initial commit of ebook 10357HEADmain

1 files changed, 22234 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/10357-0.txt b/10357-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bd6970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/10357-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22234 @@
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10357 ***
+
+BOSWELL'S
+
+LIFE OF JOHNSON
+
+INCLUDING BOSWELL'S JOURNAL OF A TOUR TO THE HEBRIDES
+AND JOHNSON'S DIARY OF A JOURNEY INTO NORTH WALES
+
+EDITED BY
+
+GEORGE BIRKBECK HILL, D.C.L.
+
+PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD
+
+IN SIX VOLUMES
+
+VOLUME IV.--LIFE (1780-1784)
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF VOL. IV.
+
+
+LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D. (1780-DEC. 13, 1784)
+
+APPENDICES:
+
+A. ALTERCATION BETWEEN DR. JOHNSON AND DEAN BARNARD.
+B. JOHNSON AND PRIESTLEY.
+C. THE CLUB IN IVY-LANE.
+D. THE ESSEX HEAD CLUB.
+E. MISS BURNEY'S ACCOUNT OF JOHNSON'S LAST DAYS.
+F. NOTES ON JOHNSON'S WILL, ETC.
+G. NOTES ON BOSWELL'S NOTE.
+H. NOTES ON BOSWELL'S NOTE.
+I. PARR'S EPITAPH ON JOHNSON.
+
+FOOTNOTES.
+
+
+
+
+_THE LIFE OF SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D._
+
+Being disappointed in my hopes of meeting Johnson this year, so that I
+could hear none of his admirable sayings, I shall compensate for this
+want[1] by inserting a collection of them, for which I am indebted to my
+worthy friend Mr. Langton, whose kind communications have been
+separately interwoven in many parts of this work. Very few articles of
+this collection were committed to writing by himself, he not having that
+habit; which he regrets, and which those who know the numerous
+opportunities he had of gathering the rich fruits of _Johnsonian_ wit
+and wisdom, must ever regret. I however found, in conversations with
+him, that a good store of _Johnsoniana_ treasured in his mind[2]; and I
+compared it to Herculaneum, or some old Roman field, which when dug,
+fully rewards the labour employed. The authenticity of every article is
+unquestionable. For the expression, I, who wrote them down in his
+presence, am partly answerable.
+
+'Theocritus is not deserving of very high respect as a writer; as to the
+pastoral part, Virgil is very evidently superiour. He wrote when there
+had been a larger influx of knowledge into the world than when
+Theocritus lived. Theocritus does not abound in description, though
+living in a beautiful country: the manners painted are coarse and gross.
+Virgil has much more description, more sentiment, more of Nature, and
+more of art. Some of the most excellent parts of Theocritus are, where
+Castor and Pollux, going with the other Argonauts, land on the Bebrycian
+coast, and there fall into a dispute with Amycus, the King of that
+country; which is as well conducted as Euripides could have done it; and
+the battle is well related. Afterwards they carry off a woman, whose two
+brothers come to recover her, and expostulate with Castor and Pollux on
+their injustice; but they pay no regard to the brothers, and a battle
+ensues, where Castor and his brother are triumphant. Theocritus seems
+not to have seen that the brothers have the advantage in their argument
+over his Argonaut heroes. _The Sicilian Gossips_ is a piece of merit.'
+
+'Callimachus is a writer of little excellence. The chief thing to be
+learned from him is his account of Rites and Mythology; which, though
+desirable to be known for the sake of understanding other parts of
+ancient authours, is the least pleasing or valuable part of their
+writings.'
+
+'Mattaire's account of the Stephani[3] is a heavy book. He seems to have
+been a puzzle-headed man, with a large share of scholarship, but with
+little geometry or logick in his head, without method, and possessed of
+little genius. He wrote Latin verses from time to time, and published a
+set in his old age, which he called '_Senilia_;' in which he shews so
+little learning or taste in writing, as to make _Carteret_ a dactyl[4].
+In matters of genealogy it is necessary to give the bare names as they
+are; but in poetry, and in prose of any elegance in the writing, they
+require to have inflection given to them. His book of the Dialects[5] is
+a sad heap of confusion; the only way to write on them is to tabulate
+them with Notes, added at the bottom of the page, and references.'
+
+'It may be questioned, whether there is not some mistake as to the
+methods of employing the poor, seemingly on a supposition that there is
+a certain portion of work left undone for want of persons to do it; but
+if that is otherwise, and all the materials we have are actually worked
+up, or all the manufactures we can use or dispose of are already
+executed, then what is given to the poor, who are to be set at work,
+must be taken from some who now have it; as time must be taken for
+learning, according to Sir William Petty's observation, a certain part
+of those very materials that, as it is, are properly worked up, must be
+spoiled by the unskilfulness of novices. We may apply to well-meaning,
+but misjudging persons in particulars of this nature, what Giannone[6]
+said to a monk, who wanted what he called to _convert_ him: _"Tu sei
+santo, ma tu non sei filosofo"_--It is an unhappy circumstance that one
+might give away five hundred pounds in a year to those that importune in
+the streets, and not do any good[7].'
+
+'There is nothing more likely to betray a man into absurdity than
+_condescension_; when he seems to suppose his understanding too powerful
+for his company[8].'
+
+'Having asked Mr. Langton if his father and mother had sat for their
+pictures, which he thought it right for each generation of a family to
+do, and being told they had opposed it, he said, "Sir, among the
+anfractuosities[9] of the human mind, I know not if it may not be one,
+that there is a superstitious reluctance to sit for a picture."'
+
+'John Gilbert Cooper[10] related, that soon after the publication of his
+_Dictionary_, Garrick being asked by Johnson what people said of it,
+told him, that among other animadversions, it was objected that he cited
+authorities which were beneath the dignity of such a work, and mentioned
+Richardson. "Nay, (said Johnson,) I have done worse than that: I have
+cited _thee_, David[11]."'
+
+'Talking of expence, he observed, with what munificence a great merchant
+will spend his money, both from his having it at command, and from his
+enlarged views by calculation of a good effect upon the whole. "Whereas
+(said he) you will hardly ever find a country gentleman who is not a
+good deal disconcerted at an unexpected occasion for his being obliged
+to lay out ten pounds[12]."'
+
+'When in good humour he would talk of his own writings with a wonderful
+frankness and candour, and would even criticise them with the closest
+severity. One day, having read over one of his Ramblers, Mr. Langton
+asked him, how he liked that paper; he shook his head, and answered,
+"too wordy." At another time, when one was reading his tragedy of
+_Irene_ to a company at a house in the country, he left the room; and
+somebody having asked him the reason of this, he replied, Sir, I thought
+it had been better[13].'
+
+'Talking of a point of delicate scrupulosity[14] of moral conduct, he
+said to Mr. Langton, "Men of harder minds than ours will do many things
+from which you and I would shrink; yet, Sir, they will perhaps do more
+good in life than we. But let us try to help one another. If there be a
+wrong twist it may be set right. It is not probable that two people can
+be wrong the same way."'
+
+'Of the Preface to Capel's _Shakspeare_, he said, "If the man would have
+come to me, I would have endeavoured to endow his purposes with words;
+for as it is, he doth gabble monstrously[15]."'
+
+'He related, that he had once in a dream a contest of wit with some
+other person, and that he was very much mortified by imagining that his
+opponent had the better of him. "Now, (said he,) one may mark here the
+effect of sleep in weakening the power of reflection; for had not my
+judgement failed me, I should have seen, that the wit of this supposed
+antagonist, by whose superiority I felt myself depressed, was as much
+furnished by me, as that which I thought I had been uttering in my own
+character."'
+
+'One evening in company, an ingenious and learned gentleman read to him
+a letter of compliment which he had received from one of the Professors
+of a foreign University. Johnson, in an irritable fit, thinking there
+was too much ostentation, said, "I never receive any of these tributes
+of applause from abroad. One instance I recollect of a foreign
+publication, in which mention is made of _l'illustre Lockman_[16]."'
+
+'Of Sir Joshua Reynolds, he said, "Sir, I know no man who has passed
+through life with more observation than Reynolds."'
+
+'He repeated to Mr. Langton, with great energy, in the Greek, our
+SAVIOUR'S gracious expression concerning the forgiveness of Mary
+Magdalen, "[Greek: Ae pistis sou sesoke se poreuou eis eiraeuaeu.] Thy
+faith hath saved thee; go in peace[17]." He said, "the manner of this
+dismission is exceedingly affecting."'
+
+'He thus defined the difference between physical and moral truth;
+"Physical truth, is, when you tell a thing as it actually is. Moral
+truth, is, when you tell a thing sincerely and precisely as it appears
+to you. I say such a one walked across the street; if he really did so,
+I told a physical truth. If I thought so, though I should have been
+mistaken, I told a moral truth."'
+
+'Huggins, the translator of Ariosto, and Mr. Thomas Warton, in the early
+part of his literary life, had a dispute concerning that poet, of whom
+Mr. Warton in his _Observations on Spenser's Fairy Queen_, gave some
+account, which Huggins attempted to answer with violence, and said, "I
+will _militate_ no longer against his _nescience_." Huggins was master
+of the subject, but wanted expression. Mr. Warton's knowledge of it was
+then imperfect, but his manner lively and elegant[18]. Johnson said, "It
+appears to me, that Huggins has ball without powder, and Warton powder
+without ball."'
+
+'Talking of the Farce of _High Life below Stairs_[19], he said, "Here is
+a Farce, which is really very diverting when you see it acted; and yet
+one may read it, and not know that one has been reading any thing
+at all."'
+
+'He used at one time to go occasionally to the green room of Drury-lane
+Theatre[20], where he was much regarded by the players, and was very
+easy and facetious with them. He had a very high opinion of Mrs. Clive's
+comick powers, and conversed more with her than with any of them. He
+said, "Clive, Sir, is a good thing to sit by; she always understands
+what you say[21]." And she said of him, "I love to sit by Dr. Johnson;
+he always entertains me." One night, when _The Recruiting Officer_ was
+acted, he said to Mr. Holland[22], who had been expressing an
+apprehension that Dr. Johnson would disdain the works of Farquhar; "No,
+Sir, I think Farquhar a man whose writings have considerable merit."'
+
+'His friend Garrick was so busy in conducting the drama, that they could
+not have so much intercourse as Mr. Garrick used to profess an anxious
+wish that there should be[23]. There might, indeed, be something in the
+contemptuous severity as to the merit of acting, which his old preceptor
+nourished in himself, that would mortify Garrick after the great
+applause which he received from the audience. For though Johnson said of
+him, "Sir, a man who has a nation to admire him every night, may well be
+expected to be somewhat elated[24];" yet he would treat theatrical
+matters with a ludicrous slight. He mentioned one evening, "I met David
+coming off the stage, drest in a woman's riding-hood, when he acted in
+_The Wonder_[25]; I came full upon him, and I believe he was not
+pleased."'
+
+'Once he asked Tom Davies, whom he saw drest in a fine suit of clothes,
+"And what art thou to-night?" Tom answered, "The Thane of Ross[26];"
+(which it will be recollected is a very inconsiderable character.) "O
+brave!" said Johnson.'
+
+'Of Mr. Longley, at Rochester, a gentleman of very considerable
+learning, whom Dr. Johnson met there, he said, "My heart warms towards
+him. I was surprised to find in him such a nice acquaintance with the
+metre in the learned languages; though I was somewhat mortified that I
+had it not so much to myself, as I should have thought[27]."'
+
+'Talking of the minuteness with which people will record the sayings of
+eminent persons, a story was told, that when Pope was on a visit to
+Spence[28] at Oxford, as they looked from the window they saw a
+Gentleman Commoner, who was just come in from riding, amusing himself
+with whipping at a post. Pope took occasion to say, "That young
+gentleman seems to have little to do." Mr. Beauclerk observed, "Then, to
+be sure, Spence turned round and wrote that down;" and went on to say to
+Dr. Johnson, "Pope, Sir, would have said the same of you, if he had seen
+you distilling[29]." JOHNSON. "Sir, if Pope had told me of my
+distilling, I would have told him of his grotto[30]."'
+
+'He would allow no settled indulgence of idleness upon principle, and
+always repelled every attempt to urge excuses for it, A friend one day
+suggested, that it was not wholesome to study soon after dinner.
+JOHNSON. "Ah, Sir, don't give way to such a fancy. At one time of my
+life I had taken it into my head that it was not wholesome to study
+between breakfast and dinner[31]."'
+
+'Mr. Beauclerk one day repeated to Dr. Johnson Pope's lines,
+
+     "Let modest Foster, if he will, excel
+      Ten metropolitans in preaching well:" [32]
+
+Then asked the Doctor, "Why did Pope say this?" JOHNSON. 'Sir, he hoped
+it would vex somebody.'
+
+'Dr. Goldsmith, upon occasion of Mrs. Lennox's bringing out a play[33],
+said to Dr. Johnson at the CLUB, that a person had advised him to go and
+hiss it, because she had attacked Shakspeare in her book called
+_Shakspeare Illustrated_[34]. JOHNSON. "And did not you tell him he was
+a rascal[35]?" GOLDSMITH. "No, Sir, I did not. Perhaps he might not mean
+what he said." JOHNSON. "Nay, Sir, if he lied, it is a different thing."
+Colman slily said, (but it is believed Dr. Johnson did not hear him,)
+"Then the proper expression should have been,--Sir, if you don't lie,
+you're a rascal."'
+
+'His affection for Topham Beauclerk was so great, that when Beauclerk
+was labouring under that severe illness which at last occasioned his
+death, Johnson said, (with a voice faultering with emotion,) "Sir, I
+would walk to the extent of the diameter of the earth to save
+Beauclerk[36]."'
+
+'One night at the CLUB he produced a translation of an Epitaph which
+Lord Elibank had written in English, for his Lady, and requested of
+Johnson to turn into Latin for him. Having read _Domina de North et
+Gray_, he said to Dyer, "You see, Sir, what barbarisms we are compelled
+to make use of, when modern titles are to be specifically mentioned in
+Latin inscriptions." When he had read it once aloud, and there had been
+a general approbation expressed by the company, he addressed himself to
+Mr. Dyer in particular, and said, "Sir, I beg to have your judgement,
+for I know your nicety[37]." Dyer then very properly desired to read it
+over again; which having done, he pointed out an incongruity in one of
+the sentences. Johnson immediately assented to the observation, and
+said, "Sir, this is owing to an alteration of a part of the sentence,
+from the form in which I had first written it; and I believe, Sir, you
+may have remarked, that the making a partial change, without a due
+regard to the general structure of the sentence, is a very frequent
+cause of errour in composition."'
+
+'Johnson was well acquainted with Mr. Dossie, authour of a treatise on
+Agriculture[38]; and said of him, "Sir, of the objects which the Society
+of Arts have chiefly in view, the chymical effects of bodies operating
+upon other bodies, he knows more than almost any man." Johnson, in order
+to give Mr. Dossie his vote to be a member of this Society, paid up an
+arrear which had run on for two years. On this occasion he mentioned a
+circumstance as characteristick of the Scotch. One of that nation, (said
+he,) who had been a candidate, against whom I had voted, came up to me
+with a civil salutation. Now, Sir, this is their way. An Englishman
+would have stomached it, and been sulky, and never have taken further
+notice of you; but a Scotchman, Sir, though you vote nineteen times
+against him, will accost you with equal complaisance after each time,
+and the twentieth time, Sir, he will get your vote.'
+
+'Talking on the subject of toleration, one day when some friends were
+with him in his study, he made his usual remark, that the State has a
+right to regulate the religion of the people, who are the children of
+the State[39]. A clergyman having readily acquiesced in this, Johnson,
+who loved discussion, observed, "But, Sir, you must go round to other
+States than our own. You do not know what a Bramin has to say for
+himself[40]. In short, Sir, I have got no further than this: Every man
+has a right to utter what he thinks truth, and every other man has a
+right to knock him down for it. Martyrdom is the test[41]."'
+
+'A man, he observed, should begin to write soon; for, if he waits till
+his judgement is matured, his inability, through want of practice to
+express his conceptions, will make the disproportion so great between
+what he sees, and what he can attain, that he will probably be
+discouraged from writing at all[42]. As a proof of the justness of this
+remark, we may instance what is related of the great Lord Granville[43];
+that after he had written his letter, giving an account of the battle of
+Dettingen, he said, "Here is a letter, expressed in terms not good
+enough for a tallow-chandler to have used.'"
+
+'Talking of a Court-martial that was sitting upon a very momentous
+publick occasion, he expressed much doubt of an enlightened decision;
+and said, that perhaps there was not a member of it, who in the whole
+course of his life, had ever spent an hour by himself in balancing
+probabilities[44].'
+
+'Goldsmith one day brought to the CLUB a printed Ode, which he, with
+others, had been hearing read by its authour in a publick room at the
+rate of five shillings each for admission[45]. One of the company having
+read it aloud, Dr. Johnson said, "Bolder words and more timorous
+meaning, I think never were brought together."'
+
+'Talking of Gray's _Odes_, he said, "They are forced plants raised in a
+hot-bed[46]; and they are poor plants; they are but cucumbers after
+all." A gentleman present, who had been running down Ode-writing in
+general, as a bad species of poetry, unluckily said, "Had they been
+literally cucumbers, they had been better things than Odes."--"Yes, Sir,
+(said Johnson,) for a _hog_."'
+
+'His distinction of the different degrees of attainment of learning was
+thus marked upon two occasions. Of Queen Elizabeth he said, "She had
+learning enough to have given dignity to a bishop;" and of Mr. Thomas
+Davies he said, "Sir, Davies has learning enough to give credit to a
+clergyman[47]."'
+
+'He used to quote, with great warmth, the saying of Aristotle recorded
+by Diogenes Laertius[48]; that there was the same difference between one
+learned and unlearned, as between the living and the dead.'
+
+'It is very remarkable, that he retained in his memory very slight and
+trivial, as well as important things[49]. As an instance of this, it
+seems that an inferiour domestick of the Duke of Leeds had attempted to
+celebrate his Grace's marriage in such homely rhimes as he could make;
+and this curious composition having been sung to Dr. Johnson he got it
+by heart, and used to repeat it in a very pleasant manner. Two of the
+stanzas were these:--
+
+     "When the Duke of Leeds shall married be
+      To a fine young lady of high quality,
+      How happy will that gentlewoman be
+      In his Grace of Leeds's good company.
+
+      She shall have all that's fine and fair,
+      And the best of silk and sattin shall wear;
+      And ride in a coach to take the air,
+      And have a house in St. James's-square[50]."
+
+To hear a man, of the weight and dignity of Johnson, repeating such
+humble attempts at poetry, had a very amusing effect. He, however,
+seriously observed of the last stanza repeated by him, that it nearly
+comprized all the advantages that wealth can give.'
+
+'An eminent foreigner, when he was shewn the British Museum, was very
+troublesome with many absurd inquiries. "Now there, Sir, (said he,) is
+the difference between an Englishman and a Frenchman. A Frenchman must
+be always talking, whether he knows any thing of the matter or not; an
+Englishman is content to say nothing, when he has nothing to say."'
+
+'His unjust contempt for foreigners was, indeed, extreme. One evening,
+at old Slaughter's coffee-house[51], when a number of them were talking
+loud about little matters, he said, "Does not this confirm old
+Meynell's[52] observation--_For any thing I see, foreigners are
+fools_[53]."'
+
+'He said, that once, when he had a violent tooth-ach, a Frenchman
+accosted him thus:--_Ah, Monsieur vous etudiez trop_[54].'
+
+'Having spent an evening at Mr. Langton's with the Reverend Dr. Parr, he
+was much pleased with the conversation of that learned gentleman; and
+after he was gone, said to Mr. Langton, "Sir, I am obliged to you for
+having asked me this evening. Parr is a fair man. I do not know when I
+have had an occasion of such free controversy. It is remarkable how much
+of a man's life may pass without meeting with any instance of this kind
+of open discussion[55]."'
+
+'We may fairly institute a criticism between Shakspeare and
+Corneille[56], as they both had, though in a different degree, the
+lights of a latter age. It is not so just between the Greek dramatick
+writers and Shakspeare. It may be replied to what is said by one of the
+remarkers on Shakspeare, that though Darius's shade[57] had
+_prescience_, it does not necessarily follow that he had all _past_
+particulars revealed to him.'
+
+'Spanish plays, being wildly and improbably farcical, would please
+children here, as children are entertained with stories full of
+prodigies; their experience not being sufficient to cause them to be so
+readily startled at deviations from the natural course of life[58]. The
+machinery of the Pagans is uninteresting to us[59]: when a Goddess
+appears in Homer or Virgil, we grow weary; still more so in the Grecian
+tragedies, as in that kind of composition a nearer approach to Nature is
+intended. Yet there are good reasons for reading romances; as--the
+fertility of invention, the beauty of style and expression, the
+curiosity of seeing with what kind of performances the age and country
+in which they were written was delighted: for it is to be apprehended,
+that at the time when very wild improbable tales were well received, the
+people were in a barbarous state, and so on the footing of children, as
+has been explained.'
+
+'It is evident enough that no one who writes now can use the Pagan
+deities and mythology; the only machinery, therefore, seems that of
+ministering spirits, the ghosts of the departed, witches[60], and
+fairies, though these latter, as the vulgar superstition concerning them
+(which, while in its force, infected at least the imagination of those
+that had more advantage in education, though their reason set them free
+from it,) is every day wearing out, seem likely to be of little further
+assistance in the machinery of poetry. As I recollect, Hammond
+introduces a hag or witch into one of his love elegies, where the effect
+is unmeaning and disgusting[61].'
+
+'The man who uses his talent of ridicule in creating or grossly
+exaggerating the instances he gives, who imputes absurdities that did
+not happen, or when a man was a little ridiculous describes him as
+having been very much so, abuses his talents greatly. The great use of
+delineating absurdities is, that we may know how far human folly can go;
+the account, therefore, ought of absolute necessity to be faithful. A
+certain character (naming the person) as to the general cast of it, is
+well described by Garrick, but a great deal of the phraseology he uses
+in it, is quite his own, particularly in the proverbial comparisons,
+"obstinate as a pig," &c., but I don't know whether it might not be true
+of Lord ------[62], that from a too great eagerness of praise and
+popularity, and a politeness carried to a ridiculous excess, he was
+likely, after asserting a thing in general, to give it up again in
+parts. For instance, if he had said Reynolds was the first of painters,
+he was capable enough of giving up, as objections might happen to be
+severally made, first his outline,--then the grace in form,--then the
+colouring,--and lastly, to have owned that he was such a mannerist, that
+the disposition of his pictures was all alike.'
+
+'For hospitality, as formerly practised, there is no longer the same
+reason; heretofore the poorer people were more numerous, and from want
+of commerce, their means of getting a livelihood more difficult;
+therefore the supporting them was an act of great benevolence; now that
+the poor can find maintenance for themselves, and their labour is
+wanted, a general undiscerning hospitality tends to ill, by withdrawing
+them from their work to idleness and drunkenness. Then, formerly rents
+were received in kind, so that there was a great abundance of provisions
+in possession of the owners of the lands, which, since the plenty of
+money afforded by commerce, is no longer the case.'
+
+'Hospitality to strangers and foreigners in our country is now almost at
+an end, since, from the increase of them that come to us, there have
+been a sufficient number of people that have found an interest in
+providing inns and proper accommodations, which is in general a more
+expedient method for the entertainment of travellers. Where the
+travellers and strangers are few, more of that hospitality subsists, as
+it has not been worth while to provide places of accommodation. In
+Ireland there is still hospitality to strangers, in some degree; in
+Hungary and Poland probably more.'
+
+'Colman, in a note on his translation of _Terence_, talking of
+Shakspeare's learning, asks, "What says Farmer to this? What says
+Johnson[63]?" Upon this he observed, "Sir, let Farmer answer for
+himself: _I_ never engaged in this controversy. I always said,
+Shakspeare had Latin enough to grammaticise his English[64]."'
+
+'A clergyman, whom he characterised as one who loved to say little
+oddities, was affecting one day, at a Bishop's table, a sort of slyness
+and freedom not in character, and repeated, as if part of _The Old Mans
+Wish_, a song by Dr. Walter Pope, a verse bordering on licentiousness.
+Johnson rebuked him in the finest manner, by first shewing him that he
+did not know the passage he was aiming at, and thus humbling him: "Sir,
+that is not the song: it is thus." And he gave it right. Then looking
+stedfastly on him, "Sir, there is a part of that song which I should
+wish to exemplify in my own life:--
+
+"May I govern my passions with absolute sway[65]!"'
+
+'Being asked if Barnes knew a good deal of Greek, he answered, "I doubt,
+Sir, he was _unoculus inter caecos[66]_."'
+
+'He used frequently to observe, that men might be very eminent in a
+profession, without our perceiving any particular power of mind in them
+in conversation. "It seems strange (said he) that a man should see so
+far to the right, who sees so short a way to the left. Burke is the only
+man whose common conversation corresponds with the general fame which
+he has in the world. Take up whatever topick you please, he is ready to
+meet you[67]."'
+
+'A gentleman, by no means deficient in literature, having discovered
+less acquaintance with one of the Classicks than Johnson expected, when
+the gentleman left the room, he observed, "You see, now, how little any
+body reads." Mr. Langton happening to mention his having read a good
+deal in Clenardus's _Greek Grammar_, "Why, Sir, (said he,) who is there
+in this town who knows any thing of Clenardus but you and I?" And upon
+Mr. Langton's mentioning that he had taken the pains to learn by heart
+the Epistle of St. Basil, which is given in that Grammar as a praxis,
+"Sir, (said he,) I never made such an effort to attain Greek[68]."'
+
+'Of Dodsley's _Publick Virtue, a Poem_, he said, "It was fine _blank_
+(meaning to express his usual contempt for blank verse[69]); however,
+this miserable poem did not sell, and my poor friend Doddy said, Publick
+Virtue was not a subject to interest the age."'
+
+'Mr. Langton, when a very young man, read Dodsley's _Cleone a
+Tragedy_[70], to him, not aware of his extreme impatience to be read to.
+As it went on he turned his face to the back of his chair, and put
+himself into various attitudes, which marked his uneasiness. At the end
+of an act, however, he said, "Come let's have some more, let's go into
+the slaughter-house again, Lanky. But I am afraid there is more blood
+than brains." Yet he afterwards said, "When I heard you read it, I
+thought higher of its power of language: when I read it myself, I was
+more sensible of its pathetick effect;" and then he paid it a compliment
+which many will think very extravagant. "Sir, (said he,) if Otway had
+written this play, no other of his pieces would have been remembered."
+Dodsley himself, upon this being repeated to him, said, "It was too
+much:" it must be remembered, that Johnson always appeared not to be
+sufficiently sensible of the merit of Otway[71].'
+
+'Snatches of reading (said he) will not make a Bentley or a Clarke. They
+are, however, in a certain degree advantageous. I would put a child into
+a library (where no unfit books are) and let him read at his choice. A
+child should not be discouraged from reading any thing that he takes a
+liking to, from a notion that it is above his reach. If that be the
+case, the child will soon find it out and desist; if not, he of course
+gains the instruction; which is so much the more likely to come, from
+the inclination with which he takes up the study[72].'
+
+'Though he used to censure carelessness with great vehemence, he owned,
+that he once, to avoid the trouble of locking up five guineas, hid them,
+he forgot where, so that he could not find them.'
+
+'A gentleman who introduced his brother to Dr. Johnson was earnest to
+recommend him to the Doctor's notice, which he did by saying, "When we
+have sat together some time, you'll find my brother grow very
+entertaining."--"Sir, (said Johnson,) I can wait."'
+
+'When the rumour was strong that we should have a war, because the
+French would assist the Americans, he rebuked a friend with some
+asperity for supposing it, saying, "No, Sir, national faith is not yet
+sunk so low."'
+
+'In the latter part of his life, in order to satisfy himself whether his
+mental faculties were impaired, he resolved that he would try to learn a
+new language, and fixed upon the Low Dutch, for that purpose, and this
+he continued till he had read about one half of _Thomas à Kempis_; and
+finding that there appeared no abatement of his power of acquisition, he
+then desisted, as thinking the experiment had been duly tried[73]. Mr.
+Burke justly observed, that this was not the most vigorous trial, Low
+Dutch being a language so near to our own; had it been one of the
+languages entirely different, he might have been very soon satisfied.'
+
+'Mr. Langton and he having gone to see a Freemason's funeral procession,
+when they were at Rochester[74], and some solemn musick being played on
+French horns, he said, "This is the first time that I have ever been
+affected by musical sounds;" adding, "that the impression made upon him
+was of a melancholy kind." Mr. Langton saying, that this effect was a
+fine one,--JOHNSON. "Yes, if it softens the mind, so as to prepare it
+for the reception of salutary feelings, it may be good: but inasmuch as
+it is melancholy _per se_, it is bad[75]."'
+
+'Goldsmith had long a visionary project, that some time or other when
+his circumstances should be easier, he would go to Aleppo, in order to
+acquire a knowledge as far as might be of any arts peculiar to the East,
+and introduce them into Britain. When this was talked of in Dr.
+Johnson's company, he said, "Of all men Goldsmith is the most unfit to
+go out upon such an inquiry; for he is utterly ignorant of such arts as
+we already possess, and consequently could not know what would be
+accessions to our present stock of mechanical knowledge. Sir, he would
+bring home a grinding barrow, which you see in every street in London,
+and think that he had furnished a wonderful improvement[76]."'
+
+'Greek, Sir, (said he,) is like lace; every man gets as much of it as he
+can[77].'
+
+'When Lord Charles Hay[78], after his return from America, was preparing
+his defence to be offered to the Court-Martial which he had demanded,
+having heard Mr. Langton as high in expressions of admiration of
+Johnson, as he usually was, he requested that Dr. Johnson might be
+introduced to him; and Mr. Langton having mentioned it to Johnson, he
+very kindly and readily agreed; and being presented by Mr. Langton to
+his Lordship, while under arrest, he saw him several times; upon one of
+which occasions Lord Charles read to him what he had prepared, which
+Johnson signified his approbation of, saying, "It is a very good
+soldierly defence." Johnson said, that he had advised his Lordship, that
+as it was in vain to contend with those who were in possession of power,
+if they would offer him the rank of Lieutenant-General, and a
+government, it would be better judged to desist from urging his
+complaints. It is well known that his Lordship died before the sentence
+was made known.'
+
+'Johnson one day gave high praise to Dr. Bentley's verses[79] in
+Dodsley's _Collection_, which he recited with his usual energy. Dr. Adam
+Smith, who was present, observed in his decisive professorial manner,
+"Very well--Very well." Johnson however added, "Yes, they _are_ very
+well, Sir; but you may observe in what manner they are well. They are
+the forcible verses of a man of a strong mind, but not accustomed to
+write verse[80]; for there is some uncouthness in the expression[81]."'
+
+'Drinking tea one day at Garrick's with Mr. Langton, he was questioned
+if he was not somewhat of a heretick as to Shakspeare; said Garrick, "I
+doubt he is a little of an infidel[82]."--"Sir, (said Johnson) I will
+stand by the lines I have written on Shakspeare in my Prologue at the
+opening of your Theatre[83]." Mr. Langton suggested, that in the line
+
+     "And panting Time toil'd after him in vain,"
+
+Johnson might have had in his eye the passage in _The Tempest_, where
+Prospero says of Miranda,
+
+     "-------She will outstrip all praise,
+      And make it halt behind her[84]."
+
+Johnson said nothing. Garrick then ventured to observe, "I do not think
+that the happiest line in the praise of Shakspeare." Johnson exclaimed
+(smiling,) "Prosaical rogues! next time I write, I'll make both time and
+space pant[85]."'
+
+'It is well known that there was formerly a rude custom for those who
+were sailing upon the Thames, to accost each other as they passed, in
+the most abusive language they could invent, generally, however, with as
+much satirical humour as they were capable of producing. Addison gives a
+specimen of this ribaldry, in Number 383 of _The Spectator_, when Sir
+Roger de Coverly and he are going to Spring-garden[86]. Johnson was once
+eminently successful in this species of contest; a fellow having
+attacked him with some coarse raillery, Johnson answered him thus, "Sir,
+your wife, _under pretence of keeping a bawdy-house_, is a receiver of
+stolen goods[87]." One evening when he and Mr. Burke and Mr. Langton
+were in company together, and the admirable scolding of Timon of Athens
+was mentioned, this instance of Johnson's was quoted, and thought to
+have at least equal excellence.'
+
+'As Johnson always allowed the extraordinary talents of Mr. Burke, so
+Mr. Burke was fully sensible of the wonderful powers of Johnson. Mr.
+Langton recollects having passed an evening with both of them, when Mr.
+Burke repeatedly entered upon topicks which it was evident he would have
+illustrated with extensive knowledge and richness of expression; but
+Johnson always seized upon the conversation, in which, however, he
+acquitted himself in a most masterly manner. As Mr. Burke and Mr.
+Langton were walking home, Mr. Burke observed that Johnson had been very
+great that night; Mr. Langton joined in this, but added, he could have
+wished to hear more from another person; (plainly intimating that he
+meant Mr. Burke.) "O, no (said Mr. Burke) it is enough for me to have
+rung the bell to him[88]."'
+
+'Beauclerk having observed to him of one of their friends, that he was
+aukward at counting money, "Why, Sir, said Johnson, I am likewise
+aukward at counting money. But then, Sir, the reason is plain; I have
+had very little money to count."'
+
+'He had an abhorrence of affectation[89]. Talking of old Mr. Langton, of
+whom he said, "Sir, you will seldom see such a gentleman, such are his
+stores of literature, such his knowledge in divinity, and such his
+exemplary life;" he added, "and Sir, he has no grimace, no
+gesticulation, no bursts of admiration on trivial occasions; he never
+embraces you with an overacted cordiality[90]."'
+
+'Being in company with a gentleman who thought fit to maintain Dr.
+Berkeley's ingenious philosophy, that nothing exists but as perceived by
+some mind[91]; when the gentleman was going away, Johnson said to him,
+"Pray, Sir, don't leave us; for we may perhaps forget to think of you,
+and then you will cease to exist[92]."'
+
+'Goldsmith, upon being visited by Johnson one day in the Temple, said to
+him with a little jealousy of the appearance of his accommodation, "I
+shall soon be in better chambers than these." Johnson at the same time
+checked him and paid him a handsome compliment, implying that a man of
+his talents should be above attention to such distinctions,--'Nay, Sir,
+never mind that. _Nil te quaesiveris extra_[93].'
+
+'At the time when his pension was granted to him, he said, with a noble
+literary ambition, "Had this happened twenty years years ago, I should
+have gone to Constantinople to learn Arabick, as Pococke did[94]."'
+
+'As an instance of the niceness of his taste, though he praised West's
+translation of Pindar, he pointed out the following passage as faulty,
+by expressing a circumstance so minute as to detract from the general
+dignity which should prevail:
+
+     "Down then from thy glittering nail,
+      Take, O Muse, thy Dorian _lyre_[95].'"
+
+'When Mr. Vesey[96] was proposed as a member of the LITERARY CLUB, Mr.
+Burke began by saying that he was a man of gentle manners. "Sir, said
+Johnson, you need say no more. When you have said a man of gentle
+manners; you have said enough."'
+
+'The late Mr. Fitzherbert[97] told Mr. Langton that Johnson said to him,
+"Sir, a man has no more right to _say_ an uncivil thing, than to _act_
+one; no more right to say a rude thing to another than to knock
+him down."'
+
+'My dear friend Dr. Bathurst[98], (said he with a warmth of approbation)
+declared he was glad that his father, who was a West-Indian planter, had
+left his affairs in total ruin, because having no estate, he was not
+under the temptation of having slaves.'
+
+'Richardson had little conversation[99], except about his own works, of
+which Sir Joshua Reynolds said he was always willing to talk, and glad
+to have them introduced. Johnson when he carried Mr. Langton to see him,
+professed that he could bring him out into conversation, and used this
+allusive expression, "Sir, I can make him _rear._" But he failed; for in
+that interview Richardson said little else than that there lay in the
+room a translation of his _Clarissa_ into German[100].'
+
+'Once when somebody produced a newspaper in which there was a letter of
+stupid abuse of Sir Joshua Reynolds, of which Johnson himself came in
+for a share,--"Pray," said he, "let us have it read aloud from beginning
+to end;" which being done, he with a ludicrous earnestness, and not
+directing his look to any particular person, called out, "Are we alive
+after all this satire!"'
+
+'He had a strong prejudice against the political character of
+Seeker[101], one instance of which appeared at Oxford, where he
+expressed great dissatisfaction at his varying the old established
+toast, "Church and King." "The Archbishop of Canterbury, said he (with
+an affected smooth smiling grimace) drinks,' Constitution in Church and
+State.'" Being asked what difference there was between the two toasts,
+he said, "Why, Sir, you may be sure he meant something." Yet when the
+life of that prelate, prefixed to his sermons by Dr. Porteus and Dr.
+Stinton his chaplains, first came out, he read it with the utmost
+avidity, and said, "It is a life well written, and that well deserves to
+be recorded."'
+
+'Of a certain noble Lord, he said, "Respect him, you could not; for he
+had no mind of his own. Love him you could not; for that which you could
+do with him, every one else could[102]."'
+
+'Of Dr. Goldsmith he said, "No man was more foolish when he had not a
+pen in his hand, or more wise when he had[103]."'
+
+'He told in his lively manner the following literary anecdote: "Green
+and Guthrie[104], an Irishman and a Scotchman, undertook a translation
+of Duhalde's _History of China_. Green said of Guthrie, that he knew no
+English, and Guthrie of Green, that he knew no French; and these two
+undertook to translate Duhalde's _History of China_. In this translation
+there was found 'the twenty-sixth day of the new moon.' Now as the whole
+age of the moon is but twenty-eight days, the moon instead of being new,
+was nearly as old as it could be. Their blunder arose from their
+mistaking the word _neuvième_ ninth, for _nouvelle_ or _neuve_, new."'
+
+'Talking of Dr. Blagden's copiousness and precision of communication,
+Dr. Johnson said, "Blagden, Sir, is a delightful fellow[105]."'
+
+'On occasion of Dr. Johnson's publishing his pamphlet of _The False
+Alarm_[106], there came out a very angry answer (by many supposed to be
+by Mr. Wilkes). Dr. Johnson determined on not answering it; but, in
+conversation with Mr. Langton, mentioned a particular or two, which if
+he _had_ replied to it, he might perhaps have inserted. In the
+answerer's pamphlet, it had been said with solemnity, "Do you consider,
+Sir, that a House of Commons is to the people as a Creature is to its
+Creator[107]?" To this question, said Dr. Johnson, I could have replied,
+that--in the first place--the idea of a CREATOR must be such as that he
+has a power to unmake or annihilate his creature.'
+
+'Then it cannot be conceived that a creature can make laws for its
+CREATOR[108].'
+
+'Depend upon it, said he, that if a man _talks_ of his misfortunes,
+there is something in them that is not disagreeable to him; for where
+there is nothing but pure misery, there never is any recourse to the
+mention of it[109].'
+
+'A man must be a poor beast that should _read_ no more in quantity than
+he could _utter_ aloud.'
+
+'Imlac in _Rasselas_, I spelt with a _c_ at the end, because it is less
+like English, which should always have the Saxon _k_ added to the
+_c_[110].'
+
+'Many a man is mad in certain instances, and goes through life without
+having it perceived[111]: for example, a madness has seized a person of
+supposing himself obliged literally to pray continually[112]--had the
+madness turned the opposite way and the person thought it a crime ever
+to pray, it might not improbably have continued unobserved.'
+
+'He apprehended that the delineation of _characters_ in the end of the
+first Book of the _Retreat of the Ten Thousand_ was the first instance
+of the kind that was known.'
+
+'Supposing (said he) a wife to be of a studious or argumentative turn,
+it would be very troublesome[113]: for instance,--if a woman should
+continually dwell upon the subject of the Arian heresy.'
+
+'No man speaks concerning another, even suppose it be in his praise, if
+he thinks he does not hear him, exactly as he would, if he thought he
+was within hearing.'
+
+'The applause of a single human being is of great consequence[114]: This
+he said to me with great earnestness of manner, very near the time of
+his decease, on occasion of having desired me to read a letter addressed
+to him from some person in the North of England; which when I had done,
+and he asked me what the contents were, as I thought being particular
+upon it might fatigue him, it being of great length, I only told him in
+general that it was highly in his praise;--and then he expressed himself
+as above.'
+
+'He mentioned with an air of satisfaction what Baretti had told him;
+that, meeting, in the course of his studying English, with an excellent
+paper in the _Spectator_, one of four[115] that were written by the
+respectable Dissenting Minister, Mr. Grove of Taunton, and observing the
+genius and energy of mind that it exhibits, it greatly quickened his
+curiosity to visit our country; as he thought if such were the lighter
+periodical essays of our authours, their productions on more weighty
+occasions must be wonderful indeed!'
+
+'He observed once, at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, that a beggar in the street
+will more readily ask alms from a _man_, though there should be no marks
+of wealth in his appearance, than from even a well-dressed woman[116];
+which he accounted for from the greater degree of carefulness as to
+money that is to be found in women; saying farther upon it, that the
+opportunities in general that they possess of improving their condition
+are much fewer than men have; and adding, as he looked round the
+company, which consisted of men only,--there is not one of us who does
+not think he might be richer if he would use his endeavour.'
+
+'He thus characterised an ingenious writer of his acquaintance: "Sir, he
+is an enthusiast by rule[117]."'
+
+'_He may hold up that SHIELD against all his enemies_;'--was an
+observation on Homer, in reference to his description of the shield of
+Achilles, made by Mrs. Fitzherbert, wife to his friend Mr. Fitzherbert
+of Derbyshire, and respected by Dr. Johnson as a very fine one[118]. He
+had in general a very high opinion of that lady's understanding.'
+
+'An observation of Bathurst's may be mentioned, which Johnson repeated,
+appearing to acknowledge it to be well founded, namely, it was somewhat
+remarkable how seldom, on occasion of coming into the company of any new
+person, one felt any wish or inclination to see him again[119].'
+
+This year the Reverend Dr. Franklin[120] having published a translation
+of _Lucian_, inscribed to him the _Demonax_ thus:--
+
+'To DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON, the Demonax of the present age, this piece is
+inscribed by a sincere admirer of his respectable[121] talents,
+
+'THE TRANSLATOR.'
+
+Though upon a particular comparison of Demonax and Johnson, there does
+not seem to be a great deal of similarity between them, this Dedication
+is a just compliment from the general character given by Lucian of the
+ancient Sage, '[Greek: ariston on oida ego philosophon genomenon], the
+best philosopher whom I have ever seen or known.'
+
+1781: AETAT. 72.--In 1781 Johnson at last completed his _Lives of the
+Poets_, of which he gives this account: 'Some time in March I finished
+the _Lives of the Poets_, which I wrote in my usual way, dilatorily and
+hastily, unwilling to work, and working with vigour and haste[122].' In
+a memorandum previous to this, he says of them: 'Written, I hope, in
+such a manner as may tend to the promotion of piety[123].'
+
+This is the work which of all Dr. Johnson's writings will perhaps be
+read most generally, and with most pleasure. Philology and
+biography[124] were his favourite pursuits, and those who lived most in
+intimacy with him, heard him upon all occasions, when there was a proper
+opportunity, take delight in expatiating upon the various merits of the
+English Poets: upon the niceties of their characters, and the events of
+their progress through the world which they contributed to illuminate.
+His mind was so full of that kind of information, and it was so well
+arranged in his memory, that in performing what he had undertaken in
+this way, he had little more to do than to put his thoughts upon paper,
+exhibiting first each Poet's life, and then subjoining a critical
+examination of his genius and works. But when he began to write, the
+subject swelled in such a manner, that instead of prefaces to each poet,
+of no more than a few pages, as he had originally intended[125], he
+produced an ample, rich, and most entertaining view of them in every
+respect. In this he resembled Quintilian, who tells us, that in the
+composition of his _Institutions of Oratory[126], Latiùs se tamen
+aperiente materiâ, plus quàm imponebatur oneris sponte suscepi._ The
+booksellers, justly sensible of the great additional value of the
+copy-right, presented him with another hundred pounds, over and above
+two hundred, for which his agreement was to furnish such prefaces as he
+thought fit[127].
+
+This was, however, but a small recompense for such a collection of
+biography, and such principles and illustrations of criticism, as, if
+digested and arranged in one system, by some modern Aristotle or
+Longinus, might form a code upon that subject, such as no other nation
+can shew. As he was so good as to make me a present of the greatest part
+of the original and indeed only[128] manuscript of this admirable work,
+I have an opportunity of observing with wonder, the correctness with
+which he rapidly struck off such glowing composition. He may be
+assimilated to the Lady in Waller, who could impress with 'Love at
+first sight:'
+
+     'Some other nymphs with colours faint,
+      And pencil slow may Cupid paint,
+      And a weak heart in time destroy;
+      She has a stamp, and prints the boy[129].'
+
+That he, however, had a good deal of trouble, and some anxiety in
+carrying on the work[130], we see from a series of letters to Mr.
+Nichols the printer[131], whose variety of literary inquiry and
+obliging disposition, rendered him useful to Johnson. Mr. Steevens
+appears, from the papers in my possession, to have supplied him with
+some anecdotes and quotations; and I observe the fair hand of Mrs.
+Thrale as one of his copyists of select passages. But he was principally
+indebted to my steady friend Mr. Isaac Reed, of Staple-inn, whose
+extensive and accurate knowledge of English literary history I do not
+express with exaggeration, when I say it is wonderful; indeed his
+labours[132] have proved it to the world; and all who have the pleasure
+of his acquaintance can bear testimony to the frankness of his
+communications in private society.
+
+It is not my intention to dwell upon each of Johnson's _Lives of the
+Poets_, or attempt an analysis of their merits, which, were I able to
+do it, would take up too much room in this work; yet I shall make a few
+observations upon some of them, and insert a few various readings.
+
+The Life of COWLEY he himself considered as the best of the whole, on
+account of the dissertation which it contains on the _Metaphysical
+Poets_. Dryden, whose critical abilities were equal to his poetical, had
+mentioned them in his excellent Dedication of his Juvenal, but had
+barely mentioned them[133]. Johnson has exhibited them at large, with
+such happy illustration from their writings, and in so luminous a
+manner, that indeed he may be allowed the full merit of novelty, and to
+have discovered to us, as it were, a new planet in the poetical
+hemisphere[134].
+
+It is remarked by Johnson, in considering the works of a poet[135], that
+'amendments are seldom made without some token of a rent;' but I do not
+find that this is applicable to prose[136]. We shall see that though his
+amendments in this work are for the better, there is nothing of the
+_pannus assutus_[137]; the texture is uniform: and indeed, what had been
+there at first, is very seldom unfit to have remained.
+
+_Various Readings[138] in the Life of COWLEY._
+
+'All [future votaries of] _that may hereafter pant for_ solitude.
+
+'To conceive and execute the [agitation or perception] _pains and the
+pleasures_ of other minds.
+
+'The wide effulgence of [the blazing] a _summer_ noon.'
+
+In the Life of WALLER, Johnson gives a distinct and animated narrative
+of publick affairs in that variegated period, with strong yet nice
+touches of character; and having a fair opportunity to display his
+political principles, does it with an unqualified manly confidence, and
+satisfies his readers how nobly he might have executed a _Tory History_
+of his country.
+
+So easy is his style in these Lives, that I do not recollect more than
+three uncommon or learned words[139]; one, when giving an account of the
+approach of Waller's mortal disease, he says, 'he found his legs grow
+_tumid_;' by using the expression his legs _swelled_, he would have
+avoided this; and there would have been no impropriety in its being
+followed by the interesting question to his physician, 'What that
+_swelling_ meant?' Another, when he mentions that Pope had _emitted_
+proposals; when _published_ or _issued_ would have been more readily
+understood; and a third, when he calls Orrery and Dr. Delany[140],
+writers both undoubtedly _veracious_[141], when _true, honest_, or
+_faithful_, might have been used. Yet, it must be owned, that none of
+these are _hard_ or _too big_ words; that custom would make them seem as
+easy as any others; and that a language is richer and capable of more
+beauty of expression, by having a greater variety of synonimes.
+
+His dissertation[142] upon the unfitness of poetry for the aweful
+subjects of our holy religion, though I do not entirely agree with with
+him, has all the merit of originality, with uncommon force and
+reasoning.
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ WALLER.
+
+'Consented to [the insertion of their names] _their own nomination_.
+
+'[After] _paying_ a fine of ten thousand pounds.
+
+'Congratulating Charles the Second on his [coronation] _recovered
+right_.
+
+'He that has flattery ready for all whom the vicissitudes of the world
+happen to exalt, must be [confessed to degrade his powers] _scorned as a
+prostituted mind_.
+
+'The characters by which Waller intended to distinguish his writings are
+[elegance] _sprightliness_ and dignity.
+
+'Blossoms to be valued only as they [fetch] _foretell_ fruits.
+
+'Images such as the superficies of nature [easily] _readily_ supplies.
+
+'[His] Some applications [are sometimes] _may be thought_ too remote and
+unconsequential.
+
+'His images are [sometimes confused] _not always distinct_?
+
+Against his Life of MILTON, the hounds of Whiggism have opened in full
+cry[143]. But of Milton's great excellence as a poet, where shall we
+find such a blazon as by the hand of Johnson? I shall select only the
+following passage concerning _Paradise Lost_[144]:
+
+'Fancy can hardly forbear to conjecture with what temper Milton surveyed
+the silent progress of his work, and marked his reputation stealing its
+way in a kind of subterraneous current, through fear and silence. I
+cannot but conceive him calm and confident, little disappointed, not at
+all dejected, relying on his own merit with steady consciousness, and
+waiting without impatience the vicissitudes of opinion, and the
+impartiality of a future generation[145].'
+
+Indeed even Dr. Towers, who may be considered as one of the warmest
+zealots of _The Revolution Society_[146] itself, allows, that 'Johnson
+has spoken in the highest terms of the abilities of that great poet, and
+has bestowed on his principal poetical compositions the most honourable
+encomiums[147].'
+
+That a man, who venerated the Church and Monarchy as Johnson did, should
+speak with a just abhorrence of Milton as a politician, or rather as a
+daring foe to good polity, was surely to be expected; and to those who
+censure him, I would recommend his commentary on Milton's celebrated
+complaint of his situation, when by the lenity of Charles the Second, 'a
+lenity of which (as Johnson well observes) the world has had perhaps no
+other example, he, who had written in justification of the murder of his
+Sovereign, was safe under an Act of Oblivion[148].'
+
+'No sooner is he safe than he finds himself in danger, _fallen on evil
+days and evil tongues_, [and] _with darkness and with danger compassed
+round_[149]. This darkness, had his eyes been better employed, had
+undoubtedly deserved compassion; but to add the mention of danger, was
+ungrateful and unjust. He was fallen, indeed, on _evil days_; the time
+was come in which regicides could no longer boast their wickedness. But
+of _evil tongues_ for Milton to complain, required impudence at least
+equal to his other powers; Milton, whose warmest advocates must allow,
+that he never spared any asperity of reproach, or brutality of
+insolence[150].'
+
+I have, indeed, often wondered how Milton, 'an acrimonious and surly
+Republican[151],'--'a man who in his domestick relations was so severe
+and arbitrary[152],' and whose head was filled with the hardest and most
+dismal tenets of Calvinism[153], should have been such a poet; should
+not only have written with sublimity, but with beauty, and even gaiety;
+should have exquisitely painted the sweetest sensations of which our
+nature is capable; imaged the delicate raptures of connubial love; nay,
+seemed to be animated with all the spirit of revelry. It is a proof that
+in the human mind the departments of judgement and imagination,
+perception and temper, may sometimes be divided by strong partitions;
+and that the light and shade in the same character may be kept so
+distinct as never to be blended[154].
+
+In the Life of Milton, Johnson took occasion to maintain his own and the
+general opinion of the excellence of rhyme over blank verse, in English
+poetry[155]; and quotes this apposite illustration of it by 'an
+ingenious critick,' that _it seems to be verse only to the eye_[156].
+The gentleman whom he thus characterises, is (as he told Mr. Seward) Mr.
+Lock[157], of Norbury Park, in Surrey, whose knowledge and taste in the
+fine arts is universally celebrated; with whose elegance of manners the
+writer of the present work has felt himself much impressed, and to whose
+virtues a common friend, who has known him long, and is not much
+addicted to flattery, gives the highest testimony.
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ MILTON.
+
+'I cannot find any meaning but this which [his most bigotted advocates]
+_even kindness and reverence_ can give.
+
+'[Perhaps no] _scarcely any_ man ever wrote so much, and praised so few.
+
+'A certain [rescue] _perservative_ from oblivion.
+
+'Let me not be censured for this digression, as [contracted] _pedantick_
+or paradoxical.
+
+'Socrates rather was of opinion, that what we had to learn was how to
+[obtain and communicate happiness] _do good and avoid evil_.
+
+'Its elegance [who can exhibit?] _is less attainable._'
+
+I could, with pleasure, expatiate upon the masterly execution of the
+Life of DRYDEN, which we have seen[158] was one of Johnson's literary
+projects at an early period, and which it is remarkable, that after
+desisting from it, from a supposed scantiness of materials, he should,
+at an advanced age, have exhibited so amply.
+
+His defence[159] of that great poet against the illiberal attacks upon
+him, as if his embracing the Roman Catholick communion had been a
+time-serving measure, is a piece of reasoning at once able and candid.
+Indeed, Dryden himself, in his _Hind and Panther_, has given such a
+picture of his mind, that they who know the anxiety for repose as to the
+aweful subject of our state beyond the grave, though they may think his
+opinion ill-founded, must think charitably of his sentiment:--
+
+     'But, gracious GOD, how well dost thou provide
+      For erring judgements an unerring guide!
+      Thy throne is darkness in the abyss of light,
+      A blaze of glory that forbids the sight.
+      O! teach me to believe thee thus conceal'd,
+      And search no farther than thyself reveal'd;
+      But Her alone for my director take,
+      Whom thou hast promis'd never to forsake.
+      My thoughtless youth was wing'd with vain desires;
+      My manhood long misled by wand'ring fires,
+      Follow'd false lights; and when their glimpse was gone,
+      My pride struck out new sparkles of her own.
+      Such was I, such by Nature still I am;
+      Be thine the glory, and be mine the shame.
+      Good life be now my task: my doubts are done;
+      What more could shock[160] my faith than Three in One?'
+
+In drawing Dryden's character, Johnson has given, though I suppose
+unintentionally, some touches of his own. Thus:--'The power that
+predominated in his intellectual operations was rather strong reason
+than quick sensibility. Upon all occasions that were presented, he
+studied rather than felt; and produced sentiments not such as Nature
+enforces, but meditation supplies. With the simple and elemental
+passions as they spring separate in the mind, he seems not much
+acquainted. He is, therefore, with all his variety of excellence, not
+often pathetick; and had so little sensibility of the power of effusions
+purely natural, that he did not esteem them in others[161].' It may
+indeed be observed, that in all the numerous writings of Johnson,
+whether in prose or verse, and even in his Tragedy, of which the subject
+is the distress of an unfortunate Princess, there is not a single
+passage that ever drew a tear[162].
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ DRYDEN.
+
+'The reason of this general perusal, Addison has attempted to [find in]
+_derive from_ the delight which the mind feels in the investigation
+of secrets.
+
+'His best actions are but [convenient] _inability of_ wickedness.
+
+'When once he had engaged himself in disputation, [matter] _thoughts_
+flowed in on either side.
+
+'The abyss of an un-ideal [emptiness] _vacancy_.
+
+'These, like [many other harlots,] _the harlots of other men_, had his
+love though not his approbation.
+
+'He [sometimes displays] _descends to display_ his knowledge with
+pedantick ostentation.
+
+'French words which [were then used in] _had then crept into_
+conversation.'
+
+The Life of POPE[163] was written by Johnson _con amore_, both from the
+early possession which that writer had taken of his mind, and from the
+pleasure which he must have felt, in for ever silencing all attempts to
+lessen his poetical fame, by demonstrating his excellence, and
+pronouncing the following triumphant eulogium[164]:--'After all this, it
+is surely superfluous to answer the question that has once been asked,
+Whether Pope was a poet? otherwise than by asking in return, If Pope be
+not a poet, where is poetry to be found? To circumscribe poetry by a
+definition, will only shew the narrowness of the definer; though a
+definition which shall exclude Pope will not easily be made. Let us look
+round upon the present time, and back upon the past; let us enquire to
+whom the voice of mankind has decreed the wreath of poetry; let their
+productions be examined, and their claims stated, and the pretensions of
+Pope will be no more disputed.'
+
+I remember once to have heard Johnson say, 'Sir, a thousand years may
+elapse before there shall appear another man with a power of
+versification equal to that of Pope.' That power must undoubtedly be
+allowed its due share in enhancing the value of his captivating
+composition.
+
+Johnson, who had done liberal justice to Warburton in his edition of
+_Shakspeare_[165], which was published during the life of that powerful
+writer, with still greater liberality[166] took an opportunity, in the
+Life of Pope, of paying the tribute due to him when he was no longer in
+'high place,' but numbered with the dead[167].
+
+It seems strange, that two such men as Johnson and Warburton, who lived
+in the same age and country, should not only not have been in any degree
+of intimacy, but been almost personally unacquainted. But such
+instances, though we must wonder at them, are not rare. If I am rightly
+informed, after a careful enquiry, they never met but once, which was at
+the house of Mrs. French, in London, well known for her elegant
+assemblies, and bringing eminent characters together. The interview
+proved to be mutually agreeable[168].
+
+I am well informed, that Warburton said of Johnson, 'I admire him, but I
+cannot bear his style:' and that Johnson being told of this, said, 'That
+is exactly my case as to him[169].' The manner in which he expressed his
+admiration of the fertility of Warburton's genius and of the variety of
+his materials was, 'The table is always full, Sir. He brings things from
+the north, and the south, and from every quarter. In his _Divine
+Legation_, you are always entertained. He carries you round and round,
+without carrying you forward to the point; but then you have no wish to
+be carried forward.' He said to the Reverend Mr. Strahan, 'Warburton is
+perhaps the last man who has written with a mind full of reading and
+reflection[170].'
+
+It is remarkable, that in the Life of Broome[171], Johnson takes notice
+of Dr. Warburton using a mode of expression which he himself used, and
+that not seldom, to the great offence of those who did not know him.
+Having occasion to mention a note, stating the different parts which
+were executed by the associated translators of _The Odyssey_, he says,
+'Dr. Warburton told me, in his warm language, that he thought the
+relation given in the note _a lie_. The language is _warm_ indeed; and,
+I must own, cannot be justified in consistency with a decent regard to
+the established forms of speech. Johnson had accustomed himself to use
+the word _lie_[172], to express a mistake or an errour in relation; in
+short, when the _thing was not so as told_, though the relator did not
+_mean_ to deceive. When he thought there was intentional falsehood in
+the relator, his expression was, 'He _lies_, and he _knows_ he _lies_.'
+
+Speaking of Pope's not having been known to excel in conversation,
+Johnson observes, that 'traditional memory retains no sallies of
+raillery, or[173] sentences of observation; nothing either pointed or
+solid, wise or merry[174]; and that one apophthegm only is
+recorded[175].' In this respect, Pope differed widely from Johnson,
+whose conversation was, perhaps, more admirable than even his writings,
+however excellent. Mr. Wilkes has, however, favoured me with one
+repartee of Pope, of which Johnson was not informed. Johnson, after
+justly censuring him for having 'nursed in his mind a foolish dis-esteem
+of Kings,' tells us, 'yet a little regard shewn him by the Prince of
+Wales melted his obduracy; and he had not much to say when he was asked
+by his Royal Highness, _how he could love a Prince, while he disliked
+Kings_[176]?' The answer which Pope made, was, 'The young lion is
+harmless, and even playful; but when his claws are full grown he becomes
+cruel, dreadful, and mischievous.'
+
+But although we have no collection of Pope's sayings, it is not
+therefore to be concluded, that he was not agreeable in social
+intercourse; for Johnson has been heard to say, that 'the happiest
+conversation is that of which nothing is distinctly remembered but a
+general effect of pleasing impression.' The late Lord Somerville[177],
+who saw much both of great and brilliant life, told me, that he had
+dined in company with Pope, and that after dinner the _little man_, as
+he called him, drank his bottle of Burgundy, and was exceedingly gay and
+entertaining.
+
+I cannot withhold from my great friend a censure of at least culpable
+inattention, to a nobleman, who, it has been shewn[178], behaved to him
+with uncommon politeness. He says, 'Except Lord Bathurst, none of Pope's
+noble friends were such as that a good man would wish to have his
+intimacy with them known to posterity[179].' This will not apply to Lord
+Mansfield, who was not ennobled in Pope's life-time; but Johnson should
+have recollected, that Lord Marchmont was one of those noble friends. He
+includes his Lordship along with Lord Bolingbroke, in a charge of
+neglect of the papers which Pope left by his will; when, in truth, as I
+myself pointed out to him, before he wrote that poet's life, the papers
+were 'committed to _the sole care and judgement_ of Lord Bolingbroke,
+unless he (Lord Bolingbroke) shall not survive me;' so that Lord
+Marchmont had no concern whatever with them[180]. After the first
+edition of the _Lives_, Mr. Malone, whose love of justice is equal to
+his accuracy, made, in my hearing, the same remark to Johnson; yet he
+omitted to correct the erroneous statement[181]. These particulars I
+mention, in the belief that there was only forgetfulness in my friend;
+but I owe this much to the Earl of Marchmont's reputation, who, were
+there no other memorials, will be immortalised by that line of Pope, in
+the verses on his Grotto:
+
+     'And the bright flame was shot through Marchmont's soul.'
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of POPE._
+
+'[Somewhat free] _sufficiently bold_ in his criticism.
+
+'All the gay [niceties] _varieties_ of diction.
+
+'Strikes the imagination with far [more] _greater_ force.
+
+'It is [probably] _certainly_ the noblest version of poetry which the
+world has ever seen.
+
+'Every sheet enabled him to write the next with [less trouble] _more
+facility_.
+
+'No man sympathizes with [vanity, depressed] _the sorrows of vanity_.
+
+'It had been [criminal] _less easily excused_.
+
+'When he [threatened to lay down] _talked of laying down_ his pen.
+
+'Society [is so named emphatically in opposition to] _politically
+regulated, is a state contra-distinguished from_ a state of nature.
+
+'A fictitious life of an [absurd] _infatuated_ scholar.
+
+'A foolish [contempt, disregard,] _disesteem_ of Kings.
+
+'His hopes and fears, his joys and sorrows [were like those of other
+mortals] _acted strongly upon his mind_.
+
+'Eager to pursue knowledge and attentive to [accumulate] _retain it_.
+
+'A mind [excursive] _active_, ambitious, and adventurous.
+
+'In its [noblest] _widest_ researches still longing to go forward.
+
+'He wrote in such a manner as might expose him to few [neglects]
+_hazards_.
+
+'The [reasonableness] _justice_ of my determination.
+
+'A [favourite] _delicious_ employment of the poets.
+
+'More terrifick and more powerful [beings] _phantoms_ perform on the
+stormy ocean.
+
+'The inventor of [those] _this_ petty [beings] _nation_.
+
+'The [mind] _heart_ naturally loves truth.'
+
+In the Life of ADDISON we find an unpleasing account of his having lent
+Steele a hundred pounds, and 'reclaimed his loan by an execution[182].'
+In the new edition of the _Biographia Britannica_, the authenticity of
+this anecdote is denied. But Mr. Malone has obliged me with the
+following note concerning it:--
+
+'Many persons having doubts concerning this fact, I applied to Dr.
+Johnson to learn on what authority he asserted it. He told me, he had it
+from Savage, who lived in intimacy with Steele, and who mentioned, that
+Steele told him the story with tears in his eyes.--Ben Victor[183], Dr.
+Johnson said, likewise informed him of this remarkable transaction, from
+the relation of Mr. Wilkes[184] the comedian, who was also an intimate
+of Steele's.--Some in defence of Addison, have said, that "the act was
+done with the good natured view of rousing Steele, and correcting that
+profusion which always made him necessitous."--"If that were the case,
+(said Johnson,) and that he only wanted to alarm Steele, he would
+afterwards have _returned_ the money to his friend, which it is not
+pretended he did."--"This too, (he added,) might be retorted by an
+advocate for Steele, who might alledge, that he did not repay the loan
+_intentionally_, merely to see whether Addison would be mean and
+ungenerous enough to make use of legal process to recover it. But of
+such speculations there is no end: we cannot dive into the hearts of
+men; but their actions are open to observation[185]."
+
+'I then mentioned to him that some people thought that Mr. Addison's
+character was so pure, that the fact, _though true_, ought to have been
+suppressed[186]. He saw no reason for this[187]. "If nothing but the
+bright side of characters should be shewn, we should sit down in
+despondency, and think it utterly impossible to imitate them in _any
+thing_. The sacred writers (he observed) related the vicious as well as
+the virtuous actions of men; which had this moral effect, that it kept
+mankind from _despair_, into which otherwise they would naturally fall,
+were they not supported by the recollection that others had offended
+like themselves, and by penitence and amendment of life had been
+restored to the favour of Heaven."
+
+'E.M.'
+
+'March 15, 1782.'
+
+The last paragraph of this note is of great importance; and I request
+that my readers may consider it with particular attention. It will be
+afterwards referred to in this work[188].
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ ADDISON.
+
+'[But he was our first great example] _He was, however, one of our
+earliest examples_ of correctness.
+
+And [overlook] _despise_ their masters.
+
+His instructions were such as the [state] _character_ of his [own time]
+_readers_ made [necessary] _proper_.
+
+His purpose was to [diffuse] _infuse_ literary curiosity by gentle and
+unsuspected conveyance [among] _into_ the gay, the idle, and
+the wealthy.
+
+Framed rather for those that [wish] _are learning_ to write.
+
+Domestick [manners] _scenes_.'
+
+In his Life of PARNELL, I wonder that Johnson omitted to insert an
+Epitaph which he had long before composed for that amiable man, without
+ever writing it down, but which he was so good as, at my request, to
+dictate to me, by which means it has been preserved.
+
+     '_Hic requiescit_ THOMAS PARNELL, _S.T.P.
+        Qui sacerdos pariter et poeta,
+        Utrasque partes ita implevit,
+        Ut neque sacerdoti suavitas poetae,
+        Neo poetae sacerdotis sanctitas_[189], _deesset_.'
+
+     _Various Readings in the Life of_ PARNELL.
+
+'About three years [after] _afterwards_.
+
+[Did not much want] _was in no great need of_ improvement.
+
+But his prosperity _did not last long_ [was clouded by that which took
+away all his powers of enjoying either profit or pleasure, the death of
+his wife, whom he is said to have lamented with such sorrow, as hastened
+his end[190].] His end, whatever was the cause, was now approaching.
+
+In the Hermit, the [composition] _narrative_, as it is less airy, is
+less pleasing.'
+
+In the Life of BLACKMORE, we find that writer's reputation generously
+cleared by Johnson from the cloud of prejudice which the malignity of
+contemporary wits had raised around it[191]. In this spirited exertion
+of justice, he has been imitated by Sir Joshua Reynolds, in his praise
+of the architecture of Vanburgh[192].
+
+We trace Johnson's own character in his observations on Blackmore's
+'magnanimity as an authour.' 'The incessant attacks of his enemies,
+whether serious or merry, are never discovered to have disturbed his
+quiet, or to have lessened his confidence in himself.' Johnson, I
+recollect, once told me, laughing heartily, that he understood it had
+been said of him, 'He _appears_ not to feel; but when he is _alone_,
+depend upon it, he _suffers sadly_.' I am as certain as I can be of any
+man's real sentiments, that he _enjoyed_ the perpetual shower of little
+hostile arrows as evidences of his fame.
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ BLACKMORE.
+
+To [set] _engage_ poetry [on the side] _in the cause_ of virtue.
+
+He likewise [established] _enforced_ the truth of Revelation.
+
+[Kindness] _benevolence_ was ashamed to favour.
+
+His practice, which was once [very extensive] _invidiously great_.
+There is scarcely any distemper of dreadful name [of] which he has not
+[shewn] _taught his reader_ how [it is to be opposed] _to oppose_.
+
+Of this [contemptuous] _indecent_ arrogance.
+
+[He wrote] _but produced_ likewise a work of a different kind.
+
+At least [written] _compiled_ with integrity.
+
+Faults which many tongues [were desirous] _would have made haste_ to
+publish.
+
+But though he [had not] _could not boast of_ much critical knowledge.
+
+He [used] _waited for_ no felicities of fancy.
+
+Or had ever elevated his [mind] _views_ to that ideal perfection which
+every [mind] _genius_ born to excel is condemned always to pursue and
+never overtake.
+
+The [first great] _fundamental_ principle of wisdom and of virtue.'
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ PHILIPS.
+
+'His dreaded [rival] _antagonist_ Pope.
+
+They [have not often much] _are not loaded with_ thought.
+
+In his translations from Pindar, he [will not be denied to have reached]
+_found the art of reaching_ all the obscurity of the Theban bard.'
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ CONGREVE.
+
+'Congreve's conversation must surely have been _at least_ equally
+pleasing with his writings.
+
+It apparently [requires] _pre-supposes_ a familiar knowledge of many
+characters.
+
+Reciprocation of [similes] _conceits_.
+
+The dialogue is quick and [various] _sparkling_.
+
+Love for Love; a comedy [more drawn from life] _of nearer alliance to
+life_.
+
+The general character of his miscellanies is, that they shew little wit
+and [no] _little_ virtue.
+
+[Perhaps] _certainly_ he had not the fire requisite for the higher
+species of lyrick poetry.'
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ TICKELL.
+
+'[Longed] _long wished_ to peruse it.
+
+At the [accession] _arrival_ of King George.
+
+Fiction [unnaturally] _unskilfully_ compounded of Grecian deities and
+Gothick fairies.'
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ AKENSIDE.
+
+'For [another] _a different_ purpose.
+
+[A furious] _an unnecessary_ and outrageous zeal.
+
+[Something which] _what_ he called and thought liberty.
+
+A [favourer of innovation] _lover of contradiction_.
+
+Warburton's [censure] _objections_.
+
+His rage [for liberty] _of patriotism_.
+
+Mr. Dyson with [a zeal] _an ardour_ of friendship.'
+
+In the Life of LYTTELTON, Johnson seems to have been not favourably
+disposed towards that nobleman[193]. Mrs. Thrale suggests that he was
+offended by _Molly Aston's_[194] preference of his Lordship to him[195].
+I can by no means join in the censure bestowed by Johnson on his
+Lordship, whom he calls 'poor Lyttelton,' for returning thanks to the
+Critical Reviewers for having 'kindly commended' his _Dialogues of the
+Dead_. Such 'acknowledgements (says my friend) never can be proper,
+since they must be paid either for flattery or for justice.' In my
+opinion, the most upright man, who has been tried on a false accusation,
+may, when he is acquitted, make a bow to his jury. And when those who
+are so much the arbiters of literary merit, as in a considerable degree
+to influence the publick opinion, review an authour's work, _placido
+lumine_[196], when I am afraid mankind in general are better pleased
+with severity, he may surely express a grateful sense of their
+civility[197].
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of_ LYTTELTON.
+
+'He solaced [himself] _his grief_ by writing a long poem to her memory.
+
+The production rather [of a mind that means well than thinks vigorously]
+_as it seems of leisure than of study, rather effusions than
+compositions_.
+
+His last literary [work] _production_.
+
+[Found the way] _undertook_ to persuade.'
+
+As the introduction to his critical examination of the genius and
+writings of YOUNG, he did Mr. Herbert Croft[198], then a Barrister of
+Lincoln's-inn, now a clergyman, the honour to adopt[199] a _Life of
+Young_ written by that gentleman, who was the friend of Dr. Young's son,
+and wished to vindicate him from some very erroneous remarks to his
+prejudice. Mr. Croft's performance was subjected to the revision of Dr.
+Johnson, as appears from the following note to Mr. John Nichols[200]:--
+
+'This _Life of Dr. Young_ was written by a friend of his son. What is
+crossed with black is expunged by the authour, what is crossed with red
+is expunged by me. If you find any thing more that can be well omitted,
+I shall not be sorry to see it yet shorter[201]'
+
+It has always appeared to me to have a considerable share of merit, and
+to display a pretty successful imitation of Johnson's style. When I
+mentioned this to a very eminent literary character[202], he opposed me
+vehemently, exclaiming, 'No, no, it is _not_ a good imitation of
+Johnson; it has all his pomp without his force; it has all the
+nodosities of the oak without its strength.' This was an image so happy,
+that one might have thought he would have been satisfied with it; but he
+was not. And setting his mind again to work, he added, with exquisite
+felicity, 'It has all the contortions of the Sybil, without the
+inspiration.'
+
+Mr. Croft very properly guards us against supposing that Young was a
+gloomy man[203]; and mentions, that 'his parish was indebted to the
+good-humour of the authour of the _Night Thoughts_ for an Assembly and a
+Bowling-Green[204].' A letter from a noble foreigner is quoted, in which
+he is said to have been 'very pleasant in conversation[205].'
+
+Mr. Langton, who frequently visited him, informs me, that there was an
+air of benevolence in his manner, but that he could obtain from him less
+information than he had hoped to receive from one who had lived so much
+in intercourse with the brightest men of what has been called the
+Augustan age of England; and that he shewed a degree of eager curiosity
+concerning the common occurrences that were then passing, which appeared
+somewhat remarkable in a man of such intellectual stores, of such an
+advanced age, and who had retired from life with declared disappointment
+in his expectations.
+
+An instance at once of his pensive turn of mind, and his cheerfulness of
+temper, appeared in a little story which he himself told to Mr. Langton,
+when they were walking in his garden: 'Here (said he) I had put a
+handsome sun-dial, with this inscription, _Eheu fugaces!_[206] which
+(speaking with a smile) was sadly verified, for by the next morning my
+dial had been carried off.'[207]
+
+'It gives me much pleasure to observe, that however Johnson may have
+casually talked,[208] yet when he sits, as "an ardent judge zealous to
+his trust, giving sentence" [209] upon the excellent works of Young, he
+allows them the high praise to which they are justly entitled.
+"The _Universal Passion_ (says he) is indeed a very great
+performance,--his distichs have the weight of solid sentiment, and his
+points the sharpness of resistless truth."'[210]
+
+But I was most anxious concerning Johnson's decision upon _Night
+Thoughts_, which I esteem as a mass of the grandest and richest poetry
+that human genius has ever produced; and was delighted to find this
+character of that work: 'In his _Night Thoughts_, he has exhibited a
+very wide display of original poetry, variegated with deep reflections
+and striking allusions; a wilderness of thought, in which the fertility
+of fancy scatters flowers of every hue and of every odour. This is one
+of the few poems in which blank verse could not be changed for rhime but
+with disadvantage.'[211] And afterwards, 'Particular lines are not to be
+regarded; the power is in the whole; and in the whole there is a
+magnificence like that ascribed to Chinese plantation[212], the
+magnificence of vast extent and endless diversity.'
+
+But there is in this Poem not only all that Johnson so well brings in
+view, but a power of the _Pathetick_ beyond almost any example that I
+have seen. He who does not feel his nerves shaken, and his heart pierced
+by many passages in this extraordinary work, particularly by that most
+affecting one, which describes the gradual torment suffered by the
+contemplation of an object of affectionate attachment, visibly and
+certainly decaying into dissolution, must be of a hard and obstinate
+frame[213].
+
+To all the other excellencies of _Night Thoughts_ let me add the great
+and peculiar one, that they contain not only the noblest sentiments of
+virtue, and contemplations on immortality, but the _Christian
+Sacrifice_, the _Divine Propitiation_, with all its interesting
+circumstances, and consolations to 'a wounded spirit[214],' solemnly and
+poetically displayed in such imagery and language, as cannot fail to
+exalt, animate, and soothe the truly pious. No book whatever can be
+recommended to young persons, with better hopes of seasoning their minds
+with _vital religion_, than YOUNG'S _Night Thoughts_.
+
+In the Life of SWIFT, it appears to me that Johnson had a certain degree
+of prejudice against that extraordinary man, of which I have elsewhere
+had occasion to speak[215]. Mr. Thomas Sheridan imputed it to a supposed
+apprehension in Johnson, that Swift had not been sufficiently active in
+obtaining for him an Irish degree when it was solicited[216], but of
+this there was not sufficient evidence; and let me not presume to charge
+Johnson with injustice, because he did not think so highly of the
+writings of this authour, as I have done from my youth upwards. Yet that
+he had an unfavourable bias is evident, were it only from that passage
+in which he speaks of Swift's practice of saving, as, 'first ridiculous
+and at last detestable;' and yet after some examination of
+circumstances, finds himself obliged to own, that 'it will perhaps
+appear that he only liked one mode of expence better than another, and
+saved merely that he might have something to give[217].'
+
+One observation which Johnson makes in Swift's life should be often
+inculcated:--
+
+'It may be justly supposed, that there was in his conversation what
+appears so frequently in his letters, an affectation of familiarity with
+the great, an ambition of momentary equality, sought and enjoyed by the
+neglect of those ceremonies which custom has established as the barriers
+between one order of society and another. This transgression of
+regularity was by himself and his admirers termed greatness of soul; but
+a great mind disdains to hold any thing by courtesy, and therefore never
+usurps what a lawful claimant may take away. He that encroaches on
+another's dignity puts himself in his power; he is either repelled with
+helpless indignity, or endured by clemency and condescension[218].'
+
+_Various Readings in the Life of Swift_.
+
+'Charity may be persuaded to think that it might be written by a man of
+_a_ peculiar [opinions] _character_, without ill intention.
+
+He did not [disown] _deny_ it.
+
+'[To] _by_ whose kindness it is not unlikely that he was [indebted for]
+_advanced to_ his benefices.
+
+[With] _for_ this purpose he had recourse to Mr. Harley.
+
+Sharpe, whom he [represents] _describes_ as "the harmless tool of
+others' hate."
+
+Harley was slow because he was [irresolute] _doubtful_.
+
+When [readers were not many] _we were not yet a nation of readers_.
+
+[Every man who] _he that could say he_ knew him.
+
+Every man of known influence has so many [more] petitions [than] _which_
+he [can] _cannot_ grant, that he must necessarily offend more than he
+[can gratify] _gratifies_.
+
+Ecclesiastical [preferments] _benefices_.
+
+'Swift [procured] _contrived_ an interview.
+
+[As a writer] _In his works_ he has given very different specimens.
+
+On all common occasions he habitually [assumes] _affects_ a style of
+[superiority] _arrogance_.
+
+By the [omission] _neglect_ of those ceremonies.
+
+That their merits filled the world [and] _or that_ there was no [room
+for] _hope of_ more.'
+
+I have not confined myself to the order of the _Lives_, in making my few
+remarks. Indeed a different order is observed in the original
+publication, and in the collection of Johnson's _Works_. And should it
+be objected, that many of my various readings are inconsiderable, those
+who make the objection will be pleased to consider, that such small
+particulars are intended for those who are nicely critical in
+composition, to whom they will be an acceptable selection[219].
+
+_Spence's Anecdotes_, which are frequently quoted and referred to in
+Johnson's _Lives of the Poets_, are in a manuscript collection, made by
+the Reverend Mr. Joseph Spence[220], containing a number of particulars
+concerning eminent men. To each anecdote is marked the name of the
+person on whose authority it is mentioned. This valuable collection is
+the property of the Duke of Newcastle, who upon the application of Sir
+Lucas Pepys, was pleased to permit it to be put into the hands of Dr.
+Johnson, who I am sorry to think made but an aukward return. 'Great
+assistance (says he) has been given me by Mr. Spence's Collection, of
+which I consider the communication as a favour worthy of publick
+acknowledgement[221];' but he has not owned to whom he was obliged; so
+that the acknowledgement is unappropriated to his Grace.
+
+While the world in general was filled with admiration of Johnson's
+_Lives of the Poets_, there were narrow circles in which prejudice and
+resentment were fostered, and from which attacks of different sorts
+issued against him[222]. By some violent Whigs he was arraigned of
+injustice to Milton; by some Cambridge men of depreciating Gray; and his
+expressing with a dignified freedom what he really thought of George,
+Lord Lyttelton, gave offence to some of the friends of that nobleman,
+and particularly produced a declaration of war against him from Mrs.
+Montagu, the ingenious Essayist on Shakspeare, between whom and his
+Lordship a commerce of reciprocal compliments had long been carried
+on[223]. In this war the smaller powers in alliance with him were of
+course led to engage, at least on the defensive, and thus I for one was
+excluded from the enjoyment of 'A Feast of Reason,' such as Mr.
+Cumberland has described, with a keen, yet just and delicate pen, in his
+_Observer_[224]. These minute inconveniencies gave not the least
+disturbance to Johnson. He nobly said, when I talked to him of the
+feeble, though shrill outcry which had been raised, 'Sir, I considered
+myself as entrusted with a certain portion of truth. I have given my
+opinion sincerely; let them shew where they think me wrong[225].'
+
+While my friend is thus contemplated in the splendour derived from his
+last and perhaps most admirable work, I introduce him with peculiar
+propriety as the correspondent of WARREN HASTINGS! a man whose regard
+reflects dignity even upon JOHNSON; a man, the extent of whose abilities
+was equal to that of his power; and who, by those who are fortunate
+enough to know him in private life, is admired for his literature and
+taste, and beloved for the candour, moderation, and mildness of his
+character. Were I capable of paying a suitable tribute of admiration to
+him, I should certainly not withhold it at a moment[226] when it is not
+possible that I should be suspected of being an interested flatterer.
+But how weak would be my voice after that of the millions whom he
+governed. His condescending and obliging compliance with my
+solicitation, I with humble gratitude acknowledge; and while by
+publishing his letter to me, accompanying the valuable communication, I
+do eminent honour to my great friend, I shall entirely disregard any
+invidious suggestions, that as I in some degree participate in the
+honour, I have, at the same time, the gratification of my own vanity
+in view.
+
+'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ. Park Lane, Dec. 2, 1790.
+
+SIR,
+
+I have been fortunately spared the troublesome suspense of a long
+search, to which, in performance of my promise, I had devoted this
+morning, by lighting upon the objects of it among the first papers that
+I laid my hands on: my veneration for your great and good friend, Dr.
+Johnson, and the pride, or I hope something of a better sentiment, which
+I indulged in possessing such memorials of his good will towards me,
+having induced me to bind them in a parcel containing other select
+papers, and labelled with the titles appertaining to them. They consist
+but of three letters, which I believe were all that I ever received from
+Dr. Johnson. Of these, one, which was written in quadruplicate, under
+the different dates of its respective dispatches, has already been made
+publick[227], but not from any communication of mine. This, however, I
+have joined to the rest; and have now the pleasure of sending them to
+you for the use to which you informed me it was your desire to
+destine them.
+
+'My promise was pledged with the condition, that if the letters were
+found to contain any thing which should render them improper for the
+publick eye, you would dispense with the performance of it. You will
+have the goodness, I am sure, to pardon my recalling this stipulation to
+your recollection, as I should be both to appear negligent of that
+obligation which is always implied in an epistolary confidence. In the
+reservation of that right I have read them over with the most scrupulous
+attention, but have not seen in them the slightest cause on that ground
+to withhold them from you. But, though not on that, yet on another
+ground I own I feel a little, yet but a little, reluctance to part with
+them: I mean on that of my own credit, which I fear will suffer by the
+information conveyed by them, that I was early in the possession of such
+valuable instructions for the beneficial employment of the influence of
+my late station, and (as it may seem) have so little availed myself of
+them. Whether I could, if it were necessary, defend myself against such
+an imputation, it little concerns the world to know. I look only to the
+effect which these relicks may produce, considered as evidences of the
+virtues of their authour: and believing that they will be found to
+display an uncommon warmth of private friendship, and a mind ever
+attentive to the improvement and extension of useful knowledge, and
+solicitous for the interests of mankind, I can cheerfully submit to the
+little sacrifice of my own fame, to contribute to the illustration of so
+great and venerable a character. They cannot be better applied, for that
+end, than by being entrusted to your hands. Allow me, with this
+offering, to infer from it a proof of the very great esteem with which I
+have the honour to profess myself, Sir,
+
+     Your most obedient
+          And most humble servant,
+              'WARREN HASTINGS.'
+
+'_P.S_. At some future time, and when you have no further occasion for
+these papers, I shall be obliged to you if you would return them.'
+
+The last of the three letters thus graciously put into my hands, and
+which has already appeared in publick, belongs to this year; but I shall
+previously insert the first two in the order of their dates. They
+altogether form a grand group in my biographical picture.
+
+TO THE HONOURABLE WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ.
+
+'SIR,
+
+Though I have had but little personal knowledge of you, I have had
+enough to make me wish for more; and though it be now a long time since
+I was honoured by your visit, I had too much pleasure from it to forget
+it. By those whom we delight to remember, we are unwilling to be
+forgotten; and therefore I cannot omit this opportunity of reviving
+myself in your memory by a letter which you will receive from the hands
+of my friend Mr. Chambers[228]; a man, whose purity of manners and
+vigour of mind are sufficient to make every thing welcome that
+he brings.
+
+That this is my only reason for writing, will be too apparent by the
+uselessness of my letter to any other purpose. I have no questions to
+ask; not that I want curiosity after either the ancient or present state
+of regions in which have been seen all the power and splendour of
+wide-extended empire; and which, as by some grant of natural
+superiority, supply the rest of the world with almost all that pride
+desires and luxury enjoys. But my knowledge of them is too scanty to
+furnish me with proper topicks of enquiry; I can only wish for
+information; and hope, that a mind comprehensive like yours will find
+leisure, amidst the cares of your important station, to enquire into
+many subjects of which the European world either thinks not at all, or
+thinks with deficient intelligence and uncertain conjecture. I shall
+hope, that he who once intended to increase the learning of his country
+by the introduction of the Persian language[229], will examine nicely
+the traditions and histories of the East; that he will survey the
+wonders of its ancient edifices, and trace the vestiges of its ruined
+cities; and that, at his return, we shall know the arts and opinions of
+a race of men, from whom very little has been hitherto derived.
+
+You, Sir, have no need of being told by me, how much may be added by
+your attention and patronage to experimental knowledge and natural
+history. There are arts of manufacture practised in the countries in
+which you preside, which are yet very imperfectly known here, either to
+artificers or philosophers. Of the natural productions, animate and
+inanimate, we yet have so little intelligence, that our books are
+filled, I fear, with conjectures about things which an Indian peasant
+knows by his senses.
+
+Many of those things my first wish is to see; my second to know, by such
+accounts as a man like you will be able to give.
+
+As I have not skill to ask proper questions, I have likewise no such
+access to great men as can enable me to send you any political
+information. Of the agitations of an unsettled government, and the
+struggles of a feeble ministry[230], care is doubtless taken to give you
+more exact accounts than I can obtain. If you are inclined to interest
+yourself much in publick transactions, it is no misfortune to you to be
+so distant from them.
+
+That literature is not totally forsaking us, and that your favourite
+language is not neglected, will appear from the book[231], which I
+should have pleased myself more with sending, if I could have presented
+it bound: but time was wanting. I beg, however, Sir, that you will
+accept it from a man very desirous of your regard; and that if you think
+me able to gratify you by any thing more important you will employ me.
+
+I am now going to take leave, perhaps a very long leave, of my dear Mr.
+Chambers. That he is going to live where you govern, may justly
+alleviate the regret of parting; and the hope of seeing both him and you
+again, which I am not willing to mingle with doubt, must at present
+comfort as it can, Sir, Your most humble servant,
+
+SAM. JOHNSON.
+March 30, 1774.'
+
+To THE SAME.
+
+'SIR,
+Being informed that by the departure of a ship, there is now an
+opportunity of writing to Bengal, I am unwilling to slip out of your
+memory by my own negligence, and therefore take the liberty of reminding
+you of my existence, by sending you a book which is not yet
+made publick.
+
+I have lately visited a region less remote, and less illustrious than
+India, which afforded some occasions for speculation; what has occurred
+to me, I have put into the volume[232], of which I beg your acceptance.
+
+Men in your station seldom have presents totally disinterested; my book
+is received, let me now make my request.
+
+There is, Sir, somewhere within your government, a young adventurer, one
+Chauncey Lawrence, whose father is one of my oldest friends. Be pleased
+to shew the young man what countenance is fit, whether he wants to be
+restrained by your authority, or encouraged by your favour. His father
+is now President of the College of Physicians, a man venerable for his
+knowledge, and more venerable for his virtue[233].
+
+I wish you a prosperous government, a safe return, and a long enjoyment
+of plenty and tranquillity.
+
+     I am, Sir,
+        Your most obedient
+          And most humble servant,
+
+                 SAM. JOHNSON[234].
+
+London, Dec. 20, 1774.'
+
+TO THE SAME.
+
+'Jan. 9, 1781.
+
+Sir,
+
+Amidst the importance and multiplicity of affairs in which your great
+office engages you, I take the liberty of recalling your attention for a
+moment to literature, and will not prolong the interruption by an
+apology which your character makes needless.
+
+Mr. Hoole, a gentleman long known, and long esteemed in the India-House,
+after having translated Tasso[235], has undertaken Ariosto. How well he
+is qualified for his undertaking he has already shewn. He is desirous,
+Sir, of your favour in promoting his proposals, and flatters me by
+supposing that my testimony may advance his interest.
+
+It is a new thing for a clerk of the India-House to translate poets;
+--it is new for a Governour of Bengal to patronize learning. That he may
+find his ingenuity rewarded, and that learning may flourish under your
+protection, is the wish of, Sir, Your most humble servant,
+
+SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+I wrote to him in February, complaining of having been troubled by a
+recurrence of the perplexing question of Liberty and Necessity;--and
+mentioning that I hoped soon to meet him again in London.
+
+'To JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+I hoped you had got rid of all this hypocrisy of misery. What have you
+to do with Liberty and Necessity[236]? Or what more than to hold your
+tongue about it? Do not doubt but I shall be most heartily glad to see
+you here again, for I love every part about you but your affectation
+of distress.
+
+I have at last finished my _Lives_, and have laid up for you a load of
+copy[237], all out of order, so that it will amuse you a long time to
+set it right. Come to me, my dear Bozzy, and let us be as happy as we
+can. We will go again to the Mitre, and talk old times over.
+
+     I am, dear Sir,
+          Yours affectionately,
+               'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+March, 14, 1781.
+
+On Monday, March 19, I arrived in London, and on Tuesday, the 20th, met
+him in Fleet-street, walking, or rather indeed moving along; for his
+peculiar march is thus described in a very just and picturesque manner,
+in a short Life[238] of him published very soon after his death:--'When
+he walked the streets, what with the constant roll of his head, and the
+concomitant motion of his body, he appeared to make his way by that
+motion, independent of his feet.' That he was often much stared at while
+he advanced in this manner, may easily be believed; but it was not safe
+to make sport of one so robust as he was. Mr. Langton saw him one day,
+in a fit of absence, by a sudden start, drive the load off a porter's
+back, and walk forward briskly, without being conscious of what he
+had done.
+
+The porter was very angry, but stood still, and eyed the huge figure
+with much earnestness, till he was satisfied that his wisest course was
+to be quiet, and take up his burthen again.
+
+Our accidental meeting in the street after a long separation was a
+pleasing surprize to us both. He stepped aside with me into
+Falcon-court, and made kind inquiries about my family, and as we were in
+a hurry going different ways, I promised to call on him next day; he
+said he was engaged to go out in the morning. 'Early, Sir?' said I.
+JOHNSON: 'Why, Sir, a London morning does not go with the sun.'
+
+I waited on him next evening, and he gave me a great portion of his
+original manuscript of his _Lives of the Poets_, which he had
+preserved for me.
+
+I found on visiting his friend, Mr. Thrale, that he was now very ill,
+and had removed, I suppose by the solicitation of Mrs. Thrale, to a
+house in Grosvenor-square[239]. I was sorry to see him sadly changed in
+his appearance.
+
+He told me I might now have the pleasure to see Dr. Johnson drink wine
+again, for he had lately returned to it. When I mentioned this to
+Johnson, he said, 'I drink it now sometimes, but not socially.' The
+first evening that I was with him at Thrale's, I observed he poured a
+large quantity of it into a glass, and swallowed it greedily. Every
+thing about his character and manners was forcible and violent; there
+never was any moderation; many a day did he fast, many a year did he
+refrain from wine; but when he did eat, it was voraciously; when he did
+drink wine, it was copiously. He could practise abstinence, but not
+temperance[240].
+
+Mrs. Thrale and I had a dispute, whether Shakspeare or Milton had drawn
+the most admirable picture of a man[241]. I was for Shakspeare; Mrs.
+Thrale for Milton; and after a fair hearing, Johnson decided for
+my opinion.
+
+I told him of one of Mr. Burke's playful sallies upon Dean Marlay[242]:
+'I don't like the Deanery of _Ferns_, it sounds so like a _barren_
+title.'--'Dr. Heath should have it;' said I. Johnson laughed, and
+condescending to trifle in the same mode of conceit, suggested Dr.
+_Moss_[243].
+
+He said, 'Mrs. Montagu has dropt me. Now, Sir, there are people whom one
+should like very well to drop, but would not wish to be dropped
+by[244].' He certainly was vain of the society of ladies, and could make
+himself very agreeable to them, when he chose it; Sir Joshua Reynolds
+agreed with me that he could. Mr. Gibbon, with his usual sneer,
+controverted it, perhaps in resentment of Johnson's having talked with
+some disgust of his ugliness[245], which one would think a _philosopher_
+would not mind. Dean Marlay wittily observed, 'A lady may be vain, when
+she can turn a wolf-dog into a lap-dog.'
+
+The election for Ayrshire, my own county, was this spring tried upon a
+petition, before a Committee of the House of Commons. I was one of the
+Counsel for the sitting member, and took the liberty of previously
+stating different points to Johnson, who never failed to see them
+clearly, and to supply me with some good hints. He dictated to me the
+following note upon the registration of deeds:--
+
+'All laws are made for the convenience of the community: what is legally
+done, should be legally recorded, that the state of things may be known,
+and that wherever evidence is requisite, evidence may be had. For this
+reason, the obligation to frame and establish a legal register is
+enforced by a legal penalty, which penalty is the want of that
+perfection and plentitude of right which a register would give. Thence
+it follows, that this is not an objection merely legal: for the reason
+on which the law stands being equitable, makes it an equitable
+objection.'
+
+'This (said he) you must enlarge on, when speaking to the Committee. You
+must not argue there as if you were arguing in the schools[246]; close
+reasoning will not fix their attention; you must say the same thing over
+and over again, in different words. If you say it but once, they miss it
+in a moment of inattention. It is unjust, Sir, to censure lawyers for
+multiplying words when they argue; it is often necessary for them to
+multiply words[247].' His notion of the duty of a member of Parliament,
+sitting upon an election-committee[248], was very high; and when he was
+told of a gentleman upon one of those committees, who read the
+newspapers part of the time, and slept the rest, while the merits of a
+vote were examined by the counsel; and as an excuse, when challenged by
+the chairman for such behaviour, bluntly answered, 'I had made up my
+mind upon that case;'--Johnson, with an indignant contempt, said, 'If he
+was such a rogue as to make up his mind upon a case without hearing it,
+he should not have been such a fool as to tell it.' 'I think (said Mr.
+Dudley Long[249], now North) the Doctor has pretty plainly made him out
+to be both rogue and fool.'
+
+Johnson's profound reverence for the Hierarchy[250] made him expect from
+bishops the highest degree of decorum; he was offended even at their
+going to taverns; 'A bishop (said he) has nothing to do at a
+tippling-house. It is not indeed immoral in him to go to a tavern;
+neither would it be immoral in him to whip a top in Grosvenor-square.
+But, if he did, I hope the boys would fall upon him, and apply
+the whip to _him_. There are gradations in conduct; there is
+morality,--decency,--propriety. None of these should be violated by a
+bishop. A bishop should not go to a house where he may meet a young
+fellow leading out a wench.' BOSWELL. 'But, Sir, every tavern does not
+admit women.' JOHNSON. 'Depend upon it, Sir, any tavern will admit a
+well-drest man and a well-drest woman; they will not perhaps admit a
+woman whom they see every night walking by their door, in the street.
+But a well-drest man may lead in a well-drest woman to any tavern in
+London. Taverns sell meat and drink, and will sell them to any body who
+can eat and can drink. You may as well say that a mercer will not sell
+silks to a woman of the town.'
+
+He also disapproved of bishops going to routs, at least of their staying
+at them longer than their presence commanded respect. He mentioned a
+particular bishop. 'Poh! (said Mrs. Thrale) the Bishop of ----[251] is
+never minded at a rout.' BOSWELL. 'When a bishop places himself in a
+situation where he has no distinct character, and is of no consequence,
+he degrades the dignity of his order.' JOHNSON. 'Mr. Boswell, Madam, has
+said it as correctly as it could be.'
+
+Nor was it only in the dignitaries of the Church that Johnson required a
+particular decorum and delicacy of behaviour; he justly considered that
+the clergy, as persons set apart for the sacred office of serving at the
+altar, and impressing the minds of men with the aweful concerns of a
+future state, should be somewhat more serious than the generality of
+mankind, and have a suitable composure of manners. A due sense of the
+dignity of their profession, independent of higher motives, will ever
+prevent them from losing their distinction in an indiscriminate
+sociality; and did such as affect this, know how much it lessens them in
+the eyes of those whom they think to please by it, they would feel
+themselves much mortified.
+
+Johnson and his friend, Beauclerk, were once together in company with
+several clergymen, who thought that they should appear to advantage, by
+assuming the lax jollity of _men of the world;_ which, as it may be
+observed in similar cases, they carried to noisy excess. Johnson, who
+they expected would be _entertained,_ sat grave and silent for some
+time; at last, turning to Beauclerk, he said, by no means in a whisper,
+'This merriment of parsons is mighty offensive.'
+
+Even the dress of a clergyman should be in character, and nothing can be
+more despicable than conceited attempts at avoiding the appearance of
+the clerical order; attempts, which are as ineffectual as they are
+pitiful. Dr. Porteus, now Bishop of London, in his excellent charge when
+presiding over the diocese of Chester, justly animadverts upon this
+subject; and observes of a reverend fop, that he 'can be but _half a
+beau_[252].'
+
+Addison, in _The Spectator_[253], has given us a fine portrait of a
+clergyman, who is supposed to be a member of his _Club_; and Johnson has
+exhibited a model, in the character of Mr. Mudge[254], which has escaped
+the collectors of his works, but which he owned to me, and which indeed
+he shewed to Sir Joshua Reynolds at the time when it was written. It
+bears the genuine marks of Johnson's best manner, and is as
+follows[255]:--
+
+'The Reverend Mr. _Zacariah Mudge_, Prebendary of Exeter, and Vicar of
+St. Andrew's in Plymouth; a man equally eminent for his virtues and
+abilities, and at once beloved as a companion and reverenced as a
+pastor. He had that general curiosity to which no kind of knowledge is
+indifferent or superfluous; and that general benevolence by which no
+order of men is hated or despised.
+
+His principles both of thought and action were great and comprehensive.
+By a solicitous examination of objections, and judicious comparison of
+opposite arguments, he attained what enquiry never gives but to industry
+and perspicuity, a firm and unshaken settlement of conviction. But his
+firmness was without asperity; for, knowing with how much difficulty
+truth was sometimes found, he did not wonder that many missed it.
+
+The general course of his life was determined by his profession; he
+studied the sacred volumes in the original languages; with what
+diligence and success, his _Notes upon the Psalms_ give sufficient
+evidence. He once endeavoured to add the knowledge of Arabick to that of
+Hebrew; but finding his thoughts too much diverted from other studies,
+after some time desisted from his purpose.
+
+His discharge of parochial duties was exemplary. How his _Sermons_[256]
+were composed, may be learned from the excellent volume which he has
+given to the publick; but how they were delivered, can be known only to
+those that heard them; for as he appeared in the pulpit, words will not
+easily describe him. His delivery, though unconstrained was not
+negligent, and though forcible was not turbulent; disdaining anxious
+nicety of emphasis, and laboured artifice of action, it captivated the
+hearer by its natural dignity, it roused the sluggish, and fixed the
+volatile, and detained the mind upon the subject, without directing it
+to the speaker.
+
+The grandeur and solemnity of the preacher did not intrude upon his
+general behaviour; at the table of his friends he was a companion
+communicative and attentive, of unaffected manners, of manly
+cheerfulness, willing to please, and easy to be pleased. His
+acquaintance was universally solicited, and his presence obstructed no
+enjoyment which religion did not forbid. Though studious he was popular;
+though argumentative he was modest; though inflexible he was candid; and
+though metaphysical yet orthodox[257].'
+
+On Friday, March 30, I dined with him at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, with
+the Earl of Charlemont, Sir Annesley Stewart, Mr. Eliot of Port-Eliot,
+Mr. Burke, Dean Marlay, Mr. Langton; a most agreeable day, of which I
+regret that every circumstance is not preserved; but it is unreasonable
+to require such a multiplication of felicity.
+
+Mr. Eliot, with whom Dr. Walter Harte had travelled[258], talked to us
+of his _History of Gustavus Adolphus_, which he said was a very good
+book in the German translation. JOHNSON. 'Harte was excessively vain. He
+put copies of his book in manuscript into the hands of Lord Chesterfield
+and Lord Granville, that they might revise it. Now how absurd was it to
+suppose that two such noblemen would revise so big a manuscript. Poor
+man! he left London the day of the publication of his book, that he
+might be out of the way of the great praise he was to receive; and he
+was ashamed to return, when he found how ill his book had succeeded. It
+was unlucky in coming out on the same day with Robertson's _History of
+Scotland_[259]. His husbandry[260], however, is good.' BOSWELL. 'So he
+was fitter for that than for heroick history: he did well, when he
+turned his sword into a plough-share.'
+
+Mr. Eliot mentioned a curious liquor peculiar to his country, which the
+Cornish fishermen drink. They call it _Mahogany_; and it is made of two
+parts gin, and one part treacle, well beaten together. I begged to have
+some of it made, which was done with proper skill by Mr. Eliot. I
+thought it very good liquor; and said it was a counterpart of what is
+called _Athol Porridge_ in the Highlands of Scotland, which is a mixture
+of whisky and honey. Johnson said, 'that must be a better liquor than
+the Cornish, for both its component parts are better.' He also
+observed, '_Mahogany_ must be a modern name; for it is not long since
+the wood called mahogany was known in this country.' I mentioned his
+scale of liquors[261];--claret for boys--port for men--brandy for
+heroes. 'Then (said Mr. Burke) let me have claret: I love to be a boy;
+to have the careless gaiety of boyish days.' JOHNSON. 'I should drink
+claret too, if it would give me that; but it does not: it neither makes
+boys men, nor men boys. You'll be drowned by it, before it has any
+effect upon you.'
+
+I ventured to mention a ludicrous paragraph in the newspapers, that Dr.
+Johnson was learning to dance of Vestris[262]. Lord Charlemont, wishing
+to excite him to talk, proposed in a whisper, that he should be asked,
+whether it was true. 'Shall I ask him?' said his Lordship. We were, by a
+great majority, clear for the experiment. Upon which his Lordship very
+gravely, and with a courteous air said, 'Pray, Sir, is it true that you
+are taking lessons of Vestris?' This was risking a good deal, and
+required the boldness of a General of Irish Volunteers to make the
+attempt. Johnson was at first startled, and in some heat answered, 'How
+can your Lordship ask so simple a question?' But immediately recovering
+himself, whether from unwillingness to be deceived, or to appear
+deceived, or whether from real good humour, he kept up the joke: 'Nay,
+but if any body were to answer the paragraph, and contradict it, I'd
+have a reply, and would say, that he who contradicted it was no friend
+either to Vestris or me. For why should not Dr.[263] Johnson add to his
+other powers a little corporeal agility? Socrates learnt to dance at an
+advanced age, and Cato learnt Greek at an advanced age. Then it might
+proceed to say, that this Johnson, not content with dancing on the
+ground, might dance on the rope; and they might introduce the elephant
+dancing on the rope. A nobleman[264] wrote a play, called _Love in a
+hollow Tree_. He found out that it was a bad one, and therefore wished
+to buy up all the copies, and burn them. The Duchess of Marlborough had
+kept one; and when he was against her at an election, she had a new
+edition of it printed, and prefixed to it, as a frontispiece, an
+elephant dancing on a rope; to shew, that his Lordship's writing comedy
+was as aukward as an elephant dancing on a rope[265].'
+
+On Sunday, April 1, I dined with him at Mr. Thrale's, with Sir Philip
+Jennings Clerk and Mr. Perkins[266], who had the superintendence of Mr.
+Thrale's brewery, with a salary of five hundred pounds a year. Sir
+Philip had the appearance of a gentleman of ancient family, well
+advanced in life. He wore his own white hair in a bag of goodly size, a
+black velvet coat, with an embroidered waistcoat, and very rich laced
+ruffles; which Mrs. Thrale said were old fashioned, but which, for that
+reason, I thought the more respectable, more like a Tory; yet Sir Philip
+was then in Opposition in Parliament[267]. 'Ah, Sir, (said Johnson,)
+ancient ruffles and modern principles do not agree.' Sir Philip defended
+the Opposition to the American war ably and with temper, and I joined
+him. He said, the majority of the nation was against the ministry.
+JOHNSON. '_I_, Sir, am against the ministry[268]; but it is for having
+too little of that, of which Opposition thinks they have too much. Were
+I minister, if any man wagged his finger against me, he should be turned
+out[269]; for that which it is in the power of Government to give at
+pleasure to one or to another, should be given to the supporters of
+Government. If you will not oppose at the expence of losing your place,
+your opposition will not be honest, you will feel no serious grievance;
+and the present opposition is only a contest to get what others have.
+Sir Robert Walpole acted as I would do. As to the American war, the
+_sense_ of the nation is _with_ the ministry. The majority of those who
+can _understand_ is with it; the majority of those who can only _hear_,
+is against it; and as those who can only hear are more numerous than
+those who can understand, and Opposition is always loudest, a majority
+of the rabble will be for Opposition.'
+
+This boisterous vivacity entertained us; but the truth in my opinion
+was, that those who could understand the best were against the American
+war, as almost every man now is, when the question has been coolly
+considered.
+
+Mrs. Thrale gave high praise to Mr. Dudley Long, (now North). JOHNSON.
+'Nay, my dear lady, don't talk so. Mr. Long's character is very _short_.
+It is nothing. He fills a chair. He is a man of genteel appearance, and
+that is all[270]. I know nobody who blasts by praise as you do: for
+whenever there is exaggerated praise, every body is set against a
+character. They are provoked to attack it. Now there is Pepys[271]; you
+praised that man with such disproportion, that I was incited to lessen
+him, perhaps more than he deserves[272]. His blood is upon your
+head[273]. By the same principle, your malice defeats itself; for your
+censure is too violent. And yet (looking to her with a leering smile)
+she is the first woman in the world, could she but restrain that wicked
+tongue of hers;--she would be the only woman, could she but command that
+little whirligig[274].'
+
+Upon the subject of exaggerated praise I took the liberty to say, that I
+thought there might be very high praise given to a known character which
+deserved it, and therefore it would not be exaggerated. Thus, one might
+say of Mr. Edmund Burke, He is a very wonderful man. JOHNSON. 'No, Sir,
+you would not be safe if another man had a mind perversely to
+contradict. He might answer, "Where is all the wonder? Burke is, to be
+sure, a man of uncommon abilities, with a great quantity of matter in
+his mind, and a great fluency of language in his mouth. But we are not
+to be stunned and astonished by him." So you see, Sir, even Burke would
+suffer, not from any fault of his own, but from your folly.'
+
+Mrs. Thrale mentioned a gentleman who had acquired a fortune of four
+thousand a year in trade, but was absolutely miserable, because he could
+not talk in company; so miserable, that he was impelled to lament his
+situation in the street to ----[275], whom he hates, and who he knows
+despises him. 'I am a most unhappy man (said he). I am invited to
+conversations. I go to conversations; but, alas! I have no
+conversation.' JOHNSON. 'Man commonly cannot be successful in different
+ways. This gentleman has spent, in getting four thousand pounds a year,
+the time in which he might have learnt to talk; and now he cannot talk.'
+Mr. Perkins made a shrewd and droll remark: 'If he had got his four
+thousand a year as a mountebank, he might have learnt to talk at the
+same time that he was getting his fortune.'
+
+Some other gentlemen came in. The conversation concerning the person
+whose character Dr. Johnson had treated so slightingly, as he did not
+know his merit, was resumed. Mrs. Thrale said, 'You think so of him,
+Sir, because he is quiet, and does not exert himself with force. You'll
+be saying the same thing of Mr. ---- there, who sits as quiet--.' This
+was not well-bred; and Johnson did not let it pass without correction.
+'Nay, Madam, what right have you to talk thus? Both Mr. ---- and I have
+reason to take it ill. _You_ may talk so of Mr. ----; but why do you
+make _me_ do it. Have I said anything against Mr. ----? You have _set_
+him, that I might shoot him: but I have not shot him.'
+
+One of the gentlemen said, he had seen three folio volumes of Dr.
+Johnson's sayings collected by me. 'I must put you right, Sir, (said I;)
+for I am very exact in authenticity. You could not see folio volumes,
+for I have none: you might have seen some in quarto and octavo. This is
+inattention which one should guard against.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, it is a want
+of concern about veracity. He does not know that he saw _any_ volumes.
+If he had seen them he could have remembered their size[276].'
+
+Mr. Thrale appeared very lethargick to-day. I saw him again on Monday
+evening, at which time he was not thought to be in immediate danger; but
+early in the morning of Wednesday, the 4th[277], he expired[278].
+Johnson was in the house, and thus mentions the event: 'I felt almost
+the last flutter of his pulse, and looked for the last time upon the
+face that for fifteen years had never been turned upon me but with
+respect and benignity[279].' Upon that day there was a Call of the
+LITERARY CLUB; but Johnson apologised for his absence by the
+following note:--
+
+'MR. JOHNSON knows that Sir Joshua Reynolds and the other gentlemen will
+excuse his incompliance with the call, when they are told that Mr.
+Thrale died this morning.' Wednesday.'
+
+Mr. Thrale's death was a very essential loss to Johnson[280], who,
+although he did not foresee all that afterwards happened, was
+sufficiently convinced that the comforts which Mr. Thrale's family
+afforded him, would now in a great measure cease. He, however continued
+to shew a kind attention to his widow and children as long as it was
+acceptable; and he took upon him, with a very earnest concern, the
+office of one of his executors, the importance of which seemed greater
+than usual to him, from his circumstances having been always such, that
+he had scarcely any share in the real business of life[281]. His friends
+of the CLUB were in hopes that Mr. Thrale might have made a liberal
+provision for him for his life, which, as Mr. Thrale left no son, and a
+very large fortune, it would have been highly to his honour to have
+done; and, considering Dr. Johnson's age, could not have been of long
+duration; but he bequeathed him only two hundred pounds, which was the
+legacy given to each of his executors[282]. I could not but be somewhat
+diverted by hearing Johnson talk in a pompous manner of his new office,
+and particularly of the concerns of the brewery, which it was at last
+resolved should be sold[283]. Lord Lucan[284] tells a very good story,
+which, if not precisely exact, is certainly characteristic: that when
+the sale of Thrale's brewery was going forward, Johnson appeared
+bustling about, with an ink-horn and pen in his button-hole, like an
+excise-man; and on being asked what he really considered to be the value
+of the property which was to be disposed of, answered, 'We are not here
+to sell a parcel of boilers and vats but the potentiality of growing
+rich, beyond the dreams of avarice[285].'
+
+On Friday, April 6, he carried me to dine at a club, which, at his
+desire, had been lately formed at the Queen's Arms, in St. Paul's
+Church-yard. He told Mr. Hoole, that he wished to have a _City Club_,
+and asked him to collect one; but, said he, 'Don't let them be
+_patriots_[286].' The company were to-day very sensible, well-behaved
+men. I have preserved only two particulars of his conversation. He said
+he was glad Lord George Gordon had escaped[287], rather than that a
+precedent should be established for hanging a man for _constructive
+treason_; which, in consistency with his true, manly, constitutional
+Toryism, he considered would be a dangerous engine of arbitrary power.
+And upon its being mentioned that an opulent and very indolent Scotch
+nobleman, who totally resigned the management of his affairs to a man of
+knowledge and abilities, had claimed some merit by saying, 'The next
+best thing to managing a man's own affairs well is being sensible of
+incapacity, and not attempting it, but having full confidence in one who
+can do it:' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, this is paltry. There is a middle
+course. Let a man give application; and depend upon it he will soon get
+above a despicable state of helplessness, and attain the power of acting
+for himself.'
+
+On Saturday, April 7, I dined with him at Mr. Hoole's with Governour
+Bouchier and Captain Orme, both of whom had been long in the
+East-Indies; and being men of good sense and observation, were very
+entertaining. Johnson defended the oriental regulation of different
+_casts_ of men, which was objected to as totally destructive of the
+hopes of rising in society by personal merit. He shewed that there was a
+_principle_ in it sufficiently plausible by analogy. 'We see (said he)
+in metals that there are different species; and so likewise in animals,
+though one species may not differ very widely from another, as in the
+species of dogs,--the cur, the spaniel, the mastiff. The Bramins are the
+mastiffs of mankind.'
+
+On Thursday, April 12, I dined with him at a Bishop's, where were Sir
+Joshua Reynolds, Mr. Berrenger, and some more company. He had dined the
+day before at another Bishop's. I have unfortunately recorded none of
+his conversation at the Bishop's where we dined together[288]: but I
+have preserved his ingenious defence of his dining twice abroad in
+Passion-week[289]; a laxity, in which I am convinced he would not have
+indulged himself at the time when he wrote his solemn paper in _The
+Rambler_[290], upon that aweful season. It appeared to me, that by
+being much more in company, and enjoying more luxurious living, he had
+contracted a keener relish of pleasure, and was consequently less
+rigorous in his religious rites. This he would not acknowledge; but he
+reasoned with admirable sophistry, as follows: 'Why, Sir, a Bishop's
+calling company together in this week is, to use the vulgar phrase, not
+_the thing_. But you must consider laxity is a bad thing; but
+preciseness is also a bad thing; and your general character may be more
+hurt by preciseness than by dining with a Bishop in Passion-week. There
+might be a handle for reflection. It might be said, 'He refused to dine
+with a Bishop in Passion-week, but was three Sundays absent from
+Church.' BOSWELL. 'Very true, Sir. But suppose a man to be uniformly of
+good conduct, would it not be better that he should refuse to dine with
+a Bishop in this week, and so not encourage a bad practice by his
+example?' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, you are to consider whether you might not
+do more harm by lessening the influence of a Bishop's character by your
+disapprobation in refusing him, than by going to him.'
+
+TO MRS. LUCY PORTER, IN LICHFIELD.
+
+'DEAR MADAM,
+
+'Life is full of troubles. I have just lost my dear friend Thrale. I
+hope he is happy; but I have had a great loss. I am otherwise pretty
+well. I require some care of myself, but that care is not ineffectual;
+and when I am out of order, I think it often my own fault.
+
+'The spring is now making quick advances. As it is the season in which
+the whole world is enlivened and invigorated, I hope that both you and I
+shall partake of its benefits. My desire is to see Lichfield; but being
+left executor to my friend, I know not whether I can be spared; but I
+will try, for it is now long since we saw one another, and how little we
+can promise ourselves many more interviews, we are taught by hourly
+examples of mortality. Let us try to live so as that mortality may not
+be an evil. Write to me soon, my dearest; your letters will give me
+great pleasure.
+
+'I am sorry that Mr. Porter has not had his box; but by sending it to
+Mr. Mathias, who very readily undertook its conveyance, I did the best I
+could, and perhaps before now he has it.
+
+'Be so kind as to make my compliments to my friends; I have a great
+value for their kindness, and hope to enjoy it before summer is past. Do
+write to me. I am, dearest love,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, April 12, 1781.'
+
+On Friday, April 13, being Good-Friday, I went to St. Clement's church
+with him as usual. There I saw again his old fellow-collegian,
+Edwards[291], to whom I said, 'I think, Sir, Dr. Johnson and you meet
+only at Church.'--'Sir, (said he,) it is the best place we can meet in,
+except Heaven, and I hope we shall meet there too.' Dr. Johnson told me,
+that there was very little communication between Edwards and him, after
+their unexpected renewal of acquaintance. 'But (said he, smiling) he met
+me once, and said, "I am told you have written a very pretty book called
+_The Rambler_." I was unwilling that he should leave the world in total
+darkness, and sent him a set.'
+
+Mr. Berrenger[292] visited him to-day, and was very pleasing. We talked
+of an evening society for conversation at a house in town, of which we
+were all members, but of which Johnson said, 'It will never do, Sir.
+There is nothing served about there, neither tea, nor coffee, nor
+lemonade, nor any thing whatever; and depend upon it, Sir, a man does
+not love to go to a place from whence he comes out exactly as he went
+in.' I endeavoured, for argument's sake, to maintain that men of
+learning and talents might have very good intellectual society, without
+the aid of any little gratifications of the senses. Berrenger joined
+with Johnson, and said, that without these any meeting would be dull and
+insipid. He would therefore have all the slight refreshments; nay, it
+would not be amiss to have some cold meat, and a bottle of wine upon a
+side-board. 'Sir, (said Johnson to me, with an air of triumph,) Mr.
+Berrenger knows the world. Every body loves to have good things
+furnished to them without any trouble. I told Mrs. Thrale once, that as
+she did not choose to have card tables, she should have a profusion of
+the best sweetmeats, and she would be sure to have company enough come
+to her[293].' I agreed with my illustrious friend upon this subject;
+for it has pleased GOD to make man a composite animal, and where there
+is nothing to refresh the body, the mind will languish.
+
+On Sunday, April 15, being Easter-day, after solemn worship in St.
+Paul's church, I found him alone; Dr. Scott of the Commons came in. He
+talked of its having been said that Addison wrote some of his best
+papers in _The Spectator_ when warm with wine[294]. Dr. Johnson did not
+seem willing to admit this. Dr. Scott, as a confirmation of it, related,
+that Blackstone, a sober man, composed his _Commentaries_ with a bottle
+of port before him; and found his mind invigorated and supported in the
+fatigue of his great work, by a temperate use of it[295].
+
+I told him, that in a company where I had lately been, a desire was
+expressed to know his authority for the shocking story of Addison's
+sending an execution into Steele's house[296]. 'Sir, (said he,) it is
+generally known, it is known to all who are acquainted with the literary
+history of that period. It is as well known, as that he wrote _Cato_.'
+Mr. Thomas Sheridan once defended Addison to me, by alledging that he
+did it in order to cover Steele's goods from other creditors, who were
+going to seize them.
+
+We talked of the difference between the mode of education at Oxford,
+and that in those Colleges where instruction is chiefly conveyed by
+lectures[297]. JOHNSON. 'Lectures were once useful; but now, when all
+can read, and books are so numerous, lectures are unnecessary. If your
+attention fails, and you miss a part of a lecture, it is lost; you
+cannot go back as you do upon a book.' Dr. Scott agreed with him. 'But
+yet (said I), Dr. Scott, you yourself gave lectures at Oxford[298].' He
+smiled. 'You laughed (then said I) at those who came to you.'
+
+Dr. Scott left us, and soon afterwards we went to dinner. Our company
+consisted of Mrs. Williams, Mrs. Desmoulins, Mr. Levett, Mr. Allen, the
+printer, and Mrs. Hall[299], sister of the Reverend Mr. John Wesley, and
+resembling him, as I thought, both in figure and manner. Johnson
+produced now, for the first time, some handsome silver salvers, which he
+told me he had bought fourteen years ago; so it was a great day. I was
+not a little amused by observing Allen perpetually struggling to talk in
+the manner of Johnson, like the little frog in the fable blowing himself
+up to resemble the stately ox[300].
+
+I mentioned a kind of religious Robinhood Society[301], which met every
+Sunday evening, at Coachmakers'-hall, for free debate; and that the
+subject for this night was, the text which relates, with other miracles,
+which happened at our SAVIOUR'S death, 'And the graves were opened, and
+many bodies of the saints which slept arose, and came out of the graves
+after his resurrection, and went into the holy city, and appeared unto
+many[302].' Mrs. Hall said it was a very curious subject, and she should
+like to hear it discussed. JOHNSON, (somewhat warmly) 'One would not go
+to such a place to hear it,--one would not be seen in such a place--to
+give countenance to such a meeting.' I, however, resolved that I would
+go. 'But, Sir, (said she to Johnson,) I should like to hear _you_
+discuss it.' He seemed reluctant to engage in it. She talked of the
+resurrection of the human race in general, and maintained that we shall
+be raised with the same bodies. JOHNSON. 'Nay, Madam, we see that it is
+not to be the same body; for the Scripture uses the illustration of
+grain sown, and we know that the grain which grows is not the same with
+what is sown[303]. You cannot suppose that we shall rise with a diseased
+body; it is enough if there be such a sameness as to distinguish
+identity of person.' She seemed desirous of knowing more, but he left
+the question in obscurity.
+
+Of apparitions[304], he observed, 'A total disbelief of them is adverse
+to the opinion of the existence of the soul between death and the last
+day; the question simply is, whether departed spirits ever have the
+power of making themselves perceptible to us; a man who thinks he has
+seen an apparition, can only be convinced himself; his authority will
+not convince another, and his conviction, if rational, must be founded
+on being told something which cannot be known but by supernatural means.'
+
+He mentioned a thing as not unfrequent, of which I had never heard
+before,--being _called_, that is, hearing one's name pronounced by the
+voice of a known person at a great distance, far beyond the possibility
+of being reached by any sound uttered by human organs. 'An acquaintance,
+on whose veracity I can depend, told me, that walking home one evening
+to Kilmarnock, he heard himself called from a wood, by the voice of a
+brother who had gone to America; and the next packet brought accounts of
+that brother's death.' Macbean[305] asserted that this inexplicable
+_calling_ was a thing very well known. Dr. Johnson said, that one day at
+Oxford, as he was turning the key of his chamber, he heard his mother
+distinctly call Sam. She was then at Lichfield; but nothing ensued[306].
+This phaenomenon is, I think, as wonderful as any other mysterious
+fact, which many people are very slow to believe, or rather, indeed,
+reject with an obstinate contempt.
+
+Some time after this, upon his making a remark which escaped my
+attention, Mrs. Williams and Mrs. Hall were both together striving to
+answer him. He grew angry, and called out loudly, 'Nay, when you both
+speak at once, it is intolerable.' But checking himself, and softening,
+he said, 'This one may say, though you _are_ ladies.' Then he brightened
+into gay humour, and addressed them in the words of one of the songs in
+_The Beggar's Opera_[307]:--
+
+     'But two at a time there's no mortal can bear.'
+
+'What, Sir, (said I,) are you going to turn Captain Macheath?' There was
+something as pleasantly ludicrous in this scene as can be imagined. The
+contrast between Macheath, Polly, and Lucy--and Dr. Samuel Johnson,
+blind, peevish Mrs. Williams, and lean, lank, preaching Mrs. Hall, was
+exquisite.
+
+I stole away to Coachmakers'-hall, and heard the difficult text of which
+we had talked, discussed with great decency, and some intelligence, by
+several speakers. There was a difference of opinion as to the appearance
+of ghosts in modern times, though the arguments for it, supported by Mr.
+Addison's authority[308], preponderated. The immediate subject of debate
+was embarrassed by the _bodies_ of the saints having been said to rise,
+and by the question what became of them afterwards; did they return
+again to their graves? or were they translated to heaven? Only one
+evangelist mentions the fact[309], and the commentators whom I have
+looked at, do not make the passage clear. There is, however, no occasion
+for our understanding it farther, than to know that it was one of the
+extraordinary manifestations of divine power, which accompanied the most
+important event that ever happened.
+
+On Friday, April 20, I spent with him one of the happiest days that I
+remember to have enjoyed in the whole course of my life. Mrs. Garrick,
+whose grief for the loss of her husband was, I believe, as sincere as
+wounded affection and admiration could produce, had this day, for the
+first time since his death, a select party of his friends to dine with
+her[310]. The company was Miss Hannah More, who lived with her, and whom
+she called her Chaplain[311]; Mrs. Boscawen[312], Mrs. Elizabeth Carter,
+Sir Joshua Reynolds, Dr. Burney, Dr. Johnson, and myself. We found
+ourselves very elegantly entertained at her house in the Adelphi[313],
+where I have passed many a pleasing hour with him 'who gladdened
+life[314].' She looked well, talked of her husband with complacency, and
+while she cast her eyes on his portrait, which hung over the
+chimney-piece, said, that 'death was now the most agreeable object to
+her[315].' The very semblance of David Garrick was cheering. Mr.
+Beauclerk, with happy propriety, inscribed under that fine portrait of
+him, which by Lady Diana's kindness is now the property of my friend Mr.
+Langton, the following passage from his beloved Shakspeare:--
+
+     'A merrier man,
+      Within the limit of becoming mirth,
+      I never spent an hour's talk withal.
+      His eye begets occasion for his wit;
+      For every object that the one doth catch,
+      The other turns to a mirth-moving jest;
+      Which his fair tongue (Conceit's expositor)
+      Delivers in such apt and gracious words,
+      That aged ears play truant at his tales,
+      And younger hearings are quite ravished:
+      So sweet and voluble is his discourse[316].'
+
+We were all in fine spirits; and I whispered to Mrs. Boscawen, 'I
+believe this is as much as can be made of life.' In addition to a
+splendid entertainment, we were regaled with Lichfield ale[317], which
+had a peculiar appropriated value. Sir Joshua, and Dr. Burney, and I,
+drank cordially of it to Dr. Johnson's health; and though he would not
+join us, he as cordially answered, 'Gentlemen, I wish you all as well as
+you do me.'
+
+The general effect of this day dwells upon my mind in fond remembrance;
+but I do not find much conversation recorded. What I have preserved
+shall be faithfully given.
+
+One of the company mentioned Mr. Thomas Hollis, the strenuous Whig, who
+used to send over Europe presents of democratical books, with their
+boards stamped with daggers and caps of liberty. Mrs. Carter said, 'He
+was a bad man. He used to talk uncharitably.' JOHNSON. 'Poh! poh! Madam;
+who is the worse for being talked of uncharitably? Besides, he was a
+dull poor creature as ever lived: And I believe he would not have done
+harm to a man whom he knew to be of very opposite principles to his own.
+I remember once at the Society of Arts, when an advertisement was to be
+drawn up, he pointed me out as the man who could do it best. This, you
+will observe, was kindness to me. I however slipt away, and escaped it.'
+
+Mrs. Carter having said of the same person, 'I doubt he was an
+Atheist[318].' JOHNSON. 'I don't know that. He might perhaps have
+become one, if he had had time to ripen, (smiling.) He might have
+_exuberated_ into an Atheist.'
+
+Sir Joshua Reynolds praised _Mudge's Sermons_[319]. JOHNSON. 'Mudge's
+Sermons are good, but not practical. He grasps more sense than he can
+hold; he takes more corn than he can make into meal; he opens a wide
+prospect, but it is so distant, it is indistinct. I love _Blair's
+Sermons_. Though the dog is a Scotchman, and a Presbyterian, and every
+thing he should not be, I was the first to praise them[320]. Such was my
+candour.' (smiling.) MRS. BOSCAWEN. 'Such his great merit to get the
+better of all your prejudices.' JOHNSON. 'Why, Madam, let us compound
+the matter; let us ascribe it to my candour, and his merit.'
+
+In the evening we had a large company in the drawing-room, several
+ladies, the Bishop of Killaloe, Dr. Percy, Mr. Chamberlayne[321], of the
+Treasury, &c. &c. Somebody said the life of a mere literary man could
+not be very entertaining. JOHNSON. 'But it certainly may. This is a
+remark which has been made, and repeated, without justice; why should
+the life of a literary man be less entertaining than the life of any
+other man? Are there not as interesting varieties in such a life[322]?
+As _a literary life_ it may be very entertaining.' BOSWELL. 'But it must
+be better surely, when it is diversified with a little active variety--
+such as his having gone to Jamaica; or--his having gone to the
+Hebrides.' Johnson was not displeased at this.
+
+Talking of a very respectable authour, he told us a curious circumstance
+in his life, which was, that he had married a printer's devil. REYNOLDS.
+'A printer's devil, Sir! Why, I thought a printer's devil was a creature
+with a black face and in rags.' JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir. But I suppose, he
+had her face washed, and put clean clothes on her. (Then looking very
+serious, and very earnest.) And she did not disgrace him; the woman had
+a bottom of good sense. The word _bottom_ thus introduced, was so
+ludicrous when contrasted with his gravity, that most of us could not
+forbear tittering and laughing; though I recollect that the Bishop of
+Killaloe kept his countenance with perfect steadiness, while Miss Hannah
+More slyly hid her face behind a lady's back who sat on the same settee
+with her. His pride could not bear that any expression of his should
+excite ridicule, when he did not intend it; he therefore resolved to
+assume and exercise despotick power, glanced sternly around, and called
+out in a strong tone, 'Where's the merriment?' Then collecting himself,
+and looking aweful, to make us feel how he could impose restraint, and
+as it were searching his mind for a still more ludicrous word, he slowly
+pronounced, 'I say the _woman_ was _fundamentally_ sensible;' as if he
+had said, hear this now, and laugh if you dare. We all sat composed as
+at a funeral[323].
+
+He and I walked away together; we stopped a little while by the rails of
+the Adelphi, looking on the Thames, and I said to him with some emotion
+that I was now thinking of two friends we had lost, who once lived in
+the buildings behind us, Beauclerk and Garrick. 'Ay, Sir, (said he,
+tenderly) and two such friends as cannot be supplied[324].'
+
+For some time after this day I did not see him very often, and of the
+conversation which I did enjoy, I am sorry to find I have preserved but
+little. I was at this time engaged in a variety of other matters, which
+required exertion and assiduity, and necessarily occupied almost all
+my time.
+
+One day having spoken very freely of those who were then in power, he
+said to me, 'Between ourselves, Sir, I do not like to give opposition
+the satisfaction of knowing how much I disapprove of the ministry.' And
+when I mentioned that Mr. Burke had boasted how quiet the nation was in
+George the Second's reign, when Whigs were in power, compared with the
+present reign, when Tories governed;--'Why, Sir, (said he,) you are to
+consider that Tories having more reverence for government, will not
+oppose with the same violence as Whigs, who being unrestrained by that
+principle, will oppose by any means.'
+
+This month he lost not only Mr. Thrale, but another friend, Mr. William
+Strahan, Junior, printer, the eldest son of his old and constant friend,
+Printer to his Majesty.
+
+'TO MRS. STRAHAN.
+
+'DEAR MADAM,
+
+'The grief which I feel for the loss of a very kind friend is sufficient
+to make me know how much you suffer by the death of an amiable son; a
+man, of whom I think it may truly be said, that no one knew him who does
+not lament him. I look upon myself as having a friend, another friend,
+taken from me.
+
+'Comfort, dear Madam, I would give you if I could, but I know how little
+the forms of consolation can avail. Let me, however, counsel you not to
+waste your health in unprofitable sorrow, but go to Bath, and endeavour
+to prolong your own life; but when we have all done all that we can, one
+friend must in time lose the other.
+
+'I am, dear Madam,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'April 23, 1781.'
+
+On Tuesday, May 8[325], I had the pleasure of again dining with him and
+Mr. Wilkes, at Mr. Billy's[326]. No _negociation_ was now required to
+bring them together; for Johnson was so well satisfied with the former
+interview, that he was very glad to meet Wilkes again, who was this day
+seated between Dr. Beattie and Dr. Johnson; (between _Truth_[327] and
+_Reason_, as General Paoli said, when I told him of it.) WILKES. 'I have
+been thinking, Dr. Johnson, that there should be a bill brought into
+parliament that the controverted elections for Scotland should be tried
+in that country, at their own Abbey of Holy-Rood House, and not here;
+for the consequence of trying them here is, that we have an inundation
+of Scotchmen, who come up and never go back again. Now here is Boswell,
+who is come up upon the election for his own county, which will not last
+a fortnight.' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, I see no reason why they should be
+tried at all; for, you know, one Scotchman is as good as another.'
+WILKES. 'Pray, Boswell, how much may be got in a year by an Advocate at
+the Scotch bar?' BOSWELL. 'I believe two thousand pounds.' WlLKES. 'How
+can it be possible to spend that money in Scotland?' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir,
+the money may be spent in England: but there is a harder question. If
+one man in Scotland gets possession of two thousand pounds, what remains
+for all the rest of the nation?' WILKES. 'You know, in the last war, the
+immense booty which Thurot[328] carried off by the complete plunder of
+seven Scotch isles; he re-embarked with _three and six-pence_.' Here
+again Johnson and Wilkes joined in extravagant sportive raillery upon
+the supposed poverty of Scotland, which Dr. Beattie and I did not think
+it worth our while to dispute.
+
+The subject of quotation being introduced, Mr. Wilkes censured it as
+pedantry[329]. JOHNSON. 'No, Sir, it is a good thing; there is a
+community of mind in it. Classical quotation is the _parole_ of literary
+men all over the world.' WlLKES. 'Upon the continent they all quote the
+vulgate Bible. Shakspeare is chiefly quoted here; and we quote also
+Pope, Prior, Butler, Waller, and sometimes Cowley[330].'
+
+We talked of Letter-writing. JOHNSON. 'It is now become so much the
+fashion to publish letters, that in order to avoid it, I put as little
+into mine as I can.[331]' BOSWELL. 'Do what you will, Sir, you cannot
+avoid it. Should you even write as ill as you can, your letters would be
+published as curiosities:
+
+     "Behold a miracle! instead of wit,
+      See two dull lines with Stanhope's pencil writ[332]."'
+
+He gave us an entertaining account of _Bet Flint_[333], a woman of the
+town, who, with some eccentrick talents and much effrontery, forced
+herself upon his acquaintance. 'Bet (said he) wrote her own Life in
+verse[334], which she brought to me, wishing that I would furnish her
+with a Preface to it. (Laughing.) I used to say of her that she was
+generally slut and drunkard; occasionally, whore and thief. She had,
+however, genteel lodgings, a spinnet on which she played, and a boy that
+walked before her chair. Poor Bet was taken up on a charge of stealing a
+counterpane, and tried at the Old Bailey. Chief Justice ------[335], who
+loved a wench, summed up favourably, and she was acquitted. After which
+Bet said, with a gay and satisfied air, 'Now that the counterpane is _my
+own_, I shall make a petticoat of it.'
+
+Talking of oratory, Mr. Wilkes described it as accompanied with all the
+charms of poetical expression. JOHNSON. 'No, Sir; oratory is the power
+of beating down your adversary's arguments, and putting better in their
+place.' WlLKES. 'But this does not move the passions.' JOHNSON. 'He must
+be a weak man, who is to be so moved.' WlLKES. (naming a celebrated
+orator) 'Amidst all the brilliancy of ----'s[336] imagination, and the
+exuberance of his wit, there is a strange want of _taste_. It was
+observed of Apelles's Venus[337], that her flesh seemed as if she had
+been nourished by roses: his oratory would sometimes make one suspect
+that he eats potatoes and drinks whisky.'
+
+Mr. Wilkes observed, how tenacious we are of forms in this country, and
+gave as an instance, the vote of the House of Commons for remitting
+money to pay the army in America _in Portugal pieces_[338], when, in
+reality, the remittance is made not in Portugal money, but in our own
+specie. JOHNSON. 'Is there not a law, Sir, against exporting the current
+coin of the realm?' WlLKES. 'Yes, Sir: but might not the House of
+Commons, in case of real evident necessity, order our own current coin
+to be sent into our own colonies?' Here Johnson, with that quickness of
+recollection which distinguished him so eminently, gave the _Middlesex
+Patriot_ an admirable retort upon his own ground. 'Sure, Sir, _you_
+don't think a _resolution of the House of Commons_ equal to _the law of
+the land_[339].' WlLKES. (at once perceiving the application) 'GOD
+forbid, Sir.' To hear what had been treated with such violence in _The
+False Alarm_, now turned into pleasant repartee, was extremely
+agreeable. Johnson went on;--'Locke observes well, that a prohibition
+to export the current coin is impolitick; for when the balance of trade
+happens to be against a state, the current coin must be exported[340].'
+
+Mr. Beauclerk's great library[341] was this season sold in London by
+auction. Mr. Wilkes said, he wondered to find in it such a numerous
+collection of sermons; seeming to think it strange that a gentleman of
+Mr. Beauclerk's character in the gay world should have chosen to have
+many compositions of that kind. JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, you are to consider,
+that sermons make a considerable branch of English literature[342]; so
+that a library must be very imperfect if it has not a numerous
+collection of sermons[343]: and in all collections, Sir, the desire of
+augmenting it grows stronger in proportion to the advance in
+acquisition; as motion is accelerated by the continuance of the
+_impetus_. Besides, Sir, (looking at Mr. Wilkes with a placid but
+significant smile) a man may collect sermons with intention of making
+himself better by them. I hope Mr. Beauclerk intended, that some time or
+other that should be the case with him.'
