackberries and
+ apples mixed in equal proportions is excellent. For suitable suet
+ crust see _par_. 1269. and for puff paste see _par_. 1257.
+
+
+2089. To make Senna and Manna Palatable.
+
+ Take of senna leaves and manna a quarter of an ounce of each, and pour
+ over them a pint of boiling water; when the strength is abstracted,
+ pour the infusion over from a quarter to half a pound of prunes and
+ two large tablespoonfuls of West India molasses. Stew the whole slowly
+ until the liquid is nearly absorbed. When cold it can be eaten with
+ bread and butter, without detecting the senna, and is excellent for
+ children when costive.
+
+
+2090. Discipline of Children.
+
+ Children should not be allowed to ask for the same thing twice. This
+ may be accomplished by parents, teacher, or whoever may happen to have
+ the management of them, paying attention to their little wants, if
+ proper, at once, when possible. Children should be instructed to
+ understand that when they are not answered immediately, it is because
+ it is not convenient. Let them learn patience by waiting.
+
+
+ [CARE IN SUMMER, COMFORT IN WINTER.]
+
+
+2091. My Wife's Little Tea Parties.
+
+ My wife is celebrated for her little parties,--not tea parties alone,
+ but dinner parties, pic-nic parties, music parties, supper parties--in
+ fact, she is vhe life and soul of ALL PARTIES, which is more than any
+ leading politician of the day can boast. But her great _forte_ is her
+ little tea parties--praised and enjoyed by everybody. A constant
+ visitor at these little parties is Mrs. Hitching (spoken of
+ elsewhere), and before a certain epoch in her life (_See par._ 215)
+ she was wont to remark that she "never knew _h_any one who understood
+ the _h_art of bringing so many _h_elegancies together" as my wife.
+ Nobody makes tea like her, and how she makes it she will impart at a
+ future time. But for her little "nick nacks," as she calls them, which
+ give a variety and a charm to the tea-table without trenching too
+ deeply upon our own pocket, she has been kind enough to give a few
+ receipts upon the present occasion.
+
+
+2092. Good Plum Cake.
+
+ One pound of flour, quarter of a pound of butter, quarter of a pound
+ of sugar, quarter of a pound of currants, three eggs, half a pint of
+ milk, and a small teaspoonful of carbonate of soda or baking powder.
+ The above is excellent. The cakes are always baked in a common earthen
+ _flower-pot saucer_, which is a very good plan.
+
+
+2093. Gingerbread Snaps.
+
+ One pound of flour, half a pound of treacle, half a pound of sugar,
+ quarter of a pound of butter, half an ounce of best prepared ginger,
+ sixteen drops of essence of lemon, potash the size of a nut dissolved
+ in a tablespoonful of hot water.
+
+
+2094. Drop Cakes.
+
+ One pint of flour, half a pound of butter, quarter of a pound of
+ pounded lump sugar, half a nutmeg grated, a handful of currants, two
+ eggs, and a large pinch of carbonate of soda, or a little baking
+ powder. To be baked in a slack oven for ten minutes or a quarter of an
+ hour. The above quantity will make about thirty excellent cakes.
+
+
+2095. A very Nice and Cheap Cake.
+
+ Two pounds and a half of flour, three quarters of a pound of sugar,
+ three quarters of a pound of butter, half a pound of currants or
+ quarter of a pound of raisins, quarter of a pound of orange peel, two
+ ounces of caraway seeds, half an ounce of ground cinnamon or ginger,
+ four teaspoonfuls of carbonate of soda or some baking powder; mixed
+ well, with rather better than a pint of new milk. The butter must be
+ well melted previous to being mixed with the ingredients.
+
+
+2096. "Jersey Wonders."
+
+ The oddity of these "wonders" consists solely in the manner of
+ cooking, and the shape consequent. Take two pounds of flour, six
+ ounces of butter, six ounces of white sugar, a little nutmeg, ground
+ ginger, and lemon peel; beat eight eggs, and knead them all well
+ together; a taste of brandy will be an improvement. Roll the paste
+ into a long mass about the thickness of your wrist; cut off a slice
+ and roll it into an oval, about four inches long and three inches
+ wide, not too thin; cut two slits in it, but not through either end,
+ there will then be three bands. Pass the left one through the aperture
+ to the right, and throw it into a _brass_ or _bell-metal_ skillet of
+ BOILING lard or beef or mutton dripping. You may cook three or four at
+ a time. In about two minutes turn them with a fork, and you will find
+ them browned, and swollen or risen in two or three minutes more.
+ Remove them from the pan to a dish, when they will dry and cool.
+
+
+ [THEY MUST HUNGER IN FROST WHO WILL NOT WORK IN HEAT.]
+
+
+2097. Muffins.
+
+ Add a pint and a half of good ale yeast (from pale malt, if possible)
+ to a bushel of the very best white flour; let the yeast lie all night
+ in water, then pour off the water quite clear; heat two gallons of
+ water just milk-warm, and mix the water, yeast, and two ounces of salt
+ well together for about a quarter of an hour. Strain the whole, and
+ mix up your dough as light as possible, letting it lie in the trough
+ an hour to rise; next roll it with your hand, pulling it into little
+ pieces about the size of a large walnut. These must be rolled out thin
+ with a rolling-pin, in a good deal of flour, and if covered
+ immediately with a piece of flannel, they will rise to a proper
+ thickness; but if too large or small, dough must be added accordingly,
+ or taken away; meanwhile, the dough must be also covered with flannel.
+
+ Next begin baking; and when laid on the iron, watch carefully, and
+ when one side changes colour, turn the other, taking care that they do
+ not burn or become discoloured. Be careful also that the iron does not
+ get too hot. In order to bake muffins properly, you ought to have a
+ place built as if a copper were to be set; but instead of copper a
+ piece of iron must be put over the top, fixed in form like the bottom
+ of an iron pot, underneath which a coal fire is kindled when required.
+ Toast the muffins crisp on both sides with a fork; pull them open
+ _with your hand_, and they will be like a honeycomb; lay in as much
+ butter as you intend; then clap them together, and set by the fire:
+ turn them once, that both sides may be buttered alike. When quite
+ done, cut them across with a knife; but if you use a knife either to
+ spread or divide them, they will be as heavy as lead. Some kinds of
+ flour will soak up more water than others; when this occurs, add
+ water; or if too moist, add flour: for the dough must be as light as
+ possible.
+
+
+2098. Unfermented Cakes, &c.
+
+ All cakes of this description may be made with the aid of a little
+ baking-powder, or egg-powder. For instructions respecting these
+ preparations the reader is referred to _pars._ 1011, 1012.
+
+
+2099. Tea Cakes.
+
+ Take of flour one pound; sugar, one ounce; butter, one ounce;
+ baking-powder, three teaspoonfuls; milk, six ounces; water, six
+ ounces. Rub the butter and baking powder into the flour; dissolve the
+ sugar in the water, and then add the milk. Pour this mixture gradually
+ over the flour, and mix well together; divide the mass into three
+ portions, and bake twenty-five minutes. Flat round tins or
+ earthen-pans are the best to bake the cakes in. Buttermilk may be used
+ instead of milk and water, if preferred.
+
+
+2100. Unfermented Cake.
+
+ Take of flour one pound and a half; baking powder, four teaspoonfuls;
+ sugar, one ounce and a half; butter, one ounce and a half; milk,
+ twenty ounces; currants, six ounces, more or less. Mix the baking
+ powder and butter into the flour by rubbing them together; next
+ dissolve the sugar in the milk, and add it gradually to the flour,
+ mixing the whole intimately, and adding fruit at discretion. Bake in a
+ tin or earthen pan.
+
+
+2101. Luncheon Cakes.
+
+ Take of flour one pound; baking powder, three teaspoonfuls; sugar,
+ three ounces; butter, three ounces; currants, four ounces; milk, one
+ pint, or twenty ounces: bake one hour in a quick oven.
+
+
+2102. Nice Plum Cake.
+
+ Take of flour one pound; baking powder, three teaspoonfuls; butter,
+ six ounces; loaf sugar, six ounces; currants, six ounces; three eggs;
+ milk, about four ounces; bake for one hour and a half in a tin or pan.
+
+
+2103. Lemon Buns.
+
+ Take of flour one pound; baking powder, three teaspoonfuls; butter,
+ six ounces; loaf sugar, four ounces; one egg; essence of lemon, six or
+ eight drops: make into twenty buns, and bake in a quick oven for
+ fifteen minutes.
+
+
+2104. Soda Cake.
+
+ Take of flour half a pound; bicarbonate of soda, two drachms; tartaric
+ acid, two drachms; butter, four ounces; white sugar, two ounces;
+ currants, four ounces; two eggs; warm milk, half a teacupful.
+
+
+ [AN HONEST WORD IS BETTER THAN A CARELESS OATH.]
+
+
+2105. Excellent Biscuits.
+
+ Take of flour two pounds; carbonate of ammonia, three drachms, in fine
+ powder; white sugar, four ounces; arrowroot one ounce; butter, four
+ ounces; one egg: mix into a stiff paste with new milk, and beat them
+ well with a rolling-pin for half an hour; roll out thin, and cut them
+ out with a docker, and bake in a quick oven for fifteen minutes.
+
+
+2106. Wine Biscuits.
+
+ Take of flour half a pound; butter, four ounces; sugar, four ounces;
+ two eggs; carbonate of ammonia, one drachm; white wine, enough to mix
+ to a proper consistence. Cut out with a glass.
+
+
+2107. Ginger Cakes.
+
+ To two pounds of flour add three quarters of a pound of good moist
+ sugar, one ounce best Jamaica ginger well mixed in the flour; have
+ ready three quarters of a pound of lard, melted, and four eggs well
+ beaten: mix the lard and eggs together, and stir into the flour, which
+ will form a paste; roll out in thin cakes, and bake in a moderately
+ heated oven. Lemon biscuits may be made in a similar way, by
+ substituting essence of lemon for ginger.
+
+
+2108. Sponge Cake (1).
+
+ (_Very Easy Method_.)--The following receipt is as excellent as it is
+ simple, it gives less trouble than any other, and has never been known
+ to fail:--Take five eggs and half a pound of loaf sugar, sifted; break
+ the eggs upon the sugar, and beat all together with a steel fork for
+ half an hour. Previously take the weight of two eggs and a half, in
+ their shells, of flour. After you have beaten the eggs and sugar the
+ time specified, grate in the rind of a lemon (the juice may be added
+ at pleasure), stir in the flour, and immediately pour it into a tin
+ lined with buttered paper, and let it be instantly put into rather a
+ cool oven.
+
+
+2109. Sponge Cake (2).
+
+ Take equal weight of eggs and sugar; half their weight in sifted
+ flour; to twelve eggs add the grated rind of three lemons, and the
+ juice of two. Beat the eggs carefully, white and yolks separately,
+ before they are used. Stir the materials thoroughly together, and bake
+ in a quick oven.
+
+
+2110. Almond Sponge Cake.
+
+ Almond Sponge Cake is made by adding blanched almonds to the above.
+
+
+2111. Yule Cake.
+
+ Take one pound of fresh butter; one pound of sugar; one pound and a
+ half of flour; two pounds of currants; a glass of brandy; one pound of
+ sweetmeats; two ounces of sweet almonds; ten eggs; a quarter of an
+ ounce of allspice; and a quarter of an ounce of cinnamon. Melt the
+ butter to a cream, and put in the sugar. Stir it till quite light,
+ adding the allspice and pounded cinnamon; in a quarter of an hour,
+ take the yolks of the eggs, and work them two or three at a time; and
+ the whites of the same must by this time be beaten into a strong snow,
+ quite ready to work in. As the paste must not stand to chill the
+ butter, or it will be heavy, work in the whites gradually, then add
+ the orange peel, lemon, and citron, cut in fine strips, and the
+ currants, which must be mixed in well, with the sweet almonds; then
+ add the sifted flour and glass of brandy. Bake this cake in a tin
+ hoop, in a hot oven, for three hours, and put twelve sheets of paper
+ under it to keep it from burning.
+
+
+2112. Cake of Mixed Fruits.
+
+ Extract the juice from red currants by simmering them very gently for
+ a few minutes over a slow fire; strain it through folded muslin, and
+ to one pound of the juice add a pound and a half of freshly gathered
+ cooking apples, pared, and rather deeply cored, that the fibrous part
+ may be avoided. Boil these quite slowly until the mixture is perfectly
+ smooth; then, to evaporate part of the moisture, let the boiling be
+ quickened. In from twenty-five to thirty minutes, draw the pan from
+ the fire, and throw in gradually a pound and a quarter of sugar in
+ fine powder; mix it well with the fruit, and when it is dissolved,
+ continue the boiling rapidly for twenty minutes longer, keeping the
+ mixture constantly stirred; put it into a mould, and store it, when
+ cold, for winter use, or serve it for dessert, or for the second
+ course; in the latter case, decorate it with spikes of almonds,
+ blanched, and heap solid whipped cream round it, or pour a custard
+ into the dish. For dessert, it may be garnished with dice of the
+ palest apple jelly.
+
+
+ [PLAIN WORDS MAKE THE MOST ORNAMENTAL SENTENCES.]
+
+
+2113. Banbury Cakes.
+
+ Roll out the paste about half an inch thick, and cut it into pieces;
+ then roll again till each piece becomes twice the size; put some
+ Banbury meat in the middle of one side; fold the other over it, and
+ pinch it up into a somewhat oval shape; flatten it with your hand at
+ the top, letting the seam be quite at the bottom; rub the tops over
+ with the white of an egg, laid on with a brush, and dust loaf sugar
+ over them: bake in a moderate oven.
+
+
+2114. Meat for Banbury Cakes.
+
+ The meat for Banbury cakes is made thus:--Beat up a quarter of a pound
+ of butter until it becomes in the state of cream; then mix with it
+ half a pound of candied orange and lemon peel, cut fine; one pound of
+ currants, a quarter of an ounce of ground cinnamon; and a quarter of
+ an ounce of allspice: mix all well together, and keep in a jar till
+ wanted for use.
+
+
+2115. Bath Buns.
+
+ A quarter of a pound of flour; four yolks and three whites of eggs,
+ with four spoonfuls of solid fresh yeast. Beat in a bowl, and set
+ before the fire to rise; then rub into one pound of flour ten ounces
+ of butter; put in half a pound of sugar, and caraway comfits; when the
+ eggs and yeast are pretty light, mix by degrees all together; throw a
+ cloth over it, and set before the fire to rise. Make the buns, and
+ when on the tins, brush over with the yolk of egg and milk; strew them
+ with caraway comfits; bake in a quick oven. If baking powder is used
+ instead of yeast, use two teaspoonfuls, and proceed as directed,
+ omitting to set the dough before the fire to rise, which is useless as
+ regards all articles made with baking powder.
+
+
+2116. Belvidere Cake for Breakfast or Tea.
+
+ Take a quart of flour; four eggs; a piece of butter the size of an
+ egg; a piece of lard the same size: mix the butter and lard well in
+ the flour; beat the eggs light in a pint bowl, and fill it up with
+ cold milk; then pour it gradually into the flour; add a teaspoonful of
+ salt; work it for eight or ten minutes only: cut the dough with a
+ knife to the size you wish it; roll them into cakes about the size of
+ a breakfast plate, and bake in a quick oven.
+
+
+2117. To Make Gingerbread Cake.
+
+ Take one pound and a half of treacle; one and a half ounces of ground
+ ginger; half an ounce of caraway seeds; two ounces of allspice; four
+ ounces of orange peel, shred fine; half a pound of sweet butter; six
+ ounces of blanched almonds; one pound of honey; and one and a half
+ ounces of carbonate of soda; with as much fine flour as makes a dough
+ of moderate consistence.
+
+ _Directions for making._ Make a pit in five pounds of flour; then pour
+ in the treacle, and all the other ingredients, creaming the butter;
+ then mix them altogether into a dough; work it well; then put in three
+ quarters of an ounce of tartaric acid, and put the dough into a
+ buttered pan, and bake for two hours in a cool oven. To know when it
+ is ready, plunge a fork into it, and if it comes out sticky, put the
+ cake in the oven again; if not it is ready. This is a good and simple
+ test, which may be resorted to in baking bread and all kinds of cakes.
+
+
+2118. Pic-Nic Biscuits.
+
+ Take two ounces of fresh butter, and well work it with a pound of
+ flour. Mix thoroughly with it half a saltspoonful of pure carbonate of
+ soda, two ounces of sugar; mingle thoroughly with the flour, make up
+ the paste with spoonfuls of milk; it will require scarcely a quarter
+ of a pint. Knead smooth, roll a quarter of an inch thick, cut in
+ rounds about the size of the top of a small wineglass; roll these out
+ thin, prick them well, lay them on lightly floured tins, and bake in a
+ gentle oven until crisp. When cold put into dry canisters. Thin cream
+ used instead of milk, in the mixture will enrich the biscuits. To
+ obtain variety caraway seeds or ginger can be added at pleasure.
+
+
+ [A DUEL IS FOLLY PLAYING AT MURDER.]
+
+2119. Ginger Biscuits and Cakes.
+
+ Work into small crumbs three ounces of butter, two pounds of flour,
+ and three ounces of powdered sugar and two of ginger, in fine powder;
+ knead into a stiff paste, with new milk; roll thin, cut out with a
+ cutter: bake in a slow oven until crisp through; keep of a pale
+ colour. Additional sugar may be used when a sweeter biscuit is
+ desired. For good ginger cakes, butter six ounces, sugar eight, for
+ each pound of flour; wet the ingredients into a paste with eggs: a
+ little lemon-peel grated will give an agreeable flavour.
+
+
+2120. Sugar Biscuits.
+
+ Cut the butter into the flour. Add the sugar and caraway seeds. Pour
+ in the brandy, and then the milk. Lastly, put in the soda. Stir all
+ well with a knife, and mix it thoroughly, till it becomes a lump of
+ dough. Flour your pasteboard, and lay the dough on it. Knead it very
+ well. Divide it into eight or ten pieces, and knead each piece
+ separately. Then put them all together, and knead them very well into
+ one lump. Cut the dough in half, and lay it out into sheets, about
+ half an inch thick. Beat the sheets of dough very hard on both sides
+ with the rolling pin. Cut them out into round cakes with the edge of a
+ tumbler. Butter tins and lay the cakes on them. Bake them of a very
+ pale brown. If done too much they will lose their taste. Let the oven
+ be hotter at the top than at the bottom. These cakes kept in a stone
+ jar, closely covered from the air, will continue perfectly good for
+ several months.
+
+
+2121. Lemon Sponge.
+
+ For a quart mould--dissolve two ounces of isinglass in a pint and
+ three quarters of water; strain it, and add three quarters of a pound
+ of sifted loaf sugar, the juice of six lemons and the rind of one;
+ boil the whole for a few minutes, strain it again, and let it stand
+ till quite cold and just beginning to stiffen; then beat the whites of
+ two eggs, and put them to it, and whisk till it is quite white; put it
+ into a mould, which must be first wetted with cold water. Salad oil is
+ much better than water for preparing the mould for turning out jelly,
+ blancmange, &c., but great care must be taken not to pour the jelly
+ into the mould till _quite cool_, or the oil will float on the top,
+ and after it is turned out it must be carefully wiped over with a
+ clean cloth. This plan only requires to be tried once to be invariably
+ adopted.
+
+
+2122. Almond Custards.
+
+ Blanch and pound fine, with half a gill of rose water, six ounces of
+ sweet and half an ounce of bitter almonds; boil a pint of milk, with a
+ few coriander seeds, a little cinnamon, and some lemon-peel; sweeten
+ it with two ounces and a half of sugar, rub the almonds through a fine
+ sieve, with a pint of cream; strain the milk to the yolks of eight
+ eggs, and the whites of three well beaten; stir it over a fire till it
+ is of a good thickness, take it off the fire, and stir it till nearly
+ cold, to prevent its curdling.
+
+
+2123. Arrowroot Blancmange.
+
+ A teacupful of arrowroot to a pint of milk; boil the milk with twelve
+ sweet and six bitter almonds, blanched and beaten; sweeten with loaf
+ sugar, and strain it; break the arrowroot with a little of the milk as
+ smooth as possible; pour the boiling milk upon it by degrees, stir the
+ while; put it back into the pan and boil a few minutes, still
+ stirring: dip the shape in cold water before you put it in, and turn
+ it out when cold.
+
+
+2124. Red Currant Jelly.
+
+ With three parts of fine ripe red currants mix one of white currants;
+ put them into a clean preserving-pan, and stir them gently over a
+ clear fire until the juice flows from them freely; then turn them in a
+ fine hair sieve, and let them drain well, but without pressure. Pass
+ the juice through a folded muslin, or a jelly bag; weigh it, and then
+ boil it _fast_ for a quarter of an hour; add for each pound, eight
+ ounces of sugar coarsely powdered, stir this to it off the fire until
+ it is dissolved, give the jelly eight minutes more of quick boiling,
+ and pour it out. It will be firm, and of excellent colour and flavour.
+ Be sure to clean off the scum as it rises, both before and after the
+ sugar is put in, or the preserve will not be clear. Juice of red
+ currants, three pounds; juice of white currants, one pound: fifteen
+ minutes. Sugar, two pounds: eight minutes. An excellent jelly may be
+ made with equal parts of the juice of red and of white currants, and
+ of raspberries, with the same proportion of sugar and degree of
+ boiling as mentioned in the foregoing receipt.
+
+
+ [REVENGE IS THE ONLY DEBT WHICH IS WRONG TO PAY.]
+
+
+2125. White Currant Jelly.
+
+White currant jelly is made in the same way as red currant jelly, only
+double refined sugar should be used, and it should not be boiled above
+ten minutes. White currant jelly should be put through a lawn sieve.
+
+
+2126. Another Receipt for White Currant Jelly.
+
+ After the fruit is stripped from the stalks, put it into the pan, and
+ when it boils, run it quickly through a sieve: take a pound of sugar
+ to each pint of juice, and let it boil twenty minutes.
+
+
+2127. Black Currant Jelly.
+
+ To each pound of picked fruit allow one gill of water; set them on the
+ fire in the preserving-pan to scald, but do not let them boil; bruise
+ them well with a silver fork, or wooden beater; take them oft and
+ squeeze them through a hair sieve, and to every pint of juice allow a
+ pound of loaf or raw sugar; boil it ten minutes.
+
+
+2128. Apricot Jelly.
+
+ Divide two dozen ripe apricots into halves, pound half of the kernels
+ in a gill of water, and a teaspoonful of lemon juice; reduce the fruit
+ to a pulp, and mix the kernels with it; put the whole into a stewpan
+ with a pound of sugar, boil thoroughly, skim till clear, and put into
+ small pots.
+
+
+2129. Ox-heel Jelly.
+
+ Ox-heel Jelly is made in the same way as Calves' Feet Jelly (_See
+ par._ 2132).
+
+
+2130. Arrowroot Jelly.
+
+ A tablespoonful of arrow-root, and cold water to form a paste; add a
+ pint of boiling water; stir briskly, boil for a few minutes. A little
+ sherry and sugar may be added. For infants, a drop or two of the
+ essence of caraway seed or cinnamon is preferable.
+
+
+2131. An Excellent Jelly.
+
+ (_For the Sick room._)--Take rice, sago, pearl-barley, hartshorn
+ shavings, each one ounce; simmer with three pints of water to one, and
+ strain it. When cold, it will be a jelly, which give, dissolved in
+ wine, milk, or broth, in change with the other nourishment.
+
+
+2132. Calves' Feet Jelly.
+
+ It is better to buy the feet of the butcher, than at the tripe-shop
+ ready boiled, because the best portion of the jelly has been
+ extracted. Slit them in two, and take every particle of fat from the
+ claws; wash well in warm water, put them in a large stewpan, and cover
+ with water; skim well, and let them boil gently for six or seven
+ hours, until reduced to about two quarts, then strain and skim off any
+ oily substance on the surface. It is best to boil the feet the day
+ before making the jelly, as, when the liquor is cold, the oily part
+ being at the top, and the other being firm, with pieces of blotting
+ paper applied to it, you may remove every particle of the oily
+ substance without wasting the liquor. Put the liquor in a stewpan to
+ melt, with a pound of lump sugar, the peel of two lemons, and the
+ juice of six, six whites and shells of eggs beat together, and a
+ bottle of sherry or Madeira; whisk the whole together until it is on
+ the boil, then put it by the side of the stove, and let it simmer a
+ quarter of an hour; strain it through a jelly-bag: what is strained
+ first must be poured into the bag again, until it is as bright and
+ clear as distilled water; then put the jelly in moulds, to be cold and
+ firm; if the weather is too warm, it requires some ice or some of
+ Nelson's gelatine.
+
+ If required to be very stiff, half an ounce of isinglass may be added
+ when the wine is put in. It may be flavoured by the juice of various
+ fruits and spices, &c., and coloured with saffron, cochineal, the
+ juice of beetroot, spinach juice, claret, &c. It is sometimes made
+ with cherry brandy, red noyeau, curaçao, or essence of punch.
+
+
+2133. Orange Marmalade.
+
+ Select the largest Seville oranges, as they usually contain the
+ greatest quantity of juice, and take those that have clear skins, as
+ the skins form the largest part of the marmalade. Weigh the oranges,
+ and weigh also an equal quantity of loaf sugar. Peel the oranges,
+ dividing the peel of each into quarters, and put them into a
+ preserving-pan; cover them well with water, and set them on the fire
+ to boil. In the meantime prepare your oranges; divide them into gores,
+ then scrape with a teaspoon all the pulp from the white skin; or,
+ instead of peeling the oranges, cut a hole in the orange and scoop out
+ the pulp: remove carefully all the pips, of which there are
+ innumerable small ones in the Seville orange, which will escape
+ observation unless they are very minutely examined. Have a large basin
+ near you with some cold water in it, to throw the pips and peels
+ into--a pint is sufficient for a dozen oranges.
+
+ Boil these in the water, and having strained off the glutinous matter
+ which comes from them, add it to the other parts. When the peels have
+ boiled till they are sufficiently tender to admit of a fork being
+ stuck into them, scrape away all the pith from the inside of them; lay
+ them in folds, and cut them into thin slices of about an inch long.
+ Clarify the sugar; then throw the peels and pulp into it, stir it
+ well, and let it boil for half an hour. Then remove it from the fire,
+ and when it becomes cool, put it by in pots. Marmalade should be made
+ at the end of March, or at the beginning of April, as Seville oranges
+ are then in their best state.
+
+
+2134. Apple Marmalade.
+
+ Peel and core two pounds of sub-acid apples--Wellingtons are excellent
+ for the purpose--and put them in an enamelled saucepan with one pint
+ of sweet cider, or half a pint of pure wine, and one pound of crushed
+ sugar. Cook them by a gentle heat three hours, or longer, until the
+ fruit is very soft, then squeeze it first through a cullender and then
+ through a sieve. If not sufficiently sweet, add powdered sugar to
+ taste, and put away in jars made air-tight by covering them with a
+ piece of wet bladder.
+
+
+2135. Plum, Green-gage, or Apricot Jam
+
+ After taking away the stones from the fruit, and cutting out any
+ blemishes, put them over a slow fire, in a clean stewpan, with half a
+ pint of water, and when scalded, rub them through a hair sieve. To
+ every pound of pulp put one pound of sifted loaf sugar, put it into a
+ preserving pan over a brisk fire, and when it boils skim it well, and
+ throw in the kernels of the apricots and half an ounce of bitter
+ almonds, blanched. Then boil it fast for a quarter of an hour longer,
+ stirring it all the time. Store away in pots in the usual manner.
+
+
+2136. Almond Flavour.
+
+ (ESSENCE OF PEACH KERNELS--QUINTESSENCE OF NOYEAU.)--Dissolve one
+ ounce of essential oil of bitter almonds in one pint of spirit of
+ wine. Use it as flavouring for cordials and pastry. _In large
+ quantities is exceedingly poisonous_. A few drops only should be used
+ to several pounds of syrups, pastry, &c. This and other flavourings
+ may be bought in small bottles, ready for use, of grocers or oilmen.
+
+
+2137. Syrup of Orange or Lemon Peel.
+
+ Of fresh outer rind of Seville orange or lemon-peel, three ounces,
+ apothecaries' weight; boiling water, a pint and a half; infuse the
+ peel for a night in a close vessel; then strain the liquor; let it
+ stand to settle; and having poured it off clear from the sediment,
+ dissolve in it two pounds of double refined loaf sugar, and make it
+ into a syrup with a gentle heat.
+
+
+ [PRIDE COSTS MORE THAN HUNGER, THIRST, OR COLD.]
+
+
+2138. Indian Syrup.
+
+ (A delicious summer drink.) Five pounds of lump sugar, two ounces of
+ citric acid, a gallon of boiling water: when cold add half a drachm of
+ essence of lemon and half a drachm of spirit of wine; stir it well and
+ bottle it. About two tablespoonfuls to a glass of cold water.
+
+
+2139. Apples in Syrup for Immediate Use.
+
+ Pare and core some hard round apples, throwing them into a basin of
+ water as each is peeled. Clarify as much loaf sugar as will cover
+ them; put the apples in water with the juice and rind of a lemon, and
+ let them simmer till they are quite clear; great care must be taken
+ not to break them. Place them on the dish they are to appear upon at
+ table, and pour the syrup over.
+
+
+2140. Pounding Almonds.
+
+ The almonds should be dried for a few days after being blanched. Set
+ them in a warm place, strewn singly over a dish or tin. A little
+ powdered lump sugar will assist the pounding. They may be first
+ chopped small, and rolled with a rolling pin.--Almond Paste may be
+ made in the same manner.
+
+
+2141. Blanched Almonds.
+
+ Put the almonds into cold water, and heat them slowly to scalding;
+ then take them out and peel them quickly, throwing them into cold
+ water as they are done. Dry them in a cloth before serving.
+
+
+2142. Freezing without Ice or Acids.
+
+ The use of ice in cooling depends upon the fact of its requiring a
+ vast quantity of heat to convert it from a solid into a liquid state,
+ or in other words, to melt it; and the heat so required is obtained
+ from those objects with which it may be in contact. A pound of ice
+ requires nearly as much heat to melt it as would be sufficient to make
+ a pound of cold water boiling hot; hence its cooling power is
+ extremely great. But ice does not begin to melt until the temperature
+ is above the freezing point, and therefore it cannot be employed in
+ freezing liquids, &c., but only in cooling them. If, however, any
+ substance is mixed with ice which is capable of causing it to melt
+ more rapidly, and at a lower temperature, a still more intense cooling
+ effect is the result; such a substance is common salt, and the degree
+ of cold produced by the mixture of one part of salt with two parts of
+ snow or pounded ice is greater than thirty degrees below freezing.
+
+ In making ice-creams and dessert ices, the following articles are
+ required:--Pewter ice-pots with tightly-fitting lids, furnished with
+ handles; wooden ice-pails, to hold the rough ice and salt--the pails
+ should be stoutly made, about the same depth as the ice pots, and nine
+ or ten inches more in diameter, with a hole in the side, fitted with a
+ good cork, in order that the water from the melted ice may be drawn
+ off as required. In addition, a broad spatula, about four inches long,
+ rounded at the end, and furnished with a long wooden handle, is
+ necessary to scrape the frozen cream from the sides of the ice-pot,
+ and for mixing the whole smoothly together. When making ices, place
+ the mixture of cream and fruit to be frozen in the ice-pot, cover it
+ with the lid, and put the pot in the ice-pail, which proceed to fill
+ up with coarsely-pounded ice and salt, in the proportion of about one
+ part of salt to three of ice; let the whole remain a few minutes (if
+ covered by a blanket so much the better), then whirl the pot briskly
+ by the handle for a few minutes, take off the lid, and with the
+ spatula scrape the iced cream from the sides, mixing the whole
+ smoothly; put on the lid, and whirl again, repeating all the
+ operations every few minutes until the whole of the cream is well
+ frozen.
+
+ Great care and considerable labour are required in stirring, so that
+ the whole cream may be smoothly frozen, and not in hard lumps. When
+ finished, if it is required to be kept any time, the melted ice and
+ salt should be allowed to escape, by removing the cork, and the pail
+ filled up with fresh materials. It is scarcely necessary to add, that
+ if any of the melted ice and salt is allowed to mix with the cream,
+ the latter is spoiled. From the difficulty of obtaining ice in places
+ distant from large towns, and in hot countries, and from the
+ impracticability of keeping it any length of time, or, in fact, of
+ keeping small quantities more than a few hours its use is much
+ limited, and many have been the attempts to obtain an efficient
+ substitute. For this purpose various salts have been employed, which,
+ when dissolved in water, or in acids, absorb a sufficient amount of
+ heat to freeze substances with which they may be placed in contact. We
+ shall not attempt, in this article, to describe all the various
+ freezing mixtures that have been devised, but speak only of those
+ which have been found practically useful.
+
+ Many of the freezing mixtures which are to be found described in books
+ are incorrectly so named, for although they themselves are below the
+ freezing point, yet they are not sufficiently powerful to freeze any
+ quantity of water, or other substances, when placed in a vessel within
+ them. In order to be efficient as a freezing mixture, as distinguished
+ from a cooling one, the materials used ought to be capable of
+ producing by themselves an amount of cold more than thirty degrees
+ below the freezing point of water, and this the ordinary mixtures will
+ not do. Much more efficient and really freezing mixtures may be made
+ by using acids to dissolve the salts. The cheapest, and perhaps the
+ best, of these for ordinary use, is one which is frequently employed
+ in France, both for making dessert ices, and cooling wines, &c. It
+ consists of coarsely powdered Glauber salt (sulphate of sodium), on
+ which is poured about two-thirds its weight of spirit of salts
+ (hydrochloric acid).
+
+ The mixture should be made in a wooden vessel, as that is preferable
+ to one made of metal, which conducts the external heat to the
+ materials with great rapidity; and when the substance to be cooled is
+ placed in the mixture, the whole should be covered with a blanket, a
+ piece of old woollen carpet doubled or some other non-conducting
+ material, to prevent the access of the external warmth; the vessel
+ used for icing wines should not be too large, that there may be no
+ waste of the freezing mixture. This combination produces a degree of
+ cold thirty degrees below freezing; and if the materials are bought of
+ any of the wholesale druggists or dry salters, it is exceedingly
+ economical. It is open, however, to the very great objection, that the
+ spirit of salt is an exceedingly corrosive liquid, and of a pungent,
+ disagreeable odour: this almost precludes its use for any purpose
+ except that of icing wines.
+
+
+ [FAIR AND SOFTLY GO SURE AND FAR.]
+
+
+2143. Further Directions.
+
+ Actual quanties--one pound of chloride of ammonium, or sal ammoniac,
+ finely powdered, is to be _intimately_ mixed with two pounds of
+ nitrate of potasium or saltpetre, also in powder; this mixture we may
+ call No. 1. No. 2 is formed by crushing three pounds of the best
+ Scotch soda. In use, an equal bulk of both No. 1 and No. 2 is to be
+ taken, stirred together, placed in the ice-pail, surrounding the
+ ice-pot, and rather less cold water poured on than will dissolve the
+ whole; if one quart of No. 1, and the same bulk of No. 2 are taken, it
+ will require about one quart of water to dissolve them, and the
+ temperature will fall, if the materials used are cool, to nearly
+ thirty degrees below freezing. Those who fail, may trace their want of
+ success to one or other of the following points:--the use of too small
+ a quantity of the preparation,--the employment of a few ounces;
+ whereas, in freezing ices, the ice-pot must be entirely surrounded
+ with the freezing material: no one would attempt to freeze with four
+ ounces of ice and salt. Again, too large a quantity of water may be
+ used to dissolve the preparation, when all the excess of water has to
+ be cooled down instead of the substance it is wished to freeze. All
+ the materials used should be pure, and as cool as can be obtained. The
+ ice-pail in which the mixture is made must be of some non-conducting
+ material, as wood--which will prevent the access of warmth from the
+ air; and the ice-pot, in which the liquor to be frozen is placed,
+ should be of pewter, and surrounded nearly to its top by the freezing
+ mixture. Bear in mind that the making of ice-cream, under any
+ circumstances, is an operation requiring considerable dexterity and
+ practice.
+
+
+2144. To Make Dessert Ices, both Cream and Water.
+
+
+2145. Strawberry Ice Cream.
+
+ Take one pint of strawberries, one pint of cream, nearly half a pound
+ of powdered white sugar, the juice of a lemon; mash the fruit through
+ a sieve, and take out the seeds: mix with the other articles, and
+ freeze. A little new milk added makes the whole freeze more quickly.
+
+
+2146. Raspberry Ice Cream.
+
+ The same as strawberry. These ices are often coloured by cochineal,
+ but the addition is not advantageous to the flavour. Strawberry or
+ raspberry jam may be used instead of the fresh fruit, or equal
+ quantities of jam and fruit employed. Of course the quantity of sugar
+ must be proportionately diminished.
+
+
+2147. Strawberry Water Ice.
+
+ One large pottle of scarlet strawberries, the juice of a lemon, a
+ pound of sugar, or one pint of strong syrup, half a pint of water.
+ Mix,--first rubbing the fruit through a sieve,--and freeze.
+
+
+2148. Raspberry Water Ice.
+
+ Raspberry Water Ice is made in precisely the same manner as
+ Strawberry-water ice.
+
+
+2149. Lemon-Water Ice.
+
+ Lemon juice and water, each half a pint; strong syrup, one pint: the
+ rind of the lemons should be rasped off, before squeezing, with lump
+ sugar, which is to be added to the juice; mix the whole; strain after
+ standing an hour, and freeze. Beat up with a little sugar the whites
+ of two or three eggs, and as the ice is beginning to set, work this in
+ with the spatula, which will be found to much improve the consistence
+ and taste.
+
+
+2150. Orange-Water Ice.
+
+ Orange-Water Ice is made in the same way as Lemon-water ice.
+
+
+2151. Nitrate of Ammonium as a Freezing Mixture.
+
+ Another substance, which is free from any corrosive action or
+ unpleasant odour, is nitrate of ammonium, which, if simply dissolved
+ in rather less than its own weight of water, reduces the temperature
+ about twenty-five degrees below freezing. The objections to its use
+ are that its frigorific power is not sufficiently great to freeze
+ readily; and if it be required to form dessert ices, it is requisite
+ to renew the process, at the expiration of a quarter of an hour, a
+ second time, and, if the weather is very hot, and the water used is
+ rather warm, even a third or fourth time. Again, nitrate of ammonium
+ is a very expensive salt; even in France, where it is manufactured
+ expressly for this purpose, it is sold at the rate of three francs a
+ pound; and in England it cannot be obtained under a much higher price.
+ One great recommendation, however, attends its use, namely, that it
+ may be recovered again, and used any number of times, by simply
+ boiling away the water in which it is dissolved, by a gentle fire,
+ until a small portion, on being removed, crystallizes on cooling.
+
+
+2152. Washing Soda as a Freezing Mixture.
+
+ If, however, nitrate of ammonium in coarse powder is put into the
+ cooler, and there is then added twice its weight of freshly crushed
+ washing soda, and an equal quantity of the coldest water that can be
+ obtained, an intensely powerful frigorific mixture is the result, the
+ cold often falling to forty degrees below freezing. This is by far
+ the most efficacious freezing mixture that can be made without the use
+ of ice or acids. But, unfortunately, it has an almost insuperable
+ objection, that the nitrate of ammonium is decomposed by the soda, and
+ cannot be recovered by evaporation; this raises the expense to so
+ great a height, that the plan is practically useless.
+
+
+ [ALL IS NOT GOLD THAT GLITTERS.]
+
+
+2153. Sal Ammoniac as a Freezing Mixture.
+
+ If the ordinary sal ammoniac of the shops is used, it will be found
+ both difficult to powder, and expensive; in fact, it is so exceedingly
+ tough, that the only way in which it can be easily divided, except in
+ a drug mill, is by putting as large a quantity of the salt into water
+ which is actually boiling as the latter will dissolve; as the solution
+ cools, the salt crystalizes out in the solid form, and if stirred as
+ it cools, it separates in a state of fine division. As this process is
+ troublesome, and as the sal ammoniac is expensive, it is better to use
+ the crude muriate of ammonium, which is the same substance as sal
+ ammoniac, but before it has been purified by sublimation. This is not
+ usually kept by druggists, but may be readily obtained of any of the
+ artificial manure merchants, at a very moderate rate; and its purity
+ may be readily tested by placing a portion of it on a red-hot iron,
+ when it should fly off in a vapour, leaving scarcely any residue.
+
+
+2154. Coldness of the Materials used.
+
+ It is hardly necessary to add, that in icing wines, or freezing, the
+ effect is great in proportion to the coldness of the materials used;
+ therefore, every article employed, viz., the water, tubs, mixtures,
+ &c., should be as cool as possible.
+
+
+2155. Blackbirds.
+
+ The cock bird is of a deep black, with a yellow bill. The female is
+ dark brown. It is difficult to distinguish male from female birds when
+ young; but the darkest generally are males. Their food consists of
+ German paste, bread, meat, and bits of apple. The same treatment as
+ given for the thrush (_See par._ 2456) applies to the blackbird.
+
+
+2156. Food of Blackbirds.
+
+ The natural food of the blackbird is berries, worms, insects, shelled
+ snails, cherries, and other similar fruit; and its artificial food,
+ lean fresh meat, cut very small, and mixed with bread, or German paste.
+
+
+2157. Thrushes.
+
+ A cock may be distinguished from a hen by a darker back, and the more
+ glossy appearance of the feathers. The belly also is white. Their
+ natural food is insects, worms, and snails. In a domesticated state
+ they will eat raw meat, but snails and worms should be procured for
+ them. Young birds are hatched about the middle of April, and should be
+ kept very warm. They should be fed with raw meat, cut small, or bread
+ mixed in milk with hemp seed well bruised; when they can feed
+ themselves give them lean meat cut small, and mixed with bread or
+ German paste, plenty of clean water, and keep them in a warm, dry, and
+ sunny situation.
+
+
+2158. Canaries.
+
+ To distinguish a cock bird from a hen, observe the bird when it is
+ singing, and if it be a cock you will perceive the throat heaving with
+ a pulse-like motion, a peculiarity which is scarcely perceptible in
+ the hen. Feed young canaries with white and yolk of hard egg, mixed
+ together with a little bread steeped in water. This should be pressed
+ and placed in one vessel, while in another should be put some boiled
+ rape seed, washed in fresh water. Change the food every day. When they
+ are a month old, put them into separate cages. Cut the claws of
+ cage-birds occasionally, when they become too long, but in doing so be
+ careful not to draw blood.
+
+
+2159. Treatment of Canaries.
+
+ Care must be taken to keep canaries very clean. For this purpose, the
+ cage should be strewed every morning with clean sand, or rather, fine
+ gravel, for small pebbles are _absolutely essential_ to life and
+ health in cage-birds: fresh water must be given every day, both for
+ drinking and bathing; the latter being in a shallow vessel; and,
+ during the moulting season, a small bit of iron should be put into the
+ water for drinking. The food of a canary should consist principally of
+ _summer_ rape seed that is, of those small _brown_ rape seeds which
+ are obtained from plants sown in the spring, and which ripen during
+ the summer; large and _black_ rape seeds, on the contrary, are
+ produced by such plants as are sown in autumn and reaped in spring. A
+ little chickweed in spring, lettuce leaves in summer, and endive in
+ autumn, with slices of sweet apple in winter, may be safely given; but
+ bread and sugar ought to be generally avoided. Occasionally, also, a
+ few poppy or canary seeds, and a small quantity of bruised hemp seed
+ may be added, but the last very sparingly.
+
+ Cleanliness, simple food, and fresh but not _cold_ air, are essential
+ to the well-being of a canary. During the winter, the cage should
+ never be hung in a room without a fire, but even then, when the air is
+ mild, and the sun shines bright, the little prisoner will be refreshed
+ by having the window open. The cage should never be less than eight
+ inches in diameter, and a foot high, with perches at different heights.
+
+
+2160. Bullfinches.
+
+ Old birds should be fed with German Paste, (_See par_. 2164), and
+ occasionally rapeseed. The Germans sometimes give them a little
+ poppy-seed, and a grain or two of rice, steeped in Canary wine, when
+ teaching them to pipe, as a reward for the progress they make. Bird
+ organs, or flageolets, are used to teach them. They breed three or
+ four times a year. The young require to be kept very warm, and to be
+ fed every two hours with rape seed, soaked for several hours in cold
+ water, afterwards scalded and strained, bruised, mixed with bread, and
+ moistened with milk. Not more than one, two, or three mouthfuls should
+ be given at a time.
+
+
+2161. Linnets.
+
+ Cock birds are browner on the back than the hens, and have some of the
+ large feathers of the wings white up to the quills. Canary and hemp
+ seed, with occasionally a little groundsel, water-cress, chickweed,
+ &c., constitute their food.
+
+
+2162. Skylarks.
+
+ The cock is recognised by the largeness of his eye, the length of his
+ claws, the mode of erecting his crest, and by marks of white in the
+ tail. It is also a larger bird than the hen. The cage should be of the
+ following proportions:--Length, one foot five inches; width, nine
+ inches; height, one foot three inches. There should be a circular
+ projection in front to admit of a fresh turf being placed every two or
+ three days, and the bottom of the cage should be plentifully and
+ constantly sprinkled with river sand. All vessels containing food
+ should be placed outside, and the top of the cage should be arched and
+ padded, so that the bird may not injure itself by jumping about.
+
+ Their food, in a natural state, consists of seeds, insects, and also
+ buds, green herbage, as clover, endive, lettuce, &c., and occasionally
+ berries. When confined, they are usually fed with a paste made in the
+ following manner:--Take a portion of bread, well-baked and stale, put
+ it into fresh water, and leave it until quite soaked through, then
+ squeeze out the water and pour boiled milk over it, adding two-thirds
+ of the same quantity of barley meal well sifted, or, what is better,
+ wheat meal. This should be made fresh every two days. Occasionally the
+ yolk of a hard-boiled egg should be crumbled small and given to the
+ birds, as well as a little hemp seed, meal, worms, and elder berries
+ when they can be got. The cages of these birds should be kept very
+ clean.
+
+
+2163. Parrots.
+
+ Parrots may best be taught to talk by covering the cage at night, or
+ rather in the evening, and then repeating to them slowly and
+ distinctly, the words they are desired to learn. They should not be
+ kept in places where they are liable to hear disagreeable noises, such
+ as street cries, and the whistling and shouts of boys at play, for
+ they will imitate them, and become too noisy to be tolerated. Parrots
+ may be fed upon soaked bread, biscuit, mashed potatoes, and rape seed.
+ They are fond of nuts. They should be kept very clean, and allowed a
+ bath frequently. When parrots appear sickly in any way, it is best to
+ keep them warm, change their food for a time, and give them lukewarm
+ water to bathe in.
+
+
+ [SHORT RECKONINGS MAKE LONG FRIENDS.]
+
+
+2164. German Paste.
+
+ Good German paste for cage birds may be made in the following
+ manner:--Boil four eggs until quite hard, then throw them into cold
+ water; remove the whites and grate or pound the yolks until quite |
+ fine, and add a pound of white pea-meal and a tablespoonful of olive
+ oil. Mix the whole up together, and press the dough through a tin
+ cullender so as to form it into small grains like shot. Fry these over
+ a gentle fire, gradually stirring them until of a light brown colour,
+ when they are fit for use.
+
+
+2165. Insects in Birdcages.
+
+ To keep away insects suspend a little bag of sulphur in the cage. This
+ is said to be healthful for birds generally, as well as useful in
+ keeping away insects by which they become infested.
+
+
+2166. Squirrels.
+
+ In a domestic state these little animals are fed with hazel nuts, or
+ indeed any kind of nuts; and occasionally bread and milk. They should
+ be kept very clean.
+
+
+2167. Rabbits.
+
+ Rabbits should be kept dry and warm. Their best food is celery,
+ parsley, and carrots; but they will eat almost any kind of vegetable,
+ especially the dandelion, milk-thistle, &c. In spring it is
+ recommended to give them tares. A little bran, and any kind of grain
+ occasionally is beneficial, as too much green food is very hurtful.
+ Care should be taken not to over-feed them. When fed upon dry food a
+ little skim milk is good for them. Tea leaves also, in small
+ quantities, may be given to them.
+
+
+2168. White Mice.
+
+ White Mice are fed upon bread soaked in milk, peas, oats, beans, &c.,
+ and any kind of nuts.
+
+
+2169. Monkeys.
+
+ Monkeys feed upon bread, and fruit of any kind. Do not give them
+ meat, but occasionally they may I have small bones to pick.
+
+
+2170. Guinea Pigs.
+
+ Guinea Pigs very much resemble rabbits in their mode of living, and
+ may be treated in much the same manner. They should be kept dry,
+ warm, and very clean.
+
+
+2171. To Fatten Poultry.
+
+ Poultry should be fattened in coops, and kept very clean. They should
+ be furnished with gravel, but with no water, except that with which
+ their only food, barley-meal, is mixed. Their thirst makes them eat
+ more than they would, in order to extract the moisture from the food.
+ This should not be put in troughs, but laid upon a board, which should
+ be washed clean every time fresh food is put upon it.
+
+
+2172. To Fatten Fowls in a Short Time.
+
+ Mix together ground rice well scalded with milk, and add some coarse
+ sugar. Feed them with this in the daytime, but do not give them too
+ much at once; let it be rather thick.
+
+
+2173. Egg Shells for Poultry.
+
+ It is a bad thing to give fowls egg-shells. They supply nothing that
+ is not equally well furnished by lime, and especially bricklayers'
+ rubbish, old ceilings, &c. Never do anything that has a tendency to
+ make them eat eggs. They are apt scholars. If they find worms in a
+ natural way they are good food, but it is a bad plan to give them by
+ the handful.
+
+
+2174. Gold Fish.
+
+ Great care must be taken of gold fish, as they are very sensitive; and
+ hence a loud noise, strong smell, violent or even slight shaking of
+ the vessel, will sometimes destroy them. Small worms, which are common
+ to the water, suffice for their food in general, but the Chinese, who
+ bring gold fish to great perfection, throw small balls of paste into
+ the water, of which they are very fond. They give them also lean pork,
+ dried in the sun, and reduced to a very fine and delicate powder.
+ Fresh river-water should be given them frequently, if possible.
+ Gold-fish seldom deposit spawn when kept in glass-vessels. In order to
+ procure a supply, they must be put into reservoirs of a considerable
+ depth, in some part at least, well shaded at intervals with
+ water-lilies, and constantly supplied with fresh water.
+
+
+ [FIRST BE JUST, THEN YOU MAY BE GENEROUS.]
+
+2175. Dogs.
+
+ The best way to keep dogs healthy is to let them have plenty of
+ exercise, and not to over-feed them. Let them at all times have a
+ plentiful supply of clean water, and encourage them to take to
+ swimming, as it assists their cleanliness. Naldire's soap is
+ recommended as highly efficacious in ridding dogs of fleas. After
+ using any soap rinse it well off with clean water. Properly treated,
+ dogs should be fed only once a day. Meat boiled for dogs, and the
+ liquor in which it is boiled thickened with barley meal, or oatmeal,
+ forms capital food.
+
+
+2176. Distemper in Dogs.
+
+ The distemper is liable to attack dogs from four months to four years
+ old. It prevails most in spring and autumn. The disease is known by
+ dulness of the eye, husky cough, shivering, loss of appetite and
+ spirits, and fits. When fits occur, the dog will most likely die,
+ unless a veterinary surgeon be called in. During the distemper, dogs
+ should be allowed to run on the grass; their diet should be spare; and
+ a little sulphur be placed in their water. Chemists who dispense
+ cattle medicines can generally advise with sufficient safety upon the
+ diseases of dugs, and it is best for unskilful persons to abstain from
+ physicing them. In many diseases dogs will be benefited by warm baths.
+
+
+2177. Hydrophobia in Dogs.
+
+ Hydrophobia is the most dreadful of all diseases. The first symptoms
+ are attended by thirst, fever, and languor. The dog starts
+ convulsively in his sleep, and when awake, though restless, is
+ languid. When a dog is suspected, he should he firmly chained in a
+ place where neither children nor dogs nor cats can get near him. Any
+ one going to attend him should wear thick leather gloves, and proceed
+ with great caution. When a dog snaps savagely at an imaginary object,
+ it is almost a certain indication of madness; and when it exhibits a
+ terror of fluids, it is confirmed hydrophobia. Some dogs exhibit a
+ great dislike of musical sounds, and when this is the case they are
+ too frequently made sport of. But it is a dangerous sport, as dogs
+ have sometimes been driven mad by it.
+
+
+2178. Mange in Dogs.
+
+ The mange is a contagious disease, which it is difficult to get rid of
+ when once contracted. The best way is to apply to a veterinary chemist
+ for an ointment, and to keep applying it for some time after the
+ disease has disappeared, or it will break out again.
+
+
+2179. Cats.
+
+ It is generally supposed that cats are more attached to places than to
+ individuals, but this is an error. They obstinately cling to certain
+ places, because it is there they expect to see the persons to whom
+ they are attached. A cat will return to an empty house, and remain in
+ it many weeks. But when at last she finds that the family does not
+ return, she strays away, and if she chance then to find the family,
+ she will abide with them. The same rules of feeding which apply to
+ dogs apply also to cats. They should not be over-fed, nor too
+ frequently. Cats are liable to the same diseases as dogs; though they
+ do not become ill so frequently. A little brimstone in their milk
+ occasionally is a good preventive. The veterinary chemist will also
+ prescribe for the serious diseases of cats.
+
+
+2180. Choice of Friends.
+
+ Dr. Blair has said:
+
+ "We should ever have it fixed in our memories, that _by the
+ character of those whom we choose for our friends our own character
+ is likely to be formed_, and will certainly be judged of by the
+ world. We ought, therefore, to be slow and cautious in contracting
+ intimacy; but when a virtuous friendship is once established, we
+ must ever consider it as a sacred engagement."
+
+
+2181. Words.
+
+ Soft words soften the soul--angry words are fuel to the flame of
+ wrath, and make it blaze more freely. Kind words make other people
+ good-natured--cold words freeze people, and hot words scorch them, and
+ bitter words make them bitter, and wrathful words make wrathful. There
+ is such a rush of all other kinds of words in our days, that it seems
+ desirable to give kind words a chance among them. There are vain
+ words, and idle words, and hasty words, and spiteful words, and silly
+ words, and empty words, and profane words, and boisterous words, and
+ warlike words. Kind words also produce their own image on men's souls,
+ and a beautiful image it is. They smooth, and quiet, and comfort the
+ hearer. They shame him out of his sour, and morose, and unkind
+ feelings. We have not yet begun to use kind words in such abundance as
+ they ought to be used.
+
+
+2182. Gossiping.
+
+ If you wish to cultivate a gossiping, meddling, censorious spirit in
+ your children, be sure when they come home from church, a visit, or
+ any other place where you do not accompany them, to ply them with
+ questions concerning what everybody wore, how everybody looked, and
+ what everybody said and did; and if you find anything in this to
+ censure, always do it in their hearing. You may rest assured, if you
+ pursue a course of this kind, they will not return to you unladen with
+ intelligence; and rather than it should be uninteresting, they will by
+ degrees learn to embellish, in such a manner as shall not fail to call
+ forth remarks and expressions of wonder from you. You will, by this
+ course, render the spirit of curiosity, which is so early visible in
+ children, and which, if rightly directed, may be made the instrument
+ of enriching and enlarging their minds, a vehicle of mischief which
+ will serve only to narrow them.
+
+
+2183. Rules of Conduct.
+
+ The following rules of conduct were drawn up by Mrs. Fry, who combined
+ in her character and conduct all that is truly excellent in woman:
+
+ i. Never lose any time,--I do not think that time lost which is
+ spent in amusement or recreation some part of each day; but always
+ be in the habit of being employed.
+
+ ii. Never err the least in truth.
+
+ iii. Never say an ill thing of a person when thou canst say a good
+ thing of him; not only speak charitably, but feel so.
+
+ iv. Never be irritable or unkind to anybody.
+
+ v. Never indulge thyself in luxuries that are not necessary.
+
+ vi. Do all things with consideration; and when thy path to act right
+ is most difficult, feel confidence in that Power alone which is able
+ to assist thee, and exert thy own powers as far as they go.
+
+
+2184. The Female Temper.
+
+ No trait of character is more agreeable in a female than the
+ possession of a sweet temper. Home can never be happy without it. It
+ is like the flowers that spring up in our pathway, reviving and
+ cheering us. Let a man go home at night, wearied and worn by the toils
+ of the day, and how soothing is a word dictated by a good disposition!
+ It is sunshine falling on his heart. He is happy, and the cares of
+ life are forgotten. A sweet temper has a soothing influence over the
+ minds of a whole family. Where it is found in the wife and mother, you
+ observe a kindness and love predominating over the natural feelings of
+ a bad heart. Smiles, kind words and looks, characterize the children,
+ and peace and love have their dwelling there. Study, then, to acquire
+ and maintain a sweet temper.
+
+
+2185. Counsels for the Young.
+
+ i. Never be cast down by trifles. If a spider break his thread
+ twenty times, he will mend it again as often.
+
+ ii. Make up your mind to do a thing, and you will do it.
+
+ iii. Fear not if a trouble comes upon you; keep up your spirits,
+ though the day be a dark one. If the sun is going down, look up to
+ the stars. If the earth is dark, keep your eye on heaven. With God's
+ promises, a man or a child may be cheerful.
+
+ iv. Mind what you run after. Never be content with a bubble that
+ will burst--firewood that will end in smoke and darkness. Get that
+ which you can keep, and which is worth keeping.
+
+ v. Fight hard against a hasty temper. Anger will come, but resist it
+ strongly. A fit of passion may give you cause to mourn all the days
+ of your life.
+
+ vi. Never revenge an injury. If you have an enemy, act kindly to
+ him, and make him your friend. You may not win him over at once, but
+ try again. Let one kindness be followed by another, till you have
+ compassed your end. By little and little, great things are
+ completed; and repeated kindness will soften the heart of stone.
+
+ vii. Whatever you do, do it willingly. A boy that is whipped to
+ school never learns his lessons well. A man who is compelled to work
+ cares not how badly it is performed. He that pulls off his coat
+ cheerfully, turns up his sleeves in earnest, and sings while he
+ works, is the man of action.
+
+
+2186. Advice to Young Ladies.
+
+ i. If you have blue eyes you need not languish: if black eyes, you
+ need not stare.
+
+ ii. If you have pretty feet there is no occasion to wear short
+ petticoats: if you are doubtful as to that point, there can be no
+ harm in letting the petticoats be long.
+
+ iii. If you have good teeth, do not laugh in order to show them: if
+ bad teeth do not laugh less than the occasion may warrant.
+
+ iv. If you have pretty hands and arms, you may play on the harp if
+ you play well: if they are disposed to be clumsy, work tapestry.
+
+ v. If you have a bad voice, speak in a subdued tone: if you have the
+ finest voice in the world, never speak in a high tone.
+
+ vi. If you dance well, dance but seldom; if ill, never dance at all.
+
+ vii. If you sing well, make no previous excuses: if indifferently,
+ do not hesitate when you are asked, for few people are judges of
+ singing, but every one is sensible of a desire to please.
+
+ viii. To preserve beauty, rise early.
+
+ ix. To preserve esteem, be gentle.
+
+ x. To obtain power, be condescending.
+
+ xi. To live happily, try to promote the happiness of others.
+
+
+2187. Daughters.
+
+ Mothers who wish not only to discharge well their own duties in the
+ domestic circle, but to train up their daughters for a later day to
+ make happy and comfortable firesides for their families, should watch
+ well, and guard well, the notions which they imbibe and with which
+ they grow up. There will be many persons ready to fill their young
+ heads with false and vain fancies, and there is so much always afloat
+ in society opposed to duty and common sense, that if mothers do not
+ watch well, their children may contract ideas very fatal to their
+ future happiness and usefulness, and hold them till they grow into
+ habits of thought or feeling. A wise mother will have her eyes open,
+ and be ready for every emergency. A few words of common, downright
+ practical sense, timely uttered by her, may be enough to counteract
+ some foolish idea or belief put into her daughter's head by others,
+ whilst if it be left unchecked, it may take such possession of the
+ mind that it cannot be corrected at a later time.
+
+ One false notion rife in the present age is the idea that women,
+ unless compelled to it by absolute poverty, are out of place when
+ engaged in domestic affairs. Now mothers should have a care lest their
+ daughters get hold of this conviction as regard themselves--there is
+ danger of it; the fashion of the day engenders it, and even the care
+ that an affectionate family take to keep a girl, during the time of
+ her education, free from other occupations than those of her tasks, or
+ her recreations, may lead her to infer that the matters with which she
+ is never asked to concern herself are, in fact, no concern to her, and
+ that any attention she may ever bestow on them is not a matter of
+ simple duty, but of grace, or concession, or stooping, on her part.
+ Let mothers bring up their daughters from the _first_ with the idea
+ that in this world it is required to give as well as to receive, to
+ minister as well as to enjoy; that every person is bound to be useful
+ in his own sphere, and that a woman's first sphere is the house, and
+ its concerns and demands. Once really imbued with this belief, a young
+ girl will usually be anxious to learn all that her mother is disposed
+ to teach, and will be proud and happy to aid in any domestic
+ occupations assigned to her. These need never be made so heavy as to
+ interfere with the peculiar duties or enjoyments of her age. If a
+ mother wishes to see her daughter become a good, happy, and rational
+ woman, never let there be contempt for domestic occupations, or suffer
+ them to be deemed secondary.
+
+
+2188. A Wife's Power.
+
+ The power of a wife for good or evil is irresistible. Home must be the
+ seat of happiness, or it must be for ever unknown. A good wife is to a
+ man wisdom, and courage, and strength, and endurance. A bad wife is
+ confusion, weakness, discomfiture, and despair. No condition is
+ hopeless where the wife possesses firmness, decision, and economy.
+ There is no outward prosperity which can counteract indolence,
+ extravagance, and folly at home. No spirit can long endure bad
+ domestic influence. Man is strong, but his heart is not adamant. He
+ delights in enterprise and action; but to sustain him he needs a
+ tranquil mind, and a whole heart. He needs his moral force in the
+ conflicts of the world. To recover his equanimity and composure, home
+ must be to him a place of repose, of peace, of cheerfulness, of
+ comfort; and his soul renews its strength again, and goes forth with
+ fresh vigour to encounter the labour and troubles of life. But if at
+ home he find no rest, and is there met with bad temper, sullenness, or
+ gloom, or is assailed by discontent or complaint, hope vanishes, and
+ he sinks into despair.
+
+
+2189. Husband and Wife.
+
+ Being hints to each other for the good of both, as actually delivered
+ at our own table:
+
+
+2190. Hints for Wives (1).
+
+ If your husband occasionally looks a little troubled when he comes
+ home, do not say to him, with an alarmed countenance, "What ails you,
+ my dear?" Don't bother him; he will tell you of his own accord, if
+ need be. Be observant and quiet. Let him alone until he is inclined
+ to talk; take up your book or your needlework pleasantly and
+ cheerfully; and wait until he is inclined to be sociable. Don't let
+ him ever find a shirt-button missing. A shirt-button being off a
+ collar or wrist-band has frequently produced the first impatient word
+ in married Life.
+
+
+2191. Hints for Husbands (1).
+
+ If your wife complain that young ladies of the present day are very
+ forward, don't accuse her of jealousy. A little concern on her part
+ only proves her love for you, and you may enjoy your triumph without
+ saying a word. Don't evince your weakness either, by complaining of
+ every trifling neglect. What though her knitting and crochet seem to
+ absorb too large a share of her attention; depend upon it, that as her
+ eyes watch the intertwinings of the threads, and the manoeuvres of the
+ needles, she is thinking of the events of byegone times, which
+ entangled your two hearts in the network of love, whose meshes you can
+ neither of you unravel or escape.
+
+
+2192. Hints for Wives (2).
+
+ Never complain that your husband pores too much over the newspaper, to
+ the exclusion of that pleasing converse which you formerly enjoyed
+ with him. Don't hide the paper, but when the boy leaves it at the
+ door, take it in pleasantly, and lay it down before him. Think what
+ man would be without a newspaper, and how much good newspapers have
+ done by exposing bad husbands and bad wives, by giving their errors to
+ the eye of the public. When your husband is absent, instead of
+ gossiping or looking into shop windows, sit down quietly, and look
+ over that paper; run your eye over its home and foreign news; glance
+ rapidly at the accidents and casualties; carefully scan the leading
+ articles; and at tea-time, when your husband again takes up the paper,
+ make some brief remarks on what you have read, and, depend upon it, he
+ will put it down again. If he has not read the information, he will
+ hear it all from your lips, and when you have read, he will ask
+ questions in his turn, and, gradually, you will get into as cosy a
+ chat as you ever enjoyed; and you will soon discover that, rightly
+ used, the newspaper is the wife's real friend, for it keeps the
+ husband at home, and supplies capital topics for every-day table-talk.
+
+
+2193. Hints for Husbands (2).
+
+ You can hardly imagine how refreshing it is to occasionally call up
+ the recollection of your courting days. How tediously the hours rolled
+ away prior to the appointed time of meeting; how swiftly they seemed
+ to fly when you had met; how fond was the first greeting; how tender
+ the last embrace; how vivid your dreams of future happiness, when,
+ returning to your home, you felt yourself secure in the confessed love
+ of the object of your warm affections! Is your dream realised?--are
+ you as happy as you expected? Consider whether, as a husband, you are
+ as fervent and constant as you were when a lover. Remember that the
+ wife's claims to your unremitting regard, great before marriage, are
+ now exalted to a much higher degree. She has left the world for
+ you--the home of her childhood, the fireside of her parents, their
+ watchful care and sweet intercourse have all been yielded up for you.
+ Look, then, most jealously upon all that may tend to attract you from
+ home, and to weaken that union upon which your temporal happiness
+ mainly depends; and believe that in the solemn relationship of husband
+ is to be found one of the best guarantees for man's honour and
+ happiness.
+
+
+2194. Hints for Wives (3).
+
+ Perchance you think that your husband's disposition is much changed;
+ that he is no longer the sweet-tempered, ardent lover he used to be.
+ This may be a mistake. Consider his struggles with the world--his
+ everlasting race with the busy competition of trade. What is it makes
+ him so eager in the pursuit of gain--so energetic by day, so sleepless
+ by night--but his love of home, wife, and children, and a dread that
+ their respectability, according to the light in which he has conceived
+ it, may be encroached upon by the strife of existence? This is the
+ true secret of that silent care which preys upon the hearts of many
+ men, and true it is, that when love is least apparent, it is
+ nevertheless the active principle which animates the heart, though
+ fears and disappointments make up a cloud which obscures the warmer
+ element. As above the clouds there is glorious sunshine, while below
+ are showers and gloom, so with the conduct of man--behind the gloom of
+ anxiety is a bright fountain of high and noble feeling. Think of this
+ in those moments when clouds seem to lower upon your domestic peace,
+ and, by tempering your conduct accordingly, the gloom will soon pass
+ away, and warmth and brightness take its place.
