diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 9878-8.txt | 11474 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 9878-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 233209 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/srvcr10.txt | 11441 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/srvcr10.zip | bin | 0 -> 232751 bytes |
7 files changed, 22931 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/9878-8.txt b/9878-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..10f6dfc --- /dev/null +++ b/9878-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11474 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Survey of Cornwall, by Richard Carew + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +Title: The Survey of Cornwall + And an epistle concerning the excellencies of the English tongue + +Author: Richard Carew + +Posting Date: April 4, 2015 [EBook #9878] +Release Date: February, 2006 +First Posted: October 26, 2003 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SURVEY OF CORNWALL *** + + + + +Produced by Steve Gilbert + + + + + + + + + + + T H E + + S V R V E Y + + O F + + C O R N W A L L. + + + A N D + + + An EPISTLE concerning the EXCELLENCIES + of the ENGLISH TONGUE. + + -------------------------------------- + By RICHARD CAREW, of Antonie, Esq; + -------------------------------------- + WITH + The LIFE of the AUTHOR, + By H**** C***** Esq. + -------------------------------------- + A NEW EDITION. + ====================================== + 'LONDON, + Printed for E. LAW, in Ave-Mary-Lane; + and J.HEWETT, at Penzance. + + MDCCLXIX. + + + + + + LIST of the SUBSCRIBERS, + + A. Copies. + +SIR. John St. Aubyn, of Clowance, Baronet 20 +Rev. Mr. Jerveys Allen, of Helston +Thomas Saunders Allen of St. Just, Attorney at Law +Alexander Allen, Purser of the Wolf Sloop of War +John Antony, of St. Ives +John Antony, junior, of St. Ives + + B. + +Joseph Beard, of Penzance +John Batten, jun. of ditto, Merchant +Joseph Batten, of ditto +John Blewett, Esq. of Marazion 4 +George Borlase, Attorney at Law, of Penzance +William Bastard, of Exon +Joseph Batten +John Beard, jun. of Penzance, Merchant +Capt. Barkley, of the Wolf Sloop of War +Rev. Mr. William Borlase, of Zennor +William Borlase, LL.D. of Ludgvan, F.R.S. +James Bennett +Capt. Thomas Braithwaite, of Falmouth +James Bonithon, of Penzance +Rev. Mr. Jacob Bullock, of Wendron +Francis Benallock +James Bower, of Lostwithiel +James Baron, of ditto +Thomas Bennet +Nicholas Bishop, of Bristol +Jofeph Bunney, Esq. Leicester +John Bawden, Exon + + C. + +Nicholas Cloak, of Penzance +Daniel Carthew, of ditto +Robert Coleman, of Bristol +George Cooney, of Penzance +Mr. Carlyl, of Marazion +Humphrey Cole, Attorney at Law, of ditto +David Cloak, Surgeon, of Penzance +William Cornish, of Marazion +Capt. Thomas Cassett, of Plymouth +Richard Carne, of Falmouth, Merchant +Coleman, Harris, and Co. Merchants at Bristol 2 +Henry Coleman, Esq. of Market Harborough, Leicestershire +Henry Coleman, Esq. Leicester + + D. + +David Dennis, Attorney at Law, of Penzance +John Dennis, of ditto +James Donithorne, of Marazion +Thomas Daniel, of Truro, Esq. +John Dyer, of Penryn +William Dawkin, Esq. of Kilvough, near Swanzey, in Wales +Robert Dunkin, of Penzance + + E. + +William Ellis, Esq. of Penzance 5 +Charles Streater Ellis, of ditto +James Edwards, of ditto, Merchant +Hugh Edwards, Attorney at Law, St. Ives +Thomas Ennys, of Redruth + + F. + +Miss C. Foley +Rev. Mr. Fisher, of Marazion +Edward Freeman, of Lostwithiel + + G. + +Thomas Glynn, jun. of Helston, Esq. +Charles Gwavas, of Penzance, Merchant 2 +Pascoe Grenfell, of Marazion, Merchant +John Grenfell, of Penzance, Merchant +Richard Jerveys Gryles, Attorney at Law, of Helston, +Andrew Gaylard, of Bristol +Miss Jane Gilbert, of St. Ives +Thomas Glanvile, of Lostwithiel +Rev. Mr. Edward Giddy, of St. Earth +Thomas Giddy, of Truro, Surgeon +William Giddy, of ditto + + H. + +Richard Hichens, of Penzance, Attorney at Law 2 +Capt. John Halse, of Redruth +Rev. Mr. Edward Hobbs, of Sancrete +John Hawkins, Esq. of Helston +Rev. Mr. John Hosken, of Menaccan +Thomas Hacker, of Penzance +Isaac Head, Esq. Collector of his Majesty's Customs in the + Islands of Scilly +William Holbeck, Gent. Com. of Trinity Col. Oxford, Esq. +Captain Peter Hill, of Falmouth +John Hall +John Hewett, of Plymouth-dock +John Hurd, of Birmingham +Christopher Harris, Esq. Keneggy 6 +Nathanial Hicks, of St. Ives +Rev. Mr. Haydon, Liskeard +Samuel Hick, of Lostwithiel +Edward Harford, of Bristol +John Hosking, of Madron +John Howell, of Penzance +John Hall, of Stofford, Devonshire + + I. + +William John, of Penzance, Merchant +John James, of Newlyn, ditto +Capt. John James, of Marazion +William James, of Redruth +Thomas John, of Penzance, Merchant +John James, of St. Agnes + + K. + +John Knill, Esq. Collector of his Majesty's Customs at St. Ives +John Keir, Surgeon, of Marazion 2 +J. Kimber, Attorney at Law, of Fowey + + L. + +Thomas Love, of Newlyn +Stephen Luke, of Penzance +Maddren Legoe, of St. Just +John Ley, of St. Ives, Merchant +Rev. Mr. Lane, of St. Ives +John Luxmore, Esq. of Oakhampton, Devon. +Samuel Luly, of Penzance +Rev. Mr. Philip Lyne, Vicar of Leskard +Tobias Lanyon, Esq. Penzance + + M. + +Joseph Michell, of Penzance +Henry Michell, of ditto +James Michell, of Marazion +John Michell, of Chyandower +James Moore, of Penzance +Thomas Mathews, of St. Ives +Herbert Mackworth, Esq. Exon +Henry Mudge, of Truro +Robert Michell, of ditto +Mathias Michell, of Penzance + + N. + +Rev. Mr. Newton, of Sithney +William Nicholls, Esq. of Trereife +John Nancarrow, jun. of Marazion +Charles Newman, of Falmouth +Rev. Mr. Newton, of Bristol +Thomas Nicholls, of Penzance +B. Nankivell, of St. Agnes + + P. + +John Price, Esq. 6 +John Pender, of Penzance, Merchant +Benjamin Pidwell, of Penzance +Rev. Mr. James Parkin, Lecturer of ditto +Thomas Pidwell, jun. of ditto +John Pearse, Surgeon, of ditto +William Penrose, ------ of ditto +Thomas Pascoe, ------, of ditto +Josias Perry, Surgeon, of Langdon, Devon +James Pascoe, Attorney at Law, of Penzance +Rev. H. Parker, D.D. Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford +William Price, Surgeon, at Redruth +Daniel Pryor, of Penzance +Henry Philips, of St. Ives, Merchant +Rev. Mr. Richard Pearce, of St. Buryan +Thomas Penrose, Attorney at Law, of Penzance + + R. + +Thomas Robyns, Esq. at Penzance +Thomas Rodda, of Marazion +George Rippar, of ditto +David Richard, of ditto +Charles Rashleigh, of St. Austle, Attorney at Law +Thomas Read, of Penzance +Charles Rawlinson, of Marazion +Stephen Robinson, jun. of Bridport +Samuel Rodda, of Marazion + + S. + +Walter Stone, of Penzance +John Stone, of ditto +George Scobell, Esq. Collector of his Majesty's Customs at + Penzance +John Stackhouse, Esq. of Pendarves +William Stackhouse, Efq. of Trehane +William Sincock, of Marazion +Edward Stevens, of St. Ives +William Stevens, of ditto +Thomas Slade, of ditto +Miss Sarah Stephens, of ditto +William Skues, of Helston +John Stott, of Ludgvan, Esq +William Stevens, of Bristol +Francis Spernon, Surgeon, in Lostwithiel +Rev. Mr. Smith, of St. Just +John Smith, Truro + + T. + +Thomas Trenwith, Esq. of St. Ives +John Trengrouse, Surgeon, of ditto +Richard Treeve, of Penzance +Uriah Tonkin, Esq. of ditto +William Tregurtha, of ditto +John Tonkin, Surgeon, of ditto +Joseph Tovey, of ditto +Rev. Mr. James Tonkin, of ditto +John Treluddra, of Marazion +Rev. Mr. Trevennen, of Cambron +George Treweeke, Surgeon, of Penzance +Joseph Taylor, of Bristol +J. Trevethan, Attorney at Law, of Redruth + + U. + +George Veale, Attorney at Law, of Penzance +William Usticke, Esq. of Nansalverne + + W. + +Rev. Mr. Williams, of Crowan +Dionysius Williams, of Penzance, F.R.S. +Samuel Woodis, of ditto +John Williams, Officer of Excise +Matthew Wills, Surgeon, of Helston +Richard Williams, Marazion +Rev. Mr. Anthony Williams, of St. Keverne +Philip Webber, Attorney at Law, Falmouth +George Woodis, of Penzance +John Weston, Esq. of Illuggan +Rev. Thomas Wharton, A. M. Fellow of Trinity College, + Oxford. + + + + + + + The Life of R I C H A R D C A R E W + of Antonie Esq; + + By HUGH C******* Esq; + + + + +RICHARD CAREW, the Celebrated Author of the Survey of Cornwall, was +born of an antient Family at East-Antonie (a), the Seat of his +Ancestors, in the Year 1555, if we may credit Mr. Wood (b). He was +the Son of Thomas Carew by Elizabeth Edgecumb, Daughter to Sir Richard +Edgecumb, a Gentleman says our Author (c), in whom Mildness and +Stoutness, Diffidence and Wisdom, Deliberateness of Undertaking, and +Sufficiency of Effecting, made a more commendable, than blazing +mixture of Vertue. He adds, that Sir Richard, at his fine House, +call'd to this day Mount-Edgecumb, + + "during Queen Mary's Reign, entertain'd at one time + for some good space, the Admirals of the English, + Spanish, and Netherland Fleets, with many Noblemen + besides. + + But", pursues he, "not too much of this, lest a + partial Affection steal, as unawares, into my + Commendation, as one, by my Mother, descended from + his Loins, and by my Birth a Member of the House (d)." + +But Mr. Carew hath given us an account of his Ancestors, which I shall +set down here, that the Reader may see they were no less distinguished +by the great Estates in their possession, than by the Noble Families +they were allyed to. Speaking of the Lyner, which, with the Tamer, +discharges itself into the Sea above Plymouth; + + "A little within this Mouth of Lyner", says + he (e), "standeth East-Antonie, the poore home of + mine Ancestours, with which in this manner they + were invested: + + Sir John Lerchedekne ------- of Ashton in Devon. + Touching our Stock in general", pursues our Author + (f), "and my Family in particular ------------- + our Queen." + +The Pregnancy of his Parts being much above his Age, he was sent to +Oxford in the Year 1566, being then but eleven Years old, and + + "(g) became a Gentleman Commoner of Christ Church ....... + but had his Chamber in Broadgate's Hall:" + +And three Years after he was call'd to dispute with the incomparable +Sir Philip Sidney, who was a Year older than he (h). + +Dr. Fuller and Mr. Wood have taken notice of this memorable Dispute, +without mentioning from whence they had that Particular, which, as we +have seen already, is related by Mr. Carew himself. + + "He was bred", says Dr. Fuller (i), "a Gentleman- + Commoner in Oxford; where, being but fourteen Years + old, and yet three Years standing, he was call'd out + to dispute ex tempore, before the Earls of Leicester + and Warwick, with the matchless Sir Philip Sidney. + + Si quaeritis hujus + Fortunam pugnae, non est superatus ab illo. + + Ask you the End of this Contest ? + They neither had the better, both the best." + +Mr. Wood expresses it thus: + + "At fourteen Years of Age", says he (k), "he disputed + ex tempore with the matchless Philip Sidney, (while he + was a young (l) Man, I suppose) in the presence of the + Earls of Leicester, Warwick, and other Nobility, at what + time they were lodged in Christ-Church, to receive + entertainment from the Muses." + +Mr. Wood says afterwards, that + + "After Mr. Carew had spent three Years in Oxon, he retired + to the Middle Temple, where he spent 3 Years more" (m) ; + +which may be true, tho' he brings in no Authority for it. But what +he adds, that + + "then he was sent with his Uncle (Sir George Carew + as it seems) in his Embassage unto the King of Poland; + whom when he came to Dantzick, he found that he had + been newly gone from thence into Sweden, whither also + he went after him :" + +And that + + "After his return, and a short stay made in England, + he was sent by his Father into France with Sir Hen. + Nevill, who was then Ambassador Leiger unto K. Hen. 4. + that he might learn the French Tongue, which by reading + and talking, he overcame in three quarters of a Year :" + +All this, I say, cannot hold, if it be true that, tho' he understood +Italian, French, High-Dutch, and Spanish, he had never been out of +England ; as his Countryman Charles Fitzgeffry seems to assert in the +following Compliment to him: + + + Quis Deus tibi tam bene invocatus (n), + Disertissime millium trecentum + Idemq; optime omnium CARAEE, + (Seu quis multiplicem eruditionem, + Seu quis, quo magis emicas elenchum + Morum ponderet elegantiorum, + Virtutumq; tot auream coronam) + Quis (inquam) Deus (o Deus profecto!) + Tantis te spoliis, tot & trophaeis + Terrarum locupletat exterarum, + Domi perpetuo interim morantem + Et libris patriaeque servientem? + Quo Graij tibi, quo tibi Latini + Auri pondera tanta? quove Hetrusci, + Galli, Teutones, invidiq; Iberi + Tam assatim te opibus suis bearunt? + O si tot Deus ora, totq; linguas + Mihi idulserit, ut tuas referrem + Laudes, quot dedit ora quotq; linguas + Tibi uno Deus ore, lingua in una? + +I may add, that Mr. Carew, in his Survey of Cornwall, giving an +account of the eminent Men born in that Dutchy, reckons among the +Civilians Doctor Carew (o) : + + "In the Civil Law", says he (p), "there lived of + late Doctor Kennals, and now (q) doth Doctor Carew, + one of the antientest Masters of the Chancery; in + which Calling, after his younger Years spent abroad + to his benefit, he hath reposed himself." + +He mentions him again among the Persons employed in State Affairs, and +therethrough stept to Preferment (r). + + "Master George Carew", says he, "in his younger Years + gathered such Fruit as the University, the Inns of + Court, and Foreign Travel could yield him. Upon his + Return, he was first call'd to the Bar, then supply'd + the Place of Secretary to the Lord Chancellor Hatton; + and after his Decease, performed the like Office to his + two Successors, by special Recommendation from her + Majesty, who also gave him the Prothonotaryship of the + Chancery; and in anno 1598 sent him Ambassador to the + King of Poland, and other Northern Potentates, where + through unexpected Accidents, he underwent extraordinary + Perils; but God freed him from them, and he performed his + Duty in acceptable manner : And at this present the + Commonwealth useth his Service, as a Master of the Chancery." + +Had our Author attended this worthy Person in his Embassies, it is +hardly possible he should not have taken some notice of it here; +being elsewhere so ready to honour himself with the Friendship or +Acquaintance of the Great Men of his Time. + +As to what Mr. Wood adds, viz. that Mr. Carew was sent by his Father +into France with Sir Henry Nevill.... that