+
+Mr. Wilkes said to me, loud enough for Dr. Johnson to hear, 'Dr. Johnson
+should make me a present of his _Lives of the Poets_, as I am a poor
+patriot, who cannot afford to buy them.' Johnson seemed to take no
+notice of this hint; but in a little while, he called to Mr. Dilly,
+'Pray, Sir, be so good as to send a set of my _Lives_ to Mr. Wilkes,
+with my compliments.' This was accordingly done; and Mr. Wilkes paid Dr.
+Johnson a visit, was courteously received, and sat with him a long time.
+
+The company gradually dropped away. Mr. Dilly himself was called down
+stairs upon business; I left the room for some time; when I returned, I
+was struck with observing Dr. Samuel Johnson and John Wilkes, Esq.,
+literally _tête-à-tête_; for they were reclined upon their chairs, with
+their heads leaning almost close to each other, and talking earnestly,
+in a kind of confidential whisper, of the personal quarrel between
+George the Second and the King of Prussia[344]. Such a scene of
+perfectly easy sociality between two such opponents in the war of
+political controversy, as that which I now beheld, would have been an
+excellent subject for a picture. It presented to my mind the happy days
+which are foretold in Scripture, when the lion shall lie down with the
+kid[345].
+
+After this day there was another pretty long interval, during which Dr.
+Johnson and I did not meet. When I mentioned it to him with regret, he
+was pleased to say, 'Then, Sir, let us live double.'
+
+About this time it was much the fashion for several ladies to have
+evening assemblies, where the fair sex might participate in conversation
+with literary and ingenious men, animated by a desire to please. These
+societies were denominated _Blue-stocking Clubs_, the origin of which
+title being little known, it may be worth while to relate it. One of the
+most eminent members of those societies, when they first commenced, was
+Mr. Stillingfleet[346], whose dress was remarkably grave, and in
+particular it was observed, that he wore blue stockings[347]. Such was
+the excellence of his conversation, that his absence was felt as so
+great a loss, that it used to be said, 'We can do nothing without the
+_blue stockings_;' and thus by degrees the title was established. Miss
+Hannah More has admirably described a _Blue-stocking Club_, in her _Bas
+Bleu_[348], a poem in which many of the persons who were most
+conspicuous there are mentioned.
+
+Johnson was prevailed with to come sometimes into these circles, and did
+not think himself too grave even for the lively Miss Monckton[349] (now
+Countess of Corke), who used to have the finest _bit of blue_ at the
+house of her mother, Lady Galway. Her vivacity enchanted the Sage, and
+they used to talk together with all imaginable ease. A singular instance
+happened one evening, when she insisted that some of Sterne's writings
+were very pathetick. Johnson bluntly denied it. 'I am sure (said she)
+they have affected _me_.' 'Why (said Johnson, smiling, and rolling
+himself about,) that is, because, dearest, you're a dunce[350].' When
+she some time afterwards mentioned this to him, he said with equal truth
+and politeness; 'Madam, if I had thought so, I certainly should not
+have said it.'
+
+Another evening Johnson's kind indulgence towards me had a pretty
+difficult trial. I had dined at the Duke of Montrose's with a very
+agreeable party, and his Grace, according to his usual custom, had
+circulated the bottle very freely. Lord Graham[351] and I went together
+to Miss Monckton's, where I certainly was in extraordinary spirits, and
+above all fear or awe. In the midst of a great number of persons of the
+first rank, amongst whom I recollect with confusion, a noble lady of the
+most stately decorum, I placed myself next to Johnson, and thinking
+myself now fully his match, talked to him in a loud and boisterous
+manner, desirous to let the company know how I could contend with
+_Ajax_. I particularly remember pressing him upon the value of the
+pleasures of the imagination, and as an illustration of my argument,
+asking him, 'What, Sir, supposing I were to fancy that the--(naming the
+most charming Duchess in his Majesty's dominions) were in love with me,
+should I not be very happy?' My friend with much address evaded my
+interrogatories, and kept me as quiet as possible; but it may easily be
+conceived how he must have felt[352]. However, when a few days
+afterwards I waited upon him and made an apology, he behaved with the
+most friendly gentleness[353].
+
+While I remained in London this year[354], Johnson and I dined together
+at several places. I recollect a placid day at Dr. Butter's[355], who
+had now removed from Derby to Lower Grosvenor-street, London; but of his
+conversation on that and other occasions during this period, I neglected
+to keep any regular record[356], and shall therefore insert here some
+miscellaneous articles which I find in my Johnsonian notes.
+
+His disorderly habits, when 'making provision for the day that was
+passing over him[357],' appear from the following anecdote, communicated
+to me by Mr. John Nichols:--'In the year 1763, a young bookseller, who
+was an apprentice to Mr. Whiston, waited on him with a subscription to
+his _Shakspeare_: and observing that the Doctor made no entry in any
+book of the subscriber's name, ventured diffidently to ask, whether he
+would please to have the gentleman's address, that it might be properly
+inserted in the printed list of subscribers. '_I shall print no list of
+subscribers_;' said Johnson, with great abruptness: but almost
+immediately recollecting himself, added, very complacently, 'Sir, I have
+two very cogent reasons for not printing any list of subscribers;--one,
+that I have lost all the names,--the other, that I have spent all
+the money.'
+
+Johnson could not brook appearing to be worsted in argument, even when
+he had taken the wrong side, to shew the force and dexterity of his
+talents. When, therefore, he perceived that his opponent gained ground,
+he had recourse to some sudden mode of robust sophistry. Once when I was
+pressing upon him with visible advantage, he stopped me thus:--'My dear
+Boswell, let's have no more of this; you'll make nothing of it. I'd
+rather have you whistle a Scotch tune.'
+
+Care, however, must be taken to distinguish between Johnson when he
+'talked for victory[358],' and Johnson when he had no desire but to
+inform and illustrate. 'One of Johnson's principal talents (says an
+eminent friend of his)[359] was shewn in maintaining the wrong side of
+an argument, and in a splendid perversion of the truth. If you could
+contrive to have his fair opinion on a subject, and without any bias
+from personal prejudice, or from a wish to be victorious in argument, it
+was wisdom itself, not only convincing, but overpowering.'
+
+He had, however, all his life habituated himself to consider
+conversation as a trial of intellectual vigour and skill[360]; and to
+this, I think, we may venture to ascribe that unexampled richness and
+brilliancy which appeared in his own. As a proof at once of his
+eagerness for colloquial distinction, and his high notion of this
+eminent friend, he once addressed him thus:-'----, we now have been
+several hours together; and you have said but one thing for which I
+envied you.'
+
+He disliked much all speculative desponding considerations, which tended
+to discourage men from diligence and exertion. He was in this like Dr.
+Shaw, the great traveller[361], who Mr. Daines Barrington[362] told me,
+used to say, 'I hate a _cui bono_ man.' Upon being asked by a
+friend[363] what he should think of a man who was apt to say _non est
+tanti_;-'That he's a stupid fellow, Sir; (answered Johnson): What would
+these _tanti_ men be doing the while?' When I in a low-spirited fit, was
+talking to him with indifference of the pursuits which generally engage
+us in a course of action, and inquiring a _reason_ for taking so much
+trouble; 'Sir (said he, in an animated tone) it is driving on the
+system of life.'
+
+He told me, that he was glad that I had, by General Oglethorpe's means,
+become acquainted with Dr. Shebbeare. Indeed that gentleman, whatever
+objections were made to him, had knowledge and abilities much above the
+class of ordinary writers, and deserves to be remembered as a
+respectable name in literature, were it only for his admirable _Letters
+on the English Nation_, under the name of 'Battista Angeloni, a
+Jesuit[364].'
+
+Johnson and Shebbeare[365] were frequently named together, as having in
+former reigns had no predilection for the family of Hanover. The authour
+of the celebrated _Heroick Epistle to Sir William Chambers_, introduces
+them in one line, in a list of those 'who tasted the sweets of his
+present Majesty's reign[366].' Such was Johnson's candid relish of the
+merit of that satire, that he allowed Dr. Goldsmith, as he told me, to
+read it to him from beginning to end, and did not refuse his praise to
+its execution[367].
+
+Goldsmith could sometimes take adventurous liberties with him, and
+escape unpunished. Beauclerk told me that when Goldsmith talked of a
+project for having a third Theatre in London, solely for the exhibition
+of new plays, in order to deliver authours from the supposed tyranny of
+managers, Johnson treated it slightingly; upon which Goldsmith said,
+'Ay, ay, this may be nothing to you, who can now shelter yourself behind
+the corner of a pension;' and that Johnson bore this with good-humour.
+
+Johnson praised the Earl of Carlisle's Poems[368], which his Lordship
+had published with his name, as not disdaining to be a candidate for
+literary fame. My friend was of opinion, that when a man of rank
+appeared in that character, he deserved to have his merit handsomely
+allowed[369]. In this I think he was more liberal than Mr. William
+Whitehead[370], in his _Elegy to Lord Villiers_, in which under the
+pretext of 'superiour toils, demanding all their care,' he discovers a
+jealousy of the great paying their court to the Muses:--
+
+     '------to the chosen few
+        Who dare excel, thy fost'ring aid afford,
+      Their arts, their magick powers, with honours due
+        Exalt;--but be thyself what they record[371].'
+
+Johnson had called twice on the Bishop of Killaloe[372] before his
+Lordship set out for Ireland, having missed him the first time. He said,
+'It would have hung heavy on my heart if I had not seen him. No man ever
+paid more attention to another than he has done to me[373]; and I have
+neglected him, not wilfully, but from being otherwise occupied. Always,
+Sir, set a high value on spontaneous kindness. He whose inclination
+prompts him to cultivate your friendship of his own accord, will love
+you more than one whom you have been at pains to attach to you.'
+
+Johnson told me, that he was once much pleased to find that a
+carpenter, who lived near him, was very ready to shew him some things in
+his business which he wished to see: 'It was paying (said he) respect to
+literature.'
+
+I asked him if he was not dissatisfied with having so small a share of
+wealth, and none of those distinctions in the state which are the
+objects of ambition. He had only a pension of three hundred a year. Why
+was he not in such circumstances as to keep his coach? Why had he not
+some considerable office? JOHNSON, 'Sir, I have never complained of the
+world[374]; nor do I think that I have reason to complain. It is rather
+to be wondered at that I have so much. My pension is more out of the
+usual course of things than any instance that I have known. Here, Sir,
+was a man avowedly no friend to Government at the time, who got a
+pension without asking for it. I never courted the great; they sent for
+me; but I think they now give me up. They are satisfied; they have seen
+enough of me.' Upon my observing that I could not believe this, for they
+must certainly be highly pleased by his conversation; conscious of his
+own superiority, he answered, 'No, Sir; great lords and great ladies
+don't love to have their mouths stopped[375].' This was very expressive
+of the effect which the force of his understanding and brilliancy of his
+fancy could not but produce; and, to be sure, they must have found
+themselves strangely diminished in his company. When I warmly declared
+how happy I was at all times to hear him;--'Yes, Sir, (said he); but if
+you were Lord Chancellor, it would not be so: you would then consider
+your own dignity.'
+
+There was much truth and knowledge of human nature in this remark. But
+certainly one should think, that in whatever elevated state of life a
+man who _knew_ the value of the conversation of Johnson might be placed,
+though he might prudently avoid a situation in which he might appear
+lessened by comparison; yet he would frequently gratify himself in
+private with the participation of the rich intellectual entertainment
+which Johnson could furnish. Strange, however, it is, to consider how
+few of the great sought his society[376]; so that if one were disposed
+to take occasion for satire on that account, very conspicuous objects
+present themselves. His noble friend, Lord Elibank, well observed, that
+if a great man procured an interview with Johnson, and did not wish to
+see him more, it shewed a mere idle curiosity, and a wretched want of
+relish for extraordinary powers of mind[377]. Mrs. Thrale justly and
+wittily accounted for such conduct by saying, that Johnson's
+conversation was by much too strong for a person accustomed to
+obsequiousness and flattery; it was _mustard in a young child's mouth!_
+
+One day, when I told him that I was a zealous Tory, but not enough
+'according to knowledge[378],' and should be obliged to him for 'a
+reason[379],' he was so candid, and expressed himself so well, that I
+begged of him to repeat what he had said, and I wrote down as follows:--
+
+OF TORY AND WHIG.
+
+'A wise Tory and a wise Whig, I believe, will agree[380]. Their
+principles are the same, though their modes of thinking are different. A
+high Tory makes government unintelligible: it is lost in the clouds. A
+violent Whig makes it impracticable: he is for allowing so much liberty
+to every man, that there is not power enough to govern any man. The
+prejudice of the Tory is for establishment; the prejudice of the Whig is
+for innovation. A Tory does not wish to give more real power to
+Government; but that Government should have more reverence. Then they
+differ as to the Church. The Tory is not for giving more legal power to
+the Clergy, but wishes they should have a considerable influence,
+founded on the opinion of mankind; the Whig is for limiting and watching
+them with a narrow jealousy.'
+
+To MR. PERKINS.
+
+'SIR,
+
+However often I have seen you, I have hitherto forgotten the note, but I
+have now sent it: with my good wishes for the prosperity of you and your
+partner[381], of whom, from our short conversation, I could not judge
+otherwise than favourably.
+
+I am, Sir,
+
+Your most humble servant,
+
+SAM. JOHNSON.
+
+June 2, 1781.'
+
+On Saturday, June 2, I set out for Scotland, and had promised to pay a
+visit in my way, as I sometimes did, at Southill, in Bedfordshire, at
+the hospitable mansion of 'Squire Dilly, the elder brother of my worthy
+friends, the booksellers, in the Poultry. Dr. Johnson agreed to be of
+the party this year, with Mr. Charles Dilly and me, and to go and see
+Lord Bute's seat at Luton Hoe. He talked little to us in the carriage,
+being chiefly occupied in reading Dr. Watson's[382] second volume of
+_Chemical Essays_[383], which he liked very well, and his own _Prince
+of Abyssinia_, on which he seemed to be intensely fixed; having told us,
+that he had not looked at it since it was first published. I happened to
+take it out of my pocket this day, and he seized upon it with avidity.
+He pointed out to me the following remarkable passage[384]:--
+
+'By what means (said the prince) are the Europeans thus powerful; or
+why, since they can so easily visit Asia and Africa for trade or
+conquest, cannot the Asiaticks and Africans invade their coasts, plant
+colonies in their ports, and give laws to their natural princes? The
+same wind that carries them back would bring us thither.' 'They are more
+powerful, Sir, than we, (answered Imlac,) because they are wiser.
+Knowledge will always predominate over ignorance, as man governs the
+other animals. But why their knowledge is more than ours, I know not
+what reason can be given, but the unsearchable will of the
+Supreme Being.'
+
+He said, 'This, Sir, no man can explain otherwise.'
+
+We stopped at Welwyn, where I wished much to see, in company with Dr.
+Johnson, the residence of the authour of _Night Thoughts_, which was
+then possessed by his son, Mr. Young. Here some address was requisite,
+for I was not acquainted with Mr. Young, and had I proposed to Dr.
+Johnson that we should send to him, he would have checked my wish, and
+perhaps been offended. I therefore concerted with Mr. Dilly, that I
+should steal away from Dr. Johnson and him, and try what reception I
+could procure from Mr. Young; if unfavourable, nothing was to be said;
+but if agreeable, I should return and notify it to them. I hastened to
+Mr. Young's, found he was at home, sent in word that a gentleman desired
+to wait upon him, and was shewn into a parlour, where he and a young
+lady, his daughter, were sitting. He appeared to be a plain, civil,
+country gentleman; and when I begged pardon for presuming to trouble
+him, but that I wished much to see his place, if he would give me leave;
+he behaved very courteously, and answered, 'By all means, Sir; we are
+just going to drink tea; will you sit down?' I thanked him, but said,
+that Dr. Johnson had come with me from London, and I must return to the
+inn and drink tea with him; that my name was Boswell, I had travelled
+with him in the Hebrides. 'Sir, (said he) I should think it a great
+honour to see Dr. Johnson here. Will you allow me to send for him?'
+Availing myself of this opening, I said that 'I would go myself and
+bring him, when he had drunk tea; he knew nothing of my calling here.'
+Having been thus successful, I hastened back to the inn, and informed
+Dr. Johnson that 'Mr. Young, son of Dr. Young, the authour of _Night
+Thoughts_, whom I had just left, desired to have the honour of seeing
+him at the house where his father lived.' Dr. Johnson luckily made no
+inquiry how this invitation had arisen, but agreed to go, and when we
+entered Mr. Young's parlour, he addressed him with a very polite bow,
+'Sir, I had a curiosity to come and see this place. I had the honour to
+know that great man[385], your father.' We went into the garden, where
+we found a gravel walk, on each side of which was a row of trees,
+planted by Dr. Young, which formed a handsome Gothick arch; Dr. Johnson
+called it a fine grove. I beheld it with reverence.
+
+We sat some time in the summer-house, on the outside wall of which was
+inscribed, _'Ambulantes in horto audiebant vocem Dei_[386];' and in
+reference to a brook by which it is situated, _'Vivendi rectè qui
+prorogat horam_[387],' &c. I said to Mr. Young, that I had been told his
+father was cheerful[388]. 'Sir, (said he) he was too well-bred a man not
+to be cheerful in company; but he was gloomy when alone. He never was
+cheerful after my mother's death, and he had met with many
+disappointments.' Dr. Johnson observed to me afterwards, 'That this was
+no favourable account of Dr. Young; for it is not becoming in a man to
+have so little acquiescence in the ways of Providence, as to be gloomy
+because he has not obtained as much preferment as he expected[389]; nor
+to continue gloomy for the loss of his wife. Grief has its time[390].'
+The last part of this censure was theoretically made. Practically, we
+know that grief for the loss of a wife may be continued very long, in
+proportion as affection has been sincere. No man knew this better than
+Dr. Johnson.
+
+We went into the church, and looked at the monument erected by Mr. Young
+to his father. Mr. Young mentioned an anecdote, that his father had
+received several thousand pounds of subscription-money for his
+_Universal Passion_, but had lost it in the South-Sea[391]. Dr. Johnson
+thought this must be a mistake; for he had never seen a
+subscription-book.
+
+Upon the road we talked of the uncertainty of profit with which authours
+and booksellers engage in the publication of literary works. JOHNSON.
+'My judgement I have found is no certain rule as to the sale of a book.'
+BOSWELL. 'Pray, Sir, have you been much plagued with authours sending
+you their works to revise?' JOHNSON. 'No, Sir; I have been thought a
+sour, surly fellow.' BOSWELL. 'Very lucky for you, Sir,--in that
+respect.' I must however observe, that notwithstanding what he now said,
+which he no doubt imagined at the time to be the fact, there was,
+perhaps, no man who more frequently yielded to the solicitations even of
+very obscure authours, to read their manuscripts, or more liberally
+assisted them with advice and correction[392].
+
+He found himself very happy at 'Squire Dilly's, where there is always
+abundance of excellent fare, and hearty welcome.
+
+On Sunday, June 3, we all went to Southill church, which is very near to
+Mr. Dilly's house. It being the first Sunday of the month, the holy
+sacrament was administered, and I staid to partake of it. When I came
+afterwards into Dr. Johnson's room, he said, 'You did right to stay and
+receive the communion; I had not thought of it.' This seemed to imply
+that he did not choose to approach the altar without a previous
+preparation, as to which good men entertain different opinions, some
+holding that it is irreverent to partake of that ordinance without
+considerable premeditation; others, that whoever is a sincere Christian,
+and in a proper frame of mind to discharge any other ritual duty of our
+religion, may, without scruple, discharge this most solemn one. A middle
+notion I believe to be the just one, which is, that communicants need
+not think a long train of preparatory forms indispensibly necessary; but
+neither should they rashly and lightly venture upon so aweful and
+mysterious an institution. Christians must judge each for himself, what
+degree of retirement and self-examination is necessary upon
+each occasion.
+
+Being in a frame of mind which, I hope for the felicity of human nature,
+many experience,--in fine weather,--at the country house of a
+friend,--consoled and elevated by pious exercises,--I expressed myself
+with an unrestrained fervour to my 'Guide, Philosopher, and
+Friend[393];' 'My dear Sir, I would fain be a good man; and I am very
+good now[394]. I fear GOD, and honour the King, I wish to do no ill, and
+to be benevolent to all mankind.' He looked at me with a benignant
+indulgence; but took occasion to give me wise and salutary caution. 'Do
+not, Sir, accustom yourself to trust to _impressions_. There is a middle
+state of mind between conviction and hypocrisy, of which many are
+conscious[395]. By trusting to impressions, a man may gradually come to
+yield to them, and at length be subject to them, so as not to be a free
+agent, or what is the same thing in effect, to _suppose_ that he is not
+a free agent. A man who is in that state, should not be suffered to
+live; if he declares he cannot help acting in a particular way, and is
+irresistibly impelled, there can be no confidence in him, no more than
+in a tyger. But, Sir, no man believes himself to be impelled
+irresistibly; we know that he who says he believes it, lies. Favourable
+impressions at particular moments, as to the state of our souls, may be
+deceitful and dangerous. In general no man can be sure of his acceptance
+with God; some, indeed, may have had it revealed to them. St. Paul, who
+wrought miracles, may have had a miracle wrought on himself, and may
+have obtained supernatural assurance of pardon, and mercy, and
+beatitude; yet St. Paul, though he expresses strong hope, also expresses
+fear, lest having preached to others, he himself should be a
+cast-away[396].'
+
+The opinion of a learned Bishop of our acquaintance, as to there being
+merit in religious faith, being mentioned;--JOHNSON. 'Why, yes, Sir, the
+most licentious man, were hell open before him, would not take the most
+beautiful strumpet to his arms. We must, as the Apostle says, live by
+faith, not by sight[397].'
+
+I talked to him of original sin[398], in consequence of the fall of man,
+and of the atonement made by our SAVIOUR. After some conversation, which
+he desired me to remember, he, at my request, dictated to me as
+follows:--
+
+'With respect to original sin, the inquiry is not necessary; for
+whatever is the cause of human corruption, men are evidently and
+confessedly so corrupt, that all the laws of heaven and earth are
+insufficient to restrain them from crimes.
+
+'Whatever difficulty there may be in the conception of vicarious
+punishments, it is an opinion which has had possession of mankind in all
+ages. There is no nation that has not used the practice of sacrifices.
+Whoever, therefore, denies the propriety of vicarious punishments, holds
+an opinion which the sentiments and practice of mankind have
+contradicted, from the beginning of the world. The great sacrifice for
+the sins of mankind was offered at the death of the MESSIAH, who is
+called in scripture "The Lamb of God, that taketh away the sins[399] of
+the world." To judge of the reasonableness of the scheme of redemption,
+it must be considered as necessary to the government of the universe,
+that GOD should make known his perpetual and irreconcileable detestation
+of moral evil. He might indeed punish, and punish only the offenders;
+but as the end of punishment is not revenge of crimes, but propagation
+of virtue, it was more becoming the Divine clemency to find another
+manner of proceeding, less destructive to man, and at least equally
+powerful to promote goodness. The end of punishment is to reclaim and
+warn. _That_ punishment will both reclaim and warn, which shews
+evidently such abhorrence of sin in GOD, as may deter us from it, or
+strike us with dread of vengeance when we have committed it. This is
+effected by vicarious punishment. Nothing could more testify the
+opposition between the nature of GOD and moral evil, or more amply
+display his justice, to men and angels, to all orders and successions of
+beings, than that it was necessary for the highest and purest nature,
+even for DIVINITY itself, to pacify the demands of vengeance, by a
+painful death; of which the natural effect will be, that when justice is
+appeased, there is a proper place for the exercise of mercy; and that
+such propitiation shall supply, in some degree, the imperfections of our
+obedience, and the inefficacy of our repentance: for, obedience and
+repentance, such as we can perform, are still necessary. Our SAVIOUR has
+told us, that he did not come to destroy the law, but to fulfill; to
+fulfill the typical law, by the performance of what those types had
+foreshewn; and the moral law, by precepts of greater purity and higher
+exaltation.'
+
+[Here he said, 'GOD bless you with it.' I acknowledged myself much
+obliged to him; but I begged that he would go on as to the propitiation
+being the chief object of our most holy faith. He then dictated this one
+other paragraph.]
+
+'The peculiar doctrine of Christianity is, that of an universal
+sacrifice, and perpetual propitiation. Other prophets only proclaimed
+the will and the threatenings of GOD. CHRIST satisfied his
+justice[400].'
+
+The Reverend Mr. Palmer[401], Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge,
+dined with us. He expressed a wish that a better provision were made for
+parish-clerks. JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir, a parish-clerk should be a man who is
+able to make a will, or write a letter for any body in the parish.'
+
+I mentioned Lord Monboddo's notion[402] that the ancient Egyptians, with
+all their learning, and all their arts, were not only black, but
+woolly-haired. Mr. Palmer asked how did it appear upon examining the
+mummies? Dr. Johnson approved of this test[403].
+
+Although upon most occasions[404] I never heard a more strenuous
+advocate for the advantages of wealth, than Dr. Johnson: he this day, I
+know not from what caprice, took the other side. 'I have not observed
+(said he) that men of very large fortunes enjoy any thing extraordinary
+that makes happiness. What has the Duke of Bedford? What has the Duke of
+Devonshire? The only great instance that I have ever known of the
+enjoyment of wealth was, that of Jamaica Dawkins, who, going to visit
+Palmyra, and hearing that the way was infested by robbers, hired a troop
+of Turkish horse to guard him[405].'
+
+Dr. Gibbons[406], the Dissenting minister, being mentioned, he said, 'I
+took to Dr. Gibbons.' And addressing himself to Mr. Charles Dilly,
+added, 'I shall be glad to see him. Tell him, if he'll call on me, and
+dawdle[407] over a dish of tea in an afternoon, I shall take it kind.'
+
+The Reverend Mr. Smith, Vicar of Southill, a very respectable man, with
+a very agreeable family, sent an invitation to us to drink tea. I
+remarked Dr. Johnson's very respectful[408] politeness. Though always
+fond of changing the scene, he said, 'We must have Mr. Dilly's leave. We
+cannot go from your house, Sir, without your permission.' We all went,
+and were well satisfied with our visit. I however remember nothing
+particular, except a nice distinction which Dr. Johnson made with
+respect to the power of memory, maintaining that forgetfulness was a
+man's own fault[409]. 'To remember and to recollect (said he) are
+different things. A man has not the power to recollect what is not in
+his mind; but when a thing is in his mind he may remember it.' The
+remark was occasioned by my leaning back on a chair, which a little
+before I had perceived to be broken, and pleading forgetfulness as an
+excuse. 'Sir, (said he,) its being broken was certainly in your
+mind[410].'
+
+When I observed that a housebreaker was in general very timorous;
+JOHNSON. 'No wonder, Sir; he is afraid of being shot getting _into_ a
+house, or hanged when he has got _out_ of it.'
+
+He told us, that he had in one day written six sheets of a translation
+from the French[411], adding, 'I should be glad to see it now. I wish
+that I had copies of all the pamphlets written against me, as it is said
+Pope had. Had I known that I should make so much noise in the world, I
+should have been at pains to collect them. I believe there is hardly a
+day in which there is not something about me in the newspapers.'
+
+On Monday, June 4, we all went to Luton-Hoe, to see Lord Bute's
+magnificent seat[412], for which I had obtained a ticket. As we entered
+the park, I talked in a high style of my old friendship with Lord
+Mountstuart[413], and said, 'I shall probably be much at this place.'
+The Sage, aware of human vicissitudes, gently checked me: 'Don't you be
+too sure of that.' He made two or three peculiar observations; as when
+shewn the botanical garden, 'Is not every garden a botanical garden?'
+When told that there was a shrubbery to the extent of several miles:
+'That is making a very foolish use of the ground; a little of it is very
+well.' When it was proposed that we should walk on the pleasure-ground;
+'Don't let us fatigue ourselves. Why should we walk there? Here's a fine
+tree, let's get to the top of it.' But upon the whole, he was very much
+pleased. He said, 'This is one of the places I do not regret having come
+to see. It is a very stately place, indeed; in the house magnificence is
+not sacrificed to convenience, nor convenience to magnificence. The
+library is very splendid: the dignity of the rooms is very great; and
+the quantity of pictures is beyond expectation, beyond hope.'
+
+It happened without any previous concert, that we visited the seat of
+Lord Bute upon the King's birthday; we dined and drank his Majesty's
+health at an inn, in the village of Luton.
+
+In the evening I put him in mind of his promise to favour me with a copy
+of his celebrated Letter to the Earl of Chesterfield, and he was at last
+pleased to comply with this earnest request, by dictating it to me from
+his memory; for he believed that he himself had no copy[414]. There was
+an animated glow in his countenance while he thus recalled his
+high-minded indignation.
+
+He laughed heartily at a ludicrous action in the Court of Session, in
+which I was Counsel. The Society of _Procurators_, or Attornies,
+entitled to practise in the inferiour courts at Edinburgh, had obtained
+a royal charter, in which they had taken care to have their ancient
+designation of Procurators changed into that of _Solicitors_, from a
+notion, as they supposed, that it was more genteel[415]; and this new
+title they displayed by a publick advertisement for a _General Meeting_
+at their HALL.
+
+It has been said, that the Scottish nation is not distinguished for
+humour; and, indeed, what happened on this occasion may in some degree
+justify the remark: for although this society had contrived to make
+themselves a very prominent object for the ridicule of such as might
+stoop to it, the only joke to which it gave rise, was the following
+paragraph, sent to the newspaper called _The Caledonian Mercury_:--
+
+'A correspondent informs us, that the Worshipful Society of _Chaldeans_,
+_Cadies_[416], or _Running Stationers_ of this city are resolved, in
+imitation, and encouraged by the singular success of their brethren, of
+an equally respectable Society, to apply for a Charter of their
+Privileges, particularly of the sole privilege of PROCURING, in the most
+extensive sense of the word[417], exclusive of chairmen, porters,
+penny-post men, and other _inferiour_ ranks; their brethren the R--Y--L
+S--LL--RS, _alias_ P--C--RS, _before the_ INFERIOUR Courts of this City,
+always excepted.
+
+'Should the Worshipful Society be successful, they are farther resolved
+not to be _puffed up_ thereby, but to demean themselves with more
+equanimity and decency than their _R--y--l, learned_, and _very modest_
+brethren above mentioned have done, upon their late dignification and
+exaltation.'
+
+A majority of the members of the Society prosecuted Mr. Robertson, the
+publisher of the paper, for damages; and the first judgement of the
+whole Court very wisely dismissed the action: _Solventur risu tabulae,
+tu missus abibis_[418]. But a new trial or review was granted upon a
+petition, according to the forms in Scotland. This petition I was
+engaged to answer, and Dr. Johnson with great alacrity furnished me this
+evening with what follows:--
+
+'All injury is either of the person, the fortune, or the fame. Now it is
+a certain thing, it is proverbially known, that _a jest breaks no
+bones_. They never have gained half-a-crown less in the whole profession
+since this mischievous paragraph has appeared; and, as to their
+reputation, What is their reputation but an instrument of getting money?
+If, therefore, they have lost no money, the question upon reputation
+may be answered by a very old position,--_De minimis non curat Praetor_.
+
+'Whether there was, or was not, an _animus injuriandi_, is not worth
+inquiring, if no _injuria_ can be proved. But the truth is, there was no
+_animus injuriandi_. It was only an _animus irritandi[419]_, which,
+happening to be exercised upon a _genus irritabile_, produced unexpected
+violence of resentment. Their irritability arose only from an opinion of
+their own importance, and their delight in their new exaltation. What
+might have been borne by a _Procurator_ could not be borne by a
+_Solicitor_. Your Lordships well know, that _honores mutant mores_.
+Titles and dignities play strongly on the fancy. As a madman is apt to
+think himself grown suddenly great, so he that grows suddenly great is
+apt to borrow a little from the madman. To co-operate with their
+resentment would be to promote their phrenzy; nor is it possible to
+guess to what they might proceed, if to the new title of Solicitor,
+should be added the elation of victory and triumph.
+
+'We consider your Lordships as the protectors of our rights, and the
+guardians of our virtues; but believe it not included in your high
+office, that you should flatter our vices, or solace our vanity: and, as
+vanity only dictates this prosecution, it is humbly hoped your Lordships
+will dismiss it.
+
+'If every attempt, however light or ludicrous, to lessen another's
+reputation, is to be punished by a judicial sentence, what punishment
+can be sufficiently severe for him who attempts to diminish the
+reputation of the Supreme Court of Justice, by reclaiming upon a cause
+already determined, without any change in the state of the question?
+Does it not imply hopes that the Judges will change their opinion? Is
+not uncertainty and inconstancy in the highest degree disreputable to a
+Court? Does it not suppose, that the former judgement was temerarious or
+negligent? Does it not lessen the confidence of the publick? Will it not
+be said, that _jus est aut incognitum aut vagum?_ and will not the
+consequence be drawn, _misera est servitus[420]?_ Will not the rules of
+action be obscure? Will not he who knows himself wrong to-day, hope that
+the Courts of Justice will think him right to-morrow? Surely, my Lords,
+these are attempts of dangerous tendency, which the Solicitors, as men
+versed in the law, should have foreseen and avoided. It was natural for
+an ignorant printer to appeal from the Lord Ordinary; but from lawyers,
+the descendants of lawyers, who have practised for three hundred years,
+and have now raised themselves to a higher denomination, it might be
+expected, that they should know the reverence due to a judicial
+determination; and, having been once dismissed, should sit down
+in silence.'
+
+I am ashamed to mention, that the Court, by a plurality of voices,
+without having a single additional circumstance before them, reversed
+their own judgement, made a serious matter of this dull and foolish
+joke, and adjudged Mr. Robertson to pay to the Society five pounds
+(sterling money) and costs of suit. The decision will seem strange to
+English lawyers.
+
+On Tuesday, June 5, Johnson was to return to London. He was very
+pleasant at breakfast; I mentioned a friend of mine having resolved
+never to marry a pretty woman. JOHNSON. 'Sir, it is a very foolish
+resolution to resolve not to marry a pretty woman. Beauty is of itself
+very estimable. No, Sir, I would prefer a pretty woman, unless there are
+objections to her. A pretty woman may be foolish; a pretty woman may be
+wicked; a pretty woman may not like me. But there is no such danger in
+marrying a pretty woman as is apprehended: she will not be persecuted if
+she does not invite persecution. A pretty woman, if she has a mind to be
+wicked, can find a readier way than another; and that is all.'
+
+I accompanied him in Mr. Dilly's chaise to Shefford, where talking of
+Lord Bute's never going to Scotland, he said, 'As an Englishman, I
+should wish all the Scotch gentlemen should be educated in England;
+Scotland would become a province; they would spend all their rents in
+England.' This is a subject of much consequence, and much delicacy. The
+advantage of an English education is unquestionably very great to Scotch
+gentlemen of talents and ambition; and regular visits to Scotland, and
+perhaps other means, might be effectually used to prevent them from
+being totally estranged from their native country, any more than a
+Cumberland or Northumberland gentleman who has been educated in the
+South of England. I own, indeed, that it is no small misfortune for
+Scotch gentlemen, who have neither talents nor ambition, to be educated
+in England, where they may be perhaps distinguished only by a nick-name,
+lavish their fortune in giving expensive entertainments to those who
+laugh at them, and saunter about as mere idle insignificant hangers on
+even upon the foolish great; when if they had been judiciously brought
+up at home, they might have been comfortable and creditable members
+of society.
+
+At Shefford I had another affectionate parting from my revered friend,
+who was taken up by the Bedford coach and carried to the metropolis. I
+went with Messieurs Dilly, to see some friends at Bedford; dined with
+the officers of the militia of the county, and next day proceeded on
+my journey.
+
+'To BENNET LANGTON, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'How welcome your account of yourself and your invitation to your new
+house was to me, I need not tell you, who consider our friendship not
+only as formed by choice, but as matured by time. We have been now long
+enough acquainted to have many images in common, and therefore to have a
+source of conversation which neither the learning nor the wit of a new
+companion can supply.
+
+'My _Lives_ are now published; and if you will tell me whither I shall
+send them, that they may come to you, I will take care that you shall
+not be without them.
+
+'You will, perhaps, be glad to hear, that Mrs. Thrale is disencumbered
+of her brewhouse; and that it seemed to the purchaser so far from an
+evil, that he was content to give for it an hundred and thirty-five
+thousand pounds. Is the nation ruined?
+
+'Please to make my respectful compliments to Lady Rothes, and keep me in
+the memory of all the little dear family, particularly pretty Mrs.
+Jane.[421]
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your affectionate humble servant, 'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Bolt-Court, June 16, 1781.'
+
+Johnson's charity to the poor was uniform and extensive, both from
+inclination and principle. He not only bestowed liberally out of his own
+purse, but what is more difficult as well as rare, would beg from
+others, when he had proper objects in view. This he did judiciously as
+well as humanely. Mr. Philip Metcalfe[422] tells me, that when he has
+asked him for some money for persons in distress, and Mr. Metcalfe has
+offered what Johnson thought too much, he insisted on taking less,
+saying 'No, no, Sir; we must not _pamper_ them.'
+
+I am indebted to Mr. Malone, one of Sir Joshua Reynolds's executors, for
+the following note, which was found among his papers after his death,
+and which, we may presume, his unaffected modesty prevented him from
+communicating to me with the other letters from Dr. Johnson with which
+he was pleased to furnish me. However slight in itself, as it does
+honour to that illustrious painter, and most amiable man, I am happy to
+introduce it.
+
+'To SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS. 'DEAR SIR,
+
+'It was not before yesterday that I received your splendid benefaction.
+To a hand so liberal in distributing, I hope nobody will envy the power
+of acquiring.
+
+'I am, dear Sir,
+
+Your obliged and most humble servant, SAM, JOHNSON. June 23, 1781.'
+
+'To THOMAS ASTLE, Esq.[423]
+
+'SIR,
+
+'I am ashamed that you have been forced to call so often for your books,
+but it has been by no fault on either side. They have never been out of
+my hands, nor have I ever been at home without seeing you; for to see a
+man so skilful in the antiquities of my country, is an opportunity of
+improvement not willingly to be missed.
+
+'Your notes on Alfred[424] appear to me very judicious and accurate, but
+they are too few. Many things familiar to you, are unknown to me, and to
+most others; and you must not think too favourably of your readers: by
+supposing them knowing, you will leave them ignorant. Measure of land,
+and value of money, it is of great importance to state with care. Had
+the Saxons any gold coin?
+
+'I have much curiosity after the manners and transactions of the middle
+ages, but have wanted either diligence or opportunity, or both. You,
+Sir, have great opportunities, and I wish you both diligence
+and success.
+
+'I am, Sir, &c. SAM. JOHNSON. July 17, 1781.'
+
+The following curious anecdote I insert in Dr. Burney's own words:--
+
+'Dr. Burney related to Dr. Johnson the partiality which his writings had
+excited in a friend of Dr. Burney's, the late Mr. Bewley, well known in
+Norfolk by the name of the _Philosopher of Massingham_[425]: who, from
+the _Ramblers_ and Plan of his _Dictionary_, and long before the
+authour's fame was established by the _Dictionary_ itself, or any other
+work, had conceived such a reverence for him, that he urgently begged
+Dr. Burney to give him the cover of the first letter he had received
+from him, as a relick of so estimable a writer. This was in 1755. In
+1760[426], when Dr. Burney visited Dr. Johnson at the Temple in London,
+where he had then Chambers, he happened to arrive there before he was
+up; and being shewn into the room where he was to breakfast, finding
+himself alone, he examined the contents of the apartment, to try whether
+he could undiscovered steal any thing to send to his friend Bewley, as
+another relick of the admirable Dr. Johnson. But finding nothing better
+to his purpose, he cut some bristles off his hearth-broom, and enclosed
+them in a letter to his country enthusiast, who received them with due
+reverence. The Doctor was so sensible of the honour done him by a man of
+genius and science, to whom he was an utter stranger, that he said to
+Dr. Burney, "Sir, there is no man possessed of the smallest portion of
+modesty, but must be flattered with the admiration of such a man. I'll
+give him a set of my _Lives_, if he will do me the honour to accept of
+them[427]." In this he kept his word; and Dr. Burney had not only the
+pleasure of gratifying his friend with a present more worthy of his
+acceptance than the segment from the hearth-broom, but soon after of
+introducing him to Dr. Johnson himself in Bolt-court, with whom he had
+the satisfaction of conversing a considerable time, not a fortnight
+before his death; which happened in St. Martin's-street, during his
+visit to Dr. Burney, in the house where the great Sir Isaac Newton had
+lived and died before.'
+
+In one of his little memorandum-books is the following minute:--
+
+'August 9, 3 P.M., aetat. 72, in the summer-house at Streatham. After
+innumerable resolutions formed and neglected, I have retired hither, to
+plan a life of greater diligence, in hope that I may yet be useful, and
+be daily better prepared to appear before my Creator and my Judge, from
+whose infinite mercy I humbly call for assistance and support.
+
+'My purpose is,
+
+'To pass eight hours every day in some serious employment.
+
+'Having prayed, I purpose to employ the next six weeks upon the Italian
+language, for my settled study.'
+
+How venerably pious does he appear in these moments of solitude, and how
+spirited are his resolutions for the improvement of his mind, even in
+elegant literature, at a very advanced period of life, and when
+afflicted with many complaints[428].
+
+In autumn he went to Oxford, Birmingham, Lichfield, and Ashbourne, for
+which very good reasons might be given in the conjectural yet positive
+manner of writers, who are proud to account for every event which they
+relate[429]. He himself, however, says,
+
+'The motives of my journey I hardly know; I omitted it last year, and am
+not willing to miss it again[430].'
+
+But some good considerations arise, amongst which is the kindly
+recollection of Mr. Hector, surgeon at Birmingham:
+
+'Hector is likewise an old friend, the only companion of my childhood
+that passed through the school with me. We have always loved one
+another; perhaps we may be made better by some serious conversation, of
+which however I have no distinct hope.'
+
+He says too,
+
+'At Lichfield, my native place, I hope to shew a good example by
+frequent attendance on publick worship.'
+
+My correspondence with him during the rest of this year was I know not
+why very scanty, and all on my side. I wrote him one letter to introduce
+Mr. Sinclair (now Sir John), the member for Caithness, to his
+acquaintance; and informed him in another that my wife had again been
+affected with alarming symptoms of illness.
+
+1782: AETAT. 73.--In 1782, his complaints increased, and the history of
+his life this year, is little more than a mournful recital of the
+variations of his illness, in the midst of which, however, it will
+appear from his letters, that the powers of his mind were in no
+degree impaired.
+
+'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I sit down to answer your letter on the same day in which I received
+it, and am pleased that my first letter of the year is to you. No man
+ought to be at ease while he knows himself in the wrong; and I have not
+satisfied myself with my long silence. The letter relating to Mr.
+Sinclair, however, was, I believe, never brought.
+
+'My health has been tottering this last year; and I can give no very
+laudable account of my time. I am always hoping to do better than I have
+ever hitherto done.
+
+'My journey to Ashbourne and Staffordshire was not pleasant; for what
+enjoyment has a sick man visiting the sick[431]?--Shall we ever have
+another frolick like our journey to the Hebrides?
+
+'I hope that dear Mrs. Boswell will surmount her complaints; in losing
+her you would lose your anchor, and be tost, without stability, by the
+waves of life[432]. I wish both her and you very many years, and
+very happy.
+
+'For some months past I have been so withdrawn from the world, that I
+can send you nothing particular. All your friends, however, are well,
+and will be glad of your return to London.
+
+'I am, dear Sir,
+
+'Yours most affectionately,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'January 5, 1782.'
+
+At a time when he was less able than he had once been to sustain a
+shock, he was suddenly deprived of Mr. Levett, which event he thus
+communicated to Dr. Lawrence:--
+
+'SIR,
+
+'Our old friend, Mr. Levett, who was last night eminently cheerful, died
+this morning. The man who lay in the same room, hearing an uncommon
+noise, got up and tried to make him speak, but without effect. He then
+called Mr. Holder, the apothecary, who, though when he came he thought
+him dead, opened a vein, but could draw no blood. So has ended the long
+life of a very useful and very blameless man.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Jan. 17, 1782.'
+
+In one of his memorandum-books in my possession, is the following
+entry:--
+
+'January 20, Sunday. Robert Levett was buried in the church-yard of
+Bridewell, between one and two in the afternoon. He died on Thursday 17,
+about seven in the morning, by an instantaneous death. He was an old and
+faithful friend; I have known him from about 46. _Commendavi_. May GOD
+have mercy on him. May he have mercy on me.'
+
+Such was Johnson's affectionate regard for Levett[433], that he honoured
+his memory with the following pathetick verses:--
+
+     'Condemd'd to Hope's delusive mine,
+        As on we toil from day to day,
+      By sudden blast or slow decline
+        Our social comforts drop away.
+
+      Well try'd through many a varying year,
+        See LEVETT to the grave descend;
+      Officious, innocent, sincere,
+        Of every friendless name the friend[434].
+
+      Yet still he fills affection's eye,
+        Obscurely wise[435], and coarsely kind;
+      Nor, letter'd arrogance[436], deny
+        Thy praise to merit unrefin'd.
+
+      When fainting Nature call'd for aid,
+        And hov'ring Death prepar'd the blow,
+      His vigorous remedy display'd
+        The power of art without the show.
+
+      In Misery's darkest caverns known,
+        His ready help was ever nigh,
+      Where hopeless Anguish pour'd his groan,
+        And lonely want retir'd to die[437].
+
+      No summons mock'd by chill delay,
+        No petty gains disdain'd by pride;
+      The modest wants of every day
+        The toil of every day supply'd.
+
+      His virtues walk'd their narrow round,
+        Nor made a pause, nor left a void;
+      And sure the Eternal Master found
+        His single talent well employ'd.
+
+      The busy day, the peaceful night[438],
+        Unfelt, uncounted, glided by;
+      His frame was firm, his powers were bright,
+        Though now his eightieth year was nigh[439].
+
+      Then, with no throbs of fiery pain,
+        No cold gradations of decay,
+      Death broke at once the vital chain,
+        And freed his soul the nearest way.'
+
+In one of Johnson's registers of this year, there occurs the following
+curious passage:--
+
+'Jan. 20[440]. The Ministry is dissolved. I prayed with Francis and gave
+thanks[441].'
+
+It has been the subject of discussion, whether there are two distinct
+particulars mentioned here? or that we are to understand the giving of
+thanks to be in consequence of the dissolution of the Ministry? In
+support of the last of these conjectures may be urged his mean opinion
+of that Ministry, which has frequently appeared in the course of this
+work[442]; and it is strongly confirmed by what he said on the subject
+to Mr. Seward:--'I am glad the Ministry is removed. Such a bunch of
+imbecility never disgraced a country[443]. If they sent a messenger into
+the City to take up a printer, the messenger was taken up instead of
+the printer, and committed by the sitting Alderman[444]. If they sent
+one army to the relief of another, the first army was defeated and taken
+before the second arrived[445]. I will not say that what they did was
+always wrong; but it was always done at a wrong time[446].'
+
+'TO MRS. STRAHAN.
+
+'DEAR MADAM,
+
+'Mrs. Williams shewed me your kind letter. This little habitation is now
+but a melancholy place, clouded with the gloom of disease and death. Of
+the four inmates, one has been suddenly snatched away; two are oppressed
+by very afflictive and dangerous illness; and I tried yesterday to gain
+some relief by a third bleeding, from a disorder which has for some time
+distressed me, and I think myself to-day much better.
+
+'I am glad, dear Madam, to hear that you are so far recovered as to go
+to Bath. Let me once more entreat you to stay till your health is not
+only obtained, but confirmed. Your fortune is such as that no moderate
+expence deserves your care; and you have a husband, who, I believe, does
+not regard it. Stay, therefore, till you are quite well. I am, for my
+part, very much deserted; but complaint is useless. I hope GOD will
+bless you, and I desire you to form the same wish for me.
+
+'I am, dear Madam,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Feb. 4, 1782.'
+
+'To EDMOND MALONE, ESQ.
+
+'SIR,
+
+'I have for many weeks been so much out of order, that I have gone out
+only in a coach to Mrs. Thrale's, where I can use all the freedom that
+sickness requires. Do not, therefore, take it amiss, that I am not with
+you and Dr. Farmer. I hope hereafter to see you often.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Feb. 27, 1782.'
+
+To THE SAME.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I hope I grow better, and shall soon be able to enjoy the kindness of
+my friends. I think this wild adherence to Chatterton[447] more
+unaccountable than the obstinate defence of Ossian. In Ossian there is a
+national pride, which may be forgiven, though it cannot be applauded. In
+Chatterton there is nothing but the resolution to say again what has
+once been said.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'March 7, 1782.'
+
+These short letters shew the regard which Dr. Johnson entertained for
+Mr. Malone, who the more he is known is the more highly valued. It is
+much to be regretted that Johnson was prevented from sharing the elegant
+hospitality of that gentleman's table, at which he would in every
+respect have been fully gratified. Mr. Malone, who has so ably
+succeeded him as an Editor of Shakspeare, has, in his Preface, done
+great and just honour to Johnson's memory.
+
+'TO MRS. LUCY PORTER, IN LICHFIELD.
+
+'DEAR MADAM,
+
+'I went away from Lichfield ill, and have had a troublesome time with my
+breath; for some weeks I have been disordered by a cold, of which I
+could not get the violence abated, till I had been let blood three
+times. I have not, however, been so bad but that I could have written,
+and am sorry that I neglected it.
+
+'My dwelling is but melancholy; both Williams, and Desmoulins, and
+myself, are very sickly: Frank is not well; and poor Levett died in his
+bed the other day, by a sudden stroke; I suppose not one minute passed
+between health and death; so uncertain are human things.
+
+'Such is the appearance of the world about me; I hope your scenes are
+more cheerful. But whatever befalls us, though it is wise to be serious,
+it is useless and foolish, and perhaps sinful, to be gloomy. Let us,
+therefore, keep ourselves as easy as we can; though the loss of friends
+will be felt, and poor Levett had been a faithful adherent for
+thirty years.
+
+'Forgive me, my dear love, the omission of writing; I hope to mend that
+and my other faults. Let me have your prayers.
+
+'Make my compliments to Mrs. Cobb, and Miss Adey, and Mr. Pearson, and
+the whole company of my friends.
+
+I am, my dear,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, March 2, 1782.'
+
+TO THE SAME.
+
+'DEAR MADAM,
+
+'My last was but a dull letter, and I know not that this will be much
+more cheerful; I am, however, willing to write, because you are desirous
+to hear from me.
+
+'My disorder has now begun its ninth week, for it is not yet over. I was
+last Thursday blooded for the fourth time, and have since found myself
+much relieved, but I am very tender and easily hurt; so that since we
+parted I have had but little comfort, but I hope that the spring will
+recover me; and that in the summer I shall see Lichfield again, for I
+will not delay my visit another year to the end of autumn.
+
+'I have, by advertising, found poor Mr. Levett's brothers in Yorkshire,
+who will take the little he has left: it is but little, yet it will be
+welcome, for I believe they are of very low condition.
+
+'To be sick, and to see nothing but sickness and death, is but a gloomy
+state; but I hope better times, even in this world, will come, and
+whatever this world may withhold or give, we shall be happy in a better
+state. Pray for me, my dear Lucy.
+
+'Make my compliments to Mrs. Cobb, and Miss Adey, and my old friend
+Hetty Baily, and to all the Lichfield ladies.
+
+'I am, dear Madam,
+
+'Yours, affectionately,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Bolt-court, Fleet-street,
+
+March 19, 1782.'
+
+On the day on which this letter was written, he thus feelingly mentions
+his respected friend and physician, Dr. Lawrence:--
+
+'Poor Lawrence has almost lost the sense of hearing; and I have lost the
+conversation of a learned, intelligent, and communicative companion, and
+a friend whom long familiarity has much endeared. Lawrence is one of the
+best men whom I have known.--_Nostrum omnium miserere Deus_[448].'
+
+It was Dr. Johnson's custom when he wrote to Dr. Lawrence concerning his
+own health, to use the Latin language[449]. I have been favoured by Miss
+Lawrence with one of these letters as a specimen:--
+
+'T. LAWRENCIO, _Medico, S_.
+
+'NOVUM _frigus, nova tussis, nova spirandi difficultas, novam sanguinis
+missionem suadent, quam tamen te inconsulto nolim fieri. Ad te venire
+vix possum, nec est cur ad me venias. Licere vel non licere uno verbo
+dicendum est; catera mihi et Holdero[450] reliqueris. Si per te licet,
+imperatur[451] nuncio Holderum ad me deducere.
+
+'Maiis Calendis, 1782.
+
+'Postquàm tu discesseris, quò me vertam[452]?'_
+
+TO CAPTAIN LANGTON[453], IN ROCHESTER.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'It is now long since we saw one another; and whatever has been the
+reason neither you have written to me, nor I to you. To let friendship
+die away by negligence and silence, is certainly not wise. It is
+voluntarily to throw away one of the greatest comforts of this weary
+pilgrimage, of which when it is, as it must be, taken finally away, he
+that travels on alone, will wonder how his esteem could be so little. Do
+not forget me; you see that I do not forget you. It is pleasing in the
+silence of solitude to think, that there is one at least, however
+distant, of whose benevolence there is little doubt, and whom there is
+yet hope of seeing again[454].
+
+'Of my life, from the time we parted, the history is mournful. The
+spring of last year deprived me of Thrale, a man whose eye for fifteen
+years had scarcely been turned upon me but with respect or
+tenderness[455]; for such another friend, the general course of human
+things will not suffer man to hope. I passed the summer at Streatham,
+but there was no Thrale; and having idled away the summer with a weakly
+body and neglected mind, I made a journey to Staffordshire on the edge
+of winter. The season was dreary, I was sickly, and found the friends
+sickly whom I went to see. After a sorrowful sojourn, I returned to a
+habitation possessed for the present by two sick women, where my dear
+old friend, Mr. Levett, to whom as he used to tell me, I owe your
+acquaintance[456], died a few weeks ago, suddenly in his bed; there
+passed not, I believe, a minute between health and death. At night, as
+at Mrs. Thrale's I was musing in my chamber, I thought with uncommon
+earnestness, that however I might alter my mode of life, or
+whithersoever I might remove[457], I would endeavour to retain Levett
+about me; in the morning my servant brought me word that Levett was
+called to another state, a state for which, I think, he was not
+unprepared, for he was very useful to the poor. How much soever I valued
+him, I now wish that I had valued him more[458].
+
+'I have myself been ill more than eight weeks of a disorder, from which
+at the expence of about fifty ounces of blood, I hope I am now
+recovering.
+
+'You, dear Sir, have, I hope, a more cheerful scene; you see George fond
+of his book, and the pretty misses airy and lively, with my own little
+Jenny[459] equal to the best[460]: and in whatever can contribute to
+your quiet or pleasure, you have Lady Rothes ready to concur. May
+whatever you enjoy of good be encreased, and whatever you suffer of evil
+be diminished.
+
+     I am, dear Sir,
+          Your humble servant,
+              'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Bolt-court, Fleet-street,
+  March 20, 1782.'
+
+     'To MR. HECTOR, IN BIRMINGHAM[461].
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I hope I do not very grossly flatter myself to imagine that you and
+dear Mrs. Careless[462] will be glad to hear some account of me. I
+performed the journey to London with very little inconvenience, and came
+safe to my habitation, where I found nothing but ill health, and, of
+consequence, very little cheerfulness. I then went to visit a little way
+into the country, where I got a complaint by a cold which has hung eight
+weeks upon me, and from which I am, at the expence of fifty ounces of
+blood, not yet free. I am afraid I must once more owe my recovery to
+warm weather, which seems to make no advances towards us.
+
+'Such is my health, which will, I hope, soon grow better. In other
+respects I have no reason to complain. I know not that I have written
+any thing more generally commended than the _Lives of the Poets_; and
+have found the world willing enough to caress me, if my health had
+invited me to be in much company; but this season I have been almost
+wholly employed in nursing myself.
+
+'When summer comes I hope to see you again, and will not put off my
+visit to the end of the year. I have lived so long in London, that I did
+not remember the difference of seasons.
+
+'Your health, when I saw you, was much improved. You will be prudent
+enough not to put it in danger. I hope, when we meet again, we shall all
+congratulate each other upon fair prospects of longer life; though what
+are the pleasures of the longest life, when placed in comparison with a
+happy death?
+
+'I am, dear Sir,
+
+'Yours most affectionately,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, March 21, 1782.'
+
+To THE SAME.
+
+[Without a date, but supposed to be about this time.][463]
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'That you and dear Mrs. Careless should have care or curiosity about my
+health, gives me that pleasure which every man feels from finding
+himself not forgotten. In age we feel again that love of our native
+place and our early friends, which in the bustle or amusements of middle
+life were overborne and suspended. You and I should now naturally cling
+to one another: we have outlived most of those who could pretend to
+rival us in each other's kindness. In our walk through life we have
+dropped our companions, and are now to pick up such as chance may offer
+us, or to travel on alone[464]. You, indeed, have a sister, with whom
+you can divide the day: I have no natural friend left; but Providence
+has been pleased to preserve me from neglect; I have not wanted such
+alleviations of life as friendship could supply. My health has been,
+from my twentieth year, such as has seldom afforded me a single day of
+ease[465]; but it is at least not worse: and I sometimes make myself
+believe that it is better. My disorders are, however, still sufficiently
+oppressive.
+
+'I think of seeing Staffordshire again this autumn, and intend to find
+my way through Birmingham, where I hope to see you and dear Mrs.
+Careless well. I am Sir,
+
+'Your affectionate friend,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+I wrote to him at different dates; regretted that I could not come to
+London this spring, but hoped we should meet somewhere in the summer;
+mentioned the state of my affairs, and suggested hopes of some
+preferment; informed him, that as _The Beauties of Johnson_ had been
+published in London, some obscure scribbler had published at Edinburgh
+what he called _The deformities of Johnson_.
+
+'To JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'The pleasure which we used to receive from each other on Good-Friday
+and Easter-day[466], we must be this year content to miss. Let us,
+however, pray for each other, and hope to see one another yet from time
+to time with mutual delight. My disorder has been a cold, which impeded
+the organs of respiration, and kept me many weeks in a state of great
+uneasiness; but by repeated phlebotomy it is now relieved; and next to
+the recovery of Mrs. Boswell, I flatter myself, that you will rejoice
+at mine.
+
+'What we shall do in the summer it is yet too early to consider. You
+want to know what you shall do now; I do not think this time of bustle
+and confusion[467] likely to produce any advantage to you. Every man has
+those to reward and gratify who have contributed to his advancement. To
+come hither with such expectations at the expence of borrowed money,
+which, I find, you know not where to borrow, can hardly be considered as
+prudent. I am sorry to find, what your solicitation seems to imply, that
+you have already gone the whole length of your credit. This is to set
+the quiet of your whole life at hazard. If you anticipate your
+inheritance, you can at last inherit nothing; all that you receive must
+pay for the past. You must get a place, or pine in penury, with the
+empty name of a great estate. Poverty, my dear friend, is so great an
+evil, and pregnant with so much temptation, and so much misery, that I
+cannot but earnestly enjoin you to avoid it[468]. Live on what you have;
+live if you can on less; do not borrow either for vanity or pleasure;
+the vanity will end in shame, and the pleasure in regret: stay therefore
+at home, till you have saved money for your journey hither.
+
+_The Beauties of Johnson_ are said to have got money to the collector;
+if the _Deformities_ have the same success, I shall be still a more
+extensive benefactor.
+
+'Make my compliments to Mrs. Boswell, who is, I hope, reconciled to me;
+and to the young people whom I never have offended.
+
+'You never told me the success of your plea against the Solicitors[469].
+
+'I am, dear Sir,
+
+'Your most affectionate,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, March 28, 1782.'
+
+Notwithstanding his afflicted state of body[470] and mind this year, the
+following correspondence affords a proof not only of his benevolence and
+conscientious readiness to relieve a good man from errour, but by his
+cloathing one of the sentiments in his _Rambler_ in different language,
+not inferiour to that of the original, shews his extraordinary command
+of clear and forcible expression.
+
+A clergyman at Bath wrote to him, that in _The Morning Chronicle_, a
+passage in _The Beauties of Johnson_[471], article DEATH, had been
+pointed out as supposed by some readers to recommend suicide, the words
+being, 'To die is the fate of man; but to die with lingering anguish is
+generally his folly;' and respectfully suggesting to him, that such an
+erroneous notion of any sentence in the writings of an acknowledged
+friend of religion and virtue, should not pass uncontradicted.
+
+Johnson thus answered the clergyman's letter:--
+
+     To THE REVEREND MR. ----, AT BATH.
+
+'SIR,
+
+'Being now[472] in the country in a state of recovery, as I hope, from a
+very oppressive disorder, I cannot neglect the acknowledgement of your
+Christian letter. The book called _The Beauties of Johnson_ is the
+production of I know not whom: I never saw it but by casual inspection,
+and considered myself as utterly disengaged from its consequences. Of
+the passage you mention, I remember some notice in some paper; but
+knowing that it must be misrepresented, I thought of it no more, nor do
+I know where to find it in my own books. I am accustomed to think little
+of newspapers; but an opinion so weighty and serious as yours has
+determined me to do, what I should, without your seasonable admonition,
+have omitted; and I will direct my thought to be shewn in its true
+state[473]. If I could find the passage, I would direct you to it. I
+suppose the tenour is this:--'Acute diseases are the immediate and
+inevitable strokes of Heaven; but of them the pain is short, and the
+conclusion speedy; chronical disorders, by which we are suspended in
+tedious torture between life and death, are commonly the effect of our
+own misconduct and intemperance. To die, &c.'--This, Sir, you see is
+all true and all blameless. I hope, some time in the next week, to have
+all rectified. My health has been lately much shaken: if you favour me
+with any answer, it will be a comfort to me to know that I have
+your prayers.
+
+'I am, &c.,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'May 15, 1782.'
+
+This letter, as might be expected, had its full effect, and the
+clergyman acknowledged it in grateful and pious terms[474].
+
+The following letters require no extracts from mine to introduce them:--
+
+'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'The earnestness and tenderness of your letter is such, that I cannot
+think myself shewing it more respect than it claims by sitting down to
+answer it the day on which I received it.
+
+'This year has afflicted me with a very irksome and severe disorder. My
+respiration has been much impeded, and much blood has been taken away. I
+am now harrassed by a catarrhous cough, from which my purpose is to seek
+relief by change of air; and I am, therefore, preparing to go to
+Oxford[475].
+
+'Whether I did right in dissuading you from coming to London this
+spring, I will not determine. You have not lost much by missing my
+company; I have scarcely been well for a single week. I might have
+received comfort from your kindness; but you would have seen me
+afflicted, and, perhaps, found me peevish. Whatever might have been your
+pleasure or mine, I know not how I could have honestly advised you to
+come hither with borrowed money. Do not accustom yourself to consider
+debt only as an inconvenience; you will find it a calamity. Poverty
+takes away so many means of doing good, and produces so much inability
+to resist evil, both natural and moral, that it is by all virtuous means
+to be avoided. Consider a man whose fortune is very narrow; whatever be
+his rank by birth, or whatever his reputation by intellectual
+excellence, what good can he do? or what evil can he prevent? That he
+cannot help the needy is evident; he has nothing to spare. But, perhaps,
+his advice or admonition may be useful. His poverty will destroy his
+influence: many more can find that he is poor, than that he is wise; and
+few will reverence the understanding that is of so little advantage to
+its owner. I say nothing of the personal wretched-ness of a debtor,
+which, however, has passed into a proverb[476]. Of riches, it is not
+necessary to write the praise[477]. Let it, however, be remembered, that
+he who has money to spare, has it always in his power to benefit others;
+and of such power a good man must always be desirous.
+
+'I am pleased with your account of Easter[478]. We shall meet, I hope in
+Autumn, both well and both cheerful; and part each the better for the
+other's company.
+
+'Make my compliments to Mrs. Boswell, and to the young charmers.
+
+'I am, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.' 'London, June 3, 1782.'
+
+'To MR. PERKINS[479].
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+I am much pleased that you are going a very long journey, which may by
+proper conduct restore your health and prolong your life.
+
+'Observe these rules:
+
+1. Turn all care out of your head as soon as you mount the chaise.
+
+2. Do not think about frugality; your health is worth more than it can
+cost.
+
+3. Do not continue any day's journey to fatigue.
+
+4. Take now and then a day's rest.
+
+5. Get a smart sea-sickness, if you can.
+
+6. Cast away all anxiety, and keep your mind easy.
+
+'This last direction is the principal; with an unquiet mind, neither
+exercise, nor diet, nor physick, can be of much use.
+
+'I wish you, dear Sir, a prosperous journey, and a happy recovery.
+
+I am, dear Sir,
+
+'Your most affectionate, humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'July 28, 1782.'
+
+'To JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'Being uncertain whether I should have any call this autumn into the
+country, I did not immediately answer your kind letter. I have no call;
+but if you desire to meet me at Ashbourne, I believe I can come thither;
+if you had rather come to London, I can stay at Streatham; take
+your choice.
+
+'This year has been very heavy. From the middle of January to the middle
+of June I was battered by one disorder after another! I am now very much
+recovered, and hope still to be better. What happiness it is that Mrs.
+Boswell has escaped.
+
+'My _Lives_ are reprinting, and I have forgotten the authour of Gray's
+character[480]: write immediately, and it may be perhaps yet inserted.
+
+'Of London or Ashbourne you have your free choice; at any place I shall
+be glad to see you. I am, dear Sir,
+
+'Yours &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Aug. 24, 1782.'
+
+On the 3Oth of August, I informed him that my honoured father had died
+that morning; a complaint under which he had long laboured having
+suddenly come to a crisis, while I was upon a visit at the seat of Sir
+Charles Preston, from whence I had hastened the day before, upon
+receiving a letter by express.
+
+'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I have struggled through this year with so much infirmity of body, and
+such strong impressions of the fragility of life, that death, whenever
+it appears, fills me with melancholy; and I cannot hear without emotion,
+of the removal of any one, whom I have known, into another state.
+
+'Your father's death had every circumstance that could enable you to
+bear it; it was at a mature age, and it was expected; and as his general
+life had been pious, his thoughts had doubtless for many years past been
+turned upon eternity. That you did not find him sensible must doubtless
+grieve you; his disposition towards you was undoubtedly that of a kind,
+though not of a fond father. Kindness, at least actual, is in our power,
+but fondness is not; and if by negligence or imprudence you had
+extinguished his fondness, he could not at will rekindle it. Nothing
+then remained between you but mutual forgiveness of each other's faults,
+and mutual desire of each other's happiness.
+
+'I shall long to know his final disposition of his fortune[481].
+
+'You, dear Sir, have now a new station, and have therefore new cares,
+and new employments. Life, as Cowley seems to say, ought to resemble a
+well-ordered poem[482]; of which one rule generally received is, that
+the exordium should be simple, and should promise little. Begin your new
+course of life with the least show, and the least expence possible; you
+may at pleasure encrease both, but you cannot easily diminish them. Do
+not think your estate your own, while any man can call upon you for
+money which you cannot pay; therefore, begin with timorous parsimony.
+Let it be your first care not to be in any man's debt.
+
+'When the thoughts are extended to a future state, the present life
+seems hardly worthy of all those principles of conduct, and maxims of
+prudence, which one generation of men has transmitted to another; but
+upon a closer view, when it is perceived how much evil is produced, and
+how much good is impeded by embarrassment and distress, and how little
+room the expedients of poverty leave for the exercise of virtue, it
+grows manifest that the boundless importance of the next life enforces
+some attention to the interests of this.
+
+'Be kind to the old servants, and secure the kindness of the agents and
+factors; do not disgust them by asperity, or unwelcome gaiety, or
+apparent suspicion. From them you must learn the real state of your
+affairs, the characters of your tenants, and the value of your
+lands[483].
+
+'Make my compliments to Mrs. Boswell; I think her expectations from air
+and exercise are the best that she can form. I hope she will live long
+and happily.
+
+'I forget whether I told you that Rasay[484] has been here; we dined
+cheerfully together. I entertained lately a young gentleman from
+Corrichatachin[485].
+
+'I received your letters only this morning. I am, dear Sir,
+
+'Yours &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, Sept. 7, 1782.'
+
+In answer to my next letter, I received one from him, dissuading me from
+hastening to him as I had proposed[486]; what is proper for publication
+is the following paragraph, equally just and tender:--
+
+'One expence, however, I would not have you to spare: let nothing be
+omitted that can preserve Mrs. Boswell, though it should be necessary to
+transplant her for a time into a softer climate. She is the prop and
+stay of your life. How much must your children suffer by losing her.'
+
+My wife was now so much convinced of his sincere friendship for me, and
+regard for her, that, without any suggestion on my part, she wrote him a
+very polite and grateful letter:--
+
+'DR. JOHNSON TO MRS. BOSWELL.
+
+'DEAR LADY,
+
+'I have not often received so much pleasure as from your invitation to
+Auchinleck. The journey thither and back is, indeed, too great for the
+latter part of the year; but if my health were fully recovered, I would
+suffer no little heat and cold, nor a wet or a rough road to keep me
+from you. I am, indeed, not without hope of seeing Auchinleck again; but
+to make it a pleasant place I must see its lady well, and brisk, and
+airy. For my sake, therefore, among many greater reasons, take care,
+dear Madam, of your health, spare no expence, and want no attendance
+that can procure ease, or preserve it. Be very careful to keep your mind
+quiet; and do not think it too much to give an account of your recovery
+to, Madam,
+
+'Yours, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, Sept. 7, 1782.'
+
+'To JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'Having passed almost this whole year in a succession of disorders, I
+went in October to Brighthelmston, whither I came in a state of so much
+weakness, that I rested four times in walking between the inn and the
+lodging. By physick and abstinence I grew better, and am now reasonably
+easy, though at a great distance from health[487]. I am afraid, however,
+that health begins, after seventy, and long before, to have a meaning
+different from that which it had at thirty. But it is culpable to murmur
+at the established order of the creation, as it is vain to oppose it. He
+that lives must grow old; and he that would rather grow old than die,
+has GOD to thank for the infirmities of old age[488].
+
+'At your long silence I am rather angry. You do not, since now you are
+the head of your house, think it worth your while to try whether you or
+your friend can live longer without writing[489], nor suspect that after
+so many years of friendship, that when I do not write to you, I forget
+you. Put all such useless jealousies out of your head, and disdain to
+regulate your own practice by the practice of another, or by any other
+principle than the desire of doing right.
+
+'Your oeconomy, I suppose, begins now to be settled; your expences are
+adjusted to your revenue, and all your people in their proper places.
+Resolve not to be poor: whatever you have, spend less. Poverty is a
+great enemy to human happiness; it certainly destroys liberty, and it
+makes some virtues impracticable, and others extremely difficult.
+
+'Let me know the history of your life, since your accession to your
+estate. How many houses, how many cows, how much land in your own hand,
+and what bargains you make with your tenants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'Of my _Lives of the Poets_, they have printed a new edition in octavo,
+I hear, of three thousand. Did I give a set to Lord Hailes? If I did
+not, I will do it out of these. What did you make of all your copy[490]?
+
+'Mrs. Thrale and the three Misses[491] are now for the winter in
+Argyll-street. Sir Joshua Reynolds has been out of order, but is well
+again; and I am, dear Sir,
+
+'Your affectionate humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, Dec. 7, 1782.'
+
+'To DR. SAMUEL JOHNSON.
+
+'Edinburgh, Dec. 20, 1782.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I was made happy by your kind letter, which gave us the agreeable hopes
+of seeing you in Scotland again.
+
+'I am much flattered by the concern you are pleased to take in my
+recovery. I am better, and hope to have it in my power to convince you
+by my attention of how much consequence I esteem your health to the
+world and to myself. I remain, Sir, with grateful respect,
+
+'Your obliged and obedient servant,
+
+'MARGARET BOSWELL.'
+
+The death of Mr. Thrale had made a very material alteration with respect
+to Johnson's reception in that family. The manly authority of the
+husband no longer curbed the lively exuberance of the lady; and as her
+vanity had been fully gratified, by having the Colossus of Literature
+attached to her for many years, she gradually became less assiduous to
+please him. Whether her attachment to him was already divided by another
+object, I am unable to ascertain; but it is plain that Johnson's
+penetration was alive to her neglect or forced attention; for on the eth
+of October this year, we find him making a 'parting use of the
+library[492]' at Streatham, and pronouncing a prayer, which he composed
+on leaving Mr. Thrale's family[493]:--
+
+'Almighty God, Father of all mercy, help me by thy grace, that I may,
+with humble and sincere thankfulness, remember the comforts and
+conveniences which I have enjoyed at this place; and that I may resign
+them with holy submission, equally trusting in thy protection when thou
+givest, and when thou takest away. Have mercy upon me, Lord, have
+mercy upon me.
+
+'To thy fatherly protection, O Lord, I commend this family. Bless,
+guide, and defend them, that they may so pass through this world, as
+finally to enjoy in thy presence everlasting happiness, for Jesus
+Christ's sake. Amen[494].'
+
+One cannot read this prayer, without some emotions not very favourable
+to the lady whose conduct occasioned it[495].
+
+In one of his memorandum-books I find, 'Sunday, went to church at
+Streatham. _Templo valedixi cum osculo_[496].'
+
+He met Mr. Philip Metcalfe[497] often at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, and
+other places, and was a good deal with him at Brighthelmston[498] this
+autumn, being pleased at once with his excellent table and animated
+conversation. Mr. Metcalfe shewed him great respect, and sent him a note
+that he might have the use of his carriage whenever he pleased. Johnson
+(3d October, 1782) returned this polite answer:--'Mr. Johnson is very
+much obliged by the kind offer of the carriage, but he has no desire of
+using Mr. Metcalfe's carriage, except when he can have the pleasure of
+Mr. Metcalfe's company.' Mr. Metcalfe could not but be highly pleased
+that his company was thus valued by Johnson, and he frequently attended
+him in airings. They also went together to Chichester[499], and they
+visited Petworth, and Cowdry, the venerable seat of the Lords Montacute.
+'Sir, (said Johnson,) I should like to stay here four-and-twenty hours.
+We see here how our ancestors lived.'
+
+That his curiosity was still unabated, appears from two letters to Mr.
+John Nichols, of the 10th and 20th[500] of October this year. In one he
+says, 'I have looked into your _Anecdotes_, and you will hardly thank a
+lover of literary history for telling you, that he has been much
+informed and gratified. I wish you would add your own discoveries and
+intelligence to those of Dr. Rawlinson, and undertake the Supplement to
+Wood[501]'. Think of it.' In the other, 'I wish, Sir, you could obtain
+some fuller information of Jortin[502], Markland[503], and Thirlby[504].
+They were three contemporaries of great eminence.'
+
+'TO SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I heard yesterday of your late disorder[505], and should think ill of
+myself if I had heard of it without alarm. I heard likewise Of your
+recovery, which I sincerely wish to be complete and permanent. Your
+country has been in danger of losing one of its brightest ornaments, and
+I of losing one of my oldest and kindest friends: but I hope you will
+still live long, for the honour of the nation: and that more enjoyment
+of your elegance, your intelligence, and your benevolence, is still
+reserved for, dear Sir, your most affectionate, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Brighthelmston,
+
+Nov. 14, 1782.'
+
+The Reverend Mr. Wilson having dedicated to him his _Archaeological
+Dictionary_[506], that mark of respect was thus acknowledged:--
+
+'TO THE REVEREND MR. WILSON, CLITHEROE, LANCASHIRE.
+
+'REVEREND SIR,
+
+'That I have long omitted to return you thanks for the honour conferred
+upon me by your Dedication, I entreat you with great earnestness not to
+consider as more faulty than it is. A very importunate and oppressive
+disorder has for some time debarred me from the pleasures, and
+obstructed me in the duties of life. The esteem and kindness of wise and
+good men is one of the last pleasures which I can be content to lose;
+and gratitude to those from whom this pleasure is received, is a duty of
+which I hope never to be reproached with the final neglect. I therefore
+now return you thanks for the notice which I have received from you, and
+which I consider as giving to my name not only more bulk, but more
+weight; not only as extending its superficies, but as increasing its
+value. Your book was evidently wanted, and will, I hope, find its way
+into the school, to which, however, I do not mean to confine it; for no
+man has so much skill in ancient rites and practices as not to want it.
+As I suppose myself to owe part of your kindness to my excellent friend,
+Dr. Patten, he has likewise a just claim to my acknowledgements, which I
+hope you, Sir, will transmit. There will soon appear a new edition of my
+Poetical Biography; if you will accept of a copy to keep me in your
+mind, be pleased to let me know how it may be conveniently conveyed to
+you. The present is small, but it is given with good will by,
+Reverend Sir,
+
+'Your most, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'December 31, 1782[507].'
+
+1783: AETAT. 74.--In 1783, he was more severely afflicted than ever,
+as will appear in the course of his correspondence[508]; but still the
+same ardour for literature, the same constant piety, the same kindness
+for his friends, and the same vivacity, both in conversation and
+writing, distinguished him.
+
+Having given Dr. Johnson a full account of what I was doing at
+Auchinleck, and particularly mentioned what I knew would please him,--my
+having brought an old man of eighty-eight from a lonely cottage to a
+comfortable habitation within my enclosures, where he had good
+neighbours near to him,--I received an answer in February, of which I
+extract what follows:--
+
+'I am delighted with your account of your activity at Auchinleck, and
+wish the old gentleman, whom you have so kindly removed, may live long
+to promote your prosperity by his prayers. You have now a new character
+and new duties: think on them and practise them.
+
+'Make an impartial estimate of your revenue, and whatever it is, live
+upon less. Resolve never to be poor. Frugality is not only the basis of
+quiet, but of beneficence. No man can help others that wants help
+himself; we must have enough before we have to spare.
+
+'I am glad to find that Mrs. Boswell grows well; and hope that to keep
+her well, no care nor caution will be omitted. May you long live
+happily together.
+
+'When you come hither, pray bring with you Baxter's _Anacreon_[509]. I
+cannot get that edition in London.'
+
+On Friday, March 31, having arrived in London the night before, I was
+glad to find him at Mrs. Thrale's house, in Argyll-street, appearances
+of friendship between them being still kept up. I was shewn into his
+room, and after the first salutation he said, 'I am glad you are come. I
+am very ill.' He looked pale, and was distressed with a difficulty of
+breathing; but after the common inquiries he assumed his usual strong
+animated style of conversation. Seeing me now for the first time as a
+_Laird_, or proprietor of land, he began thus: 'Sir, the superiority of
+a country-gentleman over the people upon his estate is very agreeable;
+and he who says he does not feel it to be agreeable, lies; for it must
+be agreeable to have a casual superiority over those who are by nature
+equal with us[510].' BOSWELL. 'Yet, Sir, we see great proprietors of
+land who prefer living in London.' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, the pleasure of
+living in London, the intellectual superiority that is enjoyed there,
+may counter-balance the other. Besides, Sir, a man may prefer the state
+of the country-gentleman upon the whole, and yet there may never be a
+moment when he is willing to make the change to quit London for it.' He
+said, 'It is better to have five _per cent_. out of land than out of
+money, because it is more secure; but the readiness of transfer, and
+promptness of interest, make many people rather choose the funds. Nay,
+there is another disadvantage belonging to land, compared with money. A
+man is not so much afraid of being a hard creditor, as of being a hard
+landlord.' BOSWELL. 'Because there is a sort of kindly connection
+between a landlord and his tenants.' JOHNSON. 'No, Sir; many landlords
+with us never see their tenants. It is because if a landlord drives away
+his tenants, he may not get others; whereas the demand for money is so
+great, it may always be lent.'
+
+He talked with regret and indignation of the factious opposition to
+Government at this time[511], and imputed it in a great measure to the
+Revolution. 'Sir, (said he, in a low voice, having come nearer to me,
+while his old prejudices seemed to be fermenting in his mind,) this
+Hanoverian family is _isolée_ here[512]. They have no friends. Now the
+Stuarts had friends who stuck by them so late as 1745. When the right of
+the King is not reverenced, there will not be reverence for those
+appointed by the King.'
+
+His observation that the present royal family has no friends, has been
+too much justified by the very ungrateful behaviour of many who were
+under great obligations to his Majesty; at the same time there are
+honourable exceptions; and the very next year after this conversation,
+and ever since, the King has had as extensive and generous support as
+ever was given to any monarch, and has had the satisfaction of knowing
+that he was more and more endeared to his people[513].
+
+He repeated to me his verses on Mr. Levett, with an emotion which gave
+them full effect[514]; and then he was pleased to say, 'You must be as
+much with me as you can. You have done me good. You cannot think how
+much better I am since you came in.'
+
+He sent a message to acquaint Mrs. Thrale that I was arrived. I had not
+seen her since her husband's death. She soon appeared, and favoured me
+with an invitation to stay to dinner, which I accepted. There was no
+other company but herself and three of her daughters, Dr. Johnson, and
+I. She too said, she was very glad I was come, for she was going to
+Bath, and should have been sorry to leave Dr. Johnson before I came.
+This seemed to be attentive and kind; and I who had not been informed of
+any change, imagined all to be as well as formerly. He was little
+inclined to talk at dinner, and went to sleep after it; but when he
+joined us in the drawing-room, he seemed revived, and was again himself.
+
+Talking of conversation, he said, 'There must, in the first place, be
+knowledge, there must be materials; in the second place, there must be a
+command of words; in the third place, there must be imagination, to
+place things in such views as they are not commonly seen in; and in the
+fourth place, there must be presence of mind, and a resolution that is
+not to be overcome by failures: this last is an essential requisite; for
+want of it many people do not excel in conversation. Now _I_ want it: I
+throw up the game upon losing a trick.' I wondered to hear him talk thus
+of himself, and said, 'I don't know, Sir, how this may be; but I am sure
+you beat other people's cards out of their hands.' I doubt whether he
+heard this remark. While he went on talking triumphantly, I was fixed in
+admiration, and said to Mrs. Thrale, 'O, for short-hand to take this
+down!' 'You'll carry it all in your head; (said she;) a long head is as
+good as short-hand.'
+
+It has been observed and wondered at, that Mr. Charles Fox never talked
+with any freedom in the presence of Dr. Johnson[515], though it is well
+known, and I myself can witness, that his conversation is various,
+fluent, and exceedingly agreeable. Johnson's own experience, however, of
+that gentleman's reserve was a sufficient reason for his going on thus:
+'Fox never talks in private company; not from any determination not to
+talk, but because he has not the first motion[516]. A man who is used to
+the applause of the House of Commons, has no wish for that of a private
+company. A man accustomed to throw for a thousand pounds, if set down to
+throw for sixpence, would not be at the pains to count his dice. Burke's
+talk is the ebullition of his mind; he does not talk from a desire of
+distinction, but because his mind is full[517].
+
+He thus curiously characterised one of our old acquaintance: '----[518]
+is a good man, Sir; but he is a vain man and a liar. He, however, only
+tells lies of vanity; of victories, for instance, in conversation, which
+never happened.' This alluded to a story which I had repeated from that
+gentleman, to entertain Johnson with its wild bravado: 'This Johnson,
+Sir, (said he,) whom you are all afraid of will shrink, if you come
+close to him in argument and roar as loud as he. He once maintained the
+paradox, that there is no beauty but in utility[519]. "Sir, (said I,)
+what say you to the peacock's tail, which is one of the most beautiful
+objects in nature, but would have as much utility if its feathers were
+all of one colour." He _felt_ what I thus produced, and had recourse to
+his usual expedient, ridicule; exclaiming, "A peacock has a tail, and a
+fox has a tail;" and then he burst out into a laugh. "Well, Sir, (said
+I, with a strong voice, looking him full in the face,) you have
+unkennelled your fox; pursue him if you dare." He had not a word to say,
+Sir.' Johnson told me, that this was a fiction from beginning
+to end[520].
+
+After musing for some time, he said, 'I wonder how I should have any
+enemies; for I do harm to nobody[521].' BOSWELL. 'In the first place,
+Sir, you will be pleased to recollect, that you set out with attacking
+the Scotch; so you got a whole nation for your enemies.' JOHNSON. 'Why,
+I own, that by my definition of _oats_[522] I meant to vex them.'
+BOSWELL. 'Pray, Sir, can you trace the cause of your antipathy to the
+Scotch.' JOHNSON. 'I cannot, Sir[523].' BOSWELL. 'Old Mr. Sheridan says,
+it was because they sold Charles the First.' JOHNSON. 'Then, Sir, old
+Mr. Sheridan has found out a very good reason.'
+
+Surely the most obstinate and sulky nationality, the most determined
+aversion to this great and good man, must be cured, when he is seen thus
+playing with one of his prejudices, of which he candidly admitted that
+he could not tell the reason. It was, however, probably owing to his
+having had in his view the worst part of the Scottish nation, the needy
+adventurers, many of whom he thought were advanced above their merits by
+means which he did not approve. Had he in his early life been in
+Scotland, and seen the worthy, sensible, independent gentlemen, who live
+rationally and hospitably at home, he never could have entertained such
+unfavourable and unjust notions of his fellow-subjects. And accordingly
+we find, that when he did visit Scotland, in the latter period of his
+life, he was fully sensible of all that it deserved, as I have already
+pointed out, when speaking of his _Journey to the Western Islands_.[524]
+
+Next day, Saturday, March 22, I found him still at Mrs. Thrale's, but he
+told me that he was to go to his own house in the afternoon[525]. He was
+better, but I perceived he was but an unruly patient, for Sir Lucas
+Pepys, who visited him, while I was with him said, 'If you were
+_tractable_, Sir, I should prescribe for you.'
+
+I related to him a remark which a respectable friend had made to me,
+upon the then state of Government, when those who had been long in
+opposition had attained to power, as it was supposed, against the
+inclination of the Sovereign[526]. 'You need not be uneasy (said this
+gentleman) about the King. He laughs at them all; he plays them one
+against another.' JOHNSON. 'Don't think so, Sir. The King is as much
+oppressed as a man can be. If he plays them one against another, he
+_wins_ nothing.'
+
+I had paid a visit to General Oglethorpe in the morning, and was told by
+him that Dr. Johnson saw company on Saturday evenings, and he would meet
+me at Johnson's that night. When I mentioned this to Johnson, not
+doubting that it would please him, as he had a great value for
+Oglethorpe, the fretfulness of his disease unexpectedly shewed itself;
+his anger suddenly kindled, and he said, with vehemence, 'Did not you
+tell him not to come? Am I to be _hunted_ in this manner?' I satisfied
+him that I could not divine that the visit would not be convenient, and
+that I certainly could not take it upon me of my own accord to forbid
+the General.
+
+I found Dr. Johnson in the evening in Mrs. Williams's room, at tea and
+coffee with her and Mrs. Desmoulins, who were also both ill; it was a
+sad scene, and he was not in very good humour. He said of a performance
+that had lately come out, 'Sir, if you should search all the madhouses
+in England, you would not find ten men who would write so, and think
+it sense.'
+
+I was glad when General Oglethorpe's arrival was announced, and we left
+the ladies. Dr. Johnson attended him in the parlour, and was as
+courteous as ever. The General said he was busy reading the writers of
+the middle age. Johnson said they were very curious. OGLETHORPE. 'The
+House of Commons has usurped the power of the nation's money, and used
+it tyrannically. Government is now carried on by corrupt influence,
+instead of the inherent right in the King.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, the want of
+inherent right in the King occasions all this disturbance. What we did
+at the Revolution was necessary: but it broke our constitution[527].'
+OGLETHORPE. 'My father did not think it necessary.'
+
+On Sunday, March 23, I breakfasted with Dr. Johnson, who seemed much
+relieved, having taken opium the night before. He however protested
+against it, as a remedy that should be given with the utmost reluctance,
+and only in extreme necessity. I mentioned how commonly it was used in
+Turkey, and that therefore it could not be so pernicious as he
+apprehended. He grew warm and said, 'Turks take opium, and Christians
+take opium; but Russel, in his _Account of Aleppo_[528], tells us, that
+it is as disgraceful in Turkey to take too much opium, as it is with us
+to get drunk. Sir, it is amazing how things are exaggerated. A gentleman
+was lately telling in a company where I was present, that in France as
+soon as a man of fashion marries, he takes an opera girl into keeping;
+and this he mentioned as a general custom. 'Pray, Sir, (said I,) how
+many opera girls may there be?' He answered, 'About fourscore.' Well
+then, Sir, (said I,) you see there can be no more than fourscore men of
+fashion who can do this[529].'
+
+Mrs. Desmoulins made tea; and she and I talked before him upon a topick
+which he had once borne patiently from me when we were by
+ourselves[530],--his not complaining of the world, because he was not
+called to some great office, nor had attained to great wealth. He flew
+into a violent passion, I confess with some justice, and commanded us to
+have done. 'Nobody, (said he) has a right to talk in this manner, to
+bring before a man his own character, and the events of his life, when
+he does not choose it should be done. I never have sought the world;
+the world was not to seek me. It is rather wonderful that so much has
+been done for me. All the complaints which are made of the world are
+unjust[531]. I never knew a man of merit neglected[532]: it was
+generally by his own fault that he failed of success. A man may hide his
+head in a hole: he may go into the country, and publish a book now and
+then, which nobody reads, and then complain he is neglected[533]. There
+is no reason why any person should exert himself for a man who has
+written a good book: he has not written it for any individual. I may as
+well make a present to the postman who brings me a letter. When
+patronage was limited, an authour expected to find a Maecenas, and
+complained if he did not find one. Why should he complain? This Maecenas
+has others as good as he, or others who have got the start of him.'
+BOSWELL. 'But surely, Sir, you will allow that there are men of merit at
+the bar, who never get practice.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, you are sure that
+practice is got from an opinion that the person employed deserves it
+best; so that if a man of merit at the bar does not get practice, it is
+from errour, not from injustice. He is not neglected. A horse that is
+brought to market may not be bought, though he is a very good horse: but
+that is from ignorance, not from intention[534].'
+
+There was in this discourse much novelty, ingenuity, and discrimination,
+such as is seldom to be found. Yet I cannot help thinking that men of
+merit, who have no success in life, may be forgiven for _lamenting_, if
+they are not allowed to _complain_. They may consider it as _hard_ that
+their merit should not have its suitable distinction. Though there is no
+intentional injustice towards them on the part of the world, their merit
+not having been perceived, they may yet repine against _fortune_, or
+_fate_, or by whatever name they choose to call the supposed
+mythological power of _Destiny_. It has, however, occurred to me, as a
+consolatory thought, that men of merit should consider thus:-How much
+harder would it be if the same persons had both all the merit and all
+the prosperity. Would not this be a miserable distribution for the poor
+dunces? Would men of merit exchange their intellectual superiority, and
+the enjoyments arising from it, for external distinction and the
+pleasures of wealth? If they would not, let them not envy others, who
+are poor where they are rich, a compensation which is made to them. Let
+them look inwards and be satisfied; recollecting with conscious pride
+what Virgil finely says of the _Corycius Senex_, and which I have, in
+another place[535], with truth and sincerity applied to Mr. Burke:--
+
+     '_Regum aequabat opes animis[536].'_
+
+On the subject of the right employment of wealth, Johnson observed, 'A
+man cannot make a bad use of his money, so far as regards Society, if he
+does not hoard it; for if he either spends it or lends it out, Society
+has the benefit. It is in general better to spend money than to give it
+away; for industry is more promoted by spending money than by giving it
+away. A man who spends his money is sure he is doing good with it: he is
+not so sure when he gives it away. A man who spends ten thousand a year
+will do more good than a man who spends two thousand and gives away
+eight[537].'
+
+In the evening I came to him again. He was somewhat fretful from his
+illness. A gentleman[538] asked him, whether he had been abroad to-day.
+'Don't talk so childishly, (said he.) You may as well ask if I hanged
+myself to-day.' I mentioned politicks. JOHNSON. 'Sir, I'd as soon have a
+man to break my bones as talk to me of publick affairs, internal or
+external. I have lived to see things all as bad as they can be.'
+
+Having mentioned his friend the second Lord Southwell, he said, 'Lord
+Southwell was the highest-bred man without insolence that I ever was in
+company with; the most _qualified_ I ever saw. Lord Orrery[539] was not
+dignified: Lord Chesterfield was, but he was insolent[540]. Lord
+----[541] is a man of coarse manners, but a man of abilities and
+information. I don't say he is a man I would set at the head of a
+nation, though perhaps he may be as good as the next Prime Minister that
+comes; but he is a man to be at the head of a Club; I don't say _our_
+CLUB; for there's no such Club.' BOSWELL. 'But, Sir, was he not once a
+factious man?' JOHNSON. 'O yes, Sir; as factious a fellow as could be
+found: one who was for sinking us all into the mob[542].' BOSWELL. 'How
+then, Sir, did he get into favour with the King?' JOHNSON. 'Because,
+Sir, I suppose he promised the King to do whatever the King pleased.'
+
+He said, 'Goldsmith's blundering speech to Lord Shelburne, which has
+been so often mentioned, and which he really did make to him, was only a
+blunder in emphasis: "I wonder they should call your Lordship
+_Malagrida_[543], for Malagrida was a very good man;" meant, I wonder
+they should use _Malagrida_ as a term of reproach[544].'
+
+Soon after this time I had an opportunity of seeing, by means of one of
+his friends[545], a proof that his talents, as well as his obliging
+service to authours, were ready as ever. He had revised _The Village_,
+an admirable poem, by the Reverend Mr. Crabbe. Its sentiments as to the
+false notions of rustick happiness and rustick virtue were quite
+congenial with his own[546]; and he had taken the trouble not only to
+suggest slight corrections and variations, but to furnish some lines,
+when he thought he could give the writer's meaning better than in the
+words of the manuscript[547].
+
+On Sunday, March 30, I found him at home in the evening, and had the
+pleasure to meet with Dr. Brocklesby[548], whose reading, and knowledge
+of life, and good spirits, supply him with a never-failing source of
+conversation. He mentioned a respectable gentleman, who became extremely
+penurious near the close of his life. Johnson said there must have been
+a degree of madness about him. 'Not at all, Sir, (said Dr. Brocklesby,)
+his judgement was entire.' Unluckily, however, he mentioned that
+although he had a fortune of twenty-seven thousand pounds, he denied
+himself many comforts, from an apprehension that he could not afford
+them. 'Nay, Sir, (cried Johnson,) when the judgement is so disturbed
+that a man cannot count, that is pretty well.'
+
+I shall here insert a few of Johnson's sayings, without the formality of
+dates, as they have no reference to any particular time or place.
+
+'The more a man extends and varies his acquaintance the better.' This,
+however, was meant with a just restriction; for, he on another occasion
+said to me, 'Sir, a man may be so much of every thing, that he is
+nothing of any thing.'
+
+'Raising the wages of day-labourers is wrong[549]; for it does not make
+them live better, but only makes them idler, and idleness is a very bad
+thing for human nature.'
+
+'It is a very good custom to keep a journal[550] for a man's own use; he
+may write upon a card a day all that is necessary to be written, after
+he has had experience of life. At first there is a great deal to be
+written, because there is a great deal of novelty; but when once a man
+has settled his opinions, there is seldom much to be set down.'
+
+'There is nothing wonderful in the journal which we see Swift kept in
+London, for it contains slight topicks, and it might soon be
+written[551].'
+
+I praised the accuracy of an account-book of a lady whom I mentioned.
+JOHNSON. 'Keeping accounts, Sir, is of no use when a man is spending his
+own money, and has nobody to whom he is to account. You won't eat less
+beef to-day, because you have written down what it cost yesterday.' I
+mentioned another lady who thought as he did, so that her husband could
+not get her to keep an account of the expence of the family, as she
+thought it enough that she never exceeded the sum allowed her. JOHNSON.
+'Sir, it is fit she should keep an account, because her husband wishes
+it; but I do not see its use[552].' I maintained that keeping an account
+has this advantage, that it satisfies a man that his money has not been
+lost or stolen, which he might sometimes be apt to imagine, were there
+no written state of his expence; and beside, a calculation of oeconomy
+so as not to exceed one's income, cannot be made without a view of the
+different articles in figures, that one may see how to retrench in some
+particulars less necessary than others. This he did not attempt
+to answer.
+
+Talking of an acquaintance of ours[553], whose narratives, which
+abounded in curious and interesting topicks, were unhappily found to be
+very fabulous; I mentioned Lord Mansfield's having said to me, 'Suppose
+we believe one _half_ of what he tells.' JOHNSON. 'Ay; but we don't know
+_which_ half to believe. By his lying we lose not only our reverence for
+him, but all comfort in his conversation.' BOSWELL. 'May we not take it
+as amusing fiction?' JOHNSON. 'Sir, the misfortune is, that you will
+insensibly believe as much of it as you incline to believe.'
+
+It is remarkable, that notwithstanding their congeniality in politicks,
+he never was acquainted with a late eminent noble judge[554], whom I
+have heard speak of him as a writer, with great respect[555]. Johnson, I
+know not upon what degree of investigation, entertained no exalted
+opinion of his Lordship's intellectual character[556]. Talking of him to
+me one day, he said, 'It is wonderful, Sir, with how little real
+superiority of mind men can make an eminent figure in publick life.' He
+expressed himself to the same purpose concerning another law-Lord, who,
+it seems, once took a fancy to associate with the wits of London; but
+with so little success, that Foote said, 'What can he mean by coming
+among us? He is not only dull himself, but the cause of dullness in
+others[557].' Trying him by the test of his colloquial powers, Johnson
+had found him very defective. He once said to Sir Joshua Reynolds, 'This
+man now has been ten years about town, and has made nothing of it;'
+meaning as a companion[558]. He said to me, 'I never heard any thing
+from him in company that was at all striking; and depend upon it, Sir,
+it is when you come close to a man in conversation, that you discover
+what his real abilities are; to make a speech in a publick assembly is a
+knack. Now I honour Thurlow, Sir; Thurlow is a fine fellow; he fairly
+puts his mind to yours[559].'
+
+After repeating to him some of his pointed, lively sayings, I said, 'It
+is a pity, Sir, you don't always remember your own good things, that you
+may have a laugh when you will.' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, it is better that I
+forget them, that I may be reminded of them, and have a laugh on their
+being brought to my recollection.'
+
+When I recalled to him his having said as we sailed up Loch-lomond[560],
+'That if he wore any thing fine, it should be _very_ fine;' I observed
+that all his thoughts were upon a great scale. JOHNSON. 'Depend upon it,
+Sir, every man will have as fine a thing as he can get; as a large
+diamond for his ring.' BOSWELL. 'Pardon me, Sir: a man of a narrow mind
+will not think of it, a slight trinket will satisfy him:
+
+     "_Nee sufferre queat majoris pondera gemmae_[561]."'
+
+I told him I should send him some Essays which I had written[562], which
+I hoped he would be so good as to read, and pick out the good ones.
+JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, send me only the good ones; don't make _me_
+pick them.'
+
+I heard him once say, 'Though the proverb _Nullum numen abest, si sit
+prudentia[563], does not always prove true, we may be certain of the
+converse of it, _Nullum numen adest, si sit imprudentia_.'
+
+Once, when Mr. Seward was going to Bath, and asked his commands, he
+said, 'Tell Dr. Harrington that I wish he would publish another volume
+of the _Nugae antiquae_[564]; it is a very pretty book[565].' Mr. Seward
+seconded this wish, and recommended to Dr. Harrington to dedicate it to
+Johnson, and take for his motto, what Catullus says to Cornelius Nepos:--
+
+     '----_namque tu solebas,
+      Meas esse aliquid putare_ NUGAS[566].'
+
+As a small proof of his kindliness and delicacy of feeling, the
+following circumstance may be mentioned: One evening when we were in the
+street together, and I told him I was going to sup at Mr. Beauclerk's,
+he said, 'I'll go with you.' After having walked part of the way,
+seeming to recollect something, he suddenly stopped and said, 'I cannot
+go,--but _I do not love Beauclerk the less_.'
+
+On the frame of his portrait, Mr. Beauclerk had inscribed,--
+
+     '----_Ingenium ingens
+      Inculto latet hoc sub corpore_[567].'
+
+After Mr. Beauclerk's death, when it became Mr. Langton's property, he
+made the inscription be defaced. Johnson said complacently, 'It was kind
+in you to take it off;' and then after a short pause, added, 'and not
+unkind in him to put it on.'
+
+He said, 'How few of his friends' houses would a man choose to be at
+when he is sick.' He mentioned one or two. I recollect only
+Thrale's[568].
+
+He observed, 'There is a wicked inclination in most people to suppose an
+old man decayed in his intellects. If a young or middle-aged man, when
+leaving a company, does not recollect where he laid his hat, it is
+nothing; but if the same inattention is discovered in an old man, people
+will shrug up their shoulders, and say, 'His memory is going[569].'
+
+When I once talked to him of some of the sayings which every body
+repeats, but nobody knows where to find, such as _Quos DEUS vult
+perdere, prius dementat_[570]; he told me that he was once offered ten
+guineas to point out from whence _Semel insanivimus omnes_ was taken. He
+could not do it; but many years afterwards met with it by chance in
+_Johannes Baptista Mantuanus_[571].
+
+I am very sorry that I did not take a note of an eloquent argument in
+which he maintained that the situation of Prince of Wales was the
+happiest of any person's in the kingdom, even beyond that of the
+Sovereign. I recollect only--the enjoyment of hope[572],--the high
+superiority of rank, without the anxious cares of government,--and a
+great degree of power, both from natural influence wisely used, and from
+the sanguine expectations of those who look forward to the chance of
+future favour.
+
+Sir Joshua Reynolds communicated to me the following particulars:--
+
+Johnson thought the poems published as translations from Ossian had so
+little merit, that he said, 'Sir, a man might write such stuff for ever,
+if he would _abandon_ his mind to it[573].'
+
+He said, 'A man should pass a part of his time with _the laughers_, by
+which means any thing ridiculous or particular about him might be
+presented to his view, and corrected.' I observed, he must have been a
+bold laugher who would have ventured to tell Dr. Johnson of any of his
+particularities[574].
+
+Having observed the vain ostentatious importance of many people in
+quoting the authority of Dukes and Lords, as having been in their
+company, he said, he went to the other extreme, and did not mention his
+authority when he should have done it, had it not been that of a Duke or
+a Lord[575].
+
+Dr. Goldsmith said once to Dr. Johnson, that he wished for some
+additional members to the LITERARY CLUB, to give it an agreeable
+variety; for (said he,) there can now be nothing new among us: we have
+travelled over one another's minds. Johnson seemed a little angry, and
+said, 'Sir, you have not travelled over _my_ mind, I promise you.' Sir
+Joshua, however, thought Goldsmith right; observing, that 'when people
+have lived a great deal together, they know what each of them will say
+on every subject. A new understanding, therefore, is desirable; because
+though it may only furnish the same sense upon a question which would
+have been furnished by those with whom we are accustomed to live, yet
+this sense will have a different colouring; and colouring is of much
+effect in every thing else as well as in painting.'
+
+Johnson used to say that he made it a constant rule to talk as well as
+he could both as to sentiment and expression, by which means, what had
+been originally effort became familiar and easy[576]. The consequence of
+this, Sir Joshua observed, was, that his common conversation in all
+companies was such as to secure him universal attention, as something
+above the usual colloquial style was expected[577].
+
+Yet, though Johnson had this habit in company, when another mode was
+necessary, in order to investigate truth, he could descend to a language
+intelligible to the meanest capacity. An instance of this was witnessed
+by Sir Joshua Reynolds, when they were present at an examination of a
+little blackguard boy, by Mr. Saunders Welch[578], the late Westminster
+Justice. Welch, who imagined that he was exalting himself in Dr.
+Johnson's eyes by using big words, spoke in a manner that was utterly
+unintelligible to the boy; Dr. Johnson perceiving it, addressed himself
+to the boy, and changed the pompous phraseology into colloquial
+language. Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was much amused by this procedure,
+which seemed a kind of reversing of what might have been expected from
+the two men, took notice of it to Dr. Johnson, as they walked away by
+themselves. Johnson said, that it was continually the case; and that he
+was always obliged to _translate_ the Justice's swelling diction,
+(smiling,) so as that his meaning might be understood by the vulgar,
+from whom information was to be obtained[579].
+
+Sir Joshua once observed to him, that he had talked above the capacity
+of some people with whom they had been in company together. 'No matter,
+Sir, (said Johnson); they consider it as a compliment to be talked to,
+as if they were wiser than they are. So true is this, Sir, that Baxter
+made it a rule in every sermon that he preached, to say something that
+was above the capacity of his audience[580].'
+
+Johnson's dexterity in retort, when he seemed to be driven to an
+extremity by his adversary, was very remarkable. Of his power in this
+respect, our common friend, Mr. Windham, of Norfolk, has been pleased to
+furnish me with an eminent instance. However unfavourable to Scotland,
+he uniformly gave liberal praise to George Buchanan[581], as a writer.
+In a conversation concerning the literary merits of the two countries,
+in which Buchanan was introduced, a Scotchman, imagining that on this
+ground he should have an undoubted triumph over him, exclaimed, 'Ah, Dr.
+Johnson, what would you have said of Buchanan, had he been an
+Englishman?' 'Why, Sir, (said Johnson, after a little pause,) I should
+_not_ have said of Buchanan, had he been an _Englishman_, what I will
+now say of him as a _Scotchman_,--that he was the only man of genius
+his country ever produced.'
+
+And this brings to my recollection another instance of the same nature.
+I once reminded him that when Dr. Adam Smith was expatiating on the
+beauty of Glasgow, he had cut him short by saying, 'Pray, Sir, have you
+ever seen Brentford?' and I took the liberty to add, 'My dear Sir,
+surely that was _shocking_.' 'Why, then, Sir, (he replied,) YOU have
+never seen Brentford.'
+
+Though his usual phrase for conversation was _talk_[582], yet he made a
+distinction; for when he once told me that he dined the day before at a
+friend's house, with 'a very pretty company;' and I asked him if there
+was good conversation, he answered, 'No, Sir; we had _talk_ enough, but
+no _conversation_; there was nothing _discussed_.'
+
+Talking of the success of the Scotch in London, he imputed it In a
+considerable degree to their spirit of nationality. 'You know, Sir,
+(said he,) that no Scotchman publishes a book, or has a play brought
+upon the stage, but there are five hundred people ready to applaud
+him.[583]'
+
+He gave much praise to his friend, Dr. Burney's elegant and entertaining
+travels[584], and told Mr. Seward that he had them in his eye, when
+writing his _Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland_.
+
+Such was his sensibility, and so much was he affected by pathetick
+poetry, that, when he was reading Dr. Beattie's _Hermit_ in my presence,
+it brought tears into his eyes[585].
+
+He disapproved much of mingling real facts with fiction. On this
+account he censured a book entitled _Love and Madness_[586].
+
+Mr. Hoole told him, he was born in Moorfields, and had received part of
+his early instruction in Grub-street. 'Sir, (said Johnson, smiling) you
+have been _regularly_ educated.' Having asked who was his instructor,
+and Mr. Hoole having answered, 'My uncle, Sir, who was a taylor;'
+Johnson, recollecting himself, said, 'Sir, I knew him; we called him the
+_metaphysical taylor_. He was of a club in Old-street, with me and
+George Psalmanazar, and some others[587]: but pray, Sir, was he a good
+taylor?' Mr. Hoole having answered that he believed he was too
+mathematical, and used to draw squares and triangles on his shop-board,
+so that he did not excel in the cut of a coat;--'I am sorry for it (said
+Johnson,) for I would have every man to be master of his own business.'
+
+In pleasant reference to himself and Mr. Hoole, as brother authours, he
+often said, 'Let you and I, Sir, go together, and eat a beef-steak in
+Grub-street[588].'
+
+Sir William Chambers, that great Architect[589], whose works shew a
+sublimity of genius, and who is esteemed by all who know him for his
+social, hospitable, and generous qualities, submitted the manuscript of
+his _Chinese Architecture_ to Dr. Johnson's perusal. Johnson was much
+pleased with it, and said, 'It wants no addition nor correction, but a
+few lines of introduction;' which he furnished, and Sir William
+adopted[590].
+
+He said to Sir William Scott, 'The age is running mad after innovation;
+all the business of the world is to be done in a new way; men are to be
+hanged in a new way; Tyburn itself is not safe from the fury of
+innovation[591].' It having been argued that this was an
+improvement,--'No, Sir, (said he, eagerly,) it is _not_ an improvement:
+they object that the old method drew together a number of spectators.
+Sir, executions are intended to draw spectators. If they do not draw
+spectators they don't answer their purpose. The old method was most
+satisfactory to all parties; the publick was gratified by a
+procession[592]; the criminal was supported by it. Why is all this to
+be swept away?' I perfectly agree with Dr. Johnson upon this head, and
+am persuaded that executions now, the solemn procession being
+discontinued, have not nearly the effect which they formerly had[593].
+Magistrates both in London, and elsewhere, have, I am afraid, in this
+had too much regard to their own ease[594].
+
+Of Dr. Hurd, Bishop of Worcester, Johnson said to a friend, 'Hurd, Sir,
+is one of a set of men who account for every thing systematically; for
+instance, it has been a fashion to wear scarlet breeches; these men
+would tell you, that according to causes and effects, no other wear
+could at that time have been chosen.' He, however, said of him at
+another time to the same gentleman, 'Hurd, Sir, is a man whose
+acquaintance is a valuable acquisition.'
+
+That learned and ingenious Prelate[595] it is well known published at
+one period of his life _Moral and Political Dialogues_, with a woefully
+whiggish cast. Afterwards, his Lordship having thought better, came to
+see his errour, and republished the work with a more constitutional
+spirit. Johnson, however, was unwilling to allow him full credit for his
+political conversion. I remember when his Lordship declined the honour
+of being Archbishop of Canterbury, Johnson said, 'I am glad he did not
+go to Lambeth; for, after all, I fear he is a Whig in his heart.'
+
+Johnson's attention to precision and clearness in expression was very
+remarkable. He disapproved of parentheses; and I believe in all his
+voluminous writings, not half a dozen of them will be found. He never
+used the phrases _the former_ and _the latter_, having observed, that
+they often occasioned obscurity; he therefore contrived to construct his
+sentences so as not to have occasion for them, and would even rather
+repeat the same words, in order to avoid them[596]. Nothing is more
+common than to mistake surnames when we hear them carelessly uttered for
+the first time. To prevent this, he used not only to pronounce them
+slowly and distinctly, but to take the trouble of spelling them; a
+practice which I have often followed; and which I wish were general.
+
+Such was the heat and irritability of his blood, that not only did he
+pare his nails to the quick; but scraped the joints of his fingers with
+a pen-knife, till they seemed quite red and raw.
+
+The heterogeneous composition of human nature was remarkably
+exemplified in Johnson. His liberality in giving his money to persons in
+distress was extraordinary. Yet there lurked about him a propensity to
+paultry saving. One day I owned to him that 'I was occasionally troubled
+with a fit of _narrowness_.' 'Why, Sir, (said he,) so am I. _But I do
+not tell it_.' He has now and then borrowed a shilling of me; and when I
+asked for it again, seemed to be rather out of humour. A droll little
+circumstance once occurred: as if he meant to reprimand my minute
+exactness as a creditor, he thus addressed me;--'Boswell, _lend_ me
+sixpence--_not to be repaid_[597].'
+
+This great man's attention to small things was very remarkable. As an
+instance of it, he one day said to me, 'Sir, when you get silver in
+change for a guinea, look carefully at it; you may find some curious
+piece of coin.'
+
+Though a stern _true-born Englishman_[598], and fully prejudiced against
+all other nations, he had discernment enough to see, and candour enough
+to censure, the cold reserve too common among Englishmen towards
+strangers: 'Sir, (said he,) two men of any other nation who are shewn
+into a room together, at a house where they are both visitors, will
+immediately find some conversation. But two Englishmen will probably go
+each to a different window, and remain in obstinate silence. Sir, we as
+yet do not enough understand the common rights of humanity[599].'
+
+Johnson was at a certain period of his life a good deal with the Earl of
+Shelburne[600], now Marquis of Lansdown, as he doubtless could not but
+have a due value for that nobleman's activity of mind, and uncommon
+acquisitions of important knowledge, however much he might disapprove of
+other parts of his Lordship's character, which were widely different
+from his own.
+
+Maurice Morgann, Esq., authour of the very ingenious _Essay on the
+character of Falstaff_[601], being a particular friend of his Lordship,
+had once an opportunity of entertaining Johnson for a day or two at
+Wickham, when its Lord was absent, and by him I have been favoured with
+two anecdotes.
+
+One is not a little to the credit of Johnson's candour. Mr. Morgann and
+he had a dispute pretty late at night, in which Johnson would not give
+up, though he had the wrong side, and in short, both kept the field.
+Next morning, when they met in the breakfasting-room, Dr. Johnson
+accosted Mr. Morgann thus:--'Sir, I have been thinking on our dispute
+last night--_You were in the right_[602].'
+
+The other was as follows:--Johnson, for sport perhaps, or from the
+spirit of contradiction, eagerly maintained that Derrick[603] had merit
+as a writer. Mr. Morgann argued with him directly, in vain. At length he
+had recourse to this device. 'Pray, Sir, (said he,) whether do you
+reckon Derrick or Smart[604] the best poet?' Johnson at once felt
+himself roused; and answered, 'Sir, there is no settling the point of
+precedency between a louse and a flea.'
+
+Once, when checking my boasting too frequently of myself in company, he
+said to me, 'Boswell, you often vaunt so much, as to provoke ridicule.
+You put me in mind of a man who was standing in the kitchen of an inn
+with his back to the fire, and thus accosted the person next him, "Do
+you know, Sir, who I am?" "No, Sir, (said the other,) I have not that
+advantage." "Sir, (said he,) I am the _great_ TWALMLEY, who invented the
+New Floodgate Iron[605]."' The Bishop of Killaloe, on my repeating the
+story to him, defended Twalmley, by observing, that he was entitled to
+the epithet of _great_; for Virgil in his groupe of worthies in the
+Elysian fields--
+
+     _Hic manus ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi_, &c.
+
+mentions
+
+     _Inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes_[606].
+
+He was pleased to say to me one morning when we were left alone in his
+study, 'Boswell, I think I am easier with you than with almost
+any body.'
+
+He would not allow Mr. David Hume any credit for his political
+principles, though similar to his own; saying of him, 'Sir, he was a
+Tory by chance[607].'
+
+His acute observation of human life made him remark, 'Sir, there is
+nothing by which a man exasperates most people more, than by displaying
+a superiour ability or brilliancy in conversation. They seem pleased at
+the time; but their envy makes them curse him at their hearts[608].'
+
+My readers will probably be surprised to hear that the great Dr. Johnson
+could amuse himself with so slight and playful a species of composition
+as a _Charade_. I have recovered one which he made on Dr. _Barnard_, now
+Lord Bishop of Killaloe; who has been pleased for many years to treat me
+with so much intimacy and social ease, that I may presume to call him
+not only my Right Reverend, but my very dear Friend. I therefore with
+peculiar pleasure give to the world a just and elegant compliment thus
+paid to his Lordship by Johnson[609].
+
+CHARADE.
+
+'My _first_[610] shuts out thieves from your house or your room,
+ My _second_[611] expresses a Syrian perfume.
+ My _whole_[612] is a man in whose converse is shar'd,
+ The strength of a Bar and the sweetness of Nard.'
+
+Johnson asked Richard Owen Cambridge, Esq., if he had read the Spanish
+translation of _Sallust_, said to be written by a Prince of Spain[613],
+with the assistance of his tutor, who is professedly the authour of a
+treatise annexed, on the Phoenician language.
+
+Mr. Cambridge commended the work, particularly as he thought the
+Translator understood his authour better than is commonly the case with
+Translators: but said, he was disappointed in the purpose for which he
+borrowed the book; to see whether a Spaniard could be better furnished
+with inscriptions from monuments, coins, or other antiquities which he
+might more probably find on a coast, so immediately opposite to
+Carthage, than the Antiquaries of any other countries. JOHNSON. 'I am
+very sorry you was[614] not gratified in your expectations.' CAMBRIDGE.
+'The language would have been of little use, as there is no history
+existing in that tongue to balance the partial accounts which the Roman
+writers have left us.' JOHNSON. 'No, Sir. They have not been _partial_,
+they have told their own story, without shame or regard to equitable
+treatment of their injured enemy; they had no compunction, no feeling
+for a Carthaginian. Why, Sir, they would never have borne Virgil's
+description of Aeneas's treatment of Dido, if she had not been a
+Carthaginian[615].'
+
+I gratefully acknowledge this and other communications from Mr.
+Cambridge, whom, if a beautiful villa on the banks of the Thames, a few
+miles distant from London, a numerous and excellent library, which he
+accurately knows and reads, a choice collection of pictures, which he
+understands and relishes, an easy fortune, an amiable family, an
+extensive circle of friends and acquaintance, distinguished by rank,
+fashion and genius, a literary fame, various, elegant and still
+increasing, colloquial talents rarely to be found[616], and with all
+these means of happiness, enjoying, when well advanced in years, health
+and vigour of body, serenity and animation of mind, do not entitle to be
+addressed _fortunate senex!_[617] I know not to whom, in any age, that
+expression could with propriety have been used. Long may he live to hear
+and to feel it!
+
+Johnson's love of little children, which he discovered upon all
+occasions, calling them 'pretty dears,' and giving them sweetmeats, was
+an undoubted proof of the real humanity and gentleness of his
+disposition[618].
+
+His uncommon kindness to his servants, and serious concern, not only for
+their comfort in this world, but their happiness in the next, was
+another unquestionable evidence of what all, who were intimately
+acquainted with him, knew to be true.
+
+Nor would it be just, under this head, to omit the fondness which he
+shewed for animals which he had taken under his protection. I never
+shall forget the indulgence with which he treated Hodge, his cat: for
+whom he himself used to go out and buy oysters, lest the servants having
+that trouble should take a dislike to the poor creature. I am,
+unluckily, one of those who have an antipathy to a cat, so that I am
+uneasy when in the room with one; and I own, I frequently suffered a
+good deal from the presence of this same Hodge. I recollect him one day
+scrambling up Dr. Johnson's breast, apparently with much satisfaction,
+while my friend smiling and half-whistling, rubbed down his back, and
+pulled him by the tail; and when I observed he was a fine cat, saying,
+'Why yes, Sir, but I have had cats whom I liked better than this;' and
+then as if perceiving Hodge to be out of countenance, adding, 'but he is
+a very fine cat, a very fine cat indeed.'
+
+This reminds me of the ludicrous account which he gave Mr. Langton, of
+the despicable state of a young Gentleman of good family. 'Sir, when I
+heard of him last, he was running about town shooting cats.' And then in
+a sort of kindly reverie, he bethought himself of his own favourite cat,
+and said, 'But Hodge shan't be shot; no, no, Hodge shall not be shot.'
+
+He thought Mr. Beauclerk made a shrewd and judicious' remark to Mr.
+Langton, who, after having been for the first time in company with a
+well-known wit about town, was warmly admiring and praising him, 'See
+him again,' said Beauclerk.
+
+His respect for the Hierarchy, and particularly the Dignitaries of the
+Church, has been more than once exhibited in the course of this
+work[619]. Mr. Seward saw him presented to the Archbishop of York[620],
+and described his _Bow to an ARCH-BISHOP_, as such a studied elaboration
+of homage, such an extension of limb, such a flexion of body, as have
+seldom or ever been equalled.
+
+I cannot help mentioning with much regret, that by my own negligence I
+lost an opportunity of having the history of my family from its founder
+Thomas Boswell, in 1504, recorded and illustrated by Johnson's pen. Such
+was his goodness to me, that when I presumed to solicit him for so great
+a favour, he was pleased to say, 'Let me have all the materials you can
+collect, and I will do it both in Latin and English; then let it be
+printed and copies of it be deposited in various places for security and
+preservation.' I can now only do the best I can to make up for this
+loss, keeping my great Master steadily in view. Family histories, like
+the _imagines majorum_ of the Ancients, excite to virtue; and I wish
+that they who really have blood, would be more careful to trace and
+ascertain its course. Some have affected to laugh at the history of the
+house of Yvery[621]: it would be well if many others would transmit
+their pedigrees to posterity, with the same accuracy and generous zeal
+with which the Noble Lord who compiled that work has honoured and
+perpetuated his ancestry.
+
+On Thursday, April 10[622], I introduced to him, at his house in
+Bolt-court, the Honourable and Reverend William Stuart, son of the Earl
+of Bute; a gentleman truly worthy of being known to Johnson; being, with
+all the advantages of high birth, learning, travel, and elegant manners,
+an exemplary parish priest in every respect.
+
+After some compliments on both sides, the tour which Johnson and I had
+made to the Hebrides was mentioned. JOHNSON. 'I got an acquisition of
+more ideas by it than by any thing that I remember. I saw quite a
+different system of life[623].' BOSWELL. 'You would not like to make the
+same journey again?' JOHNSON. 'Why no, Sir; not the same: it is a tale
+told. Gravina, an Italian critick, observes, that every man desires to
+see that of which he has read; but no man desires to read an account of
+what he has seen: so much does description fall short of reality.
+Description only excites curiosity: seeing satisfies it. Other people
+may go and see the Hebrides.' BOSWELL. 'I should wish to go and see some
+country totally different from what I have been used to; such as Turkey,
+where religion and every thing else are different.' JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir;
+there are two objects of curiosity,--the Christian world, and the
+Mahometan world. All the rest may be considered as barbarous.' BOSWELL.
+'Pray, Sir, is the _Turkish Spy_[624] a genuine book?' JOHNSON. 'No,
+Sir. Mrs. Manley, in her _Life_, says that her father wrote the first
+two volumes[625]: and in another book, _Dunton's Life and Errours_, we
+find that the rest was written by one _Sault_, at two guineas a sheet,
+under the direction of Dr. Midgeley[626].
+
+BOSWELL. 'This has been a very factious reign, owing to the too great
+indulgence of Government.' JOHNSON. 'I think so, Sir. What at first was
+lenity, grew timidity[627]. Yet this is reasoning _à posteriori_, and
+may not be just. Supposing a few had at first been punished, I believe
+faction would have been crushed; but it might have been said, that it
+was a sanguinary reign. A man cannot tell _à priori_ what will be best
+for Government to do. This reign has been very unfortunate. We have had
+an unsuccessful war; but that does not prove that we have been ill
+governed. One side or other must prevail in war, as one or other must
+win at play. When we beat Louis we were not better governed; nor were
+the French better governed when Louis beat us.'
+
+On Saturday, April 12, I visited him, in company with Mr. Windham, of
+Norfolk, whom, though a Whig, he highly valued. One of the best things
+he ever said was to this gentleman; who, before he set out for Ireland
+as Secretary to Lord Northington, when Lord Lieutenant, expressed to the
+Sage some modest and virtuous doubts, whether he could bring himself to
+practise those arts which it is supposed a person in that situation has
+occasion to employ. 'Don't be afraid, Sir, (said Johnson, with a
+pleasant smile,) you will soon make a very pretty rascal[628].
+
+He talked to-day a good deal of the wonderful extent and variety of
+London, and observed, that men of curious enquiry might see in it such
+modes of life as very few could even imagine. He in particular
+recommended to us to _explore Wapping_, which we resolved to do[629].
+
+Mr. Lowe, the painter, who was with him, was very much distressed that a
+large picture which he had painted was refused to be received into the
+Exhibition of the Royal Academy. Mrs. Thrale knew Johnson's character so
+superficially, as to represent him as unwilling to do small acts of
+benevolence; and mentions in particular, that he would hardly take the
+trouble to write a letter in favour of his friends[630]. The truth,
+however, is, that he was remarkable, in an extraordinary degree, for
+what she denies to him; and, above all, for this very sort of kindness,
+writing letters for those to whom his solicitations might be of service.
+He now gave Mr. Lowe the following, of which I was diligent enough, with
+his permission, to take copies at the next coffee-house, while Mr.
+Windham was so good as to stay by me.
+
+TO SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.
+
+'SIR,
+
+'Mr. Lowe considers himself as cut off from all credit and all hope, by
+the rejection of his picture from the Exhibition. Upon this work he has
+exhausted all his powers, and suspended all his expectations: and,
+certainly, to be refused an opportunity of taking the opinion of the
+publick, is in itself a very great hardship. It is to be condemned
+without a trial.
+
+If you could procure the revocation of this incapacitating edict, you
+would deliver an unhappy man from great affliction. The Council has
+sometimes reversed its own determination; and I hope, that by your
+interposition this luckless picture may be got admitted. I am, &c.
+
+SAM. JOHNSON.
+
+April 12, 1783.
+
+To MR. BARRY.
+
+SIR,
+
+Mr. Lowe's exclusion from the exhibition gives him more trouble than you
+and the other gentlemen of the Council could imagine or intend. He
+considers disgrace and ruin as the inevitable consequence of your
+determination.
+
+He says, that some pictures have been received after rejection; and if
+there be any such precedent, I earnestly entreat that you will use your
+interest in his favour. Of his work I can say nothing; I pretend not to
+judge of painting; and this picture I never saw: but I conceive it
+extremely hard to shut out any man from the possibility of success; and
+therefore I repeat my request that you will propose the re-consideration
+of Mr. Lowe's case; and if there be any among the Council with whom my
+name can have any weight, be pleased to communicate to them the desire
+of, Sir, Your most humble servant, SAM. JOHNSON. April 12, 1783.
+
+Such intercession was too powerful to be resisted; and Mr. Lowe's
+performance was admitted at Somerset Place[631]. The subject, as I
+recollect, was the Deluge, at that point of time when the water was
+verging to the top of the last uncovered mountain. Near to the spot was
+seen the last of the antediluvian race, exclusive of those who were
+saved in the ark of Noah. This was one of those giants, then the
+inhabitants of the earth, who had still strength to swim, and with one
+of his hands held aloft his infant child. Upon the small remaining dry
+spot appeared a famished lion, ready to spring at the child and devour
+it. Mr. Lowe told me that Johnson said to him, 'Sir, your picture is
+noble and probable.' 'A compliment, indeed, (said Mr. Lowe,) from a man
+who cannot lie, and cannot be mistaken.'
+
+About this time he wrote to Mrs. Lucy Porter, mentioning his bad health,
+and that he intended a visit to Lichfield. 'It is, (says he,) with no
+great expectation of amendment that I make every year a journey into the
+country; but it is pleasant to visit those whose kindness has been often
+experienced.'
+
+On April 18, (being Good-Friday,) I found him at breakfast, in his usual
+manner upon that day, drinking tea without milk, and eating a cross-bun
+to prevent faintness; we went to St. Clement's church, as formerly. When
+we came home from church, he placed himself on one of the stone-seats at
+his garden-door, and I took the other, and thus in the open air and in a
+placid frame of mind, he talked away very easily. JOHNSON. 'Were I a
+country gentleman, I should not be very hospitable, I should not have
+crowds in my house[632].' BOSWELL. 'Sir Alexander Dick[633] tells me,
+that he remembers having a thousand people in a year to dine at his
+house: that is, reckoning each person as one, each time that he dined
+there.' JOHNSON. 'That, Sir, is about three a day.' BOSWELL. 'How your
+statement lessens the idea.' JOHNSON. 'That, Sir, is the good of
+counting[634]. It brings every thing to a certainty, which before
+floated in the mind indefinitely.' BOSWELL. 'But _Omne ignotum pro
+magnifico est[635]: one is sorry to have this diminished.' JOHNSON.
+'Sir, you should not allow yourself to be delighted with errour.'
+BOSWELL. 'Three a day seem but few.' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, he who
+entertains three a day, does very liberally. And if there is a large
+family, the poor entertain those three, for they eat what the poor would
+get: there must be superfluous meat; it must be given to the poor, or
+thrown out.' BOSWELL. 'I observe in London, that the poor go about and
+gather bones, which I understand are manufactured.' JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir;
+they boil them, and extract a grease from them for greasing wheels and
+other purposes. Of the best pieces they make a mock ivory, which is used
+for hafts to knives, and various other things; the coarser pieces they
+burn and pound, and sell the ashes.' BOSWELL. 'For what purpose, Sir?'
+JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, for making a furnace for the chymists for melting
+iron. A paste made of burnt bones will stand a stronger heat than any
+thing else. Consider, Sir; if you are to melt iron, you cannot line your
+pot with brass, because it is softer than iron, and would melt sooner;
+nor with iron, for though malleable iron is harder than cast iron, yet
+it would not do; but a paste of burnt-bones will not melt.' BOSWELL. 'Do
+you know, Sir, I have discovered a manufacture to a great extent, of
+what you only piddle at,--scraping and drying the peel of oranges[636].
+At a place in Newgate-street, there is a prodigious quantity prepared,
+which they sell to the distillers.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, I believe they make a
+higher thing out of them than a spirit; they make what is called
+orange-butter, the oil of the orange inspissated, which they mix perhaps
+with common pomatum, and make it fragrant. The oil does not fly off in
+the drying.'
+
+BOSWELL. 'I wish to have a good walled garden.' JOHNSON. 'I don't think
+it would be worth the expence to you. We compute in England, a park wall
+at a thousand pounds a mile; now a garden-wall must cost at least as
+much. You intend your trees should grow higher than a deer will leap.
+Now let us see; for a hundred pounds you could only have forty-four
+square yards, which is very little; for two hundred pounds, you may have
+eighty-four square yards[637], which is very well. But when will you get
+the value of two hundred pounds of walls, in fruit, in your climate? No,
+Sir, such contention with Nature is not worth while. I would plant an
+orchard, and have plenty of such fruit as ripen well in your country. My
+friend, Dr. Madden[638], of Ireland, said, that "in an orchard there
+should be enough to eat, enough to lay up, enough to be stolen, and
+enough to rot upon the ground." Cherries are an early fruit, you may
+have them; and you may have the early apples and pears.' BOSWELL. 'We
+cannot have nonpareils.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, you can no more have nonpareils
+than you can have grapes.' BOSWELL. 'We have them, Sir; but they are
+very bad.' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, never try to have a thing merely to shew
+that you _cannot_ have it. From ground that would let for forty
+shillings you may have a large orchard; and you see it costs you only
+forty shillings. Nay, you may graze the ground when the trees are grown
+up; you cannot while they are young.' BOSWELL. 'Is not a good garden a
+very common thing in England, Sir?' JOHNSON. 'Not so common, Sir, as
+you imagine[639]. In Lincolnshire there is hardly an orchard; in
+Staffordshire very little fruit.' BOSWELL. 'Has Langton no orchard?'
+JOHNSON. 'No, Sir.' BOSWELL. 'How so, Sir?' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, from the
+general negligence of the county. He has it not, because nobody else has
+it.' BOSWELL. 'A hot-house is a certain thing; I may have that.'
+JOHNSON. 'A hot-house is pretty certain; but you must first build it,
+then you must keep fires in it, and you must have a gardener to take
+care of it.' BOSWELL. 'But if I have a gardener at any rate?--' JOHNSON.
+'Why, yes.' BOSWELL.' I'd have it near my house; there is no need to
+have it in the orchard.' JOHNSON. 'Yes, I'd have it near my house. I
+would plant a great many currants; the fruit is good, and they make a
+pretty sweetmeat.'
+
+I record this minute detail, which some may think trifling, in order to
+shew clearly how this great man, whose mind could grasp such large and
+extensive subjects, as he has shewn in his literary labours, was yet
+well-informed in the common affairs of life, and loved to
+illustrate them.
+
+Mr. Walker, the celebrated master of elocution[640], came in, and then
+we went up stairs into the study. I asked him if he had taught many
+clergymen. JOHNSON. 'I hope not.' WALKER. 'I have taught only one, and
+he is the best reader I ever heard, not by my teaching, but by his own
+natural talents.' JOHNSON. 'Were he the best reader in the world, I
+would not have it told that he was taught.' Here was one of his peculiar
+prejudices. Could it be any disadvantage to the clergyman to have it
+known that he was taught an easy and graceful delivery? BOSWELL. 'Will
+you not allow, Sir, that a man may be taught to read well?' JOHNSON.
+'Why, Sir, so far as to read better than he might do without being
+taught, yes. Formerly it was supposed that there was no difference in
+reading, but that one read as well as another.' BOSWELL. 'It is
+wonderful to see old Sheridan as enthusiastick about oratory as
+ever[641],' WALKER. 'His enthusiasm as to what oratory will do, may be
+too great: but he reads well.' JOHNSON. 'He reads well, but he reads
+low[642]; and you know it is much easier to read low than to read high;
+for when you read high, you are much more limited, your loudest note can
+be but one, and so the variety is less in proportion to the loudness.
+Now some people have occasion to speak to an extensive audience, and
+must speak loud to be heard.' WALKER. 'The art is to read strong,
+though low.'
+
+Talking of the origin of language; JOHNSON. 'It must have come by
+inspiration. A thousand, nay, a million of children could not invent a
+language. While the organs are pliable, there is not understanding
+enough to form a language; by the time that there is understanding
+enough, the organs are become stiff. We know that after a certain age we
+cannot learn to pronounce a new language. No foreigner, who comes to
+England when advanced in life, ever pronounces English tolerably well;
+at least such instances are very rare. When I maintain that language
+must have come by inspiration, I do not mean that inspiration is
+required for rhetorick, and all the beauties of language; for when once
+man has language, we can conceive that he may gradually form
+modifications of it. I mean only that inspiration seems to me to be
+necessary to give man the faculty of speech; to inform him that he may
+have speech; which I think he could no more find out without
+inspiration, than cows or hogs would think of such a faculty.' WALKER.
+'Do you think, Sir, that there are any perfect synonimes in any
+language?' JOHNSON. 'Originally there were not; but by using words
+negligently, or in poetry, one word comes to be confounded
+with another.'
+
+He talked of Dr. Dodd[643]. 'A friend of mine, (said he,) came to me and
+told me, that a lady wished to have Dr. Dodd's picture in a bracelet,
+and asked me for a motto. I said, I could think of no better than
+_Currat Lex_. I was very willing to have him pardoned, that is, to have
+the sentence changed to transportation: but, when he was once hanged, I
+did not wish he should be made a saint.'
+
+Mrs. Burney, wife of his friend Dr. Burney, came in, and he seemed to be
+entertained with her conversation.
+
+Garrick's funeral was talked of as extravagantly expensive. Johnson,
+from his dislike to exaggeration, would not allow that it was
+distinguished by any extraordinary pomp. 'Were there not six horses to
+each coach?' said Mrs. Burney. JOHNSON. 'Madam, there were no more six
+horses than six phoenixes[644].'
+
+Mrs. Burney wondered that some very beautiful new buildings should be
+erected in Moorfields, in so shocking a situation as between Bedlam and
+St. Luke's Hospital; and said she could not live there. JOHNSON. 'Nay,
+Madam, you see nothing there to hurt you. You no more think of madness
+by having windows that look to Bedlam, than you think of death by having
+windows that look to a church-yard.' MRS. BURNEY. 'We may look to a
+church-yard, Sir; for it is right that we should be kept in mind of
+death.' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Madam, if you go to that, it is right that we
+should be kept in mind of madness, which is occasioned by too much
+indulgence of imagination. I think a very moral use may be made of these
+new buildings: I would have those who have heated imaginations live
+there, and take warning.' MRS. BURNEY. 'But, Sir, many of the poor
+people that are mad, have become so from disease, or from distressing
+events. It is, therefore, not their fault, but their misfortune; and,
+therefore, to think of them is a melancholy consideration.'
+
+Time passed on in conversation till it was too late for the service of
+the church at three o'clock. I took a walk, and left him alone for some
+time; then returned, and we had coffee and conversation again by
+ourselves.
+
+I stated the character of a noble friend of mine, as a curious case for
+his opinion:--'He is the most inexplicable man to me that I ever knew.
+Can you explain him, Sir? He is, I really believe, noble-minded,
+generous, and princely. But his most intimate friends may be separated
+from him for years, without his ever asking a question concerning them.
+He will meet them with a formality, a coldness, a stately indifference;
+but when they come close to him, and fairly engage him in conversation,
+they find him as easy, pleasant, and kind, as they could wish. One then
+supposes that what is so agreeable will soon be renewed; but stay away
+from him for half a year, and he will neither call on you, nor send to
+inquire about you.' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, I cannot ascertain his character
+exactly, as I do not know him; but I should not like to have such a man
+for my friend. He may love study, and wish not to be interrupted by his
+friends; _Amici fures temporis_. He may be a frivolous man, and be so
+much occupied with petty pursuits, that he may not want friends. Or he
+may have a notion that there is a dignity in appearing indifferent,
+while he in fact may not be more indifferent at his heart than another.'
+
+We went to evening prayers at St. Clement's, at seven, and then parted.
+
+On Sunday, April 20, being Easter-day, after attending solemn service at
+St. Paul's, I came to Dr. Johnson, and found Mr. Lowe, the painter,
+sitting with him. Mr. Lowe mentioned the great number of new buildings
+of late in London, yet that Dr. Johnson had observed, that the number of
+inhabitants was not increased. JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, the bills of
+mortality prove that no more people die now than formerly; so it is
+plain no more live. The register of births proves nothing, for not one
+tenth of the people of London are born there.' BOSWELL. 'I believe, Sir,
+a great many of the children born in London die early.' JOHNSON. 'Why,
+yes, Sir.' BOSWELL. 'But those who do live, are as stout and strong
+people as any[645]: Dr. Price[646] says, they must be naturally stronger
+to get through.' JOHNSON. 'That is system, Sir. A great traveller
+observes, that it is said there are no weak or deformed people among the
+Indians; but he with much sagacity assigns the reason of this, which is,
+that the hardship of their life as hunters and fishers does not allow
+weak or diseased children to grow up. Now had I been an Indian, I must
+have died early; my eyes would not have served me to get food. I indeed
+now could fish, give me English tackle; but had I been an Indian I must
+have starved, or they would have knocked me on the head, when they saw I
+could do nothing.' BOSWELL. 'Perhaps they would have taken care of you:
+we are told they are fond of oratory, you would have talked to them.'
+JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, I should not have lived long enough to be fit to
+talk; I should have been dead before I was ten years old. Depend upon
+it, Sir, a savage, when he is hungry, will not carry about with him a
+looby of nine years old, who cannot help himself. They have no
+affection, Sir.' BOSWELL. 'I believe natural affection, of which we
+hear so much, is very small.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, natural affection is
+nothing: but affection from principle and established duty is sometimes
+wonderfully strong.' LOWE. 'A hen, Sir, will feed her chickens in
+preference to herself.' JOHNSON. 'But we don't know that the hen is
+hungry; let the hen be fairly hungry, and I'll warrant she'll peck the
+corn herself. A cock, I believe, will feed hens instead of himself; but
+we don't know that the cock is hungry.' BOSWELL. 'And that, Sir, is not
+from affection but gallantry. But some of the Indians have affection.'
+JOHNSON. 'Sir, that they help some of their children is plain; for some
+of them live, which they could not do without being helped.'
+
+I dined with him; the company were, Mrs. Williams, Mrs. Desmoulins, and
+Mr. Lowe. He seemed not to be well, talked little, grew drowsy soon
+after dinner, and retired, upon which I went away.
+
+Having next day gone to Mr. Burke's seat in the country, from whence I
+was recalled by an express, that a near relation of mine had killed his
+antagonist in a duel, and was himself dangerously wounded[647], I saw
+little of Dr. Johnson till Monday, April 28, when I spent a considerable
+part of the day with him, and introduced the subject, which then chiefly
+occupied my mind. JOHNSON. 'I do not see, Sir, that fighting is
+absolutely forbidden in Scripture; I see revenge forbidden, but not
+self-defence.' BOSWELL. 'The Quakers say it is; "Unto him that smiteth
+thee on one cheek, offer him also the other[648]."' JOHNSON. 'But stay,
+Sir; the text is meant only to have the effect of moderating passion; it
+is plain that we are not to take it in a literal sense. We see this from
+the context, where there are other recommendations, which I warrant you
+the Quaker will not take literally; as, for instance, "From him that
+would borrow of thee, turn thou not away[649]." Let a man whose credit
+is bad, come to a Quaker, and say, "Well, Sir, lend me a hundred
+pounds;" he'll find him as unwilling as any other man. No, Sir, a man
+may shoot the man who invades his character, as he may shoot him who
+attempts to break into his house[650]. So in 1745, my friend, Tom
+Cumming the Quaker[651], said, he would not fight, but he would drive an
+ammunition cart; and we know that the Quakers have sent flannel
+waistcoats to our soldiers, to enable them to fight better.' BOSWELL.
+'When a man is the aggressor, and by ill-usage forces on a duel in which
+he is killed, have we not little ground to hope that he is gone into a
+state of happiness?' JOHNSON. 'Sir, we are not to judge determinately of
+the state in which a man leaves this life. He may in a moment have
+repented effectually, and it is possible may have been accepted by GOD.
+There is in _Camden's Remains_, an epitaph upon a very wicked man, who
+was killed by a fall from his horse, in which he is supposed to say,
+
+     '"Between the stirrup and the ground,
+       I mercy ask'd, I mercy found[652]."'
+
+BOSWELL. 'Is not the expression in the Burial-service, "in the _sure_
+and _certain_ hope of a blessed resurrection[653]," too strong to be
+used indiscriminately, and, indeed, sometimes when those over whose
+bodies it is said, have been notoriously profane?' JOHNSON. 'It is sure
+and certain _hope_, Sir; not _belief_.' I did not insist further;
+but cannot help thinking that less positive words would be more
+proper[654].
+
+Talking of a man who was grown very fat, so as to be incommoded with
+corpulency; he said, 'He eats too much, Sir.' BOSWELL. 'I don't know,
+Sir; you will see one man fat who eats moderately, and another lean who
+eats a great deal.' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, whatever may be the quantity
+that a man eats, it is plain that if he is too fat, he has eaten more
+than he should have done. One man may have a digestion that consumes
+food better than common; but it is certain that solidity is encreased by
+putting something to it.' BOSWELL. 'But may not solids swell and be
+distended?' JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir, they may swell and be distended; but
+that is not fat.'
+
+We talked of the accusation against a gentleman for supposed
+delinquencies in India[655]. JOHNSON. 'What foundation there is for
+accusation I know not, but they will not get at him. Where bad actions
+are committed at so great a distance, a delinquent can obscure the
+evidence till the scent becomes cold; there is a cloud between, which
+cannot be penetrated: therefore all distant power is bad. I am clear
+that the best plan for the government of India is a despotick governour;
+for if he be a good man, it is evidently the best government; and
+supposing him to be a bad man, it is better to have one plunderer than
+many. A governour whose power is checked, lets others plunder, that he
+himself may be allowed to plunder; but if despotick, he sees that the
+more he lets others plunder, the less there will be for himself, so he
+restrains them; and though he himself plunders, the country is a gainer,
+compared with being plundered by numbers.'
+
+I mentioned the very liberal payment which had been received for
+reviewing; and, as evidence of this, that it had been proved in a trial,
+that Dr. Shebbeare[656] had received six guineas a sheet for that kind
+of literary labour. JOHNSON, 'Sir, he might get six guineas for a
+particular sheet, but not _communibus sheetibus_[657].' BOSWELL. 'Pray,
+Sir, by a sheet of review is it meant that it shall be all of the
+writer's own composition? or are extracts, made from the book reviewed,
+deducted.' JOHNSON. 'No, Sir: it is a sheet, no matter of what.'
+BOSWELL. 'I think that it is not reasonable.' JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir, it is.
+A man will more easily write a sheet all his own, than read an octavo
+volume to get extracts[658].' To one of Johnson's wonderful fertility of
+mind I believe writing was really easier than reading and extracting;
+but with ordinary men the case is very different. A great deal, indeed,
+will depend upon the care and judgement with which the extracts are
+made. I can suppose the operation to be tedious and difficult: but in
+many instances we must observe crude morsels cut out of books as if at
+random; and when a large extract is made from one place, it surely may
+be done with very little trouble. One however, I must acknowledge, might
+be led, from the practice of reviewers, to suppose that they take a
+pleasure in original writing; for we often find, that instead of giving
+an accurate account of what has been done by the authour whose work
+they are reviewing, which is surely the proper business of a literary
+journal, they produce some plausible and ingenious conceits of their
+own, upon the topicks which have been discussed[659].
+
+Upon being told that old Mr. Sheridan, indignant at the neglect of his
+oratorical plans, had threatened to go to America; JOHNSON. 'I hope he
+will go to America.' BOSWELL. 'The Americans don't want oratory.'
+JOHNSON. 'But we can want Sheridan[660].'
+
+On Monday[661], April 29, I found him at home in the forenoon, and Mr.
+Seward with him. Horace having been mentioned; BOSWELL. 'There is a
+great deal of thinking in his works. One finds there almost every thing
+but religion.' SEWARD. 'He speaks of his returning to it, in his Ode
+_Parcus Deorum cultor et infrequens_[662] JOHNSON. 'Sir, he was not in
+earnest: this was merely poetical.' BOSWELL. 'There are, I am afraid,
+many people who have no religion at all.' SEWARD. 'And sensible people
+too.' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, not sensible in that respect. There must be
+either a natural or a moral stupidity, if one lives in a total neglect
+of so very important a concern.' SEWARD. 'I wonder that there should be
+people without religion.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, you need not wonder at this,
+when you consider how large a proportion of almost every man's life is
+passed without thinking of it. I myself was for some years totally
+regardless of religion. It had dropped out of my mind. It was at an
+early part of my life. Sickness brought it back, and I hope I have never
+lost it since[663].' BOSWELL. 'My dear Sir, what a man must you have
+been without religion! Why you must have gone on drinking, and
+swearing, and--[664]' JOHNSON. (with a smile) 'I drank enough and swore
+enough, to be sure.' SEWARD. 'One should think that sickness and the
+view of death would make more men religious.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, they do not
+know how to go about it: they have not the first notion. A man who has
+never had religion before, no more grows religious when he is sick, than
+a man who has never learnt figures can count when he has need of
+calculation.'
+
+I mentioned a worthy friend of ours[665] whom we valued much, but
+observed that he was too ready to introduce religious discourse upon all
+occasions. JOHNSON. 'Why, yes, Sir, he will introduce religious
+discourse without seeing whether it will end in instruction and
+improvement, or produce some profane jest. He would introduce it in the
+company of Wilkes, and twenty more such.'
+
+I mentioned Dr. Johnson's excellent distinction between liberty of
+conscience and liberty of teaching[666]. JOHNSON. 'Consider, Sir; if you
+have children whom you wish to educate in the principles of the Church
+of England, and there comes a Quaker who tries to pervert them to his
+principles, you would drive away the Quaker. You would not trust to the
+predomination of right, which you believe is in your opinions; you would
+keep wrong out of their heads. Now the vulgar are the children of the
+State. If any one attempts to teach them doctrines contrary to what the
+State approves, the magistrate may and ought to restrain him.' SEWARD.
+'Would you restrain private conversation, Sir?' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, it
+is difficult to say where private conversation begins, and where it
+ends. If we three should discuss even the great question concerning the
+existence of a Supreme Being by ourselves, we should not be restrained;
+for that would be to put an end to all improvement. But if we should
+discuss it in the presence of ten boarding-school girls, and as many
+boys, I think the magistrate would do well to put us in the stocks, to
+finish the debate there.'
+
+Lord Hailes had sent him a present of a curious little printed poem, on
+repairing the University of Aberdeen, by David Malloch, which he
+thought would please Johnson, as affording clear evidence that Mallet
+had appeared even as a literary character by the name of _Malloch_; his
+changing which to one of softer sound, had given Johnson occasion to
+introduce him into his _Dictionary_, under the article _Alias_[667].
+This piece was, I suppose, one of Mallet's first essays. It is preserved
+in his works, with several variations. Johnson having read aloud, from
+the beginning of it, where there were some common-place assertions as to
+the superiority of ancient times;--'How false (said he) is all this, to
+say that in ancient times learning was not a disgrace to a Peer as it is
+now. In ancient times a Peer was as ignorant as any one else. He would
+have been angry to have it thought he could write his name[668]. Men in
+ancient times dared to stand forth with a degree of ignorance with which
+nobody would dare now to stand forth. I am always angry when I hear
+ancient times praised at the expence of modern times. There is now a
+great deal more learning in the world than there was formerly; for it is
+universally diffused. You have, perhaps, no man who knows as much Greek
+and Latin as Bentley[669]; no man who knows as much mathematicks as
+Newton: but you have many more men who know Greek and Latin, and who
+know mathematicks[670].'
+
+On Thursday, May 1, I visited him in the evening along with young Mr.
+Burke. He said, 'It is strange that there should be so little reading in
+the world, and so much writing. People in general do not willingly read,
+if they can have any thing else to amuse them[671]. There must be an
+external impulse; emulation, or vanity, or avarice. The progress which
+the understanding makes through a book, has more pain than pleasure in
+it. Language is scanty, and inadequate to express the nice gradations
+and mixtures of our feelings. No man reads a book of science from pure
+inclination. The books that we do read with pleasure are light
+compositions, which contain a quick succession of events. However, I
+have this year read all Virgil through[672]. I read a book of the
+_Aeneid_ every night, so it was done in twelve nights, and I had great
+delight in it. The _Georgicks_ did not give me so much pleasure, except
+the fourth book. The _Eclogues_ I have almost all by heart. I do not
+think the story of the _Aeneid_ interesting. I like the story of the
+_Odyssey_ much better[673]; and this not on account of the wonderful
+things which it contains; for there are wonderful things enough in the
+_Aeneid_;--the ships of the Trojans turned to sea-nymphs,--the tree at
+Polydorus's tomb dropping blood. The story of the _Odyssey_ is
+interesting, as a great part of it is domestick. It has been said, there
+is pleasure in writing, particularly in writing verses. I allow you may
+have pleasure from writing, after it is over, if you have written well;
+but you don't go willingly to it again[674]. I know when I have been
+writing verses, I have run my finger down the margin, to see how many I
+had made, and how few I had to make[675].'
+
+He seemed to be in a very placid humour, and although I have no note of
+the particulars of young Mr. Burke's conversation, it is but justice to
+mention in general, that it was such that Dr. Johnson said to me
+afterwards, 'He did very well indeed; I have a mind to tell his
+father[676].'
+
+'TO SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'The gentleman who waits on you with this, is Mr. Cruikshanks[677], who
+wishes to succeed his friend Dr. Hunter[678] as Professor of Anatomy in
+the Royal Academy. His qualifications are very generally known, and it
+adds dignity to the institution that such men[679] are candidates.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'May 2[680], 1783.'
+
+I have no minute of any interview with Johnson till Thursday, May 15,
+when I find what follows:--BOSWELL. 'I wish much to be in Parliament,
+Sir[681].' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, unless you come resolved to support any
+administration, you would be the worse for being in Parliament, because
+you would be obliged to live more expensively.' BOSWELL. 'Perhaps, Sir,
+I should be the less happy for being in Parliament. I never would sell
+my vote, and I should be vexed if things went wrong.' JOHNSON. 'That's
+cant, Sir. It would not vex you more in the house, than in the gallery:
+publick affairs vex no man.' BOSWELL. 'Have not they vexed yourself a
+little, Sir? Have not you been vexed by all the turbulence of this
+reign, and by that absurd vote of the House of Commons, "That the
+influence of the Crown has increased, is increasing, and ought to be
+diminished[682]?"' JOHNSON. 'Sir, I have never slept an hour less, nor
+eat an ounce less meat[683]. I would have knocked the factious dogs on
+the head, to be sure; but I was not _vexed_.' BOSWELL. 'I declare, Sir,
+upon my honour, I did imagine I was vexed, and took a pride in it; but
+it _was_, perhaps, cant; for I own I neither ate less, nor slept less.'
+JOHNSON. 'My dear friend, clear your _mind_ of cant[684]. You may _talk_
+as other people do: you may say to a man, "Sir, I am your most humble
+servant." You are not his most humble servant. You may say, "These are
+bad times; it is a melancholy thing to be reserved to such times." You
+don't mind the times. You tell a man, "I am sorry you had such bad
+weather the last day of your journey, and were so much wet." You don't
+care six-pence whether he is wet or dry. You may _talk_ in this manner;
+it is a mode of talking in Society[685]; but don't _think_
+foolishly[686].'
+
+I talked of living in the country. JOHNSON. 'Don't set up for what is
+called hospitality; it is a waste of time, and a waste of money; you are
+eaten up, and not the more respected for your liberality. If your house
+be like an inn, nobody cares for you. A man who stays a week with
+another, makes him a slave for a week.'[687] BOSWELL. 'But there are
+people, Sir, who make their houses a home to their guests, and are
+themselves quite easy.' JOHNSON. 'Then, Sir, home must be the same to
+the guests, and they need not come.'
+
+Here he discovered a notion common enough in persons not much accustomed
+to entertain company, that there must be a degree of elaborate
+attention, otherwise company will think themselves neglected; and such
+attention is no doubt very fatiguing.[688] He proceeded: 'I would not,
+however, be a stranger in my own county; I would visit my neighbours,
+and receive their visits; but I would not be in haste to return visits.
+If a gentleman comes to see me, I tell him he does me a great deal of
+honour. I do not go to see him perhaps for ten weeks; then we are very
+complaisant to each other. No, Sir, you will have much more influence by
+giving or lending money where it is wanted, than by hospitality[689].'
+
+On Saturday, May 17, I saw him for a short time. Having mentioned that I
+had that morning been with old Mr. Sheridan, he remembered their former
+intimacy with a cordial warmth, and said to me, 'Tell Mr. Sheridan, I
+shall be glad to see him, and shake hands with him[690].' BOSWELL. 'It
+is to me very wonderful that resentment should be kept up so long.'
+JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, it is not altogether resentment that he does not
+visit me; it is partly falling out of the habit,--partly disgust, as one
+has at a drug that has made him sick. Besides, he knows that I laugh at
+his oratory[691].'
+
+Another day I spoke of one of our friends, of whom he, as well as I,
+had a very high opinion. He expatiated in his praise; but added, 'Sir,
+he is a cursed Whig, a _bottomless_ Whig, as they all are now[692].'
+
+I mentioned my expectations from the interest of an eminent person[693]
+then in power; adding, 'but I have no claim but the claim of friendship;
+however, some people will go a great way from that motive.' JOHNSON.
+'Sir, they will go all the way from that motive.' A gentleman talked of
+retiring. 'Never think of that,' said Johnson. The gentleman urged, 'I
+should then do no ill.' JOHNSON. Nor no good either. Sir, it would be a
+civil suicide[694].'
+
+On Monday, May 26, I found him at tea, and the celebrated Miss Burney,
+the authour of _Evelina_[695] and _Cecilia_, with him. I asked if there
+would be any speakers in Parliament, if there were no places to be
+obtained. JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir. Why do you speak here? Either to instruct
+and entertain, which is a benevolent motive; or for distinction, which
+is a selfish motive.' I mentioned _Cecilia_. JOHNSON. (with an air of
+animated satisfaction) 'Sir, if you talk of _Cecilia_, talk on[696].'
+
+We talked of Mr. Barry's exhibition of his pictures. JOHNSON. 'Whatever
+the hand may have done, the mind has done its part. There is a grasp of
+mind there which you find nowhere else[697].'
+
+I asked whether a man naturally virtuous, or one who has overcome wicked
+inclinations, is the best. JOHNSON. 'Sir, to _you_, the man who has
+overcome wicked inclinations is not the best. He has more merit to
+_himself_: I would rather trust my money to a man who has no hands, and
+so a physical impossibility to steal, than to a man of the most honest
+principles. There is a witty satirical story of Foote. He had a small
+bust of Garrick placed upon his bureau, "You may be surprized (said he)
+that I allow him to be so near my gold;--but you will observe he has
+no hands."'
+
+On Friday, May 29[698], being to set out for Scotland next morning, I
+passed a part of the day with him in more than usual earnestness; as his
+health was in a more precarious state than at any time when I had parted
+from him. He, however, was quick and lively, and critical as usual. I
+mentioned one who was a very learned man. JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir, he has a
+great deal of learning; but it never lies straight. There is never one
+idea by the side of another; 'tis all entangled: and then he drives it
+so aukwardly upon conversation.'
+
+I stated to him an anxious thought, by which a sincere Christian might
+be disturbed, even when conscious of having lived a good life, so far as
+is consistent with human infirmity; he might fear that he should
+afterwards fall away, and be guilty of such crimes as would render all
+his former religion vain. Could there be, upon this aweful subject, such
+a thing as balancing of accounts? Suppose a man who has led a good life
+for seven years, commits an act of wickedness, and instantly dies; will
+his former good life have any effect in his favour? JOHNSON. 'Sir, if a
+man has led a good life for seven years, and then is hurried by passion
+to do what is wrong, and is suddenly carried off, depend upon it he will
+have the reward of his seven years' good life; GOD will not take a catch
+of him. Upon this principle Richard Baxter believes that a Suicide may
+be saved. "If, (says he) it should be objected that what I maintain may
+encourage suicide, I answer, I am not to tell a lie to prevent it."'
+BOSWELL. 'But does not the text say, "As the tree falls, so it must
+lie[699]?"' JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir; as the tree falls: but,--(after a
+little pause)--that is meant as to the general state of the tree, not
+what is the effect of a sudden blast.' In short, he interpreted the
+expression as referring to condition, not to position. The common
+notion, therefore, seems to be erroneous; and Shenstone's witty remark
+on Divines trying to give the tree a jerk upon a death-bed, to make it
+lie favourably, is not well founded[700].
+
+I asked him what works of Richard Baxter's I should read. He said, 'Read
+any of them; they are all good[701].'
+
+He said, 'Get as much force of mind as you can. Live within your income.
+Always have something saved at the end of the year. Let your imports be
+more than your exports, and you'll never go far wrong.'
+
+I assured him, that in the extensive and various range of his
+acquaintance there never had been any one who had a more sincere respect
+and affection for him than I had. He said, 'I believe it, Sir. Were I in
+distress, there is no man to whom I should sooner come than to you. I
+should like to come and have a cottage in your park, toddle about, live
+mostly on milk, and be taken care of by Mrs. Boswell. She and I are good
+friends now; are we not?'
+
+Talking of devotion, he said, 'Though it be true that "GOD dwelleth not
+in temples made with hands[702]," yet in this state of being, our minds
+are more piously affected in places appropriated to divine worship, than
+in others. Some people have a particular room in their house, where they
+say their prayers; of which I do not disapprove, as it may animate their
+devotion.'
+
+He embraced me, and gave me his blessing, as usual when I was leaving
+him for any length of time. I walked from his door to-day, with a
+fearful apprehension of what might happen before I returned.
+
+'To THE RIGHT HONOURABLE WILLIAM WINDHAM.
+
+Sir, The bringer of this letter is the father of Miss Philips[703], a
+singer, who comes to try her voice on the stage at Dublin.
+
+Mr. Philips is one of my old friends; and as I am of opinion that
+neither he nor his daughter will do any thing that can disgrace their
+benefactors, I take the liberty of entreating you to countenance and
+protect them so far as may be suitable to your station[704] and
+character; and shall consider myself as obliged by any favourable notice
+which they shall have the honour of receiving from you.
+
+I am, Sir, Your most humble servant,
+
+SAM JOHNSON. London, May 31, 1783.'
+
+The following is another instance of his active benevolence:--
+
+'To SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.
+
+DEAR SIR, I have sent you some of my god-son's[705] performances, of
+which I do not pretend to form any opinion. When I took the liberty of
+mentioning him to you, I did not know what I have since been told, that
+Mr. Moser[706] had admitted him among the Students of the Academy. What
+more can be done for him I earnestly entreat you to consider; for I am
+very desirous that he should derive some advantage from my connection
+with him. If you are inclined to see him, I will bring him to wait on
+you, at any time that you shall be pleased to appoint.
+
+I am, Sir, Your most humble servant,
+
+SAM. JOHNSON. June 2, 1783.'
+
+My anxious apprehensions at parting with him this year proved to be but
+too well founded; for not long afterwards he had a dreadful stroke of
+the palsy, of which there are very full and accurate accounts in
+letters written by himself, to shew with what composure of mind, and
+resignation to the Divine Will, his steady piety enabled him to behave.
+
+'TO MR. EDMUND ALLEN[707].
+
+DEAR SIR, It has pleased GOD, this morning, to deprive me of the powers
+of speech; and as I do not know but that it may be his further good
+pleasure to deprive me soon of my senses, I request you will on the
+receipt of this note, come to me, and act for me, as the exigencies of
+my case may require.
+
+I am, Sincerely yours,
+
+SAM. JOHNSON. June 17, 1783.'
+
+'TO THE REVEREND DR. JOHN TAYLOR.
+
+'DEAR SIR, It has pleased GOD, by a Paralytick stroke in the night, to
+deprive me of speech.
+
+I am very desirous of Dr. Heberden's[708] assistance, as I think my case
+is not past remedy. Let me see you as soon as it is possible. Bring Dr.
+Heberden with you, if you can; but come yourself at all events. I am
+glad you are so well, when I am so dreadfully attacked.
+
+I think that by a speedy application of stimulants much may be done. I
+question if a vomit, vigorous and rough, would not rouse the organs of
+speech to action. As it is too early to send, I will try to recollect
+what I can, that can be suspected to have brought on this
+dreadful distress.
+
+I have been accustomed to bleed frequently for an asthmatick complaint;
+but have forborne for some time by Dr. Pepys's persuasion, who
+perceived my legs beginning to swell. I sometimes alleviate a painful,
+or more properly an oppressive, constriction of my chest, by opiates;
+and have lately taken opium frequently, but the last, or two last times,
+in smaller quantities. My largest dose is three grains, and last night I
+took but two[709]. You will suggest these things (and they are all that
+I can call to mind) to Dr. Heberden.
+
+I am, &c. SAM. JOHNSON[710]. June 17, 1783.'
+
+Two days after he wrote thus to Mrs. Thrale[711]:--
+
+'On Monday, the 16th, I sat for my picture[712], and walked a
+considerable way with little inconvenience. In the afternoon and evening
+I felt myself light and easy, and began to plan schemes of life. Thus I
+went to bed, and in a short time waked and sat up, as has been long my
+custom, when I felt a confusion and indistinctness in my head, which
+lasted, I suppose, about half a minute. I was alarmed, and prayed God,
+that however he might afflict my body, he would spare my understanding.
+This prayer, that I might try the integrity of my faculties, I made in
+Latin verse[713]. The lines were not very good, but I knew them not to
+be very good: I made them easily, and concluded myself to be unimpaired
+in my faculties.
+
+Soon after I perceived that I had suffered a paralytick stroke, and that
+my speech was taken from me. I had no pain, and so little dejection in
+this dreadful state, that I wondered at my own apathy, and considered
+that perhaps death itself, when it should come, would excite less
+horrour than seems now to attend it.
+
+In order to rouse the vocal organs, I took two drams. Wine has been
+celebrated for the production of eloquence. I put myself into violent
+motion, and I think repeated it; but all was vain. I then went to bed,
+and strange as it may seem, I think slept. When I saw light, it was time
+to contrive what I should do. Though God stopped my speech, he left me
+my hand; I enjoyed a mercy which was not granted to my dear friend
+Lawrence[714], who now perhaps overlooks me as I am writing, and
+rejoices that I have what he wanted. My first note was necessarily to my
+servant, who came in talking, and could not immediately comprehend why
+he should read what I put into his hands.
+
+I then wrote a card to Mr. Allen, that I might have a discreet friend at
+hand, to act as occasion should require. In penning this note, I had
+some difficulty; my hand, I knew not how nor why, made wrong letters. I
+then wrote to Dr. Taylor to come to me, and bring Dr. Heberden; and I
+sent to Dr. Brocklesby, who is my neighbour. My physicians are very
+friendly, and give me great hopes; but you may imagine my situation. I
+have so far recovered my vocal powers, as to repeat the Lord's Prayer
+with no very imperfect articulation. My memory, I hope, yet remains as
+it was; but such an attack produces solicitude for the safety of
+every faculty.'
+
+'To MR. THOMAS DAVIES.
+
+'DEAR SIR, I have had, indeed, a very heavy blow; but GOD, who yet
+spares my life, I humbly hope will spare my understanding, and restore
+my speech. As I am not at all helpless, I want no particular assistance,
+but am strongly affected by Mrs. Davies's tenderness; and when I think
+she can do me good, shall be very glad to call upon her. I had ordered
+friends to be shut out; but one or two have found the way in; and if you
+come you shall be admitted: for I know not whom I can see, that will
+bring more amusement on his tongue, or more kindness in his heart. I
+am, &c.
+
+SAM. JOHNSON. June 18, 1783.'
+
+It gives me great pleasure to preserve such a memorial of Johnson's
+regard for Mr. Davies, to whom I was indebted for my introduction to
+him[715]. He indeed loved Davies cordially, of which I shall give the
+following little evidence. One day when he had treated him with too much
+asperity. Tom, who was not without pride and spirit, went off in a
+passion; but he had hardly reached home, when Frank, who had been sent
+after him, delivered this note:--'Come, come, dear Davies, I am always
+sorry when we quarrel; send me word that we are friends.'
+
+'To JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+DEAR SIR, Your anxiety about my health is very friendly, and very
+agreeable with your general kindness. I have, indeed, had a very
+frightful blow. On the 17th of last month, about three in the morning,
+as near as I can guess, I perceived myself almost totally deprived of
+speech. I had no pain. My organs were so obstructed, that I could say
+_no_, but could scarcely say _yes_. I wrote the necessary directions,
+for it pleased GOD to spare my hand, and sent for Dr. Heberden and Dr.
+Brocklesby. Between the time in which I discovered my own disorder, and
+that in which I sent for the doctors, I had, I believe, in spite of my
+surprize and solicitude, a little sleep, and Nature began to renew its
+operations. They came, and gave the directions which the disease
+required, and from that time I have been continually improving in
+articulation. I can now speak, but the nerves are weak, and I cannot
+continue discourse long; but strength, I hope, will return. The
+physicians consider me as cured. I was last Sunday at church. On Tuesday
+I took an airing to Hampstead, and dined with THE CLUB[716], where Lord
+Palmerston was proposed, and, against my opinion, was rejected[717]. I
+designed to go next week with Mr. Langton to Rochester, where I purpose
+to stay about ten days, and then try some other air. I have many kind
+invitations. Your brother has very frequently enquired after me. Most of
+my friends have, indeed, been very attentive[718]. Thank dear Lord
+Hailes for his present.
+
+I hope you found at your return every thing gay and prosperous, and your
+lady, in particular, quite recovered and confirmed. Pay her my respects.
+
+I am, dear Sir, Your most humble servant, SAM. JOHNSON. London, July 3,
+1783.'
+
+'To MRS. LUCY PORTER, IN LICHFIELD.
+
+DEAR MADAM, The account which you give of your health is but melancholy.
+May it please GOD to restore you. My disease affected my speech, and
+still continues, in some degree, to obstruct my utterance; my voice is
+distinct enough for a while; but the organs being still weak are quickly
+weary: but in other respects I am, I think, rather better than I have
+lately been; and can let you know my state without the help of any
+other hand.
+
+In the opinion of my friends, and in my own, I am gradually mending. The
+Physicians consider me as cured; and I had leave, four days ago, to wash
+the cantharides from my head. Last Tuesday I dined at THE CLUB.
+
+I am going next week into Kent, and purpose to change the air frequently
+this summer; whether I shall wander so far as Staffordshire I cannot
+tell. I should be glad to come. Return my thanks to Mrs. Cobb, and Mr.
+Pearson, and all that have shewn attention to me.
+
+Let us, my dear, pray for one another, and consider our sufferings as
+notices mercifully given us to prepare ourselves for another state.
+
+I live now but in a melancholy way. My old friend Mr. Levett is dead,
+who lived with me in the house, and was useful and companionable; Mrs.
+Desmoulins is gone away[719]; and Mrs. Williams is so much decayed, that
+she can add little to another's gratifications. The world passes away,
+and we are passing with it; but there is, doubtless, another world,
+which will endure for ever. Let us all fit ourselves for it.
+
+I am, &c., SAM. JOHNSON. London, July 5, 1783.'
+
+Such was the general vigour of his constitution, that he recovered from
+this alarming and severe attack with wonderful quickness; so that in
+July he was able to make a visit to Mr. Langton at Rochester[720], where
+he passed about a fortnight, and made little excursions as easily as at
+any time of his life[721]. In August he went as far as the neighbourhood
+of Salisbury, to Heale[722], the seat of William Bowles, Esq[723]., a
+gentleman whom I have heard him praise for exemplary religious order in
+his family. In his diary I find a short but honourable mention of this
+visit: 'August 28, I came to Heale without fatigue. 30. I am entertained
+quite to my mind.'
+
+'To DR. BROCKLESBY. Heale, near Salisbury, Aug. 29, 1783.
+
+DEAR SIR, Without appearing to want a just sense of your kind attention,
+I cannot omit to give an account of the day which seemed to appear in
+some sort perilous. I rose at five and went out at six, and having
+reached Salisbury about nine[724], went forward a few miles in my
+friend's chariot. I was no more wearied with the journey, though it was
+a high-hung, rough coach, than I should have been forty years ago. We
+shall now see what air will do. The country is all a plain; and the
+house in which I am, so far as I can judge from my window, for I write
+before I have left my chamber, is sufficiently pleasant.
+
+Be so kind as to continue your attention to Mrs. Williams; it is great
+consolation to the well, and still greater to the sick, that they find
+themselves not neglected; and I know that you will be desirous of giving
+comfort even where you have no great hope of giving help.
+
+Since I wrote the former part of the letter, I find that by the course
+of the post I cannot send it before the thirty-first.
+
+I am, &c. SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+While he was here he had a letter from Dr. Brocklesby, acquainting him
+of the death of Mrs. Williams, which affected him a good deal[725].
+Though for several years her temper had not been complacent, she had
+valuable qualities, and her departure left a blank in his house[726].
+Upon this occasion he, according to his habitual course of piety,
+composed a prayer[727].
+
+I shall here insert a few particulars concerning him, with which I have
+been favoured by one of his friends[728].
+
+'He had once conceived the design of writing the Life of Oliver
+Cromwell[729], saying, that he thought it must be highly curious to
+trace his extraordinary rise to the supreme power, from so obscure a
+beginning. He at length laid aside his scheme, on discovering that all
+that can be told of him is already in print; and that it is
+impracticable to procure any authentick information in addition to what
+the world is already possessed of[730].'
+
+'He had likewise projected, but at what part of his life is not known, a
+work to shew how small a quantity of REAL FICTION there is in the world;
+and that the same images, with very little variation, have served all
+the authours who have ever written[731].'
+
+'His thoughts in the latter part of his life were frequently employed on
+his deceased friends. He often muttered these, or such like sentences:
+"Poor man! and then he died."'
+
+'Speaking of a certain literary friend, "He is a very pompous puzzling
+fellow, (said he); he lent me a letter once that somebody had written to
+him, no matter what it was about; but he wanted to have the letter back,
+and expressed a mighty value for it; he hoped it was to be met with
+again, he would not lose it for a thousand pounds. I layed my hand upon
+it soon afterwards, and gave it him. I believe I said, I was very glad
+to have met with it. O, then he did not know that it signified any
+thing. So you see, when the letter was lost it was worth a thousand
+pounds, and when it was found it was not worth a farthing."'
+
+'The style and character of his conversation is pretty generally known;
+it was certainly conducted in conformity with a precept of Lord Bacon,
+but it is not clear, I apprehend, that this conformity was either
+perceived or intended by Johnson. The precept alluded to is as follows:
+"In all kinds of speech, either pleasant, grave, severe, or ordinary, it
+is convenient to speak leisurely, and rather drawingly than hastily:
+because hasty speech confounds the memory, and oftentimes, besides the
+unseemliness, drives the man either to stammering, a non-plus, or
+harping on that which should follow; whereas a slow speech confirmeth
+the memory, addeth a conceit of wisdom to the hearers, besides a
+seemliness of speech and countenance[732]." Dr. Johnson's method of
+conversation was certainly calculated to excite attention, and to amuse
+and instruct, (as it happened,) without wearying or confusing his
+company. He was always most perfectly clear and perspicuous; and his
+language was so accurate, and his sentences so neatly constructed, that
+his conversation might have been all printed without any correction. At
+the same time, it was easy and natural; the accuracy of it had no
+appearance of labour, constraint, or stiffness; he seemed more correct
+than others, by the force of habit, and the customary exercises of his
+powerful mind[733].'
+
+'He spoke often in praise of French literature. "The French are
+excellent in this, (he would say,) they have a book on every
+subject[734]." From what he had seen of them he denied them the praise
+of superiour politeness[735], and mentioned, with very visible disgust,
+the custom they have of spitting on the floors of their apartments.
+"This, (said the Doctor) is as gross a thing as can well be done; and
+one wonders how any man, or set of men, can persist in so offensive a
+practice for a whole day together; one should expect that the first
+effort towards civilization would remove it even among savages[736]."'
+
+'Baxter's _Reasons of the Christian Religion_, he thought contained the
+best collection of the evidences of the divinity of the
+Christian system.'
+
+'Chymistry[737] was always an interesting pursuit with Dr. Johnson.
+Whilst he was in Wiltshire, he attended some experiments that were made
+by a physician at Salisbury, on the new kinds of air[738]. In the
+course of the experiments frequent mention being made of Dr. Priestley,
+Dr. Johnson knit his brows, and in a stern manner enquired, "Why do we
+hear so much of Dr. Priestley[739]?" He was very properly answered,
+"Sir, because we are indebted to him for these important discoveries."
+On this Dr. Johnson appeared well content; and replied, "Well, well, I
+believe we are; and let every man have the honour he has merited."'
+
+'A friend was one day, about two years before his death, struck with
+some instance of Dr. Johnson's great candour. "Well, Sir, (said he,) I
+will always say that you are a very candid man." "Will you," (replied the
+Doctor,) I doubt then you will be very singular. But, indeed, Sir,
+(continued he,) I look upon myself to be a man very much misunderstood.
+I am not an uncandid, nor am I a severe man. I sometimes say more than I
+mean, in jest; and people are apt to believe me serious: however, I am
+more candid than I was when I was younger. As I know more of mankind I
+expect less of them, and am ready now to call a man a _good man_, upon
+easier terms than I was formerly[740].'
+
+On his return from Heale he wrote to Dr. Burney:--
+
+'I came home on the 18th[741] at noon to a very disconsolate house. You
+and I have lost our friends[742]; but you have more friends at home. My
+domestick companion is taken from me. She is much missed, for her
+acquisitions were many, and her curiosity universal; so that she partook
+of every conversation[743]. I am not well enough to go much out; and to
+sit, and eat, or fast alone, is very wearisome. I always mean to send my
+compliments to all the ladies.'
+
+His fortitude and patience met with severe trials during this year. The
+stroke of the palsy has been related circumstantially; but he was also
+afflicted with the gout, and was besides troubled with a complaint which
+not only was attended with immediate inconvenience, but threatened him
+with a chirurgical operation, from which most men would shrink. The
+complaint was a _sarcocele_, which Johnson bore with uncommon firmness,
+and was not at all frightened while he looked forward to amputation. He
+was attended by Mr. Pott and Mr. Cruikshank. I have before me a letter
+of the 30th of July this year, to Mr. Cruikshank, in which he says, 'I
+am going to put myself into your hands;' and another, accompanying a set
+of his _Lives of the Poets_, in which he says, 'I beg your acceptance of
+these volumes, as an acknowledgement of the great favours which you have
+bestowed on, Sir, your most obliged and most humble servant.' I have in
+my possession several more letters from him to Mr. Cruikshank, and also
+to Dr. Mudge at Plymouth, which it would be improper to insert, as they
+are filled with unpleasing technical details. I shall, however, extract
+from his letters to Dr. Mudge such passages as shew either a felicity of
+expression, or the undaunted state of his mind.
+
+'My conviction of your skill, and my belief of your friendship,
+determine me to intreat your opinion and advice.'--'In this state I with
+great earnestness desire you to tell me what is to be done. Excision is
+doubtless necessary to the cure, and I know not any means of palliation.
+The operation is doubtless painful; but is it dangerous? The pain I hope
+to endure with decency[744]; but I am loth to put life into much
+hazard.'--'By representing the gout as an antagonist to the palsy, you
+have said enough to make it welcome. This is not strictly the first fit,
+but I hope it is as good as the first; for it is the second that ever
+confined me; and the first was ten years ago[745], much less fierce and
+fiery than this.'--'Write, dear Sir, what you can to inform or encourage
+me. The operation is not delayed by any fears or objections of mine.'
+
+To BENNET LANGTON, ESQ. 'Dear Sir, You may very reasonably charge me
+with insensibility of your kindness, and that of Lady Rothes, since I
+have suffered so much time to pass without paying any acknowledgement. I
+now, at last, return my thanks; and why I did it not sooner I ought to
+tell you. I went into Wiltshire as soon as I well could, and was there
+much employed in palliating my own malady. Disease produces much
+selfishness. A man in pain is looking after ease; and lets most other
+things go as chance shall dispose of them. In the mean time I have lost
+a companion[746], to whom I have had recourse for domestick amusement
+for thirty years, and whose variety of knowledge never was exhausted;
+and now return to a habitation vacant and desolate. I carry about a very
+troublesome and dangerous complaint, which admits no cure but by the
+chirurgical knife. Let me have your prayers. I am, &c.
+
+SAM. JOHNSON. London, Sept. 29, 1783.'
+
+Happily the complaint abated without his being put to the torture of
+amputation. But we must surely admire the manly resolution which he
+discovered while it hung over him.
+
+In a letter to the same gentleman he writes, 'The gout has within these
+four days come upon me with a violence which I never experienced before.
+It made me helpless as an infant.' And in another, having mentioned Mrs.
+Williams, he says,--'whose death following that of Levett, has now made
+my house a solitude. She left her little substance to a charity-school.
+She is, I hope, where there is neither darkness, nor want, nor sorrow.'
+
+I wrote to him, begging to know the state of his health, and mentioned
+that Baxter's _Anacreon_[747], 'which is in the library at Auchinleck,
+was, I find, collated by my father in 1727, with the MS. belonging to
+the University of Leyden, and he has made a number of Notes upon it.
+Would you advise me to publish a new edition of it?'
+
+His answer was dated September 30:--
+
+'You should not make your letters such rarities, when you know, or might
+know, the uniform state of my health. It is very long since I heard from
+you; and that I have not answered is a very insufficient reason for the
+silence of a friend. Your _Anacreon_ is a very uncommon book; neither
+London nor Cambridge can supply a copy of that edition. Whether it
+should be reprinted, you cannot do better than consult Lord
+Hailes.--Besides my constant and radical disease, I have been for these
+ten days much harassed with the gout; but that has now remitted. I hope
+GOD will yet grant me a little longer life, and make me less unfit to
+appear before him.'
+
+He this autumn received a visit from the celebrated Mrs. Siddons. He
+gives this account of it in one of his letters[748] to Mrs. Thrale:--
+
+'Mrs. Siddons, in her visit to me, behaved with great modesty and
+propriety, and left nothing behind her to be censured or despised.
+Neither praise nor money, the two powerful corrupters of mankind, seem
+to have depraved her. I shall be glad to see her again. Her brother
+Kemble calls on me, and pleases me very well. Mrs. Siddons and I talked
+of plays; and she told me her intention of exhibiting this winter the
+characters of Constance, Catharine, and Isabella, in Shakspeare.'
+
+Mr. Kemble has favoured me with the following minute of what passed at
+this visit:--
+
+'When Mrs. Siddons came into the room, there happened to be no chair
+ready for her, which he observing, said with a smile, "Madam, you who so
+often occasion a want of seats to other people, will the more easily
+excuse the want of one yourself[749]."
+
+Having placed himself by her, he with great good-humour entered upon a
+consideration of the English drama; and, among other inquiries,
+particularly asked her which of Shakspeare's characters she was most
+pleased with. Upon her answering that she thought the character of Queen
+Catharine, in _Henry the Eighth_, the most natural:--"I think so too,
+Madam, (said he;) and whenever you perform it, I will once more hobble
+out to the theatre myself[750]." Mrs. Siddons promised she would do
+herself the honour of acting his favourite part for him; but many
+circumstances happened to prevent the representation of _King Henry the
+Eighth_ during the Doctor's life.
+
+'In the course of the evening he thus gave his opinion upon the merits
+of some of the principal performers whom he remembered to have seen upon
+the stage. "Mrs. Porter,[751] in the vehemence of rage, and Mrs. Clive
+in the sprightliness of humour, I have never seen equalled. What Clive
+did best, she did better than Garrick; but could not do half so many
+things well; she was a better romp than any I ever saw in nature[752].
+Pritchard[753], in common life, was a vulgar ideot; she would talk of
+her _gownd_: but, when she appeared upon the stage, seemed to be
+inspired by gentility and understanding. I once talked with Colley
+Cibber[754], and thought him ignorant of the principles of his art.
+Garrick, Madam, was no declaimer; there was not one of his own
+scene-shifters who could not have spoken _To be, or not to be_, better
+than he did[755]; yet he was the only actor I ever saw, whom I could
+call a master both in tragedy and comedy[756]; though I liked him best
+in comedy. A true conception of character, and natural expression of it,
+were his distinguished excellencies." Having expatiated, with his usual
+force and eloquence, on Mr. Garrick's extraordinary eminence as an
+actor, he concluded with this compliment to his social talents: "And
+after all, Madam, I thought him less to be envied on the stage than at
+the head of a table."'
+
+Johnson, indeed, had thought more upon the subject of acting than might
+be generally supposed[757]. Talking of it one day to Mr. Kemble, he
+said, 'Are you, Sir, one of those enthusiasts who believe yourself
+transformed into the very character you represent?' Upon Mr. Kemble's
+answering that he had never felt so strong a persuasion himself[758];
+'To be sure not, Sir, (said Johnson;) the thing is impossible. And if
+Garrick really believed himself to be that monster, Richard the Third,
+he deserved to be hanged every time he performed it[759].'
+
+A pleasing instance of the generous attention of one of his friends has
+been discovered by the publication of Mrs. Thrale's collection of
+_Letters_. In a letter to one of the Miss Thrales[760], he writes,--
+
+'A friend, whose name I will tell when your mamma has tried to guess
+it, sent to my physician to enquire whether this long train of illness
+had brought me into difficulties for want of money, with an invitation
+to send to him for what occasion required. I shall write this night to
+thank him, having no need to borrow.'
+
+And afterwards, in a letter to Mrs. Thrale,--
+
+'Since you cannot guess, I will tell you, that the generous man was
+Gerard Hamilton. I returned him a very thankful and respectful
+letter[761].'
+
+I applied to Mr. Hamilton, by a common friend, and he has been so
+obliging as to let me have Johnson's letter to him upon this occasion,
+to adorn my collection.
+
+'To THE RIGHT HONOURABLE WILLIAM GERARD HAMILTON.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'Your kind enquiries after my affairs, and your generous offers, have
+been communicated to me by Dr. Brocklesby. I return thanks with great
+sincerity, having lived long enough to know what gratitude is due to
+such friendship; and entreat that my refusal may not be imputed to
+sullenness or pride. I am, indeed, in no want. Sickness is, by the
+generosity of my physicians, of little expence to me. But if any
+unexpected exigence should press me, you shall see, dear Sir, how
+cheerfully I can be obliged to so much liberality.
+
+     'I am, Sir,
+        Your most obedient
+          And most humble servant,
+                    SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'November, 19, 1783[762].'
+
+I find in this, as in former years, notices of his kind attention to
+Mrs. Gardiner[763], who, though in the humble station of a
+tallow-chandler upon Snow-hill, was a woman of excellent good sense,
+pious, and charitable. She told me, she had been introduced to him by
+Mrs. Masters[764], the poetess, whose volumes he revised, and, it is
+said, illuminated here and there with a ray of his own genius. Mrs.
+Gardiner was very zealous for the support of the Ladies' charity-school,
+in the parish of St. Sepulchre. It is confined to females; and, I am
+told, it afforded a hint for the story of _Betty Broom_ in _The
+Idler_[765]. Johnson this year, I find, obtained for it a sermon from
+the late Bishop of St. Asaph, Dr. Shipley, whom he, in one of his
+letters to Mrs. Thrale[766], characterises as 'knowing and conversible;'
+and whom all who knew his Lordship, even those who differed from him in
+politicks, remember with much respect[767].
+
+The Earl of Carlisle having written a tragedy, entitled _The Fathers
+Revenge_[768], some of his Lordship's friends applied to Mrs.
+Chapone[769] to prevail on Dr. Johnson to read and give his opinion of
+it[770], which he accordingly did, in a letter to that lady. Sir Joshua
+Reynolds having informed me that this letter was in Lord Carlisle's
+possession, though I was not fortunate enough to have the honour of
+being known to his Lordship, trusting to the general courtesy of
+literature, I wrote to him, requesting the favour of a copy of it, and
+to be permitted to insert it in my _Life of Dr. Johnson_. His Lordship
+was so good as to comply with my request, and has thus enabled me to
+enrich my work with a very fine piece of writing, which displays both
+the critical skill and politeness of my illustrious friend; and perhaps
+the curiosity which it will excite, may induce the noble and elegant
+Authour to gratify the world by the publication[771] of a performance,
+of which Dr. Johnson has spoken in such terms.
+
+'To MRS. CHAPONE.
+
+'MADAM,
+
+'By sending the tragedy to me a second time[772], I think that a very
+honourable distinction has been shewn me, and I did not delay the
+perusal, of which I am now to tell the effect.
+
+'The construction of the play is not completely regular; the stage is
+too often vacant, and the scenes are not sufficiently connected. This,
+however, would be called by Dryden only a mechanical defect[773]; which
+takes away little from the power of the poem, and which is seen rather
+than felt.
+
+'A rigid examiner of the diction might, perhaps, wish some words
+changed, and some lines more vigorously terminated. But from such petty
+imperfections what writer was ever free?
+
+'The general form and force of the dialogue is of more importance. It
+seems to want that quickness of reciprocation which characterises the
+English drama, and is not always sufficiently fervid or animated.
+
+'Of the sentiments I remember not one that I wished omitted. In the
+imagery I cannot forbear to distinguish the comparison of joy succeeding
+grief to light rushing on the eye accustomed to darkness. It seems to
+have all that can be desired to make it please. It is new, just, and
+delightful[774].
+
+'With the characters, either as conceived or preserved, I have no fault
+to find; but was much inclined to congratulate a writer, who, in
+defiance of prejudice and fashion, made the Archbishop a good man, and
+scorned all thoughtless applause, which a vicious churchman would have
+brought him.
+
+'The catastrophe is affecting. The Father and Daughter both culpable,
+both wretched, and both penitent, divide between them our pity and
+our sorrow.
+
+'Thus, Madam, I have performed what I did not willingly undertake, and
+could not decently refuse. The noble writer will be pleased to remember,
+that sincere criticism ought to raise no resentment, because judgement
+is not under the controul of will; but involuntary criticism, as it has
+still less of choice, ought to be more remote from possibility
+of offence.
+
+'I am, &c.,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'November 28, 1783.'
+
+I consulted him on two questions of a very different nature: one,
+whether the unconstitutional influence exercised by the Peers of
+Scotland in the election of the representatives of the Commons[775], by
+means of fictitious qualifications, ought not to be resisted;--the
+other, What, in propriety and humanity, should be done with old horses
+unable to labour. I gave him some account of my life at Auchinleck: and
+expressed my satisfaction that the gentlemen of the county had, at two
+publick meetings, elected me their _Praeses_ or Chairman[776].
+
+'To JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'Like all other men who have great friends, you begin to feel the pangs
+of neglected merit; and all the comfort that I can give you is, by
+telling you that you have probably more pangs to feel, and more neglect
+to suffer. You have, indeed, begun to complain too soon; and I hope I
+am the only confidant of your discontent. Your friends have not yet had
+leisure to gratify personal kindness; they have hitherto been busy in
+strengthening their ministerial interest[777]. If a vacancy happens in
+Scotland, give them early intelligence; and as you can serve Government
+as powerfully as any of your probable competitors, you may make in some
+sort a warrantable claim.
+
+'Of the exaltations and depressions of your mind you delight to talk,
+and I hate to hear. Drive all such fancies from you.
+
+'On the day when I received your letter, I think, the foregoing page was
+written; to which, one disease or another has hindered me from making
+any additions. I am now a little better. But sickness and solitude press
+me very heavily. I could bear sickness better, if I were relieved from
+solitude[778].
+
+'The present dreadful confusion of the publick[779] ought to make you
+wrap yourself up in your hereditary possessions, which, though less than
+you may wish, are more than you can want; and in an hour of religious
+retirement return thanks to GOD, who has exempted you from any strong
+temptation to faction, treachery, plunder[780], and disloyalty.
+
+'As your neighbours distinguish you by such honours as they can bestow,
+content yourself with your station, without neglecting your profession.
+Your estate and the Courts will find you full employment; and your mind,
+well occupied, will be quiet.
+
+'The usurpation of the nobility, for they apparently usurp all the
+influence they gain by fraud and misrepresentation, I think it certainly
+lawful, perhaps your duty, to resist. What is not their own they have
+only by robbery.
+
+'Your question about the horses gives me more perplexity. I know not
+well what advice to give you. I can only recommend a rule which you do
+not want;--give as little pain as you can. I suppose that we have a
+right to their service while their strength lasts; what we can do with
+them afterwards I cannot so easily determine. But let us consider.
+Nobody denies that man has a right first to milk the cow, and to sheer
+the sheep, and then to kill them for his table. May he not, by parity of
+reason, first work a horse, and then kill him the easiest way, that he
+may have the means of another horse, or food for cows and sheep? Man is
+influenced in both cases by different motives of self-interest. He that
+rejects the one must reject the other.
+
+'I am, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, Dec. 24, 1783.'
+
+'A happy and pious Christmas; and many happy years to you, your lady,
+and children.'
+
+The late ingenious Mr. Mickle[781], some time before his death, wrote me
+a letter concerning Dr. Johnson, in which he mentions,--
+
+'I was upwards of twelve years acquainted with him, was frequently in
+his company, always talked with ease to him, and can truly say, that I
+never received from him one rough word.'
+
+In this letter he relates his having, while engaged in translating the
+_Lusiad_, had a dispute of considerable length with Johnson, who, as
+usual, declaimed upon the misery and corruption of a sea life, and used
+this expression:--'It had been happy for the world, Sir, if your hero
+Gama, Prince Henry of Portugal, and Columbus, had never been born, or
+that their schemes had never gone farther than their own imaginations.'
+
+'This sentiment, (says Mr. Mickle,) which is to be found in his
+_Introduction to the World displayed_[782], I, in my Dissertation
+prefixed to the _Lusiad_, have controverted; and though authours are
+said to be bad judges of their own works[783], I am not ashamed to own
+to a friend, that that dissertation is my favourite above all that I
+ever attempted in prose. Next year, when the Lusiad was published, I
+waited on Dr. Johnson, who addressed me with one of his good-humoured
+smiles:--"Well, you have remembered our dispute about Prince Henry, and
+have cited me too. You have done your part very well indeed: you have
+made the best of your argument; but I am not convinced yet."
+
+'Before publishing the _Lusiad_, I sent Mr. Hoole a proof of that part
+of the introduction, in which I make mention of Dr. Johnson, yourself,
+and other well-wishers to the work, begging it might be shewn to Dr.
+Johnson. This was accordingly done; and in place of the simple mention
+of him which I had made, he dictated to Mr. Hoole the sentence as it now
+stands[784].
+
+'Dr. Johnson told me in 1772, that, about twenty years before that time,
+he himself had a design to translate the _Lusiad_, of the merit of which
+he spoke highly, but had been prevented by a number of other
+engagements.'
+
+Mr. Mickle reminds me in this letter of a conversation, at dinner one
+day at Mr. Hoole's with Dr. Johnson, when Mr. Nicol the King's
+bookseller and I attempted to controvert the maxim, 'better that ten
+guilty should escape, than one innocent person suffer;' and were
+answered by Dr. Johnson with great power of reasoning and eloquence. I
+am very sorry that I have no record of that day[785]: but I well
+recollect my illustrious friend's having ably shewn, that unless civil
+institutions insure protection to the innocent, all the confidence which
+mankind should have in them would be lost.
+
+I shall here mention what, in strict chronological arrangement, should
+have appeared in my account of last year; but may more properly be
+introduced here, the controversy having not been closed till this. The
+Reverend Mr. Shaw[786], a native of one of the Hebrides, having
+entertained doubts of the authenticity of the poems ascribed to Ossian,
+divested himself of national bigotry; and having travelled in the
+Highlands and Islands of Scotland, and also in Ireland, in order to
+furnish himself with materials for a _Gaelick Dictionary_, which he
+afterwards compiled[787], was so fully satisfied that Dr. Johnson was in
+the right upon the question, that he candidly published a pamphlet,
+stating his conviction and the proofs and reasons on which it was
+founded. A person at Edinburgh, of the name of Clark, answered this
+pamphlet with much zeal, and much abuse of its authour. Johnson took Mr.
+Shaw under his protection, and gave him his assistance in writing a
+reply, which has been admired by the best judges, and by many been
+considered as conclusive. A few paragraphs, which sufficiently mark
+their great Authour, shall be selected:--
+
+'My assertions are, for the most part, purely negative: I deny the
+existence of Fingal, because in a long and curious peregrination through
+the Gaelick regions I have never been able to find it. What I could not
+see myself I suspect to be equally invisible to others; and I suspect
+with the more reason, as among all those who have seen it no man
+can shew it.
+
+'Mr. Clark compares the obstinacy of those who disbelieve the
+genuineness of Ossian to a blind man, who should dispute the reality of
+colours, and deny that the British troops are cloathed in red. The blind
+man's doubt would be rational, if he did not know by experience that
+others have a power which he himself wants: but what perspicacity has
+Mr. Clark which Nature has withheld from me or the rest of mankind?
+
+'The true state of the parallel must be this. Suppose a man, with eyes
+like his neighbours, was told by a boasting corporal, that the troops,
+indeed, wore red clothes for their ordinary dress, but that every
+soldier had likewise a suit of black velvet, which he put on when the
+King reviews them. This he thinks strange, and desires to see the fine
+clothes, but finds nobody in forty thousand men that can produce either
+coat or waistcoat. One, indeed, has left them in his chest at Port
+Mahon; another has always heard that he ought to have velvet clothes
+somewhere; and a third has heard somebody say, that soldiers ought to
+wear velvet. Can the enquirer be blamed if he goes away believing that a
+soldier's red coat is all that he has?
+
+'But the most obdurate incredulity may be shamed or silenced by acts. To
+overpower contradictions, let the soldier shew his velvet-coat, and the
+Fingalist the original of Ossian[788].
+
+'The difference between us and the blind man is this:--the blind man is
+unconvinced, because he cannot see; and we, because though we can see,
+we find that nothing can be shown.'
+
+Notwithstanding the complication of disorders under which Johnson now
+laboured, he did not resign himself to despondency and discontent, but
+with wisdom and spirit endeavoured to console and amuse his mind with as
+many innocent enjoyments as he could procure. Sir John Hawkins has
+mentioned the cordiality with which he insisted that such of the members
+of the old club in Ivy-lane[789] as survived, should meet again and dine
+together, which they did, twice at a tavern and once at his house[790]:
+and in order to insure himself society in the evening for three days in
+the week[791], he instituted a club at the Essex Head, in Essex-street,
+then kept by Samuel Greaves, an old servant of Mr. Thrale's.
+
+'To SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'It is inconvenient to me to come out, I should else have waited on you
+with an account of a little evening Club which we are establishing in
+Essex-street, in the Strand, and of which you are desired to be one. It
+will be held at the Essex Head, now kept by an old servant of Thrale's.
+The company is numerous, and, as you will see by the list,
+miscellaneous. The terms are lax, and the expences light. Mr. Barry was
+adopted by Dr. Brocklesby, who joined with me in forming the plan. We
+meet thrice a week, and he who misses forfeits two-pence[792].
+
+'If you are willing to become a member, draw a line under your name.
+Return the list. We meet for the first time on Monday at eight.'
+
+  'I am, &c.
+     'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Dec. 4, 1783.'
+
+It did not suit Sir Joshua to be one of this Club. But when I mention
+only Mr. Daines Barrington, Dr. Brocklesby, Mr. Murphy, Mr. John
+Nichols, Mr. Cooke, Mr. Joddrel, Mr. Paradise, Dr. Horsley, Mr.
+Windham[793], I shall sufficiently obviate the misrepresentation of it
+by Sir John Hawkins, as if it had been a low ale-house association, by
+which Johnson was degraded[794]. Johnson himself, like his namesake Old
+Ben[795], composed the Rules of his Club[796].
+
+In the end of this year he was seized with a spasmodick asthma of such
+violence, that he was confined to the house in great pain, being
+sometimes obliged to sit all night in his chair, a recumbent posture
+being so hurtful to his respiration, that he could not endure lying in
+bed; and there came upon him at the same time that oppressive and fatal
+disease, a dropsy. It was a very severe winter, which probably
+aggravated his complaints; and the solitude in which Mr. Levett and Mrs.
+Williams had left him, rendered his life very gloomy. Mrs.
+Desmoulins[797], who still lived, was herself so very ill, that she
+could contribute very little to his relief[798]. He, however, had none
+of that unsocial shyness which we commonly see in people afflicted with
+sickness. He did not hide his head from the world, in solitary
+abstraction; he did not deny himself to the visits of his friends and
+acquaintances; but at all times, when he was not overcome by sleep, was
+ready for conversation as in his best days[799].
+
+'To MRS. LUCY PORTER, IN LICHFIELD.
+
+'DEAR MADAM,
+
+'You may perhaps think me negligent that I have not written to you
+again[800] upon the loss of your brother; but condolences and
+consolations are such common and such useless things, that the omission
+of them is no great crime: and my own diseases occupy my mind, and
+engage my care. My nights are miserably restless, and my days,
+therefore, are heavy. I try, however, to hold up my head as high as
+I can[801].
+
+'I am sorry that your health is impaired; perhaps the spring and the
+summer may, in some degree, restore it: but if not, we must submit to
+the inconveniences of time, as to the other dispensations of Eternal
+Goodness. Pray for me, and write to me, or let Mr. Pearson write
+for you.
+
+'I am, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, Nov. 29, 1783.'
+
+1784: Aetat. 75.--And now I am arrived at the last year of the life of
+SAMUEL JOHNSON, a year in which, although passed in severe
+indisposition, he nevertheless gave many evidences of the continuance of
+those wondrous powers of mind, which raised him so high in the
+intellectual world. His conversation and his letters of this year were
+in no respect inferiour to those of former years.
+
+The following is a remarkable proof of his being alive to the most
+minute curiosities of literature.
+
+'To MR. DILLY, BOOKSELLER, IN THE POULTRY.
+
+'SIR,
+
+'There is in the world a set of books which used to be sold by the
+booksellers on the bridge[802], and which I must entreat you to procure
+me. They are called _Burton's Books_[803]; the title of one is
+_Admirable Curiosities, Rarities, and Wonders in England_. I believe
+there are about five or six of them; they seem very proper to allure
+backward readers; be so kind as to get them for me, and send me them
+with the best printed edition of _Baxter's Call to the Unconverted_.
+
+'I am, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Jan. 6, 1784.'
+
+'To MR. PERKINS.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I was very sorry not to see you when you were so kind as to call on me;
+but to disappoint friends, and if they are not very good natured, to
+disoblige them, is one of the evils of sickness. If you will please to
+let me know which of the afternoons in this week I shall be favoured
+with another visit by you and Mrs. Perkins, and the young people, I will
+take all the measures that I can to be pretty well at that time[804].
+
+'I am, dear Sir,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Jan. 21, 1784.'
+
+His attention to the Essex-Head Club appears from the following letter
+to Mr. Alderman Clark, a gentleman for whom he deservedly entertained a
+great regard.
+
+'To RICHARD CLARK, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'You will receive a requisition, according to the rules of the Club, to
+be at the house as President of the night. This turn comes once a month,
+and the member is obliged to attend, or send another in his place. You
+were enrolled in the Club by my invitation, and I ought to introduce
+you; but as I am hindered by sickness, Mr. Hoole will very properly
+supply my place as introductor, or yours as President. I hope in milder
+weather to be a very constant attendant.
+
+'I am, Sir, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Jan. 27, 1784.'
+
+'You ought to be informed that the forfeits began with the year, and
+that every night of non-attendance incurs the mulct of three-pence, that
+is, nine pence a week.'
+
+On the 8th of January I wrote to him, anxiously inquiring as to his
+health, and enclosing my _Letter to the People of Scotland, on the
+present state of the nation_[805].
+
+'I trust, (said I,) that you will be liberal enough to make allowance
+for my differing from you on two points, (the Middlesex Election, and
+the American War[806]) when my general principles of government are
+according to your own heart, and when, at a crisis of doubtful event, I
+stand forth with honest zeal as an ancient and faithful Briton. My
+reason for introducing those two points was, that as my opinions with
+regard to them had been declared at the periods when they were least
+favourable, I might have the credit of a man who is not a worshipper of
+ministerial power.'
+
+'To JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I hear of many enquiries which your kindness has disposed you to make
+after me[807]. I have long intended you a long letter, which perhaps the
+imagination of its length hindered me from beginning. I will, therefore,
+content myself with a shorter.
+
+'Having promoted the institution of a new Club in the neighbourhood, at
+the house of an old servant of Thrale's, I went thither to meet the
+company, and was seized with a spasmodick asthma so violent, that with
+difficulty I got to my own house, in which I have been confined eight or
+nine weeks, and from which I know not when I shall be able to go even to
+church. The asthma, however, is not the worst. A dropsy gains ground
+upon me; my legs and thighs are very much swollen with water, which I
+should be content if I could keep there, but I am afraid that it will
+soon be higher. My nights are very sleepless and very tedious. And yet I
+am extremely afraid of dying.
+
+'My physicians try to make me hope, that much of my malady is the effect
+of cold, and that some degree at least of recovery is to be expected
+from vernal breezes and summer suns[808]. If my life is prolonged to
+autumn, I should be glad to try a warmer climate; though how to travel
+with a diseased body, without a companion to conduct me, and with very
+little money, I do not well see. Ramsay has recovered his limbs in
+Italy[809]; and Fielding was sent to Lisbon, where, indeed, he died; but
+he was, I believe, past hope when he went. Think for me what I can do.
+
+'I received your pamphlet, and when I write again may perhaps tell you
+some opinion about it; but you will forgive a man struggling with
+disease his neglect of disputes, politicks, and pamphlets[810]. Let me
+have your prayers. My compliments to your lady, and young ones. Ask
+your physicians about my case: and desire Sir Alexander Dick[811] to
+write me his opinion.
+
+'I am, dear Sir, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Feb. 11, 1784.'
+
+'TO MRS. LUCY PORTER, IN LICHFIELD.
+
+'MY DEAREST LOVE,
+
+'I have been extremely ill of an asthma and dropsy, but received, by the
+mercy of GOD, sudden and unexpected relief last Thursday, by the
+discharge of twenty pints of water[812]. Whether I shall continue free,
+or shall fill again, cannot be told. Pray for me.
+
+'Death, my dear, is very dreadful; let us think nothing worth our care
+but how to prepare for it: what we know amiss in ourselves let us make
+haste to amend, and put our trust in the mercy of GOD, and the
+intercession of our Saviour. I am, dear Madam,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Feb. 23, 1784.'
+
+TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I have just advanced so far towards recovery as to read a pamphlet; and
+you may reasonably suppose that the first pamphlet which I read was
+yours. I am very much of your opinion, and, like you, feel great
+indignation at the indecency with which the King is every day treated.
+Your paper contains very considerable knowledge of history and of the
+constitution, very properly produced and applied. It will certainly
+raise your character[813], though perhaps it may not make you a
+Minister of State.
+
+'I desire you to see Mrs. Stewart once again, and tell her, that in the
+letter-case was a letter relating to me, for which I will give her, if
+she is willing to give it me, another guinea[814]. The letter is of
+consequence only to me.
+
+'I am, dear Sir, &c. 'SAM. JOHNSON.' 'London, Feb. 27, 1784.'
+
+In consequence of Johnson's request that I should ask our physicians
+about his case, and desire Sir Alexander Dick to send his opinion, I
+transmitted him a letter from that very amiable Baronet, then in his
+eighty-first year, with his faculties as entire as ever; and mentioned
+his expressions to me in the note accompanying it: 'With my most
+affectionate wishes for Dr. Johnson's recovery, in which his friends,
+his country, and all mankind have so deep a stake:' and at the same time
+a full opinion upon his case by Dr. Gillespie, who, like Dr. Cullen, had
+the advantage of having passed through the gradations of surgery and
+pharmacy, and by study and practice had attained to such skill, that my
+father settled on him two hundred pounds a year for five years, and
+fifty pounds a year during his life, as an _honorarium_ to secure his
+particular attendance. The opinion was conveyed in a letter to me,
+beginning, 'I am sincerely sorry for the bad state of health your very
+learned and illustrious friend, Dr. Johnson, labours under at present.'
+
+'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ. 'DEAR SIR,
+
+'Presently after I had sent away my last letter, I received your kind
+medical packet. I am very much obliged both to you and your physicians
+for your kind attention to my disease. Dr. Gillespie has sent me an
+excellent _consilium medicum_, all solid practical experimental
+knowledge. I am at present, in the opinion of my physicians, (Dr.
+Heberden and Dr. Brocklesby,) as well as my own, going on very
+hopefully. I have just begun to take vinegar of squills. The powder hurt
+my stomach so much, that it could not be continued.
+
+'Return Sir Alexander Dick my sincere thanks for his kind letter; and
+bring with you the rhubarb[815] which he so tenderly offers me.
+
+'I hope dear Mrs. Boswell is now quite well, and that no evil, either
+real or imaginary, now disturbs you.
+
+'I am, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, March 2, 1784.'
+
+I also applied to three of the eminent physicians who had chairs in our
+celebrated school of medicine at Edinburgh, Doctors Cullen, Hope, and
+Monro, to each of whom I sent the following letter:--
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'Dr. Johnson has been very ill for some time; and in a letter of anxious
+apprehension he writes to me, "Ask your physicians about my case."
+
+'This, you see, is not authority for a regular consultation: but I have
+no doubt of your readiness to give your advice to a man so eminent, and
+who, in his _Life of Garth_, has paid your profession a just and elegant
+compliment: "I believe every man has found in physicians great
+liberality and dignity of sentiment, very prompt effusions[816] of
+beneficence, and willingness to exert a lucrative art, where there is no
+hope of lucre."
+
+'Dr. Johnson is aged seventy-four. Last summer he had a stroke of the
+palsy, from which he recovered almost entirely. He had, before that,
+been troubled with a catarrhous cough. This winter he was seized with a
+spasmodick asthma, by which he has been confined to his house for about
+three months. Dr. Brocklesby writes to me, that upon the least admission
+of cold, there is such a constriction upon his breast, that he cannot
+lie down in his bed, but is obliged to sit up all night, and gets rest
+and sometimes sleep, only by means of laudanum and syrup of poppies; and
+that there are oedematous tumours on his legs and thighs. Dr. Brocklesby
+trusts a good deal to the return of mild weather. Dr. Johnson says, that
+a dropsy gains ground upon him; and he seems to think that a warmer
+climate would do him good. I understand he is now rather better, and is
+using vinegar of squills. I am, with great esteem, dear Sir,
+
+'Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+'JAMES BOSWELL.'
+
+'March 7, 1784.'
+
+All of them paid the most polite attention to my letter, and its
+venerable object. Dr. Cullen's words concerning him were, 'It would give
+me the greatest pleasure to be of any service to a man whom the publick
+properly esteem, and whom I esteem and respect as much as I do Dr.
+Johnson.' Dr. Hope's, 'Few people have a better claim on me than your
+friend, as hardly a day passes that I do not ask his opinion about this
+or that word.' Dr. Monro's, 'I most sincerely join you in sympathizing
+with that very worthy and ingenious character, from whom his country has
+derived much instruction and entertainment.'
+
+Dr. Hope corresponded with his friend Dr. Brocklesby. Doctors Cullen and
+Monro wrote their opinions and prescriptions to me, which I afterwards
+carried with me to London, and, so far as they were encouraging,
+communicated to Johnson. The liberality on one hand, and grateful sense
+of it on the other, I have great satisfaction in recording.
+
+'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I am too much pleased with the attention which you and your dear
+lady[817] show to my welfare, not to be diligent in letting you know the
+progress which I make towards health. The dropsy, by GOD'S blessing, has
+now run almost totally away by natural evacuation; and the asthma, if
+not irritated by cold, gives me little trouble. While I am writing this,
+I have not any sensation of debility or disease. But I do not yet
+venture out, having been confined to the house from the thirteenth of
+December, now a quarter of a year.
+
+'When it will be fit for me to travel as far as Auchinleck, I am not
+able to guess; but such a letter as Mrs. Boswell's might draw any man,
+not wholly motionless, a great way. Pray tell the dear lady how much her
+civility and kindness have touched and gratified me.
+
+'Our parliamentary tumults have now begun to subside, and the King's
+authority is in some measure re-established[818]. Mr. Pitt will have
+great power: but you must remember, that what he has to give must, at
+least for some time, be given to those who gave, and those who preserve,
+his power. A new minister can sacrifice little to esteem or friendship;
+he must, till he is settled, think only of extending his interest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+'If you come hither through Edinburgh, send for Mrs. Stewart, and give
+from me another guinea for the letter in the old case, to which I shall
+not be satisfied with my claim, till she gives it me.
+
+'Please to bring with you Baxter's _Anacreon_[819]; and if you procure
+heads of _Hector Boece_[820], the historian, and _Arthur Johnston_[821],
+the poet, I will put them in my room[822]; or any other of the fathers
+of Scottish literature.
+
+'I wish you an easy and happy journey, and hope I need not tell you that
+you will be welcome to, dear Sir,
+
+'Your most affectionate, humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, March 18, 1784.'
+
+I wrote to him, March 28, from York, informing him that I had a high
+gratification in the triumph of monarchical principles over
+aristocratical influence, in that great country, in an address to the
+King[823]; that I was thus far on my way to him, but that news of the
+dissolution of Parliament having arrived, I was to hasten back to my own
+county, where I had carried an Address to his Majesty by a great
+majority, and had some intention of being a candidate to represent the
+county in Parliament.
+
+'To JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'You could do nothing so proper as to haste back when you found the
+Parliament dissolved. With the influence which your Address must have
+gained you, it may reasonably be expected that your presence will be of
+importance, and your activity of effect.
+
+'Your solicitude for me gives me that pleasure which every man feels
+from the kindness of such a friend: and it is with delight I relieve it
+by telling, that Dr. Brocklesby's account is true, and that I am, by the
+blessing of GOD, wonderfully relieved.
+
+'You are entering upon a transaction which requires much prudence. You
+must endeavour to oppose without exasperating; to practise temporary
+hostility, without producing enemies for life. This is, perhaps, hard to
+be done; yet it has been done by many, and seems most likely to be
+effected by opposing merely upon general principles, without descending
+to personal or particular censures or objections. One thing I must
+enjoin you, which is seldom observed in the conduct of elections;--I
+must entreat you to be scrupulous in the use of strong liquors. One
+night's drunkenness may defeat the labours of forty days well employed.
+Be firm, but not clamorous; be active, but not malicious; and you may
+form such an interest, as may not only exalt yourself, but dignify
+your family.
+
+'We are, as you may suppose, all busy here. Mr. Fox resolutely stands
+for Westminster, and his friends say will carry the election[824].
+However that be, he will certainly have a seat[825]. Mr. Hoole has just
+told me, that the city leans towards the King.
+
+'Let me hear, from time to time, how you are employed, and what progress
+you make.
+
+'Make dear Mrs. Boswell, and all the young Boswells, the sincere
+compliments of, Sir, your affectionate humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, March 30, 1784.'
+
+To Mr. Langton he wrote with that cordiality which was suitable to the
+long friendship which had subsisted between him and that
+gentleman[826].
+
+March 27. 'Since you left me, I have continued in my own opinion, and in
+Dr, Brocklesby's, to grow better with respect to all my formidable and
+dangerous distempers: though to a body battered and shaken as mine has
+lately been, it is to be feared that weak attacks may be sometimes
+mischievous. I have, indeed, by standing carelessly at an open window,
+got a very troublesome cough, which it has been necessary to appease by
+opium, in larger quantities than I like to take, and I have not found it
+give way so readily as I expected; its obstinacy, however, seems at last
+disposed to submit to the remedy, and I know not whether I should then
+have a right to complain of any morbid sensation. My asthma is, I am
+afraid, constitutional and incurable; but it is only occasional, and
+unless it be excited by labour or by cold, gives me no molestation, nor
+does it lay very close siege to life; for Sir John Floyer[827], whom the
+physical race consider as authour of one of the best books upon it,
+panted on to ninety, as was supposed; and why were we content with
+supposing a fact so interesting, of a man so conspicuous? because he
+corrupted, at perhaps seventy or eighty, the register, that he might
+pass for younger than he was. He was not much less than eighty, when to
+a man of rank who modestly asked his age, he answered, "Go look;" though
+he was in general a man of civility and elegance.
+
+'The ladies, I find, are at your house all well, except Miss Langton,
+who will probably soon recover her health by light suppers. Let her eat
+at dinner as she will, but not take a full stomach to bed. Pay my
+sincere respects to dear Miss Langton in Lincolnshire, let her know that
+I mean not to break our league of friendship, and that I have a set of
+_Lives_ for her, when I have the means of sending it.'
+
+April 8. 'I am still disturbed by my cough; but what thanks have I not
+to pay, when my cough is the most painful sensation that I feel? and
+from that I expect hardly to be released, while winter continues to
+gripe us with so much pertinacity. The year has now advanced eighteen
+days beyond the equinox, and still there is very little remission of the
+cold. When warm weather comes, which surely must come at last, I hope it
+will help both me and your young lady.
+
+'The man so busy about addresses is neither more nor less than our own
+Boswell, who had come as far as York towards London, but turned back on
+the dissolution, and is said now to stand for some place. Whether to
+wish him success, his best friends hesitate.
+
+'Let me have your prayers for the completion of my recovery: I am now
+better than I ever expected to have been. May GOD add to his mercies
+the grace that may enable me to use them according to his will. My
+compliments to all.'
+
+April 13. 'I had this evening a note from Lord Portmore[828], desiring
+that I would give you an account of my health. You might have had it
+with less circumduction. I am, by GOD'S blessing, I believe, free from
+all morbid sensations, except a cough, which is only troublesome. But I
+am still weak, and can have no great hope of strength till the weather
+shall be softer. The summer, if it be kindly, will, I hope, enable me to
+support the winter. GOD, who has so wonderfully restored me, can
+preserve me in all seasons.
+
+'Let me enquire in my turn after the state of your family, great and
+little. I hope Lady Rothes and Miss Langton are both well. That is a
+good basis of content. Then how goes George on with his studies? How
+does Miss Mary? And how does my own Jenny? I think I owe Jenny a letter,
+which I will take care to pay. In the mean time tell her that I
+acknowledge the debt.
+
+'Be pleased to make my compliments to the ladies. If Mrs. Langton comes
+to London, she will favour me with a visit, for I am not well enough
+to go out.'
+
+'To OZIAS HUMPHRY[829], ESQ.
+
+'SIR,
+
+'Mr. Hoole has told me with what benevolence you listened to a request
+which I was almost afraid to make, of leave to a young painter[830] to
+attend you from time to time in your painting-room, to see your
+operations, and receive your instructions[831].
+
+'The young man has perhaps good parts, but has been without a regular
+education. He is my god-son, and therefore I interest myself in his
+progress and success, and shall think myself much favoured if I receive
+from you a permission to send him.
+
+'My health is, by GOD'S blessing, much restored, but I am not yet
+allowed by my physicians to go abroad; nor, indeed, do I think myself
+yet able to endure the weather.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'April 5, 1784.'
+
+To THE SAME.
+
+'SIR,
+
+'The bearer is my god-son, whom I take the liberty of recommending to
+your kindness; which I hope he will deserve by his respect to your
+excellence, and his gratitude for your favours.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'April 10, 1784.'
+
+To THE SAME.
+
+'SIR,
+
+'I am very much obliged by your civilities to my god-son, but must beg
+of you to add to them the favour of permitting him to see you paint,
+that he may know how a picture is begun, advanced and completed.
+
+'If he may attend you in a few of your operations, I hope he will shew
+that the benefit has been properly conferred, both by his proficiency
+and his gratitude. At least I shall consider you as enlarging your
+kindness to, Sir,
+
+'Your humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'May 31, 1784.'
+
+'To THE REVEREND DR. TAYLOR, ASHBOURNE, DERBYSHIRE.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'What can be the reason that I hear nothing from you? I hope nothing
+disables you from writing. What I have seen, and what I have felt, gives
+me reason to fear every thing. Do not omit giving me the comfort of
+knowing, that after all my losses I have yet a friend left.
+
+'I want every comfort. My life is very solitary and very cheerless.
+Though it has pleased GOD wonderfully to deliver me from the dropsy, I
+am yet very weak, and have not passed the door since the 13th of
+December[832]. I hope for some help from warm weather, which will surely
+come in time.
+
+'I could not have the consent of the physicians to go to church
+yesterday; I therefore received the holy sacrament at home, in the room
+where I communicated with dear Mrs. Williams, a little before her death.
+O! my friend, the approach of death is very dreadful. I am afraid to
+think on that which I know I cannot avoid. It is vain to look round and
+round for that help which cannot be had. Yet we hope and hope, and fancy
+that he who has lived to-day may live to-morrow. But let us learn to
+derive our hope only from GOD.
+
+'In the mean time, let us be kind to one another. I have no friend now
+living but you and Mr. Hector, that was the friend of my youth. Do not
+neglect, dear Sir,
+
+'Yours affectionately,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON[833].'
+
+'London, Easter-Monday,
+
+April 12, 1784.'
+
+What follows is a beautiful specimen of his gentleness and complacency
+to a young lady his god-child, one of the daughters of his friend Mr.
+Langton, then I think in her seventh year. He took the trouble to write
+it in a large round hand, nearly resembling printed characters, that she
+might have the satisfaction of reading it herself. The original lies
+before me, but shall be faithfully restored to her; and I dare say will
+be preserved by her as a jewel as long as she lives[834].
+
+'To Miss JANE LANGTON, IN ROCHESTER, KENT.
+
+'MY DEAREST MISS JENNY,
+
+'I am sorry that your pretty letter has been so long without being
+answered; but, when I am not pretty well, I do not always write plain
+enough for young ladies. I am glad, my dear, to see that you write so
+well, and hope that you mind your pen, your book, and your needle, for
+they are all necessary. Your books will give you knowledge, and make you
+respected; and your needle will find you useful employment when you do
+not care to read. When you are a little older, I hope you will be very
+diligent in learning arithmetick[835], and, above all, that through your
+whole life you will carefully say your prayers, and read your Bible.
+
+'I am, my dear,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'May 10, 1784.'
+
+On Wednesday, May 5, I arrived in London, and next morning had the
+pleasure to find Dr. Johnson greatly recovered. I but just saw him; for
+a coach was waiting to carry him to Islington, to the house of his
+friend the Reverend Mr. Strahan, where he went sometimes for the benefit
+of good air, which, notwithstanding his having formerly laughed at the
+general opinion upon the subject, he now acknowledged was conducive
+to health.
+
+One morning afterwards, when I found him alone, he communicated to me,
+with solemn earnestness, a very remarkable circumstance which had
+happened in the course of his illness, when he was much distressed by
+the dropsy. He had shut himself up, and employed a day in particular
+exercises of religion,--fasting, humiliation, and prayer. On a sudden he
+obtained extraordinary relief, for which he looked up to Heaven with
+grateful devotion. He made no direct inference from this fact; but from
+his manner of telling it, I could perceive that it appeared to him as
+something more than an incident in the common course of events[836]. For
+my own part, I have no difficulty to avow that cast of thinking, which
+by many modern pretenders to wisdom is called _superstitious_. But here
+I think even men of dry rationality may believe, that there was an
+intermediate[837] interposition of Divine Providence, and that 'the
+fervent prayer of this righteous man[838]' availed[839].
+
+On Sunday, May 9, I found Colonel Valiancy, the celebrated antiquarian
+and Engineer of Ireland, with him. On Monday, the 10th, I dined with him
+at Mr. Paradise's, where was a large company; Mr. Bryant, Mr. Joddrel,
+Mr. Hawkins Browne, &c. On Thursday, the 13th, I dined with him at Mr.
+Joddrel's, with another large company; the Bishop of Exeter, Lord
+Monboddo[840], Mr. Murphy, &c.
+
+On Saturday, May 15[841], I dined with him at Dr. Brocklesby's, where
+were Colonel Vallancy, Mr. Murphy, and that ever-cheerful companion Mr.
+Devaynes, apothecary to his Majesty. Of these days, and others on which
+I saw him, I have no memorials, except the general recollection of his
+being able and animated in conversation, and appearing to relish society
+as much as the youngest man. I find only these three small
+particulars:--When a person was mentioned, who said, 'I have lived
+fifty-one years in this world without having had ten minutes of
+uneasiness;' he exclaimed, 'The man who says so, lies: he attempts to
+impose on human credulity.' The Bishop of Exeter in vain observed, that
+men were very different. His Lordship's manner was not impressive, and
+I learnt afterwards that Johnson did not find out that the person who
+talked to him was a Prelate; if he had, I doubt not that he would have
+treated him with more respect; for once talking of George
+Psalmanazar[842], whom he reverenced for his piety, he said, 'I should
+as soon think of contradicting a BISHOP[843].' One of the company[844]
+provoked him greatly by doing what he could least of all bear, which was
+quoting something of his own writing, against what he then maintained.
+'What, Sir, (cried the gentleman,) do you say to
+
+     "The busy day, the peaceful night,
+      Unfelt, uncounted, glided by[845]?"'--
+
+Johnson finding himself thus presented as giving an instance of a man
+who had lived without uneasiness, was much offended, for he looked upon
+such a quotation as unfair. His anger burst out in an unjustifiable
+retort, insinuating that the gentleman's remark was a sally of ebriety;
+'Sir, there is one passion I would advise you to command: when you have
+drunk out that glass, don't drink another[846].' Here was exemplified
+what Goldsmith said of him, with the aid of a very witty image from one
+of Cibber's Comedies: 'There is no arguing with Johnson; for if his
+pistol misses fire, he knocks you down with the butt end of it[847].'
+Another was this: when a gentleman[848] of eminence in the literary
+world was violently censured for attacking people by anonymous
+paragraphs in newspapers; he, from the spirit of contradiction as I
+thought, took up his defence, and said, 'Come, come, this is not so
+terrible a crime; he means only to vex them a little. I do not say that
+I should do it; but there is a great difference between him and me; what
+is fit for Hephaestion is not fit for Alexander.' Another, when I told
+him that a young and handsome Countess had said to me, 'I should think
+that to be praised by Dr. Johnson would make one a fool all one's life;'
+and that I answered, 'Madam, I shall make him a fool to-day, by
+repeating this to him,' he said, 'I am too old to be made a fool; but if
+you say I am made a fool, I shall not deny it. I am much pleased with a
+compliment, especially from a pretty woman.'
+
+On the evening of Saturday, May 15, he was in fine spirits, at our
+Essex-Head Club. He told us, 'I dined yesterday at Mrs. Garrick's, with
+Mrs. Carter[849], Miss Hannah More, and Miss Fanny Burney. Three such
+women are not to be found: I know not where I could find a fourth,
+except Mrs. Lennox, who is superiour to them all[850].' BOSWELL. 'What!
+had you them all to yourself, Sir?' JOHNSON. 'I had them all as much as
+they were had; but it might have been better had there been more company
+there.' BOSWELL. 'Might not Mrs. Montagu have been a fourth?' JOHNSON.
+'Sir, Mrs. Montagu does not make a trade of her wit; but Mrs. Montagu is
+a very extraordinary woman; she has a constant stream of conversation,
+and it is always impregnated; it has always meaning[851].' BOSWELL. 'Mr.
+Burke has a constant stream of conversation.' JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir; if a
+man were to go by chance at the same time with Burke under a shed, to
+shun a shower, he would say--"this is an extraordinary man." If Burke
+should go into a stable to see his horse drest, the ostler would
+say--we have had an extraordinary man here[852].' BOSWELL. 'Foote was a
+man who never failed in conversation. If he had gone into a stable--'
+JOHNSON. 'Sir, if he had gone into a stable, the ostler would have said,
+here has been a comical fellow; but he would not have respected him.'
+BOSWELL. 'And, Sir, the ostler would have answered him, would have given
+him as good as he brought, as the common saying is.' JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir;
+and Foote would have answered the ostler.--When Burke does not descend
+to be merry, his conversation is very superiour indeed. There is no
+proportion between the powers which he shews in serious talk and in
+jocularity. When he lets himself down to that, he is in the
+kennel[853].' I have in another place[854] opposed, and I hope with
+success, Dr. Johnson's very singular and erroneous notion as to Mr.
+Burke's pleasantry. Mr. Windham now said low to me, that he differed
+from our great friend in this observation; for that Mr. Burke was often
+very happy in his merriment. It would not have been right for either of
+us to have contradicted Johnson at this time, in a Society all of whom
+did not know and value Mr. Burke as much as we did. It might have
+occasioned something more rough, and at any rate would probably have
+checked the flow of Johnson's good-humour. He called to us with a sudden
+air of exultation, as the thought started into his mind, 'O! Gentlemen,
+I must tell you a very great thing. The Empress of Russia has ordered
+the _Rambler_ to be translated into the Russian language[855]: so I
+shall be read on the banks of the Wolga. Horace boasts that his fame
+would extend as far as the banks of the Rhone[856]; now the Wolga is
+farther from me than the Rhone was from Horace.' BOSWELL. 'You must
+certainly be pleased with this, Sir.' JOHNSON. 'I am pleased Sir, to be
+sure. A man is pleased to find he has succeeded in that which he has
+endeavoured to do.'
+
+One of the company mentioned his having seen a noble person driving in
+his carriage, and looking exceedingly well, notwithstanding his great
+age. JOHNSON. 'Ah, Sir; that is nothing. Bacon observes, that a stout
+healthy old man is like a tower undermined.'
+
+On Sunday, May 16, I found him alone; he talked of Mrs. Thrale with much
+concern, saying, 'Sir, she has done every thing wrong, since Thrale's
+bridle was off her neck;' and was proceeding to mention some
+circumstances which have since been the subject of publick
+discussion[857], when he was interrupted by the arrival of Dr. Douglas,
+now Bishop of Salisbury.
+
+Dr. Douglas, upon this occasion, refuted a mistaken notion which is very
+common in Scotland, that the ecclesiastical discipline of the Church of
+England, though duly enforced, is insufficient to preserve the morals of
+the clergy, inasmuch as all delinquents may be screened by appealing to
+the Convocation, which being never authorized by the King to sit for
+the dispatch of business, the appeal never can be heard. Dr. Douglas
+observed, that this was founded upon ignorance; for that the Bishops
+have sufficient power to maintain discipline, and that the sitting of
+the Convocation was wholly immaterial in this respect, it being not a
+Court of judicature, but like a parliament, to make Canons and
+regulations as times may require.
+
+Johnson, talking of the fear of death, said, 'Some people are not
+afraid, because they look upon salvation as the effect of an absolute
+decree, and think they feel in themselves the marks of sanctification.
+Others, and those the most rational in my opinion, look upon salvation
+as conditional; and as they never can be sure that they have complied
+with the conditions, they are afraid[858].'
+
+In one of his little manuscript diaries, about this time, I find a short
+notice, which marks his amiable disposition more certainly than a
+thousand studied declarations.--'Afternoon spent cheerfully and
+elegantly, I hope without offence to GOD or man; though in no holy duty,
+yet in the general exercise and cultivation of benevolence.'
+
+On Monday, May 17, I dined with him at Mr. Dilly's, where were Colonel
+Valiancy, the Reverend Dr. Gibbons[859], and Mr. Capel Lofft, who,
+though a most zealous Whig, has a mind so full of learning and
+knowledge, and so much exercised in various departments, and withal so
+much liberality, that the stupendous powers of the literary Goliath,
+though they did not frighten this little David of popular spirit, could
+not but excite his admiration[860]. There was also Mr. Braithwaite of
+the Post-office, that amiable and friendly man, who, with modest and
+unassuming manners, has associated with many of the wits of the age.
+Johnson was very quiescent to-day. Perhaps too I was indolent. I find
+nothing more of him in my notes, but that when I mentioned that I had
+seen in the King's library sixty-three editions of my favourite _Thomas
+à Kempis_, amongst which it was in eight languages, Latin, German,
+French, Italian, Spanish, English, Arabick, and Armenian, he said, he
+thought it unnecessary to collect many editions of a book, which were
+all the same, except as to the paper and print; he would have the
+original, and all the translations, and all the editions which had any
+variations in the text. He approved of the famous collection of editions
+of _Horace_ by Douglas, mentioned by Pope[861], who is said to have had
+a closet filled with them; and he added, 'every man should try to
+collect one book in that manner, and present it to a publick library.'
+
+On Tuesday, May 18, I saw him for a short time in the morning. I told
+him that the mob had called out, as the King passed[862], 'No Fox--No
+Fox,' which I did not like. He said, 'They were right, Sir.' I said, I
+thought not; for it seemed to be making Mr. Fox the King's
+competitor[863]. There being no audience, so that there could be no
+triumph in a victory, he fairly agreed with me[864]. I said it might do
+very well, if explained thus:--'Let us have no Fox;' understanding it as
+a prayer to his Majesty not to appoint that gentleman minister.
+
+On Wednesday, May 19, I sat a part of the evening with him, by
+ourselves. I observed, that the death of our friends might be a
+consolation against the fear of our own dissolution, because we might
+have more friends in the other world than in this. He perhaps felt this
+as a reflection upon his apprehension as to death; and said, with heat,
+'How can a man know _where_ his departed friends are, or whether they
+will be his friends in the other world[865]? How many friendships have
+you known formed upon principles of virtue? Most friendships are formed
+by caprice or by chance, mere confederacies in vice or leagues
+in folly.'
+
+We talked of our worthy friend Mr. Langton. He said, 'I know not who
+will go to Heaven if Langton does not. Sir, I could almost say, _Sit
+anima mea cum Langtono_' I mentioned a very eminent friend[866] a
+virtuous man. JOHNSON. 'Yes, Sir; but ---- has not the evangelical
+virtue of Langton. ----, I am afraid, would not scruple to pick up
+a wench.'
+
+He however charged Mr. Langton with what he thought want of judgement
+upon an interesting occasion. 'When I was ill, (said he) I desired he
+would tell me sincerely in what he thought my life was faulty. Sir, he
+brought me a sheet of paper, on which he had written down several texts
+of Scripture, recommending christian charity. And when I questioned him
+what occasion I had given for such an animadversion, all that he could
+say amounted to this,--that I sometimes contradicted people in
+conversation. Now what harm does it do to any man to be contradicted?'
+BOSWELL. 'I suppose he meant the _manner_ of doing it; roughly,--and
+harshly.' JOHNSON. 'And who is the worse for that?' BOSWELL. 'It hurts
+people of weak nerves.' JOHNSON. 'I know no such weak-nerved
+people[867].' Mr. Burke, to whom I related this conference, said, 'It is
+well, if when a man comes to die, he has nothing heavier upon his
+conscience than having been a little rough in conversation.'
+
+Johnson, at the time when the paper was presented to him, though at
+first pleased with the attention of his friend, whom he thanked in an
+earnest manner, soon exclaimed, in a loud and angry tone, 'What is your
+drift, Sir?' Sir Joshua Reynolds pleasantly observed, that it was a
+scene for a comedy, to see a penitent get into a violent passion and
+belabour his confessor[868].
+
+I have preserved no more of his conversation at the times when I saw him
+during the rest of this month, till Sunday, the 30th of May, when I met
+him in the evening at Mr. Hoole's, where there was a large company both
+of ladies and gentlemen; Sir James Johnston[869] happened to say, that
+he paid no regard to the arguments of counsel at the bar of the House of
+Commons, because they were paid for speaking. 'JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir,
+argument is argument. You cannot help paying regard to their arguments,
+if they are good. If it were testimony, you might disregard it, if you
+knew that it were purchased. There is a beautiful image in Bacon[870]
+upon this subject: testimony is like an arrow shot from a long bow; the
+force of it depends on the strength of the hand that draws it. Argument
+is like an arrow from a cross-bow, which has equal force though shot
+by a child.'
+
+He had dined that day at Mr. Hoole's, and Miss Helen Maria Williams
+being expected in the evening, Mr. Hoole put into his hands her
+beautiful _Ode on the Peace_[871]: Johnson read it over, and when this
+elegant and accomplished young lady[872] was presented to him, he took
+her by the hand in the most courteous manner, and repeated the finest
+stanza of her poem; this was the most delicate and pleasing compliment
+he could pay. Her respectable friend, Dr. Kippis, from whom I had this
+anecdote, was standing by, and was not a little gratified.
+
+Miss Williams told me, that the only other time she was fortunate enough
+to be in Dr. Johnson's company, he asked her to sit down by him, which
+she did, and upon her enquiring how he was, he answered, 'I am very ill
+indeed, Madam. I am very ill even when you are near me; what should I be
+were you at a distance?'[873]
+
+He had now a great desire to go to Oxford, as his first jaunt after his
+illness; we talked of it for some days, and I had promised to accompany
+him. He was impatient, and fretful to-night, because I did not at once
+agree to go with him on Thursday. When I considered how ill he had been,
+and what allowance should be made for the influence of sickness upon his
+temper, I resolved to indulge him, though with some inconvenience to
+myself, as I wished to attend the musical meeting in honour of
+Handel[874], in Westminster-Abbey, on the following Saturday.
+
+In the midst of his own diseases and pains, he was ever compassionate to
+the distresses of others, and actively earnest in procuring them aid, as
+appears from a note to Sir Joshua Reynolds, of June, in these words:--'I
+am ashamed to ask for some relief for a poor man, to whom, I hope, I
+have given what I can be expected to spare. The man importunes me, and
+the blow goes round. I am going to try another air on Thursday.'
+
+On Thursday, June 3, the Oxford post-coach took us up in the morning at
+Bolt-court. The other two passengers were Mrs. Beresford and her
+daughter, two very agreeable ladies from America; they were going to
+Worcestershire, where they then resided. Frank had been sent by his
+master the day before to take places for us; and I found, from the
+way-bill, that Dr. Johnson had made our names be put down. Mrs.
+Beresford, who had read it, whispered me, 'Is this the great Dr.
+Johnson?' I told her it was; so she was then prepared to listen. As she
+soon happened to mention in a voice so low that Johnson did not hear it,
+that her husband had been a member of the American Congress, I cautioned
+her to beware of introducing that subject, as she must know how very
+violent Johnson was against the people of that country. He talked a
+great deal, but I am sorry I have preserved little of the conversation.
+Miss Beresford was so much charmed, that she said to me aside, 'How he
+does talk! Every sentence is an essay.' She amused herself in the coach
+with knotting; he would scarcely allow this species of employment any
+merit. 'Next to mere idleness (said he) I think knotting is to be
+reckoned in the scale of insignificance; though I once attempted to
+learn knotting. Dempster's sister (looking to me) endeavoured to teach
+me it; but I made no progress[875].'
+
+I was surprised at his talking without reserve in the publick post-coach
+of the state of his affairs; 'I have (said he) about the world I think
+above a thousand pounds, which I intend shall afford Frank an annuity of
+seventy pounds a year.' Indeed his openness with people at a first
+interview was remarkable. He said once to Mr. Langton, 'I think I am
+like Squire Richard in _The Journey to London, "I'm never strange in a
+strange place_[876]."' He was truly _social_. He strongly censured what
+is much too common in England among persons of condition,--maintaining
+an absolute silence, when unknown to each other; as for instance, when
+occasionally brought together in a room before the master or mistress of
+the house has appeared. 'Sir, that is being so uncivilised as not to
+understand the common rights of humanity[877].'
+
+At the inn where we stopped he was exceedingly dissatisfied with some
+roast mutton which we had for dinner. The ladies I saw wondered to see
+the great philosopher, whose wisdom and wit they had been admiring all
+the way, get into ill-humour from such a cause. He scolded the waiter,
+saying, 'It is as bad as bad can be: it is ill-fed, ill-killed,
+ill-kept, and ill-drest[878].'
+
+He bore the journey very well, and seemed to feel himself elevated as he
+approached Oxford, that magnificent and venerable seat of learning,
+Orthodoxy, and Toryism. Frank came in the heavy coach, in readiness to
+attend him; and we were received with the most polite hospitality at the
+house of his old friend Dr. Adams, Master of Pembroke College, who had
+given us a kind invitation. Before we were set down, I communicated to
+Johnson, my having engaged to return to London directly, for the reason
+I have mentioned, but that I would hasten back to him again. He was
+pleased that I had made this journey merely to keep him company. He was
+easy and placid, with Dr. Adams, Mrs. and Miss Adams, and Mrs. Kennicot,
+widow of the learned Hebraean[879], who was here on a visit. He soon
+dispatched the inquiries which were made about his illness and recovery,
+by a short and distinct narrative; and then assuming a gay air, repeated
+from Swift,--
+
+     'Nor think on our approaching ills,
+      And talk of spectacles and pills[880].'
+
+Dr. Newton, the Bishop of Bristol, having been mentioned, Johnson,
+recollecting the manner in which he had been censured by that
+Prelate[881], thus retaliated:-' Tom knew he should be dead before what
+he has said of me would appear. He durst not have printed it while he
+was alive.' DR. ADAMS. 'I believe his _Dissertations on the Prophecies_
+is his great work.' JOHNSON. 'Why, Sir, it is Tom's great work; but how
+far it is great, or how much of it is Tom's, are other questions. I
+fancy a considerable part of it was borrowed.' DR. ADAMS. 'He was a very
+successful man.' JOHNSON. 'I don't think so, Sir. He did not get very
+high. He was late in getting what he did get; and he did not get it by
+the best means. I believe he was a gross flatterer[882].'
+
+I fulfilled my intention by going to London, and returned to Oxford on
+Wednesday the 9th of June, when I was happy to find myself again in the
+same agreeable circle at Pembroke College, with the comfortable prospect
+of making some stay. Johnson welcomed my return with more than
+ordinary glee.
+
+He talked with great regard of the Honourable Archibald Campbell, whose
+character he had given at the Duke of Argyll's table, when we were at
+Inverary[883]; and at this time wrote out for me, in his own hand, a
+fuller account of that learned and venerable writer, which I have
+published in its proper place. Johnson made a remark this evening which
+struck me a good deal. 'I never (said he) knew a non-juror who could
+reason[884].' Surely he did not mean to deny that faculty to many of
+their writers; to Hickes, Brett[885], and other eminent divines of that
+persuasion; and did not recollect that the seven Bishops, so justly
+celebrated for their magnanimous resistance of arbitrary power, were yet
+Nonjurors to the new Government[886]. The nonjuring clergy of Scotland,
+indeed, who, excepting a few, have lately, by a sudden stroke, cut off
+all ties of allegiance to the house of Stuart, and resolved to pray for
+our present lawful Sovereign by name, may be thought to have confirmed
+this remark; as it may be said, that the divine indefeasible hereditary
+right which they professed to believe, if ever true, must be equally
+true still. Many of my readers will be surprized when I mention, that
+Johnson assured me he had never in his life been in a nonjuring
+meeting-house[887].
+
+Next morning at breakfast, he pointed out a passage in Savage's
+_Wanderer_, saying, 'These are fine verses.' 'If (said he) I had written
+with hostility of Warburton in my _Shakspeare_, I should have quoted
+this couplet:--
+
+     "Here Learning, blinded first and then beguil'd,
+      Looks dark as Ignorance, as Fancy wild[888]."
+
+You see they'd have fitted him to a _T_,' (smiling.) DR. ADAMS. 'But you
+did not write against Warburton.' JOHNSON. 'No, Sir, I treated him with
+great respect both in my Preface and in my Notes[889].'
+
+Mrs. Kennicot spoke of her brother, the Reverend Mr. Chamberlayne, who
+had given up great prospects in the Church of England on his conversion
+to the Roman Catholick faith. Johnson, who warmly admired every man who
+acted from a conscientious regard to principle, erroneous or not,
+exclaimed fervently, 'GOD bless him.'
+
+Mrs. Kennicot, in confirmation of Dr. Johnson's opinion[890], that the
+present was not worse than former ages, mentioned that her brother
+assured her, there was now less infidelity on the Continent than there
+had been; Voltaire and Rousseau were less read. I asserted, from good
+authority, that Hume's infidelity was certainly less read. JOHNSON. 'All
+infidel writers drop into oblivion, when personal connections and the
+floridness of novelty are gone; though now and then a foolish fellow,
+who thinks he can be witty upon them, may bring them again into notice.
+There will sometimes start up a College joker, who does not consider
+that what is a joke in a College will not do in the world. To such
+defenders of Religion I would apply a stanza of a poem which I remember
+to have seen in some old collection:--
+
+     "Henceforth be quiet and agree,
+        Each kiss his empty brother;
+      Religion scorns a foe like thee,
+        But dreads a friend like t'other."
+
+The point is well, though the expression is not correct; _one_, and not
+_thee, should be opposed to _t'other_[891].'
+
+On the Roman Catholick religion he said, 'If you join the Papists
+externally, they will not interrogate you strictly as to your belief in
+their tenets. No reasoning Papist believes every article of their faith.
+There is one side on which a good man might be persuaded to embrace it.
+A good man of a timorous disposition, in great doubt of his acceptance
+with GOD, and pretty credulous, might be glad to be of a church where
+there, are so many helps to get to Heaven. I would be a Papist if I
+could. I have fear enough; but an obstinate rationality prevents me. I
+shall never be a Papist, unless on the near approach of death, of which
+I have a very great terrour. I wonder that women are not all Papists.'
+BOSWELL. 'They are not more afraid of death than men are.' JOHNSON.
+'Because they are less wicked.' DR. ADAMS. 'They are more pious.'
+JOHNSON. 'No, hang 'em, they are not more pious. A wicked fellow is the
+most pious when he takes to it. He'll beat you all at piety.'
+
+He argued in defence of some of the peculiar tenets of the Church of
+Rome. As to the giving the bread only to the laity, he said, 'They may
+think, that in what is merely ritual, deviations from the primitive mode
+may be admitted on the ground of convenience, and I think they are as
+well warranted to make this alteration, as we are to substitute
+sprinkling in the room of the ancient baptism.' As to the invocation of
+saints[892], he said, 'Though I do not think it authorised, it appears
+to me, that "the communion of saints" in the Creed means the communion
+with the saints in Heaven, as connected with "The holy Catholick
+Church[893]."' He admitted the influence of evil spirits[894] upon our
+minds, and said, 'Nobody who believes the New Testament can deny it.'
+
+I brought a volume of Dr. Hurd the Bishop of Worcester's _Sermons_, and
+read to the company some passages from one of them, upon this text,
+'_Resist the Devil, and he will fly[895] from you.' James_, iv. 7. I was
+happy to produce so judicious and elegant a supporter[896] of a
+doctrine, which, I know not why, should, in this world of imperfect
+knowledge, and, therefore, of wonder and mystery in a thousand
+instances, be contested by some with an unthinking assurance and
+flippancy.
+
+After dinner, when one of us talked of there being a great enmity
+between Whig and Tory;--JOHNSON. 'Why not so much, I think, unless when
+they come into competition with each other. There is none when they are
+only common acquaintance, none when they are of different sexes. A Tory
+will marry into a Whig family, and a Whig into a Tory family, without
+any reluctance. But indeed, in a matter of much more concern than
+political tenets, and that is religion, men and women do not concern
+themselves much about difference of opinion; and ladies set no value on
+the moral character of men who pay their addresses to them; the greatest
+profligate will be as well received as the man of the greatest virtue,
+and this by a very good woman, by a woman who says her prayers three
+times a day.' Our ladies endeavoured to defend their sex from this
+charge; but he roared them down! 'No, no, a lady will take Jonathan Wild
+as readily as St. Austin, if he has three-pence more; and, what is
+worse, her parents will give her to him. Women have a perpetual envy of
+our vices; they are less vicious than we, not from choice, but because
+we restrict them; they are the slaves of order and fashion; their virtue
+is of more consequence to us than our own, so far as concerns
+this world.'
+
+Miss Adams mentioned a gentleman of licentious character, and said,
+'Suppose I had a mind to marry that gentleman, would my parents
+consent?' JOHNSON. 'Yes, they'd consent, and you'd go. You'd go though
+they did not consent.' MISS ADAMS. 'Perhaps their opposing might make me
+go.' JOHNSON. 'O, very well; you'd take one whom you think a bad man, to
+have the pleasure of vexing your parents. You put me in mind of Dr.
+Barrowby[897], the physician, who was very fond of swine's flesh. One
+day, when he was eating it, he said, 'I wish I was a Jew.' 'Why so?
+(said somebody); the Jews are not allowed to eat your favourite meat.'
+'Because, (said he,) I should then have the gust of eating it, with the
+pleasure of sinning.' Johnson then proceeded in his declamation.
+
+Miss Adams soon afterwards made an observation that I do not recollect,
+which pleased him much: he said with a good-humoured smile, 'That there
+should be so much excellence united with so much _depravity_,
+is strange.'
+
+Indeed, this lady's good qualities, merit, and accomplishments, and her
+constant attention to Dr. Johnson, were not lost upon him. She happened
+to tell him that a little coffee-pot, in which she had made his coffee,
+was the only thing she could call her own. He turned to her with a
+complacent gallantry, 'Don't say so, my dear; I hope you don't reckon my
+heart as nothing.'
+
+I asked him if it was true as reported, that he had said lately, 'I am
+for the King against Fox; but I am for Fox against Pitt.' JOHNSON. 'Yes,
+Sir; the King is my master; but I do not know Pitt; and Fox is my
+friend[898].'
+
+'Fox, (added he,) is a most extraordinary man; here is a man (describing
+him in strong terms of objection in some respects according as he
+apprehended, but which exalted his abilities the more) who has divided
+the Kingdom with Caesar[899]; so that it, was a doubt whether the nation
+should be ruled by the sceptre of George the Third, or the tongue
+of Fox.'
+
+Dr. Wall, physician at Oxford, drank tea with us. Johnson had in
+general a peculiar pleasure in the company of physicians, which was
+certainly not abated by the conversation of this learned, ingenious, and
+pleasing gentleman. Johnson said, 'It is wonderful how little good
+Radcliffe's travelling fellowships[900] have done. I know nothing that
+has been imported by them; yet many additions to our medical knowledge
+might be got in foreign countries. Inoculation, for instance, has saved
+more lives than war destroys[901]: and the cures performed by the
+Peruvian-bark are innumerable. But it is in vain to send our travelling
+physicians to France, and Italy, and Germany, for all that is known
+there is known here; I'd send them out of Christendom; I'd send them
+among barbarous nations.'
+
+On Friday, June 11, we talked at breakfast, of forms of prayer. JOHNSON.
+'I know of no good prayers but those in the _Book of Common Prayer_.'
+DR. ADAMS, (in a very earnest manner): 'I wish, Sir, you would compose
+some family prayers.' JOHNSON. 'I will not compose prayers for you, Sir,
+because you can do it for yourself. But I have thought of getting
+together all the books of prayers which I could, selecting those which
+should appear to me the best, putting out some, inserting others, adding
+some prayers of my own, and prefixing a discourse on prayer.' We all now
+gathered about him, and two or three of us at a time joined in pressing
+him to execute this plan. He seemed to be a little displeased at the
+manner of our importunity, and in great agitation called out, 'Do not
+talk thus of what is so aweful. I know not what time GOD will allow me
+in this world. There are many things which I wish to do.' Some of us
+persisted, and Dr. Adams said, 'I never was more serious about any thing
+in my life.' JOHNSON. 'Let me alone, let me alone; I am overpowered.'
+And then he put his hands before his face, and reclined for some time
+upon the table[902].
+
+I mentioned Jeremy Taylor's using, in his forms of prayer, 'I am the
+chief of sinners,' and other such self-condemning expressions[903].
+'Now, (said I) this cannot be said with truth by every man, and
+therefore is improper for a general printed form. I myself cannot say
+that I am the worst of men; I _will_ not say so.' JOHNSON. 'A man may
+know, that physically, that is, in the real state of things, he is not
+the worst man; but that morally he may be so. Law observes that "Every
+man knows something worse of himself, than he is sure of in
+others[904]." You may not have committed such crimes as some men have
+done; but you do not know against what degree of light they have sinned.
+Besides, Sir, "the chief of sinners" is a mode of expression for "I am a
+great sinner." So St. Paul, speaking of our SAVIOUR'S having died to
+save sinners, says, "of whom I am the chief[905];" yet he certainly did
+not think himself so bad as Judas Iscariot.' BOSWELL. 'But, Sir, Taylor
+means it literally, for he founds a conceit upon it. When praying for
+the conversion of sinners, and of himself in particular, he says, "LORD,
+thou wilt not leave thy _chief_ work undone." JOHNSON. 'I do not approve
+of figurative expressions in addressing the Supreme Being; and I never
+use them[906]. Taylor gives a very good advice: "Never lie in your
+prayers; never confess more than you really believe; never promise more
+than you mean to perform[907]." I recollected this precept in his
+_Golden Grove_; but his _example_ for prayer contradicts his _precept_.'
+
+Dr. Johnson and I went in Dr. Adams's coach to dine with Dr. Nowell,
+Principal of St. Mary Hall, at his beautiful villa at Iffley, on the
+banks of the Isis, about two miles from Oxford. While we were upon the
+road, I had the resolution to ask Johnson whether he thought that the
+roughness of his manner had been an advantage or not, and if he would
+not have done more good if he had been more gentle. I proceeded to
+answer myself thus: 'Perhaps it has been of advantage, as it has given
+weight to what you said: you could not, perhaps, have talked with such
+authority without it.' JOHNSON. 'No, Sir; I have done more good as I am.
+Obscenity and Impiety have always been repressed in my company[908].'
+BOSWELL. 'True, Sir; and that is more than can be said of every Bishop.
+Greater liberties have been taken in the presence of a Bishop, though a
+very good man, from his being milder, and therefore not commanding such
+awe. Yet, Sir, many people who might have been benefited by your
+conversation, have been frightened away. A worthy friend of ours[909]
+has told me, that he has often been afraid to talk to you.' JOHNSON.
+'Sir, he need not have been afraid, if he had any thing rational to say.
+If he had not, it was better he did not talk[910].
+
+Dr. Nowell is celebrated for having preached a sermon before the House
+of Commons, on the 3Oth of January, 1773, full of high Tory sentiments,
+for which he was thanked as usual, and printed it at their request; but,
+in the midst of that turbulence and faction which disgraced a part of
+the present reign, the thanks were afterwards ordered to be
+expunged[911]. This strange conduct sufficiently exposes itself; and Dr.
+Nowell will ever have the honour which is due to a lofty friend of our
+monarchical constitution. Dr. Johnson said to me, 'Sir, the Court will
+be very much to blame, if he is not promoted.' I told this to Dr.
+Nowell, and asserting my humbler, though not less zealous exertions in
+the same cause, I suggested that whatever return we might receive, we
+should still have the consolation of being like Butler's steady and
+generous Royalist,
+
+     'True as the dial to the sun,
+      Although it be not shone upon[912].'
+
+We were well entertained and very happy at Dr. Nowell's, where was a
+very agreeable company, and we drank 'Church and King' after dinner,
+with true Tory cordiality.
+
+We talked of a certain clergyman[913] of extraordinary character, who
+by exerting his talents in writing on temporary topicks, and displaying
+uncommon intrepidity, had raised himself to affluence. I maintained that
+we ought not to be indignant at his success; for merit of every sort was
+entitled to reward. JOHNSON. 'Sir, I will not allow this man to have
+merit. No, Sir; what he has is rather the contrary; I will, indeed,
+allow him courage, and on this account we so far give him credit. We
+have more respect for a man who robs boldly on the highway, than for a
+fellow who jumps out of a ditch, and knocks you down behind your back.
+Courage is a quality so necessary for maintaining virtue, that it is
+always respected, even when it is associated with vice[914].
+
+I censured the coarse invectives which were become fashionable in the
+House of Commons[915], and said that if members of parliament must
+attack each other personally in the heat of debate, it should be done
+more genteely. JOHNSON. 'No, Sir; that would be much worse. Abuse is not
+so dangerous when there is no vehicle of wit or delicacy, no subtle
+conveyance. The difference between coarse and refined abuse is as the
+difference between being bruised by a club, and wounded by a poisoned
+arrow.' I have since observed his position elegantly expressed by
+Dr. Young:--
+
+     'As the soft plume gives swiftness to the dart,
+      Good breeding sends the satire to the heart[916].'
+
+On Saturday, June 12, there drank tea with us at Dr. Adams's, Mr. John
+Henderson, student of Pembroke-College, celebrated for his wonderful
+acquirements in Alchymy, Judicial Astrology, and other abstruse and
+curious learning[917]; and the Reverend Herbert Croft, who, I am afraid,
+was somewhat mortified by Dr. Johnson's not being highly pleased with
+some _Family Discourses_, which he had printed; they were in too
+familiar a style to be approved of by so manly a mind. I have no note of
+this evening's conversation, except a single fragment. When I mentioned
+Thomas Lord Lyttelton's vision[918], the prediction of the time of his
+death, and its exact fulfilment;--JOHNSON. 'It is the most extraordinary
+thing that has happened in my day. I heard it with my own ears, from his
+uncle, Lord Westcote. I am so glad to have every evidence of the
+spiritual world, that I am willing to believe it.' DR. ADAMS. 'You have
+evidence enough; good evidence, which needs not such support.' JOHNSON.
+'I like to have more[919].'
+
+Mr. Henderson, with whom I had sauntered in the venerable walks of
+Merton-College, and found him a very learned and pious man, supped with
+us. Dr. Johnson surprised him not a little, by acknowledging with a look
+of horrour, that he was much oppressed by the fear of death[920]. The
+amiable Dr. Adams suggested that GOD was infinitely good. JOHNSON. 'That
+he is infinitely good, as far as the perfection of his nature will
+allow, I certainly believe; but it is necessary for good upon the whole,
+that individuals should be punished. As to an _individual_, therefore,
+he is not infinitely good; and as I cannot be _sure_ that I have
+fulfilled the conditions on which salvation is granted, I am afraid I
+may be one of those who shall be damned.' (looking dismally.) DR. ADAMS.
+'What do you mean by damned?' JOHNSON. (passionately and loudly) 'Sent
+to Hell, Sir, and punished everlastingly[921].' DR. ADAMS. 'I don't
+believe that doctrine.' JOHNSON. 'Hold, Sir, do you believe that some
+will be punished at all?' DR. ADAMS. 'Being excluded from Heaven will be
+a punishment; yet there may be no great positive suffering.' JOHNSON.
+'Well, Sir; but, if you admit any degree of punishment, there is an end
+of your argument for infinite goodness simply considered; for, infinite
+goodness would inflict no punishment whatever. There is not infinite
+goodness physically considered; morally there is.' BOSWELL. 'But may not
+a man attain to such a degree of hope as not to be uneasy from the fear
+of death?' JOHNSON. 'A man may have such a degree of hope as to keep him
+quiet. You see I am not quiet, from the vehemence with which I talk;
+but I do not despair.' MRS. ADAMS. 'You seem, Sir, to forget the merits
+of our Redeemer.' JOHNSON. 'Madam, I do not forget the merits of my
+Redeemer; but my Redeemer has said that he will set some on his right
+hand and some on his left.' He was in gloomy agitation, and said, 'I'll
+have no more on't[922].' If what has now been stated should be urged by
+the enemies of Christianity, as if its influence on the mind were not
+benignant, let it be remembered, that Johnson's temperament was
+melancholy, of which such direful apprehensions of futurity are often a
+common effect. We shall presently see that when he approached nearer to
+his aweful change, his mind became tranquil, and he exhibited as much
+fortitude as becomes a thinking man in that situation.
+
+From the subject of death we passed to discourse of life, whether it was
+upon the whole more happy or miserable. Johnson was decidedly for the
+balance of misery[923]: in confirmation of which I maintained, that no
+man would choose to lead over again the life which he had experienced.
+Johnson acceded to that opinion in the strongest terms[924]. This is an
+inquiry often made; and its being a subject of disquisition is a proof
+that much misery presses upon human feelings; for those who are
+conscious of a felicity of existence, would never hesitate to accept of
+a repetition of it. I have met with very few who would. I have heard Mr.
+Burke make use of a very ingenious and plausible argument on this
+subject;--'Every man (said he) would lead his life over again; for,
+every man is willing to go on and take an addition to his life, which,
+as he grows older, he has no reason to think will be better, or even so
+good as what has preceded.' I imagine, however, the truth is, that there
+is a deceitful hope that the next part of life will be free from the
+pains, and anxieties, and sorrows, which we have already felt[925]. We
+are for wise purposes 'Condemn'd to Hope's delusive mine;' as Johnson
+finely says[926]; and I may also quote the celebrated lines of Dryden,
+equally philosophical and poetical:--
+
+     'When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat,
+      Yet fool'd with hope, men favour the deceit:
+      Trust on, and think to-morrow will repay;
+      To-morrow's falser than the former day;
+      Lies worse; and while it says we shall be blest
+      With some new joys, cuts off what we possest.
+      Strange cozenage! none would live past years again;
+      Yet all hope pleasure in what yet remain;
+      And from the dregs of life think to receive,
+      What the first sprightly running could not give[927].'
+
+It was observed to Dr. Johnson, that it seemed strange that he, who has
+so often delighted his company by his lively and brilliant conversation,
+should say he was miserable. JOHNSON. 'Alas! it is all outside; I may be
+cracking my joke[928], and cursing the sun. _Sun, how I hate thy
+beams_[929]!' I knew not well what to think of this declaration; whether
+to hold it as a genuine picture of his mind[930], or as the effect of
+his persuading himself contrary to fact, that the position which he had
+assumed as to human unhappiness, was true. We may apply to him a
+sentence in Mr. Greville's[931] _Maxims, Characters, and
+Reflections_[932]; a book which is entitled to much more praise than it
+has received: 'ARISTARCHUS is charming: how full of knowledge, of sense,
+of sentiment. You get him with difficulty to your supper; and after
+having delighted every body and himself for a few hours, he is obliged
+to return home;--he is finishing his treatise, to prove that unhappiness
+is the portion of man[933].'
+
+On Sunday, June 13, our philosopher was calm at breakfast. There was
+something exceedingly pleasing in our leading a College life, without
+restraint, and with superiour elegance, in consequence of our living in
+the Master's house, and having the company of ladies. Mrs. Kennicot
+related, in his presence, a lively saying of Dr. Johnson to Miss Hannah
+More, who had expressed a wonder that the poet who had written _Paradise
+Lost_ should write such poor Sonnets:--' Milton, Madam, was a genius
+that could cut a Colossus from a rock; but could not carve heads upon
+cherry-stones[934].'
+
+We talked of the casuistical question, Whether it was allowable at any
+time to depart from _Truth_? JOHNSON. 'The general rule is, that Truth
+should never be violated, because it is of the utmost importance to the
+comfort of life, that we should have a full security by mutual faith;
+and occasional inconveniences should be willingly suffered that we may
+preserve it. There must, however, be some exceptions. If, for instance,
+a murderer should ask you which way a man is gone, you may tell him what
+is not true, because you are under a previous obligation not to betray a
+man to a murderer[935].' BOSWELL. 'Supposing the person who wrote
+_Junius_ were asked whether he was the authour, might he deny it?'
+JOHNSON. 'I don't know what to say to this. If you were _sure_ that he
+wrote _Junius_, would you, if he denied it, think as well of him
+afterwards? Yet it may be urged, that what a man has no right to ask,
+you may refuse to communicate[936]; and there is no other effectual mode
+of preserving a secret and an important secret, the discovery of which
+may be very hurtful to you, but a flat denial; for if you are silent, or
+hesitate, or evade, it will be held equivalent to a confession. But
+stay, Sir; here is another case. Supposing the authour had told me
+confidentially that he had written _Junius_, and I were asked if he had,
+I should hold myself at liberty to deny it, as being under a previous
+promise, express or implied, to conceal it. Now what I ought to do for
+the authour, may I not do for myself? But I deny the lawfulness of
+telling a lie to a sick man for fear of alarming him. You have no
+business with consequences; you are to tell the truth. Besides, you are
+not sure what effect your telling him that he is in danger may have. It
+may bring his distemper to a crisis, and that may cure him. Of all
+lying, I have the greatest abhorrence of this, because I believe it has
+been frequently practised on myself.'
+
+I cannot help thinking that there is much weight in the opinion of those
+who have held, that Truth, as an eternal and immutable principle, ought,
+upon no account whatever, to be violated, from supposed previous or
+superiour obligations, of which every man being to judge for himself,
+there is great danger that we too often, from partial motives, persuade
+ourselves that they exist; and probably whatever extraordinary instances
+may sometimes occur, where some evil may be prevented by violating this
+noble principle, it would be found that human happiness would, upon the
+whole, be more perfect were Truth universally preserved.
+
+In the notes to the _Dunciad_[937], we find the following verses,
+addressed to Pope[938]:--
+
+     'While malice, Pope, denies thy page
+        Its own celestial fire;
+      While criticks, and while bards in rage
+        Admiring, won't admire:
+
+      While wayward pens thy worth assail,
+        And envious tongues decry;
+      These times, though many a friend bewail,
+        These times bewail not I.
+
+      But when the world's loud praise is thine,
+        And spleen no more shall blame;
+      When with thy Homer thou shalt shine
+        In one establish'd fame!
+
+      When none shall rail, and every lay
+        Devote a wreath to thee:
+      That day (for come it will) that day
+        Shall I lament to see.'
+
+It is surely not a little remarkable, that they should appear without a
+name. Miss Seward[939], knowing Dr. Johnson's almost universal and
+minute literary information, signified a desire that I should ask him
+who was the authour. He was prompt with his answer: 'Why, Sir, they were
+written by one Lewis, who was either under-master or an usher of
+Westminster-school, and published a Miscellany, in which _Grongar
+Hill_[940] first came out[941].' Johnson praised them highly, and
+repeated them with a noble animation. In the twelfth line, instead of
+'one establish'd fame,' he repeated 'one unclouded flame,' which he
+thought was the reading in former editions: but I believe was a flash of
+his own genius. It is much more poetical than the other.
+
+On Monday, June 14, and Tuesday, 15, Dr. Johnson and I dined, on one of
+them, I forget which, with Mr. Mickle, translator of the _Lusiad_, at
+Wheatley, a very pretty country place a few miles from Oxford; and on
+the other with Dr. Wetherell, Master of University-College. From Dr.
+Wetherell's he went to visit Mr. Sackville Parker, the bookseller; and
+when he returned to us, gave the following account of his visit, saying,
+'I have been to see my old friend, Sack. Parker; I find he has married
+his maid; he has done right. She had lived with him many years in great
+confidence, and they had mingled minds; I do not think he could have
+found any wife that would have made him so happy. The woman was very
+attentive and civil to me; she pressed me to fix a day for dining with
+them, and to say what I liked, and she would be sure to get it for me.
+Poor Sack! He is very ill, indeed. We parted as never to meet again. It
+has quite broke me down.' This pathetic narrative was strangely
+diversified with the grave and earnest defence of a man's having married
+his maid. I could not but feel it as in some degree ludicrous.
+
+In the morning of Tuesday, June 15, while we sat at Dr. Adams's, we
+talked of a printed letter from the Reverend Herbert Croft[942], to a
+young gentleman who had been his pupil, in which he advised him to read
+to the end of whatever books he should begin to read. JOHNSON. 'This is
+surely a strange advice; you may as well resolve that whatever men you
+happen to get acquainted with, you are to keep to them for life. A book
+may be good for nothing; or there may be only one thing in it worth
+knowing; are we to read it all through[943]? These Voyages, (pointing to
+the three large volumes of _Voyages to the South Sea_[944], which were
+just come out) _who_ will read them through? A man had better work his
+way before the mast, than read them through; they will be eaten by rats
+and mice, before they are read through. There can be little
+entertainment in such books; one set of Savages is like another.'
+BOSWELL. 'I do not think the people of Otaheité can be reckoned
+Savages.' JOHNSON. 'Don't cant in defence of Savages[945].' BOSWELL.
+'They have the art of navigation.' JOHNSON. 'A dog or a cat can swim.'
+BOSWELL. 'They carve very ingeniously.' JOHNSON. 'A cat can scratch, and
+a child with a nail can scratch.' I perceived this was none of the
+_mollia tempora fandi_[946]; so desisted.
+
+Upon his mentioning that when he came to College he wrote his first
+exercise twice over; but never did so afterwards[947]; MISS ADAMS. 'I
+suppose, Sir, you could not make them better?' JOHNSON. 'Yes, Madam, to
+be sure, I could make them better. Thought is better than no thought.'
+MISS ADAMS. 'Do you think, Sir, you could make your _Ramblers_ better?'
+JOHNSON. 'Certainly I could.' BOSWELL. 'I'll lay a bet, Sir, you
+cannot.' JOHNSON. 'But I will, Sir, if I choose. I shall make the best
+of them you shall pick out, better.' BOSWELL. 'But you may add to them.
+I will not allow of that.' JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir, there are three ways of
+making them better;--putting out,--adding,--or correcting[948].'
+
+During our visit at Oxford, the following conversation passed between
+him and me on the subject of my trying my fortune at the English
+bar[949]: Having asked whether a very extensive acquaintance in London,
+which was very valuable, and of great advantage to a man at large, might
+not be prejudicial to a lawyer, by preventing him from giving sufficient
+attention to his business;--JOHNSON. 'Sir, you will attend to business,
+as business lays hold of you. When not actually employed, you may see
+your friends as much as you do now. You may dine at a Club every day,
+and sup with one of the members every night; and you may be as much at
+publick places as one who has seen them all would wish to be. But you
+must take care to attend constantly in Westminster-Hall; both to mind
+your business, as it is almost all learnt there, (for nobody reads now;)
+and to shew that you want to have business[950]. And you must not be
+too often seen at publick places, that competitors may not have it to
+say, 'He is always at the Playhouse or at Ranelagh, and never to be
+found at his chambers.' And, Sir, there must be a kind of solemnity in
+the manner of a professional man. I have nothing particular to say to
+you on the subject. All this I should say to any one; I should have said
+it to Lord Thurlow twenty years ago.'
+
+The PROFESSION may probably think this representation of what is
+required in a Barrister who would hope for success, to be by much too
+indulgent; but certain it is, that as
+
+     'The wits of Charles found easier ways to fame[951],'
+
+some of the lawyers of this age who have risen high, have by no means
+thought it absolutely necessary to submit to that long and painful
+course of study which a Plowden, a Coke, and a Hale considered as
+requisite. My respected friend, Mr. Langton, has shewn me in the
+hand-writing of his grandfather[952], a curious account of a
+conversation which he had with Lord Chief Justice Hale, in which that
+great man tells him, 'That for two years after he came to the inn of
+court, he studied sixteen hours a day; however (his Lordship added) that
+by this intense application he almost brought himself to his grave,
+though he were of a very strong constitution, and after reduced himself
+to eight hours; but that he would not advise any body to so much; that
+he thought six hours a day, with attention and constancy, was
+sufficient; that a man must use his body as he would his horse, and his
+stomach; not tire him at once, but rise with an appetite.[953]'
+
+On Wednesday, June 19[954], Dr. Johnson and I returned to London; he
+was not well to-day, and said very little, employing himself chiefly in
+reading Euripides. He expressed some displeasure at me, for not
+observing sufficiently the various objects upon the road. 'If I had your
+eyes, Sir, (said he) I should count the passengers.' It was wonderful
+how accurate his observation of visual objects was, notwithstanding his
+imperfect eyesight, owing to a habit of attention[955]. That he was much
+satisfied with the respect paid to him at Dr. Adams's is thus attested
+by himself: 'I returned last night from Oxford, after a fortnight's
+abode with Dr. Adams, who treated me as well as I could expect or wish;
+and he that contents a sick man, a man whom it is impossible to please,
+has surely done his part well[956].'
+
+After his return to London from this excursion, I saw him frequently,
+but have few memorandums: I shall therefore here insert some particulars
+which I collected at various times.
+
+The Reverend Mr. Astle, of Ashbourne, in Derbyshire, brother to the
+learned and ingenious Thomas Astle[957], Esq., was from his early years
+known to Dr. Johnson, who obligingly advised him as to his studies, and
+recommended to him the following books, of which a list which he has
+been pleased to communicate, lies before me in Johnson's own
+hand-writing:--
+
+_Universal History (ancient.)--Rollin's Ancient History.--Puffendorf's
+Introduction to History.--Vertot's History of Knights of Malta.--
+Vertot's Revolution of Portugal.--Vertot's Revolutions of Sweden.--
+Carte's History of England.--Present State of England.--Geographical
+Grammar.--Prideaux's Connection.--Nelson's Feasts and Fasts.--Duty of
+Man.--Gentleman's Religion.--Clarendon's History.--Watts's Improvement
+of the Mind.--Watts's Logick.--Nature Displayed.--Lowth's English
+Grammar.--Blackwall on the Classicks.--Sherlock's Sermons.--Burnet's
+Life of Hale.--Dupin's History of the Church.--Shuckford's
+Connection.--Law's Serious Call.--Walton's Complete Angler.--Sandys's
+Travels.--Sprat's History of the Royal Society.--England's
+Gazetteer.--Goldsmith's Roman History.--Some Commentaries on the.
+Bible_[958].
+
+It having been mentioned to Dr. Johnson that a gentleman who had a son
+whom he imagined to have an extreme degree of timidity, resolved to send
+him to a publick school, that he might acquire confidence;--' Sir, (said
+Johnson,) this is a preposterous expedient for removing his infirmity;
+such a disposition should be cultivated in the shade. Placing him at a
+publick school is forcing an owl upon day[959].'
+
+Speaking of a gentleman whose house was much frequented by low company;
+'Rags, Sir, (said he,) will always make their appearance where they have
+a right to do it.'
+
+Of the same gentleman's mode of living, he said, 'Sir, the servants,
+instead of doing what they are bid, stand round the table in idle
+clusters, gaping upon the guests; and seem as unfit to attend a company,
+as to steer a man of war[960].'
+
+A dull country magistrate[961] gave Johnson a long tedious account of
+his exercising his criminal jurisdiction, the result of which was his
+having sentenced four convicts to transportation. Johnson, in an agony
+of impatience to get rid of such a companion, exclaimed, 'I heartily
+wish, Sir, that I were a fifth.'
+
+Johnson was present when a tragedy was read, in which there occurred
+this line:--
+
+     'Who rules o'er freemen should himself be free[962].'
+
+The company having admired it much, 'I cannot agree with you (said
+Johnson:) It might as well be said,--
+
+'Who drives fat oxen should himself be fat.'
+
+He was pleased with the kindness of Mr. Cator, who was joined with him
+in Mr. Thrale's important trust, and thus describes him[963]:--'There is
+much good in his character, and much usefulness in his knowledge.' He
+found a cordial solace at that gentleman's seat at Beckenham, in Kent,
+which is indeed one of the finest places at which I ever was a guest;
+and where I find more and more a hospitable welcome.
+
+Johnson seldom encouraged general censure of any profession[964]; but he
+was willing to allow a due share of merit to the various departments
+necessary in civilised life. In a splenetick, sarcastical, or jocular
+frame, however, he would sometimes utter a pointed saying of that
+nature. One instance has been mentioned[965], where he gave a sudden
+satirical stroke to the character of an _attorney_. The too
+indiscriminate admission to that employment, which requires both
+abilities and integrity, has given rise to injurious reflections, which
+are totally inapplicable to many very respectable men who exercise it
+with reputation and honour.
+
+Johnson having argued for some time with a pertinacious gentleman; his
+opponent, who had talked in a very puzzling manner, happened to say, 'I
+don't understand you, Sir:' upon which Johnson observed, 'Sir, I have
+found you an argument; but I am not obliged to find you an
+understanding[966].'
+
+Talking to me of Horry Walpole, (as Horace late Earl of Orford was
+often called[967],) Johnson allowed that he got together a great many
+curious little things, and told them in an elegant manner[968]. Mr.
+Walpole thought Johnson a more amiable character after reading his
+_Letters to Mrs. Thrale_: but never was one of the true admirers of that
+great man[969]. We may suppose a prejudice conceived, if he ever heard
+Johnson's account to Sir George Staunton[970], that when he made the
+speeches in parliament for the _Gentleman's Magazine_, 'he always took
+care to put Sir Robert Walpole in the wrong, and to say every thing he
+could against the electorate of Hanover[971].' The celebrated _Heroick
+Epistle_, in which Johnson is satyrically introduced, has been ascribed
+both to Mr. Walpole and Mr. Mason. One day at Mr. Courtenay's, when a
+gentleman expressed his opinion that there was more energy in that poem
+than could be expected from Mr. Walpole; Mr. Warton, the late Laureat,
+observed, 'It may have been written by Walpole, and _buckram'd_ by
+Mason[972].'
+
+He disapproved of Lord Hailes, for having modernised the language of the
+ever-memorable John Hales of Eton[973], in an edition which his Lordship
+published of that writer's works. 'An authour's language, Sir, (said
+he,) is a characteristical part of his composition, and is also
+characteristical of the age in which he writes. Besides, Sir, when the
+language is changed we are not sure that the sense is the same. No, Sir;
+I am sorry Lord Hailes has done this.'
+
+Here it may be observed, that his frequent use of the expression, _No,
+Sir_, was not always to intimate contradiction; for he would say so,
+when he was about to enforce an affirmative proposition which had not
+been denied, as in the instance last mentioned. I used to consider it as
+a kind of flag of defiance; as if he had said, 'Any argument you may
+offer against this, is not just. No, Sir, it is not.' It was like
+Falstaff's 'I deny your Major[974].'
+
+Sir Joshua Reynolds having said that he took the altitude of a man's
+taste by his stories and his wit, and of his understanding by the
+remarks which he repeated; being always sure that he must be a weak man
+who quotes common things with an emphasis as if they were oracles;
+Johnson agreed with him; and Sir Joshua having also observed that the
+real character of a man was found out by his amusements,--Johnson added,
+'Yes, Sir; no man is a hypocrite in his pleasures[975].'
+
+I have mentioned Johnson's general aversion to a pun[976]. He once,
+however, endured one of mine. When we were talking of a numerous company
+in which he had distinguished himself highly, I said, 'Sir, you were a
+COD surrounded by smelts. Is not this enough for you? at a time too when
+you were not _fishing_ for a compliment?' He laughed at this with a
+complacent approbation. Old Mr. Sheridan observed, upon my mentioning it
+to him, 'He liked your compliment so well, he was willing to take it
+with _pun sauce_.' For my own part, I think no innocent species of wit
+or pleasantry should be suppressed; and that a good pun may be admitted
+among the smaller excellencies of lively conversation.