+
+
+2195. Hints for Husbands (3).
+
+ Summer is the season of love and innocent enjoyment. What shall the
+ husband do when summer returns to gladden the earth, and all who live
+ upon it? Must he still pore over the calculations of the
+ counting-house, or ceaselessly pursue the toils of the
+ work-room--sparing no moment to taste the joys which Heaven measures
+ out so liberally? No! Let him ask his wife once more to breathe with
+ him the fresh air of heaven, and look upon the beauties of earth. The
+ summers are few that they may dwell together; so let him not give them
+ all to Mammon, but seek invigorating and health-renewing recreation
+ abroad, which shall make the hearts of each glow with emotions of
+ renewed love.
+
+
+ [TRUTH IS A ROCK LARGE ENOUGH FOR ALL TO STAND UPON.]
+
+
+2196. Hints for Wives (4).
+
+ "It was!" "It was not!" "It _was!_" "It was _not_!" "Ah!" "Ha!"--Now
+ who's the wiser or the better for this contention for the last word?
+ Does obstinacy establish superiority or elicit truth? Decidedly not!
+ Woman has always been described as clamouring for the last word, and
+ men, generally, have agreed in attributing this trait to her, and in
+ censuring her for it. This being so it remains for some one of the
+ sex, by an exhibition of noble example, to aid in sweeping away the
+ unpleasant imputation. The wife who will establish the rule of
+ allowing her husband to have the last word, will achieve for herself
+ and her sex a great moral victory! Is he _right_?--it were a great
+ error to oppose him. Is he _wrong_?--he will soon discover it, and
+ applaud the self-command which bore unvexed his pertinacity. And
+ gradually there will spring up such a happy fusion of feelings and
+ ideas, that there will be no "last word" to contend about, but a
+ steady and unruffled flow of generous sentiment.
+
+
+2197. Cider.
+
+ A beverage made from the juice of the apple, and for which sour and
+ rough-tasted apples are generally preferred. The process of making
+ cider varies in different localities, but in every case essentially
+ consists of the collection of the fruit, and the expression and
+ fermentation of the juice. The _collection of the fruit_ should not be
+ commenced before it has become sufficiently mature. The apples, after
+ being gathered, are usually left for fourteen or fifteen days in a
+ barn or loft to mellow, during which time the mucilage is decomposed,
+ and alcohol and carbonic acid developed.
+
+ The _expression of the juice_ is the next step in cider-making. The
+ apples are ground to a pulp in a mill, consisting of two fluted
+ cylinders of hard wood or cast iron working against each other. The
+ pulp is afterwards put into coarse strong bags, and pressed with a
+ heavy weight so as to squeeze out all the juice. This is then placed
+ in large open tubs, and kept at a heat of about sixty degrees. After
+ two or three days for weak cider, and eight or ten days for strong
+ cider, or as soon as the sediment has subsided, the liquor is drawn
+ off into clean casks. The casks are then stored in a cellar, shaded
+ barn, or other cool place, where a low and regular temperature can be
+ insured, and are left to mature and ripen until the following spring.
+ The refuse pulp may be given to pigs and store cattle.
+
+
+2198. Bottling Cider.
+
+ Preparatory to _bottling cider_, it should always be examined, to see
+ whether it is clear and sparkling. If not so, it should be clarified,
+ and left for a fortnight. The night previous to bottling, the bung
+ should be taken out of the cask, and the filled bottles should not be
+ corked down until the day after; as, if this is done at once, many of
+ the bottles will burst by keeping. The best corks should be used.
+ Champagne bottles are the best for cider. When the cider is wanted
+ for immediate use, or for consumption during the cooler season of the
+ year, a small piece of lump sugar may be put into each bottle before
+ corking it. When intended for keeping, it should be stored in a cool
+ cellar, when the quality will be greatly improved by age.
+
+
+2199. Cider Champagne.
+
+ Cider, eighteen gallons; spirit, three pints; sugar, five pounds. Mix
+ and let them rest for a fortnight, then fine with one pint of skimmed
+ milk. Bottle in champagne bottles: when opened, it will be found to
+ approach very nearly to genuine champagne.
+
+
+2200. Properties of Cider.
+
+ Cider is a pleasant and refreshing beverage, and with persons in good
+ health is not unwholesome when drunk in moderation. By persons
+ suffering from indigestion, however, it should be carefully avoided;
+ nor should it be drunk by persons when they are overheated, as it is
+ apt to cause colic and other disagreeable symptoms. Persons who suffer
+ from rheumatism, or have a tendency to it should not drink cider.
+
+
+ [KNOWLEDGE IS THE WING WHEREBY WE FLY TO HEAVEN.]
+
+
+2201. Perry.
+
+ A beverage made from pears. The fruit used for this purpose should
+ contain a large proportion of sugar, and be likewise astringent, or
+ the liquor from it will be acetous when it ceases to be saccharine. In
+ the making of perry, the pears are pressed and ground in precisely the
+ same manner as apples are in the making of cider. The method of
+ fermenting perry is nearly the same as that for cider; but the former
+ does not afford the same indications as the latter by which the proper
+ period of racking off may be known. The thick scum that collects on
+ the surface of cider rarely appears in the juice of the pear, and
+ during the time of the suspension of its fermentation, the excessive
+ brightness of the former liquor is seldom seen in the latter; but when
+ the fruit has been regularly ripe, its produce will generally become
+ moderately clear and quiet in a few days after it is made, and it
+ should then be drawn off from its grosser lees.
+
+ In the after management of perry the process is the same as that of
+ cider; but it does not so well bear situations where it is much
+ exposed to change of temperature. In bottle it almost always retains
+ its good qualities, and in that situation it is always advisable to
+ put it, if it remain sound and perfect at the conclusion of the first
+ succeeding summer.
+
+
+2202. Servants.
+
+ There are frequent complaints in these days, that servants are bad,
+ and dependents and aiding hands generally are bad. It may be so. But
+ if it is so, what is the inference? In the working of the machine of
+ society, class moves pretty much with class; that is, one class moves
+ pretty much with its equals in the community (equals so far as social
+ station is concerned), and apart from other classes, as much those
+ below as those above itself; but there is one grand exception to this
+ general rule, and that is, in the case of domestic servants. The same
+ holds, though in less degree, with assistants; and in less degree
+ only; because in this last case, the difference of grade is slighter.
+
+ Domestic servants, and assistants in business and trade, come most
+ closely and continually into contact with their employers; and they
+ are about them from morning till night, and see them in every phase of
+ character, in every style of humour, in every act of life. How
+ powerful is the force of example! Rectitude is promoted, not only by
+ precept but by example, and, so to speak, by contact it is increased
+ more widely. Kindness is communicated in the same way. Virtue of every
+ kind acts like an electric shock. Those who come under its influence
+ imbibe its principles. The same with qualities and tempers that do no
+ honour to our nature. If servants come to you bad, you may at least
+ improve them; possibly almost change their nature. Here follows, then,
+ a receipt to that effect:
+
+ _Receipt for obtaining good servants_.--Let them observe in your
+ conduct to others just the qualities and virtues that you would desire
+ they should possess and practise as respects you. Be uniformly kind
+ and gentle. If you reprove, do so with reason and with good temper. Be
+ respectable, and you will be respected by them. Be kind, and you will
+ meet kindness from them. Consider their interests, and they will
+ consider yours. A friend in a servant is no contemptible thing. Be to
+ every servant a friend; and heartless, indeed, will be the servant who
+ does not warm in love to you.
+
+
+2203. Oyster Ketchup.
+
+ Take some fresh oysters; wash them in their own liquor, strain it,
+ pound them in a marble mortar; to a pint of oysters add a pint of
+ sherry; boil them up, and add an ounce of salt, two drachms of pounded
+ mace, and one of cayenne; let it just boil up again, skim it, and rub
+ it through a sieve; and when cold, bottle it, cork well, and seal it
+ down.
+
+
+2204. Walnut Ketchup.
+
+ Take two sieves of green walnut shells, put them into a tub, mix them
+ up well with from two to three pounds of common salt, let them stand
+ for six days, frequently beating and mashing them. By this time the
+ shells become soft and pulpy, then by banking the mass up on one side
+ of the tub, and at the same time raising the tub on that side, the
+ liquor will drain clear off to the other; then take that liquor out:
+ the mashing and banking-up may be repeated as often as liquor is
+ found. The quantity obtained will be about six quarts. When done, let
+ it be simmered in an iron boiler as long as any scum arises; then
+ bruise a quarter of a pound of ginger, a quarter of a pound of
+ allspice, two ounces of long pepper, and two ounces of cloves. Let it
+ slowly boil for half an hour with the above ingredients; when bottled,
+ let an equal quantity of the spice go into each bottle. Before
+ corking, let the bottles be filled quite up: cork them tight, seal
+ them over, and put them into a cool and dry place for one year before
+ they are used.
+
+
+2205. Essence of Mushrooms.
+
+ This delicate relish is made by sprinkling a little salt over either
+ flap or button mushrooms: three hours after, mash them,--next day,
+ strain off the liquor that will flow from them, put it into a stewpan,
+ and boil it till it is reduced one half. It will not keep long, but is
+ preferable to any of the ketchups containing spice, &c., to preserve
+ them, which overpowers the flavour of the mushrooms. An artificial
+ mushroom bed will supply these all the year round.
+
+
+2206. Essence of Celery.
+
+ This is prepared by soaking for a fortnight half an ounce of the seeds
+ of celery in a quarter of a pint of brandy. A few drops will flavour a
+ pint of soup or broth equal to a head of celery.
+
+
+2207. Tincture of Allspice
+
+ Bruised allspice, one ounce and a half; brandy, a pint. Steep for a
+ fortnight, occasionally shaking, then pour off the clear liquor. This
+ is excellent for many of the uses of allspice, such as making bishop,
+ mulling wine, flavouring gravies, potted meats, &c.
+
+
+2208. Horseradish Vinegar.
+
+ Pour a quart of best vinegar on three ounces of scraped horseradish,
+ an ounce of minced shalot, and one drachm of cayenne; let it stand a
+ week, and you will have an excellent relish for cold beef, salads,
+ &c., costing but little. Horseradish is in the highest perfection
+ about November.
+
+
+2209. Mint Vinegar.
+
+ Put into a wide-mouthed bottle, fresh nice clean mint leaves enough to
+ fill it loosely; then fill up the bottle with good vinegar; and after
+ it has been corked close for two or three weeks, pour it off clear
+ into another bottle, and keep well corked for use. Serve with lamb
+ when mint cannot be obtained.
+
+
+2210. Cress Vinegar.
+
+ Dry and pound half an ounce of _cress seed_ (such as is sown in the
+ garden with mustard), pour upon it a quart of the best vinegar, let it
+ steep for ten days, shaking it up every day. This is very strongly
+ flavoured with cress, and is useful for salads, and as a sauce for
+ cold meats, &c. Celery vinegar may be made in the same manner.
+
+
+2011. Cheap and Good Vinegar.
+
+ To eight gallons of clear rain water, add three quarts of molasses;
+ turn the mixture into a clean, tight cask, shake it well two or three
+ times, and add three spoonfuls of good yeast; place the cask in a warm
+ place, and in ten or fifteen days add a sheet of common wrapping
+ paper, smeared with molasses, and torn into narrow strips, and you
+ will have good vinegar. The paper is necessary to form the "mother,"
+ or life of the vinegar.
+
+
+ [LITTLE BOATS MUST KEEP NEAR THE SHORE.]
+
+
+2212. Cayenne Pepper.
+
+ Dr. Kitchiner says (in his excellent book, "The Cook's Oracle" [1]):
+
+ "We advise all who are fond of cayenne not to think it too much
+ trouble to make it of English chilis,--there is no other way of
+ being sure it is genuine,--and they will obtain a pepper of much
+ finer flavour, without half the heat of the foreign. A hundred large
+ chilis, costing only two shillings, will produce you about two
+ ounces of cayenne,--so it is as cheap as the commonest cayenne. Four
+ hundred chilis, when the stems were taken off, weighed half a pound;
+ and when dried produced a quarter of a pound of cayenne pepper. The
+ following is the way to make it:--Take away the stalks, and put the
+ pods into a cullender; set them before the fire,--they will take
+ full twelve hours to dry;--then put them into a mortar, with
+ one-fourth their weight of salt, and pound them and rub them till
+ they are as _fine as possible_, and put them into a well-stoppered
+ bottle."
+
+ [Footnote 1: London: Houlston & Sons.]
+
+
+2213. Peas Powder.
+
+ Pound in a marble mortar half an ounce each of dried mint and sage, a
+ drachm of celery seed, and a quarter of a drachm of cayenne pepper;
+ rub them together through a fine sieve, this gives a very savoury
+ relish to pea soup and even to gruel. A drachm of allspice, or black
+ pepper, may be pounded with the above as an addition, or instead of
+ the cayenne.
+
+
+2214. Horseradish Powder.
+
+ The time to make this is during November and December: slice the
+ radish the thickness of a shilling, and lay it to dry very gradually
+ in a Dutch oven (a strong heat soon evaporates its flavour); when dry
+ enough, pound it and bottle it.
+
+
+2215. Curry Powder (1).
+
+ (a genuine Indian receipt).--Turmeric, coriander, black pepper, four
+ ounces each; fenugreek, three ounces; ginger, two ounces; cummin seed,
+ ground rice, one ounce each; cayenne pepper, cardamums, half an ounce
+ each.
+
+
+2216. Another Curry Powder (2).
+
+ Coriander, twelve ounces; black pepper, six ounces; turmeric, four
+ ounces and three-quarters; cummin seed, three ounces; cayenne, one
+ ounce and a half; ground rice, one ounce; cardamums, half an ounce;
+ cloves, quarter of an ounce.--It is best to have the above receipts
+ prepared at a chemist's.
+
+
+2217. Another Curry Powder (3).
+
+ Take two ounces of turmeric, six ounces of coriander seed, half an
+ ounce of powdered ginger, two drachms of cinnamon, six drachms of
+ cayenne pepper, four drachms of black pepper, one drachm of mace and
+ cloves, powdered fine, two drachms of pimento, four drachms of nutmeg,
+ and an ounce and a half of fennel seed; powder finely, mix, dry, and
+ bottle for use.
+
+
+2218. Another Curry Powder (4).
+
+ Take of coriander seed and turmeric, each six drachms; black pepper,
+ four drachms; fennel seed and powdered ginger, each two drachms;
+ cayenne pepper, half a drachm: powder finely, mix, dry, and bottle for
+ use.
+
+
+2219. True Indian Curry Powder (5).
+
+ Turmeric, four ounces; coriander seeds, eleven ounces; cayenne, half
+ an ounce; black pepper, five ounces; pimento, two ounces; cloves, half
+ an ounce; cinnamon, three ounces; ginger, two ounces; cummin seed,
+ three ounces; shalots, one ounce. All these ingredients should be of a
+ fine quality, and recently ground or powdered.
+
+
+2220. Oyster Powder.
+
+ Open the oysters carefully, so as not to cut them, except in dividing
+ the gristle which adheres to the shells. Put them into a mortar, and
+ when you have got as many as you can conveniently pound at once, add
+ salt in the proportion of about two drachms to a dozen oysters; pound
+ them, and rub them through the back of a hair sieve, dry them
+ thoroughly, and put them into the mortar again, with as much flour as
+ will convert them into a paste; roll this paste out several times, and
+ lastly, flour it, and roll it out the thickness of half a crown, and
+ cut it into pieces about one inch square; lay them in a Dutch oven,
+ where they will dry so gently as not to get burned; turn them every
+ half hour, and when they begin to dry, crumble them. They will take
+ about four hours to dry. Pound them, sift them, and put them into dry
+ bottles; cork and seal them.
+
+ Three dozen of natives require seven ounces and a half of flour to
+ make them into a paste weighing eleven ounces, which, when dried, is
+ reduced to six and a half ounces. To make half a pint of sauce, put
+ one ounce of butter into a stewpan with three drachms of oyster
+ powder, and six tablespoonfuls of milk; set it on a slow fire, stir it
+ till it boils, and season it with salt. As a sauce, it is excellent
+ for fish, fowls, or rump steaks. Sprinkled on bread and butter, it
+ makes a good sandwich.
+
+
+2221. Anchovy Butter.
+
+ Scrape the skin from a dozen fine anchovies, take the flesh from the
+ bones, pound it smooth in a mortar; rub through a hair sieve, put the
+ anchovies into the mortar with three-quarters of a pound of fresh
+ butter, a small quantity of cayenne, and a saltspoonful of grated
+ nutmeg and mace; beat together until thoroughly blended. If to serve
+ cold, mould the butter in small shapes, and turn it out. For
+ preservation, press the butter into jars, and keep cool.
+
+
+2222. Lobster Butter.
+
+ Lobster Butter is made in the same manner as anchovy butter. A mixture
+ of anchovy butter and lobster butter is considered excellent.
+
+
+2223. Liver Sauce for Fish.
+
+ Boil the liver of the fish, and pound it in a mortar with a little
+ flour, stir it into some broth, or some of the liquor the fish was
+ boiled in, or melted butter, with some chopped parsley, a few grains
+ of cayenne, and a little essence of anchovy, soy, or ketchup;--give
+ the whole a boil up, and rub it through a sieve; a little lemon juice,
+ or lemon cut in dice, may be added, if liked.
+
+
+2224. Sauce for Fish.
+
+ Twenty-four anchovies, chopped; ten shalots; two ounces of
+ horseradish, scraped; four blades of mace; one lemon, sliced; twelve
+ cloves; one quarter of an ounce of black pepper, whole; one gill of
+ the anchovy liquor; one quart of best vinegar; one quart of water. Let
+ the whole simmer on the fire, in a covered saucepan, until reduced to
+ one quart, strain, and bottle for use. If required for long keeping,
+ add a quarter of an ounce of cayenne pepper.
+
+
+2225. Apple Sauce.
+
+ Pare and core three good-sized baking apples, put them into a
+ well-tinned pint saucepan, with two tablespoonfuls of cold water;
+ cover the saucepan close, and set it on a trivet over a slow fire a
+ couple of hours before dinner,--some apples will take a long time
+ stewing, others will be ready in a quarter of an hour. When the apples
+ are done enough pour off the water, let them stand a few minutes to
+ get dry; then beat them up with a fork, with a bit of butter about as
+ big as a nutmeg, and a teaspoonful of powdered sugar; some persons add
+ lemon-peel, grated or minced fine,--or boil a small piece with the
+ apples. Many persons are fond of apple sauce with cold pork.
+
+
+2226. Grill Sauce.
+
+ To a quarter of a pint of gravy add half an ounce of butter and a
+ dessertspoonful of flour, well rubbed together; the same of mushroom
+ or walnut ketchup; a teaspoonful of lemon juice; half a teaspoonful of
+ made mustard, and of minced capers; a small quantity of black pepper;
+ a little lemon-peel grated very thin; a saltspoonful of essence of
+ anchovies; a very small piece of minced shalot, and a little chili
+ vinegar, or a few grains of cayenne; simmer together for a few
+ minutes; pour a portion of it over the grill, and send up the
+ remainder in a sauce-tureen.
+
+
+2227. Tomato Sauce.
+
+ Twelve tomatoes, ripe and red; take off the stalk; cut in halves; put
+ them in a stewpan with a capsicum, and two or three tablespoonfuls of
+ beef gravy; set on a slow stove till properly melted; rub them through
+ a sieve into a clean stewpan; add a little white pepper and salt, and
+ let them simmer a few minutes.--French cooks add an onion or shalot, a
+ clove or two, or a little tarragon vinegar.
+
+
+ [ONE STORY IS GOOD UNTIL ANOTHER IS TOLD.]
+
+
+2228. Beef Gravy Sauce.
+
+ (_Or Brown Sauce for ragoût, Game, Poultry, Fish, &c_.)--If you want
+ gravy, put in a thick and well-tinned stewpan a thin slice of fat ham
+ or bacon, or an ounce of butter, and a middling-sized onion; on this
+ lay a pound of nice juicy gravy-beef (as the object in making gravy is
+ to extract the nutritious qualities of the meat, it must be beaten so
+ as to reduce the containing vessels, and scored to render the surface
+ more susceptible to the action of the water); cover the stewpan. Set
+ it on a slow fire; when the meat begins to brown, turn it about, and
+ let it get slightly browned (but _take care it is not at all burnt_):
+ then pour in a pint-and-a-half of boiling water, set the pan on the
+ fire;--when it boils, carefully catch the scum, and then put in a
+ crust of bread toasted brown (don't burn it), a sprig of winter
+ savoury, or lemon thyme and parsley, a roll of thin-cut lemon peel, a
+ dozen berries of allspice, and a dozen of black pepper; cover the
+ stewpan close, let it _stew very gently_ for about two hours, then
+ strain it through a sieve into a basin.
+
+ If you wish to thicken it, set a clean stewpan over a slow fire, with
+ about an ounce of butter in it; when it is melted, dredge into it (by
+ degrees) as much flour as will dry it up, stirring them intimately;
+ when thoroughly mixed, pour in a little of the gravy,--stir it well
+ together, and add the remainder by degrees; set it over the fire, let
+ it simmer gently for fifteen or twenty minutes longer, and skim off
+ the fat, &c., as it rises; when it is about as thick as cream, squeeze
+ it through a tamis or fine sieve, and you will have a fine rich brown
+ sauce, at a very moderate expense, and without much trouble.
+
+ _Observe_--If you wish _to make it still more relishing_--for
+ _poultry_, you may pound the liver with a piece of butter, rub it
+ through a sieve, and stir it into the sauce when you put in the
+ thickening.
+
+
+2229. Chutney.
+
+ One pound of salt, one pound of mustard seed, one pound of stoned
+ raisins, one pound of brown sugar, twelve ounces of garlic, six ounces
+ of cayenne pepper, two quarts of unripe gooseberries, two quarts of
+ best vinegar. The mustard seed gently dried and bruised; the sugar
+ made into a syrup with a pint of the vinegar; the gooseberries dried
+ and boiled in a quart of the vinegar; the garlic to be well bruised in
+ a mortar. When cold, gradually mix the whole in a large mortar, and
+ with the remaining vinegar thoroughly amalgamate them. To be tied down
+ close. The longer it is kept the better it will become.
+
+
+2230. Wow Wow Sauce.
+
+ Chop parsley leaves fine; take two or three pickled cucumbers, or
+ walnuts, and divide into small squares, and set them by in readiness;
+ put into a saucepan a piece of butter as big as an egg; when it is
+ melted, stir into it a tablespoonful of fine flour, and half a pint of
+ the broth of the beef; add a tablespoonful of vinegar, one of mushroom
+ ketchup, or port wine, or both, and a tablespoonful of made mustard;
+ simmer together till it is as thick as you wish, put in the parsley
+ and pickles to get warm, and pour it over the beef, or send it up in a
+ sauce-tureen. This is excellent for stewed or boiled beef.
+
+
+2231. Sage-and-Onion, or Goose-Stuffing Sauce.
+
+ Chop very fine an ounce of onion and half an ounce of green sage
+ leaves, put them into a stewpan with four spoonfuls of water, simmer
+ gently for ten minutes, then put in a teaspoonful of pepper and salt,
+ and one ounce of fine bread-crumbs; mix well together; then pour to it
+ a quarter of a pint of broth, or gravy, or melted butter; stir well
+ together, and simmer it a few minutes longer. This is an excellent
+ relish for roast pork, poultry, geese or ducks, or green peas.
+
+
+2232. Garnishes.
+
+ i. Parsley is the most universal garnish for all kinds of cold meat,
+ poultry, fish, butter, cheese, and so forth. Horseradish is the
+ garnish for roast beef, and for fish in general; for the latter,
+ slices of lemon are sometimes laid alternately with the horseradish.
+
+ ii. Slices of lemon for boiled fowl, turkey, and fish, and for roast
+ veal and calf's head.
+
+ iii. Carrot in slices for boiled beef, hot or cold.
+
+ iv. Barberries, fresh or preserved, for game.
+
+ v. Red beetroot sliced for cold meat, boiled beef, and salt fish.
+
+ vi. Fried smelts as garnish for turbot.
+
+ vii. Fried sausages or forcemeat balls are placed round turkey,
+ capon, or fowl.
+
+ viii. Lobster coral and parsley round boiled fish.
+
+ ix. Fennel for mackerel and salmon, either fresh or pickled.
+
+ x. Currant jelly for game, also for custard or bread pudding.
+
+ xi. Seville orange or lemon in slices for wild ducks, widgeons,
+ teal, and so forth.
+
+ xii. Mint, either with or without parsley, for roast lamb, either
+ hot or cold.
+
+ xiii. Pickled gherkins, capers, or onions, for some kinds of boiled
+ meat and stews.
+
+
+ [THE SEA IS THE HEAVING BOSOM OF THE WORLD.]
+
+
+2233. Relish, for Chops, &c.
+
+ Pound fine an ounce of black pepper, and half an ounce of allspice,
+ with an ounce of salt, and half an ounce of scraped horseradish, and
+ the same of shalots, peeled and quartered; put these ingredients into
+ a pint of mushroom ketchup, or walnut pickle, and let them steep for a
+ fortnight, and then strain it.
+
+ _Observe_.--A teaspoonful or two of this is generally an acceptable
+ addition, mixed with the gravy usually sent up for chops and steaks;
+ or added to thick melted butter.
+
+
+2234. Mock Crab.
+
+ Take any required quantity of good fat mellow cheese, pound it well in
+ a mortar, incorporating made mustard, salad oil, vinegar, pepper
+ (cayenne is the best), and salt sufficient to season and render it
+ about the consistence of the cream of a crab. Add and mix well half a
+ pint or more of pickled shrimps, and serve in a crab-shell, or on a
+ dish, garnished with slices of lemon.
+
+
+2235. Female Dress.
+
+ It is well known that a loose and easy dress contributes much to give
+ the sex the fine proportions of body that are observable in the
+ Grecian statues, and which serve as models to our present artists,
+ nature being too much disfigured among us to afford any such. The
+ Greeks knew nothing of those ligatures and bandages with which our
+ bodies are compressed. Their women were ignorant of the use of stays,
+ by which ours distort their shape instead of displaying it. This
+ practice, carried to excess as it is in England, is in bad taste. To
+ behold a woman cut in two in the middle, as if she were like a wasp,
+ is as shocking to the eye as it is painful to the imagination. Such a
+ deformity would be shocking in a naked figure; wherefore, then, should
+ it be esteemed a beauty in one that is dressed? Everything that
+ confines and lays nature under restraint is an instance of bad taste.
+ This is as true in regard to the ornaments of the body as to the
+ embellishments of the mind. Life, health, reason, and convenience
+ ought to be taken first into consideration. Gracefulness cannot
+ subsist without ease.
+
+
+2236. How to take care of your Hat.
+
+ i. Should you get caught in a shower, always remember to brush your
+ hat well while wet. When dry, brush the glaze out, and gently iron
+ it over with a smooth flat iron.
+
+ ii. If your hat is VERY wet, or stained with _sea_ water, get a
+ basin of clean cold water, and a good stiff brush; wash it well all
+ over, but be careful to keep the nap straight; brush it as dry as
+ you can, then put it on a peg to dry. When dry, brush the glaze
+ out, and gently iron it over as above.
+
+ iii. Should you get a spot of grease on your hat, just drop one drop
+ of benzine or sapine on the place, and then rub it briskly with a
+ piece of cloth until out.
+
+ iv. Should you be travelling, always tie your hat up in a
+ handkerchief before putting it into your case; this will save it
+ from getting rubbed or damaged through the friction of the rail or
+ steamboat.
+
+ v. Never put your hat flat on the brim, as it will spoil its shape;
+ but always hung it up on a peg.
+
+ vi. Never put your hat, wet or dry, in front of the fire, as it will
+ soften it, and throw it all out of shape.
+
+ vii. Before putting your hat down, be careful to see if the place is
+ free from spots of grease, beer, sugar, &c., as these things often
+ spoil a good hat more than a twelvemonths' wear, and are often very
+ difficult to remove.
+
+ These simple rules will save a good hat for a very long time.
+
+
+ [MUSIC IS SOUL EMBODIED IN SOUND.]
+
+
+2237. French Polishes.
+
+ i. Naphtha Polish.--Shell-lac, three pounds; wood naphtha, three
+ quarts. Put the shell-lac in the naphtha and let it dissolve.
+
+ ii. Spirit Polish.--Shell-lac, two pounds; powdered mastic and
+ sandarac, of each one ounce; copal varnish, half a pint; spirits of
+ wine, one gallon. Digest in the cold till dissolved.
+
+
+2238. French Polish for Boots and Shoes.
+
+ Mix together two pints of the best vinegar and one pint of soft water;
+ stir into it a quarter of a pound of glue, broken up, half a pound of
+ logwood chips, a quarter of an ounce of finely powdered indigo, a
+ quarter of an ounce of the best soft soap, and a quarter of an ounce
+ of isinglass. Put the mixture over the fire, and let it boil for ten
+ minutes or more. Then strain the liquid, and bottle and cork it: when
+ cold it is fit for use. Apply it with a clean sponge.
+
+
+2239. To Polish Enamelled Leather.
+
+ Two pints of the best cream, one pint of linseed oil; make them each
+ lukewarm, and then mix them well together. Having previously cleaned
+ the shoe, &c., from dirt, rub it over with a sponge dipped in the
+ mixture: then rub it with a soft dry cloth until a brilliant polish is
+ produced.
+
+
+2240. Boots and Shoes.
+
+ Boots and shoes should be cleaned frequently, whether they are worn or
+ not, and should never be left in a damp place, nor be put too near to
+ the fire to dry. In cleaning them, be careful to _brush_ the dirt from
+ the seams, and not to scrape it off with a knife, or you may cut the
+ leather. Let the hard brush do its work thoroughly well, and the
+ polish will be all the brighter.
+
+
+2241. Blacking.
+
+ Blacking is generally made with ivory black, treacle, linseed, or
+ sweet oil, and oil of vitriol. The proportions vary in the different
+ directions, and a variable quantity of water is added, as paste or
+ liquid blacking is required; the mode of making being otherwise
+ precisely the same.
+
+
+2242. Liquid Blacking.
+
+ Ivory black and treacle, of each, one pound; sweet oil and oil of
+ vitriol, of each, a quarter of a pound. Put the first three together
+ until the oil is perfectly mixed or "_killed_;" then add the oil of
+ vitriol, diluted with three times its weight of water, and after
+ standing three hours add one quart of water or sour beer. The ivory
+ black must be very finely ground for liquid blacking, otherwise it
+ settles rapidly. The oil of vitriol is powerfully corrosive when
+ undiluted, but uniting with the lime of the ivory black, it is partly
+ neutralized, and does not injure the leather, whilst it much improves
+ the quality of the blacking.
+
+
+2243. Paste Blacking.
+
+ Ivory black, two pounds; treacle, one pound; olive oil and oil of
+ vitriol, of each, a quarter of a pound. Mix as before, adding only
+ sufficient water to form into a paste.
+
+
+2244. Best Blacking for Boots and Shoes.
+
+ Ivory black, one ounce and a half; treacle, one ounce and a half;
+ sperm oil, three drachms; strong oil of vitriol, three drachms; common
+ vinegar, half a pint. Mix the ivory black, treacle, and vinegar
+ together, then mix the sperm oil and oil of vitriol separately, and
+ add them to the other mixture.
+
+
+2245. Waterproofing for Boots and Shoes (1).
+
+ Linseed oil, one pint; oil of turpentine, or camphine, a quarter of a
+ pint; yellow wax, a quarter of a pound; Burgundy pitch, a quarter of a
+ pound. Melt together with a gentle heat, and when required for use,
+ warm and well rub into the leather before a fire, or in the hot sun.
+ The composition should be poured, when melted, into small gallipots,
+ or tin boxes.
+
+
+2246. To Render Shoes Waterproof (2).
+
+ Warm a little bees'-wax and mutton suet until it is liquid, and rub
+ some of it slightly over the edges of the sole, where the stitches are.
+
+
+ [OUT OF DEBT, OUT OF DANGER.]
+
+
+2247. Directions for putting on Gutta-Percha Soles.
+
+ Dry the old sole, and rough it well with a rasp, after which, put on a
+ thin coat of warm solution of gutta percha with the finger, rub it
+ well in; let it dry, then hold it to the fire, and whilst warm, put on
+ a second coat of solution thicker than the first; let it dry. Then
+ take the gutta percha sole, and put it in hot water until it is soft;
+ take it out, wipe it, and hold the sole in one hand and the shoe in
+ the other to the fire, and they will become sticky; immediately lay
+ the sole on, beginning at the toe, and proceed gradually. In half an
+ hour, take a knife and pare it. The solution should be warmed by
+ putting as much as you want to use in a cup, and placing it in hot
+ water, taking care that no water mixes with it.
+
+
+2248. Boot Tops (1).
+
+ Clean boot tops with one ounce of white vitriol, and one ounce of
+ oxalic acid dissolved in a quart of warm water. Apply with a clean
+ sponge. Or, sour milk, one pint; gum arabic, half an ounce; juice of a
+ lemon, white of an egg, and one ounce of vitriol, well mixed.
+
+
+2249. Boot-top Liquid (2).
+
+ Oxalic acid and white vitriol, of each one ounce; water, one pint and
+ a half. To be applied with a sponge to the leather, previously washed,
+ and then wiped off again. This preparation is poisonous.
+
+
+2250. Care of Gloves.
+
+ Nothing looks worse than shabby gloves; and, as they are expensive
+ articles in dress, they require a little management. A good glove will
+ outlast six cheap ones with care. Do not wear your best gloves at
+ night, the heat of the gas, &c., gives a moisture to the hands, that
+ spoils the gloves; do not wear them in very wet weather; as carrying
+ umbrellas, and drops of rain, spoil them.
+
+
+2251. To Clean Kid Gloves (1).
+
+ Make a strong lather with curd soap and warm water, in which steep a
+ small piece of new flannel. Place the glove on a flat, clean, and
+ unyielding surface--such as the bottom of a dish, and having
+ thoroughly soaped the flannel (when squeezed from the lather), rub the
+ kid till all dirt be removed, cleaning and re-soaping the flannel
+ from time to time. Care must be taken to omit no part of the glove, by
+ turning the fingers, &c. The glove must be dried in the sun, or before
+ a moderate fire, and will present the appearance of old parchment.
+ When quite dry, they must be gradually "pulled out," and will look new.
+
+
+2252. To Clean French Kid Gloves (2).
+
+ Put the gloves on your hand and wash them, as if you were washing your
+ hands, in some spirits of turpentine, until quite clean; then hang
+ them up in a warm place, or where there is a current of air, and all
+ smell of the turpentine will be removed.
+
+
+2253. How to Wash Kid Gloves (3).
+
+ Have ready a little new milk in one saucer, and a piece of brown soap
+ in another, and a clean cloth or towel folded three or four times. On
+ the cloth, spread out the glove smooth and neat. Take a piece of
+ flannel, dip it in the milk, then rub off a good quantity of soap to
+ the wetted flannel, and commence to rub the glove downwards towards
+ the fingers, holding it firmly with the left hand. Continue this
+ process until the glove, if white, looks of a dingy yellow, though
+ clean; if coloured, till it looks dark and spoiled. Lay it to dry; and
+ old gloves will soon look nearly new. They will be soft, glossy,
+ smooth, well-shaped, and elastic.
+
+
+2254. Preserving the Colour of Dresses.
+
+ The colours of merinos, mousseline-de-laines, ginghams, chintzes,
+ printed lawns, &c., may be preserved by using water that is only milk
+ warm; making a lather with white soap, _before_ you put in the dress,
+ instead of rubbing it on the material; and stirring into a first and
+ second tub of water a large tablespoonful of oxgall. The gall can be
+ obtained from the butcher, and a bottle of it should always be kept in
+ every house. No coloured articles should be allowed to remain long in
+ the water. They must be washed fast, and then rinsed through two cold
+ waters. In each, rinsing water stir a teaspoonful of vinegar, which
+ will help to brighten the colours; and after rinsing, hang them out
+ immediately. When _ironing-dry_ (or still a little damp), bring them
+ in; have irons ready heated, and iron them at once--as it injures the
+ colours to allow them to remain damp too long--or sprinkle and roll
+ them up in a cover for ironing next day. If they cannot be
+ conveniently ironed immediately, let them hang till they are _quite_
+ dry, and then damp and fold them on the, _following day,_ a quarter of
+ an hour before ironing.
+
+ It is better not to do coloured dresses on the day of the general
+ wash, but to give them a morning by themselves. They should only be
+ undertaken in clear bright weather. If allowed to freeze, the colours
+ will be irreparably injured. We need scarcely say that no coloured
+ articles should ever be boiled or scalded. If you get from a shop a
+ slip for testing the durability of colours, give it a fair trial by
+ washing it as above; afterwards pinning it to the edge of a towel, and
+ hanging it to dry. Some colours (especially pinks and light greens),
+ though they may stand perfectly well in washing, will change as soon
+ as a warm iron is applied to them; the pink turning purplish, and the
+ green bluish. No coloured article should be smoothed with a _hot_
+ iron.
+
+
+ [A GAMBLER AND A SWINDLER ARE NEAR NEIGHBOURS.]
+
+
+2255. To Renovate Silks (1).
+
+ Sponge faded silks with warm water and soap, then rub them with a dry
+ cloth on a flat board; afterwards iron them on the _inside_ with a
+ smoothing iron. Old black silks may be improved by sponging with
+ spirits; in this case, the ironing may be done on the right side, thin
+ paper being spread over to prevent glazing.
+
+
+2256. Black Silk Reviver (2).
+
+ Boil logwood in water for half an hour; then simmer the silk half an
+ hour; take it out, and put into the dye a little blue vitriol, or
+ green copperas; cool it, and simmer the silk for half an hour. Or,
+ boil a handful of fig-leaves in two quarts of water until it is
+ reduced to one pint; squeeze the leaves, and bottle the liquor for
+ use. When wanted, sponge the silk with this preparation.
+
+
+2257. Restoring Colour to Silk (3).
+
+ When the colour has been taken from silk by acids, it may be restored
+ by applying to the spot a little hart's-horn, or sal volatile.
+
+
+2258. To Remove Water Stains from Black Crape.
+
+ When a drop of water falls on a black crape veil or collar, it leaves
+ a conspicuous white mark. To obliterate this, spread the crape on a
+ table (laying on it a large book or a paper-weight to keep it steady),
+ and place underneath the stain a piece of old black silk. With a large
+ camel's-hair brush dipped in common ink go over the stain, and then
+ wipe off the ink with a small piece of old soft silk. It will dry at
+ once, and the white mark will be seen no more.
+
+
+2259. To Remove Stains from Mourning Dresses.
+
+ Boil a handful of fig-leaves in two quarts of water until reduced to a
+ pint. Bombazines, crape, cloth, &c., need only be rubbed with a
+ sponge dipped in this liquor, and the stains will be instantly removed.
+
+
+2260. Wax.
+
+ Wax may be taken out of cloth by holding a red-hot iron within an inch
+ or two of the marks, and afterwards rubbing them with a soft clean rag.
+
+
+2261. Grease Spots from Silk.
+
+ Upon a deal table lay a piece of woollen cloth or baize, upon which
+ lay smoothly the part stained, with the right side downwards. Having
+ spread a piece of brown paper on the top, apply a flat iron just hot
+ enough to scorch the paper. About five or eight seconds is usually
+ sufficient. Then rub the stained part briskly with a piece of
+ whity-brown paper.
+
+
+2262. Liquid for Preserving Furs from Moth.
+
+ Warm water, one pint; corrosive sublimate, twelve grains. If washed
+ with this, and afterwards dried, furs are safe from moth. Care should
+ be taken to label the liquid--_Poison._
+
+
+ [ONE DOUBT MAY LEAD TO DISBELIEF.]
+
+
+2263. Velvet.
+
+ When Velvet gets crushed from pressure, hold the parts over a basin of
+ _hot_ water, with the lining of the article next the water; the pile
+ will soon rise, and assume its original beauty.
+
+
+2264. Stockings.
+
+ Worsted and Lambs'-Wool stockings should never be mended with worsted
+ or lambs'-wool, because, the latter being new, it shrinks more than
+ the stockings, and draws them up till the toes become short and
+ narrow, and the heels have no shape left.
+
+
+2265. Making Flannels.
+
+ All Flannels should be soaked before they are made up, first in cold,
+ then in hot water, in order to shrink them.
+
+
+2266. Washing Flannel.
+
+ Flannel should always he washed with white soap, and in warm but not
+ boiling water.
+
+
+2267. Brewing.
+
+ The best time of the year for brewing is the autumn. The spring is
+ also suitable, but less so. It is a great object to secure a moderate
+ temperature for the cooling of the worts, and to insure gradual
+ fermentation. To those who wish to enter upon the practice, without
+ any previous knowledge, we would advise their calling in the aid of
+ some one practically acquainted with the process for the first
+ operation. By so doing they will save a great deal of trouble,
+ disappointment, and expense. In all places, town or country, there
+ are persons who have worked in brewing establishments, or in
+ gentlemen's families where they have superintended the operations of
+ the brew-house, and the aid of such persons would be valuable. With
+ such assistance, the following receipts will be of importance, since
+ many who are able to go through the manipulations of brewing are
+ unaware of the proper proportions to employ:
+
+
+2268. Ale.
+
+ Take three bushels of malt, three pounds of hops, fifty-two gallons of
+ water, for two workings. Or,--malt, two bushels and a half; sugar,
+ three pounds; hops, three pounds; coriander seeds, one ounce;
+ capsicum, a drachm. Thirty-six gallons. This gives a pleasant ale,
+ with a good body.
+
+
+2269. Amber Ale.
+
+ Three bushels of amber malt, three quarters of a bushel of pale amber
+ malt, two pounds of hops, a tablespoonful of salt. Three mashes, forty
+ to fifty gallons. Skim, and fine with isinglass.
+
+
+2270. Burton Ale.
+
+ One quarter of pale malt, eight pounds and a half pale hops; mash
+ three times. Work the first mash at 170°, second at 176°, third at
+ 150°. Boil the first wort by itself; when boiling add three pounds of
+ honey, a pound and a half of coriander seeds, one ounce of salt. Mix
+ the worts when boiled, cool to 61°, set to work with a pint and a half
+ of yeast. As soon as the liquor gets yeasty, skim the head half off;
+ rouse the rest with another pint and a half of yeast, three quarters
+ of an ounce of bay salt, and a quarter of a pound of malt or bean
+ flour. This makes a hogshead.
+
+
+2271. Edinburgh Ale.
+
+ Mash two barrels per quarter, at 183°; mash for three quarters of an
+ hour; let it stand one hour, and allow half an hour to run off. Or,
+ mash one barrel per quarter, at 190°; mash three quarters of an hour,
+ let it stand three quarters of an hour, and tap.
+
+
+2272. Porter.
+
+ Brown amber and pale malt, in equal quantities; turn them into the
+ mash-tub. Turn on the first liquor at 165°; mash one hour, then coat
+ the whole with dry malt. In one hour set the tap. Mix ten pounds of
+ brown hops to a quarter of malt, half old, half new; boil the first
+ wort briskly with the hops for three quarters of an hour, after
+ putting into the copper one pound and a half of sugar, and one pound
+ and a half of extract of liquorice to the barrel, turn it into
+ coolers, rousing the wort the while. Turn on the second liquor at
+ 174°, set tap again in an hour. The second wort having run off, turn
+ on again at 145°; mash an hour, and stand an hour; boil the second
+ wort with the same hops for one hour. Turn into the coolers, and let
+ into the tub at 64°, mixing the yeast as it comes down. Cleanse the
+ second day at 80°, previously adding a mixture of flour and salt, and
+ rousing well.
+
+
+ [WHEN IN MOTION, TO PUSH ON IS EASY.]
+
+
+2273. Making Wines.
+
+ Wines from Rhubarb, Unripe Grapes, Currants, Gooseberries, &c.--The
+ whole art of wine-making consists in the proper management of the
+ fermenting process; the same quantity of fruit, whether it be rhubarb,
+ currants, gooseberries, unripe grapes, leaves, tops, and tendrils,
+ water, and sugar, will produce two different kinds of wine, by varying
+ the process of fermentation only--that is, a dry wine like sherry, or
+ a brisk beverage like champagne; but neither rhubarb, currants, nor
+ gooseberries will produce a wine with the true champagne flavour; it
+ is to be obtained only from the fruit of the grape, ripe or unripe,
+ its leaves, tops, and tendrils. The following receipt will do for
+ rhubarb, or any of the above-mentioned fruits.
+
+
+2274. English Champagne.
+
+ Take fifty pounds of rhubarb and thirty-seven pounds of fine moist
+ sugar. Provide a tub that will hold from fifteen to twenty gallons,
+ taking care that it has a hole for a tap near the bottom. In this tub
+ bruise the rhubarb; when done, add four gallons of water; let the
+ whole be well stirred together; cover the tub with a cloth or blanket,
+ and let the materials stand for twenty-four hours; then draw off the
+ liquor through the tap; add one or two more gallons of water to the
+ pulp, let it be well stirred, and then allowed to remain an hour or
+ two to settle, then draw off; mix the two liquors together, and in it
+ dissolve the sugar.
+
+ Let the tub be made clean, and return the liquor to it, cover it with
+ a blanket, and place it in a room the temperature of which is not
+ below 60° Fahr.; here it is to remain for twenty-four, forty-eight, or
+ more hours, until there is an appearance of fermentation having begun,
+ when it should be drawn off into the ten-gallon cask, as fine as
+ possible, which cask must be filled up to the bung-hole with water, if
+ there is not liquor enough; let it lean to one side a little, that it
+ may discharge itself; if there is any liquor left in the tub not quite
+ fine, pass it through flannel, and fill up with that instead of water.
+
+ As the fermentation proceeds and the liquor diminishes, it must be
+ filled up daily, to encourage the fermentation, for ten or twelve
+ days; it then becomes more moderate, when the bung should be put in,
+ and a gimlet hole made at the side of it, fitted with a spile; this
+ spile should be taken out every two or three days, according to the
+ state of the fermentation, for eight or ten days, to allow some of the
+ carbonic acid gas to escape. When this state is passed, the cask may
+ he kept full by pouring a little liquor in at the vent-hole once a
+ week or ten days, for three or four weeks.
+
+ This operation is performed at long intervals, of a month or more,
+ till the end of December, when on a fine frosty day it should be drawn
+ off from the lees as fine as possible; and the turbid part passed
+ through flannel. Make the cask clean, return the liquor to it, with
+ one drachm of isinglass (pure) dissolved in a little water; stir the
+ whole together, and put the bung in firmly.
+
+ Choose a clear dry day in March for bottling. The bottles should be
+ champagne bottles--common wine bottles are not strong enough; secure
+ the corks in a proper manner with wire, &c. The liquor is generally
+ made up to two or three pints over the ten gallons, which is bottled
+ for the purpose of filling the cask as it is wanted. The wine contains
+ spirit enough without the addition of brandy, which spoils all wines;
+ a proper fermentation producing spirit enough.
+
+ The way to obtain a dry wine from these materials is to keep the cask
+ constantly filled up to the bung-hole, daily or every other day, as
+ long as any fermentation is perceptible by applying the ear near to
+ the hole; the bung may then be put in lightly for a time, before
+ finally fixing it; it may be racked off on a fine day in December, and
+ fined with isinglass as above directed, and bottled in March.
+
+
+ [A WORD BEFORE IS WORTH TWO BEHIND.]
+
+
+2275. Parsnip Wine.
+
+ Take fifteen pounds of sliced parsnips, and boil until quite soft in
+ five gallons of water; squeeze the liquor well out of them, run it
+ through a sieve, and add three pounds of coarse lump sugar to every
+ gallon of liquor. Boil the whole for three quarters of an hour. When
+ it is nearly cold, add a little yeast on toast. Let it remain in a tub
+ for ten days, stirring it from the bottom every day; then put it into
+ a cask, in which it should remain for a year. As it works over, fill
+ it up every day.
+
+
+2276. Turnip Wine.
+
+ Take a large number of turnips, pare and slice them; then place in a
+ cider-press, and obtain all the juice you can. To every gallon of
+ juice add three pounds of lump sugar, and half a pint of brandy, Pour
+ the liquor into a cask, and when it las done working, bung it close
+ for three months, and draw off into another cask. When it is fine,
+ bottle, and cork well.
+
+
+2277. Blackberry Wine.
+
+ Gather the fruit when ripe, on a dry day. Put into a vessel, with the
+ head out, and a tap fitted near the bottom; pour on boiling water to
+ cover it. Mash the berries with your hands, and let them stand covered
+ till the pulp rises to the top and forms a crust, in three or four
+ days. Then draw off the fluid into another vessel, and to every
+ gallon add one pound of sugar; mix well, and put it into a cask, to
+ work for a week or ten days, and throw off any remaining lees, keeping
+ the cask well filled, particularly at the commencement. When the
+ working has ceased, bung it down; after six to twelve months it may be
+ bottled.
+
+
+2278. Black or White Elderberry Wine.
+
+ Gather the berries ripe and dry, pick them, bruise them with your
+ hands, and strain them. Set the liquor by in glazed earthen vessels
+ for twelve hours, to settle; put to every pint of juice a pint and a
+ half of water, and to every gallon of this liquor three pounds of good
+ moist sugar; set in a kettle over the fire, and when it is ready to
+ boil, clarify it with the white of four or five eggs; let it boil one
+ hour, and when it is almost cold work it with strong ale yeast, and
+ tun it, filling up the vessel from time to time with the same liquor,
+ saved on purpose, as it sinks by working. In a month's time, if the
+ vessel holds about eight gallons, it will be fine and fit to bottle,
+ and after bottling, will be fit to drink in twelve months.
+
+
+2279. Arrack (Imitation).
+
+ Dissolve two scruples of flowers of benjamin in a quart of good rum,
+ and it will impart to the spirit the fragrance of arrack.
+
+
+2280. Devonshire Junket.
+
+ Put warm milk into a bowl, turn it with a little rennet, then add some
+ scalded cream, sugar, and cinnamon on the top, without breaking the
+ curd.
+
+
+2281. A Nightcap For Travellers.
+
+ Take your pocket handkerchief, and laying it out the full square,
+ double down _one-third_ over the other part. Then raise the whole and
+ turn it over, so that the third folded down shall now be underneath.
+ Take hold of one of the folded corners, and draw its point towards the
+ centre; then do the same with the other, as in making a cocked-hat, or
+ a boat, of paper. Then take hold of the two remaining corners, and
+ twisting the hem of the handkerchief, continue to roll it until it
+ meets the double corners brought to the centre, and catches them up a
+ little. Lift the whole, and you will see the form of a cap, which,
+ when applied to the head, will cover the head and ears, and, being
+ tied under the chin, will not come off. Very little practice will
+ enable you to regulate the size of the folds so as to fit the head.
+
+
+2282. Scotch Punch, or Whisky Toddy.
+
+ Pour about a wineglassful of _boiling_ water into a half-pint tumbler,
+ and sweeten according to taste. Stir well up, then put in a
+ wineglassful of whisky, and add a wineglassful and a half more boiling
+ water. _Be sure the water _is boiling_. Never put lemon into toddy.
+ The two in combination, in almost every instance, produce acidity in
+ the stomach. If possible, store your whisky _in the wood_, not in
+ bottles as keeping it in the cask mellows it, and dissipates the
+ coarser particles.
+
+
+ [MAN DOUBLES HIS EVILS BY BROODING UPON THEM.]
+
+
+2283. Athol Brose.
+
+ Put a wineglassful of whisky into a half-pint tumbler; sweeten with a
+ large teaspoonful of honey, and fill up with milk that has been
+ _nearly_ brought to boiling over a clear fire. Remember that "milk
+ boiled is milk spoiled."
+
+
+2284. Buttered Rum.
+
+ Put a wineglassful of good rum into a half-pint tumbler, with a lump
+ or two of sugar and a piece of butter the size of a filbert. Fill up
+ with _boiling_ water. This is excellent for hoarseness and husky
+ condition of the throat.
+
+
+2285. Raspberry Vinegar.
+
+ Put a pound of very fine ripe raspberries in a bowl, _bruise them
+ well_, and pour upon them a quart of the best white wine vinegar; next
+ day strain the liquor on a pound of fresh ripe raspberries; bruise
+ _them_ also, and the following day do the same, _but do not squeeze
+ the fruit, or it will make it ferment_; only drain the liquor as dry
+ as you can from it. Finally, pass it through a canvas bag, previously
+ wet with the vinegar, to prevent waste. Put the juice into a stone
+ jar, with a _pound of sugar_, broken into lumps, to _every pint of
+ juice_; stir, and when melted, put the jar into a pan of water; let it
+ simmer, and skim it; let it cool, then bottle it; when cold it will be
+ fine, and thick, like strained honey, newly prepared.
+
+
+2286. Ginger Beer.
+
+ The following receipt is taken from the celebrated treatise of Dr.
+ Pereira on Diet. The honey gives the beverage a peculiar softness, and
+ from not being fermented with yeast, it is less violent in its action
+ when opened, but requires to be kept a somewhat longer time before
+ use. White sugar, five pounds; lemon juice, one quarter of a pint;
+ honey, one quarter of a pound; ginger, bruised, five ounces; water,
+ four gallons and a half. Boil the ginger in three quarts of the water
+ for half an hour, then add the sugar, lemon juice and honey, with the
+ remainder of the water, and strain through a cloth; when cold add a
+ quarter of the white of an egg, and a small teaspoonful of essence of
+ lemon; let the whole stand four days, and bottle; it will keep for
+ many months. This quantity will make 100 bottles.
+
+
+2287. Ginger-beer Powders.
+
+ _Blue paper_; Carbonate of soda, thirty grains; powdered ginger, five
+ grains; ground white sugar, one drachm to one drachm and a half;
+ essence of lemon, one drop. Add the essence to the sugar, then the
+ other ingredients. A quantity should be mixed and divided, as
+ recommended for Seidlitz powders.--_White paper_; Tartaric acid,
+ thirty grains. _Directions_.--Dissolve the contents of the blue paper
+ in water; stir in the contents of the white paper, and drink during
+ effervescence. Ginger-beer powders do not meet with such general
+ acceptation as lemon and kali, the powdered ginger rendering the
+ liquid slightly turbid.
+
+
+2288. Lemonade.
+
+ Powdered sugar, four pounds; citric or tartaric acid, one ounce;
+ essence of lemon, two drachms; mix well. Two or three teaspoonfuls
+ make a very sweet and agreeable glass of extemporaneous lemonade.
+
+
+2289. Milk Lemonade.
+
+ Dissolve three quarters of a pound of loaf sugar in one pint of
+ boiling water, and mix with them one gill of lemon juice, and one gill
+ of sherry, then add three gills of cold milk. Stir the whole well
+ together, and strain it.
+
+
+2290. Champagne Lemonade.
+
+ Champagne Lemonade, composed of two bottles of champagne, one bottle
+ of seltzer water, three pomegranates, three lemons, and of sugar
+ sufficient, is a _princely beverage_ in hot weather; only care must be
+ taken that perspiration is not hereby too much encouraged.
+
+
+2291. Summer Champagne.
+
+ To four parts of seltzer water add one of Moselle wine (or hock), and
+ put a teaspoonful of powdered sugar into a wineglassful of this
+ mixture; an effervescence takes place, and the result is a sort of
+ champagne, which is more wholesome in hot weather than the genuine
+ wine known by that name.
+
+
+ [THINK OF EASE BUT WORK ON.]
+
+
+2292. Lemon and Kali, or Sherbet.
+
+ Large quantities of this wholesome and refreshing preparation are
+ manufactured and consumed every summer; it is sold in bottles, and
+ also as a beverage, made by dissolving a large teaspoonful in a
+ tumbler two-thirds filled with water. The ingredients are--ground
+ white sugar, half a pound; tartaric acid and carbonate of soda, of
+ each a quarter of a pound; essence of lemon, forty drops. All the
+ powders should be well dried; add the essence to the sugar, then the
+ other powders; stir all together, and mix by passing twice through a
+ hair sieve. Must be kept in tightly-corked bottles, into which a damp
+ spoon must not be inserted. The sugar must be ground, or very finely
+ pulverized, in a pestle and mortar. The powdered sugar sold for icing
+ cakes will do.
+
+
+2293. Soda Water Powders.
+
+ One pound of carbonate of soda, and thirteen and a half ounces of
+ tartaric acid, supply the materials for 256 powders of each sort. Put
+ into blue papers thirty grains of carbonate of soda, and into white
+ papers twenty-five grains of tartaric acid.
+
+ _Directions_.--Dissolve the contents of the blue paper in half a
+ tumbler of water, stir in the other powder, and drink during
+ effervescence. Soda powders furnish a saline beverage which is very
+ slightly laxative, and well calculated to allay the thirst in hot
+ weather.
+
+
+2294. Seidlitz Powders.
+
+ Seidlitz powders are usually put up in two papers. The larger blue
+ paper contains tartarized soda (also called Rochelle salt) two
+ drachms, and carbonate of soda two scruples; in practice it will he
+ found more convenient to mix the two materials in larger quantity by
+ passing them twice through a sieve, and then divide the mixture either
+ by weight or measure, than to make each powder separately. One pound
+ of tartarized soda, and five ounces and a half of carbonate of soda,
+ will make sixty powders. The smaller powder, usually placed in white
+ paper, consists of tartaric acid, half a drachm.
+
+ _Directions for Use_.--Dissolve the contents of blue paper in half a
+ tumbler of cold water, stir in the other powder, and drink during
+ effervescence. (_See par_. 2291.)
+
+
+2295. Economy of Tea.
+
+ A given quantity of tea is similar to malt--only imparting strength to
+ a given quantity of water, therefore any additional quantity is waste.
+ Two small teaspoonfuls of good black tea and one three parts full of
+ green, is sufficient to make three teacupfuls agreeable, the water
+ being put in, in a boiling state, at once; a second addition of water
+ gives a vapid flavour to tea.
+
+
+2296. Preparing Tea.
+
+ In preparing tea a good economist will be careful to have the best
+ water, that is, the softest and least impregnated with foreign
+ mixture; for if tea be infused in hard and in soft water, the latter
+ will always yield the greatest quantity of the tannin matter, and will
+ strike the deepest black with sulphate of iron in solution.
+
+
+2297. Tea-making.
+
+ Dr. Kitchiner recommends that all the water necessary should be poured
+ in at once, as the second drawing is bad. When much tea is wanted, it
+ is better to have two tea-pots instead of two drawings.
+
+
+2298. Another Method.
+
+ The water should be fresh boiled, not exhausted by long boiling. Scald
+ the teapot and empty it; then put in as much water as necessary for
+ the first cups; put the tea on it as in brewing, and close the lid as
+ quickly as possible. Let it stand three minutes and a half, or, if the
+ quantity be large, four minutes, then fill the cups. This is greatly
+ superior to the ordinary method, the aroma being preserved instead of
+ escaping with the steam, as it does when the water is poured on the
+ tea.
+
+
+2299. Substitute for Cream in Tea or Coffee.
+
+ Beat the white of an egg to a froth, put to it a very small lump of
+ butter, and mix well. Then stir it in gradually, so that it may not
+ curdle. If perfectly mixed, it will be an excellent substitute for
+ cream.
+
+
+ [PERSEVERANCE IS THE BRIDGE BY WHICH DIFFICULTY IS OVERCOME.]
+
+
+2300. Making Coffee.
+
+ In making Coffee, observe that the broader the bottom and the smaller
+ the top of the vessel, the better the coffee will be.
+
+
+2301. Turkish Mode of Making Coffee.
+
+ The Turkish way of making coffee produces a very different result from
+ that to which we are accustomed. A small conical saucepan something
+ like our beer-warmer, with a long handle, and calculated to hold about
+ two tablespoonfuls of water, is the vessel used. The fresh roasted
+ berry is pounded, not ground, and about a dessertspoonful is put into
+ the minute boiler; it is then nearly filled with water, and thrust
+ among the embers. A few seconds suffice to make it boil, and the
+ decoction, grounds and all, is poured out into a small cup, which fits
+ into a brass socket, much like the cup of an acorn, and holding the
+ china cup as that does the acorn itself. The Turks seem to drink this
+ decoction boiling, and swallow the grounds with the liquid. We allow
+ it to remain a minute, in order to leave the sediment at the bottom.
+ It is always taken plain; sugar or cream would be thought to spoil it;
+ and Europeans, after a little practice, are said to prefer it to the
+ clear infusion drunk in France. In every hut these coffee boilers may
+ be seen suspended, and the means for pounding the roasted berry are
+ always at hand.
+
+
+2302. Coffee Milk.
+
+ (FOR THE SICK-ROOM.)--Boil a dessertspoonful of ground coffee, in
+ nearly a pint of milk, a quarter of an hour, then put into it a
+ shaving or two of isinglass, and clear it; let it boil a few minutes,
+ and set it by the side of the fire to clarify. This is a very fine
+ breakfast beverage; but it should be sweetened with sugar of a good
+ quality.
+
+
+2303. Iceland Moss Chocolate
+
+ (FOR THE SICK-ROOM).--Iceland moss has been in the highest repute on
+ the Continent as the most efficacious remedy in incipient pulmonary
+ complaints; combined with chocolate, it will be found a nutritious
+ article of diet, and may be taken as a morning and evening beverage.
+
+ _Directions_.--Mix a teaspoonful of the chocolate with a teaspoonful
+ of boiling water or milk, stirring it constantly until it is
+ completely dissolved.
+
+
+2304. Alum Whey.
+
+ A pint of cow's milk boiled with two drachms of alum, until a curd is
+ formed. Then strain off the liquor, and add spirit of nutmeg, two
+ ounces; syrup of cloves, an ounce. It is useful in diabetes, and in
+ uterine fluxes, &c.
+
+
+2305. Barley Water.
+
+ Pearl barley, two ounces; wash till freed from dust, in cold water.
+ Boil in a quart of water a few minutes, strain off the liquor, and
+ throw it away. Then boil the barley in four pints and a-half of water,
+ until it is reduced one half.
+
+
+2306. Agreeable Effervescent Drink for Heartburn, &c.
+
+ Orange juice (of one orange), water, and lump sugar to flavour, and in
+ proportion to acidity of orange, bicarbonate of soda about half a
+ teaspoonful. Mix orange juice, water, and sugar together in a tumbler,
+ then put in the soda, stir, and the effervescence ensues.
+
+
+2307. Apple Water.
+
+ A tart apple well baked and mashed, on which pour a pint of boiling
+ water. Beat up, cool, and strain. Add sugar if desired. Cooling drink
+ for sick persons.
+
+
+2308. Tincture of Lemon Peel.
+
+ A very easy and economical way of obtaining and preserving the flavour
+ of lemon peel, is to fill a wide-mouthed pint bottle half full of
+ brandy, or proof spirit; and when you use a lemon pare the rind off
+ very thin, and put it into the brandy, &c.; in a fortnight it will
+ impregnate the spirit with the flavour very strongly.
+
+
+2309. Camomile Tea.
+
+ One ounce of the flowers to a quart of water boiling. Simmer for
+ fifteen minutes and strain. Emetic when taken warm; tonic when cold.
+
+ _Dose_, from a wine-glassful to a breakfast cup.
+
+
+ [SOLITUDE IS THE NURSE OF WISDOM.]
+
+
+2310. Borax and its Uses.
+
+ The utility of borax for medicinal purposes, such as relieving
+ soreness of the throat, and for the cure of thrush in young children,
+ has long been known, but it is only in the present day that its good
+ qualities as an antiseptic have become known, and its use in every
+ kind of domestic work, in the laundry, in the garden, vinery, and
+ greenhouse, and even for the toilet, under various forms and in
+ different preparations bearing the general name of "Patent Californian
+ Borax," specially prepared for all personal and domestic purposes, has
+ been promoted by its production in small packets, varying in price
+ from 1d. to 6d., which may be purchased of almost any chemist, oilman,
+ grocer, or dealer, throughout the world.
+
+
+2311. Its Antiseptic Qualities.
+
+ The Patent Borax, which consists of a combination of boron and sodium,
+ acts in a marvellous manner as an arrester of decay, and as such is
+ useful for the preservation of meat, milk, butter, and all articles of
+ animal food liable to taint and decay, especially in hot weather.
+ When infused in small quantities in water, it preserves and softens it
+ for drinking, cooking, washing, and all household purposes; it whitens
+ linen and cleanses it far better than soda, it kills harmful insect
+ life, though perfectly harmless to human beings and domestic animals;
+ it cleanses and heals ulcers, festering wounds, sore throat, &c.; is
+ useful in the nursery for washing the heads of children, cleans
+ sponges, destroys unpleasant and unwholesome smells, and is beneficial
+ to teeth and gums when used as a tooth-powder, or put in water used
+ for washing the teeth.
+
+
+2312. Borax as a Disinfectant.
+
+ Alone or dissolved in water, and used freely to pour down closets,
+ sinks, &c., it removes all noisome smells, acting as a purifier, and
+ rendering even impure water wholesome. It should be used frequently
+ where sewer gas is suspected.
+
+
+2313. Borax for Cleansing Purposes.
+
+ A solution Patent in hot water, allowed to cool, is useful for washing
+ any kind of glass or china, imparting a lustre and brightness to them
+ that they never exhibit when washed in the ordinary way. When it is
+ put into water used for washing floors it destroys all vermin with
+ which the solution comes in contact.
+
+
+2314. Borax as a Vermin Killer.
+
+ When sprinkled in the form of powder on places infested with insects,
+ black beetles, &c., these troublesome pests with soon disappear.
+
+
+2315. Its use in Cleansing Marble.
+
+ Sprinkle some borax on the marble, wherever it is stained or soiled,
+ and then wash the marble with hot water and a little borax soap
+ powder, applied with a soft flannel.
+
+
+2316. Borax in Cookery.
+
+ A few grains added to the tea before the water is poured on it greatly
+ improves the flavour of the infusion. When used instead of soda, or
+ carbonate of soda, in cooking vegetables, such as greens, peas, beans,
+ &c., it improves their flavour, preserves their colour, and renders
+ them tender. Vegetables, eaten in an uncooked state, as, salad, are
+ rendered more crisp and of better flavour, by steeping them for a
+ short time before they are brought to table in a solution of borax.