he might learn the French +Tongue, &c. I am afraid he hath mistaken our Author for his Son, who, +in effect, went into France with a Nevill, in order to learn the +French Tongue ; as it appears by the following Verses of the aforesaid +Fitzgeffry, upon his Return. + + + Ad (s) RICHARDUM CARAEUM, Ri. Filium, + e Gallijs reducem. + + Melligo juvenum Caraee, quotquot + Damnoni occiduis alunt in oris : + Ecquid Fama sinistimae (t) auricellae + Veris se insinuat meae susurris, + Te longae peregrinitates omnes + Exanclasse (v) molestias, marisq; + Emensum omnia taedia, ad parentes + Patremq; unanimum, piamq; matrem, + Membrorum incolumi statu redisse, + Onustum omnigenae eruditionis + Gazis & Spoliis, quot aut Camoenae + Dant vaenum emporio Lutetiano + Aut culto Aureliae urbis in Lycaeo. + Qua tibi Aonii latus NEVILLI + Phoeboeumq; TRELAVNIVM sequuto + Aulam invisere curiamq; magni + Regis contigit, aemulam tonantis. + At o Liligeri potentis Aula + AEtatem bene sit tibi, quod almum + CAREUM modo patriae patriq; + Post desiderium utriusq; longum, + Salvumq; incolumenq; reddidisti. + At tu non modo stemmatum opumq; + Verum & laudis & eruditionis + Patritae genuinus artis haeres + Cresce in spem patriae, hostium timores, + Patris delicias, Elisae amores, + Donec concilijs senex, at ore + Et membris juvenis sat intigellus (x) + Totum Nestora vixeris, tuisq; + Album feceris Albiona factis : + Melligo juvenum CARAEE quotquot + Damnoni occiduis alunt in oris. + +Learning is not only useful, but necessary in all Conditions and +States of Life; but I will presume to say, that it is more +particularly so to all Gentlemen, who are allotted to live in the +Country. And if they cannot pass their leisure Hours in reading, or +cultivating Arts and Sciences, they will spend that time in such +things as must be detrimental to their Families, and, at the end, +fatal to their own Persons. Our Author could never fall into those +Inconveniences : He loved Letters, and not only made them subservient +to his own Entertainment, but sometimes useful to the Publick. + +As he was a great Master of Languages, he delivered his Opinion upon +the true and ready way to learn the Latin Tongue, in answer to a +Quaere, Whether the ordinary way by teaching Latin by the Rules of +Grammar, be the best way for Youths to learn it (y)? He wrote +likewise a Dissertation, shewing the Excellency of the English +Tongue (z) : and published a Translation of the Examen de Ingenios +para las Sciencias, written by Juan Huerte, that ingenious and +learned Spanish Physician. It was printed at London in 1594, with +this Title: The Examination of Mens Wits. In which, by discovering +the Variety of Natures, is shewed for what Profession each one is +apt, and how far he shall profit therein (A). + +His Proficiency in natural Philosophy, enabled him to improve +Agriculture and Husbandry to such a degree, that he was accounted +among his Neighbours the greatest Husband, and most excellent Manager +of Bees in Cornwall (B). + +The Enquiries he had made into the History and Antiquities of Nations, +and chiefly of Great Britain, engaged him to attempt a Description +of Cornwall; as it is natural to every Man to have a particular +Fondness for his native Country: + + Nescio qua natale solum dulcedine cunctos + Ducit & immemores non finit esse sui. + +This he only undertook for his private Satisfaction and Entertainment; +but was afterwards prevail'd upon by his Friends to publish it, as we +shall see anon. Mr. Camden, who had seen it, and was an excellent +Judge in those Matters, thought himself obliged to do justice both to +the Author and his Performance, in the first Edition of his Britannia, +printed in the Year 1586: + + "But these Matters" (says he, at the end of his Account + of Cornwall) "will be laid open more distinctly and + fully, by Richard Carew of Antonie, a Person no less + eminent for his honourable Ancestors, than his own + Virtue and Learning, who is writing a Description of + this Country, not in little, but at large." + + Sed haec planius & plenius docebit Richardus Carew + de Antonie, non minus generis splendore, quam virtute & + doctrina nobilis; qui hujus regionis descriptionem + latiore specie, & non ad tenue elimat (D). + +Our Author's Knowledge in the Laws, his Love for Justice and Equity, +and his Affection to the Government, rais'd him to all the Posts of +Honour, that are consistent with a Country Life. Mr. Wood assures +us (E), that he was made Justice of the Peace in 1581, High-Sheriff +of Cornwall in 1586, and about that time was the Queens Deputy for +the Militia. And indeed we find in his Survey of Cornwall, that he +was Justice of the Peace, and one of the Quorum (F) : and that in the +Year 1599, (Sir Walter Raleigh being then Lieutenant General of +Cornwall) Mr. Carew was one of the Deputy Lieutenants, Treasurer of +the Lieutenancy, and Colonel of a Regiment, consisting of five +Companies, or 500 Men, armed with 170 Pikes, 300 Musquets, and 30 +Calivers, appointed for Causam Bay (G). + +There was at that time a Society of several Gentlemen, eminent for +their Learning and Merit, such as Sir Robert Cotton, Mr. Dodderidge, +(afterwards Sir John Dodderidge, who died one of the Judges of the +King's-Bench) Mr. Camden, Mr. Stow, &c. who had regular Meetings, or +Conferences, for the Improvement and Illustration of the History and +Antiquities of England. That Society had a particular Claim to our +Author; and in 1589 he was elected a Member of the College of the +Antiquaries (H). The Oration he made at his Introduction, contained, +(as I am informed by a Gentleman who saw it) + + "an elegant Display of the Devastations Time so + swiftly makes upon all things; thence it subsides to + the Advantages and Commendations of that kind of Study, + they had chosen to be the Subject of their Conferences : + and concludes with a pathetical Exhortation to his + Auditory, That they would persevere in establishing what + they had so nobly begun, and continue to employ their + Labours upon those things, which were worthy of them; + that so they might not be drawn into Oblivion themselves, + by that which they would rescue from it, and that Time + might not rob them of aught more considerable than that + which they should restore." + +Thus flourished that Illustrious College of Antiquaries, whose +Meetings were chiefly held at Sir Robert Cotton's House (I). For they +had no publick Place for it. And therefore these Gentlemen +considering that they were but a private Society, which several +Accidents might either interrupt, or even dissolve, and did besides +want some Accommodations, in order to fix and perpetuate an +Institution so beneficial to the Publick, they resolved to apply to +the Queen for a Royal Charter, and for some publick Building, where +they would perform their Exercises; and intended to erect a Library +suitable to it. And they had the more reason to believe they could +obtain such a Grant, that the Queen, not contented with a superficial +Smattering of Learning, back'd with Conceit and Talkativeness, (which +is the highest pitch Persons of the first Rank do commonly arrive to) +was truly and solidly learned, and a real Encourager of Letters : +wherein she had the ready Concurrence of her Ministers, who were no +less conspicuous for their Learning, than for their Integrity and +consummate Wisdom. But as fair as the Hopes of this famous College +appeared in its Bloom, they were soon blighted by the Death of that +ever-memorable Princess, like those Fruits, which for want of the +Sun's genial Rays, cannot arrive at due Maturity. For all the +Applications they made for the same purpose to her Successor, proved +vain and unsuccessful. But what else could be expected from a Man who +never had a relish for polite Literature, or any kind of useful +Learning, and only delighted in pedantick scholastical Divinity; and +fancy'd himself the Wisest and most glorious Prince in the World, +(a second Solomon forsooth) if he could but scrible a Pamphlet against +Witches, or against tobacco: a Man, in short, whose Genius and Taste +were as low and mean, as his Soul and Inclinations! As for our +learned Antiquaries, they were obliged to dissolve themselves, and +break their Society, lest (such was the Wisdom of those Times) they +should be prosecuted as a Cabal against the Government : Ne quicquam +mali contra Rempublicam illos moliri Rex, Conciliariive +suspicarentur (K). + +Mr. Carew published his Survey of Cornwall, in the Year 1602 (L) and +did dedicate it to his Friend Sir Walter Raleigh, Lord Warden of the +Stannaries, Lieutenant-General of Cornwall, &c. + + "This mine ill-husbanded Survey", says he to that great + Man, " long since begun, a great while discontinued, + lately reviewed, and now hastily finished, appealeth + to your Lordship's Direction, whether it should pass; + to your Corection if it do pass; and to your Protection + when it is passed. Neither unduly : for the same + intreateth of the Province and Persons, over whose Bodies + and Estates, you carry a large, both Martial and Civil + Command, by your Authority ; but in whose Hearts and + Loves you possess a far greater Interest, by your Kindness. + Your Ears and Mouth have ever been open to hear and + deliver our Grievances, and your Feet and Hands ready to go, + and work their Redress; and that, not only always as a + Magistrate of yourself, but also very often, as a Suiter + and Solicitor to others, of the highest Place. Wherefore, + I, as one of the common beholden, present this Token of + my private Gratitude. It is Duty and not Presumption, + that hath drawn me to the Offering; and it must be + Favour, and not Desert, that shall move your Lordship to + the acceptance. And so I take humble leave, resting no + less willing to serve you, than under you." + +The Reader will, I hope, excuse my transcribing here the whole +Epistle. These Addresses are a true Test of an Author's Wit and +Genius. And who can be displeased with so just a Character of one +of the greatest Men of our Nation? Mr. Carew subscribes himself, +His Lordships poor Kinsman, Richard Carew of Antonie; but how he was +related to him, I could not yet find. Sir Walter Raleigh had a Son, +whose Christen-name was Carew; and probably our Author was his +Godfather. + +In his Preface, Mr. Carew observes, that when he first composed this +Treatise, not minding that it should be published in Print, he caused +only certain written Copies to be given to some of his Friends ...... +But since that time, Master Camden's often mentioning this Work, and +his Friends Persuasions, had caused his Determination to alter, and to +embrace a pleasing Hope, that Charity and good Construction would rest +now generally in all Readers. + + "Besides", says he, " the State of our Country hath + undergone so many Alterations, since I first began these + Scriblings, that, in the reviewing, I was driven either + likewise to vary my Report, or else to speak against my + Knowledge.... + + Reckon therefore (I pray you) that this Treatise plotteth + down Cornwall, as it now standeth, for the particulars, + and will continue, for the general." + +Mr. Carew's Survey of Cornwall was receiv'd, when it came out, (as it +hath been ever since) with a general Applause; as it appears by the +Encomiums pass'd upon it, which it would be too long to enumerate. Mr. +Camden, in the sixth Edition of his Britannia, printed in 1607, +acknowledges, at the end of his Account of Cornwall, that our Author +had been his chief Guide through it (M). But as 'tis usual to Authors +of an inferior rank to be the best pleased with their Works, so the +best Authors are the least satisfy'd with their Performances, and the +most severe Censors to themselves. + +The Approbation of the Publick only excites them to mend their +Writings, and give them all the Perfection they are capable. +Mr. Carew was uneasy at the Errors of the Printers, and some +Oversights of his, that had crept into his Book; and desired to +improve it by the Observations of others, who had writ on the same +Subject. Being told in the Year 1606, that Mr. Dodderidge, who was +then Sollicitor-General, had published some Account of the Dutchy of +Cornwall, (which was not true, for that Tract did not come out till +1630) he desired Mr. Camden to send him a Copy of it. + + "I make bold", says he (N), " to use my thanks for your + kind remembring me by Sir Anthony Rouse, as a Shoeing- + horn to draw on a Request; and this it is : I learn that + Master Sollicitor hath compiled a Treatise of our Cornish + Dutchy, and dedicated it to the Prince : this I much long + to see, and heartily pray by your means to obtain a Copy + thereof. The first publishing of my Survey was voluntary; + the second, which I now purpose, is of necessity, not so + much for the enlarging it, as the correcting mine and the + Printers Oversights: and amongst these, the Arms not the + least, touching which mine Order, suitable to your Direction, + was not observed, and so myself made an Instrument, but + not the Author of Wrong and Error. I imagine that I may + cull out of Master Sollicitor's Garden many Flowers to + adorn this other Edition; and if I wist where to find + Mr. Norden, I would also fain have his Map of our Shire; + for perfecting of which, he took a Journey into these Parts." + +Mr. Carew never published a second Edition of his Book, tho' he lived +fourteen Years after the writing of that Letter. And whether he left +behind him a Copy of it revised and corrected for a new Impression, +does not appear. It hath indeed been reported, that there was a Copy +extant with large Additions (O); but they don't tell us whose +Additions they are. They can hardly be the Author's own Additions, +since they are said to be large ones; and we have seen that Mr. +Carew's Design in the intended second Edition of his Survey, was not +so much for the enlarging it, as the correcting his and the Printers +Oversights. However it be, we may reasonably wonder that a Work so +valuable, and the only compleat one we have on that Subject, should +not have been reprinted since the Year 1602; whereby it is become so +scarce, and bears such an excessive Price. Perhaps this is owing to +the false Rumours which have been spread from time to time, that it +was going to be reprinted with large Additions. For these idle common +Reports have often prevented new Editions of useful and necessary +Books. But it is to be hoped, that some publick-spirited Persons will +reprint it, as it was first published. If any body hath any Additions +or Supplements to it, they may print them separately. + +Mr. Carew (P) + + "was intimate with the most noted Scholars of his Time, + particularly with Sir Henry Spelman, who in an Epistle (*) + to him concerning Tythes, doth not a little extol him for + his Ingenuity, Vertue, and Learning. 