+
+Had Johnson treated at large _De Claris Oratoribus_[977], he might have
+given us an admirable work. When the Duke of Bedford attacked the
+ministry as vehemently as he could, for having taken upon them to extend
+the time for the importation of corn[978], Lord Chatham, in his first
+speech in the House of Lords, boldly avowed himself to be an adviser of
+that measure. 'My colleagues, (said he,) as I was confined by
+indisposition, did me the signal honour of coming to the bed-side of a
+sick man, to ask his opinion. But, had they not thus condescended, I
+should have _taken up my bed and walked_, in order to have delivered
+that opinion at the Council-Board.' Mr. Langton, who was present,
+mentioned this to Johnson, who observed, 'Now, Sir, we see that he took
+these words as he found them; without considering, that though the
+expression in Scripture, _take up thy bed and walk_[979], strictly
+suited the instance of the sick man restored to health and strength, who
+would of course be supposed to carry his bed with him, it could not be
+proper in the case of a man who was lying in a state of feebleness, and
+who certainly would not add to the difficulty of moving at all, that of
+carrying his bed.'
+
+When I pointed out to him in the newspaper one of Mr. Grattan's animated
+and glowing speeches, in favour of the freedom of Ireland, in which this
+expression occurred (I know not if accurately taken): 'We will
+persevere, till there is not one link of the English chain left to clank
+upon the rags of the meanest beggar in Ireland;' 'Nay, Sir, (said
+Johnson,) don't you perceive that _one_ link cannot clank?'
+
+Mrs. Thrale has published[980], as Johnson's, a kind of parody or
+counterpart of a fine poetical passage in one of Mr. Burke's speeches on
+American Taxation. It is vigorously but somewhat coarsely executed; and
+I am inclined to suppose, is not quite correctly exhibited. I hope he
+did not use the words _'vile agents'_ for the Americans in the House of
+Parliament; and if he did so, in an extempore effusion, I wish the lady
+had not committed it to writing[981].
+
+Mr. Burke uniformly shewed Johnson the greatest respect; and when Mr.
+Townshend, now lord Sydney, at a period when he was conspicuous in
+opposition, threw out some reflection in parliament upon the grant of a
+pension to a man of such political principles as Johnson; Mr. Burke,
+though then of the same party with Mr. Townshend, stood warmly forth in
+defence of his friend, to whom, he justly observed, the pension was
+granted solely on account of his eminent literary merit. I am well
+assured, that Mr. Townshend's attack upon Johnson was the occasion of
+his 'hitching in a rhyme[982];' for, that in the original copy of
+Goldsmith's character of Mr. Burke, in his _Retaliation_, another
+person's name stood in the couplet where Mr. Townshend is now
+introduced[983]:--
+
+     'Though fraught with all learning kept[984] straining his throat,
+      To persuade _Tommy Townshend_ to lend him a vote.'
+
+It may be worth remarking, among the _minutiae_ of my collection, that
+Johnson was once drawn to serve in the militia, the Trained Bands of the
+City of London, and that Mr. Rackstrow, of the Museum in Fleet-street,
+was his Colonel. It may be believed he did not serve in person; but the
+idea, with all its circumstances, is certainly laughable. He upon that
+occasion provided himself with a musket, and with a sword and belt,
+which I have seen hanging in his closet.
+
+He was very constant to those whom he once employed, if they gave him no
+reason to be displeased. When somebody talked of being imposed on in the
+purchase of tea and sugar, and such articles: 'That will not be the
+case, (said he,) if you go to a _stately shop_, as I always do. In such
+a shop it is not worth their while to take a petty advantage.'
+
+An authour of most anxious and restless vanity being mentioned, 'Sir,
+(said he,) there is not a young sapling upon Parnassus more severely
+blown about by every wind of criticism than that poor fellow.'
+
+The difference, he observed, between a well-bred and an ill-bred man is
+this: 'One immediately attracts your liking, the other your aversion.
+You love the one till you find reason to hate him; you hate the other
+till you find reason to love him.'
+
+The wife of one of his acquaintance had fraudulently made a purse for
+herself out of her husband's fortune. Feeling a proper compunction in
+her last moments, she confessed how much she had secreted; but before
+she could tell where it was placed, she was seized with a convulsive fit
+and expired. Her husband said, he was more hurt by her want of
+confidence in him, than by the loss of his money. 'I told him, (said
+Johnson,) that he should console himself: for _perhaps_ the money might
+be _found_, and he was _sure_ that his wife was gone.'
+
+A foppish physician once reminded Johnson of his having been in company
+with him on a former occasion; 'I do not remember it, Sir.' The
+physician still insisted; adding that he that day wore so fine a coat
+that it must have attracted his notice. 'Sir, (said Johnson,) had you
+been dipt in Pactolus[985] I should not have noticed you.'
+
+He seemed to take a pleasure in speaking in his own style; for when he
+had carelessly missed it, he would repeat the thought translated into
+it[986]. Talking of the Comedy of _The Rehearsal_[987], he said, 'It has
+not wit enough to keep it sweet.' This was easy; he therefore caught
+himself, and pronounced a more round sentence; 'It has not vitality
+enough to preserve it from putrefaction.'
+
+He censured a writer of entertaining Travels[988] for assuming a feigned
+character, saying, (in his sense of the word[989],) 'He carries out one
+lye; we know not how many he brings back.'[990] At another time, talking
+of the same person, he observed, 'Sir, your assent to a man whom you
+have never known to falsify, is a debt: but after you have known a man
+to falsify, your assent to him then is a favour.'
+
+Though he had no taste for painting, he admired much the manner in which
+Sir Joshua Reynolds treated of his art, in his _Discourses to the Royal
+Academy_[991]. He observed one day of a passage in them, 'I think I
+might as well have said this myself: 'and once when Mr. Langton was
+sitting by him, he read one of them very eagerly, and expressed himself
+thus:--'Very well, Master Reynolds; very well, indeed. But it will not
+be understood.'
+
+When I observed to him that Painting was so far inferiour to Poetry,
+that the story or even emblem which it communicates must be previously
+known, and mentioned as a natural and laughable instance of this, that a
+little Miss on seeing a picture of Justice with the scales, had
+exclaimed to me, 'See, there's a woman selling sweetmeats;' he said,
+'Painting, Sir, can illustrate, but cannot inform.'
+
+No man was more ready to make an apology when he had censured unjustly,
+than Johnson[992]. When a proof-sheet of one of his works was brought to
+him, he found fault with the mode in which a part of it was arranged,
+refused to read it, and in a passion[993] desired that the
+compositor[994] might be sent to him. The compositor was Mr. Manning, a
+decent sensible man, who had composed about one half of his
+_Dictionary_, when in Mr. Strahan's printing-house; and a great part of
+his _Lives of the Poets_, when in that of Mr. Nichols; and who (in his
+seventy-seventh year), when in Mr. Baldwin's printing-house, composed a
+part of the first edition of this work concerning him. By producing the
+manuscript, he at once satisfied Dr. Johnson that he was not to blame.
+Upon which Johnson candidly and earnestly said to him, 'Mr. Compositor,
+I ask your pardon. Mr. Compositor, I ask your pardon, again and again.'
+
+His generous humanity to the miserable was almost beyond example. The
+following instance is well attested:--Coming home late one night, he
+found a poor woman lying in the street, so much exhausted that she could
+not walk; he took her upon his back, and carried her to his house, where
+he discovered that she was one of those wretched females who had fallen
+into the lowest state of vice, poverty, and disease. Instead of harshly
+upbraiding her, he had her taken care of with all tenderness for a long
+time, at considerable expence, till she was restored to health, and
+endeavoured to put her into a virtuous way of living[995].
+
+He thought Mr. Caleb Whitefoord singularly happy in hitting on the
+signature of _Papyrius Cursor_, to his ingenious and diverting
+cross-readings of the newspapers; it being a real name of an ancient
+Roman, and clearly expressive of the thing done in this lively
+conceit[996].
+
+He once in his life was known to have uttered what is called a _bull_:
+Sir Joshua Reynolds, when they were riding together in Devonshire,
+complained that he had a very bad horse, for that even when going down
+hill he moved slowly step by step. 'Ay (said Johnson,) and when he
+_goes_ up hill, he _stands still_.'
+
+He had a great aversion to gesticulating in company. He called once to
+a gentleman who offended him in that point, 'Don't _attitudenise_.' And
+when another gentleman thought he was giving additional force to what he
+uttered, by expressive movements of his hands, Johnson fairly seized
+them, and held them down[997].
+
+An authour of considerable eminence[998] having engrossed a good share
+of the conversation in the company of Johnson, and having said nothing
+but what was trifling and insignificant; Johnson when he was gone,
+observed to us, 'It is wonderful what a difference there sometimes is
+between a man's powers of writing and of talking. ---- writes with great
+spirit, but is a poor talker; had he held his tongue we might have
+supposed him to have been restrained by modesty; but he has spoken a
+great deal to-day; and you have heard what stuff it was.'
+
+A gentleman having said that a _congé d'élire_[999] has not, perhaps,
+the force of a command, but may be considered only as a strong
+recommendation; 'Sir, (replied Johnson, who overheard him,) it is such a
+recommendation, as if I should throw you out of a two-pair of stairs
+window, and recommend to you to fall soft[1000].'
+
+Mr. Steevens, who passed many a social hour with him during their long
+acquaintance, which commenced when they both lived in the Temple, has
+preserved a good number of particulars concerning him, most of which are
+to be found in the department of Apothegms, &c. in the Collection of
+_Johnson's Works_[1001]. But he has been pleased to favour me with the
+following, which are original:--
+
+'One evening, previous to the trial of Barretti[1002], a consultation of
+his friends was held at the house of Mr. Cox, the Solicitor, in
+Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane. Among others present were, Mr.
+Burke and Dr. Johnson, who differed in sentiments concerning the
+tendency of some part of the defence the prisoner was to make. When the
+meeting was over, Mr. Steevens observed, that the question between him
+and his friend had been agitated with rather too much warmth. "It may be
+so, Sir, (replied the Doctor,) for Burke and I should have been of one
+opinion, if we had had no audience[1003]."
+
+'Dr. Johnson once assumed a character in which perhaps even Mr. Boswell
+never saw him. His curiosity having been excited by the praises bestowed
+on the celebrated Torré's fireworks at Marybone-Gardens, he desired Mr.
+Steevens to accompany him thither. The evening had proved showery; and
+soon after the few people present were assembled, publick notice was
+given, that the conductors to the wheels, suns, stars, &c., were so
+thoroughly water-soaked, that it was impossible any part of the
+exhibition should be made. "This is a mere excuse, (says the Doctor,) to
+save their crackers for a more profitable company. Let us but hold up
+our sticks, and threaten to break those coloured lamps that surround the
+Orchestra, and we shall soon have our wishes gratified. The core of the
+fireworks cannot be injured; let the different pieces be touched in
+their respective centers, and they will do their offices as well as
+ever." Some young men who overheard him, immediately began the violence
+he had recommended, and an attempt was speedily made to fire some of the
+wheels which appeared to have received the smallest damage; but to
+little purpose were they lighted, for most of them completely failed.
+The authour of _The Rambler_, however, may be considered, on this
+occasion, as the ringleader of a successful riot, though not as a
+skilful pyrotechnist.'
+
+'It has been supposed that Dr. Johnson, so far as fashion was concerned,
+was careless of his appearance in publick. But this is not altogether
+true, as the following slight instance may show:--Goldsmith's last
+Comedy was to be represented during some court-mourning[1004]: and Mr.
+Steevens appointed to call on Dr. Johnson, and carry him to the tavern
+where he was to dine with others of the Poet's friends. The Doctor was
+ready dressed, but in coloured cloaths; yet being told that he would
+find every one else in black, received the intelligence with a profusion
+of thanks, hastened to change his attire, all the while repeating his
+gratitude for the information that had saved him from an appearance so
+improper in the front row of a front box. "I would not (added he,) for
+ten pounds, have seemed so retrograde to any general observance[1005]."
+
+'He would sometimes found his dislikes on very slender circumstances.
+Happening one day to mention Mr. Flexman, a Dissenting Minister, with
+some compliment to his exact memory in chronological matters; the Doctor
+replied, "Let me hear no more of him, Sir. That is the fellow who made
+the Index to my _Ramblers_, and set down the name of Milton thus:
+Milton, _Mr_. John[1006]."'
+
+Mr. Steevens adds this testimony:--
+
+'It is unfortunate, however, for Johnson, that his particularities and
+frailties can be more distinctly traced than his good and amiable
+exertions. Could the many bounties he studiously concealed, the many
+acts of humanity he performed in private, be displayed with equal
+circumstantiality, his defects would be so far lost in the blaze of his
+virtues, that the latter only would be regarded.'
+
+Though from my very high admiration of Johnson, I have wondered[1007]
+that he was not courted by all the great and all the eminent persons of
+his time, it ought fairly to be considered, that no man of humble birth,
+who lived entirely by literature, in short no authour by profession,
+ever rose in this country into that personal notice which he did. In the
+course of this work a numerous variety of names has been mentioned, to
+which many might be added. I cannot omit Lord and Lady Lucan, at whose
+house he often enjoyed all that an elegant table and the best company
+can contribute to happiness; he found hospitality united with
+extraordinary accomplishments, and embellished with charms of which no
+man could be insensible[1008].
+
+On Tuesday, June 22, I dined with him at THE LITERARY CLUB, the last
+time of his being in that respectable society. The other members present
+were the Bishop of St. Asaph, Lord Eliot, Lord Palmerston, Dr. Fordyce,
+and Mr. Malone. He looked ill; but had such a manly fortitude, that he
+did not trouble the company with melancholy complaints. They all shewed
+evident marks of kind concern about him, with which he was much pleased,
+and he exerted himself to be as entertaining as his indisposition
+allowed him.
+
+The anxiety of his friends to preserve so estimable a life, as long as
+human means might be supposed to have influence, made them plan for him
+a retreat from the severity of a British winter, to the mild climate of
+Italy[1009]. This scheme was at last brought to a serious resolution at
+General Paoli's, where I had often talked of it. One essential matter,
+however, I understood was necessary to be previously settled, which was
+obtaining such an addition to his income, as would be sufficient to
+enable him to defray the expence in a manner becoming the first literary
+character of a great nation, and, independent of all his other merits,
+the Authour of THE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. The person to
+whom I above all others thought I should apply to negociate this
+business, was the Lord Chancellor[1010], because I knew that he highly
+valued Johnson, and that Johnson highly valued his Lordship; so that it
+was no degradation of my illustrious friend to solicit for him the
+favour of such a man. I have mentioned[1011] what Johnson said of him to
+me when he was at the bar; and after his Lordship was advanced to the
+seals[1012], he said of him, 'I would prepare myself for no man in
+England but Lord Thurlow. When I am to meet with him I should wish to
+know a day before[1013]'. How he would have prepared himself I cannot
+conjecture. Would he have selected certain topicks, and considered them
+in every view so as to be in readiness to argue them at all points? and
+what may we suppose those topicks to have been? I once started the
+curious enquiry to the great man who was the subject of this compliment:
+he smiled, but did not pursue it.
+
+I first consulted with Sir Joshua Reynolds, who perfectly coincided in
+opinion with me; and I therefore, though personally very little known to
+his Lordship, wrote to him[1014], stating the case, and requesting his
+good offices for Dr. Johnson. I mentioned that I was obliged to set out
+for Scotland early in the following week, so that if his Lordship should
+have any commands for me as to this pious negociation, he would be
+pleased to send them before that time; otherwise Sir Joshua Reynolds
+would give all attention to it.
+
+This application was made not only without any suggestion on the part of
+Johnson himself, but was utterly unknown to him, nor had he the smallest
+suspicion of it. Any insinuations, therefore, which since his death have
+been thrown out, as if he had stooped to ask what was superfluous, are
+without any foundation. But, had he asked it, it would not have been
+superfluous; for though the money he had saved proved to be more than
+his friends imagined, or than I believe he himself, in his carelessness
+concerning worldly matters, knew it to be, had he travelled upon the
+Continent, an augmentation of his income would by no means have been
+unnecessary.
+
+On Wednesday, June 23, I visited him in the morning, after having been
+present at the shocking sight of fifteen men executed before
+Newgate[1015]. I said to him, I was sure that human life was not
+machinery, that is to say, a chain of fatality planned and directed by
+the Supreme Being, as it had in it so much wickedness and misery, so
+many instances of both, as that by which my mind was now clouded. Were
+it machinery it would be better than it is in these respects, though
+less noble, as not being a system of moral government. He agreed with me
+now, as he always did[1016], upon the great question of the liberty of
+the human will, which has been in all ages perplexed with so much
+sophistry. 'But, Sir, as to the doctrine of Necessity, no man believes
+it. If a man should give me arguments that I do not see, though I could
+not answer them, should I believe that I do not see?' It will be
+observed, that Johnson at all times made the just distinction between
+doctrines _contrary_ to reason, and doctrines _above_ reason.
+
+Talking of the religious discipline proper for unhappy convicts, he
+said, 'Sir, one of our regular clergy will probably not impress their
+minds sufficiently: they should be attended by a Methodist
+preacher[1017]; or a Popish priest.' Let me however observe, in justice
+to the Reverend Mr. Vilette, who has been Ordinary of Newgate for no
+less than eighteen years, in the course of which he has attended many
+hundreds of wretched criminals, that his earnest and humane exhortations
+have been very effectual. His extraordinary diligence is highly
+praiseworthy, and merits a distinguished reward[1018].
+
+On Thursday, June 24, I dined with him at Mr. Dilly's, where were the
+Rev. Mr. (now Dr.) Knox, master of Tunbridge-school, Mr. Smith, Vicar of
+Southill, Dr. Beattie, Mr. Pinkerton, authour of various literary
+performances, and the Rev. Dr. Mayo. At my desire old Mr. Sheridan was
+invited, as I was earnest to have Johnson and him brought together again
+by chance, that a reconciliation might be effected. Mr. Sheridan
+happened to come early, and having learned that Dr. Johnson was to be
+there, went away[1019]; so I found, with sincere regret, that my
+friendly intentions were hopeless. I recollect nothing that passed this
+day, except Johnson's quickness, who, when Dr. Beattie observed, as
+something remarkable which had happened to him, that he had chanced to
+see both No. 1, and No. 1000, of the hackney-coaches, the first and the
+last; 'Why, Sir, (said Johnson,) there is an equal chance for one's
+seeing those two numbers as any other two.' He was clearly right; yet
+the seeing of the two extremes, each of which is in some degree more
+conspicuous than the rest, could not but strike one in a stronger manner
+than the sight of any other two numbers. Though I have neglected to
+preserve his conversation, it was perhaps at this interview that Dr.
+Knox formed the notion of it which he has exhibited in his _Winter
+Evenings_[1020].
+
+On Friday, June 25, I dined with him at General Paoli's, where, he says
+in one of his letters to Mrs. Thrale, 'I love to dine[1021].' There was
+a variety of dishes much to his taste, of all which he seemed to me to
+eat so much, that I was afraid he might be hurt by it[1022]; and I
+whispered to the General my fear, and begged he might not press him.
+'Alas! (said the General,) see how very ill he looks; he can live but a
+very short time. Would you refuse any slight gratifications to a man
+under sentence of death? There is a humane custom in Italy, by which
+persons in that melancholy situation are indulged with having whatever
+they like best to eat and drink, even with expensive delicacies.'
+
+I shewed him some verses on Lichfield by Miss Seward, which I had that
+day received from her, and had the pleasure to hear him approve of them.
+He confirmed to me the truth of a high compliment which I had been told
+he had paid to that lady, when she mentioned to him _The Colombiade_, an
+epick poem, by Madame du Boccage[1023]:--'Madam, there is not any thing
+equal to your description of the sea round the North Pole, in your Ode
+on the death of Captain Cook[1024].'
+
+On Sunday, June 27, I found him rather better. I mentioned to him a
+young man who was going to Jamaica with his wife and children, in
+expectation of being provided for by two of her brothers settled in that
+island, one a clergyman, and the other a physician. JOHNSON. 'It is a
+wild scheme, Sir, unless he has a positive and deliberate invitation.
+There was a poor girl, who used to come about me, who had a cousin in
+Barbadoes, that, in a letter to her, expressed a wish she should come
+out to that Island, and expatiated on the comforts and happiness of her
+situation. The poor girl went out: her cousin was much surprised, and
+asked her how she could think of coming. "Because, (said she,) you
+invited me." "Not I," answered the cousin. The letter was then produced.
+"I see it is true, (said she,) that I did invite you: but I did not
+think you would come." They lodged her in an out-house, where she passed
+her time miserably; and as soon as she had an opportunity she returned
+to England. Always tell this, when you hear of people going abroad to
+relations, upon a notion of being well received. In the case which you
+mention, it is probable the clergyman spends all he gets, and the
+physician does not know how much he is to get.'
+
+We this day dined at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, with General Paoli, Lord
+Eliot, (formerly Mr. Eliot, of Port Eliot,) Dr. Beattie, and some other
+company. Talking of Lord Chesterfield;--JOHNSON. 'His manner was
+exquisitely elegant[1025], and he had more knowledge than I expected.'
+BOSWELL. 'Did you find, Sir, his conversation to be of a superiour
+style?' JOHNSON. 'Sir, in the conversation which I had with him I had
+the best right to superiority, for it was upon philology and
+literature.' Lord Eliot, who had travelled at the same time with Mr.
+Stanhope[1026], Lord Chesterfield's natural son, justly observed, that
+it was strange that a man who shewed he had so much affection for his
+son as Lord Chesterfield did, by writing so many long and anxious
+letters to him, almost all of them when he was Secretary of State[1027],
+which certainly was a proof of great goodness of disposition, should
+endeavour to make his son a rascal. His Lordship told us, that Foote had
+intended to bring on the stage a father who had thus tutored his son,
+and to shew the son an honest man to every one else, but practising his
+father's maxims upon him, and cheating him[1028]. JOHNSON. 'I am much
+pleased with this design; but I think there was no occasion to make the
+son honest at all. No; he should be a consummate rogue: the contrast
+between honesty and knavery would be the stronger. It should be
+contrived so that the father should be the only sufferer by the son's
+villainy, and thus there would be poetical justice.'
+
+He put Lord Eliot in mind of Dr. Walter Harte[1029]. 'I know (said he,)
+Harte was your Lordship's tutor, and he was also tutor to the
+Peterborough family. Pray, my Lord, do you recollect any particulars
+that he told you of Lord Peterborough? He is a favourite of mine, and is
+not enough known; his character has been only ventilated in party
+pamphlets[1030].' Lord Eliot said, if Dr. Johnson would be so good as to
+ask him any questions, he would tell what he could recollect.
+Accordingly some things were mentioned. 'But, (said his Lordship,) the
+best account of Lord Peterborough that I have happened to meet with, is
+in _Captain Carleton's Memoirs_. Carleton was descended of an ancestor
+who had distinguished himself at the siege of Derry[1031]. He was an
+officer; and, what was rare at that time, had some knowledge of
+engineering[1032].' Johnson said, he had never heard of the book. Lord
+Eliot had it at Port Eliot; but, after a good deal of enquiry, procured
+a copy in London, and sent it to Johnson, who told Sir Joshua Reynolds
+that he was going to bed when it came, but was so much pleased with it,
+that he sat up till he had read it through[1033], and found in it such
+an air of truth, that he could not doubt of its authenticity[1034];
+adding, with a smile, (in allusion to Lord Eliot's having recently been
+raised to the peerage,) 'I did not think a _young Lord_ could have
+mentioned to me a book in the English history that was not known to
+me[1035].'
+
+An addition to our company came after we went up to the drawing-room;
+Dr. Johnson seemed to rise in spirits as his audience increased. He
+said, 'He wished Lord Orford's pictures[1036], and Sir Ashton Lever's
+Museum[1037], might be purchased by the publick, because both the money,
+and the pictures, and the curiosities, would remain in the country;
+whereas, if they were sold into another kingdom, the nation would indeed
+get some money, but would lose the pictures and curiosities, which it
+would be desirable we should have, for improvement in taste and natural
+history. The only question was, as the nation was much in want of money,
+whether it would not be better to take a large price from a
+foreign State?'
+
+He entered upon a curious discussion of the difference between intuition
+and sagacity; one being immediate in its effect, the other requiring a
+circuitous process; one he observed was the _eye_ of the mind, the other
+the _nose_ of the mind[1038].
+
+A young gentleman[1039] present took up the argument against him, and
+maintained that no man ever thinks of the _nose of the mind_, not
+adverting that though that figurative sense seems strange to us, as very
+unusual, it is truly not more forced than Hamlet's 'In my _mind's eye_,
+Horatio[1040].' He persisted much too long, and appeared to Johnson as
+putting himself forward as his antagonist with too much presumption;
+upon which he called to him in a loud tone, 'What is it you are
+contending for, if you _be_ contending?' And afterwards imagining that
+the gentleman retorted upon him with a kind of smart drollery, he said,
+'Mr. ----, it does not become you to talk so to me. Besides, ridicule is
+not your talent; you have _there_ neither intuition nor sagacity.' The
+gentleman protested that he had intended no improper freedom, but had
+the greatest respect for Dr. Johnson. After a short pause, during which
+we were somewhat uneasy,--JOHNSON. 'Give me your hand, Sir. You were
+too tedious, and I was too short.' MR. ----. 'Sir, I am honoured by your
+attention in any way.' JOHNSON. 'Come, Sir, let's have no more of it. We
+offended one another by our contention; let us not offend the company by
+our compliments.'
+
+He now said, 'He wished much to go to Italy, and that he dreaded passing
+the winter in England.' I said nothing; but enjoyed a secret
+satisfaction in thinking that I had taken the most effectual measures to
+make such a scheme practicable.
+
+On Monday, June 28, I had the honour to receive from the Lord Chancellor
+the following letter:--
+
+'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ. SIR,
+
+I should have answered your letter immediately, if, (being much engaged
+when I received it) I had not put it in my pocket, and forgot to open it
+till this morning.
+
+I am much obliged to you for the suggestion; and I will adopt and press
+it as far as I can. The best argument, I am sure, and I hope it is not
+likely to fail, is Dr. Johnson's merit. But it will be necessary, if I
+should be so unfortunate as to miss seeing you, to converse with Sir
+Joshua on the sum it will be proper to ask,--it short, upon the means of
+setting him out. It would be a reflection on us all, if such a man
+should perish for want of the means to take care of his health.
+
+Yours, &c. THURLOW.'
+
+This letter gave me a very high satisfaction; I next day went and shewed
+it to Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was exceedingly pleased with it. He
+thought that I should now communicate the negociation to Dr. Johnson,
+who might afterwards complain if the attention with which he had been
+honoured, should be too long concealed from him. I intended to set out
+for Scotland next morning; but Sir Joshua cordially insisted that I
+should stay another day, that Johnson and I might dine with him, that we
+three might talk of his Italian Tour, and, as Sir Joshua expressed
+himself, 'have it all out.' I hastened to Johnson, and was told by him
+that he was rather better to-day. BOSWELL. 'I am very anxious about you,
+Sir, and particularly that you should go to Italy for the winter, which
+I believe is your own wish.' JOHNSON. 'It is, Sir.' BOSWELL. 'You have
+no objection, I presume, but the money it would require.' JOHNSON. 'Why,
+no, Sir.' Upon which I gave him a particular account of what had been
+done, and read to him the Lord Chancellor's letter. He listened with
+much attention; then warmly said, 'This is taking prodigious pains about
+a man.' 'O! Sir, (said I, with most sincere affection,) your friends
+would do every thing for you.' He paused, grew more and more agitated,
+till tears started into his eyes, and he exclaimed with fervent emotion,
+'GOD bless you all.' I was so affected that I also shed tears. After a
+short silence, he renewed and extended his grateful benediction, 'GOD
+bless you all, for JESUS CHRIST'S sake.' We both remained for some time
+unable to speak. He rose suddenly and quitted the room, quite melted in
+tenderness. He staid but a short time, till he had recovered his
+firmness; soon after he returned I left him, having first engaged him to
+dine at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, next day. I never was again under that
+roof which I had so long reverenced.
+
+On Wednesday, June 30, the friendly confidential dinner with Sir Joshua
+Reynolds took place, no other company being present. Had I known that
+this was the last time that I should enjoy in this world, the
+conversation of a friend whom I so much respected, and from whom I
+derived so much instruction and entertainment, I should have been deeply
+affected. When I now look back to it, I am vexed that a single word
+should have been forgotten.
+
+Both Sir Joshua and I were so sanguine in our expectations, that we
+expatiated with confidence on the liberal provision which we were sure
+would be made for him, conjecturing whether munificence would be
+displayed in one large donation, or in an ample increase of his pension.
+He himself catched so much of our enthusiasm, as to allow himself to
+suppose it not impossible that our hopes might in one way or other be
+realised. He said that he would rather have his pension doubled than a
+grant of a thousand pounds; 'For, (said he,) though probably I may not
+live to receive as much as a thousand pounds, a man would have the
+consciousness that he should pass the remainder of his life in
+splendour, how long soever it might be.' Considering what a moderate
+proportion an income of six hundred pounds a year bears to innumerable
+fortunes in this country, it is worthy of remark, that a man so truly
+great should think it splendour[1041].
+
+As an instance of extraordinary liberality of friendship, he told us,
+that Dr. Brocklesby had upon this occasion offered him a hundred a year
+for his life[1042]. A grateful tear started into his eye, as he spoke
+this in a faultering tone.
+
+Sir Joshua and I endeavoured to flatter his imagination with agreeable
+prospects of happiness in Italy. 'Nay, (said he,) I must not expect much
+of that; when a man goes to Italy merely to feel how he breathes the
+air, he can enjoy very little.'
+
+Our conversation turned upon living in the country, which Johnson,
+whose melancholy mind required the dissipation of quick successive
+variety, had habituated himself to consider as a kind of mental
+imprisonment[1043]. 'Yet, Sir, (said I,) there are many people who are
+content to live in the country.' JOHNSON. 'Sir, it is in the
+intellectual world as in the physical world; we are told by natural
+philosophers that a body is at rest in the place that is fit for it;
+they who are content to live in the country, are _fit_ for the country.'
+
+Talking of various enjoyments, I argued that a refinement of taste was a
+disadvantage, as they who have attained to it must be seldomer pleased
+than those who have no nice discrimination, and are therefore satisfied
+with every thing that comes in their way. JOHNSON. 'Nay, Sir; that is a
+paltry notion. Endeavour to be as perfect as you can in every respect.'
+
+I accompanied him in Sir Joshua Reynolds's coach, to the entry of
+Bolt-court. He asked me whether I would not go with him to his house; I
+declined it, from an apprehension that my spirits would sink. We bade
+adieu to each other affectionately in the carriage. When he had got down
+upon the foot-pavement, he called out, 'Fare you well;' and without
+looking back, sprung away with a kind of pathetick briskness, if I may
+use that expression, which seemed to indicate a struggle to conceal
+uneasiness, and impressed me with a foreboding of our long, long
+separation.
+
+I remained one day more in town, to have the chance of talking over my
+negociation with the Lord Chancellor; but the multiplicity of his
+Lordship's important engagements did not allow of it; so I left the
+management of the business in the hands of Sir Joshua Reynolds.
+
+Soon after this time Dr. Johnson had the mortification of being informed
+by Mrs. Thrale, that, 'what she supposed he never believed[1044],' was
+true; namely, that she was actually going to marry Signor Piozzi, an
+Italian musick-master[1045]. He endeavoured to prevent it; but in vain.
+If she would publish the whole of the correspondence that passed between
+Dr. Johnson and her on the subject, we should have a full view of his
+real sentiments. As it is, our judgement must be biassed by that
+characteristick specimen which Sir John Hawkins has given us: 'Poor
+Thrale! I thought that either her virtue or her vice would have
+restrained her from such a marriage. She is now become a subject for her
+enemies to exult over; and for her friends, if she has any left, to
+forget, or pity[1046].'
+
+It must be admitted that Johnson derived a considerable portion of
+happiness from the comforts and elegancies which he enjoyed in Mr.
+Thrale's family[1047]; but Mrs. Thrale assures us he was indebted for
+these to her husband alone, who certainly respected him sincerely. Her
+words are,--
+
+'_Veneration for his virtue, reverence for his talents_, delight _in his
+conversation, and_ habitual endurance of a yoke my husband first put
+upon me, _and of which he contentedly bore his share for sixteen or
+seventeen years, made me go on so long with_ Mr. Johnson; _but the
+perpetual confinement I will own to have been_ terrifying _in the first
+years of our friendship, and_ irksome _in the last; nor could I pretend
+to support _it without help, when my coadjutor was no more_[1048].'
+
+Alas! how different is this from the declarations which I have heard
+Mrs. Thrale make in his life-time, without a single murmur against any
+peculiarities, or against any one circumstance which attended their
+intimacy[1049].
+
+As a sincere friend of the great man whose _Life_ I am writing, I think
+it necessary to guard my readers against the mistaken notion of Dr.
+Johnson's character, which this lady's _Anecdotes_ of him suggest; for
+from the very nature and form of her book, 'it lends deception lighter
+wings to fly'.[1050]
+
+'Let it be remembered, (says an eminent critick[1051],) that she has
+comprised in a small volume all that she could recollect of Dr. Johnson
+in _twenty years_, during which period, doubtless, some severe things
+were said by him; and they who read the book in _two hours_, naturally
+enough suppose that his whole conversation was of this complexion. But
+the fact is, I have been often in his company, and never _once_ heard
+him say a severe thing to any one; and many others can attest the
+same[1052]. When he did say a severe thing, it was generally extorted by
+ignorance pretending to knowledge, or by extreme vanity or affectation.
+
+'Two instances of inaccuracy, (adds he,) are peculiarly worthy of
+notice:
+
+'It is said, _"That natural[1053] roughness of his manner so often
+mentioned, would, notwithstanding the regularity of his notions, burst
+through them all from time to time; and he once bade a very celebrated
+lady, who praised him with too much zeal perhaps, or perhaps too strong
+an emphasis, (which always offended him,) consider what her flattery was
+worth, before she choaked him with it."_
+
+'Now let the genuine anecdote be contrasted with this. The person thus
+represented as being harshly treated, though a very celebrated
+lady[1054], was _then_ just come to London from an obscure situation in
+the country. At Sir Joshua Reynolds's one evening, she met Dr. Johnson.
+She very soon began to pay her court to him in the most fulsome strain.
+"Spare me, I beseech you, dear Madam," was his reply. She still _laid it
+on_. "Pray, Madam, let us have no more of this;" he rejoined. Not paying
+any attention to these warnings, she continued still her eulogy. At
+length, provoked by this indelicate and vain obtrusion of compliment, he
+exclaimed, "Dearest lady, consider with yourself what your flattery is
+worth, before you bestow it so freely[1055]."
+
+'How different does this story appear, when accompanied with all these
+circumstances which really belong to it, but which Mrs. Thrale either
+did not know, or has suppressed.
+
+'She says, in another place[1056], _"One gentleman, however, who dined
+at a nobleman's house in his company, and that of_ Mr. Thrale, _to whom
+I was obliged for the anecdote, was willing to enter the lists in
+defence of_ King William's _character; and having opposed and
+contradicted_ Johnson _two or three times, petulantly enough, the master
+of the house began to feel uneasy, and expect disagreeable consequences;
+to avoid which, he said, loud enough for the Doctor to hear,--'Our
+friend here has no meaning now in all this, except just to relate at
+club to-morrow how he teized_ Johnson _at dinner to-day; this is all to
+do himself_ honour.' _No, upon my word, (replied the other,') I see no_
+honour _in it, whatever you may do. Well, Sir, (returned_ Mr. Johnson,
+_sternly,) if you do not_ see _the honour, I am sure I_ feel _the
+disgrace_."
+
+'This is all sophisticated. Mr. Thrale was _not_ in the company, though
+he might have related the story to Mrs. Thrale. A friend, from whom I
+had the story, was present; and it was _not_ at the house of a nobleman.
+On the observation being made by the master of the house on a
+gentleman's contradicting Johnson, that he had talked for the honour,
+&c., the gentleman muttered in a low voice, "I see no honour in it;" and
+Dr. Johnson said nothing: so all the rest, (though _bien trouvée_) is
+mere garnish.'
+
+I have had occasion several times, in the course of this work, to point
+out the incorrectness of Mrs. Thrale, as to particulars which consisted
+with my own knowledge[1057]. But indeed she has, in flippant terms
+enough, expressed her disapprobation of that anxious desire of
+authenticity which prompts a person who is to record conversations, to
+write them down _at the moment_[1058]. Unquestionably, if they are to be
+recorded at all, the sooner it is done the better. This lady herself
+says[1059],--
+
+_'To recollect, however, and to repeat the sayings of_ Dr. Johnson, _is
+almost all that can be done by the writers of his Life; as his life, at
+least since my acquaintance with him, consisted in little else than
+talking, when he was not [absolutely] employed in some serious piece
+of work.'_
+
+She boasts of her having kept a common-place book[1060]; and we find she
+noted, at one time or other, in a very lively manner, specimens of the
+conversation of Dr. Johnson, and of those who talked with him; but had
+she done it recently, they probably would have been less erroneous; and
+we should have been relieved from those disagreeable doubts of their
+authenticity, with which we must now peruse them.
+
+She says of him[1061],--
+
+_'He was the most charitable of mortals, without being what we call an_
+active friend. _Admirable at giving counsel; no man saw his way so
+clearly; but he_ would not stir a finger _for the assistance of those to
+whom he was willing enough to give advice.'_ And again on the same page,
+_'If you wanted a slight favour, you must apply to people of other
+dispositions; for_ not a step would Johnson move _to obtain a man a vote
+in a society, to repay a compliment which might be useful or pleasing,
+to write a letter of request, &c., or to obtain a hundred pounds a year
+more for a friend who, perhaps, had already two or three. No force could
+urge him to diligence, no importunity could conquer his resolution to
+stand still.'_
+
+It is amazing that one who had such opportunities of knowing Dr.
+Johnson, should appear so little acquainted with his real character. I
+am sorry this lady does not advert, that she herself contradicts the
+assertion of his being obstinately defective in the _petites morales_,
+in the little endearing charities of social life, in conferring smaller
+favours; for she says[1062],--
+
+'Dr. Johnson _was liberal enough in granting literary assistance to
+others, I think; and innumerable are the Prefaces, Sermons, Lectures,
+and Dedications which he used to make for people who begged of him._'
+
+I am certain that a _more active friend_ has rarely been found in any
+age[1063]. This work, which I fondly hope will rescue his memory from
+obloquy, contains a thousand instances of his benevolent exertions in
+almost every way that can be conceived; and particularly in employing
+his pen with a generous readiness for those to whom its aid could be
+useful. Indeed his obliging activity in doing little offices of
+kindness, both by letters and personal application, was one of the most
+remarkable features in his character; and for the truth of this I can
+appeal to a number of his respectable friends: Sir Joshua Reynolds, Mr.
+Langton, Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Burke, Mr. Windham, Mr. Malone, the Bishop of
+Dromore, Sir William Scott, Sir Robert Chambers. And can Mrs. Thrale
+forget the advertisements which he wrote for her husband at the time of
+his election contest[1064]; the epitaphs on him and her mother[1065];
+the playful and even trifling verses, for the amusement of her and her
+daughters; his corresponding with her children[1066], and entering into
+their minute concerns[1067], which shews him in the most amiable light?
+She relates[1068],--
+
+That Mr. Ch-lm-ley unexpectedly rode up to Mr. Thrale's carriage, in
+which Mr. Thrale and she, and Dr. Johnson were travelling; that he paid
+them all his proper compliments, but observing that Dr. Johnson, who was
+reading, did not see him, _'tapt him gently on the shoulder. "'Tis_ Mr.
+Ch-lm-ley;" _says my husband. "Well, Sir--and what if it is_ Mr.
+Ch-lm-ley;" _says the other, sternly, just lifting his eyes a moment
+from his book, and returning to it again, with renewed avidity.'_
+
+This surely conveys a notion of Johnson, as if he had been grossly rude
+to Mr. Cholmondeley[1069], a gentleman whom he always loved and
+esteemed. If, therefore, there was an absolute necessity for mentioning
+the story at all, it might have been thought that her tenderness for Dr.
+Johnson's character would have disposed her to state any thing that
+could soften it. Why then is there a total silence as to what Mr.
+Cholmondeley told her?--that Johnson, who had known him from his
+earliest years, having been made sensible of what had doubtless a
+strange appearance, took occasion, when he afterwards met him, to make a
+very courteous and kind apology. There is another little circumstance
+which I cannot but remark. Her book was published in 1785, she had then
+in her possession a letter from Dr. Johnson, dated in 1777[1070], which
+begins thus:--'Cholmondeley's story shocks me, if it be true, which I
+can hardly think, for I am utterly unconscious of it: I am very sorry,
+and very much ashamed[1071].' Why then publish the anecdote? Or if she
+did, why not add the circumstances, with which she was well acquainted!
+
+In his social intercourse she thus describes him[1072]:--
+
+'_Ever musing till he was called out to converse, and conversing till
+the fatigue of his friends, or the promptitude of his own temper to take
+offence, consigned him back again to silent meditation_.'
+
+Yet, in the same book[1073], she tells us,--
+
+'_He was, however, seldom inclined to be silent, when any moral or
+literary question was started; and it was on such occasions that, like
+the Sage in _"Rasselas[1074]," _he spoke, and attention watched his
+lips; he reasoned, and conviction closed his periods_.'
+
+His conversation, indeed, was so far from ever _fatiguing_ his friends,
+that they regretted when it was interrupted, or ceased, and could
+exclaim in Milton's language,--
+
+'With thee conversing, I forget all time[1075].'
+
+I certainly, then, do not claim too much in behalf of my illustrious
+friend in saying, that however smart and entertaining Mrs. Thrale's
+_Anecdotes_ are, they must not be held as good evidence against him; for
+wherever an instance of harshness and severity is told, I beg leave to
+doubt its perfect authenticity; for though there may have been _some_
+foundation for it, yet, like that of his reproof to the 'very celebrated
+lady,' it may be so exhibited in the narration as to be very unlike the
+real fact.
+
+The evident tendency of the following anecdote[1076] is to represent Dr.
+Johnson as extremely deficient in affection, tenderness, or even common
+civility:--
+
+_'When I one day lamented the loss of a first cousin killed in_
+America,--"_Prithee, my dear, (said he,) have done with canting; how
+would the world be the worse for it, I may ask, if all your relations
+were at once spitted like larks, and roasted for_ Presto's
+_supper?"_--Presto[1077] _was the dog that lay under the table while
+we talked._'
+
+I suspect this too of exaggeration and distortion. I allow that he made
+her an angry speech; but let the circumstances fairly appear, as told by
+Mr. Baretti, who was present:--
+
+'Mrs. Thrale, while supping very heartily upon larks, laid down her
+knife and fork, and abruptly exclaimed, "O, my dear Mr. Johnson, do you
+know what has happened? The last letters from abroad have brought us an
+account that our poor cousin's head was taken off by a cannon-ball."
+Johnson, who was shocked both at the fact, and her light unfeeling
+manner of mentioning it, replied, "Madam, it would give _you_ very
+little concern if all your relations were spitted like those larks, and
+drest for Presto's supper[1078]."'
+
+It is with concern that I find myself obliged to animadvert on the
+inaccuracies of Mrs. Piozzi's _Anecdotes_, and perhaps I may be thought
+to have dwelt too long upon her little collection. But as from Johnson's
+long residence under Mr. Thrale's roof, and his intimacy with her, the
+account which she has given of him may have made an unfavourable and
+unjust impression, my duty, as a faithful biographer, has obliged me
+reluctantly to perform this unpleasing task.
+
+Having left the _pious negotiation_, as I called it, in the best hands,
+I shall here insert what relates to it. Johnson wrote to Sir Joshua
+Reynolds on July 6, as follows:--
+
+'I am going, I hope, in a few days, to try the air of Derbyshire, but
+hope to see you before I go. Let me, however, mention to you what I have
+much at heart. If the Chancellor should continue his attention to Mr.
+Boswell's request, and confer with you on the means of relieving my
+languid state, I am very desirous to avoid the appearance of asking
+money upon false pretences. I desire you to represent to his Lordship,
+what, as soon as it is suggested, he will perceive to be
+reasonable,--That, if I grow much worse, I shall be afraid to leave my
+physicians, to suffer the inconveniences of travel, and pine in the
+solitude of a foreign country; That, if I grow much better, of which
+indeed there is now little appearance, I shall not wish to leave my
+friends and my domestick comforts; for I do not travel for pleasure or
+curiosity; yet if I should recover, curiosity would revive. In my
+present state, I am desirous to make a struggle for a little longer
+life, and hope to obtain some help from a softer climate. Do for me
+what you can.'
+
+He wrote to me July 26:--
+
+'I wish your affairs could have permitted a longer and continued
+exertion of your zeal and kindness. They that have your kindness may
+want your ardour. In the mean time I am very feeble and very dejected.'
+
+By a letter from Sir Joshua Reynolds I was informed, that the Lord
+Chancellor had called on him, and acquainted him that the application
+had not been successful; but that his Lordship, after speaking highly in
+praise of Johnson, as a man who was an honour to his country, desired
+Sir Joshua to let him know, that on granting a mortgage of his pension,
+he should draw on his Lordship to the amount of five or six hundred
+pounds; and that his Lordship explained the meaning of the mortgage to
+be, that he wished the business to be conducted in such a manner, that
+Dr. Johnson should appear to be under the least possible obligation. Sir
+Joshua mentioned, that he had by the same post communicated all this to
+Dr. Johnson.
+
+How Johnson was affected upon the occasion will appear from what he
+wrote to Sir Joshua Reynolds:--
+
+'Ashbourne, Sept. 9. Many words I hope are not necessary between you and
+me, to convince you what gratitude is excited in my heart by the
+Chancellor's liberality, and your kind offices....[1079] I have enclosed
+a letter to the Chancellor, which, when you have read it, you will be
+pleased to seal with a head, or any other general seal, and convey it to
+him: had I sent it directly to him, I should have seemed to overlook the
+favour of your intervention.'
+
+'To THE LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR[1080].
+
+MY LORD, After a long and not inattentive observation of mankind, the
+generosity of your Lordship's offer raises in me not less wonder than
+gratitude[1081]. Bounty, so liberally bestowed, I should gladly receive,
+if my condition made it necessary; for, to such a mind, who would not be
+proud to own his obligations? But it has pleased GOD to restore me to so
+great a measure of health, that if I should now appropriate so much of a
+fortune destined to do good, I could not escape from myself the charge
+of advancing a false claim. My journey to the continent, though I once
+thought it necessary, was never much encouraged by my physicians; and I
+was very desirous that your Lordship should be told of it by Sir Joshua
+Reynolds, as an event very uncertain; for if I grew much better, I
+should not be willing, if much worse, not able, to migrate. Your
+Lordship was first solicited without my knowledge; but, when I was told
+that you were pleased to honour me with your patronage, I did not expect
+to hear of a refusal; yet, as I have had no long time to brood hope, and
+have not rioted in imaginary opulence, this cold reception has been
+scarce a disappointment; and, from your Lordship's kindness, I have
+received a benefit, which only men like you are able to bestow. I shall
+now live _mihi carior_, with a higher opinion of my own merit.
+
+     'I am, my Lord,
+        Your Lordship's most obliged,
+           Most grateful, and
+              Most humble servant,
+                       SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'September, 1784.'
+
+Upon this unexpected failure I abstain from presuming to make any
+remarks, or to offer any conjectures.[1082]
+
+Having after repeated reasonings[1083], brought Dr. Johnson to agree to
+my removing to London, and even to furnish me with arguments in favour
+of what he had opposed; I wrote to him requesting he would write them
+for me; he was so good as to comply, and I shall extract that part of
+his letter to me of June 11[1084], as a proof how well he could exhibit
+a cautious yet encouraging view of it:--
+
+'I remember, and intreat you to remember, that _virtus est vitium
+fugere_[1085]; the first approach to riches is security from poverty.
+The condition on which you have my consent to settle in London is, that
+your expence never exceeds your annual income. Fixing this basis of
+security, you cannot be hurt, and you may be very much advanced. The
+loss of your Scottish business, which is all that you can lose, is not
+to be reckoned as any equivalent to the hopes and possibilities that
+open here upon you. If you succeed, the question of prudence is at an
+end; every body will think that done right which ends happily; and
+though your expectations, of which I would not advise you to talk too
+much, should not be totally answered, you can hardly fail to get friends
+who will do for you all that your present situation allows you to hope;
+and if, after a few years, you should return to Scotland, you will
+return with a mind supplied by various conversation, and many
+opportunities of enquiry, with much knowledge, and materials for
+reflection and instruction.'
+
+Let us now contemplate Johnson thirty years after the death of his wife,
+still retaining for her all the tenderness of affection.
+
+'TO THE REVEREND MR. BAGSHAW, AT BROMLEY[1086].
+
+'SIR,
+
+'Perhaps you may remember, that in the year 1753[1087], you committed to
+the ground my dear wife. I now entreat your permission to lay a stone
+upon her; and have sent the inscription, that, if you find it proper,
+you may signify your allowance.
+
+'You will do me a great favour by showing the place where she lies, that
+the stone may protect her remains.
+
+'Mr. Ryland[1088] will wait on you for the inscription[1089], and
+procure it to be engraved. You will easily believe that I shrink from
+this mournful office. When it is done, if I have strength remaining, I
+will visit Bromley once again, and pay you part of the respect to which
+you have a right from, Reverend Sir,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON[1090].'
+
+'July 12, 1784.'
+
+On the same day he wrote to Mr. Langton:--
+
+'I cannot but think that in my languid and anxious state, I have some
+reason to complain that I receive from you neither enquiry nor
+consolation. You know how much I value your friendship, and with what
+confidence I expect your kindness, if I wanted any act of tenderness
+that you could perform; at least, if you do not know it, I think your
+ignorance is your own fault. Yet how long is it that I have lived almost
+in your neighbourhood without the least notice. I do not, however,
+consider this neglect as particularly shown to me; I hear two of your
+most valuable friends make the same complaint. But why are all thus
+overlooked? You are not oppressed by sickness, you are not distracted by
+business; if you are sick, you are sick of leisure:--And allow yourself
+to be told, that no disease is more to be dreaded or avoided. Rather to
+do nothing than to do good, is the lowest state of a degraded mind.
+Boileau says to his pupil,
+
+     '_Que les vers ne soient pas votre éternel emploi,
+      Cultivez vos amis_[1091].'--
+
+That voluntary debility, which modern language is content to term
+indolence, will, if it is not counteracted by resolution, render in time
+the strongest faculties lifeless, and turn the flame to the smoke of
+virtue. I do not expect nor desire to see you, because I am much pleased
+to find that your mother stays so long with you, and I should think you
+neither elegant nor grateful, if you did not study her gratification.
+You will pay my respects to both the ladies, and to all the young
+people. I am going Northward for a while, to try what help the country
+can give me; but, if you will write, the letter will come after me.'
+
+Next day he set out on a jaunt to Staffordshire and Derbyshire,
+flattering himself that he might be in some degree relieved.
+
+During his absence from London he kept up a correspondence with several
+of his friends, from which I shall select what appears to me proper for
+publication, without attending nicely to chronological order.
+
+To Dr. BROCKLESBY, he writes, Ashbourne, July 20:--
+
+'The kind attention which you have so long shewn to my health and
+happiness, makes it as much a debt of gratitude as a call of interest,
+to give you an account of what befals me, when accident recovers[1092]
+me from your immediate care. The journey of the first day was performed
+with very little sense of fatigue; the second day brought me to
+Lichfield, without much lassitude; but I am afraid that I could not have
+borne such violent agitation for many days together. Tell Dr. Heberden,
+that in the coach I read _Ciceronianus_ which I concluded as I entered
+Lichfield. My affection and understanding went along with Erasmus,
+except that once or twice he somewhat unskilfully entangles Cicero's
+civil or moral, with his rhetorical, character. I staid five days at
+Lichfield, but, being unable to walk, had no great pleasure, and
+yesterday (19th) I came hither, where I am to try what air and attention
+can perform. Of any improvement in my health I cannot yet please myself
+with the perception.--The asthma has no abatement. Opiates stop the fit,
+so as that I can sit and sometimes lie easy, but they do not now procure
+me the power of motion; and I am afraid that my general strength of body
+does not encrease. The weather indeed is not benign; but how low is he
+sunk whose strength depends upon the weather[1093]! I am now looking
+into Floyer[1094] who lived with his asthma to almost his ninetieth
+year. His book by want of order is obscure, and his asthma, I think, not
+of the same kind with mine. Something however I may perhaps learn. My
+appetite still continues keen enough; and what I consider as a symptom
+of radical health, I have a voracious delight in raw summer fruit, of
+which I was less eager a few years ago[1095]. You will be pleased to
+communicate this account to Dr. Heberden, and if any thing is to be
+done, let me have your joint opinion. Now--_abite curoe_;--let me
+enquire after the Club[1096].'
+
+July 31. 'Not recollecting that Dr. Heberden might be at Windsor, I
+thought your letter long in coming. But, you know, _nocitura
+petuntur_[1097], the letter which I so much desired, tells me that I
+have lost one of my best and tenderest friends[1098]. My comfort is,
+that he appeared to live like a man that had always before his eyes the
+fragility of our present existence, and was therefore, I hope, not
+unprepared to meet his judge. Your attention, dear Sir, and that of Dr.
+Heberden, to my health, is extremely kind. I am loth to think that I
+grow worse; and cannot fairly prove even to my own partiality, that I
+grow much better.'
+
+August 5. 'I return you thanks, dear Sir, for your unwearied attention,
+both medicinal and friendly, and hope to prove the effect of your care
+by living to acknowledge it.'
+
+August 12[1099]. 'Pray be so kind as to have me in your thoughts, and
+mention my case to others as you have opportunity. I seem to myself
+neither to gain nor lose strength. I have lately tried milk, but have
+yet found no advantage, and am afraid of it merely as a liquid. My
+appetite is still good, which I know is dear Dr. Heberden's criterion of
+the _vis vitoe_. As we cannot now see each other, do not omit to write,
+for you cannot think with what warmth of expectation I reckon the hours
+of a post-day.'
+
+August 14. 'I have hitherto sent you only melancholy letters, you will
+be glad to hear some better account. Yesterday the asthma remitted,
+perceptibly remitted, and I moved with more ease than I have enjoyed for
+many weeks. May GOD continue his mercy. This account I would not delay,
+because I am not a lover of complaints, or complainers, and yet I have
+since we parted uttered nothing till now but terrour and sorrow. Write
+to me, dear Sir.'
+
+August 16. 'Better I hope, and better. My respiration gets more and more
+ease and liberty. I went to church yesterday, after a very liberal
+dinner, without any inconvenience; it is indeed no long walk, but I
+never walked it without difficulty, since I came, before.--the intention
+was only to overpower the seeming _vis inertioe_ of the pectoral and
+pulmonary muscles. I am favoured with a degree of ease that very much
+delights me, and do not despair of another race upon the stairs of the
+Academy[1100]. If I were, however, of a humour to see, or to shew the
+state of my body, on the dark side, I might say,
+
+     _"Quid te exempta juvat spinis de pluribus una[1101]?"_
+
+The nights are still sleepless, and the water rises, though it does not
+rise very fast. Let us, however, rejoice in all the good that we have.
+The remission of one disease will enable nature to combat the rest. The
+squills I have not neglected; for I have taken more than a hundred drops
+a day, and one day took two hundred and fifty, which, according to the
+popular equivalence of a drop to a grain, is more than half an ounce. I
+thank you, dear Sir, for your attention in ordering the medicines; your
+attention to me has never failed. If the virtue of medicines could be
+enforced by the benevolence of the prescriber, how soon should I
+be well.'
+
+August 19. 'The relaxation of the asthma still continues, yet I do not
+trust it wholly to itself, but soothe it now and then with an opiate. I
+not only perform the perpetual act of respiration with less labour, but
+I can walk with fewer intervals of rest, and with greater freedom of
+motion. I never thought well of Dr. James's compounded medicines[1102];
+his ingredients appeared to me sometimes inefficacious and trifling, and
+sometimes heterogeneous and destructive of each other. This prescription
+exhibits a composition of about three hundred and thirty grains, in
+which there are four grains of emetick tartar, and six drops [of]
+thebaick tincture. He that writes thus, surely writes for show. The
+basis of his medicine is the gum ammoniacum, which dear Dr. Lawrence
+used to give, but of which I never saw any effect. We will, if you
+please, let this medicine alone. The squills have every suffrage, and in
+the squills we will rest for the present.'
+
+August 21. 'The kindness which you shew by having me in your thoughts
+upon all occasions, will, I hope, always fill my heart with gratitude.
+Be pleased to return my thanks to Sir George Baker[1103], for the
+consideration which he has bestowed upon me. Is this the balloon that
+has been so long expected, this balloon to which I subscribed, but
+without payment[1104]? It is pity that philosophers have been
+disappointed, and shame that they have been cheated; but I know not well
+how to prevent either. Of this experiment I have read nothing; where was
+it exhibited? and who was the man that ran away with so much money?
+Continue, dear Sir, to write often and more at a time; for none of your
+prescriptions operate to their proper uses more certainly than your
+letters operate as cordials.'
+
+August 26. 'I suffered you to escape last post without a letter, but you
+are not to expect such indulgence very often; for I write not so much
+because I have any thing to say, as because I hope for an answer; and
+the vacancy of my life here makes a letter of great value. I have here
+little company and little amusement, and thus abandoned to the
+contemplation of my own miseries, I am sometimes gloomy and depressed;
+this too I resist as I can, and find opium, I think, useful, but I
+seldom take more than one grain. Is not this strange weather? Winter
+absorbed the spring, and now autumn is come before we have had summer.
+But let not our kindness for each other imitate the inconstancy of
+the seasons.'
+
+Sept. 2. 'Mr. Windham has been here to see me; he came, I think, forty
+miles out of his way, and staid about a day and a half, perhaps I make
+the time shorter than it was. Such conversation I shall not have again
+till I come back to the regions of literature; and there Windham is,
+_inter stellas_[1105] _Luna minores_[1106].' He then mentions the
+effects of certain medicines, as taken; that 'Nature is recovering its
+original powers, and the functions returning to their proper state. God
+continue his mercies, and grant me to use them rightly.'
+
+Sept. 9. 'Do you know the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire? And have you
+ever seen Chatsworth? I was at Chatsworth on Monday: I had indeed seen
+it before[1107], but never when its owners were at home; I was very
+kindly received, and honestly pressed to stay: but I told them that a
+sick man is not a fit inmate of a great house. But I hope to go again
+some time.'
+
+Sept. 11. 'I think nothing grows worse, but all rather better, except
+sleep, and that of late has been at its old pranks. Last evening, I felt
+what I had not known for a long time, an inclination to walk for
+amusement; I took a short walk, and came back again neither breathless
+nor fatigued. This has been a gloomy, frigid, ungenial summer, but of
+late it seems to mend; I hear the heat sometimes mentioned, but I do
+not feel it:
+
+     "Praterea minimus gelido jam in corpore sanguis
+      Febre calet solá[1108].----"
+
+I hope, however, with good help, to find means of supporting a winter at
+home, and to hear and tell at the Club what is doing, and what ought to
+be doing in the world. I have no company here, and shall naturally come
+home hungry for conversation. To wish you, dear Sir, more leisure, would
+not be kind; but what leisure you have, you must bestow upon me.'
+
+Sept. 16. 'I have now let you alone for a long time, having indeed
+little to say. You charge me somewhat unjustly with luxury. At
+Chatsworth, you should remember, that I have eaten but once; and the
+Doctor, with whom I live, follows a milk diet. I grow no fatter, though
+my stomach, if it be not disturbed by physick, never fails me. I now
+grow weary of solitude, and think of removing next week to Lichfield, a
+place of more society, but otherwise of less convenience. When I am
+settled, I shall write again. Of the hot weather that you mention, we
+have [not] had in Derbyshire very much, and for myself I seldom feel
+heat, and suppose that my frigidity is the effect of my distemper; a
+supposition which naturally leads me to hope that a hotter climate may
+be useful. But I hope to stand another English winter.'
+
+Lichfield, Sept. 29. 'On one day I had three letters about the
+air-balloon[1109]: yours was far the best, and has enabled me to impart
+to my friends in the country an idea of this species of amusement. In
+amusement, mere amusement, I am afraid it must end, for I do not find
+that its course can be directed so as that it should serve any purposes
+of communication; and it can give no new intelligence of the state of
+the air at different heights, till they have ascended above the height
+of mountains, which they seem never likely to do. I came hither on the
+27th. How long I shall stay I have not determined. My dropsy is gone,
+and my asthma much remitted, but I have felt myself a little declining
+these two days, or at least to-day; but such vicissitudes must be
+expected. One day may be worse than another; but this last month is far
+better than the former; if the next should be as much better than this,
+I shall run about the town on my own legs.'
+
+October 6. 'The fate of the balloon I do not much lament[1110]: to make
+new balloons, is to repeat the jest again. We now know a method of
+mounting into the air, and, I think, are not likely to know more. The
+vehicles can serve no use till we can guide them; and they can gratify
+no curiosity till we mount with them to greater heights than we can
+reach without; till we rise above the tops of the highest mountains,
+which we have yet not done. We know the state of the air in all its
+regions, to the top of Teneriffe, and therefore, learn nothing from
+those who navigate a balloon below the clouds. The first experiment,
+however, was bold, and deserved applause and reward. But since it has
+been performed, and its event is known, I had rather now find a medicine
+that can ease an asthma.'
+
+October 25. 'You write to me with a zeal that animates, and a tenderness
+that melts me. I am not afraid either of a journey to London, or a
+residence in it. I came down with little fatigue, and am now not weaker.
+In the smoky atmosphere I was delivered from the dropsy, which I
+consider as the original and radical disease. The town is my
+element[1111]; there are my friends, there are my books, to which I
+have not yet bid farewell, and there are my amusements. Sir Joshua told
+me long ago that my vocation was to publick life, and I hope still to
+keep my station, till GOD shall bid me _Go in peace_[1112].'
+
+To MR. HOOLE:--
+
+Ashbourne, Aug. 7. 'Since I was here I have two little letters from you,
+and have not had the gratitude to write. But every man is most free with
+his best friends, because he does not suppose that they can suspect him
+of intentional incivility. One reason for my omission is, that being in
+a place to which you are wholly a stranger, I have no topicks of
+correspondence. If you had any knowledge of Ashbourne, I could tell you
+of two Ashbourne men, who, being last week condemned at Derby to be
+hanged for a robbery, went and hanged themselves in their cell[1113].
+But this, however it may supply us with talk, is nothing to you. Your
+kindness, I know, would make you glad to hear some good of me, but I
+have not much good to tell; if I grow not worse, it is all that I can
+say. I hope Mrs. Hoole receives more help from her migration. Make her
+my compliments, and write again to, dear Sir, your affectionate servant.'
+
+Aug. 13. 'I thank you for your affectionate letter. I hope we shall both
+be the better for each other's friendship, and I hope we shall not very
+quickly be parted. Tell Mr. Nicholls that I shall be glad of his
+correspondence, when his business allows him a little remission; though
+to wish him less business, that I may have more pleasure, would be too
+selfish. To pay for seats at the balloon is not very necessary, because
+in less than a minute, they who gaze at a mile's distance will see all
+that can be seen. About the wings[1114] I am of your mind; they cannot
+at all assist it, nor I think regulate its motion. I am now grown
+somewhat easier in my body, but my mind is sometimes depressed. About
+the Club I am in no great pain. The forfeitures go on, and the house, I
+hear, is improved for our future meetings. I hope we shall meet often
+and sit long.'
+
+Sept. 4. 'Your letter was, indeed, long in coming, but it was very
+welcome. Our acquaintance has now subsisted long[1115] and our
+recollection of each other involves a great space, and many little
+occurrences, which melt the thoughts to tenderness. Write to me,
+therefore, as frequently as you can. I hear from Dr. Brocklesby and Mr.
+Ryland, that the Club is not crouded. I hope we shall enliven it when
+winter brings us together.'
+
+To DR. BURNEY:--
+
+August 2. 'The weather, you know, has not been balmy; I am now reduced
+to think, and am at last content to talk of the weather. Pride must have
+a fall[1116]. I have lost dear Mr. Allen, and wherever I turn, the dead
+or the dying meet my notice, and force my attention upon misery and
+mortality. Mrs. Burney's escape from so much danger, and her ease after
+so much pain, throws, however, some radiance of hope upon the gloomy
+prospect. May her recovery be perfect, and her continuance long. I
+struggle hard for life. I take physick, and take air; my friend's
+chariot is always ready. We have run this morning twenty-four miles, and
+could run forty-eight more. _But who can run the race with death?_'
+
+'Sept. 4. [Concerning a private transaction, in which his opinion was
+asked, and after giving it he makes the following reflections, which are
+applicable on other occasions.] Nothing deserves more compassion than
+wrong conduct with good meaning; than loss or obloquy suffered by one
+who, as he is conscious only of good intentions, wonders why he loses
+that kindness which he wishes to preserve; and not knowing his own
+fault, if, as may sometimes happen, nobody will tell him, goes on to
+offend by his endeavours to please. I am delighted by finding that our
+opinions are the same. You will do me a real kindness by continuing to
+write. A post-day has now been long a day of recreation.'
+
+Nov. 1. 'Our correspondence paused for want of topicks. I had said what
+I had to say on the matter proposed to my consideration; and nothing
+remained but to tell you, that I waked or slept; that I was more or less
+sick. I drew my thoughts in upon myself, and supposed yours employed
+upon your book. That your book[1117] has been delayed I am glad, since
+you have gained an opportunity of being more exact. Of the caution
+necessary in adjusting narratives there is no end. Some tell what they
+do not know, that they may not seem ignorant, and others from mere
+indifference about truth. All truth is not, indeed, of equal importance;
+but, if little violations are allowed, every violation will in time be
+thought little; and a writer should keep himself vigilantly on his guard
+against the first temptations to negligence or supineness. I had ceased
+to write, because respecting you I had no more to say, and respecting
+myself could say little good. I cannot boast of advancement, and in
+cases of convalescence it may be said, with few exceptions, _non
+progredi, est regredi_. I hope I may be excepted. My great difficulty
+was with my sweet Fanny[1118], who, by her artifice of inserting her
+letter in yours, had given me a precept of frugality[1119] which I was
+not at liberty to neglect; and I know not who were in town under whose
+cover I could send my letter[1120]. I rejoice to hear that you are all
+so well, and have a delight particularly sympathetick in the recovery of
+Mrs. Burney.'
+
+To MR. LANGTON:--
+
+Aug. 25. 'The kindness of your last letter, and my omission to answer
+it, begins to give you, even in my opinion, a right to recriminate, and
+to charge me with forgetfulness for the absent. I will, therefore, delay
+no longer to give an account of myself, and wish I could relate what
+would please either myself or my friend. On July 13, I left London,
+partly in hope of help from new air and change of place, and partly
+excited by the sick man's impatience of the present. I got to Lichfield
+in a stage vehicle, with very little fatigue, in two days, and had the
+consolation[1121] to find, that since my last visit my three old
+acquaintance are all dead. July 20, I went to Ashbourne, where I have
+been till now; the house in which we live is repairing. I live in too
+much solitude, and am often deeply dejected: I wish we were nearer, and
+rejoice in your removal to London. A friend, at once cheerful and
+serious, is a great acquisition. Let us not neglect one another for the
+little time which Providence allows us to hope. Of my health I cannot
+tell you, what my wishes persuaded me to expect, that it is much
+improved by the season or by remedies. I am sleepless; my legs grow
+weary with a very few steps, and the water breaks its boundaries in some
+degree. The asthma, however, has remitted; my breath is still much
+obstructed, but is more free than it was. Nights of watchfulness produce
+torpid days; I read very little, though I am alone; for I am tempted to
+supply in the day what I lost in bed. This is my history; like all other
+histories, a narrative of misery. Yet am I so much better than in the
+beginning of the year, that I ought to be ashamed of complaining. I now
+sit and write with very little sensibility of pain or weakness; but when
+I rise, I shall find my legs betraying me. Of the money which you
+mentioned, I have no immediate need; keep it, however, for me, unless
+some exigence requires it. Your papers I will shew you certainly when
+you would see them, but I am a little angry at you for not keeping
+minutes of your own _acceptum et expensum_[1122], and think a little
+time might be spared from Aristophanes, for the _res familiares_.
+Forgive me for I mean well. I hope, dear Sir, that you and Lady Rothes,
+and all the young people, too many to enumerate, are well and happy. GOD
+bless you all.'
+
+To MR. WINDHAM:--
+
+August. 'The tenderness with which you have been pleased to treat me,
+through my long illness, neither health nor sickness can, I hope, make
+me forget; and you are not to suppose, that after we parted you were no
+longer in my mind. But what can a sick man say, but that he is sick? His
+thoughts are necessarily concentered in himself; he neither receives nor
+can give delight; his enquiries are after alleviations of pain, and his
+efforts are to catch some momentary comfort. Though I am now in the
+neighbourhood of the Peak, you must expect no account of its wonders, of
+its hills, its waters, its caverns, or its mines; but I will tell you,
+dear Sir, what I hope you will not hear with less satisfaction, that,
+for about a week past, my asthma has been less afflictive.'
+
+Lichfield. October 2[1123]. 'I believe you have been long enough
+acquainted with the _phoenomena_ of sickness, not to be surprised that a
+sick man wishes to be where he is not, and where it appears to every
+body but himself that he might easily be, without having the resolution
+to remove. I thought Ashbourne a solitary place, but did not come hither
+till last Monday. I have here more company, but my health has for this
+last week not advanced; and in the languor of disease how little can be
+done? Whither or when I shall make my next remove I cannot tell; but I
+entreat you, dear Sir, to let me know, from time to time, where you may
+be found, for your residence is a very powerful attractive to, Sir, your
+most humble servant.'
+
+'To MR. PERKINS. 'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I cannot but flatter myself that your kindness for me will make you
+glad to know where I am, and in what state.
+
+'I have been struggling very hard with my diseases. My breath has been
+very much obstructed, and the water has attempted to encroach upon me
+again. I past the first part of the summer at Oxford, afterwards I went
+to Lichfield, thence to Ashbourne, in Derbyshire, and a week ago I
+returned to Lichfield.
+
+'My breath is now much easier, and the water is in a great measure run
+away, so that I hope to see you again before winter.
+
+'Please to make my compliments to Mrs. Perkins, and to Mr. and Mrs.
+Barclay.
+
+'I am, dear Sir, 'Your most humble servant, 'SAM. JOHNSON.' 'Lichfield,
+Oct. 4, 1784.'
+
+'To THE RIGHT HON. WILLIAM GERARD HAMILTON. 'DEAR SIR,
+
+'Considering what reason[1124] you gave me in the spring to conclude
+that you took part in whatever good or evil might befal me, I ought not
+to have omitted so long the account which I am now about to give you. My
+diseases are an asthma and a dropsy, and, what is less curable,
+seventy-five. Of the dropsy, in the beginning of the summer, or in the
+spring, I recovered to a degree which struck with wonder both me and my
+physicians: the asthma now is likewise, for a time, very much relieved.
+I went to Oxford, where the asthma was very tyrannical, and the dropsy
+began again to threaten me; but seasonable physick stopped the
+inundation: I then returned to London, and in July took a resolution to
+visit Staffordshire and Derbyshire, where I am yet struggling with my
+diseases. The dropsy made another attack, and was not easily ejected,
+but at last gave way. The asthma suddenly remitted in bed, on the 13th
+of August, and, though now very oppressive, is, I think, still something
+gentler than it was before the remission. My limbs are miserably
+debilitated, and my nights are sleepless and tedious. When you read
+this, dear Sir, you are not sorry that I wrote no sooner. I will not
+prolong my complaints. I hope still to see you _in a happier
+hour_[1125], to talk over what we have often talked, and perhaps to find
+new topicks of merriment, or new incitements to curiosity. I am, dear
+Sir, &c. SAM. JOHNSON. Lichfield, Oct. 20, 1784.'
+
+'TO JOHN PARADISE, ESQ.[1126]
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+Though in all my summer's excursion I have given you no account of
+myself, I hope you think better of me than to imagine it possible for me
+to forget you, whose kindness to me has been too great and too constant
+not to have made its impression on a harder breast than mine. Silence is
+not very culpable when nothing pleasing is suppressed. It would have
+alleviated none of your complaints to have read my vicissitudes of evil.
+I have struggled hard with very formidable and obstinate maladies; and
+though I cannot talk of health, think all praise due to my Creator and
+Preserver for the continuance of my life. The dropsy has made two
+attacks, and has given way to medicine; the asthma is very oppressive,
+but that has likewise once remitted. I am very weak, and very sleepless;
+but it is time to conclude the tale of misery. I hope, dear Sir, that
+you grow better, for you have likewise your share of human evil, and
+that your lady and the young charmers are well.
+
+I am, dear Sir, &c. SAM. JOHNSON.
+
+Lichfield, Oct. 20, 1784.'
+
+'To Mr. George Nicol[1127].
+
+'Dear Sir,
+'Since we parted, I have been much oppressed by my asthma, but it has
+lately been less laborious. When I sit I am almost at ease, and I can
+walk, though yet very little, with less difficulty for this week past,
+than before. I hope I shall again enjoy my friends, and that you and I
+shall have a little more literary conversation. Where I now am, every
+thing is very liberally provided for me but conversation. My friend is
+sick himself, and the reciprocation of complaints and groans affords not
+much of either pleasure or instruction. What we have not at home this
+town does not supply, and I shall be glad of a little imported
+intelligence, and hope that you will bestow, now and then, a little time
+on the relief and entertainment of, Sir, 'Yours, &c. 'Sam. Johnson.'
+
+'Ashbourne, Aug. 19, 1784.'
+
+'To Mr. Cruikshank.
+
+'Dear Sir,
+
+'Do not suppose that I forget you; I hope I shall never be accused of
+forgetting my benefactors[1128]. I had, till lately, nothing to write
+but complaints upon complaints, of miseries upon miseries; but within
+this fortnight I have received great relief. Have your Lectures any
+vacation? If you are released from the necessity of daily study, you may
+find time for a letter to me. [In this letter he states the particulars
+of his case.] In return for this account of my health, let me have a
+good account of yours, and of your prosperity in all your undertakings.
+
+'I am, dear Sir, yours, &c. 'Sam. Johnson.' 'Ashbourne, Sept. 4, 1784.'
+
+To Mr. Thomas Davies:--
+
+August 14. 'The tenderness with which you always treat me, makes me
+culpable in my own eyes for having omitted to write in so long a
+separation; I had, indeed, nothing to say that you could wish to hear.
+All has been hitherto misery accumulated upon misery, disease
+corroborating disease, till yesterday my asthma was perceptibly and
+unexpectedly mitigated. I am much comforted with this short relief, and
+am willing to flatter myself that it may continue and improve. I have at
+present, such a degree of ease, as not only may admit the comforts, but
+the duties of life. Make my compliments to Mrs. Davies. Poor dear Allen,
+he was a good man.'
+
+To SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS:--
+
+Ashbourne, July 21. 'The tenderness with which I am treated by my
+friends, makes it reasonable to suppose that they are desirous to know
+the state of my health, and a desire so benevolent ought to be
+gratified. I came to Lichfield in two days without any painful fatigue,
+and on Monday came hither, where I purpose to stay: and try what air and
+regularity will effect. I cannot yet persuade myself that I have made
+much progress in recovery. My sleep is little, my breath is very much
+encumbered, and my legs are very weak. The water has encreased a little,
+but has again run off. The most distressing symptom is want of sleep.'
+
+August 19. 'Having had since our separation, little to say that could
+please you or myself by saying, I have not been lavish of useless
+letters; but I flatter myself that you will partake of the pleasure with
+which I can now tell you that about a week ago, I felt suddenly a
+sensible remission of my asthma, and consequently a greater lightness of
+action and motion. Of this grateful alleviation I know not the cause,
+nor dare depend upon its continuance, but while it lasts I endeavour to
+enjoy it, and am desirous of communicating, while it lasts, my pleasure
+to my friends. Hitherto, dear Sir, I had written before the post, which
+stays in this town but a little while, brought me your letter. Mr.
+Davies seems to have represented my little tendency to recovery in terms
+too splendid. I am still restless, still weak, still watery, but the
+asthma is less oppressive. Poor Ramsay[1129]! On which side soever I
+turn, mortality presents its formidable frown. I left three old friends
+at Lichfield when I was last there, and now found them all dead. I no
+sooner lose sight of dear Allen, than I am told that I shall see him no
+more. That we must all die, we always knew; I wish I had sooner
+remembered it. Do not think me intrusive or importunate, if I now call,
+dear Sir, on you to remember it.'
+
+Sept. 2. 'I am glad that a little favour from the court has intercepted
+your furious purposes[1130]. I could not in any case have approved such
+publick violence of resentment, and should have considered any who
+encouraged it, as rather seeking sport for themselves, than honour for
+you. Resentment gratifies him who intended an injury, and pains him
+unjustly who did not intend it. But all this is now superfluous. I still
+continue by GOD'S mercy to mend. My breath is easier, my nights are
+quieter, and my legs are less in bulk, and stronger in use. I have,
+however, yet a great deal to overcome, before I can yet attain even an
+old man's health. Write, do write to me now and then; we are now old
+acquaintance, and perhaps few people have lived so much and so long
+together, with less cause of complaint on either side. The retrospection
+of this is very pleasant, and I hope we shall never think on each other
+with less kindness.'
+
+Sept. 9. 'I could not answer your letter[1131] before this day, because
+I went on the sixth to Chatsworth, and did not come back till the post
+was gone. Many words, I hope, are not necessary between you and me, to
+convince you what gratitude is excited in my heart, by the Chancellor's
+liberality and your kind offices. I did not indeed expect that what was
+asked by the Chancellor would have been refused[1132], but since it has,
+we will not tell that any thing has been asked. I have enclosed a letter
+to the Chancellor which, when you have read it, you will be pleased to
+seal with a head, or other general seal, and convey it to him; had I
+sent it directly to him, I should have seemed to overlook the favour of
+your intervention. My last letter told you of my advance in health,
+which, I think, in the whole still continues. Of the hydropick tumour
+there is now very little appearance; the asthma is much less
+troublesome, and seems to remit something day after day. I do not
+despair of supporting an English winter. At Chatsworth, I met young Mr.
+Burke, who led me very commodiously into conversation with the Duke and
+Duchess. We had a very good morning. The dinner was publick[1133].'
+
+Sept. 18. 'I flattered myself that this week would have given me a
+letter from you, but none has come. Write to me now and then, but direct
+your next to Lichfield. I think, and I hope, am sure, that I still grow
+better; I have sometimes good nights; but am still in my legs weak, but
+so much mended, that I go to Lichfield in hope of being able to pay my
+visits on foot, for there are no coaches. I have three letters this day,
+all about the balloon, I could have been content with one. Do not write
+about the balloon, whatever else you may think proper to say[1134].'
+
+October 2. 'I am always proud of your approbation, and therefore was
+much pleased that you liked my letter. When you copied it[1135], you
+invaded the Chancellor's right rather than mine. The refusal I did not
+expect, but I had never thought much about it, for I doubted whether the
+Chancellor had so much tenderness for me as to ask. He, being keeper of
+the King's conscience, ought not to be supposed capable of an improper
+petition. All is not gold that glitters, as we have often been told; and
+the adage is verified in your place[1136] and my favour; but if what
+happens does not make us richer, we must bid it welcome, if it makes us
+wiser. I do not at present grow better, nor much worse; my hopes,
+however, are somewhat abated, and a very great loss is the loss of hope,
+but I struggle on as I can.'
+
+TO MR. JOHN NICHOLS:--
+
+Lichfield, Oct. 20. 'When you were here, you were pleased, as I am told,
+to think my absence an inconvenience. I should certainly have been very
+glad to give so skilful a lover of antiquities any information about my
+native place, of which, however, I know not much, and have reason to
+believe that not much is known. Though I have not given you any
+amusement, I have received amusement from you. At Ashbourne, where I had
+very little company, I had the luck to borrow _Mr. Bowyer's Life_[1137];
+a book so full of contemporary history, that a literary man must find
+some of his old friends. I thought that I could, now and then, have told
+you some hints[1138] worth your notice; and perhaps we may talk a life
+over. I hope we shall be much together; you must now be to me what you
+were before, and what dear Mr. Allen was, besides. He was taken
+unexpectedly away, but I think he was a very good man. I have made
+little progress in recovery. I am very weak, and very sleepless; but I
+live on and hope[1139].'
+
+This various mass of correspondence, which I have thus brought together,
+is valuable, both as an addition to the store which the publick already
+has of Johnson's writings, and as exhibiting a genuine and noble
+specimen of vigour and vivacity of mind, which neither age nor sickness
+could impair or diminish.
+
+It may be observed, that his writing in every way, whether for the
+publick, or privately to his friends, was by fits and starts; for we see
+frequently, that many letters are written on the same day. When he had
+once overcome his aversion to begin, he was, I suppose, desirous to go
+on, in order to relieve his mind from the uneasy reflection of delaying
+what he ought to do[1140].
+
+While in the country, notwithstanding the accumulation of illness which
+he endured, his mind did not lose its powers. He translated an Ode of
+Horace[1141], which is printed in his _Works_, and composed several
+prayers. I shall insert one of them, which is so wise and energetick, so
+philosophical and so pious, that I doubt not of its affording
+consolation to many a sincere Christian, when in a state of mind to
+which I believe the best are sometimes liable[1142].
+
+And here I am enabled fully to refute a very unjust reflection, by Sir
+John Hawkins[1143], both against Dr. Johnson, and his faithful servant,
+Mr. Francis Barber[1144]; as if both of them had been guilty of culpable
+neglect towards a person of the name of Heely, whom Sir John chooses to
+call a _relation_ of Dr. Johnson's. The fact is, that Mr. Heely was not
+his relation; he had indeed been married to one of his cousins, but she
+had died without having children, and he had married another woman; so
+that even the slight connection which there once had been by _alliance_
+was dissolved. Dr. Johnson, who had shewn very great liberality to this
+man while his first wife was alive, as has appeared in a former part of
+this work[1145], was humane and charitable enough to continue his bounty
+to him occasionally; but surely there was no strong call of duty upon
+him or upon his legatee, to do more. The following letter, obligingly
+communicated to me by Mr. Andrew Strahan, will confirm what I
+have stated:--
+
+'TO MR. HEELY, No. 5, IN PYE-STREET, WESTMINSTER.
+
+'SIR,
+
+'As necessity obliges you to call so soon again upon me, you should at
+least have told the smallest sum that will supply your present want; you
+cannot suppose that I have much to spare. Two guineas is as much as you
+ought to be behind with your creditor. If you wait on Mr. Strahan, in
+New-street, Fetter-lane, or in his absence, on Mr. Andrew Strahan, shew
+this, by which they are entreated to advance you two guineas, and to
+keep this as a voucher.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Ashbourne, Aug. 12, 1784.'
+
+Indeed it is very necessary to keep in mind that Sir John Hawkins has
+unaccountably viewed Johnson's character and conduct in almost every
+particular, with an unhappy prejudice[1146].
+
+We now behold Johnson for the last time, in his native city, for which
+he ever retained a warm affection, and which, by a sudden apostrophe,
+under the word _Lich_[1147], he introduces with reverence, into his
+immortal Work, THE ENGLISH DICTIONARY:--_Salve, magna parens![1148]
+While here, he felt a revival of all the tenderness of filial affection,
+an instance of which appeared in his ordering the grave-stone and
+inscription over Elizabeth Blaney[1149] to be substantially and
+carefully renewed.
+
+To Mr. Henry White[1150], a young clergyman, with whom he now formed an
+intimacy, so as to talk to him with great freedom, he mentioned that he
+could not in general accuse himself of having been an undutiful son.
+'Once, indeed, (said he,) I was disobedient; I refused to attend my
+father to Uttoxeter-market. Pride was the source of that refusal, and
+the remembrance of it was painful. A few years ago, I desired to atone
+for this fault; I went to Uttoxeter in very bad weather, and stood for a
+considerable time bareheaded in the rain, on the spot where my father's
+stall used to stand. In contrition I stood, and I hope the penance was
+expiatory[1151].'
+
+'I told him (says Miss Seward) in one of my latest visits to him, of a
+wonderful learned pig, which I had seen at Nottingham; and which did all
+that we have observed exhibited by dogs and horses. The subject amused
+him. 'Then, (said he,) the pigs are a race unjustly calumniated. _Pig_
+has, it seems, not been wanting to _man_, but _man_ to _pig_. We do not
+allow _time_ for his education, we kill him at a year old.' Mr. Henry
+White, who was present, observed that if this instance had happened in
+or before Pope's time, he would not have been justified in instancing
+the swine as the lowest degree of groveling instinct[1152]. Dr. Johnson
+seemed pleased with the observation, while the person who made it
+proceeded to remark, that great torture must have been employed, ere the
+indocility of the animal could have been subdued. 'Certainly, (said the
+Doctor;) but, (turning to me,) how old is your pig?' I told him, three
+years old. 'Then, (said he,) the pig has no cause to complain; he would
+have been killed the first year if he had not been _educated_, and
+protracted existence is a good recompence for very considerable degrees
+of torture[1153].'
+
+As Johnson had now very faint hopes of recovery, and as Mrs. Thrale was
+no longer devoted to him, it might have been supposed that he would
+naturally have chosen to remain in the comfortable house of his beloved
+wife's daughter, and end his life where he began it. But there was in
+him an animated and lofty spirit[1154], and however complicated diseases
+might depress ordinary mortals, all who saw him, beheld and acknowledged
+the _invictum animum Catonis_[1155]. Such was his intellectual ardour
+even at this time, that he said to one friend, 'Sir, I look upon every
+day to be lost, in which I do not make a new acquaintance[1156];' and to
+another, when talking of his illness, 'I will be conquered; I will not
+capitulate[1157].' And such was his love of London, so high a relish
+had he of its magnificent extent, and variety of intellectual
+entertainment, that he languished when absent from it, his mind having
+become quite luxurious from the long habit of enjoying the metropolis;
+and, therefore, although at Lichfield, surrounded with friends, who
+loved and revered him, and for whom he had a very sincere affection, he
+still found that such conversation as London affords, could be found no
+where else. These feelings, joined, probably, to some flattering hopes
+of aid from the eminent physicians and surgeons in London, who kindly
+and generously attended him without accepting fees, made him resolve to
+return to the capital. From Lichfield he came to Birmingham, where he
+passed a few days with his worthy old schoolfellow, Mr. Hector, who thus
+writes to me:--
+
+'He was very solicitous with me to recollect some of our most early
+transactions, and transmit them to him, for I perceive nothing gave him
+greater pleasure than calling to mind those days of our innocence. I
+complied with his request, and he only received them a few days before
+his death. I have transcribed for your inspection, exactly the minutes I
+wrote to him.'
+
+This paper having been found in his repositories after his death, Sir
+John Hawkins has inserted it entire[1158], and I have made occasional
+use of it and other communications from Mr. Hector[1159], in the course
+of this Work. I have both visited and corresponded with him since Dr.
+Johnson's death, and by my inquiries concerning a great variety of
+particulars have obtained additional information. I followed the same
+mode with the Reverend Dr. Taylor, in whose presence I wrote down a good
+deal of what he could tell; and he, at my request, signed his name, to
+give it authenticity. It is very rare to find any person who is able to
+give a distinct account of the life even of one whom he has known
+intimately, without questions being put to them. My friend Dr.
+Kippis[1160] has told me, that on this account it is a practice with him
+to draw out a biographical catechism.
+
+Johnson then proceeded to Oxford, where he was again kindly received by
+Dr. Adams[1161], who was pleased to give me the following account in one
+of his letters, (Feb. 17th, 1785):--
+
+'His last visit was, I believe, to my house, which he left, after a stay
+of four or five days. We had much serious talk together, for which I
+ought to be the better as long as I live. You will remember some
+discourse which we had in the summer upon the subject of prayer, and the
+difficulty of this sort of composition[1162]. He reminded me of this,
+and of my having wished him to try his hand, and to give us a specimen
+of the style and manner that he approved. He added, that he was now in a
+right frame of mind, and as he could not possibly employ his time
+better, he would in earnest set about it. But I find upon enquiry, that
+no papers of this sort were left behind him, except a few short
+ejaculatory forms suitable to his present situation.'
+
+Dr. Adams had not then received accurate information on this subject;
+for it has since appeared that various prayers had been composed by him
+at different periods, which, intermingled with pious resolutions, and
+some short notes of his life, were entitled by him _Prayers and
+Meditations_, and have, in pursuance of his earnest requisition, in
+the hopes of doing good, been published, with a judicious well-written
+Preface, by the Reverend Mr. Strahan, to whom he delivered them[1163].
+This admirable collection, to which I have frequently referred in the
+course of this Work, evinces, beyond all his compositions for the
+publick, and all the eulogies of his friends and admirers, the sincere
+virtue and piety of Johnson. It proves with unquestionable authenticity,
+that amidst all his constitutional infirmities, his earnestness to
+conform his practice to the precepts of Christianity was unceasing, and
+that he habitually endeavoured to refer every transaction of his life to
+the will of the Supreme Being.
+
+He arrived in London on the 16th of November, and next day sent to Dr.
+Burney the following note, which I insert as the last token of his
+remembrance of that ingenious and amiable man, and as another of the
+many proofs of the tenderness and benignity of his heart:--
+
+'MR. JOHNSON, who came home last night, sends his respects to dear Dr.
+Burney, and all the dear Burneys, little and great[1164].'
+
+'TO MR. HECTOR, IN BIRMINGHAM.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I did not reach Oxford until Friday morning, and then I sent Francis to
+see the balloon fly, but could not go myself. I staid at Oxford till
+Tuesday, and then came in the common vehicle easily to London. I am as I
+was, and having seen Dr. Brocklesby, am to ply the squills; but,
+whatever be their efficacy, this world must soon pass away. Let us think
+seriously on our duty. I send my kindest respects to dear Mrs.
+Careless[1165]: let me have the prayers of both. We have all lived long,
+and must soon part. GOD have mercy on us, for the sake of our Lord JESUS
+CHRIST. Amen.
+
+'I am, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, Nov. 17, 1784.'
+
+His correspondence with me, after his letter on the subject of my
+settling in London, shall now, so far as is proper, be produced in
+one series:--
+
+July 26, he wrote to me from Ashbourne:--
+
+'On the 14th I came to Lichfield, and found every body glad enough to
+see me. On the 20th, I came hither, and found a house half-built, of
+very uncomfortable appearance; but my own room has not been altered.
+That a man worn with diseases, in his seventy-second or third year,
+should condemn part of his remaining life to pass among ruins and
+rubbish, and that no inconsiderable part, appears to me very strange. I
+know that your kindness makes you impatient to know the state of my
+health, in which I cannot boast of much improvement. I came through the
+journey without much inconvenience, but when I attempt self-motion I
+find my legs weak, and my breath very short; this day I have been much
+disordered. I have no company; the Doctor[1166] is busy in his fields,
+and goes to bed at nine, and his whole system is so different from mine,
+that we seem formed for different elements[1167]; I have, therefore,
+all my amusement to seek within myself.'
+
+Having written to him, in bad spirits, a letter filled with dejection
+and fretfulness, and at the same time expressing anxious apprehensions
+concerning him, on account of a dream which had disturbed me; his answer
+was chiefly in terms of reproach, for a supposed charge of 'affecting
+discontent, and indulging the vanity of complaint.' It, however,
+proceeded,--
+
+'Write to me often, and write like a man. I consider your fidelity and
+tenderness as a great part of the comforts which are yet left me, and
+sincerely wish we could be nearer to each other.... My dear friend, life
+is very short and very uncertain; let us spend it as well as we can. My
+worthy neighbour, Allen, is dead. Love me as well as you can. Pay my
+respects to dear Mrs. Boswell. Nothing ailed me at that time; let your
+superstition at last have an end.'
+
+Feeling very soon, that the manner in which he had written might hurt
+me, he two days afterwards, July 28, wrote to me again, giving me an
+account of his sufferings; after which, he thus proceeds:--
+
+'Before this letter, you will have had one which I hope you will not
+take amiss; for it contains only truth, and that truth kindly
+intended.... _Spartam quam nactus es orna_[1168]; make the most and best
+of your lot, and compare yourself not with the few that are above you,
+but with the multitudes which are below you.... Go steadily forward with
+lawful business or honest diversions. _Be_ (as Temple says of the
+Dutchmen) _well when you are not ill, and pleased when you are not
+angry_[1169].... This may seem but an ill return for your tenderness;
+but I mean it well, for I love you with great ardour and sincerity. Pay
+my respects to dear Mrs. Boswell, and teach the young ones to love me.'
+
+I unfortunately was so much indisposed during a considerable part of
+the year, that it was not, or at least I thought it was not in my power
+to write to my illustrious friend as formerly, or without expressing
+such complaints as offended him. Having conjured him not to do me the
+injustice of charging me with affectation, I was with much regret long
+silent. His last letter to me then came, and affected me very
+tenderly:--
+
+'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I have this summer sometimes amended, and sometimes relapsed, but, upon
+the whole, have lost ground, very much. My legs are extremely weak, and
+my breath very short, and the water is now encreasing upon me. In this
+uncomfortable state your letters used to relieve; what is the reason
+that I have them no longer? Are you sick, or are you sullen? Whatever be
+the reason, if it be less than necessity, drive it away; and of the
+short life that we have, make the best use for yourself and for your
+friends.... I am sometimes afraid that your omission to write has some
+real cause, and shall be glad to know that you are not sick, and that
+nothing ill has befallen dear Mrs. Boswell, or any of your family.
+
+'I am, Sir, your, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Lichfield, Nov. 5, 1784.'
+
+Yet it was not a little painful to me to find, that in a paragraph of
+this letter, which I have omitted, he still persevered in arraigning me
+as before, which was strange in him who had so much experience of what I
+suffered. I, however, wrote to him two as kind letters as I could; the
+last of which came too late to be read by him, for his illness encreased
+more rapidly upon him than I had apprehended; but I had the consolation
+of being informed that he spoke of me on his death-bed, with affection,
+and I look forward with humble hope of renewing our friendship in a
+better world.
+
+I now relieve the readers of this Work from any farther personal notice
+of its authour, who if he should be thought to have obtruded himself too
+much upon their attention, requests them to consider the peculiar plan
+of his biographical undertaking.
+
+Soon after Johnson's return to the metropolis, both the asthma and
+dropsy became more violent and distressful. He had for some time kept a
+journal in Latin of the state of his illness, and the remedies which he
+used, under the title of _Aegri Ephemeris_, which he began on the 6th of
+July, but continued it no longer than the 8th of November; finding, I
+suppose, that it was a mournful and unavailing register. It is in my
+possession; and is written with great care and accuracy.
+
+Still his love of literature[1170] did not fail. A very few days before
+his death he transmitted to his friend Mr. John Nichols, a list of the
+authours of the _Universal History_, mentioning their several shares in
+that work. It has, according to his direction, been deposited in the
+British Museum, and is printed in the _Gentleman's Magazine_ for
+December, 1784.
+
+During his sleepless nights he amused himself by translating into Latin
+verse, from the Greek, many of the epigrams in the Anthologica[1171].
+These translations, with some other poems by him in Latin, he gave to
+his friend Mr. Langton, who, having added a few notes, sold them to the
+booksellers for a small sum, to be given to some of Johnson's relations,
+which was accordingly done; and they are printed in the collection of
+his works.
+
+A very erroneous notion has circulated as to Johnson's deficiency in the
+knowledge of the Greek language, partly owing to the modesty with which,
+from knowing how much there was to be learnt, he used to mention his own
+comparative acquisitions. When Mr. Cumberland[1172] talked to him of the
+Greek fragments which are so well illustrated in The Observer[1173],
+and of the Greek dramatists in general, he candidly acknowledged his
+insufficiency in that particular branch of Greek literature. Yet it may
+be said, that though not a great, he was a good Greek scholar. Dr.
+Charles Burney[1174], the younger, who is universally acknowledged by
+the best judges to be one of the few men of this age who are very
+eminent for their skill in that noble language, has assured me, that
+Johnson could give a Greek word for almost every English one; and that
+although not sufficiently conversant in the niceties of the language, he
+upon some occasions discovered, even in these, a considerable degree of
+critical acumen. Mr. Dalzel, Professor of Greek at Edinburgh, whose
+skill in it is unquestionable, mentioned to me, in very liberal terms,
+the impression which was made upon him by Johnson, in a conversation
+which they had in London concerning that language. As Johnson,
+therefore, was undoubtedly one of the first Latin scholars in modern
+times, let us not deny to his fame some additional splendour from
+Greek[1175].
+
+I shall now fulfil my promise[1176] of exhibiting specimens of various
+sorts of imitation of Johnson's style.
+
+In the _Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy_, 1787, there is an
+'Essay on the Style of Dr. Samuel Johnson,' by the Reverend Robert
+Burrowes, whose respect for the great object of his criticism[1177] is
+thus evinced in the concluding paragraph:--
+
+'I have singled him out from the whole body of English writers, because
+his universally-acknowledged beauties would be most apt to induce
+imitation; and I have treated rather on his faults than his perfections,
+because an essay might comprize all the observations I could make upon
+his faults, while volumes would not be sufficient for a treatise on his
+perfections.'
+
+Mr. BURROWES has analysed the composition of Johnson, and pointed out
+its peculiarities with much acuteness; and I would recommend a careful
+perusal of his Essay to those, who being captivated by the union of
+perspicuity and splendour which the writings of Johnson contain, without
+having a sufficient portion of his vigour of mind, may be in danger of
+becoming bad copyists of his manner. I, however, cannot but observe, and
+I observe it to his credit, that this learned gentleman has himself
+caught no mean degree of the expansion and harmony, which, independent
+of all other circumstances, characterise the sentences of Johnson. Thus,
+in the Preface to the volume in which his Essay appears, we find,--
+
+'If it be said that in societies of this sort, too much attention is
+frequently bestowed on subjects barren and speculative, it may be
+answered, that no one science is so little connected with the rest, as
+not to afford many principles whose use may extend considerably beyond
+the science to which they primarily belong; and that no proposition is
+so purely theoretical as to be totally incapable of being applied to
+practical purposes. There is no apparent connection between duration and
+the cycloidal arch, the properties of which duly attended to, have
+furnished us with our best regulated methods of measuring time: and he
+who has made himself master of the nature and affections of the
+logarithmick curve, is not aware that he has advanced considerably
+towards ascertaining the proportionable density of the air at its
+various distances from the surface of the earth.'
+
+The ludicrous imitators of Johnson's style are innumerable. Their
+general method is to accumulate hard words, without considering, that,
+although he was fond of introducing them occasionally, there is not a
+single sentence in all his writings where they are crowded together, as
+in the first verse of the following imaginary Ode by him to Mrs.
+Thrale[1178], which appeared in the newspapers:--
+
+     '_Cervisial coctor's viduate_ dame,
+      _Opin'st_ thou this gigantick frame,
+        _Procumbing_ at thy shrine:
+      Shall, _catenated_ by thy charms,
+      A captive in thy _ambient_ arms,
+        _Perennially_ be thine?'
+
+This, and a thousand other such attempts, are totally unlike the
+original, which the writers imagined they were turning into ridicule.
+There is not similarity enough for burlesque, or even for caricature.
+
+Mr. COLMAN, in his _Prose on several occasions_, has _A Letter from
+LEXIPHANES[1179]; containing Proposals for a Glossary or Vocabulary of
+the Vulgar Tongue: intended as a Supplement to a larger DICTIONARY_. It
+is evidently meant as a sportive sally of ridicule on Johnson, whose
+style is thus imitated, without being grossly overcharged:--
+
+'It is easy to foresee, that the idle and illiterate will complain that
+I have increased their labours by endeavouring to diminish them; and
+that I have explained what is more easy by what is more difficult--
+_ignotum per ignotius_. I expect, on the other hand, the liberal
+acknowledgements of the learned. He who is buried in scholastick
+retirement, secluded from the assemblies of the gay, and remote from the
+circles of the polite, will at once comprehend the definitions, and be
+grateful for such a seasonable and necessary elucidation of his
+mother-tongue.'
+
+Annexed to this letter is a short specimen of the work, thrown together
+in a vague and desultory manner, not even adhering to alphabetical
+concatenation[1180].
+
+The serious imitators of Johnson's style, whether intentionally or by
+the imperceptible effect of its strength and animation, are, as I have
+had already occasion to observe, so many, that I might introduce
+quotations from a numerous body of writers in our language, since he
+appeared in the literary world. I shall point out only the following:--
+
+WILLIAM ROBERTSON, D.D.[1181]
+
+'In other parts of the globe, man, in his rudest state, appears as lord
+of the creation, giving law to various tribes of animals which he has
+tamed and reduced to subjection. The Tartar follows his prey on the
+horse which he has reared, or tends his numerous herds, which furnish
+him both with food and clothing; the Arab has rendered the camel docile,
+and avails himself of its persevering strength; the Laplander has formed
+the rein-deer to be subservient to his will; and even the people of
+Kamschatka have trained their dogs to labour. This command over the
+inferiour creatures is one of the noblest prerogatives of man, and among
+the greatest efforts of his wisdom and power. Without this, his dominion
+is incomplete. He is a monarch who has no subjects; a master without
+servants; and must perform every operation by the strength of his own
+arm[1182].'
+
+EDWARD GIBBON, Esq.[1183]
+
+'Of all our passions and appetites, the love of power is of the most
+imperious and unsociable nature, since the pride of one man requires the
+submission of the multitude. In the tumult of civil discord the laws of
+society lose their force, and their place is seldom supplied by those of
+humanity. The ardour of contention, the pride of victory, the despair of
+success, the memory of past injuries, and the fear of future dangers,
+all contribute to inflame the mind, and to silence the voice of
+pity[1184].'
+
+MISS BURNEY[1185].
+
+'My family, mistaking ambition for honour, and rank for dignity, have
+long planned a splendid connection for me, to which, though my
+invariable repugnance has stopped any advances, their wishes and their
+views immovably adhere. I am but too certain they will now listen to no
+other. I dread, therefore, to make a trial where I despair of success; I
+know not how to risk a prayer with those who may silence me by a
+command[1186].'
+
+REVEREND MR. NARES[1187].
+
+'In an enlightened and improving age, much perhaps is not to be
+apprehended from the inroads of mere caprice; at such a period it will
+generally be perceived, that needless irregularity is the worst of all
+deformities, and that nothing is so truly elegant in language as the
+simplicity of unviolated analogy. Rules will, therefore, be observed, so
+far as they are known and acknowledged: but, at the same time, the
+desire of improvement having been once excited will not remain inactive;
+and its efforts, unless assisted by knowledge, as much as they are
+prompted by zeal, will not unfrequently be found pernicious; so that the
+very persons whose intention it is to perfect the instrument of reason,
+will deprave and disorder it unknowingly. At such a time, then, it
+becomes peculiarly necessary that the analogy of language should be
+fully examined and understood; that its rules should be carefully laid
+down; and that it should be clearly known how much it contains, which
+being already right should be defended from change and violation: how
+much it has that demands amendment; and how much that, for fear of
+greater inconveniencies, must, perhaps, be left unaltered, though
+irregular.'
+
+A distinguished authour in _The Mirror_[1188], a periodical paper,
+published at Edinburgh, has imitated Johnson very closely. Thus, in
+No. 16,--
+
+'The effects of the return of spring have been frequently remarked as
+well in relation to the human mind as to the animal and vegetable world.
+The reviving power of this season has been traced from the fields to the
+herds that inhabit them, and from the lower classes of beings up to man.
+Gladness and joy are described as prevailing through universal Nature,
+animating the low of the cattle, the carol of the birds, and the pipe of
+the shepherd.'
+
+The Reverend Dr. KNOX[1189], master of Tunbridge school, appears to have
+the _imitari avco_[1190] of Johnson's style perpetually in his mind;
+and to his assiduous, though not servile, study of it, we may partly
+ascribe the extensive popularity of his writings[1191].
+
+In his _Essays, Moral and Literary_, No. 3, we find the following
+passage:--
+
+'The polish of external grace may indeed be deferred till the approach
+of manhood. When solidity is obtained by pursuing the modes prescribed
+by our fore-fathers, then may the file be used. The firm substance will
+bear attrition, and the lustre then acquired will be durable.'
+
+There is, however, one in No. 11, which is blown up into such tumidity,
+as to be truly ludicrous. The writer means to tell us, that Members of
+Parliament, who have run in debt by extravagance, will sell their votes
+to avoid an arrest[1192], which he thus expresses:--
+
+'They who build houses and collect costly pictures and furniture with
+the money of an honest artisan or mechanick, will be very glad of
+emancipation from the hands of a bailiff, by a sale of their senatorial
+suffrage.'
+
+But I think the most perfect imitation of Johnson is a professed one,
+entitled _A Criticism on Gray's Elegy in a Country Church-Yard_, said to
+be written by Mr. Young, Professor of Greek, at Glasgow, and of which
+let him have the credit, unless a better title can be shewn. It has not
+only the peculiarities of Johnson's style, but that very species of
+literary discussion and illustration for which he was eminent. Having
+already quoted so much from others, I shall refer the curious to this
+performance, with an assurance of much entertainment[1193].
+
+Yet whatever merit there may be in any imitations of Johnson's style,
+every good judge must see that they are obviously different from the
+original; for all of them are either deficient in its force, or
+overloaded with its peculiarities; and the powerful sentiment to which
+it is suited is not to be found[1194].
+
+Johnson's affection for his departed relations seemed to grow warmer as
+he approached nearer to the time when he might hope to see them again.
+It probably appeared to him that he should upbraid himself with unkind
+inattention, were he to leave the world without having paid a tribute of
+respect to their memory.
+
+'To MR. GREEN[1195], APOTHECARY, AT LICHFIELD.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I have enclosed the Epitaph[1196] for my Father, Mother, and Brother,
+to be all engraved on the large size, and laid in the middle aisle in
+St. Michael's church, which I request the clergyman and churchwardens
+to permit.
+
+'The first care must be to find the exact place of interment, that the
+stone may protect the bodies[1197]. Then let the stone be deep, massy,
+and hard; and do not let the difference of ten pounds, or more, defeat
+our purpose.
+
+'I have enclosed ten pounds, and Mrs. Porter will pay you ten more,
+which I gave her for the same purpose. What more is wanted shall be
+sent; and I beg that all possible haste may be made, for I wish to have
+it done while I am yet alive. Let me know, dear Sir, that you
+receive this.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Dec. 2, 1784.'
+
+'To MRS. LUCY PORTER, IN LICHFIELD.
+
+'DEAR MADAM,
+
+'I am very ill, and desire your prayers. I have sent Mr. Green the
+Epitaph, and a power to call on you for ten pounds.
+
+'I laid this summer a stone over Tetty, in the chapel of Bromley, in
+Kent[1198]. The inscription is in Latin, of which this is the English.
+[Here a translation.]
+
+'That this is done, I thought it fit that you should know. What care
+will be taken of us, who can tell? May GOD pardon and bless us, for
+JESUS CHRIST'S sake.
+
+'I am, &c.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON[1199],'
+
+'Dec. 2, 1784.'
+
+My readers are now, at last, to behold SAMUEL JOHNSON preparing himself
+for that doom, from which the most exalted powers afford no exemption to
+man[1200]. Death had always been to him an object of terrour; so that,
+though by no means happy, he still clung to life with an eagerness at
+which many have wondered. At any time when he was ill, he was very much
+pleased to be told that he looked better. An ingenious member of the
+_Eumelian Club_[1201], informs me, that upon one occasion when he said
+to him that he saw health returning to his cheek, Johnson seized him by
+the hand and exclaimed, 'Sir, you are one of the kindest friends I
+ever had.'
+
+His own state of his views of futurity will appear truly rational; and
+may, perhaps, impress the unthinking with seriousness.
+
+'You know, (says he,)[1202] I never thought confidence with respect to
+futurity, any part of the character of a brave, a wise, or a good man.
+Bravery has no place where it can avail nothing; wisdom impresses
+strongly the consciousness of those faults, of which it is, perhaps,
+itself an aggravation; and goodness, always wishing to be better, and
+imputing every deficience to criminal negligence, and every fault to
+voluntary corruption, never dares to suppose the condition of
+forgiveness fulfilled, nor what is wanting in the crime supplied by
+penitence.
+
+'This is the state of the best; but what must be the condition of him
+whose heart will not suffer him to rank himself among the best, or among
+the good? Such must be his dread of the approaching trial, as will leave
+him little attention to the opinion of those whom he is leaving for
+ever; and the serenity that is not felt, it can be no virtue to feign.'
+
+His great fear of death, and the strange dark manner in which Sir John
+Hawkins[1203] imparts the uneasiness which he expressed on account of
+offences with which he charged himself, may give occasion to injurious
+suspicions, as if there had been something of more than ordinary
+criminality weighing upon his conscience. On that account, therefore, as
+well as from the regard to truth which he inculcated[1204], I am to
+mention, (with all possible respect and delicacy, however,) that his
+conduct, after he came to London, and had associated with Savage and
+others, was not so strictly virtuous, in one respect, as when he was a
+younger man. It was well known, that his amorous inclinations were
+uncommonly strong and impetuous. He owned to many of his friends, that
+he used to take women of the town to taverns, and hear them relate their
+history[1205]. In short, it must not be concealed, that, like many other
+good and pious men, among whom we may place the Apostle Paul upon his
+own authority, Johnson was not free from propensities which were ever
+'warring against the law of his mind[1206],'--and that in his combats
+with them, he was sometimes overcome[1207].
+
+Here let the profane and licentious pause; let them not thoughtlessly
+say that Johnson was an _hypocrite_, or that his _principles_ were not
+firm, because his _practice_ was not uniformly conformable to what he
+professed.
+
+Let the question be considered independent of moral and religious
+association; and no man will deny that thousands, in many instances, act
+against conviction. Is a prodigal, for example, an _hypocrite_, when he
+owns he is satisfied that his extravagance will bring him to ruin and
+misery? We are _sure_ he _believes_ it; but immediate inclination,
+strengthened by indulgence, prevails over that belief in influencing his
+conduct. Why then shall credit be refused to the _sincerity_ of those
+who acknowledge their persuasion of moral and religious duty, yet
+sometimes fail of living as it requires? I heard Dr. Johnson once
+observe, 'There is something noble in publishing truth, though it
+condemns one's self[1208].' And one who said in his presence, 'he had
+no notion of people being in earnest in their good professions, whose
+practice was not suitable to them,' was thus reprimanded by him:--'Sir,
+are you so grossly ignorant of human nature as not to know that a man
+may be very sincere in good principles, without having good
+practice[1209]?'
+
+But let no man encourage or soothe himself in 'presumptuous sin[1210],'
+from knowing that Johnson was sometimes hurried into indulgences which
+he thought criminal. I have exhibited this circumstance as a shade in so
+great a character, both from my sacred love of truth, and to shew that
+he was not so weakly scrupulous as he has been represented by those who
+imagine that the sins, of which a deep sense was upon his mind, were
+merely such little venial trifles as pouring milk into his tea on
+Good-Friday. His understanding will be defended by my statement, if his
+consistency of conduct be in some degree impaired. But what wise man
+would, for momentary gratifications, deliberately subject himself to
+suffer such uneasiness as we find was experienced by Johnson in
+reviewing his conduct as compared with his notion of the ethicks of the
+gospel? Let the following passages be kept in remembrance:--
+
+'O, GOD, giver and preserver of all life, by whose power I was created,
+and by whose providence I am sustained, look down upon me with
+tenderness and mercy; grant that I may not have been created to be
+finally destroyed; that I may not be preserved to add wickedness to
+wickedness[1211].' 'O, LORD, let me not sink into total depravity; look
+down upon me, and rescue me at last from the captivity of sin[1212].'
+'Almighty and most merciful Father, who hast continued my life from year
+to year, grant that by longer life I may become less desirous of sinful
+pleasures, and more careful of eternal happiness[1213].' 'Let not my
+years be multiplied to increase my guilt; but as my age advances, let me
+become more pure in my thoughts, more regular in my desires, and more
+obedient to thy laws[1214].' 'Forgive, O merciful LORD, whatever I have
+done contrary to thy laws. Give me such a sense of my wickedness as may
+produce true contrition and effectual repentance; so that when I shall
+be called into another state, I may be received among the sinners to
+whom whom sorrow and reformation have obtained pardon, for JESUS
+CHRIST'S sake. Amen[1215].'
+
+Such was the distress of mind, such the penitence of Johnson, in his
+hours of privacy, and in his devout approaches to his Maker. His
+_sincerity_, therefore, must appear to every candid mind unquestionable.
+
+It is of essential consequence to keep in view, that there was in this
+excellent man's conduct no false principle of _commutation_, no
+_deliberate_ indulgence in sin, in consideration of a counter-balance of
+duty. His offending, and his repenting, were distinct and
+separate[1216]: and when we consider his almost unexampled attention to
+truth, his inflexible integrity, his constant piety, who will dare to
+'cast a stone at him[1217]?' Besides, let it never be forgotten, that he
+cannot be charged with any offence indicating badness of _heart_, any
+thing dishonest, base, or malignant; but that, on the contrary, he was
+charitable in an extraordinary degree: so that even in one of his own
+rigid judgements of himself, (Easter-eve, 1781,) while he says, 'I have
+corrected no external habits;' he is obliged to own, 'I hope that since
+my last communion I have advanced, by pious reflections, in my
+submission to GOD, and my benevolence to man[1218].'
+
+I am conscious that this is the most difficult and dangerous part of my
+biographical work, and I cannot but be very anxious concerning it. I
+trust that I have got through it, preserving at once my regard to
+truth,--to my friend,--and to the interests of virtue and religion. Nor
+can I apprehend that more harm can ensue from the knowledge of the
+irregularity of Johnson, guarded as I have stated it, than from knowing
+that Addison and Parnell were intemperate in the use of wine; which he
+himself, in his _Lives_ of those celebrated writers and pious men, has
+not forborne to record[1219].
+
+It is not my intention to give a very minute detail of the particulars
+of Johnson's remaining days[1220], of whom it was now evident, that the
+crisis was fast approaching, when he must '_die like men, and fall like
+one of the Princes_[1221].' Yet it will be instructive, as well as
+gratifying to the curiosity of my readers, to record a few
+circumstances, on the authenticity of which they may perfectly rely, as
+I have been at the utmost pains to obtain an accurate account of his
+last illness, from the best authority[1222].
+
+Dr. Heberden[1223], Dr. Brocklesby, Dr. Warren[1224], and Dr. Butter,
+physicians, generously attended him, without accepting any fees, as did
+Mr. Cruikshank, surgeon; and all that could be done from professional
+skill and ability, was tried, to prolong a life so truly valuable. He
+himself, indeed, having, on account of his very bad constitution, been
+perpetually applying himself to medical inquiries, united his own
+efforts with those of the gentlemen who attended him; and imagining that
+the dropsical collection of water which oppressed him might be drawn off
+by making incisions in his body, he, with his usual resolute defiance of
+pain, cut deep, when he thought that his surgeon had done it too
+tenderly[1225].
+
+About eight or ten days before his death, when Dr. Brocklesby paid him
+his morning visit, he seemed very low and desponding, and said, 'I have
+been as a dying man all night.' He then emphatically broke out in the
+words of Shakspeare,--
+
+     'Can'st thou not minister to a mind diseas'd;
+      Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow;
+      Raze out the written troubles of the brain;
+      And, with some sweet oblivious antidote,
+      Cleanse the stuff'd bosom of that perilous stuff,
+      Which weighs upon the heart?'
+
+To which Dr. Brocklesby readily answered, from the same great poet:--
+
+     '----------------therein the patient
+      Must minister to himself[1226].'
+
+Johnson expressed himself much satisfied with the application.
+
+On another day after this, when talking on the subject of prayer, Dr.
+Brocklesby repeated from Juvenal,--
+
+     '_Orandum est, ut sit mens sana in corpore Sano_[1227],'
+
+and so on to the end of the tenth satire; but in running it quickly
+over, he happened, in the line,
+
+     '_Qui spatium vitae; extremum inter munera ponat_,'
+
+to pronounce _supremum_ for _extremum_; at which Johnson's critical ear
+instantly took offence, and discoursing vehemently on the unmetrical
+effect of such a lapse, he shewed himself as full as ever of the spirit
+of the grammarian[1228].
+
+Having no near relations[1229], it had been for some time Johnson's
+intention to make a liberal provision for his faithful servant, Mr.
+Francis Barber, whom he looked upon as particularly under his
+protection, and whom he had all along treated truly as an humble friend.
+Having asked Dr. Brocklesby what would be a proper annuity to a
+favourite servant, and being answered that it must depend on the
+circumstances of the master; and, that in the case of a nobleman, fifty
+pounds a year was considered as an adequate reward for many years'
+faithful service; 'Then, (said Johnson,) shall I be _nobilissimus_, for
+I mean to leave Frank seventy pounds a year, and I desire you to tell
+him so[1230].' It is strange, however, to think, that Johnson was not
+free from that general weakness of being averse to execute a will, so
+that he delayed it from time to time[1231]; and had it not been for Sir
+John Hawkins's repeatedly urging it, I think it is probable that his
+kind resolution would not have been fulfilled. After making one, which,
+as Sir John Hawkins informs us, extended no further than the promised
+annuity, Johnson's final disposition of his property was established by
+a Will and Codicil, of which copies are subjoined[1232].
+
+The consideration of numerous papers of which he was possessed, seems
+to have struck Johnson's mind, with a sudden anxiety, and as they were
+in great confusion, it is much to be lamented that he had not entrusted
+some faithful and discreet person with the care and selection of them;
+instead of which, he in a precipitate manner, burnt large masses of
+them, with little regard, as I apprehend, to discrimination. Not that I
+suppose we have thus been deprived of any compositions which he had ever
+intended for the publick eye; but, from what escaped the flames, I judge
+that many curious circumstances relating both to himself and other
+literary characters have perished[1233].
+
+Two very valuable articles, I am sure, we have lost, which were two
+quarto volumes, containing a full, fair, and most particular account of
+his own life, from his earliest recollection. I owned to him, that
+having accidentally seen them, I had read a great deal in them; and
+apologizing for the liberty I had taken, asked him if I could help
+it[1234]. He placidly answered, 'Why, Sir, I do not think you could
+have helped it.' I said that I had, for once in my life, felt half an
+inclination to commit theft. It had come into my mind to carry off those
+two volumes, and never see him more. Upon my inquiring how this would
+have affected him, 'Sir, (said he,) I believe I should have gone
+mad[1235].'
+
+During his last illness, Johnson experienced the steady and kind
+attachment of his numerous friends. Mr. Hoole has drawn up a narrative
+of what passed in the visits which he paid him during that time, from
+the both of November to the 13th of December, the day of his death,
+inclusive, and has favoured me with a perusal of it, with permission to
+make extracts, which I have done. Nobody was more attentive to him than
+Mr. Langton, to whom he tenderly said, _Te teneam moriens deficiente
+manu_[1237]. And I think it highly to the honour of Mr. Windham, that
+his important occupations as an active statesman[1238] did not prevent
+him from paying assiduous respect to the dying Sage whom he revered. Mr.
+Langton informs me, that, 'one day he found Mr. Burke and four or five
+more friends sitting with Johnson. Mr. Burke said to him, "I am afraid,
+Sir, such a number of us may be oppressive to you." "No, Sir, (said
+Johnson,) it is not so; and I must be in a wretched state, indeed, when
+your company would not be a delight to me." Mr. Burke, in a tremulous
+voice, expressive of being very tenderly affected, replied, "My dear
+Sir, you have always been too good to me." Immediately afterwards he
+went away. This was the last circumstance in the acquaintance of these
+two eminent men[1239].'
+
+The following particulars of his conversation within a few days of his
+death, I give on the authority of Mr. John Nichols[1240]:--
+
+'He said, that the Parliamentary Debates were the only part of his
+writings which then gave him any compunction[1241]: but that at the time
+he wrote them, he had no conception he was imposing upon the world,
+though they were frequently written from very slender materials, and
+often from none at all,--the mere coinage of his own imagination. He
+never wrote any part of his works with equal velocity. Three columns of
+the _Magazine_, in an hour, was no uncommon effort, which was faster
+than most persons could have transcribed that quantity.
+
+'Of his friend Cave, he always spoke with great affection. "Yet (said
+he,) Cave, (who never looked out of his window, but with a view to the
+_Gentleman's Magazine_,) was a penurious pay-master; he would contract
+for lines by the hundred, and expect the long hundred; but he was a good
+man, and always delighted to have his friends at his table."
+
+'When talking of a regular edition of his own works, he said, "that he
+had power, [from the booksellers,] to print such an edition, if his
+health admitted it; but had no power to assign over any edition, unless
+he could add notes, and so alter them as to make them new works; which
+his state of health forbade him to think of. I may possibly live, (said
+he,) or rather breath, three days, or perhaps three weeks; but find
+myself daily and gradually weaker."
+
+'He said at another time, three or four days only before his death,
+speaking of the little fear he had of undergoing a chirurgical
+operation, "I would give one of these legs for a year more of life, I
+mean of comfortable life, not such as that which I now suffer;"--and
+lamented much his inability to read during his hours of restlessness; "I
+used formerly, (he added,) when sleepless in bed, _to read like a
+Turk_[1242]."
+
+'Whilst confined by his last illness, it was his regular practice to
+have the church-service read to him, by some attentive and friendly
+Divine. The Rev. Mr. Hoole performed this kind office in my presence for
+the last time, when, by his own desire, no more than the Litany was
+read; in which his responses were in the deep and sonorous voice which
+Mr. Boswell has occasionally noticed, and with the most profound
+devotion that can be imagined. His hearing not being quite perfect, he
+more than once interrupted Mr. Hoole, with "Louder, my dear Sir, louder,
+I entreat you, or you pray in vain[1243]!"--and, when the service was
+ended, he, with great earnestness, turned round to an excellent lady who
+was present, saying, "I thank you, Madam, very heartily, for your
+kindness in joining me in this solemn exercise. Live well, I conjure
+you; and you will not feel the compunction at the last, which I now
+feel[1244]." So truly humble were the thoughts which this great and good
+man entertained of his own approaches to religious perfection[1245].
+
+'He was earnestly invited to publish a volume of _Devotional
+Exercises_[1246]; but this, (though he listened to the proposal with
+much complacency, and a large sum of money was offered for it,) he
+declined, from motives of the sincerest modesty.
+
+'He seriously entertained the thought of translating _Thuanus_[1247]. He
+often talked to me on the subject; and once, in particular, when I was
+rather wishing that he would favour the world, and gratify his
+sovereign, by a Life of Spenser[1248], (which he said that he would
+readily have done, had he been able to obtain any new materials for the
+purpose,) he added, "I have been thinking again, Sir, of _Thuanus_: it
+would not be the laborious task which you have supposed it. I should
+have no trouble but that of dictation, which would be performed as
+speedily as an amanuensis could write."
+
+It is to the mutual credit of Johnson and Divines of different
+communions, that although he was a steady Church-of-England man, there
+was, nevertheless, much agreeable intercourse between him and them. Let
+me particularly name the late Mr. La Trobe, and Mr. Hutton[1249], of the
+Moravian profession. His intimacy with the English Benedictines, at
+Paris, has been mentioned[1250]; and as an additional proof of the
+charity in which he lived with good men of the Romish Church, I am happy
+in this opportunity of recording his friendship with the Reverend Thomas
+Hussey[1251], D.D. His Catholick Majesty's Chaplain of Embassy at the
+Court of London, that very respectable man, eminent not only for his
+powerful eloquence as a preacher, but for his various abilities and
+acquisitions. Nay, though Johnson loved a Presbyterian the least of all,
+this did not prevent his having a long and uninterrupted social
+connection with the Reverend Dr. James Fordyce, who, since his death,
+hath gratefully celebrated him in a warm strain of devotional
+composition[1252].
+
+Amidst the melancholy clouds which hung over the dying Johnson, his
+characteristical manner shewed itself on different occasions.
+
+When Dr. Warren, in the usual style, hoped that he was better; his
+answer was, 'No, Sir; you cannot conceive with what acceleration I
+advance towards death.'
+
+A man whom he had never seen before was employed one night to sit up
+with him[1253]. Being asked next morning how he liked his attendant, his
+answer was, 'Not at all, Sir: the fellow's an ideot; he is as aukward as
+a turn-spit when first put into the wheel, and as sleepy as a dormouse.'
+
+Mr. Windham having placed a pillow conveniently to support him, he
+thanked him for his kindness, and said, 'That will do,--all that a
+pillow can do.'
+
+He repeated[1254] with great spirit a poem, consisting of several
+stanzas, in four lines, in alternate rhyme, which he said he had
+composed some years before, on occasion of a rich, extravagant young
+gentleman's coming of age; saying he had never repeated it but once
+since he composed it, and had given but one copy of it. That copy was
+given to Mrs. Thrale, now Piozzi, who has published it in a Book which
+she entitles _British Synonymy_[1255], but which is truly a collection
+of entertaining remarks and stories, no matter whether accurate or not.
+Being a piece of exquisite satire, conveyed in a strain of pointed
+vivacity and humour, and in a manner of which no other instance is to be
+found in Johnson's writings, I shall here insert it[1256]:--
+
+     Long-expected one-and-twenty,
+       Ling'ring year, at length is flown;
+     Pride and pleasure, pomp and plenty,
+       Great --- ----[1257], are now your own.
+
+     Loosen'd from the Minor's tether,
+       Free to mortgage or to sell,
+     Wild as wind, and light as feather,
+       Bid the sons of thrift farewell.
+
+     Call the Betseys, Kates, and Jennies,
+       All the names that banish care;
+     Lavish of your grandsire's guineas,
+       Shew the spirit of an heir.
+
+     All that prey on vice or folly
+       Joy to see their quarry fly;
+     There the gamester, light and jolly,
+       There the lender, grave and sly.
+
+     Wealth, my lad, was made to wander,
+       Let it wander as it will;
+     Call the jockey, call the pander,
+       Bid them come and take their fill.
+
+     When the bonny blade carouses,
+       Pockets full, and spirits high--
+     What are acres? what are houses?
+       Only dirt, or wet or dry.
+
+     Should the guardian friend or mother
+       Tell the woes of wilful waste;
+     Scorn their counsel, scorn their pother,--
+       You can hang or drown at last.
+
+As he opened a note which his servant brought to him, he said, 'An odd
+thought strikes me: we shall receive no letters in the grave[1258].'
+
+He requested three things of Sir Joshua Reynolds:--To forgive him thirty
+pounds which he had borrowed of him; to read the Bible; and never to
+use his pencil on a Sunday[1259]. Sir Joshua readily acquiesced[1260].
+
+Indeed he shewed the greatest anxiety for the religious improvement of
+his friends, to whom he discoursed of its infinite consequence. He
+begged of Mr. Hoole to think of what he had said, and to commit it to
+writing: and, upon being afterwards assured that this was done, pressed
+his hands, and in an earnest tone thanked him. Dr. Brocklesby having
+attended him with the utmost assiduity and kindness as his physician and
+friend, he was peculiarly desirous that this gentleman should not
+entertain any loose speculative notions, but be confirmed in the truths
+of Christianity, and insisted on his writing down in his presence, as
+nearly as he could collect it, the import of what passed on the subject:
+and Dr. Brocklesby having complied with the request, he made him sign
+the paper, and urged him to keep it in his own custody as long as he
+lived[1261].
+
+Johnson, with that native fortitude, which, amidst all his bodily
+distress and mental sufferings, never forsook him, asked Dr. Brocklesby,
+as a man in whom he had confidence, to tell him plainly whether he could
+recover. 'Give me (said he) a direct answer.' The Doctor having first
+asked him if he could bear the whole truth, which way soever it might
+lead, and being answered that he could, declared that, in his opinion,
+he could not recover without a miracle. 'Then, (said Johnson,) I will
+take no more physick, not even my opiates; for I have prayed that I may
+render up my soul to GOD unclouded.' In this resolution he persevered,
+and, at the same time, used only the weakest kinds of sustenance. Being
+pressed by Mr. Windham to take somewhat more generous nourishment, lest
+too low a diet should have the very effect which he dreaded, by
+debilitating his mind, he said, 'I will take any thing but inebriating
+sustenance[1262].'
+
+The Reverend Mr. Strahan, who was the son of his friend, and had been
+always one of his great favourites, had, during his last illness, the
+satisfaction of contributing to soothe and comfort him. That gentleman's
+house, at Islington, of which he is Vicar, afforded Johnson,
+occasionally and easily, an agreeable change of place and fresh air; and
+he attended also upon him in town in the discharge of the sacred offices
+of his profession.
+
+Mr. Strahan has given me the agreeable assurance, that, after being in
+much agitation, Johnson became quite composed, and continued so till his
+death[1263].
+
+Dr. Brocklesby, who will not be suspected of fanaticism, obliged me with
+the following accounts:--
+
+'For some time before his death, all his fears were calmed and absorbed
+by the prevalence of his faith, and his trust in the merits and
+_propitiation_ of JESUS CHRIST.
+
+'He talked often to me about the necessity of faith in the _sacrifice_
+of Jesus, as necessary beyond all good works whatever, for the salvation
+of mankind.
+
+'He pressed me to study Dr. Clarke and to read his Sermons. I asked him
+why he pressed Dr. Clarke, an Arian[1264]. "Because, (said he,) he is
+fullest on the _propitiatory sacrifice_."'
+
+Johnson having thus in his mind the true Christian scheme, at once
+rational and consolatory, uniting justice and mercy in the DIVINITY,
+with the improvement of human nature, previous to his receiving the Holy
+Sacrament in his apartment, composed and fervently uttered this
+prayer[1265]:--
+
+'Almighty and most merciful Father, I am now as to human eyes, it
+seems, about to commemorate, for the last time, the death of thy Son
+JESUS CHRIST, our Saviour and Redeemer. Grant, O LORD, that my whole
+hope and confidence may be in his merits, and thy mercy; enforce and
+accept my imperfect repentance; make this commemoration available to the
+confirmation of my faith, the establishment of my hope, and the
+enlargement of my charity; and make the death of thy Son JESUS CHRIST
+effectual to my redemption. Have mercy upon me, and pardon the multitude
+of my offences. Bless my friends; have mercy upon all men. Support me,
+by thy Holy Spirit, in the days of weakness, and at the hour of death;
+and receive me, at my death, to everlasting happiness, for the sake of
+JESUS CHRIST. Amen.'
+
+Having, as has been already mentioned, made his will on the 8th and 9th
+of December, and settled all his worldly affairs, he languished till
+Monday, the 13th of that month, when he expired, about seven o'clock in
+the evening, with so little apparent pain that his attendants hardly
+perceived when his dissolution took place.
+
+Of his last moments, my brother, Thomas David[1266], has furnished me
+with the following particulars:--
+
+'The Doctor, from the time that he was certain his death was near,
+appeared to be perfectly resigned[1267], was seldom or never fretful or
+out of temper, and often said to his faithful servant, who gave me this
+account, "Attend, Francis, to the salvation of your soul, which is the
+object of greatest importance:" he also explained to him passages in the
+scripture, and seemed to have pleasure in talking upon religious
+subjects.
+
+'On Monday, the 13th of December, the day on which he died, a Miss
+Morris[1268], daughter to a particular friend of his, called, and said
+to Francis, that she begged to be permitted to see the Doctor, that she
+might earnestly request him to give her his blessing. Francis went into
+his room, followed by the young lady, and delivered the message. The
+Doctor turned himself in the bed, and said, "GOD bless you, my dear!"
+These were the last words he spoke. His difficulty of breathing
+increased till about seven o'clock in the evening, when Mr. Barber and
+Mrs. Desmoulins, who were sitting in the room, observing that the noise
+he made in breathing had ceased, went to the bed, and found he was
+dead[1269].'
+
+About two days after his death, the following very agreeable account was
+communicated to Mr. Malone, in a letter by the Honourable John Byng, to
+whom I am much obliged for granting me permission to introduce it in
+my work.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'Since I saw you, I have had a long conversation with Cawston[1270], who
+sat up with Dr. Johnson, from nine o'clock, on Sunday evening, till ten
+o'clock, on Monday morning. And, from what I can gather from him, it
+should seem, that Dr. Johnson was perfectly composed, steady in hope,
+and resigned to death. At the interval of each hour, they assisted him
+to sit up in his bed, and move his legs, which were in much pain; when
+he regularly addressed himself to fervent prayer; and though, sometimes,
+his voice failed him, his senses never did, during that time. The only
+sustenance he received, was cyder and water. He said his mind was
+prepared, and the time to his dissolution seemed long. At six in the
+morning, he enquired the hour, and, on being informed, said that all
+went on regularly, and he felt he had but a few hours to live.
+
+'At ten o'clock in the morning, he parted from Cawston, saying, "You
+should not detain Mr. Windham's servant:--I thank you; bear my
+remembrance to your master." Cawston says, that no man could appear more
+collected, more devout, or less terrified at the thoughts of the
+approaching minute.
+
+'This account, which is so much more agreeable than, and somewhat
+different from, yours, has given us the satisfaction of thinking that
+that great man died as he lived, full of resignation, strengthened in
+faith, and joyful in hope.'
+
+A few days before his death, he had asked Sir John Hawkins, as one of
+his executors, where he should be buried; and on being answered,
+'Doubtless, in Westminster-Abbey,' seemed to feel a satisfaction, very
+natural to a Poet; and indeed in my opinion very natural to every man of
+any imagination, who has no family sepulchre in which he can be laid
+with his fathers. Accordingly, upon Monday, December 20, his remains
+were deposited in that noble and renowned edifice; and over his grave
+was placed a large blue flag-stone, with this inscription:--
+
+     'SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D.
+      _Obiit_ XIII _die Decembris_,
+      _Anno Domini_
+      M. DCC. LXXXIV.
+      Aetatis suoe_ LXXV.'
+
+His funeral was attended by a respectable number of his friends,
+particularly such of the members of the LITERARY CLUB as were then in
+town; and was also honoured with the presence of several of the Reverend
+Chapter of Westminster. Mr. Burke, Sir Joseph Banks, Mr. Windham, Mr.
+Langton, Sir Charles Bunbury, and Mr. Colman, bore his pall[1271]. His
+schoolfellow, Dr. Taylor, performed the mournful office of reading the
+burial service[1272].
+
+I trust, I shall not be accused of affectation, when I declare, that I
+find myself unable to express all that I felt upon the loss of such a
+'Guide[1273], Philosopher, and Friend[1274].' I shall, therefore, not
+say one word of my own, but adopt those of an eminent friend[1275],
+which he uttered with an abrupt felicity, superior to all studied
+compositions:--'He has made a chasm, which not only nothing can fill up,
+but which nothing has a tendency to fill up. Johnson is dead. Let us go
+to the next best:--there is nobody; no man can be said to put you in
+mind of Johnson[1276].'
+
+As Johnson had abundant homage paid to him during his life[1277], so no
+writer in this nation ever had such an accumulation of literary honours
+after his death. A sermon upon that event was preached in St. Mary's
+Church, Oxford, before the University, by the Reverend Mr. Agutter, of
+Magdalen College[1278]. The _Lives_, the _Memoirs_, the _Essays_, both
+in prose and verse, which have been published concerning him, would make
+many volumes. The numerous attacks too upon him, I consider as part of
+his consequence, upon the principle which he himself so well knew and
+asserted[1279]. Many who trembled at his presence, were forward in
+assault, when they no longer apprehended danger. When one of his little
+pragmatical foes was invidiously snarling at his fame, at Sir Joshua
+Reynolds's table, the Reverend Dr. Parr exclaimed, with his usual bold
+animation, 'Ay, now that the old lion is dead, every ass thinks he may
+kick at him.'
+
+A monument for him, in Westminster Abbey, was resolved upon soon after
+his death, and was supported by a most respectable contribution[1280];
+but the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's having come to a resolution of
+admitting monuments there, upon a liberal and magnificent plan, that
+Cathedral was afterwards fixed on, as the place in which a cenotaph
+should be erected to his memory[1281]: and in the cathedral of his
+native city of Lichfield, a smaller one is to be erected. To compose his
+epitaph, could not but excite the warmest competition of genius[1282].
+If _laudari à laudato viro_ be praise which is highly estimable[1283],
+I should not forgive myself were I to omit the following sepulchral
+verses on the authour of THE ENGLISH DICTIONARY, written by the Right
+Honourable Henry Flood[1284]:--
+
+     'No need of Latin or of Greek to grace
+        Our JOHNSON'S memory, or inscribe his grave;
+      His native language claims this mournful space,
+        To pay the Immortality he gave.'
+
+The character of SAMUEL JOHNSON has, I trust, been so developed in the
+course of this work, that they who have honoured it with a perusal, may
+be considered as well acquainted with him. As, however, it may be
+expected that I should collect into one view the capital and
+distinguishing features of this extraordinary man, I shall endeavour to
+acquit myself of that part of my biographical undertaking[1285], however
+difficult it may be to do that which many of my readers will do better
+for themselves.