+
+
+2317. Borax as a Preservative of Meat, &c.
+
+ Meat may be preserved, and taint removed by soaking it for a short
+ time in a solution of Patent Californian Borax, or by sprinkling it
+ with the dry powder. Game, poultry, hams, bacon, and all kinds of
+ meat may be thus preserved. Milk cans should be washed with the
+ solution, and milk itself may be preserved and kept sweet for some
+ time by adding to each quart about half a thimbleful of this prepared
+ borax dissolved in a tablespoonful of hot water. Butter may also be
+ preserved by washing it in a solution of borax, or sprinkling the
+ powder over it, or the cloths in which it is wrapped.
+
+
+ [JUDGEMENT IS THE THRONE OF PRUDENCE.]
+
+
+2318. Borax in the Laundry.
+
+ For washing add a threepenny packet to every ten gallons of hot water
+ used; let the clothes soak all night in the solution; in the morning
+ give them a slight boil, adding a little more Patent Borax, if they be
+ very greasy or dirty. By this means the clothes are rendered whiter,
+ soap is saved, and the hands are uninjured. It acts, moreover, as a
+ disinfectant, if the clothes have been taken from the bed or person of
+ anyone who is suffering from any infectious disorder. Flannels are
+ rendered softer, and the appearance of lace, fine articles, coloured
+ prints, soiled ribbons, &c., greatly improved by washing them in this
+ solution. A teaspoonful to each pint of starch, when hot, will add to
+ the stiffness and gloss of linen when ironed.
+
+
+2319. To Revive Black Lace.
+
+ Lay the lace on a piece of clean smooth board, and moisten it all over
+ with a piece of black silk dipped in a solution of a teaspoonful of
+ Patent Borax to a pint of warm water. Iron while damp, after covering
+ the lace with a piece of black silk or cloth.
+
+
+2320. Borax for the Toilet.
+
+ As a wash for the mouth add half a teaspoonful of spirits of camphor,
+ and a teaspoonful of tincture of myrrh to a pint of hot water, in
+ which a penny packet of Patent Borax has been dissolved, and use a
+ wineglassful of this mixture in half a tumbler of water, when brushing
+ the teeth. When the mouth is washed out with this solution, it removes
+ the smell of tobacco and any unpleasant odour arising from decayed
+ teeth. Camphorated chalk dentrifice is improved as a tooth powder by
+ the addition of a little powdered borax. For washing hair brushes,
+ sponges, etc., a solution of a small packet in a pint of hot water
+ should be used.
+
+
+2321. Borax in the Nursery.
+
+ A little borax added to water for bathing infants and children has a
+ beneficial effect on the skin. For cleaning the hair and removing
+ scurf or dandruff wash the head with a solution of a small packet of
+ borax in a pint of hot water, after which the head should be rinsed
+ with cold water, and carefully dried. This wash may be improved by the
+ addition of half an ounce of rosemary spirit sold by any chemist.
+
+
+2322. Borax in the Garden.
+
+ A solution made by dissolving borax in hot water in the proportion of
+ a penny packet of the former to a pint of the latter, will kill the
+ green fly on roses, and other plants. A weaker solution may be used
+ for syringing the plants. When applied to the stems of fruit trees,
+ and other trees, it destroys all insects in and about the bark, and
+ clears the blight on apple trees. For these purposes the solution
+ should be applied with a brush. For washing the shelves, boards, and
+ woodwork of greenhouses, the solution is especially valuable, and when
+ used for syringing vines in the proportion of a pint of the solution
+ to ten gallons of water, and half a pound of borax dry soap, as soon
+ as the grapes have been thinned, it will keep them free from red
+ spider and all other insects.
+
+
+2323. Fever or Infection.
+
+ In all cases of fever or infectious diseases, it should be freely used
+ in the room by dusting the dry powder over floors, carpets, mats, &c.
+ (it will not injure the finest fabrics), and by placing in dishes or
+ other vehicles, into which hot water should be poured. It has _no
+ smell_, but quickly removes _all smells_. In cases of death it is most
+ valuable; the corpse may be kept perfectly sweet by merely dusting
+ into ears, nose, mouth, under arm-pits, feet, &c., or when any
+ moisture exudes. It will preserve features and skin fresh as in life
+ for many weeks, and keep the corpse free from decomposition.
+
+
+2324. Vaseline.
+
+ What it is.--This indispensable household requisite is a product of
+ petroleum, from which it is obtained by an elaborate system of
+ nitration, without the addition or aid of any chemical whatever. The
+ substance thus produced, to which the name of "Vaseline" has been
+ given, is in the form of a lemon-coloured jelly, completely devoid of
+ either smell or taste, and of exquisite softness and smoothness to the
+ touch. This jelly, which is one of the finest emollients known, and is
+ possessed of healing and other medicinal properties, forms the basis
+ of many preparations which are now widely used all the world over.
+
+
+2325. Vaseline for Medicinal Use.
+
+ The pure jelly itself, without any addition, is an invaluable family
+ remedy for burns, chilblains, chapped hands, and skin roughened by
+ exposure to wind and water in cold weather; as well as for sun-burns,
+ wounds, sprains, and all diseases of the skin; for inflamed eyelids,
+ and for preventing pitting in small-pox, when used externally as an
+ ointment. When taken internally, in doses of half a teaspoonful, or in
+ smaller quantities, it forms a cure for diseases of the throat, chest,
+ and stomach, and gives speedy relief in cases of diphtheria, croup,
+ &c. For convenience in using it, a confection is prepared from it for
+ complaints of the throat and lungs. No one need fear to use it, for
+ although it is a product of petroleum, it is the only one that is not
+ dangerous to use, and is possessed of no poisonous qualities. It may
+ be procured from or through any chemist and druggist.
+
+
+2326. Vaseline for the Toilet.
+
+ The toilet soap and tar soap made from vaseline are superior in
+ emollient and healing properties, to similar preparations from
+ glycerine. For the hair, an excellent hair tonic and pomade are
+ supplied, which have the effect not only of strengthening, but of
+ promoting its growth. For the complexion, vaseline cold cream should
+ be used, and for the lips, when sore and chapped by cold winds or any
+ other cause, vaseline camphor ice.
+
+
+2327. Vaseline for the Household.
+
+ As time progresses there can be no doubt that this valuable
+ preparation will be turned to good account for many domestic uses. It
+ has already been found an excellent anti-corrosive, being an efficient
+ protection against rust, when smeared over guns, bicycles, arms,
+ knives, tools, and steel goods, of any kind in general household use.
+ An excellent boot and shoe paste is prepared from it, which renders
+ boots and shoes absolutely waterproof, and over which any ordinary
+ blacking may be used to produce a polish.
+
+
+2328. Vaseline in the Stable.
+
+ When mixed with graphite, vaseline affords a valuable lubricant for
+ application to the axles of light and heavy carriages of every
+ description, and for all bearings in machinery of any kind, especially
+ where great speed is required. A paste is also prepared from it which
+ renders leather harness soft, pliable, impervious to wet, and free
+ from any tendency to crack, thus increasing its durability. Another
+ preparation is found most useful for the cure of injuries and diseases
+ of cattle and domestic animals. This, which is supplied under the name
+ of Veterinary Vaseline, has been found to promote the growth of the
+ hair, unchanged in colour, in the case of broken knees. Its use will
+ also improve the condition of the coat on horses, and will keep off
+ the flies, and cure the mange, and all skin diseases commonly met with
+ in the stable, including injuries to the frogs, hoofs, and fetlocks.
+
+
+2329. Damp Situations, Remedy for.
+
+ People who live in damp localities, particularly near undrained land,
+ are apt to think that there is no help for them save in removal. They
+ are mistaken. Successful experiments have shown that it is possible to
+ materially improve the atmosphere in such neighbourhoods by the
+ planting of the laurel and the sunflower. The laurel gives off an
+ abundance of ozone, whilst the sunflower is potent in destroying the
+ malarial condition. These two, if planted on the most restricted scale
+ in a garden or any ground close to the house, will be found to
+ speedily increase the dryness and salubrity of the atmosphere.
+
+
+2330. Plant Skeletons.
+
+ The leaves should be put into an earthen or glass vessel, and a large
+ quantity of rain water poured over them; after this they must be left
+ in the open air, and to the heat of the sun, without covering the
+ vessel. As the water evaporates and the leaves become dry, more water
+ must be added; the leaves will by this means putrefy, but the time
+ required for this varies; some plants will be finished in a month,
+ others will require two months or longer, according to the toughness
+ of their parenchyma. When they have been in a state of putrefaction
+ for some time, the two membranes will begin to separate, and the green
+ part of the leaf to become fluid; then the operation of clearing is to
+ be performed.
+
+ The leaf is to be put upon a flat white earthen plate, and covered
+ with clear water; and being gently squeezed with the finger, the
+ membranes will begin to open, and the green substance will come out at
+ the edges; the membranes must be carefully taken off with the finger,
+ and great caution must be used in separating them near the middle rib.
+ When once there is an opening towards this separation, the whole
+ membrane always follows easily; when both membranes are taken off, the
+ skeleton is finished, and it has to be washed clean with water, and
+ then dried between the leaves of a book.
+
+
+2331. Fruit Skeletons.
+
+ Fruits are divested of their pulp and made into skeletons in a
+ different manner. Take, for an instance, a fine large pear which is
+ soft, and not tough; let it be carefully pared without squeezing it,
+ and without injuring either the crown or the stalk; put it into a pot
+ of rain water, covered, set it over the fire, and let it boil gently
+ till perfectly soft, then take it out and lay it in a dish filled with
+ cold water; then holding it by the stalk with one hand, rub off as
+ much of the pulp as you can with the finger and thumb, beginning at
+ the stalk and rubbing it regularly towards the crown. The fibres are
+ most tender towards the extremities, and are therefore to be treated
+ with great care there. When the pulp has thus been cleared pretty well
+ off, the point of a fine penknife may be of use to pick away the pulp
+ sticking to the core. In order to see how the operation advances, the
+ soiled water must be thrown away from time to time, and clean poured
+ on in its place. When the pulp is in this manner perfectly separated,
+ the clean skeleton is to be preserved in spirits of wine.
+
+
+2332. To make Impressions of Leaves.
+
+ Prepare two rubbers by tying up wool or any other substance in
+ wash-leather; then prepare the colours in which you wish to print
+ leaves, by rubbing up with cold drawn linseed oil the tints that are
+ required, as indigo for blue, chrome for yellow, indigo and chrome for
+ green, &c. Get a number of leaves the size and kind you wish to stamp,
+ then dip the rubbers into the paint, and rub them one over the other,
+ so that you may have but a small quantity of the composition upon the
+ rubbers; place a leaf upon one rubber and moisten it gently with the
+ other; take the leaf off and apply it to the substance on which you
+ wish to make an imprint of the leaf. Upon the leaf place a piece of
+ white paper, press gently, and a beautiful impression of all the veins
+ of the leaf will be obtained.
+
+
+2333. To make a Fac-simile of a Leaf in Copper.
+
+ This beautiful experiment can be performed by any person in possession
+ of a common galvanic battery. The process is as follows:
+
+ Soften a piece of gutta percha over a candle, or before a fire; knead
+ it with the moist fingers upon a table, until the surface is perfectly
+ smooth, and large enough to cover the leaf to be copied; lay the leaf
+ flat upon the surface, and press every part well into the
+ gutta-percha. In about five minutes the leaf may be removed, when, if
+ the operation has been carefully performed, a perfect impression of
+ the leaf will be made in the gutta percha.
+
+ This must now be attached to the wire in connection with the zinc end
+ of the battery (which can easily be done by heating the end of the
+ wire, and pressing it into the gutta percha), dusted well over with
+ the best blacklead with a camel-hair brush--the object of which is to
+ render it a conductor of electricity; it should then be completely
+ immersed in a saturated solution of sulphate of copper. A piece of
+ copper attached to the wire in connection with the copper end of the
+ battery must also be inserted into the copper solution facing ihe
+ gutta percha, but not touching it; this not only acts as a conductor
+ to the electricity, but also maintains the solution of copper of a
+ permanent strength.
+
+ In a short time the copper will be found to creep over the whole
+ surface of the gutta percha, and in about twenty-four hours a thick
+ deposit of copper will be obtained, which may then be detached from
+ the mould. The accuracy with which a leaf may thus be cast is truly
+ surprising.
+
+
+2334. Leaf Printing.
+
+ After warming the leaf between the hands apply printing ink, by means
+ of a small leather ball containing cotton, or some soft substance, or
+ with the end of the finger. The leather ball (and the finger, when
+ used for that purpose), after the ink is applied to it, should be
+ pressed several times on a piece of leather, or some smooth surface,
+ before each application to the leaf, that the ink may be smoothly and
+ evenly applied. After the under surface of the leaf has been
+ sufficiently inked, apply it to the paper where you wish the
+ impression to be; and, after covering it with a slip of paper, use the
+ hand or roller to press upon it.
+
+
+2335. Directions for Taking Leaf Impressions.
+
+ Hold oiled paper in the smoke of a lamp or of pitch, until it becomes
+ coated with the smoke; to this paper apply the leaf of which you wish
+ an impression, having previously warmed it between your hands, that it
+ may he pliable. Place the lower surface of the leaf upon the blackened
+ surface of the oil-paper, that the numerous veins, which are so
+ prominent on this side, may receive from the paper a portion of the
+ smoke. Lay a paper over the leaf, and then press it gently upon the
+ smoked paper with the fingers, or with a small roller covered with
+ woollen cloth, or some similarly soft material, so that every part of
+ the leaf may come in contact with the sooted oil-paper. A coating of
+ the smoke will adhere to the leaf. Then remove the leaf carefully, and
+ place the blackened surface on a sheet of white paper, or in a book
+ prepared for the purpose, covering the leaf with a clean slip of
+ paper, and pressing upon it with the fingers, or roller, as before.
+
+ Thus may be obtained the impression of a leaf, showing the perfect
+ outlines, together with an accurate exhibition of the veins which
+ extend in every direction through it, more correctly than the finest
+ drawing. And this process is so simple, and the materials so easily
+ obtained, that any person, with a little practice to enable him to
+ apply the right quantity of smoke to the oil-paper, and give the leaf
+ a proper pressure, can prepare beautiful leaf impressions, such as a
+ naturalist would be proud to possess.
+
+
+2336. Dry Botanical Specimens for Preservation.
+
+ The plants to be preserved should be gathered when the weather is dry.
+ Place the ends in water, and let them remain in a cool place till the
+ next day. When about to be submitted to the process of drying, place
+ each plant between several sheets of blotting paper, and iron it with
+ a large smooth heater, pretty strongly warmed, till all the moisture
+ is dissipated. Colours may thus be fixed, which otherwise become pale,
+ or nearly white. Some plants require more moderate heat than others,
+ and herein consists the nicety of the experiment; but it is generally
+ found that if the iron be not too hot, and is passed rapidly yet
+ carefully over the surface of the blotting paper, it answers the
+ purpose equally well with plants of almost every variety of hue and
+ thickness.
+
+ In compound flowers, with those also of a stubborn and solid form, as
+ the Centaurea, some little art is required in cutting away the under
+ part, by which means the profile and forms of the flowers will be more
+ distinctly exhibited. This is especially necessary when the flowers
+ are fixed down with gum upon the paper previous to ironing, by which
+ means they become almost incorporated with the surface. When this very
+ delicate process is attempted, blotting-paper should be laid under
+ every part excepting the blossoms, in order to prevent staining the
+ white paper. Great care must be taken to keep preserved specimens in a
+ dry place.
+
+
+2337. Collecting and Laying out Sea-weeds.
+
+ "First wash the sea-weed in fresh water, then take a plate or dish
+ (the larger the better), cut your paper to the size required, place
+ it in the plate with fresh water, and spread out the plant with a
+ good-sized camel-hair pencil in a natural form (picking out with the
+ pin gives the sea-weed an unnatural appearance, and destroys the
+ characteristic fall of the branches, which should be carefully
+ avoided); then gently raise the paper with the specimen out of the
+ water, placing it in a slanting position for a few moments, so as to
+ allow the super-abundant water to ran off; after which, place it in
+ the press. The press is made with either three pieces of board or
+ pasteboard. Lay on the first board two sheets of blotting-paper; on
+ that lay your specimens; place straight and smooth over them a piece
+ of old muslin, fine cambric, or linen; then some more
+ blotting-paper, and place another board on the top of that, and
+ continue in the same way.
+
+ "The blotting-paper and the muslin should be carefully removed and
+ dried every day, and then replaced; at the same time, those
+ specimens that are sufficiently dried may be taken away. Nothing now
+ remains but to write on each the name, date, and locality. You can
+ either gum the specimens in a scrap-book, or fix them in, as
+ drawings are often fastened, by making four slits in the page, and
+ inserting each corner. This is by far the best plan, as it admits of
+ their removal, without injury to the page, at any future period, if
+ it be required either to insert better specimens, or intermediate
+ species.
+
+ "Some of the large algae will not adhere to the paper, and
+ consequently require gumming. The following method of preserving
+ them has been communicated by a botanical friend:
+
+ 'After well cleaning and pressing, brush the coarser kinds of
+ algae over with spirits of turpentine, in which two or three small
+ lumps of gum mastic have been dissolved, by shaking in a warm
+ place; two-thirds of a small phial is the proper proportion, and
+ this will make the specimens retain a fresh appearance.'"
+
+ _Miss Gifford's Marine Botanist_.
+
+
+2338. To Preserve Fungi.
+
+ Receipt of the celebrated botanist, William Withering, by which
+ specimens of fungi may be beautifully preserved.
+
+ "Take two ounces of sulphate of copper, or blue vitriol, and reduce
+ it to powder; pour upon it a pint of boiling water; and when cold,
+ add half a pint of spirits of wine; cork it well, and call it 'the
+ pickle.' To eight pints of water, add one pint and a half of spirits
+ of wine, and call it 'the liquor.' Be provided with a number of
+ wide-mouthed bottles of different sizes, all well fitted with corks.
+ The fungi should be left on the table as long as possible, to allow
+ the moisture to evaporate; they should then he placed in the pickle
+ for three hours, or longer, if necessary; then place them in the
+ bottles intended for their reception, and fill with the liquor. They
+ should then be well corked and sealed, and arranged in order, with
+ their names in front of the bottles."
+
+
+ [TRUST NOT THE MAN WHO PROMISES WITH AN OATH.]
+
+
+2339. To Stuff Birds, Quadrupeds, &c.
+
+ Large animals should be carefully skinned, with the horns, skull,
+ tail, hoofs, &c., entire. Then rub the inside of the skin thoroughly
+ with the mixture of salt, pepper, and alum, and hang up to dry. Large
+ birds may be treated in the same way, but should not be put into
+ spirits.
+
+
+2340. Small Birds may be preserved as follows:
+
+ Take out the entrails, open a passage to the brain, which should be
+ scooped out through the mouth; introduce into the cavities of the
+ skull and the whole body, some of the mixture of salt, alum, and
+ pepper, putting some through the gullet and whole length of the neck;
+ then hang the bird in a cool, airy place--first by the feet, that the
+ body may be impregnated by the salt, and afterwards by a thread
+ through the under mandible of the bill, till it appears to be free
+ from smell; then hang it in the sun, or near a fire: after it is well
+ dried, clean out what remains loose of the mixture, and fill the
+ cavity of the body with wood, oakum, or any soft substance, and pack
+ it smooth in paper.
+
+
+2341. Birds' Eggs.
+
+ In selecting eggs for a cabinet, always choose those which are newly
+ laid; make a medium-sized hole at the sharp end with a pointed
+ instrument, and one at the blunt end: let this last hole be as small
+ as possible; this done, apply your mouth to the blunt end, and blow
+ the contents through the sharp end. If the yolk will not come freely,
+ run a pin or wire up into the egg, and stir the yolk well about; now
+ get a cupful of water, and immersing the sharp end of the shell into
+ it, apply your mouth to the blunt end and suck up some of the water
+ into the empty shell; then put your finger and thumb upon the two
+ holes, shake the water well within, and after this, blow it out. The
+ water will clear the egg of any remains of yolk or of white which may
+ stay in after blowing. If one injection of water will not suffice,
+ make a second or third.
+
+ An egg, immediately after it is produced, is very clear and fine; but
+ by staying in the nest, and coming in contact with the feet of the
+ bird, it soon assumes a dirty appearance. To remedy this, wash it well
+ in soap and water, and use a nail-brush to get the dirt off. The
+ eggshell is now as it ought to be, and nothing remains to be done but
+ to prevent the thin white membrane (which is still inside) from
+ corrupting.
+
+ Take a wineglass and fill it with a solution of corrosive sublimate in
+ alcohol, then immerse the sharp end of the eggshell into it, keeping
+ the finger and thumb which hold the egg just clear of the solution.
+ Apply the mouth to the little hole at the blunt end, and suck up some
+ of the solution into the shell. There need be no fear of getting the
+ liquor into the mouth, for as soon as it rises in the shell the cold
+ will strike the finger and thumb, and then the sucking must be
+ immediately discontinued. Shake the shell in the same manner as when
+ the water was in it, and then blow the solution back into the glass.
+
+ The eggshell will now be beyond the reach of corruption; the membrane
+ for ever retains its pristine whiteness, and no insect, for the time
+ to come, will ever venture to prey upon it. If you wish your egg to
+ appear extremely brilliant, give it a coat of mastic varnish, put on
+ very sparingly with a camel-hair pencil: green or blue eggs must be
+ done with gum arabic, as the mastic varnish is apt to injure the
+ colour.
+
+
+2342. Fishes.
+
+ Large fishes should be opened in the belly, the entrails taken out,
+ and the inside well rubbed with pepper, and stuffed with oakum. Small
+ fishes may be put in spirit, as well as reptiles, worms, and insects
+ (except butterflies and moths); insects of fine colours should be
+ pinned down in a box prepared for that purpose, with their wings
+ expanded.
+
+
+2343. Tracing Paper.
+
+ Mix together by a gentle heat, one ounce of Canada balsam, and a
+ quarter of a pint of spirits of turpentine; with a soft brush spread
+ it thinly over one side of good tissue paper. The composition dries
+ quickly, is very transparent, and not greasy, and therefore, does not
+ stain the paper to which it is applied.
+
+
+ [NEVER WALK ONE WAY AND LOOK ANOTHER.]
+
+
+2344. Impressions from Coins.
+
+ Melt a little isinglass glue with brandy, and pour it thinly over the
+ medal, &c., so as to cover its whole surface; let it remain on for a
+ day or two, till it has thoroughly dried and hardened, and then take
+ it off, when it will be fine, clear, and hard, and will present a very
+ elegant impression of the coin. It will also resist the effects of
+ damp air, which occasions all other kinds of glue to soften and bend
+ if not prepared in this way.
+
+
+2345. Method of Hardening Objects in Plaster of Paris.
+
+ Take two parts of stearine, two parts of Venetian soap, one part of
+ pearlash, and twenty-four to thirty parts of a solution of caustic
+ potash. The stearine and soap are cut into slices, mixed with the cold
+ lye, and boiled for about half an hour, being constantly stirred.
+ Whenever the mass rises, a little cold lye is added. The pearlash,
+ previously moistened with a little rain water, is then added, and the
+ whole boiled for a few minutes. The mass is then stirred until cold,
+ when it is mixed with so much cold lye that it becomes perfectly
+ liquid, and runs off the spoon without coagulating and contracting.
+ Previously to using this composition, it should be kept for several
+ days well covered. It may be preserved for years.
+
+ Before applying it to the objects, they should be well dusted, the
+ stains scraped away, and then coated, by means of a thick brush, with
+ the wash, as long as the plaster of Paris absorbs it, and left to dry.
+ The coating is then dusted with leather, or a soft brush. If the
+ surface has not become shining, the operation must be repeated.
+
+
+2346. Modelling.
+
+ Modelling in Cork, Gutta Percha, Leather, Paper, Plaster of Paris,
+ Wax, Wood, &c.--Modelling, in a general sense, signifies the art of
+ constructing an original pattern, which is to be ultimately carried
+ out on an enlarged scale, or copied exactly.
+
+
+2347. Scale of Construction.
+
+ When models are constructed to give a miniature representation of any
+ great work, elevation, or topographical information, they are executed
+ in detail, with all the original parts in just and due proportions, so
+ that the work may be conducted or comprehended better; and if the
+ model is a scientific one, viz., relating to machinery, physical
+ science, &c., then it requires to be even still more accurate in its
+ details. In fact, all models should be constructed on a scale, which
+ should be appended to them, so that a better idea may be obtained of
+ the proportions and dimensions.
+
+
+2348. Materials.
+
+ The materials used in modelling are plaster of Paris, wax, whiting,
+ putty, clay, pipeclay; common and factory cinders; sand of various
+ colours; powdered fluor-spar, oyster-shells, bricks, and slate; gums,
+ acacia and tragacanth; starch; paper, white and brown, cardboard and
+ millboard; cork sheets, cork raspings, and old bottle-corks; gutta
+ percha; leather and leather chips; wood; paints, oil, water, and
+ varnish; moss, lichen, ferns, and grass; talc, window and
+ looking-glass; muslin and net; chenille; carded wool; tow; wire; hay
+ and straw; various varnishes, glue, and cements.
+
+
+2349. Tools.
+
+ The tools consist of brushes for paints, varnishes, and cements; two
+ or three bradawls; a sharp penknife; a chisel, hammer, and punches;
+ scissors and pencil.
+
+
+2350. Caves.
+
+ Caves may be modelled readily in cork, wood, starch-paste, or cinders
+ covered with brown paper soaked in thin glue.
+
+
+2351. To Construct Caves of Cinders.
+
+ Arrange the cinders, whether common or factory, in such a manner as to
+ resemble the intended design; then cover in such parts as require it
+ with brown paper soaked in thin glue until quite pulpy. When nearly
+ dry, dust over with sand, powdered brick, slate, and chopped lichen or
+ moss, from a pepper-box; touch up the various parts with either oil,
+ water, or varnish colours; and if necessary, form your trees of wire,
+ covered with brown paper and moss, glued on.
+
+
+ [BETTER GO ROUND THAN FALL INTO THE DITCH.]
+
+
+2352. Cave Effect.
+
+ When a Cave is constructed in the above manner, on a large scale, and
+ the interior sprinkled with powdered fluor-spar or glass, the effect
+ is very good by candle-light.
+
+
+2353. Stalactites.
+
+ Stalactites may be represented by rough pieces of wood, which must be
+ smeared with glue, and sprinkled with powdered fluor-spar, or glass.
+
+
+2354. To Model Caves in Cork.
+
+ Construct the framework of wood, and fill up the outline with old
+ bottle-corks. The various projections, recesses, and other minutiae,
+ must be affixed afterwards with glue, after being formed of cork, or
+ hollowed out in the necessary parts, either by burning with a hot wire
+ and scraping it afterwards, or by means of a sharp-pointed bradawl.
+
+
+2355. Small Trees.
+
+ If small cork models are constructed, the trees should be formed by
+ transfixing short pieces of shaded chenille with a fine wire (.), and
+ sticking them into the cork.
+
+
+2356. Decoration.
+
+ Various parts of the model must be touched up with oil, water, or
+ varnish colours; and powdered brick, slate, and chopped lichen, or
+ moss, dusted on as usual.
+
+
+2357. Wooden Models.
+
+ Wooden models are constructed roughly in deal, according to the proper
+ design, and the various fine parts afterwards affixed with glue or
+ brads.
+
+
+2358. Finer Work in Wood.
+
+ In forming the finer parts of the wooden model, a vast amount of
+ unnecessary labour may be saved, and a better effect obtained, by
+ burning much of the outline, instead of carving it. By this plan,
+ deeper tones of colouring, facility of operating, and saving of time
+ and labour, are the result.
+
+
+2359. Decorating Wooden Models.
+
+ In common with other models, those constructed of wood require the aid
+ of lichen, moss, powdered slate, &c., and colours, to complete the
+ effect.
+
+
+2360. Water.
+
+ When water issues from the original cave, and it is desirable to copy
+ it in the model, a piece of looking glass should be glued on the
+ stand, and the edges surrounded by glue, and paper covered with sand.
+ Sometimes it is requisite to cut away the wood of the stand, so as to
+ let in the looking glass; this, however, is only when the water is
+ supposed to be much lower than the surface of the land.
+
+
+2361. Starch-Paste Models.
+
+ Starch-paste models are formed in the usual way, of the following
+ composition:--Soak gum tragacanth in water, and when soft, mix it with
+ powdered starch till of a proper consistence. It is much improved by
+ adding some double-refined sugar finely powdered. When the model is
+ finished, it must be coloured correctly, and varnished with white
+ varnish, or left plain. This is the composition used by confectioners
+ for modelling the various ornaments on cakes.
+
+
+2362. Ancient Cities.
+
+ Ancient cities may be constructed of cork or starch-paste, in the same
+ manner as directed above; bearing in mind the necessity for always
+ working models according to a scale, which should be afterwards
+ affixed to the stand of the model.
+
+
+2363. Modern Cities.
+
+ Modern cities are better made of cardboard, starch-paste, or
+ pipe-clay; the houses, public buildings, and other parts being
+ constructed according to scale.
+
+
+2364. Houses.
+
+ Houses should be cut out of a long thin strip of cardboard, partially
+ divided by three strokes of a penknife, and glued together; this must
+ afterwards be marked with a pencil, or pen and ink, to represent the
+ windows, doors, stones, &c.; and the roof--cut out of a piece of
+ square cardboard, equally and partially divided--is then to be glued
+ on, and the chimney--formed of a piece of lucifer match, or wood
+ notched at one end and flat at the other--is to be glued on, A square
+ piece of cardboard must be glued on the top of the chimney; a hole
+ made with a pin in the card and wood; and a piece of grey worsted,
+ thinned at the end, fixed into the hole for smoke.
+
+
+ [EXAMPLES DO NOT AUTHORIZE SINS.]
+
+
+2365. Public Buildings.
+
+ Cathedrals, churches, and other public buildings are made in the same
+ way; but require the addition of small chips of wood, ends of lucifer
+ matches, cork raspings, or small pieces of cardboard, for the various
+ ornaments, if on a large scale, but only a pencil-mark if small.
+
+
+2366. Starch-Paste or Pipeclay.
+
+ When constructed of starch-paste, or pipeclay, the material is rolled
+ flat on a table or marble slab, and the various sides cut out with a
+ sharp penknife; they are then gummed together, and coloured properly.
+
+
+2367. Large Models.
+
+ If large models of houses or buildings are made, the windows are
+ constructed of talc or thin glass, covered with net or muslin. The
+ frames of the windows are made of cardboard, neatly cut out with a
+ sharp penknife.
+
+
+2368. Countries.
+
+ Countries should be made of cork, because it is easier to work.
+ Although the starch-paste is very agreeable to model with, yet it is
+ liable to shrink, and therefore, when in the mass, one part dries
+ quicker than another, so that there is not equal contraction--a great
+ objection to its employment in accurate models. Cork, on the contrary,
+ may be easily cut into all forms, and from abounding with pores, it is
+ remarkably light--no little consideration to travellers.
+
+
+2369. Topographical Models.
+
+ Topographical models may, however, be formed of plaster of Paris, but
+ the weight is an objection. A model of a country on a moderate
+ scale--say one-eighth of an inch to a square mile--with its mountains,
+ valleys, and towns, may be thus made:--A model having been first made
+ in clay, according to scale and plan, moulds should then be taken of
+ various parts in gutta percha, rendered soft by dipping it into hot
+ water, and the parts cast in paper cement.
+
+
+2370. Paper Cement.
+
+ i. Reduce paper to a smooth paste by boiling it in water; then add
+ an equal weight each of sifted whiting and good size; boil to a
+ proper consistence, and use.
+
+ ii. Take equal parts of paper, paste, and size, sufficient
+ finely-powdered plaster of Paris to make into a good paste, and use
+ as soon as possible after it is mixed. This composition may be used
+ to cast architectural ornaments, busts, statues, &c., being very
+ light, and susceptible of a good polish, but it will not stand
+ weather.
+
+
+2371. Other Parts.
+
+ The several mountains and other parts being formed, join them together
+ in their proper places with some of the No. i. paper cement, rendered
+ rather more fluid by the addition of a little thin glue. The towns are
+ made of a piece of cork, cut and scratched to the form of the town;
+ steeples of cardboard, and trees of blades of moss. Sand is sprinkled
+ in one part; looking-glass in others, for the lakes, bays, and rivers;
+ and green baize flock for the verdant fields.
+
+
+2372. Monuments.
+
+ Monuments, ancient or modern, are better constructed of cork, on
+ account of the lightness and facility in working, more especially the
+ ancient ones.
+
+
+2373. Ruins.
+
+ Ruins should be constructed of cork, according to the directions given
+ above, and when it is necessary to represent the mouldering walls
+ covered with moss or ivy, a little green baize flock, or moss
+ chippings, should be attached by mucilage to the part; and oftentimes
+ a brush of raw sienna, combined with varnish, requires to be laid
+ underneath the moss or flock, in order to improve the effect.
+ Prostrate columns and huge blocks are effectively represented in cork,
+ and should be neatly cut out with a sharp knife, and the various parts
+ supposed to be destroyed by age picked away with a pin or blunt knife
+ afterwards.
+
+
+2374. Cities and Temples.
+
+ We will suppose that the model is to represent the Temple of Theseus
+ at Athens, which was built by Cimon, the son of Miltiades. In the
+ first place we must obtain the necessary dimensions, and then,
+ reducing the number of feet to fractional parts of an inch, form a
+ scale suitable for carrying out the whole. A piece of wood of the
+ necessary size is procured, the plan marked out in pencil, and the
+ ground on which it stands imitated in cork, by cutting away the parts
+ that are not required with a sharp penknife, and adding others with
+ glue.
+
+ The floor of the temple is now to be glued on with common glue, for we
+ should remark that the liquid glue does not dry quickly enough for
+ cork modelling, and is not so good as the old plan; the sides and ends
+ are formed of cork sheets, marked with a lead pencil to represent the
+ blocks of stone; and ruined and broken parts imitated, by pricking the
+ cork with a blunt penknife or needle. The frieze, representing the
+ battle between the Centaurs and Lapithæ and the metopes in
+ mezzo-relievo, containing a mixture of the labours of Hercules and
+ Theseus, should be drawn upon the sheets of cork according to scale,
+ and coloured with a little lampblack and raw sienna, to represent the
+ subject intended, if the scale is small; but if the model admits of
+ it, the groups may be neatly carved with a sharp penknife from the
+ cork, which has been previously outlined with pencil.
+
+ The next thing we shall have to do is to strengthen the interior of
+ the model, and this is done by glueing small pieces of cork, at
+ irregular intervals, at the angles formed by the junction of any
+ parts; these are put on the inside, and lastly, the roof is affixed.
+ Any parts that require to be coloured, may be touched up with varnish
+ or water colours, and lichen, &c., affixed with mucilage where it is
+ requisite.
+
+
+2375. To Model from Living Objects.
+
+ We will imagine that the reader desires to model the features of some
+ friend, and as there is some difficulty in the matter, on account of
+ the person operated upon having a natural tendency to distort the
+ features when the liquid plaster is poured upon the face, and some
+ danger of suffocation if the process is not well managed, we will
+ proceed at once to describe the various stages of operating:
+
+
+2376. Procedure (1).
+
+ Mix the plaster of paris with warm water, and have it about as thick
+ as cream, but do not mix it until all is ready. Lay the person upon
+ his back, and having raised his head to the natural position when
+ walking, by means of a pillow of bran or sand, cover the parts
+ intended to be cast with oil of almonds or olives, applied by means of
+ a feather, brush, or lump of cotton: plug the ears with cotton or
+ wool, and insert two quills into the nostrils, and plug the space
+ between each quill and the nostril very carefully with cotton.
+
+
+2377. Procedure (2).
+
+ Cover the face with the plaster, beginning at the upper part of the
+ forehead, and spread it downwards over the eyes, which should be kept
+ _firmly_ closed, but not in such a manner as to produce any distortion
+ by too violent compression--and continue the plaster as far as the
+ lower border of the chin; cover that part of the chest and arms that
+ is to be represented, and carry the plaster upwards, so as to join the
+ cast of the face; then carefully remove each, and season for casting,
+ by soaking or brushing with linseed oil boiled with sugar of lead or
+ licharge. Some persons boil the moulds in the oil; and many, instead
+ of casting the face in one piece, and the chest in another, lay
+ threads across the face and up and down it, leaving the ends out. As
+ the plaster sets, or is nearly set, the threads are pulled through, so
+ as to divide the cast into four, five, or more pieces.
+
+
+2378. Procedure (3).
+
+ The back part of the head is moulded by having an oval trencher sort
+ of vessel, deeper than half the head, and generally made of plaster,
+ and boiled in oil. The back of the head being oiled, and this trencher
+ partially filled with liquid plaster of Paris, the head is lowered
+ into it, and the cast taken. The back of the neck is cast with the
+ person turned over on his face.
+
+
+2379. Procedure (4).
+
+ Each part of the mould is marked so as to secure accurate junction
+ with the adjoining part or parts; sometimes with a x or ||, which,
+ passing over the junction of two pieces, serves to distinguish them.
+
+
+2380. Procedure (5).
+
+ To model the face, join the several pieces, and tie them together with
+ twine; then wrap some rag round the joints, to prevent the plaster
+ oozing out, and pour in the plaster, made tolerably fluid, taking care
+ to oil the inside of the mould very carefully first. When the outer
+ part of the mould is nearly set, scoop out the centre with a spoon,
+ and let the whole dry; then remove the strings, &c., and smooth off
+ the edges of the joints upon the model with a sharp penknife, and
+ carve out the eyes from the mass, otherwise they will appear as if
+ closed.
+
+
+2381. Wax Models.
+
+ Wax models may be made from the moulds used for the plaster; but when
+ the wax sets at the outside to about one-eighth of an inch, the rest
+ should be poured out of the mould; or, a smaller portion being poured
+ in, it may be shaken about the inside of the mould until it is coated.
+ The pieces are removed, and the seams trimmed up, as in the plaster
+ cast.
+
+
+2382. Making a Cast.
+
+ If a cast be made in Gutta Percha from the model in plaster--or, what
+ is still better, in fusible metal,--then, by pressing basil leather,
+ moistened with water, into the mould, and strengthening the back and
+ centre with chips of wood affixed by liquid glue, a very nice model
+ may be obtained in leather, which, when varnished, will look like oak
+ carving--especially if it be stained with Stephens's Oak Stain.
+
+
+2383. Rustic-Work Seats.
+
+ Rustic-work seats, &c., may be constructed of wire twisted to the
+ proper shape and size, and then covered with gutta percha, rendered
+ soft by being dipped in hot water. The gutta percha should be twisted
+ round the wire previously warmed, and gently heated over a spirit
+ lamp, or dipped again into hot water, so as to allow the various parts
+ to be covered with it. When the model is finished, it should be
+ touched up here and there with oil colours--green, yellow, sienna, and
+ Venetian red--according to fancy, and the effect produced will be very
+ good.
+
+
+2384. Dr. Clark's Pills for Nervous Headache.
+
+ Socotine aloes, powdered rhubarb, of each one drachm; compound powder
+ of cinnamon, one scruple; hard soap, half a drachm; syrup enough to
+ form the mass. To be divided into fifty pills, of which two will be
+ sufficient for a dose; to be taken occasionally.
+
+
+2385. Pains in the Head and Face.
+
+ A severe attack of tic-doulou-reux is said to have been cured by the
+ following simple remedy:--Take half a pint of rose water, add two
+ teaspoonfuls of white vinegar, to form a lotion. Apply it to the part
+ affected three or four times a day. It requires fresh linen and lotion
+ at each application; this will, in two or three days, gradually take
+ the pain away.
+
+
+2386. Sore Throat.
+
+ Those subject to sore throat will find the following preparation
+ simple, cheap, and highly efficacious when used in the early stage:
+ Pour a pint of boiling water upon twenty-five or thirty leaves of
+ common sage; let the infusion stand for half an hour. Add vinegar
+ sufficient to make it moderately acid, and honey according to the
+ taste. This combination of the astringent and the emollient principle
+ seldom fails to produce the desired effect. The infusion must be used
+ as a gargle several times a day. It is pleasant to the taste, and if
+ swallowed, contains nothing to render it dangerous in any way.
+
+
+2387. Deafness.
+
+ It is now considered injurious to use water for the ear in cases of
+ ear complaint. Pure glycerine has been found to act most beneficially
+ as a solvent. In some forms of ear complaint powdered borax, as a
+ constituent of the "drops" to be used has been found useful, and
+ tannic acid in other forms. Carbolic acid mixed with glycerine is
+ used when a disinfectant is necessary. So delicate, however, is the
+ structure of the internal ear that in all cases it is desirable to
+ consult a medical practitioner.
+
+
+ [ONE IS NOT SO SOON HEALED AS HURT.]
+
+
+2388. A Cure for Weak and Sore Eyes.
+
+ Sulphate of zinc, three grains; tincture of opium, ten drops; water,
+ two ounces. To be applied three or four times a day.
+
+
+2389. Squinting.
+
+ Squinting frequently arises from the unequal strength of the eyes, the
+ weaker eye being turned away from the object, to avoid the fatigue of
+ exertion. Cases of squinting of long standing have often been cured by
+ covering the stronger eye, and thereby compelling the weaker one to
+ exertion.
+
+
+2390. Pills for Gout and Rheumatism.
+
+ Acetic extract of colchicum, two grains; powdered ipecacuanha, four
+ grains; compound extract of colocynth, half a drachm; blue pill, four
+ grains. Divide into twelve pills; one to be taken night and morning.
+
+
+2391. Gout Mixture.
+
+ Wine of colchicum, one ounce; spirit of nitrous ether, one ounce;
+ iodide of potassium, two scruples; distilled water, two ounces. A
+ teaspoonful of this mixture to be taken in camomile tea two or three
+ times a day.
+
+
+2392. Mixture for Rheumatic Gout or Acute Rheumatism.
+
+ Half an ounce of nitre (saltpetre), half an ounce of sulphur, half an
+ ounce of flour of mustard, half an ounce of Turkey rhubarb, quarter of
+ an ounce of powdered gum guaiacum. A teaspoonful to be taken in a
+ wineglassful of cold water, every other night for three nights, and
+ omit three nights. The water should have been well boiled.
+
+
+2393. To Arrest Bleeding at the Nose.
+
+ Introduce, by means of a probe, a small piece of lint or soft cotton,
+ previously dipped into some mild styptic, as a solution of alum,
+ Friar's balsam, solution of blue stone, or even cold water. This will
+ generally succeed; but should it not, cold water may be snuffed up the
+ nostrils. Should the bleeding be very profuse, medical advice should
+ be procured. In cases of hæmorrhage of a severe character, Ruspini's
+ styptic is most beneficial, and may be recommended.
+
+
+2394. Biting the Nails.
+
+ This is a habit that should be immediately corrected in children, as,
+ if persisted in for any length of time, it permanently deforms the
+ nails. Dipping the finger-ends in some bitter tincture will generally
+ prevent children from putting them into their mouth; but if this
+ fails, as it sometimes will, each finger-end ought to be encased in a
+ stall until the propensity is eradicated.
+
+
+2395. To Prevent Galling in Invalids.
+
+ The white of an egg beaten to a strong froth; then drop in gradually,
+ whilst you are beating, two teaspoonfuls of spirits of wine; put it
+ into a bottle, and apply occasionally with a feather.
+
+
+2396. Jaundice.
+
+ One penny-worth of allspice, ditto of flowers of brimstone, ditto of
+ turmeric; these to be well pounded together, and afterwards to be
+ mixed with half a pound of treacle. Two tablespoonfuls to be taken
+ every day.
+
+
+2397. Convulsions.
+
+ The following remarkable case, in which a surgeon saved the life of an
+ infant in convulsions, by the use of chloroform, will be read with
+ interest. He commenced the use of it at nine o'clock one evening, at
+ which period the child was rapidly sinking, numerous remedies having
+ been already tried without effect. He dropped half a drachm of
+ chloroform into a thin muslin handkerchief, and held it about an inch
+ from the infant's face. In about two minutes the convulsions gave way,
+ and the child fell into a sleep. By slightly releasing the child from
+ the influence of the chloroform, he was able to administer food, by
+ which the child was nourished and strengthened. The chloroform was
+ continually administered, in the manner described, from Friday evening
+ at nine o'clock until Monday morning at nine. This treatment lasted
+ sixty hours, and sixteen ounces of chloroform were used. No injurious
+ effects, however trivial from the treatment adopted, subsequently
+ appeared.
+
+
+ [HIDE THY DOMESTIC WOUNDS.]
+
+
+2398. Asthma.
+
+ The following is recommended as a relief:--Two ounces of the best
+ honey, and one ounce of castor oil, mixed. A teaspoonful to be taken
+ night and morning.
+
+
+2399. Coughs.
+
+ It is said that a small piece of resin dipped in the water which is
+ placed in a vessel on a stove (not an open fireplace), will add a
+ peculiar property to the atmosphere of the room which will give great
+ relief to persons troubled with a cough. The heat of the stove is
+ sufficient to throw off the aroma of the resin, and gives the same
+ relief that is afforded by the combustion, because the evaporation is
+ more durable. The same resin may be used for weeks.
+
+
+2400. For a Cough.
+
+ Syrup of poppies, oxymel of squills, simple oxymel, in equal parts,
+ mixed, and a teaspoonful taken when the cough is troublesome. It is
+ best to have it made up by a chemist. The cost is trifling.
+
+
+2401. A Mixture for a Bad Cold and Cough.
+
+ Solution of acetate of ammonia, two ounces; ipecacuanha wine, two
+ drachms; antimony wine, two drachms; solution of muriate of morphine,
+ half a drachm; treacle, four drachms; water, add eight ounces. Two
+ tablespoonfuls to be taken three times a day.
+
+
+2402. Pills for a Bad Cough.
+
+ Compound ipecacuanha powder, half a drachm; fresh dried squills, ten
+ grains; ammoniacum, ten grains; sulphate of quinine, six grains;
+ treacle, sufficient quantity to make a mass. Divide into twelve pills;
+ one to be taken night and morning.
+
+
+2403. Whooping Cough.
+
+ Dissolve a scruple of salt of tartar in a quarter pint of water; add
+ to it ten grains of cochineal; sweeten it with sugar. Give to an
+ infant a fourth part of a tablespoonful four times a day; two years
+ old, half a spoonful; from four years, a tablespoonful. Great care is
+ required in the administration of medicines to infants.
+
+
+2404. Roche's Embrocation for Whooping Cough.
+
+ Olive oil, two ounces; oil of amber, one ounce; oil of cloves, one
+ drachm. Mix: to be rubbed on the chest at bedtime.
+
+
+2405. Offensive Breath.
+
+ For this purpose, almost the only substance that should be admitted at
+ the toilette is the concentrated solution of chloride of soda, from
+ six to ten drops of it in a wineglassful of pure spring water, taken
+ immediately after the operations of the morning are completed. In some
+ cases, the odour arising from carious teeth is combined with that of
+ the stomach. If the mouth be well rinsed with a teaspoonful of the
+ solution of the chloride in a tumbler of water, the bad odour of the
+ teeth will be removed.
+
+
+2406. Breath tainted by Onions.
+
+ Leaves of parsley, eaten with vinegar, will prevent the disagreeable
+ consequences of eating onions.
+
+
+2407. Mixture for Indigestion.
+
+ Infusion of calumba, six ounces; carbonate of potass, one drachm.
+ Compound tincture of gentian, three drachms. _Dose,_ two or three
+ tablespoonfuls daily at noon.
+
+
+2408. Ointment for Sore Nipples.
+
+ Take of tincture of tolu, two drachms; spermaceti ointment, half an
+ ounce; powdered gum, two drachms. Mix these materials well together
+ to make an ointment. The white of an egg mixed with brandy is the best
+ application for sore nipples; the person should at the same time use a
+ nipple shield.
+
+
+2409. Ointment for the Piles, or Hæmorrhoids.
+
+ Take of good lard, four ounces; camphor, two drachms; powdered galls,
+ one ounce; laudanum, half an ounce. Apply the ointment made with these
+ ingredients every night at bed-time.
+
+
+2410. Ointment for Broken Chilblains or Chapped Hands, &c.
+
+ Sweet oil, one pint; Venice turpentine, three ounces; hog's-lard, half
+ a pound; bees'-wax, three ounces. Put all into a pipkin over a slow
+ fire, and stir it with a wooden spoon till the bee's wax is all
+ melted, and the ingredients simmer. It is fit for use as soon as cold,
+ but the longer it is kept the better it will be. It must be spread
+ very thin on soft rag, or (for chaps or cracks) rubbed on the hands
+ when you go to bed.
+
+
+ [AN ACT IS BETTER THAN A WORD.]
+
+
+2411. Camphor Balls to prevent Chaps.
+
+ Melt three drachms of spermaceti, four drachms of white wax, with one
+ ounce of almond oil, and stir in three drachms of camphor (previously
+ powdered by moistening it with a little spirits of wine); pour small
+ quantities into small gallipots, so as to turn out in the form of
+ cakes.
+
+
+2412. Cramp in Bathing.
+
+ For the cure of the cramp when swimming, Dr. Franklin recommends a
+ vigorous and violent shock of the part affected, by suddenly and
+ forcibly stretching out the leg, which should be darted out of the
+ water into the air if possible.
+
+
+2413. Cramp in the Legs.
+
+ Stretch out the heel of the leg as far as possible, at the same time
+ drawing up the toes as far as possible. This will often stop a fit of
+ the cramp after it has commenced.
+
+
+2414. Hiccough or Hiccup.
+
+ This is a spasm of the diaphragm, caused by flatulency, indigestion,
+ or acidity. It may be relieved by the sudden application of cold, also
+ by two or three mouthfuls of cold water, by eating a small piece of
+ ice, taking a pinch of snuff, or anything that excites counteraction.
+
+
+2415. Scratches.
+
+ Trifling as scratches often seem, they ought never to be neglected,
+ but should be covered and protected, and kept clean and dry, until
+ they have completely healed. If there is the least appearance of
+ inflammation, no time should be lost in applying a large
+ bread-and-water or linseed-meal poultice, or hot flannels may be
+ repeatedly applied. Leeches should be applied only when ordered by a
+ medical man, as in some cases erysipelas may be the consequence.
+
+
+2416. Ring-worm.
+
+ The head should be washed twice a day with soft soap and warm soft
+ water, and when dry the places should be rubbed with a piece of linen
+ rag dipped in ammonia from gas tar. The patient should take a little
+ sulphur and treacle, or some other gentle aperient, every morning.
+ Brushes and combs should be washed every day, and the ammonia kept
+ tightly corked.
+
+
+2417. Ointment for Scurf in the Heads of Infants.
+
+ Lard, two ounces; sulphuric acid, diluted, two drachms; rub them
+ together, and anoint the head once a day.
+
+
+2418. Scurf in the Head.
+
+ Into a pint of water drop a lump of fresh quicklime, the size of a
+ walnut; let it stand all night, then pour the water off clear from
+ sediment or deposit, add a quarter of a pint of the best vinegar, and
+ wash the head with the mixture, which is perfectly harmless, and forms
+ a simple and effectual remedy.
+
+
+2419. To Restore Hair when removed by Ill-health or Age.
+
+ Rub onions frequently on the part requiring it. The stimulating powers
+ of this vegetable are of service in restoring the tone of the skin,
+ and assisting the capillary vessels in sending forth new hair; but it
+ is not infallible. Should it succeed, however, the growth of these new
+ hairs may be assisted by the oil of myrtle-berries, the repute of
+ which, perhaps, is greater than its real efficacy. Even if they do no
+ good, these applications are harmless.
+
+
+2420. Baldness.
+
+ The decoction of boxwood, which has been found successful in some
+ cases of baldness, is thus made:--Take of the common box, which grows
+ in garden borders, stems and leaves four large handfuls; boil in three
+ pints of water, in a closely covered vessel, for a quarter of an hour,
+ and let it stand in a covered earthenware jar for ten hours or more;
+ strain, and add an ounce and a half of eau-de-Cologne or
+ lavender-water, to make it keep. The head should be well washed with
+ this solution every morning.
+
+
+ [NEVER QUIT CERTAINTY FOR HOPE.]
+
+
+2421. Lotion for the Cure and Prevention of Baldness.
+
+ Eau-de-Cologne, two ounces; tincture of cantharides, two drachms; oil
+ of rosemary, oil of nutmeg, and oil of lavender, each ten drops. To be
+ rubbed on the bald part of the head every night.
+
+
+2422. Remedy for Rheumatism, Lumbago, Sprains, Bruises, Chilblains, and
+ Bites of Insects.
+
+ One raw egg well beaten, half a pint of vinegar, one ounce of spirits
+ of turpentine, a quarter of an ounce of spirits of wine, a quarter of
+ an ounce of camphor. These ingredients to be beaten well together,
+ then put in a bottle and shaken for ten minutes, after which, to be
+ corked down tightly to exclude the air. In half an hour it is fit for
+ use.
+
+ _Directions_.--To be well rubbed in, two, three, or four times a day.
+ For rheumatism in the head, to be rubbed at the back of the neck and
+ behind the ears. This mixture should not be used for broken chilblains.
+
+
+2423. Excellent Remedy for Sprains.
+
+ Put the white of an egg into a saucer; keep stirring it with a piece
+ of alum about the size of a walnut, until it becomes a thick jelly;
+ apply a portion of it on a piece of lint or tow large enough to cover
+ the sprain, changing it for a fresh one as often as it feels warm or
+ dry. The limb should be kept in a horizontal position by placing it on
+ a chair.
+
+
+2424. Remedy for Blistered Feet.
+
+ Rub the feet, on going to bed, with spirits mixed with tallow, dropped
+ from a lighted candle into the palm of the hand.
+
+
+2425. Boils.
+
+ These should be brought to a head by warm poultices of camomile
+ flowers, or boiled white lily root, or onion root; by fermentation
+ with hot water, or by stimulating plasters. When perfectly ripe and
+ ready to break, they may be discharged by a needle or the lancet.
+
+ _Constitutional treatment:_--Peruvian bark, and port wine, and
+ sea-bathing are desirable. Gentle purgatives should be given
+ occasionally.
+
+
+2426. Bunions.
+
+ Bunions may be checked in their early development by binding the joint
+ with adhesive plaster, and keeping it on as long as any uneasiness is
+ felt. The bandaging should be perfect, and it might be well to extend
+ it round the foot. An inflamed bunion should be poulticed, and larger
+ shoes be worn. Iodine, twelve grains; lard or spermaceti ointment,
+ half an ounce, makes a capital ointment for bunions. It should be
+ rubbed on gently twice or thrice a day.
+
+
+2427. Cure of Warts.
+
+ The easiest way to get rid of warts is to pare off the thickened skin
+ which covers the prominent wart; cut it off by successive layers;
+ shave it till you come to the surface of the skin, and till you draw
+ blood in two or three places. When you have thus denuded the surface
+ of the skin, rub the part thoroughly over with _lunar caustic_. One
+ effective operation of this kind will generally destroy the wart; if
+ not, cut off the black spot which has been occasioned by the caustic,
+ and apply the caustic again, or _acetic acid_ may be applied in order
+ to get rid of it.
+
+
+2428. Corns (1).
+
+ Any remedy for these painful growths, to be effectual, must include
+ removal of the usual cause--pressure by tight or ill-fitting boots.
+ Strong acetic acid may be used, but great care is necessary in
+ applying it, to avoid burning the adjacent parts. _Soft corns_ may be
+ cured by extract of lead.
+
+
+2429. Corns (2).
+
+ A very good remedy for corns is that known as "Celandine," which is
+ harmless and easily applied. Any chemist will supply it.
+
+
+2430. To Cure Stings of Bees and Wasps.
+
+ The sting of a bee is generally more virulent than that of a wasp, and
+ with some people attended with very violent effects. The sting of a
+ bee is barbed at the end, and is consequently always left in the
+ wound; that of a wasp is pointed only, so that the latter insect can
+ sting more than once, which a bee cannot do. When stung by a bee, let
+ the sting be instantly pulled out; for the longer it remains in the
+ wound, the deeper it will pierce, owing to its peculiar form, and emit
+ more of the poison. The sting is hollow, and the poison flows through
+ it, which is the sole cause of the pain and inflammation. The pulling
+ out of the sting should he done carefully, and with a steady hand; for
+ if any part of it breaks in, all remedies then, in a great, measure,
+ will be ineffectual. When the sting is extracted, suck the wounded
+ part, if possible, and very little inflammation, if any, will ensue.
+ If hartshorn drops are immediately afterwards rubbed on the part, the
+ cure will be more complete.
+
+
+2431. A Cure for Bee Stings, etc.
+
+ Among other simple remedies for this purpose, rubbing the part
+ affected with sweet oil, the juice of onion, or the blue bag used in
+ washing, slightly moistened, will be found efficacious.
+
+
+2432. Nettle Stings.
+
+ The sting of a nettle may be cured by rubbing the part with rosemary,
+ mint, or sage leaves. Dock leaves are also said to supply an effectual
+ remedy.
+
+
+2433. Arnica for Bites.
+
+ A correspondent of the _Times_ says:
+
+ "Noticing in your paper an account of the death of a man from the
+ bite of a cat, I beg to trouble you with the following case, which
+ occurred to myself about three weeks ago:--I took a strange dog
+ home, which produced consternation among the cats. One of them I
+ took up, to effect a reconciliation between her and the dog. In her
+ terror, she bit me so severely on the first finger of the left hand,
+ as not only to cause four of the teeth of her lower jaw to enter the
+ flesh, but so agonizing was her bite that the pressure of her palate
+ caused the finger to swell at the joint on the opposite side to
+ where the lower teeth entered the finger. In a minute or two the
+ pain was about as excruciating as anything I ever felt--certainly
+ greater than I have suffered from a wound. I got some tincture of
+ arnica, diluted with about twelve times the quantity of water, and
+ proceeded to bathe the finger well with it. In about half a minute
+ the blood began to flow freely, the pain ceased, and the swelling
+ abated, and up to this moment I have had no further inconvenience or
+ pain, not even soreness."
+
+
+2434. Cure for Burns.
+
+ Of all applications for a burn, there are none equal to a simple
+ covering of common _wheat flour_. This is always at hand; and while it
+ requires no skill in using, it produces most astonishing effects. The
+ moisture produced upon the surface of a slight or deep burn is at once
+ absorbed by the flour, and forms a paste which shuts out the air. As
+ long as the fluid matters continue flowing, they are absorbed, and
+ prevented from producing irritation, as they would do if kept from
+ passing off by oily or resinous applications, while the greater the
+ amount of those absorbed by the flour, the thicker the protective
+ covering. Another advantage of the flour covering is, that next to the
+ surface it is kept moist and flexible. It can also be readily washed
+ off, without further irritation in removing. It may occasionally be
+ washed off very carefully, when the crust that it forms has become
+ dry, and a new covering be sprinkled on.
+
+
+2435. Remedy for Burns and Scalds.
+
+ Take chalk and linseed, or common olive oil, and mix them in such
+ proportions as will produce a compound as thick as thin honey; then
+ add vinegar so as to reduce it to the thickness of treacle; apply with
+ a soft brush or feather, and renew the application from time to time.
+ Each renewal brings fresh relief, and a most grateful coolness. If the
+ injury is severe, especially if it involve the chest, give ten drops
+ of laudanum to an adult, and repeat it in an hour, and again a third
+ time. To a child of ten years give, in like manner, only three drops,
+ but beware of giving any to an infant. This plan with an internal
+ stimulant, according to age, as brandy, or salvolatile, or both,
+ should be at once adopted, until the arrival of the medical attendant.
+
+
+2436. Lime-Water.
+
+ Lime-water beaten up with sweet oil is an excellent application for
+ burns.
+
+
+2437. Pitting in Small Pox.
+
+ The following is a simple process that has been adopted most
+ successfully, not only in cases of small pox, in which it completely
+ prevented pitting, but in all eruptive diseases generally, such as
+ measles, scarlatina, nettlerash, chicken pox, &c., relieving the
+ itching, tingling, and irritation of those complaints, and thereby
+ affording great relief, especially in the case of children. It
+ consists in smearing the whole surface of the body, after the eruption
+ is fairly out, with bacon fat; and the simplest way of employing it is
+ to boil thoroughly a small piece of bacon with the skin on, and when
+ cold to cut off the skin with the fat adhering to it, which is to be
+ scored crosswise with a knife, and then gently rubbed over the surface
+ once, twice, or thrice a day, according to the extent of the eruption
+ and the recurrence of itching and irritation.
+
+ Another plan, practised by Dr. Allshorn, of Edinburgh, is to mix three
+ parts of oil with one of white wax, by heat, and while warm and fluid
+ to paint over the face and neck with a camel-hair brush. As this cools
+ and hardens it forms a mask, which effectually excludes the air, and
+ prevents pitting. It is said that if light is admitted into the
+ patient's room through yellow blinds, so that the red and blue rays of
+ the sun are excluded, pitting will be prevented.
+
+
+2438. Cutaneous Eruptions.
+
+ The following mixture is very useful in all cutaneous eruptions:
+ Ipecacuanha wine, four drachms; flowers of sulphur, two drachms:
+ tincture of cardamoms, one ounce. Mix: one teaspoonful to be taken
+ three times a day, in a wineglassful of water.
+
+
+2439. Wash for a Blotched Face.
+
+ Rose water, three ounces: sulphate of zinc, one drachm. Mix; wet the
+ face with it, gently dry it, and then touch it over with cold cream,
+ which also dry gently off.
+
+
+2440. Freckles.
+
+ To disperse them, take one ounce of lemon juice, a quarter of a drachm
+ of powdered borax, and half a drachm of sugar; mix, and let them stand
+ a few days in a glass bottle till the liquor is fit for use, then rub
+ it on the hands and face occasionally.
+
+
+2441. To Remove Freckles.
+
+ Dissolve, in half an ounce of lemon juice, one ounce of Venice soap,
+ and add a quarter of an ounce each of oil of bitter almonds, and
+ deliquated oil of tartar. Place this mixture in the sun till it
+ acquires the consistency of ointment. When in this state add three
+ drops of the oil of rhodium and keep it for use. Apply it to the face
+ and hands in the manner following:--Wash the parts at night with
+ elder-flower water, then anoint with the ointment. In the morning
+ cleanse the skin by washing it copiously in rose water.
+
+
+2442. Wash for Sunburn.
+
+ Take two drachms of borax, one drachm of Roman alum, one drachm of
+ camphor, half an ounce of sugar candy, and a pound of ox-gall. Mix and
+ stir well for ten minutes or so, and repeat this stirring three or
+ four times a day for a fortnight, till it appears clear and
+ transparent. Strain through blotting-paper, and bottle up for use.
+
+
+2443. Teething.
+
+ Young children, whilst cutting their first set of teeth, often suffer
+ severe constitutional disturbance. At first there is restlessness and
+ peevishness, with slight fever, but not unfrequently these are
+ followed by convulsive fits, as they are commonly called, which are
+ caused by the brain becoming irritated; and sometimes under this
+ condition the child is either cut off suddenly, or the foundation of
+ serious mischief to the brain is laid.
+
+ The remedy, or rather the safeguard against these frightful
+ consequences, is trifling, safe, and almost certain, and consists
+ merly in lancing the gum covering the tooth which is making its way
+ through. When teething is about it may be known by the spittle
+ constantly drivelling from the mouth and wetting the frock. The child
+ has its fingers often in its mouth, and bites hard any substance it
+ can get hold of. If the gums be carefully looked at, the part where
+ the tooth is pressing up is swollen and redder than usual; and if the
+ finger be pressed on it the child shrinks and cries, showing that the
+ gum is tender.
+
+ When these symptoms occur, the gum should be lanced, and sometimes the
+ tooth comes through the next day, if near the surface; but if not so
+ far advanced the cut heals and a scar forms, which is thought by some
+ objectionable, as rendering the passage of the tooth more difficult.
+ This, however, is not so, for the scar will give way much more easily
+ than the uncut gum. If the tooth do not come through after two or
+ three days, the lancing may be repeated; and this is more especially
+ needed if the child be very fractious, and seems in much pain.
+
+ Lancing the gums is further advantageous, because it empties the
+ inflamed part of its blood, and so relieves the pain and inflammation.
+ The relief children experience in the course of two or three hours
+ from the operation is often very remarkable, as they almost
+ immediately become lively and cheerful.
+
+
+ [CONTENTMENT WILL BOTH CLOTHE AND FEED.]
+
+
+2444. Cure for Toothache.
+
+ Two or three drops of essential oil of cloves put upon a small piece
+ of lint or cotton wool, and placed in the hollow of the tooth, will be
+ found to have the active power of curing the toothache without
+ destroying the tooth or injuring the gums.
+
+
+2445. Gutta Percha Tooth-Stopping.
+
+ Since the introduction of gutta-percha, the use of metallic
+ succedaneum for filling decayed teeth has been superseded, especially
+ in cases where the cavities are large. The gutta-percha is inodorous,
+ cheap, and can be renewed as often as required. It is only necessary
+ to soften it by warmth, either by holding it before a fire, or
+ immersing it in boiling water. Succedaneum is best when the decayed
+ spots are very small.
+
+
+2446. Succedaneum.
+
+ Take an old silver thimble, an old silver coin, or other silver
+ article, and with a very fine file convert it into filings. Sift
+ through gauze, to separate the coarse from the fine particles. Take
+ the finer portion, and mix with sufficient quicksilver to form a stiff
+ amalgam, and while in this state fill the cavaties of decayed teeth.
+ This is precisely the same as the metallic amalgam used by all
+ dentists.
+
+ _Caution_.--As it turns black under the action of the acids of the
+ mouth, it should be used sparingly for _front_ teeth. A tooth should
+ never be filled while it is aching.
+
+
+2447. Rose Lipsalve.
+
+ i. Oil of almonds, three ounces; alkanet, half an ounce. Let them
+ stand together in a warm place, then strain. Melt one ounce and a
+ half of white wax and half an ounce of spermaceti with the oil; stir
+ it till it begins to thicken, and add twelve drops of otto of roses.
+
+ ii. White wax, one ounce; almond oil, two ounces; alkanet, one
+ drachm; digest in a warm place, stir till sufficiently coloured,
+ strain and stir in six drops of otto of roses.
+
+
+2448. Ventilating Bedrooms.
+
+ A sheet of finely perforated zinc, substituted for a pane of glass in
+ one of the upper squares of a chamber window, is the cheapest and best
+ form of ventilator; there should not be a bedroom without it.
+
+
+2449. A Simple Method of Ventilation.