'Palmam igitur cedo' + (saith he) '& quod Graeci olim in Caria fua gente, admirati + sunt, nos in Caria nostra gente agnoscimus, ingenium + splendidum, bellarumque intentionum saecundissimum, &c.'" + +And a famous Scotch Poet (+) + + "stiles him another Livy, another Maro, another Papinian, + and highly extols him for his great Skill in History, and + Knowledge in the Laws (Q)." + +Mr. Carew + + "died on the sixth day of November, in fifteen hundred and + twenty, and was buried in the Church of East-Antonie among + his Ancestors. Shortly after, he had a splendid Monument + set over his Grave, with an Inscription thereon, written + in the Latin Tongue (R)" + +As I have not seen that Inscription, I cannot tell whether it be the +same with the following Epitaph, written by Mr. Camden (S), probably +at the Request of Mr. Carew's Family. + + + M.S. + Richardo Carew de Antonie + Armigero, + Filio Thomae Carew ex Anna Edgcombia, + Nepoti Wimundi Carew Militis ex + Martha Dennia, + Pronepoti Joannis Carew ex Thomasina + Hollandia: + Viro + Moribus modestis, mente generosa, + Eruditione varia, + Animo erga Deum devato; + Qui inter medias de caelesti vita meditationes + Placide in Chrifto obdormivit, + Anno aetatis Lxiij. + E. Arundelia uxor marito charissimo, + Conjugalis fidei ergo, + Et .... Filius Patri optimo, + Officiosi obsequii ergo, + Posuerunt. + Obiit ............. + + + +(a) In the Eastern Parts of Cornwall, within some Miles of Plymouth. +(b) Anth. Wood Athen. Oxon. vol. 1. c. 452. 2d Edit. +(c) The Survey of Cornwall, fol. 100. +(d) The Survey of Cornwall, fol. 100. +(e) Ibid. fol. 102. +(f) Ibid. fol. 103, 104. +(g) Wood, ubi supra. +(h) Sir Philip Sidney was born in 1554. Wood ibid. c. 226. +(i) The History of the Worthies of England, p. 205. +(k) Ubi supr. +(l) What Mr. Wood means by this Parenthesis, I leave to the reader + to determine. +(m) Ibid. +(n) Caroli Fitzgeofridi Assaniae: sive Epigrammatum Libri tres &c. + Oxon. 1601, in 8vo. Lib. 3. Ep. 33. +(o) Afterwards Sir George Carew. +(p) Survey, fol. 59. ver. +(q) The Survey of Cornwall was published in the Year 1602. +(r) Ibid. fol. 61. +(s) Ubi supr. Epi. 40. +(t) Lege, sinitimae +(v) Leg. exantlasse. +(x) Leg. integellus. +(y) It was printed in 1654. See Wood, ubi supr. c. 453. +(A) Wood, ibid. +(B) Ibid. +(D) Britannia, &c. Londini 1586, in 8vo. +(E) Ubi supr. c. 452. +(F) Survey, &c. fol. 88. +(G) Ibid. fol. 83. +(H) Wood, ubi supr. +(I) See Dr. Smith's Life of Sir Robert Cotton. +(K) Dr. Smith, ubi supr. +(L) In 4to. +(M) Quemque mihi preluxiss non possum non agnoscere. +(N) Gul. Camdeni Epistolae, &c. Epist. LVIII. pag. 72. + That letter is dated 13th of May 1606. +(O) W. Nicolson, The English Historical Library, chap. II. + p 11, 12 of the 2d Edition. +(P) Wood, ubi supr. c. 453. +(*) In his Apol. of the Treatise de non temerandis Ecclesiis, + &c. Lond. 1646, 4to. +(+) Joh. Dunbar Megalo-Britannus in Epigrammat. suis, + cent. 6. numb. 53. +(Q) Wood, ibid. +(R) Wood, ibid. +(S) Camdeni Epistolae, &c. pag. 106. + + + + + + + THE + + S V R V E Y + + OF + + C O R N W A L L + + + Written by Richard Carew, + of Antonie, Esquire. + + + + + + + + [Abstract graphics] + + To the Honorable, Sir Walter Ra- + leigh Knight, Lord Warden of the + Stannaries, Lieutenant Generall of + Cornwall, &c. + +This mine ill-husbanded Survey, long since begun, a great while +discontinued, lately reviewed, and now hastily finished, appealeth to +your L. direction, whether it should passe; to your correction, if it +doe passe; and to your protection, when it is passed. Neither unduely: +for the same intreateth of the Province, and Persons,ouer whose +bodies, and estates,you carrie a large, both Martiall, and ciuiil +commaund, by your authoritie, but in whose hearts, and loues, you +possesse a farre greater interest, by your kindnesse. Your eares, +and mouth, haue euer beene open, to heare, and deliuer our grieuances, +and your feete and hands, readie to goe, and worke their redresse, and +that, not onely, alwayes, as a Magistrate, of your selfe, but also +verie often,as a suiter, and solliciter to others, of the highest +place. Wherefore, I, as one of the common beholden, present this +token of my priuate gratitude. It is dutie, and not pre- + sumption, that hath drawne me to the + offering; and it must be fauour,and + not desert, that shall moue your + Lordship to the acceptance: and + so I take humble leaue, rest- + ing no lesse willing to + serue you, then + vnder you. + + Your Lordships poore kinsman, + + Richard Carew of + Antonie. + + + + + + + + To the Reader. + +When I first composed this Treatise, not minding that it should be +published in Print, I caused onely certaine written copies to bee +giuen to some of my friends, and put Prosopopeia into the bookes +mouth. But since that time, master Camdens often-mencioning this +worke, and my friends perswasions, haue caused my determination to +alter, & to imbrace a pleasing hope, that charitie, & good +construction resteth now generally in all Readers. Albeit, I well +know, how Opere in vario, no lesse then in longo, fas est obrepere +somnum. And I acknowledge, this playing work to come so farr short, +of satisfying, euen myselfe (though Suus cuiq; placet partus) as I +haue little reason, to expect the applause of any other. + +Besides the state of our Countrie hath vndergone so manie Alterations, +since I first began these scriblings, that,in the reuiewing, I was +driuen, either likewise to varie my report, or else to speake against +my knowledge. And no maruaile, for each succeeding time, addeth, or +raueth, goods, & euils, according to the occasions, which it selfe +produceth : rather a wonder it were, that in the ceaselesse reuolution +of the Vniuerse, any parcell should retaine a stedfast constitution. +Reckon therefore (I pray you) that this treatise plotteth downe +Cornwall, as it now standeth, for the particulars, and will continue, +for the generall. Mine Eulogies proceede no lesse, from the +sinceritie of a witnesse, then the affection of a friend: and +therefore I hope, that where my tongue hath beene good, no mans +eye will bee euill: and that each wel-minded Reader will wish a merrie +passage, to this my rather fancie-sporting, then gaine-fseeking voyage. +Farewell. + +[1] + + The Prosopopeia to the Booke. + + + I Crave not courteous ayd of friends, + To blaze my praise in verse, + Nor, prowd of vaunt, mine authors names, + In catalogue rehearse: + + I of no willing wrong complaine, + Which force or stealth hath wrought, + No fruit I promise from the tree, + Which forth this blooth hath brought. + + I curry not with smoothing termes, + Ne yet rude threats I blaste: + I seeke no patrone for my faults, + I pleade no needlesse haste. + + But as a child of feeble force, + I keep my fathers home, + And, bashfull at eche strangers sight, + Dare not abroad to rome, + + Saue to his kinne of neerest bloud, + Or friends of dearest price, + Who, for his sake, not my desert, + With welcome me entice. + + + + + + T H E + + S V R V E Y + + O F + + CORNWALL. + + The first Booke. + + + +Cornwall, the farthest Shire of England Westwards, hath her name by +diuers Authors diuersly deriued. Some (as our owne Chroniclers) draw +it from Corineus, cousin to Brute, the first Conqueror of this Iland: +who wrastling at Plymmouth (as they say) with a mightie Giant, called +Gogmagog, threw him ouer Cliffe, brake his necke, and receiued the +gift of that Countrie, in reward for his prowesse: Some, as Cerealis, +(no lesse mistaken perhaps in that, then in his measures) from Cornu +Galliae, a home or corner of Fraunce, whereagainst nature hath placed +it: and some, from Cornu Walliae, which (in my conjecture) carrieth +greatest likelyhood of truth. + +For what time the Saxons, after many bloudie inuasions [Anno Dom. 586.] +as Pirates, began at last to plant their dwellings [2a] and take roote +in this Iland, as Conquerors, the Britons, by them supplanted, were +driuen to seeke their safegard in the waste Moores, craggie Mountaines, +and wild Forrests of Wales and Cornwall, where the Countries +barrennesse barred their pursuers from victuals, and the +dangerousnesse of the passages laid them open to priuie inuasions. +Such as had in this sort withdrawne themselves, the Saxons termed +Welshmen, by interpretation strangers, for so they were to them, as +they to the Countrie: and their place of abode they called Welshland, +sithence turned to Wales, euen as by the same reason, they giue still +the same name to Italy. Now, Cornwall being cast out into the Sea, +with the shape of a horne, borrowed the one part of her name from her +fashion, as Matthew of Westminster testifieth, and the other from her +Inhabitants; both which conjoyned, make Cornwalliae, and contriued, +Cornwall: in which sence, the Cornish people call it Kernow, deriued +likewise from Kerne a home. Neither needeth this composition to be +accompted any way vncouth, seeing the same is made familiar vnto vs by +the like in other Countries, as of Herbipolis in Germanie, Lombardie +in Italy, Paleocastrum in Crete, and Neoportus in Carniola: all which, +with many other, are likewise compacted of double languages. + +This ill-halfening hornie name, hath (as Corneto in Italy) opened a +gap to the scoffes of many, who not knowing their owne present +condition, or at least their future destinie, can be contented to draw +an odious mirth from a publike infamie. But seeing the wisest Enditer, +hath directed the penne of his holiest writers to vse this terme, not +only in a good meaning, but also in a significant sense, and to +sanctifie the thing itselfe in sundrie parts of his seruice: such +iesters dishonest indiscretion is rather charitably to bee pittied, +then their exception either angerly to be grieued at, or seriously to +bee confuted. + +I am not ignorant, how sorely the whole storie of Brute, is shaken +by some of our late writers, and how stiffely supported by other some: +as also that this wrastling pull betweene Corineus and Gogmagog, is +reported to have befallen at Douer. For mine owne part, though I +reuerence antiquitie, and reckon it a kind of wrong, to exact an +ouer-strict reason for all that which vpon credite shee deliuereth; +yet I rather incline to their side, who would warrant her authoritie +by apparant veritie. Notwithstanding, in this question, I will not +take on me the person of either Iudge, or stickler: and therefore if +there bee any so plunged in the common floud, as they will still gripe +fast, what they haue once caught hold on, let them sport themselves +with these coniectures, vpon which mine auerment in behalf of +Plymmouth is grounded. The place where Brute is said to haue first +landed, was Totnes in Cornwall, and therefore this wrastling likely +to haue chaunced there, sooner then elsewhere. The Prouince bestowed +on Corineus for this exployt, was Cornwall. It may then be presumed, +that he receiued in reward the place where hee made proofe of his +worth, and whose prince (for so with others I take Gogmagog to have +beene) hee had conquered, euen as Cyrus recompenced Zopirus with the +Citie Babylon [Herodotus], which his policie had recouered. Againe, +the actiuitie of Deuon and Cornishmen, in this facultie of wrastling, +beyond those of other Shires, dooth seeme to deriue them a speciall +pedigree, from that graund wrastler [3] Corineus. Moreouer, vpon the +Hawe at Plymmouth, there is cut out in the ground, the pourtrayture +of two men, the one bigger, the other lesser, with Clubbes in their +hands, (whom they terme Gog-Magog) and (as I haue learned) it is +renewed by order of the Townesmen, when cause requireth, which should +inferre the same to bee a monument of some moment. And lastly the +place, hauing a steepe cliffe adioyning, affordeth an oportunitie to +the fact. But of this too much. + +Cornwall is seated (as most men accompt) in the Latitude of fiftie +degrees, and thirtie minutes; and in the Longitude of sixe. + +The Shire extendeth in length to about seuentie miles: the breadth, +as almost no where equall, so in the largest place, it passeth not +thirtie, in the middle twentie, and in the narrowest of the West +part, three. The whole compasse may hereby be coniectured. + +It bordereth on the East with Deuon, divided therefrom, in most +places, by the ryuer Tamer, which springing neere the North Sea, at +Hartland in Deuon, runneth thorow Plymmouth Hauen, into the South. +For the rest, the maine Ocean sundreth the same, on the North from +Ireland, on the West from the Ilands of Scilley, and on the South from +little Britaine. These borders now thus straightned, did once extend +so wide, as that they enabled their inclosed territorie, with the +title of a kingdome. Polidore Virgil allotteth it the fourth part +of the whole Iland, and the ancient Chronicles report, that Brute +landed at Totnes in Cornwall, a Towne now seated in the midst of +Deuon. Moreover, vntill Athelstanes time, the Cornish-men bare equal +sway in Excester with the English: for hee it was who hemmed them +within their present limits. Lastly, the encroaching Sea hath rauined +from it, the whole Countrie of Lionnesse, together with diuers other +parcels of no little circuite: and that such a Lionnesse there was, +these proofes are yet remaining. The space between the lands end, and +the Iles of Scilley, being about thirtie miles, to this day retaineth +that name, in Cornish Lethowsow, and carrieth continually an equall +depth of fortie or sixtie fathom (a thing not vsuall in the Seas +proper Dominion) saue that about the midway, there lieth a Rocke, +which at low water discouereth his head. They terme it the Gulfe, +suiting thereby the other name of Scilla. Fishermen also casting +their hookes thereabouts, haue drawn vp peeces of doores and windowes. +Moreouer, the ancient name of Saint Michaels Mount, was Caraclowse in +Cowse, in English, The hoare Rocke in the Wood: which now is at euerie +floud incompassed by the Sea, and yet at some low ebbes, rootes of +mightie trees are discryed in the sands about it. The like ouer- +flowing hath happened in Plymmouth Hauen, and diuers other places. + +In this situation, though nature hath shouldred out Cornwall into the +farthest part of the Realme, and so besieged it with the Ocean, that, +as