+
+His figure was large and well formed, and his countenance of the cast of
+an ancient statue; yet his appearance was rendered strange and somewhat
+uncouth, by convulsive cramps, by the scars of that distemper which it
+was once imagined the royal touch could cure, and by a slovenly mode of
+dress. He had the use only of one eye; yet so much does mind govern and
+even supply the deficiency of organs, that his visual perceptions, as
+far as they extended, were uncommonly quick and accurate[1286]. So
+morbid was his temperament, that he never knew the natural joy of a free
+and vigorous use of his limbs: when he walked, it was like the
+struggling gait of one in fetters; when he rode, he had no command or
+direction of his horse, but was carried as if in a balloon[1287]. That
+with his constitution and habits of life he should have lived
+seventy-five years, is a proof that an inherent _vivida vis_[1288] is a
+powerful preservative of the human frame.
+
+Man is, in general, made up of contradictory qualities; and these will
+ever shew themselves in strange succession, where a consistency in
+appearance at least, if not in reality, has not been attained by long
+habits of philosophical discipline. In proportion to the native vigour
+of the mind, the contradictory qualities will be the more prominent, and
+more difficult to be adjusted; and, therefore, we are not to wonder,
+that Johnson exhibited an eminent example of this remark which I have
+made upon human nature. At different times, he seemed a different man,
+in some respects; not, however, in any great or essential article, upon
+which he had fully employed his mind, and settled certain principles of
+duty, but only in his manners, and in the display of argument and fancy
+in his talk. He was prone to superstition, but not to credulity. Though
+his imagination might incline him to a belief of the marvellous and the
+mysterious, his vigorous reason examined the evidence with
+jealousy[1289]. He was a sincere and zealous Christian, of high
+Church-of-England and monarchical principles, which he would not tamely
+suffer to be questioned; and had, perhaps, at an early period, narrowed
+his mind somewhat too much, both as to religion and politicks. His being
+impressed with the danger of extreme latitude in either, though he was
+of a very independent spirit, occasioned his appearing somewhat
+unfavourable to the prevalence of that noble freedom of sentiment which
+is the best possession of man. Nor can it be denied, that he had many
+prejudices; which, however, frequently suggested many of his pointed
+sayings, that rather shew a playfulness of fancy than any settled
+malignity. He was steady and inflexible in maintaining the obligations
+of religion and morality; both from a regard for the order of society,
+and from a veneration for the GREAT SOURCE of all order; correct, nay
+stern in his taste; hard to please, and easily offended[1290]; impetuous
+and irritable in his temper, but of a most humane and benevolent
+heart[1291], which shewed itself not only in a most liberal charity, as
+far as his circumstances would allow, but in a thousand instances of
+active benevolence. He was afflicted with a bodily disease, which made
+him often restless and fretful; and with a constitutional melancholy,
+the clouds of which darkened the brightness of his fancy, and gave a
+gloomy cast to his whole course of thinking: we, therefore, ought not to
+wonder at his sallies of impatience and passion at any time; especially
+when provoked by obtrusive ignorance, or presuming petulance; and
+allowance must be made for his uttering hasty and satirical sallies even
+against his best friends. And, surely, when it is considered, that,
+'amidst sickness and sorrow[1292],'he exerted his faculties in so many
+works for the benefit of mankind, and particularly that he atchieved the
+great and admirable DICTIONARY of our language, we must be astonished at
+his resolution. The solemn text, 'of him to whom much is given, much
+will be required[1293],' seems to have been ever present to his mind, in
+a rigorous sense, and to have made him dissatisfied with his labours and
+acts of goodness, however comparatively great; so that the unavoidable
+consciousness of his superiority was, in that respect, a cause of
+disquiet. He suffered so much from this, and from the gloom which
+perpetually haunted him, and made solitude frightful, that it may be
+said of him, 'If in this life only he had hope, he was of all men most
+miserable[1294].' He loved praise, when it was brought to him; but was
+too proud to seek for it. He was somewhat susceptible of flattery. As he
+was general and unconfined in his studies, he cannot be considered as
+master of any one particular science; but he had accumulated a vast and
+various collection of learning and knowledge, which was so arranged in
+his mind, as to be ever in readiness to be brought forth. But his
+superiority over other learned men consisted chiefly in what may be
+called the art of thinking, the art of using his mind; a certain
+continual power of seizing the useful substance of all that he knew, and
+exhibiting it in a clear and forcible manner; so that knowledge, which
+we often see to be no better than lumber in men of dull understanding,
+was, in him, true, evident, and actual wisdom. His moral precepts are
+practical; for they are drawn from an intimate acquaintance with human
+nature. His maxims carry conviction; for they are founded on the basis
+of common sense, and a very attentive and minute survey of real life.
+His mind was so full of imagery, that he might have been perpetually a
+poet; yet it is remarkable, that, however rich his prose is in this
+respect, his poetical pieces, in general, have not much of that
+splendour, but are rather distinguished by strong sentiment and acute
+observation, conveyed in harmonious and energetick verse, particularly
+in heroick couplets. Though usually grave, and even aweful, in his
+deportment, he possessed uncommon and peculiar powers of wit and humour;
+he frequently indulged himself in colloquial pleasantry; and the
+heartiest merriment[1295] was often enjoyed in his company; with this
+great advantage, that as it was entirely free from any poisonous
+tincture of vice or impiety, it was salutary to those who shared
+in it. He had accustomed himself to such accuracy in his common
+conversation[1296], that he at all times expressed his thoughts with
+great force, and an elegant choice of language, the effect of which was
+aided by his having a loud voice, and a slow deliberate utterance[1297].
+In him were united a most logical head with a most fertile imagination,
+which gave him an extraordinary advantage in arguing: for he could
+reason close or wide, as he saw best for the moment. Exulting in his
+intellectual strength and dexterity, he could, when he pleased, be the
+greatest sophist that ever contended in the lists of declamation; and,
+from a spirit of contradiction and a delight in shewing his powers, he
+would often maintain the wrong side with equal warmth and ingenuity; so
+that, when there was an audience, his real opinions could seldom be
+gathered from his talk[1298]; though when he was in company with a
+single friend, he would discuss a subject with genuine fairness: but he
+was too conscientious to make errour permanent and pernicious, by
+deliberately writing it; and, in all his numerous works, he earnestly
+inculcated what appeared to him to be the truth; his piety being
+constant, and the ruling principle of all his conduct[1299].
+
+Such was SAMUEL JOHNSON, a man whose talents, acquirements, and
+virtues, were so extraordinary, that the more his character is
+considered, the more he will be regarded by the present age, and by
+posterity, with admiration and reverence[1300].
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX A.
+
+(_Page_ 115, _note_ 4.)
+
+There are at least three accounts of this altercation and three versions
+of the lines. Two of these versions nearly agree. The earliest is found
+in a letter by Richard Burke, senior, dated Jan. 6, 1773 (_Burke
+Corres_. i. 403); the second in _The Annual Register_ for 1776, p. 223;
+and the third in Miss Reynolds's _Recollections_ (Croker's _Boswell_,
+8vo. p. 833). R. Burke places the scene in Reynolds's house. Whether he
+himself was present is not clear. 'The dean,' he says, 'asserted that
+after forty-five a man did not improve. "I differ with you, Sir,"
+answered Johnson; "a man may improve, and you yourself have great room
+for improvement." The dean was confounded, and for the instant silent.
+Recovering, he said, "On recollection I see no cause to alter my
+opinion, except I was to call it improvement for a man to grow (which I
+allow he may) positive, rude, and insolent, and save arguments by
+brutality."' Neither the _Annual Register_ nor Miss Reynolds reports the
+Dean's speech. But she says that 'soon after the ladies withdrew, Dr.
+Johnson followed them, and sitting down by the lady of the house [that
+is by herself, if they were at Sir Joshua's] he said, "I am very sorry
+for having spoken so rudely to the Dean." "You very well may, Sir."
+"Yes," he said, "it was highly improper to speak in that style to a
+minister of the gospel, and I am the more hurt on reflecting with what
+mild dignity he received it."' If Johnson really spoke of the Dean's
+_mild dignity_, it is clear that Richard Burke's account is wrong. But
+it was written just after the scene, and Boswell says there was 'a
+pretty smart altercation.' Miss Reynolds continues:--'When the Dean came
+up into the drawing-room, Dr. Johnson immediately rose from his seat,
+and made him sit on the sofa by him, and with such a beseeching look for
+pardon and with such fond gestures--literally smoothing down his arms
+and his knees,' &c. The _Annual Register_ says that Barnard the next day
+sent the verses addressed to 'Sir Joshua Reynolds & Co.' On the next
+page I give Richard Burke's version of the lines, and show the various
+readings.
+
+MISS REYNOLD'S       RICHARD BURKE'S VERSION.          _Annual Register_
+  VERSION
+                    I lately thought no man alive
+                    Could e'er improve past forty-five,
+                      And ventured to assert it;
+                    The observation was not new,
+                    But seem'd to me so just and true,
+                      That none could controvert it.
+
+                    'No, Sir,' says Johnson, ''tis not so;
+'Tis                _That's_ your mistake, and I can show
+                      An instance, if you doubt it;
+You who perhaps are _You, Sir, who are near_ forty-eight,
+still               May _much_ improve, 'tis not too late;
+                      I wish you'd set about it.'
+
+                    Encouraged thus to mend my faults,
+                    I turn'd his counsel in my thoughts,
+could                 Which way I _should_ apply it:
+Genius I knew was   _Learning and wit seem'd_ past my reach,
+what none can       For who can learn _where none will_ teach? when
+                      And wit--I could not buy it.
+
+                    Then come, my friends, and try your skill,
+may                 You _can improve me, if you will;          inform
+                      (My books are at a distance).
+                    With you I'll live and learn; and then
+                    Instead of books I shall read men,
+                      _So_ lend me your assistance.            To
+
+                    Dear Knight of Plympton[1301], teach me how
+unclouded           To suffer with _unruffled_ brow,
+as                    And smile serene _like_ thine,
+and                 The jest uncouth _or_ truth severe,
+Like thee to turn   _To such apply_ my deafest ear,            To such
+                      And calmly drink my wine.                I'll turn
+
+                    Thou say'st, not only skill is gain'd,
+attained            But genius too may be _obtain'd_,          attained
+invitation            By studious _imitation_;
+                    Thy temper mild, thy genius fine,
+study               I'll _copy_ till I make _them_ mine,       thee
+meditation            By constant _application_.
+
+                    Thy art of pleasing teach me, Garrick,
+reverest (_sic_)    Thou who _reversest_ odes Pindarick[1302],
+                      A second time read o'er;
+                    Oh! could we read thee backwards too,
+Past                _Last_ thirty years thou shouldst review,
+                      And charm us thirty more.
+
+                    If I have thoughts and can't express 'em,
+                    Gibbon shall teach me how to dress 'em
+                      In terms select and terse;
+                    Jones teach me modesty--and Greek;
+                    Smith how to think; _Burke_ how to speak,   Burk
+                      And Beauclerk to converse.
+
+                    Let Johnson teach me how to place
+                    In fairest light each borrowed grace,
+                      From him I'll learn to write;
+free and easy       Copy his _clear and easy_ style,            clear
+                    And from the roughness of his file,         familiar
+like                  Grow _as_ himself--polite.'               like
+
+Horace Walpole, on Dec. 27, 1775, speaks of these verses as if they were
+fresh. 'They are an answer,' he writes, 'to a gross brutality of Dr.
+Johnson, to which a properer answer would have been to fling a glass of
+wine in his face. I have no patience with an unfortunate monster
+trusting to his helpless deformity for indemnity for any impertinence
+that his arrogance suggests, and who thinks that what he has read is an
+excuse for everything he says.' Horace Walpole's _Letters,_ vi. 302. It
+is strange that Walpole should be so utterly ignorant of Johnson's
+courage and bodily strength. The date of Walpole's letter makes me
+suspect that Richard Burke dated his Jan. 6, 1775 (he should have
+written 1776), and that the blunder of a copyist has changed 1775
+into 1773.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B.
+
+(_Page_ 238.)
+
+Had Boswell continued the quotation from Priestley's _Illustrations of
+Philosophical Necessity_ he would have shown that though Priestley could
+not _hate_ the rioters, he could very easily _prosecute_ them.
+He says:--
+
+'If as a Necessarian I cease to _blame_ men for their vices in the
+ultimate sense of the word, though, in the common and proper sense of
+it, I continue to do as much as other persons (for how necessarily
+soever they act, they are influenced by a base and mischievous
+disposition of mind, against which I must guard myself and others in
+proportion as I love myself and others),' &c. Priestley's
+_Works_, iii. 508.
+
+Of his interview with Johnson, Priestley, in his _Appeal to the Public_,
+part ii, published in 1792 (_Works_, xix. 502), thus writes, answering
+'the impudent falsehood that when I was at Oxford Dr. Johnson left a
+company on my being introduced to it':--
+
+'In fact we never were at Oxford at the same time, and the only
+interview I ever had with him was at Mr. Paradise's, where we dined
+together at his own request. He was particularly civil to me, and
+promised to call upon me the next time he should go through Birmingham.
+He behaved with the same civility to Dr. Price, when they supped
+together at Dr. Adams's at Oxford. Several circumstances show that Dr.
+Johnson had not so much of bigotry at the decline of life as had
+distinguished him before, on which account it is well known to all our
+common acquaintance, that I declined all their pressing solicitations to
+be introduced to him.'
+
+Priestley expresses himself ill, but his meaning can be made out. Parr
+answered Boswell in the March number of the _Gent. Mag._ for 1795, p.
+179. But the evidence that he brings is rendered needless by Priestley's
+positive statement. May peace henceforth fall on 'Priestley's injured
+name.' (Mrs. Barbauld's _Poems_, ii. 243.)
+
+When Boswell asserts that Johnson 'was particularly resolute in not
+giving countenance to men whose writings he considered as pernicious to
+society,' he forgets that that very summer of 1783 he had been willing
+to dine at Wilkes's house (_ante_, p. 224, note 2).
+
+Dr. Franklin (_Memoirs_, ed. 1833, iii. 157) wrote to Dr. Price in
+1784:--'It is said that scarce anybody but yourself and Dr. Priestley
+possesses the art of knowing how to differ decently.' Gibbon (_Misc.
+Works_, i. 304), describing in 1789 the honestest members of the French
+Assembly, calls them 'a set of wild visionaries, like our Dr. Price, who
+gravely debate, and dream about the establishment of a pure and perfect
+democracy of five and twenty millions, the virtues of the golden age,
+and the primitive rights and equality of mankind.' Admiration of Price
+made Samuel Rogers, when a boy, wish to be a preacher. 'I thought there
+was nothing on earth so _grand_ as to figure in a pulpit. Dr. Price
+lived much in the society of Lord Lansdowne [Earl of Shelburne] and
+other people of rank; and his manners were extremely polished. In the
+pulpit he was great indeed.' Rogers's _Table Talk_, p. 3.
+
+The full title of the tract mentioned by Boswell is, _A small
+Whole-Length of Dr. Priestley from his Printed Works_. It was published
+in 1792, and is a very poor piece of writing.
+
+Johnson had refused to meet the Abbé Raynal, the author of the _Histoire
+Philosophique et Politique du Commerce des Deux Indes_, when he was
+over in England in 1777. Mrs. Chapone, writing to Mrs. Carter on June 15
+of that year, says:--
+
+'I suppose you have heard a great deal of the Abbé Raynal, who is in
+London. I fancy you would have served him as Dr. Johnson did, to whom
+when Mrs. Vesey introduced him, he turned from him, and said he had read
+his book, and would have nothing to say to him.' Mrs. Chapone's
+_Posthumous Works_, i. 172.
+
+See Walpole's _Letters_, v. 421, and vi. 444. His book was burnt by the
+common hangman in Paris. Carlyle's _French Revolution_, ed. 1857, i. 45.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C.
+
+(_Page 253_.)
+
+Hawkins gives the two following notes:--
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'As Mr. Ryland was talking with me of old friends and past times, we
+warmed ourselves into a wish, that all who remained of the club should
+meet and dine at the house which once was Horseman's, in Ivy-lane. I
+have undertaken to solicit you, and therefore desire you to tell on what
+day next week you can conveniently meet your old friends.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your most humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Bolt-court, Nov. 22, 1783.'
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'In perambulating Ivy-lane, Mr. Ryland found neither our landlord
+Horseman, nor his successor. The old house is shut up, and he liked not
+the appearance of any near it; he therefore bespoke our dinner at the
+Queen's Arms, in St. Paul's Church-yard, where, at half an hour after
+three, your company will be desired to-day by those who remain of our
+former society.
+
+'Your humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'Dec. 3.'
+
+Four met--Johnson, Hawkins, Ryland, and Payne (_ante_, i. 243).
+
+'We dined,' Hawkins continues, 'and in the evening regaled with coffee.
+At ten we broke up, much to the regret of Johnson, who proposed
+staying; but finding us inclined to separate, he left us with a sigh
+that seemed to come from his heart, lamenting that he was retiring to
+solitude and cheerless meditation.' Hawkins's _Johnson_, p. 562.
+
+Hawkins is mistaken in saying that they had a second meeting at a tavern
+at the end of a month; for Johnson, on March 10, 1784, wrote:--
+
+'I have been confined from the fourteenth of December, and know not when
+I shall get out.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 351.
+
+He thus describes these meetings:--
+
+'Dec. 13. I dined about a fortnight ago with three old friends; we had
+not met together for thirty years, and one of us thought the other grown
+very old. In the thirty years two of our set have died; our meeting may
+be supposed to be somewhat tender.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 339.
+
+'Jan. 12, 1784. I had the same old friends to dine with me on Wednesday,
+and may say that since I lost sight of you I have had one pleasant day.'
+Ib. p. 346.
+
+'April 15, 1784. Yesterday I had the pleasure of giving another dinner
+to the remainder of the old club. We used to meet weekly, about the year
+fifty, and we were as cheerful as in former times; only I could not make
+quite so much noise, for since the paralytick affliction my voice is
+sometimes weak.' Ib. p. 361.
+
+'April 19, 1784. The people whom I mentioned in my letter are the
+remnant of a little club that used to meet in Ivy-lane about three and
+thirty years ago, out of which we have lost Hawkesworth and Dyer; the
+rest are yet on this side the grave. Our meetings now are serious, and I
+think on all parts tender.' Ib. 363.
+
+See _ante_, i. 191, note 5.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D.
+
+(_Page 254_.)
+
+It is likely that Sir Joshua Reynolds refused to join the Essex Head
+Club because he did not wish to meet Barry. Not long before this time he
+had censured Barry's delay in entering upon his duties as Professor
+of painting.
+
+'Barry answered:--"If I had no more to do in the composition of my
+lectures than to produce such poor flimsy stuff as your discourses, I
+should soon have done my work, and be prepared to read." It is said this
+speech was delivered with his fist clenched, in a menacing posture.'
+(Northcote's _Life of Reynolds_, ii. 146.)
+
+The Hon. Daines Barrington was the author of an _Essay on the Migration
+of Birds_ (_ante_, ii. 248) and of _Observations on the Statutes_
+(_ante_, iii. 314). Horace Walpole wrote on Nov. 24, 1780 (_Letters_,
+vii. 464):--
+
+'I am sorry for the Dean of Exeter; if he dies I conclude the leaden
+mace of the Antiquarian Society will be given to Judge Barrington.' (He
+was 'second Justice of Chester.')
+
+For Dr. Brocklesby see _ante_, pp. 176, 230, 338, 400.
+
+Of Mr. John Nichols, Murphy says that 'his attachment to Dr. Johnson was
+unwearied.' _Life of Johnson_, p. 66. He was the printer of _The Lives
+of the Poets_ (_ante_, p. 36), and the author of _Biographical and
+Literary Anecdotes of William Bowyer, Printer_, 'the last of the learned
+printers,' whose apprentice he had been (_ante_, p. 369). Horace Walpole
+(_Letters_, viii. 259) says:--
+
+'I scarce ever saw a book so correct as Mr. Nichols's _Life of Mr.
+Bowyer_. I wish it deserved the pains he has bestowed on it every way,
+and that he would not dub so many men _great_. I have known several of
+his _heroes_, who were very _little_ men.'
+
+The _Life of Bowyer_ being recast and enlarged was republished under the
+title of _Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century_. From 1778 till
+his death in 1826 the _Gentleman's Magazine_ was in great measure in his
+hands. Southey, writing in 1804, says:--
+
+'I have begun to take in here at Keswick the _Gentleman's Magazine_,
+_alias_ the _Oldwomania_, to enlighten a Portuguese student among the
+mountains; it does amuse me by its exquisite inanity, and the glorious
+and intense stupidity of its correspondents; it is, in truth, a disgrace
+to the age and the country.' Southey's _Life and Correspondence_,
+ii. 281.
+
+Mr. William Cooke, 'commonly called Conversation Cooke,' wrote _Lives of
+Macklin and Foote_. Forster's _Essays_, ii. 312, and _Gent. Mag._ 1824,
+p. 374. Mr. Richard Paul Joddrel, or Jodrell, was the author of _The
+Persian Heroine, a Tragedy_, which, in Baker's _Biog. Dram._ i. 400, is
+wrongly assigned to Sir R.P. Jodrell, M.D. Nichols's _Lit. Anec._ ix. 2.
+
+For Mr. Paradise see _ante_, p. 364, note 2.
+
+Dr. Horsley was the controversialist, later on Bishop of St. David's and
+next of Rochester. Gibbon makes splendid mention of him (_Misc. Works_,
+i. 232) when he tells how 'Dr. Priestley's Socinian shield has
+repeatedly been pierced by the mighty spear of Horsley.' Windham,
+however, in his _Diary_ in one place (p. 125) speaks of him as having
+his thoughts 'intent wholly on prospects of Church preferment;' and in
+another place (p. 275) says that 'he often lays down with great
+confidence what turns out afterwards to be wrong.' In the House of
+Lords he once said that 'he did not know what the mass of the people in
+any country had to do with the laws but to obey them.' _Parl. Hist_.
+xxxii. 258. Thurlow rewarded him for his _Letters to Priestley_ by a
+stall at Gloucester, 'saying that "those who supported the Church should
+be supported by it."' Campbell's _Chancellors_, ed. 1846, v. 635.
+
+For Mr. Windham, see _ante_, p. 200.
+
+Hawkins (_Life of Johnson_, p. 567) thus writes of the formation of the
+Club:--
+
+'I was not made privy to this his intention, but all circumstances
+considered, it was no matter of surprise to me when I heard that the
+great Dr. Johnson had, in the month of December 1783, formed a sixpenny
+club at an ale-house in Essex-street, and that though some of the
+persons thereof were persons of note, strangers, under restrictions, for
+three pence each night might three nights in a week hear him talk and
+partake of his conversation.'
+
+Miss Hawkins (_Memoirs_, i. 103) says:--
+
+'Boswell was well justified in his resentment of my father's designation
+of this club as a sixpenny club, meeting at an ale-house. ... Honestly
+speaking, I dare say my father did not like being passed over.'
+
+Sir Joshua Reynolds, writing of the club, says:--
+
+'Any company was better than none; by which Johnson connected himself
+with many mean persons whose presence he could command. For this purpose
+he established a club at a little ale-house in Essex-street, composed of
+a strange mixture of very learned and very ingenious odd people. Of the
+former were Dr. Heberden, Mr. Windham, Mr. Boswell, Mr. Steevens, Mr.
+Paradise. Those of the latter I do not think proper to enumerate.'
+Taylor's _Life of Reynolds_, ii. 455.
+
+It is possible that Reynolds had never seen the Essex Head, and that the
+term 'little ale-house' he had borrowed from Hawkins's account. Possibly
+too his disgust at Barry here found vent. Murphy (_Life of Johnson_, p.
+124) says:--
+
+'The members of the club were respectable for their rank, their talents,
+and their literature.'
+
+The 'little ale-house' club saw one of its members, Alderman Clarke
+(_ante_, p. 258), Lord Mayor within a year; another, Horsley, a Bishop
+within five years; and a third, Windham, Secretary at War within ten
+years. Nichols (_Literary Anecdotes_, ii. 553) gives a list of the
+'constant members' at the time of Johnson's death.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX E.
+
+(Page 399.)
+
+Miss Burney's account of Johnson's last days is interesting, but her
+dates are confused more even than is common with her. I have corrected
+them as well as I can.
+
+'Dec. 9. He will not, it seems, be talked to--at least very rarely. At
+times indeed he re-animates; but it is soon over and he says of
+himself:--"I am now like Macbeth--question enrages me."'
+
+'Dec. 10. At night my father brought us the most dismal tidings of dear
+Dr. Johnson. He had thanked and taken leave of all his physicians. Alas!
+I shall lose him, and he will take no leave of me. My father was deeply
+depressed. I hear from everyone he is now perfectly resigned to his
+approaching fate, and no longer in terror of death.'
+
+'Dec. 11. My father in the morning saw this first of men. He was up and
+very composed. He took his hand very kindly, asked after all his family,
+and then in particular how Fanny did. "I hope," he said, "Fanny did not
+take it amiss that I did not see her. I was very bad. Tell Fanny to pray
+for me." After which, still grasping his hand, he made a prayer for
+himself, the most fervent, pious, humble, eloquent, and touching, my
+father says, that ever was composed. Oh! would I had heard it! He ended
+it with Amen! in which my father joined, and was echoed by all present;
+and again, when my father was leaving him, he brightened up, something
+of his arch look returned, and he said: "I think I shall throw the ball
+at Fanny yet."'
+
+'Dec. 12. [Miss Burney called at Bolt-court.] All the rest went away but
+a Mrs. Davis, a good sort of woman, whom this truly charitable soul had
+sent for to take a dinner at his house. [See _ante_, p. 239, note 2.]
+Mr. Langton then came. He could not look at me, and I turned away from
+him. Mrs. Davis asked how the Doctor was. "Going on to death very fast,"
+was his mournful answer. "Has he taken," said she, "anything?" "Nothing
+at all. We carried him some bread and milk--he refused it, and
+said:--'The less the better.'"'
+
+'Dec. 20. This day was the ever-honoured, ever-lamented Dr. Johnson
+committed to the earth. Oh, how sad a day to me! My father attended. I
+could not keep my eyes dry all day; nor can I now in the recollecting
+it; but let me pass over what to mourn is now so vain.' Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_, ii. 333-339.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX F.
+
+(_Notes on Boswell's note on pages 403-405_.)
+
+[F-1] In a letter quoted in Mr. Croker's Boswell, p. 427, Dr. Johnson
+calls Thomas Johnson 'cousin,' and says that in the last sixteen months
+he had given him £40. He mentions his death in 1779. _Piozzi
+Letters_, ii. 45.
+
+[F-2] Hawkins (_Life_, p. 603) says that Elizabeth Herne was Johnson's
+first-cousin, and that he had constantly--how long he does not
+say--contributed £15 towards her maintenance.
+
+[F-3] For Mauritius Lowe, see _ante_, iii. 324, and iv. 201.
+
+[F-4] To Mr. Windham, two days earlier, he had given a copy of the _New
+Testament_, saying:--'Extremum hoc munus morientis habeto.' Windham's
+_Diary_, p. 28.
+
+[F-5] For Mrs. Gardiner see _ante_, i. 242.
+
+[F-6] Mr. John Desmoulins was the son of Mrs. Desmoulins (_ante_, iii.
+222, 368), and the grandson of Johnson's god-father, Dr. Swinfen
+(_ante_, i. 34). Johnson mentions him in a letter to Mrs. Thrale in
+1778. 'Young Desmoulins is taken in an _under-something_ of Drury Lane;
+he knows not, I believe, his own denomination.' _Piozzi Letters_,
+ii. 25.
+
+[F-7] The reference is to _The Rambler_, No. 41 (not 42 as Boswell
+says), where Johnson mentions 'those vexations and anxieties with which
+all human enjoyments are polluted.'
+
+[F-8] Bishop Sanderson described his soul as 'infinitely polluted with
+sin.' Walton's _Lives_, ed. 1838, p. 396.
+
+[F-9] Hume, writing in 1742 about his _Essays Moral and Political_,
+says:--
+
+'Innys, the great bookseller in Paul's Church-yard, wonders there is not
+a new edition, for that he cannot find copies for his customers.' J.H.
+Burton's _Hume_, i. 143.
+
+[F-10] Nichols (_Lit. Anec._ ii. 554) says that, on Dec. 7,
+
+'Johnson asked him whether any of the family of Faden the printer were
+living. Being told that the geographer near Charing Cross was Faden's
+son, he said, after a short pause:--"I borrowed a guinea of his father
+near thirty years ago; be so good as to take this, and pay it for me."'
+
+[F-11] Nowhere does Hawkins more shew the malignancy of his character
+than in his attacks on Johnson's black servant, and through him on
+Johnson. With the passage in which this offensive _caveat_ is found he
+brings his work to a close. At the first mention of Frank (_Life_, p.
+328) he says:--
+
+'His first master had _in great humanity_ made him a Christian, and his
+last for no assignable reason, nay rather in despite of nature, and to
+unfit him for being useful according to his capacity, determined to make
+him a scholar.'
+
+But Hawkins was a brutal fellow. See _ante_, i. 27, note 2, and 28, note
+1.
+
+[F-12] Johnson had written to Taylor on Oct. 23 of this year:--
+
+'"Coming down from a very restless night I found your letter, which made
+me a little angry. You tell me that recovery is in my power. This indeed
+I should be glad to hear if I could once believe it. But you mean to
+charge me with neglecting or opposing my own health. Tell me, therefore,
+what I do that hurts me, and what I neglect that would help me." This
+letter is endorsed by Taylor: "This is the last letter. My answer, which
+were (_sic_) the words of advice he gave to Mr. Thrale the day he dyed,
+he resented extremely from me."' Mr. Alfred Morrison's _Collection of
+Autographs_, &c., ii. 343.
+
+'The words of advice' which were given to Mr. Thrale _the day before_
+the fatal fit seized him, were that he should abstain from full meals.
+_Ante_, iv. 84, note 4. Johnson's resentment of Taylor's advice may
+account for the absence of his name in his will.
+
+[F-13] They were sold in 650 Lots, in a four days' sale. Besides the
+books there were 146 portraits, of which 61 were framed and glazed.
+These prints in their frames were sold in lots of 4, 8, and even 10
+together, though certainly some of them--and perhaps many--were
+engravings from Reynolds. The Catalogue of the sale is in the
+Bodleian Library.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX G.
+
+(_Notes on Boswell's note on page 408_.)
+
+[G-1] Mrs. Piozzi records (_Anecdotes_, p. 120) that Johnson told her,--
+
+'When Boyse was almost perishing with hunger, and some money was
+produced to purchase him a dinner, he got a bit of roast beef, but could
+not eat it without ketch-up; and laid out the last half-guinea he
+possessed in truffles and mushrooms, eating them in bed too, for want of
+clothes, or even a shirt to sit up in.'
+
+Hawkins (_Life_, p. 159) gives 1740 as the year of Boyse's destitution.
+
+'He was,' he says, 'confined to a bed which had no sheets; here, to
+procure food, he wrote; his posture sitting up in bed, his only covering
+a blanket, in which a hole was made to admit of the employment of
+his arm.'
+
+Two years later Boyse wrote the following verses to Cave from a
+spunging-house:--
+
+      'Hodie, teste coelo summo,
+       Sine pane, sine nummo,
+       Sorte positus infeste,
+       Scribo tibi dolens moeste.
+       Fame, bile tumet jecur:
+       Urbane, mitte opem, precor.
+       Tibi enim cor humanum
+       Non a malis alienum:
+       Mihi mens nee male grato,
+       Pro a te favore dato.
+     Ex gehenna debitoria,
+     Vulgo, domo spongiatoria.'
+
+He adds that he hopes to have his _Ode on the British Nation_ done that
+day. This _Ode_, which is given in the _Gent. Mag._ 1742, p. 383,
+contains the following verse, which contrasts sadly with the poor
+poet's case:--
+
+     'Thou, sacred isle, amidst thy ambient main,
+      _Enjoyst the sweets of freedom_ all thy own.'
+
+[G-2] It is not likely that Johnson called a sixpence 'a serious
+consideration.' He who in his youth would not let his comrades say
+_prodigious_ (_ante/_, in. 303) was not likely in his old age so to
+misuse a word.
+
+[G-3] Hugh Kelly is mentioned _ante_, ii. 48, note 2, and iii. 113.
+
+[G-4] It was not on the return from Sky, but on the voyage from Sky to
+Rasay, that the spurs were lost. _Post_, v. 163.
+
+[G-5] Dr. White's _Bampton Lectures_ of 1784 'became part of the
+triumphant literature of the University of Oxford,' and got the preacher
+a Christ Church Canonry. Of these _Lectures_ Dr. Parr had written about
+one-fifth part. White, writing to Parr about a passage in the manuscript
+of the last Lecture, said:--'I fear I did not clearly explain myself; I
+humbly beg the favour of you to make my meaning more intelligible.' On
+the death of Mr. Badcock in 1788, a note for £500 from White was found
+in his pocket-book. White pretended that this was remuneration for some
+other work; but it was believed on good grounds that Badcock had begun
+what Parr had completed, and that these famous _Lectures_ were mainly
+their work. Badcock was one of the writers in the _Monthly Review_.
+Johnstone's _Life of Dr. Parr_, i. 218-278. For Badcock's correspondence
+with the editor of the _Monthly Review_, see _Bodleian_ MS. _Add._
+C. 90.
+
+[G-6] 'Virgilium vidi tantum.' Ovid, _Tristia_, iv. 10. 51.
+
+[G-7] Mackintosh says of Priestley:--'Frankness and disinterestedness in
+the avowal of his opinion were his point of honour.' He goes on to point
+out that there was 'great mental power in him wasted and scattered.'
+_Life of Mackintosh_, i. 349. See _ante_, ii. 124, and iv. 238 for
+Johnson's opinion of Priestley.
+
+[G-8] Badcock, in using the term 'index-scholar,' was referring no doubt
+to Pope's lines:--
+
+'How Index-learning turns no student pale,
+ Yet holds the eel of science by the tail.'
+
+_Dunciad_, i. 279.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX H.
+
+(_Notes on Boswell's note on pages 421-422_.)
+
+[H-1] The last lines of the inscription on this urn are borrowed, with a
+slight change, from the last paragraph of the last _Rambler/_.
+(Johnson's _Works_, iii. 465, and _ante_, i. 226.) Johnson visited
+Colonel Myddelton on August 29, 1774, in his Tour to Wales. See
+_post_, v. 453.
+
+[H-2] Johnson, writing to Dr. Taylor on Sept. 3, 1783, said:--'I sat to
+Opey (sic) as long as he desired, and I think the head is finished, but
+it is not much admired.' _Notes and Queries_, 6th S. v. 481. Hawkins
+(_Life of Johnson_, p. 569) says that in 1784 'Johnson resumed sitting
+to Opie, but,' he adds, 'I believe the picture was never finished.'
+
+[H-3] Of this picture, which was the one painted for Beauclerk (_ante_,
+p. 180), it is stated in Johnson's _Work_, ed. 1787, xi. 204, that
+'there is in it that appearance of a labouring working mind, of an
+indolent reposing body, which he had to a very great degree.'
+
+[H-4] It seems almost certain that the portrait of Johnson in the Common
+Room of University College, Oxford, is this very mezzotinto. It was
+given to the College by Sir William Scott, and it is a mezzotinto from
+Opie's portrait. It has been reproduced for this work, and will be found
+facing page 244 of volume iii. Scott's inscription on the back of the
+frame is given on page 245, note 3, of the same volume.
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+(_Page_ 424.)
+
+Boswell most likely never knew that in the year 1790 Mr. Seward, in the
+name of Cadell the publisher, had asked Parr to write a _Life of
+Johnson_. (Johnstone's _Life of Parr_, iv. 678.) Parr, in his amusing
+vanity, was as proud of this _Life_ as if he had written it. '"It would
+have been," he said, "the third most learned work that has ever yet
+appeared. The most learned work ever published I consider Bentley _On
+the Epistles of Phalaris_; the next Salmasius _On the Hellenistic
+Language_." Alluding to Boswell's Life he continued, "Mine should have
+been, not the droppings of his lips, but the history of his mind."'
+Field's _Life of Parr_, i. 164.
+
+In the epitaph that he first sent in were found the words 'Probabili
+Poetae.'
+
+'In arms,' wrote Parr, 'were all the Johnsonians: Malone, Steevens, Sir
+W. Scott, Windham, and even Fox, all in arms. The epithet was cold. They
+do not understand it, and I am a Scholar, not a Belles-Lettres man.'
+
+Parr had wished to pass over all notice of Johnson's poetical character.
+To this, Malone said, none of his friends of the Literary Club would
+agree. He pointed out also that Parr had not noticed 'that part of
+Johnson's genius, which placed him on higher ground than perhaps any
+other quality that can be named--the universality of his knowledge, the
+promptness of his mind in producing it on all occasions in conversation,
+and the vivid eloquence with which he clothed his thoughts, however
+suddenly called upon.' Parr, regardless of Johnson's rule that 'in
+lapidary inscriptions a man is not upon oath' (_ante_, ii. 407),
+replied, that if he mentioned his conversation he should have to mention
+also his roughness in contradiction, &c. As for the epithet _probabili_,
+he 'never reflected upon it without almost a triumphant feeling in its
+felicity.' Nevertheless he would change it into 'poetae sententiarum et
+verborum ponderibus admirabili.' Yet these words, 'energetic and
+sonorous' though they were, 'fill one with a secret and invincible
+loathing, because they tend to introduce into the epitaph a character of
+magnificence.' With every fresh objection he rose in importance. He
+wrote for the approbation of real scholars of generations yet unborn.
+'That the epitaph was written by such or such a man will, from the
+publicity of the situation, and the popularity of the subject, be long
+remembered.' Johnstone's _Life of Parr_, iv. 694-712. No objection seems
+to have been raised to the five pompous lines of perplexing dates and
+numerals in which no room is found even for Johnson's birth and
+birth-place.
+
+'After I had written the epitaph,' wrote Parr to a friend, 'Sir Joshua
+Reynolds told me there was a scroll. I was in a rage. A scroll! Why,
+Ned, this is vile modern contrivance. I wanted one train of ideas. What
+could I do with the scroll? Johnson held it, and Johnson must speak in
+it. I thought of this, his favourite maxim, in the Life of Milton,
+[Johnson's _Works_, vii. 77],
+
+    "[Greek: Otti toi en megaroisi kakon t agathon te tetuktai.]."
+
+In Homer [_Odyssey_, iv. 392] you know--and shewing the excellence of
+Moral Philosophy. There Johnson and Socrates agree. Mr. Seward, hearing
+of my difficulty, and no scholar, suggested the closing line in the
+_Rambler_ [_ante_, i. 226, note 1]; had I looked there I should have
+anticipated the suggestion. It is the closing line in Dionysius's
+_Periegesis_,
+
+    "[Greek: Anton ek makaron antaxios eiae amoibae.]."
+
+I adopted it, and gave Seward the praise. "Oh," quoth Sir William Scott,
+"_[Greek: makaron]_ is Heathenish, and the Dean and Chapter will
+hesitate." "The more fools they," said I. But to prevent disputes I have
+altered it.
+
+    "[Greek: En makaressi ponon antaxios ein amoibae]."
+                  Johnstone's _Life of Parr_, iv. 713.
+
+Though the inscription on the scroll is not strictly speaking part of
+the epitaph, yet this mixture of Greek and Latin is open to the censure
+Johnson passed on Pope's Epitaph on Craggs.
+
+'It may be proper to remark,' he said, 'the absurdity of joining in the
+same inscription Latin and English, or verse and prose. If either
+language be preferable to the other, let that only be used; for no
+reason can be given why part of the information should be given in one
+tongue and part in another on a tomb more than in any other place, or on
+any other occasion.' Johnson's _Works_, viii. 353.
+
+Bacon the sculptor was anxious, wrote Malone, 'that posterity should
+know that he was entitled to annex R.A. to his name.' Parr was ready to
+give his name, lest if it were omitted 'Bacon should slily put the
+figure of a hog on Johnson's monument'; just as 'Saurus and Batrachus,
+when Octavia would not give them leave to set their names on the Temples
+they had built in Rome, scattered one of them [Greek: saurai] [lizards],
+and the other [Greek: batrachoi] [frogs] on the bases and capitals of
+the columns.' But as for the R.A., the sculptor 'very reluctantly had to
+agree to its omission.' Johnstone's _Parr_, iv. 705 and 710.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Nothing can compensate for this want this year of all years.
+Johnson's health was better than it had been for long, and his mind
+happier perhaps than it had ever been. The knowledge that in his _Lives
+of the Poets_, he had done, and was doing good work, no doubt was very
+cheering to him. At no time had he gone more into society, and at no
+time does he seem to have enjoyed it with greater relish. 'How do you
+think I live?' he wrote on April 25. 'On Thursday, I dined with
+Hamilton, and went thence to Mrs. Ord. On Friday, with much company at
+Reynolds's. On Saturday, at Dr. Bell's. On Sunday, at Dr. Burney's; at
+night, came Mrs. Ord, Mr. Greville, &c. On Monday with Reynolds, at
+night with Lady Lucan; to-day with Mr. Langton; to-morrow with the
+Bishop of St. Asaph; on Thursday with Mr. Bowles; Friday ----; Saturday,
+at the Academy; Sunday with Mr. Ramsay.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 107. On
+May 1, he wrote:--'At Mrs. Ord's, I met one Mrs. B---- [Buller], a
+travelled lady, of great spirit, and some consciousness of her own
+abilities. We had a contest of gallantry an hour long, so much to the
+diversion of the company that at Ramsay's last night, in a crowded room,
+they would have pitted us again. There were Smelt, [one of the King's
+favourites] and the Bishop of St. Asaph, who comes to every place; and
+Lord Monboddo, and Sir Joshua, and ladies out of tale.' _Ib_. p. 111.
+The account that Langton gives of the famous evening at Mrs. Vesey's,
+'when the company began to collect round Johnson till they became not
+less than four, if not five deep (_ante_, May 2, 1780), is lively
+enough; but 'the particulars of the conversation' which he neglects,
+Boswell would have given us in full.
+
+[2] In 1792, Miss Burney, after recording that Boswell told some of his
+Johnsonian stories, continues:--'Mr. Langton told some stories in
+imitation of Dr. Johnson; but they became him less than Mr. Boswell, and
+only reminded me of what Dr. Johnson himself once said to me--"Every man
+has some time in his life an ambition to be a wag."' Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_, v. 307.
+
+[3] _Stephanorum Historia, vitas ipsorum ac libros complectens_. London,
+1709.
+
+[4] _Senilia_ was published in 1742. The line to which Johnson refers
+is, 'Mel, nervos, fulgur, Carteret, unus, habes,' p. 101. In another
+line, the poet celebrates Colley Cibber's Muse--the _Musa Cibberi_:
+'Multa Cibberum levat aura.' p. 50. See Macaulay's Essays, ed. 1843,
+i. 367.
+
+[5] _Graecae Linguae Dialecti in Scholae Westmonast. usum_, 1738.
+
+[6] Giannone, an Italian historian, born 1676, died 1748. When he
+published his _History of the Kingdom of Naples_, a friend
+congratulating him on its success, said:--'Mon ami, vous vous êtes mis
+une couronne sur la tête, mais une couronne d'épines.' His attacks on
+the Church led to persecution, in the end he made a retractation, but
+nevertheless he died in prison. _Nouv. Biog. Gén._ xx. 422.
+
+[7] See _ante_, ii. 119.
+
+[8] 'There is no kind of impertinence more justly censurable than his
+who is always labouring to level thoughts to intellects higher than his
+own; who apologises for every word which his own narrowness of converse
+inclines him to think unusual; keeps the exuberance of his faculties
+under visible restraint; is solicitous to anticipate inquiries by
+needless explanations; and endeavours to shade his own abilities lest
+weak eyes should be dazzled with their lustre.' _The Rambler_, No. 173.
+
+[9] Johnson, in his _Dictionary_, defines _Anfractuousness_ as _Fulness
+of windings and turnings_. _Anfractuosity_ is not given. Lord Macaulay,
+in the last sentence in his _Biography of Johnson_, alludes to
+this passage.
+
+[10] See _ante_, iii. 149, note 2.
+
+[11] 'My purpose was to admit no testimony of living authors, that I
+might not be misled by partiality, and that none of my contemporaries
+might have reason to complain; nor have I departed from this resolution,
+but when some performance of uncommon excellence excited my veneration,
+when my memory supplied me from late books with an example that was
+wanting, or when my heart, in the tenderness of friendship, solicited
+admission for a favourite name.' Johnson's _Works_, v. 39. He cites
+himself under _important_, Mrs. Lennox under _talent_, Garrick under
+_giggler_; from Richardson's _Clarissa_, he makes frequent quotations.
+In the fourth edition, published in 1773 (_ante_, ii. 203), he often
+quotes Reynolds; for instance, under _vulgarism_, which word is not in
+the previous editions. Beattie he quotes under _weak_, and Gray under
+_bosom_. He introduces also many quotations from Law, and Young. In the
+earlier editions, in his quotations from _Clarissa_, he very rarely
+gives the author's name; in the fourth edition I have found it
+rarely omitted.
+
+[12] In one of his _Hypochondriacks_ (_London Mag._ 1782, p. 233)
+Boswell writes:--'I have heard it remarked by one, of whom more remarks
+deserve to be remembered than of any person I ever knew, that a man is
+often as narrow as he is prodigal for want of counting.'
+
+[13] 'Sept. 1778. We began talking of _Irene_, and Mrs. Thrale made Dr.
+Johnson read some passages which I had been remarking as uncommonly
+applicable to the present time. He read several speeches, and told us he
+had not ever read so much of it before since it was first printed.' Mme.
+D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 96. 'I was told,' wrote Sir Walter Scott, 'that a
+gentleman called Pot, or some such name, was introduced to him as a
+particular admirer of his. The Doctor growled and took no further
+notice. "He admires in especial your _Irene_ as the finest tragedy
+modern times;" to which the Doctor replied, "If Pot says so, Pot lies!"
+and relapsed into his reverie.' _Croker Corres._ ii. 32.
+
+[14] _Scrupulosity_ was a word that Boswell had caught up from Johnson.
+Sir W. Jones (_Life_, i. 177) wrote in 1776:--'You will be able to
+examine with the minutest _scrupulosity_, as Johnson would call it.'
+Johnson describes Addison's prose as 'pure without scrupulosity.'
+_Works_, vii. 472. 'Swift,' he says, 'washed himself with oriental
+scrupulosity.' _Ib._ viii. 222. Boswell (_Hebrides_, Aug. 15) writes of
+'scrupulosity of conscience.'
+
+[15]
+
+     'When thou didst not, savage,
+      Know thine own meaning, but wouldst gabble like
+      A thing most brutish, I endow'd thy purposes
+      With words that made them known.'
+      _The Tempest_, act i. sc. 2.
+
+[16] Secretary to the British Herring Fishery, remarkable for an
+extraordinary number of occasional verses, not of eminent merit.
+BOSWELL. See _ante_, i. 115, note i. Lockman was known in France as the
+translator of Voltaire's _La Henriade_. See Marmontel's Preface.
+Voltaire's _Works_, ed. 1819, viii. 18.
+
+[17] _Luke_ vii. 50. BOSWELL.
+
+[18] Miss Burney, describing him in 1783, says:--'He looks unformed in
+his manners and awkward in his gestures. He joined not one word in the
+general talk.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 237. See _ante_, ii.
+41, note 1.
+
+[19] By Garrick.
+
+[20] See _ante_, i. 201.
+
+[21] See _post_, under Sept. 30, 1783.
+
+[22] The actor. Churchill introduces him in _The Rosciad_ (_Poems_, i.
+16):--'Next Holland came. With truly tragic stalk, He creeps, he flies.
+A Hero should not walk.'
+
+[23] In a letter written by Johnson to a friend in 1742-43, he says: 'I
+never see Garrick.' MALONE.
+
+[24] See _ante_, ii. 227.
+
+[25] _The Wonder! A Woman keeps a Secret_, by Mrs. Centlivre. Acted at
+Drury Lane in 1714. Revived by Garrick in 1757. Reed's _Biog.
+Dram_. iii. 420.
+
+[26] In _Macbeth_.
+
+[27] Mr. Longley was Recorder of Rochester, and father of Archbishop
+Longley. To the kindness of his grand-daughter, Mrs. Newton Smart, I owe
+the following extract from his manuscript _Autobiography_:--'Dr. Johnson
+and General Paoli came down to visit Mr. Langton, and I was asked to
+meet them, when the conversation took place mentioned by Boswell, in
+which Johnson gave me more credit for knowledge of the Greek metres than
+I deserved. There was some question about anapaestics, concerning which
+I happened to remember what Foster used to tell us at Eton, that the
+whole line to the _Basis Anapaestica_ was considered but as one verse,
+however divided in the printing, and consequently the syllables at the
+end of each line were not common, as in other metres. This observation
+was new to Johnson, and struck him. Had he examined me farther, I fear
+he would have found me ignorant. Langton was a very good Greek scholar,
+much superior to Johnson, to whom nevertheless he paid profound
+deference, sometimes indeed I thought more than he deserved. The next
+day I dined at Langton's with Johnson, I remember Lady Rothes [Langton's
+wife] spoke of the advantage children now derived from the little books
+published purposely for their instruction. Johnson controverted it,
+asserting that at an early age it was better to gratify curiosity with
+wonders than to attempt planting truth, before the mind was prepared to
+receive it, and that therefore, _Jack the Giant-Killer, Parisenus and
+Parismenus_, and _The Seven Champions of Christendom_ were fitter for
+them than Mrs. Barbauld and Mrs. Trimmer.' Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 16)
+says:--'Dr. Johnson used to condemn me for putting Newbery's books into
+children's hands. "Babies do not want," said he, "to hear about babies;
+they like to be told of giants and castles, and of somewhat which can
+stretch and stimulate their little minds." When I would urge the
+numerous editions of _Tommy Prudent_ or _Goody Two Shoes_; "Remember
+always," said he, "that the parents buy the books, and that the children
+never read them.'" For Johnson's visit to Rochester, see _post_,
+July, 1783.
+
+[28] See _post_, beginning of 1781, after _The Life of Swift_, and
+Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 15.
+
+[29] See _ante_, under Sept. 9, 1779.
+
+[30] Johnson wrote of this grotto (_Works_, viii. 270):--'It may be
+frequently remarked of the studious and speculative that they are proud
+of trifles, and that their amusements seem frivolous and childish.'
+
+[31] See _ante_, i. 332.
+
+[32] _Epilogue to the Satires_, i. 131. Dr. James Foster, the
+Nonconformist preacher. Johnson mentions 'the reputation which he had
+gained by his proper delivery.' _Works_, viii. 384. In _The
+Conversations of Northcote_, p. 88, it is stated that 'Foster first
+became popular from the Lord Chancellor Hardwicke stopping in the porch
+of his chapel in the Old Jewry out of a shower of rain: and thinking he
+might as well hear what was going on he went in, and was so well pleased
+that he sent all the great folks to hear him, and he was run after as
+much as Irving has been in our time.' Dr. T. Campbell (_Diary_, p. 34)
+recorded in 1775, that 'when Mrs. Thrale quoted something from Foster's
+_Sermons_, Johnson flew in a passion, and said that Foster was a man of
+mean ability, and of no original thinking.' Gibbon (_Misc. Works_, v.
+300) wrote of Foster:--'Wonderful! a divine preferring reason to faith,
+and more afraid of vice than of heresy.'
+
+[33] It is believed to have been her play of _The Sister_, brought out
+in 1769. 'The audience expressed their disapprobation of it with so much
+appearance of prejudice that she would not suffer an attempt to exhibit
+it a second time.' _Gent. Mag._ xxxix. 199. It is strange, however, if
+Goldsmith was asked to hiss a play for which he wrote the epilogue.
+Goldsmith's _Misc. Works_, ii. 80. Johnson wrote on Oct. 28, 1779
+(_Piozzi Letters_, ii. 72):--'C---- L---- accuses ---- of making a party
+against her play. I always hissed away the charge, supposing him a man
+of honour; but I shall now defend him with less confidence.' Baretti, in
+a marginal note, says that C---- L---- is 'Charlotte Lennox.' Perhaps
+---- stands for Cumberland. Miss Burney said that 'Mr. Cumberland is
+notorious for hating and envying and spiting all authors in the dramatic
+line.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 272.
+
+[34] See _ante_, i. 255.
+
+[35] In _The Rambler_, No. 195, Johnson describes rascals such as this
+man. 'They hurried away to the theatre, full of malignity and
+denunciations against a man whose name they had never heard, and a
+performance which they could not understand; for they were resolved to
+judge for themselves, and would not suffer the town to be imposed upon
+by scribblers. In the pit they exerted themselves with great spirit and
+vivacity; called out for the tunes of obscene songs, talked loudly at
+intervals of Shakespeare and Jonson,' &c.
+
+[36] See _ante_, ii. 469.
+
+[37] Dr. Percy told Malone 'that they all at the Club had such a high
+opinion of Mr. Dyer's knowledge and respect for his judgment as to
+appeal to him constantly, and that his sentence was final.' Malone adds
+that 'he was so modest and reserved, that he frequently sat silent in
+company for an hour, and seldom spoke unless appealed to. Goldsmith, who
+used to rattle away upon _all_ subjects, had been talking somewhat
+loosely relative to music. Some one wished for Mr. Dyer's opinion, which
+he gave with his usual strength and accuracy. "Why," said Goldsmith,
+turning round to Dyer, whom he had scarcely noticed before, "you seem to
+know a good deal of this matter." "If I had not," replied Dyer, "I
+should not, in this company, have said a word upon the subject."' Burke
+described him as 'a man of profound and general erudition; his sagacity
+and judgment were fully equal to the extent of his learning.' Prior's
+_Malone_, pp. 419, 424. Malone in his _Life of Dryden_, p. 181, says
+that Dyer was _Junius_. Johnson speaks of him as 'the late learned Mr.
+Dyer.' _Works_, viii. 385. Had he been alive he was to have been the
+professor of mathematics in the imaginary college at St. Andrews.
+Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 25. Many years after his death, Johnson
+bought his portrait to hang in 'a little room that he was fitting up
+with prints.' Croker's _Boswell_, p. 639.
+
+[38] _Memoirs of Agriculture and other Oeconomical Arts_, 3 vols., by
+Robert Dossie, London, 1768-82.
+
+[39] See _ante_, ii. 14.
+
+[40] Here Lord Macartney remarks, 'A Bramin or any cast of the Hindoos
+will neither admit you to be of their religion, nor be converted to
+yours;--a thing which struck the Portuguese with the greatest
+astonishment, when they first discovered the East Indies.' BOSWELL.
+
+[41] See _ante_, ii. 250.
+
+[42] See _ante_, Aug. 30, 1780.
+
+[43] John, Lord Carteret, and Earl Granville, who died Jan. 2, 1763. It
+is strange that he wrote so ill; for Lord Chesterfield says (_Misc.
+Works_, iv. _Appendix_, p. 42) that 'he had brought away with him from
+Oxford, a great stock of Greek and Latin, and had made himself master of
+all the modern languages. He was one of the best speakers in the House
+of Lords, both in the declamatory and argumentative way.'
+
+[44] Walpole describes the partiality of the members of the
+court-martial that sat on Admiral Keppel in Jan. 1779. One of them
+'declared frankly that he should not attend to forms of law, but to
+justice.' So friendly were the judges to the prisoner that 'it required
+the almost unanimous voice of the witnesses in favour of his conduct,
+and the vile arts practised against him, to convince all mankind how
+falsely and basely he had been accused.' Walpole, referring to the
+members, speaks of 'the feelings of seamen unused to reason.' Some of
+the leading politicians established themselves at Portsmouth during the
+trial. _Journal of the Reign of George III_, ii. 329
+
+[45] See _ante_, ii. 240.
+
+[46] In all Gray's _Odes_, there is a kind of cumbrous splendour which
+we wish away.... The mind of the writer seems to work with unnatural
+violence. "Double, double, toil and trouble." He has a kind of strutting
+dignity, and is tall by walking on tip-toe. His art and his struggle are
+too visible, and there is too little appearance of ease and nature.'
+Johnson's _Works_, viii. 484-87. See _ante_, i. 402, and ii. 327, 335.
+
+[47] One evening, in the Haymarket Theatre, 'when Foote lighted the King
+to his chair, his majesty asked who [sic] the piece was written by? "By
+one of your Majesty's chaplains," said Foote, unable even then to
+suppress his wit; "and dull enough to have been written by a bishop."'
+Forster's _Essays_, ii. 435. See _ante_, i. 390, note 3.
+
+[48] Bk. v. ch. 1.
+
+[49] See _ante_, ii. 133, note 1; Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 27, and
+Oct. 28.
+
+[50] The correspondent of _The Gentleman's Magazine_ [1792, p. 214] who
+subscribes himself SCIOLUS furnishes the following supplement:--
+
+'A lady of my acquaintance remembers to have heard her uncle sing those
+homely stanzas more than forty-five years ago. He repeated the
+second thus:--
+
+     She shall breed young lords and ladies fair,
+     And ride abroad in a coach and three pair,
+     And the best, &c.
+     And have a house, &c.
+
+And remembered a third which seems to have been the introductory one,
+and is believed to have been the only remaining one:--
+
+     When the Duke of Leeds shall have made his choice
+     Of a charming young lady that's beautiful and wise,
+     She'll be the happiest young gentlewoman under the skies,
+     As long as the sun and moon shall rise,
+     And how happy shall, &c.
+
+It is with pleasure I add that this stanza could never be more truly
+applied than at this present time. BOSWELL. This note was added to the
+second edition.
+
+[51] See _ante_, i. 115, note 1.
+
+[52] See _ante_, i. 82.
+
+[53] Baretti, in a MS. note on _Piozzi Letters_, i. 121, says:--'Johnson
+was a real _true-born Englishman_. He hated the Scotch, the French, the
+Dutch, the Hanoverians, and had the greatest contempt for all other
+European nations; such were his early prejudices which he never
+attempted to conquer.' Reynolds wrote of Johnson:--'The prejudices he
+had to countries did not extend to individuals. In respect to Frenchmen
+he rather laughed at himself, but it was insurmountable. He considered
+every foreigner as a fool till they had convinced him of the contrary.'
+Taylor's _Reynolds_, ii. 460. Garrick wrote of the French in
+1769:--'Their _politesse_ has reduced their character to such a
+sameness, and their humours and passions are so curbed by habit, that,
+when you have seen half-a-dozen French men and women, you have seen the
+whole.' _Garrick Corres_. i. 358.
+
+[54] 'There is not a man or woman here,' wrote Horace Walpole from Paris
+(_Letters_ iv. 434), 'that is not a perfect old nurse, and who does not
+talk gruel and anatomy with equal fluency and ignorance.'
+
+[55] '"I remember that interview well," said Dr. Parr with great
+vehemence when once reminded of it; "I gave him no quarter." The subject
+of our dispute was the liberty of the press. Dr. Johnson was very great.
+Whilst he was arguing, I observed that he stamped. Upon this I stamped.
+Dr. Johnson said, "Why did you stamp, Dr. Parr?" I replied, "Because you
+stamped; and I was resolved not to give you the advantage even of a
+stamp in the argument."' This, Parr said, was by no means his first
+introduction to Johnson. Field's _Parr_, i. 161. Parr wrote to Romilly
+in 1811:--'Pray let me ask whether you have ever read some admirable
+remarks of Mr. Hutcheson upon the word _merit_. I remember a controversy
+I had with Dr. Johnson upon this very term: we began with theology
+fiercely, I gently carried the conversation onward to philosophy, and
+after a dispute of more than three hours he lost sight of my heresy, and
+came over to my opinion upon the metaphysical import of the term.' _Life
+of Romilly_, ii. 365. When Parr was a candidate for the mastership of
+Colchester Grammar School, Johnson wrote for him a letter of
+recommendation. Johnstone's _Parr_, i. 94.
+
+[56] 'Somebody was praising Corneille one day in opposition to
+Shakespeare. "Corneille is to Shakespeare," replied Mr. Johnson, "as a
+clipped hedge is to a forest."' Piozzi's _Anec_. p. 59.
+
+[57] Johnson, it is clear, discusses here Mrs. Montagu's _Essay on
+Shakespeare_. She compared Shakespeare first with Corneille, and then
+with Aeschylus. In contrasting the ghost in _Hamlet_ with the shade of
+Darius in _The Persians_, she says:--'The phantom, who was to appear
+ignorant of what was past, that the Athenian ear might be soothed and
+flattered with the detail of their victory at Salamis, is allowed, for
+the same reason, such prescience as to foretell their future triumph at
+Plataea.' p. 161.
+
+[58] Caution is required in everything which is laid before youth, to
+secure them from unjust prejudices, perverse opinions, and incongruous
+combinations of images. In the romances formerly written, every
+transaction and sentiment was so remote from all that passes among men,
+that the reader was in very little danger of making any applications to
+himself.' _The Rambler_, No. 4.
+
+[59] Johnson says of Pope's _Ode for St. Cecilia's Day_:--'The next
+stanzas place and detain us in the dark and dismal regions of mythology,
+where neither hope nor fear, neither joy nor sorrow can be found.'
+_Works_, viii. 328. Of Gray's _Progress of Poetry_, he says:--'The
+second stanza, exhibiting Mars' car and Jove's eagle, is unworthy of
+further notice. Criticism disdains to chase a school-boy to his
+common-places.' _Ib_. p. 484.
+
+[60] See _ante_, ii. 178.
+
+[61]
+
+     'A Wizard-Dame, the Lover's ancient friend,
+      With magic charm has deaft thy husband's ear,
+      At her command I saw the stars descend,
+      And winged lightnings stop in mid career, &c.'
+
+Hammond. _Elegy_, v. In Boswell's _Hebrides_ (Sept. 29), he said
+'Hammond's _Love Elegies_ were poor things.'
+
+[62] Perhaps Lord Corke and Orrery. _Ante_, iii. 183. CROKER.
+
+[63] Colman assumed that Johnson had maintained that Shakespeare was
+totally ignorant of the learned languages. He then quotes a line to
+prove 'that the author of _The Taming of the Shrew_ had at least read
+Ovid;' and continues:--'And what does Dr. Johnson say on this occasion?
+Nothing. And what does Mr. Farmer say on this occasion? Nothing.'
+Colman's _Terence_, ii. 390. For Farmer, see _ante_, iii. 38.
+
+[64] 'It is most likely that Shakespeare had learned Latin sufficiently
+to make him acquainted with construction, but that he never advanced to
+an easy perusal of the Roman authors.' Johnson's _Works_, V. 129. 'The
+style of Shakespeare was in itself ungrammatical, perplexed, and
+obscure.' _Ib_. p. 135.
+
+[65]
+
+     'May I govern my passion with
+        an absolute sway,
+      And grow wiser and better, as
+        my strength wears away,
+      Without gout or stone by a
+        gentle decay.'
+
+_The Old Man's Wish_ was sung to Sir Roger de Coverley by 'the fair
+one,' after the collation in which she ate a couple of chickens, and
+drank a full bottle of wine. _Spectator_, No. 410. 'What signifies our
+wishing?' wrote Dr. Franklin. 'I have sung that _wishing song_ a
+thousand times when I was young, and now find at fourscore that the
+three contraries have befallen me, being subject to the gout and the
+stone, and not being yet master of all my passions.' Franklin's
+_Memoirs_, iii. 185.
+
+[66] He uses the same image in _The Life of Milton_ (_Works_, vii.
+104):--'He might still be a giant among the pigmies, the one-eyed
+monarch of the blind.' Cumberland (_Memoirs_, i. 39) says that Bentley,
+hearing it maintained that Barnes spoke Greek almost like his mother
+tongue, replied:--'Yes, I do believe that Barnes had as much Greek and
+understood it about as well as an Athenian blacksmith.' See _ante_, iii
+284. A passage in Wooll's _Life of Dr. Warton_ (i. 313) shews that
+Barnes attempted to prove that Homer and Solomon were one and the same
+man. But I. D'Israeli says that it was reported that Barnes, not having
+money enough to publish his edition of _Homer_, 'wrote a poem, the
+design of which is to prove that Solomon was the author of the _Iliad_,
+to interest his wife, who had some property, to lend her aid towards the
+publication of so divine a work.' _Calamities of Authors_, i. 250.
+
+[67] 'The first time Suard saw Burke, who was at Reynolds's, Johnson
+touched him on the shoulder and said, "Le grand Burke."' _Boswelliana_,
+p. 299. See ante, ii. 450.
+
+[68] Miss Hawkins (_Memoirs_, i. 279, 288) says that Langton told her
+father that he meant to give his six daughters such a knowledge of
+Greek, 'that while five of them employed themselves in feminine works,
+the sixth should read a Greek author for the general amusement.' She
+describes how 'he would get into the most fluent recitation of half a
+page of Greek, breaking off for fear of wearying, by saying, "and so it
+goes on," accompanying his words with a gentle wave of his hand.'
+
+[69] See post, p. 42.
+
+[70] See ante, i. 326.
+
+[71] This assertion concerning Johnson's insensibility to the pathetick
+powers of Otway, is too _round_. I once asked him, whether he did not
+think Otway frequently tender: when he answered, 'Sir, he is all
+tenderness.' BURNEY. He describes Otway as 'one of the first names in
+the English drama.' _Works_, vii. 173.
+
+[72] See ante, April 16, 1779.
+
+[73] Johnson; it seems, took up this study. In July, 1773, he recorded
+that between Easter and Whitsuntide, he attempted to learn the Low Dutch
+language. 'My application,' he continues, 'was very slight, and my
+memory very fallacious, though whether more than in my earlier years, I
+am not very certain.' _Pr. and Med._ p. 129, and ante, ii. 263. On his
+death-bed, he said to Mr. Hoole:--'About two years since I feared that I
+had neglected God, and that then I had not a _mind_ to give him; on
+which I set about to read _Thomas à Kempis_ in Low Dutch, which I
+accomplished, and thence I judged that my mind was not impaired, Low
+Dutch having no affinity with any of the languages which I knew.'
+Croker's _Boswell_, p. 844. See ante, iii. 235.
+
+[74] See post, under July 5, 1783.
+
+[75] See ante, ii. 409, and iii. 197.
+
+[76] One of Goldsmith's friends 'remembered his relating [about the year
+1756] a strange Quixotic scheme he had in contemplation of going to
+decipher the inscriptions on the _written mountains_, though he was
+altogether ignorant of Arabic, or the language in which they might be
+supposed to be written.' Goldsmith's _Misc. Works_, ed. 1801, i. 40.
+Percy says that Goldsmith applied to the prime minister, Lord Bute, for
+a salary to enable him to execute 'the visionary project' mentioned in
+the text. 'To prepare the way, he drew up that ingenious essay on this
+subject which was first printed in the _Ledger_, and afterwards in his
+_Citizen of the World_ [No. 107].' _Ib_. p. 65. Percy adds that the Earl
+of Northumberland, who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, regretted 'that
+he had not been made acquainted with his plan; for he would have
+procured him a sufficient salary on the Irish establishment.' Goldsmith,
+in his review of Van Egmont's _Travels in Asia_, says:--'Could we see a
+man set out upon this journey [to Asia] not with an intent to consider
+rocks and rivers, but the manners, and the mechanic inventions, and the
+imperfect learning of the inhabitants; resolved to penetrate into
+countries as yet little known, and eager to pry into all their secrets,
+with an heart not terrified at trifling dangers; if there could be found
+a man who could unite this true courage with sound learning, from such a
+character we might hope much information.' Goldsmith's _Works_, ed.
+1854, iv. 225. Johnson would have gone to Constantinople, as he himself
+said, had he received his pension twenty years earlier. _Post_, p. 27.
+
+[77] It should be remembered, that this was said twenty-five or thirty
+years ago, [written in 1799,] when lace was very generally worn. MALONE.
+'Greek and Latin,' said Porson, 'are only luxuries.' Rogers's _Table
+Talk_, p. 325.
+
+[78] See _ante_, iii. 8.
+
+[79] Dr. Johnson, in his _Life of Cowley_, says, that these are 'the
+only English verses which Bentley is known to have written.' I shall
+here insert them, and hope my readers will apply them.
+
+     'Who strives to mount Parnassus' hill,
+        And thence poetick laurels bring,
+      Must first acquire due force and skill,
+        Must fly with swan's or eagle's wing.
+
+      Who Nature's treasures would explore,
+        Her mysteries and arcana know;
+      Must high as lofty Newton soar,
+        Must stoop as delving Woodward low.
+
+      Who studies ancient laws and rites,
+        Tongues, arts, and arms, and history;
+      Must drudge, like Selden, days and nights,
+        And in the endless labour die.
+
+      Who travels in religious jars,
+        (Truth mixt with errour, shades with rays;)
+      Like Whiston, wanting pyx or stars,
+        In ocean wide or sinks or strays.
+
+      But grant our hero's hope, long toil
+        And comprehensive genius crown,
+      All sciences, all arts his spoil,
+        Yet what reward, or what renown?
+
+      Envy, innate in vulgar souls,
+        Envy steps in and stops his rise,
+      Envy with poison'd tarnish fouls
+        His lustre, and his worth decries.
+
+      He lives inglorious or in want,
+        To college and old books confin'd;
+      Instead of learn'd he's call'd pedant,
+        Dunces advanc'd, he's left behind:
+      Yet left content a genuine Stoick he,
+      Great without patron, rich without South Sea.' BOSWELL.
+
+In Mr. Croker's octavo editions, _arts_ in the fifth stanza is
+changed into _hearts_. J. Boswell, jun., gives the following reading of
+the first four lines of the last stanza, not from _Dodsley's
+Collection_, but from an earlier one, called _The Grove_.
+
+     'Inglorious or by wants inthralled,
+        To college and old books confined,
+      A pedant from his learning called,
+        Dunces advanced, he's left behind.'
+
+[80] Bentley, in the preface to his edition of _Paradise Lost_, says:--
+
+     'Sunt et mihi carmina; me quoque dicunt
+      Vatem pastores: sed non ego credulus illis.'
+
+[81] The difference between Johnson and Smith is apparent even in this
+slight instance. Smith was a man of extraordinary application, and had
+his mind crowded with all manner of subjects; but the force, acuteness,
+and vivacity of Johnson were not to be found there. He had book-making
+so much in his thoughts, and was so chary of what might be turned to
+account in that way, that he once said to Sir Joshua Reynolds, that he
+made it a rule, when in company, never to talk of what he understood.
+Beauclerk had for a short time a pretty high opinion of Smith's
+conversation. Garrick, after listening to him for a while, as to one of
+whom his expectations had been raised, turned slyly to a friend, and
+whispered him, 'What say you to this?--eh? _flabby_, I think.' BOSWELL.
+Dr. A. Carlyle (_Auto_. p. 279), says:--'Smith's voice was harsh and
+enunciation thick, approaching to stammering. His conversation was not
+colloquial, but like lecturing. He was the most absent man in company
+that I ever saw, moving his lips, and talking to himself, and smiling in
+the midst of large companies. If you awaked him from his reverie and
+made him attend to the subject of conversation, he immediately began a
+harangue, and never stopped till he told you all he knew about it, with
+the utmost philosophical ingenuity.' Dugald Stewart (_Life of Adam
+Smith_, p. 117) says that 'his consciousness of his tendency to absence
+rendered his manner somewhat embarrassed in the company of strangers.'
+But 'to his intimate friends, his peculiarities added an inexpressible
+charm to his conversation, while they displayed in the most interesting
+light the artless simplicity of his heart.' _Ib_. p. 113. See also
+Walpole's _Letters_, vi. 302, and _ante_, ii. 430, note 1.
+
+[82] Garrick himself was a good deal of an infidel: see _ante_, ii. 85,
+note 7.
+
+[83] _Ante_, i. 181.
+
+[84] The Tempest, act iv. sc. i. In _The Rambler_, No. 127, Johnson
+writes of men who have 'borne opposition down before them, and left
+emulation panting behind.' He quotes (_Works_, vii. 261) the following
+couplet by Dryden:--
+
+     'Fate after him below with pain did move,
+      And victory could scarce keep pace above.'
+
+Young in _The Last Day_, book I, had written:--
+
+     'Words all in vain pant after the distress.'
+
+[85] I am sorry to see in the _Transactions of the Royal Society of
+Edinburgh_, vol. ii, _An Essay on the Character of Hamlet_, written, I
+should suppose, by a very young man, though called 'Reverend;' who
+speaks with presumptuous petulance of the first literary character of
+his age. Amidst a cloudy confusion of words, (which hath of late too
+often passed in Scotland for _Metaphysicks_,) he thus ventures to
+criticise one of the noblest lines in our language:--'Dr. Johnson has
+remarked, that "time toil'd after him in vain." But I should apprehend,
+that this is _entirely to mistake the character_. Time toils after
+_every great man_, as well after Shakspeare. The _workings_ of an
+ordinary mind _keep pace_, indeed, with time; they move no faster; _they
+have their beginning, their middle, and their end_; but superiour
+natures can _reduce these into a point_. They do not, indeed, _suppress_
+them; but they _suspend_, or they _lock them up in the breast_.' The
+learned Society, under whose sanction such gabble is ushered into the
+world, would do well to offer a premium to any one who will discover its
+meaning. BOSWELL.
+
+[86] 'May 29, 1662. Took boat and to Fox-hall, where I had not been a
+great while. To the old Spring Garden, and there walked long.' Pepys's
+_Diary_, i. 361. The place was afterwards known as Faux-hall and
+Vauxhall. See _ante_, iii. 308.
+
+[87] 'One that wouldst be a bawd, in way of good service and art nothing
+but the composition of a knave, beggar, coward, pandar.' _King Lear_,
+act ii. sc. 2.
+
+[88] Yet W.G. Hamilton said:--'Burke understands everything but gaming
+and music. In the House of Commons I sometimes think him only the second
+man in England; out of it he is always the first.' Prior's _Burke_, p.
+484. See _ante_, ii. 450. Bismarck once 'rang the bell' to old Prince
+Metternich. 'I listened quietly,' he said, 'to all his stories, merely
+jogging the bell every now and then till it rang again. That pleases
+these talkative old men.' DR. BUSCH, quoted in Lowe's _Prince
+Bismarck_, i. 130.
+
+[89] See _ante_, i. 470, for his disapproval of 'studied behaviour.'
+
+[90] Johnson had perhaps Dr. Warton in mind. _Ante_, ii. 41, note 1.
+
+[91] See _ante_, i. 471, and iii. 165.
+
+[92] 'Oblivion is a kind of annihilation.' Sir Thomas Browne's
+_Christian Morals_, sect. xxi.
+
+[93] 'Nec te quaesiveris extra.' Persius, _Sat_. i. 7. We may compare
+Milton's line,
+
+     'In himself was all his state.'
+      _Paradise Lost_, v. 353.
+
+[94] See _ante,_ iii. 269.
+
+[95] 'A work of this kind must, in a minute examination, discover many
+imperfections; but West's version, so far as I have considered it,
+appears to be the product of great labour and great abilities.'
+Johnson's _Works,_ viii. 398.
+
+[96] See Boswell's _Hebrides,_ Aug. 25, 1773.
+
+[97] See _ante,_ i. 82, and ii. 228.
+
+[98] See _ante,_ i. 242.
+
+[99] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, under Nov. 11.
+
+[100] A literary lady has favoured me with a characteristick anecdote of
+Richardson. One day at his country-house at Northend, where a large
+company was assembled at dinner, a gentleman who was just returned from
+Paris, willing to please Mr. Richardson, mentioned to him a very
+flattering circumstance,--that he had seen his _Clarissa_ lying on the
+King's brother's table. Richardson observing that part of the company
+were engaged in talking to each other, affected then not to attend to
+it. But by and by, when there was a general silence, and he thought that
+the flattery might be fully heard, he addressed himself to the
+gentleman, 'I think, Sir, you were saying something about,--' pausing in
+a high flutter of expectation. The gentleman provoked at his inordinate
+vanity, resolved not to indulge it, and with an exquisitely sly air of
+indifference answered, 'A mere trifle Sir, not worth repeating.' The
+mortification of Richardson was visible, and he did not speak ten words
+more the whole day. Dr. Johnson was present, and appeared to enjoy it
+much. BOSWELL.
+
+[101]
+
+     'E'en in a bishop I can spy desert;
+      Seeker is decent, Rundel has a heart.'
+
+Pope, _Epil. to Sat_. ii. 70. Horace Walpole wrote on Aug. 4,1768
+(Letters, v. 115):--'We have lost our Pope. Canterbury [Archbishop
+Seeker] died yesterday. He had never been a Papist, but almost
+everything else. Our Churchmen will not be Catholics; that stock seems
+quite fallen.'
+
+[102] Perhaps the Earl of Corke. _Ante_, iii. 183.
+
+[103] Garrick perhaps borrowed this saying when, in his epigram on
+Goldsmith, speaking of the ideas of which his head was full, he said:--
+
+     'When his mouth opened all were in a pother,
+      Rushed to the door and tumbled o'er each other,
+      But rallying soon with all their force again,
+      In bright array they issued from his pen.'
+
+Fitzgerald's _Garrick_, ii. 363. See _ante_, ii. 231.
+
+[104] See _ante_, i. 116, and ii. 52.
+
+[105] Horace Walpole (_Letters_, ix. 318) writes of Boswell's _Life of
+Johnson:_--'Dr. Blagden says justly, that it is a new kind of libel, by
+which you may abuse anybody, by saying some dead person said so and so
+of somebody alive.'
+
+[106] See _ante_, ii. III. In the _Gent. Mag._ 1770, p. 78, is a review
+of _A Letter to Samuel Johnson, LL.D._, 'that is generally imputed to
+Mr. Wilkes.'
+
+[107] 'Do you conceive the full force of the word CONSTITUENT? It has
+the same relation to the House of Commons as Creator to creature.' _A
+Letter to Samuel Johnson, LL.D._, p. 23.
+
+[108] His profound admiration of the GREAT FIRST CAUSE was such as to
+set him above that 'Philosophy and vain deceit' [_Colossians_, ii. 8]
+with which men of narrower conceptions have been infected. I have heard
+him strongly maintain that 'what is right is not so from any natural
+fitness, but because GOD wills it to be right;' and it is certainly so,
+because he has predisposed the relations of things so as that which he
+wills must be right. BOSWELL. Johnson was as much opposed as the Rev.
+Mr. Thwackum to the philosopher Square, who 'measured all actions by the
+unalterable rule of right and the eternal fitness of things.' _Tom
+Jones_, book iii. ch. 3.
+
+[109] In _Rasselas_ (ch. ii.) we read that the prince's look 'discovered
+him to receive some solace of the miseries of life, from consciousness
+of the delicacy with which he felt, and the eloquence with which he
+bewailed them.' See _ante_, April 8, 1780.
+
+[110] I hope the authority of the great Master of our language will stop
+that curtailing innovation, by which we see _critic, public_, &c.,
+frequently written instead of _critick, publick_, &c. BOSWELL. Boswell
+had always been nice in his spelling. In the Preface to his _Corsica_,
+published twenty-four years before _The Life of Johnson_, he defends his
+peculiarities, and says:--'If this work should at any future period be
+reprinted, I hope that care will be taken of my orthography.' Mr. Croker
+says that in a memorandum in Johnson's writing he has found
+'_cubic_ feet.'
+
+[111] 'Disorders of intellect,' answered Imlac, 'happen much more often
+than superficial observers will easily believe. Perhaps, if we speak
+with rigorous exactness, no human mind is in its right state.'
+_Rasselas_, ch. 44.
+
+[112] See _ante_, i. 397, for Kit Smart's madness in praying.
+
+[113] Yet he gave lessons in Latin to Miss Burney and Miss Thrale. Mme.
+D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 243. In Skye he said, 'Depend upon it, no woman
+is the worse for sense and knowledge.' Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 19.
+
+[114] See _ante_, iii, 240.
+
+[115] Nos. 588, 601, 626 and 635. The first number of the _Spectator_
+was written by Addison, the last by Grove. See _ante_, iii. 33, for
+Johnson's praise of No. 626.
+
+[116] Sterne is of a direct contrary opinion. See his _Sentimental
+Journey_, Article, 'The Mystery.' BOSWELL. Sterne had been of the same
+opinion as Johnson, for he says that the beggar he saw 'confounded all
+kind of reasoning upon him.' 'He passed by me,' he continues, 'without
+asking anything--and yet he did not go five steps farther before he
+asked charity of a little woman--I was much more likely to have given of
+the two. He had scarce done with the woman, when he pulled his hat off
+to another who was coming the same way.--An ancient gentleman came
+slowly--and, after him, a young smart one--He let them both pass, and
+asked nothing; I stood observing him half an hour, in which time he had
+made a dozen turns backwards and forwards, and found that he invariably
+pursued the same plan.' _Sentimental Journey_, ed. 1775, ii. 105.
+
+[117] Very likely Dr. Warton. _Ante_, ii. 41.
+
+[118] I differ from Mr. Croker in the explanation of this ill-turned
+sentence. The _shield_ that Homer may hold up is the observation made by
+Mrs. Fitzherbert. It was this observation that Johnson respected as a
+very fine one. For his high opinion of that lady's understanding, see
+_ante_, i. 83.
+
+[119] In _Boswelliana_ (p. 323) are recorded two more of Langton's
+Anecdotes. 'Mr. Beauclerk told Dr. Johnson that Dr. James said to him he
+knew more Greek than Mr. Walmesley. "Sir," said he, "Dr. James did not
+know enough of Greek to be sensible of his ignorance of the language.
+Walmesley did."' See _ante_, i. 81. 'A certain young clergyman used to
+come about Dr. Johnson. The Doctor said it vexed him to be in his
+company, his ignorance was so hopeless. "Sir," said Mr. Langton, "his
+coming about you shows he wishes to help his ignorance." "Sir," said the
+Doctor, "his ignorance is so great, I am afraid to show him the
+bottom of it."'
+
+[120] Dr. Francklin. See _ante_, iii. 83, note 3. Churchill attacked him
+in _The Rosciad_ (Poems, ii. 4). When, he says, it came to the choice
+of a judge,
+
+     'Others for Francklin voted; but 'twas known,
+      He sickened at all triumphs but his own.'
+
+[121] See _ante_, iii. 241, note 2.
+
+[122] _Pr. and Med_. p.190. BOSWELL.
+
+[123] _Ib_. 174. BOSWELL.
+
+[124] 'Mr. Fowke once observed to Dr. Johnson that, in his opinion, the
+Doctor's literary strength lay in writing biography, in which he
+infinitely exceeded all his contemporaries. "Sir," said Johnson, "I
+believe that is true. The dogs don't know how to write trifles with
+dignity."'--R. Warner's _Original Letters_, p. 204.
+
+[125] His design is thus announced in his _Advertisement_: 'The
+Booksellers having determined to publish a body of English Poetry, I was
+persuaded to promise them a Preface to the works of each authour; an
+undertaking, as it was then presented to my mind, not very tedious or
+difficult.
+
+'My purpose was only to have allotted to every poet an Advertisement,
+like that [in original _those_] which we find in the French
+Miscellanies, containing a few dates, and a general character; but I
+have been led beyond my intention, I hope by the honest desire of giving
+useful pleasure.' BOSWELL.
+
+[126] _Institutiones_, liber i, Prooemium 3.
+
+[127] 'He had bargained for two hundred guineas, and the booksellers
+spontaneously added a third hundred; on this occasion Dr. Johnson
+observed to me, "Sir, I always said the booksellers were a generous set
+of men. Nor, in the present instance, have I reason to complain. The
+fact is, not that they have paid me too little, but that I have written
+too much." The _Lives_ were soon published in a separate edition; when,
+for a very few corrections, he was presented with another hundred
+guineas.' Nichols's _Lit. Anec._ viii. 416. See _ante_, iii. 111. In Mr.
+Morrison's _Collection of Autographs_ &c., vol. ii, 'is Johnson's
+receipt for 100_l_., from the proprietors of _The Lives of the Poets_
+for revising the last edition of that work.' It is dated Feb. 19, 1783.
+'Underneath, in Johnson's autograph, are these words: "It is great
+impudence to put _Johnson's Poets_ on the back of books which Johnson
+neither recommended nor revised. He recommended only Blackmore on the
+Creation, and Watts. How then are they Johnson's? This is indecent."'
+The poets whom Johnson recommended were Blackmore, Watts, Pomfret, and
+Yalden. _Ante_, under Dec. 29, 1778.
+
+[128] Gibbon says of the last five quartos of the six that formed his
+_History_:--'My first rough manuscript, without any intermediate copy,
+has been sent to the press.' _Misc. Works_, i. 255. In the _Memoir of
+Goldsmith_, prefixed to his _Misc. Works_, i. 113, it is said:--'In
+whole quires of his _Histories_, _Animated Nature_, &c., he had seldom
+occasion to correct or alter a single word.' See _ante_, i. 203.
+
+[129] From Waller's _Of Loving at First Sight_. Waller's _Poems,
+Miscellanies_, xxxiv.
+
+[130] He trusted greatly to his memory. If it did not retain anything
+exactly, he did not think himself bound to look it up. Thus in his
+criticism on Congreve (_Works_, viii. 31) he says:--'Of his plays I
+cannot speak distinctly; for since I inspected them many years have
+passed.' In a note on his _Life of Rowe_, Nichols says:--'This _Life_
+is a very remarkable instance of the uncommon strength of Dr. Johnson's
+memory. When I received from him the MS. he complacently observed that
+the criticism was tolerably well done, considering that he had not read
+one of Rowe's plays for thirty years.' _Ib_. vii. 417.
+
+[131] Thus:--'In the _Life of Waller_, Mr. Nichols will find a reference
+to the _Parliamentary History_ from which a long quotation is to be
+inserted. If Mr. Nichols cannot easily find the book, Mr. Johnson will
+send it from Streatham.'
+
+'Clarendon is here returned.'
+
+'By some accident, I laid _your_ note upon Duke up so safely, that I
+cannot find it. Your informations have been of great use to me. I must
+beg it again; with another list of our authors, for I have laid that
+with the other. I have sent Stepney's Epitaph. Let me have the revises
+as soon as can be. Dec. 1778.'
+
+'I have sent Philips, with his Epitaphs, to be inserted. The fragment of
+a preface is hardly worth the impression, but that we may seem to do
+something. It may be added to the _Life of Philips_. The Latin page is
+to be added to the _Life of Smith_. I shall be at home to revise the two
+sheets of Milton. March 1, 1779.'
+
+'Please to get me the last edition of Hughes's _Letters_; and try to get
+_Dennis upon Blackmore_, and upon Calo, and any thing of the same writer
+against Pope. Our materials are defective.'
+
+'As Waller professed to have imitated Fairfax, do you think a few pages
+of Fairfax would enrich our edition? Few readers have seen it, and it
+may please them. But it is not necessary.'
+
+'An account of the Lives and works of some of the most eminent English
+Poets. By, &c.--"The English Poets, biographically and critically
+considered, by SAM. JOHNSON."--Let Mr. Nichols take his choice, or make
+another to his mind. May, 1781.'
+
+'You somehow forgot the advertisement for the new edition. It was not
+inclosed. Of Gay's _Letters_ I see not that any use can be made, for
+they give no information of any thing. That he was a member of the
+Philosophical Society is something; but surely he could be but a
+corresponding member. However, not having his life here, I know not how
+to put it in, and it is of little importance.'
+
+See several more in _The Gent. Mag._, 1785. The Editor of that
+Miscellany, in which Johnson wrote for several years, seems justly to
+think that every fragment of so great a man is worthy of being
+preserved. BOSWELL. In the original MS. in the British Museum, _Your_ in
+the third paragraph of this note is not in italics. Johnson writes his
+correspondent's name _Nichols_, _Nichol_, and _Nicol_. In the fourth
+paragraph he writes, first _Philips_, and next _Phillips_. His spelling
+was sometimes careless, _ante_, i. 260, note 2. In the _Gent. Mag._ for
+1785, p. 10, another of these notes is published:--'In reading Rowe in
+your edition, which is very impudently called mine, I observed a little
+piece unnaturally and odiously obscene. I was offended, but was still
+more offended when I could not find it in Rowe's genuine volumes. To
+admit it had been wrong; to interpolate it is surely worse. If I had
+known of such a piece in the whole collection, I should have been angry.
+What can be done?' In a note, Mr. Nichols says that this piece 'has not
+only appeared in the _Works_ of Rowe, but has been transplanted by Pope
+into the _Miscellanies_ he published in his own name and that of
+Dean Swift.'
+
+[132] He published, in 1782, a revised edition of Baker's_ Biographia
+Dramatica_. Baker was a grandson of De Foe. _Gent. Mag._ 1782, p. 77.
+
+[133] Dryden writing of satiric poetry, says:--'Had I time I could
+enlarge on the beautiful turns of words and thoughts, which are as
+requisite in this as in heroic poetry itself; of which the satire is
+undoubtedly a species. With these beautiful turns I confess myself to
+have been unacquainted, till about twenty years ago, in a conversation
+which I had with that noble wit of Scotland, Sir George Mackenzie, he
+asked me why I did not imitate in my verses the turns of Mr. Waller, and
+Sir John Denham. ... This hint, thus seasonably given me, first made me
+sensible of my own wants, and brought me afterwards to seek for the
+supply of them in other English authors. I looked over the darling of my
+youth, the famous Cowley.' Dryden's _Works_, ed. 1821, xiii. III.
+
+[134] In one of his letters to Nichols, Johnson says:--'You have now all
+Cowley. I have been drawn to a great length, but Cowley or Waller never
+had any critical examination before.' _Gent. Mag._ 1785, p.9.
+
+[135] _Life of Sheffield_. BOSWELL. Johnson's _Works_, vii. 485.
+
+[136] See, however, p.11 of this volume, where the same remark is made
+and Johnson is there speaking of _prose_. MALONE.
+
+[137]
+
+     'Purpureus, late qui splendeat unus et alter
+      Assuitur pannus.'
+
+     '... Shreds of purple with broad lustre shine
+     Sewed on your poem.'
+
+FRANCIS. Horace, _Ars Poet_. 15.
+
+[138] The original reading is enclosed in crochets, and the present one
+is printed in Italicks. BOSWELL.
+
+[139] I have noticed a few words which, to our ears, are more uncommon
+than at least two of the three that Boswell mentions; as, 'Languages
+divaricate,' _Works_, vii. 309; 'The mellifluence of Pope's numbers,'
+_ib._ 337; 'A subject flux and transitory,' _ib._ 389; 'His prose is
+pure without scrupulosity,' _ib._ 472; 'He received and accommodated the
+ladies' (said of one serving behind the counter), _ib._ viii. 62; 'The
+prevalence of this poem was gradual,' _ib._ p. 276; 'His style is
+sometimes concatenated,' _ib._ p. 458. Boswell, on the next page,
+supplies one more instance--'Images such as the superficies of nature
+readily supplies.'
+
+[140] See _ante_, iii. 249.
+
+[141] Veracious is perhaps one of the 'four or five words' which Johnson
+added, or thought that he added, to the English language. _Ante_, i.
+221. He gives it in his _Dictionary_, but without any authority for it.
+It is however older than his time.
+
+[142] See Johnson's _Works_, vii. 134, 212, and viii. 386.
+
+[143] Horace Walpole (_Letters_, vii. 452) writes of Johnson's
+'_Billingsgate on Milton_.' A later letter shows that, like so many of
+Johnson's critics, he had not read the _Life_. _Ib_. p. 508.
+
+[144] _Works_, vii. 108.
+
+[145] Thirty years earlier he had written of Milton as 'that poet whose
+works may possibly be read when every other monument of British
+greatness shall be obliterated.' _Ante_, i. 230. See _ante_, ii. 239.
+
+[146] Earl Stanhope (_Life of Pitt_, ii. 65) describes this Society in
+1790, 'as a Club, till then of little note, which had a yearly festival
+in commemoration of the events of 1688. It had been new-modelled, and
+enlarged with a view to the transactions at Paris, but still retained
+its former name to imply a close connection between the principles of
+1688 in England, and the principles of 1789 in France.' The Earl
+Stanhope of that day presided at the anniversary meeting on Nov. 4,
+1789. Nov. 4 was the day on which William III. landed.
+
+[147] See _An Essay on the Life, Character, and writings of Dr. Samuel
+Johnson_, London, 1787; which is very well written, making a proper
+allowance for the democratical bigotry of its authour; whom I cannot
+however but admire for his liberality in speaking thus of my
+illustrious friend:--
+
+'He possessed extraordinary powers of understanding, which were much
+cultivated by study, and still more by meditation and reflection. His
+memory was remarkably retentive, his imagination uncommonly vigorous,
+and his judgement keen and penetrating. He had a strong sense of the
+importance of religion; his piety was sincere, and sometimes ardent; and
+his zeal for the interests of virtue was often manifested in his
+conversation and in his writings. The same energy which was displayed in
+his literary productions was exhibited also in his conversation, which
+was various, striking, and instructive; and perhaps no man ever equalled
+him for nervous and pointed repartees.'
+
+'His _Dictionary_, his moral Essays, and his productions in polite
+literature, will convey useful instruction, and elegant entertainment,
+as long as the language in which they are written shall be
+understood.' BOSWELL.
+
+[148] Boswell paraphrases the following passage:--'The King, with lenity
+of which the world has had perhaps no other example, declined to be the
+judge or avenger of his own or his father's wrongs; and promised to
+admit into the Act of Oblivion all, except those whom the Parliament
+should except; and the Parliament doomed none to capital punishment but
+the wretches who had immediately co-operated in the murder of the King.
+Milton was certainly not one of them; he had only justified what they
+had done.' Johnson's _Works_, vii. 95.
+
+[149]
+     'Though fall'n on evil days,
+      On evil days though fall'n and evil tongues,
+      In darkness, and with dangers compast round.'
+                _Paradise Lost_, vii. 26.
+
+[150] Johnson's _Works_, vii. 105.
+
+[151] 'His political notions were those of an acrimonious and surly
+republican.' _Ib_. p. 116.
+
+[152] 'What we know of Milton's character in domestick relations is,
+that he was severe and arbitrary.' _Ib._ p. 116.
+
+[153] 'His theological opinions are said to have been first,
+Calvinistical; and afterwards, perhaps when he began to hate the
+Presbyterians, to have tended towards Arminianism.... He appears to have
+been untainted by any heretical peculiarity of opinion.' _Ib._ p. 115.
+
+[154] Mr. Malone things it is rather a proof that he felt nothing of
+those cheerful sensations which he has described: that on these topicks
+it is the _poet_, and not the _man_, that writes. BOSWELL.
+
+[155] See _ante_, i. 427, ii. 124, and iv. 20, for Johnson's
+condemnation of blank verse. This condemnations was not universal. Of
+Dryden, he wrote (_Works_, vii. 249):--'He made rhyming tragedies, till,
+by the prevalence of manifest propriety, he seems to have grown ashamed
+of making them any longer.' His own _Irene_ is in blank verse; though
+Macaulay justly remarks of it:--'He had not the slightest notion of what
+blank verse should be.' (Macaulay's _Writings and Speeches_, ed. 1871,
+p. 380.) Of Thomson's _Seasons_, he says (_Works_, vii. 377):--'His is one
+of the works in which blank verse seems properly used.' Of Young's
+_Night Thoughts_:--'This is one of the few poems in which blank verse
+could not be changed for rhyme but with disadvantage.' _Ib_. p. 460. Of
+Milton himself, he writes:--'Whatever be the advantages of rhyme, I
+cannot prevail on myself to wish that Milton had been a rhymer; for I
+cannot wish his work to be other than it is; yet, like other heroes, he
+is to be admired rather than imitated.' _Ib_. vii. 142. How much he felt
+the power of Milton's blank verse is shewn by his _Rambler_, No. 90,
+where, after stating that 'the noblest and most majestick pauses which
+our versification admits are upon the fourth and sixth syllables,' he
+adds:--' Some passages [in Milton] which conclude at this stop [the
+sixth syllable] I could never read without some strong emotions of
+delight or admiration.' 'If,' he continues, 'the poetry of Milton be
+examined with regard to the pauses and flow of his verses into each
+other, it will appear that he has performed all that our language would
+admit.' Cowper was so indignant at Johnson's criticism of Milton's blank
+verse that he wrote:--'Oh! I could thresh his old jacket till I made his
+pension jingle in his pocket.' Southey's _Cowper_, iii. 315.
+
+[156] One of the most natural instances of the effect of blank verse
+occurred to the late Earl of Hopeton. His Lordship observed one of his
+shepherds poring in the fields upon Milton's _Paradise Lost_; and having
+asked him what book it was, the man answered, 'An't please your
+Lordship, this is a very odd sort of an authour: he would fain rhyme,
+but cannot get at it.' BOSWELL. 'The variety of pauses, so much boasted
+by the lovers of blank verse, changes the measures of an English poet to
+the periods of a declaimer; and there are only a few skilful and happy
+readers of Milton, who enable their audience to perceive where the lines
+end or begin. "Blank verse," said an ingenious critick, "seems to be
+verse only to the eye."' Johnson's _Works_, vii. 141. In the _Life of
+Roscommon_ (_ib_. p. 171), he says:--'A poem frigidly didactick, without
+rhyme, is so near to prose, that the reader only scorns it for
+pretending to be verse.'
+
+[157] Mr. Locke. Often mentioned in Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_.
+
+[158] See vol. in. page 71. BOSWELL.
+
+[159] It is scarcely a defence. Whatever it was, he thus ends it:-'It is
+natural to hope, that a comprehensive is likewise an elevated soul, and
+that whoever is wise is also honest. I am willing to believe that
+Dryden, having employed his mind, active as it was, upon different
+studies, and filled it, capacious as it was, with other materials, came
+unprovided to the controversy, and wanted rather skill to discover the
+right than virtue to maintain it. But inquiries into the heart are not
+for man; we must now leave him to his judge.' Works, vii. 279.
+
+[160] In the original _fright_. _The Hind and the Panther_, i. 79.
+
+[161] In this quotation two passages are joined. _Works_, vii. 339, 340.
+
+[162] 'The deep and pathetic morality of the _Vanity of Human Wishes_'
+says Sir Walter Scott, 'has often extracted tears from those whose eyes
+wander dry over the pages of professed sentimentality.' CROKER. It. drew
+tears from Johnson himself. 'When,' says Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 50),
+'he read his own satire, in which the life of a scholar is painted, he
+burst into a passion of tears. The family and Mr. Scott only were
+present, who, in a jocose way, clapped him on the back, and
+said:--"What's all this, my dear Sir? Why you, and I, and Hercules, you
+know, were all troubled with melancholy." He was a very large man, and
+made out the triumvirate with Johnson and Hercules comically enough. The
+Doctor was so delighted at his odd sally, that he suddenly embraced him,
+and the subject was immediately changed.'
+
+[163] In Disraeli's _Curiosities of Literature_, ed. 1834, iv. 180, is
+given 'a memorandum of Dr. Johnson's of hints for the _Life of Pope_.'
+
+[164] _Works_, viii. 345.
+
+[165] 'Of the last editor [Warburton] it is more difficult to speak.
+Respect is due to high place, tenderness to living reputation, and
+veneration to genius and learning; but he cannot be justly offended at
+that liberty of which he has himself so frequently given an example, nor
+very solicitous what is thought of notes which he ought never to have
+considered as part of his serious employments.' _Works_, v. 140. See
+_post_, June 10,1784.
+
+[166] The liberality is certainly measured. With much praise there is
+much censure. _Works_, viii. 288. See _ante_, ii. 36, and Boswell's
+_Hebrides_, Aug. 23.
+
+[167] Of Johnson's conduct towards Warburton, a very honourable notice
+is taken by the editor of _Tracts by Warburton and a Warburtonian, not
+admitted into the Collection of their respective Works_. After an able
+and 'fond, though not undistinguishing,' consideration of Warburton's
+character, he says, 'In two immortal works, Johnson has stood forth in
+the foremost rank of his admirers. By the testimony of such a man,
+impertinence must be abashed, and malignity itself must be softened. Of
+literary merit, Johnson, as we all know, was a sagacious but a most
+severe judge. Such was his discernment, that he pierced into the most
+secret springs of human actions; and such was his integrity, that he
+always weighed the moral characters of his fellow-creatures in the
+"balance of the sanctuary." He was too courageous to propitiate a rival,
+and too proud to truckle to a superiour. Warburton he knew, as I know
+him, and as every man of sense and virtue would wish to be known,--I
+mean, both from his own writings, and from the writings of those who
+dissented from his principles, or who envied his reputation. But, as to
+favours, he had never received or asked any from the Bishop of
+Gloucester; and, if my memory fails me not, he had seen him only once,
+when they met almost without design, conversed without much effort, and
+parted without any lasting impressions of hatred or affection. Yet, with
+all the ardour of sympathetic genius, Johnson has done that
+spontaneously and ably, which, by some writers, had been before
+attempted injudiciously, and which, by others, from whom more successful
+attempts might have been expected, has not _hitherto_ been done at all.
+He spoke well of Warburton, without insulting those whom Warburton
+despised. He suppressed not the imperfections of this extraordinary man,
+while he endeavoured to do justice to his numerous and transcendental
+excellencies. He defended him when living, amidst the clamours of his
+enemies; and praised him when dead, amidst the _silence of his
+friends_.'
+
+Having availed myself of this editor's eulogy on my departed friend, for
+which I warmly thank him, let me not suffer the lustre of his
+reputation, honestly acquired by profound learning and vigorous
+eloquence, to be tarnished by a charge of illiberality. He has been
+accused of invidiously dragging again into light certain writings of a
+person respectable by his talents, his learning, his station and his
+age, which were published a great many years ago, and have since, it is
+said, been silently given up by their authour. But when it is considered
+that these writings were not _sins of youth_, but deliberate works of
+one well-advanced in life, overflowing at once with flattery to a great
+man of great interest in the Church, and with unjust and acrimonious
+abuse of two men of eminent merit; and that, though it would have been
+unreasonable to expect an humiliating recantation, no apology whatever
+has been made in the cool of the evening, for the oppressive fervour of
+the heat of the day; no slight relenting indication has appeared in any
+note, or any corner of later publications; is it not fair to understand
+him as superciliously persevering? When he allows the shafts to remain
+in the wounds, and will not stretch forth a lenient hand, is it wrong,
+is it not generous to become an indignant avenger? BOSWELL. Boswell
+wrote on Feb. 16, 1789:--'There is just come out a publication which
+makes a considerable noise. The celebrated Dr. Parr, of Norwich,
+has--wickedly, shall we say?--but surely wantonly--published Warburton's
+_Juvenile Translations and Discourse on Prodigies_, and Bishop Kurd's
+attacks on Jortin and Dr. Thomas Leland, with his _Essay on the Delicacy
+of Friendship_.' _Letters of Boswell_, p. 275. The 'editor,' therefore,
+is Parr, and the 'Warburtonian' is Hurd. Boswell had written to Parr on
+Jan. 10, 1791:--'I request to hear by return of post if I may say or
+guess that Dr. Parr is the editor of these tracts.' Parr's _Works_,
+viii. 12. See also _ib_. iii. 405.
+
+[168] In Johnson's _Works_ (1787), xi. 213, it is said, that this
+meeting was 'at the Bishop of St. ----'s [Asaph's]. Boswell, by his
+'careful enquiry,' no doubt meant to show that this statement was wrong.
+Johnson is reported to have said:--' Dr. Warburton at first looked
+surlily at me; but after we had been jostled into conversation he took
+me to a window, asked me some questions, and before we parted was so
+well pleased with me that he patted me.'
+
+[169] 'Warburton's style is copious without selection, and forcible
+without neatness; he took the words that presented themselves; his
+diction is coarse and impure; and his sentences are unmeasured.'
+Johnson's _Works_, viii. 288.
+
+[170] Churchill, in _The Duellist (Poems_ ed. 1766, ii. 85), describes
+Warburton as having
+
+     'A heart, which virtue ne'er disgraced;
+      A head where learning runs to waste.'
+
+[171] _Works_, viii. 230.
+
+[172] 'I never,' writes Mrs. Piozzi, 'heard Johnson pronounce the words,
+"I beg your pardon, Sir," to any human creature but the apparently
+soft and gentle Dr. Burney.' Burney had asked her whether she had
+subscribed £100 to building a bridge. '"It is very comical, is it not,
+Sir?" said I, turning to Dr. Johnson, "that people should tell such
+unfounded stories." "It is," answered he, "neither comical nor serious,
+my dear; it is only a wandering lie." This was spoken in his natural
+voice, without a thought of offence, I am confident; but up bounced
+Burney in a towering passion, and to my much amaze put on the hero,
+surprising Dr. Johnson into a sudden request for pardon, and
+protestation of not having ever intended to accuse his friend of a
+falsehood.' Hayward's _Piozzi_, i. 312.
+
+[173] In the original, '_nor_.' _Works_, viii. 311.
+
+[174] In the original, '_either_ wise or merry.'
+
+[175] In the original, '_stands upon record_'.
+
+[176] _Works_, viii. 316. Surely the words 'had not much to say' imply
+that Johnson had heard the answer, but thought little of its wit.
+According to Mr. Croker, the repartee is given in Ruffhead's _Life of
+Pope_, and this book Johnson had seen. _Ante_, ii. 166.
+
+[177] Let me here express my grateful remembrance of Lord Somerville's
+kindness to me, at a very early period. He was the first person of high
+rank that took particular notice of me in the way most flattering to a
+young man, fondly ambitious of being distinguished for his literary
+talents; and by the honour of his encouragement made me think well of
+myself, and aspire to deserve it better. He had a happy art of
+communicating his varied knowledge of the world, in short remarks and
+anecdotes, with a quiet pleasant gravity, that was exceedingly engaging.
+Never shall I forget the hours which I enjoyed with him at his
+apartments in the Royal Palace of Holy-Rood House, and at his seat near
+Edinburgh, which he himself had formed with an elegant taste. BOSWELL.
+
+[178] _Ante_, iii. 392.
+
+[179] Boswell, I think, misunderstands Johnson. Johnson said (_Works_,
+viii. 313) that 'Pope's admiration of the Great seems to have increased
+in the advance of life.' His _Iliad_ he had dedicated to Congreve, but
+'to his latter works he took care to annex names dignified with titles,
+but was not very happy in his choice; for, except Lord Bathurst, none of
+his noble friends were such as that a good man would wish to have his
+intimacy with them known to posterity; he can derive little honour from
+the notice of Cobham, Burlington, or Bolingbroke.' Johnson, it seems
+clear, is speaking, not of the noblemen whom Pope knew in general, but
+of those to whom he dedicated any of his works. Among them Lord
+Marchmont is not found, so that on him no slight is cast.
+
+[180] Neither does Johnson actually say that Lord Marchmont had 'any
+concern,' though perhaps he implies it. He writes:--'Pope left the care
+of his papers to his executors; first to Lord Bolingbroke; and, if he
+should not be living, to the Earl of Marchmont: undoubtedly expecting
+them to be proud of the trust, and eager to extend his fame. But let no
+man dream of influence beyond his life. After a decent time, Dodsley the
+bookseller went to solicit preference as the publisher, and was told
+that the parcel had not been yet inspected; and, whatever was the
+reason, the world has been disappointed of what was "reserved for the
+next age."' _Ib_. p. 306. As Bolingbroke outlived Pope by more than
+seven years, it is clear, from what Johnson states, that he alone had
+the care of the papers, and that he gave the answer to Dodsley.
+Marchmont, however, knew the contents of the papers. _Ib_. p. 319.
+
+[181] This neglect did not arise from any ill-will towards Lord
+Marchmont, but from inattention; just as he neglected to correct his
+statement concerning the family of Thomson the poet, after it had been
+shewn to be erroneous (_ante_, in. 359). MALONE.
+
+[182] _Works, vii. 420._
+
+[183] Benjamin Victor published in 1722, a _Letter to Steele_, and in
+1776, _Letters, Dramatic Pieces, and Poems_ Brit. Mus. Catalogue.
+
+[184] Mr. _Wilks_. See _ante_, i. 167, note 1.
+
+[185] See _post_, p. 91 and Macaulay's _Essay on Addison_ (ed. 1974, iv.
+207).
+
+[186] 'A better and more Christian man scarcely ever breathed than
+Joseph Addison. If he had not that little weakness for wine--why we
+could scarcely have found a fault with him, and could not have liked him
+as we do.' Thackery's _English Humourists_, ed. 1858, p. 94.
+
+[187] See _ante_, i. 30, and iii. 155.
+
+[188] See _post_, under Dec. 2, 1784.
+
+[189] Parnell 'drank to excess.' _Ante_, iii. 155.
+
+[190] I should have thought that Johnson, who had felt the severe
+affliction from which Parnell never recovered, would have preserved this
+passage. BOSWELL.
+
+[191] Mrs. Thrale wrote to Johnson in May, 1780:-'Blackmore will be
+rescued from the old wits who worried him much to your disliking; so, a
+little for love of his Christianity, a little for love of his physic, a
+little for love of his courage--and a little for love of contradiction,
+you will save him from his malevolent critics, and perhaps do him the
+honour to devour him yourself.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 122. See
+_ante_, ii. 107.
+
+[192] 'This is a tribute which a painter owes to an architect who
+composed like a painter; and was defrauded of the due reward of his
+merit by the wits of his time, who did not understand the principles of
+composition in poetry better than he did; and who knew little, or
+nothing, of what he understood perfectly, the general ruling principles
+of architecture and painting.' Reynolds's _Thirteenth Discourse_.
+
+[193] Johnson had not wished to write _Lyttelton's Life_. He wrote to
+Lord Westcote, Lyttelton's brother, 'My desire is to avoid offence, and
+be totally out of danger. I take the liberty of proposing to your
+lordship, that the historical account should be written under your
+direction by any friend you may be willing to employ, and I will only
+take upon myself to examine the poetry.'--Croker's _Boswell_, p.650.
+
+[194] It was not _Molly Aston_ (_ante_ i. 83) but Miss Hill Boothby
+(_ib_.) of whom Mrs. Thrale wrote. She says (_Anec_. p.160):--'Such was
+the purity of her mind, Johnson said, and such the graces of her manner,
+that Lord Lyttelton and he used to strive for her preference with an
+emulation that occasioned hourly disgust, and ended in lasting
+animosity.' There is surely much exaggeration in this account.
+
+[195] Let not my readers smile to think of Johnson's being a candidate
+for female favour; Mr. Peter Garrick assured me, that he was told by a
+lady, that in her opinion Johnson was 'a very _seducing man_.'
+Disadvantages of person and manner may be forgotten, where intellectual
+pleasure is communicated to a susceptible mind; and that Johnson was
+capable of feeling the most delicate and disinterested attachment,
+appears from the following letter, which is published by Mrs. Thrale
+[_Piozzi Letters_, ii. 391], with some others to the same person, of
+which the excellence is not so apparent:--
+
+'TO MISS BOOTHBY. January, 1755.
+
+DEAREST MADAM,
+
+Though I am afraid your illness leaves you little leisure for the
+reception of airy civilities, yet I cannot forbear to pay you my
+congratulations on the new year; and to declare my wishes that your
+years to come may be many and happy. In this wish, indeed, I include
+myself, who have none but you on whom my heart reposes; yet surely I
+wish your good, even though your situation were such as should permit
+you to communicate no gratifications to, dearest, dearest Madam, Your,
+&c. SAM JOHNSON.' (BOSWELL.)
+
+[196] Horace, _Odes_, iv. 3.2, quoted also _ante_, i.352, note.
+
+[197] The passage which Boswell quotes in part is as follows:--'When
+they were first published they were kindly commended by the _Critical
+Reviewers_; [i.e. the writers in the _Critical Review_. In some of the
+later editions of Boswell these words have been printed, _critical
+reviewers_; so as to include all the reviewers who criticised the work];
+and poor Lyttelton, with humble gratitude, returned, in a note which I
+have read, acknowledgements which can never be proper, since they must
+be paid either for flattery or for justice.' _Works_, viii.491. Boswell
+forgets that what may be proper in one is improper in another.
+Lyttelton, when he wrote this note, had long been a man of high
+position. He had 'stood in the first rank of opposition,' he had been
+Chancellor of the Exchequer, and when he lost his post, he had been
+'recompensed with a peerage.' See _ante_, ii. 126.
+
+[198] See _post_, June 12 and 15, 1784.
+
+[199] He adopted it from indolence. Writing on Aug. 1, 1780, after
+mentioning the failure of his application to Lord Westcote, he
+continues:--'There is an ingenious scheme to save a day's work, or part
+of a day, utterly defeated. Then what avails it to be wise? The plain
+and the artful man must both do their own work.--But I think I have got
+a life of Dr. Young.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 173.
+
+[200] _Gent. Mag._ vol. lv. p. 10. BOSWELL.
+
+[201] By a letter to Johnson from Croft, published in the later editions
+of the _Lives_, it seems that Johnson only expunged one passage. Croft
+says:--'Though I could not prevail on you to make any alteration, you
+insisted on striking out one passage, because it said, that, if I did
+not wish you to live long for your sake, I did for the sake of myself
+and the world.' _Works_ viii.458.
+
+[202] The Late Mr. Burke. MALONE.
+
+[203] See_post_, June 2, 1781.
+
+[204] Johnson's _Works_, viii 440.
+
+[205] _Ib._ p.436
+
+[206] 'Eheu! fugaces, Postume, Postume, Labuntur anni.' 'How swiftly
+glide our flying years!' FRANCIS. Horace, _Odes_, ii.14. i.
+
+[207] The late Mr. James Ralph told Lord Macartney, that he passed an
+evening with Dr. Young at Lord Melcombe's (then Mr. Dodington) at
+Hammersmith. The Doctor happening to go out into the garden, Mr.
+Dodington observed to him, on his return, that it was a dreadful night,
+as in truth it was, there being a violent storm of rain and wind. 'No,
+Sir, (replied the Doctor) it is a very fine night. The LORD is
+abroad.' BOSWELL.
+
+[208] See _ante_, ii.96, and iii.251; and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept.
+30.
+
+[209] 'An ardent judge, who zealous in his trust, With warmth gives
+sentence, yet is always just.' Pope's _Essay on Criticism_, l.677.
+
+[210] _Works_, viii.459. Though the _Life of Young_ is by Croft, yet the
+critical remarks are by Johnson.
+
+[211] _Ib._ p.460.
+
+[212] Johnson refers to Chambers's _Dissertation on Oriental Gardening_,
+which was ridiculed in the _Heroic Epistle_. See _post_, under May 8,
+1781, and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 13.
+
+[213] Boswell refers to the death of Narcissa in the third of the _Night
+Thoughts_. While he was writing the _Life of Johnson_ Mrs. Boswell was
+dying of consumption in (to quote Young's words)
+
+     The rigid north,
+     Her native bed, on which bleak
+     Boreas blew.'
+
+She died nearly two years before _The Life_ was published.
+
+[214] _Proverbs_, xviii.14.
+
+[215] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 16.
+
+[216] See vol. i. page 133. BOSWELL.
+
+[217] 'In his economy Swift practised a peculiar and offensive
+parsimony, without disguise or apology. The practice of saving being
+once necessary, became habitual, and grew first ridiculous, and at last
+detestable. But his avarice, though it might exclude pleasure, was never
+suffered to encroach upon his virtue. He was frugal by inclination, but
+liberal by principle; and if the purpose to which he destined his little
+accumulations be remembered, with his distribution of occasional
+charity, it will perhaps appear, that he only liked one mode of expense
+better than another, and saved merely that he might have something to
+give.' _Works_, viii.222.
+
+[218] _Ib_. p.225.
+
+[219] Mr. Chalmers here records a curious literary anecdote--that when a
+new and enlarged edition of the _Lives of the Poets_ was published in
+1783, Mr. Nichols, in justice to the purchasers of the preceding
+editions, printed the additions in a separate pamphlet, and advertised
+that it might be had _gratis_. Not ten copies were called for. CROKER.
+
+[220] See _ante_, p.9, and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 15.
+
+[221] _Works_, vii. Preface.
+
+[222] From this disreputable class, I except an ingenious though not
+satisfactory defence of HAMMOND, which I did not see till lately, by the
+favour of its authour, my amiable friend, the Reverend Mr. Bevill, who
+published it without his name. It is a juvenile performance, but
+elegantly written, with classical enthusiasm of sentiment, and yet with
+a becoming modesty, and great respect for Dr. Johnson. BOSWELL.
+
+[223] Before the _Life of Lyttelton_ was published there was, it seems,
+some coolness between Mrs. Montagu and Johnson. Miss Burney records the
+following conversation in September 1778. 'Mark now,' said Dr. Johnson,
+'if I contradict Mrs. Montagu to-morrow. I am determined, let her say
+what she will, that I will not contradict her.' MRS. THRALE. 'Why to be
+sure, Sir, you did put her a little out of countenance last time she
+came.'...DR. JOHNSON. 'Why, Madam, I won't answer that I shan't
+contradict her again, if she provokes me as she did then; but a less
+provocation I will withstand. I believe I am not high in her good graces
+already; and I begin (added he, laughing heartily) to tremble for my
+admission into her new house. I doubt I shall never see the inside of
+it.' Yet when they met a few days later all seemed friendly. 'When Mrs.
+Montagu's new house was talked of, Dr. Johnson in a jocose manner,
+desired to know if he should be invited to see it. "Ay, sure," cried
+Mrs. Montagu, looking well pleased, "or else I shan't like it."' Mme.
+D'Arblay's _Diary_, i.118, 126. 'Mrs. Montagu's dinners and assemblies,'
+writes Wraxall, 'were principally supported by, and they fell with, the
+giant talents of Johnson, who formed the nucleus round which all the
+subordinate members revolved.' Wraxall's _Memoirs_, ed. 1815, i.160.
+
+[224] Described by the author as 'a body of original essays.' 'I
+consider _The Observer,'_ he arrogantly continues, 'as fairly enrolled
+amongst the standard classics of our native language.' Cumberland's
+_Memoirs_, ii.199. In his account of this _Feast of Reason_ he quite as
+much satirises Mrs. Montagu as praises her. He introduces Johnson in it,
+annoyed by an impertinent fellow, and saying to him:--'Have I said
+anything, good Sir, that you do not comprehend?' 'No, no,' replied he,
+'I perfectly well comprehend every word you have been saying.' 'Do you
+so, Sir?' said the philosopher, 'then I heartily ask pardon of the
+company for misemploying their time so egregiously.' _The Observer_,
+No. 25.
+
+[225] Miss Burney gives an account of an attack made by Johnson, at a
+dinner at Streatham, in June 1781, on Mr. Pepys (_post_, p. 82), 'one of
+Mrs. Montagu's steadiest abettors.' 'Never before,' she writes, 'have I
+seen Dr. Johnson speak with so much passion. "Mr. Pepys," he cried, in a
+voice the most enraged, "I understand you are offended by my _Life of
+Lord Lyttelton_. What is it you have to say against it? Come forth, man!
+Here am I, ready to answer any charge you can bring."' After the quarrel
+had been carried even into the drawing-room, Mrs. Thrale, 'with great
+spirit and dignity, said that she should be very glad to hear no more of
+it. Everybody was silenced, and Dr. Johnson, after a pause,
+said:--"Well, Madam, you _shall_ hear no more of it; yet I will defend
+myself in every part and in every atom."... Thursday morning, Dr.
+Johnson went to town for some days, but not before Mrs. Thrale read him
+a very serious lecture upon giving way to such violence; which he bore
+with a patience and quietness that even more than made his peace with
+me.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 45. Two months later the quarrel was
+made up. 'Mr. Pepys had desired this meeting by way of a reconciliation;
+and Dr. Johnson now made amends for his former violence, as he advanced
+to him, as soon as he came in, and holding out his hand to him received
+him with a cordiality he had never shewn him before. Indeed he told me
+himself that he thought the better of Mr. Pepys for all that had
+passed.' _Ib._ p. 82. Miss Burney, in Dec. 1783, described the quarrel
+to Mr. Cambridge:--'"I never saw Dr. Johnson really in a passion but
+then; and dreadful indeed it was to see. I wished myself away a thousand
+times. It was a frightful scene. He so red, poor Mr. Pepys so pale." "It
+was behaving ill to Mrs. Thrale certainly to quarrel in her house."
+"Yes, but he never repeated it; though he wished of all things to have
+gone through just such another scene with Mrs. Montagu; and to refrain
+was an act of heroic forbearance. She came to Streatham one morning, and
+I saw he was dying to attack her." "And how did Mrs. Montagu herself
+behave?" Very stately, indeed, at first. She turned from him very
+stiffly, and with a most distant air, and without even courtesying to
+him, and with a firm intention to keep to what she had publicly
+declared--that she would never speak to him more. However, he went up to
+her himself, longing to begin, and very roughly said:--"Well, Madam,
+what's become of your fine new house? I hear no more of it." "But how
+did she bear this?" "Why, she was obliged to answer him; and she soon
+grew so frightened--as everybody does--that she was as civil as ever."
+He laughed heartily at this account. But I told him Dr. Johnson was now
+much softened. He had acquainted me, when I saw him last, that he had
+written to her upon the death of Mrs. Williams [see _post_, Sept. 18,
+1783, note], because she had allowed her something yearly, which now
+ceased. "And I had a very kind answer from her," said he. "Well then,
+Sir," cried I, "I hope peace now will be again proclaimed." "Why, I am
+now," said he, "come to that time when I wish all bitterness and
+animosity to be at an end."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 290.
+
+[226] January, 1791. BOSWELL. Hastings's trial had been dragging on for
+more than three years when _The Life of Johnson_ was published. It began
+in 1788, and ended in 1795.
+
+[227] _Gent. Mag_. for 1785, p. 412.
+
+[228] Afterwards Sir Robert Chambers, one of his Majesty's Judges in
+India. BOSWELL. See _ante_, i.274.
+
+[229] 'He conceived that the cultivation of Persian literature might
+with advantage be made a part of the liberal education of an English
+gentleman; and he drew up a plan with that view. It is said that the
+University of Oxford, in which Oriental learning had never, since the
+revival of letters, been wholly neglected, was to be the seat of the
+institution which he contemplated.' Macaulay's _Essays_, ed. 1843,
+iii. 338.
+
+[230] Lord North's. Feeble though it was, it lasted eight years longer.
+
+[231] Jones's _Persian Grammar_. Boswell. It was published in 1771.
+
+[232] _Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland_. BOSWELL.
+
+[233] See _ante_, ii. 296.
+
+[234] Macaulay wrote of Hastings's answer to this letter:--'It is a
+remarkable circumstance that one of the letters of Hastings to Dr.
+Johnson bears date a very few hours after the death of Nuncomar. While
+the whole settlement was in commotion, while a mighty and ancient
+priesthood were weeping over the remains of their chief, the conqueror
+in that deadly grapple sat down, with characteristic self-possession, to
+write about the _Tour to the Hebrides_, Jones's _Persian Grammar_, and
+the history, traditions, arts, and natural productions of India.'
+Macaulay's _Essays_, ed. 1843, iii.376.
+
+[235] Johnson wrote the Dedication, _Ante_, i.383.
+
+[236] See _ante_, ii.82, note 2.
+
+[237] _Copy_ is _manuscript for printing_.
+
+[238] Published by Kearsley, with this well-chosen motto:--'From his
+cradle He was a SCHOLAR, and a ripe and good one: And to add greater
+honours to his age Than man could give him, he died fearing Heaven.'
+SHAKSPEARE. BOSWELL. This quotation is a patched up one from _Henry
+VIII_, act iv. sc.2. The quotation in the text is found on p. 89 of this
+_Life of Johnson_.
+
+[239] Mr. Thrale had removed, that is to say, from his winter residence
+in the Borough. Mrs. Piozzi has written opposite this passage in her
+copy of Boswell:--'Spiteful again! He went by direction of his
+physicians where they could easiest attend to him.' Hayward's _Piozzi_,
+i. 91. There was, perhaps, a good deal of truth in Boswell's
+supposition, for in 1779 Johnson had told her that he saw 'with
+indignation her despicable dread of living in the Borough.' _Piozzi
+Letters_, ii.92. Johnson had a room in the new house. 'Think,' wrote
+Hannah More, 'of Johnson's having apartments in Grosvenor-square! but he
+says it is not half so convenient as Bolt-court.' H. More's
+_Memoirs_, i.2O7.
+
+[240] See _ante_, iii. 250.
+
+[241] Shakspeare makes Hamlet thus describe his father:--
+
+     'See what a grace was seated on this brow:
+      Hyperion's curls, the front of Jove himself,
+      An eye like Mars, to threaten and command;
+      A station like the herald, Mercury,
+      New-lighted on a heaven-kissing hill;
+      A combination, and a form, indeed,
+      Where every god did seem to set his seal,
+      To give the world assurance of a man.!
+      [Act iii. sc. 4.]
+
+Milton thus pourtrays our first parent, Adam:--
+
+     'His fair large front and eye sublime declar'd
+      Absolute rule; and hyacinthin locks
+      Round from his parted forelock manly hung
+      Clus'tring, but not beneath his shoulders broad.'
+     [_P.L._ iv. 300.] BOSWELL.
+
+[242] 'Grattan's Uncle, Dean Marlay [afterwards Bishop of Waterford],
+had a good deal of the humour of Swift. Once, when the footman was out
+of the way, he ordered the coachman to fetch some water from the well.
+To this the man objected, that _his_ business was to drive, not to run
+on errands. "Well, then," said Marlay, "bring out the coach and four,
+set the pitcher inside, and drive to the well;"--a service which was
+several times repeated, to the great amusement of the village.' Rogers's
+_Table-Talk_, p.176.
+
+[243] See _ante_, ii. 241, for Johnson's contempt of puns.
+
+[244] 'He left not faction, but of that was left.' _Absalom and
+Achitophel_, l. 568.
+
+[245] Boswell wrote of Gibbon in 1779:--'He is an ugly, affected,
+disgusting fellow, and poisons our Literary Club to me.' _Letters of
+Boswell_, p.242. See _ante_, ii.443, note 1.
+
+[246] _The schools_ in this sense means a University.
+
+[247] See _ante_, ii.224.
+
+[248] Up to the year 1770, controverted elections had been tried before
+a Committee of the whole House. By the _Grenville Act_ which was passed
+in that year they were tried by a select committee. _Parl. Hist._ xvi.
+902. Johnson, in _The False Alarm_ (1770), describing the old method of
+trial, says;--'These decisions have often been apparently partial, and
+sometimes tyrannically oppressive.' _Works, vi. 169._ _In The Patriot_
+(1774), he says:--'A disputed election is now tried with the same
+scrupulousness and solemnity as any other title.' _Ib._ p.223. See
+Boswell's _Hebrides_, Nov.10.
+
+[249] Miss Burney describes a dinner at Mr. Thrale's, about this time,
+at which she met Johnson, Boswell, and Dudley Long. Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_, ii. 14.
+
+[250] See _ante_, ii.171, _post_, two paragraphs before April 10, 1783,
+and May 15, 1784.
+
+[251] Johnson wrote on May i, 1780:--'There was the Bishop of St. Asaph
+who comes to every place.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 111. Hannah More, in
+1782, describes an assembly at this Bishop's. 'Conceive to yourself 150
+or 200 people met together dressed in the extremity of the fashion,
+painted as red as Bacchanals...ten or a dozen card-tables crammed with
+dowagers of quality, grave ecclesiastics and yellow admirals.'
+_Memoirs_, i.242. He was elected a member of the Literary Club, 'with
+the sincere approbation and eagerness of all present,' wrote Mr.
+(afterwards Sir William) Jones; elected, too, on the same day on which
+Lord Chancellor Camden was rejected (_ante_, iii. 311, note 2). Two or
+three years later Sir William married the Bishop's daughter. _Life of
+Sir W Jones_, pp.240, 279.
+
+[252] 'Trust not to looks, nor credit outward show; The villain lurks
+beneath the cassocked beau.' Churchill's _Poems_ (ed. 1766), ii.41.
+
+[253] No. 2.
+
+[254] See vol. i p. 378. BOSWELL.
+
+[255] Northcote, according to Hazlitt, said of this character with some
+truth, that 'it was like one of Kneller's portraits--it would do for
+anybody.' Northcote's _Conversations_, p.86.
+
+[256] See _post_, p.98.
+
+[257] _London Chronicle_, May 2, 1769. This respectable man is there
+mentioned to have died on the 3rd of April, that year, at Cofflect, the
+seat of Thomas Veale, Esq., in his way to London. BOSWELL.
+
+[258] Dr. Harte was the tutor of Mr. Eliot and of young Stanhope, Lord
+Chesterfield's illegitimate son. 'My morning hopes,' wrote Chesterfield
+to his son at Rome, 'are justly placed in Mr. Harte, and the masters he
+will give you; my evening ones in the Roman ladies: pray be attentive to
+both.' Chesterfield's _Letters_, ii.263. See _ante_, i.163, note 1,
+ii.120, and _post_, June 27, 1784.
+
+[259] Robertson's _Scotland_ is in the February list of books in the
+_Gent. Mag_. for 1759; Harte's _Gustavus Adolphus_ and Hume's _England
+under the House of Tudor_ in the March list. Perhaps it was from Hume's
+competition that Harte suffered.
+
+[260] _Essays on Husbandry_, 1764.
+
+[261] See _ante_, iii. 381.
+
+[262] 'Christmas Day, 1780. I shall not attempt to see Vestris till the
+weather is milder, though it is the universal voice that he is the only
+perfect being that has dropped from the clouds, within the memory of man
+or woman...When the Parliament meets he is to be thanked by the
+Speaker.' Walpole's _Letters_, vii. 480.
+
+[263] Here Johnson uses his title of Doctor (_ante_, ii.332, note 1),
+but perhaps he does so as quoting the paragraph in the newspaper.
+
+[264] William, the first Viscount Grimston. BOSWELL. Swift thus
+introduces him in his lines _On Poetry, A Rhapsody_:--
+
+     'When death had finished Blackmore's reign,
+     The leaden crown devolved to thee,
+     Great poet of the hollow tree.'
+
+Mr. Nichols, in a note on this, says that Grimston 'wrote the play when
+a boy, to be acted by his schoolfellows.' Swift's _Works_ (1803), xi.
+297. Two editions were published apparently by Grimston himself, one
+bearing his name but no date, and the other the date of 1705 but no
+name. By 1705 Grimston was 22 years old--no longer a boy. The former
+edition was published by Bernard Lintott at the Cross Keys,
+Fleet-street, and the latter by the same bookseller at the Middle Temple
+Gate. The grossness of a young man of birth at this period is shewn by
+the Preface. The third edition with the elephant on the tight-rope was
+published in 1736. There is another illustration in which an ass is
+represented bearing a coronet. Grimston's name is not given here, but
+there is a dedication 'To the Right Sensible the Lord Flame.' Three or
+four notes are added, one of which is very gross. The election was for
+St. Alban's, for which borough he was thrice returned.
+
+[265] Dr. T. Campbell records (_Diary_, p. 69) that 'Boswell asked
+Johnson if he had never been under the hands of a dancing master. "Aye,
+and a dancing mistress too," says the Doctor; "but I own to you I never
+took a lesson but one or two; my blind eyes showed me I could never make
+a proficiency."'
+
+[266] See vol. ii. p.286. BOSWELL.
+
+[267] Miss Burney writes of him in Feb. 1779:--'He is a professed
+minority man, and very active and zealous in the opposition. Men of such
+different principles as Dr. Johnson and Sir Philip cannot have much
+cordiality in their political debates; however, the very superior
+abilities of the former, and the remarkable good breeding of the latter
+have kept both upon good terms.' She describes a hot argument between
+them, and continues:--'Dr. Johnson pursued him with unabating vigour and
+dexterity, and at length, though he could not convince, he so entirely
+baffled him, that Sir Philip was self-compelled to be quiet--which, with
+a very good grace, he confessed. Dr. Johnson then recollecting himself,
+and thinking, as he owned afterwards, that the dispute grew too serious,
+with a skill all his own, suddenly and unexpectedly turned it to
+burlesque.' D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 192.
+
+[268] See _post_, Jan. 20, 1782.
+
+[269] See _ante_, ii.355.
+
+[270] Here Johnson condescended to play upon the words _Long_ and
+_short_. But little did he know that, owing to Mr. Long's reserve in his
+presence, he was talking thus of a gentleman distinguised amongst his
+acquaintance for acuteness of wit; one to whom I think the French
+expression, '_Il pétille d'esprit_,' is particularly He has gratified me
+by mentioning that he heard Dr. Johnson say, 'Sir, if I were to lose
+Boswell, it would be a limb amputated.' BOSWELL.
+
+[271] William Weller Pepys, Esq., one of the Masters in the High Court
+of Chancery, and well known in polite circles. My acquaintance with him
+is not sufficient to enable me to speak of him from my own judgement.
+But I know that both at Eton and Oxford he was the intimate friend of
+the late Sir James Macdonald, the _Marcellus_ of Scotland [_ante_,
+i.449], whose extraordinary talents, learning, and virtues, will ever be
+remembered with admiration and regret. BOSWELL.
+
+[272] See note, _ante_, p. 65, which describes an attack made by Johnson
+on Pepys more than two months after this conversation.
+
+[273] Johnson once said to Mrs. Thrale:--'Why, Madam, you often provoke
+me to say severe things by unreasonable commendation. If you would not
+call for my praise, I would not give you my censure; but it constantly
+moves my indignation to be applied to, to speak well of a thing which I
+think contemptible.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i.132. See _ante_,
+iii.225.
+
+[274] 'Mrs. Thrale,' wrote Miss Burney in 1780, 'is a most dear
+creature, but never restrains her tongue in anything, nor, indeed, any
+of her feelings. She laughs, cries, scolds, sports, reasons, makes
+fun--does everything she has an inclination to do, without any study of
+prudence, or thought of blame; and, pure and artless as is this
+character, it often draws both herself and others into scrapes, which a
+little discretion would avoid.' _Ib_. i.386. Later on she writes:--'Mrs.
+Thrale, with all her excellence, can give up no occasion of making
+sport, however unseasonable or even painful... I knew she was not to be
+safely trusted with anything she could turn into ridicule.' _Ib_.
+ii.24 and 29.
+
+[275] Perhaps Mr. Seward, who was constantly at the Thrales' (_ante_,
+iii. 123).
+
+[276] See _ante_, iii.228, 404.
+
+[277] It was the seventh anniversary of Goldsmith's death.
+
+[278] 'Mrs. Garrick and I,' wrote Hannah More (_Memoirs_, i. 208), 'were
+invited to an assembly at Mrs. Thrale's. There was to be a fine concert,
+and all the fine people were to be there. Just as my hair was dressed,
+came a servant to forbid our coming, for that Mr. Thrale was dead.'
+
+[279] _Pr. and Med._ p 191. BOSWELL. The rest of the entry should be
+given:--'On Wednesday, 11, was buried my dear friend Thrale, who died on
+Wednesday 4; and with him were buried many of my hopes and pleasures.
+[On Sunday, 1st, the physician warned him against full meals, on Monday
+I pressed him to observance of his rules, but without effect, and
+Tuesday I was absent, but his wife pressed forbearance upon him again
+unsuccessfully. At night I was called to him, and found him senseless in
+strong convulsions. I staid in the room, except that I visited Mrs.
+Thrale twice.] About five, I think, on Wednesday morning he expired; I
+felt, &c. Farewell. May God that delighteth in mercy have had mercy on
+thee. I had constantly prayed for him some time before his death. The
+decease of him from whose friendship I had obtained many opportunities
+of amusement, and to whom I turned my thoughts as to a refuge from
+misfortunes, has left me heavy. But my business is with myself.' The
+passage enclosed in brackets I have copied from the original MS. Mr.
+Strahan, the editor, omitted it, no doubt from feelings of delicacy.
+What a contrast in this to the widow who published a letter in which she
+had written:--'I wish that you would put in a word of your own to Mr.
+Thrale about eating less!' _Piozzi Letters_, ii.130. Baretti, in a note
+on _Piozzi Letters_, ii.142, says that 'nobody ever had spirit enough to
+tell Mr. Thrale that his fits were apoplectic; such is the blessing of
+being rich that nobody dares to speak out.' In Johnson's _Works_ (1787),
+xi.203, it is recorded that 'Johnson, who attended Thrale in his last
+moments, said, "His servants would have waited upon him in this awful
+period, and why not his friend?"'
+
+[280] Johnson's letters to the widow show how much he felt Thrale's
+death. 'April 5, 1781. I am not without my part of the calamity. No
+death since that of my wife has ever oppressed me like this. April 7. My
+part of the loss hangs upon me. I have lost a friend of boundless
+kindness, at an age when it is very unlikely that I should find another.
+April 9. Our sorrow has different effects; you are withdrawn into
+solitude, and I am driven into company. I am afraid of thinking what I
+have lost. I never had such a friend before. April 11. I feel myself
+like a man beginning a new course of life. I had interwoven myself with
+my dear friend.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 191-97. 'I have very often,'
+wrote Miss Burney, in the following June, 'though I mention them not,
+long and melancholy discourses with Dr. Johnson about our dear deceased
+master, whom, indeed, he regrets incessantly.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_,
+ii. 63. On his next birthday, he wrote:--'My first knowledge of Thrale
+was in 1765. I enjoyed his favour for almost a fourth part of my life.'