+
+ Get a piece of deal two inches wide and one inch thick, and as long as
+ the width of the sashes of the window in which it is to be used. Care
+ should be taken to ascertain the width of the sashes exactly, which
+ may be done by measuring along the top of the lower sash, from one
+ side of the sash frame to the other. Raise the lower sash--drop in
+ the piece of wood, so that it rests on the bottom part of the window
+ frame, the ends being within the stops on either side, and then close
+ the sash upon it. If properly planed up, no draught can enter between
+ the wood and the bottom of the sash; but the air can enter the room in
+ an upward direction, through the opening between the top of the lower
+ sash and the bottom of the upper sash, any direct draught into the
+ interior of the room being prevented by the position of the lower sash.
+
+
+ [THE QUIET MIND ENJOYS THE SWEETEST REST.]
+
+
+2450. Bedclothes.
+
+ The perfection of dress, for day or night, where warmth is the
+ purpose, is that which confines around the body sufficient of its own
+ warmth, while it allows escape to the exhalations of the skin. Where
+ the body is allowed to bathe protractedly in its own vapours we must
+ expect an unhealthy effect upon the skin. Where there is too little
+ allowance for ventilation, insensible perspiration is checked, and
+ something analogous to fever supervenes; foul tongue, ill taste, and
+ lack of morning appetite betray the evil.
+
+
+2451. Vapour Baths.
+
+ Vapour baths may be made by putting boiling water in a pan, and
+ placing a cane-bottom chair in the pan, the patient sitting upon it,
+ enveloped from head to foot in a blanket covering the bath. Sulphur,
+ spirit, medicinal, herbal, and other baths may be obtained in the same
+ manner. They should not be taken except under medical advice.
+
+
+2452. Vapour Bath at Home.
+
+ Another equally easy but far more effectual method of procuring a
+ vapour bath at home is to attach one end of a piece of gutta-percha
+ tubing to the snout of a kettle on the fire, and to introduce the
+ other end below the chair, on which the person who requires the bath
+ is sitting, enveloped in a blanket as described above.
+
+
+2453. Hot Water.
+
+ In bruises, hot water is the most efficacious, both by means of
+ insertion and fomentation, in removing pain, and totally preventing
+ discoloration and stiffness. It has the same effect after a blow. It
+ should be applied as quickly as possible, and as hot as it can be
+ borne. The efficacy of hot water in preventing the ill effects of
+ fatigue is too well-known to require notice.
+
+
+2454. Thinning the Blood.
+
+ It is desirable to consider the means of thinning the blood, when it
+ has been deprived, by too profuse transpiration in hot, dry winds, of
+ its aqueous particles, and rendered thick and viscid. Water would
+ easily supply this want of fluidity if it were capable of mingling
+ with the blood when in this state; acid matter cannot be ultimately
+ combined with the blood when the body is in this state. In order to
+ find a menstruum by which water may be rendered capable of combining
+ ultimately with the blood, of remaining long in combination with it,
+ and of thinning it, we must mix it with a substance possessing the
+ property of a soap, and consequently fit to dissolve viscous matters,
+ and make them unite with water.
+
+ The soap must contain but little salt, that it may not increase the
+ thirst of the parched throat. It must not have a disagreeable taste,
+ that it may be possible to drink a considerable quantity of it: and it
+ must be capable of recruiting the strength without overloading the
+ stomach.
+
+ Now all these qualities are to be found in the yolk of egg. No
+ beverage, therefore, is more suitable (whilst it is very agreeable)
+ for hot, dry weather than one composed of the yolk of an egg beaten up
+ with a little sugar according to taste, and mixed with a quart of cool
+ spring or filtered water, half a glass of Moselle or any other Rhenish
+ wine, and some lemon juice. The wine, however, may be omitted, and
+ only the lemon juice be used; in like manner, hartshorn shavings
+ boiled in water may be substituted for the yolk of egg. Equal
+ quantities of beef tea and whey are good for delicate infants.
+
+
+2455. Beverage for Hot Weather.
+
+ The yolk of eggs beaten up, lump sugar (to taste), Rhenish wine or
+ not, citric acid powdered, or tartaric acid (small quantity, exact
+ quantity soon found); one or two drops of essence of lemon on a lump
+ of sugar, to make it mix readily with the water; one quart of water.
+ This is really an excellent, agreeable, and, without the wine, an
+ inexpensive beverage.
+
+
+ [LITTLE COMFORTS BEGET MUCH HAPPINESS.]
+
+
+2456. To Ascertain the State of the Lungs.
+
+ Persons desirous of ascertaining the true state of their lungs should
+ draw in as much breath as they conveniently can, they are then to
+ count as far as they are able, in a slow and audible voice, without
+ drawing in more breath. The number of seconds they can continue
+ counting must be carefully observed; in cases of consumption the time
+ does not exceed ten, and is frequently less than six seconds; in
+ pleurisy and pneumonia it ranges from nine to four seconds. When the
+ lungs are in a sound condition, the time will range as high as from
+ twenty to thirty-five seconds.
+
+
+2457. To Avoid Catching Cold.
+
+ Accustom yourself to the use of sponging with cold water every morning
+ on first getting out of bed. It should be followed by a good deal of
+ rubbing with a wet towel. It has considerable effect in giving tone
+ to the skin, and maintaining a proper action in it, and thus proves a
+ safeguard to the injurious influence of cold and sudden changes of
+ temperature. Sir Astley Cooper said,
+
+ "The methods by which I have preserved my own health are
+ --temperance, early rising, and sponging the body every morning
+ with cold water, immediately after getting out of bed,--a practice
+ which I have adopted for thirty years without ever catching cold."
+
+
+2458. How to Prepare Artificial Sea-Water.
+
+ In each gallon of river or rain water dissolve about six ounces of
+ sea-salt, either by stirring it or suspending it in the water in a
+ linen or muslin bag. It dissolves as readily in cold as in hot water.
+ Sea-salt is produced by evaporation of sea-water. Common salt is
+ sometimes supplied in place of it; but the genuine sea-salt,
+ manufactured by well-known firms, which can be procured of any grocer
+ or of most chemists, is specially prepared to enable persons to have a
+ salt-water bath at home.
+
+
+2459. Change the Water in which Leeches are Kept.
+
+ Once a month in winter, and once a week in summer, is sufficiently
+ often, unless the water becomes discoloured or bloody, when it should
+ be changed every day. Either clean pond water or clean rain water
+ should be employed.
+
+
+2460. Damp Linen.
+
+ Few things are attended with more serious consequences than sleeping
+ in damp linen. Persons are frequently assured that the sheets have
+ been at a fire for many hours, but the question is as to what sort of
+ fire, and whether they have been properly turned, so that every part
+ has been exposed to the fire. The fear of creasing the linen, we know,
+ prevents many from unfolding it, so as to be what we consider
+ sufficiently aired: but health is of more importance than appearances;
+ with gentleness there need be no fear of want of neatness.
+
+
+2461. Improving Camomile Tonic.
+
+ Dried orange peel added to camomile flowers, in the proportion of half
+ the quantity of the flowers, improves the tonic.
+
+
+2462. Gingerbread Aperient.
+
+ Gingerbread, made with oatmeal or with barley flour, is a very
+ agreeable aperient for children. Beware of giving children medicines
+ too frequently.
+
+
+2463. Cod Liver Oil.
+
+ This very beneficial drug, formerly so unpopular on account of its
+ rank odour and nauseous taste, has of late years largely increased in
+ consumption through the skilful manipulations of modern science in its
+ preparation, whereby both the smell and the flavour have been almost
+ entirely removed, rendering it capable of being taken by even the most
+ delicate stomach. It is extremely efficacious in cases of consumption
+ and debility, checking the emaciation, regulating the appetite, and
+ restoring vitality. Coffee, new milk, and orange wine, whichever the
+ patient may fancy, are among the best mediums for taking the oil.
+
+
+ [A CUP MUST BE BITTER THAT A SMILE WILL NOT SWEETEN.]
+
+
+2464. Camomile Flowers.
+
+ Camomile flowers should be gathered on a fine day, and dried upon a
+ tray placed in the sun. All herbs for medicinal purposes and uses
+ should be treated in the same manner.
+
+
+2465. Decoction of Sarsaparilla.
+
+ Take four ounces of the root, slice it down, put the slices into four
+ pints of water, and simmer for four hours. Take out the sarsaparilla,
+ and beat it into a mash; put it into the liquor again, and boil down
+ to two pints, then strain and cool the liquor. Dose, a wineglassful
+ three times a day. Use--to purify the blood after a course of mercury;
+ or, indeed, whenever any taint is given to the constitution, vitiating
+ the blood, and producing eruptive affections.
+
+
+2466. Preston Salts.
+
+ Take of sal-ammoniac and salts of tartar of each about two ounces;
+ pound up the sal-ammoniac into small bits, and mix them gently with
+ the salts of tartar. After being well mixed, add a few drops of oil of
+ lavender, sufficient to scent, and also a little musk; stop up in a
+ glass bottle, and when required for use, add a few drops of water, or
+ spirits of hartshorn, when you will immediately have strong smelling
+ salts. The musk being expensive, may be omitted, as the salts will be
+ good without it. Any person can for a few pence obtain these
+ ingredients at any druggist's, and they will make salts, which, to buy
+ prepared, would cost, at the least, eighteen pence.
+
+
+2467. Destruction of Rats.
+
+ The following receipt for the destruction originated with Dr. Ure, and
+ is highly recommended as the best known means of getting rid of these
+ most obnoxious and destructive vermin.
+
+ Melt hog's-lard in a bottle plunged in water, heated to about 150
+ degrees of Fahrenheit; introduce into it half an ounce of phosphorus
+ for every pound of lard; then add a pint of proof spirit, or whisky;
+ cork the bottle firmly after its contents have been heated to 150
+ degrees, taking it at the same time out of the water, and agitate
+ smartly till the phosphorus becomes uniformly diffused, forming a
+ milky-looking liquid. This liquid, being cooled, will afford a white
+ compound of phosphorus and lard, from which the spirit spontaneously
+ separates, and may be poured off to be used again for the same
+ purpose, but not for drinking, for none of it enters into the
+ combination, but it merely serves to comminute the phosphorus, and
+ diffuse it in very small particles through the lard.
+
+ This compound, on being warmed very gently, may be poured out into a
+ mixture of wheat flour and sugar, incorporated therewith, and then
+ flavoured with oil of rhodium, or not, at pleasure. The flavour may be
+ varied with oil of aniseed, &c. This dough, being made into pellets,
+ is to be laid into rat-holes. By its luminousness in the dark, it
+ attracts their notice, and being agreeable to their palates and noses,
+ it is readily eaten, and proves certainly fatal.
+
+
+2468. To Kill Slugs (1).
+
+ Take a quantity of cabbage leaves, and either put them into a warm
+ oven, or heat them before the fire till they get quite soft; then rub
+ them with unsalted butter, or any kind of fresh dripping, and lay them
+ in places infested with slugs. In a few hours the leaves will be found
+ covered with snails and slugs, which may then, of course, be destroyed
+ in any way the gardener may think fit.
+
+
+2469. To Destroy Slugs (2).
+
+ Slugs are very voracious, and their ravages often do considerable
+ damage, not only to the kitchen garden, but to the flower-beds also.
+ If, now and then, a few slices of turnip be put about the beds, on a
+ summer or autumnal evening, the slugs will congregate thereon, and may
+ be destroyed.
+
+
+2470. To Exterminate Beetles.
+
+ i. Place a few lumps of unslaked lime where they frequent.
+
+ ii. Set a dish or trap containing a little beer or syrup at the
+ bottom, and place a few sticks slanting against its sides, so as to
+ form a sort of gangway for the beetles to climb up it, when they
+ will go headlong into the bait set for them.
+
+ iii. Mix equal weights of red lead, sugar, and flour, and place it
+ nightly near their haunts. This mixture, made into sheets, forms the
+ beetle wafers sold at the oil shops.
+
+
+ [WHERE REASON RULES APPETITE OBEYS.]
+
+
+2471. To Kill Cockroaches.
+
+ A teacupful of well-bruised plaster of Paris, mixed with double the
+ quantity of oatmeal, to which a little sugar may be added, although
+ this last-named ingredient is not essential. Strew it on the floor, or
+ in the chinks where they frequent.
+
+
+2472. Earwigs.
+
+ Earwigs are very destructive insects, their favourite food being the
+ petals of roses, pinks, dahlias, and other flowers. They may be caught
+ by driving stakes into the ground, and placing on each an inverted
+ flower-pot, for the earwigs will climb up and take refuge under the
+ pot, when they may be taken out and killed. Clean bowls of
+ tobacco-pipes, placed in like manner on the tops of smaller sticks,
+ are very good traps: or very deep holes may be made in the ground with
+ a crowbar, into which they will fall, and may be destroyed by boiling
+ water.
+
+
+2473. To Destroy Ants.
+
+ Drop some quicklime on the mouth of their nest, and wash it in with
+ boiling water; or dissolve some camphor in spirits of wine, then mix
+ with water, and pour into their haunts; or tobacco-water, which has
+ been found effectual. They are averse to strong scents. Camphor, or a
+ sponge saturated with creosote, will prevent their infesting a
+ cupboard. To prevent their climbing up trees, place a ring of tar
+ about the trunk, or a circle of rag moistened occasionally with
+ creosote.
+
+
+2474. To Prevent Moths.
+
+ In the month of April or May, beat your fur garments well with a small
+ cane or elastic stick, then wrap them up in linen, without pressing
+ the fur too hard, and put betwixt the folds some camphor in small
+ lumps; then put your furs in this state in boxes well closed. When the
+ furs are wanted for use, beat them well as before, and expose them for
+ twenty-four hours to the air, which will take away the smell of the
+ camphor. If the fur has long hair, as bear or fox, add to the camphor
+ an equal quantity of black pepper in powder.
+
+
+2475. To get rid of Moths.
+
+ i. Procure shavings of cedar wood, and enclose in muslin bags, which
+ can be distributed freely among the clothes.
+
+ ii. Procure shavings of camphor wood, and enclose in bags.
+
+ iii. Sprinkle pimento (allspice) berries among the clothes.
+
+ iv. Sprinkle the clothes with the seeds of the musk plant.
+
+ v. To destroy the eggs--when deposited in woollen cloths, &c., use a
+ solution of acetate of potash in spirits of rosemary, fifteen grains
+ to the pint.
+
+
+2476. Bugs.
+
+ Spirits of naphtha rubbed with a small painter's brush into every part
+ of a bedstead is a certain way of getting rid of bugs. The mattress
+ and binding of the bed should be examined, and the same process
+ attended to, as they generally harbour more in these parts than in the
+ bedstead. Three pennyworth of naphtha is sufficient for one bed.
+
+
+2477. Bug Poison.
+
+ Proof spirit, one pint; camphor, two ounces; oil of turpentine, four
+ ounces: corrosive sublimate, one ounce, mix. A correspondent says,
+
+ "I have been for a long time troubled with bugs, and never could get
+ rid of them by any clean and expeditious method, until a friend told
+ me to suspend a small bag of camphor to the bed, just in the centre,
+ overhead. I did so, and the enemy was most effectually repulsed, and
+ has not made his appearance since--not even for a reconnaissance!"
+
+ This is a simple method of getting rid of these pests, and is worth a
+ trial to see if it be effectual in other cases.
+
+
+2478. Mixture for Destroying Flies (1).
+
+ Infusion of quassia, one pint; brown sugar, four ounces; ground
+ pepper, two ounces. To be well mixed together, and put in small
+ shallow dishes when required.
+
+
+2479. To Destroy Flies (2).
+
+ To destroy flies in a room, take half a teaspoonful of black pepper in
+ powder, one teaspoonful of brown sugar, and one tablespoonful of
+ cream, mix them well together, and place them in the room on a plate,
+ where the flies are troublesome, and they will soon disappear.
+
+
+ [WHEN APPETITE COMMANDS, THE POCKET PAYS.]
+
+
+2480. Flies (3).
+
+ Cold green tea, very strong and sweetened with sugar, will, when set
+ about the room in saucers, attract flies and destroy them.
+
+
+2481. Inks.
+
+ There are many receipts published for making ink; the following is as
+ useful and economical a mode of producing good ink as any of them:
+
+
+2482. Dr. Ure's Ink.
+
+ For twelve gallons of ink take twelve pounds of bruised galls, five
+ pounds of gum, five pounds of green sulphate of iron, and twelve
+ gallons of rain-water. Boil the galls with nine gallons of the water
+ for three hours, adding fresh water to supply that lost in vapour; let
+ the decoction settle, and draw off the clear liquor. Add to it the
+ gum, previously dissolved in one and a half gallons of water; dissolve
+ the green vitriol separately in one and a half gallons of water, and
+ mix the whole.
+
+
+2483. Ink Powder.
+
+ Ink powder is formed of the dry ingredients for ink, powdered and
+ mixed. Powdered galls, two pounds; powdered green vitriol, one pound;
+ powdered gum, eight ounces. Two ounces of this mixture will make one
+ pint of ink. Cost: galls, 1s. 4d. per pound; green vitriol, 1d. per
+ pound; powdered gum, 1s. 5d. per pound.
+
+
+2484. Red Writing Ink.
+
+ Best ground Brazil wood, four ounces; diluted acetic acid, one pint;
+ alum, half an ounce. Boil the ingredients slowly in an enamelled
+ vessel for one hour, strain, and add an ounce of gum.
+
+
+2485. Marking Ink without Preparation.
+
+ There are several receipts for this ink, but the following is said to
+ be one of the best of its kind:
+
+ Dissolve separately, one ounce of nitrate of silver, and one and a
+ half ounce of best washing soda in distilled or rain water. Mix the
+ solutions, and collect and wash the precipitate in a filter; whilst
+ still moist, rub it up in a marble or Wedgwood mortar with three
+ drachms of tartaric acid; add two ounces of distilled water, mix six
+ drachms of white sugar, and ten drachms of powdered gum arabic, half
+ an ounce of archil, and water to make up six ounces in measure.
+
+
+2486a. Ink for Zinc Garden Labels.
+
+ Verdigris, one ounce; sal-ammoniac, one ounce; lampblack, half an
+ ounce; water, half a pint. Mix in an earthenware mortar, without using
+ a metal spatula.
+
+ _Directions_.--To be shaken before use, and used with a clean _quill_
+ pen, on bright zinc.
+
+ _Note_.--Another kind of ink for zinc is also used, made of chloride
+ of platinum, five grains, dissolved in one ounce of distilled or rain
+ water; but the first, which is much less expensive, answers perfectly,
+ if used as directed, on clean bright zinc.
+
+
+2486b. Manifold Writing [1].
+
+ The demand for a rapid and simple method of multiplying letters,
+ circulars, &c., has led in recent years to the invention of several
+ ingenious processes. So few copies are obtainable by the ordinary
+ reporters' system of sheets of tissue paper, or "flimsy," interleaved
+ with sheets of prepared black paper, that various kinds of "graphs"
+ have been produced, by which upwards of a hundred, and in some cases
+ many more, copies may be produced from one writing.
+
+ The "graph" process usually consists of transferring a writing made in
+ an aniline dye on to a gelatine surface, from which, by the
+ application of successive sheets of paper, subjected to a smoothing
+ pressure by the hand, a number of copies may be obtained, in a manner
+ very similar to the ordinary lithographic process. All those which may
+ be classed as "gelatine transfer" processes are, however, open to the
+ objection that, after a certain number of copies, the colour grows
+ very faint.
+
+ Some other methods of manifold writing, such es the Edison, the
+ Trypograph, the Cyclostyle, &c. (by which 1,000 copies can be taken
+ from one writing), do not possess this fault, being based on a
+ principle of a fine stencil on prepared paper, and squeezing ink
+ through the minute perforations on to a sheet of paper fixed
+ underneath. The writing in these stencil systems, however, has a
+ "dotty" and broken appearance, displeasing to many eyes--the
+ Cyclostyle being, perhaps, least faulty in this respect. For those who
+ would like to make a gelatine "graph," we append the following recipe:
+
+ Six parts by weight of pure glycerine, four parts by weight of water,
+ two parts of barium sulphate, and one part of sugar. Mix them, and let
+ them soak for twenty-four hours; then melt at a gentle heat, stir
+ until thoroughly mixed, and pour the composition into a tray. Any
+ chemist will supply an aniline dye for the ink.
+
+
+ [Footnote 1: Both these sections were numbered 2486 in the original
+ text. txt Ed.]
+
+
+ [EVERY PEA HELPS TO FILL THE PECK.]
+
+
+2487. Cements.
+
+ The term "cement" includes all those substances employed for the
+ purpose of causing the adhesion of two or more bodies, whether
+ originally separate, or divided by an accidental fracture. As the
+ various substances that may require cementing differ very much in
+ texture, &c., a number of cements possessed of very different
+ properties are required, because a cement that answers admirably under
+ one set of circumstances may be perfectly useless in others. The
+ general principles upon which the success or failure of cementing
+ usually depends are:
+
+ The different parts of a solid are held together by an attraction
+ between their several particles, which is termed the attraction of
+ cohesion. This attraction acts only when the particles are in the
+ closest possible contact: even air must not be between them. If, after
+ breaking any substance, we could bring the particles into as close a
+ contact as before, and perfectly exclude the air, they would re-unite,
+ and be as strongly connected as ever. But in general this is
+ impossible: small particles of grit and dust get between them; the
+ film of interposed air cannot be removed; and thus, however firmly we
+ press the edges of a broken cup together, it remains cracked china
+ still.
+
+ The cohesion between the particles of the cement is very much less
+ than the adhesion of the cement to other bodies; and if torn apart,
+ the connected joint gives way, not by the loosening of the adhesion,
+ but by the layer of cement splitting down the centre. Hence the
+ important rule that the _less_ cement in a joint the stronger it is.
+ To unite broken substances with a thick cement is disadvantageous, the
+ object being to bring the surfaces as closely together as possible.
+ The general principles that ought always to be borne in mind having
+ been mentioned, the manufacture and uses of some of the more useful
+ cements may be described.
+
+
+2488. Mouth Glue.
+
+ The very useful preparation sold under this title is merely a thin
+ cake of soluble glue, which, when moistened with the tongue, furnishes
+ a ready means of uniting papers, &c. It is made by dissolving one
+ pound of fine glue or gelatine in water, and adding half a pound of
+ brown sugar, boiling the whole until it is sufficiently thick to
+ become solid on cooling; it is then poured into moulds, or on a slab
+ slightly greased, and cut into the required shape when cool. (_See_
+ LIQUID GLUE, No. 2491.)
+
+
+ [ECONOMY IS THE HOUSEHOLD MINT.]
+
+
+2489. Paste.
+
+ Paste is usually made by rubbing up flour with cold water, and
+ boiling; if a little alum is mixed before boiling it is much improved,
+ being less clammy, working more freely in the brush, and thinner, a
+ less quantity is required, and it is therefore stronger. If required
+ in large quantity, as for papering rooms, it may be made by mixing one
+ quartern of flour, one quarter pound of alum, and a little warm water;
+ when mixed, the requisite quantity of boiling water should be poured
+ on whilst the mixture is being stirred. Paste is only adapted to
+ cementing paper; when used it should spread on one side of the paper,
+ which should then be folded with the pasted side inwards, and allowed
+ to remain a few minutes before being opened and used; this swells the
+ paper, and permits its being mere smoothly and securely attached. If
+ kept for a few days, paste becomes mouldy, and after a short time
+ putrid; this inconveince may be obviated by the use of:
+
+
+2490. Permanent Paste.
+
+ Permanent Paste, made by adding to each half-pint of flour paste
+ without alum, fifteen grains of corrosive sublimate, previously rubbed
+ to powder in a mortar, the whole to be well mixed; this, if prevented
+ from drying, by being kept in a covered pot, remains good any length
+ of time, and is therefore convenient; but unfortunately it is
+ extremely poisonous, though its excessively nauseous taste would
+ prevent its being swallowed accidentally. It possesses the great
+ advantage of not being liable to the attacks of insects.
+
+
+2491. Liquid Glue.
+
+ The liquid glue of the shops is made by dissolving shelac in water, by
+ boiling it along with borax, which posesses the peculiar property of
+ causing the solution of the resinous lac. This preparation is
+ convenient from its cheapness and freedom from smell; but it gives way
+ if exposed to long-continued damp, which that made with naphtha
+ resists.
+
+
+2492. Common Glue.
+
+ Of the use of _common glue_ very little need be said; it should always
+ be prepared in a gluepot or double vessel, to prevent its being
+ burned, which injures it very materially. The chief objection to the
+ use of this contrivance is, that it renders it impossible to heat the
+ glue in the inner vessel to the boiling point; this, however, can be
+ obviated by employing in the outer vessel some liquid which boils at a
+ higher temperature than pure water, such as a saturated solution of
+ salt (made by adding one-third as much salt as water). This boils at
+ 224° Fahr., 12° above the heat of boiling water, and enables the glue
+ in the inner vessel to be heated to a much higher temperature than
+ when pure water is employed. If a saturated solution of nitre is used,
+ the temperature rises still higher.
+
+
+2493. Diamond Cement.
+
+ Soak isinglass in water till it is soft; then dissolve it in the
+ smallest possible quantity of proof spirit, by the aid of a gentle
+ heat; in two ounces of this mixture dissolve ten grains of ammoniacum,
+ and whilst still liquid add half a drachm of mastic, dissolved in
+ three drachms of rectified spirit; stir well together, and put into
+ small bottles for sale.
+
+ _Directions for Use_.--Liquefy the cement by plunging the bottle in
+ hot water, and use it directly. The cement improves the oftener the
+ bottle is thus warmed; it resists the action of water and moisture
+ perfectly.
+
+
+2494. Rice Flour Cement.
+
+ An excellent cement may be made from rice flour, which is at present
+ used for that purpose in China and Japan. It is only necessary to mix
+ the rice flour intimately with cold water, and gently simmer it over a
+ fire, when it readily forms a delicate and durable cement, not only
+ answering all the purposes of common paste, but admirably adapted for
+ joining together paper, cards, &c., in forming the various beautiful
+ and tasteful ornaments which afford much employment and amusement to
+ the ladies. When made of the consistence of plaster-clay, models,
+ busts, bas-relievos, &c., may be formed of it; and the articles, when
+ dry, are susceptible of high polish, and are very durable.
+
+
+2495. Using Egg.
+
+ The white of an egg, well beaten with quicklime, and a small quantity
+ of very old cheese, forms an excellent substitute for cement, when
+ wanted in a hurry, either for broken china or old ornamental glassware.
+
+
+2496. Cement for Broken China, Glass, &c.
+
+ This cement being nearly colourless, possesses advantages which liquid
+ glue and other cements do not.--Dissolve half an ounce of gum acacia,
+ in a wineglass of boiling water; add plaster of Paris sufficient to
+ form a thick paste, and apply it with a brush, to the parts required
+ to be cemented together.
+
+
+ [AT NIGHT NATURE IS IN MOURNING FOR THE LOSS OF THE SUN.]
+
+
+2497. Lime and Egg Cement.
+
+ Lime and Egg Cement is frequently made by moistening the edges to be
+ united with white of egg, dusting on some lime from a piece of muslin,
+ and bringing the edges into contact. A much better mode is to slake
+ some freshly-burned lime with a small quantity of _boiling_ water;
+ this occasions it to fall into a very fine dry powder, if excess of
+ water has not been added. The white of egg used should be intimately
+ and thoroughly mixed, by beating with an equal bulk of water, and the
+ slaked lime added to the mixture, so as to form a thin paste, which
+ should be used speedily, as it soon sets. This is a valuable cement,
+ possessed of great strength, and capable of withstanding boiling
+ water. Cements made with lime and blood, scraped cheese, or curd, may
+ be regarded as inferior varieties of it.
+
+
+2498. White Lead as Cement.
+
+ Cracked vessels of earthenware and glass may often be usefully, though
+ not ornamentally, repaired by white lead spread on strips of calico,
+ and secured with bands of twine.
+
+
+2499. Marine Glue.
+
+ In point of strength, all ordinary cements yield the palm to Jeffery's
+ Patent Marine Glue, a compound of India-rubber, shellac, and coal-tar
+ naphtha. Small quantities can be purchased at most of the tool
+ warehouses, at cheaper rates than it can be made. The colour of this
+ glue, however, prevents its being much used.
+
+
+2500. Coaguline.
+
+ An exceedingly strong, and at the same time a transparent and
+ colourless cement is made by Messrs. Kay Brothers, of Stockport, and
+ is sold by most fancy stationers and chemists under the name of
+ Coaguline. It is easily and quickly applied, and will be found
+ extremely serviceable in repairing glass, china, and stone articles.
+ It is inexpensive.
+
+
+2501. Red Cement .
+
+ Red Cement which is employed by instrument makers for cementing glass
+ to metals, and which is very cheap, and exceedingly useful for a
+ variety of purposes, is made by melting five parts of black rosin, one
+ part of yellow wax, and then stirring in gradually one part of red
+ ochre or Venetian red, in fine powder, and previously _well dried_.
+ This cement requires to be melted before use, and it adheres better if
+ the objects to which it is applied are warmed.
+
+
+2502. A Soft Cement for Corks.
+
+ A soft cement, of a somewhat similar character to that just described,
+ is useful for covering the corks of preserved fruit, and other
+ bottles. It is made by melting yellow wax with an equal quantity of
+ rosin, or of common turpentine (not oil of turpentine, but the resin),
+ using the latter for a very soft cement, and stirring in, as before,
+ some dried Venetian red.
+
+
+2503. Mastic Cement.
+
+ This is employed for making a superior coating to inside walls, but
+ must not be confounded with the _resin mastic_. It is made by mixing
+ twenty parts of well-washed and sifted sharp sand with two parts of
+ litharge and one of freshly burned and slaked quicklime, in fine _dry_
+ powder. This is made into a putty, by mixing with linseed oil. It
+ sets in a few hours, having the appearance of light stone; and we
+ mention it, as it may be frequently employed with advantage in
+ repairing broken stone-work (as steps), by filling up the missing
+ parts. The employment of Roman cement, plaster, &c., for masonry
+ work, hardly comes within the limits of Domestic Manipulation.
+
+
+2504. Cement for Leather and Cloth.
+
+ An adhesive material for uniting the parts of boots and shoes, and for
+ the seams of articles of clothing, may be made thus:--Take one pound
+ of gutta-percha, four ounces of India rubber, two ounces of pitch, one
+ ounce of shellac, two ounces of oil. The ingredients are to be melted
+ together, and used hot.
+
+
+ [GO TO BED WITH THE LAMB AND RISE WITH THE LARK.]
+
+
+2505. Birdlime.
+
+ Take any quantity of linseed oil, say half a pint; put it into an old
+ pot, or any vessel that will stand the fire without breaking--the
+ vessel must not be more than one-third full; put it on a slow fire,
+ stir it occasionally until it thickens as much as required; this will
+ be known by cooling the stick in water, and trying it with the
+ fingers. It is best to make it rather harder than for use. Then pour
+ it into cold water. It can be brought back to the consistency required
+ with a little Archangel tar.
+
+
+2506. Anglo-Japanese Work.
+
+ This is an elegant and easy domestic art. Take yellow withered
+ leaves, dissolve gum, black paint, copal varnish, &c. Any articles,
+ such as an old tea-caddy, flower-pots, fire-screens, screens of all
+ descriptions, work-boxes, &c., may be ornamented with these simple
+ materials. Select perfect leaves, dry and press them between the
+ leaves of books; rub the surface of the article to be ornamented with
+ fine sand paper, then give it a coat of fine black paint, which should
+ be procured mixed at a colour shop.
+
+ When dry rub smooth with pumice-stone, and give two other coats. Dry.
+ Arrange leaves in any manner and variety, according to taste. Gum the
+ leaves on the under side, and press them upon their places. Then
+ dissolve some isinglass in hot water, and brush it over the work. Dry.
+ Give three coats of copal varnish, allowing ample time for each coat
+ to dry. Articles thus ornamented last for years, and are very
+ pleasing.
+
+
+2507. Ornamental Leather Work.
+
+ An excellent imitation of carved oak, suitable for frames, boxes,
+ vases, and ornaments in endless variety, may be made of a description
+ of leather called basil. The art consists in simply cutting out this
+ material in imitation of natural objects, and in impressing upon it by
+ simple tools, either with or without the aid of heat, such marks and
+ characteristics as are necessary to the imitation. The rules given
+ with regard to the imitation of leaves and flowers apply to ornamental
+ leather work. Begin with a simple object, and proceed by degrees to
+ those that are more complicated.
+
+ Cut out an ivy or an oak leaf, and impress the veins upon it; then
+ arrange these in groups, and affix them to frames, or otherwise. The
+ tools required are ivory or steel points of various sizes, punches,
+ and tin shapes, such as are used for confectionery. The points may be
+ made out of the handles of old tooth-brushes. Before cutting out the
+ leaves the leather should be well soaked in water, until it is quite
+ pliable. When dry, it will retain the artistic shape. Leaves and stems
+ are fastened together by means of liquid glue, and varnished with any
+ of the drying varnishes, or with sealing-wax dissolved to a suitable
+ consistency in spirits of wine. Wire, cork, gutta-percha, bits of
+ stems of trees, &c., may severally be used to aid in the formation of
+ groups of buds, flowers, seed-vessels, &c.
+
+
+2508. Black Paper Patterns.
+
+ Mix some lamp-black with sweet oil. With a piece of flannel cover
+ sheets of writing-paper with the mixture; dab the paper dry with a bit
+ of fine linen. When using, put the black side on another sheet of
+ paper, and fasten the corners together with small pins. Lay on the
+ back of the black paper the pattern to be drawn, and go over it with
+ the point of a steel drawing pencil: the black will then leave the
+ impression of the pattern on the undersheet, on which you may draw it
+ with ink.
+
+
+2509. Patterns on Cloth or Muslin.
+
+ Patterns on cloth or muslin are drawn with a pen dipped in stone blue,
+ a bit of sugar and a little water; wet to the consistence wanted.
+
+
+2510. Feather Flowers: Materials.
+
+ Procure the best white swan or goose feathers; have them plucked off
+ the fowl with care not to break the web; free them from down, except a
+ small quantity on the shaft of the feather. Get also a little fine
+ wire, different sizes; a few skeins of fine floss silks, some good
+ cotton wool or wadding, a reel of No. 4 Moravian cotton, a skein of
+ Indian silk, some starch and gum for pastes, and a pair of small sharp
+ scissors, a few sheets of coloured silk paper, and some water colours.
+
+
+ [EATING AND DRINKING SHOULDN'T KEEP US FROM THINKING.]
+
+
+2511. Patterns for Petals.
+
+ Having procured two good specimens of the flower you wish to imitate,
+ carefully pull off the petals of one, and, with a piece of tissue
+ paper, cut out the shape of each, taking care to leave the shaft of
+ the feather at least half an inch longer than the petal of the flower.
+ Carefully bend the feather with the thumb and finger to the proper
+ shape; mind not to break the web.
+
+
+2512. Stem and Heart of a Flower.
+
+ Take a piece of wire six inches long; across the top lay a small piece
+ of cotton wool, turn the wire over it, and wind it round until it is
+ the size of the heart or centre of the flower you are going to
+ imitate. If a single flower, cover it with paste or velvet of the
+ proper colour, and round it must be arranged the stamens; these are
+ made of fine Indian silk, or feathers may be used for this purpose.
+ After the petals have been attached, the silk or feather is dipped
+ into gum, and then into the farina. Place the petals round, one at
+ time, and wind them on with Moravian cotton, No. 4. Arrange them as
+ nearly like the flower you have for a copy as possible. Cut the stems
+ of the feathers even, and then make the calyx of feathers, cut like
+ the pattern or natural flower. For the small flowers the calyx is made
+ with paste. Cover the stems with paper or silk the same as the
+ flowers; the paper must be cut in narrow strips, about a quarter of an
+ inch wide.
+
+
+2513. Pastes of Calyx, Hearts, and Buds of Flowers.
+
+ Take common white starch and mix it with gum water until it is the
+ substance of thick treacle; colour it with the dyes used for the
+ feathers, and keep it from the air.
+
+
+2514. To make the Farina.
+
+ Use common ground rice, mixed into a stiff paste with any dye; dry it
+ before the fire, and when quite hard, pound it to a fine powder. The
+ buds, berries, and hearts of some double flowers are made with cotton
+ wool, wound around wire, moulded to the shape with thumb and finger.
+ Smooth it over with gum water, and when dry, cover the buds, berries,
+ or calyx with the proper coloured pastes; they will require one or two
+ coats, and may be shaded with a little paint, and then gummed and left
+ to dry.
+
+
+2515. Flowers of Two or More Shades.
+
+ Flowers of two or more shades are variegated with water colours, mixed
+ with lemon juice, ultramarine and chrome for blue; and to produce
+ other effects, gold may also be used in powder, mixed with lemon juice
+ and gum water.
+
+
+2516. To Dye Feathers Blue.
+
+ Into two pennyworth of oil of vitriol mix two pennyworth of the best
+ indigo in powder; let it stand a day or two; when wanted shake it
+ well, and into a quart of boiling water put one tablespoonful of the
+ liquid. Stir it well, put the feathers in, and let them simmer a few
+ minutes.
+
+
+2517. Yellow.
+
+ Put a tablespoonful of the best turmeric into a quart of boiling
+ water; when well mixed put in the feathers. More or less of the
+ turmeric will give them different shades, and a very small quantity of
+ soda will give them an orange hue.
+
+
+2518. Green.
+
+ Mix the indigo liquid with turmeric, and pour boiling water over it;
+ let the feathers simmer in the dye until they have acquired the shade
+ you want them.
+
+
+2519. Pink.
+
+ Three good pink saucers in a quart of boiling water, with a small
+ quantity of cream of tartar. If a deep colour is required, use four
+ saucers. Let the feathers remain in the dye several hours.
+
+
+2520. Red.
+
+ In a quart of boiling water dissolve a teaspoonful of cream of tartar;
+ put in one tablespoonful of prepared cochineal, and then a few drops
+ of muriate of tin. This dye is expensive, and scarlet flowers are best
+ made with the plumage of the red ibis, which can generally be had of a
+ bird-fancier or bird-stuffer, who will give directions how it should
+ be applied.
+
+
+ [WE SELDOM REPENT OF HAVING EATEN TOO LITTLE.]
+
+
+2521. Lilac.
+
+ About two teaspoonfuls of cudbear into about a quart of boiling water;
+ let it simmer a few minutes before you put in the feathers. A small
+ quantity of cream of tartar turns the colour from lilac to amethyst.
+
+
+2522. Black; Crimson.
+
+ _See Instructions upon Dyeing, par._ 2682, _et seq_.
+
+
+2523. Preparation of Feathers for Dyeing.
+
+ The feathers must be put into hot water, and allowed to drain before
+ they are put into the dyes. After they are taken out of the dye, rinse
+ them two or three times in clear cold water (except the red, which
+ must only be done once), then lay them on a tray, over which a cloth
+ has been spread, before a good fire; when they begin to dry and
+ unfold, draw each feather gently between your thumb and finger, until
+ it regains its proper shape.
+
+
+2524. Leaves of the Flowers.
+
+ These are made of green feathers, cut like those of the natural
+ flower, and serrated at the edge with a very small pair of scissors.
+ For the calyx of a moss-rose the down is left on the feather, and is a
+ very good representation of the moss on the natural flower.
+
+
+2525. Waxen Flowers and Fruit.
+
+ There is no art more easily acquired, nor more encouraging in its
+ immediate results, than that of modelling flowers and fruit in wax.
+ The art, however, is attended by this draw-back--that the materials
+ required are somewhat expensive.
+
+
+2526. Materials for Wax Flowers.
+
+ The appliances required for commencing the making of waxen flowers
+ will cost from 20s. to 30s., and may be obtained at most fancy
+ repositories in large towns. Persons wishing to commence the art would
+ do well to inquire for particulars, and see specimens of materials;
+ because in this, as in every other pursuit, there are novelties and
+ improvements being introduced, which no book can give an idea of.
+
+
+2527. Petals and Leaves of Wax Flowers.
+
+ Petals and leaves of wax flowers are made of sheets of coloured wax,
+ which may be purchased in packets of assorted colours.
+
+
+2528. Stems.
+
+ The stems are made of wire of suitable thicknesses, covered with silk,
+ and overlaid with wax; and the leaves are frequently made by thin
+ sheets of wax pressed upon leaves of embossed calico. Leaves of
+ various descriptions are to be obtained of the persons who sell the
+ materials for wax flower making.
+
+
+2529. Models for Wax Flowers.
+
+ Ladies will often find among their discarded artificial flowers,
+ leaves and buds that will serve as the base of their wax models.
+
+
+2530. Natural Models for Wax Flowers.
+
+ The best guide to the construction of a flower--far better than
+ printed diagrams or patterns--is to take a flower, say a _tulip_, a
+ _rose_, or a _camellia_. If possible, procure _two_ flowers, nearly
+ alike; and carefully pick one of them to pieces; lay the petals down
+ in the order in which they are taken from the flower, and then cut
+ paper patterns from them, and number them fron the centre of the
+ flower, that you may know their relative positions.
+
+
+2531. Putting Petals Together.
+
+ The perfect flower will guide you in getting the wax petals together,
+ and will enable you to give, not only to each petal but to the
+ _contour_ of the flower, the characteristics which are natural to it.
+ In most cases, they are merely pressed together and held in their
+ places by the adhesiveness of the wax. From the paper patterns the wax
+ petals or other portions of the flowers may be cut. They should be
+ cut singly, and the scissors should be frequently dipped into water,
+ to prevent the wax adhering to the blades.
+
+
+2532. Utilisation of Scraps of Wax.
+
+ The scraps of wax that fall from the cutting will be found useful for
+ making seed vessels, and other parts of the flowers.
+
+
+ [HE WHO SERVES WELL NEED NOT BE AFRAID TO ASK HIS WAGES.]
+
+
+2533. Leaves of Flowers.
+
+ Where the manufactured foundations cannot be obtained, patterns of
+ them should be cut in paper; the venous appearance may be imparted to
+ the wax by pressing the leaf upon it.
+
+
+2534. Sprigs of Plants.
+
+ In the construction of sprigs, it is most important to be guided by
+ sprigs of the natural plant, as various kinds of plants have many
+ different characteristics in the grouping of their flowers, leaves and
+ branches.
+
+
+2535. Selection of Sheets of Wax.
+
+ When about to copy a flower, take care in the selection of good sheets
+ of wax, and see that their colours are precisely those of the flower
+ you desire to imitate.
+
+
+2536. Imitation of Tints, Stripes, Spots, &c.
+
+ For the tints, stripes, and spots of variegated flowers, you will be
+ supplied with colours among the other materials; and the application
+ of them is precisely upon the principle of water-colour painting.
+
+
+2537. Fruit, &c., in Wax.
+
+ For the imitating of fruit in wax, very different rules are to be
+ observed. The following directions may, however, be generally
+ followed:
+
+ The material of which moulds for waxen fruit should be composed is the
+ _best_ plaster of Paris, such as is used for plaster casts, &c. If
+ this cannot be procured, the inferior plaster, from the oil-shop, may
+ be substituted, if it can be obtained _quite fresh_. If, however, the
+ plaster is faulty, the results of the modelling will of course be more
+ or less faulty also. It is the property of plaster of Paris to form a
+ chemical union with water, and to form a pasto winch rapidly "sets" or
+ hardens into a substance of the density of firm chalk. The mould must
+ therefore be formed by impression from the object to be imitated, made
+ upon the plaster before it sets.
+
+
+2538. Causes of Want of Accuracy.
+
+ The use of an elastic fruit in early experiments leads to a want of
+ accuracy in the first, steps of the operation, which causes very
+ annoying difficulties afterwards; and therefore a solid, inelastic
+ body--an egg boiled hard--is recommended as the first object to be
+ imitated.
+
+
+2539. Making the Moulds--First Half.
+
+ Having filled a small pudding basin about three-quarters full of damp
+ sand (the finer the better), lay the egg lengthways in the sand, so
+ that half of it is above, and half below, the level of the sand, which
+ should be perfectly smooth around it. Then prepare the plaster in
+ another basin, which should be half full of water. Sprinkle the
+ plaster in quickly till it comes to the top of the water, and then,
+ having stirred it for a moment with a spoon, pour the whole upon the
+ egg in the other basin.
+
+
+2540. Making the Moulds--Second Half.
+
+ While the half mould thus made is hardening thoroughly, carefully
+ remove every particle of plaster from the basin in which it was mixed,
+ and also from the spoon which has been used. This must be done by
+ placing them both in water and wiping them perfectly clean. This is
+ highly important, since a small quantity of plaster which has set will
+ destroy the quality of a second mixing if it is incorporated
+ therewith. In about five minutes the half mould will be fit to
+ remove, which may be done by turning the basin up with the right hand
+ (taking care not to lose the sand), so that the mould falls into the
+ left hand.
+
+ The egg should then be gently allowed to fall back on the sand out of
+ the mould; if, however, it adheres, lightly scrape the plaster from
+ the edge of the mould, and then shake it out into the hollow of the
+ hand. If, however, the exact half of the egg has been immersed in the
+ sand, no such difficulty will arise; this shows how important is
+ exactness in the first position of the object from which a tasting is
+ to be taken.
+
+ The egg being removed and laid aside, the moulder casting must be
+ "trimmed;" that is, the sand must be brushed from the flat surface of
+ the mould with a nail-brush very slightly, without touching the
+ extreme and sharp edges where the hollow of the mould commences. Then
+ upon the broad edge from which the sand has been brushed, make four
+ equi-distant hollows (with the round end of a table-knife), like the
+ deep impression of a thimble's-end. These are to guide hereafter in
+ the fixing of the second half of the mould. The egg should now be
+ replaced in the casting, and the edge of the cast, with the holes,
+ thoroughly lubricated with sweet oil, laid on with a feather, or what
+ is better, a large camel-hair brush.
+
+
+ [FATHER AND MOTHER ARE KIND, BUT GOD IS KINDER.]
+
+
+2541. Casting Second Half of Mould.
+
+ Into the small pudding basin from which the sand has been emptied,
+ place with the egg upper-most the half mould, which, if the operation
+ has been managed properly, should _fit_ close at the edges to the side
+ of the vessel; then prepare some more liquid plaster as before, and
+ pour it upon the egg and mould, and while it is hardening, round it
+ with the spoon as with the first half.
+
+
+2542. Completion of Mould.
+
+ In due time remove the whole from the basin; the halves will be found
+ readily separable, and the egg being removed, the mould is ready to
+ cast in, after it has been set aside for an hour or two, so as to
+ completely harden. This is the simplest form of mould, and all are
+ made upon the same principle.
+
+
+2543. Casting Egg in Wax.
+
+ The casting of an egg is not merely interesting as the first step in a
+ series of lessons, but as supplying a means of imitating peculiarly
+ charming objects, which the student of natural history tries almost in
+ vain to preserve. We shall proceed, then, with the directions for the
+ casting of an egg in the mould.
+
+
+2544. Materials required.
+
+ For the first experiments, common yellow wax may be used as the
+ material, or the ends of half-burnt wax candles. The materials of the
+ hard (not tallow) composition mould candles will also answer.
+
+
+2545. Large Castings made Hollow.
+
+ Every large object to be imitated in wax should be cast _hollow_; and
+ therefore, though the transparent lightness required in the imitation
+ of fruits is not requisite in an artificial egg, the egg may be cast
+ upon the same principle as a piece of fruit, in the following manner.
+
+ Firstly. The two pieces of the plaster of Paris mould must be soaked
+ in hot water for ten minutes.
+
+ Secondly. The wax should in the meantime be very slowly melted in a
+ small tin saucepan, with a spout to it, care being taken not to allow
+ it to boil, or it will be discoloured. As to the quantity of wax to be
+ melted, the following is a general rule:--If a lump, the size of the
+ object to be imitated, be placed in the saucepan, it should be
+ sufficient for casting twice, at least.
+
+ Thirdly. As soon as the wax is melted thoroughly, place the saucepan
+ on the hob of the grate, and taking the parts of the mould from the
+ hot water, remove the moisture from their surfaces by pressing them
+ gently with a handkerchief or soft cloth. It is necessary to use what
+ is called in some of the arts "a very light hand" in this operation,
+ especially in drying moulds of fruits whose aspect possesses
+ characteristic irregularities--such as those on the orange, the lemon,
+ or the cucumber. The mould must not be _wiped_, but only _pressed_. If
+ the _water_ has not been hot enough, or if the drying is not performed
+ quickly, the mould will be too cold, and the wax will congeal too
+ rapidly, and settle in ridges and streaks; on the other hand, if the
+ wax has been made too hot, it will adhere to the mould, and refuse to
+ come out entire.
+
+ Fourthly. Having laid the two halves of the mould so that there can be
+ no mistake in fitting the one in its exact place quickly on the other,
+ pour from the saucepan into _one_ of the half moulds nearly as much
+ wax as will fill the hollow made by the model (egg), quickly fit the
+ other half on the top of it, squeeze the two pieces tightly together
+ in the hand, and still holding them thus, turn them over in every
+ possible position, so that the wax which is slowly congealing in the
+ internal hollow of the mould may be of equal thickness in all parts.
+ Having continued this process at least two minutes, the hands (still
+ holding and turning the mould) may be immersed in cold water to
+ accelerate the cooling process. The perfect congealment of the wax may
+ be known after a little experience by the absence of the sound of
+ fluid on shaking the mould.
+
+ Fifthly. As soon as the mould is completely cooled, the halves may be
+ separated carefully, the upper being lifted straight up from the
+ under, and if the operation has been properly managed, a waxen egg
+ will be turned out of the mould.
+
+ Lastly. The egg will only require _trimming_, that is, removing the
+ ridge which marks the line at which the halves of the mould joined,
+ and polishing out the scratches or inequalities left by the knife with
+ a piece of soft rag, wet with spirits of turpentine or spirits of
+ wine.
+
+ It is always desirable to make several castings of the same object, as
+ the moulds are apt to get chipped when laid by in a cupboard; and for
+ this reason, as well as for the sake of practice, we recommend our
+ pupils to make at least a dozen waxen eggs before they proceed to any
+ other object. If they succeed in this _completely_, they may rest
+ assured that every difficulty which is likely to meet them in any
+ future operation will be easily overcome.
+
+
+ [HE DOETH WELL WHO DOETH GOOD.]
+
+
+2546. Colouring the Wax.
+
+ While the wax is yet on the hob, and in a fluid state, stir into it a
+ little _flake white_, in powder, and continue to stir the mixture
+ while it is being poured into the half mould. It will be found that
+ unless the fixing and shaking of the moulds is managed quickly, the
+ colouring matter will settle on the side of the half into which the
+ mixture is poured; a little care in manipulation is therefore again
+ requisite. The colouring of the wax is a matter which comes easily
+ enough by experiment. Oranges, lemons, large gooseberries, small
+ cucumbers, &c.,&c., are excellent objects for practice.
+
+
+2547. Close Imitation of the Surface.
+
+ It will be noted by the accurate observer that the shell of the common
+ hen's egg has a number of minute holes, which destroy the perfect
+ smoothness of its appearance. This peculiarity is imitated in the
+ following simple manner:--In the first place, very slightly prick with
+ a fine needle the surface of your waxen egg, and then, having smeared
+ it with spirits of turpentine, rub the surface all over. So as
+ _nearly_ to obliterate the marks of the needle point.
+
+
+2548. Diaphanie.
+
+ This is a beautiful, useful, and inexpensive art easily acquired, and
+ producing imitations of the richest and rarest stained glass; and also
+ of making blinds, screens, skylights, Chinese lanterns, &c., in every
+ variety of colour and design.
+
+
+2549. Imitation of Coloured Glass.
+
+ In decorating his house an Englishman spends as much money as he can
+ conveniently spare; the elegances and refinements of modern taste
+ demand something more than mere comfort; yet though his walls are hung
+ with pictures, his drawing-rooms filled with bijouterie, how is it
+ that the windows of his hall, his library, his staircase, are
+ neglected? The reason is obvious. The magnificent historical old
+ stained glass might be envied, but could not be brought within the
+ compass of ordinary means.
+
+ Recent improvements in printing in colours led the way to this
+ beautiful invention, by which economy is combined with the most
+ perfect results. A peculiar kind of paper is rendered perfectly
+ transparent, upon which designs are printed in glass colours (_vitre
+ de couleurs_), which will not change with the light. The paper is
+ applied to the glass with a clear white varnish, and when dry, a
+ preparation is finally applied, which increases the transparency, and
+ adds tenfold brilliancy to the effect.
+
+
+2550. Imitation of Half-Light.
+
+ There is another design, printed in imitation of the half-light
+ (_abat-jour_); this is used principally for a ground, covering the
+ whole surface of the glass, within which (the necessary spaces having
+ been previously cut out before it is stuck on the glass) are placed
+ medallion centres of Watteau figures, perfectly transparent, which
+ derive increased brilliancy from the semi-transparency of the
+ surrounding ground. This is by far the cheapest method, though
+ involving extra trouble, as the plain grounds printed in sheets are
+ only a fourth the price of the sheets which contain the medallion
+ Watteau centres or other small designs suitable for the purpose.
+
+
+2551. Sheets of Designs.
+
+ The transparent sheets measure 20-1/2 in. by 16-1/2, and are ready for
+ immediate use. The other articles required are some clear white
+ varnish, some liqueur diaphane, brushes, metal palettes, and ivory
+ sticks. These are all the appliances required.
+
+
+2552. Calculation of Quantities.
+
+ To ascertain the quantity of designs required, measure your glass
+ carefully, and then calculate how many sheets it will take (the sheets
+ being 20-1/2 in. by 16-1/2 in. as given above). The sheets are
+ arranged so that they can be joined together continuously, or cut to
+ any size or shape.
+
+
+2553. Practical Instructions.
+
+ Choose a fine day for the operation, as the glass should be perfectly
+ dry, and unaffected by the humidity of the atmosphere. Of course, if
+ you have a choice, it is more _convenient_ to work on your glass
+ before it is fixed in the frame. If you are working on a piece of
+ unattached glass, lay it on a _flat_ table (a marble slab is
+ preferable), over which you must previously lay a piece of baize or
+ cloth to keep the glass steady.
+
+ The glass being thus fixed, clean and polish the side on which you
+ intend to operate (in windows this is the inner side), then with your
+ brush lay on it very equably a good coat of the prepared varnish; let
+ this dry for _an hour_, more or less, according to the dryness of the
+ atmosphere and the thickness of the coat of varnish; meantime cut and
+ trim your designs carefully to fit the glass (if it is one entire
+ transparent sheet you will find little trouble); then lay them on a
+ piece of paper, face downwards, and damp the back of them with a
+ sponge, applied several times, to equalize the moisture.
+
+ In ths operation arrange your time so that your designs may now be
+ finally left to dry for fifteen minutes before application to the
+ glass, the varnish on which has now become tacky or sticky, and in a
+ proper state to receive them. Apply the printed side next to the glass
+ without pressure; endeavour to let your sheet fall perfectly level and
+ smooth on your glass, so that you may avoid leaving creases, which
+ would be fatal.
+
+ Take now your palette, lay it flat on the design, and press out all
+ the air-bubbles, commencing in the centre, and working them out at the
+ sides; an ivory stick will be found useful in removing creases: you
+ now leave this to dry, and after twenty-four hours apply a slight coat
+ of the liqueur diaphane, leaving it another day, when, if dry, apply a
+ second coat of the same kind, which must be left several days;
+ finally, apply a coat of varnish over all.
+
+
+2554. Probable Results.
+
+ If these directions are carefully followed, your glass will never be
+ affected by time or any variations in the weather; it will defy hail,
+ rain, frost, and dust, and can be washed the same as ordinary stained
+ glass, to which, in some respects, it is even superior.
+
+
+2555. Application of Diaphanie.
+
+ It is impossible to enumerate the variety of articles to the
+ manufacture of which Diaphanie may be successfully applied, as it is
+ not confined to glass, but can be done on silk, parchment, paper,
+ linen, &c., _after they have been made transparent_ which may be
+ accomplished in the following manner:
+
+
+2556. Management of Paper, &c.
+
+ Stretch your paper, or whatever it may be, on a frame or drawing
+ board, then apply two successive coats (a day between each) of
+ diaphanous liquor, and after leaving it to dry for _several_ days,
+ cover it with a thin layer of very clear size, and when dry it will be
+ in a fit state to receive the coat of varnish and the designs.
+
+
+2557. Management of Textile Fabrics.
+
+ Silk, linen, or other stuffs should be more carefully stretched, and
+ receive a thicker coat of size than paper or parchment; the latter may
+ be strained on a drawing or any other smooth board, by damping the
+ sheet, and after pasting the edges, stretching it down while damp.
+ Silk, linen, and other stuffs require to be carefully stretched on a
+ suitable frame. _Whatever you use_, take great care to allow time to
+ dry before applying the liqueur diaphane.
+
+
+2558. Screens, &c., in Diaphanie.
+
+ All kinds of screens, lamp shades and glasses, lanterns, &c., &c., may
+ be made in this way, as heat will produce no effect upon them. The
+ transparent pictures are successful, because they may be hung on a
+ window frame or removed at will, and the window blinds are superior to
+ anything of that kind yet produced.
+
+
+2559. Vitremanie.
+
+ Vitremanie is a process of imitating painting on glass similar to
+ Diaphanie, and Potichomanie is a process of like nature by which glass
+ plates, vases, &c., are made to resemble porclain.
+
+
+2560. Decalcomanie.
+
+ This recently discovered and beautiful art consists in transferring
+ coloured drawings to glass, porcelain, china, wood, silk, furniture,
+ plaster of Paris, alabaster, ivory, paper, paper hangings, windows,
+ tea trays, oil cloth, and all kinds of fancy articles; in short,
+ materials of any kind, shape, or size, provided they possess a smooth
+ surface, can be decorated with Decalcomanie; the immediate result
+ being an exact resemblance to painting by hand. The art itself is
+ simple and ingenious, and while affording agreeable occupation to
+ ladies, it may be made to serve many useful purposes, on account of
+ the numerous objects which will admit of being thus ornamented.
+
+
+2561. Materials Employed in Decalcomanie.
+
+ i. A bottle of transfer varnish for fixing the drawings.
+
+ ii. A bottle of light varnish to pass over the drawings when fixed.
+
+ iii. A bottle of spirit to clean the brushes, and to remove those
+ pictures which may not be successful.
+
+ iv. A piece of beaver cloth about nine inches square.
+
+ v. A paper-knife and roller.
+
+ vi. Two or three camel-hair brushes.
+
+ vii. A basin of water.
+
+ viii. A bottle of opaque varnish.
+
+
+2562. Instructions.
+
+ Thoroughly clean and free from grease the article to be decorated;
+ then, having cut off the white paper margin of the drawing, dip one of
+ the brushes into the transfer varnish, and give it a very light coat,
+ being especially careful to cover the whole of the coloured portion,
+ but not to allow it to touch the blank paper; then lay the drawing,
+ face downwards, on the object to be ornamented, taking care to place
+ it at once where it is to remain, as it would be spoilt by moving. If
+ the varnish, on its first application, is too liquid, allow the
+ picture to remain for about ten minutes to set.
+
+ Moisten the cloth with water, and lay it gently on the drawing which
+ has been previously laid in its place on the object to be decorated;
+ then rub it over with the paper-knife or roller, so as to cause the
+ print to adhere in every part; this done, remove the cloth, well soak
+ the paper with a camel-hair brush dipped in water, and immediately
+ after lift the paper by one corner, and gently draw it off.
+
+ The picture will be left on the object, while the paper will come off
+ perfectly white. Care must be taken that the piece of cloth, without
+ being too wet, is sufficiently so to saturate the paper completely.
+ The drawing must now be washed with a camel-hair brush, in clean
+ water, to remove the surplus varnish, and then left till quite dry. On
+ the following day, cover the picture with a light coat of the fixing
+ varnish, to give brilliancy to the colours.
+
+
+ [THE STRANGER IN HIS WRETCHEDNESS...]
+
+
+2563. To Ornament Dark-coloured Objects.
+
+ To ornament dark-coloured objects, such as the bindings of books,
+ Russia leather, blotting-cases, leathern bags, &c., the picture must
+ be previously covered with a mixture of opaque white varnish, taking
+ care not to pass beyond the outline of the design. On the following
+ day, proceed according to the instructions given in the preceding
+ paragraph.
+
+
+2564. To ornament Silk, Paper, or Articles which will not bear wetting.
+
+ Varnish the picture with the transfer varnish, as previously
+ explained, following the outline of the design, then allow it to dry
+ for an hour or two; when quite dry, pass a damp sponge over the entire
+ surface of the sheet, so as to remove the composition which surrounds
+ the picture, and which may spoil the object.
+
+ Let the paper dry once more, and varnish the picture again with the
+ transfer varnish; in about ten minutes, place it face downward on the
+ object to be decorated, and rub it with the paper-knife or roller,
+ over the whole of its surface. Finally, moisten the paper with a wet
+ brush, allow it to remain sufficiently long to become moist, then
+ strip the paper off.
+
+ _To remove a spoilt picture from any object,_ dip a soft rag in the
+ essence, and rub it over the surface.
+
+
+2565. To Insure a Successful Result.
+
+ To insure a successful result, care must be taken to give a very light
+ coating of varnish to the parts to be transferred. When the varnish is
+ first applied it is very liquid, and must remain ten minutes, the best
+ condition for transferring being when the varnish is only just sticky,
+ without being too dry.
+
+
+2566. The Following Designs will be found the most Elegant and
+ Appropriate.
+
+ English flowers of every variety: bouquets, tropical birds, flowers
+ and fruits in imitation of aqua-tint; garlands with cupids after
+ Watteau, and garlands with birds; domestic scenes; pears and cherries,
+ apples and plums, white grapes and plums, black grapes and peaches,
+ plums and mulberries, large bouquet of roses; bouquets of moss roses
+ and pansies.; bouquets of small camellias; bouquets of wall-flowers
+ and poppies; bouquets of orange-blossom, medallions, various subjects;
+ birds'-nests; Gothic initials and monograms, fleurs-de-lis; borders
+ various.
+
+
+2567. Heraldic Decalcomanie.
+
+ Heraldic Decalcomanie is an extended application of this art, the arms
+ and crests of persons or families being emblazoned in their proper
+ colours according to the rules of heraldry, and prepared for
+ Decalcomanie. Armorial bearings, thus embellished, serve admirably to
+ ornament and identify the books of a library and pictures of a
+ gallery, to decorate menus for dinner, the invitations to a soirée,
+ &c. By their brilliant colours they give an elegant effect to the
+ table decorations.
+
+
+2568. Croquet.
+
+ This out-door pastime is of comparatively modern creation, and until
+ quite lately was very much in vogue. It nay be played by persons of
+ all ages and of either sex; but it is especially adapted for ladies
+ and young persons, as it demands but slight personal exertion, while
+ it affords delightful and health-giving sport.
+
+
+2569. The Ground.
+
+ The ground is preferably a grass plot of an oblong form; but an
+ ordinary lawn or expanse of even turf will answer the purpose, so long
+ as it is of sufficient extent for the operations of the game.
+
+
+2570. Implements.
+
+ The implements are balls, mallets, starting and turning pegs, croquet
+ clips or markers, hoops or arches.
+
+
+2571. Arrangement of the Hoops.
+
+ As much of the interest of this game depends upon the arrangement of
+ the hoops, it is essential that they should be fixed in the ground on
+ definite principles. In the first place, the starting peg is driven
+ in at one end of the ground, and the turning peg is driven in at the
+ other extremity. From each of these pegs a space of twelve feet
+ intervenes; here a hoop is fixed; another space of ten feet
+ intervenes, when a second hoop is fixed; a space of eight feet then
+ succeeds, and at this point is formed what may be termed the base, on
+ each side of which, at a distance of twenty feet, and succeeding each
+ other at intervals of ten feet, three hoops are driven in. By this
+ arrangement, a square is formed, the starting peg leading into its
+ centre, and the turning peg leading from it. Where the ground is
+ small, the distances may be contracted proportionally. Other
+ arrangements of the hoops may he made at the discretion of the
+ players, but the first-named plan will be found best worthy of
+ adoption, as it affords the most excellent opportunities for the
+ display of address and skill.
+
+
+2572. The Game.
+
+ The game consists in striking the balls from the starting peg through
+ the hoops to the peg at the opposite extremity. The balls are then
+ driven back again to the starting peg. The game may be played by any
+ number of persons not exceeding eight. A larger number renders the
+ game tedious. The best number is four. If two only piay, each player
+ may take two balls, and when as many as eight play, there should be
+ two sides or sets. Each player takes a mallet, ball, and croquet clip
+ of the same colour or number, the clip being used to indicate the hoop
+ at which, in his turn, he aims. The division into sides, choice of
+ balls, mallets, &c., is determined by the players among themselves.
+
+
+2573. Laws of Croquet.
+
+ In this game, as with many other sports when first established, there
+ were differences of opinion on certain points of practice. In 1870,
+ however, at a conference of Croquet players, the following rules were
+ settled and adopted. They are now accepted by all players.
+
+ i. There shall be no restriction to the number, weight, size, shape,
+ or material of the mallets: nor as to the attitude or position of
+ the striker.
+
+ ii. The players shall toss for choice of lead and of balls: and a
+ succession of games shall take the lead alternately and keep the
+ same balls.
+
+ iii. In commencing, each ball shall be placed at one foot from the
+ first hoop in a direct line between the pegs; and a ball having been
+ struck is at once in play, and croquetable whether it shall have
+ made the first hoop or not.
+
+ iv. A stroke is considered to have been taken if a ball is moved
+ perceptibly; but should the player have struck it accidentally, and
+ the umpire be satisfied that the stroke was accidental, the ball is
+ replaced and the stroke taken again.
+
+ v. If the player make a foul stroke he loses his turn and all the
+ points made therein, and the balls remain where they lie, at the
+ option of the adversary. The following are considered foul strokes:
+
+ (_a_) To strike with the mallet another ball instead of or besides
+ one's own in making the stroke.
+
+ (_b_) To spoon, that is, to push a ball without an audible knock.
+
+ (_c_) To strike a ball twice in the same stroke.
+
+ (_d_) To stop a ball with the foot in taking a loose Croquet.
+
+ (_e_) To allow a ball to touch the mallet in rebounding from the
+ turning peg.
+
+ (_f_) To fail to stir the passive ball in taking Croquet.
+
+ (_g_) If a player, in striking at a ball which lies against a peg
+ or wire, should move it from its position by striking a peg or
+ wire, the ball must be replaced, and the stroke taken again.