a demie Iland in an Iland, the Inhabitants find but one way of +issue by land: yet hath shee in some good measure, counteruailed such +disaduantage, through placing it, both neere vnto, and in the trade +way betweene Wales, Ireland, Spaine, France, & Netherland. The +neerenesse helpeth them, with a shorter cut, lesse peril, and meaner +charge, to vent forth and make returne of those commodities, which +their [4] owne, or either of those Countries doe afford: the lying +in the way, bringeth forraine shipping to claime succour at their +harbours, when, either outward, or homeward bound, they are checked by +an East, South, or South-east wind: and where the Horse walloweth, +some haires will still remaine. Neither is it to bee passed ouer +without regard, that these remote quarters, lie not so open to the +inuasions of forraine enemies, or spoyles of ciuil tumults, as other +more inward parts of the Realme, which being seated neerer the heart, +are sooner sought, and earlyer ransacked in such troublesome times: +or if the Countries long naked sides, offer occasion of landing to any +aduerse shipping, her forementioned inward naturall strength, +increased by so many Lanes and Inclosures, straightneth the same to +a preying onely vpon the outward Skirts by some pettie fleetes: For +the danger of farder piercing, will require the protection of a +greater force for execution, then can there be counteruailed with the +benefit of any bootie, or conquest, were they sure to preuaile. And +if to bee free from a dammage, may passe for a commoditie, I can adde, +that the far distance of this Countie from the Court, hath heretofore +afforded it a Supersedeas from takers & Purueyours: for if they should +fetch any prouision from thence, well it might be marked with the +visard of her Highnes prerogatiue, but the same would verie slenderly +turne to the benefit of her Majesties house keeping: for the +foulenesse and vneasinesse of the waies, the little mould of Cornish +cattel, and the great expence of driuing them, would defaulke as much +from the iuft price to the Queene, at the deliuering, as it did from +the owners at the taking. Besides that, her Highnesse shipping should +heerethrough bee defrauded of often supplies, which these parts afford +vnto them. + +Vpon which reasons, some of the Purueyours attempts, heretofore +through the suite of the Countrie, the sollicitation of Sir Richard +Gremuile, the credite of the Lord Warden, and the graciousnesse of our +Soueraigae, were reuoked and suppressed, and the same vnder her +Highnesse priuie Seale confirmed. Notwithstanding, when her Majestie +made her pleasure afterwards knowne, that shee would have a generall +contribution from euerie Shire, for redeeming this exemption, Cornwall +opposing dutie against reason, or rather accompting dutie a reason +sufficient, yeelded to vndergoe a proportionable rate of the burthen. +So they compounded to furnish ten Oxen after Michaelmas for thirtie +pound price; to which, by another agreement with the Officers, they +should adde fortie markes of their owne. Vpon half a yeeres warning +either partie might repent the bargaine. This held for a while; but +within a short space, either the carelesnesse of the Iustices in +imposing this rate, or the negligence of the Constables in collecting +it, or the backwardnesse of the Inhabitants in paying the same, or all +these together ouerslipped the time, and withheld the satisfaction. +Hereon downe comes a Messenger with sharpe letters from the Officers +of the Greene cloth. The conclusion ensued, that his charges must bee +borne, and an higher price disbursed for the supplie. Thus it fareth +too and fro, and the Cornishmen seeme to hold a Wolfe by the eares: +for to make payment the people are unwilling, as in a charge +heretofore vnusuall, to undergoe the [5] managing hereof, the Iustices +strayne courtesie, as in a matter nothing plausible, and appertaining +to ouer-many partners, for the well effecting, and yet to breake they +are both afraid, suspecting that a heauier load will follow, if this +composition be once set at large. + +These commodities goe not vnaccompanied with their inconueniences: for +to Cornwall also hath Pandora's Boxe beene opened. One is, that the +farre distance from the higher seates of Iustice, rippeth a wider gap +to intruding iniuries, and increaseth the charge and time of procuring +their redresse. Which due occasion of discouragement, the worst +conditioned, and least cliented Petiuoguers, doe yet (vnder the sweet +baite of revenge) convert to a more plentiful prosecution of actions. +The ordinarie trade of these men is, where they perceiue a sparke of +displeasure kindling, to increase the flame with their bellowes of +perswasion. Hath such a one abused you, saith he? Anger him a little, +that breaking out into some outragious words, you may take advantage +thereof; and you shall see how we will hamper him: warrant you he +shall fetch an errand to London, & beare part of your charges too. +After the game hath beene brought in by this Winlesse, the poore foule +is bound not to release his aduersarie, without his Attournies +consent, who plieth the matter with so good a stomack, as hee eateth +the kernell, whilest they fight about the shell. At last, when the +fountain of his Clients purse is drawne drie, by his extravagant fees +of Pro consilio, pro expeditione, pro amicitia Vicecomitis, &c. +besides the packing betweene the Vndersheriffe and him, of docketing +out Writs neuer sued foorth, the mediation of friends must shut up the +matter in a comprimise. Another discommoditie groweth, that whereas +London furnisheth all prouisions (euen Tynne, and such other arising +in the same Countrie) of best stuffe, fashion, store, and cheapnesse: +the hard procuring, and farre carriage, addeth an extraordinarie +increase of price to the Cornish buyers: and for matters of benefit, +or preferment, by suits at Court, either the opportunitie is past, +before notice can arriue so far: or the following there, and losse the +whiles at home, will require a great and assured gaine in the +principall, to warrant the hope of a sauing bargaine in the +appurtenance. + +Touching the temperature of Cornwall, the ayre thereof is cleansed, as +with bellowes, by the billowes, and flowing and ebbing of the Sea, and +therethrough becommeth pure, and subtill, and, by consequence, +healthfull. So as the Inhabitants doe seldome take a ruthful and +reauing experience of those harmes, which infectious diseases vse to +carrie with them. But yet I haue noted, that this so piercing an +ayre, is apter to preserue then recouer health, especially in any +languishing sicknesse which hath possessed strangers: neither know I, +whether I may impute to this goodnesse of the ayre, that vpon the +returne of our fleete from the Portugall action, 1589. the diseases +which the Souldiers brought home with them, did grow more grieuous, as +they carried the same farther into the land, then it fell out at +Plymmouth, where they landed: for there the same was, though +infectious, yet not so contagious, and though pestilentiall, yet not +the verie pestilence, as afterwards it proued in other places. + +The Spring visiteth not these quarters so timely, as the Easterne +parts. Summer imparteth a verie [6] temperate heat, recompencing his +slow-fostering of the fruits, with their kindly ripening. Autumne +bringeth a somewhat late Haruest, specially to the middle of the +Shire, where they seldome inne their Corne before Michaelmas. Winter, +by reason of the Southes neere neighbourhead, and Seas warme breath, +fauoureth it with a milder cold then elsewhere, so as, vpon both +coastes, the Frost and Snow come verie seldome, and make a speedie +departure. This notwithstanding, the Countrie is much subiect to +stormes, which fetching a large course, in the open Sea, doe from +thence violently assault the dwellers at land, and leaue them +vncouered houses, pared hedges, and dwarfe-growne trees, as witnesses +of their force and furie : yea, euen the hard stones, and yron barres +of the windowes, doe fret to be so continually grated. One kind of +these stormes, they call a flaw, or flaugh, which is a mightie gale +of wind, passing suddainely to the shore, and working strong effects, +vpon whatsoeuer it incountreth in his way. + +The Cornish soyle, for the most part, is lifted vp into many hils, +some great, some little of quantitie, some steepe, some easie for +ascent, and parted in sunder by short and narrow vallies. A shallow +earth dooth couer their outside, the substance of the rest consisteth +ordinarily in Rockes and Shelse, which maketh them hard for manurance, +& subiect to a drie Summers parching. The middle part of the Shire +(sauing the inclosures about some few Townes and Villages) lieth waste +and open, sheweth a blackish colour, beareth Heath and spirie Grasse, +and serveth in a maner, onely to Summer Cattel. That which bordereth +vpon either side of the Sea, through the Inhabitants good husbandrie, +of inclosing, sanding, and other dressing, carrieth a better hue, and +more profitable qualitie. Meadow ground it affoordeth little, pasture +for Cattel and Sheepe, store enough, Corne ground plentie. + +Hils of greatest name and height are, Hinxten, Rowtor, Brownwelly, +S. Agnes, Haynborough, the foure Boroughs, Roche, Carnbray, and the +two Castellan Danis. + +In the rest of this earthy description, I will begin with such +mynerals as her bowels yeeld forth, and then passe on to those things, +of growing, and feeling life, which vpon her face doe relieue +themselues. + +These mynerals are not so deepe buried by nature in the entrailes of +the Earth, nor so closely couched amongst the Rockes, but that desire +of gaine with the instrument of Art can digge them vp: they may bee +diuided into stones and mettals. + +Quarrie stones are of sundrie sorts, and serue to diuers purposes. +For walling, there are rough, and Slate: the rough maketh speedier +building, the Slate surer. For Windowes, Dornes, and Chimnies, Moore +stone carrieth chiefest reckoning. That name is bestowed on it, by +the Moores or waste ground, where the same is found in great +quantitie, either lying vpon the ground, or verie little vnder. +This stone answereth the charge of fetching, with the fairenes of his +whitish colour, containing certaine glimmering sparkles, and +counteruaileth his great hardnesse in working, with the profit of long +endurance, nature hauing ordained the same, as of purpose, to +withstand the fretting weather. There are also three other sorts of +stones, seruing to the same vse, and hewed with lesse, though +differing labour: Pentuan digged out of the Sea Cliffes,and in colour +[7] somewhat resembleth gray Marble, Caraclouse blacke, not vnlike the +Ieat; the third taken out of inland Quarries, and not much differing +from the Easterne free stone. + +The Sea strond also in many places, affordeth Peeble-stones, which +washed out of the earth, or falling from the Rockes, and there lying +loose, are, by often rolling of the waues, wrought to a kind of +roundnesse, and serue verie handsomely for pauing of streetes and +Courts. + +For couering of Houses there are three sorts of Slate, which from that +vse take the name of Healing-stones. The first and best Blew: the +second, Sage-leafe coloured, the third and meanest Gray. The Blew, +and so the rest, are commonly found vnder the walling Slate, when +the depth hath brought the workmenn to the Water. This Slate is in +substance thinne, in colour faire, in waight light, in lasting strong, +and generally carrieth so good regard, as (besides the supplie for +home prouision) great store is yeerely conueied by shipping both to +other parts of the Realme, and also beyond the Seas, into Britaine +and Netherland. + + They make Lyme, moreouer, of another kind of Marle-stone, either by +burning a great quantitie thereof together, with a seruent fire of +Furze, or by maintaining a continuall, though lesser heate, with stone +Cole in smaller Kils: this is accompted the better cheape, but that +yeeldeth the whiter Lyme. + +Touching mettals: Copper is found in sundrie places, but with what +gaine to the searchers, I haue not beene curious to enquire, nor they +hastie to reueale. For at one Mine (of which I tooke view) the Owre +was shipped to bee refined in Wales, either to saue cost in the fewell +or to conceale the profit. + +Neither hath nature denyed Siluer to Cornwall, though Cicero excluded +the same out of all Britaine: and if wee may beleeve our Chroniclers +reports, who ground themselues vpon authenticall Records, king Edward +the first, and king Edward the third, reaped some good benefit +thereof. But for our present experience, what she proffereth with the +one hand, shee seemeth to pull backe with the other, whereof some +Gentlemen not long sithence, made triall to their losse: howbeit, +neither are they discouraged by this successe, nor others from the +like attempt. + +Tynners doe also find little hoppes of Gold amongst their Owre, which +they keepe in quils, and sell to the Goldsmithes oftentimes with +little better gaine, then Glaucus exchange. + +Yea it is not altogether barren of precious stones, and Pearle: for +Dyamonds are in many places found cleauing to those Rockes, out of +which the Tynne is digged: they are polished, squared, and pointed by +nature: their quantitie from a Pease, to a Walnut: in blacknesse and +hardnesse they come behind the right ones, and yet I haue knowne some +of them set on so good a foile, as at first sight, they might appose a +not vnskilfull Lapidarie. + +The Pearle (though here not aptly raunged) breed in bigge Oysters, and +Muscles, greater in quantitie, then acceptable for goodnesse, as +neither round nor Orient. Perhaps Caesar spoyled the best beds, when +he made that gay Coate of them, to present his graundame Venus. + +Cornwall is also not altogether destitute of Agates [8] and white +Corall, as by credible relation I haue learned. + +But why seeke wee in corners for pettie commodities, when as the onely +mynerall of Cornish Tynne, openeth so large a field to the Countries +benefit? this is in working so pliant, for sight so faire, and in vse +so necessarie, as thereby the Inhabitants gaine wealth, the Merchants +trafficke, and the whole Realme a reputation: and with such plentie +thereof hath God stuffed the bowels of this little Angle, that (as +Astiages dreamed of his daughter) it ouerfloweth England, watereth +Christendome, and is deriued to a great part of the world besides. +In trauailing