+_Pr. and Med._ p.191. One or two passages in Mrs. Thrale's Letters shew
+her husband's affection for Johnson. On May 3, 1776, she writes:--'Mr.
+Thrale says he shall not die in peace without seeing Rome, and I am sure
+he will go nowhere that he can help without you.' _Piozzi Letters_,
+i.317. A few days later, she speaks of 'our dear master, who cannot be
+quiet without you for a week.' _Ib._ p.329. Johnson, in his fine epitaph
+on Thrale (_Works_, i.153) broke through a rule which he himself had
+laid down. In his _Essay on Epitaphs_ (_Ib._ v 263), he said:--'It is
+improper to address the epitaph to the passenger [traveller], a custom
+which an injudicious veneration for antiquity introduced again at the
+revival of letters.' Yet in the monument in Streatham Church, we find
+the same _Abi viator_ which he had censured in an epitaph on Henry IV
+of France.
+
+[281] Johnson's letters to Mrs. Thrale shew that he had long been well
+acquainted with the state of her husband's business. In the year 1772,
+Mr. Thrale was in money difficulties. Johnson writes to her almost as if
+he were a partner in the business. 'The first consequence of our late
+trouble ought to be an endeavour to brew at a cheaper rate...Unless this
+can be done, nothing can help us; and if this be done, we shall not want
+help.' _Piozzi Letters_, i.57. He urges economy in the household, and
+continues:--'But the fury of housewifery will soon subside; and little
+effect will be produced, but by methodical attention and even
+frugality.' _Ib._ p.64. In another letter he writes:--'This year will
+undoubtedly be an year of struggle and difficulty; but I doubt not of
+getting through it; and the difficulty will grow yearly less and less.
+Supposing that our former mode of life kept us on the level, we shall,
+by the present contraction of expense, gain upon fortune a thousand a
+year, even though no improvements can be made in the conduct of the
+trade.' _Piozzi Letters_, i. 66. Four years later, he writes:--'To-day I
+went to look into my places at the Borough. I called on Mr. Perkins in
+the counting-house. He crows and triumphs, as we go on we shall double
+our business.' _Ib._ p. 333. When the executors first met, he
+wrote:--'We met to-day, and were told of mountainous difficulties, till
+I was provoked to tell them, that if there were really so much to do and
+suffer, there would be no executors in the world. Do not suffer yourself
+to be terrified.' _Ib._ ii. 197. Boswell says (_ante_, ii. 44l):--'I
+often had occasion to remark, Johnson loved business, loved to have his
+wisdom actually operate on real life.' When Boswell had purchased a
+farm, 'Johnson,' he writes (_ante_, iii. 207), 'made several
+calculations of the expense and profit; for he delighted in exercising
+his mind on the science of numbers.' The letter (_ante_, ii. 424)
+about the book-trade 'exhibits,' to use Boswell's words, 'his
+extraordinary precision and acuteness.' Boswell wrote to Temple:--'Dr.
+Taylor has begged of Dr. Johnson to come to London, to assist him in
+some interesting business; and Johnson loves much to be so consulted,
+and so comes up.' _Ante_, iii. 51, note 3.
+
+[282] Johnson, as soon as the will was read, wrote to Mrs. Thrale:--'You
+have, £500 for your immediate expenses, and, £2000 a year, with both the
+houses and all the goods.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 192. Beattie wrote on
+June 1:--'Everybody says Mr. Thrale should have left Johnson £200 a
+year; which, from a fortune like his, would have been a very
+inconsiderable deduction.' Beattie's _Life_, ed. 1824, p. 290.
+
+[283] Miss Burney thus writes of the day of the sale:--'Mrs. Thrale went
+early to town, to meet all the executors, and Mr. Barclay, the Quaker,
+who was the bidder. She was in great agitation of mind, and told me if
+all went well she would wave a white handkerchief out of the
+coach-window. Four o'clock came and dinner was ready, and no Mrs.
+Thrale. Queeny and I went out upon the lawn, where we sauntered in eager
+expectation, till near six, and then the coach appeared in sight, and a
+white handkerchief was waved from it.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 34.
+The brewery was sold for £135,000. See _post_, June 16, 1781.
+
+[284] See _post_, paragraph before June 22, 1784.
+
+[285] Baretti, in a MS. note on _Piozzi Letters_, i. 369, says that 'the
+two last years of Thrale's life his brewery brought him £30,000 a year
+neat profit.'
+
+[286] In the fourth edition of his _Dictionary_, published in 1773,
+Johnson introduced a second definition of _patriot_:--'It is sometimes
+used for a factious disturber of the government.' Gibbon (_Misc. Works_,
+ii. 77) wrote on Feb. 21, 1772:--'Charles Fox is commenced patriot, and
+is already attempting to pronounce the words, _country_, _liberty_,
+_corruption_, &c.; with what success time will discover.' Forty years
+before Johnson begged not to meet patriots, Sir Robert Walpole said:--'A
+patriot, Sir! why patriots spring up like mushrooms. I could raise fifty
+of them within the four-and-twenty hours. I have raised many of them in
+one night. It is but refusing to gratify an unreasonable or an insolent
+demand, and up starts a patriot. I have never been afraid of making
+patriots; but I disdain and despise all their efforts.' Coxe's
+_Walpole_, i. 659. See _ante_, ii. 348, and iii. 66.
+
+[287] He was tried on Feb. 5 and 6, 1781. _Ann. Reg._ xxiv. 217.
+
+[288] Hannah More (_Memoirs_, i. 210) records a dinner on a Tuesday in
+this year. (Like Mrs. Thrale and Miss Burney, she cared nothing for
+dates.) It was in the week after Thrale's death. It must have been the
+dinner here mentioned by Boswell; for it was at a Bishop's (Shipley of
+St. Asaph), and Sir Joshua and Boswell were among the guests. Why
+Boswell recorded none of Johnson's conversation may be guessed from what
+she tells. 'I was heartily disgusted,' she says, 'with Mr. Boswell, who
+came up stairs after dinner much disordered with wine.' (See _post_, p.
+109). The following morning Johnson called on her. 'He reproved me,' she
+writes, 'with pretended sharpness for reading _Les Pensées de Pascal_,
+alleging that as a good Protestant I ought to abstain from books written
+by Catholics. I was beginning to stand upon my defence, when he took me
+with both hands, and with a tear running down his cheeks, "Child," said
+he, with the most affecting earnestness, "I am heartily glad that you
+read pious books, by whomsoever they may be written.'"
+
+[289] On Good-Friday, in 1778, Johnson recorded:--'It has happened this
+week, as it never happened in Passion-week before, that I have never
+dined at home, and I have therefore neither practised abstinence nor
+peculiar devotion' _Pr. and Med._ p. 163.
+
+[290] No. 7.
+
+[291] See _ante_, iii. 302.
+
+[292] Richard Berenger, Esq., many years Gentleman of the Horse, and
+first Equerry to his present Majesty. MALONE. According to Mrs. Piozzi
+(_Anec._ p. 156), he was Johnson's 'standard of true elegance.'
+
+[293] See _ante_, iii. 186.
+
+[294] Johnson (_Works_, vii. 449) thus describes Addison's 'familiar
+day,' on the authority of Pope:--'He studied all morning; then dined at
+a tavern; and went afterwards to Button's [coffee-house]. From the
+coffee-house he went again to a tavern, where he often sat late, and
+drank too much wine.' Spence (_Anec._ p. 286) adds, on the authority of
+Pope, that 'Addison passed each day alike, and much in the manner that
+Dryden did. Dryden employed his mornings in writing; dined _en famille_;
+and then went to Wills's; only he came home earlier a'nights'
+
+[295] Mr. Foss says of Blackstone:--'Ere he had been long on the bench
+he experienced the bad effects of the studious habits in which he had
+injudiciously indulged in his early life, and of his neglect to take the
+necessary amount of exercise, to which he was specially averse.' He died
+at the age of 56. Foss's _Judges_, viii. 250. He suffered greatly from
+his corpulence. His portrait in the Bodleian shews that he was a very
+fat man. Malone says that Scott (afterwards Lord Stowell) wrote to
+Blackstone's family to apologise for Boswell's anecdote. Prior's
+_Malone_, p. 415. Scott would not have thought any the worse of
+Blackstone for his bottle of port; both he and his brother, the
+Chancellor, took a great deal of it. 'Lord Eldon liked plain port; the
+stronger the better.' Twiss's _Eldon_, iii. 486. Some one asked him
+whether Lord Stowell took much exercise. 'None,' he said, 'but the
+exercise of eating and drinking.' _Ib._ p. 302. Yet both men got through
+a vast deal of hard work, and died, Eldon at the age of 86, and
+Stowell of 90.
+
+[296] See this explained, pp. 52, 53 of this volume. BOSWELL.
+
+[297] See _ante_, ii. 7.
+
+[298] William Scott was a tutor of University College at the age of
+nineteen. He held the office for ten years--to 1775. He wrote to his
+father in 1772 about his younger brother John (afterwards Lord Eldon),
+who had just made a run-away match:--'The business in which I am engaged
+is so extremely disagreeable in itself, and so destructive to health (if
+carried on with such success as can render it at all considerable in
+point of profit) that I do not wonder at his unwillingness to succeed me
+in it.' Twiss's _Eldon_, i. 47, 74.
+
+[299] The account of her marriage given By John Wesley in a letter
+to his brother-in-law, Mr. Hall, is curious. He wrote on Dec. 22,
+1747:--'More than twelve years ago you told me God had revealed it to you
+that you should marry my youngest sister ... You asked and gained her
+consent... In a few days you had a counter-revelation, that you was not
+to marry her, but her sister. This last error was far worse than the
+first. But you was not quite above conviction. So, in spite of her poor
+astonished parents, of her brothers, of all your vows and promises, you
+shortly after jilted the younger and married the elder sister.' Wesley's
+_Journal_, ii. 39. Mrs. Hall suffered greatly for marrying a wretch who
+had so cruelly treated her own sister, Southey's _Wesley_, i. 369.
+
+[300] See _ante_, iii. 269.
+
+[301] The original 'Robinhood' was a debating society which met near
+Temple-Bar. Some twenty years before this time Goldsmith belonged to it,
+and, it was said, Burke. Forster's _Goldsmith_, i. 287, and Prior's
+_Burke_, p. 79. The president was a baker by trade. 'Goldsmith, after
+hearing him give utterance to a train of strong and ingenious reasoning,
+exclaimed to Derrick, "That man was meant by nature for a Lord
+Chancellor." Derrick replied, "No, no, not so high; he is only intended
+for Master of the _Rolls_."' Prior's _Goldsmith_, i. 420. Fielding, in
+1752, in _The Covent-Garden Journal_, Nos. 8 and 9, takes off this
+Society and the baker. A fragment of a report of their discussions which
+he pretends to have discovered, begins thus:--'This evenin the questin
+at the Robinhood was, whether relidgin was of any youse to a sosyaty;
+baken bifor mee To'mmas Whytebred, baker.' Horace Walpole (_Letters_,
+iv. 288), in 1764, wrote of the visit of a French gentleman to England,
+'He has _seen_ ... Jews, Quakers, Mr. Pitt, the Royal Society, the
+Robinhood, Lord Chief-Justice Pratt, the Arts-and-Sciences, &c.' Romilly
+(_Life_, i. 168), in a letter dated May 22, 1781, says that during the
+past winter several of these Sunday religious debating societies had
+been established. 'The auditors,' he was assured, 'were mostly weak,
+well-meaning people, who were inclined to Methodism;' but among the
+speakers were 'some designing villains, and a few coxcombs, with more
+wit than understanding.' 'Nothing,' he continues, 'could raise up
+panegyrists of these societies but what has lately happened, an attempt
+to suppress them. The Solicitor-General has brought a bill into
+Parliament for this purpose. The bill is drawn artfully enough; for, as
+these societies are held on Sundays, and people pay for admittance, he
+has joined them with a famous tea-drinking house [Carlisle House],
+involving them both in the same fate, and entitling his bill, _A Bill to
+regulate certain Abuses and Profanations of the Lord's Day_.' The Bill
+was carried; on a division none being found among the Noes but the two
+tellers. The penalties for holding a meeting were £200 for the master of
+the house, £100 for the moderator of the meeting, and £50 for each of
+the servants at the door. _Parl. Hist._ xxii. 262, 279.
+
+[302] _St. Matthew_, xxvii. 52.
+
+[303] I _Corinthians_, xv. 37.
+
+[304] As this subject frequently recurs in these volumes, the reader may
+be led erroneously to suppose that Dr. Johnson was so fond of such
+discussions, as frequently to introduce them. But the truth is, that the
+authour himself delighted in talking concerning ghosts, and what he has
+frequently denominated _the mysterious_; and therefore took every
+opportunity of _leading_ Johnson to converse on such subjects. MALONE.
+See _ante_, i. 406.
+
+[305] Macbean (Johnson's old amanuensis, _ante_, i. 187) is not in
+Boswell's list of guests; but in the Pemb. Coll. MSS., there is the
+following entry on Monday, April 16:--'Yesterday at dinner were Mrs.
+Hall, Mr. Levet, Macbean, Boswel (sic), Allen. Time passed in talk after
+dinner. At seven, I went with Mrs. Hall to Church, and came back
+to tea.'
+
+[306] Mrs. Piozzi records (_Anec_. p. 192) that he said 'a long time
+after my poor mother's death, I heard her voice call _Sam_.' She is so
+inaccurate that most likely this is merely her version of the story that
+Boswell has recorded above. See also _ante_, i. 405. Lord Macaulay made
+more of this story of the voice than it could well bear--'Under the
+influence of his disease, his senses became morbidly torpid, and his
+imagination morbidly active. At one time he would stand poring on the
+town clock without being able to tell the hour. At another, he would
+distinctly hear his mother, who was many miles off, calling him by his
+name. But this was not the worst.' Macaulay's _Writings and Speeches_,
+ed. 1871, p. 374.
+
+[307]
+
+     'One wife is too much for most
+     husbands to bear,
+     But two at a time there's no
+     mortal can bear.'
+
+     Act iii. sc. 4.
+
+[308] 'I think a person who is terrified with the imagination of ghosts
+and spectres much more reasonable than one who, contrary to the reports
+of all historians, sacred and profane, ancient and modern, and to the
+traditions of all nations, thinks the appearance of spirits fabulous and
+groundless.' _The Spectator_, No. 110.
+
+[309] _St. Matthew_, chap. xxvii. vv. 52, 53. BOSWELL.
+
+[310] Garrick died on Jan. 20, 1779.
+
+[311] Garrick called her _Nine_, (the Nine Muses). 'Nine,' he said, 'you
+are a _Sunday Woman_.' H. More's _Memoirs_, i. 113.
+
+[312] See vol. iii. p. 331. BOSWELL.
+
+[313] See _ante_, ii. 325, note 3.
+
+[314] Boswell is quoting from Johnson's eulogium on Garrick in his _Life
+of Edmund Smith. Works_, vii. 380. See _ante_, i. 81.
+
+[315] How fond she and her husband had been is shewn in a letter, in
+which, in answer to an invitation, he says:--'As I have not left Mrs.
+Garrick one day since we were married, near twenty-eight years, I cannot
+now leave her.' _Garrick Corres._ ii. 150. 'Garrick's widow is buried
+with him. She survived him forty-three years--"a little bowed-down old
+woman, who went about leaning on a gold-headed cane, dressed in deep
+widow's mourning, and always talking of her dear Davy." (_Pen and Ink
+Sketches_, 1864).' Stanley's _Westminster Abbey_, ed. 1868, p. 305.
+
+[316] _Love's Labour's Lost_, act ii. sc. i.
+
+[317] See _ante_, ii. 461.
+
+[318] Horace Walpole (_Letters_, vii. 346) describes Hollis as 'a most
+excellent man, a most immaculate Whig, but as simple a poor soul as ever
+existed, except his editor, who has given extracts from the good
+creature's diary that are very near as anile as Ashmole's. There are
+thanks to God for reaching every birthday, ... and thanks to Heaven for
+her Majesty's being delivered of a third or fourth prince, and _God send
+he may prove a good man_.' See also Walpole's _Journal of the Reign of
+George III_, i. 287. Dr. Franklin wrote much more highly of him.
+Speaking of what he had done, he said:--'It is prodigious the quantity
+of good that may be done by one man, _if he will make a business of
+it_.' Franklin's Memoirs, ed. 1818, iii. 135.
+
+[319] See p. 77 of this volume. BOSWELL.
+
+[320] See _ante_, iii. 97.
+
+[321] On April 6 of the next year this gentleman, when Secretary of the
+Treasury, destroyed himself, overwhelmed, just as Cowper had been, by
+the sense of the responsibility of an office which had been thrust upon
+him. See Hannah More's _Memoirs_, i. 245, and Walpole's _Letters_,
+viii. 206.
+
+[322] 'It is commonly supposed that the uniformity of a studious life
+affords no matter for a narration; but the truth is, that of the most
+studious life a great part passes without study. An author partakes of
+the common condition of humanity; he is born and married like another
+man; he has hopes and fears, expectations and disappointments, griefs
+and joys, and friends and enemies, like a courtier, or a statesman; nor
+can I conceive why his affairs should not excite curiosity as much as
+the whisper of a drawing-room or the factions of a camp.' _The
+Idler_, No. 102.
+
+[323] Hannah More wrote of this day (_Memoirs_, i. 212):--'I accused Dr.
+Johnson of not having done justice to the _Allegro_ and _Penseroso_. He
+spoke disparagingly of both. I praised _Lycidas_, which he absolutely
+abused, adding, "if Milton had not written the _Paradise Lost_, he would
+have only ranked among the minor Poets. He was a Phidias that could cut
+a Colossus out of a rock, but could not cut heads out of
+cherry-stones."' See _post_, June 13, 1784. The _Allegro_ and
+_Penseroso_ Johnson described as 'two noble efforts of imagination.' Of
+_Lycidas_ he wrote:--'Surely no man could have fancied that he read it
+with pleasure, had he not known the author.' _Works_, vii. 121, 2.
+
+[324] Murphy (_Life of Garrick_, p. 374) says 'Shortly after Garrick's
+death Johnson was told in a large company, "You are recent from the
+_Lives of the Poets_; why not add your friend Garrick to the number?"
+Johnson's answer was, "I do not like to be officious; but if Mrs.
+Garrick will desire me to do it, I shall be very willing to pay that
+last tribute to the memory of a man I loved." 'Murphy adds that he
+himself took care that Mrs. Garrick was informed of what Johnson had
+said, but that no answer was ever received.
+
+[325] Miss Burney wrote in May:--'Dr. Johnson was charming, both in
+spirits and humour. I really think he grows gayer and gayer daily, and
+more _ductile_ and pleasant.' In June she wrote:--'I found him in
+admirable good-humour, and our journey [to Streatham] was extremely
+pleasant. I thanked him for the last batch of his poets, and we talked
+them over almost all the way.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 23, 44.
+Beattie, a week or two later, wrote:--'Johnson grows in grace as he
+grows in years. He not only has better health and a fresher complexion
+than ever he had before (at least since I knew him), but he has
+contracted a gentleness of manner which pleases everybody.' Beattie's
+_Life_, ed. 1824, p. 289.
+
+[326] See _ante_, iii. 65. Wilkes was by this time City Chamberlain. 'I
+think I see him at this moment,' said Rogers (_Table-Talk_, p. 43),
+'walking through the crowded streets of the city, as Chamberlain, on his
+way to Guildhall, in a scarlet coat, military boots, and a bag-wig--the
+hackney-coachmen in vain calling out to him, "A coach, your honour."'
+
+[327] See _ante_, ii. 201, for Beattie's _Essay on Truth_.
+
+[328] Thurot, in the winter of 1759-60, with a small squadron made
+descents on some of the Hebrides and on the north-eastern coast of
+Ireland. In a sea fight off Ireland he was killed and his ships were
+taken. _Gent. Mag_. xxx. 107. Horace Walpole says that in the alarm
+raised by him in Ireland, 'the bankers there stopped payment.' _Memoirs
+of the Reign of George II_, iii. 224.
+
+[329]
+
+     'Some for renown on scraps of learning doat,
+      And think they grow immortal as they quote.'
+
+Young's _Love of Fame_, sat. i. Cumberland (_Memoirs_, ii. 226) says
+that Mr. Dilly, speaking of 'the profusion of quotations which some
+writers affectedly make use of, observed that he knew a Presbyterian
+parson who, for eighteenpence, would furnish any pamphleteer with as
+many scraps of Greek and Latin as would pass him off for an
+accomplished classic.'
+
+[330] Cowley was quite out of fashion. Richardson (_Corres._ ii. 229)
+wrote more than thirty years earlier:--'I wonder Cowley is so absolutely
+neglected.' Pope, a dozen years or so before Richardson, asked,
+
+     'Who now reads Cowley? if he pleases yet,
+      His moral pleases, not his pointed wit.'
+
+_Imitations of Horace_, Epis. ii. i. 75.
+
+[331] See _ante_, ii. 58, and iii. 276.
+
+[332] 'There was a club held at the King's Head in Pall Mall that
+arrogantly called itself The World. Lord Stanhope (now Lord
+Chesterfield) was a member. Epigrams were proposed to be written on the
+glasses by each member after dinner. Once when Dr. Young was invited
+thither, the doctor would have declined writing because he had no
+diamond, Lord Stanhope lent him his, and he wrote immediately--
+
+     "_Accept_ a miracle," &c.'
+
+Spence's _Anecdotes_, p. 377. Dr. Maty (_Memoirs of Chesterfield_, i.
+227) assigns the lines to Pope, and lays the scene at Lord Cobham's.
+Spence, however, gives Young himself as his authority.
+
+[333] 'Aug. 1778. "I wonder," said Mrs. Thrale, "you bear with my
+nonsense." "No, madam, you never talk nonsense; you have as much sense
+and more wit than any woman I know." "Oh," cried Mrs. Thrale, blushing,
+"it is my turn to go under the table this morning, Miss Burney." "And
+yet," continued the doctor, with the most comical look, "I have known
+all the wits from Mrs. Montagu down to Bet Flint." "Bet Flint!" cried
+Mrs. Thrale. "Pray, who is she?" "Oh, a fine character, madam. She was
+habitually a slut and a drunkard, and occasionally a thief and a
+harlot.... Mrs. Williams," he added, "did not love Bet Flint, but Bet
+Flint made herself very easy about that."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_,
+i. 87, 90.
+
+[334] Johnson, whose memory was wonderfully retentive [see _ante_, i.
+39], remembered the first four lines of this curious production, which
+have been communicated to me by a young lady of his acquaintance:--
+
+     'When first I drew my vital breath,
+     A little minikin I came upon
+     earth;
+     And then I came from a dark
+     abode,
+     Into this gay and gaudy world.'
+     BOSWELL.
+
+[335] The _Sessional Reports of the Old Bailey Trials_ for 1758, p. 278,
+contain a report of the trial. The Chief Justice Willes was in the
+Commission, but, according to the _Report_, it was before the Recorder
+that Bet Flint was tried. It may easily be, however, that either the
+reporter or the printer has blundered. It is only by the characters *
+and ‡ that the trials before the Chief Justice and the Recorder are
+distinguished. Bet had stolen not only the counterpane, but five other
+articles. The prosecutrix could not prove that the articles were hers,
+and not a captain's, whose servant she said she had been, and who was
+now abroad. On this ground the prisoner was acquitted. Of Chief Justice
+Willes, Horace Walpole writes:--'He was not wont to disguise any of his
+passions. That for gaming was notorious; for women unbounded.' He
+relates an anecdote of his wit and licentiousness. Walpole's _Reign of
+George II_, i. 89. He had been Johnson's schoolfellow (_ante_, i. 45).
+
+[336] Burke is meant. See _ante_, ii. 131, where Johnson said that Burke
+spoke too familiarly; and _post_, May 15, 1784, where he said that 'when
+Burke lets himself down to jocularity he is in the kennel.'
+
+[337] Wilkes imperfectly recalled to mind the following passage in
+Plutarch:--'[Greek: Euphranor ton Thaesea ton heatou to Parrhasiou
+parebale, legon tor men ekeinou hroda bebrokenai, tor de eautou krea
+boeia.]' 'Euphranor, comparing his own Theseus with Parrhasius's, said
+that Parrhasius's had fed on roses, but his on beef.' _Plutarch_, ed.
+1839, iii. 423.
+
+[338] Portugal, receiving from Brazil more gold than it needed for home
+uses, shipped a large quantity to England. It was said, though probably
+with exaggeration, that the weekly packet-boat from Lisbon, brought one
+week with another, more than £50,000 in gold to England. Smith's _Wealth
+of Nations_, book iv. ch. 6. Portugal pieces were current in our
+colonies, and no doubt were commonly sent to them from London. It was
+natural therefore that they should be selected for this legal fiction.
+
+[339] See _ante_, ii. III.
+
+[340] 'Whenever the whole of our foreign trade and consumption exceeds
+our exportation of commodities, our money must go to pay our debts so
+contracted, whether melted or not melted down. If the law makes the
+exportation of our coin penal, it will be melted down; if it leaves the
+exportation of our coin free, as in Holland, it will be carried out in
+specie. One way or other, go it must, as we see in Spain.... Laws made
+against exportation of money or bullion will be all in vain. Restraint
+or liberty in that matter makes no country rich or poor.' Locke's
+_Works_, ed. 1824, iv. 160.
+
+[341] 'Nov. 14, 1779. Mr. Beauclerk has built a library in Great
+Russellstreet, that reaches half way to Highgate. Everybody goes to see
+it; it has put the Museum's nose quite out of joint.' Walpole's
+_Letters_, vii. 273. It contained upwards of 30,000 volumes, and the
+sale extended over fifty days. Two days' sale were given to the works on
+divinity, including, in the words of the catalogue, 'Heterodox! et
+Increduli. Angl. Freethinkers and their opponents.' _Dr. Johnson: His
+Friends and His Critics_, p. 315. It sold for £5,011 (ante, in. 420,
+note 4). Wilkes's own library--a large one--had been sold in 1764, in a
+five days' sale, as is shewn by the _Auctioneer's Catalogue_, which is
+in the Bodleian.
+
+[342] 'Our own language has from the Reformation to the present time
+been chiefly dignified and adorned by the works of our divines, who,
+considered as commentators, controvertists, or preachers, have
+undoubtedly left all other nations far behind them.' _The Idler_,
+No. 91.
+
+[343] Mr. Wilkes probably did not know that there is in an English
+sermon the most comprehensive and lively account of that entertaining
+faculty, for which he himself is so much admired. It is in Dr. Barrow's
+first volume, and fourteenth sermon, _'Against foolish Talking and
+Jesting.'_ My old acquaintance, the late Corbyn Morris, in his ingenious
+_Essay on Wit, Humour, and Ridicule_, calls it 'a profuse description of
+Wit;' but I do not see how it could be curtailed, without leaving out
+some good circumstance of discrimination. As it is not generally known,
+and may perhaps dispose some to read sermons, from which they may
+receive real advantage, while looking only for entertainment, I shall
+here subjoin it:--'But first (says the learned preacher) it may be
+demanded, what the thing we speak of is? Or what this facetiousness (or
+_wit_ as he calls it before) doth import? To which questions I might
+reply, as Democritus did to him that asked the definition of a man,
+"'Tis that which we all see and know." Any one better apprehends what it
+is by acquaintance, than I can inform him by description. It is, indeed,
+a thing so versatile and multiform, appearing in so many shapes, so many
+postures, so many garbs, so variously apprehended by several eyes and
+judgements, that it seemeth no less hard to settle a clear and certain
+notion thereof, than to make a portrait of Proteus, or to define the
+figure of the fleeting air. Sometimes it lieth in pat allusion to a
+known story, or in seasonable application of a trivial saying, or in
+forging an apposite tale; sometimes it playeth in words and phrases,
+taking advantage from the ambiguity of their sense, or the affinity of
+their sound: sometimes it is wrapped in a dress of humorous expression:
+sometimes it lurketh under an odd similitude: sometimes it is lodged in
+a sly question, in a smart answer, in a quirkish reason, in a shrewd
+intimation, in cunningly diverting or cleverly retorting an objection:
+sometimes it is couched in a bold scheme of speech, in a tart irony, in
+a lusty hyperbole, in a startling metaphor, in a plausible reconciling
+of contradictions, or in acute nonsense: sometimes a scenical
+representation of persons or things, a counterfeit speech, a mimical
+look or gesture, passeth for it: sometimes an affected simplicity,
+sometimes a presumptuous bluntness giveth it being: sometimes it riseth
+only from a lucky hitting upon what is strange: sometimes from a crafty
+wresting obvious matter to the purpose. Often it consisteth in one knows
+not what, and springeth up one can hardly tell how. Its ways are
+unaccountable, and inexplicable; being answerable to the numberless
+rovings of fancy, and windings of language. It is, in short, a manner of
+speaking out of the simple and plain way, (such as reason teacheth and
+proveth things by,) which by a pretty surprising uncouthness in conceit
+or expression, doth affect and amuse the fancy, stirring in it some
+wonder, and breeding some delight thereto. It raiseth admiration, as
+signifying a nimble sagacity of apprehension, a special felicity of
+invention, a vivacity of spirit, and reach of wit more than vulgar; it
+seeming to argue a rare quickness of parts, that one can fetch in remote
+conceits applicable; a notable skill, that he can dextrously accommodate
+them to the purpose before him; together with a lively briskness of
+humour, not apt to damp those sportful flashes of imagination. (Whence
+in Aristotle such persons are termed [Greek: _hepidexioi_], dextrous men,
+and [Greek: _eustrophoi_], men of facile or versatile manners, who can
+easily turn themselves to all things, or turn all things to themselves.)
+It also procureth delight, by gratifying curiosity with its rareness, as
+semblance of difficulty: (as monsters, not for their beauty, but their
+rarity; as juggling tricks, not for their use, but their abstruseness,
+are beheld with pleasure:) by diverting the mind from its road of
+serious thoughts; by instilling gaiety and airiness of spirit; by
+provoking to such dispositions of spirit in way of emulation or
+complaisance; and by seasoning matters, otherwise distasteful or
+insipid, with an unusual and thence grateful tang.' BOSWELL. Morris's
+_Essay_ was published in 1744. Hume wrote:--'Pray do you not think
+that a proper dedication may atone for what is objectionable in my
+Dialogues'! I am become much of my friend Corbyn Morrice's mind, who
+says that he writes all his books for the sake of the dedications.' J.
+H. Burton's _Hume_, ii. 147.
+
+[344] The quarrel arose from the destruction by George II. of George
+I.'s will (_ante_, ii. 342). The King of Prussia, Frederick the Great,
+was George I.'s grandson. 'Vague rumours spoke of a large legacy to the
+Queen of Prussia [Frederick's mother]. Of that bequest demands were
+afterwards said to have been frequently and roughly made by her son, the
+great King of Prussia, between whom and his uncle subsisted much
+inveteracy.' Walpole's _Letters_, i. cxx.
+
+[345] When I mentioned this to the Bishop of Killaloe, 'With the goat,'
+said his Lordship. Such, however, is the engaging politeness and
+pleasantry of Mr. Wilkes, and such the social good humour of the Bishop,
+that when they dined together at Mr. Dilly's, where I also was, they
+were mutually agreeable. BOSWELL. It was not the lion, but the leopard,
+that shall lie down with the kid. _Isaiah_, xi. 6.
+
+[346] Mr. Benjamin Stillingfleet, authour of tracts relating to natural
+history, &c. BOSWELL.
+
+[347] Mrs. Montagu, so early as 1757, wrote of Mr. Stillingfleet:--'I
+assure you our philosopher is so much a man of pleasure, he has left off
+his old friends and his blue stockings, and is at operas and other gay
+assemblies every night.' Montagu's _Letters_, iv. 117.
+
+[348] See _ante_, in. 293, note 5.
+
+[349] Miss Burney thus describes her:--'She is between thirty and
+forty, very short, very fat, but handsome; splendidly and fantastically
+dressed, rouged not unbecomingly yet evidently, and palpably desirous of
+gaining notice and admiration. She has an easy levity in her air,
+manner, voice, and discourse, that speak (sic) all within to be
+comfortable.... She is one of those who stand foremost in collecting all
+extraordinary or curious people to her London conversaziones, which,
+like those of Mrs. Vesey, mix the rank and the literature, and exclude
+all beside.... Her parties are the most brilliant in town.' Miss Burney
+then describes one of these parties, at which were present Johnson,
+Burke, and Reynolds. 'The company in general were dressed with more
+brilliancy than at any rout I ever was at, as most of them were going to
+the Duchess of Cumberland's.' Miss Burney herself was 'surrounded by
+strangers, all dressed superbly, and all looking saucily.... Dr. Johnson
+was standing near the fire, and environed with listeners.' Mme.
+D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 179, 186, 190. Leslie wrote of Lady Corke in
+1834 (_Autobiographical Recollections_, i. 137, 243):--'Notwithstanding
+her great age, she is very animated. The old lady, who was a lion-hunter
+in her youth, is as much one now as ever.' She ran after a Boston negro
+named Prince Saunders, who 'as he put his Christian name "Prince" on his
+cards without the addition of Mr., was believed to be a native African
+prince, and soon became a lion of the first magnitude in fashionable
+circles.' She died in 1840.
+
+[350] 'A lady once ventured to ask Dr. Johnson how he liked Yorick's
+[Sterne's] _Sermons_. "I know nothing about them, madam," was his reply.
+But some time afterwards, forgetting himself, he severely censured them.
+The lady retorted:--"I understood you to say, Sir, that you had never
+read them." "No, Madam, I did read them, but it was in a stage-coach; I
+should not have even deigned to look at them had I been at large."
+Cradock's _Memoirs_, p. 208.
+
+[351] See _ante_, iii. 382, note 1.
+
+[352] Next day I endeavoured to give what had happened the most
+ingenious turn I could, by the following verses:--
+
+To THE HONOURABLE Miss MONCKTON.
+
+     'Not that with th' excellent Montrose
+        I had the happiness to dine;
+      Not that I late from table rose,
+        From Graham's wit, from generous wine.
+
+      It was not these alone which led
+        On sacred manners to encroach;
+      And made me feel what most I dread,
+        JOHNSON'S just frown, and self-reproach.
+
+      But when I enter'd, not abash'd,
+        From your bright eyes were shot such rays,
+      At once intoxication flash'd,
+        And all my frame was in a blaze.
+
+      But not a brilliant blaze I own,
+        Of the dull smoke I'm yet asham'd;
+      I was a dreary ruin grown,
+        And not enlighten'd though inflam'd.
+
+      Victim at once to wine and love,
+        I hope, MARIA, you'll forgive;
+      While I invoke the powers above,
+        That henceforth I may wiser live.'
+
+The lady was generously forgiving, returned me an obliging answer, and I
+thus obtained an _Act of Oblivion_, and took care never to offend
+again. BOSWELL.
+
+[353] See _ante_, ii. 436, and iv. 88, note I.
+
+[354] On May 22 Horace Walpole wrote (_Letters_, viii. 44):--'Boswell,
+that quintessence of busybodies, called on me last week, and was let in,
+which he should not have been, could I have foreseen it. After tapping
+many topics, to which I made as dry answers as an unbribed oracle, he
+vented his errand. "Had I seen Dr. Johnson's _Lives of the Poets_?" I
+said slightly, "No, not yet;" and so overlaid his whole impertinence.'
+
+[355] See _ante_, iii. 1.
+
+[356] See _ante_, ii. 47, note 2; 352, note I; and iii. 376, for
+explanations of like instances of Boswell's neglect.
+
+[357] See _ante_, i. 298, note 4.
+
+[358] 'He owned he sometimes talked for victory.' Boswell's _Hebrides_,
+opening pages.
+
+[359] The late Right Hon. William Gerard Hamilton. MALONE.
+
+[360] Dr. Johnson, being told of a man who was thankful for being
+introduced to him, 'as he had been convinced in a long dispute that an
+opinion which he had embraced as a settled truth was no better than a
+vulgar error, "Nay," said he, "do not let him be thankful, for he was
+right, and I was wrong." Like his Uncle Andrew in the ring at
+Smithfield, Johnson, in a circle of disputants, was determined neither
+to be thrown nor conquered.' Murphy's _Johnson_, p. 139. Johnson, in
+_The Adventurer_, No. 85, seems to describe his own talk. He writes:--'
+While the various opportunities of conversation invite us to try every
+mode of argument, and every art of recommending our sentiments, we are
+frequently betrayed to the use of such as are not in themselves strictly
+defensible; a man heated in talk, and eager of victory, takes advantage
+of the mistakes or ignorance of his adversary, lays hold of concessions
+to which he knows he has no right, and urges proofs likely to prevail on
+his opponent, though he knows himself that they have no force.' J. S.
+Mill gives somewhat the same account of his own father. 'I am inclined
+to think,' he writes, 'that he did injustice to his own opinions by the
+unconscious exaggerations of an intellect emphatically polemical; and
+that when thinking without an adversary in view, he was willing to make
+room for a great portion of the truths he seemed to deny.' Mill's
+_Autobiography_, p. 201. See also _ante_, ii. 100, 450, in. 23, 277,
+331; and _post_, May 18, 1784, and Steevens's account of Johnson just
+before June 22, 1784.
+
+[361] Thomas Shaw, D.D., author of _Travels to Barbary and the Levant_.
+
+[362] See ante, iii. 314.
+
+[363] The friend very likely was Boswell himself. He was one of 'these
+_tanti_ men.' 'I told Paoli that in the very heat of youth I felt the
+_nom est tanti_, the _omnia vanitas_ of one who has exhausted all the
+sweets of his being, and is weary with dull repetition. I told him that
+I had almost become for ever incapable of taking a part in active life.'
+Boswell's _Corsica_, ed. 1879, p. 193.
+
+[364] _Letters on the English Nation: By Batista Angeloni, a Jesuit, who
+resided many years in London. Translated from the original Italian by
+the Author of the Marriage Act. A Novel_. 2 vols. London [no printer's
+name given], 1755. Shebbeare published besides six _Letters to the
+People of England_ in the years 1755-7, for the last of which he was
+sentenced to the pillory. _Ante_, iii. 315, note I. Horace Walpole
+(_Letters_, iii. 74) described him in 1757 as 'a broken Jacobite
+physician, who has threatened to write himself into a place or
+the pillory.'
+
+[365] I recollect a ludicrous paragraph in the newspapers, that the King
+had pensioned both a _He_-bear and a _She_-bear. BOSWELL. See _ante_,
+ii. 66, and _post_, April 28, 1783.
+
+[366]
+
+        Witness, ye chosen train
+     Who breathe the sweets of his Saturnian reign;
+     Witness ye Hills, ye Johnsons, Scots, Shebbeares,
+     Hark to my call, for some of you have ears.'
+
+_Heroic Epistle_. See _post_, under June 16, 1784.
+
+[367] In this he was unlike the King, who, writes Horace Walpole,'
+expecting only an attack on Chambers, bought it to tease, and began
+reading it to, him; but, finding it more bitter on himself, flung it
+down on the floor in a passion, and would read no more.' _Journal of the
+Reign of George III_, i. 187.
+
+[368] They were published in 1773 in a pamphlet of 16 pages, and, with
+the good fortune that attends a muse in the peerage, reached a third
+edition in the year. To this same earl the second edition of Byron's
+_Hours of Idleness_ was 'dedicated by his obliged ward and affectionate
+kinsman, the author.' In _English Bards and Scotch Reviewers_, he is
+abused in the passage which begins:--
+
+     'No muse will cheer with renovating smile,
+      The paralytic puling of Carlisle.'
+
+In a note Byron adds:--'The Earl of Carlisle has lately published an
+eighteen-penny pamphlet on the state of the stage, and offers his plan
+for building a new theatre. It is to be hoped his lordship will be
+permitted to bring forward anything for the stage--except his own
+tragedies.' In the third canto of _Childe Harold_ Byron makes amends. In
+writing of the death of Lord Carlisle's youngest son at Waterloo,
+he says:--
+
+     'Their praise is hymn'd by loftier harps than mine;
+      Yet one I would select from that proud throng,
+      Partly because they blend me with his line,
+      And partly that I did his Sire some wrong.'
+
+For his lordship's tragedy see _post_, under Nov. 19, 1783.
+
+[369] Men of rank and fortune, however, should be pretty well assured of
+having a real claim to the approbation of the publick, as writers,
+before they venture to stand forth. Dryden, in his preface to _All for
+Love_, thus expresses himself:--
+
+'Men of pleasant conversation (at least esteemed so) and endued with a
+trifling kind of fancy, perhaps helped out by [with] a smattering of
+Latin, are ambitious to distinguish themselves from the herd of
+gentlemen, by their poetry:
+
+     _"Rarus enim fermè sensus communis in ilia
+             Fortuna,"----[Juvenal_, viii. 73.]
+
+And is not this a wretched affectation, not to be contented with what
+fortune has done for them, and sit down quietly with their estates, but
+they must call their wits in question, and needlessly expose their
+nakedness to publick view? Not considering that they are not to expect
+the same approbation from sober men, which they have found from their
+flatterers after the third bottle: If a little glittering in discourse
+has passed them on us for witty men, where was the necessity of
+undeceiving the world? Would a man who has an ill title to an estate,
+but yet is in possession of it, would he bring it of his own accord to
+be tried at Westminster? We who write, if we want the talents [talent],
+yet have the excuse that we do it for a poor subsistence; but what can
+be urged in their defence, who, not having the vocation of poverty to
+scribble, out of mere wantonness take pains to make themselves
+ridiculous? Horace was certainly in the right where he said, "That no
+man is satisfied with his own condition." A poet is not pleased, because
+he is not rich; and the rich are discontented because the poets will not
+admit them of their number.' BOSWELL. Boswell, it should seem, had
+followed Swift's advice:--
+
+     'Read all the prefaces of Dryden,
+      For these our critics much confide in;
+      Though merely writ at first for filling,
+      To raise the volume's price a shilling.'
+
+Swift's _Works_, ed. 1803, xi. 293.
+
+[370] See _ante_, i. 402.
+
+[371] Wordsworth, it should seem, held with Johnson in this. When he
+read the article in the _Edinburgh Review_ on Lord Byron's early poems,
+he remarked that 'though Byron's verses were probably poor enough, yet
+such an attack was abominable,--that a young nobleman, who took to
+poetry, deserved to be encouraged, not ridiculed.' Rogers's
+_Table-Talk_, p. 234, note.
+
+[372] Dr. Barnard, formerly Dean of Derry. See _ante_, iii. 84.
+
+[373] This gave me very great pleasure, for there had been once a pretty
+smart altercation between Dr. Barnard and him, upon a question, whether
+a man could improve himself after the age of forty-five; when Johnson in
+a hasty humour, expressed himself in a manner not quite civil. Dr.
+Barnard made it the subject of a copy of pleasant verses, in which he
+supposed himself to learn different perfections from different men. They
+concluded with delicate irony:--
+
+     'Johnson shall teach me how to place
+      In fairest light each borrow'd grace;
+        From him I'll learn to write;
+      Copy his clear familiar style,
+      And by the roughness of his file
+        Grow, like _himself, polite_.'
+
+I know not whether Johnson ever saw the poem, but I had occasion to find
+that as Dr. Barnard and he knew each other better, their mutual regard
+increased. BOSWELL. See Appendix A.
+
+[374] See _ante_, ii. 357, iii. 309, and _post_, March 23, 1783.
+
+[375] 'Sir Joshua once asked Lord B---- to dine with Dr. Johnson and the
+rest, but though a man of rank and also of good information, he seemed
+as much alarmed at the idea as if you had tried to force him into one of
+the cages at Exeter-Change.' Hazlitt's _Conversations of Northcote_,
+p. 41.
+
+[376] Yet when he came across them he met with much respect. At Alnwick
+he was, he writes, 'treated with great civility by the Duke of
+Northumberland.' _Piozzi Letters_, i. 108. At Inverary, the Duke and
+Duchess of Argyle shewed him great attention. Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct.
+25. In fact, all through his Scotch tour he was most politely welcomed
+by 'the great.' At Chatsworth, he was 'honestly pressed to stay' by the
+Duke and Duchess of Devonshire (_post_, Sept. 9, 1784). See _ante_, iii.
+21. On the other hand, Mrs. Barbauld says:--'I believe it is true that
+in England genius and learning obtain less personal notice than in most
+other parts of Europe.' She censures 'the contemptuous manner in which
+Lady Wortley Montagu mentioned Richardson:--"The doors of the Great,"
+she says, "were never opened to him."' _Richardson Corres._ i. clxxiv.
+
+[377] When Lord Elibank was seventy years old, he wrote:--'I shall be
+glad to go five hundred miles to enjoy a day of his company.' Boswell's
+_Hebrides_, Sept. 12.
+
+[378] _Romans_, x. 2.
+
+[379] I _Peter_, iii. 15.
+
+[380] Horace Walpole wrote three years earlier:--' Whig principles are
+founded on sense; a Whig may be a fool, a Tory must be so.'
+_Letters_, vii. 88.
+
+[381] Mr. Barclay, a descendant of Robert Barclay, of Ury, the
+celebrated apologist of the people called Quakers, and remarkable for
+maintaining the principles of his venerable progenitor, with as much of
+the elegance of modern manners, as is consistent with primitive
+simplicity, BOSWELL.
+
+[382] Now Bishop of Llandaff, one of the _poorest_ Bishopricks in this
+kingdom. His Lordship has written with much zeal to show the propriety
+of _equalizing_ the revenues of Bishops. He has informed us that he has
+burnt all his chemical papers. The friends of our excellent
+constitution, now assailed on every side by innovators and levellers,
+would have less regretted the suppression of some of this Lordship's
+other writings. BOSWELL. Boswell refers to _A Letter to the Archbishop
+of Canterbury by Richard, Lord Bishop of Landaff_, 1782. If the revenues
+were made more equal, 'the poorer Bishops,' the Bishop writes, 'would be
+freed from the necessity of holding ecclesiastical preferments _in
+commendam_ with their Bishopricks,' p. 8.
+
+[383] De Quincey says that Sir Humphry Davy told him, 'that he could
+scarcely imagine a time, or a condition of the science, in which the
+Bishop's _Essays_ would be superannuated.' De Quincey's _Works_, ii.
+106. De Quincey describes the Bishop as being 'always a discontented
+man, a railer at the government and the age, which could permit such as
+his to pine away ingloriously in one of the humblest among the
+Bishopricks.' _Ib_. p. 107. He was, he adds, 'a true Whig,' and would
+have been made Archbishop of York had his party staid in power a little
+longer in 1807.'
+
+[384] _Rasselas_, chap. xi.
+
+[385] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 30.
+
+[386] 'They heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden.'
+_Genesis_, iii. 8.
+
+[387]
+
+     ... 'Vivendi recte qui prorogat horam,
+     Rusticus expectat dum defluat amnis; at ille
+     Labitur et labetur in omne volubilis aevum.'
+
+     'And sure the man who has it in his power
+      To practise virtue, and protracts the hour,
+      Waits like the rustic till the river dried;
+      Still glides the river, and will ever glide.'
+
+FRANCIS. Horace, _Epist_. i. 2. 41.
+
+[388] See _ante_, p. 59.
+
+[389] See _ante_, iii. 251.
+
+[390] See _ante_, iii. 136.
+
+[391] This assertion is disproved by a comparison of dates. The first
+four satires of Young were published in 1725; The South Sea scheme
+(which appears to be meant,) was in 1720. MALONE. In Croft's _Life of
+Young_, which Johnson adopted, it is stated:--'By the _Universal
+Passion_ he acquired no vulgar fortune, more than £3000. A considerable
+sum had already been swallowed up in the South Sea.' Johnson's _Works_,
+viii. 430. Some of Young's poems were published before 1720.
+
+[392] Crabbe got Johnson to revise his poem, _The Village_ (_post_,
+under March 23, 1783). He states, that 'the Doctor did not readily
+comply with requests for his opinion; not from any unwillingness to
+oblige, but from a painful contention in his mind between a desire of
+giving pleasure and a determination to speak truth.' Crabbe's _Works_,
+ii. 12. See _ante_, ii. 51, 195, and iii. 373.
+
+[393] Pope's _Essay on Man_, iv. 390. See _ante_, iii. 6, note 2.
+
+[394] He had within the last seven weeks gone up drunk, at least twice,
+to a lady's drawing-room. _Ante_, pp. 88, note 1, and 109.
+
+[395] Mr. Croker, though without any authority, prints _unconscious_.
+
+[396] I Corinthians, ix. 27. See _ante_, 295.
+
+[397] 'We walk by faith, not by sight.' 2 Corinthians, v. 7
+
+[398] Dr. Ogden, in his second sermon _On the Articles of the Christian
+Faith_, with admirable acuteness thus addresses the opposers of that
+Doctrine, which accounts for the confusion, sin and misery, which we
+find in this life: 'It would be severe in GOD, you think, to _degrade_
+us to such a sad state as this, for the offence of our first parents:
+but you can allow him to _place_ us in it without any inducement. Are
+our calamities lessened for not being ascribed to Adam? If your
+condition be unhappy, is it not still unhappy, whatever was the
+occasion? with the aggravation of this reflection, that if it was as
+good as it was at first designed, there seems to be somewhat the less
+reason to look for its amendment.' BOSWELL.
+
+[399] 'Which taketh away the sin' &c. St. John, i. 29.
+
+[400] See Boswell's Hebrides, August 22.
+
+[401] This unfortunate person, whose full name was Thomas Fysche Palmer,
+afterwards went to Dundee, in Scotland, where he officiated as minister
+to a congregation of the sect who called themselves _Unitarians_, from a
+notion that they distinctively worship ONE GOD, because they _deny_ the
+mysterious doctrine of the TRINITY. They do not advert that the great
+body of the Christian Church, in maintaining that mystery, maintain also
+the _Unity_ of the GODHEAD; the 'TRINITY in UNITY!--three persons and
+ONE GOD.' The Church humbly adores the DIVINITY as exhibited in the holy
+Scriptures. The Unitarian sect vainly presumes to comprehend and define
+the ALMIGHTY. Mr. Palmer having heated his mind with political
+speculations, became so much dissatisfied with our excellent
+Constitution, as to compose, publish, and circulate writings, which were
+found to be so seditious and dangerous, that upon being found guilty by
+a Jury, the Court of Justiciary in Scotland sentenced him to
+transportation for fourteen years. A loud clamour against this sentence
+was made by some Members of both Houses of Parliament; but both Houses
+approved of it by a great majority; and he was conveyed to the
+settlement for convicts in New South Wales. BOSWELL. This note first
+appears in the third edition. Mr. Palmer was sentenced to seven (not
+fourteen) years transportation in Aug. 1793. It was his fellow prisoner,
+Mr. Muir, an advocate, who was sentenced to fourteen years. _Ann. Reg._
+1793, p. 40. When these sentences were brought before the House of
+Commons, Mr. Fox said that it was 'the Lord-Advocate's fervent wish that
+his native principles of justice should be introduced into this country;
+and that on the ruins of the common law of England should be erected the
+infamous fabric of Scottish persecution. ... If that day should ever
+arrive, if the tyrannical laws of Scotland should ever be introduced in
+opposition to the humane laws of England, it would then be high time for
+my hon. friends and myself to settle our affairs, and retire to some
+happier clime, where we might at least enjoy those rights which God has
+given to man, and which his nature tells him he has a right to demand.'
+_Parl. Hist._ xxx. 1563. For _Unitarians_, see _ante_, ii. 408, note I.
+
+[402] Taken from Herodotus. [Bk. ii. ch. 104.] BOSWELL.
+
+[403] 'The mummies,' says Blakesley, 'have straight hair, and in the
+paintings the Egyptians are represented as red, not black.' _Ib_. note.
+
+[404] See _ante_, i. 441, and _post_, March 28, and June 3, 1782.
+
+[405] Mr. Dawkins visited Palmyra in 1751. He had 'an escort of the Aga
+of Hassia's best Arab horsemen.' Johnson was perhaps astonished at the
+size of their caravan, 'which was increased to about 200 persons.' The
+writer treats the whole matter with great brevity. Wood's _Ruins of
+Palmyra_, p. 33. On their return the travellers discovered a party of
+Arab horsemen, who gave them an alarm. Happily these Arabs were still
+more afraid of them, and were at once plundered by the escort, 'who
+laughed at our remonstrances against their injustice.' Wood's _Ruins of
+Balbec_, p. 2.
+
+[406] He wrote a _Life of Watts_, which Johnson quoted. _Works_, viii.
+382.
+
+[407] See _ante_, iii. 422, note 6.
+
+[408] In the first two editions _formal_.
+
+[409] Johnson maintains this in _The Idler_, No. 74. 'Few,' he says,
+'have reason to complain of nature as unkindly sparing of the gifts of
+memory ... The true art of memory is the art of attention.' See
+_ante_, iii. 191.
+
+[410]The first of the definitions given by Johnson of _to remember_ is
+_to bear in mind anything; not to forget. To recollect_ he defines _to
+recover to memory_. We may, perhaps, assume that Boswell said, 'I did
+not recollect that the chair was broken;' and that Johnson replied, 'you
+mean, you did not remember. That you did not remember is your own fault.
+It was in your mind that it was broken, and therefore you ought to have
+remembered it. It was not a case of recollecting; for we recollect, that
+is, recover to memory, what is not in our mind.' In the passage _ante_,
+i. 112, which begins, 'I indeed doubt if he could have remembered,' we
+find in the first two editions not _remembered_, but _recollected_.
+Perhaps this change is due to euphony, as _collected_ comes a few lines
+before. Horace Walpole, in one of his _Letters_ (i. 15), distinguishes
+the two words, on his revisiting his old school, Eton:--'By the way, the
+clock strikes the old cracked sound--I recollect so much, and remember
+so little.'
+
+[411] He made the same boast at St. Andrews. See Boswell's _Hebrides_,
+Aug. 19. He was, I believe, speaking of his translation of Courayer's
+_Life of Paul Sarpi and Notes_, of which some sheets were printed off.
+_Ante_, i. 135.
+
+[412] Horace Walpole, after mentioning that George III's mother, who
+died in 1772, left but £27,000 when she was reckoned worth at least
+£300,000, adds:--'It is no wonder that it became the universal belief
+that she had wasted all on Lord Bute. This became still more probable as
+he had made the purchase of the estate at Luton, at the price of
+£114,000, before he was visibly worth £20,000; had built a palace there,
+another in town, and had furnished the former in the most expensive
+manner, bought pictures and books, and made a vast park and lake.'
+_Journal of the Reign of George III_, i. 19.
+
+[413] To him Boswell dedicated his _Thesis_ as _excelsae familiae de
+Bute spei alterae_ (_ante_, ii. 20). In 1775, he wrote of him:--'He is
+warmly my friend and has engaged to do for me.' _Letters of Boswell_,
+p. 186
+
+[414] He was mistaken in this. See _ante_, i. 260; also iii. 420.
+
+[415] In England in like manner, and perhaps for the same reason, all
+Attorneys have been converted into Solicitors.
+
+[416] 'There is at Edinburgh a society or corporation of errand boys,
+called Cawdies, who ply in the streets at night with paper lanthorns,
+and are very serviceable in carrying messages.' _Humphrey Clinker_.
+Letter of Aug. 8.
+
+[417] Their services in this sense are noticed in the same letter.
+
+[418]
+
+     'The formal process shall be turned to sport,
+     And you dismissed with honour by the Court.'
+     FRANCIS. Horace, _Satires_, ii.i.86.
+
+[419] Mr. Robertson altered this word to _jocandi_, he having found in
+Blackstone that to irritate is actionable. BOSWELL.
+
+[420] Quoted by Johnson, _ante_, ii. l97.
+
+[421] His god-daughter. See _post_ May 10, 1784.
+
+[422] See _post_, under Dec. 20, 1782
+
+[423] See _ante_, i. 155
+
+[424] The will of King Alfred, alluded to in this letter, from the
+original Saxon, in the library of Mr. Astle, has been printed at the
+expense of the University of Oxford. BOSWELL.
+
+[425] He was a surgeon in this small Norfolk town. Dr. Burney's
+_Memoirs_, i. 106.
+
+[426] Burney visited Johnson first in 1758, when he was living in Gough
+Square. _Ante_, i. 328.
+
+[427] Mme. D'Arblay says that Dr. Johnson sent them to Dr. Burney's
+house, directed 'For the Broom Gentleman.' Dr. Burney's _Memoirs_,
+ii. 180.
+
+[428] 'Sept. 14, 1781. Dr. Johnson has been very unwell indeed. Once I
+was quite frightened about him; but he continues his strange
+discipline--starving, mercury, opium; and though for a time half
+demolished by its severity, he always in the end rises superior both to
+the disease and the remedy, which commonly is the most alarming of the
+two.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 107. On Sept. 18, his birthday, he
+wrote:--'As I came home [from church], I thought I had never begun any
+period of life so placidly. I have always been accustomed to let this
+day pass unnoticed, but it came this time into my mind that some little
+festivity was not improper. I had a dinner, and invited Allen and
+Levett.' _Pr. and Med._ p. 199.
+
+[429] This remark, I have no doubt, is aimed at Hawkins, who (_Life_, p.
+553) pretends to account for this trip.
+
+[430] _Pr. and Med._ p. 201. BOSWELL.
+
+[431] He wrote from Lichfield on the previous Oct. 27:--'All here is
+gloomy; a faint struggle with the tediousness of time; a doleful
+confession of present misery, and the approach seen and felt of what is
+most dreaded and most shunned. But such is the lot of man.' _Piozzi
+Letters_, ii. 209.
+
+[432] The truth of this has been proved by sad experience. BOSWELL. Mrs.
+Boswell died June 4, 1789. MALONE.
+
+[433] See account of him in the _Gent. Mag_. Feb. 1785. BOSWELL, see
+ante, i. 243, note 3.
+
+[434] Mrs. Piozzi (_Synonymy_, ii. 79), quoting this verse, under
+_Officious_, says;--'Johnson, always thinking neglect the worst
+misfortune that could befall a man, looked on a character of this
+description with less aversion than I do.'
+
+[435]
+
+     'Content thyself to be _obscurely good_.'
+
+Addisons _Cato_, act. iv. sc. 4.
+
+[436] In both editions of Sir John Hawkins's _Life of Dr. Johnson_,
+'letter'd _ignorance_' is printed. BOSWELL. Mr. Croker (_Boswell_, p. I)
+says that 'Mr. Boswell is habitually unjust to Sir J. Hawkins.' As some
+kind of balance, I suppose, to this injustice, he suppresses this note.
+
+[437] Johnson repeated this line to me thus:--
+
+     'And Labour steals an hour to die.'
+
+But he afterwards altered it to the present reading. BOSWELL. This poem
+is printed in the _Ann. Reg_. for 1783, p. 189, with the following
+variations:--l. 18, for 'ready help' 'useful care': l. 28, 'His single
+talent,' 'The single talent'; l. 33, 'no throbs of fiery pain,' 'no
+throbbing fiery pain'; l. 36, 'and freed,' 'and forced.' On the next
+page it is printed _John Gilpin_.
+
+[438] Mr. Croker says that this line shows that 'some of Gray's happy
+expressions lingered in Johnson's memory' He quotes a line that comes at
+the end of the _Ode on Vicissitude_--'From busy day, the peaceful
+night.' This line is not Gray's, but Mason's.
+
+[439] Johnson wrote to Mrs. Thrale on Aug. 14, 1780:--'If you want
+events, Here is Mr. Levett just come in at fourscore from a walk to
+Hampstead, eight miles, in August.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 177.
+
+[440] In the original, _March_ 20. On the afternoon of March 20 Lord
+North announced in the House of Commons 'that his Majesty's Ministers
+were no more.' _Parl. Hist_. xxii. 1215.
+
+[441] _Pr. and Med_. p. 209 [207]. BOSWELL.
+
+[442] See _ante_, ii. 355, iii. 46, iv. 81, 100. Mr. Seward records in
+his _Biographiana_, p. 600--without however giving the year--that
+'Johnson being asked what the Opposition meant by their flaming speeches
+and violent pamphlets against Lord North's administration, answered:
+"They mean, Sir, rebellion; they mean in spite to destroy that country
+which they are not permitted to govern."'
+
+[443] In the previous December the City of London in an address, writes
+Horace Walpole, 'besought the King to remove both his public and
+_private_ counsellors, and used these stunning and memorable
+words:--_"Your armies are captured; the wonted superiority of your
+navies is annihilated, your dominions are lost."_ Words that could be
+used to no other King; no King had ever lost so much without losing all.
+If James II. lost his crown, yet the crown lost no dominions.' _Journal
+of the Reign of George III_, ii. 483. The address is given in the _Ann.
+Reg._ xxiv. 320. On Aug. 4 of this year Johnson wrote to Dr.
+Taylor:--'Perhaps no nation not absolutely conquered has declined so
+much in so short a time. We seem to be sinking. Suppose the Irish,
+having already gotten a free trade and an independent Parliament, should
+say we will have a King and ally ourselves with the House of Bourbon,
+what could be done to hinder or overthrow them?' Mr. Morrison's
+_Autographs_, vol. ii.
+
+[444] In February and March, 1771, the House of Commons ordered eight
+printers to attend at the bar on a charge of breach of privilege, in
+publishing reports of debates. One of the eight, Miller of the _Evening
+Post_, when the messenger of the House tried to arrest him, gave the man
+himself into custody on a charge of assault. The messenger was brought
+before Lord Mayor Crosby and Aldermen Wilkes and Oliver, and a warrant
+was made out for his commitment. Bail was thereupon offered and accepted
+for his appearance at the next sessions. The Lord Mayor and Oliver were
+sent to the Tower by the House. Wilkes was ordered to appear on April 8;
+but the Ministry, not daring to face his appearance, adjourned the House
+till the 9th. A committee was appointed by ballot to inquire into the
+late obstructions to the execution of the orders of the House. It
+recommended the consideration of the expediency of the House ordering
+that Miller should be taken into custody. The report, when read, was
+received with a roar of laughter. Nothing was done. Such was, to quote
+the words of Burke in the _Annual Register_ (xiv. 70), 'the miserable
+result of all the pretended vigour of the Ministry.' See _Parl. Hist._
+xvii. 58, 186.
+
+[445] Lord Cornwallis's army surrendered at York Town, five days before
+Sir Henry Clinton's fleet and army arrived off the Chesapeak. _Ann.
+Reg._ xxiv. 136.
+
+[446] Johnson wrote on March 30:--'The men have got in whom I have
+endeavoured to keep out; but I hope they will do better than their
+predecessors; it will not be easy to do worse.' Croker's _Boswell_,
+p. 706.
+
+[447] This note was in answer to one which accompanied one of the
+earliest pamphlets on the subject of Chatterton's forgery, entitled
+_Cursory Observations on the Poems attributed to Thomas Rowley_, &c. Mr.
+Thomas Warton's very able _Inquiry_ appeared about three months
+afterwards; and Mr. Tyrwhitt's admirable _Vindication of his Appendix_
+in the summer of the same hear, left the believers in this daring
+imposture nothing but 'the resolution to say again what had been said
+before.' MALONE.
+
+[448] _Pr. and Med._ p. 207. BOSWELL.
+
+[449] He addressed to him an Ode in Latin, entitled _Ad Thomam Laurence,
+medicum doctissimum, quum filium peregre agentem desiderio nimis tristi
+prosequeretur. Works_, i. 165.
+
+[450] Mr. Holder, in the Strand, Dr. Johnson's apothecary. BOSWELL.
+
+[451] 'Johnson should rather have written "imperatum est." But the
+meaning of the words is perfectly clear. "If you say yes, the messenger
+has orders to bring Holder to me." Mr. Croker translates the words as
+follows:-"If you consent, pray tell the messenger to bring Holder to
+me." If Mr. Croker is resolved to write on points of classical learning,
+we would advise him to begin by giving an hour every morning to our old
+friend Corderius.' Macaulay's _Essays_, ed. 1843, i 366. In _The Answers
+to Mr. Macaulay's Criticism_, prefixed to Croker's _Boswell_, p. 13, it
+is suggested that Johnson wrote either _imperetur_ or _imperator_. The
+letter may be translated: 'A fresh chill, a fresh cough, and a fresh
+difficulty in breathing call for a fresh letting of blood. Without your
+advice, however, I would not submit to the operation. I cannot well come
+to you, nor need you come to me. Say yes or no in one word, and leave
+the rest to Holder and to me. If you say yes, let the messenger be
+bidden (imperetur) to bring Holder to me. May 1, 1782. When _you_ have
+left, whither shall I turn?'
+
+[452] Soon after the above letter, Dr. Lawrence left London, but not
+before the palsy had made so great a progress as to render him unable to
+write for himself. The folio wing are extracts from letters addressed by
+Dr. Johnson to one of his daughters:--
+
+'You will easily believe with what gladness I read that you had heard
+once again that voice to which we have all so often delighted to attend.
+May you often hear it. If we had his mind, and his tongue, we could
+spare the rest.
+
+'I am not vigorous, but much better than when dear Dr. Lawrence held my
+pulse the last time. Be so kind as to let me know, from one little
+interval to another, the state of his body. I am pleased that he
+remembers me, and hope that it never can be possible for me to forget
+him. July 22, 1782.'
+
+'I am much delighted even with the small advances which dear Dr.
+Lawrence makes towards recovery. If we could have again but his mind,
+and his tongue in his mind, and his right hand, we should not much
+lament the rest. I should not despair of helping the swelled hand by
+electricity, if it were frequently and diligently supplied.
+
+'Let me know from time to time whatever happens; and I hope I need not
+tell you, how much I am interested in every change. Aug. 26, 1782.'
+
+'Though the account with which you favoured me in your last letter could
+not give me the pleasure that I wished, yet I was glad to receive it;
+for my affection to my dear friend makes me desirous of knowing his
+state, whatever it be. I beg, therefore, that you continue to let me
+know, from time to time, all that you observe.
+
+'Many fits of severe illness have, for about three months past, forced
+my kind physician often upon my mind. I am now better; and hope
+gratitude, as well as distress, can be a motive to remembrance.
+Bolt-court, Fleet-street, Feb. 4, 1783.' BOSWELL.
+
+[453] Mr. Langton being at this time on duty at Rochester, he is
+addressed by his military title. BOSWELL.
+
+[454] Eight days later he recorded:--'I have in ten days written to
+Aston, Lucy, Hector, Langton, Boswell; perhaps to all by whom my letters
+are desired.' _Pr. and Med._ 209. He had written also to Mrs. Thrale,
+but her affection, it should seem from this, he was beginning to doubt.
+
+[455] See _ante_, p. 84.
+
+[456] See _ante_, i. 247.
+
+[457] See _post_, p. 158, note 4.
+
+[458] Johnson has here expressed a sentiment similar to that contained
+in one of Shenstone's stanzas, to which, in his life of that poet, he
+has given high praise:--
+
+     'I prized every hour that went by,
+     Beyond all that had pleased me before;
+     But now they are gone [past] and I sigh,
+     I grieve that I prized them no more.'
+
+J. BOSWELL, JUN.
+
+[459] She was his god-daughter. See _post_, May 10, 1784.
+
+[460] 'Dr. Johnson gave a very droll account of the children of Mr.
+Langton, "who," he said, "might be very good children, if they were let
+alone; but the father is never easy when he is not making them do
+something which they cannot do; they must repeat a fable, or a speech,
+or the Hebrew alphabet, and they might as well count twenty for what
+they know of the matter; however, the father says half, for he prompts
+every other word."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 73. See _ante_, p.
+20, note 2.
+
+[461] A part of this letter having been torn off, I have, from the
+evident meaning, supplied a few words and half-words at the ends and
+beginnings of lines. BOSWELL.
+
+[462] See vol. ii. p. 459. BOSWELL. She was Hector's widowed sister, and
+Johnson's first love. In the previous October, writing of a visit to
+Birmingham, he said:--'Mrs. Careless took me under her care, and told me
+when I had tea enough.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 205.
+
+[463] This letter cannot belong to this year. In it Johnson says of his
+health, 'at least it is not worse.' But 1782 found him in very bad
+health; he passed almost the whole of the year 'in a succession of
+disorders' (_post_, p. 156). What he says of friendship renders it
+almost certain that the letter was written while he had still Thrale;
+and him he lost in April, 1781. Had it been written after June, 1779,
+but before Thrale's death, the account given of health would have been
+even better than it is (_ante_, iii. 397). It belongs perhaps to the
+year 1777 or 1778.
+
+[464] 'To a man who has survived all the companions of his youth ...
+this full-peopled world is a dismal solitude.' _Rambler_, No. 69.
+
+[465] See _ante_, i. 63.
+
+[466] They met on these days in the years 1772, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 81, and
+3.
+
+[467] The ministry had resigned on the 20th. _Ante_, p. 139, note 1.
+
+[468] Thirty-two years earlier he wrote in _The Rambler_, No. 53:-'In
+the prospect of poverty there is nothing but gloom and melancholy; the
+mind and body suffer together; its miseries bring no alleviation; it is
+a state in which every virtue is obscured, and in which no conduct can
+avoid reproach.' And again in No. 57:--'The prospect of penury in age is
+so gloomy and terrifying, that every man who looks before him must
+resolve to avoid it; and it must be avoided generally by the science of
+sparing.' See _ante_. 441.
+
+[469] See _ante_, p. 128.
+
+[470] Hannah More wrote in April of this year (_Memoirs_, i.
+249):--'Poor Johnson is in a bad state of health. I fear his
+constitution is broken up.' (Yet in one week he dined out four times.
+_Piozzi Letters_, ii. 237.) At one of these dinners, 'I urged him,' she
+continues (_ib_. p. 251) 'to take a _little_ wine. He replied, "I can't
+drink a _little_, child; therefore, I never touch it. Abstinence is as
+easy to me as temperance would be difficult." He was very good-humoured
+and gay. One of the company happened to say a word about poetry, "Hush,
+hush," said he, "it is dangerous to say a word of poetry before her; it
+is talking of the art of war before Hannibal."'
+
+[471] This book was published in 1781, and, according to Lowndes,
+reached its seventh edition by 1787. See _ante_, i. 214.
+
+[472] The clergyman's letter was dated May 4. _Gent. Mag._ 1786, p. 93.
+Johnson is explaining the reason of his delay in acknowledging it.
+
+[473] What follows appeared in the _Morning Chronicle_ of May 29,
+1782:--'A correspondent having mentioned, in the _Morning Chronicle_ of
+December 12, the last clause of the following paragraph, as seeming to
+favour suicide; we are requested to print the whole passage, that its
+true meaning may appear, which is not to recommend suicide but exercise.
+
+'Exercise cannot secure us from that dissolution to which we are
+decreed: but while the soul and body continue united, it can make the
+association pleasing, and give probable hopes that they shall be
+disjoined by an easy separation. It was a principle among the ancients,
+that acute diseases are from Heaven, and chronical from ourselves; the
+dart of death, indeed, falls from Heaven, but we poison it by our own
+misconduct: to die is the fate of man; but to die with lingering anguish
+is generally his folly.' [_The Rambler_, No. 85.] BOSWELL.
+
+[474] The Correspondence may be seen at length in the _Gent. Mag._ Feb.
+1786. BOSWELL. Johnson, advising Dr. Taylor 'to take as much exercise as
+he can bear,' says:-'I take the true definition of exercise to be labour
+without weariness.' _Notes and Queries_, 6th S. v. 461.
+
+[475] Here he met Hannah More. 'You cannot imagine,' she writes
+(_Memoirs_, i. 261), 'with what delight he showed me every part of his
+own college. Dr. Adams had contrived a very pretty piece of gallantry.
+We spent the day and evening at his house. After dinner, Johnson begged
+to conduct me to see the College; he would let no one show it me but
+himself. "This was my room; this Shenstone's." Then, after pointing out
+all the rooms of the poets who had been of his college, "In short," said
+he, "we were a nest of singing-birds." When we came into the
+common-room, we spied a fine large print of Johnson, hung up that very
+morning, with this motto:--_And is not Johnson ours, himself a host?_
+Under which stared you in the face--_From Miss More's "Sensibility_."
+This little incident amused us; but, alas! Johnson looks very ill
+indeed--spiritless and wan. However, he made an effort to be cheerful.'
+Miss Adams wrote on June 14, 1782:--'On Wednesday we had here a
+delightful blue-stocking party. Dr. and Mrs. Kennicott and Miss More,
+Dr. Johnson, Mr. Henderson, &c., dined here. Poor Dr. Johnson is in very
+bad health, but he exerted himself as much as he could, and being very
+fond of Miss More, he talked a good deal, and every word he says is
+worth recording. He took great delight in showing Miss More every part
+of Pembroke College, and his own rooms, &c., and told us many things
+about himself when here. .. June 19, 1782. We dined yesterday for the
+last time in the company with Dr. Johnson; he went away to-day. A warm
+dispute arose; it was about cider or wine freezing, and all the spirit
+retreating to the center.' _Pemb. Coll. MSS._
+
+[476] 'I never retired to rest without feeling the justness of the
+Spanish proverb, "Let him who sleeps too much borrow the pillow of a
+debtor."' Johnson's _Works_, iv. 14.
+
+[477] See _ante_, i. 441.
+
+[478] Which I celebrated in the Church of England chapel at Edinburgh,
+founded by Lord Chief Baron Smith, of respectable and pious
+memory. BOSWELL.
+
+[479] See _ante_, p. 80.
+
+[480] The Reverend Mr. Temple, Vicar of St. Gluvias, Cornwall. BOSWELL.
+See _ante_, i. 436, and ii. 316.
+
+[481] 'He had settled on his eldest son,' says Dr. Rogers
+(_Boswelliana_, p. 129), 'the ancestral estate, with an unencumbered
+rental of £l,600 a year.' That the rental, whatever it was, was not
+unencumbered is shewn by the passage from Johnson's letter, _post_, p.
+155, note 4. Boswell wrote to Malone in 1791 (Croker's _Boswell_, p.
+828):--'The clear money on which I can reckon out of my estate is
+scarcely £900 a year.'
+
+[482] Cowley's _Ode to Liberty_, Stanza vi.
+
+[483] 'I do beseech all the succeeding heirs of entail,' wrote Boswell
+in his will, 'to be kind to the tenants, and not to turn out old
+possessors to get a little more rent.' Rogers's _Boswelliana, p. 186.
+
+[484] Macleod, the Laird of Rasay. See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 8.
+
+[485] A farm in the Isle of Skye, where Johnson wrote his Latin Ode to
+Mrs. Thrale. _Ib._ Sept. 6.
+
+[486] Johnson wrote to Dr. Taylor on Oct. 4:--'Boswel's (sic) father is
+dead, and Boswel wrote me word that he would come to London for my
+advice. [The] advice which I sent him is to stay at home, and [busy]
+himself with his own affairs. He has a good es[tate], considerably
+burthened by settlements, and he is himself in debt. But if his wife
+lives, I think he will be prudent.' _Notes and Queries_, 6th S.
+v. 462.
+
+[487] Miss Burney wrote in the first week in December:--'Dr. Johnson was
+in most excellent good humour and spirits.' She describes later on a
+brilliant party which he attended at Miss Monckton's on the 8th, where
+the people were 'superbly dressed,' and where he was 'environed with
+listeners.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 186, and 190. See _ante_, p.
+108, note 4.
+
+[488] See _ante,_, iii. 337, where Johnson got 'heated' when Boswell
+maintained this.
+
+[489] See _ante_, in. 395.
+
+[490] The greatest part of the copy, or manuscript of _The Lives of the
+Poets_ had been given by Johnson to Boswell (_ante_, iv. 36).
+
+[491] Of her twelve children but these three were living. She was
+forty-one years old.
+
+[492] 'The family,' writes Dr. Burney, 'lived in the library, which used
+to be the parlour. There they breakfasted. Over the bookcases were hung
+Sir Joshua's portraits of Mr. Thrale's friends--Baretti, Burke, Burney,
+Chambers, Garrick, Goldsmith, Johnson, Murphy, Reynolds, Lord Sandys,
+Lord Westcote, and in the same picture Mrs. Thrale and her eldest
+daughter.' Mr. Thrale's portrait was also there. Dr. Burney's _Memoirs_,
+ii. 80, and Prior's _Malone_, p. 259.
+
+[493] _Pr. and Med._ p. 214. BOSWELL.
+
+[494] Boswell omits a line that follows this prayer:--'O Lord, so far
+as, &c.,--Thrale.' This means, I think, 'so far as it might be lawful,
+I prayed for Thrale.' The following day Johnson entered:--'I was called
+early. I packed up my bundles, and used the foregoing prayer with my
+morning devotions, somewhat, I think, enlarged. Being earlier than the
+family, I read St. Paul's farewell in the _Acts_ [xx. 17-end], and then
+read fortuitously in the gospels, which was my parting use of
+the library.'
+
+[495] Johnson, no doubt, was leaving Streatham because Mrs. Thrale was
+leaving it. 'Streatham,' wrote Miss Burney, on Aug. 12 of this year, 'my
+other home, and the place where I have long thought my residence
+dependent only on my own pleasure, is already let for three years to
+Lord Shelburne.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii.151. Johnson was not yet
+leaving the Thrale family, for he joined them at Brighton, and he was
+living with them the following spring in Argyll-street. Nevertheless,
+if, as all Mrs. Thrale's friends strongly held, her second marriage was
+blameworthy, Boswell's remark admits of defence. Miss Burney in her
+diary and letters keeps the secret which Mrs. Thrale had confided to her
+of her attachment to Mr. Piozzi; but in the _Memoirs of Dr. Burney_,
+which, as Mme. D'Arblay, she wrote long afterwards, she leaves little
+doubt that Streatham was given up as a step towards the second marriage.
+In 1782, on a visit there, she found that her father 'and all
+others--Dr. Johnson not excepted--were cast into the same gulf of
+general neglect. As Mrs. Thrale became more and more dissatisfied with
+her own situation, and impatient for its relief, she slighted Johnson's
+counsel, and avoided his society.' Mme. D'Arblay describes a striking
+scene in which her father, utterly puzzled by 'sad and altered
+Streatham,' left it one day with tears in his eyes. Another day, Johnson
+accompanied her to London. 'His look was stern, though dejected, but
+when his eye, which, however shortsighted, was quick to mental
+perception, saw how ill at ease she appeared, all sternness subsided
+into an undisguised expression of the strongest emotion, while, with a
+shaking hand and pointing finger, he directed her looks to the mansion
+from which they were driving; and when they faced it from the
+coach-window, as they turned into Streatham Common, tremulously
+exclaimed, "That house ...is lost to _me_... for ever."' Johnson's
+letter to Langton of March 20, 1782 (_ante_, p. 145), in which he says
+that he was 'musing in his chamber at Mrs. Thrale's,' shews that so
+early as that date he foresaw that a change was coming. Boswell's
+statement that 'Mrs. Thrale became less assiduous to please Johnson,'
+might have been far more strongly worded. See Dr. Burney's _Memoirs_,
+ii. 243-253. Lord Shelburne, who as Prime Minister was negotiating peace
+with the United States, France, and Spain, hired Mrs. Thrale's house 'in
+order to be constantly near London.' Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_,
+iii. 242.
+
+[496] Mr. Croker quotes the following from the _Rose MSS_.:--'Oct. 6,
+Die Dominica, 1782. Pransus sum Streathamiae agninum crus coctum cum
+herbis (spinach) comminutis, farcimen farinaceum cum uvis passis, lumbos
+bovillos, et pullum gallinae: Turcicae; et post carnes missas, ficus,
+uvas, non admodum maturas, ita voluit anni intemperies, cum malis
+Persicis, iis tamen duris. Non laetus accubui, cibum modicè sumpsi, ne
+intemperantiâ ad extremum peccaretur. Si recte memini, in mentem
+venerunt epulae in exequiis Hadoni celebratae. Streathamiam
+quando revisam?'
+
+[497] 'Mr. Metcalfe is much with Dr. Johnson, but seems to have taken an
+unaccountable dislike to Mrs. Thrale, to whom he never speaks.... He is
+a shrewd, sensible, keen, and very clever man.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_,
+ii. 172, 174. He, Burke, and Malone were Sir Joshua's executors.
+Northcote's _Reynolds_, ii. 293.
+
+[498] Boswell should have shown, for he must have known it, that Johnson
+was Mrs. Thrale's guest at Brighton. Miss Burney was also of the party.
+Her account of him is a melancholy one:--'Oct. 28. Dr. Johnson
+accompanied us to a ball, to the universal amazement of all who saw him
+there; but he said he had found it so dull being quite alone the
+preceding evening, that he determined upon going with us; "for," said
+he, "it cannot be worse than being alone."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii.
+161. 'Oct. 29. Mr. Pepys joined Dr. Johnson, with whom he entered into
+an argument, in which he was so roughly confuted, and so severely
+ridiculed, that he was hurt and piqued beyond all power of disguise,
+and, in the midst of the discourse, suddenly turned from him, and,
+wishing Mrs. Thrale goodnight, very abruptly withdrew. Dr. Johnson was
+certainly right with respect to the argument and to reason; but his
+opposition was so warm, and his wit so satirical and exulting, that I
+was really quite grieved to see how unamiable he appeared, and how
+greatly he made himself dreaded by all, and by many abhorred.' _Ib_. p.
+163. 'Oct. 30. In the evening we all went to Mrs. Hatsel's. Dr. Johnson
+was not invited.' _Ib_. p. 165. 'Oct. 31. A note came to invite us all,
+except Dr. Johnson, to Lady Rothes's.' _Ib_. p. 168. 'Nov. 2. We went to
+Lady Shelley's. Dr. Johnson again excepted in the invitation. He is
+almost constantly omitted, either from too much respect or too much
+fear. I am sorry for it, as he hates being alone.' _Ib_. p. 160. 'Nov.
+7. Mr. Metcalfe called upon Dr. Johnson, and took him out an airing. Mr.
+Hamilton is gone, and Mr. Metcalfe is now the only person out of this
+house that voluntarily communicates with the Doctor. He has been in a
+terrible severe humour of late, and has really frightened all the
+people, till they almost ran from him. To me only I think he is now
+kind, for Mrs. Thrale fares worse than anybody.' _Ib_. p. 177.
+
+[499] '"Dr. Johnson has asked me," said Mr. Metcalfe, "to go with him to
+Chichester, to see the cathedral, and I told him I would certainly go if
+he pleased; but why I cannot imagine, for how shall a blind man see a
+cathedral?" "I believe," quoth I [i.e. Miss Burney] "his blindness is as
+much the effect of absence as of infirmity, for he sees wonderfully at
+times."' _Ib_. p. 174. For Johnson's eyesight, see _ante_, i. 41.
+
+[500] The second letter is dated the 28th. Johnson says:--'I have looked
+_often_,' &c.; but he does not say 'he has been _much_ informed,' but
+only 'informed.' Both letters are in the _Gent. Mag._ 1784, p. 893.
+
+[501] The reference is to Rawlinson's MS. collections for a continuation
+of Wood's _Athenae_ (Macray's _Annals of the Bodleian_, p. 181).
+
+[502] Jortin's sermons are described by Johnson as 'very elegant.'
+_Ante_, in. 248. He and Thirlby are mentioned by him in the _Life of
+Pope. Works_, viii. 254.
+
+[503] Markland was born 1693, died 1776. His notes on some of Euripides'
+_Plays_ were published at the expense of Dr. Heberden. Markland had
+previously destroyed a great many other notes; writing in 1764 he
+said:--'Probably it will be a long time (if ever) before this sort of
+learning will revive in England; in which it is easy to foresee that
+there must be a disturbance in a few years, and all public disorders are
+enemies to this sort of literature.' _Gent. Mag._ 1778, P. 3l0. 'I
+remember,' writes Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 252), 'when lamentation was
+made of the neglect shown to Jeremiah Markland, a great philologist, as
+some one ventured to call him: "He is a scholar undoubtedly, Sir,"
+replied Dr. Johnson, "but remember that he would run from the world, and
+that it is not the world's business to run after him. I hate a fellow
+whom pride, or cowardice, or laziness drives into a corner, and [who]
+does nothing when he is there but sit and _growl_; let him come out as I
+do, and _bark_"' A brief account of him is given in the _Ann. Reg._
+xix. 45.
+
+[504] Nichols published in 1784 a brief account of Thirlby, nearly half
+of it being written by Johnson. Thirlby was born in 1692 and died in
+1753. 'His versatility led him to try the round of what are called the
+learned professions.' His life was marred by drink and insolence.' His
+mind seems to have been tumultuous and desultory, and he was glad to
+catch any employment that might produce attention without anxiety; such
+employment, as Dr. Battie has observed, is necessary for madmen.' _Gent.
+Mag._ 1784, pp. 260, 893.
+
+[505] He was attacked, says Northcote (_Life of Reynolds_, ii. 131), 'by
+a slight paralytic affection, after an almost uninterrupted course of
+good health for many years.' Miss Burney wrote on Dec. 28 to one of her
+sisters:--'How can you wish any wishes [matrimonial wishes] about Sir
+Joshua and me? A man who has had two shakes of the palsy!' Mme.
+D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 218.
+
+[506] Dr. Patten in Sept. 1781 (Croker's _Boswell_, p. 699) informed
+Johnson of Wilson's intended dedication. Johnson, in his reply,
+said:--'What will the world do but look on and laugh when one scholar
+dedicates to another?'
+
+[507] On the same day he wrote to Dr. Taylor:-'This, my dear Sir, is the
+last day of a very sickly and melancholy year. Join your prayers with
+mine, that the next may be more happy to us both. I hope the happiness
+which I have not found in this world will by infinite mercy be granted
+in another.' _Notes and Queries_, 6th S. v. 462.
+
+[508] 'Jan. 4, 1783. Dr. Johnson came so very late that we had all given
+him up; he was very ill, and only from an extreme of kindness did he
+come at all. When I went up to him to tell how sorry I was to find him
+so unwell, "Ah," he cried, taking my hand and kissing it, "who shall ail
+anything when Cecilia is so near? Yet you do not think how poorly I am."
+
+All dinner time he hardly opened his mouth but to repeat to me:--"Ah!
+you little know how ill I am." He was excessively kind to me in spite of
+all his pain.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 228. _Cecilia_ was the name
+of her second novel (_post_, May 26, 1783). On Jan. 10 he thus ended a
+letter to Mr. Nichols:--'Now I will put you in a way of shewing me more
+kindness. I have been confined by ilness (sic) a long time, and sickness
+and solitude make tedious evenings. Come sometimes and see, Sir,
+
+'Your humble servant,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+_MS_. in the British Museum.
+
+[509] 'Dr. Johnson found here [at Auchinleck] Baxter's Anacreon, which
+he told me he had long inquired for in vain, and began to suspect there
+was no such book.' Boswell's _Hebrides_, Nov.2. See _post_, under
+Sept. 29, 1783.
+
+[510] 'The delight which men have in popularity, fame, honour,
+submission, and subjection of other men's minds, wills, or affections,
+although these things may be desired for other ends, seemeth to be a
+thing in itself, without contemplation of consequence, grateful and
+agreeable to the nature of man.' Bacon's _Nat. Hist._ Exper. No. 1000.
+See _ante_, ii. 178.
+
+[511] In a letter to Dr. Taylor on Jan. 21 of this year, he attacked the
+scheme of equal representation.' Pitt, on May 7, 1782, made his first
+reform motion. Johnson thus ended his letter:--'If the scheme were more
+reasonable, this is not a time for innovation. I am afraid of a civil
+war. The business of every wise man seems to be now to keep his ground.'
+_Notes and Queries_, 6th S. v. 481.
+
+[512] See _ante_, i. 429, _post_, 170, and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept.
+30.
+
+[513] The year after this conversation the General Election of 1784 was
+held, which followed on the overthrow of the Coalition Ministry and the
+formation of the Pitt Ministry in December, 1783. The 'King's friends'
+were in a minority of one in the last great division in the old
+Parliament; in the motion on the Address in the new Parliament they had
+a majority of 168. _Parl. Hist._ xxiv. 744, 843. Miss Burney, writing in
+Nov. 1788, when the King was mad, says that one of his physicians 'moved
+me even to tears by telling me that none of their own lives would be
+safe if the King did not recover, so prodigiously high ran the tide of
+affection and loyalty. All the physicians received threatening letters
+daily, to answer for the safety of their monarch with their lives! Sir
+G. Baker had already been stopped in his carriage by the mob, to give an
+account of the King; and when he said it was a bad one, they had
+furiously exclaimed, "The more shame for you."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_,
+iv. 336. Describing in 1789 a Royal tour in the West of England, she
+writes of 'the crowds, the rejoicings, the hallooing and singing, and
+garlanding and decorating of all the inhabitants of this old city
+[Exeter], and of all the country through which we passed.' _Ib._ v. 48.
+
+[514] Miss Palmer, Sir Joshua's niece, 'heard Dr. Johnson repeat these
+verses with the tears falling over his cheek.' Taylor's _Reynolds_,
+ii. 417.
+
+[515] Gibbon remarked that 'Mr. Fox was certainly very shy of saying
+anything in Johnson's presence.' _Ante_, iii. 267. See _post_, under
+June 9, 1784, where Johnson said 'Fox is my friend.'
+
+[516] Mr. Greville (_Journal_, ed. 1874, ii. 316) records the following
+on the authority of Lord Holland:--'Johnson liked Fox because he
+defended his pension, and said it was only to blame in not being large
+enough. "Fox," he said, is a liberal man; he would always be _aut Caesar
+aut nullus_; whenever I have seen him he has been _nullus_. Lord Holland
+said Fox made it a rule never to talk in Johnson's presence, because he
+knew all his conversations were recorded for publication, and he did not
+choose to figure in them.' Fox could not have known what was not the
+fact. When Boswell was by, he had reason for his silence; but otherwise
+he might have spoken out. 'Mr. Fox,' writes Mackintosh (_Life_, i. 322)
+'united, in a most remarkable degree, the seemingly repugnant characters
+of the mildest of men and the most vehement of orators. In private life
+he was so averse from parade and dogmatism as to be somewhat inactive in
+conversation.' Gibbon (_Misc. Works_, i. 283) tells how Fox spent a day
+with him at Lausanne:--'Perhaps it never can happen again, that I should
+enjoy him as I did that day, alone from ten in the morning till ten at
+night. Our conversation never flagged a moment.' 'In London mixed
+society,' said Rogers (_Table-Talk_, p. 74), 'Fox conversed little; but
+at his own house in the country, with his intimate friends, he would
+talk on for ever, with all the openness and simplicity of a child.'
+
+[517] Sec _ante_, ii. 450.
+
+[518] Most likely 'Old Mr. Sheridan.'
+
+[519] See _ante_, ii. 166.
+
+[520] Were I to insert all the stories which have been told of contests
+boldly maintained with him, imaginary victories obtained over him, of
+reducing him to silence, and of making him own that his antagonist had
+the better of him in argument, my volumes would swell to an immoderate
+size. One instance, I find, has circulated both in conversation and in
+print; that when he would not allow the Scotch writers to have merit,
+the late Dr. Rose, of Chiswick, asserted, that he could name one Scotch
+writer, whom Dr. Johnson himself would allow to have written better than
+any man of the age; and upon Johnson's asking who it was, answered,
+'Lord Bute, when he signed the warrant for your pension.' Upon which
+Johnson, struck with the repartee, acknowledged that this _was_ true.
+When I mentioned it to Johnson, 'Sir, (said he,) if Rose said this, I
+never heard it.' BOSWELL.
+
+[521] This reflection was very natural in a man of a good heart, who was
+not conscious of any ill-will to mankind, though the sharp sayings which
+were sometimes produced by his discrimination and vivacity, which he
+perhaps did not recollect, were, I am afraid, too often remembered with
+resentment. BOSWELL. When, three months later on, he was struck with
+palsy, he wrote to Mrs. Thrale:--'I have in this still scene of life
+great comfort in reflecting that I have given very few reason to hate
+me. I hope scarcely any man has known me closely but for his benefit, or
+cursorily but to his innocent entertainment. Tell me, you that know me
+best, whether this be true, that according to your answer I may continue
+my practice, or try to mend it.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 287. See _post_,
+May 19, 1784. Passages such as the two following might have shewn him
+why he had enemies. 'For roughness, it is a needless cause of
+discontent; severity breedeth fear, but roughness breedeth hate.'
+Bacon's _Essays_, No. xi. ''Tis possible that men may be as oppressive
+by their parts as their power.' _The Government of the Tongue_, sect.
+vii. See _ante_, i. 388, note 2.
+
+[522] 'A grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in
+Scotland supports the people.' _Ante_, i. 294. Stockdale records
+(_Memoirs_, ii. 191) that he heard a Scotch lady, after quoting this
+definition, say to Johnson, 'I can assure you that in Scotland we give
+oats to our horses as well as you do to yours in England.' He
+replied:--'I am very glad, Madam, to find that you treat your horses as
+well as you treat yourselves.'
+
+[523] Sir Joshua Reynolds wrote:--'The prejudices he had to countries
+did not extend to individuals. The chief prejudice in which he indulged
+himself was against Scotland, though he had the most cordial friendship
+with individuals. This he used to vindicate as a duty. ... Against the
+Irish he entertained no prejudice; he thought they united themselves
+very well with us; but the Scotch, when in England, united and made a
+party by employing only Scotch servants and Scotch tradesmen. He held it
+right for Englishmen to oppose a party against them.' Taylor's
+_Reynolds_, ii. 460. See _ante_, ii. 242, 306, and Boswell's _Hebrides,
+post_, v. 20.
+
+[524] _Ante_, ii. 300.
+
+[525] Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 85) says that 'Dr. Johnson, commonly
+spending the middle of the week at our house, kept his numerous family
+in Fleet-street upon a settled allowance; but returned to them every
+Saturday to give them three good dinners and his company, before he came
+back to us on the Monday night.'
+
+[526] Lord North's Ministry lasted from 1770, to March, 1782. It was
+followed by the Rockingham Ministry, and the Shelburne Ministry, which
+in its turn was at this very time giving way to the Coalition Ministry,
+to be followed very soon by the Pitt Ministry.
+
+[527] I have, in my _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_ [p. 200, Sept.
+13], fully expressed my sentiments upon this subject. The Revolution was
+_necessary_, but not a subject for _glory_; because it for a long time
+blasted the generous feelings of _Loyalty_. And now, when by the
+benignant effect of time the present Royal Family are established in our
+_affections_, how unwise it is to revive by celebrations the memory of a
+shock, which it would surely have been better that our constitution had
+not required. BOSWELL. See _ante_, iii. 3, and iv. 40, note 4.
+
+[528] Johnson reviewed this book in 1756. _Ante_, i. 309.
+
+[529] Johnson, four months later, wrote to one of Mrs. Thrale's
+daughters:--'Never think, my sweet, that you have arithmetick enough;
+when you have exhausted your master, buy books. ... A thousand stories
+which the ignorant tell and believe die away at once when the computist
+takes them in his gripe.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 296. See _post_,
+April 18, 1783.
+
+[530] See _ante_, p. 116; also iii. 310, where he bore the same topic
+impatiently when with Dr. Scott.
+
+[531] See _ante_, ii. 357.
+
+[532]
+
+     'See nations, slowly wise and meanly just,
+     To buried merit raise the tardy bust.'
+     Johnson's _Vanity of Human Wishes_.
+
+[533] He was perhaps, thinking of Markland. _Ante_, p. 161, note 3.
+
+[534] 'Dr. Johnson,' writes Mrs. Piozzi, 'was no complainer of
+ill-usage. I never heard him even lament the disregard shown to
+_Irene_.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 386. See _ante_, i. 200.
+
+[535] Letter to the People of Scotland against the attempt to diminish
+the number of the Lords of Session, 1785. BOSWELL. 'By Mr. Burke's
+removal from office the King's administration was deprived of the
+assistance of that affluent mind, which is so universally rich that, as
+long as British literature and British politicks shall endure, it will
+be said of Edmund Burke, _Regum equabat [sic] opes animis.'_ p.71.
+
+[536] _Georgics_, iv. 132.
+
+[537] See _ante_, iii. 56, note 2.
+
+[538] Very likely Boswell.
+
+[539] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 22.
+
+[540] Johnson had said:--'Lord Chesterfield is the proudest man this day
+existing.' _Ante_, i. 265.
+
+[541] Lord Shelburne. At this time he was merely holding office till a
+new Ministry was formed. On April 5 he was succeeded by the Duke of
+Portland. His 'coarse manners' were due to a neglected childhood. In the
+fragment of his _Autobiography_ he describes 'the domestic brutality and
+ill-usage he experienced at home,' in the South of Ireland. 'It cost
+me,' he continues, 'more to unlearn the habits, manners, and principles
+which I then imbibed, than would have served to qualify me for any
+_rôle_ whatever through life.' Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_, i. 12, 16.
+
+[542] Bentham, it is reported, said of of him that 'alone of his own
+time, he was a "Minister who did not fear the people."' _Ib._ iii. 572.
+
+[543] Malagrida, a Jesuit, was put to death at Lisbon in 1761, nominally
+on a charge of heresy, but in reality on a suspicion of his having
+sanctioned, as confessor to one of the conspirators, an attempt to
+assassinate King Joseph of Portugal. Voltaire, _Siècle de Louis XV_, ch.
+xxxviii. 'His name,' writes Wraxall (_Memoirs_, ed. 1815, i. 67), 'is
+become proverbial among us to express duplicity.' It was first applied
+to Lord Shelburne in a squib attributed to Wilkes, which contained a
+vision of a masquerade. The writer, after describing him as masquerading
+as 'the heir apparent of Loyola and all the College,' continues:--'A
+little more of the devil, my Lord, if you please, about the eyebrows;
+that's enough, a perfect Malagrida, I protest.' Fitzmaurice's
+_Shelburne_, ii. 164. 'George III. habitually spoke of Shelburne as
+"Malagrida," and the "Jesuit of Berkeley Square."' _Ib._ iii. 8. The
+charge of duplicity was first made against Shelburne on the retirement
+of Fox (the first Lord Holland) in 1763. 'It was the tradition of
+Holland House that Bute justified the conduct of Shelburne, by telling
+Fox that it was "a pious fraud." "I can see the fraud plainly enough,"
+is said to have been Fox's retort, "but where is the piety?"' _Ib_. i.
+226. Any one who has examined Reynolds's picture of Shelburne,
+especially 'about the eyebrows,' at once sees how the name of Jesuit
+was given.
+
+[544] Beauclerk wrote to Lord Charlemont on Nov. 20, 1773:-'Goldsmith
+the other day put a paragraph into the newspapers in praise of Lord
+Mayor Townshend. [Shelburne supported Townshend in opposition to Wilkes
+in the election of the Lord Mayor. Fitzmaurice's _Shelburne_, ii. 287.]
+The same night we happened to sit next to Lord Shelburne at Drury Lane.
+I mentioned the circumstance of the paragraph to him; he said to
+Goldsmith that he hoped that he had mentioned nothing about Malagrida in
+it. "Do you know," answered Goldsmith, "that I never could conceive the
+reason why they call you Malagrida, _for_ Malagrida was a very good sort
+of man." You see plainly what he meant to say, but that happy turn of
+expression is peculiar to himself. Mr. Walpole says that this story is a
+picture of Goldsmith's whole life.' _Life of Charlemont_, i. 344.
+
+[545] Most likely Reynolds, who introduced Crabbe to Johnson. Crabbe's
+_Works_, ed. 1834, ii. 11.
+
+[546]
+
+        'I paint the cot,
+     As truth will paint it, and as Bards will not.
+     Nor you, ye Poor, of lettered scorn complain,
+     To you the smoothest song is smooth in vain;
+     O'ercome by labour, and bowed down by time,
+     Feel you the barren flattery of a rhyme?
+     Can poets soothe you, when you pine for bread,
+     By winding myrtles round your ruined shed?
+     Can their light tales your weighty griefs o'erpower,
+     Or glad with airy mirth the toilsome hour?'
+
+     _The Village_, book i.
+
+See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 6.
+
+[547] I shall give an instance, marking the original by Roman, and
+Johnson's substitution in Italick characters:--
+
+     'In fairer scenes, where peaceful pleasures spring,
+     Tityrus, the pride of Mantuan swains, might sing:
+     But charmed by him, or smitten with his views,
+     Shall modern poets court the Mantuan muse?
+     From Truth and Nature shall we widely stray,
+     Where Fancy leads, or Virgil led the way?'
+     '_On Mincio's banks, in Caesar's bounteous reign,
+     If Tityrus found the golden age again,
+     Must sleepy bards the flattering dream prolong,
+     Mechanick echoes of the Mantuan song?_
+     From Truth and Nature shall we widely stray,
+     _Where Virgil, not where Fancy, leads the way?._
+
+Here we find Johnson's poetical and critical powers undiminished. I
+must, however, observe, that the aids he gave to this poem, as to _The
+Traveller_ and _Deserted Village_ of Goldsmith, were so small as by no
+means to impair the distinguished merit of the authour. BOSWELL.
+
+[548] In the _Gent. Mag._ 1763, pp. 602, 633, is a review of his
+_Observations on Diseases of the Army_. He says that the register of
+deaths of military men proves that more than eight times as many men
+fall by what was called the gaol fever as by battle. His suggestions are
+eminently wise. Lord Seaford, in 1835, told Leslie 'that he remembered
+dining in company with Dr. Johnson at Dr. Brocklesby's, when he was a
+boy of twelve or thirteen. He was impressed with the superiority of
+Johnson, and his knocking everybody down in argument.' C.R. Leslie's
+_Recollections_, i. 146.
+
+[549] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 28.
+
+[550] See _ante_, i. 433, and ii. 217, 358.
+
+[551] "In his _Life of Swift_ (_Works_, viii. 205) he thus speaks of
+this _Journal_:-'In the midst of his power and his politicks, he kept a
+journal of his visits, his walks, his interviews with ministers, and
+quarrels with his servant, and transmitted it to Mrs. Johnson and Mrs.
+Dingley, to whom he knew that whatever befell him was interesting, and
+no accounts could be too minute. Whether these diurnal trifles were
+properly exposed to eyes which had never received any pleasure from the
+presence of the dean, may be reasonably doubted: they have, however,
+some odd attraction: the reader, finding frequent mention of names which
+he has been used to consider as important, goes on in hope of
+information; and, as there is nothing to fatigue attention, if he is
+disappointed, he can hardly complain.'"
+
+[552] On his fifty-fifth birthday he recorded:--'I resolve to keep a
+journal both of employment and of expenses. To keep accounts.' _Pr. and
+Med_. 59. See _post_, Aug. 25, 1784, where he writes to Langton:--'I am
+a little angry at you for not keeping minutes of your own _acceptum et
+expensum_, and think a little time might be spared from Aristophanes for
+the _res familiares_.'
+
+[553] This Mr. Chalmers thought was George Steevens. CROKER. D'Israeli
+(_Curiosities of Literature_, ed. 1834, vi. 76) describes Steevens as
+guilty of 'an unparalleled series of arch deception and malicious
+ingenuity.' He gives curious instances of his literary impostures. See
+_ante_, iii. 281, and _post_, May 15, 1784.
+
+[554] If this be Lord Mansfield, Boswell must use _late_ in the sense of
+_in retirement_; for Mansfield was living when the _Life of Johnson_ was
+published. He retired in 1788. Johnson in 1772, said that he had never
+been in his company (_ante_, ii. 158). The fact that Mansfield is
+mentioned in the previous paragraph adds to the probability that he
+is meant.
+
+[555] See _ante_, ii. 318.
+
+[556] In Scotland, Johnson spoke of Mansfield's 'splendid talents.'
+Boswell's _Hebrides_, under Nov. 11.
+
+[557] 'I am not only witty in myself, but the cause that wit is in other
+men.' 2 _ Henry IV_, act i. sc. 2.
+
+[558] Knowing as well as I do what precision and elegance of oratory his
+Lordship can display, I cannot but suspect that his unfavourable
+appearance in a social circle, which drew such animadversions upon him,
+must be owing to a cold affectation of consequence, from being reserved
+and stiff. If it be so, and he might be an agreeable man if he would, we
+cannot be sorry that he misses his aim. BOSWELL. Wedderburne, afterwards
+Lord Loughborough, is mentioned (_ante_, ii. 374), and again in Murphy's
+_Life of Johnson_, p. 43, as being in company with Johnson and Foote.
+Boswell also has before (_ante_, i. 387) praised the elegance of his
+oratory. Henry Mackenzie (_Life of John Home_, i. 56) says that
+Wedderburne belonged to a club at the British Coffee-house, of which
+Garrick, Smollett, and Dr. Douglas were members.
+
+[559] Boswell informed the people of Scotland in the Letter that he
+addressed to them in 1785 (p. 29), that 'now that Dr. Johnson is gone to
+a better world, he (Boswell) bowed the intellectual knee to _Lord
+Thurlow_.' See _post_, June 22, 1784.
+
+[560] Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 27.
+
+[561]
+
+     'Charged with light summer-rings his fingers sweat,
+      Unable to support a gem of weight.'
+     DRYDEN. Juvenal, _Satires_, i. 29.
+
+[562] He had published a series of seventy _Essays_ under the title of
+_The Hypochondriack_ in the _London Magazine_ from 1777 to 1783.
+
+[563] Juvenal, _Satires_, x. 365. The common reading, however, is
+'Nullum numen _habes_,' &c. Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec._ p. 218) records this
+saying, but with a variation. '"For," says Mr. Johnson, "though I do not
+quite agree with the proverb, that _Nullum numen adest si sit
+prudentia_, yet we may very well say, that _Nullum numen adest, ni sit
+prudentia."'
+
+[564] It has since appeared. BOSWELL.
+
+[565] Miss Burney mentions meeting Dr. Harington at Bath in 1780. 'It is
+his son,' she writes, 'who published those very curious remains of his
+ancestor [Sir John Harington] under the title _Nugae Antiquae_ which my
+father and all of us were formerly so fond of.' Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_, i. 341.
+
+[566]
+
+     'For though they are but trifles, thou
+      Some value didst to them allow.'
+
+      Martin's _Catullus_, p. 1.
+
+[567]
+
+     --Underneath this rude, uncouth disguise,
+     A genius of extensive knowledge lies.'
+
+     FRANCIS. Horace, _Satires_, i. 3. 33.
+
+[568] He would not have been a troublesome patient anywhere, for,
+according to Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 275),'he required less attendance,
+sick or well, than ever I saw any human creature.'
+
+[569] 'That natural jealousy which makes every man unwilling to allow
+much excellence in another, always produces a disposition to believe
+that the mind grows old with the body; and that he whom we are now
+forced to confess superiour is hastening daily to a level with
+ourselves.' Johnson's _Works_, vii. 212.
+
+[570] With the following elucidation of the saying-_Quos Deus_ (it
+should rather be-_Quem Jupiter) vult perdere, prius dementat_-Mr.
+Boswell was furnished by Mr. Pitts:--'Perhaps no scrap of Latin whatever
+has been more quoted than this. It occasionally falls even from those
+who are scrupulous even to pedantry in their Latinity, and will not
+admit a word into their compositions, which has not the sanction of the
+first age. The word _demento_ is of no authority, either as a verb
+active or neuter.--After a long search for the purpose of deciding a
+bet, some gentlemen of Cambridge found it among the fragments of
+Euripides, in what edition I do not recollect, where it is given as a
+translation of a Greek Iambick: [Greek: Ou Theos thelei apolesoi'
+apophreuai.]
+
+'The above scrap was found in the hand-writing of a suicide of fashion,
+Sir D. O., some years ago, lying on the table of the room where he had
+destroyed himself. The suicide was a man of classical acquirements: he
+left no other paper behind him.'
+
+Another of these proverbial sayings,
+
+     _Incidit in Scyllam, cupiens vitare Charybdim,_
+
+I, in a note on a passage in _The Merchant of Venice_ [act iii. sc. 5],
+traced to its source. It occurs (with a slight variation) in the
+_Alexandreis_ of Philip Gualtier (a poet of the thirteenth century),
+which was printed at Lyons in 1558. Darius is the person addressed:--
+
+     --Quò tendis inertem,
+     Rex periture, fugam? nescis, heu! perdite, nescis
+     Quern fugias: hostes incurris dum fugis hostem;
+     _Incidis in Scyllam, cupiens vitare Charybdim._
+
+A line not less frequently quoted was suggested for enquiry in a note on
+_The Rape of Lucrece:--
+
+Solamen miseris socios habuisse doloris--_:
+
+But the author of this verse has not, I believe, been discovered.
+MALONE. The 'Greek lambick' in the above note is not Greek. To a learned
+friend I owe the following note. 'The _Quem Jupiter vult perdere_, &c.,
+is said to be a translation of a fragment of _Euripides_ by Joshua
+Barnes. There is, I believe, no such fragment at all. In Barnes's
+_Euripides_, Cantab. 1694, fol. p. 515, is a fragment of Euripides with
+a note which may explain the muddle of Boswell's correspondent:--
+
+"[Greek: otau de daimonn handri porsunae kaka ton noun heblapse proton,]"
+
+on which Barnes writes:--"Tale quid in Franciados nostrae [probably his
+uncompleted poem on Edward III.] l. 3. _Certe ille deorum Arbiter
+ultricem cum vult extendere dextram Dementat prius._"' See _ante_, ii.
+445, note 1. Sir D. O. is, perhaps, Sir D'Anvers Osborne, whose death is
+recorded in the _Gent. Mag._ 1753, p. 591. 'Sir D'Anvers Osborne, Bart.,
+Governor of New York, soon after his arrival there; _in his garden.'
+Solamen miseris, &c._, is imitated by Swift in his _Verses on Stella's
+Birthday_, 1726-7:--
+
+     'The only comfort they propose,
+     To have companions in their woes.'
+
+Swift's _Works_, ed. 1803, xi. 22. The note on _Lucrece_ was, I
+conjecture, on line 1111:--
+
+'Grief best is pleased with grief's society.'
+
+[571]
+
+      'FAUSTUS--
+     "Tu quoque, ut hîc video, non es ignarus amorum."
+       'FORTUNATUS--
+     "Id commune malum; semel insanivimus omnes."'
+
+Baptistae Mantuani Carmelitae _Adolescentia, seu Bucolica_. Ecloga I,
+published in 1498. 'Scaliger,' says Johnson (_Works_, viii. 391),
+'complained that Mantuan's Bucolicks were received into schools, and
+taught as classical. ... He was read, at least in some of the inferiour
+schools of this kingdom, to the beginning of the present
+[eighteenth] century.'
+
+[572] See _ante_, i. 368.
+
+[573] See _ante_, i. 396.
+
+[574] I am happy, however, to mention a pleasing instance of his
+enduring with great gentleness to hear one of his most striking
+particularities pointed out:--Miss Hunter, a niece of his friend
+Christopher Smart, when a very young girl, struck by his extraordinary
+motions, said to him, 'Pray, Dr. Johnson, why do you make such strange
+gestures?' 'From bad habit,' he replied. 'Do you, my dear, take care to
+guard against bad habits.' This I was told by the young lady's brother
+at Margate. BOSWELL. Boswell had himself told Johnson of some of them,
+at least in writing. Johnson read in manuscript his _Journal of a Tour
+to the Hebrides_. Boswell says in a note on Oct. 12:--'It is remarkable
+that Dr. Johnson should have read this account of some of his own
+peculiar habits, without saying anything on the subject, which I hoped
+he would have done.'
+
+[575] See _ante_, ii. 42, note 2, and iii. 324.
+
+[576] Johnson, after stating that some of Milton's manuscripts prove
+that 'in the early part of his life he wrote with much care,'
+continues:--'Such reliques show how excellence is acquired; what we hope
+ever to do with ease, we must learn first to do with diligence.'
+_Works_, vii. 119. Lord Chesterfield (_Letters_, iii. 146) had made the
+same rule as Johnson:--'I was,' he writes, 'early convinced of the
+importance and powers of eloquence; and from that moment I applied
+myself to it. I resolved not to utter one word even in common
+conversation that should not be the most expressive and the most elegant
+that the language could supply me with for that purpose; by which means
+I have acquired such a certain degree of habitual eloquence, that I must
+now really take some pains if I would express myself very inelegantly.'
+
+[577] 'Dr. Johnson,' wrote Malone in 1783, 'is as correct and elegant in
+his common conversation as in his writings. He never seems to study
+either for thoughts or words. When first introduced I was very young;
+yet he was as accurate in his conversation as if he had been talking to
+the first scholar in England.' Prior's _Malone_, p. 92. See _post_,
+under Aug. 29, 1783.
+
+[578] See _ante_, iii. 216.
+
+[579] See _ante_, ii. 323.
+
+[580] The justness of this remark is confirmed by the following story,
+for which I am indebted to Lord Eliot:--A country parson, who was
+remarkable for quoting scraps of Latin in his sermons, having died, one
+of his parishioners was asked how he liked his successor. 'He is a very
+good preacher,' was his answer, 'but no _latiner_.' BOSWELL. For the
+original of Lord Eliot's story see Twells's _Life of Dr. E. Pocock_, ed.
+1816, p. 94. Reynolds said that 'Johnson always practised on every
+occasion the rule of speaking his best, whether the person to whom he
+addressed himself was or was not capable of comprehending him. "If,"
+says he, "I am understood, my labour is not lost. If it is above their
+comprehension, there is some gratification, though it is the admiration
+of ignorance;" and he said those were the most sincere admirers; and
+quoted Baxter, who made a rule never to preach a sermon without saying
+something which he knew was beyond the comprehension of his audience, in
+order to inspire their admiration.' Taylor's _Reynolds_, ii. 456.
+Addison, in _The Spectator_, No. 221, tells of a preacher in a country
+town who outshone a more ignorant rival, by quoting every now and then a
+Latin sentence from one of the Fathers. 'The other finding his
+congregation mouldering every Sunday, and hearing at length what was the
+occasion of it, resolved to give his parish a little Latin in his turn;
+but being unacquainted with any of the Fathers, he digested into his
+sermons the whole book of _Quae Genus_, adding, however, such
+explications to it as he thought might be for the benefit of his people.
+He afterwards entered upon _As in praesenti_, which he converted in the
+same manner to the use of his parishioners. This in a very little time
+thickened his audience, filled his church, and routed his antagonist.'
+
+[581] See _ante_, ii. 96
+
+[582] '"Well," said he, "we had good talk." BOSWELL. "Yes, Sir; you
+tossed and gored several persons."' _Ante,_ ii. 66.
+
+[583] Dr. J. H. Burton says of Hume (_Life, ii. 31_):--'No Scotsman
+could write a book of respectable talent without calling forth his loud
+and warm eulogiums. Wilkie was to be the Homer, Blacklock the Pindar,
+and Home the Shakespeare or something still greater of his country.' See
+_ante_, ii. 121, 296, 306.
+
+[584] _The Present State of Music in France and Italy,_ I vol. 1771, and
+_The Present State of Music in Germany, &c.,_ 2 vols. 1773. Johnson must
+have skipped widely in reading these volumes, for though Dr. Burney
+describes his travels, yet he writes chiefly of music.
+
+[585] Boswell's son James says that he heard from his father, that the
+passage which excited this strong emotion was the following:--
+
+     'Tis night, and the landscape is lovely no more:
+       I mourn, but, ye woodlands, I mourn not for you;
+     For morn is approaching, your charms to restore,
+       Perfumed with fresh fragrance, and glittering with dew;
+     Nor yet for the ravage of winter I mourn;
+       Kind Nature the embryo blossom will save:
+     But when shall spring visit the mouldering urn?
+       O when shall it dawn on the night of the grave?'
+
+[586] Horace Walpole (_Letters_, vii. 338) mentions this book at some
+length. On March 13, 1780, he wrote:--'Yesterday was published an
+octavo, pretending to contain the correspondence of Hackman and Miss Ray
+that he murdered.' See _ante_, iii. 383.
+
+[587] Hawkins (_Life_, p. 547), recording how Johnson used to meet
+Psalmanazar at an ale-house, says that Johnson one day 'remarked on the
+human mind, that it had a necessary tendency to improvement, and that it
+would frequently anticipate instruction. "Sir," said a stranger that
+overheard him, "that I deny; I am a tailor, and have had many
+apprentices, but never one that could make a coat till I had taken great
+pains in teaching him."' See _ante_, iii. 443. Robert Hall was
+influenced in his studies by 'his intimate association in mere childhood
+with a tailor, one of his father's congregation, who was an acute
+metaphysician.' Hall's _Works_, vi. 5.
+
+[588] Johnson had never been in Grub-street. _Ante_, i. 296, note 2.
+
+[589] The Honourable Horace Walpole, late Earl of Orford, thus bears
+testimony to this gentleman's merit as a writer:--'Mr. Chambers's
+_Treatise on Civil Architecture_ is the most sensible book, and the most
+exempt from prejudices, that ever was written on that science.'--Preface
+to _Anecdotes of Painting in England_. BOSWELL. Chambers was the
+architect of Somerset House. See _ante_, p. 60, note 7.
+
+[590] The introductory lines are these:--'It is difficult to avoid
+praising too little or too much. The boundless panegyricks which have
+been lavished upon the Chinese learning, policy, and arts, shew with
+what power novelty attracts regard, and how naturally esteem swells into
+admiration. I am far from desiring to be numbered among the exaggerators
+of Chinese excellence. I consider them as great, or wise, only in
+comparison with the nations that surround them; and have no intention to
+place them in competition either with the antients or with the moderns
+of this part of the world; yet they must be allowed to claim our notice
+as a distinct and very singular race of men: as the inhabitants of a
+region divided by its situation from all civilized countries, who have
+formed their own manners, and invented their own arts, without the
+assistance of example.' BOSWELL.
+
+[591] The last execution at Tyburn was on Nov. 7, 1783, when one man was
+hanged. The first at Newgate was on the following Dec. 9, when ten were
+hanged. _Gent. Mag._ 1783, pp. 974, 1060.
+
+[592] We may compare with this 'loose talk' Johnson's real opinion, as
+set forth in _The Rambler_, No. 114, entitled:--_The necessity of
+proportioning punishments to crimes_. He writes:--'The learned, the
+judicious, the pious Boerhaave relates that he never saw a criminal
+dragged to execution without asking himself, "Who knows whether this man
+is not less culpable than me?" On the days when the prisons of this city
+are emptied into the grave, let every spectator of this dreadful
+procession put the same question to his own heart. Few among those that
+crowd in thousands to the legal massacre, and look with carelessness,
+perhaps with triumph, on the utmost exacerbations of human misery, would
+then be able to return without horror and dejection.' He continues:--'It
+may be observed that all but murderers have, at their last hour, the
+common sensations of mankind pleading in their favour.... They who would
+rejoice at the correction of a thief, are yet shocked at the thought of
+destroying him. His crime shrinks to nothing compared with his misery,
+and severity defeats itself by exciting pity.'
+
+[593] Richardson, in his _Familiar Letters_, No. 160, makes a country
+gentleman in town describe the procession of five criminals to Tyburn,
+and their execution. He should have heard, he said, 'the exhortation
+spoken by the bell-man from the wall of St. Sepulchre's church-yard;
+but the noise of the officers and the mob was so great, and the silly
+curiosity of people climbing into the cart to take leave of the
+criminals made such a confused noise that I could not hear them. They
+are as follow: "All good people pray heartily to God for these poor
+sinners, who now are going to their deaths; for whom this great bell
+doth toll. You that are condemned to die, repent with lamentable
+tears.... Lord have mercy upon you! Christ have mercy upon you!" which
+last words the bell-man repeats three times. All the way up Holborn the
+crowd was so great, as at every twenty or thirty yards to obstruct the
+passage; and wine, notwithstanding a late good order against that
+practice, was brought the malefactors, who drank greedily of it. After
+this the three thoughtless young men, who at first seemed not enough
+concerned, grew most shamefully daring and wanton. They swore, laughed,
+and talked obscenely. At the place of execution the scene grew still
+more shocking; and the clergyman who attended was more the subject of
+ridicule than of their serious attention. The psalm was sung amidst the
+curses and quarrelling of hundreds of the most abandoned and profligate
+of mankind. As soon as the poor creatures were half-dead, I was much
+surprised to see the populace fall to haling and pulling the carcases
+with so much earnestness as to occasion several warm rencounters and
+broken heads. These, I was told, were the friends of the persons
+executed, or such as for the sake of tumult chose to appear so; and some
+persons sent by private surgeons to obtain bodies for dissection.' The
+psalm is mentioned in a note on the line in _The Dunciad_, i. 4l, 'Hence
+hymning Tyburn's elegiac lines:'--'It is an ancient English custom,'
+says Pope, 'for the malefactors to sing a psalm at their execution
+at Tyburn.'
+
+[594] The rest of these miscellaneous sayings were first given in the
+_Additions to Dr. Johnson's Life_ at the beginning of vol. I of the
+second edition.
+
+[595] Hume (_Auto_. p. 6) speaks of Hurd as attacking him 'with all the
+illiberal petulance, arrogance, and scurrility which distinguish the
+Warburtonian school.' 'Hurd,' writes Walpole, 'had acquired a great name
+by several works of slender merit, was a gentle, plausible man,
+affecting a singular decorum that endeared him highly to devout old
+ladies.' _Journal of the Reign of George III_, ii. 50. He is best known
+to the present generation by his impertinent notes on Addison's _Works_.
+By reprinting them, Mr. Bohn did much to spoil what was otherwise an
+excellent edition of that author. See _ante_, p. 47, note 2.
+
+[596] The Rev. T. Twining, one of Dr. Burney's friends, wrote in
+1779:--'You use a form of reference that I abominate, i.e. the latter,
+the former. "As long as you have the use of your tongue and your pen,"
+said Dr. Johnson to Dr. Burney, "never, Sir, be reduced to that shift."'
+_Recreations and Studies of a Country Clergyman of the XVIIIth
+Century_, p. 72.
+
+[597] 'A shilling was now wanted for some purpose or other, and none of
+them happened to have one; I begged that I might lend one. "Ay, do,"
+said the Doctor, "I will borrow of you; authors are like privateers,
+always fair game for one another."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 212.
+
+[598] See _ante_, i. 129, note 3.
+
+[599] See _post_, June 3, 1784, where he uses almost the same words.
+
+[600] What this period was Boswell seems to leave intentionally vague.
+Johnson knew Lord Shelburne at least as early as 1778 (_ante_, iii.
+265). He wrote to Dr. Taylor on July 22, 1782:--'Shelburne speaks of
+Burke in private with great malignity.' _Notes and Queries_, 6th S. v.
+462. The company commonly gathered at his house would have been
+displeasing to Johnson. Priestley, who lived with Shelburne seven years,
+says (_Auto_. p. 55) that a great part of the company he saw there was
+like the French philosophers, unbelievers in Christianity, and even
+professed atheists: men 'who had given no proper attention to
+Christianity, and did not really know what it was.' Johnson was intimate
+with Lord Shelburne's brother. _Ante_, ii. 282, note 3.
+
+[601] Johnson being asked his opinion of this Essay, answered, 'Why,
+Sir, we shall have the man come forth again; and as he has proved
+Falstaff to be no coward, he may prove Iago to be a very good
+character.' BOSWELL.
+
+[602] A writer in the _European Magazine_, xxx. 160, says that Johnson
+visited Lord Shelburne at Bowood. At dinner he repeated part of his
+letter to Lord Chesterfield (_ante_, i. 261). A gentleman arrived late.
+Shelburne, telling him what he had missed, went on:-'I dare say the
+Doctor will be kind enough to give it to us again.' 'Indeed, my Lord, I
+will not. I told the circumstance first for my own amusement, but I will
+not be dragged in as story-teller to a company.' In an argument he used
+some strong expressions, of which his opponent took no notice, Next
+morning 'he went up to the gentleman with great good-nature, and said,
+"Sir, I have found out upon reflection that I was both warm and wrong in
+my argument with you last night; for the first of which I beg your
+pardon, and for the second, I thank you for setting me right."' It is
+clear that the second of these anecdotes is the same as that told by Mr.
+Morgann of Johnson and himself, and that the scene has been wrongly
+transferred from Wickham to Bowood. The same writer says that it was
+between Derrick and Boyce--not Derrick and Smart--that Johnson, in the
+story that follows, could not settle the precedency.
+
+[603] See ante, i. 124, 394.
+
+[604] See ante, i. 397.
+
+[605] What the great TWALMLEY was so proud of having invented, was
+neither more nor less than a kind of box-iron for smoothing
+linen. BOSWELL.
+
+[606]
+
+     'Hic manus ob patriam pugnando vulnera passi,
+     Quique sacerdotes casti, dum vita manebat,
+     Quique pii vates et Phoebo digna locuti,
+     Inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes.'
+
+     _Aeneid_, vi. 660.
+
+     'Lo, they who in their country's fight
+       sword-wounded bodies bore;
+     Lo, priests of holy life and chaste,
+       while they in life had part;
+     Lo, God-loved poets, men who spake
+       things worthy Phoebus' heart,
+     And they who bettered life on earth
+       by new-found mastery.'
+
+MORRIS. Virgil, _Aeneids_, vi. 660. The great Twalmley might have
+justified himself by _The Rambler_, No. 9:--'Every man, from the
+highest to the lowest station, ought to warm his heart and animate his
+endeavours with the hopes of being useful to the world, by advancing the
+art which it is his lot to exercise; and for that end he must
+necessarily consider the whole extent of its application, and the whole
+weight of its importance.... Every man ought to endeavour at eminence,
+not by pulling others down, but by raising himself, and enjoy the
+pleasure of his own superiority, whether imaginary or real, without
+interrupting others in the same felicity.' All this is what Twalmley
+did. He adorned an art, he endeavoured at eminence, and he inoffensively
+enjoyed the pleasure of his own superiority. He could also have defended
+himself by the example of Aeneas, who, introducing himself, said:--
+
+     'Sum pius Aeneas .....
+     ... fama super aethera notus.'
+
+_Aeneid_, i. 378. I fear that Twalmley met with the neglect that so
+commonly befalls inventors. In the _Gent. Mag_. 1783, p. 719, I find in
+the list of 'B-nk-ts,' Josiah Twamley, the elder, of Warwick,
+ironmonger.
+
+[607] 'Sir, Hume is a Tory by chance, as being a Scotchman; but not upon
+a principle of duty, for he has no principle. If he is anything, he is a
+Hobbist.' Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 30. Horace Walpole's opinion was
+very different. 'Are not atheism and bigotry first cousins? Was not
+Charles II. an atheist and a bigot? and does Mr. Hume pluck a stone from
+a church but to raise an altar to tyranny?' _Letters_, v. 444. Hume
+wrote in 1756:--'My views of _things_ are more conformable to Whig
+principles; my representations of _persons_ to Tory prejudices.' J.H.
+Burton's _Hume_, ii. 11. Hume's Toryism increased with years. He says in
+his _Autobiography/_ (p. xi.) that all the alterations which he made in
+the later editions of his _History of the Stuarts_, 'he made invariably
+to the Tory side.' Dr. Burton gives instances of these; _Life of Hume_,
+ii. 74. Hume wrote in 1763 that he was 'too much infected with the
+plaguy prejudices of Whiggism when he began the work.' _Ib_. p. 144. In
+1770 he wrote:--'I either soften or expunge many villainous, seditious
+Whig strokes which had crept into it.' _Ib_. p. 434. This growing hatred
+of Whiggism was, perhaps, due to pique. John Home, in his notes of
+Hume's talk in the last weeks of his life, says: 'He recurred to a
+subject not unfrequent with him--that is, the design to ruin him as an
+author, by the people that were ministers at the first publication of
+his _History_, and called themselves Whigs.' _Ib_. p. 500. As regards
+America, Hume was with the Whigs, as Johnson had perhaps learnt from
+their common friend, Mr. Strahan. 'He was,' says Dr. Burton, 'far more
+tolerant of the sway of individuals over numbers, which he looked upon
+as the means of preserving order and civilization, than of the
+predominance of one territory over another, which he looked upon as
+subjugation.' _Ib_. p. 477. Quite at the beginning of the struggle he
+foretold that the Americans would not be subdued, unless they broke in
+pieces among themselves. _Ib_. p. 482. He was not frightened by the
+prospect of the loss of our supremacy. He wrote to Adam Smith:--'My
+notion is that the matter is not so important as is commonly imagined.
+Our navigation and general commerce may suffer more than our
+manufactures.' _Ib_. p. 484. Johnson's charge against Hume that he had
+no principle, is, no doubt, a gross one; yet Hume's advice to a
+sceptical young clergyman, who had good hope of preferment, that he
+should therefore continue in orders, was unprincipled enough. 'It is,'
+he wrote, 'putting too great a respect on the vulgar and on their
+superstitions to pique one's self on sincerity with regard to them. Did
+ever one make it a point of honour to speak truth to children or madmen?
+If the thing were worthy being treated gravely, I should tell him that
+the Pythian oracle, with the approbation of Xenophon, advised every one
+to worship the gods--[Greek: nomo poleos]. I wish it were still in my
+power to be a hypocrite in this particular. The common duties of society
+usually require it; and the ecclesiastical profession only adds a little
+more to an innocent dissimulation, or rather simulation, without which
+it is impossible to pass through the world.' _Ib/_. p. 187.
+
+[608] Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 48) says that Johnson told her that in
+writing the story of Gelaleddin, the poor scholar (_Idler_, No. 75), who
+thought to fight his way to fame by his learning and wit, 'he had his
+own outset into life in his eye.' Gelaleddin describes how 'he was
+sometimes admitted to the tables of the viziers, where he exerted his
+wit and diffused his knowledge; but he observed that where, by endeavour
+or accident he had remarkably excelled, he was seldom invited a second
+time.' See _ante_, p. 116.
+
+[609] See ante, p. 115.
+
+[610] Bar. BOSWELL.
+
+[611] Nard. BOSWELL.
+
+[612] Barnard. BOSWELL.
+
+[613] It was reviewed in the _Gent. Mag_. 1781, p. 282, where it is said
+to have been written by Don Gabriel, third son of the King of Spain.
+
+[614] Though 'you was' is very common in the authors of the last century
+when one person was addressed, I doubt greatly whether Johnson ever so
+expressed himself.
+
+[615] See _ante_, i. 311.
+
+[616] Horace Walpole (_Letters_ v. 85) says, 'Boswell, like Cambridge,
+has a rage of knowing anybody that ever was talked of.' Miss Burney
+records 'an old trick of Mr. Cambridge to his son George, when listening
+to a dull story, in saying to the relator "Tell the rest of that to
+George."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 274. See _ante_, ii. 361.
+
+[617] Virgil, _Eclogues_, i. 47.
+
+[618] 'Mr. Johnson,' writes Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 21), 'was
+exceedingly disposed to the general indulgence of children, and was even
+scrupulously and ceremoniously attentive not to offend them. He had
+strongly persuaded himself of the difficulty people always find to erase
+early impressions either of kindness or resentment.'
+
+[619] _Ante_, ii.171, iv.75; also _post_, May 15, 1784.
+
+[620] Johnson, on May 1, 1780, wrote of the exhibition dinner:--'The
+apartments were truly very noble. The pictures, for the sake of a
+sky-light, are at the top of the house; there we dined, and I sat over
+against the Archbishop of York. See how I live when I am not under
+petticoat government.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 111. It was Archbishop
+Markham whom he met; he is mentioned by Boswell in his _Hebrides, post_,
+v. 37. In spite of the 'elaboration of homage' Johnson could judge
+freely of an archbishop. He described the Archbishop of Tuam as 'a man
+coarse of voice and inelegant of language.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 300.
+
+[621] By Lord Perceval, afterwards Earl of Egmont. He carried, writes
+Horace Walpole (_Letters_, ii. 144), 'the Westminster election at the
+end of my father's ministry, which he amply described in the history of
+his own family, a genealogical work called the _History of the House of
+Yvery_, a work which cost him three thousand pounds; and which was so
+ridiculous, that he has since tried to suppress all the copies. It
+concluded with the description of the Westminster election, in these or
+some such words:--"And here let us leave this young nobleman struggling
+for the dying liberties of his country."'
+
+[622] Five days earlier Johnson made the following entry in his
+Diary:--'1783, April 5. I took leave of Mrs. Thrale. I was much moved. I
+had some expostulations with her. She said that she was likewise
+affected. I commended the Thrales with great good-will to God; may my
+petitions have been heard.' Hawkins's _Life_, p. 553. This was not 'a
+formal taking of leave,' as Hawkins says. She was going to Bath (Mme.
+D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 264). On May-day he wrote to her on the death of
+one of her little girls:--'I loved her, for she was Thrale's and yours,
+and, by her dear father's appointment, in some sort mine: I love you
+all, and therefore cannot without regret see the phalanx broken, and
+reflect that you and my other dear girls are deprived of one that was
+born your friend. To such friends every one that has them has recourse
+at last, when it is discovered and discovered it seldom fails to be,
+that the fortuitous friendships of inclination or vanity are at the
+mercy of a thousand accidents.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 255. He was sadly
+thinking how her friendship for him was rapidly passing away.
+
+[623] Johnson modestly ended his account of the tour by saying:--'I
+cannot but be conscious that my thoughts on national manners are the
+thoughts of one who has seen but little.' _Works_, ix. 161. See
+Boswell's _Hebrides_, Nov. 22.
+
+[624] See _ib_. Oct. 21.
+
+[625] She says that he was 'the genuine author of the first volume. An
+ingenious physician,' she continues, 'with the assistance of several
+others, continued the work until the eighth volume.' Mrs. Manley's
+_History of her own Life and Times_, p. 15--a gross, worthless book.
+Swift satirised her in _Corinna, a Ballad_. Swift's _Works_ (1803),
+x. 94.
+
+[626] The real authour was I. P. Marana, a Genoese, who died at Paris in
+1693. John Dunton in his _Life_ says, that Mr. _William Bradshaw_
+received from Dr. Midgeley forty shillings a sheet for writing part of
+the _Turkish Spy_; but I do not find that he any where mentions _Sault_
+as engaged in that work. MALONE.
+
+[627] See _ante_, ii. 355, iii. 46, and iv. 139.
+
+[628] This was in June, 1783, and I find in Mr. Windham's private diary
+(which it seems this conversation induced him to keep) the following
+memoranda of Dr. Johnson's advice: 'I have no great timidity in my own
+disposition, and am no encourager of it in others. Never be afraid to
+think yourself fit for any thing for which your friends think you fit.
+_You will become an able negotiator--a very pretty rascal_. No one in
+Ireland wears even the mask of incorruption; no one professes to do for
+sixpence what he can get a shilling for doing. Set sail, and see where
+the winds and the waves will carry you. Every day will improve another.
+_Dies diem docet_, by observing at night where you failed in the day,
+and by resolving to fail so no more.' CROKER. The Whigs thought he made
+'a very pretty rascal' in a very different way. On his opposition to
+Whitbread's bill for establishing parochial schools, Romilly wrote
+(_Life_, ii. 2l6), 'that a man so enlightened as Windham should take the
+same side (which he has done most earnestly) would excite great
+astonishment, if one did not recollect his eager opposition a few months
+ago to the abolition of the slave trade.' He was also 'most strenuous in
+opposition' to Romilly's bill for repealing the act which made it a
+capital offence to steal to the amount of forty shillings in a
+dwelling-house, _Ib_. p. 316.
+
+[629] We accordingly carried our scheme into execution, in October,
+1792; but whether from that uniformity which has in modern times, in a
+great degree, spread through every part of the Metropolis, or from our
+want of sufficient exertion, we were disappointed. BOSWELL.
+
+[630] Piozzi's _Anecdotes_, p. 193. See _post_, under June 30, 1784.
+
+[631] Northcote (_Life of Reynolds_, ii. 139-143) says that the picture,
+which was execrable beyond belief, was exhibited in an empty room. Lowe,
+in 1769 (not in 1771 as Northcote says), gained the gold medal of the
+Academy for the best historical picture. (_Gent. Mag_. 1770, p. 587.)
+Northcote says that the award was not a fair one. He adds that Lowe,
+being sent to Rome by the patronage of the Academy, was dissatisfied
+with the sum allowed him. 'When Sir Joshua said that he knew from
+experience that it was sufficient, Lowe pertly answered "that it was
+possible for a man to live on guts and garbage."' He died at an obscure
+lodging in Westminster, in 1793. There is, wrote Miss Burney, 'a certain
+poor wretch of a villainous painter, one Mr. Lowe, whom Dr. Johnson
+recommends to all the people he thinks can afford to sit for their
+picture. Among these he applied to Mr. Crutchley [one of Mr. Thrale's
+executors]. "But now," said Mr. Crutchley to me, "I have not a notion of
+sitting for my picture--for who wants it? I may as well give the man
+the money without; but no, they all said that would not do so well, and
+Dr. Johnson asked me to give _him_ my picture." "And I assure you, Sir,"
+says he, "I shall put it in very good company, for I have portraits of
+some very respectable people in my dining-room." After all I could say I
+was obliged to go to the painter's. And I found him in such a condition!
+a room all dirt and filth, brats squalling and wrangling... "Oh!" says
+I, "Mr. Lowe, I beg your pardon for running away, but I have just
+recollected another engagement; so I poked three guineas in his hand,
+and told him I would come again another time, and then ran out of the
+house with all my might."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii.41. A
+correspondent of the _Examiner_ writing on May 28, 1873, said that he
+had met one of Lowe's daughters, 'who recollected,' she told him, 'when
+a child, sitting on Dr. Johnson's knee and his making her repeat the
+Lord's Prayer.' She was Johnson's god-daughter. By a committee
+consisting of Milman, Thackeray, Dickens, Carlyle and others, an annuity
+fund for her and her sister was raised. Lord Palmerston gave a large
+subscription.