+
+ vi. A player continues to play so long as he makes a point or hits a
+ ball. A point consists in making a hoop or hitting the turning peg
+ in order.
+
+ vii. The ball has made its hoop when, having passed through from the
+ playing side and ceased to roll, it cannot be touched by a
+ straight-edge placed across the wires on the side from which it was
+ played.
+
+ viii. A player who hits a ball must take Croquet: that is, must
+ strike his own ball while in contact with the other, so as
+ perceptibly to stir both. In doing this he is _not_ allowed to place
+ his foot on his ball. A player, when his turn comes round, may hit
+ and Croquet each ball in succession, and can do this again after
+ each point made, but between the points can only take Croquet once
+ off each ball.
+
+ ix. A playing ball which hits another after making a point is in
+ hand, and the striker can score no point till he has taken Croquet.
+ After hitting another, a ball may be stopped by any player; but
+ should it, in rolling, displace any of the other balls, such balls
+ must remain where they are driven.
+
+ x. When, at the commencement of a turn, two balls are found
+ touching, Croquet must be taken at once, without repeating the hit.
+
+ xi. When a player, in his stroke, hits one or more balls, he must
+ take Croquet off the ball that is struck first; but if he has hit
+ two simultaneously, he may choose from which of them he will take
+ it, and in both cases a second hit is required before he can take it
+ from the other ball.
+
+ xii. Should the ball in making its hoop strike another that lies
+ beyond the hoop and then pass through it, the hoop and the hit both
+ count; but, should any part of the ball that is hit have been lying
+ beneath the hoop, the Croquet must be taken, but the hoop does not
+ count.
+
+ xiii. A rover which strikes or is driven by another ball against the
+ winning peg is out of the game, and must be removed from the ground.
+
+ xiv. A player who pegs out a rover by a first hit cannot take
+ Croquet from it, as the ball is out of the game, and he is not
+ entitled to another stroke.
+
+ xv. Should a player play out of his turn, or with a wrong ball, and
+ this be discovered by his antagonist before a second stroke in error
+ has been made, the turn is lost, and all points made after the
+ mistake, and the balls shall remain as they lay at the time the
+ mistake was discovered, or be replaced to the satisfaction of the
+ antagonist. But if he has made a second stroke before the error is
+ discovered, he continues his break, and the next player follows with
+ the ball that is next in rotation to the one with which he has
+ played, and is liable to lose his turn, and all points made therein,
+ if he plays with that which would have been the right ball if no
+ mistake had been made.
+
+ xvi. Should a player make the wrong hoop by mistake, or Croquet a
+ ball that he is not entitled to Croquet, and the mistake be
+ discovered before he has made a second stroke, he loses his turn,
+ and any point so made in error; but if he has made a second stroke
+ before the discovery, he shall be allowed to continue his break.
+
+ xvii. In order to prevent the occurrence of the errors noticed in
+ the above rules (Nos. xv. and xvi), a player is bound, upon being
+ appealed to, to declare truly what is his next hoop or point in
+ order, and is entitled to demand of his antagonist what he his
+ played last, and to insist upon his clip being properly placed.
+
+ xviii. When clips are used they should be moved by the umpire, or
+ with his cognisance, at the end of each turn, and their position
+ shall he conclusive as to the position of the balls in the game.
+
+ xix. Should a ball in play be accidentally stopped by the umpire, he
+ places it where he considers that it would have rolled to. Should it
+ be stopped by a player, it will rest with the side opposed to that
+ player to say whether the ball shall remain where it stopped, or be
+ placed by the umpire, or the stroke be taken again.
+
+ xx. If a ball lies within a mallet's length of the boundary, and is
+ not the playing ball, it must at once be put out three feet at right
+ angles from the boundary; but if it is the playing ball, it may, at
+ the discretion of the player, either be put out or played from where
+ it lies.
+
+ xxi. If it is found that the height of the boundary interferes with
+ the stroke, the player may, at the umpire's discretion, bring out
+ the ball so far as to allow of the free swing of the mallet, and in
+ taking a Croquet both the balls.
+
+ xxii. Should a player, in trying to make his hoop, knock a wire out
+ of the ground with his ball or mallet, the stroke shall be taken
+ again.
+
+ xxiii. Any player may set upright a peg or hoop except the one next
+ in order; and that, however loose, awry, or slanting it may be, must
+ not be altered except by the umpire.
+
+ xxiv. No ball may be moved because of its lying in a hole or on bad
+ ground, except by the umpire or with his permission.
+
+ xxv. Where there is no umpire present, permission to move a ball, or
+ to set up a hoop or peg or other indulgence for which an umpire
+ would have been appealed to, must be asked of the other side.
+
+ xxvi. The decision of the umpire shall in all cases be final. His
+ duties are:
+
+ (_a_) To move the clips, or see that they are properly moved;
+
+ (_b_) to decide on the application of the laws;
+
+ (_c_) to satisfy any player as to the point that is next to be
+ made, or the right ball to play;
+
+ (_d_) to keep the score. But he shall not give his opinion, or
+ notice any error that may be made, unless appealed to by one of
+ the players.
+
+ xxvii. It was also decided that the mallet should be held within
+ twelve inches of its head.
+
+
+2574. Supplementary Laws.
+
+ The following were added from the Draft Club Laws of Croquet.
+
+ i. If a ball be driven partly through its hoop from the non-playing
+ side, and remain so that a straight-edge placed in contact with the
+ hoop on the non-playing side touches the ball, the ball cannot run
+ its hoop at its next stroke.
+
+ ii. If in taking Croquet the striker's ball go off the ground, the
+ striker loses the remainder of his turn; but if by the same stroke
+ the striker make a point or a Croquet, he continues his turn.
+
+ iii. If, after a Croquet, the striker's ball, while rolling, be
+ touched by the striker or his partner, the stroke is foul.
+
+
+2575. Difference between Old and New Laws.
+
+ The chief difference (says Captain Crawley) between these and previous
+ laws will be found in the method of taking the Croquet. The new laws
+ say that the foot must _not_ be placed on the player's ball; the
+ generally accepted practice was to take the Croquet by putting your
+ foot on your ball and striking it so as to send the other bill off to
+ a distance; or if the other ball belonged to your partner to merely
+ tap it in the direction desired. The foot practice is still observed
+ by many players; and some think with advantage.
+
+
+2576. Technical Terms Used in Croquet.
+
+ i. _Roquet_.--To strike another ball with your own.
+
+ ii. _Croquet_.--When two balls are in contact, the player strikes
+ the other away, either with or without putting the foot on your own
+ ball, as may be previously arranged.
+
+ iii. A _loose Croquet_ is made by striking your opponent's ball
+ without putting your foot on your own ball. In taking "two off" it
+ is, however, necessary that the ball should be seen to move.
+
+ iv. _Wired_.--A ball is in contact with a hoop, so as to prevent it
+ going through.
+
+ v. _Bridge Ball_.--One that has passed the first arch.
+
+ vi. _Dead Ball_.--One in hand after having roqueted another.
+
+ vii. _To Peg_.--To play for either of the pegs in regular order.
+
+ viii. _The Tour_.--The run given to each player till he fails to
+ strike through a hoop.
+
+ ix. _To Dismiss_ a ball is to Croquet it to a distance.
+
+ x. _Rover_.--You become a Rover when you have completed the hoops
+ from point to point, and instead of hitting the starting-peg and
+ retiring, you prefer to strike your ball to any part of the ground,
+ croqueting friends or foes.
+
+ xi. The terms side stroke, straight stroke, following ball,
+ over-running a bridge, running a bridge, &c., explain themselves.
+
+
+2577. Bagatelle.
+
+ An indoor game played on an oblong board usually from six to ten feet
+ long by a foot and a half to three feet in width. The bed of the table
+ is of slate covered with a fine green cloth; and at the upper end,
+ which is rounded, there are nine holes or cups, numbered from 1 to 9,
+ thus:
+
+ 5
+ 3 2
+ 8 9 7
+ 4 6
+ 1
+
+
+ Into these holes ivory balls are driven by a leather pointed cue. The
+ player stands at the lower end of the table; and his object is to hole
+ the balls sucessively into the several cups. Nine balls are used,
+ eight white and one red; or seven white with two coloured balls. The
+ red is placed on a spot just in front of the 1 hole; and the game is
+ played according to the following:
+
+
+2578. Rules.
+
+ i. Any number of persons may play, whether singly or on sides.
+
+ ii. Each player strings for lead, and he whose ball falls into the
+ highest hole begins.
+
+ iii. The winner of the lead plays the nine balls successively up the
+ table from baulk, first striking at the red ball on the spot.
+
+ iv. The red ball counts double when holed, and each white ball
+ scores towards game a number corresponding to that marked in the
+ hole (when two coloured balls are used, each counts double).
+
+ v. The red ball must be first struck; and the rest of the balls are
+ played up to the holes, the sum total of all the holes filled being
+ the striker's score.
+
+ vi. Any number of rounds agreed on may be played, and the highest
+ aggregate total by a player or by partners wins the game.
+
+ vii. A ball rebounding beyond the baulk line, or forced off the
+ table, is put aside and not re-used in that round.
+
+
+2579. The French Game (or Sans Egal).
+
+ The French Game (or Sans Egal) is played as follows:--The player who
+ wins the lead takes four balls, leaving the other four for his
+ opponent, and placing the black ball on the spot. He plays at it from
+ baulk, and scores all he can. The other player then strikes up one of
+ his balls, and so on alternately; the maker of the highest number of
+ points winning. While the coloured ball is on the table, it must be
+ struck, and when it is holed it counts double, in addition to any
+ other score made by the same stroke. If either player hole his
+ adversary's ball he forfeits to him the number scored by the stroke.
+ If he fail to strike the black ball he forfeits five points. The rules
+ as to rebounding balls, foul strokes, &c., are the same as in the
+ ordinary game.
+
+
+2580. Old Canon Game.
+
+ Old Canon Game, sometimes played on a table without holes or pockets,
+ consists entirely of canons--two balls struck in succession by the
+ player's ball. The game, 50 or 100 up, each canon counting two points,
+ is played with three balls only--a white, spot-white, and black (or
+ red) ball. When played on the ordinary bagatelle table, the holes
+ filled after making a canon score to the player. One point is
+ forfeited for missing the white, five points for missing the red; and
+ all points made without a canon. The players go on alternately, the
+ first who scores the stipulated number winning the game.
+
+
+2581. Other Games.
+
+ Mississippi, Trou Madame, Cockamaroo, and other toy-games are
+ sometimes played on the bagatelle table; but they need no description.
+ To play well at any of the games, however, requires great care and
+ nicety. Much depends on the manner of holding and using the cue, and
+ the slight degree of force employed in making the stroke. Some experts
+ are able to fill all the holes at one essay, placing the coloured
+ balls in the 8 and 7 at the first stroke, and then playing direct at
+ the cups or at the cushion, till all the balls are holed. At the
+ French Game a hundred or more canons at a break is by no means unusual.
+
+
+2582. Billiards.
+
+ This well-known game of skill is played on a rectangular table with
+ three ivory balls,--white, spot-white, and red; the object being to
+ drive one or other of them into either of the six pockets, and to
+ strike one ball against the two others. The first stroke is known as a
+ hazard, and the second as a canon. The instrument for striking at the
+ ball, is a long tapering stick called a cue; and the game is scored by
+ hazards, canons, misses, and forfeitures. The ball struck with the
+ cue is known as the player's ball; the ball played as the object ball.
+ A ball struck into a pocket, is a winning hazard; the player's ball
+ falling into a pocket after contact with the white or red, is a losing
+ hazard. Three principal games are played on the billiard table--the
+ English game, or Billiards, Pyramids, and Pool.
+
+
+2583. English Billiards.
+
+ English Billiards,--the best of all the games,--is usually played 50
+ or 100 up. The points are thus reckoned--three for each red hazard,
+ two for each white hazard, and two for each canon. A coup--that is
+ running in a pocket, or off the table without striking a ball--is a
+ forfeiture of three points,--a miss gives one point to the adversary.
+ The game commences by stringing for lead and choice of balls. The red
+ ball is placed on the spot at the top of the table, and the first
+ player either strikes at it, or gives a miss. Every time the red ball
+ is pocketed, it is replaced on the spot. He who makes a hazard or
+ canon goes on playing till he fails to score. Then the other goes on,
+ and so they play alternately till one or other completes the required
+ number of points, and wins the game.
+
+
+2584. Pyramids.
+
+ Pyramids is a game played by two persons, or by four in sides, two
+ against two. Fifteen balls are placed close together in the form of a
+ triangle or pyramid, with the apex towards the player, thus:
+
+ o o o o o
+ o o o o
+ o o o
+ o o
+ o
+
+ The centre of the apex ball covers the second or pyramid spot; and the
+ first player strikes at the mass with a white ball from baulk.
+ Pyramids is a game consisting entirely of winning hazards, and he who
+ succeeds in pocketing the greatest number of balls, wins. A single
+ point is scored for each winning hazard, and a forfeiture of a point
+ for each losing hazard; the game being usually played for a stake--so
+ much (say 6d.) a ball, and so much (say 1s. 6d.) for the game.
+
+
+2585. Pool.
+
+ A game played by two or more persons, consisting of winning hazard
+ only. Each player subscribes a certain stake to form a pool or gross
+ sum, and at starting has three chances or lives. He is then provided
+ with a marked or coloured ball, and the game proceeds thus:
+
+ The white ball is placed on the spot, and the red is played on to it
+ from baulk. If the player pocket the white he receives the price of a
+ life from the owner of the ball; but if he fail, the next player
+ (yellow) plays on the red; and so on alternately till all have played,
+ or till a ball is pocketed. When a ball is pocketed, the striker plays
+ at the ball nearest his own, and goes on playing as long as he can
+ score. The first player who loses his three lives can star: that is,
+ he can purchase as many lives as are held by the lowest number
+ remaining in the pool. The order of play is usually red upon white,
+ yellow upon red, green upon yellow, brown upon green, blue upon brown,
+ black upon blue, spot-white upon black, white upon spot-white; and
+ this order is retained so long as all the original players remain in
+ the game. When the number of players is reduced to two, they can, if
+ they possess an equality of lives, as two each, or one each, divide
+ the stake; or they may by agreement play out the game for the entire
+ pool.
+
+
+2586. Single Pool.
+
+ Single Pool is a game for two players, the white winning game,
+ originally played with two balls, for a money stake upon each life.
+
+
+2587. Nearest Ball Pool.
+
+ Nearest Ball Pool is the same as ordinary pool, except that the
+ player, after taking a life, plays upon the ball nearest to the upper
+ or outer side of the baulk; or, if his ball be in hand, upon the ball
+ nearest the baulk semi-circle.
+
+
+2588. Black Pool.
+
+ Black Pool is ordinary pool with the addition of a black ball, which
+ is placed on the centre spot. When, after pocketing the ball proper to
+ be played on, the black is struck into a pocket, each player pays the
+ price of a life to the striker.
+
+
+2589. Skittle Pool.
+
+ Skittle Pool is pool with three balls and twelve little skittles,
+ placed in order round the table. A stake is determined on, and a price
+ paid out of the pool for every skittle knocked over after striking a
+ ball. An amusing game for a party of ladies and gentlemen.
+
+
+2590. Penny Pot.
+
+ Penny Pot is pool without restriction as to the number of lives,
+ played by any number of players, who pay a penny each to the taker of
+ every life or winning hazard. For the scientific principles of
+ billiards, and the full rules of the several games played on the
+ billiard-table, the reader is referred to the excellent little
+ shilling volume, "Billiards Made Easy,"[1] and the more elaborate
+ treatise by Captain Crawley.
+
+
+ [Footnote 1: _Billiards made Easy_. With the scientific Principles of
+ the Spot-stroke, and the Side-stroke, familiarly explained: By Winning
+ Hazard. Illustrated by practical diagrams. With a chapter on
+ Bagatelle: Houlston and Sons.]
+
+
+2591. Boss; or the Fifteen Puzzle.
+
+ Apparently simple, this game is really difficult of solution, Fifteen
+ cubes of wood, severally marked from I to 15, are placed indifferently
+ in a box made to hold sixteen; thus:
+
+
+ --------------------------- ---------------------------
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 9 | 11 | 3 | 7 | | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ |------+------+------+------| |------+------+------+------|
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 8 | 14 | 10 | 15 | | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ |------+------+------+------| |------+------+------+------|
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 6 | 12 | 13 | 2 | | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ |------+------+------+------| |------+------+------+------|
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 5 | 1 | 4 | | | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ --------------------------- ---------------------------
+
+
+ The puzzle consists in sliding the cubes from square to square,
+ without lifting them or removing them from the box, until they are
+ placed in their natural order. It is easy enough to move the squares
+ up to 12; but to get the last three into order is often a puzzle
+ indeed. If the figures fall in either of the following positions--13,
+ 15, 14; 14, 13, 15; or 15, 14, 13--the problem is unsolvable; it
+ follows, therefore, that the last row must be either 14, 15, 13; or
+ 15, 13, 14. If you get the cubes into either of these positions, you
+ can easily bring them right; but if you cannot, the only way is to
+ begin the game all over again. Several other ways are suggested.
+ Cavendish (Mr. H. Jones) thinks he solves the puzzle by turning the
+ box half round; but as this is only possible when the figures are on
+ circular pieces of wood, his solution merely cuts the knot, instead of
+ unravelling it.
+
+
+2592. The Thirty-Four Puzzle.
+
+ This is an adaptation of tho old magic square, which amused the
+ philosophers of old. A sketch of it appears in Albert Durer's painting
+ of Melancholia. Sixteen discs or squares, numbered from 1 to 16, are
+ placed indifferently on the table--or they may be in the fifteen box;
+ and the puzzle is to so arrange them as to make the sum of the figures
+ add up to 34, whether counted up, down, across or angularly. Here is
+ the solution:
+
+ --------------------------- ---------------------------
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 1 | 15 | 14 | 4 | | 1 | 8 | 13 | 12 |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ |------+------+------+------| |------+------+------+------|
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 12 | 6 | 7 | 9 | | 14 | 11 | 2 | 7 |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ |------+------+------+------| |------+------+------+------|
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 8 | 10 | 11 | 5 | | 4 | 5 | 16 | 9 |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ |------+------+------+------| |------+------+------+------|
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ | 13 | 3 | 2 | 16 | | 15 | 10 | 3 | 6 |
+ | | | | | | | | | |
+ --------------------------- ---------------------------
+
+ This is the simplest; but a more elaborate plan is to so arrange the
+ figures that any form of the blocks will form a square sum of 34. See
+ the annexed solution, which the ingenious in may still further
+ complicate:
+
+ ----------------------------
+ | | | | |
+ | 16 | 3 | 2 | 13 |
+ | | | | |
+ |---------------------------|
+ | | | | |
+ | 5 | 10 | 11 | 8 |
+ | | | | |
+ |---------------------------|
+ | | | | |
+ | 9 | 6 | 7 | 12 |
+ | | | | |
+ |---------------------------|
+ | | | | |
+ | 4 | 15 | 14 | 1 |
+ | | | | |
+ ----------------------------
+
+
+2593. Fox and Geese.
+
+ This old-fashioned game is played on a solitaire board. Seventeen
+ geese occupy the upper part of the board lines, with the fox in the
+ middle, thus:
+
+ o--o--o
+ | | |
+ o--o--o
+ | | |
+ o--o--o--o--o--o--o
+ | | | | | | |
+ o--o--+--F--+--o--o
+ | | | | | | |
+ +--+--+--+--+--+--+
+ | | |
+ +--+--+
+ | | |
+ +--+--+
+
+ The object of the game is to confine the fox in a corner, so that he
+ cannot move. The geese march forward in straight lines, not on the
+ diagonals; and whenever a goose is on the spot next the fox, the
+ latter can take him, as in draughts, by jumping over to the vacant
+ spot beyond. The fox can move backwards, forwards, or sideways on the
+ straight lines; but the geese must go forward, and are not allowed to
+ retreat. Properly played, the geese must win; but when the number of
+ geese is reduced to six, it is impossible for them to confine the fox.
+
+ There are several ways of playing the game, by placing the fox and
+ geese in other positions, or by insisting on the fox catching all the
+ geese. In the latter case, the fox chooses his own starting place. The
+ game may also be played with eight geese and a fox.
+
+ Another way of playing this game is on an ordinary draughtboard, with
+ four white men for the geese, and a black king for the fox. The geese
+ can only move forward, but the fox moves either way. The object of the
+ geese is to pen up the fox so that he cannot move; the object of the
+ fox is to break through the line of defence. If the game be properly
+ played, the geese must win. Place them on the draughtboard thus:
+
+ -------------------------
+ | | O| | O| |O | | O|
+ -------------------------
+ | | | | | F| | | |
+ -------------------------
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ -------------------------
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ -------------------------
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ -------------------------
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ -------------------------
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ -------------------------
+ | | | | | | | | |
+ -------------------------
+
+ The secret is to keep the geese in a line. The fox tries to prevent
+ this, and if he can succeed in doubling the geese, or getting one to
+ stand before the other, he is nearly sure to pass through them.
+
+
+2594. The Royal Game of Goose.
+
+ In the old German game the figure of a goose is printed on a large
+ sheet of paper, and divided into 63 squares or divisions. The object
+ of the players,--any number of whom may join in the game--is to make
+ 63 points by successive throws of two dice. A pool is made by equal
+ contributions by the players, the first of whom gaining the required
+ number wins. The players throw alternately and add each individual
+ throw to that already made.
+
+ Each player's position is shown on the goose by a counter, a wafer, or
+ any small article. Any number beyond 63 sends the thrower back as many
+ points as he exceeds 63. Thus if he were 58, and by a 6 and 5 he threw
+ eleven he would go forward 5 squares to 63, and back 6 squares from
+ 63. In addition to this, certain numbers on the goose are barred; and
+ if the player make them he is fined two counters, which are added to
+ the pool. The numbered goose is sold at most toy shops, but a numbered
+ draughtboard will serve as well.
+
+
+2595. Troco or Lawn Billiards.
+
+ This is a game that may be played by any number of persons in a field
+ or open space. The implements are wooden balls and long-handled cues
+ at the ends of which are spoonlike ovals of iron. In the centre of the
+ Troco ground is fixed a ring of iron, which moves freely on a pivot,
+ the spike of the ring being driven into a piece of wood let into the
+ ground. The wooden ball is lifted from the ground by means of the
+ spoon-ended cue, and thrown towards the ring--the object of the player
+ being to pass the ball through the ring; and he who succeeds in making
+ any given number of points by fairly ringing his ball, or canoning
+ against the other balls, wins the game.
+
+ Canons are made by the player striking two balls successively with his
+ own ball fairly delivered from his spoon. Thus (says the most recent
+ writer on the game) a clever player may make a large number of
+ points--five, seven, or more at a stroke: two the first canon, two for
+ a second canon, and three for the ring. This, however, is very seldom
+ accomplished.
+
+ Considerable skill is required in throwing the ball, as the ring,
+ turning freely on its pivot, twists round on being struck. To "make
+ the ring," it is necessary, therefore, that the ball be thrown fairly
+ through its centre. But in order to get nearer to it a judicious
+ player will endeavour to make two or three canons, if the balls lie
+ within a convenient distance and at a proper angle to each other. If
+ the ball be thrown with sufficient force, it will glance off from the
+ ball struck in a line corresponding to its first or original line of
+ projection.
+
+
+2596. Rules.
+
+ i. Troco may be played by two or more persons, each of whom is
+ provided with a ball and a cue. When more than two play, sides are
+ chosen, and the side which first makes the requisite number of
+ points wins the game.
+
+ ii. The players stand in a circle, in the centre of which is set up
+ the pivot-ring.
+
+ iii. Each player starts from any portion of the circle distant not
+ less than four yards from the ring. The first player lifts his ball
+ with the spoon-cue, and throws it towards the ring; each of the
+ others taking his turn alternately--the balls remaining on the
+ ground where they stop rolling.
+
+ iv. If the first player fail to "make his ring," the next goes on,
+ who may either throw at the ring or at the ball in the circle.
+
+ v. Partners may assist each other in getting near the ring; but no
+ player, at starting, may step within four yards of the ring.
+
+ vi. _Two_ points are counted for every canon, and _three_ for every
+ fairly-made ring; and successive points are reckoned for any number
+ of rings or canons.
+
+ vii. Each player goes on till he fails to canon or ring his ball;
+ when the next plays; and so on, till the required number of points
+ are made.
+
+ viii. One point is taken off the player's score for every foul
+ stroke. Foul strokes are made by touching a ball with hand or person
+ while it is in play; by playing with a wrong ball; by playing out of
+ turn; by overturning the ring; and by making two or more steps while
+ throwing the ball.
+
+ ix. Each player, after the start, must go on from the place at which
+ his ball was left after the previous stroke.
+
+ x. All disputed points must be settled by the umpire, whose decision
+ is final.
+
+ xi. No ball in-play must be removed from its position except by a
+ stroke from another ball, and every ball is considered to be in-play
+ while it is within the circle, which may be of any dimensions chosen
+ by the players previous to the commencement of the game.
+
+ xii. Any player leaving a game before it is finished, loses it.
+
+ The game is played fifteen, twenty-one, or any other determined number
+ of points. The balls should be perfectly round and smooth. They are
+ generally made of boxwood or lignum vitæ, and weigh about three to
+ five lbs. each; the balls, cues, &c., are sold by most dealers in
+ croquet implements.
+
+
+2597. Habits of a Man of Business.
+
+ A sacred regard to the principles of justice forms the basis of every
+ transaction, and regulates the conduct of the upright man of business.
+ The following statements afford a bird's-eye view, as it were, of his
+ habits, practice, and mode of procedure:
+
+ i. He is strict in keeping his engagements.
+
+ ii. He does nothing carelessly or in a hurry.
+
+ iii. He employs nobody to do what he can easily do himself.
+
+ iv. He keeps everything in its proper place.
+
+ v. He leaves nothing undone that ought to be done, and which
+ circumstances permit him to do.
+
+ vi. He keeps his designs and business from the view of others.
+
+ vii. He is prompt and decisive with his customers, and does not
+ over-trade his capital.
+
+ viii. He prefers short credits to long ones; and cash to credit at
+ all times, either in buying or selling; and small profits in credit
+ cases with little risk, to the chance of better gains with more
+ hazard.
+
+ ix. He is clear and explicit in all his bargains.
+
+ x. He leaves nothing of consequence to memory which he can and ought
+ to commit to writing.
+
+ xi. He keeps copies of all his important letters which he sends
+ away, and has every letter, invoice, &c., belonging to his business,
+ titled, classed, and put away.
+
+ xii. He never suffers his desk to be confused by many papers lying
+ upon it.
+
+ xiii. He is always at the head of his business, well knowing that if
+ he leaves it, it will leave him.
+
+ xiv. He holds it as a maxim that he whose credit is suspected is not
+ one to be trusted.
+
+ xv. He is constantly examining his books, and sees through all his
+ affairs as far as care and attention will enable him.
+
+ xvi. He balances regularly at stated times, and then makes out and
+ transmits all his accounts current to his customers, both at home
+ and abroad.
+
+ xvii. He avoids as much as possible all sorts of accommodation in
+ money matters, and lawsuits where there is the least hazard.
+
+ xviii. He is economical in his expenditure, always living within his
+ income.
+
+ xix. He keeps a memorandum-book in his pocket, in which he notes
+ every particular relative to appointments, addresses, and petty cash
+ matters.
+
+ xx. He is cautious how he becomes security for any person; and is
+ generous when urged by motives of humanity.
+
+ Let a man act strictly to these habits--ever remembering that he hath
+ no profits by his pains whom Providence doth not prosper--and success
+ will attend his efforts.
+
+
+2598. Taking a Shop or Place of Business.
+
+ If you are about to take a place of business, you will do well to
+ consider the following remarks:
+
+
+2599. Small Capitalists.
+
+ Let us take the case of a person who has no intimate knowledge of any
+ particular trade, but having a very small capital, is about to embark
+ it in the exchange of commodities for cash, in order to obtain an
+ honest livelihood thereby. It is clear, that unless such a person
+ starts with proper precaution and judgment, the capital will be
+ expended without adequate results; rent and taxes will accumulate, the
+ stock will lie dead or become deteriorated, and loss and ruin must
+ follow. For the last absorption acting upon a small capital will soon
+ dry up its source; and we need not picture the trouble that will arise
+ when the mainspring of a tradesman's success abides by him no more.
+
+
+2600. Larger Capitalists.
+
+ The case of the larger capitalist can scarcely be considered an
+ exception to the same rule. For it is probable that the larger
+ capitalist, upon commencing a business, would sink more of his funds
+ in a larger stock--would incur liability to a heavier rent; and the
+ attendant taxes, the wages of assistants and servants would be
+ greater, and, therefore, if the return came not speedily, similar
+ consequences must sooner or later ensue.
+
+
+2601. Localities.
+
+ Large or small capitalists should, therefore, upon entering on a
+ shopkeeping speculation, consider well the nature of the locality in
+ which they propose to carry on trade, the number of the population,
+ the habits and wants of the people, and the extent to which they are
+ already supplied with the goods which the new adventurer proposes to
+ offer them.
+
+
+2602. New Neighbourhoods.
+
+ There is a tendency among small capitalists to rush into new
+ neighbourhoods with the expectation of making an early connection. Low
+ rents also serve as an attraction to these localities. General
+ experience, however, tends to show that the early suburban shops
+ seldom succeed. They are generally entered upon at the very earliest
+ moment that the state of the locality will permit--often before the
+ house is finished the shop is tenanted, and goods exposed for
+ sale--even while the streets are unpaved, and while the roads are as
+ rough and uneven as country lanes.
+
+ The consequence is, that as the few inhabitants of these localities
+ have frequent communication with adjacent centres of business, they,
+ as a matter of habit or of choice, supply their chief wants thereat;
+ and the newly arrived shopkeeper has to depend principally for support
+ upon the accidental forgetfulness of his neighbour, who omits to bring
+ something from the cheaper and better market; or upon the changes of
+ the weather, which may sometimes favour him by rendering a "trip to
+ town" exceedingly undesirable.
+
+
+2603. Failures.
+
+ "While the grass is growing the horse is starving;" and thus, while
+ the new district is becoming peopled the funds of the small shopkeeper
+ are gradually eaten up, and he puts up his shutters just at the time
+ when a more cautious speculator steps in to profit by the connection
+ already formed, and to take advantage of the new improved condition of
+ the locality. It seems, therefore, desirable for the small capitalists
+ rather to run the risk of a more expensive rent, in a well-peopled
+ district, than to resort to places of slow and uncertain demand; for
+ the welfare of the small shopkeeper depends entirely upon the
+ frequency with which his limited stock is cleared out and replaced by
+ fresh supplies.
+
+
+2604. Precautions.
+
+ But should the small capitalist still prefer opening in a suburban
+ district, where competition is less severe, and rents and rates less
+ burdensome, there are certain precautions which he will do well to
+ observe. He should particularly guard against opening a shop to
+ supply what may be termed the superfluities of life; for the
+ inhabitants of new suburban districts are those who, like himself,
+ have resorted to a cheap residence for the sake of economy. Or if this
+ be not the case--if they are people of independent means, who prefer
+ the "detached villa" to the town house, squeezed up on both sides,
+ they have the means of riding and driving to town, and will prefer
+ choosing articles of taste and luxury from the best marts, enriched by
+ the finest display.
+
+
+2605. Necessaries or Luxuries.
+
+ The suburban shopkeeper should, therefore, confine himself to
+ supplying the _necessaries_ of life. Hungry people dislike to fetch
+ their bread from five miles off; and to bring vegetables from a long
+ distance would evidently be a matter of considerable inconvenience.
+ The baker, the butcher, the greengrocer, the beer retailer, &c., are
+ those who find their trade first established in suburban localities.
+ And not until these are doing well should the tailor, the shoemaker,
+ the hatter, the draper, the hosier, and others, expect to find a
+ return for their capital and reward for their labour.
+
+
+2606. Civility.
+
+ In larger localities, where competition abounds, the small shopkeeper
+ frequently outstrips his more powerful rival by one element of
+ success, which may be added to any stock without cost, but cannot be
+ withheld without loss. That element is _civility_. It has already been
+ spoken of elsewhere, but must be enforced here, as aiding the little
+ means of the small shopkeeper to a wonderful degree. A kind and
+ obliging manner carries with it an indescribable charm. It must not be
+ a manner which indicates a mean, grovelling time-serving spirit, but a
+ plain, open, and agreeable demeanour, which seems to desire to oblige
+ for the pleasure of doing so, and not for the sake of squeezing an
+ extra penny out of a customer's pocket.
+
+
+2607. Integrity.
+
+ The sole reliance of the shopkeeper should be in the integrity of his
+ transactions, and in the civility of his demeanour. He should make it
+ the interest and the pleasure of the customer to come to his shop. If
+ he does this, he will form the very best "connections," and so long as
+ he continues this system of business, they will never desert him.
+
+
+2608. Duties of a Shopkeeper.
+
+ He should cheerfully render his best labour and knowledge to serve
+ those who approach his counter, and place confidence in his
+ transactions; make himself alike to rich and poor, but never resort to
+ mean subterfuge and deception to gain approbation and support. He
+ should be frugal in his expenditure, that in deriving profits from
+ trade, he may not trespass unduly upon the interest of others; he
+ should so hold the balance between man and man that he should feel
+ nothing to reprove his conscience when the day comes for him to repose
+ from his labours and live upon the fruits of his industry. Let the
+ public discover such a man, and they will flock around him for their
+ own sakes.
+
+
+2609. A Very Useful Book.
+
+ A very useful book, "The Handy Book of Shopkeeping, Shopkeeper's
+ Guide" [1] (published at one shilling), enlarges upon these subjects
+ in a very able manner, and gives most useful hints to people in every
+ dapartment of trade.
+
+
+ [Footnote 1: Houlston and Sons, London.]
+
+
+2610. Early Rising.
+
+ The difference between rising every morning at six and eight, in the
+ course of forty years, amounts to 29,200 hours, or three years one
+ hundred and twenty-one days and sixteen hours, which are equal to
+ eight hours a day for exactly ten years So that rising at six will be
+ the same as if ten years of life (a weighty consideration) were added,
+ wherein we may command eight hours every day for the cultivation of
+ our minds and the despatch of business.
+
+
+2611. Frugality.
+
+ i. The great philosopher, Dr. Franklin, inspired the mouthpiece of
+ his own eloquence, "Poor Richard," with "many a gem of purest ray
+ serene," encased in the homely garb of proverbial truisms. On the
+ subject of frugality we cannot do better than take the worthy Mentor
+ for our text, and from it address our remarks. A man may, if he
+ knows not how to save as he gets, "keep his nose all his life to the
+ grindstone, and die not worth a groat at last. A fat kitchen makes a
+ lean will."
+
+ "Many estates are spent in getting,
+ Since women for tea forsook spinning and knitting,
+ And men for punch forsook hewing and splitting."
+
+ ii. If you would be wealthy, think of saving as well as of getting.
+ The Indies have not made Spain rich, because her out-goes are
+ greater than her in-comes.
+
+ iii. Away with your expensive follies, and you will not have so much
+ cause to complain of hard times, heavy taxes, and chargeable
+ families.
+
+ iv. "What maintains one vice would bring up two children."
+
+ v. You may think, perhaps, that a little tea, or superfluities now
+ and then, diet a little more costly, clothes a little finer, and a
+ little entertainment now and then, can be no great matter; but
+ remember, "Many a little makes a mickle."
+
+ vi. Beware of little expenses: "A small leak will sink a great
+ ship," as Poor Richard says; and again, "Who dainties love, shall
+ beggars prove;" and moreover, "Fools make feasts and wise men eat
+ them."
+
+ vii. Here you are all got together to this sale of fineries and
+ nick-nacks. You call them goods; but if you do not take care they
+ will prove evils to some of you. You expect they will be sold cheap,
+ and perhaps they may, for less than they cost; but if you have no
+ occasion for them they must be dear to you.
+
+ viii. Remember what Poor Richard says, "Buy what thou hast no need
+ of, and ere long thou shalt sell thy necessaries."
+
+ ix. "At a great pennyworth, pause awhile." He means, perhaps, that
+ the cheapness is apparent only, and not real; or the bargain, by
+ straightening thee in thy business, may do thee more harm than good;
+ for in another place he says, "Many have been ruined by buying good
+ pennyworths."
+
+ x. "It is foolish to lay out money in the purchase of repentance;"
+ and yet this folly is practised every day at auctions for want of
+ minding the Almanack.
+
+
+2612. Cash and Credit.
+
+ If you would get rich, don't deal in bill books. Credit is the
+ "Tempter in a new shape." Buy goods on trust, and you will purchase a
+ thousand articles that cash would never have dreamed of. A shilling in
+ the hand looks larger than ten shillings seen through the perspective
+ of a three months' bill. Cash is practical, while credit takes
+ horribly to taste and romance. Let cash buy a dinner, and you will
+ have a beef-steak flanked with onions. Send credit to market, and he
+ will return with eight pairs of woodcocks and a peck of mushrooms.
+ Credit believes in diamond pins and champagne suppers. Cash is more
+ easily satisfied. Give him three meals a day, and he doesn't care much
+ if two of them are made up of roasted potatoes and a little salt. Cash
+ is a good adviser, while credit is a good fellow to be on visiting
+ terms with. If you want double chins and contentment, do business with
+ cash.
+
+
+2613. Hints upon Money Matters.
+
+ Have a supply of change in hand--shillings, sixpences, halfpence. This
+ will obviate the various inconveniences of keeping people at the door,
+ sending out at unreasonable times, and running or calling after any
+ inmate in the house, supposed to be better provided with "the
+ needful." The tradespeople with whom you regularly deal will always
+ give you extra change, _when_ you are making purchases or paying
+ bills; while those to whom you apply for it, on a sudden emergency,
+ may neither be willing nor able to do so. Some housekeepers object to
+ this arrangement, that, "as soon as five-pound notes or sovereigns are
+ changed, they always seem to go, without their understanding how;" but
+ to such persons I would humbly intimate, that this is rather the fault
+ of their _not getting understanding_, than any inevitable consequence
+ of _getting change_.
+
+ The fact is, that it is the necessity of parting with your money which
+ obliges you to get the larger pieces changed, and not the circumstance
+ of having smaller coin that _necessitates_ your parting with your
+ money, though it certainly facilitates your doing so when the
+ necessity arrives. However, as it is easier to count a few sovereigns
+ than many shillings, and loose money is most objectionable, it is well
+ to put up reserve change in small collective packets, and to replenish
+ the housekeeping purse from these daily or weekly, as may be most
+ convenient.
+
+
+ [DEATH DOES NOT BLOW A TRUMPET.]
+
+
+2614. Save Time and Trouble.
+
+ If Money for daily expenses has to pass through the hands of a
+ servant, it is a time-and-trouble-saving plan to settle with her
+ _every_ night, and to make up her cash in hand to a certain _similar_
+ sum. This will prevent such puzzling calculations as the
+ following:
+
+ "Let me see: I gave you 10s. on Saturday, and 9d. the day before.
+ Was it 9d.? No, it must have been 11d., for I gave you 1s., and you
+ gave me 1d. out for the beggar; then there was 6s. 6d. on Monday,
+ and 8d. you owed me from last money; and then the 1s. 6d. your
+ master gave you for a parcel--you brought him 2d. back, and 3d-1/2.
+ out of the butcher's bill; no--_you_ had to give 3-1/2d. to the
+ butcher, but you came to me for the 1/2d., and I had no coppers, so
+ we still owe him the 1/2d.; by the way, don't forget to pay him the
+ next time you go. Then there's the baker--no, I paid the baker
+ myself, and I _think_ the housemaid paid the butter-man; but you got
+ in the cheese the day before, and I have a sort of recollection that
+ I may possibly owe you for _that_, all but a few pence you must have
+ had left of mine, that I told you to take from off the
+ chimney-piece. Well, cook, I think that's _nearly_ all! Now how do
+ your accounts stand?"
+
+ This the poor cook, who _is_ a cook, and _not_ a conjuror, finds it no
+ easy matter to discover; all that she is quite certain of is, that her
+ disbursements have somewhat exceeded her receipts, and being an honest
+ woman, though a poor one, she wishes to cheat neither her mistress nor
+ herself; but what with her memory and her want of it, her involved
+ payments, and different receipts; what she owed her mistress, and what
+ her mistress owes her; what she got from her master, and what was
+ partly settled by the housemaid; the balance from the butcher's bill,
+ and the intricacies of the cheese account, the poor woman is perfectly
+ bewildered.
+
+ She counts again and again; recapitulates her mistress's data and her
+ own; sums upwards, backwards, and forwards, and endeavours to explain
+ the differences between them; then, if she can read and write, she
+ brings her slate to "explain the explanation," and the united
+ calculations of maid and mistress, which are after all entirely
+ unavailing to produce a more correct account, probably consume more
+ time, and are expressed in more words, than would suffice to fill
+ another volume like the present. Two minutes' daily reckoning from a
+ _regular_ sum in hand would do the business effectually, and prevent
+ either party from being out of pocket or out of temper. Thus, for
+ instance, the maid has her usual sum of five shillings to account for;
+ she pays during the day, for:
+
+ s. d.
+ Bread 1 9
+ Beer 0 6
+ Vegetables and fruit 0 10
+ Milk 0 4
+ Matches 0 1
+ Parcel 1 0
+ ______
+ Total 4 6
+
+ This is easily reckoned, even by the unlearned; the mistress enters
+ the items in her day-book, takes the remaining sixpence, and again
+ gives her servant 5s., in convenient change, to be as readily
+ accounted for on the succeeding day.
+
+ _Home Truths for Home Peace_; or, _Muddle Defeated._
+
+
+ [TIME BRINGS EVERYTHING TO THOSE WHO CAN WAIT.]
+
+
+2615. Don't Run in Debt.
+
+
+ "Don't run in debt;"--never mind, never mind
+ If your clothes are faded and torn:
+ Mend them up, make them do; it is better by far
+ Than to have the heart weary and worn.
+ Who'll love you the more for the shape of your hat,
+ Or your ruff, or the tie of your shoe,
+ The cut of your vest, or your boots, or cravat,
+ If they know you're in debt for the new?
+ There's no comfort, I tell you, in walking the street
+ In fine clothes, if you know you're in debt,
+ And feel that, perchance, you some tradesman may meet,
+ Who will sneer--"They're not paid for yet."
+ Good friends, let me beg of you, don't run in debt;
+ If the chairs and the sofas are old,
+ They will fit your back better than any new set,
+ Unless they are paid for--with gold;
+ If the house is too small, draw the closer together,
+ Keep it warm with a hearty good-will;
+ A big one unpaid for, in all kinds of weather,
+ Will send to your warm heart a chill.
+ Don't run in debt--now, dear girls, take a hint,
+ if the fashions have changed since last season,
+ Old Nature is out in the very same tint,
+ And old Nature, we think, has some reason;
+ But just say to your friend, that you cannot afford
+ To spend time to keep up with the fashion;
+ That your purse is too light and your honour too bright,
+ To be tarnished with such silly passion.
+ Men, don't run in debt--let your friends, if they can.
+ Have fine houses, and feathers, and flowers:
+ But, unless they are paid for, be more of a man
+ Than to envy their sunshiny hours.
+ If you've money to spare, I have nothing to say--
+ Spend your silver and gold as you please;
+ But mind you, the man who his bill has to pay
+ Is the man who is never at ease.
+ Kind husbands, don't run into debt any more;
+ 'Twill fill your wives' cup full of sorrow
+ To know that a neighbour may call at your door,
+ With a claim you must settle to-morrow
+ Oh! take my advice--it is good, it is true!
+ But, lest you may some of you doubt it,
+ I'll whisper a secret now, seeing 'tis you--
+ I have tried it, and know all about it,
+ _The chain of a debtor is heavy and cold.
+ Its links all corrosion and rust;
+ Gild it o'er as you will, it is never of gold,
+ Then spurn it aside with disgust_.
+
+
+2616. Carving, Ceremonies of the Table, &c.
+
+ A dinner-table should be well laid, well lighted, and always afford a
+ little spare room. It is better to invite one friend less in number,
+ than to destroy the comfort of the whole party.
+
+
+2617. The Laying out of a Table.
+
+ The laying out of a table must greatly depend upon the nature of the
+ dinner or supper, the taste of the host, the description of the
+ company, and the appliances possessed. It would be useless, therefore,
+ to lay down specific rules. The whiteness of the table-cloth, the
+ clearness of glass, the polish of plate, and the judicious
+ distribution of ornamental groups of fruits and flowers, are matters
+ deserving the utmost attention.
+
+
+2618. A Sideboard.
+
+ A sideboard will greatly relieve a crowded table, upon which may be
+ placed many things incidental to the successive courses, until they
+ are required.
+
+
+2619. Menu.
+
+ A bill of fare or Menu at large dinner parties, where there are
+ several courses, should be provided neatly inscribed upon small
+ tablets, and distributed about the table, that the diners may know
+ what there is to come.
+
+
+2620. Napkins.
+
+ Napkins should be folded neatly. The French method, which is very
+ easy, of folding the napkin like a fan, placing it in a glass, and
+ spreading out the upper part, is very pleasing. But the English method
+ of folding is like a slipper, and placing the bread inside its folds
+ is convenient as well as neat.
+
+
+ [AS THE VIRTUE IS IN THE TREE, SUCH IS THE FRUIT.]
+
+
+2621. Bread.
+
+ Bread should be cut into thick squares, the last thing after the table
+ is laid. If cut too early it becomes dry. A tray should he provided,
+ in which there should be a further supply of bread, new, stale, and
+ brown. For cheese, pulled bread should be provided.
+
+
+2622. Carving-knives.
+
+ Carving-knives should be "put in edge" before the dinner commences,
+ for nothing irritates a good carver, or perplexes a bad one, more than
+ a knife which refuses to perform its office; and there is nothing more
+ annoying to the company than to see the carving-knife gliding to and
+ fro over the steel while the dinner is getting cold, and their
+ appetites are being exhausted by delay.
+
+
+2623. Joints.
+
+ Joints that require carving should be set upon dishes sufficiently
+ large. The space of the table may be economised by setting upon small
+ dishes those things that do not require carving.
+
+
+2624. The Carver.
+
+ The carver should have plenty of room, however closely the diners are
+ compelled to sit together.
+
+
+2625. The Vegetables.
+
+ The vegetables, if the table is very crowded, may be placed upon the
+ sideboard, and handed round by those who wait upon the guests.
+
+
+2626. Smaller Joints.
+
+ Geese, Turkeys, Poultry, Sucking-pigs, &c., should be CARVED BEFORE
+ BEING SET ON TABLE; especially in those cases where the whole or the
+ principal part of such dishes is likely to be consumed.
+
+
+2627. Handing Round.
+
+ The carver should supply the plates, and the waiter hand them round,
+ instead of putting the question to each guest as to which part he
+ prefers, and then striving to serve him with it, to the prejudice of
+ others present.
+
+
+2628. Ladies.
+
+ Ladies should be helped before gentlemen.
+
+
+2629. Waiters.
+
+ Waiters should present dishes on the left hand; so that the diner may
+ help himself with his right.
+
+
+2630. Wine.
+
+ Wine should be taken after the first course; and it will be found more
+ convenient to let the waiter serve it, than to hand the decanters
+ round, or to allow the guests to fill for themselves.
+
+
+2631. Removal.
+
+ Waiters should be instructed to remove whatever articles upon the
+ table are thrown into disuse by the progress of the dinner, as soon as
+ they are at liberty.
+
+
+2632. Finger-Bowls.
+
+ Finger-glasses, or glass bowls, filled with water, slightly scented or
+ not, as may be preferred, and slightly warm in winter, and iced in
+ summer, should be handed round.
+
+
+2633. Dessert.
+
+ When the dessert is served, the wine should be set upon the table, and
+ the decanters passed round by the company.
+
+
+2634. Fried Fish.
+
+ Fried fish should be divided into suitable slices, before the fire, as
+ soon as it leaves the frying-pan.
+
+
+2635. Cod's Head and Shoulders.
+
+ The thick part of the back is best. It should be carved in unbroken
+ slices, and each solid slice should be accompanied by a bit of the
+ sound, from under the back-bone, or from the cheek, jaws, tongue, &c.,
+ of the head.
+
+
+2636. Hake.
+
+ Hake, if sent to table, simply boiled, is served as cod. The better
+ way of dressing hake is to cut it transversely to the length into
+ slices about one inch in thickness. These should be fried and sent to
+ table garnished with parsley.
+
+
+2637. Turbot.
+
+ Strike the fish-slice along the back-bone, which runs from head to
+ tail, and then serve square slices from the thick part, accompanying
+ each slice with some of the gelatinous skin of the fins and thin part,
+ which may be raised by laying the fish-slice flat.
+
+
+2638. Brill.
+
+ Brill is served in the same manner.
+
+
+2639. John Dory.
+
+ John Dory is also served in the same way. This fish has a favourite
+ piece on the cheek.
+
+
+2640. Plaice and Flat-fish.
+
+ Plaice and flat-fish generally, are served in the same manner.
+
+
+2641. Soles.
+
+ Soles, when large, may be served as turbot; but when small they should
+ be sliced across.
+
+
+2642. Salmon.
+
+ Serve a slice of the thick with a smaller slice of the thin part.
+ Keep the flakes of the thick part as unbroken as possible.
+
+
+2643. Mackerel.
+
+ Mackerel should be served in pieces cut through the side when they are
+ large. It small, they may be divided through the back-bone, and served
+ in halves. The shoulder part is considered the best.
+
+
+2644. Haddock and Gurnet.
+
+ Haddock and Gurnet are served as directed for mackerel.
+
+
+2645. Whiting.
+
+ Whiting are usually fried and curled; they should be cut in halves
+ down the back, and served. The shoulder-part is best.
+
+
+2646. Eels.
+
+ Eels are usually cut into several pieces, either for stewing or
+ frying. The thick parts are considered best.
+
+
+2647. Trout.
+
+ Trout, if small, are served whole; if large, they may be divided
+ through the back-bone and served in halves. The same applies to perch
+ and other smaller fresh-water fish.
+
+
+2648. Pike and Jack.
+
+ Pike and Jack should be served in thick unbroken pieces taken from the
+ side or shoulder of the fish accompanied by a piece of the stuffing
+ with which these fish are usually filled.
+
+
+2649. Remarks.
+
+ The _roes_ of mackerel, the _sound_ of cod, the _head_ of carp, the
+ _cheek_ of John Dory, the _liver_ of cod, &c., are severally
+ considered delicacies, though not by all persons.
+
+
+2650. Saddle of Mutton.
+
+ Cut thin slices parallel with the back-bone; or slice it obliquely
+ from the bone to the edge.
+
+
+2651. Haunch of Mutton or Venison.
+
+ Make an incision across the knuckle-end, right into the bone, and set
+ free the gravy. Then cut thin slices the whole length of the haunch.
+ Serve pieces of fat with slices of lean.
+
+
+2652. Rump or Sirloin of Beef.
+
+ The undercut, called the "fillet," is exceedingly tender, and some
+ carvers will turn the joint and serve the fillet first, reserving the
+ meat on the upper part to be eaten cold. From the upper part, whether
+ hot or cold, the slices should be cut lengthways from top to bottom,
+ so that the fat and lean may be distributed in fair proportions.
+
+
+2653. Ribs of Beef.
+
+ Ribs of beef are carved in the same way as the sirloin; but there is
+ no fillet.
+
+
+2654. Round of Beef.
+
+ First cut away the irregular outside pieces, to obtain a good surface,
+ and then serve thin and broad slices. Serve bits of the udder fat with
+ the lean.
+
+
+2655. Brisket of Beef.
+
+ Cut off the outside, and then serve long slices, cut the whole length
+ of the bones.
+
+
+2656. Shoulder of Mutton.
+
+ Make a cross incision on the fore-part of the shoulder, and serve
+ slices from both sides of the incision; then cut slices lengthways
+ along the shoulder-blade. Cut fat slices from the round corner.
+ Another and more economical way, is to cut slices from the under part
+ when first brought to table. The joint then presents a better
+ appearance when cold.
+
+
+2657. Leg of Mutton.
+
+ Make an incision across the centre, and serve from the knuckle-side,
+ or the opposite, according to choice. The knuckle-side will be
+ generally found well done, and the opposite side underdone, for those
+ who prefer it.
+
+
+2658. Loin of Mutton.
+
+ Cut down between the bones, into chops.
+
+
+2659. Quarter of Lamb.
+
+ Lay the knife flat, and cut off the shoulder. The proper point for
+ incision will be indicated by the position of the shoulder. A little
+ lemon juice may be squeezed over the divided part, and a little
+ Cayenne pepper, and the shoulder transferred to another dish, for the
+ opposite end of the table. Next separate the _brisket_, or short
+ bones, by cutting lengthways along the breast. Then serve from either
+ part as desired.
+
+
+ [TRAVEL NORTH, OR SOUTH, OR EAST, OR WEST...]
+
+
+2660. Loin of Veal.
+
+ Loin of veal may be cut across through the thick part; or slices may
+ be taken in the direction of the bones. Serve pieces of kidney and fat
+ with each plate.
+
+
+2601. Fillet of Veal.
+
+ Fillet of veal is carved as a round of beef. The browned bits of the
+ outside are esteemed, and should be shared among the company, with
+ bits of fat, and of forcemeat from the centre.
+
+
+2662. Breast of Veal.
+
+ Breast of veal should be divided by cutting the BRISKET, or soft
+ bones, the same as the basket of lamb. When the sweetbread comes to
+ table with the breast, a small piece should be served on each plate.
+
+
+2663. Sucking-Pig.
+
+ Sucking-pig should be sent to table in two halves, the head divided,
+ and one half laid at each end of the dish. The shoulders and legs
+ should be taken off by the obvious method of laying the knife under
+ them, and lifting the joint out. They may be served whole, or divided.
+ The ribs are easily divided, and are considered choice.
+
+
+2664. Tongues.
+
+ Tongues are cut across in tolerably thick slices.
+
+
+2665. Calves' Heads.
+
+ Calves' heads are carved across the cheek, and pieces taken from any
+ part that is come-at-able. The tongue and brain sauce are served
+ separate.
+
+
+2666. Knuckle of Veal.
+
+ Knuckle of veal is carved by cutting off the outside pieces, and then
+ obtaining good slices, and apportioning the fat to the lean, adding
+ bits of the sinew that lie around the joint.
+
+
+2667. Leg of Pork.
+
+ Leg of pork is carved as a ham, but in thicker slices; when stuffed,
+ the stuffing must be sought for under the skin at the large end.
+
+
+2668. Loin of Pork.
+
+ Loin of pork is carved the same as a loin of mutton.
+
+
+2669. Spare-rib of Pork.
+
+ Spare-rib of pork is carved by separating the chops, which should
+ previously have been jointed. Cut as far as the joint, then return the
+ knife to the point of the bones, and press over, to disclose the
+ joint, which may then be relieved with the point of the knife.
+
+
+2670. Hams.
+
+ Hams are cut in very thin slices from the knuckle to the blade.
+
+
+2671. Pheasants.
+
+ Carve the breast in slices. Then take off the legs and wings.
+
+
+2672. Fowls.
+
+ Fix the fork firmly into the breast, then slip the knife under the
+ legs, and lay it over and dis-joint; detach the wings in the same
+ manner. Do the same on both sides, The smaller bones require a little
+ practice, and it would be well to watch the operations of a good
+ carver. When the merry-thought has been removed (which it may be by
+ slipping the knife through at the point of the breast), and the
+ neck-bones drawn out, the trunk may be turned over, and the knife
+ thrust through the back-bone.
+
+
+2673. Partridges.
+
+ Partridges are best carved by cutting off the breast, and then
+ dividing it. But for more economical carving, the wings may be cut
+ with a small breast slice attached.
+
+
+2674. Woodcocks.
+
+ Woodcocks may be cut right through the centre, from head to tail.
+ Serve with each portion a piece of the toast upon which they come to
+ table.
+
+
+2675. Pigeons.
+
+ Pigeons may be carved as woodcocks, or as partridges.
+
+
+2676. Snipes.
+
+ Snipes may be carved the same as woodcocks.
+
+
+2677. Turkey.
+
+ Cut slices from each side of the breast down, to the ribs; the legs
+ may then be removed, and the thighs divided from the drumsticks, which
+ are generally tough; but the pinions of the wing are very good, and
+ the white part of the wing is preferred by many to the breast. The
+ stuffing is usually put in the breast; but when truffles, mushrooms,
+ or oysters are put into the body, an opening must be made into it by
+ cutting through the apron.
+
+
+2678. Goose.
+
+ The apron must be cut off in a circular direction, when a glass of
+ port wine, mixed with a teaspoonful of mustard, may be poured into the
+ body or not. Some of the stuffing should then be drawn out, and, the
+ neck of the goose being turned a little towards the carver, the flesh
+ of the breast should be sliced on each side of the bone. The wings may
+ then be taken off, then the legs. The other parts are carved the same
+ as a fowl.
+
+
+ [A MAN'S OWN HOSE IS STILL THE BEST.]
+
+
+2679. Ducks.
+
+ Ducks may be carved, when large, the same as geese; but when young,
+ like chickens. The thigh joints, however, lie much closer into the
+ trunk than those of fowls.
+
+
+2680. Hares.
+
+ Hares should be placed with their heads to the left of the carver.
+ Slices may be taken down the whole length of the back; the legs,
+ which, next to the back, are considered the best eating, may then be
+ taken off, and the flesh divided from or served upon them, after the
+ small bones have been parted from the thighs. The shoulders, which are
+ not much esteemed, though sometimes liked by sportsmen, may be taken
+ off by passing the knife between the joint and the trunk. When a hare
+ is young, the back is sometimes divided at the joints into three or
+ four parts, after being freed from the ribs and under-skin.
+
+
+2681. Remarks.
+
+ Sufficient general instructions are here given to enable the carver,
+ by observation and practice, to acquit himself well. The art of
+ carving does not consist merely in dissecting the joints sent to
+ table, but in the judicious and economical distribution of them, and
+ the grace and neatness with which this distribution is effected. Every
+ dish ahould be sent to table properly garnished (where needed), and
+ the carver should preserve the neatness of the arrangement as much as
+ possible.
+
+
+2682. Dyeing.
+
+ The filaments from which stuffs of all kinds are fabricated are
+ derived either from the animal or vegetable kingdom. We recognise the
+ former by the property they possess of liberating ammonia on being
+ treated with potash; while the latter afford a liquor having an acid
+ reaction under the same treatment. The animal kingdom furnishes three
+ varieties--silk, wool, and the furs, &c., of various animals; the
+ vegetable kingdom also three--flax, hemp, and cotton: all of which
+ require certain preliminary preparations to render them fit for the
+ dyer, which do not come within our province, our space only admitting
+ of a rapid glance at the production of the various colours.
+
+
+2683. General Observations.
+
+ The various shades produced by colouring matters may be classed in one
+ or other of the following groups:
+
+ 1. Blues }
+ 2. Reds } _Simple_.
+ 3. Yellows }
+
+ 4. Violets }
+ 5. Orange colours } _Binary_.
+ 6. Greens }
+
+ 7. Compound colours }
+ 8. Black } _Ternary_.
+
+ Some colours adhere at once to the stuff, and are called _substantial
+ colours_; while others require that the material to be dyed should
+ undergo some previous preparation in order to render it permanent. The
+ substances used to fix the colouring matters are called _mordants_,
+ which should possess four qualifications:
+
+ i. They should possess an equal affinity for the fibre of the
+ material and the colouring matter.
+
+ ii. They should be incapable of injuring or destroying either by
+ prolonged action,
+
+ iii. They should form, with the colour, a compound capable of
+ resisting the action of air and water.
+
+ iv. They should be capable of readily conforming to the various
+ operations of the dyer.
+
+
+2684. The Mordants.
+
+ For the reasons just given, the acetate or tartrate of iron is
+ preferable to the sulphate; and the acetate or tartrate of alumina to
+ alum. _For reds, yellows, green, and pinks_, aluminous mordants are to
+ be used. _For blacks, browns, puces, and violets_, the acetate or
+ tartrate of iron must be employed. _For scarlets_, use a tin mordant,
+ made by dissolving in strong nitric acid one-eighth of its weight of
+ sal-ammoniac, then adding by degrees one-eighth of its weight of tin,
+ and diluting the solution with one-fourth of its weight of water.
+
+
+ [CUNNING MEN'S CLOAKS SOMETIMES FALL.]
+
+
+2685. Calico, Linen, and Muslin (Blue).
+
+
+ _Blue_.--Wash well to remove dressing, and dry; then dip in a strong
+ solution of sulphate of indigo--partly saturated with potash--and hang
+ up. Dry a piece to see if the colour is deep enough; if not dip again.
+
+ _Saxon Blue_.--Boil the article in alum, and then dip in a strong
+ solution of chemical blue.
+
+
+2686. Calico, Linen, and Muslin (Buff).
+
+ _Buff_.--Boil an ounce of anatto in three quarts of water, add two
+ ounces of potash, stir well, and put in the calico while boiling, and
+ stir well for five minutes; remove and plunge into cold pump water,
+ hang up the articles without wringing, and when almost dry, fold.
+
+
+2687. Calico, Linen, and Muslin (Pink).
+
+ _Pink_.--Immerse in the acetate of alumina mordant, and then in the
+ colouring of a pink saucer.
+
+
+2688. Calico, Linen, and Muslin (Green).
+
+ _Green_.--Boil the article in an alum mordant, and then in a solution
+ of indigo mixed with any of the yellow dyes until the proper colour is
+ obtained.
+
+
+2689. Calico, Linen, and Muslin (Yellow).
+
+ _Yellow_.
+
+ i. Cut potato tops when in flower, and express the juice; steep
+ articles in this for forty-eight hours.
+
+ ii. Dip in a strong solution of weld after boiling in an aluminous
+ mordant. Turmeric, fustic, anatto, &c., will answer the same as weld.
+
+
+2690. Cloth (Black).
+
+ Impregnate the material with the acetate of iron mordant, and then
+ boil in a decoction of madder and logwood.
+
+
+2691. Cloth (Madder Red).
+
+ Boil the cloth in a weak solution of pearlash--an ounce to a gallon of
+ water,--wash, dry, and then steep in a decoction of bruised nutgalls.
+ After drying it is to be steeped twice in dry alum water, then dried,
+ and boiled in a decoction made of three quarters of a pound of madder
+ to every pound of the article. It should then be taken out and dried,
+ and steeped in a second bath in the same manner. When dyed, the
+ articles should be washed in warm soap and water, to remove a
+ dun-coloured matter given out by the madder.
+
+
+2692. Cloth (Scarlet).
+
+ Three quarters of a pint of a tin mordant, made by dissolving three
+ pounds of tin in sixty pounds of hydrochloric acid, is added to every
+ pound of lac dye, and digested for six hours. To dye twenty-five
+ pounds of cloth, a tin boiler of seventy-five gallons capacity should
+ be filled nearly full with water, and a fire kindled under it. When
+ the heat is 150° Fahr., half a handful of bran and two ounces of tin
+ mordant are to be thrown into it. The froth which arises is skimmed
+ off, the liquor is made to boil, and two pounds and three quarters of
+ lac dye, previously mixed with a pound and three quarters of the
+ solvent, and fourteen ounces of the tin solvent, are added.
+
+ Immediately afterwards two pounds and three quarters of tartar, and a
+ pound of ground sumach, both tied up in a linen bag, are to be added,
+ and suspended in the bath for five minutes. The fire being withdrawn,
+ five gallons of cold water and two pints and three quarters of tin
+ mordant being poured into the bath, the cloth is immersed in it. The
+ fire is then replaced, and the liquid made to boil rapidly for an
+ hour, when the cloth is removed and washed in pure water.
+
+
+2693. Cloth (Yellow).
+
+ Use No. ii. for calico. Quercitron and weld produce a solid yellow;
+ fustic a very brilliant tint; while turmeric yields a less solid
+ yellow.
+
+
+2694. Feathers (Black).
+
+ Use the same as for cloth.
+
+
+2695. Feathers (Blue).
+
+ Every shade may be given by indigo--or dip in silk dye.
+
+
+2696. Feathers (Crimson).
+
+ Dip in acetate of alumina mordant, then in a boiling-hot decoction of
+ Brazil-wood--and, last of all, pass through a bath of cudbear.
+
+
+2697. Feathers (Pink, or Rose-colour).
+
+ Pink, or rose-colour, is given by safflower and lemon juice.
+
+
+2698. Feathers (Deep Red).
+
+ Proceed as for crimson, omitting the cudbear bath.
+
+
+ [THE FAT MAN KNOWETH NOT WHAT THE LEAN THINK.]
+
+
+2699. Feathers (Yellow).
+
+ Mordant with acetate of alumina, and dip in a bath of turmeric or weld.
+
+
+2700. Hair (Black).
+
+ As the object in view is simply to dye the hair without tingeing the
+ skin, the following will be found the best:--Take equal parts of
+ litharge and lime; mix well, and form into a paste with water, if a
+ black is desired; with milk if brown. Clean the head with a small
+ tooth comb, and then well wash the hair with soda and water to free it
+ from grease; then lay on the paste pretty thick, and cover the head
+ with oilskin or a cabbage-leaf, after which go to bed. Next morning
+ the powder should be carefully brushed away, and the hair oiled.
+
+
+2701. Leather (Black).
+
+ Use No. iv. _black stain_ (see par. 1430), and polish with oil.
+
+
+2702. Gloves (Nankeen).
+
+ Steep saffron in boiling-hot soft water for about twelve hours; sew
+ up the tops of the gloves, to prevent the dye staining the insides,
+ wet them over with a sponge dipped in the liquid. A teacupful of dye
+ will do a pair of gloves.
+
+
+2703. Gloves (Purple).
+
+ Boil four ounces of logwood and two ounces of roche alum in three
+ pints of soft water till half wasted; strain, and let it cool. Sew up
+ the tops, go over the outsides with a brush or sponge twice; then rub
+ off the loose dye with a coarse cloth. Beat up the white of an egg,
+ and rub it over the leather with a sponge. Vinegar will remove the
+ stain from the hands.
+
+
+2704. Silk (Black).
+
+ The same as for cloth, but black dyeing is difficult.
+
+
+2705. Silk (Blue).
+
+ i. Wash quite clean, rinse well, and then dip in a hot solution of
+ sulphate of iron: after a short time take it out and rinse again.
+ Have ready in another vessel a hot solution of prussiate of potash,
+ to which a small quantity of sulphuric acid has been added. Dip the
+ silk in this liquid; on removal rinse in clean water, and expose to
+ the air to dry.