abroad, in tarrying at home, in eating and drinking, +in doing ought of pleasure or necessitie, Tynne, either in his owne +shape, or transformed into other fashions, is alwayes requisite, +alwayes readie for our seruice: but I shall rather disgrace, then +endeere it by mine ouer-weake commendation, and sooner tire myselfe, +then draw the fountaine of his praises drie. Let this therefore +suffice, that it cannot bee of meane price, which hath found, with +it, Dyamonds, amongst it Gold, and in it Siluer. + +The Cornish Tynners hold a strong imagination, that in the withdrawing +of Noahs floud to the Sea, the same tooke his course from East to West, +violently breaking vp, and forcibly carrying with it, the earth, trees, +and Rocks, which lay any thing loosely, neere the vpper face of the +ground. To confirme the likelihood of which supposed truth, they doe +many times digge vp whole and huge Timber trees, which they conceiue +at that deluge to haue beene ouerturned and whelmed: but whether then, +or sithence, probable it is, that some such cause produced this effect. +Hence it commeth, that albeit the Tynne lay couched at first in +certaine strakes amongst the Rockes, like a tree, or the veines in a +mans bodie, from the depth whereof the maine Load spreadeth out his +branches, vntill they approach the open ayre: yet they haue now two +kinds of Tynne workes, Stream, and Load: for (say they) the +foremencioned floud, carried together with the moued Rockes and +earth, so much of the Load as was inclosed therein, and at the +asswaging, left the same scattered here and there in the vallies and +ryuers, where it passed; which being sought and digged, is called +Streamworke: under this title, they comprise also the Moore workes, +growing from the like occasion. They maintaine these workes, to haue +beene verie auncient, and first wrought by the Iewes with Pickaxes of +Holme, Boxe, and Harts horne: they prooue this by the name of those +places yet enduring, to wit, Attall Sarazin, in English, the Iewes +offcast, and by those tooles daily found amongst the rubble of such +workes. And it may well be, that as Akornes made good bread, before +Ceres taught the vse of Corne; and sharpe Stones serued the Indians +for Kniues, vntill the Spaniards brought them Iron: so in the infancie +of knowledge, these poore instruments for want of better did supplie +a turne. There are also taken vp in such works, certaine little +tooles heads of Brasse, which some terme Thunder-axes, but they make +small shew of any profitable vse. Neither were the Romanes ignorant +of this trade, as may appeare by a brasse Coyne of Domitian's, found +in one of these workes, and fallen into my hands: and perhaps vnder +one of those Flauians, the Iewish workmen made here their first +arriuall. + +[9] They discouer these workes, by certaine Tynne-stones,lying on the +face of the ground, which they terme Shoad, as shed from the maine +Load, and made somwhat smooth and round, by the waters washing & +wearing. Where the finding of these affordeth a tempting likelihood, +the Tynners goe to worke, casting vp trenches before them, in depth 5, +or 6. foote more or lesse, as the loose ground went, & three or foure +in breadth, gathering vp such Shoad, as this turning of the earth doth +offer to their sight. If any ryuer thwart them, and that they resolve +to search his bed, hee is trained by a new channell from his former +course. This yeeldeth a speedie and gaineful recompence to the +aduenturers of the search, but I hold it little beneficiall to the +owners of the soyle. For those low grounds, beforetime fruitfull, +hauing herethrough their wrong side turned outwards, accuse the Tynners +iniurie by their succeeding barrennesse. + +To find the Load-workes, their first labour is also imployed in seeking +this Shoad, which either lieth open on the grasse, or but shallowly +couered. Hauing found any such, they coniecture by the sight of the +ground, which way the floud came that brought it thither, and so giue +a gesse at the place whence it was broken off. There they sincke a +Shaft, or pit of five or six foote in length, two or three foote in +breadth, and seuen or eight foote in depth, to proue whether they may +so meete with the Load. By this Shaft, they also discerne which was +the quicke ground (as they call it) that mooued with the floud, and +which the firme, wherein no such Shoad doth lie. If they misse the +Load in one place, they sincke a like Shaft in another beyond that, +commonly farther vp towards the hill, and so a third and fourth, vntill +they light at last vpon it. But you may not conceiue, that euerie +likelyhood doth euer proue a certaintie: for diuers haue beene +hindered, through bestowing charges in seeking, and not finding, and +many vndone in finding and not speeding, whiles a faire show, tempting +them to mvch cost, hath, in the end, fayled in substance, and made the +aduenturers Banckrupt of their hope and purse. + +Some have found Tynne-workes of great vallew, through meanes no lesse +strange, then extraordinarie, to wit, by dreames. As in Edward the +sixts time, a Gentlewoman, heire to one Tresculierd, and wife to +Lanine, dreamed, that a man of seemely personage told her, how in such +a Tenement of her Land, shee should find so great store of Tynne, as +would serue to inrich both her selfe and her posteritie. This shee +reuealed to her husband: and hee, putting the same in triall, found a +worke, which in foure yeeres, was worth him welneere so many thousand +pounds. Moreouer, one Taprel lately liuing, & dwelling in the Parish +of the hundred of West, call'd S. Niot, by a like dreame of his +daughter (see the lucke of women) made the like assay, met with the +effect, farmed the worke of the vnwitting Lord of the soyle, and grew +thereby to good state of wealth. The same report passeth as currant, +touching sundrie others; but I will not bind any mans credite, though, +that of the Authors haue herein swayed mine: and yet he that will +afford his eare to Astrologers and naturall Philosophers, shall haue +it filled with many discourses, of the constellation of the heauens, +and the constitution of mens bodies, fitting to this purpose. + +[10] There are, that leauing these trades of new searching, doe take in +hand such old Stream and Loadworks, as by the former aduenturers haue +beene giuen ouer, and oftentimes they find good store of Tynne, both in +the rubble cast vp before, as also in veines which the first workmen +followed not. From hence there groweth a diuersitie in opinion, +amongst such Gentlemen, as by, iudgement and experience, can looke into +these matters; some of them supposing that the Tynne groweth; and +others, that it onely separateth from the consumed offall. But +whosoeuer readeth that which Francis Leandro hath written touching the +yron mynerals, in the Ile of Elba, will cleaue perhaps to a third +conceite: for hee auoucheth, that the trenches, out of which the Owre +there is digged, within twentie or thirtie yeeres, become alike ful +againe of the same mettall, as at first, & he confirmeth it by sutable +examples, borrowed from Clearchus, of Marble, in Paros Iland, and of +Salt, in India, deducing thence this reason, that the ayre and water +replenishiing the voide roome, through the power of the vniuersall +agent, and some peculiar celestiall influence, are turned into the +selfe substance; and so by consequence, neither the Owre groweth, nor +the earth consumeth away: and this opinion, Munster in his +Cosmographie, doth seeme to vnderprop, affirming, that neere the Citie +of Apolonia in Dalmatia, the veines whence Brasse is digged, are filled +in like maner. So doth he report, that neere Ptolomais, there lieth a +round valley, out of which glassie Sand being taken, the winds fill the +pit againe, from the upper part of the adioyning mountaines; which +matter is conuerted into the former substance and that euen Mettals +throwne Into this place, doe vndergoe the like Metamorphosis. + +The colour both of the Shoad and Load, resembleth his bed, as the Sea +sand doth the Cliffes, and is so diuersified to reddish, blackish, +duskie, and such other earthy colours. + +If the Load wherein the Tynne lieth, carrieth a foote and halfe in +breadth, and be not ouerbarren, it is accompted a verie rich worke: but +commonly the same exceedeth not a foote, vnlesse many Loads runne +together. + +When the new found worke intiseth with probabilitie of profit, the +discouerer doth commonly associate himselfe with some more partners, +because the charge amounteth mostly verie high for any one mans purse, +except lined beyond ordinarie, to reach vnto: and if the worke doe +faile, many shoulders will more easily support the burthen. These +partners consist either of such Tinners as worke to their owne behoofe, +or of such aduenturers as put in hired labourers. The hirelings stand +at a certaine wages, either by the day, which may be about eight pence, +or for the yeere, being betweene foure and sixe pound, as their +deseruing can driue the bargaine: at both which rates they must find +themselues. + +If the worke carrie some importance, and require the trauaile of many +hands, that hath his name, and they their Ouerseer, whome they terme +their Captaine: such are the Pel, Whilancleuth, in English, The worke +of the Ditches: Pulstean, that is, The myrie head: Crueg braaz, The +great Borough: Saint Margets, and many surnamed Balls, which betoken +the Vales where the works are set on foote. + +[11] The Captaines office bindeth him to sort ech workman his taske, to +see them applie their labour, to make timely prouision, for binding the +worke with frames of Timber, if need exact it, to place Pumpes for +drawing of water, and to giue such other directions. In most places, +their toyle is so extreame, as they cannot endure it aboue foure houres +in a day, but are succeeded by spels: the residue of the time, they +weare out at Coytes, Kayles, or like idle exercises. Their Kalender +also alloweth them more Holy-dayes, then are warranted by the Church, +our lawes, or their owne profit. + +Their ordinarie tooles, are a Pick-axe of yron, about sixteene inches +long, sharpned at the one end to pecke, and flat-headed at the other, +to driue certaine little yron Wedges, wherewith they cleaue the Rockes. +They haue also a broad Shouell, the vtter part of yron, the middle +of Timber, into which the staffe is slopewise fastned. + +Their maner of working in the Loadmines, is to follow the Load as it +lieth, either sidelong, or downe-right: both waies the deeper they +sincke, the greater they find the Load. When they light vpon a smal +veine, or chance to leefe the Load which they wrought, by means of +certaine firings that may hap to crosse it, they begin at another place +neere-hand, and so draw by gesse to the maine Load againe. If the Load +lie right downe, they follow it sometimes to the depth of fortie or +fiftie fathome. These Loadworkes, Diod.Sic.l.5.cap.8. seemeth to point +at, where hee saith, that the Inhabitants of Veleriumm Promontorie, +digge vp Tin out of rockie ground. From some of their bottomes you +shal at noone dayes discrie the Starres: the workmen are let down and +taken vp in a Stirrup, by two men who wind the rope. + +If the Load lie slope-wise, the Tynners digge a conuenient depth, and +then passe forward vnder ground, so farre as the ayre will yeeld them +breathing, which, as it beginneth to faile, they sinke a Shaft downe +thither from the top, to admit a renewing vent, which notwithstanding, +their worke is most by Candle-light. In these passages, they meete +sometimes with verie loose earth, sometimes with exceeding hard Rockes, +and sometimes with great streames of water. + +The loose Earth is propped by frames of Timber-worke, as they go, and +yet now and then falling downe, either presseth the poore workmen to +death, or stoppeth them from returning. To part the Rockes, they haue +the foremencioned Axes, and Wedges, with which, mostly, they make +speedie way, and yet (not seldome) are so tied by the teeth, as a good +workman shall hardly be able to hew three foote, in the space of so +many weekes. While they thus play the Moldwarps, vnsauorie Damps doe +here and there distemper their heads, though not with so much daunger +in the consequence, as annoyance for the present. + +For conueying away the water, they pray in aide of sundry deuices, as +Addits, Pumps &. Wheeles, driuen by a streame, and interchangeably +filling, and emptying two Buckets, with many such like: all which +notwithstanding, the Springs so incroche vpon these inuentions, as in +sundrie places they are driuen to keepe men, and some-where horses also +at worke both day & night, without ceasing, and in some all this will +not serue the turne. For supplying such hard seruices, they haue +alwaies fresh men at hand. + +[12] They cal it the bringing of an Addit, or Audit, when they begin to +trench without, and carrie the same thorow the ground to the Tynworke, +somewhat deeper then the water doth lie, thereby to giue it passage +away. + +This Addit, they either fetch athwart the whole Load, or right from the +braunch where they worke, as the next valley ministreth fittest +opportunitie, for soonest cutting into the Hil: and therfore a +Gentleman of good knowledges, deduceth this name of Addit, Ab aditu ad +aquas. Surely the practice is cunning in deuice, costly in charge, +and long in effecting: and yet, when all is done, many times the Load +falleth away, and they may sing with Augustus bird, Opera & impensa +periit. If you did see how aptly they cast the ground, for conueying +the water, by compassings and turnings, to shunne such hils & vallies +as let them, by their two much height or lownesse, you would wonder +how so great skill could couch in so base a Cabbin, as their +(otherwise) thicke clouded braines. + +As much almost dooth it exceede credite, that the Tynne, for and in so +small quantitie, digged vp with so great toyle, and passing afterwards +thorow the managing of so many hands, ere it come to sale, should be +any way able to acquite the cost: for being once brought aboue ground +in the stone, it is first broken in peeces with hammers; and then +carryed, either in waynes, or on horses backs, to a stamping mill, +where three, and in some places sixe great logges of timber, bound at +the ends with yron, and lifted vp and downe by a wheele, driuen with +the water, doe breake it smaller. If the stones be ouer-moyst, they +are dried by the fire in an yron cradle or grate. + +From the stamping mill, it passeth