+
+[632] See _post_, May 15, 1783.
+
+[633] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, _post_, v. 48.
+
+[634] See _ante_, p. 171.
+
+[635] Quoted by Boswell, _ante_, iii. 324.
+
+[636] It is suggested to me by an anonymous Annotator on my Work, that
+the reason why Dr. Johnson collected the peels of squeezed oranges may
+be found in the 58th [358th] Letter in Mrs. Piozzi's _Collection_, where
+it appears that he recommended 'dried orange-peel, finely powdered,' as
+a medicine. BOSWELL. See _ante_, ii. 330.
+
+[637] There are two mistakes in this calculation, both perhaps due to
+Boswell. _Eighty-four_ should be _eighty-eight_, and square-yards should
+be _yards square_. 'If a wall cost £1000 a mile, £100 would build 176
+yards of wall, which would form a square of 44 yards, and enclose an
+area of 1936 square yards; and £200 would build 352 yards of wall, which
+would form a square of 88 yards, and inclose an area of 7744 square
+yards. The cost of the wall in the latter case, as compared with the
+space inclosed, would therefore be reduced to one half.' _Notes and
+Queries_, 1st S. x. 471.
+
+[638] See _ante_, i. 318.
+
+[639] 'Davies observes, in his account of Ireland, that no Irishman had
+ever planted an orchard.' Johnson's _Works_, ix.7. 'At Fochabars [in the
+Highlands] there is an orchard, which in Scotland I had never seen
+before.' _Ib._ p. 21.
+
+[640] Miss Burney this year mentions meeting 'Mr. Walker, the lecturer.
+Though modest in science, he is vulgar in conversation.' Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_, ii. 237. Johnson quotes him, _Works_, viii. 474.
+
+[641] 'Old Mr. Sheridan' was twelve years younger than Johnson. For his
+oratory, see _ante_, i. 453, and _post_, April 28 and May 17, 1783.
+
+[642] See _ante_, i. 358, when Johnson said of Sheridan:--'His voice
+when strained is unpleasing, and when low is not always heard.'
+
+[643] See _ante_, iii. 139.
+
+[644] 'A more magnificent funeral was never seen in London,' wrote
+Murphy (_Life of Garrick_, p. 349). Horace Walpole (_Letters_, vii.
+169), wrote on the day of the funeral:--'I do think the pomp of
+Garrick's funeral perfectly ridiculous. It is confounding the immense
+space between pleasing talents and national services.' He added, 'at
+Lord Chatham's interment there were not half the noble coaches that
+attended Garrick's.' _Ib_. p. 171. In his _Journal of the Reign of
+George III_ (ii. 333), he says:--'The Court was delighted to see a more
+noble and splendid appearance at the interment of a comedian than had
+waited on the remains of the great Earl of Chatham.' Bishop Horne
+(_Essays and Thoughts_, p. 283) has some lines on 'this grand parade of
+woe,' which begin:--
+
+     'Through weeping London's crowded streets,
+        As Garrick's funeral passed,
+      Contending wits and nobles strove,
+        Who should forsake him last.
+      Not so the world behaved to _him_
+        Who came that world to save,
+      By solitary Joseph borne
+        Unheeded to his grave.'
+
+Johnson wrote on April 30, 1782: 'Poor Garrick's funeral expenses are
+yet unpaid, though the undertaker is broken.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 239.
+Garrick was buried on Feb. 1, 1779, and had left his widow a large
+fortune. Chatham died in May, 1778.
+
+[645] Boswell had heard Johnson maintain this; _ante_, ii. 101.
+
+[646] See _post_, p. 238, note 2.
+
+[647] This duel was fought on April 21, between Mr. Riddell of the
+Horse-Grenadiers, and Mr. Cunningham of the Scots Greys. Riddell had the
+first fire, and shot Cunningham through the breast. After a pause of two
+minutes Cunningham returned the fire, and gave Riddell a wound of which
+he died next day. _Gent. Mag._ 1783, p. 362. Boswell's grandfather's
+grandmother was a Miss Cunningham. Rogers's _Boswelliana_, p. 4. I do
+not know that there was any nearer connection. In Scotland, I suppose,
+so much kindred as this makes two men 'near relations.'
+
+[648] 'Unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the
+other.' _St. Luke_, vi. 29. Had Miss Burney thought of this text, she
+might have quoted it with effect against Johnson, who, criticising her
+_Evelina_, said:--'You write Scotch, you say "the one,"--my dear,
+that's not English. Never use that phrase again.' Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_, i. 84.
+
+[649] 'Turn not thou away.' _St. Matthew_, v. 42.
+
+[650] I think it necessary to caution my readers against concluding that
+in this or any other conversation of Dr. Johnson, they have his serious
+and deliberate opinion on the subject of duelling. In my _Journal of a
+Tour to the Hebrides_, 3 ed. p. 386 [p. 366, Oct. 24], it appears that
+he made this frank confession:--'Nobody at times, talks more laxly than
+I do;' and, _ib_. p. 231 [Sept. 19, 1773], 'He fairly owned he could not
+explain the rationality of duelling.' We may, therefore, infer, that he
+could not think that justifiable, which seems so inconsistent with the
+spirit of the Gospel. At the same time it must be confessed, that from
+the prevalent notions of honour, a gentleman who receives a challenge is
+reduced to a dreadful alternative. A remarkable instance of this is
+furnished by a clause in the will of the late Colonel Thomas, of the
+Guards, written the night before he fell in a duel, Sept. 3, 1783:--'In
+the first place, I commit my soul to Almighty GOD, in hopes of his mercy
+and pardon for the irreligious step I now (in compliance with the
+unwarrantable customs of this wicked world) put myself under the
+necessity of taking.' BOSWELL. See _ante_, ii. 179.
+
+[651] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Aug. 24 and Sept. 20. Dr. Franklin
+(_Memoirs_, i. 177) says that when the assembly at Philadelphia, the
+majority of which were Quakers, was asked by New England to supply
+powder for some garrison, 'they would not grant money to buy powder,
+because that was an ingredient of war; but they voted an aid of £3000 to
+be appropriated for the purchase of bread, flour, wheat, or _other
+grain_.' The Governor interpreted _other grain_ as gunpowder, without
+any objection ever being raised.
+
+[652] 'A gentleman falling off his horse brake his neck, which sudden
+hap gave occasion of much speech of his former life, and some in this
+judging world judged the worst. In which respect a good friend made this
+good epitaph, remembering that of Saint Augustine, _Misericordia Domini
+inter pontem et fontem_.
+
+     "My friend judge not me,
+      Thou seest I judge not thee;
+      Betwixt the stirrop and the ground,
+      Mercy I askt, mercy I found."'
+
+_Camden's Remains_, ed. 1870, p. 420.
+
+[653] 'In sure and certain hope of the Resurrection to eternal life.'
+_Prayer-book._
+
+[654] Upon this objection the Reverend Mr. Ralph Churton, Fellow of
+Brazennose College, Oxford, has favoured me with the following
+satisfactory observation:--'The passage in the Burial-service does not
+mean the resurrection of the person interred, but the general
+resurrection; it is in sure and certain hope of _the_ resurrection; not
+_his_ resurrection. Where the deceased is really spoken of, the
+expression is very different, "as our hope is this our brother doth"
+[rest in Christ]; a mode of speech consistent with every thing but
+absolute certainty that the person departed doth _not_ rest in Christ,
+which no one can be assured of, without immediate revelation from
+Heaven. In the first of these places also, "eternal life" does not
+necessarily mean eternity of bliss, but merely the eternity of the
+state, whether in happiness or in misery, to ensue upon the
+resurrection; which is probably the sense of "the life everlasting," in
+the Apostles' Creed. See _Wheatly and Bennet on the Common
+Prayer_.' BOSWELL.
+
+[655] Six days earlier the Lord-Advocate Dundas had brought in a bill
+for the Regulation of the Government of India. Hastings, he said, should
+be recalled. His place should be filled by 'a person of independent
+fortune, who had not for object the repairing of his estate in India,
+that had long been the nursery of ruined and decayed fortunes.' _Parl.
+Hist_. xxiii. 757. Johnson wrote to Dr. Taylor on Nov. 22 of this
+year:--'I believe corruption and oppression are in India at an enormous
+height, but it has never appeared that they were promoted by the
+Directors, who, I believe, see themselves defrauded, while the country
+is plundered; but the distance puts their officers out of reach.' _Notes
+and Queries_, 6th S. v. 482. See _ante_, p. 66.
+
+[656] See _ante_, p. 113.
+
+[657] Stockdale (_Memoirs_, ii. 57) says that, in 1770, the payment to
+writers in the _Critical Review_ was two guineas a sheet, but that some
+of the writers in _The Monthly Review_ received four guineas a sheet. As
+these Reviews were octavos, each sheet contained sixteen pages. Lord
+Jeffrey says that the writers in the _Edinburgh Review_ were at first
+paid ten guineas a sheet. 'Not long after the _minimum_ was raised to
+sixteen guineas, at which it remained during my reign, though two-thirds
+of the articles were paid much higher--averaging, I should think, from
+twenty to twenty-five guineas a sheet on the whole number.' Cockburn's
+_Jeffrey_, i. 136.
+
+[658] See ante, ii. 344.
+
+[659] See _ante_, iii.32.
+
+[660] See _ante_, p. 206.
+
+[661] _Monday_ is no doubt put by mistake for _Tuesday_, which was the
+29th. Boswell had spent a considerable part of Monday the 28th with
+Johnson (_ante_, p. 211).
+
+[662]
+
+     'A fugitive from Heaven and prayer,
+      I mocked at all religious fear.'
+FRANCIS. Horace, _Odes_, i.34. 1.
+
+[663] He told Boswell (_ante_, i. 68) that he had been a sort of lax
+talker against religion for some years before he went to Oxford, but
+that there he took up Law's _Serious Call_ and found it quite an
+overmatch for him. 'This,' he said, 'was the first occasion of my
+thinking in earnest of religion after I became capable of rational
+enquiry.' During the vacation of 1729 he had a serious illness (_ante_,
+i. 63), which most likely was 'the sickness that brought religion back.'
+
+[664] See _ante_, i. 93, 164, and _post_, under Dec. 2, 1784.
+
+[665] Mr. Langton. See _ante_, ii. 254.
+
+[666] See _ante_, ii. 249.
+
+[667] Malloch continued to write his name thus, _after he came to
+London_. His verses prefixed to the second edition of Thomson's _Winter_
+are so subscribed. MALONE. 'Alias. A Latin word signifying otherwise;
+as, Mallet, _alias_ Malloch; that is _otherwise_ Malloch.' The mention
+of Mallet first comes in Johnson's own abridgment of his _Dictionary_.
+In the earlier unabridged editions the definition concludes, 'often used
+in the trials of criminals, whose danger has obliged them to change
+their names; as Simpson _alias_ Smith, _alias_ Baker, &c.' For Mallet,
+see _ante_, i. 268, and ii. 159.
+
+[668] Perhaps Scott had this saying of Johnson's in mind when he made
+Earl Douglas exclaim:--
+
+     'At first in heart it liked me ill,
+     When the King praised his clerkly skill.
+     Thanks to St. Bothan, son of mine,
+     Save Gawain, ne'er could pen a line.'
+_Marmion_, canto vi. 15.
+
+[669] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Sept. 10.
+
+[670] Johnson often maintained this diffusion of learning. Thus he
+wrote:--'The call for books was not in Milton's age what it is in the
+present. To read was not then a general amusement; neither traders, nor
+often gentlemen, thought themselves disgraced by ignorance. The women
+had not then aspired to literature nor was every house supplied with a
+closet of knowledge.' _Works_, vii. 107. He goes on to mention 'that
+general literature which now pervades the nation through all its ranks.'
+_Works_, p. 108. 'That general knowledge which now circulates in common
+talk was in Addison's time rarely to be found. Men not professing
+learning were not ashamed of ignorance; and, in the female world, any
+acquaintance with books was distinguished only to be censured.' _Ib_.
+p.470. 'Of the _Essay on Criticism_, Pope declared that he did not
+expect the sale to be quick, because "not one gentleman in sixty, even
+of liberal education, could understand it." The gentlemen, and the
+education of that time, seem to have been of a lower character than they
+are of this.' _Ib_. viii. 243. See _ante_, iii. 3, 254. Yet he
+maintained that 'learning has decreased in England, because learning
+will not do so much for a man as formerly.' Boswell's _Hebrides,
+post_, v. 80.
+
+[671] Malone describes a call on Johnson in the winter of this year:--'I
+found him in his arm-chair by the fire-side, before which a few apples
+were laid. He was reading. I asked him what book he had got. He said the
+_History of Birmingham_. Local histories, I observed, were generally
+dull. "It is true, Sir; but this has a peculiar merit with me; for I
+passed some of my early years, and married my wife there." [See _ante_,
+i. 96.] I supposed the apples were preparing as medicine. "Why, no, Sir;
+I believe they are only there because I want something to do. These are
+some of the solitary expedients to which we are driven by sickness. I
+have been confined this week past; and here you find me roasting apples,
+and reading the _History of Birmingham_."' Prior's _Malone_, p. 92.
+
+[672] On April 19, he wrote:--'I can apply better to books than I could
+in some more vigorous parts of my life--at least than I _did_; and I
+have one more reason for reading--that time has, by taking away my
+companions, left me less opportunity of conversation.' Croker's
+_Boswell_, p. 727.
+
+[673] He told Mr. Windham that he had never read the _Odyssey_ through
+in the original. Windham's _Diary_, p. 17. 'Fox,' said Rogers (_Table
+Talk_, p. 92), 'used to read Homer through once every year. On my asking
+him, "Which poem had you rather have written, the _Iliad_ or the
+_Odyssey_?" he answered, "I know which I had rather read" (meaning the
+_Odyssey_).'
+
+[674] 'Composition is, for the most part, an effort of slow diligence
+and steady perseverance, to which the mind is dragged by necessity or
+resolution, and from which the attention is every moment starting to
+more delightful amusements.' Johnson's _Works_, iv. 145. Of Pope Johnson
+wrote (_ib_. viii. 321):--'To make verses was his first labour, and to
+mend them was his last. ... He was one of those few whose labour is
+their pleasure.' Thomas Carlyle, in 1824, speaking of writing, says:--'I
+always recoil from again engaging with it.' Froude's _Carlyle_, i. 213.
+Five years later he wrote:--'Writing is a dreadful labour, yet not so
+dreadful as _idleness_.' _Ib_. ii. 75. See _ante_, iii. 19.
+
+[675] See _ante_, ii. 15.
+
+[676] Miss Burney wrote to Mrs. Thrale in 1780:--'I met at Sir Joshua's
+young Burke, who is made much ado about, but I saw not enough of him to
+know why.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 416. Mrs. Thrale replied:--'I
+congratulate myself on being quite of your opinion concerning Burke the
+minor, whom I once met and could make nothing of.' _Ib_. p. 418. Miss
+Hawkins (_Memoirs_, i. 304) reports, on Langton's authority, that Burke
+said:--'How extraordinary it is that I, and Lord Chatham, and Lord
+Holland, should each have a son so superior to ourselves.'
+
+[677] Cruikshank, not Cruikshanks (see _post_, under Sept. 18, 1783, and
+Sept. 4 1784). He had been Dr. Hunter's partner; he was not elected
+(_Gent. Mag._ 1783, p. 626). Northcote, in quoting this letter, says
+that 'Sir Joshua's influence in the Academy was not always answerable to
+his desire. "Those who are of some importance everywhere else," he said,
+"find themselves nobody when they come to the Academy."' Northcote's
+_Reynolds_, ii. 145.
+
+[678] William Hunter, scarcely less famous as a physician than his
+youngest brother, John Hunter, as a surgeon.
+
+[679] Let it be remembered by those who accuse Dr. Johnson of
+illiberality that both were _Scotchmen_. BOSWELL.
+
+[680] The following day he dined at Mrs. Garrick's. 'Poor Johnson,'
+wrote Hannah More (_Memoirs_, i. 280), 'exerted himself exceedingly, but
+he was very ill and looked so dreadfully, that it quite grieved me. He
+is more mild and complacent than he used to be. His sickness seems to
+have softened his mind, without having at all weakened it. I was struck
+with the mild radiance of this setting sun.'
+
+[681] In the winter of 1788-9 Boswell began a canvass of his own county,
+He also courted Lord Lonsdale, in the hope of getting one of the seats
+in his gift, who first fooled him and then treated him with great
+brutality, _Letters of Boswell_, pp. 270, 294, 324.
+
+[682] On April 6, 1780--'a day,' wrote Horace Walpole (_Letters_, vii.
+345), 'that ought for ever to be a red-lettered day'--Mr. Dunning made
+this motion. It was carried by 233 to 215. _Parl. Hist._ xxi. 340-367.
+
+[683] See _ante_, i. 355, and ii. 94 for Johnson's appeal to meals as a
+measure of vexation.
+
+[684] Johnson defines _cant_ as '1. A corrupt dialect used by beggars
+and vagabonds. 2. A particular form of speaking peculiar to some certain
+class or body of men. 3. A whining pretension to goodness in formal and
+affected terms. 4. Barbarous jargon. 5. Auction.' I have noted the
+following instances of his use of the word:--'I betook myself to a
+coffee-house frequented by wits, among whom I learned in a short time
+the _cant_ of criticism.' _The Rambler_, No.123. 'Every class of society
+has its _cant_ of lamentation.' _Ib_. No.128. 'Milton's invention
+required no assistance from the common _cant_ of poetry.' _Ib_. No.140.
+'We shall secure our language from being overrun with _cant_, from being
+crowded with low terms, the spawn of folly or affectation.' _Works_, v.
+II. 'This fugitive _cant_, which is always in a state of increase or
+decay, cannot be regarded as any part of the durable materials of a
+language.' _Ib_. p.45. In a note on I _Henry VI_, act iii. sc.1, he
+says: 'To _roam_ is supposed to be derived from the _cant_ of vagabonds,
+who often pretended a pilgrimage to Rome.' See _ante_, iii. 197, for
+'modern _cant_.'
+
+[685] 'Custom,' wrote Sir Joshua, 'or politeness, or courtly manners has
+authorised such an eastern hyperbolical style of compliment, that part
+of Dr. Johnson's character for rudeness of manners must be put to the
+account of scrupulous adherence to truth. His obstinate silence, whilst
+all the company were in raptures, vying with each other who should
+pepper highest, was considered as rudeness or ill-nature.' Taylor's
+_Reynolds_, ii. 458.
+
+[686] 'The shame is to impose words for ideas upon ourselves or others.'
+Johnson's _Works_, vi. 64. See _ante_, p.122, where he says: 'There is a
+middle state of mind between conviction and hypocrisy.' Bacon, in his
+_Essay of Truth_, says: 'It is not the lie that passeth through the
+mind, but the lie that sinketh in and settleth in it, that doth
+the hurt.'
+
+[687] See _ante_, p. 204.
+
+[688] 'I dined and lay at Harrison's, where I was received with that
+old-fashioned breeding which is at once so honourable and so
+troublesome.' Gibbon's _Misc. Works_, i. 144. Mr. Pleydell, in _Guy
+Mannering_, ed. 1860, iv. 96, says: 'You'll excuse my old-fashioned
+importunity. I was born in a time when a Scotchman was thought
+inhospitable if he left a guest alone a moment, except when he slept.'
+
+[689] See _ante_, ii. 167.
+
+[690] See _ante_, i. 387.
+
+[691] In Johnson's _Works_, ed. 1787, xi. 197, it is recorded that
+Johnson said, 'Sheridan's writings on elocution were a continual
+renovation of hope, and an unvaried succession of disappointments.'
+According to the _Gent. Mag._ 1785, p. 288, he continued:--'If we
+should have a bad harvest this year, Mr. Sheridan would say:--"It was
+owing to the neglect of oratory."' See _ante_, p. 206.
+
+[692] Burke, no doubt, was this 'bottomless Whig.' When Johnson said 'so
+they _all_ are now,' he was perhaps thinking of the Coalition Ministry
+in which Lord North and his friends had places.
+
+[693] No doubt Burke, who was Paymaster of the Forces. He is Boswell's
+'eminent friend.' See _ante_ ii.222, and _post_, Dec. 24, 1783, and
+Jan.8, 1784. In these two consecutive paragraphs, though two people seem
+to be spoken of, yet only one is in reality.
+
+[694] I believe that Burke himself was present part of the time, and
+that he was the gentleman who 'talked of _retiring_. On May 19 and 21 he
+had in Parliament defended his action in restoring to office two clerks,
+Powell and Bembridge, who had been dismissed by his predecessor, and he
+had justified his reforms in the Paymaster's office. 'He awaited,' he
+said, the 'judgement of the House. ...If they so far differed in
+sentiment, he had only to say, _Nunc dimittis servum tuum.' Parl. Hist._
+xxiii.919.
+
+[695] A copy of _Evelina_ had been placed in the Bodleian. 'Johnson
+says,' wrote Miss Burney, 'that when he goes to Oxford he will write my
+name in the books, and my age when I writ them, and then,' he says, 'the
+world may know that we _So mix our studies, and so joined our fame._ For
+we shall go down hand in hand to posterity.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_,
+i.429. The oldest copy of _Evelina_ now in the Bodleian is of an edition
+published after Johnson's death. Miss Burney, in 1793, married General
+D'Arblay, a French refugee.
+
+[696] Macaulay maintained that Johnson had a hand in the composition of
+_Cecilia_. He quotes a passage from it, and says:--'We say with
+confidence, either Sam. Johnson or the Devil.' (_Essays_, ed. 1874, iv.
+157.) That he is mistaken is shown by Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_ (ii. 172).
+'Ay,' cried Dr. Johnson, 'some people want to make out some credit to me
+from the little rogue's book. I was told by a gentleman this morning
+that it was a very fine book, if it was all her own.' "It is all her
+own," said I, "for me, I am sure, for I never saw one word of it before
+it was printed."' On p. 196 she records the following:--'SIR JOSHUA.
+"Gibbon says he read the whole five volumes in a day." "'Tis
+impossible," cried Mr. Burke, "it cost me three days; and you know I
+never parted with it from the day I first opened it."' See _post_, among
+the imitators of Johnson's style, under Dec. 6, 1784.
+
+[697] In Mr. Barry's printed analysis, or description of these pictures,
+he speaks of Johnson's character in the highest terms. BOSWELL. Barry,
+in one of his pictures, placed Johnson between the two beautiful
+duchesses of Rutland and Devonshire, pointing to their Graces Mrs.
+Montagu as an example. He expresses his 'reverence for his consistent,
+manly, and well-spent life.' Barry's _Works_, ii. 339. Johnson, in his
+turn, praises 'the comprehension of Barry's design.' _Piozzi Letters_,
+ii. 256. He was more likely to understand it, as the pictures formed a
+series, meant 'to illustrate one great maxim of moral truth, viz. that
+the obtaining of happiness depends upon cultivating the human faculties.
+We begin with man in a savage state full of inconvenience, imperfection,
+and misery, and we follow him through several gradations of culture and
+happiness, which, after our probationary state here, are finally
+attended with beatitude or misery.' Barry's _Works_, ii. 323. Horace
+Walpole (_Letters_, viii. 366) describes Barry's book as one 'which does
+not want sense, though full of passion and self, and vulgarisms
+and vanity.'
+
+[698] Boswell had tried to bring about a third meeting between Johnson
+and Wilkes. On May 21 he wrote:--'Mr. Boswell's compliments to Mr.
+Wilkes. He finds that it would not be unpleasant to Dr. Johnson to dine
+at Mr. Wilkes's. The thing would be so curiously benignant, it were a
+pity it should not take place. Nobody but Mr. Boswell should be asked to
+meet the doctor.' An invitation was sent, but the following answer was
+returned:--'May 24, 1783. Mr. Johnson returns thanks to Mr. and Miss
+Wilkes for their kind invitation; but he is engaged for Tuesday to Sir
+Joshua Reynolds, and for Wednesday to Mr. Paradise.' Owing to Boswell's
+return to Scotland, another day could not be fixed. Almon's _Wilkes_,
+iv. 314, 321.
+
+[699] 'If the tree fall toward the south, or toward the north, in the
+place where the tree falleth, there it shall be.' _Ecclesiastes_, xi. 3.
+
+[700] 'When a tree is falling, I have seen the labourers, by a trivial
+jerk with a rope, throw it upon the spot where they would wish it should
+lie. Divines, understanding this text too literally, pretend, by a
+little interposition in the article of death, to regulate a person's
+everlasting happiness. I fancy the allusion will hardly countenance
+their presumption.' Shenstone's _Works_, ed. 1773, ii. 255.
+
+[701] Hazlitt says that 'when old Baxter first went to Kidderminster to
+preach, he was almost pelted by the women for maintaining from the
+pulpit the then fashionable and orthodox doctrine, that "Hell was paved
+with infants' skulls.'" _Conversations of Northcote_, p. 80.
+
+[702] _Acts_, xvii. 24.
+
+[703] Now the celebrated Mrs. Crouch. BOSWELL.
+
+[704] Mr. Windham was at this time in Dublin, Secretary to the Earl of
+Northington, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. BOSWELL. See
+_ante_, p.200.
+
+[705] Son of Mr. Samuel Paterson. BOSWELL. See _ante_, iii.90, and
+_post_, April 5, 1784.
+
+[706] The late Keeper of the Royal Academy. He died on Jan. 23 of this
+year. Reynolds wrote of him:--'He may truly be said in every sense, to
+have been the father of the present race of artists.' Northcote's
+_Reynolds_ ii.137.
+
+[707] Mr. Allen was his landlord and next neighbour in Bolt-court.
+_Ante_, iii. 141.
+
+[708] Cowper mentions him in _Retirement_:--
+
+     'Virtuous and faithful Heberden! whose skill
+      Attempts no task it cannot well fulfill,
+      Gives melancholy up to nature's care,
+      And sends the patient into purer air.'
+
+      Cowper's _Poems_, ed. 1786, i. 272.
+
+He is mentioned also by Priestley (_Auto._ ed. 1810, p.66) as one of his
+chief benefactors. Lord Eldon, when almost a briefless barrister,
+consulted him. 'I put my hand into my pocket, meaning to give him his
+fee; but he stopped me, saying, "Are you the young gentleman who gained
+the prize for the essay at Oxford?" I said I was. "I will take no fee
+from you." I often consulted him; but he would never take a fee.'
+Twiss's _Eldon_, i. 104.
+
+[709] How much he had physicked himself is shewn by a letter of May 8.
+'I took on Thursday,' he writes, 'two brisk catharticks and a dose of
+calomel. Little things do me no good. At night I was much better. Next
+day cathartick again, and the third day opium for my cough. I lived
+without flesh all the three days.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii.257. He had been
+bled at least four times that year and had lost about fifty ounces of
+blood. _Ante_, pp.142, 146. On Aug. 3, 1779, he wrote:--'Of the last
+fifty days I have taken mercurial physick, I believe, forty.' _Notes and
+Queries_, 6th S. v.461.
+
+[710] An exact reprint of this letter is given by Professor Mayor in
+_Notes and Queries_, 6th S. v.481. The omissions and the repetitions
+'betray,' he says, 'the writer's agitation.' The postscript Boswell had
+omitted. It is as follows:--'Dr. Brocklesby will be with me to meet Dr.
+Heberden, and I shall have previously make (sic) master of the case as
+well as I can.'
+
+[711] Vol. ii. p.268, of Mrs. Thrale's _Collection_. BOSWELL. The
+beginning of the letter is very touching:--'I am sitting down in no
+cheerful solitude to write a narrative which would once have affected
+you with tenderness and sorrow, but which you will perhaps pass over now
+with the careless glance of frigid indifference. For this diminution of
+regard, however, I know not whether I ought to blame you, who may have
+reasons which I cannot know, and I do not blame myself, who have for a
+great part of human life done you what good I could, and have never done
+you evil.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 268. 'I have loved you,' he continued,
+'with virtuous affection; I have honoured you with sincere esteem. Let
+not all our endearments be forgotten, but let me have in this great
+distress your pity and your prayers. You see I yet turn to you with my
+complaints as a settled and unalienable friend; do not, do not drive me
+from you, for I have not deserved either neglect or hatred.'
+_Ib._ p.271.
+
+[712] On Aug. 20 he wrote:--'I sat to Mrs. Reynolds yesterday for my
+picture, perhaps the tenth time, and I sat near three hours with the
+patience of _mortal born to bear_; at last she declared it quite
+finished, and seems to think it fine. I told her it was _Johnson's
+grimly ghost_. It is to be engraved, and I think _in glided_, &c., will
+be a good inscription.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 302. Johnson is quoting
+from Mallet's ballad of _Margaret's Ghost_:--
+
+     'Twas at the silent solemn hour,
+      When night and morning meet;
+      In glided Margaret's grimly ghost,
+      And stood at William's feet.'
+
+      _Percy Ballads_, in. 3, 16.
+
+According to Northcote, Reynolds said of his sister's oil-paintings,
+'they made other people laugh and him cry.' 'She generally,' Northcote
+adds, 'did them by stealth.' _Life of Reynolds_, ii. 160.
+
+[713] 'Nocte, inter 16 et 17 Junii, 1783.
+
+     Summe pater, quodcunque tuum de corpore Numen
+       Hoc statuat, precibus Christus adesse velit:
+     Ingenio parcas, nee sit mihi culpa rogasse,
+       Qua solum potero parte placere tibi.'
+
+     _Works_, i.159.
+
+[714] According to the _Gent. Mag_. 1783, p.542, Dr. Lawrence died at
+Canterbury on June 13 of this year, his second son died on the 15th.
+But, if we may trust Munk's _Roll of the College of Physicians_, ii.153,
+on the father's tomb-stone, June 6 is given as the day of his death. Mr.
+Croker gives June 17 as the date, and June 19 as the day of the son's
+death, and is puzzled accordingly.
+
+[715] Poor Derrick, however, though he did not himself introduce me to
+Dr. Johnson as he promised, had the merit of introducing me to Davies,
+the immediate introductor. BOSWELL. See _ante_, i.385, 391.
+
+[716] Miss Burney, calling on him the next morning, offered to make his
+tea. He had given her his own large arm-chair which was too heavy for
+her to move to the table. '"Sir," quoth she, "I am in the wrong chair."
+"It is so difficult," cried he with quickness, "for anything to be wrong
+that belongs to you, that it can only be I that am in the wrong chair to
+keep you from the right one."' Dr. Burney's _Memoirs_, ii. 345.
+
+[717] His Lordship was soon after chosen, and is now a member of THE
+CLUB. BOSWELL. He was father of the future prime-minister, who was born
+in the following year.
+
+[718] He wrote on June 23:--'What man can do for man has been done for
+me.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii.278. Murphy (_Life_, p. 121) says that,
+visiting him during illness, he found him reading Dr. Watson's
+_Chymistry_ (_ante_, p. 118). 'Articulating with difficulty he
+said:--"From this book he who knows nothing may learn a great deal, and
+he who knows will be pleased to find his knowledge recalled to his mind
+in a manner highly pleasing."'
+
+[719] 'I have, by the migration of one of my ladies, more peace at home;
+but I remember an old savage chief that says of the Romans with great
+indignation-_ubi solitudinem faciunt pacem appellant_ [_Tacitus,
+Agricola_, c. xxx]. _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 259.
+
+[720] 'July 23. I have been thirteen days at Rochester, and am just now
+returned. I came back by water in a common boat twenty miles for a
+shilling, and when I landed at Billingsgate, I carried my budget myself
+to Cornhill before I could get a coach, and was not much incommoded'
+_Ib_. ii.294. See _ante_, iv.8, 22, for mention of Rochester.
+
+[721] Murphy (_Life_, p. 121) says that Johnson visited Oxford this
+summer. Perhaps he was misled by a passage in the _Piozzi Letters_ (ii.
+302) where Johnson is made to write:--'At Oxford I have just left
+Wheeler.' For _left_ no doubt should be read _lost_. Wheeler died on
+July 22 of this year. _Gent. Mag_. 1783, p. 629.
+
+[722] This house would be interesting to Johnson, as in it Charles II,
+'for whom he had an extraordinary partiality' (_ante_, ii. 341), lay hid
+for some days after the battle of Worcester. Clarendon (vi. 540)
+describes it 'as a house that stood alone from neighbours and from any
+highway.' Charles was lodged 'in a little room, which had been made
+since the beginning of the troubles for the concealment of delinquents.'
+
+[723] 'I told Dr. Johnson I had heard that Mr. Bowles was very much
+delighted with the expectation of seeing him, and he answered me:--"He
+is so delighted that it is shocking. It is really shocking to see how
+high are his expectations." I asked him why, and he said:--"Why, if any
+man is expected to take a leap of twenty yards, and does actually take
+one of ten, everybody will be disappointed, though ten yards may be more
+than any other man ever leaped."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii.260. On
+Oct. 9, he wrote:--'Two nights ago Mr. Burke sat with me a long time.
+We had both seen Stonehenge this summer for the first time.' _Piozzi
+Letters_, ii.315.
+
+[724] Salisbury is eighty-two miles from Cornhill by the old coach-road.
+Johnson seems to have been nearly fifteen hours on the journey.
+
+[725] 'Aug. 13, 1783. I am now broken with disease, without the
+alleviation of familiar friendship or domestic society. I have no middle
+state between clamour and silence, between general conversation and
+self-tormenting solitude. Levett is dead, and poor Williams is making
+haste to die.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii.301. 'Aug. 20. This has been a day
+of great emotion; the office of the Communion of the Sick has been
+performed in poor Mrs. Williams's chamber.' _Ib_. 'Sept. 22. Poor
+Williams has, I hope, seen the end of her afflictions. She acted with
+prudence and she bore with fortitude. She has left me.
+
+     "Thou thy weary [worldly] task hast done,
+      Home art gone and ta'en thy wages."
+
+      [_Cymbeline_, act iv. sc. 2.]
+
+Had she had good humour and prompt elocution, her universal curiosity
+and comprehensive knowledge would have made her the delight of all that
+knew her.' _Ib_. p. 311.
+
+[726] Johnson (_Works_, viii. 354) described in 1756 such a companion as
+he found in Mrs. Williams. He quotes Pope's _Epitaph on Mrs. Corbet_,
+and continues:--'I have always considered this as the most valuable of
+all Pope's epitaphs; the subject of it is a character not discriminated
+by any shining or eminent peculiarities; yet that which really makes,
+though not the splendour, the felicity of life, and that which every
+wise man will choose for his final and lasting companion in the languor
+of age, in the quiet of privacy, when he departs, weary and disgusted,
+from the ostentatious, the volatile and the vain. Of such a character
+which the dull overlook, and the gay despise, it was fit that the value
+should be made known, and the dignity established.' See _ante_, i.232.
+
+[727] _Pr. and Med_. p. 226. BOSWELL.
+
+[728] I conjecture that Mr. Bowles is the friend. The account follows
+close on the visit to his house, and contains a mention of Johnson's
+attendance at a lecture at Salisbury.
+
+[729] A writer in _Notes and Queries_, 1st S. xii. 149, says:--'Mr.
+Bowles had married a descendant of Oliver Cromwell, viz. Dinah, the
+fourth daughter of Sir Thomas Frankland, and highly valued himself upon
+this connection with the Protector.' He adds that Mr. Bowles was an
+active Whig.
+
+[730] Mr. Malone observes, 'This, however, was certainly a mistake, as
+appears from the _Memoirs_ published by Mr. Noble. Had Johnson been
+furnished with the materials which the industry of that gentleman has
+procured, and with others which, it it is believed, are yet preserved in
+manuscript, he would, without doubt, have produced a most valuable and
+curious history of Cromwell's life.' BOSWELL.
+
+[731] See _ante_, ii.358, note 3.
+
+[732] _Short Notes for Civil Conversation_. Spedding's _Bacon_, vii.109.
+
+[733] 'When I took up his _Life of Cowley_, he made me put it away to
+talk. I could not help remarking how very like he is to his writing, and
+how much the same thing it was to hear or to read him; but that nobody
+could tell that without coming to Streatham, for his language was
+generally imagined to be laboured and studied, instead of the mere
+common flow of his thoughts. "Very true," said Mrs. Thrale, "he writes
+and talks with the same ease, and in the same manner."' Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_, i. 120. What a different account is this from that given by
+Macaulay:--'When he talked he clothed his wit and his sense in forcible
+and natural expressions. As soon as he took his pen in his hand to write
+for the public, his style became systematically vicious.' Macaulay's
+_Essays_, edit. 1843, i.404. See _ante_, ii.96, note; iv.183; and
+_post_, the end of the vol.
+
+[734] See _ante_, ii.125, iii.254, and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 14.
+
+[735] Hume said:--'The French have more real politeness, and the English
+the better method of expressing it. By real politeness I mean softness
+of temper, and a sincere inclination to oblige and be serviceable, which
+is very conspicuous in this nation, not only among the high, but low; in
+so much that the porters and coachmen here are civil, and that, not only
+to gentlemen, but likewise among themselves.' J.H. Burton's _Hume_,
+i. 53.
+
+[736] This is the third time that Johnson's disgust at this practice is
+recorded. See _ante_, ii.403, and iii.352.
+
+[737] See _ante_, iii.398, note 3.
+
+[738] 'Sept. 22, 1783. The chymical philosophers have discovered a body
+(which I have forgotten, but will enquire) which, dissolved by an acid,
+emits a vapour lighter than the atmospherical air. This vapour is
+caught, among other means, by tying a bladder compressed upon the body
+in which the dissolution is performed; the vapour rising swells the
+bladder and fills it. _Piozzi Letters_, ii.310. The 'body' was
+iron-filings, the acid sulphuric acid, and the vapour nitrogen. The
+other 'new kinds of air' were the gases discovered by Priestley.
+
+[739] I do not wonder at Johnson's displeasure when the name of Dr.
+Priestley was mentioned; for I know no writer who has been suffered to
+publish more pernicious doctrines. I shall instance only three. First,
+_Materialism_; by which _mind_ is denied to human nature; which, if
+believed, must deprive us of every elevated principle. Secondly,
+_Necessity_; or the doctrine that every action, whether good or bad, is
+included in an unchangeable and unavoidable system; a notion utterly
+subversive of moral government. Thirdly, that we have no reason to think
+that the _future_ world, (which, as he is pleased to _inform_ us, will
+be adapted to our _merely improved_ nature,) will be materially
+different from _this_; which, if believed, would sink wretched mortals
+into despair, as they could no longer hope for the 'rest that remaineth
+for the people of GOD' [_Hebrews_, iv.9], or for that happiness which is
+revealed to us as something beyond our present conceptions; but would
+feel themselves doomed to a continuation of the uneasy state under which
+they now groan. I say nothing of the petulant intemperance with which he
+dares to insult the venerable establishments of his country.
+
+As a specimen of his writings, I shall quote the following passage,
+which appears to me equally absurd and impious, and which might have
+been retorted upon him by the men who were prosecuted for burning his
+house. 'I cannot, (says he,) as a _necessarian_, [meaning
+_necessitarian_] hate _any man_; because I consider him as _being_, in
+all respects, just what GOD has _made him to be_; and also as _doing
+with respect to me_, nothing but what he was _expressly designed_ and
+_appointed_ to do; GOD being the _only cause_, and men nothing more than
+the _instruments_ in his hands to _execute all his pleasure_.'--
+_Illustrations of Philosophical Necessity_, p. 111.
+
+The Reverend Dr. Parr, in a late tract, appears to suppose that _'Dr.
+Johnson not only endured, but almost solicited, an interview with Dr.
+Priestley_. In justice to Dr. Johnson, I declare my firm belief that he
+never did. My illustrious friend was particularly resolute in not giving
+countenance to men whose writings he considered as pernicious to
+society. I was present at Oxford when Dr. Price, even before he had
+rendered himself so generally obnoxious by his zeal for the French
+Revolution, came into a company where Johnson was, who instantly left
+the room. Much more would he have reprobated Dr. Priestley. Whoever
+wishes to see a perfect delineation of this _Literary Jack of all
+Trades_, may find it in an ingenious tract, entitled, 'A SMALL
+WHOLE-LENGTH OF DR. PRIESTLEY,' printed for Rivingtons, in St. Paul's
+Church-Yard. BOSWELL. See Appendix B.
+
+[740] Burke said, 'I have learnt to think _better_ of mankind.' _Ante_,
+iii.236.
+
+[741] He wrote to his servant Frank from Heale on Sept. l6:--'As
+Thursday [the 18th] is my birthday I would have a little dinner got, and
+would have you invite Mrs. Desmoulins, Mrs. Davis that was about Mrs.
+Williams, and Mr. Allen, and Mrs. Gardiner.' Croker's _Boswell_, p.739.
+See _ante_, iii.157, note 3.
+
+[742] Dr. Burney had just lost Mr. Bewley, 'the Broom Gentleman'
+(_ante_, p. 134), and Mr. Crisp. Dr. Burney's _Memoirs_, ii.323, 352.
+For Mr. Crisp, see Macaulay's _Review_ of Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary.
+Essays_, ed. 1874, iv.104.
+
+[743] He wrote of her to Mrs. Montagu:--'Her curiosity was universal,
+her knowledge was very extensive, and she sustained forty years of
+misery with steady fortitude. Thirty years and more she had been my
+companion, and her death has left me very desolate.' Croker's _Boswell_,
+p. 739. This letter brought to a close his quarrel with Mrs. Montagu
+(_ante_, p. 64).
+
+[744] On Sept. 22 he wrote to Mrs. Thrale:--'If excision should be
+delayed, there is danger of a gangrene. You would not have me for fear
+of pain perish in putrescence. I shall, I hope, with trust in eternal
+mercy, lay hold of the possibility of life which yet remains.' _Piozzi
+Letters_, ii.312.
+
+[745] Rather more than seven years ago. _Ante_, ii.82, note 2.
+
+[746] Mrs. Anna Williams. BOSWELL.
+
+[747] See _ante_, p. 163, and Boswell's _Hebrides_, Nov 2.
+
+[748] Dated Oct. 27. _Piozzi Letters_, ii.321.
+
+[749] According to Mrs. Piozzi (_Letters_, ii.387), he said to Mrs.
+Siddons:--'You see, Madam, wherever you go there are no seats to be
+got.' Sir Joshua also paid her a fine compliment. 'He never marked his
+own name [on a picture],' says Northcote, 'except in the instance of
+Mrs. Siddons's portrait as the Tragic Muse, when he wrote his name upon
+the hem of her garment. "I could not lose," he said, "the honour this
+opportunity offered to me for my name going down to posterity on the hem
+of your garment."' Northcote's _Reynolds_, i. 246. In Johnson's _Works_,
+ed. 1787, xi. 207, we read that 'he said of Mrs. Siddons that she
+appeared to him to be one of the few persons that the two great
+corrupters of mankind, money and reputation, had not spoiled.'
+
+[750] 'Indeed, Dr. Johnson,' said Miss Monckton, 'you _must_ see Mrs.
+Siddons.' 'Well, Madam, if you desire it, I will go. See her I shall
+not, nor hear her; but I'll go, and that will do.' Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_, ii. 198.
+
+[751] 'Mrs. Porter, the tragedian, was so much the favourite of her
+time, that she was welcomed on the stage when she trod it by the help of
+a stick.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 319.
+
+[752] He said:--'Mrs. Clive was the best player I ever saw.' Boswell's
+_Hebrides, post_, v. 126. See _ante_, p. 7. She was for many years the
+neighbour and friend of Horace Walpole.
+
+[753] She acted the heroine in _Irene. Ante_, i. 197. 'It is wonderful
+how little mind she had,' he once said. _Ante_, ii. 348. See Boswell's
+_Hebrides, post_, v. 126.
+
+[754] See _ante_, iii. 183.
+
+[755] See ante, iii. 184.
+
+[756] 'Garrick's great distinction is his universality,' Johnson said.
+'He can represent all modes of life, but that of an easy, fine-bred
+gentleman.' Boswell's _Hebrides, post_, v. 126. See _ante_, iii. 35.
+Horace Walpole wrote of Garrick in 1765 (_Letters_, iv. 335):--'Several
+actors have pleased me more, though I allow not in so many parts. Quin
+in Falstaff was as excellent as Garrick in _Lear_. Old Johnson far more
+natural in everything he attempted; Mrs. Porter surpassed him in
+passionate tragedy. Cibber and O'Brien were what Garrick could never
+reach, coxcombs and men of fashion. Mrs. Clive is at least as perfect in
+low comedy.'
+
+[757] See _ante_, ii. 465.
+
+[758] Mr. Kemble told Mr. Croker that 'Mrs. Siddons's pathos in the last
+scene of _The Stranger_ quite overcame him, but he always endeavoured to
+restrain any impulses which might interfere with his previous study of
+his part.' Croker's _Boswell_, p. 742. Diderot, writing of the
+qualifications of a great actor, says:--'Je lui veux beaucoup de
+jugement; je le veux spectateur froid et tranquille de la nature
+humaine; qu'il ait par conséquent beaucoup de finesse, mais nulle
+sensibilité, ou, ce qui est la même chose, l'art de tout imiter, et une
+égale aptitude à toutes sortes de caractères et de rôles; s'il était
+sensible, il lui serait impossible de jouer dix fois de suite le même
+rôle avec la même chaleur et le même succès; très chaud à la première
+représentation, il serait épuisé et froid comme le marble à la
+troisième,' &c. Diderot's _Works_ (ed. 1821), iii. 274. See Boswell's
+_Hebrides, post_, v. 46.
+
+[759] My worthy friend, Mr. John Nichols, was present when Mr.
+Henderson, the actor, paid a visit to Dr. Johnson; and was received in a
+very courteous manner. See _Gent. Mag_. June, 1791.
+
+I found among Dr. Johnson's papers, the following letter to him, from
+the celebrated Mrs. Bellamy [_ante_, i. 326]:--
+
+'To DR. JOHNSON.
+
+'SIR,
+
+'The flattering remembrance of the partiality you honoured me with, some
+years ago, as well as the humanity you are known to possess, has
+encouraged me to solicit your patronage at my Benefit.
+
+'By a long Chancery suit, and a complicated train of unfortunate events,
+I am reduced to the greatest distress; which obliges me, once more, to
+request the indulgence of the publick.
+
+'Give me leave to solicit the honour of your company, and to assure you,
+if you grant my request, the gratification I shall feel, from being
+patronized by Dr. Johnson, will be infinitely superiour to any advantage
+that may arise from the Benefit; as I am, with the profoundest
+respect, Sir,
+
+'Your most obedient, humble servant, G. A. BELLAMY. No. 10 Duke-street,
+St. James's, May 11, 1783.'
+
+I am happy in recording these particulars, which prove that my
+illustrious friend lived to think much more favourably of Players than
+he appears to have done in the early part of his life. BOSWELL. Mr.
+Nichols, describing Henderson's visit to Johnson, says:--'The
+conversation turning on the merits of a certain dramatic writer, Johnson
+said: "I never did the man an injury; but he would persist in reading
+his tragedy to me."' _Gent. Mag_: 1791, p. 500.
+
+[760] _Piozzi Letters_, vol. ii. p. 328. BOSWELL.
+
+[761] _Piozzi Letters_, vol. ii. p. 342. BOSWELL. The letter to Miss
+Thrale was dated Nov. 18. Johnson wrote on Dec. l3:--'You must all guess
+again at my friend. It was not till Dec. 31 that he told the name.
+
+[762] Miss Burney, who visited him on this day, records:--'He was, if
+possible, more instructive, entertaining, good-humoured, and exquisitely
+fertile than ever.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 284. The day before he
+wrote to one of Mrs. Thrale's little daughters:--'I live here by my own
+self, and have had of late very bad nights; but then I have had a pig to
+dinner which Mr. Perkins gave me. Thus life is chequered.' _Piozzi
+Letters_, ii. 327.
+
+[763] See _ante_, i. 242.
+
+[764] See _ante_, i. 242.
+
+[765] Nos. 26 and 29.
+
+[766] _Piozzi Letters_, i. 334. See _ante_, p. 75.
+
+[767] He strongly opposed the war with America, and was one of Dr.
+Franklin's friends. Franklin's _Memoirs_, ed. 1818, iii. 108.
+
+[768] It was of this tragedy that the following story is told in
+Rogers's _Table-Talk_, p. 177:--'Lord Shelburne could say the most
+provoking things, and yet appear quite unconscious of their being so. In
+one of his speeches, alluding to Lord Carlisle, he said:--"The noble
+Lord has written a comedy." "No, a tragedy." "Oh, I beg pardon; I
+thought it was a comedy."' See _ante_, p. 113. Pope, writing to Mr.
+Cromwell on Aug. 19, 1709, says:--'One might ask the same question of a
+modern life, that Rich did of a modern play: "Pray do me the favour,
+Sir, to inform me is this your tragedy or your comedy?"' Pope's _Works_,
+ed. 1812, vi. 81.
+
+[769] Mrs. Chapone, when she was Miss Mulso, had written 'four billets
+in _The Rambler_, No. 10.' _Ante_, i. 203. She was one of the literary
+ladies who sat at Richardson's feet. Wraxall (_Memoirs_, ed. 1815, i.
+155) says that 'under one of the most repulsive exteriors that any woman
+ever possessed she concealed very superior attainments and extensive
+knowledge.' Just as Mrs. Carter was often called 'the learned Mrs.
+Carter,' so Mrs. Chapone was known as 'the admirable Mrs. Chapone.'
+
+[770] See _ante_, iii. 373.
+
+[771] A few copies only of this tragedy have been printed, and given to
+the authour's friends. BOSWELL.
+
+[772] Dr. Johnson having been very ill when the tragedy was first sent
+to him, had declined the consideration of it. BOSWELL.
+
+[773] Johnson refers, I suppose, to a passage in Dryden which he quotes
+in his _Dictionary_ under _mechanick_:--'Many a fair precept in poetry
+is like a seeming demonstration in mathematicks, very specious in the
+diagram, but failing in the mechanick operation.'
+
+[774]
+
+     'I could have borne my woes; that stranger Joy
+      Wounds while it smiles:--The long imprison'd wretch,
+      Emerging from the night of his damp cell,
+      Shrinks from the sun's bright beams; and that which flings
+      Gladness o'er all, to him is agony.' BOSWELL.
+
+[775] Lord Cockburn (_Life of Lord Jeffrey_, i. 74) describing the
+representation of Scotland towards the close of last century, and in
+fact till the Reform Bill of 1832, says:--'There were probably not above
+1500 or 2000 county electors in all Scotland; a body not too large to be
+held, hope included, in Government's hand. The election of either the
+town or the county member was a matter of such utter indifference to the
+people, that they often only knew of it by the ringing of a bell, or by
+seeing it mentioned next day in a newspaper.'
+
+[776] Six years later, when he was _Praeses_ of the Quarter-Sessions, he
+carried up to London an address to be presented to the Prince of Wales.
+'This,' he wrote, 'will add something to my _conspicuousness_. Will that
+word do?' _Letters of Boswell_, p. 295.
+
+[777] This part of this letter was written, as Johnson goes on to say, a
+considerable time before the conclusion. The Coalition Ministry, which
+was suddenly dismissed by the King on Dec. 19, was therefore still in
+power. Among Boswell's 'friends' was Burke. See _ante_, p. 223.
+
+[778] On Nov. 22 he wrote to Dr. Taylor:-'I feel the weight of solitude
+very pressing; after a night of broken and uncomfortable slumber I rise
+to a solitary breakfast, and sit down in the evening with no companion.
+Sometimes, however, I try to read more and more.' _Notes and Queries_,
+6th S. v. 482. On Dec. 27 he wrote to Mrs. Thrale:--'You have more than
+once wondered at my complaint of solitude, when you hear that I am
+crowded with visits. _Inopem me copia fecit_. Visitors are no proper
+companions in the chamber of sickness. They come when I could sleep or
+read, they stay till I am weary.... The amusements and consolations of
+langour and depression are conferred by familiar and domestick
+companions, which can be visited or called at will.... Such society I
+had with Levett and Williams; such I had where I am never likely to have
+it more.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 341.
+
+[779] The confusion arising from the sudden dismissal of a Ministry
+which commanded a large majority in the House of Commons had been
+increased by the resignation, on Dec. 22, of Earl Temple, three days
+after his appointment as Secretary of State. _Parl. Hist_. xxiv. 238.
+
+[780] 'News I know none,' wrote Horace Walpole on Dec. 30, 1783
+(_Letters_, viii. 447), 'but that they are crying Peerages about the
+streets in barrows, and can get none off.' Thirty-three peerages were
+made in the next three years. (_Whitaker's Almanac_, 1886, p. 463.)
+Macaulay tells how this December 'a troop of Lords of the Bedchamber, of
+Bishops who wished to be translated, and of Scotch peers who wished to
+be reelected made haste to change sides.' Macaulay's _Writings and
+Speeches_, ed. 1871, p. 407.
+
+[781] See _ante_, ii. 182. He died Oct. 28, 1788.
+
+[782]'Prince Henry was the first encourager of remote navigation. What
+mankind has lost and gained by the genius and designs of this prince it
+would be long to compare, and very difficult to estimate. Much knowledge
+has been acquired, and much cruelty been committed; the belief of
+religion has been very little propagated, and its laws have been
+outrageously and enormously violated. The Europeans have scarcely
+visited any coast but to gratify avarice, and extend corruption; to
+arrogate dominion without right, and practise cruelty without incentive.
+Happy had it then been for the oppressed, if the designs of Henry had
+slept in his bosom, and surely more happy for the oppressors.' Johnson's
+_Works_, v. 219. See _ante_, ii. 478.
+
+[783] 'The author himself,' wrote Gibbon (_Misc. Works_, i. 220), 'is
+the best judge of his own performance; no one has so deeply meditated on
+the subject; no one is so sincerely interested in the event.'
+
+[784] Mickle, speaking in the third person as the Translator, says:--
+'He is happy to be enabled to add Dr. Johnson to the number of those
+whose kindness for the man, and good wishes for the Translation, call
+for his sincerest gratitude.' Mickle's _Lusiad_, p. ccxxv.
+
+[785] A brief record, it should seem, is given, _ante_, iii. 37.
+
+[786] See _ante_, iii. 106, 214.
+
+[787] The author of _Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Dr, Johnson_
+says (p. 153) that it was Johnson who determined Shaw to undertake this
+work. 'Sir,' he said, 'if you give the world a vocabulary of that
+language, while the island of Great Britain stands in the Atlantic Ocean
+your name will be mentioned.' On p. 156 is a letter by Johnson
+introducing Shaw to a friend.
+
+[788] 'Why is not the original deposited in some publick library?' he
+asked. Boswell's _Hebrides_, Nov. 10.
+
+[789] See ante, i. 190.
+
+[790] See Appendix C.
+
+[791] 'Dec. 27, 1873. The wearisome solitude of the long evenings did
+indeed suggest to me the convenience of a club in my neighbourhood, but
+I have been hindered from attending it by want of breath.' _Piozzi
+Letters_, ii. 340. 'Dec. 31. I have much need of entertainment;
+spiritless, infirm, sleepless, and solitary, looking back with sorrow
+and forward with terrour.' _Ib_, p. 343.
+
+[792] '"I think," said Mr. Cambridge, "it sounds more like some club
+that one reads of in _The Spectator_ than like a real club in these
+times; for the forfeits of a whole year will not amount to those of a
+single night in other clubs."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 290. Mr.
+Cambridge was thinking of the Two-penny Club. _Spectator_, No. ix.
+
+[793] I was in Scotland when this Club was founded, and during all the
+winter. Johnson, however, declared I should be a member, and invented a
+word upon the occasion: 'Boswell (said he) is a very _clubable_ man.'
+When I came to town I was proposed by Mr. Barrington, and chosen. I
+believe there are few societies where there is better conversation or
+more decorum. Several of us resolved to continue it after our great
+founder was removed by death. Other members were added; and now, above
+eight years since that loss, we go on happily. BOSWELL. Mr. Croker says
+'Johnson had already invented _unclubable_ for Sir J. Hawkins,' and
+refers to a note by Dr. Burney (_ante_, i. 480, note I), in which
+Johnson is represented as saying of Hawkins, while he was still a member
+of the Literary Club:--'Sir John, Sir, is a very unclubable man.' But,
+as Mr. Croker points out (Croker's _Boswell_, p. 164), 'Hawkins was not
+knighted till long after he had left the club.' The anecdote, being
+proved to be inaccurate in one point, may be inaccurate in another, and
+may therefore belong to a much later date.
+
+[794] See Appendix D.
+
+[795] Ben Jonson wrote _Leges Convivales_ that were 'engraven in marble
+over the chimney in the Apollo of the Old Devil Tavern, Temple Bar; that
+being his Club Room.' Jonson's _Works_, ed. 1756, vii. 291.
+
+[796] RULES.
+
+     'To-day deep thoughts with me resolve to drench
+     In mirth, which after no repenting draws.'--MILTON.
+
+     ['To-day deep thoughts _resolve with me_ to drench
+      In mirth _that_, &c.' _Sonnets_, xxi.]
+
+'The Club shall consist of four-and-twenty.
+
+'The meetings shall be on the Monday, Thursday, and Saturday of every
+week; but in the week before Easter there shall be no meeting.
+
+'Every member is at liberty to introduce a friend once a week, but not
+oftener.
+
+'Two members shall oblige themselves to attend in their turn every night
+from eight to ten, or to procure two to attend in their room.
+
+'Every member present at the Club shall spend at least sixpence; and
+every member who stays away shall forfeit three-pence.
+
+'The master of the house shall keep an account of the absent members;
+and deliver to the President of the night a list of the
+forfeits incurred.
+
+'When any member returns after absence, he shall immediately lay down
+his forfeits; which if he omits to do, the President shall require.
+
+'There shall be no general reckoning, but every man shall adjust his own
+expences.
+
+'The night of indispensable attendance will come to every member once a
+month. Whoever shall for three months together omit to attend himself,
+or by substitution, nor shall make any apology in the fourth month,
+shall be considered as having abdicated the Club.
+
+'When a vacancy is to be filled, the name of the candidate, and of the
+member recommending him, shall stand in the Club-room three nights. On
+the fourth he may be chosen by ballot; six members at least being
+present, and two-thirds of the ballot being in his favour; or the
+majority, should the numbers not be divisible by three.
+
+'The master of the house shall give notice, six days before, to each of
+those members whose turn of necessary attendance is come.
+
+'The notice may be in these words:--"Sir, On ---- the ---- of ---- --
+will be your turn of presiding at the Essex-Head. Your company is
+therefore earnestly requested."
+
+'One penny shall be left by each member for the waiter.'
+
+Johnson's definition of a Club in this sense, in his _Dictionary_, is,
+'An assembly of good fellows, meeting under certain conditions.' BOSWELL.
+
+[797] She had left him in the summer (_ante_, p. 233), but perhaps she
+had returned.
+
+[798] He received many acts of kindness from outside friends. On Dec. 31
+he wrote:--'I have now in the house pheasant, venison, turkey, and ham,
+all unbought. Attention and respect give pleasure, however late or
+however useless. But they are not useless when they are late; it is
+reasonable to rejoice, as the day declines, to find that it has been
+spent with the approbation of mankind.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 343.
+
+[799] 'Dec. 16, 1783. I spent the afternoon with Dr. Johnson, who indeed
+is very ill, and whom I could hardly tell how to leave. He was very,
+very kind. Oh! what a cruel, heavy loss will he be! Dec. 30. I went to
+Dr. Johnson, and spent the evening with him. He was very indifferent
+indeed. There were some very disagreeable people with him; and he once
+affected me very much by turning suddenly to me, and grasping my hand
+and saying:--"The blister I have tried for my breath has betrayed some
+very bad tokens; but I will not terrify myself by talking of them. Ah!
+_priez Dieu pour moi_."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 293, 5. 'I
+snatch,' he wrote a few weeks later, 'every lucid interval, and animate
+myself with such amusements as the time offers.' _Piozzi Letters_,
+ii. 349.
+
+[800] He had written to her on Nov. 10. See Croker's _Boswell_, p. 742.
+
+[801] Hawkins (_Life_, 562) says that this November Johnson said to
+him:--'What a man am I, who have got the better of three diseases, the
+palsy, the gout, and the asthma, and can now enjoy the conversation of
+my friends, without the interruptions of weakness or pain.'
+
+[802] 'The street [on London Bridge], which, before the houses fell to
+decay, consisted of handsome lofty edifices, pretty regularly built, was
+20 feet broad, and the houses on each side generally 26-1/2 feet deep.'
+After 1746 no more leases were granted, and the houses were allowed to
+run to ruin. In 1756-7 they were all taken down. Dodsley's _London and
+its Environs_, ed. 1761, iv. 136-143.
+
+[803] In Lowndes's _Bibl. Man_. i. 328 is given a list of nearly fifty
+of these books. Some of them were reprinted by Stace in 1810-13 in 6
+vols. quarto. Dr. Franklin, writing of the books that he bought in his
+boyhood says:--'My first acquisition was Bunyan's works in separate
+little volumes. I afterwards sold them to enable me to buy R. Burton's
+_Historical Collections_; they were small chapmen's books, and cheap.
+Forty volumes in all.' Franklin's _Memoirs_, i. 17.
+
+[804] He wrote to Mrs. Thrale this same day:--'Alas, I had no sleep last
+night, and sit now panting over my paper. _Dabit Deus his quoque finem.'
+['This too the Gods shall end.' MORRIS, Virgil, _Aeneids_, 1.199.]
+_Piozzi Letters_, ii. 347.
+
+[805] Boswell's purpose in this _Letter_ was to recommend the Scotch to
+address the King to express their satisfaction that the East India
+Company Bill had been rejected by the House of Lords. _Ib_. p. 39. 'Let
+us,' he writes, 'upon this awful occasion think only of _property_ and
+_constitution_;' p. 42. 'Let me add,' he says in concluding, 'that a
+dismission of the Portland Administration will probably disappoint an
+object which I have most ardently at heart;' p. 42. He was thinking no
+doubt of his 'expectations from the interest of an eminent person then
+in power' (ante, p. 223.)
+
+[806] On p. 4 Boswell condemns the claim of Parliament to tax the
+American colonies as 'unjust and inexpedient.' 'This claim,' he says,
+'was almost universally approved of in Scotland, where due consideration
+was had of the advantage of raising regiments.' He continues:--'When
+pleading at the bar of the House of Commons in a question concerning
+taxation, I avowed that opinion, declaring that the man in the world for
+whom I have the highest respect (Dr. Johnson) had not been able to
+convince me that _Taxation was no Tyranny_.'
+
+[807] Boswell wrote to Reynolds on Feb. 6:--'I intend to be in London
+next month, chiefly to attend upon Dr. Johnson with respectful
+affection.' Croker's _Boswell_, p. 748.
+
+[808] 'I have really hope from spring,' he wrote on Jan. 21, 'and am
+ready, like Almanzor, to bid the sun _fly swiftly_, and _leave weeks and
+months behind him_. The sun has looked for six thousand years upon the
+world to little purpose, if he does not know that a sick man is almost
+as impatient as a lover.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 347. Almanzor's speech
+is at the end of Dryden's _Conquest of Granada_:--
+
+     'Move swiftly, Sun, and fly a lover's pace;
+     Leave weeks and months behind thee in thy race.'
+
+See _ante_, i. 332, where Johnson said, 'This distinction of seasons is
+produced only by imagination operating on luxury. To temperance every
+day is bright,' and _post_, Aug. 2, 1784.
+
+[809] He died in the following August at Dover, on his way home.
+Walpole's _Letters_, viii. 494. See _ante_, iii. 250, 336, and _post_,
+Aug. 19, 1784.
+
+[810] On the last day of the old year he wrote:--'To any man who extends
+his thoughts to national consideration, the times are dismal and gloomy.
+But to a sick man, what is the publick?' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 344.
+
+The original of the following note is in the admirable collection of
+autographs belonging to my friend, Mr. M. M. Holloway:--
+
+'TO THE REV. DR. TAYLOR,
+
+'in Ashbourne,
+
+'Derbyshire.
+
+'DEAR SIR,
+
+'I am still confined to the house, and one of my amusements is to write
+letters to my friends, though they, being busy in the common scenes of
+life, are not equally diligent in writing to me. Dr. Heberden was with
+me two or three days ago, and told me that nothing ailed me, which I was
+glad to hear, though I knew it not to be true. My nights are restless,
+my breath is difficult, and my lower parts continue tumid.
+
+'The struggle, you see, still continues between the two sets of
+ministers: those that are _out_ and _in_ one can scarce call them, for
+who is _out_ or _in_ is perhaps four times a day a new question. The
+tumult in government is, I believe, excessive, and the efforts of each
+party outrageously violent, with very little thought on any national
+interest, at a time when we have all the world for our enemies, when the
+King and parliament have lost even the titular dominion of America, and
+the real power of Government every where else. Thus Empires are broken
+down when the profits of administration are so great, that ambition is
+satisfied with obtaining them, and he that aspires to greatness needs do
+nothing more than talk himself into importance. He has then all the
+power which danger and conquest used formerly to give; he can raise a
+family and reward his followers.
+
+'Mr. Burke has just sent me his Speech upon the affairs of India, a
+volume of above a hundred pages closely printed. I will look into it;
+but my thoughts seldom now travel to great distances.
+
+'I would gladly know when you think to come hither, and whether this
+year you will come or no. If my life be continued, I know not well how I
+shall bestow myself.
+
+'I am, Sir,
+
+'Your affectionate &c.,
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON.'
+
+'London, Jan. 24, 1784.'
+
+[811] See _post_, v. 48.
+
+[812] See _post_, p. 271.
+
+[813] I sent it to Mr. Pitt, with a letter, in which I thus expressed
+myself:--'My principles may appear to you too monarchical: but I know
+and am persuaded, they are not inconsistent with the true principles of
+liberty. Be this as it may, you, Sir, are now the Prime Minister, called
+by the Sovereign to maintain the rights of the Crown, as well as those
+of the people, against a violent faction. As such, you are entitled to
+the warmest support of every good subject in every department.' He
+answered:--'I am extremely obliged to you for the sentiments you do me
+the honour to express, and have observed with great pleasure the
+_zealous and able support_ given to the CAUSE OF THE PUBLICK in the work
+you were so good to transmit to me.' BOSWELL. Five years later, and two
+years before _The Life of Johnson_ was published, Boswell wrote to
+Temple:--'As to Pitt, he is an insolent fellow, but so able, that upon
+the whole I must support him against the _Coalition_; but I will _work_
+him, for he has behaved very ill to me. Can he wonder at my wishing for
+preferment, when men of the first family and fortune in England struggle
+for it?' _Letters of Boswell_, p. 295. Warburton said of Helvetius, whom
+he disliked, that, if he had met him, 'he would have _worked_ him.'
+Walpole's _Letters_, iv. 217.
+
+[814] Out of this offer, and one of a like nature made in 1779 (_ante_,
+iii. 418), Mr. Croker weaves a vast web of ridiculous suspicions.
+
+[815] From his garden at Prestonfield, where he cultivated that plant
+with such success, that he was presented with a gold medal by the
+Society of London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and
+Commerce. BOSWELL.
+
+[816] In the original _effusion_. Johnson's _Works_, vii. 402.
+
+[817] Who had written him a very kind letter. BOSWELL.
+
+[818] On Jan. 12 the Ministry had been in a minority of 39 in a House of
+425; on March 8 the minority was reduced to one in a House of 381.
+Parliament was dissolved on the 25th. In the first division in the new
+Parliament the Ministry were in a majority of 97 in a House of 369.
+_Parl. Hist._ xxiv. 299, 744, 829.
+
+[819] See _ante_, p. 241.
+
+[820] 'In old Aberdeen stands the King's College, of which the first
+president was Hector Boece, or Boethius, who may be justly reverenced as
+one of the revivers of elegant learning.' Johnson's _Works_, ix. 11.
+
+[821] See _ante_, iii. 104.
+
+[822] In his dining-room, no doubt, among 'the very respectable people'
+whose portraits hung there. _Ante_, p. 203, note.
+
+[823] Horace Walpole (_Letters_, viii. 466) wrote on March 30:--'The
+nation is intoxicated, and has poured in Addresses of Thanks to the
+Crown for exerting the prerogative _against_ the palladium of
+the people.'
+
+[824] The election lasted from April 1 to May 16. Fox was returned
+second on the poll. _Ann. Reg._ xxvii. 190.
+
+[825] He was returned also for Kirkwall, for which place he sat for
+nearly a year, while the scrutiny of the Westminster election was
+dragging on. _Parl. Hist_. xxiv. 799.
+
+[826] Hannah More wrote on March 8 (_Memoirs_, i. 310):--'I am sure you
+will honour Mr. Langton, when I tell you he is come on purpose to stay
+with Dr. Johnson, and that during his illness. He has taken a little
+lodging in Fleet-street in order to be near, to devote himself to him.
+He has as much goodness as learning, and that is saying a bold thing of
+one of the first Greek scholars we have.'
+
+[827] Floyer was the Lichfield physician on whose advice Johnson was
+'_touched_' by Queen Anne. _Ante_, i. 42, 91, and _post_, July 20, 1784.
+
+[828] To which Johnson returned this answer:--
+
+'TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE EARL OF PORTMORE.
+
+'Dr. Johnson acknowledges with great respect the honour of Lord
+Portmore's notice. He is better than he was; and will, as his Lordship
+directs, write to Mr. Langton.
+
+'Bolt-court, Fleet-street,
+
+April 13, 1784.'
+
+BOSWELL. Johnson here assumes his title of Doctor, which Boswell says
+(_ante_, ii. 332, note 1), so far as he knew, he never did. Perhaps the
+letter has been wrongly copied, or perhaps Johnson thought that, in
+writing to a man of title, he ought to assume such title as he
+himself had.
+
+[829] The eminent painter, representative of the ancient family of
+Homfrey (now Humphry) in the west of England; who, as appears from their
+arms which they have invariably used, have been, (as I have seen
+authenticated by the best authority,) one of those among the Knights and
+Esquires of honour who are represented by Holinshed as having issued
+from the Tower of London on coursers apparelled for the justes,
+accompanied by ladies of honour, leading every one a Knight, with a
+chain of gold, passing through the streets of London into Smithfield, on
+Sunday, at three o'clock in the afternoon, being the first Sunday after
+Michaelmas, in the fourteenth year of King Richard the Second. This
+family once enjoyed large possessions, but, like others, have lost them
+in the progress of ages. Their blood, however, remains to them well
+ascertained; and they may hope in the revolution of events, to recover
+that rank in society for which, in modern times, fortune seems to be an
+indispensable requisite. BOSWELL.
+
+[830] Son of Mr. Samuel Paterson. BOSWELL. In the first two editions
+after 'Paterson' is added 'eminent for his knowledge of books.' See
+_ante_, iii. 90.
+
+[831] Humphry, on his first coming to London, poor and unfriended, was
+helped by Reynolds. Northcote's _Reynolds_, ii. 174.
+
+[832] On April 21 he wrote:--'After a confinement of 129 days, more than
+the third part of a year, and no inconsiderable part of human life, I
+this day returned thanks to God in St. Clement's Church for my
+recovery.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 365.
+
+[833] On April 26 he wrote:--'On Saturday I showed myself again to the
+living world at the Exhibition; much and splendid was the company, but
+like the Doge of Genoa at Paris [Versailles, Voltaire, _Siècle de Louis
+XIV_, chap, xiv.], I admired nothing but myself. I went up the stairs to
+the pictures without stopping to rest or to breathe,
+
+     "In all the madness of superfluous health."
+
+[Pope's _Essay on Man_, iii. 3.] The Prince of Wales had promised to be
+there; but when we had waited an hour and a half, sent us word that he
+could not come.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 367. 'The first Gentleman in
+Europe' was twenty-one years old when he treated men like Johnson and
+Reynolds with this insolence. Mr. Forster (_Life of Goldsmith_, ii. 244)
+says that it was at this very dinner that 'Johnson left his seat by
+desire of the Prince of Wales, and went to the head of the table to be
+introduced.' He does not give his authority for the statement.
+
+[834] Mr. Croker wrote in 1847 that he had 'seen it very lately framed
+and glazed, in possession of the lady to whom it was addressed.'
+Croker's _Boswell_, p. 753.
+
+[835] Shortly before he begged one of Mrs. Thrale's daughters 'never to
+think that she had arithmetic enough.' _Ante_, p. 171, note 3. See
+_ante_, iii. 207, note 3.
+
+[836] Cowper wrote on May 10 to the Rev. John Newton:--'We rejoice in
+the account you give us of Dr. Johnson. His conversion will indeed be a
+singular proof of the omnipotence of Grace; and the more singular, the
+more decided.' Southey's _Cowper_, xv. 150. Johnson, in a prayer that he
+wrote on April 11, said:--'Enable me, O Lord, to glorify Thee for that
+knowledge of my corruption, and that sense of Thy wrath, which my
+disease and weakness and danger awakened in my mind.' _Pr. and Med._
+p. 217.
+
+[837] Mr. Croker suggests _immediate_.
+
+[838] 'The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man availeth much.'
+_St. James_, v. 16.
+
+[839] Upon this subject there is a very fair and judicious remark in the
+life of Dr. Abernethy, in the first edition of the _Biographia
+Britannica_, which I should have been glad to see in his life which has
+been written for the second edition of that valuable work. 'To deny the
+exercise of a particular providence in the Deity's government of the
+world is certainly impious: yet nothing serves the cause of the scorner
+more than an incautious forward zeal in determining the particular
+instances of it.'
+
+In confirmation of my sentiments, I am also happy to quote that sensible
+and elegant writer Mr. _Melmoth_ [see _ante_, iii. 422], in Letter VIII.
+of his collection, published under the name of _Fitzosborne_. 'We may
+safely assert, that the belief of a particular Providence is founded
+upon such probable reasons as may well justify our assent. It would
+scarce, therefore, be wise to renounce an opinion which affords so firm
+a support to the soul, in those seasons wherein she stands in most need
+of assistance, merely because it is not possible, in questions of this
+kind, to solve every difficulty which attends them.' BOSWELL.
+
+[840] I was sorry to observe Lord Monboddo avoid any communication with
+Dr. Johnson. I flattered myself that I had made them very good friends
+(see _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_, third edit. p. 67, _post_, v.
+80), but unhappily his Lordship had resumed and cherished a violent
+prejudice against my illustrious friend, to whom I must do the justice
+to say, there was on his part not the least anger, but a good-humoured
+sportiveness. Nay, though he knew of his Lordship's indisposition
+towards him, he was even kindly; as appeared from his inquiring of me
+after him, by an abbreviation of his name, 'Well, how does _Monny_?'
+BOSWELL. Boswell (_Hebrides, post_, v. 74) says:--'I knew Lord Monboddo
+and Dr. Johnson did not love each other; yet I was unwilling not to
+visit his lordship, and was also curious to see them together.'
+Accordingly, he brought about a meeting. Four years later, in 1777
+(_ante_, iii. 102), Monboddo received from Johnson a copy of his Journey
+to the Hebrides. They met again in London in 1780 (Piozzi Letters, ii.
+III), and perhaps then quarrelled afresh. Dr. Seattle wrote on Feb. 28,
+1785:-'Lord Monboddo's hatred of Johnson was singular; he would not
+allow him to know anything but Latin grammar, "and that," says he, "I
+know as well as he does." I never heard Johnson say anything severe of
+him, though when he mentioned his name, he generally "grinned horribly a
+ghastly smile,"' ['Grinned horrible,' &c. _Paradise Lost_, ii. 846.]
+Forbes's _Beattie_, p. 333. The use of the abbreviation _Monny_ on
+Johnson's part scarcely seems a proof of kindliness. See _ante_, i. 453,
+where he said:--'Why, Sir, _Sherry_ is dull, naturally dull,' &c.; and
+iii. 84, note 2, where he said:--'I should have thought _Mund_ Burke
+would have had more sense;' see also Rogers's _Boswelliana_, p. 216,
+where he said:--'_Derry_ [Derrick] may do very well while he can outrun
+his character; but the moment that his character gets up with him he
+is gone.'
+
+[841] On May 13 he wrote:--' Now I am broken loose, my friends seem
+willing enough to see me. ... But I do not now drive the world about;
+the world drives or draws me. I am very weak.' _Piozzi Letters_,
+ii. 369.
+
+[842] See _ante,_ iii, 443.
+
+[843] See _ante,_ p. 197.
+
+[844] Boswell himself, likely enough.
+
+[845] Verses on the death of Mr. Levett. BOSWELL. _Ante,_ p. 138
+
+[846] If it was Boswell to whom this advice was given, it is not
+unlikely that he needed it. The meagreness of his record of Johnson's
+talk at this season may have been due, as seems to have happened before,
+to too much drinking. _Ante,_ p.88, note 1.
+
+[847] _Ante,_ ii. 100.
+
+[848] George Steevens. See _ante,_ iii. 281.
+
+[849] Forty-six years earlier Johnson wrote of this lady:-'I have
+composed a Greek epigram to Eliza, and think she ought to be celebrated
+in as many different languages as Lewis le Grand.' _Ante_, i. 122. Miss
+Burney described her in 1780 as 'really a noble-looking woman; I never
+saw age so graceful in the female sex yet; her whole face seems to beam
+with goodness, piety, and philanthropy.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_,
+i. 373.
+
+[850] 'Mrs. Thrale says that though Mrs. Lennox's books are generally
+approved, nobody likes her.' _Ib._ p. 91. See _ante_, i. 255, and
+iv. 10.
+
+[851] 'Sept. 1778. MRS. THRALE. "Mrs. Montagu is the first woman for
+literary knowledge in England, and if in England, I hope I may say in
+the world." DR. JOHNSON. "I believe you may, Madam. She diffuses more
+knowledge in her conversation than any woman I know, or, indeed, almost
+any man." MRS. THRALE. "I declare I know no man equal to her, take away
+yourself and Burke, for that art."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 118. It
+is curious that Mrs. Thrale and Boswell should both thus instance Burke.
+Miss Burney writes of her in much more moderate terms:--'Allowing a
+little for parade and ostentation, which her power in wealth and rank in
+literature offer some excuse for, her conversation is very agreeable;
+she is always reasonable and sensible, and sometimes instructive and
+entertaining.' _Ib._ p. 325. See _ante_, ii. 88, note 3. These five
+ladies all lived to a great age. Mrs. Montagu was 80 when she died; Mrs.
+Lennox, 83; Miss Burney (Mme. D'Arblay), 87; Miss More and Mrs. (Miss)
+Carter, 88. Their hostess, Mrs. Garrick, was 97 or 98.
+
+[852] Miss Burney, describing how she first saw Burke, says:--'I had
+been told that Burke was not expected; yet I could conclude this
+gentleman to be no other. There was an evident, a striking superiority
+in his demeanour, his eye, his motions, that announced him no common
+man.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 145. See _ante_, ii. 450, where
+Johnson said of Burke:--'His stream of mind is perpetual;' and Boswell's
+_Hebrides post,_, v. 32, and Prior's _Life of Burke_, fifth edition,
+p. 58.
+
+[853] _Kennel_ is a strong word to apply to Burke; but, in his
+jocularity, he sometimes 'let himself down' to indelicate stories. In
+the House of Commons he had told one--and a very stupid one too--not a
+year before. _Parl. Hist_, xxiii. 918. Horace Walpole speaks of Burke's
+'pursuit of wit even to puerility.' _Journal of the Reign of George
+III_, i. 443. He adds (_ib_. ii. 26):--'Burke himself always aimed at
+wit, but was not equally happy in public and private. In the former,
+nothing was so luminous, so striking, so abundant; in private, it was
+forced, unnatural, and bombast.' See _ante_, p. 104, where Wilkes said
+that in his oratory 'there was a strange want of taste.'
+
+[854] _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_, third edition, p. 20 [_post_,
+v. 32.] BOSWELL. See also _ante_, i. 453, and iii. 323.
+
+[855] I have since heard that the report was not well founded; but the
+elation discovered by Johnson in the belief that it was true, shewed a
+noble ardour for literary fame. BOSWELL. Johnson wrote on Feb. 9:--'One
+thing which I have just heard you will think to surpass expectation. The
+chaplain of the factory at Petersburgh relates that the _Rambler_ is
+now, by the command of the Empress, translating into Russian, and has
+promised, when it is printed, to send me a copy.' _Piozzi Letters,_ ii.
+349. Stockdale records (_Memoirs,_ ii. 98) that in 1773 the Empress of
+Russia engaged 'six English literary gentlemen for instructors of her
+young nobility in her Academy at St. Petersburgh.' He was offered one of
+the posts. Her zeal may have gone yet further, and she may have wished
+to open up English literature to those who could not read English.
+Beauclerk's library was offered for sale to the Russian Ambassador.
+_Ante,_ iii. 420. Miss Burney, in 1789, said that a newspaper reported
+that 'Angelica Kauffmann is making drawings from _Evelina_ for the
+Empress of Russia.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary,_ v. 35.
+
+[856]
+
+     '--me peritus
+      Disect Iber, Rhodanique potor.'
+
+     'To him who drinks the rapid Rhone
+      Shall Horace, deathless bard, be known.'
+
+      FRANCIS. Horace, _Odes_, ii. 20. 19.
+
+[857] See _ante_, iii. 49.
+
+[858] See _post_, June 12, 1784.
+
+[859] See _ante_, p. 126.
+
+[860] H. C. Robinson (_Diary_, i. 29) describes him as 'an author on an
+infinity of subjects; his books were on Law, History, Poetry,
+Antiquities, Divinity, Politics.' He adds (_ib_. p. 49l):--'Godwin,
+Lofft, and Thelwall are the only three persons I know (except Hazlitt)
+who grieve at the late events'--the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. He
+found long after his death 'a MS. by him in these words:--"Rousseau,
+Euripides, Tasso, Racine, Cicero, Virgil, Petrarch, Richardson. If I had
+five millions of years to live upon this earth, these I would read daily
+with increasing delight."' _Ib_. iii. 283.
+
+[861] Dunciad, iv. 394, note.
+
+[862] The King opened Parliament this day. Hannah More during the
+election found the mob favourable to Fox. One night, in a Sedan chair,
+she was stopped with the news that it was not safe to go through Covent
+Garden. 'There were a hundred armed men,' she was told, 'who, suspecting
+every chairman belonged to Brookes's, would fall upon us. A vast number
+of people followed me, crying out "It is Mrs. Fox; none but Mr. Fox's
+wife would dare to come into Covent Garden in a chair; she is going to
+canvas in the dark."' H. More's _Memoirs_, i. 316. Horace Walpole wrote
+on April 11:--'In truth Mr. Fox has all the popularity in Westminster.'
+_Letters_, viii. 469.
+
+[863] See _post_, under June 9, 1784, where Johnson describes Fox as 'a
+man who has divided the kingdom with Caesar.'
+
+[864] See _ante_, p. 111.
+
+[865] See _ante_, ii. 162.
+
+[866] Boswell twice speaks of W. G. Hamilton as 'an eminent friend' of
+Johnson. He was not Boswell's friend. (Ante, p. 111, and _post_, under
+Dec. 20, 1784.) But Boswell does not here say 'a friend _of ours_.' By
+'eminent friend' Burke is generally meant, and he, possibly, is meant
+here. Boswell, it is true, speaks of his 'orderly and amiable domestic
+habits' (_ante_, iii. 378); but then Boswell mentions the person here
+'as a virtuous man.' If Burke is meant, Johnson's suspicions would seem
+to be groundless.
+
+[867] See _ante_, p. 168, where Johnson 'wonders why he should have any
+enemies.'
+
+[868] After all, I cannot but be of opinion, that as Mr. Langton was
+seriously requested by Dr. Johnson to mention what appeared to him
+erroneous in the character of his friend, he was bound, as an honest
+man, to intimate what he really thought, which he certainly did in the
+most delicate manner; so that Johnson himself, when in a quiet frame of
+mind, was pleased with it. The texts suggested are now before me, and I
+shall quote a few of them. 'Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit
+the earth.' _Mat._ v. 5.--'I therefore, the prisoner of the LORD,
+beseech you, that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are
+called; with all lowliness and meekness, with long-suffering, forbearing
+one another in love.' _Ephes._ v. [iv.] 1, 2.--'And above all these
+things put on charity, which is the bond of perfectness.' _Col._ iii.
+14.--'Charity suffereth long and is kind; charity envieth not, charity
+vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up: doth not behave itself unseemly,
+is not easily provoked.' 1 _Cor._ xiii. 4, 5. BOSWELL. Johnson, in _The
+Rambler,_ No. 28, had almost foretold what would happen. 'For escaping
+these and a thousand other deceits many expedients have been proposed.
+Some have recommended the frequent consultation of a wise friend,
+admitted to intimacy and encouraged by sincerity. But this appears a
+remedy by no means adapted to general use; for, in order to secure the
+virtue of one, it pre-supposes more virtue in two than will generally be
+found. In the first, such a desire of rectitude and amendment as may
+incline him to hear his own accusation from the mouth of him whom he
+esteems, and by whom therefore he will always hope that his faults are
+not discovered; and in the second, such zeal and honesty as will make
+him content for his friend's advantage to lose his kindness.'
+
+[869] Member for Dumfries.
+
+[870] Malone points out that the passage is not in Bacon, but in Boyle,
+and that it is quoted in Johnson's _Dictionary_ (in the later editions
+only), under _cross-bow._ It is as follows:--'Testimony is like the shot
+of a long-bow, which owes its efficacy to the force of the shooter;
+argument is like the shot of the cross-bow, equally forcible whether
+discharged by a giant or a dwarf.' See Smollett's _Works_, ed. 1797, i.
+cliv, for a somewhat fuller account by Dr. Moore of what was said by
+Johnson this evening.
+
+[871] The Peace made by that very able statesman, the Earl of Shelburne,
+now Marquis of Lansdown, which may fairly be considered as the
+foundation of all the prosperity of Great Britain since that time.
+BOSWELL. In the winter of 1782-83, preliminary treaties of peace were
+made with the United States, France, and Spain; and a suspension of arms
+with Holland. The Ode is made up of such lines as the following:--
+
+     'While meek philosophy explores
+     Creation's vast stupendous round,
+     With piercing gaze sublime she soars,
+     And bursts the system's distant bound.'
+
+_Gent. Mag._; 1783. p. 245.
+
+[872] In the first edition of my Work, the epithet _amiable_ was given.
+I was sorry to be obliged to strike it out; but I could not in justice
+suffer it to remain, after this young lady had not only written in
+favour of the savage Anarchy with which France has been visited, but had
+(as I have been informed by good authority), walked, without horrour,
+over the ground at the Thuillieries, when it was strewed with the naked
+bodies of the faithful Swiss Guards, who were barbarously massacred for
+having bravely defended, against a crew of ruffians, the Monarch whom
+they had taken an oath to defend. From Dr. Johnson she could now expect
+not endearment but repulsion. BOSWELL.
+
+[873] Rogers (_Table-Talk_, p. 50) described her as 'a very fascinating
+person,' and narrated a curious anecdote which he heard from her about
+the Reign of Terror.
+
+[874] This year, forming as it did exactly a quarter of a century since
+Handel's death, and a complete century since his birth, was sought, says
+the _Gent. Mag._ (1784, p. 457) as the first public periodical occasion
+for bringing together musical performers in England. Dr. Burney writes
+(_Ann. Reg._ 1784, p. 331):--'Foreigners must have been astonished at so
+numerous a band, moving in such exact measure, without the assistance of
+a Coryphaeus to beat time. Rousseau says that "the more time is beaten,
+the less it is kept."' There were upwards of 500 performers.
+
+[875] See _ante_, iii. 242.
+
+[876] Lady Wronghead, whispers Mrs. Motherly, pointing to Myrtilla.
+
+'_Mrs. Motherly_. Only a niece of mine, Madam, that lives with me; she
+will be proud to give your Ladyship any assistance in her power.
+
+'_Lady Wronghead_. A pretty sort of a young woman--Jenny, you two must
+be acquainted.
+
+'_Jenny_. O Mamma! I am never strange in a strange place. _Salutes
+Myrtilla_.' _The Provoked Husband; or, A Journey to London_, act ii. sc.
+1, by Vanbrugh and Colley Gibber. It was not therefore Squire Richard
+whom Johnson quoted, but his sister.
+
+[877] See _ante_, p. 191.
+
+[878] See Macaulay's _Essays_, ed. 1843, i. 353, for his application of
+this story.
+
+[879] She too was learned; for according to Hannah More (_Memoirs_, i.
+292) she had learnt Hebrew, merely to be useful to her husband.
+
+[880]
+
+     'This day then let us not be told,
+      That you are sick, and I grown old;
+      Nor think on our approaching ills,
+      And talk of spectacles and pills.'
+
+Swift's _Lines on Stella's Birthday_, 1726-27. Works, ed. 1803, xi. 21.
+
+[881] Dr. Newton, in his _Account of his own Life_, after animadverting
+upon Mr. Gibbon's _History_, says, 'Dr. Johnson's _Lives of the Poets_
+afforded more amusement; but candour was much hurt and offended at the
+malevolence that predominates in every part. Some passages, it must be
+allowed, are judicious and well written, but make not sufficient
+compensation for so much spleen and ill humour. Never was any biographer
+more sparing of his praise, or more abundant in his censures. He
+seemingly delights more in exposing blemishes, than in recommending
+beauties; slightly passes over excellencies, enlarges upon
+imperfections, and not content with his own severe reflections, revives
+old scandal, and produces large quotations from the forgotten works of
+former criticks. His reputation was so high in the republick of letters,
+that it wanted not to be raised upon the ruins of others. But these
+_Essays_, instead of raising a higher idea than was before entertained
+of his understanding, have certainly given the world a worse opinion of
+his temper.--The Bishop was therefore the more surprized and concerned
+for his townsman, for _he respected him not only for his genius and
+learning, but valued him much more for the more amiable part of his
+character, his humanity and charity, his morality and religion.'_ The
+last sentence we may consider as the general and permanent opinion of
+Bishop Newton; the remarks which precede it must, by all who have read
+Johnson's admirable work, be imputed to the disgust and peevishness of
+old age. I wish they had not appeared, and that Dr. Johnson had not been
+provoked by them to express himself, not in respectful terms, of a
+Prelate, whose labours were certainly of considerable advantage both to
+literature and religion. BOSWELL.
+
+[882] Newton was born Jan. 1, 1704, and was made Bishop in 1761. In his
+_Account of his own Life_ (p. 65) he says:--'He was no great gainer by
+his preferment; for he was obliged to give up the prebend of
+Westminster, the precentorship of York, the lecturership of St.
+George's, Hanover Square, and the _genteel office of sub-almoner_.' He
+died in 1781. His _Works_ were published in 1782. Gibbon, defending
+himself against an attack by Newton, says (_Misc. Works_, l. 24l):--'The
+old man should not have indulged his zeal in a false and feeble charge
+against the historian, who,' &c.
+
+[883] _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides,_ 3rd ed. p. 371 [Oct. 25].
+BOSWELL. See _ante_, ii. 216.
+
+[884] The Rev. Mr. Agutter [_post,_ under Dec. 20] has favoured me with
+a note of a dialogue between Mr. John Henderson [_post,_ June 12] and
+Dr. Johnson on this topick, as related by Mr. Henderson, and it is
+evidently so authentick that I shall here insert it:--HENDERSON. 'What
+do you think, Sir, of William Law?' JOHNSON. 'William Law, Sir, wrote
+the best piece of Parenetick Divinity; but William Law was no reasoner.'
+HENDERSON. 'Jeremy Collier, Sir?' JOHNSON. 'Jeremy Collier fought
+without a rival, and therefore could not claim the victory.' Mr.
+Henderson mentioned Kenn and Kettlewell; but some objections were made:
+at last he said, 'But, Sir, what do you think of Leslie?' JOHNSON.
+'Charles Leslie I had forgotten. Leslie _was_ a reasoner, and _a
+reasoner who was not to be reasoned against.'_ BOSWELL.
+
+For the effect of Law's 'Parenetick Divinity' on Johnson, see _ante_, i.
+68. 'I am surprised,' writes Macaulay, 'that Johnson should have
+pronounced Law no reasoner. Law did indeed fall into great errors; but
+they were errors against which logic affords no security. In mere
+dialectical skill he had very few superiors.' Macaulay's _England_, ed.
+1874, v. 81, note. Jeremy Collier's attack on the play-writers Johnson
+describes in his _Life of Congreve_ (_Works_, viii. 28), and
+continues:--'Nothing now remained for the poets but to resist or fly.
+Dryden's conscience, or his prudence, angry as he was, withheld him from
+the conflict: Congreve and Vanbrugh attempted answers.' Of Leslie, Lord
+Bolingbroke thus writes (_Works_, in. 45):--'Let neither the polemical
+skill of Leslie, nor the antique erudition of Bedford, persuade us to
+put on again those old shackles of false law, false reason, and false
+gospel, which were forged before the Revolution, and broken to pieces by
+it.' Leslie is described by Macaulay, _History of England_, v. 81.
+
+[885] Burnet (_History of his own Time_, ed. 1818, iv. 303) in 1712
+speaks of Hickes and Brett as being both in the Church, but as shewing
+'an inclination towards Popery.' Hickes, he says, was at the head of the
+Jacobite party. See Boswell's _Hebrides_, Oct. 25.
+
+[886] 'Only five of the seven were non-jurors; and anybody but Boswell
+would have known that a man may resist arbitrary power, and yet not be a
+good reasoner. Nay, the resistance which Sancroft and the other
+nonjuring Bishops offered to arbitrary power, while they continued to
+hold the doctrine of non-resistance, is the most decisive proof that
+they were incapable of reasoning.' Macaulay's _England_, ed. 1874,
+v. 81.
+
+[887] See _ante_, ii. 321, for Johnson's estimate of the Nonjurors, and
+i. 429 for his Jacobitism.
+
+[888] Savage's _Works_, ed. 1777, ii. 28.
+
+[889] See _ante_, p. 46.
+
+[890] See Boswell's _Hebrides, post_, v. 77.
+
+[891] I have inserted the stanza as Johnson repeated it from memory; but
+I have since found the poem itself, in _The Foundling Hospital for Wit_,
+printed at London, 1749. It is as follows:--
+
+     'EPIGRAM, _occasioned by a religious dispute at Bath_.
+
+     'On Reason, Faith, and Mystery high,
+        Two wits harangue the table;
+      B----y believes he knows not why.
+        N---- swears 'tis all a fable.
+      Peace, coxcombs, peach, and both agree,
+        N----, kiss they empty brother:
+      Religion laughs at foes like thee,
+        And dreads a friend like t'other.'
+
+BOSWELL. The disputants are supposed to have been Beau Nash and Bentley,
+the son of the doctor, and the friend of Walpole. Croker. John Wesley in
+his _Journal_, i. 186, tells how he once silences Nash.
+
+[892] See ante, ii. 105.
+
+[893] Waller, in his _Divine Poesie_, canto first, has the same thought
+finely expressed:--
+
+     'The Church triumphant, and the Church below,
+      In songs of praise their present union show;
+      Their joys are full; our expectation long,
+      In life we differ, but we join in song;
+      Angels and we assisted by this art,
+      May sing together, though we dwell apart.'
+
+      BOSWELL.
+
+[894] See Boswell's _Hebrides_, post, v. 45.
+
+[895] In the original, _flee_.
+
+[896] The sermon thus opens:--'That there are angels and spirits good
+and bad; that at the head of these last there is ONE more considerable
+and malignant than the rest, who, in the form, or under the name of a
+_serpent_, was deeply concerned in the fall of man, and whose _head_, as
+the prophetick language is, the son of man was one day to _bruise_; that
+this evil spirit, though that prophecy be in part completed, has not yet
+received his death's wound, but is still permitted, for ends
+unsearchable to us, and in ways which we cannot particularly explain, to
+have a certain degree of power in this world hostile to its virtue and
+happiness, and sometimes exerted with too much success; all this is so
+clear from Scripture, that no believer, unless he be first of all
+_spoiled by philosophy and vain deceit [Colossians_, ii. 8], can
+possibly entertain a doubt of it.'
+
+Having treated of _possessions_, his Lordship says, 'As I have no
+authority to affirm that there _are_ now any such, so neither may I
+presume to say with confidence, that there are _not_ any.'
+
+'But then with regard to the influence of evil spirits at this day upon
+the SOULS of men, I shall take leave to be a great deal more
+peremptory.--(Then, having stated the various proofs, he adds,) All
+this, I say, is so manifest to every one who reads the Scriptures, that,
+if we respect their authority, the question concerning the reality of
+the demoniack influence upon the minds of men is clearly determined.'
+
+Let it be remembered, that these are not the words of an antiquated or
+obscure enthusiast, but of a learned and polite Prelate now alive; and
+were spoken, not to a vulgar congregation, but to the Honourable Society
+of Lincoln's-Inn. His Lordship in this sermon explains the words,
+'deliver us from evil,' in the Lord's Prayer, as signifying a request to
+be protected from 'the evil one,' that is the Devil. This is well
+illustrated in a short but excellent Commentary by my late worthy
+friend, the Reverend Dr. Lort, of whom it may truly be said, _Multis
+ille bonis flebilis occidit_. It is remarkable that Waller, in his
+_Reflections on the several Petitions, in that sacred form of devotion_,
+has understood this in the same sense;--
+
+     'Guard us from all temptations of the FOE.'
+
+BOSWELL. Dr. Lort is often mentioned in Horace Walpole's _Letters_.
+Multis ille _quidem_ flebilis occidit,' comes from Horace, _Odes_, i.
+xxiv. 9, translated by Francis,--
+
+     How did the good, the virtuous mourn.'
+
+For Dr. Hurd see _ante_, p. 189.
+
+[897] There is a curious anecdote of this physician in _Gent. Mag._
+1772, p. 467.
+
+[898] See _ante_, p. 166. He may have taken the more to Fox, as he had
+taken to Beauclerk (_ante_, i. 248), on account of his descent from
+Charles II. Fox was the great-great-grandson of that king. His Christian
+names recall his Stuart ancestry.
+
+[899] Horace Walpole wrote on April 11 (_Letters_, viii. 469):--'In
+truth Mr. Fox has all the popularity in Westminster; and, indeed, is so
+amiable and winning that, could he have stood in person all over
+England, I question whether he would not have carried the Parliament.'
+Hannah More (_Memoirs_, i. 316) in the same month wrote:--'Unluckily for
+my principles I met Fox canvassing the other day, and he looked so
+sensible and agreeable, that if I had not turned my eyes another way, I
+believe it would have been all over with me.' See _ante_, p. 279.
+
+[900] Dr. John Radcliffe, who died in 1714, left by his will, among
+other great benefactions to the University of Oxford, '£600 yearly to
+two persons, when they are Masters of Arts and entered on the
+physic-line, for their maintenance for the space of ten years; the half
+of which time at least they are to travel in parts beyond sea for their
+better improvement.' _Radcliffe's Life and Will_, p. 123. Pope mentions
+them in his _Imitations of Horace, Epistles_, ii. i. 183:--
+
+     'E'en Radcliffe's doctors travel first to France,
+      Nor dare to practise till they've learned to dance.'
+
+[901] What risks were run even by inoculation is shewn in two of Dr.
+Warton's letters. He wrote to his brother:--'This moment the dear
+children have all been inoculated, never persons behaved better, no
+whimpering at all, I hope in God for success, but cannot avoid being in
+much anxiety.' A few days later he wrote:--'You may imagine I never
+passed such a day as this in my life! grieved to death myself for the
+loss of so sweet a child, but forced to stifle my feelings as much as
+possible for the sake of my poor wife. She does not, however, hit on, or
+dwell on, that most cutting circumstance of all, poor Nanny's dying, as
+it were by our own means, tho' well intended indeed.' Wooll's _Warton_,
+i. 289. Dr. Franklin (_Memoirs_, i. 155), on the other hand, bitterly
+regretted that he had not had a child inoculated, whom he lost by
+small-pox.
+
+[902] See _post_, before Nov. 17, and under Dec. 9, 1784.
+
+[903] 'I am the vilest of sinners and the worst of men.' Taylor's
+_Works_ (ed. 1864), iii. 31. 'The best men deserve not eternal life, and
+I who am the worst may have it given me.' _Ib_. p. 431--'He that hath
+lived worst, even I.' _Ib_. vii. 241. 'Behold me the meanest of thy
+creatures.' _Ib_. p. 296.
+
+[904] 'You may fairly look upon yourself to be the greatest sinner that
+you know in the world. First, because you know more of the folly of your
+own heart than you do of other people's; and can charge yourself with
+various sins that you only know of yourself, and cannot be sure that
+other people are guilty of them.' Law's _Serious Call_, chap. 23.
+
+[905] 1 _Timothy_, i. 15.
+
+[906] See _post_, v. 68, note 4.
+
+[907] 'Be careful thou dost not speak a lie in thy prayers, which though
+not observed is frequently practised by careless persons, especially in
+the forms of confession, affirming things which they have not thought,
+professing sorrow which is not, making a vow they mean not.' Taylor's
+_Works_, ed. 1865, vii. 622.
+
+[908] Reynolds wrote:--'As in Johnson's writings not a line can be found
+which a saint would wish to blot, so in his life he would never suffer
+the least immorality or indecency of conversation, [or anything]
+contrary to virtue or piety to proceed without a severe check, which no
+elevation of rank exempted them from.' Taylor's _Reynolds_, ii. 458. See
+_ante_, iii. 41.
+
+[909] No doubt Mr. Langton.
+
+[910] Dr. Sheridan tells how Swift overheard a Captain Hamilton say to a
+gentleman at whose house he had arrived 'that he was very sorry he had
+chosen that time for his visit. "Why so?" "Because I hear Dean Swift is
+with you. He is a great scholar, a wit; a plain country squire will have
+but a bad time of it in his company, and I don't like to be laughed at."
+Swift then stepped up and said, "Pray, Captain Hamilton, do you know how
+to say _yes_ or _no_ properly?" "Yes, I think I have understanding
+enough for that." "Then give me your hand--depend upon it, you and I
+will agree very well."' 'The Captain told me,' continues Sheridan, 'that
+he never passed two months so pleasantly in his life.' Swift's _Works_,
+ed. 1803, ii. 104.
+
+[911] Gibbon wrote on Feb. 21, 1772 (_Misc. Works_, ii. 78):--'To day
+the House of Commons was employed in a very odd way. Tommy Townshend
+moved that the sermon of Dr. Nowell, who preached before the House on
+the 30th of January (_id est_, before the Speaker and four members),
+should be burnt by the common hangman, as containing arbitrary, Tory,
+high-flown doctrines. The House was nearly agreeing to the motion, till
+they recollected that they had already thanked the preacher for his
+excellent discourse, and ordered it to be printed.'
+
+[912]
+
+     'Although it be not _shined_ upon.'
+            _Hudibras_, iii. 2, 175.
+
+[913] According to Mr. Croker, this was the Rev. Henry Bate, of the
+_Morning Post_, who in 1784 took the name of Dudley, was created a
+baronet in 1815, and died in 1824. Horace Walpole wrote on Nov. 13, 1776
+(_Letters_, vi. 39l):--'Yesterday I heard drums and trumpets in
+Piccadilly: I looked out of the window and saw a procession with
+streamers flying. At first I thought it a press-gang, but seeing the
+corps so well-drest, like Hussars, in yellow with blue waistcoats and
+breeches, and high caps, I concluded it was some new body of our allies,
+or a regiment newly raised, and with new regimentals for distinction. I
+was not totally mistaken, for the Colonel is _a new ally_. In short,
+this was a procession set forth by Mr. Bate, Lord Lyttelton's chaplain,
+and author of the old _Morning Post_, and meant as an appeal to the town
+against his antagonist, the new one.' In June, 1781, Bate was sentenced
+to a year's imprisonment 'for an atrocious libel on the Duke of
+Richmond. He was the worst of all the scandalous libellers that had
+appeared both on private persons as well as public. His life was
+dissolute, and he had fought more than one duel. Yet Lord Sandwich had
+procured for him a good Crown living, and he was believed to be
+pensioned by the Court.' Walpole's _Journal of the Reign of George
+III_, ii. 464.
+
+[914] See _ante_, ii. 339, and iii. 265.
+
+[915] Three days earlier, in the debate on the Westminster Scrutiny, Fox
+accused 'a person of great rank in this House'--Pitt I believe--'of
+adding pertness and personal contumely to every species of rash and
+inconsiderate violence.' _Parl. Hist_. xxiv. 924. Pitt, in reply,
+classed Fox among 'political apostates,' _ib_. p. 929. Burke, the same
+evening, 'sat down saying, "he little minded the ill-treatment of a
+parcel of boys."' When he was called to order, he said:--'When he used
+the term "a parcel of boys," he meant to apply it to the ministry, who,
+he conceived, were insulting him with their triumph; a triumph which
+grey hairs ought to be allowed the privilege of expressing displeasure
+at, when it was founded on the rash exultation of mere boys.' _Ib_. p.
+939. Pitt, Prime-Minister though he was, in the spring of the same year,
+was called to order by the Speaker, for charging a member with using
+'language the most false, the most malicious, and the most slanderous.'
+_Ib_. p. 763.
+
+[916] _Epistles to Mr. Pope_, ii. 165.
+
+[917] See an account of him, in a sermon by the Reverend Mr. Agutter.
+BOSWELL. This sermon was published in 1788. In Hannah More's _Memoirs_
+(i. 217), Henderson is described as 'a mixture of great sense, which
+discovered uncommon parts and learning, with a tincture of nonsense of
+the most extravagant kind. He believes in witches and apparitions, as
+well as in judicial astronomy.' Mrs. Kennicott writes (_ib_. p.
+220):--'I think if Dr. Johnson had the shaking him about, he would shake
+out his nonsense, and set his sense a-working. 'He never got out into the
+world, says Dr. Hall, the Master of Pembroke College, having died in
+College in 1788.
+
+[918] This was the second Lord Lyttelton, commonly known as 'the wicked
+Lord Lyttelton.' Fox described him to Rogers as 'a very bad
+man--downright wicked.' Rogers's _Table Talk_, p. 95. He died Nov. 27,
+1779. Horace Walpole (_Letters_, vii. 292) wrote to Mason on Dec. 11
+of that year:--'If you can send us any stories of ghosts out of the
+North, they will be very welcome. Lord Lyttelton's vision has revived
+the taste; though it seems a little odd that an apparition should
+despair of being able to get access to his Lordship's bed in the shape
+of a young woman, without being forced to use the disguise of a
+robin-red-breast.' In the _Gent. Mag._ 1815, i. 597, and 1816, ii. 421,
+accounts are given of this vision. In the latter account it is said that
+'he saw a bird fluttering, and afterwards a woman appeared in white
+apparel, and said, "Prepare to die; you will not exist three days."'
+Mrs. Piozzi also wrote a full account of it. Hayward's _Piozzi_, i. 332.
+
+[919] See _ante_, ii. 150, and iii. 298, note 1.
+
+[920] See _ante_, p. 278.
+
+[921] 'If he who considers himself as suspended over the abyss of
+eternal perdition only by the thread of life, which must soon part by
+its own weakness, and which the wing of every minute may divide, can
+cast his eyes round him without shuddering with horror, or panting for
+security; what can he judge of himself, but that he is not yet awakened
+to sufficient conviction? &c.' _The Rambler_, No. 110. In a blank leaf
+in the book in which Johnson kept his diary of his journey in Wales is
+written in his own hand, 'Faith in some proportion to Fear.' Duppa's
+Johnson's _Diary of a Journey &c_., p. 157. See _ante_, iii. 199.
+
+[922] He wrote to Mrs. Thrale on March 20:--'Write to me no more about
+_dying with a grace_; when you feel what I have felt in approaching
+eternity--in fear of soon hearing the sentence of which there is no
+revocation, you will know the folly.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 354. Of him
+it might have been said in Cowper's words:--
+
+     'Scripture is still a trumpet to his fears.'
+
+_The Task: The Winter Morning Walk_, 1. 611. See _ante_, iii. 294.
+
+[923] The Reverend Mr. Ralph Churton, Fellow of Brazen-Nose College,
+Oxford, has favoured me with the following remarks on my Work, which he
+is pleased to say, 'I have hitherto extolled, and cordially approve.'
+
+'The chief part of what I have to observe is contained in the following
+transcript from a letter to a friend, which, with his concurrence, I
+copied for this purpose; and, whatever may be the merit or justness of
+the remarks, you may be sure that being written to a most intimate
+friend, without any intention that they ever should go further, they are
+the genuine and undisguised sentiments of the writer:--
+
+'Jan. 6, 1792.
+
+'Last week, I was reading the second volume of Boswell's _Johnson_, with
+increasing esteem for the worthy authour, and increasing veneration of
+the wonderful and excellent man who is the subject of it. The writer
+throws in, now and then, very properly some serious religious
+reflections; but there is one remark, in my mind an obvious and just
+one, which I think he has not made, that Johnson's "morbid melancholy,"
+and constitutional infirmities, were intended by Providence, like St.
+Paul's thorn in the flesh, to check intellectual conceit and arrogance;
+which the consciousness of his extraordinary talents, awake as he was to
+the voice of praise, might otherwise have generated in a very culpable
+degree. Another observation strikes me, that in consequence of the same
+natural indisposition, and habitual sickliness, (for he says he scarcely
+passed one day without pain after his twentieth year,) he considered and
+represented human life, as a scene of much greater misery than is
+generally experienced. There may be persons bowed down with affliction
+all their days; and there are those, no doubt, whose iniquities rob them
+of rest; but neither calamities nor crimes, I hope and believe, do so
+much and so generally abound, as to justify the dark picture of life
+which Johnson's imagination designed, and his strong pencil delineated.
+This I am sure, the colouring is far too gloomy for what I have
+experienced, though as far as I can remember, I have had more sickness
+(I do not say more severe, but only more in quantity,) than falls to the
+lot of most people. But then daily debility and occasional sickness were
+far overbalanced by intervenient days, and, perhaps, weeks void of pain,
+and overflowing with comfort. So that in short, to return to the
+subject, human life, as far as I can perceive from experience or
+observation, is not that state of constant wretchedness which Johnson
+always insisted it was; which misrepresentation, (for such it surely
+is,) his Biographer has not corrected, I suppose, because, unhappily, he
+has himself a large portion of melancholy in his constitution, and
+fancied the portrait a faithful copy of life.'
+
+The learned writer then proceeds thus in his letter to me:--
+
+'I have conversed with some sensible men on this subject, who all seem
+to entertain the same sentiments respecting life with those which are
+expressed or implied in the foregoing paragraph. It might be added that
+as the representation here spoken of, appears not consistent with fact
+and experience, so neither does it seem to be countenanced by Scripture.
+There is, perhaps, no part of the sacred volume which at first sight
+promises so much to lend its sanction to these dark and desponding
+notions as the book of _Ecclesiastes_, which so often, and so
+emphatically, proclaims the vanity of things sublunary. But the design
+of this whole book, (as it has been justly observed,) is not to put us
+out of conceit with life, but to cure our vain expectations of a
+compleat and perfect happiness in this world; to convince us, that there
+is no such thing to be found in mere external enjoyments;--and to teach
+us to seek for happiness in the practice of virtue, in the knowledge and
+love of God, and in the hopes of a better life. For this is the
+application of all; _Let us hear_, &c. xii. 13. Not only his duty, but
+his happiness too; _For_ GOD, &c. ver. 14.--See _Sherlock on
+Providence_, p. 299.
+
+'The New Testament tells us, indeed, and most truly, that "sufficient
+unto the day is the evil thereof;" and, therefore, wisely forbids us to
+increase our burden by forebodings of sorrows; but I think it no where
+says that even our ordinary afflictions are not consistent with a very
+considerable degree of positive comfort and satisfaction. And,
+accordingly, one whose sufferings as well as merits were conspicuous,
+assures us, that in proportion "as the sufferings of Christ abounded in
+them, so their consolation also abounded by Christ." 2 _Cor_. i. 5. It
+is needless to cite, as indeed it would be endless even to refer to, the
+multitude of passages in both Testaments holding out, in the strongest
+language, promises of blessings, even in this world, to the faithful
+servants of GOD. I will only refer to _St. Luke_, xviii. 29, 30, and 1
+_Tim_. iv. 8.
+
+'Upon the whole, setting aside instances of great and lasting bodily
+pain, of minds peculiarly oppressed by melancholy, and of severe
+temporal calamities, from which extraordinary cases we surely should not
+form our estimate of the general tenour and complexion of life;
+excluding these from the account, I am convinced that as well the
+gracious constitution of things which Providence has ordained, as the
+declarations of Scripture and the actual experience of individuals,
+authorize the sincere Christian to hope that his humble and constant
+endeavours to perform his duty, checquered as the best life is with many
+failings, will be crowned with a greater degree of present peace,
+serenity, and comfort, than he could reasonably permit himself to
+expect, if he measured his views and judged of life from the opinion of
+Dr. Johnson, often and energetically expressed in the Memoirs of him,
+without any animadversion or censure by his ingenious Biographer. If he
+himself, upon reviewing the subject, shall see the matter in this light,
+he will, in an octavo edition, which is eagerly expected, make such
+additional remarks or correction as he shall judge fit; lest the
+impressions which these discouraging passages may leave on the reader's
+mind, should in any degree hinder what otherwise the whole spirit and
+energy of the work tends, and, I hope, successfully, to promote,--pure
+morality and true religion.'
+
+Though I have, in some degree, obviated any reflections against my
+illustrious friend's dark views of life, when considering, in the course
+of this Work, his _Rambler_ [_ante_, i. 213] and his _Rasselas_ [_ante_,
+i. 343], I am obliged to Mr. Churton for complying with my request of
+his permission to insert his Remarks, being conscious of the weight of
+what he judiciously suggests as to the melancholy in my own
+constitution. His more pleasing views of life, I hope, are just.
+_Valeant quantum valere possunt_.
+
+Mr. Churton concludes his letter to me in these words:--'Once, and only
+once, I had the satisfaction of seeing your illustrious friend; and as I
+feel a particular regard for all whom he distinguished with his esteem
+and friendship, so I derive much pleasure from reflecting that I once
+beheld, though but transiently near our College gate, one whose works
+will for ever delight and improve the world, who was a sincere and
+zealous son of the Church of England, an honour to his country, and an
+ornament to human nature.'
+
+His letter was accompanied with a present from himself of his _Sermons
+at the Bampton Lecture_, and from his friend, Dr. Townson, the venerable
+Rector of Malpas, in Cheshire, of his _Discourses on the Gospels_,
+together with the following extract of a letter from that excellent
+person, who is now gone to receive the reward of his labours:--'Mr.
+Boswell is not only very entertaining in his works, but they are so
+replete with moral and religious sentiments, without an instance, as far
+as I know, of a contrary tendency, that I cannot help having a great
+esteem for him; and if you think such a trifle as a copy of the
+_Discourses, ex dono authoris_, would be acceptable to him, I should be
+happy to give him this small testimony of my regard.'
+
+Such spontaneous testimonies of approbation from such men, without any
+personal acquaintance with me, are truly valuable and encouraging.
+BOSWELL.
+
+[924]
+
+     'Tout se plaint, tout gémit en cherchant le bien-etre;
+      Nul ne voudrait mourir, nul ne voudrait renaitre.'
+
+Voltaire, _Le désastre de Lisbonne. Works_, ed. 1819, x. 124. 'Johnson
+said that, for his part, he never passed that week in his life which he
+would wish to repeat, were an angel to make the proposal to him.'
+_Ante_, ii. 125. Yet Dr. Franklin, whose life overlapped Johnson's at
+both ends, said:-'I should have no objection to go over the same life
+from its beginning to the end, requesting only the advantage authors
+have of correcting in a second edition the faults of its first. So would
+I also wish to change some incidents of it for others more favourable
+Notwithstanding, if this condition was denied, I should still accept the
+offer of re-commencing the same life.' Franklin's _Memoirs_, i. 2.
+
+[925] Mackintosh thus sums up this question:--'The truth is, that
+endless fallacies must arise from the attempt to appreciate by
+retrospect human life, of which the enjoyments depend on hope.' _Life of
+Mackintosh_, ii. 160. See _ante_, ii. 350.
+
+[926] In the lines on Levett. _Ante_, p. 137.
+
+[927] AURENGZEBE, act iv. sc. 1. BOSWELL. According to Dr. Maxwell
+(_ante_, ii. 124), Johnson frequently quoted the fourth couplet of these
+lines. Boswell does not give the last--
+
+     'I'm tired with waiting for this chemic gold
+     Which fools us young, and beggars us when old.'
+
+[928] Johnson, speaking of the companions of his college days, said:--
+'It was bitterness which they mistook for frolick.' _Ante_, i. 73.
+
+[929]
+
+     '--to thee I call
+     But with no friendly voice, and add thy name
+     O Sun, to tell thee how I hate thy beams.'
+
+Milton's _Paradise Lost_, iv. 35.
+
+[930] Yet there is no doubt that a man may appear very gay in company
+who is sad at heart. His merriment is like the sound of drums and
+trumpets in a battle, to drown the groans of the wounded and
+dying. BOSWELL.
+
+[931] Mme. D'Arblay (_Memoirs of Dr. Burney_, ii. 103) tells how Johnson
+was one day invited to her father's house at the request of Mr.
+Greville, 'the finest gentleman about town,' as she earlier described
+him (_ib_. i. 25), who desired to make his acquaintance. This 'superb'
+gentleman was afraid to begin to speak. 'Assuming his most supercilious
+air of distant superiority he planted himself, immovable as a noble
+statue, upon the hearth, as if a stranger to the whole set.' Johnson,
+who 'never spoke till he was spoken to' (_ante_, in. 307)--this habit
+the Burneys did not as yet know--'became completely absorbed in silent
+rumination; very unexpectedly, however, he shewed himself alive to what
+surrounded him, by one of those singular starts of vision, that made him
+seem at times, though purblind to things in common, gifted with an eye
+of instinct for espying any action that he thought merited reprehension;
+for all at once, looking fixedly on Mr. Greville, who without much
+self-denial, the night being very cold, kept his station before the
+chimney-piece, he exclaimed:--"If it were not for depriving the ladies
+of the fire, I should like to stand upon the hearth myself." A smile
+gleamed upon every face at this pointed speech. Mr. Greville tried to
+smile himself, though faintly and scoffingly. He tried also to hold his
+post; and though for two or three minutes he disdained to move, the
+awkwardness of a general pause impelled him ere long to glide back to
+his chair; but he rang the bell with force as he passed it to order his
+carriage.'
+
+[932] Page 139. BOSWELL.
+
+[933] On this same day Miss Adams wrote to a friend:--'Dr. Johnson, tho'
+not in good health, is in general very talkative and infinitely
+agreeable and entertaining.' _Pemb. Coll. MSS_.
+
+[934] Johnson said 'Milton was a _Phidias_, &c.' _Ante_, p. 99, note 1.
+In his _Life of Milton_ (_Works, vii. 119) he writes:--'Milton never
+learnt the art of doing little things with grace; he overlooked the
+milder excellence of suavity and softness; he was a _Lion_ that had no
+skill _in dandling the kid_.'
+
+     ['Sporting the lion ramped, and in his paw
+       Dandled the kid.'
+
+       _Paradise Lost_, iv. 343.]
+
+[935] Cardinal Newman (_History of my Religious Opinions_, ed. 1865, p.
+361) remarks on this:--'As to Johnson's case of a murderer asking you
+which way a man had gone, I should have anticipated that, had such a
+difficulty happened to him, his first act would have been to knock the
+man down, and to call out for the police; and next, if he was worsted in
+the conflict, he would not have given the ruffian the information he
+asked, at whatever risk to himself. I think he would have let himself be
+killed first. I do not think that he would have told a lie.'
+
+[936] See _ante_, iii. 376.
+
+[937] Book ii. 1. 142.
+
+[938] The annotator calls them 'amiable verses.' BOSWELL. The annotators
+of the _Dunciad_ were Pope himself and Dr. Arbuthnot. Johnson's _Works_,
+viii. 280.
+
+[939] Boswell was at this time corresponding with Miss Seward. See
+_post_, June 25.
+
+[940] By John Dyer. _Ante_, ii. 453.
+
+[941] Lewis's Verses addressed to Pope were first published in a
+Collection of Pieces on occasion of _The Dunciad_, 8vo., 1732. They do
+not appear in Lewis's own _Miscellany_, printed in 1726.--_Grongar Hill_
+was first printed in Savage's _Miscellanies_ as an Ode, and was
+_reprinted_ in the same year in Lewis's _Miscellany_, in the form it
+now bears.
+
+In his _Miscellanies_, 1726, the beautiful poem,--'Away, let nought to
+love displeasing,'--reprinted in Percy's _Reliques_, vol. i. book iii.
+No. 13, first appeared. MALONE.
+
+[942] See _ante_, p. 58.
+
+[943] See _ante_, i. 71, and ii. 226.
+
+[944] Captain Cook's third voyage. The first two volumes by Captain
+Cook; the last by Captain King.
+
+[945] See _ante_, ii. 73, 228, 248; iii. 49.
+
+[946]
+
+     '--quae mollissima fandi Tempora.'
+     '--time wherein the word May softliest be said.'
+
+    MORRIS. Virgil, _Aeneids_, iv. 293.
+
+[947] See _ante_, i. 71.
+
+[948] See _ante_, i. 203, note 6.
+
+[949] Boswell began to eat dinners in the Inner Temple so early as 1775.
+_Ante_, ii. 377, note 1. He was not called till Hilary Term, 1786.
+Rogers's _Boswelliana_, p. 143.
+
+[950] Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Jones wrote two years earlier
+(_Life_, p. 268):--'Whether it be a wise part to live uncomfortably in
+order to die wealthy, is another question; but this I know by
+experience, and have heard old practitioners make the same observation,
+that a lawyer who is in earnest must be chained to his chambers and the
+bar for ten or twelve years together.'
+
+[951] Johnson's _Prologue at the opening of Drury Lane Theatre. Works,
+_ i. 23.
+
+[952] According to Mr. Seward, who published this account in his
+_Anecdotes,_ ii. 83, it was Mr. Langton's great-grandfather who drew
+it up.
+
+[953] 'My Lord said that his rule for his, health was to be temperate
+and keep himself warm. He never made breakfasts, but used in the morning
+to drink a glass of some sort of ale. That he went to bed at nine, and
+rose between six and seven, allowing himself a good refreshment for his
+sleep. That the law will admit of no rival, nothing to go even with it;
+but that sometimes one may for diversion read in the Latin historians of
+England, Hoveden and Matthew Paris, &c. But after it is conquered, it
+will admit of other studies. He said, a little law, a good tongue, and a
+good memory, would fit a man for the Chancery.' Seward's
+_Anecdotes_, ii. 92.
+
+[954] Wednesday was the 16th
+
+[955] See _ante_, i. 41.
+
+[956] _Letters to Mrs. Thrale_, vol. ii. p. 372. BOSWELL.
+
+[957] See _ante/_, i. 155.
+
+[958] The recommendation in this list of so many histories little agrees
+'with the fierce and boisterous contempt of ignorance' with which,
+according to Lord Macaulay, Johnson spoke of history. Macaulay's
+_Essays_, ed. 1843, i. 403.
+
+[959] See _ante_, iii. 12.
+
+[960] Northcote's account of Reynolds's table suits the description of
+this 'gentleman's mode of living.' 'A table prepared for seven or eight
+was often compelled to contain fifteen or sixteen.' There was a
+'deficiency of knives and forks, plates and glasses. The attendance was
+in the same style.' There were 'two or three undisciplined domestics.
+The host left every one at perfect liberty to scramble for himself.'
+'Rags' is certainly a strong word to apply to any of the company; but
+then strong words were what Johnson used. Northcote mentions 'the
+mixture of company.' Northcote's _Reynolds_, ii. 94-6. See _ante_, iii.
+375, note 2.
+
+[961] The Mayor of Windsor. Rogers's _Boswelliana_, p. 211.
+
+[962] The passage occurs in Brooke's _Earl of Essex_(1761) at the close
+of the first act, where Queen Elizabeth says:
+
+               'I shall henceforth seek
+     For other lights to truth; for righteous monarchs,
+     Justly to judge, with their own eyes should see;
+     _To rule o'er freemen should themselves be free_.'
+       _Notes and Queries_, 5th S. viii. 456.
+
+The play was acted at Drury Lane Theatre, old Mr. Sheridan taking the
+chief part. He it was who, in admiration, repeated the passage to
+Johnson which provoked the parody. Murphy's _Garrick_, p. 234.
+
+[963] 'Letters to Mrs. Thrale, vol. ii. p. 284. BOSWELL. In a second
+letter (_ib_. p. 347) he says:--'Cator has a rough, manly independent
+understanding, and does not spoil it by complaisance.' Miss Burney
+accuses him of emptiness, verbosity and pomposity, all of which she
+describes in an amusing manner. Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 47.
+
+[964] 'All general reflections upon nations and societies are the trite,
+thread-bare jokes of those who set up for wit without having any, and so
+have recourse to common-place.' Chesterfield's _Letters_, i. 231.
+
+[965] See vol. ii. p. 126. BOSWELL
+
+[966] '"That may be so," replied the lady, "for ought I know, but they
+are above my comprehension." "I an't obliged to find you comprehension,
+Madam, curse me," cried he,' _Roderick Random_, ch. 53. '"I protest,"
+cried Moses, "I don't rightly comprehend the force of your reasoning."
+"O, Sir," cried the Squire, "I am your most humble servant, I find
+you want me to furnish you with argument and intellects too."' _Vicar
+of Wakefield_, ch. 7.
+
+[967] In the first edition, 'as the Honourable Horace Walpole is often
+called;' in the second edition, 'as Horace, now Earl of Orford, &c.'
+Walpole succeeded to the title in Dec. 1791. In answer to
+congratulations he wrote (_Letters_, ix. 364):--'What has happened
+destroys my tranquillity.... Surely no man of seventy-four, unless
+superannuated, can have the smallest pleasure in sitting at home in his
+own room, as I almost always do, and being called by a new name.' He
+died March 2, 1797.
+
+[968] In _The Rambler_, No. 83, a character of a virtuoso is given which
+in many ways suits Walpole:--'It is never without grief that I find a
+man capable of ratiocination or invention enlisting himself in this
+secondary class of learning; for when he has once discovered a method of
+gratifying his desire of eminence by expense rather than by labour, and
+known the sweets of a life blest at once with the ease of idleness and
+the reputation of knowledge, he will not easily be brought to undergo
+again the toil of thinking, or leave his toys and trinkets for arguments
+and principles.'
+
+[969] Walpole says:--'I do not think I ever was in a room with Johnson
+six times in my days.' _Letters_, ix. 319. 'The first time, I think, was
+at the Royal Academy. Sir Joshua said, "Let me present Dr. Goldsmith to
+you;" he did. "Now I will present Dr. Johnson to you." "No," said I,
+"Sir Joshua; for Dr. Goldsmith, pass--but you shall not present Dr.
+Johnson to me."' _Journal &c. of Miss Berry_, i. 305. In his _Journal of
+the Reign of George III_, he speaks of Johnson as 'one of the venal
+champions of the Court,' 'a renegade' (i. 430); 'a brute,' 'an old
+decrepit hireling' (_ib._ p. 472); and as 'one of the subordinate crew
+whom to name is to stigmatize' (_ib._ ii. 5). In his _Memoirs of the
+Reign of George III_, iv. 297, he says:--'With a lumber of learning and
+some strong parts Johnson was an odious and mean character. His manners
+were sordid, supercilious, and brutal; his style ridiculously bombastic
+and vicious, and, in one word, with all the pedantry he had all the
+gigantic littleness of a country schoolmaster.'
+
+[970] See _ante_, i. 367.
+
+[971] On May 26, 1791, Walpole wrote of Boswell's _Life of Johnson
+(Letters_ ix. 3l9):--'I expected amongst the excommunicated to find
+myself, but am very gently treated. I never would be in the least
+acquainted with Johnson; or, as Boswell calls it, I had not a just value
+for him; which the biographer imputes to my resentment for the Doctor's
+putting bad arguments (purposely out of Jacobitism) into the speeches
+which he wrote fifty years ago for my father in the _Gentleman's
+Magazine_; which I did not read then, or ever knew Johnson wrote till
+Johnson died.' Johnson said of these Debates:--'I saved appearances
+tolerably well; but I took care that the Whig dogs should not have the
+best of it.' _Ante_, i. 504. 'Lord Holland said that whenever Boswell
+came into a company where Horace Walpole was, Walpole would throw back
+his head, purse up his mouth very significantly, and not speak a word
+while Boswell remained.' _Autobiographical Recollections of C. R.
+Leslie_, i. 155. Walpole (_Letters_, viii. 44) says:--'Boswell, that
+quintessence of busybodies, called on me last week, and was let in,
+which he should not have been, could I have foreseen it. After tapping
+many topics, to which I made as dry answers as an unbribed oracle, he
+vented his errand.'
+
+[972] Walpole wrote (_Letters_, vi. 44):--'If _The School for Wives_
+and _The Christmas Tale_ were laid to me, so was _The Heroic Espistle_.
+I could certainly have written the two former, but not the latter.' See
+_ante_, iv. 113.
+
+[973] The title given by Bishop Pearson to his collection of Hales's
+Writings is the _Golden Remains of the Ever Memorable John Hales of
+Eaton College, &c_. It was published in 1659.
+
+[974] I _Henry IV_, act ii. sc. 4. 'Sir James Mackintosh remembers that,
+while spending the Christmas of 1793 at Beaconsfield, Mr. Burke said to
+him, 'Johnson showed more powers of mind in company than in his
+writings; but he argued only for victory; and when he had neither a
+paradox to defend, nor an antagonist to crush, he would preface his
+assent with "Why, no, Sir."' CROKER. Croker's _Boswell_, p. 768.
+
+[975]
+
+     Search then the ruling passion: There alone
+     The wild are constant, and the cunning known;
+     The fool consistent, and the false sincere;
+     Priests, princes, women, no dissemblers here.'
+       Pope, _Moral Essays_, i. 174.
+
+'The publick pleasures of far the greater part of mankind are
+counterfeit.' _The Idler_, No. 18.
+
+[976] _Ante_, ii. 241, and iii. 325.
+
+[977] Boswell refers to Cicero's _Treatise on Famous Orators_.
+
+[978] Boswell here falls into a mistake. About harvest-time in 1766,
+there were corn-riots owing to the dearness of bread. By the Act of the
+15th of Charles II, corn, when under a certain price, might be legally
+exported. On Sept. 26, 1766, before this price had been reached, the
+Crown issued a proclamation to prohibit the exportation of grain. When
+parliament met in November, a bill of indemnity was brought in for those
+concerned in the late embargo. 'The necessity of the embargo was
+universally allowed;' it was the exercise by the Crown of a power of
+dispensing with the laws that was attacked. Some of the ministers who,
+out of office, 'had set up as the patrons of liberty,' were made the
+object 'of many sarcasms on the beaten subject of occasional
+patriotism.' _Ann. Reg._ x. 39-48, and Dicey's _Law of the
+Constitution_, p. 50.
+
+[979] _St. Mark_, ii. 9.
+
+[980] _Anecdotes_, p. 43. BOSWELL. The passage is from the _Speech on
+Conciliation with the Colonies_, March 22, 1775. Payne's _Burke_, i.
+173. The image of the angel and Lord Bathurst was thus, according to
+Mrs. Piozzi, parodied by Johnson:--'Suppose, Mr. Speaker, that to
+Wharton, or to Marlborough, or to any of the eminent Whigs of the last
+age, the devil had, not with great impropriety, consented to appear.'
+See _ante_, iii. 326, where Johnson said 'the first Whig was the Devil.'
+
+[981] Boswell was stung by what Mrs. Piozzi wrote when recording this
+parody. She said that she had begged Johnson's leave to write it down
+directly. 'A trick,' she continues, 'which I have seen played on common
+occasions of sitting steadily [? stealthily] down at the other end of
+the room to write at the moment what should be said in company, either
+by Dr. Johnson or to him, I never practised myself, nor approved of in
+another. There is something so ill-bred, and so inclining to treachery
+in this conduct, that, were it commonly adopted, all confidence would
+soon be exiled from society.' See _post_, under June 30, 1784, where
+Boswell refers to this passage.
+
+[982]
+
+     'Who'er offends, at some unlucky time
+      Slides into verse, and hitches in a rhyme.'
+
+Pope, _Imitations of Horace_, 2 Satires, i. 78.
+
+[983] On March 14, 1770, in a debate on the licentiousness of the press,
+Townshend joined together Johnson and Shebbeare. Burke, who followed
+him, said nothing about Johnson. Fitzherbert, speaking of Johnson as 'my
+friend,' defended him as 'a pattern of morality.' _Cavendish Debates_,
+i.514. On Feb. 16, 1774, when Fox drew attention to a 'vile libel'
+signed _A South Briton_, Townshend said 'Dr. Shebbeare and Dr. Johnson
+have been pensioned, but this wretched South Briton is to be
+prosecuted.' It was Fox, and not Burke, who on this occasion defended
+Johnson. _Parl. Hist._ xvii.1054. As Goldsmith was writing _Retaliation_
+at the very time that this second attack was made, it is very likely
+that it was the occasion, of the change in the line.
+
+[984] In the original _yet_.
+
+[985]
+
+     'Sis pecore et multa dives tellure licebit,
+        Tibique Pactolus fluat.'
+     'Though wide thy land extends, and large thy fold,
+      Though rivers roll for thee their purest gold.'
+
+FRANCIS. Horace, _Epodes_, xv. 19.
+
+[986] See Macaulay's _Essays_, ed. 1843, i. 404, for Macaulay's
+appropriation and amplification of this passage.
+
+[987] See _ante_, ii. 168.
+
+[988] Mr. Croker suggests the Rev. Martin Sherlock, an Irish Clergyman,
+'who published in 1781 his own travels under the title of _Letters of an
+English Traveller translated from the French._' Croker's _Boswell, p.
+770. Mason writes of him as 'Mister, or Monsieur, or Signor Sherlock,
+for I am told he is both [sic] French, English, and Italian in print.'
+Walpole's _Letters_, viii. 202. I think, however, that Dr. Thomas
+Campbell is meant. His _Philosophical Survey of the South of Ireland_
+Boswell calls 'a very entertaining book, which has, however, one
+fault;--that it assumes the fictitious character of an Englishman.'
+_Ante_, ii. 339.
+
+[989] See _ante_, iv. 49.
+
+[990] This anecdote is not in the first two editions.
+
+[991] See _ante_, in. 369.
+
+[992] 'I have heard,' says Hawkins (_Life_, p. 409), 'that in many
+instances, and in some with tears in his eyes, he has apologised to
+those whom he had offended by contradiction or roughness of behaviour.'
+See _ante_, ii. 109, and 256, note 1.
+
+[993] Johnson (_Works_, viii. 131) describes Savage's 'superstitious
+regard to the correction of his sheets ... The intrusion or omission of
+a comma was sufficient to discompose him, and he would lament an errour
+of a single letter as a heavy calamity.'
+
+[994] Compositor in the Printing-house means, the person who adjusts the
+types in the order in which they are to stand for printing; and arranges
+what is called the _form_, from which an impression is taken. BOSWELL.
+
+[995] This circumstance therefore alluded to in Mr. Courtenay's
+_Poetical Character_ of him is strictly true. My informer was Mrs.
+Desmoulins, who lived many years in Dr. Johnson's house. BOSWELL. The
+following are Mr. Courtenay's lines:--
+
+     'Soft-eyed compassion with a look benign,
+      His fervent vows he offered at thy shrine;
+      To guilt, to woe, the sacred debt was paid,
+      And helpless females blessed his pious aid;
+      Snatched from disease, and want's abandoned crew,
+      Despair and anguish from their victims flew;
+      Hope's soothing balm into their bosoms stole,
+      And tears of penitence restored the soul.'
+
+[996] The _Cross Readings_ were said to be formed 'by reading two
+columns of a newspaper together onwards,' whereby 'the strangest
+connections were brought about,' such as:--
+
+     'This morning the Right Hon. the Speaker
+     was convicted of keeping a disorderly house.
+     Whereas the said barn was set on fire by
+     an incendiary letter dropped early in the morning.
+     By order of the Commissioners for Paving
+     An infallible remedy for the stone and gravel.
+     The sword of state was carried
+     before Sir John Fielding and committed to Newgate.'
+
+_The New Foundling Hospital for Wit_, i. 129. According to Northcote
+(_Life of Reynolds_, i. 217), 'Dr. Goldsmith declared, in the heat of
+his admiration of these _Cross Readings_, it would have given him more
+pleasure to have been the author of them than of all the works he had
+ever published of his own.' Horace Walpole (Letters, v. 30) writes:--
+'Have you seen that delightful paper composed out of scraps in the
+newspapers? I laughed till I cried. I mean the paper that says:--
+
+"This day his Majesty will go in great state to fifteen notorious common
+prostitutes."'
+
+[997] One of these gentlemen was probably Mr. Musgrave (_ante_, ii. 343,
+note 2), who, says Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec_. p. 295), when 'once he was
+singularly warm about Johnson's writing the lives of our famous prose
+authors, getting up and entreating him to set about the work
+immediately, he coldly replied, "Sit down, Sir."' Miss Burney says that
+'the incense he paid Dr. Johnson by his solemn manner of listening, by
+the earnest reverence with which he eyed him, and by a theatric start of
+admiration every time he spoke, joined to the Doctor's utter
+insensibility to all these tokens, made me find infinite difficulty in
+keeping my countenance.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 85. The other
+gentleman was perhaps Dr. Wharton. _Ante_, ii. 41, note 1.