+
+ ii. Wash well, rinse, wring out, and then dip in the
+ following:--Boil a pound of indigo, two pounds of woad, and three
+ ounces of alum, in a gallon of water. When the silk is of a proper
+ colour, remove, rinse, and dry.
+
+
+2706. Silk (Carnation).
+
+ Boil two gallons of wheat and an ounce of alum in four gallons of
+ water; strain through a fine sieve; dissolve half a pound more of alum
+ and white tartar; add three pounds of madder, then put in the silk at
+ a moderate heat.
+
+
+2707. Silk (Crimson).
+
+ Take about a spoonful of cudbear, put it into a small pan, pour
+ boiling water upon it; stir and let it stand a few minutes, then put
+ in the silk, and turn it over in a short time, and when the colour is
+ full enough, take it out; but if it should require more violet or
+ crimson, add a spoonful or two of purple archil to some warm water;
+ steep, and dry it within doors. It must be mangled, and ought to be
+ pressed.
+
+
+2708. Silk (Lilac).
+
+ For every pound of silk, take one and a half pounds of archil, mix it
+ well with the liquor; make it boil for a quarter of an hour, dip the
+ silk quickly, then let it cool, and wash it in river water, and a fine
+ half violet, or lilac, more or less full, will be obtained.
+
+
+2709. Silk (Madder Red).
+
+ Use the dye for cloth.
+
+
+2710. Silk (Yellow).
+
+ Take clear wheat bran liquor fifteen pounds, in which dissolve three
+ quarters of a pound of alum; boil the silk in this for two hours, and
+ afterwards take half a pound of weld, and boil it till the colour is
+ good. Nitre used with alum and water in the first boiling fixes the
+ colour.
+
+
+2711. Wool (Blue).
+
+ Boil in a decoction of logwood and sulphate or acetate of copper.
+
+
+2712. Wool (Brown).
+
+ Steep in an infusion of green walnut-peels.
+
+
+2713. Wool (Drab).
+
+ Impregnate with brown oxide of iron, and then dip in a bath of
+ quercitron bark. It sumach is added, it will make the colour a dark
+ brown.
+
+
+ [NO LOCK WILL HOLD GAINST KEYS OF GOLD.]
+
+
+2714. Wool (Green).
+
+ First imbue with the blue, then with the yellow dye.
+
+
+2715. Wool (Orange).
+
+ Dye first with the red dye for cloth, and then with a yellow.
+
+
+2716. Wool (Red).
+
+ Take four and a half pounds of cream of tartar, four and a quarter
+ pounds of alum; boil the wool gently for two hours; let it cool, and
+ wash it on the following day in pure water.
+
+ Infuse twelve pounds of madder for half an hour with a pound of
+ chloride of tin, in lukewarm water; filter through canvas, remove the
+ dye from the canvas, and put it in the bath, which is to be heated to
+ 100° Fahr.; add two ounces of aluminous mordant, put the wool in, and
+ raise to boiling heat.
+
+ Remove the wool, wash, and soak for a quarter of an hour in a solution
+ of white soap in water.
+
+
+2717. Wool (Yellow).
+
+ Dye with that used for calico, &c.
+
+
+2718. Dyeing Bonnets.
+
+ Chip and straw bonnets or hats may be dyed black by boiling them three
+ or four hours in a strong liquor of logwood, adding a little green
+ copperas occasionally. Let the bonnets remain in the liquor all night,
+ then take out to dry in the air. If the black is not satisfactory, dye
+ again after drying. Rub inside and out with a sponge moistened in fine
+ oil. Then block.
+
+
+2719. To Dye Hair and Feathers Green.
+
+ Take of either verdigris or verditer one ounce; gum water, one pint;
+ mix them well, and dip the hair or feathers into the mixture, shaking
+ them well about.
+
+
+2720. To Clean White Satin and Flowered Silks.
+
+ i. Mix sifted stale bread-crumbs with powder blue, and rub it
+ thoroughly all over the article; then shake it well, and dust it
+ with clean soft cloths. Afterwards, where there are any gold or
+ silver flowers, take a piece of crimson ingrain velvet, rub the
+ flowers with it, which will restore them to their original lustre.
+
+ ii. Pass them through a solution of fine hard soap of a moderate
+ heat, drawing them through the hand; rinse in lukewarm water, dry,
+ and finish by pinning out. Brush the flossy or bright side with a
+ clean clothes-brush, the way of the nap. Finish them by dipping a
+ sponge into a size, made by boiling isinglass in water, and rub the
+ wrong side. Rinse out a second time, and brush, and dry near a fire
+ in a warm room.
+
+ Silk may be treated in the same way, but not brushed.
+
+
+2721. Cleaning Silk, Satins, Coloured Woollen Dresses, &c.
+
+ Four ounces of soft soap, four ounces of honey, the white of an egg,
+ and a wineglassful of gin; mix well together, and scour the article
+ with a rather hard brush thoroughly; afterwards rinse it in cold
+ water, leave to drain, and iron whilst quite damp.
+
+
+2722. To Clean Black Cloth Clothes.
+
+ Clean the garments well, then boil four ounces of logwood in a boiler
+ or copper containing two or three gallons of water for half an hour;
+ dip the clothes in warm water and squeeze dry, then put them into the
+ copper and boil for half an hour. Take them out, and add three drachms
+ of sulphate of iron; boil for half an hour, then take them out and
+ hang them up for an hour or two; take them down, rinse them thrice in
+ cold water, dry well, and rub with a soft brush which has had a few
+ drops of olive oil applied to its surface. If the clothes are
+ threadbare about the elbows, cuffs, &c., raise the nap with a teasel
+ or half worn hatter's card, filled with flocks, and when sufficiently
+ raised, lay the nap the right way with a hard brush.
+
+
+2723. To Clean Furs.
+
+ Strip the fur articles of their stuffing and binding, and lay them as
+ nearly as possible in a flat position They must then be subjected to
+ a very brisk brushing, with a stiff clothes-brush; after this any
+ moth-eaten parts must be cut out, and neatly replaced by new bits of
+ fur to match.
+
+ Sable, chinchilla, squirrel, fitch, &c., should be treated as follows:
+ Warm a quantity of new bran in a pan, taking care that it does not
+ burn, to prevent which it must be actively stirred. When well warmed,
+ rub it thoroughly into the fur with the hand. Repeat this two or three
+ times: then shake the fur, and give it another sharp brushing until
+ free from dust.
+
+ White furs, ermine, &c., may be cleaned as follows:--Lay the fur on a
+ table, and rub it well with bran made moist with warm water; rub until
+ quite dry, and afterwards with dry bran. The wet bran should be put on
+ with flannel, and the dry with a piece of book muslin.
+
+ The light furs, in addition to the above, should be well rubbed with
+ magnesia, or a piece of book muslin, after the bran process.
+
+ Furs are usually much improved by stretching, which may be managed as
+ follows: To a pint of soft water add three ounces of salt, dissolve;
+ with this solution, sponge the inside of the skin (taking care not to
+ wet the fur) until it becomes thoroughly saturated; then lay it
+ carefully on a board with the fur side downwards, in its natural
+ position; then stretch as much as it will bear, and to the required
+ shape, and fasten with small tacks. The drying may be accelerated by
+ placing the skin a little distance from the fire or stove.
+
+
+ [GOLD IS NO BALM TO A WOUNDED SPIRIT.]
+
+
+2724. Cleansing Feathers of their Animal Oil.
+
+ The following receipt gained a premium from the Society of Arts:--Take
+ for every gallon of clean water one pound of quicklime, mix them well
+ together, and when the undissolved lime is precipitated in fine
+ powder, pour off the clean lime water for use. Put the feathers to be
+ cleaned in another tub, and add to them a quantity of the clean lime
+ water, sufficient to cover them about three inches when well immersed
+ and stirred about therein. The feathers, when thoroughly moistened,
+ will sink, and should remain in the lime water three or four days;
+ after which the foul liquor should be separated from them, by laying
+ them in a sieve.
+
+ The feathers should be afterwards well washed in clean water, and
+ dried upon nets, the meshes of which may be about the fineness of
+ cabbage nets. The feathers must be from time to time shaken on the
+ nets, and, as they get dry, they will fall through the meshes, and
+ must be collected for use. The admission of air will be serviceable in
+ drying. The process will be completed in three weeks. When thus
+ prepared, the feathers need only be beaten to get rid of the dust.
+
+
+2725. To Clean White Ostrich Feathers.
+
+ Four ounces of white soap, cut small, dissolved in four pints of
+ water, rather hot, in a large basin; make the solution into a lather,
+ by beating it with birch rods, or wires. Introduce the feathers, and
+ rub well with the hands for five or six minutes. After this soaping,
+ wash in clean water, as hot as the hand can bear. Shake until dry.
+
+
+2726. Cleaning Straw Bonnets.
+
+ They may be washed with soap and water, rinsed in clear water, and
+ dried in the air. Then wash them over with white of egg well beaten,
+ Remove the wire before washing. Old straw bonnets may be picked to
+ pieces, and put together for children, the head parts being cut out.
+
+
+2727. To Bleach a Faded Dress.
+
+ Wash it well in hot suds, and boil it until the colour seems to be
+ gone, then wash, and rinse, and dry it in the sun; if still not quite
+ white, repeat the boiling.
+
+
+2728. Bleaching Straw Bonnets, &c.
+
+ Wash them in pure water, scrubbing them with a brush. Then put them
+ into a box in which has been set a saucer of burning sulphur. Cover
+ them up, so that the fumes may bleach them.
+
+
+2729. Clothes Balls.
+
+ Take some fullers' earth, dried till it crumbles to powder: moisten it
+ with the juice of lemon, add a small quantity of pearlash, work and
+ knead carefully together till it forms a thick paste; make into balls,
+ and dry them in the sun. Moisten the spot on clothes with water, then
+ rub it with the ball. Wash out the spot with pure water.
+
+
+ [O HEART! BUT TRY IT ONCE;--'TIS EASY TO BE...]
+
+
+2730. To Wash China Crêpe Scarves, &c.
+
+ If the fabric be good, these articles of dress can be washed as
+ frequently as may be required, and no diminution of their beauty will
+ be discoverable, even when the various shades of green have been
+ employed among other colours in the patterns. In cleaning them, make a
+ strong lather of boiling water; suffer it to cool; when cold or nearly
+ so, wash the scarf quickly and thoroughly, dip it immediately in cold
+ hard water in which a little salt has been thrown (to preserve the
+ colours), rinse, squeeze, and hang it out to dry in the open air; pin
+ it at its extreme edge to the line, so that it may not in any part be
+ folded together: the more rapidly it dries the clearer it will be.
+
+
+2731. To Wash a White Lace Veil.
+
+ Put the veil into a strong lather of white soap and very clear water,
+ and let it simmer slowly for a quarter of an hour; take it out and
+ squeeze it well, but be sure not to rub it: rinse it twice in cold
+ water, the second time with a drop or two of liquid blue. Have ready
+ some very clear weak gum arabic water, or some thin starch, or rice
+ water; pass the veil through it, and clear it by clapping; then
+ stretch it out evenly, and pin it to dry on a linen cloth, making the
+ edge as straight as possible, opening out all the scallops, and
+ fastening each with pins. When dry, lay a piece of thin muslin
+ smoothly over it, and iron it on the wrong side.
+
+
+2732. Blond Lace.
+
+ Blond lace may be revived by breathing upon it, and shaking and
+ flapping it. The use of the iron turns the lace yellow.
+
+
+2733. Washing Bed Furniture, &c.
+
+ Before putting into the water, see that you shake off as much dust as
+ possible, or you will greatly increase your labour. Use no soda, or
+ pearlash, or the articles will lose their colour. Use soft water, not
+ hot, but warm: have plenty of it. Rub with mottled soap. On wringing
+ out the second liquor, dip each piece into cold hard water for
+ finishing. Shake out well, and dry quickly. If starch is desired, it
+ may be stirred into the rinsing water.
+
+
+2734. Washing with Lime (1).
+
+ Half a pound of soap; half a pound of soda; quarter of a pound of
+ quick-lime. Cut up the soap and dissolve it in half a gallon of
+ boiling water; pour half a gallon of boiling water over the soda, and
+ enough boiling water over the quick-lime to cover it. The lime must
+ be quick and fresh; if quick, it will bubble up when the hot water is
+ poured over it. Prepare each of these in separate vessels; put the
+ dissolved lime and soda together, and boil them for twenty minutes;
+ then pour them into a jar to settle.
+
+
+2735. Washing with Lime (2).
+
+ After having made the Preparation, set aside the flannels and coloured
+ articles, as they _must not_ be washed in this way. They may be washed
+ in the usual way while the others are boiling. The night before, the
+ collars and wristbands of shirts, the feet of stockings, &c., should
+ be rubbed well with soap and set to soak. In the morning pour ten
+ gallons of water into the copper, and having strained the mixture of
+ lime and soda well, taking great care not to disturb the settlings,
+ put it, together with the soap, into the water, and make the whole
+ boil before putting in the clothes.
+
+ A plate should be placed at the bottom of the copper, to prevent the
+ clothes from burning. Boil each lot of clothes from half an hour to an
+ hour, then rinse them well in cold blue water. When dry they will be
+ beautifully white. The same water will do for three lots. Wash the
+ finer things first.
+
+
+2736. Washing. (_Supremacy of Soapsuds over Lime_).
+
+ To save your linen and your labour,--pour on half a pound of soda two
+ quarts of boiling water, in an earthenware pan; take half a pound of
+ soap, shred fine; put it into a saucepan with two quarts of cold
+ water; stand it on a fire till it boils; and when perfectly dissolved
+ and boiling, add it to the former. Mix it well, and let it stand till
+ cold, when it will have the appearance of a strong jelly. Let your
+ linen be soaked in water, the seams and any other soiled part rubbed
+ in the usual way, and remain till the following morning. Get your
+ copper ready, and add to the water about a pint basin full; when
+ _lukewarm_ put in your linen, and allow it to boil for twenty minutes.
+ Rinse it in the usual way, and that is all which is necessary to get
+ it clean, and to keep it in good colour. Housekeepers will find the
+ above receipt invaluable.
+
+
+ [...BUT TO APPEAR SO, WHAT A STRAIN AND MISERY!]
+
+
+2737. Hard Water.
+
+ When water is hard, and will not readily unite with soap, it will
+ always be proper to boil it before use; which will be found
+ sufficiently efficacious, if the hardness depends solely upon the
+ impregnation of lime. Even exposure to the atmosphere will produce
+ this effect in a great degree upon spring water so impregnated,
+ leaving it much fitter for lavatory purposes.
+
+ In both cases the water ought to be carefully poured off from the
+ sediment, as the neutralized lime, when freed from its extra quantity
+ of carbonic acid, falls to the bottom by its own gravity. To
+ economize the use of soap, put any quantity of pearlash into a large
+ jar, covered from the dust, in a few days the alkali will become
+ liquid, which must be diluted in double its quantity of soft water,
+ with an equal quantity of new-slacked lime. Boil it half an hour,
+ frequently stirring it; adding as much more hot water, and drawing off
+ the liquor, when the residuum may be boiled afresh, and drained, until
+ it ceases to feel acrid to the tongue.
+
+
+2738. Washing Machines.
+
+ Much labour in washing has been saved by the introduction of washing
+ machines, by which the toil of washing day, formerly so severe, has
+ been much abridged. Suitable machines for washing, wringing, and
+ mangling may be purchased at comparatively low prices of any of the
+ makers of what is termed "labour-saving machinery," such as Kent,
+ Bradford, Twelvetrees, &c. Preparations for softening water, and
+ facilitating the process, exist in the Extract of Soap, and the
+ various washing powders now to be purchased of most grocers and oil
+ and colourmen. Cold water soap, too, has achieved considerable
+ popularity, for by its use a lather can be quickly produced, even in
+ the hardest water.
+
+
+2739. Save Soap and Labour.
+
+ Soap and labour may he saved by dissolving alum and chalk in bran
+ water, in which the linen ought to be boiled, then well rinsed out,
+ and exposed to the usual process of bleaching.
+
+
+2740. Hardly Any Soap.
+
+ Soap may be dispensed with, or nearly so, in the getting up of muslins
+ and chintzes, which should always be treated agreeably to the Oriental
+ manner; that is, to wash them in plain water, and then boil them in
+ rice water; after which they ought not to be submitted to the
+ operation of the smoothing iron, but rubbed smooth with a polished
+ stone. This work, which is known as "calendering," is very heavy and
+ laborious, and is done by men.
+
+
+2741. Improvements.
+
+ The economy which must result from these processes renders their
+ consideration important to every family, in addition to which, we must
+ state that the improvements in philosophy extend to the laundry as
+ well as to the wash-house.
+
+
+2742. Gum Arabic Starch.
+
+ Procure two ounces of fine white gum arabic, and pound it to powder.
+ Next put it into a pitcher, and pour on it a pint or more of boiling
+ water, according to the degree of strength you desire, and then,
+ having covered it, let it set all night. In the morning, pour it
+ carefully from the dregs into a clean bottle, cork it, and keep it for
+ use. A tablespoonful of gum water stirred into a pint of starch that
+ has been made in the usual manner will give to lawns (either white or
+ printed) a look of newness to which nothing else can restore them
+ after washing. It is also good (much diluted) for the white muslin and
+ bobbinet.
+
+
+ [LIFE'S BUT A MEANS TO AN END...]
+
+
+2743. Mildew out of Linen.
+
+ Rub the linen well with, soap; then scrape some fine chalk, and rub it
+ also on the linen. Lay it on the grass. As it dries, wet it a little,
+ and the mildew will come out with a second application.
+
+
+2744. To Render Linen, &c., Incombustible.
+
+ All linen, cotton, muslins, &c., &c., when dipped in a solution of
+ tungstate of soda or common alum, will become incombustible.
+
+
+2745. Sweet Bags for Linen.
+
+ These may be composed of any mixtures of the following
+ articles:--flowers, dried and pounded; powdered cloves, mace, nutmeg,
+ cinnamon; leaves--dried and pounded--of mint, balm, dragon-wort,
+ southernwood, ground-ivy, laurel, hyssop, sweet marjoram, origanum,
+ rosemary; woods, such as cassia, juniper, rhodium, sandal-wood, and
+ rosewood; roots of angelica, zedoary, orris; all the fragrant
+ balsams--ambergris, musk, and civet. These latter should be carefully
+ used on linen.
+
+
+2746. Rings.
+
+ Rings which have stones in them should always be taken off the finger
+ when the hands are washed, or they will become discoloured.
+
+
+2747. Adulterations.
+
+ A series of papers were published in the _Lancet_ and elsewhere a few
+ years back on the subject of Adulteration. These brought about a
+ parliamentary inquiry; the inquiry ended in demonstrating that nearly
+ everything we ate and drank was adulterated--in many cases with
+ ingredients very prejudicial to human health. The result of the
+ inquiry was the passing of an Act of Parliament in 1875 for the
+ purpose of putting a stop to this wholesale adulteration by making it
+ a criminal offence. The Act is called the "Sale of Foods and Drugs
+ Act," and the following are the most important clauses it contains:
+
+ "No person shall mix, colour, stain, or powder any article of food
+ with any ingredient or material, so as to render the article
+ injurious to health, with the intent that the same may be sold in
+ that state, and no person shall sell such article under a penalty
+ not exceeding £50."
+
+ "No person shall sell to the prejudice of the purchaser any article
+ of food, or any drug which is not of the nature, substance, and
+ quality of the article demanded under a penalty not exceeding £20."
+
+ The Act also provides for the appointment of public analysts for
+ counties and boroughs. An Act passed in 1887 provides that all
+ substances or compounds made to imitate butter shall be sold as
+ _Margarine_, and all wrappers, &c., used in its sale must be plainly
+ marked. These Acts are intended for the protection of the public; but
+ we give below the names of a few of the chief articles of consumption
+ that are liable to be adulterated, and when possible how to detect the
+ adulteration, or the best mode of avoiding it.
+
+
+2748. Bread.
+
+ The chief adulteration of _bread_ is alum. This is added to give the
+ bread a pure white colour, which is supposed to be an advantage, thus
+ enabling the baker to use inferior or damaged flour. The presence of
+ alum can be detected by soaking a piece of the bread in an ammoniaca
+ tincture of logwood. If alum be present the bread will be turned
+ _blue_, whereas pure bread will remain _pink_. Recent investigations
+ have proved that the presence of alum is extremely injurious,
+ especially to children, affecting the coats of the stomach and
+ impairing the digestion.
+
+
+2749. Butter.
+
+ Butter is made heavy by water, being beaten up with it. Cheap samples
+ are sometimes adulterated with other fats and grease, which however
+ require an experienced analyst to detect.
+
+
+2750. Cayenne Pepper.
+
+ The cayenne of commerce is adulterated with brickdust, red wood dust,
+ cochineal, vermilion, and red lead. The last two are highly injurious.
+ These can be detected by any one possessing a good microscope. The
+ best way to avoid the impurities is to purchase the capsicums or
+ chilies, pounding them with a pestle and mortar, and rubbing through a
+ sieve, in small quantities as required. The pepper is far better
+ flavoured when fresh ground.
+
+
+ [...BEGINNING, MEAN AND END TO ALL THINGS--GOD.]
+
+
+2751. Chocolate and Cocoa.
+
+ Those who prefer the pure cocoa can obtain the "nibs," or more
+ properly "beans," and grind them. But many prefer the soluble cocoa,
+ which is simply cocoa modified by admixture with less stimulating
+ substances.
+
+
+2752. Coffee.
+
+ Coffee is adulterated with roasted beans, peas, and acorns; but
+ chiefly with chicory. Having your own mill, buy the roasted beans;
+ find out a respectable grocer, ascertain his roasting-days, _and
+ always buy from a fresh roast_. If you like the flavour of chicory,
+ purchase it separately, and add to taste. Chicory in small quantities
+ is not injurious, but you need not pay the coffee price for it. Grind
+ your coffee, and mix it with chicory for yourself.
+
+
+2753. Milk.
+
+ Milk is "adulterated" by skimming off part of the cream, also by the
+ addition of water.
+
+
+2754. Mustard.
+
+ Mustard is adulterated with flour and turmeric; as, however, mustard
+ is usually sold in tins it is easy to obtain it pure, as under the
+ Sale of Foods and Drugs Act, all that is mixed with flour and other
+ flavourings has to be labelled as such on the outside of the package.
+ Many prefer this mixture to the pure article.
+
+
+2755. Pepper.
+
+ Pepper is adulterated with inferior grain, husks of seeds, and even
+ dust of a variety of descriptions. Having your pepper-mill, purchase
+ the seed whole, and grind for yourself. You will then obtain the pure
+ article at a moderate cost.
+
+
+2756. Sausages.
+
+ The most offensive of all adulterations are found in these savoury
+ morsels. Horseflesh, diseased animals, and odds and ends of every
+ description appear in the tempting guise of "sausages." To escape this
+ evil, make your own sausages by the aid of the sausage machine, which
+ will enable you to add many savoury morsels to the attractions of your
+ table. The same machine may be used for _chopping vegetables_, which
+ it will do to such perfection that they will perfectly dissolve in
+ soups and stews, and afford most delicious made-dishes. And in this
+ you will soon save the cost of the machine.
+
+
+2757. Tea.
+
+ Tea is all examined now by the Customs' authorities before "duty" is
+ allowed to be paid upon it; it is, therefore, practically pure. This
+ was only done about a year ago.
+
+
+2758. Water.
+
+ This perhaps is more often adulterated than any other article of
+ consumption. As a rule the water supplied by the companies to the
+ large towns is exceedingly pure, that supplied by the London companies
+ being analysed every month by a government official; but the
+ adulteration chiefly rests with the consumer or householder, in not
+ keeping the cisterns clean, dust, soot, and even dead mice,
+ cockroaches, &c., being allowed to contaminate the water; also by
+ permitting the overflow pipe to be connected with the soil pipe, or
+ drain, whence the water absorbs poisonous gases. The overflow pipes
+ should in all cases be entirely disconnected with, all drains, and the
+ cisterns should, if possible have a cover. The cisterns should
+ invariably be cleaned out thoroughly at least every three months.
+
+ In places where the water is drawn from wells great care should be
+ taken that the well cannot be contaminated by any drain or cesspool
+ leaking into it. Many cases of serious illness, notably diphtheria,
+ have been traced to this cause. When there is the least reason to
+ doubt the purity of the well all the water for drinking purposes
+ should be boiled before using, and no time should be lost in having it
+ examined by an experienced analyst. All water that is used for
+ drinking should be first filtered through a _reliable_ filter. Small
+ glass filters for the table can now be obtained in every town for two
+ or three shillings.
+
+
+ [GOOD WARE MAKES A QUICK MARKET.]
+
+
+2759. Other Evils besides "Adulterations."
+
+ The butcher cannot adulterate the beef and the mutton, but he can send
+ home _short weight;_ and in casting up a bill, he can reckon the odd
+ ounces at one penny each, instead of one halfpenny; and the baker,
+ besides putting alum into the bread, to make it white and retain
+ water, can send home deficient weight; the same with the grocer, the
+ greengrocer, and the coal merchant; the publican can give short
+ measure, and froth up the porter to fill the jug and disguise the
+ shortness of quantity; and the draper can slip his scissors on the
+ wrong side of his finger, and make a yard contain only thirty-three
+ inches. We don't mean to say that they _do_ this, nor do we mean to
+ say that they _don't._ We argue, _that people ought to possess the
+ means of ascertaining who among shopkeepers are honest, and who are
+ not;_ then the just would meet with justice, and the unjust would
+ suffer for their own sins.
+
+
+2760. Nutritious Proportions.
+
+ Bread contains eighty nutritious parts in 100; meal, thirty-four in
+ 100; French beans, ninety-two in 100; common beans, eighty-nine in
+ 100; peas, ninety-three in 100; lentils, ninety-four in 100; cabbages
+ and turnips, the most aqueous of all the vegetables compared, produce
+ only eight pounds of solid matter in 100 pounds; carrots and spinach
+ produce fourteen in the same quantity; whilst 100 pounds of potatoes
+ contain twenty-five pounds of dry substance. From a general estimate
+ it results, that one pound of good bread is equal to two pounds and a
+ half or three pounds of potatoes; that seventy-five pounds of bread
+ and thirty of meat may be substituted for 300 pounds of potatoes. The
+ other substances bear the followed proportions: four parts of cabbage
+ to one of potatoes; three parts of turnips to one of potatoes; two
+ parts of carrots and spinach to one of potatoes; and about three parts
+ and a half of potatoes to one of rice, lentils, beans, French beans,
+ and dry peas.
+
+
+2761. Use of Fruit.
+
+ Instead of standing in any fear of a generous consumption of ripe
+ fruits, we regard them as conducive to health. We have no patience in
+ reading the endless rules to be observed in this particular department
+ of physical comfort. No one ever lived longer or freer from disease by
+ discarding the fruits of the land in which he finds a home. On the
+ contrary, they are necessary to the preservation of health, and are
+ therefore designed to make their appearance at the very time when the
+ condition of the body, operated upon by deteriorating causes not
+ always understood, requires their renovative influences.
+
+
+2762. Blackberries.
+
+ Blackberries are very beneficial in cases of dysentery. The berries
+ are healthful eating. Tea made of the roots and leaves is good; and
+ syrup made from the berries excellent.
+
+
+2763. Sloe Wine.
+
+ Sloe wine is useful in cases of diarrhoea, the astringent properties
+ of this fruit tending to counteract relaxation of the bowels. It is
+ made by steeping sloes in water, and letting them stand therein until
+ a thick coating of mildew is formed on the surface. This is removed,
+ and the liquor is then strained and bottled, and tightly corked down.
+ Not more than from half a wine-glassful to a wine-glassful should be
+ taken when required.
+
+
+2764. Early Milk.
+
+ "Morning's Milk," says an eminent German philosopher, "commonly
+ yields some hundredths more cream than the evening's at the same
+ temperature. That milked at noon furnishes the least; it would
+ therefore be of advantage, in making butter, &c., to employ the
+ morning's milk, and keep the evening's for domestic use."
+
+
+ [OF ALL SMELLS, BREAD; OF ALL TASTES, SALT.]
+
+
+2765. Lawn Tennis.
+
+ This fashionable and delightful game, suitable for both ladies and
+ gentlemen, is generally played on a lawn or grass-plat by two, three,
+ or four players, with balls and racquet bats. The object of the game
+ is to strike a ball over a net and keep it in play backwards and
+ forwards within certain limits. The court or ground may be of any size
+ consistent with the lawn, the base lines being marked out by chalk, or
+ tapes slightly pinned to the turf, which should be frequently mown and
+ rolled. The mode of play may be seen from the following leading rules,
+ which are now generally accepted by all players.
+
+
+2766. Rules of Lawn Tennis.
+
+ i. The _Court_, for a single-handed game, should be 78 ft. long and
+ 27 ft. wide, and for a double-handed game the same length, but 36
+ ft. wide, divided across the centre by a _net_ attached to two
+ upright posts. The net should be 3 ft. 6 in. high at the posts, and
+ 3 ft. at the centre. At each end of the court, parallel with the
+ net, are the _base lines_, whose extremities are connected by the
+ _side lines_. The _half-court line_ is halfway between the side
+ lines and parallel with them. The _service lines_ are 21 ft. from
+ the net and parallel with it.
+
+ ii. The _balls_ should be 2-1/2 in. in diameter and 2 oz. in weight.
+
+ iii. The players stand on opposite sides of the net. The player who
+ first delivers the ball is called the _server_, the other the
+ _striker-out_.
+
+ iv. At the end of each game the striker-out becomes server, and the
+ server striker-out.
+
+ v. The server stands with one foot beyond the base line, and
+ delivers the service from the right and left courts alternately.
+
+ vi. The balls served must, without touching the net, drop within the
+ court nearest to the net, diagonally opposite to that from which the
+ striker serves it.
+
+ vii. If the service be delivered from the wrong court it is a
+ _fault_. It is also a fault if the server does not stand in the
+ manner as stated above, or if the ball served drop in the net or
+ beyond the service line, or if it drop out of court, or go in the
+ wrong court.
+
+ viii. A fault must not be taken, that is, played back to the server.
+
+ ix. The striker-out may not _volley_ the service. Volleying is
+ striking the ball back before it has touched the ground.
+
+ x. The ball, having been returned, must be kept in play either by
+ volleying it, or striking it back after the first bounce. A ball
+ bouncing twice is out of play.
+
+ xi. If, in serving, the ball touch the net and go over into the
+ proper court, it counts to neither server nor striker-out.
+
+ xii. The server scores if the striker-out volley the service, or
+ fail to return the service in such a way that the ball would fall
+ within the opponents' court.
+
+ xiii. Two consecutive faults count a stroke against the server.
+
+ xiv. If the ball when in play touch either player it scores a stroke
+ for his opponent.
+
+ xv. The first stroke won by either player scores 15 to that player;
+ the second, won by the same player, raises his score to 30, his
+ third stroke to 40, and his fourth counts _game_. If, however, the
+ players have both scored 40, it is called _deuce_, and the next
+ stroke won by either is called _advantage_ to the winner of it, and
+ if he also win the following stroke he scorea _game_. Should he lose
+ it the score returns to _deuce_. The player winning two consecutive
+ strokes directly following a _deuce_ scores game.
+
+ xvi. Whichever player first scores six games is considered to win
+ the _set_.
+
+
+2767. Three--Handed and Four-Handed Lawn Tennis.
+
+ i. The laws as given above apply equally to these games. The
+ difference in the width of the court has been stated.
+
+ ii. In Four-handed Tennis the players deliver the service in turns:
+ thus supposing A and B are partners opposed to C and D; A serves in
+ the first game, C in the second, B serves in the third, and D in the
+ fourth, and so on.
+
+ iii. In Three-handed Tennis the single player serves in each
+ alternate game.
+
+ iv. No player may return a service that has been delivered to his
+ partner.
+
+
+2768. Badminton.
+
+ Badminton is a game similar to Lawn Tennis, but it is played with
+ shuttlecocks instead of balls, and over a higher net.
+
+
+ [THAT THOU MAYEST INJURE NO MAN, DOVE-LIKE BE.]
+
+
+2769. Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes.
+
+ INLAND BILL OF EXCHANGE, Draft, or Order for the payment to the
+ bearer, or to order, at any time, otherwise than on demand, of any sum
+ of money,
+
+ Duty.
+ £ s. d.
+ Not above..................... £5 | 0 0 1
+ above £5 and not above 10 | 0 0 2
+ " 10 " 25 | 0 0 3
+ " 25 " 50 | 0 0 6
+ " 50 " 75 | 0 0 9
+ " 75 " 100 | 0 1 0
+ " 100 " 200 | 0 2 0
+ " 200 " 300 | 0 3 0
+ " 300 " 400 | 0 4 0
+ " 400 " 500 | 0 5 0
+ " 500 " 600 | 0 6 0
+ " 600 " 700 | 0 7 0
+ " 700 " 800 | 0 8 0
+ " 800 " 900 | 0 9 0
+ " 900 " 1000 | 0 10 0
+
+ And for every additional £100 or fractional part of £100, 1s.
+
+
+2770. Percentages or Discounts.
+
+ Showing the Reduction per £ on Discounts allowed for Cash Purchases,
+ at Rates ranging from 1 to 50 per cent.
+
+ s. d. s. d. _
+ 0-1/2 p.c. is 0 1 per £ | 11 p.c. is 2 2-1/2 per £
+ 1 " 0 2-1/2 " | 12 " 2 5 "
+ 1-1/2 " 0 3-1/2 " | 12-1/2 " 2 6 "
+ 2 " 0 5 " | 13 " 2 7 "
+ 2-1/2 " 0 6 " | 14 " 2 9-1/2 "
+ 3 " 0 7 " | 15 " 3 0 "
+ 3-1/2 " 0 8-1/2 " | 17-1/2 " 3 6 "
+ 4 " 0 9-1/2 " | 20 " 4 0 "
+ 4-1/2 " 0 11 " | 22-1/2 " 4 6 "
+ 5 " 1 0 " | 25 " 5 0 "
+ 5-1/2 " 1 1 " | 27-1/2 " 5 6 "
+ 6 " 1 2-1/2 " | 30 " 6 0 "
+ 6-1/2 " 1 3-1/2 " | 32-1/2 " 6 6 "
+ 7 " 1 5 " | 35 " 7 0 "
+ 7-1/2 " 1 6 " | 37-1/2 " 7 6 "
+ 8 " 1 7 " | 40 " 8 0 "
+ 8-1/2 " 1 8-1/2 " | 42-1/2 " 8 6 "
+ 9 " 1 9-1/2 " | 45 " 9 0 "
+ 9-1/2 " 1 11 " | 47-1/2 " 10 6 "
+ 10 " 2 0 " | 50 " 10 0 "
+
+
+
+2771. A Table of the Number of Days, from any Day of any
+one Month to the same Day of any other Month.
+
+From Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
+
+To Jan. 365 334 306 275 245 214 184 153 122 92 61 31
+ Feb. 31 365 337 306 276 245 215 184 153 123 92 62
+ Mar. 59 28 365 334 304 273 243 212 181 151 120 90
+ Apr. 90 59 31 365 335 304 274 243 212 182 151 121
+ May 120 89 61 30 365 334 304 273 242 212 181 151
+ June 151 120 92 61 31 365 335 304 273 243 212 182
+ July 181 150 122 91 61 30 365 334 303 273 242 212
+ Aug. 212 181 153 122 92 61 31 365 334 304 273 243
+ Sep. 243 212 184 153 123 92 62 31 365 335 304 274
+ Oct. 273 242 214 183 153 122 92 61 30 365 334 304
+ Nov. 304 273 245 214 184 153 123 92 61 31 365 335
+ Dec. 334 303 275 244 214 183 153 122 91 61 30 365
+
+ USE OF THE ABOVE TABLE.
+
+ What is the number of days from 10th of October to 10th July? Look in
+ the upper line for October, let your eye descend down that column till
+ you come opposite to July, and you will find 273 days, the exact
+ number of days required. Again, what is the number of days from 16th
+ of February to 14th August?
+
+ Under February, and opposite to August, is 181 days
+ From which subtract the difference between 14 and 16 2 days
+ ____
+ The exact number of days required is 179 days
+
+ N.B.--In Leap Year, if the last day February comes between, add one
+ day for the day over to the number in the Table.
+
+
+ [...AND SERPENT-LIKE, THAT NONE MAY INJURE THEE.]
+
+
+2772. For Mistresses and Servants: Table of Expenses, Income and Wages.
+
+ _Showing at one view what any sum, from £1 to £1,000 per Annum, is per
+ Day, Week, or Month._
+
+
+ Per Year. Per Month. Per Week. Per Day.
+
+ £ s. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.
+
+ 1 is 1 8 0 4-1/2 0-3/4
+ 1 10 2 6 0 7 1
+ 2 0 3 4 0 9-1/4 1-1/4
+ 2 2 4 6 0 9-3/4 1-1/2
+ 2 0 5 2 0 11-1/2 1-3/4
+ 3 0 5 0 1 1-3/4 2
+ 3 3 5 3 1 2-1/2 2
+ 3 10 6 10 1 4-1/4 2-1/4
+ 4 0 6 8 1 6-1/2 2-3/4
+ 4 4 7 0 1 7-1/2 2-3/4
+ 4 10 7 6 1 8-3/4 3
+ 5 0 8 4 1 11 3-1/4
+ 5 5 8 9 2 0-1/4 3-1/2
+ 5 10 9 2 2 1-1/2 3-3/4
+ 6 0 10 0 2 3-3/4 4
+ 6 6 10 6 2 5 4-1/4
+ 6 10 10 10 2 6 4-1/4
+ 7 0 11 8 2 8-1/4 4-1/2
+ 7 7 12 3 2 10 4-3/4
+ 7 10 12 6 2 10-1/2 5
+ 8 0 13 4 3 1 5-1/4
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Per Year. Per Month. Per Week. Per Day.
+
+ £ s. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.
+
+ 8 8 14 0 3 2-3/4 0 5-1/4
+ 8 10 0 14 2 3 3-1/4 0 5-1/4
+ 9 0 0 15 0 3 5-1/2 0 6
+ 9 9 0 15 9 3 7-1/2 0 6-1/4
+ 10 0 0 16 8 3 10-1/4 0 6-1/2
+ 10 10 0 17 6 4 0-1/2 0 7
+ 11 0 0 18 4 4 3-3/4 0 7-1/4
+ 11 11 0 19 3 4 5-1/4 0 7-1/2
+ 12 0 1 0 0 4 7-1/2 0 8
+ 12 12 1 1 0 4 10-1/4 0 8-1/4
+ 13 0 1 1 8 5 0 0 8-1/2
+ 13 13 1 2 9 5 3 0 9
+ 14 0 1 3 4 5 4-1/2 0 9-1/4
+ 14 14 1 4 6 5 7-3/4 0 9-3/4
+ 15 0 1 5 0 5 9-1/4 0 9-3/4
+ 15 15 1 6 3 6 0-3/4 0 10-1/4
+ 16 0 1 6 8 6 1-3/4 0 10-1/2
+ 16 16 1 8 0 6 5-1/2 0 11
+ 17 0 1 8 4 6 6-1/2 0 11-1/4
+ 17 17 1 9 0 6 10-1/2 0 11-3/4
+ 18 0 1 10 0 6 11 0 11-3/4
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ Per Year. Per Month. Per Week. Per Day.
+
+ £ s. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.
+
+ 18 18 1 11 6 0 7 3-1/4 0 1 0-1/2
+ 19 0 1 11 8 0 7 3-3/4 0 1 0-1/2
+ 20 0 1 13 4 0 7 8-1/4 0 1 1-1/4
+ 25 0 2 1 8 0 9 7 0 1 4-1/2
+ 30 0 2 10 0 0 11 6-1/2 0 1 7-3/4
+ 40 0 3 6 8 0 15 4-1/2 0 2 2-1/4
+ 50 0 4 3 4 0 19 2-3/4 0 2 9
+ 60 0 5 0 0 1 3 1 0 3 3-1/2
+ 70 0 5 16 8 1 6 11 0 3 10
+ 80 0 6 13 4 1 10 9-1/4 0 4 4-1/2
+ 90 0 7 10 0 1 14 7-1/2 0 4 11-1/4
+ 100 0 8 6 8 1 18 5-1/2 0 5 5-3/4
+ 200 0 16 13 4 3 16 11 0 10 11-1/2
+ 300 0 25 0 0 5 15 4-1/2 0 16 5-1/4
+ 400 0 33 6 8 7 13 10-1/4 1 1 11
+ 500 0 41 18 4 9 12 3-3/4 1 7 4-3/4
+ 600 0 50 0 0 11 10 9-1/4 1 12 10-1/2
+ 700 0 58 6 8 13 9 2-3/4 1 18 4-1/4
+ 800 0 66 13 4 15 7 8-1/4 2 3 10
+ 900 0 75 0 0 17 6 1-3/4 2 9 3-3/4
+1000 0 83 6 8 19 4 7-1/4 2 14 9-1/2
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+2773. Interest Table for Savings, Investments, &c.
+
+ _Showing what any sum, from £1 to £500, will produce for a given
+ number of days, which may be, by simple addition, calculated at £5 per
+ cent._ for Months or Years, for sums up to £5,000 or any other amount.
+
+
+ 1 Day. 2 Days. 3 Days. 4 Days. 5 Days.
+
+ £ s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.
+
+ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/4
+ 3 0 0 0 0 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/4
+ 4 0 0 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/2 0 0-1/2
+ 5 0 0 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/2 0 0-3/4
+ 6 0 0 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/2 0 0-3/4 0 0-3/4
+ 7 0 0 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/2 0 0-3/4 0 1
+ 8 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/2 0 0-3/4 0 1 0 1-1/4
+ 9 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/2 0 0-3/4 0 1 0 1-1/2
+ 10 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/2 0 0-3/4 0 1-1/4 0 1-1/2
+ 20 0 0-1/2 0 1-1/4 0 1-3/4 0 2-1/2 0 3-1/4
+ 30 0 0-3/4 0 1-3/4 0 2-3/4 0 3-3/4 0 4-3/4
+ 40 0 1-1/4 0 2-1/4 0 3-3/4 0 5-1/4 0 6-1/2
+ 50 0 1-1/2 0 3-1/4 0 4-3/4 0 6-1/2 0 8
+ 60 0 1-3/4 0 3-3/4 0 5-3/4 0 7-3/4 0 9-3/4
+ 70 0 2-1/4 0 4-1/2 0 6-3/4 0 9 0 11-1/2
+ 80 0 2-1/2 0 5-1/4 0 7-3/4 0 10-1/2 1 1
+ 90 0 2-3/4 0 5-3/4 0 8-3/4 0 11-3/4 1 2-3/4
+100 0 3-1/4 0 6-1/2 0 9-3/4 1 1 1 4-1/4
+200 0 6-1/2 1 1 1 7-1/2 2 2-1/4 2 8-3/4
+300 0 9-3/4 1 7-1/2 2 5-1/2 3 3-1/4 4 1-1/4
+400 1 1 2 2-1/4 3 3-1/4 4 4-1/2 5 5-3/4
+500 1 4-1/4 2 8-3/4 4 1-1/4 5 5-3/4 6 10
+
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ 5 Days. 6 Days. 7 Days. 8 Days. 9 Days.
+
+ £ s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.
+
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0-1/4 0 0-1/4
+ 2 1 0-1/4 1 0-1/4 1 0-1/4 1 0-1/2 0 0-1/2
+ 3 1 0-1/4 1 0-1/2 1 0-1/2 1 0-3/4 0 0-3/4
+ 4 1 0-1/2 1 0-3/4 1 0-3/4 1 1 0 1
+ 5 1 0-3/4 1 0-3/4 1 1 1 1-1/4 0 1-1/4
+ 6 1 0-3/4 1 1 1 1-1/4 1 1-1/2 0 1-3/4
+ 7 1 1 1 1-1/4 1 1-1/2 1 1-3/4 0 2
+ 8 1 1-1/4 1 1-1/2 1 1-3/4 1 2 0 2-1/4
+ 9 1 1-1/2 1 1-3/4 1 2 1 2-1/4 0 2-1/2
+ 10 1 1-1/2 1 1-3/4 1 2-1/4 1 2-1/2 0 2-3/4
+ 20 1 3-1/4 1 3-3/4 1 4-1/2 1 5-1/4 0 5-3/4
+ 30 1 4-3/4 1 5-3/4 1 6-3/4 1 7-3/4 0 8-3/4
+ 40 1 6-1/2 1 7-3/4 1 9 1 10-1/2 0 11-3/4
+ 50 1 8 1 9-3/4 1 11-1/2 1 1 1 2-3/4
+ 60 1 9-3/4 1 11-3/4 1 1-3/4 1 3-3/4 1 5-3/4
+ 70 1 11-1/2 1 1-3/4 1 4 1 6-1/4 1 8-1/2
+ 80 1 1 1 3-3/4 1 6-1/4 1 9 1 11-1/2
+ 90 1 2-3/4 1 5-3/4 1 8-1/2 1 11-1/2 2 2-1/2
+100 1 4-1/4 1 7-1/2 1 11 2 2-1/4 2 5-1/2
+200 2 8-3/4 3 3-1/4 3 10 4 4-1/2 4 11
+300 4 1-1/4 4 11 5 9 6 6-3/4 7 4-3/4
+400 5 5-3/4 6 6-3/4 7 8 8 2 9 10-1/4
+500 6 10 8 2-1/2 9 7 10 11-1/2 12 3-3/4
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ 9 Days. 10 Days. 20 Days. 30 Days.
+_
+ £ s. d. s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.
+_
+ 1 0 0-1/4 0 0-1/4 0 0 0-1/2 0 0 0-3/4
+ 2 0 0-1/2 0 0-1/2 0 0 1-1/4 0 0 1-3/4
+ 3 0 0-3/4 0 0-3/4 0 0 1-3/4 0 0 2-3/4
+ 4 0 1 0 1-1/4 0 0 2-1/2 0 0 3-3/4
+ 5 0 1-1/4 0 1-1/2 0 0 3-1/4 0 0 4-3/4
+ 6 0 1-3/4 0 1-3/4 0 0 3-3/4 0 0 5-3/4
+ 7 0 2 0 2-1/4 0 0 4-1/2 0 0 6-3/4
+ 8 0 2-1/4 0 2-1/2 0 0 5-1/4 0 0 7-3/4
+ 9 0 2-1/2 0 2-3/4 0 0 5-3/4 0 0 8-3/4
+ 10 0 2-3/4 0 3-1/4 0 0 6-1/2 0 0 9-1/4
+ 20 0 5-3/4 0 6-1/2 0 1 1 0 1 7-1/2
+ 30 0 8-3/4 0 9-3/4 0 1 7-1/2 0 2 5-1/2
+ 40 0 11-3/4 1 1 0 2 2-1/4 0 3 3-1/4
+ 50 1 2-3/4 1 4-1/4 0 2 8-3/4 0 4 1-1/4
+ 60 1 5-3/4 1 7-1/2 0 3 8-1/4 0 4 11
+ 70 1 8-1/2 1 11 0 3 10 0 5 9
+ 80 1 11-1/2 2 2-1/4 0 4 4-1/2 0 6 9-3/4
+ 90 2 2-1/2 2 5-1/2 0 4 11 0 7 4-3/4
+100 2 5-1/2 2 8-3/4 0 5 5-3/4 0 8 2-1/2
+200 4 11 5 5-3/4 0 10 11-1/2 0 16 5-1/4
+300 7 4-3/4 8 2-1/2 0 16 5-1/4 1 4 7-3/4
+400 9 10-1/4 10 11-1/2 1 1 11 1 12 10-1/2
+500 12 3-3/4 13 8-1/4 1 7 4-3/4 2 1 1
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+ [THE GROAT IS ILL SAVED WHICH SHAMES ITS MASTER.]
+
+
+2774. Interest Table for One Year.
+
+ _By this Table unlimited calculations may made. Thus, to find interest
+ on £1,250 per annum, add sums given for £1,000, £200, and £50. 2 per
+ cent, is found by taking half of 4 p.c; 8 p.c., by doubling 4 p.c.;
+ 7-1/2 p.c., by adding 5 to 2-1/2 p.c., and so on._
+
+
+Principal. 2-1/2 P.C. 3 P.C. 3-1/2 P.C. 4 P.C. 5 P.C.
+ £ £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s.
+ 1 0 0 6 0 0 7-1/4 0 0 8-1/2 0 0 9-1/2 0 1
+ 2 0 1 0 0 1 2-1/2 0 1 4-3/4 0 1 7-1/4 0 2
+ 3 0 1 6 0 1 9-1/2 0 2 1-1/4 0 2 4-3/4 0 3
+ 4 0 2 0 0 2 4-3/4 0 2 9-1/2 0 3 2-1/2 0 4
+ 5 0 2 6 0 3 0 0 3 6 0 4 0 0 5
+ 6 0 3 0 0 3 7-1/4 0 4 2-1/2 0 4 9-1/2 0 6
+ 7 0 3 6 0 4 2-1/2 0 4 10-3/4 0 5 7-1/2 0 7
+ 8 0 4 0 0 4 9-1/2 0 5 7-1/4 0 6 4-3/4 0 8
+ 9 0 4 6 0 5 4-3/4 0 6 3-1/2 0 7 2-1/2 0 9
+ 10 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0 10
+ 20 0 10 0 0 12 0 0 14 0 0 16 0 1 0
+ 30 0 15 0 0 18 0 1 1 0 1 4 0 1 10
+ 40 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 8 0 1 12 0 2 0
+ 50 1 5 0 1 10 0 1 15 0 2 0 0 2 10
+ 60 1 10 0 1 16 0 2 2 0 2 8 0 3 0
+ 70 1 15 0 2 2 0 2 9 0 2 16 0 3 10
+ 80 2 0 0 2 8 0 2 16 0 3 4 0 4 0
+ 90 2 5 0 2 14 0 3 3 0 3 12 0 4 10
+ 100 2 10 0 3 0 0 3 10 0 4 0 0 5 0
+ 200 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0 8 0 0 10 0
+ 300 7 10 0 9 0 0 10 10 0 12 0 0 15 0
+ 400 10 0 0 12 0 0 14 0 0 16 0 0 20 0
+ 500 12 10 0 15 0 0 17 10 0 20 0 0 25 0
+ 600 15 0 0 18 0 0 21 0 0 24 0 0 30 0
+ 700 17 10 0 21 0 0 24 10 0 28 0 0 35 0
+ 800 20 0 0 24 0 0 28 0 0 32 0 0 40 0
+ 900 22 10 0 27 0 0 31 10 0 36 0 0 45 0
+ 1000 25 0 0 30 0 0 35 0 0 40 0 0 50 0
+
+
+
+2775. Ready-Reckoning or Marketing Table.
+
+
+No. 2d. 2-1/2d. 3d. 3-1/2d. 4d. 4-1/2d. 5d. 5-1/2d. 6d. 6-1/2d.
+ s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.
+ 2 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0 11 1 0 1 1
+ 3 0 6 0 7.5 0 9 0 10.5 1 0 1 1.5 1 3 1 4.5 1 6 1 7.5
+ 4 0 8 0 10 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 9 1 10 2 0 2 2
+ 5 0 10 1 0.5 1 3 1 5.5 1 8 1 10.5 2 1 2 3.5 2 6 2 8.5
+ 6 1 0 1 3 1 6 1 9 2 0 2 3 2 6 2 9 3 0 3 3
+ 7 1 2 1 5.5 1 9 2 0.5 2 4 2 7.5 2 11 3 2.5 3 6 3 9.5
+ 8 1 4 1 8 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 0 3 4 3 8 4 0 4 4
+ 9 1 6 1 10.5 2 3 2 7.5 3 0 3 4.5 3 9 4 1.5 4 6 4 10.5
+10 1 8 2 1 2 6 2 11 3 4 3 9 4 2 4 7 5 0 5 5
+11 1 10 2 3.5 2 9 3 2.5 3 8 4 1.5 4 7 5 0.5 5 6 5 11.5
+12 2 0 2 6 3 0 3 6 4 0 4 6 5 0 5 6 6 0 6 6
+13 2 2 2 8.5 3 3 3 9.5 4 4 4 10.5 5 5 5 11.5 6 6 7 0.5
+14 2 4 2 11 3 6 4 1 4 8 5 3 5 10 6 5 7 0 7 7
+28 4 8 5 10 7 0 8 2 9 4 10 6 11 8 12 10 14 0 15 2
+56 9 4 11 8 14 0 16 4 18 8 21 0 23 4 25 8 28 0 30 4
+
+No. 7d. 7-1/2d. 8d. 8-1/2d. 9d. 9-1/2d. 10d. 10-1/2d. 11d. 11-1/2d.
+ s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d.
+ 2 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 11
+ 3 1 9 1 10.5 2 0 2 1.5 2 3 2 4.5 2 6 2 7.5 2 9 2 10.5
+ 4 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 10 3 0 3 4 3 4 3 6 3 8 3 10
+ 5 2 11 3 1.5 3 4 3 6.5 3 9 3 11.5 4 2 4 4.5 4 7 4 9.5
+ 6 3 6 3 9 4 0 4 3 4 6 4 9 5 0 5 3 5 6 5 9
+ 7 4 1 4 4.5 4 8 4 11.5 5 3 5 6.5 5 10 6 1.5 6 5 6 8.5
+ 8 4 8 5 0 5 4 5 8 6 0 6 4 6 8 7 0 7 4 7 8
+ 9 5 3 5 7.5 6 0 6 4.5 6 9 7 1.5 7 6 7 10.5 8 3 8 7.5
+10 5 10 6 3 6 8 7 1 7 6 7 11 8 4 8 9 9 2 9 7
+11 6 5 6 10.5 7 4 7 9.5 8 3 8 8.5 9 2 7 7.5 10 1 10 6.5
+12 7 0 7 6 8 0 8 6 9 0 9 6 10 0 10 6 11 0 11 6
+13 7 7 8 1.5 8 8 9 2.5 9 9 10 3.5 10 10 11 4.5 11 11 12 5.5
+14 8 2 8 9 9 4 9 11 10 6 11 1 11 8 12 3 12 10 13 5
+28 16 4 17 6 18 8 19 10 21 0 22 2 23 4 24 6 25 8 26 10
+56 32 8 35 0 37 4 39 8 42 0 44 4 46 8 49 0 51 4 53 8
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF ENQUIRIES
+
+
+The Numbers in this Index refer to the Paragraphs, NOT to the Pages.
+
+
+ No.