to the crazing mil, which betweene +two grinding stones, turned also with a water-wheele, bruseth the same +to a fine sand: howbeit, of late times they mostly vse wet stampers, & +so haue no need of the crazing mils, for their best stuffe, but only +for the crust of their tayles. + +The streame, after it hath forsaken the mill, is made to fall by +certayne degrees one somwhat distant from another; vpon each of which, +at euery discent lyeth a greene turfe, three or foure foote square, +and one foote thick. On this the Tinner layeth a certayne portion of +the sandie Tinne, and with his shouell softly tosseth the same to and +fro, that through this stirring, the water which runneth ouer it, may +wash away the light earth from the Tinne, which of a heauier substance +lyeth fast on the turfe. Hauing so cleansed one portion, he setteth +the same aside, and beginneth with another, vntil his labour take end +with his taske. The best of those turfes (for all sorts serue not) +are fetched about two miles to the Eastwards of S. Michaels Mount, +where at a low water they cast aside the sand, and dig them vp: they +are full of rootes of trees, and on some of them nuts haue beene found, +which confirmeth my former assertion of the seas intrusion. After it +is thus washed, they put the remnant into a wooden dish, broad, flat, +and round, being about two foote ouer, and hauing two handles fastened +at the sides, by which they softly shogge the same to and fro in the +water betweene their legges, as they sit ouer it, vntill whatsoeuer of +the earthie substance that was yet left, be flitted away. Some of +later time, with a sleighter inuention, and lighter labour, doe cause +certaine boyes to stir it vp and downe with their [13] feete, which +worketh the same effect: the residue after this often cleansing, they +call blacke Tynne, which is proportionably diuided to euerie of the +aduenturers, when the Lords part hath beene first deducted vpon the +whole. + +Then doth each man carrie his portion to the blowing house, where the +same is melted with Char-coale fire, blowne by a great paire of +Bellowes, mooved with a water-wheele, and so cast into peeces of a +long and thicke squarenesse, from three hundred to foure hundred pound +waight, at which time the owners marke is set thereupon. The last +remooue, is to the place of Coynage, which I shall touch hereafter. +I haue alreadie told you, how great charge the Tynner vndergoeth, +before he can bring his Owre to this last mill: whereto if you adde +his care and cost, in buying the wood for this seruice, in felling, +framing, and piling it to bee burned, in fetching the same, when it is +coaled through such farre, foule, and cumbersome wayes, to the +blowing house, together with the blowers two or three Moneths extreame +and increasing labour, sweltring heate, danger of skalding their +bodies, burning the houses, casting away the worke, and lastly their +ugly countenances, tanned with smoake and besmeared with sweate: all +these things (I say) being duly considered, I know not whether you +would more maruaile, either whence a sufficient gaine should arise to +counteruaile so manifold expences, or that any gaine could traine men +to vndertake such paines and perill. But there let vs leaue them, +since their owne will doth bring them thither. During the Tinnes thus +melting in the blowing house, diuers light sparkles thereof are by the +forcible wind, which the bellows sendeth forth, driuen vp to the +thatched roofe. For which cause the owners doe once in seuen or eight +yeeres, burne those houses, and find so much of this light Tynne in +the ashes, as payeth for the new building, with a gainefull ouerplus. +A strange practise (certes) for thrifts sake, to set our house on fire. +Others doe frame the Tunnels of the Chimnies verie large and slope, +therein to harbour these sparkles, and so saue the burning. This +casualtie may bee worth the owner some ten pound by the yeere, or +better, if his Mil haue store of sutors. But sithence I gathered +stickes to the building of this poore nest, Sir Francis Godolphin, +(whose kind helpe hath much aduanced this my playing labour) +entertained a Duch mynerall man, and taking light from his experience, +but building thereon farre more profitable conclusions of his owne +inuention, hath practised a more sauing way in these matters, and +besides, made Tynne with good profit, of that refuse which the Tynners +reiected as nothing worth. + +We will now proceede, to take a view of the orders and customes most +generally vsed among the Tynners. + +Their workes, both Streame and Load, lie either in seuerall, or in +wastrell, that is, in enclosed grounds, or in commons. In Seuerall, +no man can search for Tynne, without leaue first obtained from the +Lord of the soile; who, when any Myne is found, may worke it wholly +himselfe, or associate partners, or set it out at a farme certaine, +or leaue it vn wrought at his pleasure. In Wastrell, it is lawfull for +any man to make triall of his fortune that way, prouided, that hee +acknowledge the Lordes right, by sharing out vnto him a certaine +part, which they call toll: a custome fauouring more of [14] +indifferencie, then the Tynners constitutions in Deuon, which inable +them to digge for Tynne in any mans ground, inclosed, or vnclosed, +without licence, tribute or satisfaction. Wherethrough it appeareth, +that the Law-makers rather respected their owne benefit, then equitie, +the true touch of all lawes. The Wastrel workes are reckoned amongst +chattels, and may passe by word or Will. When a Myne is found in any +such place, the first discouerer aymeth how farre it is likely to +extend, and then, at the foure corners of his limited proportion, +diggeth vp three Turfes, and the like (if he list) on the sides, which +they terme Bounding, and within that compasse, euery other man is +restrained from searching. These bounds he is bound to renew once +euerie yeere, as also in most places to bestow some time in working +the Myne, otherwise hee loseth this priuiledge. The worke thus found +and bounded, looke how many men doe labour therein, so many Doales or +shares they make thereof, and proportionably diuide the gaine and +charges. The Lord of the soyle is most-where allowed libertie to +place one workman in euerie fifteene for himself, at like hand with +the aduenturers, if hee be so disposed. + +They measure their blacke Tynne, by the Gill, the Toplisse, the Dish +and the Foote, which containeth a pint, a pottel, a gallon, and +towards two gallons. + +Townes specially priuiledged for the Coynages, are Helston, Truro, +Lostwithiel, and Liskerd. The times of Coynage come twise in the yeere, +Viz. about Midsummer and Michaelmas: but because it falleth out verie +often that the Tynne which is wrought, cannot be blowen and brought +thither, against the limited dayes, there are, in fauour of the +Tynners, certaine later times assigned, which they terme Post-coynages. + +The officers deputed, to manage this Coynage, are, Porters, to beare +the Tynne, Peizers to weigh it, a Steward, Comptroller, and Receiuer +to keepe the accompt, euerie of which haue entertainement from her +Maiestie, and receiue a fee out of the coyned Tynne. + +For the maner of Coynage: the Blockes or peeces of Tynne, are brought +into a great roome ordained for that purpose, and there first peized, +then tasted, that is, proued whether they be soft Tynne or hard, and +after, marked with their Maiesties stampe. To the hard (lesse worth by +fiftie shillings in the thousand than the soft) the letter H. is added, +e're it come from the blowing-house. Each thousand must answere +fortie shillings to the Queene, which with the other incident fees +being satisfied, then, and not before, it is lawfull for the owner +to alienate and distract the same. + +But about the price there groweth much adoe, betweene the Marchants +and the owners, before they can iumpe to an agreement. The Marchant +vnfoldeth his packe of strange newes, which either he brought with +him from London (where most of them dwell) or forged by the way, +telling what great likelyhood there is of warres, what danger of +Pirates at Sea, how much of the fore-bought Tynne lieth on their +hands, &c. The owner, on,the other side, stoppeth his eares against +these charmes, answeres his newes with the Spaniards, Credo en Dios, +encounters his reasons, with the present scarcitie and charges of +getting and working Tynne, and so keeping vp the price, Iniquum petit, +ut aequum ferat. In the end, after much bidding, and louing, varying, +and [15] delaying, commonly that Marchant who hath most money to +bestow, and that owner who hath most Tynne to sell, doe make the +price, at which rate the Marchant is bound to yeeld present payment +for so much Tynne as shall be brought him, and, of necessitie, must +bargaine for tenne thousand at the least. Others notwithstanding are +not bound to buy or sell at this price, but euerie man left at +libertie, to make his best market. + +The Tynne so sold, hath vsually amounted heretofore to the worth of +thirtie or fortie thousand pound in money, and carried price betweene +twentie and thirtie pound the thousand, sometimes higher, and sometimes +lower, according to the quicke vent and aboundance, or the dead sale +and scarcitie; wherein yet some haue obserued, that this so profitable, +and vendible a marchandize, riseth not to a proportionable +enhauncement, with other lesse beneficiall, and affected commodities, +and they impute it partly to the Easterne buyers packing, partly to +the owners not venting, and venturing the same. + +Here I must either craue or take leaue of the Londoners, to lay open +the hard dealing of their Tynne Marchants in this trade. When any +Western Gent, or person of accompt, wanteth money to defray his +expences at London, he resorteth to one of the Tynne Marchants of +his acquaintance, to borrow some: but they shall as soone wrest the +Clubbe out of Hercules fist, as one penie out of their fingers, +vnlesse they giue bond for euerie twentie pound so taken in lone, to +deliuer a thousand pound waight of Tyn at the next Coynage, which +shal be within two or three months, or at farthest within half a yeere +after. At which time the price of euerie thousand, will not faile to +be at least twentie three, prehaps twentie five pound: yea, and after +promise made, the party must be driuen (with some indignitie) to make +three or foure errands to his house, ere hee shall get the money +deliuered. In this sort, some one Marchant will haue 5. hundred pound +out beforehand, reaping thereby a double commoditie, both of excessiue +gaine for his lone, and of assurance to be serued with Tyn for his +money. This they say is no Vsurie, forsooth, because the price of +Tynne is not certainely knowne beforehand: (for once onely within +these twelue yeeres, of set purpose to escape the penaltie of the Law, +they brought it a little vnder twentie pound the thousand:) but if to +take aboue fiftie in the hundred be extremitie, whatsoeuer name you +list to giue it, this in truth can bee none other, then cutthroate and +abominable dealing. I will not condemne all such as vse this trade, +neither yet acquite those who make greatest pretence of zeale in +Religion: and it may be, that some vpon by-respects, find somwhat +friendly vsage in Vsance, at some of their hands: but the common voice +saith, that for the most part, they are naught all. + +And yet how bad soeuer this fashion may justly bee accompted, certaine +of the same Countrymen do passe farre beyond it, as thus: The Marchant, +that hee may stand assured to haue Tynne for his money, at the time +of Coynage or deliuerance, besides his trade of lone abouementioned, +layeth out diuers summes beforehand, vnto certaine Cornishmen, owners +of Tynworkes, or otherwise of knowne sufficiencie, who are bound to +deliuer for the same, so many thousands of Tynne, as [16] the money +shal amount vnto, after the price agreed vpon at the Coinages. To +these hungrie flies, the poore labouring Tynner resorteth, desiring +some money before the time of his pay at the deliuerance: the other +puts him off at first, answering he hath none to spare: in the end, +when the poore man is driuen through necessitie to renew his suite, he +fals to questioning, what hee will do with the money. Saith the +Tynner, I will buy bread and meate for my selfe and my houshold, and +shooes, hosen, peticoates, & such like stuffe for my wife and +children. Suddenly herein, this owner becomes a pettie chapman: I +will serue thee, saith he: hee deliuers him so much ware as shall +amount to fortie shillings, in which he cuts him halfe in halfe for +the price, and four nobles in money, for which the poore wretch +is bound in Darbyes bonds, to deliuer him two hundred waight of Tynne +at the next Coynage, which may then bee worth fiue pound or foure at +the verie least. And as mischiefe still creepes onward, this extreme +dealing of the London Marchant and Countrie chapman, in white Tynne is +imitated (or rather exceeded) by the wealthier sort of Tynners +themselues in the blacke, by laying out their money after thus much +the marke: which trade, though subtill and darke, I will open as +plainely as I can. + +A foote of blacke Tynne (as is before said) containeth in measure two +gallons; the waight vncertainely followeth the goodnesse. A foote of +good Moore-tyn, (which is counted the best sort) will way about +foure-score pound. Of the Myne Tynne (which is meaner) fiftie two +pound: of the worst fiftie pound. Two pound of good blacke Tynne, +being melted, will yeeld one of white: twentle eight or thirtie foote +of the best, fortie: of the middle, 52. of the meanest, a thousand. +Now the wealthier sort of Tynners, laying out part of their money +beforehand, buy this black Tynne of the poore labourers, after so much +the marke: that is, looke how many markes there are in the price, made +at the Coynage for the thousand, so many two pence halfepenie, three +pence, or foure pence, partly after the goodnesse, and partly +according to the hard conscience of the one, and necessitie of the +other, shal he haue for the foote: as if the price be twentie sixe +pound, thirteene shillings & foure pence the thousand, therein are +fortie markes: then shall the poore Tynner receiue of him who dealeth +most friendly, for euerie foote of his best blacke Tynne (of which as +was said, about thirtie will make a thousand) fortie times foure pence: +viz. thirteene shillings and foure pence, which amounteth to twentie +pound the thousand: whereas that foote at the price, is worth aboue +fiue pence the marke. Likewise will hee pay for the meaner blacke +Tynne (of which about fortie foote will make a thousand) three pence +the marke, which is ten shillings the foote, and so shall he haue also +after twentie pound for the thousand: for the worse they giue lesse, +rateably. By which proportion, how vncertaine so euer the goodnesse of +the Tynne, or the greatnesse of the price do fall, their gaine of a +fourth part at least riseth alwaies certainly. Whereto adding, that +they lay out beforehand but a portion of the money due, and that onely +for some small time, you shall find it grow to the highest degree of +extremitie. + +But whether it proceedeth from this hard dealing, or for that the +Tynners whole familie giue themselues [17] to a lazie kind of life, +and depend only upon his labour and gaynes; which often ill succeeding +adventurers, & such ouer-deare bought Tynne daylie impaire, or from +both these together; once it hath beene duly obserued, that the +parrishes where Tynne is wrought, rest in a meaner plight of wealth, +then those which want this dammageable commoditie: and that as by +abandoning this trade, they amend, so by reuiuing the same, they +decay againe; whereas husbandrie yeeldeth that certayne gaine in a +mediocritie, which Tynneworkes rather promise, then performe in a +larger measure. + +Let vs now examine what course of Iustice is held for deciding such +controuersies as befall in Tinne causes, and with what priuileges they +are endowed and encouraged. + +After such time as the Iewes by their extreame dealing had worne +themselues, first out of the loue of the English inhabitants, and +afterwards out of the land it selfe, and so left the mines vnwrought, +it hapned, that certaine Gentlemen, being Lords of seuen tithings in +Blackmoore, whose grounds were best stored with this Minerall, grewe +desirous to renew this benefit: and so vpon suit made to Edmond, Earle +of Cornwal, sonne to Richard, king of the Romans, they obtayned from +him a Charter, with sundrie Priuileges: amongst which, it was graunted +them to keepe a Court, and hold plea of all actions, life, lymme, and +land excepted: in consideration whereof, the sayd Lords accorded to +pay the Earle a halfpeny for euery pound of Tynne which should be +wrought; and that for better answering this taxe, the sayd Tynne +should bee brought to certayne places purposely appointed, and there +peized, coyned, and kept, vntill the Earles due were satisfied. Againe, +the Lords of these Tithings, were, for their parts, authorised to +manage all Stannerie causes, and, for that intent, to hold parliaments +at their discretion, and in regard of their labour, there was allotted +vnto them the toll-Tynne within those Tithings, which their +successours doe yet enioy. This Charter was to be kept in one of the +Church steeples, within those Tithings, and, the Seale had a Pick-axe +and Shouell in saultier grauen therein. This I receiued by report of +the late master William Carnsew, a Gentleman of good qualitie, +discretion, and learning, and well experienced in these mynerall +causes, who auouched himselfe an eye-witnesse of that Charter, though +now it bee not extant. Howbeit, I have learned, that in former time, +the Tynners obtained a Charter from king Iohn, and afterwards another +from king Edward the first, which were againe expounded, confirmed and +inlarged by Parliament, in the fiftieth yeere of Edward the third, and +lastly strengthened by Henrie the seuenth. + +King Edward the firsts Charter, granteth them liberty of selling their +Tynne, to their best behoofe. Nisi (saith he) nos ipsi emere +voluerimus. Vpon which ground certaine persons in the Reignes of K. +Edward 6. & Queene Marie, sought to make vse of this preemption, (as I +have beene enformed) but either crossed in the prosecution, or +defeated in their expectation, gaue it ouer againe; which vaine +successe could not yet discourage some others of later times from the +like attempt, alleadging many reasons how it might proue beneficiall +both to her Highnesse and the Countrie, and preiudiciall to none saue +onely the Marchants, who practised a farre [18] worse kind of +preemption, as hath beene before expressed. This for a while was +hotely onsetted and a reasonable price offered, but (upon what ground +I know not) soone cooled againe. Yet afterwards it receiued a second +life, and at Michaelmas terme 1599. the Cornishmen, then in London, +were called before some of the principal Lords of her Maiesties +Council, and the matter there debated, by the Lord Warden, in behalfe +of the Countrie, and certaine others deputed for the Marchants, who +had set this suite on foote. In the end it grew to a conclusion, and +Articles were drawne and signed, but they also proued of void effect. + +Last of all, the said Lord Warden, in the beginning of Nouember 1600. +called an assembly of Tynners at Lostwithiel, the place accustomed, +impanelled a Iurie of twentie foure Tynners, signified her Maiesties +pleasure both for a new imposition of six pound on euerie thousand, +that should bee transported (ouer and aboue the former fortie +shillings, and sixteene shillings alreadie payable) as also that her +Highnesse would disburse foure thousand pound in lone to the Tynners, +for a yeres space, and bee repayed in Tynne at a certaine rate. + +By the foreremembred ancient Charters, there is assigned a warden of +the Stanneries, who supplieth the place, both of a Iudge for Law, and +of a Chancellour for conscience, and so taketh hearing of causes, +either in Forma iuris, or de iure & aequo. Hee substituteth some +Gentleman in the Shire of good calling and discretion, to be his +Vice-Warden, from whom either partie, complainant or defendant, may +appeale to him, as from him (a case of rare experience) to the Lords +of the Councill, and from their Honours to her Maiesties person: +other appeale or remoouing to the common law they gaynsay. + +The Gayle for Stannery causes is kept at Lostwithiel, and that office +is annexed to the Comptrolership. + +The Tynners of the whole shire are diuided into foure quarters, two +called Moores, of the places where the Tynne is wrought, viz. Foy +moore, and Blacke moore: the other, Tiwarnaill and Penwith. To each +of these is assigned by the L. Warden, a Steward, who keepeth his +Court once in euery three weekes. They are termed Stannery Courts of +the Latine word Stannum, in English Tynne, and hold plea of whatsoeuer +action of debt or trespasse, whereto any one dealing with blacke or +white Tynne, either as plaintife or defendant, is a party. Their +maner of triall consisteth in the verdict giuen by a Iurie of sixe +Tynners, according to which the Steward pronounceth iudgement. He +that will spare credit to the common report, shall conceiue an ill +opinion touching the slippings of both witnesses and iurours +sometimes in these Courts: For it is sayd, that the witnesses haue +not sticked now and then to fatten their euidence, rather for seruing +a turne, then for manifesting a truth, and that the Iurours verdict +hath fauoured more of affection then of reason, especially, in +controuersies growne betweene strangers and some of the same parts. +And such fault-finders vouch diuers causes of this partialitie: One, +that when they are sworne, they vse to adde this word, my conscience, +as the Romans did their Ex animi mei sententia, which is suspected to +imply a conceyted enlargement of their othe: Another, that the +varietie of customes, which in euery place (welneere) differ one +from another, yeeldeth them in a maner an vnlimited [19] scope, to +auerre what they list, and so to close the best Lawyers mouth with +this one speech, Our custome Is contrary. And lastly, that they +presume upon a kind of impunity, because these sixe mens iuries fall +not within compasse of the Star-chambers censure, and yet the L. +Wardens haue now & then made the pillory punishment of some, a +spectacle, example, and warning to the residue. For mine owne part, +I can in these Tynne cases, plead but a hearesay experience, and +therefore will onely inferre, that as there is no smoke without a +fire, so commonly the smoke is far greater then the fire. Strange +it were, and not to be expected, that all poore Tynne Iurours and +witnesies, should in such a remote corner alwayes conforme themselues +to the precise rule of vprightnesse, when we see in the open light of +our public assises, so many more iudicious and substantiall persons +now and then to swarue from the same. + +In matters of important consequence, appertayning to the whole +Stannery, the L. Warden, or his Vnderwarden, vseth to impannell a +Iury of foure and twenty principall Tynners, which consist of sixe +out of euery quarter, returnable by the Maiors of the foure Stannery +townes, and whose acts doe bind the residue. + +Next to the liuelesse things, follow those which pertake a growing +life, and then a feeling. + +The women and children in the West part of Cornwall, doe vse to make +Mats of a small and fine kinde of bents there growing, which for their +warme and well wearing, are carried by sea to London and other parts +of the Realme, and serue to couer floores and wals. These bents grow +in sandy fields, and are knit from ouer the head in narrow bredths +after a strange fashion, + +Of herbes and rootes for the pot and medicine, Cornishmen enioy a like +portion in proportion with other Shires, which somewhere also +receiueth an increase by the sowing and planting of such as are +brought thither from beyond the seas. The like may bee sayd of rootes, +and sallets for the table, saue that (I suppose) Cornewall naturally +bringeth forth greater store of Seaholm and Sampire, then is found in +any other County of this Realme. The Seaholme roote preserueth eyther +in sirrup, or by canding, is accepted for a great restoratiue. Some +of the gaully grounds doe also yeeld plenty of Rosa solis. Moreouer +natures liberall hand decketh many of the sea cliffes with wilde +Hissop, Sage, Pelamountayne, Maiorum, Rosemary, and such like +well-fauouring herbes. + +In times past, the Cornish people gaue themselues principally, (and in +a maner wholly) to the seeking of Tynne, and neglected husbandry: so +as the neighbours of Deuon and Sommerset shires, hired their pastures +at a rent, and stored them with theyr owne cattell. + +As for tillage, it came farre short of feeding the Inhabitants +mouthes, who were likewise supplyed weekely at their markets from +those places, with many hundred quarters of corne and horseloades of +bread. But when the Tynneworkes began to fayle, and the people +to increase, this double necessitie draue them to play the good +husbands, and to prouide corne of their owne. Labour brought plentie, +plentie cheapnesse, and cheapnesse sought a vent beyond the seas, some +by procuring licence, and more by stealth (if at least the common +brute doe not wrong them with a slaunder) [20] so as, had not the +Imbargo with Spaine (whither most was transported) foreclosed this +trade, Cornwall was likely in few yeeres, to reape no little wealth +by the same. And yet, whosoeuer looketh into the endeauour which +the Cornish husbandman is driuen to vse about his Tillage, shall find +the trauell paineful, the time tedious, and the expences verie +chargeable. For first, about May, they cut vp all the grasse of that +ground, which must newly be broken, into Turfes, which they call +Beating. These Turfes they raise vp somewhat in the midst, that the +Wind and Sunne may the sooner drie them. The inside turned outwards +drieth more speedily, but the outside can better brooke the change of +weather. After they haue beene throughly dried, the Husbandman pileth +them in little heapes, and so burneth them to ashes. + +Then doe they bring in Sea sand, of greater or lesser quantitie, +partly after their neerenesse to the places, from which it is fetched, +and partly by the good husbandrie, and abilitie of the Tiller. An +ordinarie Horse wil carrie two sackes of Sand, and of such the +borderers on the Sea, doe bestow, 60. at least, in euerie Acre, but +most Husbands double that number. The Inland soyle requireth not so +large a proportion, and in some places, they sow it almost as thinne +as their Corne: for if they should strow the same verie thicke, the +ground would become ouer-rancke, and choke the Corne with weeds. +A little before plowing time, they scatter abroad those Beat-boroughs, +& small Sand heaps vpon the ground, which afterwards, by the Ploughes +turning downe, giue heate to the roote of the Corne. The tillable +fields are in some places so hilly, that the Oxen can hardly take sure +footing; in some so tough, that the Plough will scarcely cut them, and +in some so shelfie, that the Corne hath much adoe to fatten his roote. +The charges of this Beating, Burning, Seeding and Sanding, ordinarily +amounteth to no lesse then twentie shillings for euerie Acre: which +done, the Tiller can commonly take but two crops of wheate, and two of +Oates, and then is driuen to giue it at least seuen or eight yeres +leyre, and to make his breach elsewhere. + +Of Wheat there are two sorts, French, which is bearded, and requireth +the best soyle, recompencing the same with a profitable plentie: and +Notwheate, so termed, because it is vnbearded, contented with a meaner +earth, and contenting with a suteable gaine. + +Rye is employed onely on those worst grounds, which will beare no +Wheate. Barley is growne into great vse of late yeeres, so as now +they till a larger quantitie in one Hundred, then was in the whole +Shire before: and of this, in the deare seasons past, the poore found +happie benefit, for they were principally relieued, and the labourers +also fed, by the bread made thereof; whereas otherwise, the scarcitie +of Wheate fel out so great, that these must haue made many hungrie +meales, and those out-right haue starued. In the Westerne-most parts +of Cornwall, they carrie their Barley to the Mill, within eight or +nine weekes from the time that they sowed it; such an hastie ripening +do the bordering Seas afford. This increase of Barley tillage, hath +also amended the Cornish drinke, by conuerting that graine into +Mault, which (to the il relishing of strangers) in former times they +made onely of Oates. + +I haue beene alwayes prone to maintaine a Paradox, [21] that dearth +of corne in Cornwall (for with other Shires I will not vndertake to +meddle) so it go not accompanied with a scarcitie, is no way +preiudiciall to the good of the