+
+[998] Probably Dr. Beattie. The number of letters in his name agrees
+with the asterisks given a few lines below. _Ante_, iii. 339, note 1,
+and _post_, p. 330.
+
+[999] Johnson, in his _Dictionary_, defines _congé d'élire_ as _the
+king's permission royal to a dean and chapter in time of vacation, to
+choose a bishop._ When Dr. Hampden was made Bishop of Hereford in 1848,
+the Dean resisted the appointment. H. C. Robinson records, on the
+authority of the Bishop's Secretary (_Diary_, iii. 311), that 'at the
+actual confirmation in Bow Church the scene was quite ludicrous. After
+the judge had told the opposers that he could not hear them, the
+citation for opposers to come forward was repeated, at which the people
+present laughed out, as at a play.'
+
+[1000] This has been printed in other publications, 'fall _to the
+ground_.' But Johnson himself gave me the true expression which he had
+used as above; meaning that the recommendation left as little choice in
+the one case as the other. BOSWELL. One of the 'other publications is
+Hawkins's edition of Johnson's _Works_. See in it vol. xi. p. 216.
+
+[1001] They are published in vol. xi. of Hawkins's edition of Johnson's
+_Works_. 1787, and are often quoted in my notes. It should be
+remembered that Steevens is not trustworthy. See _ante_, iii. 281,
+and iv. 178.
+
+[1002] See _ante_, ii. 96.
+
+[1003] See _ante_, p. iii.
+
+[1004] _She Stoops to Conquer_ was first acted on March 15, 1773. The
+King of Sardinia had died on Feb. 20. _Gent. Mag_. 1773, pp. 149, 151.
+
+[1005] Hannah More (_Memoirs_, i. 170) describes how, in 1780, she went
+to one of Mrs. Ord's assemblies at a time when 'the mourning for some
+foreign Wilhelmina Jaquelina was not over. Every human creature was in
+deep mourning, and I, poor I, all gorgeous in scarlet. Even Jacobite
+Johnson was in deep mourning.'
+
+[1006] In the tenth edition of the _Rambler_, published in 1784, the
+entry is still found:--'Milton, Mr. John, remarks on his versification.'
+In like manner we find:--'Shakspeare, Mr. William, his eminent success
+in tragi-comedy;' 'Spenser, Mr. Edmund, some imitations of his diction
+censured;' 'Cowley, Mr. Abraham, a passage in his writing illustrated.'
+
+[1007] See _ante_, p. 116.
+
+[1008] See _ante_, iii. 425, note 3.
+
+[1009] Hawkins (_Life_, p. 571) writes:--'The plan for Johnson's
+visiting the Continent became so well known, that, as a lady then
+resident at Rome afterwards informed me, his arrival was anxiously
+expected throughout Italy.'
+
+[1010] Edward Lord Thurlow. BOSWELL.
+
+[1011] See _ante_, p. 179.
+
+[1012] In 1778.
+
+[1013] 'With Lord Thurlow, while he was at the bar, Johnson was well
+acquainted. He said to Mr. Murphy twenty years ago, "Thurlow is a man of
+such vigour of mind that I never knew I was to meet him, but--I was
+going to tell a falsehood; I was going to say I was afraid of him, and
+that would not be true, for I was never afraid of any man--but I never
+knew that I was to meet Thurlow, but I knew I had something to
+encounter."' _Monthly Review_ for 1787, lxxvi. 382. Murphy, no doubt,
+was the writer. Lord Campbell (_Lives of the Chancellors_, ed. 1846,
+v.621) quotes from 'the Diary of a distinguished political character' an
+account of a meeting between Thurlow and Horne Tooke, in 1801. 'Tooke
+evidently came forward for a display, and as I considered his powers of
+conversation as surpassing those of any person I had ever seen (in point
+of skill and dexterity, and if necessary in _lying_), so I took for
+granted old grumbling Thurlow would be obliged to lower his top-sail to
+him--but it seemed as if the very _look_ and _voice_ of Thurlow scared
+him out of his senses from the first moment. So Tooke tried to recruit
+himself by wine, and, though not generally a drinker, was very drunk,
+but all would not do.'
+
+[1014] It is strange that Sir John Hawkins should have related that the
+application was made by Sir Joshua Reynolds, when he could so easily
+have been informed of the truth by inquiring of Sir Joshua. Sir John's
+carelessness to ascertain facts is very remarkable. BOSWELL.
+
+[1015] There is something dreadful in the thought of the old man quietly
+going on with his daily life within a few hundred yards of this shocking
+scene of slaughter, this 'legal massacre,' to use his own words (_ante_,
+p. 188, note 3). England had a kind of Reign of Terror of its own;
+little thought of at the time or remembered since. Twenty-four men were
+sentenced to death at the Old Bailey Sessions that ended on April 28. On
+June 16 nine of these had the sentence commuted; the rest were hanged
+this day. Among these men was not a single murderer. Twelve of them had
+committed burglary, two a street robbery, and one had personated another
+man's name, with intent to receive his wages. _Ann. Reg_. xxvii, 193,
+and _Gent. Mag_. liv. 379, 474. The _Gent. Mag_. recording the
+sentences, remarks:--'Convicts under sentence of death in Newgate and
+the gaols throughout the kingdom increase so fast, that, were they all
+to be executed, England would soon be marked among the nations as the
+_Bloody Country_.' In the spring assizes the returns are given for ten
+towns. There were 88 capital convictions, of which 21 were at
+Winchester. _Ib_. 224. In the summer assizes and at the Old Bailey
+Sessions for July there were 149 capital convictions. At Maidstone a man
+on being sentenced 'gave three loud cheers, upon which the judge gave
+strict orders for his being chained to the floor of the dungeon.' _Ib_.
+pp. 311, 633. The hangman was to grow busier yet. This increase in the
+number of capital punishments was attributed by Romilly in great part to
+Madan's _Thoughts on Executive Justice_; 'a small tract, in which, by a
+mistaken application of the maxim "that the certainty of punishment is
+more efficacious than its severity for the prevention of crimes," he
+absurdly insisted on the expediency of rigidly enforcing, in every
+instance, our penal code, sanguinary and barbarous as it was. In 1783,
+the year before the book was published, there were executed in London
+only 51 malefactors; in 1785, the year after the book was published,
+there were executed 97; and it was recently after the publication of the
+book that was exhibited a spectacle unseen in London for a long course
+of years before, the execution of nearly 20 criminals at a time.' _Life
+of Romilly_, i. 89. Madan's Tract was published in the winter of 1784-5.
+Boswell's fondness for seeing executions is shewn, _ante_, ii. 93.
+
+[1016] See _ante_, ii. 82, 104; iii. 290; and v. 7l.
+
+[1017] A friend of mine happened to be passing by a _field congregation_
+in the environs of London, when a Methodist preacher quoted this passage
+with triumph. BOSWELL. On Dec. 26, 1784, John Wesley preached the
+condemned criminals' sermon to forty-seven who were under sentence of
+death. He records:--'The power of the Lord was eminently present, and
+most of the prisoners were in tears. A few days after, twenty of them
+died at once, five of whom died in peace. I could not but greatly
+approve of the spirit and behaviour of Mr. Villette, the Ordinary; and I
+rejoiced to hear that it was the same on all similar occasions.'
+Wesley's _Journal_, ed. 1827, iv. 287.
+
+[1018] I trust that THE CITY OF LONDON, now happily in unison with THE
+COURT, will have the justice and generosity to obtain preferment for
+this Reverend Gentleman, now a worthy old servant of that magnificent
+Corporation. BOSWELL. In like manner, Boswell in 1768 praised the Rev.
+Mr. Moore, Mr. Villette's predecessor. 'Mr. Moore, the Ordinary of
+Newgate, discharged his duty with much earnestness and a fervour for
+which I and all around me esteemed and loved him. Mr. Moore seems worthy
+of his office, which, when justly considered, is a very important one.'
+_London Mag._ 1783, p. 204. For the quarrel between the City and the
+Court, see _ante_, iii. 201.
+
+[1019] See _ante_, i. 387.
+
+[1020] Knox in _Winter Evenings_, No. xi. (_Works_, ii. 348), attacks
+Johnson's biographers for lowering his character by publishing his
+private conversation. 'Biography,' he complains, 'is every day
+descending from its dignity.' See _ante_, i. 222, note 1.
+
+[1021] _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 256.
+
+[1022] Johnson wrote on April 15:--'I am still very weak, though my
+appetite is keen and my digestion potent. ... I now think and consult
+to-day what I shall eat to-morrow. This disease likewise will, I hope,
+be cured.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 362. Beattie, who dined with
+Johnson on June 27, wrote:--'Wine, I think, would do him good, but he
+cannot be prevailed on to drink it. He has, however, a voracious
+appetite for food. I verily believe that on Sunday last he ate as much
+to dinner as I have done in all for these ten days past.' Forbes's
+_Beattie_, ed. 1824, p. 315. It was said that Beattie latterly indulged
+somewhat too much in wine. _Ib_. p. 432.
+
+[1023] Horace Walpole wrote in April 1750 (_Letters_, ii. 206):--'There
+is come from France a Madame Bocage who has translated Milton: my Lord
+Chesterfield prefers the copy to the original; but that is not uncommon
+for him to do, who is the patron of bad authors and bad actors. She has
+written a play too, which was damned, and worthy my lord's approbation.'
+It was this lady who bade her footman blow into the spout of the
+tea-pot. _Ante_, ii. 403. Dr. J. H. Burton writes of her in his _Life of
+Hume_, ii. 213:--'The wits must praise her bad poetry if they frequented
+her house. "Elle était d'une figure aimable," says Grimm, "elle est
+bonne femme; elle est riche; elle pouvait fixer chez elle les gens
+d'esprit et de bonne compagnie, sans les mettre dans l'embarras de lui
+parler avec peu de sincérité de sa Colombiade ou de ses Amazones."'
+
+[1024] It is the sea round the South Pole that she describes in her
+_Elegy_ (not _Ode_). The description begins:--
+
+     'While o'er the deep in many a dreadful form,
+      The giant Danger howls along the storm,
+      _Furling the iron sails with numbed hands,
+      Firm on the deck the great Adventurer stands;_
+      Round glitt'ring mountains hear the billows rave,
+      And the vast ruin thunder on the wave.'
+
+In the _Gent. Mag._ 1793, p. 197, were given extracts abusive of Johnson
+from some foolish letters that passed between Miss Seward and Hayley, a
+poet her equal in feebleness. Boswell, in his _Corrections and Additions
+to the First Edition_ (_ante_, i.10), corrected an error into which he
+had been led by Miss Seward (_ante_, i.92, note 2). She, in the _Gent.
+Mag._ for 1793, p.875, defended herself and attacked him. His reply is
+found on p.1009. He says:--'As my book was to be a _real history_, and
+not a _novel_, it was necessary to suppress all erroneous particulars,
+however entertaining.' (_Ante_, ii 467, note 4.) He continues:--'So far
+from having any hostile disposition towards this Lady, I have, in my
+_Life of Dr. Johnson_...quoted a compliment paid by him to one of her
+poetical pieces; and I have withheld his opinion of herself, thinking
+that she might not like it. I am afraid it has reached her by some other
+means; and thus we may account for various attacks by her on her
+venerable townsman since his decease...What are we to think of the
+scraps of letters between her and Mr. Hayley, impotently attempting to
+undermine the noble pedestal on which the publick opinion has placed
+Dr. Johnson?'
+
+[1025] See _ante_, i.265, and iv. 174.
+
+[1026] 'Johnson said he had once seen Mr. Stanhope at Dodsley's shop,
+and was so much struck with his awkward manners and appearance that he
+could not help asking Mr. Dodsley who he was.' Johnson's _Works_,
+(1787) xi.209.
+
+[1027] Chesterfield was Secretary of State from Nov. 1746 to Feb. 1748.
+His letters to his son extend from 1739 to 1768.
+
+[1028] Foote had taken off Lord Chesterfield in _The Cozeners_. Mrs.
+Aircastle trains her son Toby in the graces. She says to her
+husband:--'Nothing but grace! I wish you would read some late
+_Posthumous Letters_; you would then know the true value of grace.' Act
+ii. sc. 2.
+
+[1029] See _ante_, p.78, note 1.
+
+[1030] See a pamphlet entitled _Remarks on the Characters of the Court
+of Queen Anne_, included in Swift's _Works_, ed. 1803, vi. 163.
+
+[1031] Carleton, according to the _Memoirs_, made his first service in
+the navy in 1672--seventeen years before the siege of Derry. There is no
+mention of this siege in the book.
+
+[1032] 'He had obtained, by his long service, some knowledge of the
+practic part of an engineer.' Preface to the _Memoirs_.
+
+[1033] Nearly 200 pages in Bohn's edition. See _ante_, i. 71, for
+Johnson's rapid reading.
+
+[1034] Lord Mahon (_War of the Succession in Spain_, Appendix, p. 131)
+proves that a Captain Carleton really served. 'It is not impossible,' he
+says, 'that the MS. may have been intrusted to De Foe for the purpose of
+correction or revision...The _Memoirs_ are most strongly marked with
+internal proofs of authenticity.' Lockhart (_Life of Scott_, iii. 84)
+says:--'It seems to be now pretty generally believed that Carleton's
+_Memoirs_ were among the numberless fabrications of De Foe; but in this
+case (if the fact indeed be so), as in that of his _Cavalier_, he no
+doubt had before him the rude journal of some officer.' Dr. Burton
+(_Reign of Queen Anne_ ii. 173) says that MSS. in the British Museum
+disprove 'the possibility of De Foe's authorship.'
+
+[1035] Lord Chesterfield (_Letters_, ii. 109) writing to his son on Nov.
+29, 1748, says of Mr. Eliot:--'Imitate that application of his, which
+has made him know all thoroughly, and to the bottom. He does not content
+himself with the surface of knowledge; but works in the mine for it,
+knowing that it lies deep.'
+
+[1036] The Houghton Collection was sold in 1779 by the third Earl of
+Orford, to the Empress of Russia for £40,555. (Walpole's _Letters_, vii.
+227, note 1.)
+
+Horace Walpole wrote on Aug. 4 of that year (_ib_. p. 235):--'Well!
+adieu to Houghton! about its mad master I shall never trouble myself
+more. From the moment he came into possession, he has undermined every
+act of my father that was within his reach, but, having none of that
+great man's sense or virtues, he could only lay wild hands on lands and
+houses; and since he has stript Houghton of its glory, I do not care a
+straw what he does with the stone or the acres.'
+
+[1037] This museum at Alkerington near Manchester is described in the
+_Gent. Mag_. 1773, p.219. A proposal was made in Parliament to buy it
+for the British Museum. _Ib_. 1783, p. 919. On July 8, 1784, a bill
+enabling Lever to dispose of it by lottery passed the House of Commons.
+_Ib_. 1784, p.705.
+
+[1038] Johnson defines _intuition_ as _sight of anything; immediate
+knowledge_; and _sagacity_ as _quickness of scent; acuteness of
+discovery_.
+
+[1039] In the first edition it stands '_A gentleman_' and below instead
+of Mr. ----, Mr. ----. In the second edition Mr. ---- becomes Mr. ----.
+In the third edition _young_ is added. Young Mr. Burke is probably
+meant. As it stood in the second edition it might have been thought that
+Edmund Burke was the gentleman; the more so as Johnson often denied his
+want of wit.
+
+[1040] _Hamlet_, act i. sc. 2.
+
+[1041] See _ante_, i. 372, note 1.
+
+[1042] Windham says (_Diary_, p. 34) that when Dr. Brocklesby made this
+offer 'Johnson pressed his hands and said, "God bless you through Jesus
+Christ, but I will take no money but from my sovereign." This, if I
+mistake not, was told the King through West.' Dr. Brocklesby wrote to
+Burke, on July 2, 1788, to make him 'an instant present of £1000,
+which,' he continues, 'for years past, by will, I had destined as a
+testimony of my regard on my decease.' Burke, accepting the present,
+said:--'I shall never be ashamed to have it known, that I am obliged to
+one who never can be capable of converting his kindness into a burthen.'
+Burke's _Corres._ iii.78. See _ante_, p. 263, for the just praise
+bestowed by Johnson on physicians in his _Life of Garth_.
+
+[1043] See _ante_, ii. 194.
+
+[1044] _Letters to Mrs. Thrale_, vol. ii. p 375. BOSWELL.
+
+[1045] Rogers (_Table-Talk_, p. 45) describes him as 'a very handsome,
+gentlemanly, and amiable person. Mme. D'Arblay tells how one evening at
+Dr. Burney's home, when Signor Piozzi was playing on the piano, 'Mrs.
+Thrale stealing on tip-toe behind him, ludicrously began imitating him.
+Dr. Burney whispered to her, "Because, Madam, you have no ear yourself
+for music, will you destroy the attention of all who in that one point
+are otherwise gifted?"' Mrs. Thrale took this rebuke very well. This was
+her first meeting with Piozzi. It was in Mr. Thrale's life-time.
+_Memoirs of Dr. Burney_, ii. 110.
+
+[1046] Dr. Johnson's letter to Sir John Hawkins, _Life_, p. 570.
+BOSWELL. The last time Miss Burney saw Johnson, not three weeks before
+his death, he told her that the day before he had seen Miss Thrale. 'I
+then said:--"Do you ever, Sir, hear from mother?" "No," cried he, "nor
+write to her. I drive her quite from my mind. If I meet with one of her
+letters, I burn it instantly. I have burnt all I can find. I never speak
+of her, and I desire never to hear of her more. I drive her, as I said,
+wholly from my mind."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 328.
+
+[1047] See _ante_, i. 493.
+
+[1048] _Anec_. p. 293. BOSWELL.
+
+[1049] 'The saying of the old philosopher who observes, "that he who
+wants least is most like the gods who want nothing," was a favourite
+sentence with Dr. Johnson, who on his own part required less attendance,
+sick or well, than ever I saw any human creature. Conversation was all
+he required to make him happy.' Piozzi's _Anec_. p.275. Miss Burney's
+account of the life at Streatham is generally very cheerful. I suspect
+that the irksome confinement described by Mrs. Piozzi was not felt by
+her till she became attached to Mr. Piozzi. This caused a great change
+in her behaviour and much unhappiness. (_Ante_, p. 138, note 4.) He at
+times treated her harshly. (_Ante_, p. 160, note.) Two passages in her
+letters to Miss Burney shew a want of feeling in her for a man who for
+nearly twenty years had been to her almost as a father. On Feb. 18,
+1784, she writes:--'Johnson is in a sad way doubtless; yet he may still
+with care last another twelve-month, and every week's existence is gain
+to him, who, like good Hezekiah, wearies Heaven with entreaties for
+life. I wrote him a very serious letter the other day.' On March 23 she
+writes:--' My going to London would be a dreadful expense, and bring on
+a thousand inquiries and inconveniences--visits to Johnson and from
+Cator.' It is likely that in other letters there were like passages, but
+these letters Miss Burney 'for cogent reasons destroyed.' Mme.
+D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 305, 7, 8.
+
+[1050]
+     'Bless'd paper credit! last and best supply!
+      That lends corruption lighter wings to fly!'
+
+Pope, _Moral Essays_, iii. 39.
+
+[1051] Who has been pleased to furnish me with his remarks. BOSWELL. No
+doubt Malone, who says, however: 'On the whole the publick is indebted
+to her for her lively, though very inaccurate and artful, account of Dr.
+Johnson.' Prior's _Malone_, p. 364.
+
+[1052] See _ante_, iii. 81.
+
+[1053] _Anec._ p. 183. BOSWELL.
+
+[1054] Hannah More. She, with her sisters, had kept a boarding-school at
+Bristol.
+
+[1055] She first saw Johnson in June, 1774. According to her _Memoirs_
+(i. 48) he met her 'with good humour in his countenance, and continued
+in the same pleasant humour the whole of the evening.' She called on him
+in Bolt Court. One of her sisters writes:--'Miss Reynolds told the
+doctor of all our rapturous exclamations [about him] on the road. He
+shook his scientific head at Hannah, and said, "She was a silly thing."'
+_Ib_. p. 49. 'He afterwards mentioned to Miss Reynolds how much he had
+been touched with the enthusiasm of the young authoress, which was
+evidently genuine and unaffected.' _Ib_. p. 50. She met him again in the
+spring of 1775. Her sister writes:--'The old genius was extremely
+jocular, and the young one very pleasant. They indeed tried which could
+"pepper the highest" [Goldsmith's _Retaliation_], and it is not clear to
+me that he was really the highest seasoner.' _Ib_. p. 54. From the Mores
+we know nothing of his reproof. He had himself said of 'a literary
+lady'--no doubt Hannah More--'I was obliged to speak to Miss Reynolds to
+let her know that I desired she would not flatter me so much.' _Ante_,
+iii.293. Miss Burney records a story she had from Mrs. Thrale, 'which,'
+she continues, 'exceeds, I think, in its severity all the severe things
+I have yet heard of Dr. Johnson's saying. When Miss More was introduced
+to him, she began singing his praise in the warmest manner. For some
+time he heard her with that quietness which a long use of praise has
+given him: she then redoubled her strokes, till at length he turned
+suddenly to her, with a stern and angry countenance, and said, "Madam,
+before you flatter a man so grossly to his face, you should consider
+whether or not your flattery is worth his having."' Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_, i.103. Shortly afterwards Miss Burney records (_ib_. p. 121)
+that Mrs. Thrale said to him:--'We have told her what you said to Miss
+More, and I believe that makes her afraid.' He replied:--'Well, and if
+she was to serve me as Miss More did, I should say the same thing to
+her.' We have therefore three reports of what he said--one from Mrs.
+Thrale indirectly, one from her directly, and the third from Malone.
+However severe the reproof was, the Mores do not seem to have been much
+touched by it. At all events they enjoyed the meeting with Johnson, and
+Hannah More needed a second reproof that was conveyed to her through
+Miss Reynolds.
+
+[1056] _Anec._ p. 202. BOSWELL.
+
+[1057] See _ante_, i. 40, 68, 92, 415, 481; ii. 188, 194; iii. 229; and
+_post_, v. 245, note 2.
+
+[1058] _Anec._ p. 44. BOSWELL. See _ante_, p. 318, _note_ 1, where I
+quote the passage.
+
+[1059] _Ib_. p. 23. BOSWELL.
+
+[1060] _Ib_. p. 45. Mr. Hayward says:--'She kept a copious diary and
+notebook called _Thraliana_ from 1776 to 1809. It is now,' [1861] he
+continues, 'in the possession of Mr. Salusbury, who deems it of too
+private and delicate a character to be submitted to strangers, but has
+kindly supplied me with some curious passages from it.' Hayward's
+_Piozzi_, i. 6.
+
+[1061] _Ib_. p. 51 [192]. BOSWELL.
+
+[1062] _Anec._ p. 193 [51]. BOSWELL.
+
+[1063] Johnson, says Murphy, (_Life_, p. 96) 'felt not only kindness,
+but zeal and ardour for his friends.' 'Who,' he asks (_ib_. p. 144),
+'was more sincere and steady in his friendships?' 'Numbers,' he says
+(_ib_. p. 146), 'still remember with gratitude the friendship which he
+shewed to them with unaltered affection for a number of years.'
+
+[1064] See _ante_, ii. 285, and iii. 440.
+
+[1065] Johnson's _Works_, i. 152, 3.
+
+[1066] In vol. ii. of the _Piozzi Letters_ some of these letters are
+given.
+
+[1067] He gave Miss Thrale lessons in Latin. Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary,_ i.
+243 and 427.
+
+[1068] _Anec._ p. 258. BOSWELL.
+
+[1069] George James Cholmondeley, Esq., grandson of George, third Earl
+of Cholmondeley, and one of the Commissioners of Excise; a gentleman
+respected for his abilities, and elegance of manners. BOSWELL. When I
+spoke to him a few years before his death upon this point, I found him
+very sore at being made the topic of such a debate, and very unwilling
+to remember any thing about either the offence or the apology. CROKER.
+
+[1070] _Letters to Mrs. Thrale,_ vol. ii. p. 12. BOSWELL.
+
+[1071] Mrs. Piozzi (_Anec._p. 258) lays the scene of this anecdote 'in
+some distant province, either Shropshire or Derbyshire, I believe.'
+Johnson drove through these counties with the Thrales in 1774 (_ante_,
+ii. 285). If the passage in the letter refers to the same anecdote--and
+Mrs. Piozzi does not, so far as I know, deny it--more than three years
+passed before Johnson was told of his rudeness. Baretti, in a MS. note
+on _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 12, says that the story was 'Mr. Cholmondeley's
+running away from his creditors.' In this he is certainly wrong; yet if
+Mr. Cholmondeley had run away, and others gave the same explanation of
+the passage, his soreness is easily accounted for.
+
+[1072] _Anec_. p. 23. BOSWELL.
+
+[1073] _Ib_. p. 302. BOSWELL.
+
+[1074] _Rasselas_, chap, xvii
+
+[1075] _Paradise Lost_, iv. 639.
+
+[1076] _Anec_. p. 63. BOSWELL.
+
+[1077] 'Johnson one day, on seeing an old terrier lie asleep by the
+fire-side at Streatham, said, "Presto, you are, if possible, a more lazy
+dog that I am."' Johnson's _Works_, ed. 1787, xi. 203.
+
+[1078] Upon mentioning this to my friend Mr. Wilkes, he, with his usual
+readiness, pleasantly matched it with the following _sentimental
+anecdote_. He was invited by a young man of fashion at Paris, to sup
+with him and a lady, who had been for some time his mistress, but with
+whom he was going to part. He said to Mr. Wilkes that he really felt
+very much for her, she was in such distress; and that he meant to make
+her a present of two hundred louis-d'ors. Mr. Wilkes observed the
+behaviour of Mademoiselle, who sighed indeed very piteously, and assumed
+every pathetick air of grief; but eat no less than three French pigeons,
+which are as large as English partridges, besides other things. Mr.
+Wilkes whispered the gentleman, 'We often say in England, _Excessive
+sorrow is exceeding dry_, but I never heard _Excessive sorrow is
+exceeding hungry_. Perhaps _one_ hundred will do.' The gentleman took
+the hint. BOSWELL.
+
+[1079] See _post_, p. 367, for the passage omitted.
+
+[1080] Sir Joshua Reynolds, on account of the excellence both of the
+sentiment and expression of this letter, took a copy of it which he
+shewed to some of his friends; one of whom, who admired it, being
+allowed to peruse it leisurely at home, a copy was made, and found its
+way into the newspapers and magazines. It was transcribed with some
+inaccuracies. I print it from the original draft in Johnson's own
+hand-writing. BOSWELL. Hawkins writes (_Life_, p. 574):--'Johnson, upon
+being told that it was in print, exclaimed in my hearing, "I am
+betrayed," but soon after forgot, as he was ever ready to do all real or
+supposed injuries, the error that made the publication possible.'
+
+[1081] Cowper wrote of Thurlow:--'I know well the Chancellor's
+benevolence of heart, and how much he is misunderstood by the world.
+When he was young he would do the kindest things, and at an expense to
+himself which at that time he could ill afford, and he would do them too
+in the most secret manner.' Southey's _Cowper_, vii. 128. Yet Thurlow
+did not keep his promise made to Cowper when they were fellow-clerks in
+an attorney's office. 'Thurlow, I am nobody, and shall be always nobody,
+and you will be chancellor. You shall provide for me when you are.' He
+smiled, and replied, 'I surely will.' _Ib._ i. 41. When Cowper sent him
+the first volume of his poems, 'he thought it not worth his while,' the
+poet writes, 'to return me any answer, or to take the least notice of my
+present.' _Ib._ xv. 176. Mr. (afterwards Sir) W. Jones, in two letters
+to Burke, speaks of Thurlow as the [Greek: thaerion] (beast). 'I heard
+last night, with surprise and affliction,' he wrote on Feb. 15,
+1783,'that the [Greek: thaerion] was to continue in office. Now I can
+assure you from my own positive knowledge (and I know him well), that
+although he hates _our_ species in general, yet his particular hatred is
+directed against none more virulently than against Lord North, and the
+friends of the late excellent Marquis.' Burke's _Corres._ ii. 488,
+and iii. 10.
+
+[1082] 'Scarcely had Pitt obtained possession of unbounded power when an
+aged writer of the highest eminence, who had made very little by his
+writings, and who was sinking into the grave under a load of infirmities
+and sorrows, wanted five or six hundred pounds to enable him, during the
+winter or two which might still remain to him, to draw his breath more
+easily in the soft climate of Italy. Not a farthing was to be obtained;
+and before Christmas the author of the _English Dictionary_ and of the
+_Lives of the Poets_ had gasped his last in the river fog and coal smoke
+of Fleet-street.' _Macaulay's Writings and Speeches,_ ed. 1871, p. 413.
+Just before Macaulay, with monstrous exaggeration, says that Gibbon,
+'forced by poverty to leave his country, completed his immortal work on
+the shores of Lake Leman.' This poverty of Gibbon would have been
+'splendour' to Johnson. Debrett's Royal Kalendar, for 1795 (p. 88),
+shews that there were twelve Lords of the King's Bedchamber receiving
+each £1000 a year, and fourteen Grooms of the Bedchamber receiving each,
+£500 a year. As Burns was made a gauger, so Johnson might have been made
+a Lord, or at least a Groom of the Bedchamber. It is not certain that
+Pitt heard of the application for an increased pension. Mr. Croker
+quotes from Thurlow's letter to Reynolds of Nov. 18, 1784:--'It was
+impossible for me to take the King's pleasure on the suggestion I
+presumed to move. I am an untoward solicitor.' Whether he consulted Pitt
+cannot be known. Mr. Croker notices a curious obliteration in this
+letter. The Chancellor had written:--'It would have suited the purpose
+better, if nobody had heard of it, except Dr. Johnson, you and J.
+Boswell.' _Boswell_ has been erased--'artfully' too, says--Mr. Croker-so
+that 'the sentence appears to run, "except Dr. Johnson, you, and I."'
+Mr. Croker, with his usual suspiciousness, suspects 'an uncandid trick.'
+But it is very likely that Thurlow himself made the obliteration,
+regardless of grammar. He might easily have thought that it would have
+been better still had Boswell not been in the secret.
+
+[1083] See _ante_, iii. 176.
+
+[1084] On June 11 Boswell and Johnson were together (_ante_, p. 293).
+The date perhaps should be July 11. The letter that follows next is
+dated July 12.
+
+[1085] 'Even in our flight from vice some virtue lies.' FRANCIS. Horace,
+i. _Epistles_, I. 41.
+
+[1086] See vol. ii. p. 258. BOSWELL.
+
+[1087] Mrs. Johnson died in 1752. See _ante_, i. 241, note 2.
+
+[1088] See Appendix.
+
+[1089] Printed in his _Works_ [i. 150]. BOSWELL. See _ante_, i. 241,
+note 2.
+
+[1090] He wrote to Mr. Ryland on the same day:--'Be pleased to let the
+whole be done with privacy that I may elude the vigilance of the
+papers.' _Notes and Queries_, 5th S. vii. 381.
+
+[1091] Boileau, _Art Poétique_, chant iv.
+
+[1092] This is probably an errour either of the transcript or the press.
+_Removes_ seems to be the word intended. MALONE.
+
+[1093] See _ante_, i. 332, and _post_ p. 360.
+
+[1094] See _ante_, p. 267.
+
+[1095] I have heard Dr. Johnson protest that he never had quite as much
+as he wished of wall-fruit, except once in his life.' Piozzi's
+_Anec_. p. 103.
+
+[1096] At the Essex Head, Essex-street. BOSWELL.
+
+[1097] Juvenal, _Satires_, x. 8:--
+
+     'Fate wings with every wish the afflictive dart.'
+
+_Vanity of Human Wishes_, l. 15.
+
+[1098] Mr. Allen, the printer. BOSWELL. See _ante_, iii. 141, 269.
+
+[1099] It was on this day that he wrote the prayer given below (p. 370)
+in which is found that striking line--'this world where much is to be
+done and little to be known.'
+
+[1100] His letter to Dr. Heberden (Croker's _Boswell_, p. 789) shews
+that he had gone with Dr. Brocklesby to the last Academy dinner, when,
+as he boasted, 'he went up all the stairs to the pictures without
+stopping to rest or to breathe.' _Ante_, p. 270, note 2.
+
+[1101]
+
+     Quid te exempta _levat_ spinis de pluribus una?
+     'Pluck out one thorn to mitigate thy pain,
+     What boots it while so many more remain?'
+
+FRANCIS. Horace, 2 _Epistles_, ii. 212.
+
+[1102] See _ante_, iii. 4, note 2.
+
+[1103] Sir Joshua's physician. He is mentioned by Goldsmith in his
+verses to the Miss Hornecks. Forster's _Goldsmith_, ii. 149.
+
+[1104] How much balloons filled people's minds at this time is shewn by
+such entries as the following in Windham's _Diary_:-'Feb 7, 1784. Did
+not rise till past nine; from that time till eleven, did little more
+than indulge in idle reveries about balloons.' p. 3. 'July 20. The
+greater part of the time, till now, one o'clock, spent in foolish
+reveries about balloons.' p. 12. Horace Walpole wrote on Sept. 30
+(_Letters_, viii. 505):--'I cannot fill my paper, as the newspapers do,
+with air-balloons; which though ranked with the invention of navigation,
+appear to me as childish as the flying kites of school-boys.' 'Do not
+write about the balloon,' wrote Johnson to Reynolds (_post_, p. 368),
+'whatever else you may think proper to say.' In the beginning of the
+year he had written:--'It is very seriously true that a subscription of
+£800 has been raised for the wire and workmanship of iron wings.'
+_Piozzi Letters_, ii. 345.
+
+[1105] It is remarkable that so good a Latin scholar as Johnson, should
+have been so inattentive to the metre, as by mistake to have written
+_stellas_ instead of _ignes_. BOSWELL.
+
+[1106]
+
+                  'Micat inter omnes
+      Julium sidus, velut inter ignes Luna minores.'
+     'And like the Moon, the feebler fires among,
+      Conspicuous shines the Julian star.'
+
+     FRANCIS. Horace, _Odes_, i. 12. 46.
+
+[1107] See _ante_, iii. 209.
+
+[1108]
+
+     'The little blood that creeps within his veins
+      Is but just warmed in a hot fever's pains.'
+
+    DRYDEN. Juvenal, _Satires_, x. 217.
+
+[1109] Lunardi had made, on Sept. 15, the first balloon ascent in
+England. _Gent. Mag_. 1784, p. 711. Johnson wrote to Mr. Ryland on Sept.
+18:--'I had this day in three letters three histories of the Flying Man
+in the great Balloon.' He adds:--'I live in dismal solitude.' _Notes and
+Queries_, 5th S. vii. 381.
+
+[1110] 'Sept. 27, 1784. Went to see Blanchard's balloon. Met Burke and
+D. Burke; walked with them to Pantheon to see Lunardi's. Sept. 29. About
+nine came to Brookes's, where I heard that the balloon had been burnt
+about four o'clock.' Windham's _Diary_, p. 24.
+
+[1111] His love of London continually appears. In a letter from him to
+Mrs. Smart, wife of his friend the Poet, which is published in a
+well-written life of him, prefixed to an edition of his Poems, in 1791,
+there is the following sentence:-'To one that has passed so many years
+in the pleasures and opulence of London, there are few places that can
+give much delight.'
+
+Once, upon reading that line in the curious epitaph quoted in _The
+Spectator;_
+
+     'Born in New-England, did in London die;'
+
+he laughed and said, 'I do not wonder at this. It would have been
+strange, if born in London, he had died in New-England.' BOSWELL. Mrs.
+Smart was in Dublin when Johnson wrote to her. After the passage quoted
+by Boswell he continued:--'I think, Madam, you may look upon your
+expedition as a proper preparative to the voyage which we have often
+talked of. Dublin, though a place much worse than London, is not so bad
+as Iceland.' Smart's _Poems_, i. xxi. For Iceland see _ante_, i. 242.
+The epitaph, quoted in _The Spectator_, No. 518, begins--
+
+     Here Thomas Sapper lies interred. Ah why!
+     Born in New-England, did in London die.'
+
+[1112] _St. Mark_, v. 34.
+
+[1113] There is no record of this in the _Gent. Mag_. Among the 149
+persons who that summer had been sentenced to death (_ante_, p. 328) who
+would notice these two?
+
+[1114] See _ante_, p. 356, note 1
+
+[1115] Johnson wrote for him a Dedication of his _Tasso_ in 1763.
+_Ante_, i. 383.
+
+[1116] There was no information for which Dr. Johnson was less grateful
+that than for that which concerned the weather. It was in allusion to
+his impatience with those who were reduced to keep conversation alive by
+observations on the weather, that he applied the old proverb to himself.
+If any one of his intimate acquaintance told him it was hot or cold, wet
+or dry, windy or calm, he would stop them, by saying, 'Poh! poh! you are
+telling us that of which none but men in a mine or a dungeon can be
+ignorant. Let us bear with patience, or enjoy in quiet, elementary
+changes, whether for the better or the worse, as they are never
+secrets.' BURNEY. In _The Idler_, No. II, Johnson shews that 'an
+Englishman's notice of the weather is the natural consequence of
+changeable skies and uncertain seasons... In our island every man goes
+to sleep unable to guess whether he shall behold in the morning a bright
+or cloudy atmosphere, whether his rest shall be lulled by a shower, or
+broken by a tempest. We therefore rejoice mutually at good weather, as
+at an escape from something that we feared; and mutually complain of
+bad, as of the loss of something that we hoped.' See _ante_, i.
+332, and iv. 353.
+
+[1117] His _Account of the Musical Performances in Commemoration of
+Handel_. See _ante_, p. 283.
+
+[1118] The celebrated Miss Fanny Burney. BOSWELL.
+
+[1119] Dr. Burney's letter must have been franked; otherwise there would
+have been no frugality, for each enclosure was charged as a
+separate letter.
+
+[1120] He does not know, that is to say, what people of his acquaintance
+were in town, privileged to receive letters post free; such as members
+of either House of Parliament.
+
+[1121] _Consolation_ is clearly a blunder, Malone's conjecture
+_mortification_ seems absurd.
+
+[1122] See _ante_, iii. 48, and iv. 177.
+
+[1123] Windham visited him at Ashbourne in the end of August, after the
+former of these letters was written. See _ante_, p. 356.
+
+[1124] This may refer, as Mr. Croker says, to Hamilton's generous offer,
+mentioned _ante_, p. 244. Yet Johnson, with his accurate mind, was not
+likely to assign to the spring an event of the previous November.
+
+[1125] Johnson refers to Pope's lines on Walpole:--
+
+     'Seen him I have but in his _happier  hour_
+      Of social pleasure, ill-exchanged for power.'
+
+           _Satires. Epilogue_, i. 29.
+
+[1126] Son of the late Peter Paradise, Esq. his Britannick Majesty's
+Consul at Salonica, in Macedonia, by his lady, a native of that country.
+He studied at Oxford, and has been honoured by that University with the
+degree of LL.D. He is distinguished not only by his learning and
+talents, but by an amiable disposition, gentleness of manners, and a
+very general acquaintance with well-informed and accomplished persons of
+almost all nations. BOSWELL.
+
+[1127] Bookseller to his Majesty. BOSWELL.
+
+[1128] Mr. Cruikshank attended him as a surgeon the year before. _Ante_,
+p. 239.
+
+[1129]Allan Ramsay, Esq. painter to his Majesty, who died Aug. 10, 1784,
+in the 71st year of his age, much regretted by his friends. BOSWELL. See
+_ante_, p. 260.
+
+[1130] Northcote (_Life of Reynolds_, ii. 187) says that Johnson 'most
+probably refers to Sir Joshua's becoming painter to the King. 'I know,'
+he continues, 'that Sir Joshua expected the appointment would be offered
+to him on the death of Ramsay, and expressed his disapprobation with
+regard to soliciting for it; but he was informed that it was a necessary
+point of etiquette, with which at last he complied.' His 'furious
+purposes' should seem to have been his intention to resign the
+Presidency of the Academy, on finding that the place was not at once
+given him, and in the knowledge that in the Academy there was a party
+against him. Taylor's _Reynolds_, ii. 448.
+
+[1131] See _ante_, p. 348.
+
+[1132] The Chancellor had not, it should seem, asked the King. See
+_ante_, p. 350, note.
+
+[1133] The Duke of Devonshire has kindly given me the following
+explanation of this term:--'It was formerly the custom at some (I
+believe several) of the large country-houses to have dinners at which
+any of the neighbouring gentry and clergy might present themselves as
+guests without invitation. The custom had been discontinued at
+Chatsworth before my recollection, and so far as I am aware is now only
+kept-up at Wentworth, Lord Fitzwilliam's house in Yorkshire, where a few
+public dinners are still given annually. I believe, however, that all
+persons intending to be present on such occasions are now expected to
+give notice some days previously. Public dinners were also given
+formerly by the Archbishop of Canterbury, and if I am not mistaken also
+by the Archbishop of York. I have myself been present at a public dinner
+at Lambeth Palace within the last fifty years or thereabouts, and I have
+been at one or more such dinners at Wentworth.' Since receiving this
+explanation I have read the following in the second part of the
+_Greville Memoirs_, i. 99:--'June 1, 1838. I dined yesterday at
+Lambeth, at the Archbishop's public dinner, the handsomest entertainment
+I ever saw. There were nearly a hundred people present, all full-dressed
+or in uniform. Nothing can be more dignified and splendid than the whole
+arrangement.'
+
+[1134] Six weeks later he was willing to hear even of balloons, so long
+as he got a letter. 'You,' he wrote to Mr. Sastres, 'may always have
+something to tell: you live among the various orders of mankind, and may
+make a letter from the exploits, sometimes of the philosopher, and
+sometimes of the pickpocket. You see some balloons succeed and some
+miscarry, and a thousand strange and a thousand foolish things.' _Piozzi
+Letters_, ii. 412.
+
+[1135] See _ante_, p. 349, note.
+
+[1136] 'He alludes probably to the place of King's Painter; which, since
+Burke's reforming the King's household expenses, had been reduced from
+£200 to £50 per annum.' Northcote's _Reynolds_, ii. 188. The place was
+more profitable than Johnson thought. 'It was worth having from the
+harvest it brought in by the multiplication of the faces of King and
+Queen as presents for ambassadors and potentates.' This is shewn by the
+following note in Sir Joshua's price-book:--'Nov. 28, 1789, remain in
+the Academy five Kings, four Queens; in the house two Kings and one
+Queen.' Taylor's _Reynolds_, ii. 449.
+
+[1137] Mr. Nichols published in 1782 _Anecdotes of William Bowyer,
+Printer_. In 1812-15 he brought out this work, recast and enlarged,
+under the title of _Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century_. See
+_ante_, p. 161.
+
+[1138] In the original (which is in the British Museum) not _hints_ but
+_names_.
+
+[1139] On Nov. 4, he wrote to Mr. Ryland:--'I have just received a
+letter in which you tell me that you love to hear from me, and I value
+such a declaration too much to neglect it. To have a friend, and a
+friend like you, may be numbered amongst the first felicities of life;
+at a time when weakness either of body or mind loses the pride and the
+confidence of self-sufficiency, and looks round for that help which
+perhaps human kindness cannot give, and which we yet are willing to
+expect from one another. I am at this time very much dejected.... I am
+now preparing myself for my return, and do not despair of some more
+monthly meetings [_post_, Appendix C]. To hear that dear Payne is better
+gives me great delight. I saw the draught of the stone [over Mrs.
+Johnson's grave, _ante_, p. 351]. Shall I ever be able to bear the sight
+of this stone? In your company I hope I shall.' Mr. Morrison's
+_Autographs_, vol. ii.
+
+[1140] To him as a writer might be generally applied what he said of
+Rochester:--'His pieces are commonly short, such as one fit of
+resolution would produce.' _Works_, vii. 159.
+
+[1141] _Odes_, iv.7. _Works_, i. 137.
+
+[1142] _Against inqitisitive and perplexing thoughts_. 'O LORD, my Maker
+and Protector, who hast graciously sent me into this world to work out
+my salvation, enable me to drive from me all such unquiet and perplexing
+thoughts as may mislead or hinder me in the practice of those duties
+which Thou hast required. When I behold the works of thy hands, and
+consider the course of thy providence, give me grace always to remember
+that thy thoughts are not my thoughts, nor thy ways my ways. And while
+it shall please Thee to continue me in this world, where much is to be
+done, and little to be known, teach me by thy Holy Spirit, to withdraw
+my mind from unprofitable and dangerous enquiries, from difficulties
+vainly curious, and doubts impossible to be solved. Let me rejoice in
+the light which Thou hast imparted, let me serve Thee with active zeal
+and humble confidence, and wait with patient expectation for the time in
+which the soul which Thou receivest shall be satisfied with knowledge.
+Grant this, O LORD, for JESUS CHRIST'S sake. Amen.' BOSWELL. _Pr. and
+Med._ p. 219.
+
+[1143] _Life of Johnson_, p. 599.
+
+[1144] Porson with admirable humour satirised Hawkins for his attack on
+Barber. _Gent. Mag._ 1787, p. 752, and _Porson Tracts_, p. 358. Baretti
+in his _Tolondron_, p. 149, says that 'Barber from his earliest youth
+served Johnson with the greatest affection and disinterestedness.'
+
+[1145] Vol. ii. p. 30. BOSWELL.
+
+[1146] I shall add one instance only to those which I have thought it
+incumbent on me to point out. Talking of Mr. Garrick's having signified
+his willingness to let Johnson have the loan of any of his books to
+assist him in his edition of Shakspeare [_ante_, ii. 192]; Sir John
+says, (p. 444,) 'Mr. Garrick knew not what risque he ran by this offer.
+Johnson had so strange a forgetfulness of obligations of this sort, that
+few who lent him books ever saw them again.' This surely conveys a most
+unfavourable insinuation, and has been so understood. Sir John mentions
+the single case of a curious edition of Politian [_ante_, i. 90], which
+he tells us, 'appeared to belong to Pembroke College, and which,
+probably, had been considered by Johnson as his own, for upwards of
+fifty years.' Would it not be fairer to consider this as an
+inadvertence, and draw no general inference? The truth is, that Johnson
+was so attentive, that in one of his manuscripts in my possession, he
+has marked in two columns, books borrowed, and books lent.
+
+In Sir John Hawkins's compilation, there are, however, some passages
+concerning Johnson which have unquestionable merit. One of them I shall
+transcribe, in justice to a writer whom I have had too much occasion to
+censure, and to shew my fairness as the biographer of my illustrious
+friend: 'There was wanting in his conduct and behaviour, that dignity
+which results from a regular and orderly course of action, and by an
+irresistible power commands esteem. He could not be said to be a stayed
+man, nor so to have adjusted in his mind the balance of reason and
+passion, as to give occasion to say what may be observed of some men,
+that all they do is just, fit, and right.' [Hawkins's _Johnson_, p.
+409.] Yet a judicious friend well suggests, 'It might, however, have
+been added, that such men are often merely just, and rigidly correct,
+while their hearts are cold and unfeeling; and that Johnson's virtues
+were of a much higher tone than those of the _stayed, orderly man_, here
+described.' BOSWELL.
+
+[1147] 'Lich, a dead carcase; whence Lichfield, the field of the dead, a
+city in Staffordshire, so named from martyred Christians. _Salve magna
+parens.'_ It is curious that in the Abridgment of the _Dictionary_ he
+struck out this salutation, though he left the rest of the article.
+_Salve magna parens_, (Hail, mighty parent) is from Virgil's _Georgics_,
+ii. 173. The Rev. T. Twining, when at Lichfield in 1797, says:--'I
+visited the famous large old willow-tree, which Johnson, they say, used
+to kiss when he came to Lichfield.' _Recreations and Studies of a
+Country Clergyman of the XVIII Century_, p. 227.
+
+[1148] The following circumstance, mutually to the honour of Johnson,
+and the corporation of his native city, has been communicated to me by
+the Reverend Dr. Vyse, from the Town-Clerk:--'Mr. Simpson has now before
+him, a record of the respect and veneration which the Corporation of
+Lichfield, in the year 1767, had for the merits and learning of Dr.
+Johnson. His father built the corner-house in the Market-place, the two
+fronts of which, towards Market and Broad-market-street, stood upon
+waste land of the Corporation, under a forty years' lease, which was
+then expired. On the 15th of August, 1767, at a common-hall of the
+bailiffs and citizens, it was ordered (and that without any
+solicitation,) that a lease should be granted to Samuel Johnson, Doctor
+of Laws, of the encroachments at his house, for the term of ninety-nine
+years, at the old rent, which was five shillings. Of which, as
+Town-Clerk, Mr. Simpson had the honour and pleasure of informing him,
+and that he was desired to accept it, without paying any fine on the
+occasion, which lease was afterwards granted, and the Doctor died
+possessed of this property.' BOSWELL.
+
+[1149] See vol. i. p. 37. BOSWELL.
+
+[1150] According to Miss Seward, who was Mr. White's cousin, 'Johnson
+once called him "the rising strength of Lichfield."' Seward's
+_Letters_, i. 335.
+
+[1151] The Rev. R. Warner, who visited Lichfield in 1801, gives in his
+_Tour through the Northern Counties_, i. 105, a fuller account. He is
+clearly wrong in the date of its occurrence, and in one other matter,
+yet his story may in the main be true. He says that Johnson's friends at
+Lichfield missed him one morning; the servants said that he had set off
+at a very early hour, whither they knew not. Just before supper he
+returned. He informed his hostess of his breach of filial duty, which
+had happened just fifty years before on that very day. 'To do away the
+sin of this disobedience, I this day went,' he said, 'in a chaise
+to--, and going into the market at the time of high business uncovered
+my head, and stood with it bare an hour, before the stall which my
+father had formerly used, exposed to the sneers of the standers-by, and
+the inclemency of the weather.' This penance may recall Dante's lines,--
+
+     'Quando vivea più glorioso, disse,
+      Liberamente nel campo di Siena,
+      Ogni vergogna deposta, s'affisse.'
+    '"When at his glory's topmost height," said he,
+     "Respect of dignity all cast aside,
+        Freely he fix'd him on Sienna's plain."'
+
+      CARY. Dante, _Purgatory_. Cant. xi. l. 133.
+
+[1152]
+
+     'How instinct varies in the grovelling swine,
+      Compared, half-reasoning elephant, with thine.'
+
+        Pope, _Essay on Man_, i. 221.
+
+[1153] See _ante_, iii. 153, 296.
+
+[1154] Mr. Burke suggested to me as applicable to Johnson, what Cicero,
+in his CATO MAJOR, says of _Appius:--'Intentum enim animum tanquam arcum
+habebat, nec languescens succumbebat senectuti_;' repeating, at the same
+time, the following noble words in the same passage:--_'Ita enim
+senectus honesta est, si se ipsa defendit, si jus suum retinet, si
+nemini emancipata est, si usque ad extremum vitae spiritum vindicet jus
+suum_.' BOSWELL. The last line runs in the original:-'si usque ad
+ultimum spiritum dominatur in suos.' _Cato Major_, xi. 38.
+
+[1155]
+
+     '_atrocem_ animum Catonis.'
+                                  'Cato--
+      Of spirit unsubdued.'
+
+     FRANCIS. Horace, 2 _Odes_, i. 24.
+
+[1156] Yet Baretti, who knew Johnson well, in a MS. note on _Piozzi
+Letters_, i.315, says:--'If ever Johnson took any delight in anything it
+was to converse with some old acquaintance. New people he never loved to
+be in company with, except ladies, when disposed to caress and
+flatter him.'
+
+[1157] Johnson, thirty-four years earlier, wrote:--'I think there is
+some reason for questioning whether the body and mind are not so
+proportioned that the one can bear all that can be inflicted on the
+other; whether virtue cannot stand its ground as long as life, and
+whether a soul well principled will not be separated sooner than
+subdued.' _The Rambler_, No. 32. He wrote to Mrs. Thrale on Aug. 14,
+1780:--'But what if I am seventy-two; I remember Sulpitius says of Saint
+Martin (now that's above your reading), _Est animus victor annorum, et
+senectuti cedere nescius_. Match me that among your young folks.'
+_Piozzi Letters_, ii. 177. On Sept. 2, 1784, he wrote to Mr. Sastres the
+Italian master:--'I have hope of standing the English winter, and of
+seeing you, and reading _Petrarch_ at Bolt-court.' _Ib_. p. 407.
+
+[1158] _Life of Johnson_, p. 7.
+
+[1159] It is a most agreeable circumstance attending the publication of
+this Work, that Mr. Hector has survived his illustrious schoolfellow so
+many years; that he still retains his health and spirits; and has
+gratified me with the following acknowledgement: 'I thank you, most
+sincerely thank you, for the great and long continued entertainment your
+_Life of Dr. Johnson_ has afforded me, and others, of my particular
+friends.' Mr. Hector, besides setting me right as to the verses on a
+sprig of Myrtle, (see vol. i. p. 92, note,) has favoured me with two
+English odes, written by Dr. Johnson, at an early period of his life,
+which will appear in my edition of his poems. BOSWELL. See _ante_, i.
+16, note 1.
+
+[1160] The editor of the _Biographia Britannica. Ante_, iii. 174.
+
+[1161] On Dec. 23, Miss Adams wrote to a friend:--'We are all under the
+sincerest grief for the loss of poor Dr. Johnson. He spent three or four
+days with my father at Oxford, and promised to come again; as he was, he
+said, nowhere so happy.' _Pemb. Coll. MSS._
+
+[1162] See _ante_, p. 293.
+
+[1163] Mr. Strahan says (Preface, p. iv.) that Johnson, being hindered
+by illness from revising these prayers, 'determined to give the MSS.,
+without revision, in charge to me. Accordingly one morning, on my
+visiting him by desire at an early hour, he put these papers into my
+hands, with instructions for committing them to the press, and with a
+promise to prepare a sketch of his own life to accompany them.' Whatever
+Johnson wished about the prayers, it passes belief that he ever meant
+for the eye of the world these minute accounts of his health and his
+feelings. Some parts indeed Mr. Strahan himself suppressed, as the Pemb.
+Coll. MSS. shew (_ante_, p. 84, note 4). It is curious that one portion
+at least fell into other hands (_ante_, ii. 476). There are other
+apparent gaps in the diary which raise the suspicion that it was only
+fragments that Mr. Strahan obtained. On the other hand Mr. Strahan had
+nothing to gain by the publication beyond notoriety (see his Preface, p.
+vi.). Dr. Adams, whose name is mentioned in the preface, expressed in a
+letter to the _Gent. Mag._ 1785, p. 755, his disapproval of the
+publication. Mr. Courtenay (_Poetical Review_, ed. 1786, p. 7), thus
+attacked Mr. Strahan:--
+
+     'Let priestly S--h--n in a godly fit
+     The tale relate, in aid of Holy Writ;
+     Though candid Adams, by whom David fell [A],
+     Who ancient miracles sustained so well,
+     To recent wonders may deny his aid,
+     Nor own a pious brother of the trade.'
+
+[A] The Rev. Dr. Adams of Oxford, distinguished for his answer to David
+Hume's _Essay on Miracles_.
+
+[1164] Johnson once said to Miss Burney of her brother Charles:--'I
+should be glad to see him if he were not your brother; but were he a
+dog, a cat, a rat, a frog, and belonged to you, I must needs be glad to
+see him.' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 233. On Nov. 25 she called on
+him. 'He let me in, though very ill. He told me he was going to try what
+sleeping out of town might do for him. "I remember," said he, "that my
+wife, when she was near her end, poor woman, was also advised to sleep
+out of town; and when she was carried to the lodgings that had been
+prepared for her, she complained that the staircase was in very bad
+condition, for the plaster was beaten off the walls in many places."
+"Oh!" said the man of the house, "that's nothing but by the knocks
+against it of the coffins of the poor souls that have died in the
+lodgings." He laughed, though not without apparent secret anguish, in
+telling me this.' Miss Burney continues:--'How delightfully bright are
+his faculties, though the poor and infirm machine that contains them
+seems alarmingly giving way. Yet, all brilliant as he was, I saw him
+growing worse, and offered to go, which, for the first time I ever
+remember, he did not oppose; but most kindly pressing both my hands, "Be
+not," he said, in a voice of even tenderness, "be not longer in coming
+again for my letting you go now." I assured him I would be the sooner,
+and was running off, but he called me back in a solemn voice, and in a
+manner the most energetic, said:--"Remember me in your prayers."' Mme.
+D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii. 327. See _ante_, iii. 367, note 4.
+
+[1165] Mr. Hector's sister and Johnson's first love. _Ante_, ii. 459.
+
+[1166] The Rev. Dr. Taylor. BOSWELL.
+
+[1167] See _ante_, ii. 474, and iii. 180.
+
+[1168] 'Reliquum est, _[Greek: Sphartan elaches, tahutan khusmei].'_
+Cicero, _Epistolae ad Atticum_, iv. 6. 'Spartam nactus es, hanc orna.'
+Erasmus, _Adagiorum Chiliades_, ed. 1559, p. 485.
+
+[1169] Temple says of the spleen that it is a disease too refined for
+this country and people, who are well when they are not ill, and pleased
+when they are not troubled; are content, because they think little of
+it, and seek their happiness in the common eases and commodities of
+life, or the increase of riches; not amusing themselves with the more
+speculative contrivances of passion, or refinements of pleasure.'
+Temple's _Works_, ed. 1757, i. 170.
+
+[1170] It is truly wonderful to consider the extent and constancy of
+Johnson's literary ardour, notwithstanding the melancholy which clouded
+and embittered his existence. Besides the numerous and various works
+which he executed, he had, at different times, formed schemes of a great
+many more, of which the following catalogue was given by him to Mr.
+Langton, and by that gentleman presented to his Majesty:
+
+'DIVINITY.
+
+'A small book of precepts and directions for piety; the hint taken from
+the directions in Morton's exercise.
+
+'PHILOSOPHY, HISTORY, and LITERATURE in general.
+
+'_History of Criticism_, as it relates to judging of authours, from
+Aristotle to the present age. An account of the rise and improvements of
+that art; of the different opinions of authours, ancient and modern.
+
+'Translation of the _History of Herodian_.
+
+'New edition of Fairfax's Translation of _Tasso_, with notes, glossary,
+&c.
+
+'Chaucer, a new edition of him, from manuscripts and old editions, with
+various readings, conjectures, remarks on his language, and the changes
+it had undergone from the earliest times to his age, and from his to the
+present: with notes explanatory of customs, &c., and references to
+Boccace, and other authours from whom he has borrowed, with an account
+of the liberties he has taken in telling the stories; his life, and an
+exact etymological glossary.
+
+'Aristotle's _Rhetorick_, a translation of it into English.
+
+'A Collection of Letters, translated from the modern writers, with some
+account of the several authours.
+
+'Oldham's Poems, with notes, historical and critical.
+
+'Roscommon's Poems, with notes.
+
+'Lives of the Philosophers, written with a polite air, in such a manner
+as may divert as well as instruct.
+
+'History of the Heathen Mythology, with an explication of the fables,
+both allegorical and historical; with references to the poets.
+
+'History of the State of Venice, in a compendious manner.
+
+'Aristotle's _Ethicks_, an English translation of them, with notes.
+
+'Geographical Dictionary, from the French.
+
+'Hierocles upon Pythagoras, translated into English, perhaps with notes.
+This is done by Norris.
+
+'A book of Letters, upon all kinds of subjects.
+
+'Claudian, a new edition of his works, _cum notis variorum_, in the
+manner of Burman.
+
+'Tully's Tusculan Questions, a translation of them.
+
+'Tully's De Naturâ Deorum, a translation of those books.
+
+'Benzo's New History of the New World, to be translated.
+
+'Machiavel's History of Florence, to be translated.
+
+'History of the Revival of Learning in Europe, containing an account of
+whatever contributed to the restoration of literature; such as
+controversies, printing, the destruction of the Greek empire, the
+encouragement of great men, with the lives of the most eminent patrons
+and most eminent early professors of all kinds of learning in different
+countries.
+
+'A Body of Chronology, in verse, with historical notes.
+
+'A Table of the Spectators, Tatlers, and Guardians, distinguished by
+figures into six degrees of value, with notes, giving the reasons of
+preference or degradation.
+
+'A Collection of Letters from English authours, with a preface giving
+some account of the writers; with reasons for selection, and criticism
+upon styles; remarks on each letter, if needful.
+
+'A Collection of Proverbs from various languages. Jan. 6,--53.
+
+'A Dictionary to the Common Prayer, in imitation of Calmet's _Dictionary
+of the Bible_. March, 52.
+
+'A Collection of Stories and Examples, like those of Valerius Maximus.
+Jan. 10,--53.
+
+'From Aelian, a volume of select Stories, perhaps from others. Jan.
+28,-53.
+
+'Collection of Travels, Voyages, Adventures, and Descriptions of
+Countries.
+
+'Dictionary of Ancient History and Mythology.
+
+'Treatise on the Study of Polite Literature, containing the history of
+learning, directions for editions, commentaries, &c.
+
+'Maxims, Characters, and Sentiments, after the manner of Bruyère,
+collected out of ancient authours, particularly the Greek, with
+Apophthegms.
+
+'Classical Miscellanies, Select Translations from ancient Greek and
+Latin authours.
+
+'Lives of Illustrious Persons, as well of the active as the learned, in
+imitation of Plutarch.
+
+'Judgement of the learned upon English authours.
+
+'Poetical Dictionary of the English tongue.
+
+'Considerations upon the present state of London.
+
+'Collection of Epigrams, with notes and observations.
+
+'Observations on the English language, relating to words, phrases, and
+modes of Speech.
+
+'Minutiae Literariae, Miscellaneous reflections, criticisms,
+emendations, notes.
+
+'History of the Constitution.
+
+'Comparison of Philosophical and Christian Morality, by sentences
+collected from the moralists and fathers.
+
+'Plutarch's Lives, in English, with notes.
+
+'POETRY and works of IMAGINATION.
+
+'Hymn to Ignorance.
+
+'The Palace of Sloth,--a vision.
+
+'Coluthus, to be translated.
+
+'Prejudice,--a poetical essay.
+
+'The Palace of Nonsense,--a vision.'
+
+Johnson's extraordinary facility of composition, when he shook off his
+constitutional indolence, and resolutely sat down to write, is admirably
+described by Mr. Courtenay, in his Poetical Review, which I have several
+times quoted:
+
+     'While through life's maze he sent a piercing view,
+      His mind expansive to the object grew.
+      With various stores of erudition fraught,
+      The lively image, the deep-searching thought,
+      Slept in repose;--but when the moment press'd,
+      The bright ideas stood at once confess'd;
+      Instant his genius sped its vigorous rays,
+      And o'er the letter'd world diffus'd a blaze:
+      As womb'd with fire the cloud electrick flies,
+      And calmly o'er th' horizon seems to rise;
+      Touch'd by the pointed steel, the lightning flows,
+      And all th' expanse with rich effulgence glows.'
+
+We shall in vain endeavour to know with exact precision every production
+of Johnson's pen. He owned to me, that he had written about forty
+sermons; but as I understood that he had given or sold them to different
+persons, who were to preach them as their own, he did not consider
+himself at liberty to acknowledge them. Would those who were thus aided
+by him, who are still alive, and the friends of those who are dead,
+fairly inform the world, it would be obligingly gratifying a reasonable
+curiosity, to which there should, I think, now be no objection. Two
+volumes of them, published since his death, are sufficiently
+ascertained; see vol. iii. p. 181. I have before me, in his
+hand-writing, a fragment of twenty quarto leaves, of a translation into
+English of Sallust, _De Bella Catilinario_. When it was done I have no
+notion; but it seems to have no very superior merit to mark it as his.
+Beside the publications heretofore mentioned, I am satisfied, from
+internal evidence, to admit also as genuine the following, which,
+notwithstanding all my chronological care, escaped me in the course of
+this work:
+
+'Considerations on the Case of Dr. Trapp's Sermons,' + published in
+1739, in the _Gentleman's Magazine_. [These Considerations were
+published, not in 1739, but in 1787. _Ante_, i. 140, note 5.] It is a
+very ingenious defence of the right of _abridging_ an authour's work,
+without being held as infringing his property. This is one of the nicest
+questions in the _Law of Literature_; and I cannot help thinking, that
+the indulgence of abridging is often exceedingly injurious to authours
+and booksellers, and should in very few cases be permitted. At any rate,
+to prevent difficult and uncertain discussion, and give an absolute
+security to authours in the property of their labours, no abridgement
+whatever should be permitted, till after the expiration of such a number
+of years as the Legislature may be pleased to fix.
+
+But, though it has been confidently ascribed to him, I cannot allow that
+he wrote a Dedication to both Houses of Parliament of a book entitled
+_The Evangelical History Harmonized_. He was no _croaker_; no declaimer
+against _the times_. [See _ante_, ii. 357.] He would not have written,
+'That we are fallen upon an age in which corruption is not barely
+universal, is universally confessed.' Nor 'Rapine preys on the publick
+without opposition, and perjury betrays it without inquiry.' Nor would
+he, to excite a speedy reformation, have conjured up such phantoms of
+terrour as these: 'A few years longer, and perhaps all endeavours will
+be in vain. We may be swallowed by an earthquake: we may be delivered to
+our enemies.' This is not Johnsonian.
+
+There are, indeed, in this Dedication, several sentences constructed
+upon the model of those of Johnson. But the imitation of the form,
+without the spirit of his style, has been so general, that this of
+itself is not sufficient evidence. Even our newspaper writers aspire to
+it. In an account of the funeral of Edwin, the comedian, in _The Diary_
+of Nov. 9, 1790, that son of drollery is thus described: 'A man who had
+so often cheered the sullenness of vacancy, and suspended the approaches
+of sorrow.' And in _The Dublin Evening Post_, August 16, 1791, there is
+the following paragraph: 'It is a singular circumstance, that, in a city
+like this, containing 200,000 people, there are three months in the year
+during which no place of publick amusement is open. Long vacation is
+here a vacation from pleasure, as well as business; nor is there any
+mode of passing the listless evenings of declining summer, but in the
+riots of a tavern, or the stupidity of a coffee-house.'
+
+I have not thought it necessary to specify every copy of verses written
+by Johnson, it being my intention to, publish an authentick edition of
+all his Poetry, with notes. BOSWELL. This _Catalogue_, as Mr. Boswell
+calls it, is by Dr. Johnson intitled _Designs_. It seems from the hand
+that it was written early in life: from the marginal dates it appears
+that some portions were added in 1752 and 1753. CROKER.
+
+[1171] On April 19 of this year he wrote: 'When I lay sleepless, I used
+to drive the night along by turning Greek epigrams into Latin. I know
+not if I have not turned a hundred.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 364.
+Forty-five years earlier he described how Boerhaave, 'when he lay whole
+days and nights without sleep, found no method of diverting his thoughts
+so effectual as meditation upon his studies, and often relieved and
+mitigated the sense of his torments by the recollection of what he had
+read, and by reviewing those stores of knowledge which he had reposited
+in his memory.' _Works_, vi. 284.
+
+[1172] Mr. Cumberland assures me, that he was always treated with great
+courtesy by Dr. Johnson, who, in his _Letters to Mrs. Thrale_, vol. ii.
+p. 68 thus speaks of that learned, ingenious, and accomplished
+gentleman: 'The want of company is an inconvenience: but Mr. Cumberland
+is a million.' BOSWELL. Northcote, according to Hazlitt (_Conversations
+of Northcote_, p. 275), said that Johnson and his friends 'never
+admitted C----[Cumberland] as one of the set; Sir Joshua did not invite
+him to dinner. If he had been in the room, Goldsmith would have flown
+out of it as if a dragon had been there. I remember Garrick once saying,
+"D--n his _dish-clout_ face; his plays would never do, if it were not
+for my patching them up and acting in them."'
+
+[1173] See _ante_, p. 64, note 2.
+
+[1174] Dr. Parr said, "There are three great Grecians in England: Porson
+is the first; Burney is the third; and who is the second I need not
+tell"' Field's _Parr_, ii. 215.
+
+[1175] 'Dr. Johnson,' said Parr, 'was an admirable scholar.... The
+classical scholar was forgotten in the great original contributor to the
+literature of his country.' _Ib._ i. 164. 'Upon his correct and profound
+knowledge of the Latin language,' he wrote, 'I have always spoken with
+unusual zeal and unusual confidence.' Johnson's _Parr_, iv. 679. Mrs.
+Piozzi (_Anec._ p. 54) recounts a 'triumph' gained by Johnson in a talk
+on Greek literature.
+
+[1176] _Ante_, iii. 172.
+
+[1177] We must smile at a little inaccuracy of metaphor in the Preface
+to the _Transactions_, which is written by Mr. Burrowes. The _critick of
+the style of_ JOHNSON having, with a just zeal for literature, observed,
+that the whole nation are called on to exert themselves, afterwards
+says: 'They are _called on_ by every _tye_ which can have a laudable
+influence on the heart of man.' BOSWELL.
+
+[1178] Johnson's wishing to unite himself with this rich widow, was much
+talked of, but I believe without foundation. The report, however, gave
+occasion to a poem, not without characteristical merit, entitled, 'Ode
+to Mrs. Thrale, by Samuel Johnson, LL.D. on their supposed approaching
+Nuptials; printed for Mr. Faulder in Bond-street.' I shall quote as a
+specimen the first three stanzas:--
+
+     'If e'er my fingers touch'd the lyre,
+        In satire fierce, in pleasure gay;
+      Shall not my THRALIA'S smiles inspire?
+        Shall Sam refuse the sportive lay?
+      My dearest Lady! view your slave,
+        Behold him as your very _Scrub_;
+      Eager to write, as authour grave,
+        Or govern well, the brewing-tub.
+      To rich felicity thus raised,
+        My bosom glows with amorous fire;
+      Porter no longer shall be praised,
+        'Tis I MYSELF am _Thrale's Entire_'
+
+[1179] See _ante_, ii. 44.
+
+[1180] '_Higledy piggledy_,--Conglomeration and confusion.
+
+'_Hodge-podge_,--A culinary mixture of heterogeneous ingredients:
+applied metaphorically to all discordant combinations.
+
+'_Tit for Tat_,--Adequate retaliation.
+
+'_Shilly Shally_,--Hesitation and irresolution.
+
+'_Fee! fau! fum!--Gigantic intonations.
+
+_Rigmarole_,-Discourse, incoherent and rhapsodical.
+
+'_Crincum-crancum_,--Lines of irregularity and involution.
+
+'_Dingdong_--Tintinabulary chimes, used metaphorically to signify
+dispatch and vehemence.' BOSWELL. In all the editions that I have
+examined the sentence in the text beginning with 'annexed,' and ending
+with 'concatenation,' is printed as if it were Boswell's. It is a
+quotation from vol. ii. p. 93 of Colman's book. For _Scrub_, see _ante_,
+iii. 70, note 2.
+
+[1181] See _ante_, iii. 173.
+
+[1182] _History of America_, vol. i. quarto, p. 332. BOSWELL.
+
+[1183] Gibbon (_Misc. Works_, i. 219) thus writes of his own
+style:--'The style of an author should be the image of his mind, but the
+choice and command of language is the fruit of exercise. Many
+experiments were made before I could hit the middle tone between a dull
+chronicle and a rhetorical declamation; three times did I compose the
+first chapter, and twice the second and third, before I was tolerably
+satisfied with their effect.' See _ante_, p. 36, note 1.
+
+[1184] _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, vol. i. chap. iv.
+BOSWELL.
+
+[1185] Macaulay (_Essays_, ed. 1874, iv. 157) gives a yet better example
+of her Johnsonian style, though, as I have shewn (_ante_, p. 223, note
+5), he is wrong in saying that Johnson's hand can be seen.
+
+[1186] _Cecilia_, Book. vii. chap. i. [v.] BOSWELL.
+
+[1187] The passage which I quote is taken from that gentleman's
+_Elements of Orthoepy_; containing a distinct View of the whole Analogy
+of the ENGLISH LANGUAGE, so far as relates to _Pronunciation, Accent,
+and Quantity_, London, 1784. I beg leave to offer my particular
+acknowledgements to the authour of a work of uncommon merit and great
+utility. I know no book which contains, in the same compass, more
+learning, polite literature, sound sense, accuracy of arrangement, and
+perspicuity of expression. BOSWELL.
+
+[1188] That collection was presented to Dr. Johnson, I believe by its
+authours; and I heard him speak very well of it. BOSWELL. _The Mirror_
+was published in 1779-80; by 1793 it reached its ninth edition. For an
+account of it see Appendix DD. to Forbes's _Beattie_. Henry Mackenzie,
+the author of _The Man of Feeling_, was the chief contributor as well as
+the conductor of the paper. He is given as the author of No. 16 in
+Lynam's edition, p. 1.
+
+[1189] The name of Vicesimus Knox is now scarcely known. Yet so late as
+1824 his collected _Works_ were published in seven octavo volumes. The
+editor says of his _Essays_ (i. iii):--'In no department of the _Belles
+Lettres_ has any publication, excepting the _Spectator_, been so
+extensively circulated. It has been translated into most of the European
+languages.' See _ante_, i. 222, note 1; iii. 13, note 3; and iv. 330.
+
+[1190] _Lucretius_, iii. 6.
+
+[1191] It were to be wished, that he had imitated that great man in
+every respect, and had not followed the example of Dr. Adam Smith
+[_ante_, iii. 13, note 1] in ungraciously attacking his venerable _Alma
+Mater_ Oxford. It must, however, be observed, that he is much less to
+blame than Smith: he only objects to certain particulars; Smith to the
+whole institution; though indebted for much of his learning to an
+exhibition which he enjoyed for many years at Baliol College. Neither of
+them, however, will do any hurt to the noblest university in the world.
+While I animadvert on what appears to me exceptionable in some of the
+works of Dr. Knox, I cannot refuse due praise to others of his
+productions; particularly his sermons, and to the spirit with which he
+maintains, against presumptuous hereticks, the consolatory doctrines
+peculiar to the Christian Revelation. This he has done in a manner
+equally strenuous and conciliating. Neither ought I to omit mentioning a
+remarkable instance of his candour: Notwithstanding the wide difference
+of our opinions, upon the important subject of University education, in
+a letter to me concerning this Work, he thus expresses himself: 'I thank
+you for the very great entertainment your _Life of Johnson_ gives me. It
+is a most valuable work. Yours is a new species of biography. Happy for
+Johnson, that he had so able a recorder of his wit and wisdom.' BOSWELL.
+
+[1192] Dr. Knox, in his _Moral and Literary_ abstraction, may be excused
+for not knowing the political regulations of his country. No senator can
+be in the hands of a bailiff. BOSWELL.
+
+[1193] It is entitled _A Continuation of Dr. J--n's Criticism on the
+Poems of Gray_. The following is perhaps the best passage:--'On some
+fine evening Gray had seen the moon shining on a tower such as is here
+described. An owl might be peeping out from the ivy with which it was
+clad. Of the observer the station might be such that the owl, now
+emerged from the mantling, presented itself to his eye in profile,
+skirting with the Moon's limb. All this is well. The perspective is
+striking; and the picture well defined. But the poet was not contented.
+He felt a desire to enlarge it; and in executing his purpose gave it
+accumulation without improvement. The idea of the Owl's _complaining_ is
+an artificial one; and the views on which it proceeds absurd. Gray
+should have seen, that it but ill befitted the _Bird of Wisdom_ to
+complain to the Moon of an intrusion which the Moon could no more help
+than herself.' p. 17. Johnson wrote of this book:--'I know little of
+it, for though it was sent me I never cut the leaves open. I had a
+letter with it representing it to me as my own work; in such an account
+to the publick there may be humour, but to myself it was neither serious
+nor comical. I suspect the writer to be wrong-headed.' _Piozzi Letters_,
+ii. 289. 'I was told,' wrote Walpole (_Letters_, viii. 376), 'it would
+divert me, that it seems to criticise Gray, but really laughs at
+Johnson. I sent for it and skimmed it over, but am not at all clear what
+it means--no recommendation of anything. I rather think the author
+wishes to be taken by Gray's admirers for a ridiculer of Johnson, and by
+the tatter's for a censurer of Gray.' '"The cleverest parody of the
+Doctor's style of criticism," wrote Sir Walter Scott, "is by John Young
+of Glasgow, and is very capital."' _Croker Corres_, ii. 34.
+
+[1194] See _ante_, iv. 59, for Burke's description of Croft's imitation.
+
+[1195] See _ante_, ii. 465.
+
+[1196] H.S.E.
+
+MICHAEL JOHNSON,
+
+Vir impavidus, constans, animosus, periculorum immemor, laborum
+patientissimus; fiducia christiana fortis, fervidusque; paterfamilias
+apprime strenuus; bibliopola admodum peritus; mente et libris et
+negotiis exculta; animo ita firmo, ut, rebus adversis diu conflictatus,
+nec sibi nec suis defuerit; lingua sic temperata, ut ei nihil quod aures
+vel pias, vel castas laesisset, aut dolor, vel voluptas unquam
+expresserit.
+
+Natus Cubleiae, in agro Derbiensi,
+
+Anno MDCLVI.
+
+Obiit MDCCXXXI.
+
+Apposita est SARA, conjux,
+
+Antiqua FORDORUM gente oriunda; quam domi sedulam, foris paucis notam;
+nulli molestam, mentis acumine et judicii subtilitate praecellentem;
+aliis multum, sibi parum indulgentem: aeternitati semper attentam, omne
+fere virtutis nomen commendavit.
+
+Nata Nortoniae Regis, in agro Varvicensi, Anno MDCLXIX;
+
+Obiit MDCCLIX.
+
+Cum NATHANAELE, illorum filio, qui natus MDCCXII, cum vires et animi et
+corporis multa pollicerentur, anno MDCCXXXVII, vitam brevem pia morte
+finivit. Johnson's _Works_, i. 150.
+
+[1197] Hawkins (_Life_, p. 590) says that he asked that the stone over
+his own grave 'might be so placed as to protect his body from injury.'
+Harwood (_History of Lichfield_, p. 520) says that the stone in St.
+Michael's was removed in 1796, when the church was paved. A fresh one
+with the old inscriptions was placed in the church on the hundredth
+anniversary of Johnson's death by Robert Thorp, Esq., of Buxton Road
+House, Macclesfield. The Rev. James Serjeantson, Rector of St.
+Michael's, suggests to me that the first stone was never set up. It is,
+he says, unlikely that such a memorial within a dozen years was treated
+so unworthily. Moreover in 1841 and again in 1883, during reparations of
+the church, a very careful search was made for it, but without result.
+There may have been, he thinks, some difficulty in finding the exact
+place of interment. The matter may have stood over till it was
+forgotten, and the mason, whose receipted bill shews that he was paid
+for the stone, may have used it for some other purpose.
+
+[1198] See _ante_, i. 241, and iv. 351.
+
+[1199] 'He would also,' says Hawkins (_Life_, p. 579), 'have written in
+Latin verse an epitaph for Mr. Garrick, but found himself unequal to the
+task of original poetic composition in that language.'
+
+[1200] In his _Life of Browne_, Johnson wrote:--'The time will come to
+every human being when it must be known how well he can bear to die; and
+it has appeared that our author's fortitude did not desert him in the
+great hour of trial.' _Works_, vi. 499.
+
+[1201] A Club in London, founded by the learned and ingenious physician,
+Dr. Ash, in honour of whose name it was called Eumelian, from the Greek
+[Greek: Eumelias]; though it was warmly contended, and even put to a
+vote, that it should have the more obvious appellation of _Fraxinean_,
+from the Latin. BOSWELL. This club, founded in 1788, met at the Blenheim
+Tavern, Bond-street. Reynolds, Boswell, Burney, and Windham were
+members. Rose's _Biog. Dict._ ii. 240. [Greek: Eummeliaes] means _armed
+with good ashen spear_.
+
+[1202] Mrs. Thrale's _Collection_, March 10,1784. Vol. ii. p. 350.
+BOSWELL.
+
+[1203] Hawkins's _Life of Johnson_, p. 583.
+
+[1204] See what he said to Mr. Malone, p. 53 of this volume. BOSWELL.
+
+[1205] See _ante_, i. 223, note 2.
+
+[1206] _Epistle to the Romans_, vii. 23.
+
+[1207] 'Johnson's passions,' wrote Reynolds, 'were like those of other
+men, the difference only lay in his keeping a stricter watch over
+himself. In petty circumstances this [? his] wayward disposition
+appeared, but in greater things he thought it worth while to summon his
+recollection and be always on his guard.... [To them that loved him not]
+as rough as winter; to those who sought his love as mild as summer--many
+instances will readily occur to those who knew him intimately of the
+guard which he endeavoured always to keep over himself.' Taylor's
+_Reynolds_, ii. 460. See _ante_, i. 94, 164, 201, and iv. 215.
+
+[1208] _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_, 3d ed. p. 209. [_Post_, v.
+211.] On the same subject, in his Letter to Mrs. Thrale, dated Nov. 29,
+1783, he makes the following just observation:--'Life, to be worthy of a
+rational being, must be always in progression; we must always purpose to
+do more or better than in time past. The mind is enlarged and elevated
+by mere purposes, though they end as they began [in the original,
+_begin_], by airy contemplation. We compare and judge, though we do not
+practise.' BOSWELL.
+
+[1209] _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_, p. 374. [_Post_, v. 359.]
+BOSWELL.
+
+[1210] _Psalm_ xix. 13.
+
+[1211] _Pr. and Med._ p.47. BOSWELL.
+
+[1212] _Ib._ p. 68 BOSWELL
+
+[1213] _Ib._ p. 84 BOSWELL
+
+[1214] _Ib._ p. 120. BOSWELL.
+
+[1215] Pr. and Med. p. 130. BOSWELL.
+
+[1216] Dr. Johnson related, with very earnest approbation, a story of a
+gentleman, who, in an impulse of passion, overcame the virtue of a young
+woman. When she said to him, 'I am afraid we have done wrong!' he
+answered, 'Yes, we have done wrong;--for I would not _debauch her
+mind_.' BOSWELL.
+
+[1217] _St. John_, viii. 7.
+
+[1218] _Pr. and Med._ p. 192. BOSWELL.
+
+[1219] See _ante_, iii. 155.
+
+[1220] Boswell, on Feb. 10, 1791, describing to Malone the progress of
+his book, says:--'I have now before me p. 488 [of vol. ii.] in print;
+and 923 pages of the copy [MS.] only is exhausted, and there remains 80,
+besides the _death_; as to which I shall be concise, though solemn. Pray
+how shall I wind up? Shall I give the _character_ from my _Tour_
+somewhat enlarged?' Croker's _Boswell_, p. 829. Mr. Croker is clearly in
+error in saying (_ib._ p. 800) that 'Mr. Boswell's absence and the
+jealousy between him and some of Johnson's other friends prevented his
+being able to give the particulars which he (Mr. Croker) has supplied in
+the Appendix.' In this Appendix is Mr. Hoole's narrative which Boswell
+had seen and used (_post_, p. 406).
+
+[1221] _Psalm_ lxxxii. 7.
+
+[1222] See Appendix E.
+
+[1223] 'On being asked in his last illness what physician he had sent
+for, "Dr. Heberden," replied he, "_ultimus Romanorum_, the last of the
+learned physicians."' Seward's _Biographiana_, p. 601.
+
+[1224] Mr. Green related that when some of Johnson's friends desired
+that Dr. Warren should be called in, he said they might call in whom
+they pleased; and when Warren was called, at his going away Johnson
+said, 'You have come in at the eleventh hour, but you shall be paid the
+same with your fellow-labourers. Francis, put into Dr. Warren's coach a
+copy of the _English Poets_.' CROKER. Dr. Warren ten years later
+attended Boswell in his last illness. _Letters of Boswell_, p. 355. He
+was the great-grandfather of Col. Sir Charles Warren, G.C.M.G., F.R.S.,
+Chief Commissioner of Police.
+
+[1225] This bold experiment, Sir John Hawkins has related in such a
+manner as to suggest a charge against Johnson of intentionally hastening
+his end; a charge so very inconsistent with his character in every
+respect, that it is injurious even to refute it, as Sir John has thought
+it necessary to do. It is evident, that what Johnson did in hopes of
+relief, indicated an extraordinary eagerness to retard his dissolution.
+BOSWELL. Murphy (_Life_, p. 122) says that 'for many years, when Johnson
+was not disposed to enter into the conversation going forward, whoever
+sat near his chair might hear him repeating from Shakespeare [_Measure
+for Measure_, act iii. sc. i]:--
+
+     "Ay, but to die and go we know not where;
+      To lie in cold obstruction and to rot;
+      This sensible warm motion to become
+      A kneaded clot; and the delighted spirit
+      To bathe in fiery floods."
+
+And from Milton [_Paradise Lost_, ii. 146]:--
+
+          "Who would lose
+      Though full of pain this intellectual being?"'
+
+Johnson, the year before, at a time when he thought that he must submit
+to the surgeon's knife (_ante_, p. 240), wrote to Mrs. Thrale:--'You
+would not have me for fear of pain perish in putrescence. I shall, I
+hope, with trust in eternal mercy lay hold of the possibility of life
+which yet remains.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 312. Hawkins records (_Life_,
+p. 588) that one day Johnson said to his doctor:--'How many men in a
+year die through the timidity of those whom they consult for health! I
+want length of life, and you fear giving me pain, which I care not for.'
+Another day, 'when Mr. Cruikshank scarified his leg, he cried out,
+"Deeper, deeper. I will abide the consequence; you are afraid of your
+reputation, but that is nothing to me." To those about him, he said,
+"You all pretend to love me, but you do not love me so well as I myself
+do." '_Ib_. p. 592. Windham (_Diary_, p. 32) says that he reproached
+Heberden with being _timidorum timidissimus_. Throughout he acted up to
+what he had said:--'I will be conquered, I will not capitulate.'
+_Ante_, P. 374.
+
+[1226] Macbeth, act v. sc. 3.
+
+[1227] Satires, x. 356. Paraphrased by Johnson in The Vanity of Human
+Wishes, at the lines beginning:--
+
+     'Pour forth thy fervours for a healthful mind,
+      Obedient passions and a will resigned.'
+
+[1228] Johnson, three days after his stroke of palsy (ante, p. 230),
+wrote:--'When I waked, I found Dr. Brocklesby sitting by me. He fell to
+repeating Juvenal's ninth satire; but I let him see that the province
+was mine.' _Piozzi Letters_, ii. 274.
+
+[1229] Johnson, on his way to Scotland, 'changed horses,' he wrote, 'at
+Darlington, where Mr. Cornelius Harrison, a cousin-german of mine, was
+perpetual curate. He was the only one of my relations who ever rose in
+fortune above penury, or in character above neglect.' _Piozzi Letters_,
+i. 105. Malone, in a note to later editions, shews that Johnson shortly
+before his death was trying to discover some of his poor relations.
+
+[1230] Mr. Windham records (_Diary_, p. 28) that the day before Johnson
+made his will 'he recommended Frank to him as to one who had will and
+power to protect him.' He continues, 'Having obtained my assent to this,
+he proposed that Frank should be called in; and desiring me to take him
+by the hand in token of the promise, repeated before him the
+recommendation he had just made of him, and the promise I had given to
+attend to it.
+
+[1231] Johnson wrote five years earlier to Mrs. Thrale about her
+husband's will:--'Do not let those fears prevail which you know to be
+unreasonable; a will brings the end of life no nearer.' _Piozzi
+Letters_, ii. 72.
+
+[1232] 'IN THE NAME OF GOD. AMEN. I, SAMUEL JOHNSON, being in full
+possession of my faculties, but fearing this night may put an end to my
+life, do ordain this my last Will and Testament. I bequeath to GOD, a
+soul polluted with many sins, but I hope purified by JESUS CHRIST. I
+leave seven hundred and fifty pounds in the hands of Bennet Langton,
+Esq.; three hundred pounds in the hands of Mr. Barclay and Mr. Perkins,
+brewers; one hundred and fifty pounds in the hands of Dr. Percy, Bishop
+of Dromore; one thousand pounds, three _per cent._ annuities, in the
+publick funds; and one hundred pounds now lying by me in ready money:
+all these before-mentioned sums and property I leave, I say, to Sir
+Joshua Reynolds, Sir John Hawkins, and Dr. William Scott, of Doctors
+Commons, in trust for the following uses:--That is to say, to pay to the
+representatives of the late William Innys, bookseller, in St, Paul's
+Church-yard, the sum of two hundred pounds; to Mrs. White, my female
+servant, one hundred pounds stock in the three _per cent_. annuitites
+aforesaid. The rest of the aforesaid sums of money and property,
+together with my books, plate, and household furniture, I leave to the
+before-mentioned Sir Joshua Reynolds, Sir John Hawkins, and Dr. William
+Scott, also in trust, to the use of Francis Barber, my man-servant, a
+negro, in such a manner as they shall judge most fit and available to
+his benefit. And I appoint the aforesaid Sir Joshua Reynolds, Sir John
+Hawkins, and Dr. William Scott, sole executors of this my last will and
+testament, hereby revoking all former wills and testaments whatever. In
+witness whereof I hereunto subscribe my name, and affix my seal, this
+eighth day of December, 1784.
+
+'Sam Johnson, (L.S.)
+
+     'Signed, scaled, published, declared,
+     and delivered, by the
+     said testator, as his last will
+     and testament, in the presence
+     of us, the word two being first
+     inserted in the opposite page.
+
+     'GEORGE STRAHAN
+
+     'JOHN DESMOULINS
+
+'By way of Codicil to my last Will and Testament, I, SAMUEL JOHNSON,
+give, devise, and bequeath, my messuage or tenement situate at
+Litchfield, in the county of Stafford, with the appertenances, in the
+tenure or occupation of Mrs. Bond, of Lichfield aforesaid, or of Mr.
+Hinchman, her under-tenant, to my executors, in trust, to sell and
+dispose of the same; and the money arising from such sale I give and
+bequeath as follows, viz. to Thomas and Benjamin, the sons of Fisher
+Johnson, late of Leicester, and ----- Whiting, daughter of Thomas
+Johnson [F-1], late of Coventry, and the grand-daughter of the said
+Thomas Johnson, one full and equal fourth part each; but in case there
+shall be more grand-daughters than one of the said Thomas Johnson,
+living at the time of my decease, I give and bequeath the part or share
+of that one to and equally between such grand-daughters. I give and
+bequeath to the Rev. Mr. Rogers, of Berkley, near Froom, in the county
+of Somerset, the sum of one hundred pounds, requesting him to apply the
+same towards the maintenance of Elizabeth Herne, a lunatick [F-2]. I also
+give and bequeath to my god-children, the son and daughter of Mauritius
+Lowe [F-3], painter, each of them, one hundred pounds of my stock in the
+three _per cent_, consolidated annuities, to be applied and disposed of
+by and at the discretion of my Executors, in the education or settlement
+in the world of them my said legatees. Also I give and bequeath to Sir
+John Hawkins, one of my Executors, the Annales Ecclesiastici of
+Baronius, and Holinshed's and Stowe's Chronicles, and also an octavo
+Common Prayer-Book. To Bennet Langton, Esq. I give and bequeath my
+Polyglot Bible. To Sir Joshua Reynolds, my great French Dictionary, by
+Martiniere, and my own copy of my folio English Dictionary, of the last
+revision. To Dr. William Scott, one of my Executors, the Dictionnaire de
+Commerce, and Lectius's edition of the Greek poets. To Mr. Windham [F-4],
+Poetae Graeci Heroici per Henricum Stephanum. To the Rev. Mr. Strahan,
+vicar of Islington, in Middlesex, Mill's Greek Testament, Beza's Greek
+Testament, by Stephens, all my Latin Bibles, and my Greek Bible, by
+Wechelius. To Dr. Heberden, Dr. Brocklesby, Dr. Butter, and Mr.
+Cruikshank, the surgeon who attended me, Mr. Holder, my apothecary,
+Gerard Hamilton, Esq., Mrs. Gardiner [F-5], of Snow-hill, Mrs. Frances
+Reynolds, Mr. Hoole, and the Reverend Mr. Hoole, his son, each a book at
+their election, to keep as a token of remembrance. I also give and
+bequeath to Mr. John Desmoulins [F-6], two hundred pounds consolidated
+three _per cent_, annuities: and to Mr. Sastres, the Italian
+master [F-7], the sum of five pounds, to be laid out in books of piety
+for his own use. And whereas the said Bennet Langton hath agreed, in
+consideration of the sum of seven hundred and fifty pounds, mentioned in
+my Will to be in his hands, to grant and secure an annuity of seventy
+pounds payable during the life of me and my servant, Francis Barber, and
+the life of the survivor of us, to Mr. George Stubbs, in trust for us;
+my mind and will is, that in case of my decease before the said
+agreement shall be perfected, the said sum of seven hundred and fifty
+pounds, and the bond for securing the said sum, shall go to the said
+Francis Barber; and I hereby give and bequeath to him the same, in lieu
+of the bequest in his favour, contained in my said Will. And I hereby
+empower my Executors to deduct and retain all expences that shall or may
+be incurred in the execution of my said Will, or of this Codicil
+thereto, out of such estate and effects as I shall die possessed of. All
+the rest, residue, and remainder, of my estate and effects, I give and
+bequeath to my said Executors, in trust for the said Francis Barber, his
+Executors and Administrators. Witness my hand and seal, this ninth day
+of December, 1784.
+
+'SAM. JOHNSON, (L. S.)
+
+     'Signed, sealed, published, declared,
+     and delivered, by the
+     said Samuel Johnson, as, and
+     for a Codicil to his last Will and
+     Testament, in the presence of
+     us, who, in his presence, and at
+     his request, and also in the
+     presence of each other, have
+     hereto subscribed our names as
+     witnesses.
+
+     'JOHN COPLEY.
+
+     'WILLIAM GIBSON.
+
+     'HENRY COLE.'
+
+Upon these testamentary deeds it is proper to make a few observations.
+
+His express declaration with his dying breath as a Christian, as it had
+been often practised in such solemn writings, was of real consequence
+from this great man; for the conviction of a mind equally acute and
+strong, might well overbalance the doubts of others, who were his
+contemporaries. The expression _polluted_, may, to some, convey an
+impression of more than ordinary contamination; but that is not
+warranted by its genuine meaning, as appears from _The Rambler_, No.
+42[F-8]. The same word is used in the will of Dr. Sanderson, Bishop of
+Lincoln [F-9], who was piety itself.
+
+His legacy of two hundred pounds to the representatives of Mr. Innys,
+bookseller, in St. Paul's Church-yard [F-10], proceeded from a very
+worthy motive. He told Sir John Hawkins, that his father having become a
+bankrupt, Mr. Innys had assisted him with money or credit to continue
+his business. 'This, (said he,) I consider as an obligation on me to be
+grateful to his descendants [F-11].'
+
+The amount of his property proved to be considerably more than he had
+supposed it to be. Sir John Hawkins estimates the bequest to Francis
+Barber at a sum little short of fifteen hundred pounds, including an
+annuity of seventy pounds to be paid to him by Mr. Langton, in
+consideration of seven hundred and fifty pounds, which Johnson had lent
+to that gentleman. Sir John seems not a little angry at this bequest,
+and mutters 'a caveat against ostentatious bounty and favour to
+negroes [F-12].' But surely when a man has money entirely of his own
+acquisition, especially when he has no near relations, he may, without
+blame, dispose of it as he pleases, and with great propriety to a
+faithful servant. Mr. Barber, by the recommendation of his master,
+retired to Lichfield, where he might pass the rest of his days
+in comfort.
+
+It has been objected that Johnson has omitted many of his best friends,
+when leaving books to several as tokens of his last remembrance. The
+names of Dr. Adams, Dr. Taylor [F-13], Dr. Burney, Mr. Hector, Mr.
+Murphy, the Authour of this Work, and others who were intimate with him,
+are not to be found in his Will. This may be accounted for by
+considering, that as he was very near his dissolution at the time, he
+probably mentioned such as happened to occur to him; and that he may
+have recollected, that he had formerly shewn others such proofs of his
+regard, that it was not necessary to crowd his Will with their names.
+Mrs. Lucy Porter was much displeased that nothing was left to her; but
+besides what I have now stated, she should have considered, that she had
+left nothing to Johnson by her Will, which was made during his
+life-time, as appeared at her decease.
+
+His enumerating several persons in one group, and leaving them 'each a
+book at their election,' might possibly have given occasion to a curious
+question as to the order of choice, had they not luckily fixed on
+different books. His library, though by no means handsome in its
+appearance, was sold by Mr. Christie, for two hundred and forty-seven
+pounds, nine shillings [F-14]; many people being desirous to have a book
+which had belonged to Johnson. In many of them he had written little
+notes: sometimes tender memorials of his departed wife; as, 'This was
+dear Tetty's book:' sometimes occasional remarks of different sorts. Mr.
+Lysons, of Clifford's Inn, has favoured me with the two following:
+
+In _Holy Rules and Helps to Devotion_, by Bryan Duppa, Lord Bishop of
+Winton, '_Preces quidam (? quidem) videtur diligenter tractasse; spero
+non inauditus (? inauditas).'_
+
+In _The Rosicrucian infallible Axiomata_, by John Heydon, Gent.,
+prefixed to which are some verses addressed to the authour, signed Ambr.
+Waters, A.M. Coll. Ex. Oxon. '_These Latin verses were written to Hobbes
+by Bathurst, upon his Treatise on Human Nature, and have no relation to
+the book.--An odd fraud_.'--BOSWELL. [Note: See Appendix F for notes on
+this footnote.]
+
+[1233] 'He burned,' writes Mrs. Piozzi, 'many letters in the last week,
+I am told, and those written by his mother drew from him a flood of
+tears. Mr. Sastres saw him cast a melancholy look upon their ashes,
+which he took up and examined to see if a word was still
+legible.'--_Piozzi Letters_, ii. 383.
+
+[1234] Boswell in his _Hebrides_ (_post_, v. 53) says that Johnson,
+starting northwards on his tour, left in a drawer in Boswell's house
+'one volume of a pretty full and curious _Diary of his Life_, of which I
+have,' he continues, 'a few fragments.' The other volume, we may
+conjecture, Johnson took with him, for Boswell had seen both, and
+apparently seen them only once. He mentions (_ante_, i. 27) that these
+'few fragments' had been transferred to him by the residuary legatee
+(Francis Barber). One large fragment, which was published after Barber's
+death, he could never have seen, for he never quotes from it (_ante_, i.
+35, note 1).
+
+[1235] One of these volumes, Sir John Hawkins informs us, he put into
+his pocket; for which the excuse he states is, that he meant to preserve
+it from falling into the hands of a person whom he describes so as to
+make it sufficiently clear who is meant; 'having strong reasons (said
+he,) to suspect that this man might find and make an ill use of the
+book.' Why Sir John should suppose that the gentleman alluded to would
+act in this manner, he has not thought fit to explain. But what he did
+was not approved of by Johnson; who, upon being acquainted of it without
+delay by a friend, expressed great indignation, and warmly insisted on
+the book being delivered up; and, afterwards, in the supposition of his
+missing it, without knowing by whom it had been taken, he said, 'Sir, I
+should have gone out of the world distrusting half mankind.' Sir John
+next day wrote a letter to Johnson, assigning reasons for his conduct;
+upon which Johnson observed to Mr. Langton, 'Bishop Sanderson could not
+have dictated a better letter. I could almost say, _Melius est sic
+penituisse quam non errâsse_.' The agitation into which Johnson was
+thrown by this incident, probably made him hastily burn those precious
+records which must ever be regretted. BOSWELL. According to Mr. Croker,
+Steevens was the man whom Hawkins said that he suspected. Porson, in his
+witty _Panegyrical Epistle on Hawkins v. Johnson_ (_Gent. Mag._ 1787,
+pp. 751-3, and _Porson Tracts_, p. 341), says:--'I shall attempt a
+translation [of _Melius est_, &c.] for the benefit of your mere English
+readers:--_There is more joy over a sinner that repenteth than over a
+just person that needeth no repentance_. And we know from an authority
+not to be disputed (Hawkins's _Life_, p. 406) that _Johnson was a great
+lover of penitents_.
+
+     "God put it in the mind to take it hence,
+      That thou might'st win the more thy [Johnson's] love,
+      Pleading so wisely in excuse of it."
+
+[1236] _Henry IV_, act iv. sc. 5.
+
+[1237] 'Tibullus addressed Cynthia in this manner:--
+
+     "_Te spectem, suprema, mihi cum venerit hora,
+      Te teneam moriens deficiente mamu.
+                       Lib. i. El. I. 73.
+
+     Before my closing eyes dear Cynthia stand,
+     Held weakly by my fainting, trembling hand."'
+                       Johnson's Works, iv. 35.
+
+
+[1238] Windham was scarcely a statesman as yet, though for a few months
+of the year before he had been Chief Secretary for Ireland (_ante_, p
+200). He was in Parliament, but he had never spoken. His _Diary_ shews
+that he had no 'important occupations.' On Dec. 12, for instance, he
+records (p. 30):--'Came down about ten; read reviews, wrote to Mrs.
+Siddons, and then went to the ice; came home only in time to dress and
+go to my mother's to dinner.' See _ante_, p. 356, for his interest
+in balloons.
+
+[1239] 'My father,' writes Miss Burney, 'saw him once while I was away,
+and carried Mr. Burke with him, who was desirous of paying his respects
+to him once more in person. He rallied a little while they were there;
+and Mr. Burke, when they left him, said to my father:--"His work is
+almost done, and well has he done it."' Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, ii.
+333. Burke, in 1792, said in Parliament that 'Dr. Johnson's virtues were
+equal to his transcendent talents, and his friendship he valued as the
+greatest consolation and happiness of his life.' _Parl. Debates_,
+xxx. 109.
+
+[1240] On the same undoubted authority, I give a few articles, which
+should have been inserted in chronological order; but which, now that
+they are before me, I should be sorry to omit:--
+
+'In 1736, Dr. Johnson had a particular inclination to have been engaged
+as an assistant to the Reverend Mr. Budworth, then head master of the
+Grammar-school, at Brewood, in Staffordshire, "an excellent person, who
+possessed every talent of a perfect instructor of youth, in a degree
+which, (to use the words of one of the brightest ornaments of
+literature, the Reverend Dr. Hurd, Bishop of Worcester,) has been rarely
+found in any of that profession since the days of Quintilian." Mr.
+Budworth, "who was less known in his life-time, from that obscure
+situation to which the caprice of fortune oft condemns the most
+accomplished characters, than his highest merit deserved," had been bred
+under Mr. Blackwell [Blackwall], at Market Bosworth, where Johnson was
+some time an usher [_ante_, i. 84]; which might naturally lead to the
+application. Mr. Budworth was certainly no stranger to the learning or
+abilities of Johnson; as he more than once lamented his having been
+under the necessity of declining the engagement, from an apprehension
+that the paralytick affection, under which our great Philologist
+laboured through life, might become the object of imitation or of
+ridicule, among his pupils.' Captain Budworth, his grandson, has
+confirmed to me this anecdote.
+
+'Among the early associates of Johnson, at St. John's Gate, was Samuel
+Boyse [G-1], well known by his ingenious productions; and not less noted
+for his imprudence. It was not unusual for Boyse to be a customer to the
+pawnbroker. On one of these occasions, Dr. Johnson collected a sum of
+money to redeem his friend's clothes, which in two days after were
+pawned again. "The sum, (said Johnson,) was collected by sixpences, at a
+time when to me sixpence was a serious consideration [G-2]."
+
+'Speaking one day of a person for whom he had a real friendship, but in
+whom vanity was somewhat too predominant, he observed, that "Kelly [G-3]
+was so fond of displaying on his side-board the plate which he possessed,
+that he added to it his spurs. For my part, (said he,) I never was
+master of a pair of spurs, but once; and they are now at the bottom of
+the ocean. By the carelessness of Boswell's servant, they were dropped
+from the end of the boat, on our return from the Isle of Sky [G-4]."'
+
+The late Reverend Mr. Samuel Badcock [G-5], having been introduced to Dr.
+Johnson, by Mr. Nichols, some years before his death, thus expressed
+himself in a letter to that gentleman:--
+
+'How much I am obliged to you for the favour you did me in introducing
+me to Dr. Johnson! _Tantùm vìdi Virgilium_ [G-6]. But to have seen him,
+and to have received a testimony of respect from him, was enough. I
+recollect all the conversation, and shall never forget one of his
+expressions. Speaking of Dr. P---- [Priestley], (whose writings, I
+saw, he estimated at a low rate,) he said, "You have proved him as
+deficient in _probity_ as he is in learning [G-7]." I called him an
+"Index-scholar [G-8];" but he was not willing to allow him a claim even
+to that merit. He said, that "he borrowed from those who had been
+borrowers themselves, and did not know that the mistakes he adopted had
+been answered by others." I often think of our short, but precious,
+visit to this great man. I shall consider it as a kind of an _aera_ in
+my life.' BOSWELL. [Note: See Appendix G for notes on this footnote.]
+
+[1241] See _ante_, i. 152, 501.
+
+[1242] He wrote to Dr. Taylor on Feb. 17, 1776:--'Keep yourself
+cheerful. Lie in bed with a lamp, and when you cannot sleep and are
+beginning to think, light your candle and read. At least light your
+candle; a man is perhaps never so much harrassed (_sic_) by his own mind
+in the light as in the dark.' _Notes and Queries_, 6th S. v. 423.
+
+[1243] Mr. Croker records 'the following communication from Mr. Hoole
+himself':--'I must mention an incident which shews how ready Johnson was
+to make amends for any little incivility. When I called upon him, the
+morning after he had pressed me rather roughly to read _louder_, he
+said, "I was peevish yesterday; you must forgive me: when you are as old
+and as sick as I am, perhaps you may be peevish too." I have heard him
+make many apologies of this kind.'
+
+[1244] 'To his friend Dr. Burney he said a few hours before he died,
+taking the Doctor's hands within his, and casting his eyes towards
+Heaven with a look of the most fervent piety, "My dear friend, while you
+live do all the good you can." Seward's _Biographiana,_ p. 601
+
+[1245] Mr. Hoole, senior, records of this day:--'Dr. Johnson exhorted me
+to lead a better life than he had done. "A better life than you, my dear
+Sir:" I repeated. He replied warmly, "Don't compliment not." Croker's
+_Boswell_, p. 844
+
+[1246] See _ ante_, p. 293
+
+[1247] The French historian, Jacques-Auguste de Thou, 1553-1617, author
+of _Historia sui Temporis_ in 138 books.
+
+[1248] See _ante,_ ii. 42, note 2.
+
+[1249] Mr. Hutton was occasionally admitted to the royal breakfast-table.
+"Hutton," said the King to him one morning, "is it true that you
+Moravians marry without any previous knowledge of each other?" "Yes, may
+it please your majesty," returned Hutton; "our marriages are quite
+royal" Hannah More's _Memoirs_, i. 318. One of his female-missionaries
+for North American said to Dr. Johnson:--'Whether my Saviour's service
+may be best carried on here, or on the coast of Labrador, 'tis Mr.
+Hutton's business to settle. I will do my part either in a brick-house
+or a snow-house with equal alacrity.' Piozzi's _Synonymy_, ii. 120. He
+is described also in the _Memoirs of Dr. Burney_, i. 251, 291.
+
+[1250] _Ante_, ii. 402.
+
+[1251] Burke said of Hussey, who was his friend and correspondent, that
+in his character he had made 'that very rare union of the enlightened
+statesman with the ecclesiastic.' Burke's _Corres_. iv. 270.
+
+[1252] Boswell refers, I believe, to Fordyce's epitaph on Johnson in the
+_Gent. Mag._ 1785, p. 412, or possibly to an _Ode_ on p. 50 of
+his poems.
+
+[1253] 'Being become very weak and helpless it was thought necessary
+that a man should watch with him all night; and one was found in the
+neighbourhood for half a crown a night.' Hawkins's _Life of Johnson_,
+p. 589.
+
+[1254] It was on Nov. 30 that he repeated these lines. See Croker's
+_Boswell_, p. 843.
+
+[1255] _British Synonymy_, i. 359. Mrs. Piozzi, to add to the wonder,
+says that these verses were 'improviso,' forgetting that Johnson wrote
+to her on Aug 8, 1780 (_Piozzi Letters_, ii. 175):--'You have heard in
+the papers how --- is come to age. I have enclosed a short song of
+congratulation which you must not shew to anybody. It is odd that it
+should come into anybody's head. I hope you will read it with candour;
+it is, I believe, one of the author's first essays in that way of
+writing, and a beginner is always to be treated with tenderness.' That
+it was Sir John Lade who had come of age is shewn by the entry of his
+birth, Aug. 1, 1759, in the _Gent. Mag._ 1759, p. 392. He was the nephew
+and ward of Mr. Thrale, who seemed to think that Miss Burney would make
+him a good wife. (Mme. D'Arblay's _Diary_, i. 79.) According to Mr.
+Hayward (_Life of Piozzi_, i. 69) it was Lade who having asked Johnson
+whether he advised him to marry, received as answer: 'I would advise no
+man to marry, Sir, who is not likely to propagate understanding.' See
+_ante_, ii. 109, note 2. Mr. Hayward adds that 'he married a woman of
+the town, became a celebrated member of the Four-in-Hand Club, and
+contrived to waste the whole of a fine fortune before he died.' In
+Campbell's _Chancellors_ (ed. 1846, v. 628) a story is told of Sir John
+Ladd, who is, I suppose, the same man. The Prince of Wales in 1805 asked
+Lord Thurlow to dinner, and also Ladd. 'When "the old Lion" arrived the
+Prince went into the ante-room to meet him, and apologised for the party
+being larger than he had intended, but added, "that Sir John was an old
+friend of his, and he could not avoid asking him to dinner," to which
+Thurlow, in his growling voice, answered, "I have no objection, Sir, to
+Sir John Ladd in his proper place, which I take to be your Royal
+Highness's coach-box, and not your table."'
+
+[1256] _British Synonymy_ was published in 1794, later therefore than
+Boswell's first and second editions. In both these the latter half of
+this paragraph ran as follows:--"From the specimen which Mrs. Piozzi has
+exhibited of it (_Anecdotes_, p. 196) it is much to be wished that the
+world could see the whole. Indeed I can speak from my own knowledge; for
+having had the pleasure to read it, I found it to be a piece of
+exquisite satire conveyed in a strain of pointed vivacity and humour,
+and in a manner of which no other instance is to be found in Johnson's
+writings. After describing the ridiculous and ruinous career of a wild
+spendthrift he _consoles_ him with this reflection:--
+
+     "You may hang or drown at last."'
+
+[1257] Sir John.
+
+[1258]'"Les morts n'écrivent point," says Madame de Maintenon.' Hannah
+More's _Memoirs_, i. 233. The note that Johnson received 'was,' says Mr.
+Hoole, 'from Mr. Davies, the bookseller, and mentioned a present of some
+pork; upon which the Doctor said, in a manner that seemed as if he
+thought it ill-timed, "too much of this," or some such expression.'
+Croker's _Boswell_, p. 844.
+
+[1259] Sir Walter Scott says that 'Reynolds observed the charge given
+him by Johnson on his death-bed not to use his pencil of a Sunday for a
+considerable time, but afterwards broke it, being persuaded by some
+person who was impatient for a sitting that the Doctor had no title to
+exact such a promise.' Croker's _Corres_. ii. 34. 'Reynolds used to say
+that "the pupil in art who looks for the Sunday with pleasure as an idle
+day will never make a painter."' Northcote's _Reynolds_, i. 119. 'Dr.
+Johnson,' said Lord Eldon, 'sent me a message on his death-bed, to
+request that I would attend public worship every Sunday.' Twiss's
+_Eldon_, i. 168. The advice was not followed, for 'when a lawyer, a warm
+partisan of the Chancellor, called him one of the pillars of the Church;
+"No," said another lawyer, "he may be one of its buttresses; but
+certainly not one of its pillars, for he is never found within it."'
+_Ib_. iii. 488. Lord Campbell (_Lives of the Chancellors_, vii. 716)
+says:--Lord Eldon was never present at public worship in London from one
+year's end to the other. Pleading in mitigation before Lord Ellenborough
+that he attended public worship in the country, he received the rebuke,
+"as if there were no God in town.'"
+
+[1260] Reynolds records:--'During his last illness, when all hope was at
+an end, he appeared to be quieter and more resigned. His approaching
+dissolution was always present to his mind. A few days before he died,
+Mr. Langton and myself only present, he said he had been a great sinner,
+but he hoped he had given no bad example to his friends; that he had
+some consolation in reflecting that he had never denied Christ, and
+repeated the text, "Whoever denies me, &c." [_St. Matthew_ x. 33.] We
+were both very ready to assure him that we were conscious that we were
+better and wiser from his life and conversation; and that so far from
+denying Christ, he had been, in this age, his greatest champion.'
+Taylor's _Reynolds_, ii. 459.
+
+[1261] Hannah More (_Memoirs_ i. 393) says that Johnson, having put up a
+fervent prayer that Brocklesby might become a sincere Christian, 'caught
+hold of his hand with great earnestness, and cried, "Doctor, you do not
+say _Amen_." The Doctor looked foolishly, but after a pause cried
+"_Amen_"' Her account, however, is often not accurate.
+
+[1262] Windham records (_Diary_, p. 30) that on the night of the 12th he
+urged him to take some sustenance, 'and desisted only upon his
+exclaiming, "It is all very childish; let us hear no more of it."' On
+his pressing him a second time, he answered that 'he refused no
+sustenance but inebriating sustenance.' Windham thereupon asked him to
+take some milk, but 'he recurred to his general refusal, and begged that
+there might be an end of it. I then said that I hoped he would forgive
+my earnestness; when he replied eagerly, "that from me nothing would be
+necessary by way of apology;" adding with great fervour, in words which
+I shall (I hope) never forget--"God bless you, my dear Windham, through
+Jesus Christ;" and concluding with a wish that we might meet in some
+humble portion of that happiness which God might finally vouchsafe to
+repentant sinners. These were the last words I ever heard him speak. I
+hurried out of the room with tears in my eyes, and more affected than I
+had been on any former occasion.' It was at a later hour in this same
+night that Johnson 'scarified himself in three places. On Mr. Desmoulins
+making a difficulty of giving him the lancet he said, "Don't you, if you
+have any scruples; but I will compel Frank," and on Mr. Desmoulins
+attempting to prevent Frank from giving it to him, and at last to
+restrain his hands, he grew very outrageous, so much so as to call Frank
+"scoundrel" and to threaten Mr. Desmoulins that he would stab him.'
+_Ib_. p. 32.
+
+[1263] Mr. Strahan, mentioning 'the anxious fear', which seized Johnson,
+says, that 'his friends who knew his integrity observed it with equal
+astonishment and concern.' He adds that 'his foreboding dread of the
+Divine justice by degrees subsided into a pious trust and humble hope in
+the Divine mercy.' _Pr. and Med._ preface, p. xv.
+
+[1264] The change of his sentiments with regard to Dr. Clarke, is thus
+mentioned to me in a letter from the late Dr. Adams, Master of Pembroke
+College, Oxford:--'The Doctor's prejudices were the strongest, and
+certainly in another sense the weakest, that ever possessed a sensible
+man. You know his extreme zeal for orthodoxy. But did you ever hear what
+he told me himself? That he had made it a rule not to admit Dr. Clarke's
+name in his _Dictionary_. This, however, wore off. At some distance of
+time he advised with me what books he should read in defence of the
+Christian Religion. I recommended Clarke's _Evidences of Natural and
+Revealed Religion_, as the best of the kind; and I find in what is
+called his _Prayers and Meditations_, that he was frequently employed in
+the latter part of his time in reading Clarke's _Sermons_. BOSWELL. See
+_ante_, i. 398.
+
+[1265] The Reverend Mr. Strahan took care to have it preserved, and has
+inserted it in _Prayers and Meditations_, p. 216. BOSWELL.
+
+[1266] See _ante_, iii. 433.
+
+[1267] The counterpart of Johnson's end and of one striking part of his
+character may be found in Mr. Fearing in _The Pilgrim's Progress_, part
+ii. '"Mr. Fearing was," said Honesty, "a very zealous man. Difficulty,
+lions, or Vanity Fair he feared not at all; it was only sin, death, and
+hell that were to him a terror, because he had some doubts about his
+interest in that celestial country." "I dare believe," Greatheart
+replied, "that, as the proverb is, he could have bit a firebrand, had it
+stood in his way; but the things with which he was oppressed no man ever
+yet could shake off with ease."' See _ante_, ii. 298, note 4.
+
+[1268] Her sister's likeness as Hope nursing Love was painted by
+Reynolds. Northcote's _Reynolds_, i. 185.
+
+[1269] The following letter, written with an agitated hand, from the
+very chamber of death, by Mr. Langton, and obviously interrupted by his
+feelings, will not unaptly close the story of so long a friendship. The
+letter is not addressed, but Mr. Langton's family believe it was
+intended for Mr. Boswell.
+
+'MY DEAR SIR,--After many conflicting hopes and fears respecting the
+event of this heavy return of illness which has assailed our honoured
+friend, Dr. Johnson, since his arrival from Lichfield, about four days
+ago the appearances grew more and more awful, and this afternoon at
+eight o'clock, when I arrived at his house to see how he should be going
+on, I was acquainted at the door, that about three quarters of an hour
+before, he breathed his last. I am now writing in the room where his
+venerable remains exhibit a spectacle, the interesting solemnity of
+which, difficult as it would be in any sort to find terms to express, so
+to you, my dear Sir, whose own sensations will paint it so strongly, it
+would be of all men the most superfluous to attempt to--.'--CROKER.
+The interruption of the note was perhaps due to a discovery made by
+Langton. Hawkins says, 'at eleven, the evening of Johnson's death, Mr.
+Langton came to me, and in an agony of mind gave me to understand that
+our friend had wounded himself in several parts of the body.' Hawkins's
+_Life_, p. 590. To the dying man, 'on the last day of his existence on
+this side the grave the desire of life,' to use Murphy's words (_Life_,
+p. 135), 'had returned with all its former vehemence.' In the hope of
+drawing off the dropsical water he gave himself these wounds (see
+_ante_, p. 399). He lost a good deal of blood, and no doubt hastened his
+end. Langton must have suspected that Johnson intentionally
+shortened his life.
+
+[1270] Servant to the Right Honourable William Windham. BOSWELL.
+
+[1271] Sir Joshua Reynolds and Paoli were among the mourners. Among the
+Nichols papers in the British Museum is preserved an invitation card to
+the funeral.
+
+[1272] Dr. Burney wrote to the Rev. T. Twining on Christmas Day,
+1784:--'The Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey lay all the blame on
+Sir John Hawkins for suffering Johnson to be so unworthily interred. The
+Knight's first inquiry at the Abbey in giving orders, as the most acting
+executor, was--"What would be the difference in the expense between a
+public and private funeral?" and was told only a few pounds to the
+prebendaries, and about ninety pairs of gloves to the choir and
+attendants; and he then determined that, "as Dr. Johnson had no music in
+him, he should choose the cheapest manner of interment." And for this
+reason there was no organ heard, or burial service sung; for which he
+suffers the Dean and Chapter to be abused in all the newspapers, and
+joins in their abuse when the subject is mentioned in conversation.'
+Burney mentions a report that Hawkins had been slandering Johnson.
+_Recreations and Studies of a Country Clergyman of the XVIII Century_,
+p. 129. Dr. Charles Burney, jun., had written the day after the
+funeral:--'The executor, Sir John Hawkins, did not manage things well,
+for there was no anthem or choir service performed--no lesson--but
+merely what is read over every old woman that is buried by the parish.
+Dr. Taylor read the service but so-so.' Johnstone's _Parr_, i. 535.
+
+[1273] Pope's _Essay on Man_, iv. 390. See _ante_, iii. 6, and iv. 122.
+
+[1274] On the subject of Johnson I may adopt the words of Sir John
+Harrington, concerning his venerable Tutor and Diocesan, Dr. John Still,
+Bishop of Bath and Wells; 'who hath given me some helps, more hopes, all
+encouragements in my best studies: to whom I never came but I grew more
+religious; from whom I never went, but I parted better instructed. Of
+him therefore, my acquaintance, my friend, my instructor, if I speak
+much, it were not to be marvelled; if I speak frankly, it is not to be
+blamed; and though I speak partially, it were to be pardoned.' _Nugoe
+Antiquoe_, vol. i. p. 136. There is one circumstance in Sir John's
+character of Bishop Still, which is peculiarly applicable to Johnson:
+'He became so famous a disputer, that the learnedest were even afraid to
+dispute with him; and he finding his own strength, could not stick to
+warn them in their arguments to take heed to their answers, like a
+perfect fencer that will tell aforehand in which button he will give the
+venew, or like a cunning chess-player that will appoint aforehand with
+which pawn and in what place he will give the mate.' _Ibid_. BOSWELL.
+
+[1275] The late Right Hon. William Gerard Hamilton. MALONE.
+
+[1276] 'His death,' writes Hannah More (_Memoirs_, i. 394), 'makes a
+kind of era in literature.' 'One who had long known him said of
+him:--'In general you may tell what the man to whom you are speaking
+will say next. This you can never do of Johnson.' Johnson's _Works_
+(1787), xi. 211.
+
+[1277] Beside the Dedications to him by Dr. Goldsmith [_ante_, ii. 216],
+the Reverend Dr. Francklin [_ante_, iv. 34], and the Reverend Mr. Wilson
+[_ante_, iv. 162], which I have mentioned according to their dates,
+there was one by a lady, of a versification of _Aningait and Ajut_, and
+one by the ingenious Mr. Walker [_ante_, iv. 206], of his _Rhetorical
+Grammar_. I have introduced into this work several compliments paid to
+him in the writings of his contemporaries; but the number of them is so
+great, that we may fairly say that there was almost a general tribute.
+
+Let me not be forgetful of the honour done to him by Colonel Myddleton,
+of Gwaynynog, near Denbigh; who, on the banks of a rivulet in his park,
+where Johnson delighted to stand and repeat verses, erected an urn with
+the following inscription:
+
+     'This spot was often dignified by the presence of
+                SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D.
+     Whose moral writings, exactly conformable to the
+              precepts of Christianity,
+     Gave ardour to Virtue and confidence to Truth [H-1].'
+
+As no inconsiderable circumstance of his fame, we must reckon the
+extraordinary zeal of the artists to extend and perpetuate his image. I
+can enumerate a bust by Mr. Nollekens, and the many casts which are made
+from it; several pictures by Sir Joshua Reynolds, from one of which, in
+the possession of the Duke of Dorset, Mr. Humphry executed a beautiful
+miniature in enamel; one by Mrs. Frances Reynolds, Sir Joshua's sister;
+one by Mr. Zoffani; and one by Mr. Opie [H-2]; and the following
+engravings of his portrait: 1. One by Cooke, from Sir Joshua, for the
+Proprietors' edition of his folio _Dictionary_.--2. One from ditto, by
+ditto, for their quarto edition.--3. One from Opie, by Heath, for
+Harrison's edition of his _Dictionary_.--4. One from Nollekens' bust of
+him, by Bartolozzi, for Fielding's quarto edition of his
+_Dictionary_.--5. One small, from Harding, by Trotter, for his
+_Beauties_.--6. One small, from Sir Joshua, by Trotter, for his _Lives
+of the Poets_.--7. One small, from Sir Joshua, by Hall, for _The
+Rambler_.--8. One small, from an original drawing, in the possession of
+Mr. John Simco, etched by Trotter, for another edition of his _Lives of
+the Poets_.--9. One small, no painter's name, etched by Taylor, for his
+_Johnsoniana_.--10. One folio whole-length, with his oak-stick, as
+described in Boswell's _Tour_, drawn and etched by Trotter.--11. One
+large mezzotinto, from Sir Joshua, by Doughty [H-3].--l2. One large Roman
+head, from Sir Joshua, by Marchi.--13. One octavo, holding a book to his
+eye, from Sir Joshua, by Hall, for his _Works_.--14. One small, from a
+drawing from the life, and engraved by Trotter, for his _Life_ published
+by Kearsley.--15. One large, from Opie, by Mr. Townley, (brother of Mr.
+Townley, of the Commons,) an ingenious artist, who resided some time at
+Berlin, and has the honour of being engraver to his Majesty the King of
+Prussia. This is one of the finest mezzotintos that ever was executed;
+and what renders it of extraordinary value, the plate was destroyed
+after four or five impressions only were taken off. One of them is in
+the possession of Sir William Scott [H-4]. Mr. Townley has lately been
+prevailed with to execute and publish another of the same, that it may
+be more generally circulated among the admirers of Dr. Johnson.--16. One
+large, from Sir Joshua's first picture of him, by Heath, for this work,
+in quarto.--17. One octavo, by Baker, for the octavo edition.--18. And
+one for Lavater's _Essay on Physiognomy_, in which Johnson's countenance
+is analysed upon the principles of that fanciful writer.--There are also
+several seals with his head cut on them, particularly a very fine one by
+that eminent artist, Edward Burch, Esq. R.A. in the possession of the
+younger Dr. Charles Burney.
+
+Let me add, as a proof of the popularity of his character, that there
+are copper pieces struck at Birmingham, with his head impressed on them,
+which pass current as half-pence there, and in the neighbouring parts of
+the country. BOSWELL. [Note: See Appendix H for notes on this footnote.]
+
+[1278] It is not yet published.--In a letter to me, Mr. Agutter says,
+'My sermon before the University was more engaged with Dr. Johnson's
+_moral_ than his _intellectual_ character. It particularly examined his
+fear of death, and suggested several reasons for the apprehension of the
+good, and the indifference of the infidel in their last hours; this was
+illustrated by contrasting the death of Dr. Johnson and Mr. Hume: the
+text was Job xxi. 22-26.' BOSWELL. It was preached on July 23, 1786, and
+not at Johnson's death. It is entitled _On the Difference between the
+Deaths of the Righteous and the Wicked. Illustrated in the Instance of
+Dr. Samuel Johnson and David Hume, Esq._ The text is from Job xxi. 23
+(not 22)-26. It was published in 1800. Neither Johnson nor Hume is
+mentioned in the sermon itself by name. Its chief, perhaps its sole,
+merit is its brevity.
+
+[1279] See _ante_, ii. 335, and iii. 375.
+
+[1280] 'May 26, 1791. After the Doctor's death, Burke, Sir Joshua
+Reynolds, and Boswell sent an ambling circular-letter to me begging
+subscriptions for a monument for him. I would not deign to write an
+answer; but sent down word by my footman, as I would have done to parish
+officers, with a brief, that I would not subscribe.' Horace Walpole's
+_Letters_, ix. 319. In Malone's correspondence are complaints of the
+backwardness of the members of the Literary Club 'to pay the amounts
+nominally subscribed by them.' Prior's _Goldsmith_, ii. 226.
+
+[1281] It was, says Malone, owing to Reynolds that the monument was
+erected in St. Paul's. In his _Journey to Flanders_he had lamented that
+sculpture languished in England, and was almost confined to monuments to
+eminent men. But even in these it had not fair play, for Westminster
+Abbey was so full, that the recent monuments appeared ridiculous being
+stuck up in odd holes and corners. On the other hand St. Paul's looked
+forlorn and desolate. Here monuments should be erected, under the
+direction of the Royal Academy. He took advantage of Johnson's death to
+make a beginning with the plan which he had here sketched, and induced
+his friends to give up their intention of setting up the monument in the
+Abbey. Reynolds's _Works_, ed. 1824, ii. 248. 'He asked Dr. Parr--but in
+vain--to include in the epitaph Johnson's title of Professor of Ancient
+Literature to the Royal Academy; as it was on this pretext that he
+persuaded the Academicians to subscribe a hundred guineas.' Johnstone's
+_Parr_, iv. 686. See _ante_, ii. 239, where the question was raised
+whose monument should be first erected in St. Paul's, and Johnson
+proposed Milton's.
+
+[1282] The Reverend Dr. Parr, on being requested to undertake it, thus
+expressed himself in a letter to William Seward, Esq.:
+
+'I leave this mighty task to some hardier and some abler writer. The
+variety and splendour of Johnson's attainments, the peculiarities of his
+character, his private virtues, and his literary publications, fill me
+with confusion and dismay, when I reflect upon the confined and
+difficult species of composition, in which alone they can be expressed,
+with propriety, upon his monument.'
+
+But I understand that this great scholar, and warm admirer of Johnson,
+has yielded to repeated solicitations, and executed the very difficult
+undertaking. BOSWELL. Dr. Johnson's Monument, consisting of a colossal
+figure leaning against a column, has since the death of our authour been
+placed in St. Paul's Cathedral. The Epitaph was written by the Rev. Dr.
+Parr, and is as follows:
+
+                    SAMVELI IOHNSON
+                 GRAMMATICO ET CRITICO
+        SCRIPTORVM ANGLICORVM LITTERATE PERITO
+             POETAE LVMINIBVS SENTENTIARVM
+           ET PONDERIBVS VERBORVM ADMIRABILI
+              MAGISTRO VIRTVTIS GRAVISSIMO
+          HOMINI OPTIMO ET SINGVLARIS EXEMPLI
+           QVI VIXIT ANN LXXV MENS IL. DIEB XIII
+     DECESSIT IDIB DECEMBR ANN CHRIST  cIo Iocc LXXXIIII
+       SEPVLT IN AED SANCT PETR WESTMONASTERIENS
+       XIII KAL IANVAR ANN CHRIST cIo Iocc LXXXV
+              AMICI ET SODALES LITTERARII
+                    PECVNIA CONLATA
+                  H M FACIVND CVRAVER.
+
+On a scroll in his hand are the following words:
+[Greek: ENMAKARESSIPONONANTAXIOSEIHAMOIBH].
+
+On one side of the Monument--- FACIEBAT JOHANNES BACON SCVLPTOR ANN.
+CHRIST. M.DCC.-LXXXXV.
+
+The Subscription for this monument, which cost eleven hundred guineas,
+was begun by the LITERARY CLUB. MALONE. See Appendix I.
+
+[1283] '"Laetus sum laudari me," inquit Hector, opinor apud Naevium,
+"abs te, pater, a laudato viro."' Cicero, _Ep. ad Fam_. xv. 6.
+
+[1284] To prevent any misconception on this subject, Mr. Malone, by whom
+these lines were obligingly communicated, requests me to add the
+following remark:--
+
+'In justice to the late Mr. Flood, now himself wanting, and highly
+meriting, an epitaph from his country, to which his transcendent talents
+did the highest honour, as well as the most important service; it should
+be observed that these lines were by no means intended as a regular
+monumental inscription for Dr. Johnson. Had he undertaken to write an
+appropriated and discriminative epitaph for that excellent and
+extraordinary man, those who knew Mr. Flood's vigour of mind, will have
+no doubt that he would have produced one worthy of his illustrious
+subject. But the fact was merely this: In Dec. 1789, after a large
+subscription had been made for Dr. Johnson's monument, to which Mr.
+Flood liberally contributed, Mr. Malone happened to call on him at his
+house, in Berners-street, and the conversation turning on the proposed
+monument, Mr. Malone maintained that the epitaph, by whomsoever it
+should be written, ought to be in Latin. Mr. Flood thought differently.
+The next morning, in the postscript to a note on another subject, he
+mentioned that he continued of the same opinion as on the preceding day,
+and subjoined the lines above given.' BOSWELL. Cowper also composed an
+epitaph for Johnson--though not one of much merit. See Southey's
+_Cowper_, v. 119.
+
+[1285] As I do not see any reason to give a different character of my
+illustrious friend now, from what I formerly gave, the greatest part of
+the sketch of him in my _Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides_, is here
+adopted. BOSWELL.
+
+[1286] See _ante_, i. 41.
+
+[1287] For his fox-hunting see _ante_, i. 446, note I.
+
+[1288] _Lucretius_, i. 72.
+
+[1289] See ante, i. 406.
+
+[1290] 'He was always indulgent to the young, he never attacked the
+unassuming, nor meant to terrify the diffident.' Mme. D'Arblay's
+_Diary_ ii. 343.
+
+[1291] In the _Olla Podrida_, a collection of Essays published at
+Oxford, there is an admirable paper upon the character of Johnson,
+written by the Reverend Dr. Home, the last excellent Bishop of Norwich.
+The following passage is eminently happy: 'To reject wisdom, because the
+person of him who communicates it is uncouth, and his manners are
+inelegant;--what is it, but to throw away a pine-apple, and assign for a
+reason the roughness of its coat?' BOSWELL. The _Olla Podrida_ was
+published in weekly numbers in 1787 8. Boswell's quotation is from
+No. 13.
+
+[1292] 'The _English Dictionary_ was written ... amidst inconvenience
+distraction, in sickness and in sorrow.' Preface to Johnson's
+_Dictionary, Works_, v. 51.
+
+[1293] 'For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much
+required.' _Luke_, xii. 48.
+
+[1294] 'If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men
+most miserable.' I _Corinthians_, xv. 19.
+
+[1295] See ante, ii. 262, note 2.
+
+[1296] Though a perfect resemblance of Johnson is not to be found in any
+age, parts of his character are admirably expressed by Clarendon in
+drawing that of Lord Falkland, whom the noble and masterly historian
+describes at his seat near Oxford;--'Such an immenseness of wit, such a
+solidity of judgement, so infinite a fancy, bound in by a most logical
+ratiocination.--His acquaintance was cultivated by the most polite and
+accurate men, so that his house was an University in less volume,
+whither they came, not so much for repose as study, and to examine and
+refine those grosser propositions, which laziness and consent made
+current in conversation.'
+
+Bayle's account of Menage may also be quoted as exceedingly applicable
+to the great subject of this work:--'His illustrious friends erected a
+very glorious monument to him in the collection entitled Menagiana.
+Those who judge of things aright, will confess that this collection is
+very proper to shew the extent of genius and learning which was the
+character of Menage. And I may be bold to say, that _the excellent works
+he published will not distinguish him from other learned men so
+advantageously as this_. To publish books of great learning, to make
+Greek and Latin verses exceedingly well turned, is not a common talent,
+I own; neither is it extremely rare, It is incomparably more difficult
+to find men who can furnish discourse about an infinite number of
+things, and who can diversify them an hundred ways. How many authours
+are there, who are admired for their works, on account of the vast
+learning that is displayed in them, who are not able to sustain a
+conversation. Those who know Menage only by his books, might think he
+resembled those learned men; but if you shew the MENAGIANA, you
+distinguish him from them, and make him known by a talent which is given
+to very few learned men. There it appears that he was a man who spoke
+off-hand a thousand good things. His memory extended to what was ancient
+and modern; to the court and to the city; to the dead and to the living
+languages; to things serious and things jocose; in a word, to a thousand
+sorts of subjects. That which appeared a trifle to some readers of the
+_Menagiana_, who did not consider circumstances, caused admiration in
+other readers, who minded the difference between what a man speaks
+without preparation, and that which he prepares for the press. And,
+therefore, we cannot sufficiently commend the care which his illustrious
+friends took to erect a monument so capable of giving him immortal
+glory. They were not obliged to rectify what they had heard him say;
+for, in so doing, they had not been faithful historians of his
+conversations.' BOSWELL. Boswell's quotation from Clarendon (ed. 1826,
+iv. 242) differs somewhat from the original.
+
+[1297] See _ante_, ii. 326, and iv. 236.
+
+[1298] See _ante_, p. iii.
+
+[1299] To this finely-drawn character we may add the noble testimony of
+Sir Joshua Reynolds:--'His pride had no meanness in it; there was
+nothing little or mean about him.' Taylor's _Reynolds_, ii. 457.
+
+[1300] In Johnson's character of Boerhaave there is much that applies
+equally well to himself. 'Thus died Boerhaave, a man formed by nature
+for great designs, and guided by religion in the exertion of his
+abilities. He was of a robust and athletick constitution of body, so
+hardened by early severities and wholesome fatigue that he was
+insensible of any sharpness of air, or inclemency of weather. He was
+tall, and remarkable for extraordinary strength. There was in his air
+and motion something rough and artless, but so majestick and great at
+the same time, that no man ever looked upon him without veneration, and
+a kind of tacit submission to the superiority of his genius.... He was
+never soured by calumny and detraction, nor ever thought it necessary to
+confute them; "for they are sparks," said he, "which, if you do not blow
+them, will go out of themselves."... He was not to be overawed or
+depressed by the presence, frowns, or insolence of great men; but
+persisted, on all occasions, in the right with a resolution always
+present and always calm.... Nor was he unacquainted with the art of
+recommending truth by elegance, and embellishing the philosopher with
+polite literature.... He knew the importance of his own writings to
+mankind, and lest he might by a roughness and barbarity of style, too
+frequent among men of great learning, disappoint his own intentions, and
+make his labours less useful, he did not neglect the politer arts of
+eloquence and poetry. Thus was his learning at once various and exact,
+profound and agreeable.... He asserted on all occasions the divine
+authority and sacred efficacy of the holy Scriptures; and maintained
+that they alone taught the way of salvation, and that they only could
+give peace of mind.' Johnson's _Works_, vi. 288.
+
+[1301] Sir Joshua Reynolds, who was born at Plympton.
+
+[1302] See _ante,_ iii. 43, note 3.
+
+
+THE END OF THE FOURTH VOLUME.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's Life Of Johnson, Volume 4 (of 6), by Boswell
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 10357 ***