+
+Ablutions, Frequent, Salutary Effects of 1735
+
+Absorbents, Medical Properties of 852
+
+Accent,
+ Definition of 182
+ Differences of 186
+ Varieties of 183, 184
+ Words Influenced by 189
+
+Accidents,
+ Cautions for Prevention of 1368
+ How to Act in Cases of 1316
+ Carriage 1369
+
+Accounts, Regularity of Paying 469
+
+Acetate,
+ of Ammonium Solution, Uses of 757
+ of Lead with Opium Lotion 538
+ of Potassa, Properties and Uses of 752
+ of Zinc Eye-wash 481
+
+Acids, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1352
+
+Acidulated Gargle 520
+
+Acrostics 47
+ Double 48
+ Triple 49
+
+Acted Charades 53
+
+Acute Diseases, Prescriptions for 651 (vii)
+
+Address at Head of Letter 227
+
+Addresses
+ of Letters 225, 226, 236, 1375
+ of Petitions 246
+
+Addressing
+ Ambassadors, etc 245
+ Clergymen 241
+ Judges 242
+ Members of Parliament 240 (x), 246
+ Municipal Officers 244
+ Nobility and Gentry 240
+ Officers of Army and Navy 243
+ Officers of State 240 (x)
+ Persons of Rank 237
+ Royal Family 238, 239
+ Several Letters at Same Time 236 (i)
+ Unmarried Ladies 236 (v)
+
+Adhesive Plaster, to Prepare 806
+
+Adjective, Misuse of 164
+
+Adulterations,
+ Evils besides 2759
+ Various 2747-2760
+
+Advice
+ of Medical Man desirable in Illness 590
+ to Young Ladies 2186
+
+Affectation, Avoidance of 1993
+
+Agreeable, Art of Being 1981
+
+Agreement
+ between Employers and Employed, Mutuality of 1447
+ between Employers and Employed, Terms of 1446
+ for Furnished House or Apartments 1521
+ for House on Annual Tenancy 1485
+ for House on Three Years' Tenancy 1489
+ Stamped, between Landlord and Tenant 1531, 1532
+ When Necessary to Stamp 1445
+
+Ague, Remedy for 622
+
+Ailments, Treatment of by Homoeopathy 930
+
+Air, Pure, what Composed of 910
+
+Alabaster,
+ to Clean 388
+ to Stain 1414
+
+Alamode Beef or Veal 1159
+
+Alcohol, Nature and Uses of 693
+
+Ale,
+ to Brew 2268
+ Amber, to Brew, 2269
+ Burton, to Brew 2270
+ Edinburgh, to Brew 2271
+
+Alkalies, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1357
+
+All-Fours,
+ Game of 91-94
+ Laws of 92
+ Maxims for 94
+ Terms Used in 93
+
+Allopathic Treatment, Method of 928
+Allopathy, Principle of 927
+
+Allspice, Tincture of 2207
+
+Almond
+ Confection 487
+ Custards 2122
+ Flavour 2136
+ Icing for Wedding Cake 1955
+ Paste 2140
+ Pudding 1284
+ Sauce for 1285
+ Sponge Cake 2110
+Almonds,
+ to Blanch 2141
+ to Pound 2140
+
+Aloes, Properties and Uses of 743
+
+Alpaca Wool 1884
+
+Alteratives, Medical Properties of 853
+
+Alternations, Sudden, of Heat and Cold Prejudicial to Health 923
+
+Alum
+ Confection 488
+ Eye-wash 477
+ Gargle 524
+ Poultice 809
+ Whey 2304
+
+Ambassadors, to Address 245
+
+Amber Ale, to Brew 2269
+
+American
+ "Spider" 1073
+ Tooth-powder 1690
+
+Ammonia 702
+ Bicarbonate of 703
+ Sesquicarbonate of 704
+Ammoniacum, Properties and Uses of 762
+Ammoniated Embrocation (Compound) 505
+ Strong 504
+
+Anagrams, Specimens of 50
+
+Analeptics, Properties of 854
+
+Anchovies, British, to Prepare 1675
+Anchovy
+ Butter 2221
+ Sandwiches 1201
+ Toast 1202
+
+Andalusian Wool 1877
+
+Anglo-Japanese Work 2506
+
+Angola Wool 1882
+
+Angostura Bark 719
+
+Animals, to Stuff 2339
+
+Annealing Glass 424
+
+Anodyne Liniment 503
+Anodynes, Properties of 855
+
+Antacids,
+ Nature of 773
+ Properties of 856
+
+Antalkalies,
+ Nature of 775
+ Properties of 857
+
+Anthelmintics 579-580
+ Nature of 783
+ Properties of 858
+
+Antibilious Medicines, Properties of 859
+
+Anti-Diarrhoeal Powders 573
+
+Antimonial Powder, Properties and Uses of 759
+Antimony,
+ Poisoning by, Treatment for 1348
+ Properties and Uses of 758
+
+Antipertussal Powders 575
+
+Antirheumatics, Properties of 860
+
+Antiscorbutics, Properties of 861
+
+Antiseptic,
+ Borax as an 2311
+ Charcoal as an 1775
+Antiseptics, Properties of 862
+
+Antispasmodic
+ Electuary 497
+ Mixture 562
+ Powders 574
+Antispasmodics,
+ Nature and Uses of 701
+ Properties of 863
+
+Ants, to Destroy 2473
+
+Anxiety, Effects of 920
+
+Apartments,
+ Brokers Entering 1508
+ Landlord Using Lodgers 1516
+
+Aperient,
+ Alterative, for Children 651 (6)
+ Gingerbread for Children 2462
+ in Acute Diseases 651 (7)
+ Infant's 657
+ Medicines 652-658
+ Pills 651 (3, 22, 24), 654
+ Tonic 656
+Aperients,
+ Medical Properties of 864
+ Spring 653
+
+Aphides, to Destroy 283
+
+Apoplexy,
+ Prescription for 651 (1)
+ Remedy for 591
+ Treatment of 1337
+
+Apostrophe, Definition of 208
+
+Apparatus to keep Bedclothes from Leg, &c 835
+
+Apparel, Frequent Change of, Necessary 1718-1720
+
+Appetite, How Lost and Regained 1763
+
+Apple
+ Bread, to Make 1020
+ Cake, for Children 2084
+ Pie 1246
+ Puddings 1269-1270
+ Sauce 2225
+ Sauce, why Eaten with Pork and Goose 1791
+ Tart, Cold, to Re-dress 1298
+ Water 2307
+Apples,
+ Dried 1633
+ for Children 474 (xxviii)
+ in Syrup 1313, 2139
+ to Store 1632
+ with Custard 1312
+
+Appraisement 1525
+
+Apprentice Indentures 1453
+
+Apricot
+ Jam 2135
+ Jelly 2128
+Apricots,
+ Dried 1635
+ Stewed in Syrup 1314
+
+April,
+ Flowers for 256
+ Food in Season in 34
+
+Arithmorems 51
+
+Arnica for Bites 2433
+
+Aromatic Mixture 557
+Aromatics, Properties of 865
+
+Arrack, Imitation 2279
+
+Arrasene 1893
+
+Arrowroot
+ Blancmange 2123
+ Jelly 2130
+ Properties and Uses of 793
+
+Arsenic, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1345
+
+Art of being Agreeable 1981
+
+Artichokes,
+ to Cook 1125
+ to Pickle 1667, 1668
+
+Articles of Food, Choice of 1
+
+Artificial
+ Manners 1982
+ Mushroom Beds 275
+
+Arts of Writing and Conversation, Common Idea of 221
+
+Asiatic Cholera 937 (ii)
+
+Asparagus
+ Soup 1214
+ to Cook 1124
+
+Assafoetida
+ Enema 518
+ Uses of 705
+
+Asterisk, Definition of 213
+
+Asthma,
+ Homeopathic Medicines for 931
+ Remedy for 2398
+ Symptoms of 931
+
+Astringent
+ Gargle 521
+ Pills 554
+Astringents,
+ Nature and Uses of 720
+ Properties of 866
+
+Athol Brose 2283
+
+Atmosphere, Pure, near Dwellings, Essential 915
+
+Attenuants, Properties of 867
+
+August,
+ Flowers for 264
+ Food in Season in 38
+
+Auxerre, Tapestry of 1921
+
+
+
+
+B
+
+Backgammom, Game of 136
+
+Bacon,
+ to Boil 1198
+ to Choose 17
+ to Cure 1652
+ to Economise 1227
+ Minced, with Fried Eggs 1262
+ Rashers of, Relisching 1200
+ Slices of, to Dress 1199
+
+Badminton 2768
+
+Bagatelle 2577
+ French Game 2579
+ Old Canon Game 2580
+ Rules of 2578
+
+Baking Powders 1011, 1012
+Baking, Rationale of 1082
+
+Baldness,
+ Erasmus Wilson's Lotion for 1700
+ Lotion for 2421
+ Pomade for 1699
+ Remedy for 2420
+
+Balls, Etiquette of 1937
+
+Balsamics, Properties of 868
+
+Banbury Cakes 2113
+ Meat for 2114
+
+Bandage,
+ Cord 831
+ Cravat 830
+ for the Belly 821
+ for the Chest 820
+ for the Foot 824
+ for the Hand 822
+ for the Head 823
+ for Inflamed Breast 833
+ for the Leg and Foot 825
+ Handkerchiefs as Substitute for 827
+ Long Square 829
+ Oblique 817
+ Recurrent 819
+ Single-Headed 814
+ Sling 834
+ Spiral 818
+ Two or more Handkerchiefs 832
+Bandages,
+ Best Substitutes for 826
+ Circular 815
+ Ends of, to Confine 816
+ Surgical, Employment of 811
+ Triangular Handkerchief 828
+ Various 812, 813
+
+Bandoline, Recipes for 1701
+
+Bankruptcy
+ Acts of Bankruptcy 1537
+ Adjudication when Composition not Accepted 1546
+ Arrest, Powers of 1560
+ Bankrupt to render every assistance 1549
+ Maintenance Allowance of 1554
+ Closing Bankruptcy 1556
+ Committee of Inspection 1548
+ Composition or Arrangement 1544
+ Default of Payment under 1545
+ Debtor, Duties of 1542
+ Debtors, all kinds of, subject to Laws of Bankruptcy 1535
+ Discharge, Order of 1557
+ Dividend Final 1555
+ Fraud, in Cases of 1558
+ Landlord, Power of, to Distrain 1553
+ Liquidation by Private Arrangement 1535
+ Official Receiver 1540
+ Petition, all Proceedings to commence with 1536
+ Conditions of Presentment 1539
+ Priority of certain Debts 1552
+ Public Examination 1548
+ Receiving Order 1538
+ Settlement on Wife or Children 1559
+ Trustee, Appointment of 1547
+ Duties of 1550-51
+
+Banns of Marriage 1941
+
+Banting's Hints on Corpulence 1768
+
+Baptism, Ceremony of 1958
+Baptismal Name, Change of, after Registration 1960
+
+Bark
+ Angostura 719
+ Nature and Uses of 708
+ Oak, Nature and uses of 723
+
+Barley
+ Broth (Scotch) 1205
+ Pudding 1281
+ Water 2305
+
+Barometer,
+ Chemical 969
+ Hints on 973-983
+ Leech 968
+ When highest, and why 980, 981
+ When lowest, and why 982, 983
+ Why called "Weather Glass" 975
+ Why Hand on Dial changes Position 976
+ Why Pressure of Atmosphere Denoted by 974
+ Why Tapping Face of, causes Hands to Move 977
+
+Baryta, Poisoning by, Treatment of 1358
+
+Bastings for Roast Meats, &c. 1084
+
+Bath Buns 2115
+
+Bath,
+ to Fit up 1715, 1716
+ Vapour 2451, 2452
+Bathing,
+ Cramp in 2412
+ Healthy Effects of 1714
+ Hands and Feet at Night 1737
+ Necessary Precautions in 1409
+
+Batter,
+ French 1291
+ Pudding 1276, 1277
+
+Beads, Use of, in Canvas Work 1919
+
+Beans, French, to Cook 1122
+
+Bed,
+ Feather, to Cleanse 474 (xxi)
+ Furniture, to Wash 2733
+ To Ascertain if Aired 339
+Bedclothes, Management of 2450
+Bed-curtains
+ On Fire 1382
+ Unhealthiness of 468
+Bedrooms
+ for Children 2064, 2069
+ Ventilation of 2448
+Beds for the Poor, How to Make 329
+
+Beef,
+ Aitchbone, Economy of 29 (iii)
+ Aitchbone, to Boil 1151
+ ˆ la mode 1159
+ Bones, Grilled 1156
+ Brisket, Economy of 29 (ii)
+ Brisket of, to Bake 1153
+ Brisket of, to Carve 2655
+ Brisket of, to Stew 1152
+ Broth 1208
+ Bubble and Squeak 1141
+ Curried (Madras Fashion) 1170
+ Extract (Liebig's Method) 1220
+ Fore-quarter, Joints of 28 (i)
+ Fresh to Stew 1135
+ Glaze, to Prepare 1211
+ Gravy Sauce 2228
+ Hashed 1161
+ Leg and Shin, Economy of 29 (vi)
+ Hind-quarter, Joints of 28 (i)
+ Hints on Choosing 12
+ Lobscous 1142
+ Loss of in Roasting and Boiling 1067, 1079
+ Minced 1139
+ Potted 1221
+ Ribs, Boned and Rolled, to Roast 1038
+ Ribs, Economy of 29 (viii)
+ Ribs of, to Carve 2653
+ Ribs of, to Roast 1037
+ Rissoles 1143
+ Round, to Carve 2654
+ Round of, Economy of 29 (i)
+ Rump, Economy of 29 (iv)
+ Rump of, to Carve 2652
+ Rump Steak, and Onion Sauce 1158
+ Salted, Plain Boiled 1136
+ Salted, Round of, to Boil 1150
+ Salted, Stewed with Pork 1131
+ Sausages 1260
+ Shin, Economy of 29 (vi)
+ Silver side of 29 (i)
+ Sirloin, to Carve 2652
+ Sirloin, Economy of 29 (viii)
+ Soup, French 1134
+ Top side of Round 29 (i)
+ Various Joints of, Described 28
+ Veiny Piece, Economy of 29 (v)
+ When in Season 28 (i)
+ With Mashed Potatoes 1140
+Beef-tea, to Prepare 1209
+
+Bee-sting, Cure for 2430, 2431
+
+Beer Poultice 809
+
+Beetles,
+ To Exterminate 2470
+ To Keep from Clothes 429
+
+Beetroot, to Pickle 1666
+
+Behaviour, Hint on 2012
+
+Bellows, How to Use 987, 988
+
+Belvidere Cakes 2116
+
+Berlin or German Wool 1873
+
+Beverage for Hot Weather 2455
+
+Bezique,
+ Game of 122-129
+ Terms Used in 124
+
+Bicarbonate of Ammonia, Nature and Uses 703
+
+Bile, Remedy for 592
+Bilious or English Cholera 625, 937
+
+Bill of Fare for Large Dinner Parties 2619
+
+Billiards, Games at 2582-2590
+
+Bills of Exchange, &c., Stamps for 2769
+
+Bills of Sale 1610-1618
+ Execution of, in presence of Solicitor 1618
+ Registration of 1615
+ Renewal of 1616
+ Voidance of 1617
+ What Term includes 1611
+
+Birdcages, to drive away Insects from 2165
+
+Birdlime, to Prepare 2505
+
+Birds,
+ Eggs of, to Preserve, for Cabinets 2341
+ to Keep from Fruit-buds 285
+ to Stuff 2339, 2340
+ Why are some limbs of more Tender than Others 1795
+
+Birth, Registration of 1959-1962
+
+Biscuits,
+ Excellent 2105
+ Ginger 2119
+ Pic-nic 2118
+ Sugar 2120
+ Wine 2106
+
+Bismuth, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1351
+
+Bites,
+ Arnica for 2433
+ of Insects 2422
+ of Mad Animals 1366
+ of Reptiles 1365
+
+Biting the Finger Nails 2394
+
+Black
+ Cloth Clothes, to Clean 2722
+ Cloth, Reviver for 472
+ Draught 655
+ Lace, to Revive 2319
+ Paper Patterns 2508
+ Pepper Confection 490
+ Pool (Billiards) 2588
+ Pudding 1192
+ Wash Lotion 537
+
+Blackberries, Properties of 2762
+Blackberry
+ Jam 2087
+ Pudding or Pie 2088
+ Wine 2277
+
+Blackbirds, Care of 2155, 2156
+
+Blacking,
+ Best Kind of, for Boots and Shoes 2244
+ for Leather Seats 471
+ Liquid 2242
+ Paste 2243
+ for Stoves, to Make 396
+ to Make 2241
+
+Bladder, Inflammation of, Remedy for 612
+
+Blancmange, Arrowroot 2123
+
+Bleeding,
+ how Performed 839
+ from the Nose, to Stop 1328, 2393
+
+Blistered Feet, Remedy for 2424
+
+Blond Lace, to Revive 2732
+Blonde Complexion, Why Favoured by Green 1803
+
+Blood,
+ Influence of the Weather on the 1760
+ Process of Thinning 2454
+
+Blotched Face, Wash for 2439
+
+Bluestone, Properties and Uses of 779
+
+Blue Veils,
+ Why do they Preserve the Complexion 1807
+ Why Unsuitable to Brunettes 1806
+
+Boards
+ to Remove Ink Stains from 406
+ to Scour 399
+
+Body Lighter than Water 1400, 1401
+
+Boiling,
+ Effects of, on Meat 1077
+ Loss Resulting from 1078, 1079
+ Meat, Length of Time Required 1069
+ Meats, &c., Time Required for 1071
+ Rationale of 1068
+
+Boils, Treatment of 2425
+
+Bologna Sausages 1185
+
+Bone,
+ to Stain 1415-1421
+ in Throat, How to Act 1332
+
+Bonnets,
+ to Dye 2718
+ to Preserve 462
+ Straw, to Bleach 2728
+ Straw, to Clean 2726
+
+Books,
+ Grease Spots from, to Extract 435
+ Stains from, to Extract 436
+
+Boot Tops,
+ to Clean 2248
+ Liquid for 2249
+Boots,
+ French Polish for 2238
+ to Clean 2240
+ Waterproofing for 2245, 2246
+
+Borax, and its Uses 2310-2323
+
+Borrowed Money, Repayment of, by Minor 1603
+
+Boss, or the Fifteen Puzzle 2591
+
+Boston Apple Pudding 1270
+
+Botanical Specimens, to Preserve 2336
+
+Botany Bay Wood, Imitation of 1432
+
+Bottles,
+ to Clean 392
+ Glass Stoppers of, to Remove 357
+
+Bottling Liquors 354
+
+Boulettes of Lint 802
+Bourdounet of Lint 802
+
+Bowels,
+ Inflammation of, Remedy for 613
+ Looseness of, Remedy for 625
+
+Braids,
+ Gold and Silver 1897
+ Varieties of 1894
+
+Brain,
+ Compression of, Treatment of 1331
+ Inflammation of, Remedy for 614
+ Water on, Treatment for 647
+
+Brandy Peaches 1637
+
+Brass Kettles, to Clean 455
+
+Ornaments, to Clean 371-373, 411-413
+
+Breach of Promise of Marriage 1561-1566
+
+Bread,
+ Adulterated, to Detect 2748
+ Apple, to Make 1020
+ Baking and Egg Powders in 1011, 1012
+ Cheap and Excellent, to Make 1013
+ Cheap and Pure 1006
+ for Children 2035
+ for Dinner, to Cut 2621
+ Economical and Nourishing, to Make 1014
+ Economy of 448
+ French, to Make 1022
+ German Yeast, to Make with 1009
+ Home-made 1007
+ Home-made, to Increase 1015
+ of Indian Corn Flour and Wheat 1008
+ Nutritious Properties of 2760
+ Potatoes in 1017
+ Pudding 1271, 1274
+ Pulled, to Make 1021
+ Rice, to Make 1019
+ Rye and Wheat Flour, to Make 1016
+ Unfermented 1010
+ Use of Lime Water in 1018
+
+Breakage by a Servant, Law Respecting 1450
+
+Breakfast, Late at 474 (iii)
+
+Breath,
+ Offensive, Remedy for 2405
+ Tainted by Onions, Remedy for 2406
+
+Brewing, Hints on 2267
+
+Brewis, to Make 449
+
+Brill, to Carve 2638
+
+Brimstone, Flour of 658
+
+Britannia Metal, to Clean 413
+
+Brocoli, to Pickle 1664
+
+Broderie Anglaise 1865
+
+Brogue,
+ Irish 193
+ Provincial 195
+ Scottish 194
+
+Broiling, Rationale of 1081
+
+Broken Leg, Splints for 836
+
+Brokers, Appraisement by 1525
+
+Bronchitis,
+ Homeopathic Medicines for 933
+ Symptoms of 933
+
+Bronzed Chandeliers, &c., to Clean 410
+
+Brose,
+ Athol 2283
+ Scotch 1204
+
+Broth,
+ Barley (Scotch) 1205
+ Beef 1208
+ of Boiled Meats for Soup 1074-1076
+ for Infants 2073
+
+Brown
+ Gravy 1225
+ Stock 1223, 1224
+
+Bruises,
+ Homeopathic Treatment of 934
+ Hot Water for 2453
+ Remedy for 2422
+
+Brunettes, Why Blue Unsuitable to 1806
+
+Brunswick Black 395
+
+Bubble and Squeak 1141
+
+Buckthorn, Uses of 742
+
+Bugs, to Destroy 2476, 2477
+
+Bullfinches, Care of 2160
+
+Bunions, Remedy for 2426
+
+Buns,
+ Bath 2115
+ Lemon 2103
+
+Burgundy Pitch, Properties and Uses of 768
+
+Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid, Uses of 781, 1779
+
+Burns,
+ Cure for 2434-2436
+ Treatment of 1317, 1318
+
+Burton Ale, to Brew 2270
+
+Business,
+ Best Articles for, in New Neighbourhoods 2605
+ Hints for Entering upon 2598, 2609
+ Man, Habits of 2597
+
+Butcher's Meat, to Purchase 474 (xvi)
+
+Butter,
+ Adulteration of 2749
+ Bad, to Remedy 1646
+ Rancid, to Cure 1647
+ Salt, to Freshen 1648
+ Why Produced by Churning 1793
+
+Buttered Rum 2284
+Butterflies, to Destroy 284
+
+
+
+
+C
+
+Cabbage,
+ to Pickle 1661
+ Water, to Get Rid of 343
+ Why Boiled in Two Waters 1788
+
+Cabinet
+ Pudding 1273
+ Work, Italian, to Varnish 365, 366
+
+Cake,
+ Almond Sponge 2110
+ Banbury 2113
+ Banbury, Meat for 2114
+ Belvidere 2116
+ Drop 2094
+ Fish 1263
+ Ginger 2107, 2119
+ Gingerbread 2093, 2117
+ Luncheon 2101
+ Meat 1252
+ Mixed Fruit 2112
+ Nice and Cheap 2095
+ Plum 2092, 2102
+ Sally Lunn 1024
+ Soda 2104
+ Sponge 2108, 2109
+ Unfermented 2098-2100
+ Yule 2111
+
+Caledonians 141
+
+Calf's Feet,
+ Uses and Properties of 28 (ix)
+ Jelly 2132
+
+Calf's Head
+ Pie 1229
+ to Carve 2665
+
+Calico,
+ Cheap, No Economy in 474 (xxxii)
+ to Dye 2685-2689
+
+Calomel, Uses of 713
+
+Calves' Heads, &c., Uses and Economy of 28 (ix)
+
+Cambridgeshire Dialect 169
+
+Camel-hair Wool 1883
+
+Camomile
+ Flowers, to Gather. 2464
+ Tea 2309
+ Uses of 717
+
+Camp Cookery 1130
+
+Camphorated
+ Dentifrice 1688
+ Liniment 507
+ Ointment 542
+Camphor,
+ Balls for Chaps 2411
+ Nature and Uses of 694
+ Properties of 710
+ Tincture of Uses of 938
+
+Canaries,
+ Care of 2158, 2159
+
+Candle-light
+ Reading by, Hint on 474 (xxiv)
+ Sewing by 474 (xxiii)
+Candles,
+ to Light, Best Way 1000
+ to Preserve 999
+
+Cane Chairs to Clean 387
+
+Cantharides, Uses of 767
+
+Canvas
+ Work 1857-1919
+ Cross Stitch in 1912
+ Designs on Cloth for 1909
+ Framing in 1908
+ Materials Used in 1872
+ Mode of Doing 1907
+ Stitches in 1911
+ Stretching in 1910
+ Varieties of Canvas for 1904-1906
+
+Capitalists, Advice to, on Embarking in Business 2599, 2600
+
+Carbolic Powder and Fluid as Disinfectants 1782
+
+Carbonate of Soda, Uses of 774
+
+Carded Cotton, Surgical Uses of 803
+
+Cards, Games at 73-134
+
+Carminatives, Properties of 869
+
+Carpets,
+ Beating 376
+ Choosing 297
+ Cleaning 375
+ Elegant Kind of 301
+ Few Colours Desirable 303
+ Light Coloured 298
+ Middle Tint in 299
+ Securing 374
+ Shaking 456
+ Stair, to Sweep 379
+ Taste in Selection 300
+ Worn, to Repair 378
+
+Carriage Accidents, Cautions Respecting 1369
+
+Carrot
+ Poultice 809
+ Pudding 1282
+ Soup 1215
+Carrots, Cold, to Dress 1121
+
+Carver,
+ Duties of 2627
+ Room for, Necessary 2624
+Carving
+ Art of, Ceremonies of the Table, &c. 2616-2681
+ Remarks on 2681
+Carving-knives, to Set 2622
+
+Cash and Credit, Advice on 2612
+
+Casks, to Sweeten 355
+
+Cassino,
+ Game of 110-112
+ Laws of 112
+ Terms Used in 111
+
+Cast-iron Work, to Preserve 369
+
+Castor Oil
+ Enema 515
+ Properties and Uses of 735
+ and Senna Confection 494
+
+Casts, Gutta Percha 2382
+
+Catarrh,
+ Homoeopathic Treatment of 935
+ Symptoms of 935
+
+Catechu
+ Ointment 546
+ Uses of 721
+
+Caterpillars, to Destroy 283
+
+Cathartic Mixture 558
+Cathartics,
+ Properties of 732
+ Nature of 870
+
+Cats, Care of 2179
+
+Cauliflower, to Pickle 1664
+
+Cautions
+ for Prevention of Accidents 1368
+ in Visiting the Sick 1373
+
+Cayenne Pepper 2212
+ Adulteration of 2750
+
+Celery, Essence of 2206
+
+Cement
+ for Broken China, &c. 2496
+ Cheese 2495
+ Diamond 2493
+ for Leather and Cloth 2504
+ Lime and Egg 2497
+ Mastic 2503
+ Paper 2370
+ Preparation of 2487
+ Red 2501
+ Rice Flour 2494
+ Soft, for Corks 2502
+ White Lead as 2498
+
+Cerates 541-547
+
+Ceremonies, Importance of 1977
+
+Chairs, Cane, to Clean 387
+
+Chalk
+ Ointment 543
+ Properties and Uses of 726
+
+Champagne,
+ English 2274
+ Lemonade 2290
+ Summer 2291
+
+Chandeliers, Bronze, to Clean 410
+
+Chapped Hands, Ointment for 2410
+
+Chaps, Camphor Balls for 2411
+
+Character, Manly, Elements of 1990
+
+Charades,
+ Acted 53
+ Examples of 52
+ Words for Acting, or Written 54
+
+Charcoal
+ Applied to Sores 1777
+ as an Antiseptic 1775
+ as a Disinfectant 344, 400, 1774, 1776
+ for Cooking, Caution Respecting 1087
+ Poultice 809
+ Powder for Polishing Knives 461
+ Respirators 1776
+ Suffocation from Fumes of, to Treat 1372
+
+Charpie, or Lint 801
+
+Charts, to Varnish 349
+
+Chattels, Personal 1612, 1613
+
+Cheap
+ Calico, No Economy in 474 (xxxii)
+ Fuel 984
+
+Cheese, Blue Mould on 1794
+
+Chemical
+ Barometer 969
+ Remedies 769
+
+Chenille 1892
+
+Cheques,
+ Crossing 1600
+ Banker's Name Across 1601
+ Effect of Words, "Not Negotiable" on 1602
+
+Cheshire Dialect 169
+
+Chess, Laws of 71
+
+Chicken,
+ and Ham Patties 1259
+ Pulled 1173
+
+Chicken-Pox, Remedy for 593
+
+Chilblains,
+ Broken, Ointment for 2410
+ Homoeopathic Treatment of 936
+ Remedy for 594, 2422
+ Symptoms 936
+
+Children,
+ Apple Cake for 2084
+ Bedsteads for, How to be Placed 2069
+ Blackberry Jam for 2087
+ Born at Sea, Directions for Registration of 1962
+ Bread as Food for 2035
+ Bringing up of 2025, 2052, 2053
+ Choice of Names for 1961
+ Cookery for 2070
+ Crying, Cause of 2040-2055
+ Cutlery, Dangers of 1374
+ Discipline of 2090
+ Drink for 2036-2039
+ Fruit for 2082
+ Fruits for, most Wholesome 2085, 2086
+ Indulging Pernicious, Effect of 2051
+ Keep Dry and Warm 474 (xxvii)
+ Luncheon for 2075
+ Meats for 2077
+ Medicines for 651-653, 2089
+ Milk for 2074
+ Milk Porridge for 2076
+ Potatoes and Peas for 2079
+ Proper Food for 2025-2030
+ Proper Time for Feeding 2031-2034
+ Puddings and Pancakes for 2081
+ Rice and Apples for 2083
+ Rice Pudding with Fruit for 2080
+ Sleep of, Duration 2056-2063
+ Talking, to Check 470
+ Vegetables for 2078, 2079
+
+Chimaphila Decoction 499
+
+Chimney,
+ Fire in, to Put out 1381, 1391, 1392
+ Smoky, to Guard Against 345
+Chimneypieces, Marble, to Clean 367
+
+China,
+ to Clean 419
+ Teapots, Desirability of 359
+Chinese Porcelain, Modern 422
+
+Chintzes, to Wash 2740
+
+Chloride
+ of Lime as a Disinfectant 1781
+ of Zinc, Solution of 781
+
+Chlorine, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1353
+
+Chocolate,
+ Adulteration of 2751
+ Iceland Moss 2303
+
+Choice of Friends 2180
+
+Choking, Treatment for 1332
+
+Cholera,
+ Asiatic or Malignant 937
+ Bilious or English, Remedies for 625, 937 (i)
+ Homoeopathic Treatment of 937
+ Special Rules for Prevention of 908
+ Symptoms of 938
+
+Chops, Relish for 2233
+
+Christening, Ceremony and Etiquette of 1958
+
+Christian Name or Initials, Use of in Letter-writing 236 (iv)
+
+Christian Names
+ of Men 971
+ of Women 972
+
+Chronograms 55
+
+Churning, Why Action of, Produces Butter 1793
+
+Chutney (Sauce) 2229
+
+Cider 2197
+ to Bottle 2198
+ Champagne 2199
+ Properties of 2200
+
+Cinders, Models of 2351, 2352
+
+Circassian Circle, Dance 152
+
+Citric Acid, Uses of 776
+
+Civility in Business 2606
+
+Clark's Pills for Nervous Headache 2384
+
+Cleanliness,
+ among the Brute Creation 1740
+ Conducive to Comfort 1741
+ Desirability of, in Towns 1728-1731
+ in Eastern Countries 1732
+ Essential among Sick Persons 1738
+ Estimable Quality of 1742
+ in Hospitals, etc. 1739
+ Importance of 1934
+ Indispensable 1717
+ Moral Influence of 1733
+ Situation of English Towns Favourable to 1730
+ Want of, a Cause of Fevers 1724, 1725
+
+Cleansing Purposes, Borax for 2313, 2315
+
+Clergy, How to Address 241
+
+Clerk, General Terms of Hiring 1464
+Clerks, Law of, Employment Respecting 1443-1444
+
+Cloaks at Funerals 1970
+
+Clocks, to Oil 347
+
+Closet for Tools, &c. 315
+Closets, to Remove Moths from 430
+
+
+Cloth,
+ Black, Reviver for 472
+ Cement for 2504
+ to Dye 2690-2693
+ Grease from, to Remove 433
+Clothes,
+ Balls for Cleaning 2729
+ Black Cloth, to Clean 2722
+ on Fire, How to Act 1319
+ Loose, Why Warmer than Tight Garments 1798
+ Mending 362
+ to Preserve from Moths, &c. 429
+ with Smooth Surfaces, Why Best for Hot Weather 1797
+ Woollen, to Wash 442
+
+Clouds as a Sign of the Weather 965
+
+Clyster, Prescription for 651 (xx)
+
+Coaguline, Kay's 2500
+
+Coal,
+ Best Mode of Purchasing 989
+ How to Put on the Fire 995, 996
+
+Cock-a-Leekie 1216
+
+Cockney Speakers, Hints to 191
+
+Cockroaches, to Kill 2471
+
+Cocoa, Adulteration of 2751
+
+Cod
+ to Choose 4
+ Head and Shoulders of, to Carve 2635
+
+Cod-Liver Oil 2463
+
+Coffee,
+ Adulteration of 2752
+ as a Disinfectant 1773
+ to Make 2300
+ Milk 2302
+ Standing in Tin 443
+ Turkish Mode of Making 2301
+
+Coins, to Take Impressions from 2344
+
+Cold,
+ to Avoid Catching 2457
+ Cream, to Make 1684
+ Evaporating Lotion 534
+ Fowl, Nice Way of Dressing 1178
+ in the Head, Homeopathic Treatment of 935
+ Meat, Broiled with Poached Eggs 1181
+ Meat, Economy of 466
+ Mixture for 2401
+ Symptoms of 935
+
+Colic, Homeopathic Treatment of 939
+
+Collops, Minced 1218
+
+Collyria or Eye-Washes 476-484
+
+Colocynth, Uses of 741
+
+Colon, Nature and Value of 202
+
+Colour of Dresses, to Preserve 2254
+Colours,
+ Classification of 2683
+ to Restore 453
+ Various, and Complexion 1802
+
+Comfort, Home, Hints for 474
+
+Comma, Nature and Value of 202
+
+Complexion,
+ Dark, Various Colours affecting 1802
+ to Improve 1685
+ Pale Blonde, Green Favourable to 1803
+ Ruddy, Why Green is Unfavourable to 1804
+ Why Blue Veils Preserve 1807
+ Why Violet is Unfavourable to 1805
+
+Composition (Literary) Art of 223
+
+Compresses, Surgical, Nature of 807
+
+Compression of the Brain, Treatment of 1331
+
+Concussion, Treatment of 1330
+
+Conduct, Rules of 2183
+
+Confections, Various 485-497
+
+Connexions, Game of, Described 106, 107
+
+Consistency, Advisability of 1988
+
+Constipation,
+ Homeopathic Treatment of 940
+ Remedy for 597
+
+Consumption, Remedy for 598
+
+Contusions, to Heal 1326
+
+Conundrums, Selection of 56
+
+Conversation
+ and Writing, Arts of, Difference between 221
+ Art of 216, 222
+ of Females 217
+ Mode of Making Interesting 222
+
+Convulsions,
+ Cure for 2397
+ Homeopathic Treatment of 941
+ Remedy for 599
+
+Cookery,
+ Borax in 2316
+ for Children 2070
+ Economy in 1228
+ Meat 1138
+ for Soldiers, &c. 1130
+Cooking,
+ Instruments 1025
+ Loss in 1067
+ Theory of 1034
+ Various Processes of 1032
+
+Copper,
+ to Clean 413
+ Poisoning by, Treatment for 1346
+ Sulphate of 779
+
+Cordials, Properties of 871
+
+Cork Models, to Construct 2354-2356 2362, 2368
+Corks, Soft Cement for 2502
+
+Cornish
+ Dialect 171
+ Schoolboy 177
+
+Corns, Cure for 2428, 2429
+
+Coronation Braid 1895
+
+Corpulence, Banting's Hints on 1768
+
+Correct Speaking, Rules and Hints for 181
+Correction of Errors in Speaking 180
+
+Corroborants, Properties of 872
+
+Cossack's Plum Pudding 1137
+
+Cotillon Waltz 143
+
+Cotton,
+ Balls or Reels, Place for 474 (vii)
+ Carded, Surgical Uses of 803
+
+Cough,
+ Bad, Pills for 2402
+ Common, Remedy for 596, 2400
+ Homeopathic Treatment of 942
+ Mixture for 560, 2401
+ Mixture for Children 561
+ Pills 553
+ Remedies for 651 (14), 2399-2401
+
+Counsels for the Young 2185
+
+Country Dances 156
+
+Covering for Preserves 1630
+
+Cowhage
+ Confection 491
+ Properties and Uses of 784
+
+Crab, Mock 2234
+Crabs, to Choose 9
+
+Cradle, for the Protection of Limbs, to Form 835
+
+Cramp
+ in Bathing, Treatment of 2412
+ in the Legs 2413
+ when Swimming 1408
+
+Crape,
+ Black, to remove Stains from 2258
+ China, to Wash 2730
+ Trimmings, to Preserve 474 (xxxvii)
+
+Crayfish, to Choose 9
+
+Cream,
+ Pancakes 1305
+ Substitute for 2299
+ of Tartar, Confection 496
+ of Tartar, Properties and Uses of 744
+
+Credit, Deceitful Appearance of 992-994
+
+Creditor and Debtor, Laws of 1534
+
+Creosote Lotion 539
+
+Cress Vinegar 2210
+
+Crewel Work 1898
+
+Cribbage, Game of 80, 90
+ Counting for Game 84
+ Eight-card 90
+ Examples of Hands 85
+ Five-card 83
+ Laws of 82
+ Maxims for Laying out Crib Cards 86
+ Six-card 89
+ Terms Used in 81
+ Three-hand 87, 88
+
+Crochet,
+ Instructions in 1809
+ Oriental 1823
+ Popularity of 1810
+ Square 1817
+ Stitches in 1811-1816
+ Tricotee 1823
+ to Use several Colours in 1820
+ to Work Cord Over 1822
+
+Croquet,
+ Difference between Old and New Laws of 2575
+ Game of, to Play 2568-2576
+ Implements for 2570
+ Laws of 2573
+ Supplementary Laws of 2574
+ Technical Terms Used in 2576
+
+Crossing Letters 230
+
+Croup,
+ Homeopathic Treatment of 943
+ Remedy for 600
+
+Crying of Children, Cause of 2040-2055
+
+Cryptography 57
+
+Cucumbers,
+ to Pickle 1663
+ to Preserve 1655
+
+Culinary Economy 1228
+
+Cumberland Dialect 170
+
+Cup in Pie-dish, Use of 1247
+
+Cupping,
+ Dry 840
+ Ordinary 841
+
+Curing of Hams and Bacon 1652
+
+Curiosity about Contents of Letters 2015
+
+Currant Jelly,
+ Black 2127
+ Red 2124
+ White 2125, 2126
+Currant Wine 2273
+
+Curried
+ Beef, Madras Fashion 1170
+ Eggs 1180
+ Oysters 1182
+ of any Kind, to Prepare 1179
+ Powder 2215-2218
+ Powder, True Indian 2219
+ Rice, to Boil for 1294
+
+Curtailments 58
+
+Curtains,
+ Choosing 302
+ on Fire, to Extinguish 1382
+ Thick, for Beds, Injurious 468
+
+Cusparia, Nature and Uses of 719
+
+Custard,
+ Almond 2122
+ Apples with 1312
+ Baked 1290
+ Boiled 1289
+
+Cutaneous Eruptions, Remedy for 2438
+
+Cutlery and Children, Caution as to 1374
+
+Cuts and Wounds,
+ Treatment of 1324
+ Ordinary, to Dress 1325
+
+
+
+
+
+D
+
+Dahlias, to Protect from Earwigs 288
+
+Damages,
+ Recovery of by Workmen from Employers 1606
+ Actions, where to Bring 1609
+ Amounts Recoverable 1607
+ Notice to Employer 1608
+
+Damp
+ Linen, Advice respecting 2460
+ Situations, Remedy for 2329
+ Walls, to Remedy 332, 333
+
+Dances
+ Described 139-158
+ Terms used to Describe the Movements of 159
+
+Dandelion Decoction 501
+
+Darning on Netting 1830
+
+Daughters, Management of 2187
+
+Days, Table of Number of, from One Month to Another 2771
+
+Deafness, Remedy for 2387
+
+Dealings, Cash and Credit, Advice on 2612
+
+Death,
+ Apparent, from Drink, Treatment for 1336
+ Certificate of 1966
+ Observance of 1967
+ Registration of 1963, 1964
+ at Sea, Registration of 1965
+
+Debt, Don't run in 2615
+Debtor and Creditor, Laws of 1534-1560
+
+Decalcomanie, Art of 2560-2567
+
+Decapitations 58
+
+December,
+ Flowers for 272
+ Food in Season in 42
+
+Decoction of Medicines 674
+Decoctions 498
+
+Decomposing Substances, Effect of 915
+
+Deed of Separation between Man and Wife 1567
+
+Delicacies, Fish 2649
+
+Demulcents, Nature of 787
+
+Dentifrice,
+ Camphorated 1688
+ Myrrh 1689
+
+Deobstruents, Properties of 874
+
+Dessert,
+ How Served 2633
+ Ices, Recipes for 2144, 2150
+
+Detergents, Properties of 875
+
+Devil (in Cookery) 1197
+
+Devonshire
+ Dialect 171
+ Junket 2280
+
+Dew as a Sign of the Weather 963
+
+Dialects, Provincial 168, 179
+
+Diamond Cement 2493
+
+Diaphanie, Art of 2548-2558
+
+Diaphoretics,
+ Properties of 876
+ Nature of 756
+
+Diarrhoea, Homeopathic Treatment of 944
+
+Digestion of Medicines 672
+Digestives, Properties of 877
+
+Diluents, Nature of 794
+
+Dining Tables, to Polish 385
+
+Dinner,
+ Napkins 2620
+ Pills, Prescription for 651 (2)
+ Table, Appointments of 2616-2633
+ Ceremonies of 2616
+ Laying Out of 2617
+
+Dirt in the Eye, to Remove 1320
+
+Dirty
+ People to be Avoided 1726
+ Windows, What a Sign of 474 (ix)
+
+Discipline of Children 2090
+
+Discounts, Table of 2770
+
+Discutient Liniment 503
+Discutients, Properties of 878
+
+Diseases, of the Skin,
+ to what Attributable 1721
+ Various Remedies for 589-649
+
+Dish, Economical 1165
+
+Disinfectant,
+ Borax as a 2312
+ Carbolic Acid as a 1782
+ Charcoal as a 344, 1774-1776
+ Chloride of Lime as a 1781
+ Coffee as a 344, 1773
+Disinfectants, Various 344
+Disinfecting
+ Fluid, Sir William Burnett's 781, 1779
+ Fumigation 1772
+ Liquid 1771
+Disinfection of Rooms 1778
+
+Dislocated Thumb 1323
+
+Dismissal, Summary, of Domestic Servants 1442
+
+Disputation, Avoidance of 2004
+
+Dissenters, Marriage of 1957
+
+Distress for Rent,
+ Legal and Illegal 1523
+ under Bill of Sale in Bankruptcy 1614
+
+Distinctness in Speaking, Importance of 2019
+
+Diuretic Mixture 559
+Diuretics,
+ Nature of 750
+ Properties of 879
+
+Diving for Eggs to test Buoyancy of Water 1398, 1399
+
+Divorce,
+ a Mensâ et Thoro, Meaning of 1569
+ Absolute 1571
+ and Other Matrimonial Causes 1568-1575
+ Grounds of 1572
+
+Documents, Stamped, Importance of 1533
+
+Dogs,
+ Care of 2175-2178
+ Distemper in 2176
+ Hydrophobia in 2177
+ Mange in 2178
+
+Domestic
+ Hints 1783-1807
+ Pharmacopoeia 475
+ Rules, Mrs. Hamilton's 439
+ Surgery 796
+
+Dominoes,
+ Game of 137
+ Method of Playing 138
+
+Door, to Keep Open 338
+
+Double Accentuation of Words 183
+
+Drastics, Properties of 880
+
+Draughts, Rules of the Game 72
+
+Dredgings for Roast Meats, &c. 1085
+
+Dress,
+ Etiquette of 1927-1929
+ Faded, to Bleach 2727
+ Female, Hints on 2235
+ on Fire, How to Act 1386
+ Precaution 1387
+ Mourning, to Remove Stains from 2259
+ Officers', Etiquette of 1928
+ Simplicity of, Becoming 1933
+ to Preserve the Colour of 2254
+ Visiting, Etiquette of 1927
+Dressing Well, Advice on 2021
+
+Dressings,
+ Surgical 797
+ Instruments for 798
+ Materials for 799
+ Rules to be Observed in 800
+
+Drink
+ for Children 2039
+ for the Heartburn 2306
+Drinks, Medicinal 565-567
+
+Drop Cakes 2094
+
+Dropsy, Prescription for 651 (10)
+
+Drowning, Treatment for 1334
+
+Drugs,
+ Preparation of, 666-675
+ Their Properties and Doses 689
+
+Drunkenness,
+ Apparent Death from, Treatment for 1336
+ Avoidance of 2020
+
+Dry Warmth to any Part of Body, to Apply 837
+
+Drying Herbs 43
+
+Duck,
+ to Carve 2679
+ to Choose 22
+ Cold, to Dress 1172
+ to Hash 1175
+ ragoût of 1171
+ to Roast 1236
+ Stuffing 1226
+ Wild, to Dress 1233
+ Sauce for 1234
+
+Dumplings,
+ Apple 464, 474 (xiv) 1287
+ Rice 1288
+ Suet 474 (xiv)
+
+Dutch Oven, to Use 1030
+
+Dutch People, Cleanliness of 1729
+
+Dwarf Plants, Management of 276
+
+Dyeing 2682-2718
+ Bonnets 2718
+ Calico, Linen and Muslin 2685-2689
+ Cloth 2690-2693
+ Feathers 2516-2523, 2694-2699
+ Gloves 2702-2703
+ Hair 1692-1697, 2700
+ Leather 2701
+ Silk 2704-2710
+ Wool 2711-2717
+
+Dysentery,
+ Homeopathic Treatment, of 945
+ Simple Remedy for 2752
+
+Dyspepsia,
+ Homoeopathic Treatment of 946
+ Symptoms of 946
+
+
+
+
+
+E
+
+Early Rising, Advantages of 1762, 2610
+
+Earnings, &c., of Married Women 1582
+
+Earwigs, to Kill 288, 2472
+
+Eat Slowly 474 (i)
+Eating, Moderation in 924
+
+Ecarté 118-119
+
+Economical Dish 1165
+
+Economy 441-469
+ Culinary, Practice of 466, 1228
+ of Fat 1080
+ of Fuel 985-996
+ of Liquor from Boiled Meats 1075, 1076
+ of Ready-Money Purchases 990, 991, 994
+ of Soapsuds 441
+ of Tea 2295
+ in What it Consists 992
+
+Edinburgh Ale, to Brew 2271
+
+Education, First Principle of 2052-2053
+
+Eels, to Carve 2646
+
+Egg
+ Powders, Action of 1011
+ and Ham Patties 1255
+ to Cast in Wax 2543
+Eggs
+ Curried 1180
+ Fried with Minced Ham or Bacon 1262
+ of Birds to Preserve for Cabinets 2341
+ to Pickle 1673
+ to Preserve 1642-1645
+
+Eis Wool 1876
+
+Elderberry Wine 2278
+
+Elderflower Lotion 529
+
+Electuaries 485, 486, 497
+
+Elephant Penelope Canvas 1905
+
+Embrocations 502-509
+
+Embroidery 1857-1919
+ Application in 1861
+ Braiding in 1862
+ Braid Stitches in 1863
+ Couching in 1902
+ Distinction in 1859
+ Elaborate 1864
+ Frame for 1868
+ Instructions in 1857
+ Materials for 1860, 1872
+ Netting Silk in 1870
+ Silk Described 1891
+ Stitches, Fancy, in 1867
+ Stitches, Various, in 1898-1904
+ What it Includes 1858
+
+Emetic,
+ Prescription for 651 (16)
+ Tartar 758
+Emetics,
+ Nature of 729
+ Properties of 881
+
+Emigrants, Cookery for 1130
+
+Emmenagogues, Properties of 882
+
+Emollient Lotion 528
+Emollients,
+ Nature of 795
+ Properties of 883
+
+Employer,
+ Bankrupt, Law Respecting Wages Due 1459
+ Nature of Contract entered into 1448
+ Purchases made for, by Servant 1469
+ Responsibility of, for Servant 1468
+Employers' Liability Act, Recovery for Damages under 1606-1609
+Employers and Employed, Laws Relating to 1440-1470
+Employment, Permanent, Agreement to Give 1449
+
+Emulsion,
+ Laxative 581
+ Purgative 582
+
+Enemas 510-518
+
+English
+ Champagne 2274
+ Cholera, Remedies for 625, 651 (19-21), 937 (i)
+
+Enigmas, Description of 59
+
+Enunciation, Imperfect 167
+
+Envelope, Place of Stamp on 224
+
+Envy, Avoidance of 2003
+
+Epilepsy, Remedies for 602, 651 (18)
+
+Epispastics,
+ Nature of 766
+ Properties of 884
+
+Epistolary Correspondence, Hints on 236
+
+Epsom Salts, Properties and Uses of 746
+
+Errhines, Properties of 885
+
+Errors in Speaking 161-163
+ Correction of 180
+
+Eruptions,
+ Cutaneous, Remedy for 2438
+ of the Skin, Prescription for 651 (30)
+ on the Face, Remedy for 603
+
+Erysipelas, Remedy for 604
+
+Escharotics,
+ Nature of 778
+ Properties of 886
+
+Esquire to be written in full 236 (iii)
+
+Essence
+ of Celery 2206
+ of Mushrooms 2205
+
+Essex Dialect, Errors of 172
+
+Ether,
+ Uses of 695
+ Nitric, Uses of 697
+ Sulphuric, Nature and Uses of 696, 709
+ Sulphuric, Compound Spirit of, Nature and Uses of 698
+
+Etiquette,
+ Books on, Use of 1985, 1986
+ Hints upon 1924
+
+Euchre, Game of 120, 121
+
+Evaporating Lotion, Cold 534
+
+Evening
+ Parties, Etiquette of 1937
+ Pastimes 46
+
+Excess of Lace and Flowers in Dress 1931
+
+Exclamation, Note of, Defined 211
+
+Executors to Will 1591
+
+Exercise,
+ Active, Results of 1746
+ After Meals 1757
+ Before Meals 1755, 1756
+ Beneficial in the Forenoon 1754
+ Best Kind of 1750
+ Best Mode of Taking 1745
+ Duration of 1749
+ Excessive, Hurtful 1753
+ How to Commence and Finish 1751
+ Importance of 917, 921, 1744
+ Open Air, Superior Advantages of 1752
+ Passive, Results of 1747
+ Points to be Observed in 1745
+ Time for Taking 1748
+
+Expectorants,
+ Nature of 761
+ Properties of 887
+
+Expenses, Table of 2772
+
+Extract of Beef, to Make 1220
+Extracts, How Made 675
+
+Eye,
+ Dirt in, to Remove 1320
+ Iron or Steel Spiculæ in 1322
+ Lime in, to Remove 1321
+Eyelashes, to Strengthen and Improve 1686
+Eyes,
+ Inflamed, Remedy for 620
+ Weak and Sore, Cure for 2388
+Eye-washes, Various 476-484
+
+
+
+
+F
+
+Face,
+ Blotched, Wash for 2439
+ Eruptions, on, Remedy for 603
+
+Faded Dress, to Bleach 2727
+
+Failures in Business, Hints on Avoiding 2603
+
+Fainting, Treatment for 1333
+Faintness, Remedy for 605
+
+Fair Person, Sky Blue Becoming to 1801
+
+Falling into Water, How to Act 1405
+
+Falsehood, Avoidance of 1989
+
+Family
+ Circle, The 45
+ Clocks, Oil for 347
+ Pudding 1275
+
+Fancy Needlework 1808
+
+Fat,
+ Economy of 1080
+ a Sign of Young and Tender Meat 1784
+
+Feather Beds,
+ for Children, Pernicious 2067
+ to Cleanse 474 (xxi)
+
+Feathers,
+ to Cleanse of Animal Oil 2724
+ to Dye 2516, 2523, 2694, 2699, 2719
+ White Ostrich, to Clean 2725
+
+Febrifuges, Properties of 888
+
+February,
+ Flowers for 252
+ Food in Season in 32
+
+Feet,
+ Blistered, Remedy for 2424
+ Importance of Keeping Warm 474 (ii, xxvii)
+ Warm Bathing of, Healthy 1737
+ Washing of, Conducive to Health 1736
+
+Female
+ Dress, Hints on 2235
+ Temper, Management of 2184
+
+Fern Root, Male, Uses of 579, 785
+
+Fever,
+ Common Continued, Remedy for 595
+ Homeopathic Remedy for 947
+ How Frequently Caused 1724, 2725
+ Intermittent, Remedies for 622, 651 (13)
+ Mixture, Prescription for 651 (8)
+ Mixture (Simple) 556
+ Powders, Prescription for 651 (4, 5)
+ Scarlet, Remedy for 638
+ Typhus, Remedy for 646
+ With Debility, Prescription for 651 (9)
+
+Fifteen Puzzle, or Boss 2591
+
+Fig Pudding 1279
+
+Filoselle Silk 1888
+
+Filtering Medicines 670
+
+Finger Glasses, Use of 2632
+
+Fining Liquors 354
+
+Fire
+ Breaking out, First thing to be done 1378
+ Buckets, &c., to be kept at Hand 1389
+ in Chimney, to Extinguish 1381, 1391, 1392
+ to Diminish Risk from 1390
+ Effect of on Air 918
+ to Escape from 1393
+ Precautions in Case of 1377-1390
+ Prevention of 1376
+ Solution to Extinguish 1388
+Fire-grate,
+ Economical 997
+ Brunswick Black for 395
+Fire-guards, Necessity of 474 (xxv)
+Fire-irons, Rusty, to Clean 370
+Fire-screens, Paper, to Make 351
+
+Fish,
+ Cake 1263
+ to Choose 2-11
+ Flat, to Carve 2640
+ Freshwater, to Choose 7
+ Fried, to Carve 2634
+ How to Send to Table 2634
+ Gold, Care of 2174
+ Poisonous, Remedy for 1364
+ Preserved as Specimens 2342
+ Remarks on Carving 2649
+ Sauces 2223, 2224
+ When in Season 31, 42 (i)
+
+Fits, Treatment for 1337
+
+Fixature for Hair 1701
+
+Flannel
+ Petticoat, Preservation of 474 (xvii)
+ to Shrink 2265
+ to Wash 2266
+
+Flatulency, Homeopathic Treatment of 948
+
+Flavouring, Almond 2136
+
+Fleecy Wool 1874
+
+Flesh, Why some is White and some Red 1785
+
+Flies, to Destroy 2478-2480
+
+Flirtation, Avoidance of 2017
+
+Floating in Water, Test of Capability of 1398, 1399
+
+Floors, to Remove Stains from 431
+
+Floss Silk 1889
+
+Flour
+ of Brimstone 658
+ Rye and Wheat 1016
+
+Flowers,
+ Amount of Heat for 1625, 1626
+ Artificial, Excess of 1931
+ Feather, to Make 2510-2515
+ Leaves for 2524
+ of the Months:
+ Jan. 250
+ Feb. 252
+ March 254
+ April 256
+ May 258
+ June 260
+ July 262
+ Aug. 264
+ Sept. 266
+ Oct. 268
+ Nov. 270
+ Dec. 272
+ Unfit for Bedrooms 1396
+ Waxen, to Make 2525-2536
+ When to Gather 1625
+
+Fluid, to Drink, Proper Proportion of 912, 913
+
+Fluor Spar, Use of, in Modelling 2352
+
+Food,
+ Articles of, to Choose 1
+ and Exercise, Rationale of 911-924
+ for Children 2027
+ for Children, Proper Time of Giving 2031
+ Infants', to Prepare 2071
+ Seasons for Various Kinds of 30-42
+Food and Drugs Act, Extracts from 2747
+
+Foppery, Avoidance of 2017
+
+Forced Vegetables, when in Season 31-33 (v)
+
+Forcemeat Balls 1219
+
+Forks and Knives,
+ to Clean 397
+ Uncleaned, Don't put by 474 (xx)
+
+Fowl,
+ to Carve 2672
+ to Choose 20
+ Cold, to Dress 1172, 1178
+ to Fatten in a Short Time 2172
+ to Grill 1177
+ Pulled, to Prepare 1173
+
+Fox and Geese 2593
+
+Frame for Embroidery 1863
+Frames,
+ Gilt, to Preserve 331
+ Mahogany, to Clean 386
+
+Freckles, Remedies for 2440, 2441
+
+Freezing Mixture,
+ Sal-Ammoniac 2153, 2154
+ Nitrate of Ammonium 2151
+ Washing Soda 2152
+ Without Ice or Acids 2142, 2143
+
+French
+ Batter 1291
+ Beans to Cook 1122
+ Beans to Pickle 1659
+ Bread, to Make 1022
+ Rolls, to Make 1022
+ Polish for Boots and Shoes 2238
+ Polishes 2237
+
+Fresh-killed Meat, Time for Cooking 1070
+
+Fresh-water Fish, to Choose 7
+
+Fresh Water, Floating on 1402
+
+Friar's Omelette 1308
+
+Friend,
+ Choice of 2180
+ Conduct when on a Visit to 2014
+Friendships, Advice on 2010
+
+Fritters,
+ Apple 1303
+ Observations on 1310
+ Oyster 1301
+ Potato 1302
+ to Prepare 1300
+
+Frivolité, or Tatting, Instructions in 1833
+
+Frost Bite, Remedy for 606
+
+Frugality, Dr. Franklin's Maxims 2611
+
+Fruit
+ Bottling 1631
+ Buds of, to Prevent Birds Destroying 285
+ for Children 2082
+ for Children, Most Wholesome Kinds 2085
+ Mixed, Cake of 2112
+ to Preserve 1619-1623
+ Skeletons 2331
+ Stains of, to Remove from Linen 427
+ Use of, as Food 2761
+ Waxen, to Make 2525, 2537-2547
+ When in Season 31-42 (v)
+
+Frying, Rationale of 1083
+Frying-pan, to use 1027
+
+Fuel
+ Cheap 984
+ Economy of 985, 990, 994-996
+
+Full-point, Nature and Value of 202
+
+Fumigator, Disinfecting 1771
+
+Funerals,
+ Etiquette of 1963-1976
+ Walking 1973
+
+Fungi, to Preserve 2338
+
+Furnished
+ Apartment, Agreement for Letting 1521
+ House, Agreement for Letting 1521
+ Lodgings 1513
+Furnishing House, Hints for 296
+
+Furniture,
+ to Clean 363, 364
+ Made in Winter, Liable to Crack 350
+ Mahogany, to Take Stains out of 401, 402
+ New, Caution Respecting 350
+ to Remove White Spots from 452
+ Removed, Liable to be Seized for Rent 1524
+ Rosewood, to Polish 383
+
+Furs,
+ to Clean 2723
+ to Rid of Moths 2262
+
+
+ [LITTLE STROKES FELL GREAT OAKS.]
+
+
+
+G
+
+Galbanum, Uses of 706
+
+Galling in Invalids, Prevention of 2395
+Galls, for Lotion 540
+
+Galopade,
+ Dance 144
+ Quadrilles 145
+
+Gamboge, Uses of 786
+
+Game,
+ to Hash 1174
+ Ragoût of 1171
+ to Roast 1064
+ When in Season 31-42 (iii)
+
+Garden,
+ Borax in the 2322
+ Labels, Ink for 2486a
+ Stands, Paint for 473
+Gardening Operations for every Month in the Year 249-273
+ Kitchen Garden 274
+
+Gargles, Prescriptions for 519-526, 651 (17)
+
+Garlic, to Pickle 1662
+
+Garnishes, Various 2232
+
+Geese, to Choose 21
+
+Gentian, Uses of 716
+
+Gentleman,
+ How to be a 1996
+ the True 1997
+
+German Paste, for Birds 2164
+
+Gherkins, to Pickle 1672
+
+Gilt Frames, to Preserve 331
+
+Ginger
+ Beer 2286
+ Beer Powders 2287
+ Biscuits 2119
+ Cakes 2107, 2119
+ Properties and Uses of 765
+ to Preserve 1641
+Gingerbread
+ Aperient 2462
+ Cake 2117
+ Snaps 2093
+
+Girls, Management of 2187
+
+Glacialine 1780
+
+Glass,
+ to Anneal 424
+ Bottles, to Clean 392
+ to Clean 390, 419, 423
+ Easy Mode of Breaking 353
+ Ground, to Imitate 346
+ Powdered, Use of in Modelling 2352
+ Stoppers, to Loosen 357
+ Vessels, to Clean 391
+
+Glazing, for Hams, Tongues, &c. 1651
+
+Glauber's Salts, Properties and Uses of 747
+
+Gloves,
+ Care of 2250
+ to Dye 2702, 2703
+ French Kid, to Clean 2252
+ at Funerals 1969
+ Kid, to Clean 2251
+ Kid, to Wash 2253
+
+Glue,
+ Common, to Prepare 2492
+ Liquid 2491
+ Marine 2499
+ Mouth 2488
+
+Gold, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1351
+
+Gold-fish, Care of 2174
+
+Goods Removed, Seizure of 1524
+
+Goose,
+ Broiled 1176
+ to Carve 2626, 2678
+ Cold, to Dress 1172
+ to Hash 1175
+ Marbled 1264
+ Mock 1166
+ to Roast 1167
+ Royal Game of 2594
+ Stuffing 1226
+ Stuffing Sauce 2231
+
+Gooseberry Wine 2273
+
+Gorlitza (Dance) 154
+
+Gossiping, Consequences of 2182
+
+Gout
+ Mixture 2391
+ Pills for 2390
+ Remedy for 607
+ Rheumatic, Mixture for 2392
+
+Grammar, Errors from Imperfect Knowledge of 163
+
+Grape Wine 2273
+
+Grate,
+ the Parson's 997
+ Brunswick Black for 395
+
+Gravel, Remedy for 608
+
+Gravy,
+ Brown 1225
+ Soup, Clear 1210
+
+Grease,
+ Oil, to Remove 407
+ to Remove from Cloth or Velvet 433
+ Scouring Drops to Remove 432
+ Spots, to Extract from Books and Papers 435
+ Spots, to Remove from Silk 2261
+
+Grecian Netting 1831
+
+Green
+ Paint for Garden Stands 473
+ Why Favourable to Blonde Complexions 1803
+ Why Unfavourable to Ruddy Complexions 1804
+
+Greengage Jam 2135
+
+Greens, to Choose 1092
+
+Grill Sauce 2226
+
+Grilled Fowl 1177
+
+Gridirons, How to Use 1026
+
+Griffiths's Mixture 651 (39)
+
+Ground Glass, to Imitate 346
+
+Grouse, to Roast 1240
+
+Growth Influenced by Light 914
+
+Grubs, to Destroy 282
+
+Guinea Pigs, Care of 2170
+
+Gum-Arabic,
+ Mucilage 587
+ Starch 2742
+
+Gurnet, to Carve 2644
+
+Gutta-percha
+ Casts 2382
+ Soles, to Put on 2247
+ Tooth Stopping 2445
+
+
+
+
+H
+
+H,
+ Enigma on 215
+ or no H? 215
+ When Silent 215
+ Wrong Use of, Enigma on 215
+
+Habits of a Man of Business 2597
+
+Haddock, to Carve 2644
+
+Hæmorrhage, How to Stanch 1327
+
+Hæmorrhoids, Ointment for 2409
+
+Hair,
+ Becoming Arrangement of 1930
+ Brushes, to Clean 1711
+ Compounds to Promote Growth of 1698-1700
+ Dyes 1692-1697, 2700, 2719
+ Oils, Rose 1703-1705
+ to Restore 2419
+ Superfluous, to Remove 1710
+ to Test Dye for 1696
+ Wash for, Excellent 1702
+
+Hake, to Carve 2636
+
+Half-Pay Pudding 1278
+
+Ham,
+ to Carve 2670
+ to Cure 1652
+ Glazing for 1651
+ Minced with Fried Eggs 1262
+ Patties 1255
+ Slices of, to Dress 1199
+
+Handkerchief, Etiquette of 1935
+
+Hands,
+ Chapped 2410
+ to Remove Stains from 1683
+ Warm Bathing of, Salutary 1737
+ to Whiten 1681
+
+Hanging,
+ Meat 474 (x, xi)
+ Treatment for 1335
+
+Hard Water, to Soften 342
+
+Hare,
+ to Carve 2680
+ to Choose 24
+ Jugged 1168
+ Smithfield 28 (viii)
+ Stewed 1169
+
+Hashing Cold Meat, Economy of 466
+
+Hat, How to take Care of 2236
+Hatbands at Funerals 1970
+
+Headache,
+ Homoeopathic Treatment of 949
+ Nervous, Pills for 2384
+ to Prevent 474 (ii)
+ Tea a Cure for 1796
+
+Head-dress, Sky Blue, Why Becoming to Fair Persons 1801
+
+Health,
+ Light Necessary to 474 (xviii)
+ Preservation of 909
+ to Preserve, in Youth 1770
+
+Heartburn,
+ Effervescent Drink for 2306
+ Homoeopathic Remedy for 950
+
+Hearth,
+ Dirty, Ill Appearance of 440
+ to Remove Oil or Grease from 407
+
+Hearth-rug,
+ Handsome Kind of 305
+ to Choose 304
+
+Heat and Cold, Sudden Alternations of, Injurious 923
+
+Heavenly Bodies as a Sign of the Weather 966
+
+Herbs,
+ Pot, for Drying, When in Season 36 (v)-38 (v)
+ Time for Drying 43
+
+Herefordshire Dialect 173
+
+Herrings, to Choose 6
+
+Hiccough, Remedy for 2414
+
+Hidden Words 60
+
+Highland Reel (Dance) 158
+
+Hints
+ on Barometer 973-983
+ to Capitalists 2599-2600
+ to Cockney Speakers 191
+ Domestic 1783-1807
+ upon Etiquette 1924
+ for Home Comfort 474
+ on Household Management 438
+ for Husbands 2191, 2193, 2195
+ on Making Preserves 1628
+ on Money Matters 2613
+ on Pianofortes 248
+ on Spelling 214
+ for Wives 2190, 2192, 2194, 2196
+
+Hiring and Dismissal of Servants 1441
+
+Hitching, Mrs. Alexander 215
+
+Hog Pudding, Black 1192
+
+Home Comfort, Hints for 474
+
+Homeopathy 925-951
+ Diet in 961
+ Extent of Doses in 960
+ Medicines, How Given 929
+ Principle of 926
+ Treatment of Ailments by 930
+
+Honesty, Importance of 1998
+
+Honey
+ Soap 1680
+ Water 1679
+
+Hooping Cough,
+ Homoeopathic Treatment of 958
+ Powders for 575
+ Remedies for 609, 2404
+
+Hops as a Narcotic 699
+
+Horn, to Stain 1422
+
+Horseradish,
+ Why to be Scraped just before being Used 1789
+ Powder 2214
+ Vinegar 2208
+
+Hotch Potch,
+ Summer 1206
+ Winter 1207
+
+Hot
+ Water, Efficacy of 2453
+ not Good for China or Glass 423
+ Weather, Beverage for 2455
+
+Hours of Labour and Study Must be Regulated 920
+
+House,
+ Advice about taking 291
+ Agreement for Annual Tenancy 1485
+ Agreement for Taking for Three Years 1489
+ Details to be Considered before Taking 295
+ Healthfulness of Situation 293
+ Hints for Furnishing 296
+ Rent to be Considered 292
+
+Household Management,
+ Hint on 438
+ How to Learn 463
+
+Husband and Wife 2189
+ Deed of Separation between 1567
+ Value of Little Attentions by 474 (v)
+
+Husbands, Hints for 2191, 2193, 2195
+
+Hydragogues, Properties of 889
+
+Hydrochlorate of Ammonia Lotion 535
+
+Hydrophobia in Dogs 2177
+
+Hyphen, Definition of 209
+
+Hypnotics, Properties of 890
+
+Hysterical Disorders, Prescription for 651 (xii)
+Hysterics,
+ Remedy for 610
+ Treatment for 1338
+
+
+I
+
+Ice,
+ Lemon Water 2149
+ Orange Water 2150
+ Raspberry Water 2148
+ Strawberry Water 2147
+Ice-creams 2145, 2146
+Iceland Moss Chocolate 2303
+Ices,
+ for Desserts, Recipes for 2144, 2150
+ Materials for, to be Cool 2154
+
+Icing for Wedding Cakes 1955, 1956
+
+Idle Tales, Avoid Telling 2001
+
+Idleness, Avoidance of 2000
+
+Illegitimate Child, Legacy to 1594
+
+Ill-Temper, Manifestations of, to Avoid 1991
+
+Imitation Tortoiseshell 1423
+
+Income, Table of 2772
+
+Indemnification against Rents, Rates, and Taxes, Form of 1488
+
+Indenture, Apprentice's, When Void 1453
+
+Indian
+ Pickle, to Make 1671
+ Syrup 2138
+
+Indigestion,
+ Caution respecting 474 (xxxiv)
+ Homeopathic Treatment of 946, 951
+ Mixture for 2407
+ Remedy for 611
+ Symptoms of 946, 951
+
+Indulgence of Appetite, Pernicious Effects of 922
+
+Infants,
+ Aperient for 657
+ Food, to Prepare 2071
+ How to Feed 2025-2030
+ Milk for, to Prepare 2072, 2074
+
+Infectious Diseases, 1727-28
+ Notification of 1743
+
+Inflammation,
+ Prescription for 651(1)
+ of Bladder 612, 651 (3, 5, 11)
+ of the Bowels 613
+ of the Brain 614
+ of the Eyes 620
+ of the Kidneys 615
+ of the Liver 616
+ of the Stomach 618
+ of the Throat 526
+
+Inflammatory Sore Throat, Remedy for 619
+
+Influenza, Remedy for 621
+
+Infusion of Medicines 673
+
+Ink,
+ Dr. Ure's 2482
+ for Garden Labels 2486a
+ Marking, without Preparation 2485
+ Powder 2483
+ Preparation of 2481
+ Red Writing 2484
+Ink-stains,
+ to Remove from Boards 406
+ from Mahogany 402
+ from Silver 403
+ from Table Covers 404, 405
+
+Insects,
+ Bites of, Remedy for 2422
+ to Rid Bird-cages, &c., of 2165
+ Stings of, Treatment for 1367
+
+Integrity in Business 2607
+
+Intellectual Superiority not to be Boasted of 220
+
+Interest-Table
+ for One Year 2774
+ for Savings and Investments 2773
+
+Intermeddling, Avoidance of 1987
+
+Intermittent Fever, Remedy for 622
+
+Interrogation, Note of, Defined 210
+
+Interruptions, Rudeness of 218
+
+Intestate's Estate, Division of 1586
+
+Introduction to Society, Etiquette of 1925
+
+Invalids, Caution to Visitors to 474 (xii)
+
+Ipecacuanha, Nature and Uses of 730
+
+Irish Brogue,
+ Hints for the Correction of 193
+ Dialect, Importance of Correcting 179
+ Stew, to Prepare 1162
+
+Iron,
+ Black Staining for Ship's Guns, &c. 1424
+ New, Treatment of 454
+ Polished, to Preserve 368, 369
+ Rust on, to Prevent 415
+ to Remedy 370
+ Spiculæ in the Eye 1322
+ Wipers, to Make 416
+
+Isinglass Plaster 806
+
+Italian Cabinet Work, Varnish for 365, 366
+
+Itch,
+ Ointment for 544
+ Remedy for 623
+
+Ivory, to Stain 1415-1421
+
+
+
+
+J
+
+Jack, to Carve 2648
+
+Jactitation of Marriage 1570
+
+Jalap, Uses of 740
+
+Jam, Plum, Greengage, or Apricot 2135
+
+January,
+ Flowers for 250
+ Food in Season in 31
+
+Japanned Articles, to Clean 393
+
+Jaundice, Remedy for 624, 2396
+
+Jelly,
+ Apricot 2128
+ Arrowroot 2130
+ Black Currant 2127
+ Calf's Feet 2132
+ Excellent for the Sick Room 2131
+ Ox-Heel 2129
+ Red Currant 2124
+ White Currant 2125, 2126
+
+Jersey Wonders (Cakes) 2096
+
+Jewellry, Excess of, Deprecated 2023
+
+John Dory, to Carve 2639
+
+Joints of Meat:
+ English Method of Division 28
+ Names and Situation of 27
+ Relative Economy of 29
+ Scottish Division of 28 (vii)
+ Various, to Carve 2623
+
+Judges, How to Address 242
+
+Judicial Separation,
+ Costs of 1575
+ When Obtainable 1573
+
+Jugged Hare 1168
+
+July,
+ Flowers for 262
+ Food in Season in 37
+
+June,
+ Flowers for 260
+ Food in Season in 36
+
+Juniper, Properties and Uses of 754
+
+Junket, Devonshire 2280
+
+
+
+
+K
+
+Ketchup,
+ Oyster 2203
+ Walnut 2204
+
+Kettle,
+ to Keep Clean 341
+ Brass, to Clean 455
+
+Kidneys,
+ to Broil 1196
+ Inflammation of, Remedy for 615
+
+Kind Words, Power of 2181
+
+Kindness in Little Things 2005
+
+Kino, Uses of 722
+
+Kitchen,
+ Chimney, to put out Fire in 1381
+ Floor, Best Covering for 307
+ Garden, Operations in 274
+ Utility of the 1033
+
+Kitchiner's (Dr.) Rules for Marketing 44
+
+Kite, Use of, in Swimming 1411
+
+Knitting,
+ Abbreviations in 1855
+ Casting Off 1852
+ Casting On 1844
+ Decreasing 1849
+ Instructions in 1841
+ Improvements in 1842
+ Implements for 1845
+ Needles, Size of 1856
+ Plain 1846
+ Purling in 1847
+ Round, to Join a 1850
+ Stitches, Mode of Making 1848
+
+Knives and Forks,
+ to Clean 397, 474 (xxxv)
+ Caution when Cleaning 459
+ to Polish 461
+ Uncleaned, not to be put by 474 (xx)
+
+Knowledge in Housewifery, How Gained 463
+
+Kreosote Lotion 539
+
+
+
+
+L
+
+Labour and Study,
+ Excessive, Injurious 920
+ Proper Order of 921
+
+Lace,
+ Black, to Revive 2319
+ Blond, to Revive 2732
+ Excess of, to be Avoided 1931
+ Veil, White, to Wash 2731
+
+Ladies,
+ Deference to be Paid to 2016
+ Dress, Etiquette of 1929
+ Treatment of, at Table 2628
+
+Lamb 1053
+ to Choose 15
+ Chops, or Cutlets, to Dress 1148
+ to Dress, before Carving 1059
+ Fore-Quarter of, to Roast 1058
+ Fore-Quarter, Dressing for 1059
+ Grass, When in Season 1054
+ Hind-Quarter of, to Roast 1057
+ House, When in Season 1055
+ Leg of, to Roast 1060
+ Loin of, to Roast 1063
+ Quarter of, to Carve 2659
+ Ribs of, to Roast 1062
+ Shoulder of, to Roast 1061
+ Stove or Stew 1155
+ Various Joints of Described 28 (iii)
+ When in Season 1054, 1055
+
+Lambswool Stockings,
+ to Mend 2264
+ Thin, Use of 1880
+
+Lamps,
+ Bronze, to Clean 410
+ Oil for, the Best 358
+ to Prevent the Smoking of 340
+
+Lancashire Dialect 174
+
+Lancers (Dance) 140
+
+Landlord, and Tenant,
+ Laws Relating to 1471-1533
+ Stamped Agreements Between 1531
+ Duty of, to Repair Premises 1477
+ Notice to Quit by 1498, 1500
+ Right of, to Enter Premises 1479
+ What Taxes he has to Pay 1486
+
+Lansquenet 133
+
+Larder, to Ventilate 337
+
+Larks, Care of 2162
+
+Laundry, Borax in the 2318
+
+Late Hours, Effect of 920
+
+Lavender
+ Scent Bag 1677
+ Water 1678
+
+Lawn Billiards, or Troco 2595
+
+Lawn Tennis 2765
+ Rules of 2766
+ Three-handed and Four-handed 2767
+
+Laws
+ of Employer and Employed 1440
+ of Landlord and Tenant 1471-1533
+
+Laxative
+ Emulsion 581
+ Enema 511
+Laxatives, Properties of 891
+
+Lead, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1354
+
+Leaf,
+ Facsimile of, on Copper 2333
+ Impressions, Directions for Taking 2335
+ Printing 2334
+ Skeletons 2330
+
+Lease, Definition of a 1472
+Leases,
+ Agreement Respecting Rent and Taxes 1475
+ Copyholder's 1482
+ Covenant for Repairs 1477
+ Covenants Usual in 1474
+ How Assignable 1476
+ Precautions in Taking 1473
+ Special Power of Married Women to Grant and Take 1481
+ Termination of 1480
+
+Leather,
+ Cement for 2504
+ to Dye 2701
+ Enamelled, to Polish 2239
+ Ornamental 2507
+ Seats, Blacking for 471
+ Strap, Convenience of 474 (xxix)
+
+Leaves,
+ Impressions of 2332
+ Skeleton, to Form 2330
+
+Leech
+ Barometer 968
+ Bites, Treatment of 846, 847
+ Swallowed, Remedy for 849
+Leeches,
+ Amount of Blood Drawn by 845
+ to Apply 843
+ to Apply to Gums 844
+ Changing the Water of 2459
+ Description of 842
+ Treatment of, after Using 848
+
+Legacy to Illegitimate Child 1594
+
+Legal Separation, Good Reasons Necessary for 1574
+
+Legs, Cramp in 2413
+
+Leicestershire Dialect 174
+
+Lemon
+ Buns 2103
+ Kali 2292
+ Peel Syrup 2137
+ Peel, Tincture of 2308
+ Rice 1295
+ Sponge 2121
+ Water Ice 2149
+Lemonade 2288
+ Champagne 2290
+ Milk 2289
+Lemons,
+ Uses of 772
+ Whole, Preserved for Dessert 1640
+
+Letters,
+ Addresses on 225, 226, 236, 1375
+ Crossing of 230
+ Old, to Preserve 445
+ Signature to 229
+Letter-writing,
+ Hints Respecting 227
+ Perspicuity in 228
+ to Strangers 231
+
+Liability for Debts contracted under Age, Acceptance of 1604
+
+Lice, to Free Plants from 289
+
+Licences,
+ Common, for Marriage 1940
+ Special, for Marriage 1939
+
+Life Belts, Excellent Kinds of 1370, 1371
+
+Light
+ Essential to Health 474 (xviii)
+ Influence of, on Growth 914
+
+Lightning, Persons Struck by, to Treat 1339
+
+Lime
+ and Egg Cement 2497
+ and Oil Embrocation 506
+ in the Eye, to Remove 1321
+ Poisoning by, Treatment for 1356
+ Washing with 2734, 2735
+Lime-water a Cure for Burns 2436
+
+Limitation of Recovery of Land or Real Estate 1605
+
+Lincolnshire Dialect 174
+
+Linen,
+ Care of 360
+ Damp, Caution 2460
+ to Dye 2685-2689
+ Mending 362
+ Mildewed, to Restore 428, 2743
+ to Overlook 474 (xxx)
+ Rags, Economy of 457
+ to Remove Marking Ink from 425
+ to Remove Fruit Stains from 427
+ to Remove Wine Stains from 426
+ to Render Incombustible 2744
+ Repairing 361
+ Sweet Bags for 2745
+
+Liniments 502-503
+
+Linnets, Care of 2161
+
+Linseed, Properties and Uses of 789
+
+Lint,
+ How made 801
+ Various Forms and Uses of 802
+
+Lip Salve, Rose 2447
+
+Lipogram 61
+
+Liquid Glue 2491
+
+Liquor of Boiled Meat, Economy of 1074-1076
+
+Liquorice, Uses of 792
+
+Listening Preferable to Talking 2011
+
+Little
+ Attentions 474 (v)
+ Things, Kindness in 2005
+
+Liver
+ Complaint 592
+ Inflammation of 616
+ Sauce, for Fish 2223
+
+Living Objects, to Model 2375
+
+Lobscous, Beef or Mutton 1142
+
+Lobster
+ Butter 2222
+ to Choose 8
+ Patties 1254
+
+Local Stimulants, Nature of 728
+
+Localities for Business, Hints on 2601
+
+Lodgers, and Lodgings,
+ Laws Relating to 1504-1521
+ Apartments, Landlord Using 1516
+ Application to Magistrate for Restoration of Goods 1507
+ Broker Entering Apartments of 1508
+ Distraint on Furniture of 1506
+ Goods, not Liable for Distress for Rent due to Superior Landlord
+ 1505
+ Laws by which they are Bound 1510
+ Leaving Apartments Without Notice 1514
+ Weekly Rent Payable by 1511
+
+Lodgings,
+ Furnished, Laws Relating to 1513
+ Let to Immodest Women, Law Respecting 1517
+ Liability for Rent 1520
+ Quitted, Rent Recoverable 1518
+ Removing Goods from 1519
+ Renting of, for Specific Term 1509
+ Verbal Agreements for Taking 1515
+ Yearly, of Whom to be Taken 1512
+
+Logograph 62
+
+Logwood,
+ Decoction 500
+ Uses of 724
+
+London
+ Dialect 172
+ Postal District Initials on Letters 226
+
+Londoners, Advice to, on Errors in Speaking 192
+
+Loo,
+ Game of 95-100
+ Five-card 100
+ Laws of 97
+ Limited 98 (iv)
+ Three-card 96
+ Unlimited 98 (iv)
+
+Looking Glasses, to Clean 417
+
+Looseness of the Bowels, Remedy for 625
+
+Loss of Meat
+ in Cooking 1086
+ Per Cent., in Cooking 1066-7, 1078-9
+
+Lotions,
+ Prescriptions for 651 (23, 29, 31, 32, 35, 48)
+ Various 527, 540
+
+Love's Telegraph 1978
+
+Lumbago, Remedy for 2422
+
+Lunar Caustic, Uses of 780
+
+Luncheon,
+ Cakes for 2101
+ For Children 2075
+
+Lungs,
+ Inflammation of, Remedy for 617
+ State of, to Ascertain 2456
+
+Lustra Painting 1923
+
+
+ [A SOOTY CHIMNEY COSTS MANY A BEEFSTEAK.]
+
+
+M
+
+Maceration of Medicines 671
+
+Mackerel,
+ to Carve 2643
+ to Choose 2
+
+Mad Animals, Bite of, to Treat 1366
+
+Magisterial Order for Protection of Wife's Property 1576-1580
+
+Magnesia,
+ Properties and Uses of 737
+ Powders of Rhubarb and 571
+
+Mahogany,
+ Frames of, to Clean 386
+ to Remove Ink Stains from 402
+ to Remove Stains from 401
+
+Male Fern Root, Properties and Uses of 579, 785
+
+Mallow, Uses of 791
+
+Man and Wife, Deed of Separation Between 1567
+
+Man of Business, Habits of 2597
+
+Management, Household,
+ Hints on 438
+ How to Learn 463
+
+Mange in Dogs 2178
+
+Mangoes, to Pickle 1663
+
+Mania for Greek and Latin Quotations 219
+
+Manifold Writing 2486b
+
+Manly Character 1990
+
+Manna,
+ to Make Palatable 2089
+ Uses of 733
+
+Manners,
+ Artificial 1982
+ Personal, Hints upon 1983-2024
+
+Maps, to Varnish 349
+
+Marble,
+ to Clean 367, 389, 408, 2315
+ To Stain 1414
+
+Marbled Goose 1264
+
+March,
+ Flowers for 254
+ Food in Season in 33
+
+Margarine 2747
+
+Marine Glue 2499
+
+Marketing,
+ Dr. Kitchiner's Rules for 44
+ Table for 2775
+
+Marking Ink,
+ without Preparation 2485
+ to Remove 425
+
+Marmalade,
+ Apple 2134
+ Orange 2133
+
+Marriage,
+ Banns of, How Published 1941
+ Breach of Promise of 1561-1566
+ of Dissenters 1957
+ Etiquette of 1938
+ License, Cost of 1939, 1940
+ by Registration 1942
+
+Married Women,
+ Earnings of 1582
+ Personal Property of 1583
+
+Marrow Bones, to Cook 1157
+
+Marshmallow, Uses of 790
+
+Mastic Cement 2503
+
+Matches, Keep from Children's Reach 474 (xiii)
+
+Matrimonial Causes and Divorce 1568-1575
+
+Matrimony, Game of 108
+
+Matting, Straw, to Clean 381
+
+May,
+ Flowers for 258
+ Food in Season in 35
+
+Mazurka (Dance) 146
+
+Meaning of Words
+ Indicated by Accent 186
+ Varied by Accentuation 189
+
+Measles,
+ Homoeopathic Treatment of 952
+ Remedy for 626
+ Symptoms of 952
+
+Measures in Medicine,
+ Signs of 663
+ Substitutes for 665
+
+Meat,
+ Baking 1082
+ Basting 1084
+ Boiled, Liquor from, Use of 1074-1076
+ Boiling, Effect of, on 1077
+ Broiling 1081
+ Cakes 1252
+ for Children 2077
+ Cold, Broiled with Poached Eggs 1181
+ Cold, Economy of 466
+ Cookery 1138
+ Dredging 1085
+ Fat of, What it Indicates 1784
+ Flesh of, Why sometimes Red and sometimes White 1785
+ Fresh Killed, Length of Time Required for Boiling 1070
+ Frying 1083
+ Hook, How to Use 1029
+ How to Cook Properly 1073
+ Hung, Treatment of 474 (x, xi)
+ Joints of, Names and Situations 27
+ Joints of, Relative Economy of 29
+ Marbled, Why Best 1784
+ Method of Cutting up 28
+ Pie, Paste for 1258
+ Potted (Strasburg Mode) 1222
+ to Preserve 1650, 2317
+ to be Purchased in Person 474 (xvi)
+ Time Required for Boiling 1069
+ Underdone 1073
+ When in Season 31-42 (ii)
+
+Mechanical Remedies, Enumeration of 782
+
+Medical Man's Advice Desirable in Illness 590
+
+Medicinal Uses of Vaseline 2325
+
+Medicine,
+ Administering, Cautions 676
+ Aperients, Various 652-658
+ Articles Required in Mixing 660
+ Classification of 690
+ Climate 681
+ Decoction 674
+ Digestion 672
+ Directions for Preparation 659
+ Doses, According to Age 688
+ Extracts 675
+ Filtering 670
+ Forms best suited for 684
+ General Health 682
+ Habits 679
+ Homoeopathic, How Given 929
+ How to Administer 687
+ Idiosyncrasy 683
+ Infusion 673
+ Maceration 671
+ Measuring Accurately 664
+ Miscellaneous Recipes 578-588
+ Mixtures, Various 555-564
+ Pounding 666-668
+ Preparation of 659
+ Process of Making 666
+ Sex 677
+ Sifting 669
+ Signs for Measures 663
+ Substitutes for 665
+ Signs for Weights 662
+ Stains of, to Remove 434
+ Stimulants and Narcotics 680
+ Taste of, to Prevent 685, 686
+ Temperament 678
+ Terms Used to Express Properties of 851
+ Weights and Measures 661
+
+Melons, to Pickle 1663
+
+Mending,
+ Best Time for 450
+ Clothes 362
+
+Menial Servants, Agreements with 1445
+
+Menstruation,
+ Excessive, Remedy for 627
+ Painful 629
+ Scanty 628
+
+Mental and Bodily Exercise, Alternation of 921
+
+Menu for Large Dinner Parties 2619
+
+Mercury, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1347
+
+Merino Wool 1831
+
+Metagram 63
+
+Mice, White, Care of 2168
+
+Mildew
+ from Linen, to Remove 428, 2743
+ on Trees, to Prevent 278
+
+Milk,
+ Adulteration of 2753
+ for Children 2074
+ for Infants, to Prepare 2072
+ Lemonade 2289
+ Porridge for Children 2076
+ to Preserve 1649
+ of Roses, Recipe for 1710
+ When Purest 2764
+ Why it Turns Sour during Thunderstorms 1792
+
+Minced
+ Beef 1139
+ Collops 1218
+
+Mincemeat, to Prepare 1217
+
+Minor Operations in Surgery 838
+
+Mint,
+ Sauce, Substitute for 1056
+ Vinegar 2209
+ Why it is Eaten with Pea Soup 1790
+
+Mirrors, to Clean 418
+
+Misdivision of Words 166
+Mispronunciation of Words 165
+
+Mississippi, Game of 2581
+
+Mistress and Servants, Table of Expenses 2772
+
+Mixtures, Medicinal, Various 555-564
+
+Mock
+ Crab 2234
+ Goose 1166
+
+Modelling 2346-2383
+ Ancient Cities, in Cork 2362
+ Cathedrals, Churches, &c. 2365-2366
+ Caves 2350
+ Caves in Cinders 2351
+ Caves in Cork 2354
+ Caves, to Represent Water Issuing from 2360
+ Cities and Temples, to Construct 2374
+ Cork, Small 2355
+ Countries 2368
+ Finishing Various Parts 2356
+ Houses 2364, 2367
+ Living Objects 2375-2380
+ Materials Required in 2348
+ Modern Cities, in Cork 2363
+ Monuments 2372
+ Mountains 2371
+ Paper Cement for 2370
+ Public Buildings 2365
+ Ruins 2373
+ Scale for 2347
+ Stalactites 2353
+ Starch Paste 2361
+ Temples 2374
+ Tools Required in 2349
+ Topographical 2369
+ in Various Materials 2346
+ Wax to Make 2381
+ Wooden 2357-2359
+
+Moderation in Eating and Drinking Beneficial 924
+
+Money,
+ Borrowed when Under Age, Repayments of 1603
+ for Daily Expenses 2614
+ Matters, Hints upon 2613
+
+Monkeys, Care of 2169
+
+Moral, A (Poetry) 290
+
+Mordants, in Dyeing 2684
+
+Morning Milk 2764
+
+Mortars, Proper Kinds of, for Medicines 668
+
+Mother Eve's Pudding 1315
+
+Moths,
+ Garden, to Destroy 284
+ to Exterminate from Clothes Closets 430
+ to Preserve Clothes from 429
+ to Preserve Furs from 2262
+ to Prevent 1676, 2474-2475
+
+Mourning,
+ Dresses, to Remove Stains from 2259
+ Economy in 1974
+ Etiquette of 1971
+ Families in, Correspondence with 1976
+
+Mouth Glue 2488
+
+Mucilage
+ of Gum Arabic 587
+ of Starch 588
+
+Muffins, to Make 2097
+
+Mumps,
+ Homoeopathic Treatment of 953
+ Remedy for 630
+
+Mushrooms,
+ Artificial Beds for 275
+ Essence of 2205
+ to Distinguish from Fungi 1129
+ to Pickle 1669
+ to Stew 1127
+ Wholesome, to distinguish 1128
+
+Muslin,
+ to Dye 2685-2689
+ to Wash 2740
+
+Mustard,
+ Adulteration of 2754
+ Leaves, Rigollot's 810
+ Medicinal Uses of 731
+ Poultices 810
+
+Mutton,
+ Advantages of Hanging 474 (x), 1040
+ Breast of, to Roast 1044
+ Chine of, to Roast 1041
+ Choice of 14
+ Fed near Sea, Nutritious 1783
+ Hashed 1147-1161
+ Haunch of, to Carve 2651
+ to Roast 1045
+ Leg of, to Carve 2657
+ Lobscous 1142
+ Loin of, to Carve 2658
+ to Roast 1043
+ Loss of, in Roasting and Boiling 1086
+ Neck of, to Roast 1044
+ Pie 1244
+ Saddle of, to Carve 2650
+ to Roast 1041
+ Sausages, to Make 1188
+ Shanks for Stock 467
+ Shoulder of, to Carve 2656
+ to Roast 1042
+ Soup, to Prepare 1132
+ Stew 1135
+ Various Joints of, Described 28 (ii)
+ Venison Fashion, to Roast 1046
+ When in Season 28 (ii)
+
+Myrrh
+ Dentifrice 1689
+ Gargle 525
+
+
+
+
+N
+
+Nail-box 313
+Nails and Screws 311, 312
+
+Nails,
+ Finger, Biting 2394
+ to Whiten 1682
+
+Names, Signification of 970
+
+Naphtha Polish 2237
+
+Napkins, Table, to Fold 2620
+
+Napoleon, Game of 130
+
+Narcotic Poisons, Treatment for 1360
+Narcotics,
+ Nature and Uses of 692
+ Properties of 892
+
+Needles,
+ Short Ones the Best 474 (iv)
+ How to Thread 474 (xxii)
+
+Needlework, Fancy 1808
+
+Nervous Headache, Pills for 2384
+
+Nervousness, Remedy for 631
+
+Netting 1824-1832
+ Darning on 1830
+ Diamond 1827
+ Grecian 1831
+ Implements Used in 1826
+ Regularity Necessary in 1825
+ Round 1828
+ Square 1829
+ Stiches in, How Counted 1832
+
+Nettlerash, Homoeopathic Treatment of 954
+Nettle-sting, Cure for 2432
+
+New Neighbourhoods for Business 2602
+
+New Paint, Smell of, to Remove 335
+
+Newspapers,
+ Waste, Care of 327
+ Unfit for Wrappers 326
+
+Nightcap for Travellers 2281
+
+Nightlights, to Make 1001
+
+Nipples, Sore, Ointment for 2408
+
+Nitrate
+ of Ammonium as Freezing Mixture 2151
+ of Silver, Properties and Uses of 780
+
+Nitre,
+ Poisoning by, Treatment for 1359
+ Uses of 751
+
+Nitric Ether, Uses of 697
+
+Nobility, Directions for Addressing 240
+
+Nose, Bleeding at, to Arrest 1328, 2393
+
+Notice to Quit,
+ Form of, from Landlord to Tenant 1500
+ Form of, from Tenant to Landlord 1499
+ Given by Landlord or Tenant 1498
+ Legal Term of 1501
+ or Pay Increase of Rent 1502
+
+Noun,
+ Accent on 187
+ Definition of 187
+
+November,
+ Flowers for 270
+ Food in Season in 41
+
+Noxious Gases, How Generated 915, 918
+
+Nursery,
+ Borax in the 2321
+ Children's 2064
+ Servants Sleeping in 2065
+
+Nutrients, Properties of 893
+
+Nutritive Enema 512
+
+
+
+
+O
+
+Oak Bark, Uses of 723
+
+October,
+ Flowers for 268
+ Food in Season in 40
+
+Offensive Breath 2405
+
+Officers' Dress, Etiquette 1928
+
+Official Members of the State, to Address 240 (x)
+
+Oil,
+ Burning, Best Mode of Keeping 998
+ Clocks, Best for 347
+ Enema 517
+ Lamp, Best for 358
+ Paint, Smell of, to Remove 336
+ Paintings, Cautions Respecting 356
+ To Remove from Hearths 407
+ of Roses, for Hair 1705
+ of Turpentine, Properties and Uses of 755
+
+Oilcloth, to Clean 380
+
+Ointments
+ and Cerates, Various 541-547
+ Proper Employment of 805
+
+Omelette,
+ Friars' 1308
+ Ordinary 1309
+ Observations on 1310
+
+Onions,
+ to Pickle 1660
+ Smell of, to Remedy 2406
+
+Open Doors or Windows in Fire 1383
+
+Operations, Surgical, Minor 838
+
+Opium
+ Enema 516
+ Lotion 531
+ Nature and Uses of 700
+ Properties of 711
+
+Orange
+ Confection 489
+ Marmalade 2133
+ Peel as a Tonic 2461
+ Peel Syrup. 2137
+ Seville, Properties and Uses of 771
+ Water Ice 2150
+
+Ordinary Lotion 533
+
+Organzine, What it is 1887
+
+Ornamental Leather Work 2507
+
+Ornaments,
+ Brass, to Clean 373, 411
+ Personal, Appropriateness of 1932
+
+Ostrich Feathers, to Clean 2725
+
+Ottomans, to Clean 384
+
+Oven,
+ Dutch 1030
+ Revolving 1002
+
+Ox-Cheek,
+ to Stew 1160
+ Uses and Economy of 29(vii)
+Ox-Heart 28 (viii)
+Ox-Heel Jelly 2129
+Ox-Tail, Uses and Properties of 28 (viii)
+Ox-Tongue 28 (viii)
+
+Oxalic Acid, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1362
+
+Oxide of Zinc, Uses of 712
+
+Oxygen of Air, Consumed by Fire 918
+
+Oyster
+ Fritters 1301
+ Ketchup 2203
+ Patties 1253
+ Pie 1265
+ Powder 2220
+Oysters,
+ Choosing 11
+ Curried 1182
+ Fried 1183
+ Raw, Why most Wholesome 1786
+ Stewed 1184
+ Why some have a Green Tinge 1787
+
+
+
+
+ P
+
+Pads, Surgical Employment of 808
+
+Pains in Head and Face 2385
+
+Paint
+ for Garden Stands 473
+ Smell of, to Remove 335, 336
+
+Painted Wainscot, to Clean 398
+
+Paintings, Oil, Caution Respecting 356
+
+Palatable Stew 1163
+
+Palpitation of Heart 632
+
+Pancakes 1304
+ Cream 1305
+ for Children 2081
+ Observations on 1310
+ Rice 1306
+
+Paper
+ Cement 2370
+ for Children 446
+ Hangings, to Choose 306
+ to Clean 382
+ Patterns, Black 2508
+ Printed, Unfit for Wrapping 326
+ to Remove Writing Ink from 437
+ to Stain 1425-1429
+ Wrapping 325
+
+Papier-Mâché Articles, to Clean 394
+
+Parchment, to Stain 1425-1429
+
+Paregorics, Properties of 894
+
+Parenthesis 212
+
+Parliament, Members of, to Address 240 (x), 246
+
+Parrots, Care of 2163
+
+Parsnip Wine 2275
+
+Parson's Grate 997
+
+Parties, Evening, Etiquette of 1937
+
+Partridge,
+ to Carve 2673
+ to Choose 25
+ Pie, Cold 1242
+ Pudding 1238
+ to Roast 1237
+
+Paste
+ for Fruit or Meat Pies 1248
+ for Meat or Savoury Pies 1258
+ Permanent 2490
+ Puff 1257
+ to Prepare 2489
+
+Pastilles, for Burning, to Make 352
+
+Pastime, Evening, Suggestions for 46
+
+Pastry,
+ Flour for 1250
+ for Tarts 1249
+
+Pasty, Seven-Bell 1245
+
+Patterns,
+ Black Paper 2508
+ on Cloth or Muslin 2509
+
+Patties,
+ Chicken and Ham 1259
+ Egg and Ham 1255
+ Lobster 1254
+ Oyster 1253
+ Veal and Ham 1256
+
+Pea Soup, Plain 1133
+
+Peaches
+ in Brandy 1637
+ to Preserve 1636
+
+Pears
+ Baked 1311
+ for Children, to Prepare 474 (xxviii)
+
+Peas,
+ to Prepare for Children 2079
+ Powder 2213
+ Pudding 1286
+ When best Fit for Eating 1089
+
+Pelote of Lint, its Use 802
+
+Penelope Canvas 1905
+
+Penny Pot (Billiards) 2590
+
+Pepper,
+ Adulteration of 2755
+ Cayenne 2212
+ Adulteration of 2750
+
+Percentage of Loss in Roasting 1066-1067
+
+Percentages, Table of 2770
+
+Perfume, A Pleasant 1676
+
+Period, or Full-stop, Nature and Value of 202
+
+Perry 2201
+
+Person on Fire 1319
+
+Personal,
+ Chattels, Meaning of Term 1612
+ Important Provision respecting 1613
+ Manners, Hints upon 1983-2024
+ Property of Married Women 1583
+
+Persons of Rank, How to Address 237
+
+Perspiration 1718
+
+Peruvian Bark, Nature and Uses of 708
+
+Petticoat, Flannel, Economy of 474 (xvii)
+
+Pharmacopoeia, Domestic 475
+
+Pheasant,
+ to Carve 2671
+ to Truss and Roast 1241
+
+Phosphorus, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1355
+
+Pianofortes, Hints on Keeping 248
+
+Pickle, Indian, to Make 1671
+Pickles, Various Kinds of 1659-1673
+Pickling, Hints on 1656-1658, 1674
+
+Pic-Nic Biscuits 2118
+
+Picquet, Game of 131
+
+Pie,
+ Apple 1246
+ Calf's Head 1229
+ Fruit or Meat, Paste for 1248
+ Mutton 1244
+ Oyster 1265
+ Partridge, Cold 1242
+ Raised 1232
+ Rump Steak 1231
+ Savoury, Paste for 1258
+ Sea 1230
+ Veal 1243
+Pie-dish, Cup in, Use of 1247
+
+Pigeon,
+ to Carve 2675
+ to Choose 23
+ Cold, to Dress 1172
+
+Pike, to Carve 2648
+
+Piles,
+ Homoeopathic Remedies for 955
+ Ointment for 2409
+ Remedy for 633
+
+Pills,
+ Aperient 651 (3, 22, 44), 654
+ Various 548-554
+
+Pitch, Burgundy 768
+
+Pitting in Small-Pox, to Prevent 583-586, 2437
+
+Plaice, to Carve 2640
+
+Plant Skeletons 2330
+
+Plants, to Protect from Leaf Lice 289
+
+Plaster,
+ Adhesive, to Prepare 806
+ of Paris, to Harden Objects in 2345
+
+Plate, Uncleaned, Don't put by 474 (xx)
+Plated Ware, to Clean 409
+
+Plum
+ Cake 2092, 2102
+ Jam 2135
+ Pudding 1272
+ Cold, to Re-dress 1299
+ Cossack's 1137
+Plums, to Preserve 1638-1639
+
+Points in Punctuation
+ Described 200-201
+ Importance of Properly Placing 205
+ Relative Duration of 203-204
+ Sentence Properly Punctuated 207
+ Sentence without, Illustrated 206
+
+Poison, A, Definition of 1341
+Poisoning, Treatment for,
+ by Acids 1352
+ by Alkalies 1357
+ by Antimony 1348
+ by Arsenic 1345
+ by Bites of Reptiles or Animals 1365, 1366
+ by Baryta 1358
+ by Bismuth 1351
+ by Chlorine 1353
+ by Copper 1346
+ by Fish 1364
+ by Gold 1351
+ by Insect Stings 1367
+ by Lead 1354
+ by Lime 1356
+ by Mad Animals, Bites of 1366
+ by Mercury 1347
+ by Narcotics 1360
+ by Nitre 1359
+ by Oxalic Acid 1362
+ by Phosphorus 1355
+ by Reptiles, Bites of 1365
+ by Silver 1351
+ by Spanish Flies 1363
+ by Stings of Insects 1367
+ by Tin 1349
+ by Vegetable Irritant Poisons 1361
+ by Zinc 1350
+ How to Act in Cases of 1343
+ Symptoms of 1341
+Poisons
+ Antidotes for 1344
+ General Observations on 1340
+ Various Kinds of 1342
+
+Poker,
+ or Draw-Poker, Game of 132
+ Use of 986
+
+Polish for Enamelled Leather 2239
+Polishes, French 2237
+
+Politeness, to Practise 2006
+
+Polka 153
+ Country Dances 157
+ Waltz 150
+
+Pomade,
+ Castor Oil, to Make 1709
+ to Remedy Baldness 1699
+Pomatum,
+ Common 1707
+ Directions for Making 1706
+ Hard 1708
+
+Pool (Billiards) 2585, 2590
+
+Poor, Beds for the 329
+
+Pope Joan, Game of 109
+
+Porcelain
+ to Clean 419-422
+ Red in 422
+
+Pork,
+ and Beef, Salted, to Stew 1131
+ to Choose 16
+ Fresh, to Stew 1135
+ Leg of, to Carve 2667
+ Loin of, to Carve 2668
+ Slices of, to Dress 1149
+ Spare Rib of, to Carve 2669
+ to Roast 1154
+ Various Joints of, Described 28 (iv)
+
+Porridge, Scotch 1203
+
+Portable Soup 1211
+
+Porter, to Brew 2272
+
+Possession, Giving up Refused 1503
+
+Postage Stamp, Where to Place on Envelope 224
+Postal Districts in London 226
+
+Potash
+ and Sulphur Powders 572
+ Sulphate of 748
+Potassa, Acetate of 752
+
+Potato Balls
+ ragoût 1112
+ Colcanon 1110
+Potato,
+ Cheesecakes 1109
+ Fritters 1302
+ Pie 1118
+ Pudding 1283
+ Puffs 1261
+ Scones 1117
+ Snow 1113
+Potatoes 1103
+ Boiled 1104
+ in Bread 1017
+ for Children 2079
+ Cold, to Dress 1119
+ Escalloped 1116
+ Fried in Slices 1115
+ Fried Whole 1114
+ Fried with Fish 1107
+ Mashed with Onions 1108
+ with Spinach and Cabbage 1120
+ New, when Best Fit for Eating 1089
+ to Peel 1105
+ to Preserve 1654
+ Roasted under Meat 1111
+ to Steam 1106
+
+Pot-au-Feu, to Prepare 1134
+
+Pot-Herbs for Drying, When in Season 36-38(v)
+
+Potichomanie, Art of 2559
+
+Potted
+ Beef 1221
+ Meat, Strasburg 1222
+
+Poultices, Uses of 809
+
+Poultry,
+ to Fatten 2171
+ to Hash 1174
+ Hints Respecting 2173
+ ragoût of 1171
+ to Roast 1064
+ When in Season 31-42 (iii)
+
+Powders, Medicinal 568-577
+
+Prawns, to Choose 10
+
+Precautions
+ in Beginning Business 2604
+ in Case of Fire 1377-1390
+ in Giving Medicines 676
+
+Prescriptions, Various 650, 651
+
+Presence of Mind a Safeguard against Drowning 1405, 1406
+
+Presentations, Etiquette of 1936
+
+Preserves,
+ Covering for 1630
+ Hints about Making 1628
+Preserving
+ Eggs 1642-1645
+ Fruit 1619-1623
+
+Press, Direction for those who Write for 247
+
+Preston Salts 2466
+
+Pride, Avoidance of 1992
+
+Principles
+ for Government of Personal Conduct 1996
+ Personal, Avowal of 1988
+
+Printed Papers, Unfit for Wrapping 326
+
+Privileges of Servants 1465
+
+Promise of Marriage, Breach of 1561-1566
+
+Promissory Notes, Stamps for 2769
+
+Pronunciation,
+ Definition of 182
+ to Obtain Good Knowledge of 185
+ Proper, of Words often wrongly Pronounced 197
+ Rules of 196
+
+Prophylactics, Properties of 895
+
+Provincial
+ Brogues, Hints for Correction of 193-195
+ Dialects, Examples of 176
+Provincialisms,
+ Effect of 179
+ Use of 168
+
+Ptarmigan, to Roast 1239
+
+Public Places, Behahaviour in 2018
+
+Pudding,
+ Almond 1284
+ Sauce for 1285
+ Apple 1269
+ Boston 1270
+ Barley 1281
+ Batter 1276
+ Baked or Boiled 1277
+ Black Hog 1192
+ Bread 1271, 1274
+ Cabinet 1273
+ Carrot 1282
+ Economical Family 1275
+ Fig 1279
+ Half Pay 1278
+ Mother Eve's 1315
+ Peas 1286
+ Plain Suet 1280
+ Plum 1272
+ Cold, to Re-dress 1299
+ Cossack's 1137
+ Potato 1283
+ Rice, Cold to Re-dress 1297
+ with Fruit for Children 2080
+ without Eggs 465
+ Yorkshire 1036
+Puddings for Children 2081
+
+Puff Paste 1257
+
+Puffs, Potato 1261
+
+Pulled Bread, to Make 1021
+
+Punch, Scotch 2282
+
+Punctuality, Practice of 2008
+
+Punctuation,
+ Definition of 198
+ Importance of 199
+ Marks Used in 200-213
+
+Pure Air, Necessity of 910
+
+Purgative
+ Emulsion 582
+ Pills, Mild 550
+ Ordinary 551
+ Strong 549
+ Powders 576
+Purgatives, Properties of 896
+
+Put
+ Game of 101-104
+ Laws of 104
+
+Puzzle,
+ Diagonal 67
+ Diamond 68
+ Oblique 66
+Puzzles, Specimens of 65
+Pyramids (Billiards) 2584
+
+
+
+
+Q
+
+Quadrille, Game of 117
+
+Quadrilles 139
+
+Quadrupeds, to Stuff 2339
+
+Quassia, Uses of 715
+
+Quinine Tooth-powder 1691
+
+Quinsey, Remedy for 634
+
+Quinze, Game of 134
+
+Quotations, Greek and Latin, to be avoided 219
+
+
+
+
+R
+
+Rabbits,
+ Care of 2167
+ to Choose 24
+ Cold, to Dress 1172
+ to Hash 1174
+
+Radishes, Turnip, to Boil 1123
+
+Ragoût
+ of Cold Veal 1164
+ of Duck, Poultry, or Game 1171
+ Potato Balls 1112
+
+Rags, Linen, Economy of 457
+
+Raised Pie 1232
+
+Raspberry
+ Ice Cream 2146
+ Vinegar 2285
+ Water Ice 2148
+
+Rates and Taxes in Arrear, Indemnification against 1488
+
+Rats, to Destroy 2467
+
+Reading
+ by Candle Light, Best Mode 474 (xxiv)
+ in Bed 1394
+
+Ready
+ Money Purchases, Benefit of 990, 991, 994
+ Reckoner for Marketing 2775
+
+Rebuses, Example of 69
+
+Receipts for Wages paid 1460
+
+Recipes, Miscellaneous Medicinal 578-588
+
+Recovery
+ of Damages by Workmen from Employer 1606-1609
+ of Land or Real Estate, Limitation of 1605
+
+Red
+ Cabbage, to Pickle 1661
+ Cement 2501
+ Currant Jelly 2124
+
+Redowa Waltz Described 147
+
+Refrigerants,
+ Nature of 770
+ Properties of 897
+
+Registration
+ of Births 1959
+ of Deaths 1963, 1964
+
+Regularity in Living, Benefits of 1769
+
+Relish for Chops 2233
+
+Remedies,
+ Chemical 769
+ Mechanical 782
+
+Rent,
+ Care of Receipts for 1497
+ Distraining for, Expenses 1582
+ Broker's Charges, Delivery of 1529
+ Legal and Illegal 1523
+ Due from Bankrupts 1526
+ Form of Receipt 1495, 1496
+ Goods Seized for, Valuation and Sale of 1530
+ Illegal Charges on Distraining for 1527
+ Legal Tender of 1494
+ Mode of Recovering 1522
+ Payment of, Imperative 1491
+ Receipt for, Legal Form of 1493
+ the Proper Person to Demand it 1492
+ When Legally Payable 1490
+
+Repairs
+ by Tenant 1477
+ of Household Property, Landlord's Neglect of 1478
+
+Reptiles, Bites of, to Treat 1365
+
+Respirators, Charcoal 1776
+
+Revolving Ovens 1002
+
+Rheumatic Gout, Mixture for 2392
+Rheumatism,
+ Pills for 2390
+ Remedy for 635, 2422
+
+Rhubarb,
+ and Magnesia Powders 571
+ to Preserve 1634
+ Uses of 739
+ Wine 2273
+
+Rice,
+ and Apples for Children 474 (xxviii), 2083
+ to Boil, for Curry 1294
+ Bread, to Make 1019
+ to Dress, Black Man's Recipe 1292
+ Dumplings 1288
+ Lemon 1295
+ Pancakes 1306
+ Pudding, Cold, to Re-dress 1297
+ with Fruit for Children 2080
+ without Eggs 465
+ Yellow, to Dress 1293
+
+Rickets, Remedy for 636
+
+Rigollot's Mustard Leaves for Poultices 810
+
+Rings,
+ Finger 2746
+ Wedding 1979, 1980
+
+Ringworm,
+ Remedy for 637
+ Treatment of 2416
+
+Roasting,
+ Loss Occasioned by 1066-1067
+ Rationale of 1065
+ Remarks on 1035-1067
+
+Roche's Embrocation for Hooping Cough 2404
+
+Rolls,
+ to Make 1023
+ French, to Make 1022
+
+Roots, Greens, Salads, How to Refresh 1092
+
+Rose
+ Leaves, Uses of 725
+ Oil, Red 1704
+Roses,
+ Milk of 1710
+ Oil of 1705
+Rose-trees, to Clear from Blight 277
+
+Rosewood Furniture,
+ to Polish 383
+ Imitation of 1438
+
+Royal Family, How to Address 238, 239
+
+Royal Game of Goose 2594
+
+Rubefacients,
+ Nature of 766
+ Properties of 898
+
+Rules,
+ and Hints for Correct Speaking 181
+ of Conduct 2183
+ Domestic, Mrs. Hamilton's 439
+ for Marketing, Dr. Kitchiner's 44
+ for Preservation of Health 909
+ of Pronunciation 196
+ Special, for Prevention of Cholera 908
+
+Rum, Buttered 2284
+
+Rumpsteak,
+ and Onion Sauce 1158
+ Pie 1231
+
+Rust,
+ on Steel and Iron, to Remedy 370
+ Steel Goods, to Preserve from 414, 415
+
+Rustic Work Seats for Models 2383
+
+Rye and Wheat Flour 1016
+
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+Sage and Onion Sauce 2231
+
+Sailors, Cookery for 1130
+
+St. Vitus's Dance 642
+
+Sal-Ammoniac as a Freezing Mixture 2153
+
+Salad,
+ French Mode of Dressing 1267
+ to Choose 1266
+ to Mix 1266
+ Mixture in Verse 1268
+
+Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, Extracts from 2747
+
+Salivation, Gargle for 522
+
+Sally Lunn Tea Cakes, to Make 1024
+
+Salmon
+ to Carve 2642
+ to Choose 5
+
+Salt,
+ Beef and Pork, Stew of 1131
+ Drying for Table, Hint on 474 (xix)
+ Liquor of Boiled Meat, How to Use 1076
+ Meat, Treatment of, before Boiling 1076
+
+Salts, Preston 2466
+
+Salutations, Advice on 2010
+
+Sal-Volatile,
+ to Restore Colours 453
+ Use of 702
+
+Samphire, to Pickle 1670
+
+Sandwiches, Anchovy 1201
+
+Sarsaparilla,
+ Decoction of 2465
+ Uses of 760
+
+Satin
+ to Clean 2721
+ White, to Clean 2720
+
+Sauce,
+ Apple 2225
+ Beef Gravy 2228
+ Chutney 2229
+ Fish 2224
+ Grill 2226
+ Liver, for Fish 2223
+ Sage and Onions 2231
+ Tomato 2227
+ Wow-wow 2230
+
+Saucepan, Uses of 1031
+
+Sausages 1185
+ Adulteration of 2756
+ Beef 1260
+ Bologna 1185
+ Mutton 1188
+ Oxford 1186
+ to Prepare Skins for 1190
+ Veal 1189
+ Worcester 1187
+Saveloys, to Make 1191
+
+Scalds,
+ Cure for 2435
+ Treatment of 1317-1318
+
+Scammony, Uses of 745
+
+Scandal, Live it Down 160
+
+Scarification, Surgical Use of 850
+
+Scarlet Fever, Remedy for 638
+
+Scent-bag, Lavender 1677
+
+Schottische 155
+
+Scones, to Make 1307
+
+Scotch
+ Barley Broth 1205
+ Brose 1204
+ Fingering Wool 1879
+ Porridge 1203
+ Punch 2282
+ Woodcock 1193
+
+Scottish
+ Brogue, Hints for Correction of 194
+ Dialect 170
+ Importance of Correcting 179
+
+Scouring
+ Bedrooms, Hints about 334
+ Boards, Directions for 399
+ Drops for Removing Grease 432
+
+Scratches, Treatment of 2415
+
+Screw-box 313
+Screws and Nails 311, 312
+
+Scrofula, Remedy for 639
+Scrofulous Ulcerations, Ointment for 545
+
+Scurf,
+ Ointment for 2417
+ Treatment of 2418
+
+Scurvy, Remedy for 640
+
+Sea Pie 1230
+
+Sea water, Artificial, to Prepare 2458
+Seaweeds, to Collect and Prepare 2337
+
+Sedative Lotion 530
+Sedatives, Properties of 899
+
+Seidlitz Powders 2294
+
+Self-Praise, Avoidance of 2002
+
+Selling on Credit, Reasons for 993
+
+Semicolon, Nature and Value of 202
+
+Senna
+ and Manna, to Render Palatable 2089
+ Confections 492, 493
+ Properties and Uses of 738
+
+Separation of Man and Wife, Deed of 1567
+
+September,
+ Flowers for 266
+ Food in Season in 39
+
+Servant,
+ Deceased, Who may Claim Wages due to 1458
+ Incapacitated from Work, Law Relating to 1454
+ Leaving Without Due Notice 1451
+ Liability of, for Breakages 1450
+ Medical Attendance for, Liability of Employer 1462
+ Purchases Made by, for Employer 1469
+ Reservation of Special Privileges by 1465
+ Seduced from Employment, Employer's Recovery 1467
+ When he may Refuse to perform Certain Duties 1468
+ Woman, Married, Entitled to Receive her Wages 1461
+Servants,
+ Character, Law Respecting 1470
+ Disabled by Sickness, Law Relating to 1455
+ Dismissal of 1441
+ Dismissed, Wages Claimed by 1463
+ Hired by the Year, Law Relating to 1456, 1457
+ Hiring of 1441
+ Ill-paid and Young, Caution as to 474 (xxxvi)
+ Livery, Special Law Concerning 1452
+ Menial, Agreements with 1445
+ Responsibility of Employers for 1468
+ should not Sleep with Children 2065
+ Special Hirings 1465
+ Treatment of 2202
+
+Sesquicarbonate
+ of Ammonia, Uses of 704
+ of Soda, Uses of 774
+
+Seven-Bell Pasty 1245
+
+Seville Oranges, Properties and Uses of 771
+
+Sewing,
+ by Candlelight, Hint on 474 (xxxiii)
+ When best done 451
+
+Shalots, to Pickle 1662
+
+Shanks of Mutton for Stock 467
+
+Sheep, fed near Sea, Why Flesh of Nutritious 1783
+Sheepskins, Dried, for Hearthrugs 305
+
+Sheets, to Mend 474 (xv, xxiii)
+
+Shelves in Tool Closet 315, 317
+
+Sherbet, to Prepare 2292
+
+Shetland Wool 1875
+
+Shirts, to Mend 474 (xxiii)
+
+Shocks, Violent, Treatment of 1329
+
+Shoes,
+ Blacking for 2244
+ to Clean 2240
+ Waterproofing for 2245, 2246
+
+Shop, Directions for Taking 2598-2609
+Shopkeeper, Duties of 2608
+Shopkeeping, Useful Work on 2609
+
+Shrimps, to Choose 10
+
+Sialogogues,
+ Nature of 764
+ Properties of 900
+
+Sick, Visiting the, Cautious as to 474 (xii), 1373
+Sick-room,
+ Borax in 2323
+ Jelly for 2131
+
+Sideboard, Utility of 2618
+
+Signature, How to Write it 229
+
+Signification of Names 970
+
+Signs of the Weather 962
+
+Silk,
+ Black, to Revive 2256
+ to Clean 2721
+ to Dye 2704-2710
+ Embroidery, Stitches in 1899
+ Flowered, to Clean 2720
+ to Remove Grease Spots from 2261
+ to Renovate 2255
+ to Restore Colour of 2257
+ Thread, How Made 1886
+ Various Kinds of 1887-1893
+
+Silver,
+ to Clean 409
+ Nitrate of, Uses of 780
+ Poisoning by, Treatment of 1351
+ to Remove Ink Stains from 403
+
+Simmering Meat 29 (ii)
+
+Simplicity and Grace, Desirability of 1933
+
+Singing, Utility of 1759
+
+Single Pool (Billiards) 2586
+
+Sinks, to Disinfect 344
+
+Sir Roger de Coverley Dance Described 156
+
+Skeleton
+ Fruits 2331
+ Leaves 2330
+
+Skin,
+ Diseases of, How generally Caused 1721
+ Necessity of Keeping it Clean 919
+ to Soften 1685
+
+Skittle Pool (Billiards) 2589
+
+Sky, Colour of, a Sign of the Weather 964
+
+Skylarks, Care of 2162
+
+Sleep,
+ How to Obtain 1761
+ of Children, Duration 2056-2064
+
+Sling for the Arm 834
+
+Sloe Wine 2763
+
+Slugs, to Destroy 280, 2468, 2469
+
+Small Birds, to Stuff 2340
+
+Small-pox, Pitting in,
+ to Prevent 583-586, 2437
+ Remedy for 641
+
+Smell of Paint, to Remove 335, 336
+
+Smithfield Hare 28 (viii)
+
+Smoky Chimney, to Guard Against 345
+
+Snails,
+ to Destroy 280
+ Traps for 281
+
+Snipe,
+ to Carve 2676
+ to Choose 26
+
+Soap,
+ Honey, to Make 1680
+ Liniment with Spanish Flies 508
+Soapsuds, Economy of 441
+
+Sociable, How to be 2007
+Society,
+ Conduct in 2013
+ Introduction to, Etiquette of 1925
+
+Soda
+ Cake 2104
+ Carbonate of, Properties and Uses of 774
+ Powders, Compound 569
+Soda-water Powders 2293
+
+Sofa,
+ to Choose 302
+ to Clean 384
+
+Soft Water, to Prepare 342, 458
+
+Soldering, Neat Mode of 348
+
+Soldiers, Cookery for 1130
+
+Sole, to Carve 2641
+
+Soles of Boots, Gutta Percha, to Put on 2247
+
+Solitaire, Game of 135
+
+Song Birds, Care of 2156-2162
+
+Soporifics, Properties of 901
+
+Sore
+ Nipples, Ointment for 2408
+ Throat, Gargle for 2386
+ Inflammatory, Remedy for 619
+Sores, Charcoal applied to 1777
+
+Soup,
+ Asparagus 1214
+ Carrot 1215
+ Clear Gravy 1210
+ French Beef, to Prepare 1134
+ Mutton 1132
+ Pea 1133
+ Portable 1211
+ Vegetable 1213
+ Vermicelli 1212
+
+Spanish
+ Dance 142
+ Fly, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1363
+ Uses of 767
+
+Spasmodic Disorders, Prescription for 651 (12)
+
+Speaking,
+ Correctly, Rules and Hints for 181
+ Errors in 161-168
+ Correction of 180
+
+Special Marriage Licences 1939
+
+Speculation, Game of 105
+
+Spelling, Hints upon 214
+
+Spirit Polish 2237
+
+Spit, How to Use 1028
+
+Splints, Substitutes for 836
+
+Sponge Cake 2108, 2109
+ Almond 2110
+ Lemon 2121
+
+Sponges, to Clean 1712
+
+Spongio-Piline for Poultices 809
+
+Spots from Furniture, to Remove 452
+
+Sprains,
+ Homeopathic Treatment of 956
+ Remedy for 2422, 2423
+
+Spring Aperients 653
+
+Square Words 70
+
+Squills, Uses of 753
+
+Squinting, Remedy for 2389
+
+Squirrels, Care of 2166
+
+Stable, Vaseline in the 2328
+
+Staining, General Observations on 1413
+Stains from
+ Books, to Extract 426
+ Floors, to Remove 431
+ the Hands, to Remove 1683
+
+Stair Carpet, to Sweep 379
+
+Staircase on Fire 1384
+
+Stamp On Envelope, Where to Place 224
+
+Stamped
+ Agreements between Landlord and Tenant 1531
+ Correspondence respecting
+ 1532
+ Documents, Importance of 1533
+Stamps for Bills of Exchange, &c. 2769
+
+Star (or Asterisk) Definition of 213
+
+Starch,
+ Gum Arabic 2742
+ Mucilage of 588
+ Paste Models, to Form 2361
+
+Steel,
+ Rust on, to Remedy 370
+ Goods, to Preserve from Rust 414, 415
+
+Stew,
+ Irish, to Prepare 1162
+ Palatable, to Prepare 1163
+
+Stimulant
+ and Tonic Mixture 563
+ Gargle 523
+ Lotion 539
+Stimulants,
+ General 691
+ Local 728
+ Nature and Uses of 691
+ Properties of 902
+
+Sting of Nettle, Cure for 2432
+Stings
+ of Bees and Wasps, Cure for 2430, 2431
+ of Insects, to Treat 1367
+
+Stock,
+ Brown 1223, 1224
+ from Shanks of Mutton 467
+
+Stockings, Worsted and Lambswool, to Mend 2264
+
+Stomach, Inflammation of, Remedy for 618
+Stomachic Mixture 564
+Stomachics, Properties of 903
+
+Stone, to Stain 1414
+
+Stoppers of Bottles, to Loosen 357
+
+Stoves,
+ Blacking for, to Make 396
+ Brunswick Black for 395
+
+Strap, Leather, Convenience of 474 (xxix)
+
+Strasburg Potted Meat 1222
+
+Straw
+ Bonnets, to Bleach 2728
+ to Clean 2726
+ Matting, to Clean 381
+
+Strawberry
+ Ice Cream 2145
+ Water Ice 2147
+
+Stuffing Birds, Quadrupeds, &c. 2339, 2340
+
+Stuffing for Goose or Duck 1226
+
+Styptics, Properties of 904
+
+Succedaneum, Tooth Stopping 2446
+
+Sucking Pig, to Carve 2626, 2663
+
+Sudorific Powders 577
+Sudorifics, Properties of 905
+
+Suet
+ Dumplings, Hint on Boiling 474 (xiv)
+ Pudding, Plain 1280
+
+Suffocation
+ from Charcoal Fumes, to Treat 1372
+ from Noxious Gases, Treatment for 1338
+
+Suffolk Dialect 169
+
+Sugar
+ Biscuits 2120
+ Icing for Wedding Cake 1956
+
+Sulphate
+ of Copper, Uses of 779
+ of Potash, Properties and Uses of 748
+ of Zinc 727
+ Eye-wash 482
+Sulphur 736
+ and Potash Powders 572
+ and Senna Confection 495
+Sulphuric Ether,
+ Compound Spirit, Uses of 693
+ Nature and Uses of 709
+
+Summer Champagne 2291
+
+Sun, Warmth of, in Dwelling, Essential 914
+Sunburn, Wash for 2442
+Sunstroke, Treatment for 1339
+
+Superiority, Intellectual, Rudeness in Boasting of 220
+
+Suppers, My Wife's 1251
+
+Surgery, Domestic 796
+Surgical
+ Dressings 797
+ Instruments for 798
+ Materials for 799
+ Operations, Minor 838
+
+Swearing, Avoidance of 1995
+
+Sweet
+ Bags for Linen 2745
+ Dishes, Cold, to Redress 1296-1299
+
+Sweetbread, to Prepare 1194, 1195
+
+Swimming 1397-1412
+ Belts, to Make 1412
+ Comfort in 1401
+ Cramp in 1408
+ Dr. Franklin's Advice on 1398-1411
+ Kite, Aid of 1411
+
+Syrup,
+ Apples in 2139
+ Indian 2138
+ to Make 1629
+ Orange or Lemon Peel 2137
+
+
+
+
+T
+
+Table
+ of Days from One Month to Another 2771
+ of Expenses, Income, and Wages 2772
+ of Interest for Savings, Investments, &c. 2773
+ of Percentages 2770
+
+Table, Dinner, How to Lay Neatly 474 (vi) 2617
+ Room, Economy of 2623
+Table-covers, to Remove Ink Stains from 404
+Tables, Dining, to Polish 385
+ to Preserve 330
+
+Tamarind
+ Drink 566-567
+ Uses of 734
+
+Tapestry
+ of Auxerre 1921
+ Painting 1920
+
+Tart, Cold Apple, to Re-dress 1298
+
+Tartar,
+ Cream of 744
+ Emetic 758
+ Ointment 547
+Tartaric Acid, Uses of 777
+
+Tarts, Paste for 1249
+
+Taste of Medicine, to Prevent 685, 686
+
+Tatting,
+ or Frivolité, Instructions in 1833-1840
+ Implements for 1834
+ Picots in 1840
+ Stitches in 1835, 1836
+ Trefoil 1838
+
+Taxes Payable by Landlord 1486
+
+Tea,
+ Adulteration of 2757
+ Economy of 2295
+ to Make 2296-2298
+ Parties, My Wife's 2091
+ Standing in Tin 443
+ Why Made with Boiling Water 1799
+ Why its First Infusion has the most Aroma 1800
+ Why it often Cures Headache 1796
+
+Tea-cakes 2099
+ Sally Lunn, to Make 1024
+
+Tea-kettle, to Keep Clean 341
+
+Teal, to Dress 1235
+
+Teapots, China, Desirability of 359
+
+Teeth, Solution for 1687
+Teething 2443
+ Homeopathic Treatment of 957
+
+Telegraph, Love's 1978
+
+Temper,
+ Female, Management of 2184
+ Keep Your 474 (viii), 1991
+
+Temperance, Benefits of 1764-1767
+
+Tenancies,
+ Notices Relating to 1483
+ Yearly, Terms of 1484
+Tenant
+ and Landlord, Law of 1471-1533
+ Indemnity to Incoming Tenant 1487
+ Notice to Quit 1498
+ Stamped Agreements 1531
+
+Tent of Lint 802
+
+Termination of Leases 1480
+
+Terra Cotta Painting 1922
+
+Theory of Cooking 1034
+
+Thinning the Blood, Mode of 2454
+
+Thirty-four Puzzle, The 2592
+
+Throat,
+ Bone in, Treatment for 1332
+ Inflamed, Gargle for 526
+ Inflammatory Sore, Remedy for 619
+ Sore, Gargle for 2386
+
+Thrush, Remedy for 643
+
+Thrushes, Care of 2157
+
+Thumb, Dislocated, Remedy for 1323
+
+Tic-Douloureux, Remedy for 644, 2385
+
+Tincture
+ of Allspice 2207
+ of Camphor, its Uses 938
+ of Lemon Peel 2308
+
+Tin, Poisoning by, Treatment for 1349
+
+Tin-ware,
+ Care of 444
+ to Clean 413
+
+Titled Persons, to Address Properly 235
+
+Toads, Uses of, in Gardens 279
+
+Toast, Anchovy 1202
+
+Toddy, Whisky 2282
+
+Toilet,
+ Borax for the 2320
+ Etiquette of the 1926
+ Vaseline for the 2326
+ Young Lady's 1713
+
+Tolu, Uses of 763
+
+Tomato Sauce 2227
+
+Tongues,
+ to Carve 2664
+ to Cure 1652
+ Glazing for 1651
+
+Tonic,
+ Aperient, Prescription for 656
+ Gargle 523
+ Pills 552
+ Powders 570
+ and Stimulant, Mixture 563
+Tonics,
+ Nature and Uses of 714-719
+ Prescriptions for 651 (18, 27, 45)
+ Properties of 906
+
+Tools,
+ Family Chests and Closets of, to Furnish 308-324
+ How to Find When Wanted 324
+ How to Keep in Place 321, 322
+ Injured if Kept in Box 319
+ Necessary for Household Use 310
+ Suspension of, against Walls 318
+ Visible when Hung against Wall 320
+
+Toothache, Cure for 645, 2444
+Tooth-powder,
+ American 1690
+ Camphorated 1688
+ Myrrh 1689
+ Quinine 1691
+Tooth-stopping,
+ Gutta Percha 2445
+ Succedaneum 2446
+
+Tortoiseshell, Imitation of 1423
+
+Tow, Surgical Uses of 804
+
+Towels, Worn, to Mend 474 (xv)
+
+Tracing Paper, to Make 2343
+
+Tragacanth, Properties and Uses of 788
+
+Travellers,
+ Cookery for 1130
+ Nightcap for 2281
+
+Trays, Japanned, to Clean 393
+
+Trees, Mildew on, to Remove 278
+
+Tricotee, or Oriental Crochet 1823
+
+Troco, or Lawn Billiards 2595
+ Rules of 2596
+
+Trou Madame 2581
+
+Trout, to Carve 2647
+
+Turbot, to Carve 2637
+
+Turkey,
+ to Carve 2626, 2677
+ to Choose 19
+ Cold, to Dress 1172
+ Pulled, to Prepare 1173
+
+Turnip Radishes, to Boil 1123
+Turnips, Cold, to Dress 1121
+Turnip-wine 2276
+
+Turpentine
+ Enema 513
+ Liniment 509
+ Oil of 755
+ Venice 749
+
+Tusseh Silk 1890
+
+Typhus Fever, Remedy for 646
+
+
+
+
+U
+
+Uncleanliness of Person Deprecated 2022
+
+Underdone Meat 1073
+
+Unfermented Cakes 2098-2100
+
+Unmarried Ladies, How to Address 236 (v)
+
+Ure's (Dr.,) Ink 2482
+
+Urns, Japanned, to Clean 393
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+V, Use of, for W, Enigma on 215
+
+Valerian, Nature and Uses of 707
+
+Valse
+ a Deux Temps 151
+ Cellarius 148
+
+Vapour Bath, Improvised 2451-2452
+
+Varnish
+ for Damp Walls 333
+ for Cabinet Work 365, 366
+
+Vaseline, Uses of 2324-2328
+
+Veal
+ a la mode 1159
+ Breast of, to Carve 2662
+ to Choose 13
+ Cold, ragoût of 1164
+ Fillet of, to Carve 2661
+ to Roast 1048
+ and Ham Patties 1256
+ Knuckle of, to Carve 2666
+ Loin of to Carve 2660
+ to Roast 1049
+ Minced 1144
+ Neck of, to Roast 1051
+ Pie 1243
+ Rissoles 1146
+ to Roast 1047
+ Sausages, to Make 1189
+ Shoulder of, to Roast 1050
+ to Stew 1135
+ Sweetbread, to Roast 1052
+ Various Joints of, Described 28 (v)
+ When in Season 28 (v)
+ with White Sauce 1145
+
+Vegetable Irritant Poisons, Treatment for 1361
+
+Vegetables,
+ to Boil 1093, 1097-1100
+ for Children 2078
+ to Choose 1091
+ to Choose Fresh 1101
+ to Cleanse from Insects 1102
+ to Cut or Gather 1095
+ for Dinner, Where to set them 2625
+ for Drying 36 (v)-38 (v)
+ Forced, When in Season 31 (v), 33( v)
+ for Pickling 37 (vi), 38 (vi)
+ to Prepare for Cooking 1088
+ Preservation of 1096
+ Quality of 1091
+ Soup 1213
+ Unripe 1090
+ to Wash and Clean 1094
+ When in Season 31-42 (iv)
+ When Indigestible 1100
+Vegetation, Maturity of 1624-1627
+
+Veil, White Lace, to Wash 2731
+
+Velvet,
+ Grease from, to Remove 433
+ to Renovate 2263
+
+Venice Turpentine, Properties and Uses of 749
+
+Venison,
+ to Choose 18
+ Haunch of, to Carve 2651
+ Various Joints of Described 28 (vi)
+ When in Season 28 (vi)
+
+Ventilation,
+ Best Mode of 474 (xxxi)
+ in Houses, Necessity of 918
+ Simple Method of 2449
+
+Verb, Accent on 188
+
+Vermicelli Soup 1212
+
+Vermifuges 579, 580
+
+Vermin, How Generally Bred 1722-1723
+Vermin-killer, Borax as a 2314
+
+Vesicants, Medical Properties of 907
+
+Vinegar,
+ Cheap and Good 2211
+ Cress 2210
+ Horseradish 2208
+ Mint 2209
+ Poultice 809
+ Raspberry 2285
+
+Vingt-un,
+ Game of 113-116
+ Method of Playing 114
+ Natural in 115, 116
+
+Violent Shocks, Effects of, Treatment for 1329
+
+Violet, Why Unfavourable to Every Complexion 1805
+
+Visiting,
+ Dress, Etiquette of 1927
+ Etiquette of 1936
+ the Sick, Cautions as to 474 (xii), 1373
+Visits of Condolence, Etiquette of 1975
+
+Vitremanie, Art of 2559
+
+Vitriol, White, Nature and Uses of 727
+
+Volatile Salt, Nature and Uses of 702
+
+Vowels, Sounds of, Influenced by Accentuation 184
+
+Vulgarity, Avoidance of 1994
+
+
+
+
+W
+
+W, Use of, for V, Enigma on 215
+
+Wages,
+ Necessity of Receipts for Paid 1460
+ Table of 2772
+
+Wainscot, Painted to Clean 398
+
+Waiter at Table, Duties of 2629-2632
+Waiters, to Clean 393
+
+Walking, Proper Mode of 1758
+
+Walls, Damp, to Remedy 332, 333
+
+Walnut Ketchup 2204
+Walnuts, to Pickle 1665
+
+Waltz
+ à Deux Temps 151
+ Cellarius 148
+ Circular 149
+ Cotillon 143
+ Polka 150
+ Redowa 147
+
+Warehouseman, General Terms of Hiring 1464
+
+Warmth,
+ Dry, to the Body, Best Mode of Applying 837
+ for the Body, Desirability of 916
+ Exercise Best for Producing 917
+
+Warts, Cure for 2427
+
+Washing,
+ Economy of Various Processes 2741
+ Frequent, Good Effects of 1735
+ Lime, Use of in 2734-2735
+ Machinery for 2738
+ Muslins and Chintzes 2740
+ to Prepare Hard Water for 2737
+ Preventive of Infection 1733-1734
+ Saving of Soap and Labour in 2739
+ Supremacy of Soapsuds 2736
+
+Wasps,
+ to Destroy 286
+ Stings of, Cure for 287, 2430
+
+Waste, Caution Against 447, 466
+
+Waste-paper, Economy of 328
+
+Wasting
+ of Fluid Part of Body 912
+ of Solid Part of Body 911
+
+Water,
+ Adulteration of 2758
+ as a Beverage, Excellence of 912
+ on the Brain, Remedy for 647
+ Effect of, on Meat, if Left in, when Cooked 1072
+ Encrustation of Certain Vessels by 341
+ Erect Position in 1403-1404
+ Hard, to Prepare for Washing 2737
+ Hard to Soften 342
+ Hot, Efficacy of 2453
+ in Holland and England 1730
+ Soft, to Prepare 458
+
+Watercress, to Stew 1126
+
+Waterproofing for Boots and Shoes 2245, 2246
+
+Wax
+ Flowers, to Make 2525-2536
+ Fruits, to Make 2525, 2537-2547
+ Models, to Make 2381
+ to Remove from Cloth 2260
+
+Weather,
+ Effects of, on the Blood 1760
+ Hot, Beverage for 2455
+ Precautions against 967
+ Signs of 962-966
+
+Wedding;
+ Breakfast, Etiquette of 1950
+ Bridegroom's Position in Church 1945
+ Cake, Almond Icing for 1955
+ Sugar Icing for 1956
+ Recipe for 1954
+ Cards, Etiquette of 1951
+ Ceremony, Formularies after 1948
+ Dress, Choice of 1943
+ Fees, Amount of 1947
+ Order of Going to and Coming from Church 1944-1949
+ Position of Bridesmaids 1946
+ Reception after, Etiquette of 1952
+ Ring, Why Worn on Fourth Finger 1980
+ Origin of Wearing 1979
+ Signature of Register in Vestry 1948
+ Tour, Best Places for 1953
+
+Weights for Medicines 661
+ How Marked 662
+
+Wet Blankets for Fire 1380
+
+Wheeling Yarn 1880
+
+Whey, Alum 2304
+
+Whisky Toddy 2282
+
+Whist,
+ Advice to Players at 78
+ Laws of 76
+ Maxims for 75
+ Principles of 73-79
+ Short 77, 78
+ Terms Used in 74
+
+White-Currant Jelly 2125, 2126
+
+White-Lead as Cement 2498
+
+White-Mice, Care of 2168
+
+White-Vitriol, Nature and Uses of 727
+
+Whites, Remedy for 648
+
+Whiting, to Carve 2645
+
+Whooping Cough (see Hooping Cough, 609)
+
+Widow's Claim on Intestate Estate 1586
+
+Wife,
+ and Husband, Hints to 2189
+ Debts of, before Marriage, Liability of Husband for 1581
+ Power of 2188
+ Property of, Order for Protection of 1576-1580
+ Wearing Apparel, &c., of, cannot be Willed Away 1595
+
+Widgeon, to Dress 1235
+
+Wild Duck,
+ to Dress 1233
+ Sauce for 1234
+
+Will,
+ How to Make 1585-1599
+ Legal Alteration in 1591
+ Revoking 1589-1590, 1592
+ to Search for 1584
+ Simple Form of 1598
+ Special, should be Drawn by Legal Adviser 1599
+ Validity of 1587-1588
+ What to be Written on 1593
+
+Window-curtains on Fire, How to Act 1382
+Windows,
+ Dirty 474 (ix)
+ Open at Night, Bad Effect of 2068
+
+Wine,
+ Art of Making 2273
+ Biscuits 2106
+ Blackberry 2277
+ Elderberry 2278
+ Home-made, Varieties of, to Make 2273-2278
+ Parsnip 2275
+ to Serve at Dinner 2630
+ Stains from Linen to Remove 426
+ Turnip 2276
+
+Wives, Hints for 2190, 2192, 2194, 2196
+
+Woman's Conversation 217
+
+Women, Christian Names of 972
+
+Wood,
+ Models of, to Construct 2357-2359
+ to stain 1430-1439
+
+Woodcock,
+ to Carve 2674
+ to Choose 26
+ Scotch, to Prepare 1193
+
+Wooden Ware, Care of 444
+
+Wool,
+ to Dye 2711-2717
+ German or Berlin 1873
+ Other Kinds of 1878
+Woollen
+ Clothes, to Wash 442
+ Dresses, Coloured, to Clean 2721
+
+Words,
+ Mischoice of 166
+ Mispronunciation of 165
+ often Wrongly Pronounced, Proper Pronunciation of 197
+ Whose Meaning is not Varied by Accent 190
+ Whose Meaning is Varied by Accent 189
+
+Work
+ by Daylight Preferable in Winter 474 (xxvi)
+ How to Accomplish 460
+
+Wormwood, Nature and Uses of 718
+
+Worms,
+ Homeopathic Remedies for 959
+ in the Intestines, Remedy for 649
+ Remedies for 579, 580
+
+Worsted Stockings, to Mend 2264
+
+Wounds
+ and Cuts, Treatment of 1324
+ Homoeopathic Treatment of 934
+
+Wow-Wow Sauce 2230
+
+Wrapping-Paper, to Purchase 325
+
+Writing,
+ for the Press, Directions for 247
+ Ink, to Remove from Paper 437
+ Materials, Advice Respecting 232
+ Paper and Books, Economy of 446
+ Paper and Envelopes should be Clean 233-234
+
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+Yak Lace and Fringe 1885
+
+Yeast,
+ Economical, to Make 1005
+ Poultice 809
+ to Make 1003-1004
+
+Yellow
+ Blinds in Smallpox 586
+ Lotion 536
+
+Yorkshire,
+ Dialect, Errors of 175
+ Example of 178
+ Pudding 1036
+
+Young,
+ Counsels for the 2185
+ Ladies, Advice to 2186
+ Lady's Toilette (Poetry) 1713
+
+Youth, to Preserve Health in 1770
+
+Yule Cake 2111
+
+
+
+
+Z
+
+
+Zinc,
+ Chloride of, Solution 781
+ and Camphor Eyewash 483
+ Eyewash 481
+ and Lead Eyewash 480
+ Oxide of, Uses of 712
+ Poisoning by, Treatment for 1350
+ Sulphate of, Nature and Uses of 727
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"ENQUIRE WITHIN."
+
+BY THE EDITOR.
+
+(_Written on the publication of the Four Hundred and Thirtieth Thousand_.)
+
+
+ Only a few short years have sped
+ Since I this work of love begun;
+ By thousands sought, by millions read,
+ All their approving smiles I've won.
+ Now, while reflecting on the past,
+ My day of life seems closing in,
+ Let me, while powers of reason last,
+ "Enquire Within,"
+
+ Oh, ye--who gentle are and fair--
+ Who to these modest pages turn,
+ To raise a smile, to soothe a care,
+ Or some moot point of duty learn,--
+ Forget not this: that whilst you live,
+ Your hearts may yield to pride or sin,
+ Take, then, the warning here I give,--
+ "Enquire Within."
+
+ Would you acquire the greatest peace--
+ The sweetest joy--this world can give?
+ Bid hatred, pride, and envy cease,
+ And learn a Christian's life to live;
+ Each eve, before your eyelids close,
+ And slumbers of the night begin,
+ That your own heart may find repose,
+ "Enquire Within."
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENQUIRE WITHIN UPON EVERYTHING ***
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