Countrie; and I am induced thus to +thinke, for the reasons ensuing: There are no two trades, which set +so many hands on worke, at all times of the yeere, as that one of +Tillage. The Husbandman finding profit herein, is encouraged to +bestow paines and charges, for enclosing and dressing of waste +grounds, which therethrough afterwardes become also good for pasture. +With the readie money, gotten by his weekely selling of corne, he +setteth the Artificer on worke, who were better to buy deare bread, +being but a part of his meate, and which he counteruaileth againe, by +raising the price of his ware, then to sit idly, knocking his heeles +against the wall. Their obiection, who feare least the transporting +of much away, will leaue too little at home, I answere with this +observation: When the price of corne falleth, men generally giue ouer +surplus Tillage, and breake no more ground, then will seme to +supplie their owne turne: the rest, they imploy in grazing, +wherethrough it falleth out, that an ill kerned or saued Haruest, +soone emptieth their old store, & leaueth them in necessity, to seeke new +reliefe from other places. Whereas on the other side, if through +hope of vent, they hold on their larger tillage, this retaineth one +yeeres prouision vnder-hand, to fetch in another, which vpon such +occasions, may easily bee left at home: and of this, what Cornishman +is there, that hath not seene the experience ? + +For Fruites, both wild, as Whurts, Strawberies, and Raspies, and +longing to the Orchard, as Peares, Plums, Peareplummes, Cherries, +Mulberies, Chessenuts, and Walnuts, though the meaner sort come +short, the Gentlemen step not farre behind those of other parts; many +of them conceiuing like delight to grasse and plant, and the soyle +yeelding it selfe as ready to receyue and foster. Yet one speciall +priuiledge, which the neerenesse to the South, the fitnesse of some +grounds standing vpon lyme stones, the wel growing of Vines, and the +pleasant taste of their Grapes, doe seeme to graunt, I haue not +hitherto knowne by any to bee put in practise, and that is, the +making of Wines: the triall would require little cost, and (perhaps) +requite it with great aduantage. + +For fewell, there groweth generally in all parts great store of furze, +of which the shrubby sort is called tame, the better growne French, & +in some, good quantitie of Broome. The East quarters of the Shire are +not destitute of Copswoods, nor they of (almost) an intolerable price: +but in most of the West, either nature hath denyed that commodity, or +want of good husbandry lost it. Their few parcels yet preserued, are +principally imployed to coaling, for blowing of Tynne. This lacke they +supply, either by Stone cole, fetched out of Wales, or by dried +Turfes, some of which are also conuerted into coale, to serue the +Tynners turne. + +Timber hath in Cornwall, as in other places, taken an vniuersall +downefall, which the Inhabitants begin now, and shall heereafter rue +more at leisure: Shipping, howsing, and vessell, haue bred this +consumption: neither doth any man (welnere) seek to repayre so +apparant and important a decay. As for the statute Standles, +commonly called Hawketrees, the breach of the sea, & force of the +weather doe so pare and gall them, that they can [22] passe vnder no +better title then scar-crowes. + +Among creatures of a breathing life, I will only note such as minister +some particular cause of remembrance. + +Touching venimous Wormes, Cornwall can plead no such Charter of +natures exemption, as Ireland. The countrey people retaine a +conceite, that the Snakes, by their breathing about a hazell wand, +doe make a stone ring of blew colour, in which there appeareth the +yellow figure of a Snake, & that beasts which are stung, being giuen +to drink of the water wherein this stone hath bene socked, will +therethrough recouer. There was such a one bestowed on me, and the +giuer auowed to haue seene a part of the stick sticking in it: but +Penes authorem sit sides. + +This mention of Snakes, called to my remembrance, how not long since, +a merry Cornish Gentleman tryed that old fable to be no fable, which +sheweth the dangerous entertayning of such a ghest. For he hauing +gotten one of that kind, and broken out his teeth (wherein consisteth +his venome) used to carrie him about in his bosome, to set him to his +mouth, to make him licke his spittle, & when he came among +Gentlewomen, would cast him out suddenly, to put them in feare: but +in the end, their vaine dread proued safer then his foole-hardinesse: +for as he once walked alone, and was kissing this gentle playfellow, +the Snake in good earnest, with a stumpe, either newly growne vp, or +not fully pulled out, bit him fast by the tongue, which therewith +began so to rankle and swell, that by the time hee had knocked this +foule player on the head, & was come to his place of abode, his mouth +was scarce able to contayne it. Fayne was he therefore to shew his +mishap, and by gestures to craue ayd in earnest of the Gentlewomen, +whom hee had aforetime often scared in sport. + +Of all maner vermine, Cornish houses are most pestred with Rats, a +brood very hurtfull for deuouring of meat, clothes, and writings by +day; and alike cumbersome through their crying and ratling, while +they daunce their gallop gallyards in the roofe at night. + +Strangers, at their first comming into the West parts, doe complayne +that they are visited with the slowe sixe-legged walkers, and yet the +cleanely home-borne finde no such annoyance. It may proceed from +some lurking naturall effect of the Climate; as wee read, that the +trauailers who passe the Equinoctiall, doe there lose this manlike +hunting vermine, and vpon their returne recouer them againe. + +The other beastes which Cornwall breedeth, serue either for Venerie, +or meate, or necessary vses. Beastes of Venery persecuted for their +case, or dammage feasance, are Marternes, Squirrels, Foxes, Badgers, +and Otters. Profitable for skinne and flesh, Hares, Conies and Deere. +The Foxe planteth his dwelling in the steep cliffes by the sea side; +where he possesseth holds, so many in number, so daungerous for +accesse, and so full of windings, as in a maner it falleth out a +matter impossible to disseyze him of this his ancient inheritance. +True it is, that sometime when he marcheth abroad on forraying, to +reuittaile his Male pardus, the Captaine hunters, discouering his +sallies by their Espyal, doe lay their souldier-like Hounds, his +borne enemies, in ambush betweene him and home, and so with Har and +Tue pursue him to the death. Then master Reignard ransacketh euery +corner of his wily [23] skonce, and besturreth the vtmost of his +nimble stumps to quite his coate from their iawes. He crosseth +brookes, to make them lose the sent, he slippeth into couerts, to +steale out of sight, he casteth and coasteth the countrie, to get the +start of the way; and if hee be so met, as he find himselfe +ouermatched, he abideth, and biddeth them battell, first sending the +myre of his tayle against their eyes, in lieu of shot, and then +manfully closing at hand-blowes, with the sword of his teeth, not +forgetting yet, the whiles, to make an honourable retraict, with his +face still turned towardes the enemie: by which meanes, hauing once +recouered his fortresse, he then gives the Fico, to all that his +aduersaries can by siedge, force, myne, sword, assault, or famine, +attempt against him. + +The Otters, though one in kind, haue yet two seuerall places of haunt: +some keepe the Cliffes, and there breede, and feede on Sea-fish, +others liue in the fresh ryuers, and trade not so farre downe, who +being lesse stored with prouision, make bold now and then to visite +the land, and to breake their fast upon the good-mans Lambs, or the +good-wiues pultrie. + +Of Conies, there are here and there some few little Warrens, scantly +worth the remembring. + +Cornwall was stored not long since with many Parkes of fallow Deere. +But king Henrie the eight being perswaded (as it is said) by Sir +Richard Pollard, that those belonging to the Duke, could steed him +with little pleasure in so remote a part, and would yeeld him good +profit, if they were leased out at an improoued rent, did condiscend +to their disparking. So foure of them tooke a fall together, to wit, +Cary bullock, Liskerd, Restormel and Lanteglos. Howbeit,this good +husbandrie came short of the deuisers promise, and the Kings +expectation: wherethrough the one was shent for the attempt, and +the other discontented with the effect. Notwithstanding, as Princes +examples are euer taken for warrantable precedents to the subiect: so +most of the Cornish Gentlemen preferring gaine to delight, or making +gaine their delight, shortly after followed the like practise, and +made their Deere leape over the Pale to giue the bullockes place. + +Parkes yet remaining, are in East Hundred, Poole, Sir Ionathan +Trelawneys: newly reuiued, Halton, M. Rouses, lately impaled: and +Newton, M. Coringtons, almost decayed. In West Hundred, Boconnock, +Sir Reginald Mohuns. In Powder Hundred, Caryhayes, M.Treuamons. +In Stratton Launcels, M. Chamonds. In Kerier Hundred, Trela warren, +M. Viruans: and Merther, M. Reskymers. + +Red Deere, this Shire breedeth none, but onely receiueth such, as in +the Summer season raunge thither out of Deuon: to whome the Gentlemen +bordering on their haunt, afford so course entertainment, that +without better pleading their heeles, they are faine to deliuer vp +their carcases for a pledge, to answer their trespasses. + +Beastes seruing for meate onely, or Pigs, Goates, Sheepe, and Rother +cattell. For meate, draught, and plowing, Oxen: for carriage, and +riding, horses: for gard, attendance, and pleasure, Dogs of sundrie +sorts. + +What time the Shire, through want of good manurance, lay waste and +open, the Sheepe had generally [24] little bodies, and course +fleeces, so as their Wooll bare no better name, then of Cornish +hayre, and for such hath (from all auncientie) beene transported, +without paying custome. But since the grounds began to receiue +enclosure and dressing for Tillage, the nature of the soyle hath +altered to a better graine, and yeeldeth nourishment in greater +aboundance, and goodnesse, to the beastes that pasture thereupon: +So as, by this meanes (and let not the owners commendable industrie, +turne to their surcharging preiudice, least too soone they grow +wearie of well-doing) Cornish Sheepe come but little behind the +Easterne flockes, for bignes of mould, finenesse of Wooll often +breeding, speedie fatting, and price of sale, and in my conceyte +equall, if not exceede them in sweetnesse of taste, and freedome from +rottennesse and such other contagions. As for their number, while +euerie dweller hath some, though none keepe many, it may summe the +totall to a iolly rate. Most of the Cornish sheepe haue no hornes, +whose wool is finer in qualitie, as that of the horned more in +quantitie: yet, in some places of the Countie there are that carrie +foure hornes. + +The Deuon and Somersetshire grasiers, feede yeerely great droues of +Cattell in the North quarter of Cornwall, and vtter them at home, +which notwithstanding, Beefe, Whitfull, Leather or Tallow, beare not +any extraordinarie price in this Countie, beyond the rate of other +places: and yet, the oportunitie of so many Hauens, tempteth the +Marchants (I doubt me, beyond their power of resistaunce) now and +then to steale a transportation, and besides, vttereth no smal +quantitie for the reuitailing of weather-driuen shippes. Some +Gentlemen suffer their beastes to runne wilde, in their Woods and +waste grounds, where they are hunted and killed with Crossebowes, +and Peeces, in the maner of Deere, and by their fiercenesse, and +warinesse, seeme to haue put on a part of the others nature. Each +Oxe hath his seuerall name, vpon which the driuers call aloud, both +to direct and giue them courage as they are at worke. + +The Cornish horses, commonly are hardly bred, coursely fed, low of +stature, quicke in trauell, and (after their growth and strength) +able inough for continuance: which sort proue most seruiceable for a +rough and hilly Countrie. But verie few of them (through the owners, +fault) retaine long this their naturall goodnesse. For after two +yeeres age, they vse them to carrie sackes of Sand, which boweth +downe, and weakneth their backes, and the next Summer they are +imployed in harrowing, which marreth their pace. Two meanes that so +quaile also their stomackes, and abate their strength, as the first +rider findeth them ouer-broken to his hands. Howbeit now, from +naught, they are almost come to nought: For since the Statute 12. of +Henry the eight, which enableth eueri man to seize vpon horses that +pastured in Commons, if they were vnder a certaine sise, the Sherifes +officers, reckoning themselues specially priuiledged to poll in their +masters yeere, haue of late times, whether by his commandement, or +sufferance, accustomed to driue those waste grounds, and to seize +on those not voluntarie statute-breaking Tits, so as nature denying a +great harace, and these carrying away the little, it resteth, that +hereafter, not the dammes Foale, but the dames Trotters, be trusted +vnto, This consideration [25] hath made me entertain a conceite, that +ordinarie Husbandmen should doe well to quit breeding of Horses, and +betake themselves to Moyles: for that is a beast, which will fare +hardly, liue verie long, drawe indifferently well, and carrie great +burdens, and hath also a pace swift, and easie enough, for their Mill +and market seruice. By which meanes, looke what is abated from the +vsuall number of Hacknies, should (with a gainefull recompence) be +added to their goodnes: and hereof this quarter hath alreadie taken +some experiment. For, not long sithence, it hapned that one brought +ouer an hee Asse, from France, because of the strangenesse of the +beast (as euerie thing where it comes first, serves for a wonder) +who following his kind, begat many monsters, viz. Moyles, and for +monsters indeed, the Countrie people admired them, yea, some were so +wise, as to knocke on the head, or giue away this issue of his race, +as vncouth mongrels. + +Amongst living things on the land, after Beastes, follow Birds, who +seeke harbour on the earth at night, though the ayre bee the greatest +place of their haunt by day. + +Of tame Birds, Cornwall hath Doues, Geese, Ducks, Peacockes, Ginney +duckes, China geese, Barbarie hennes, and such like. + +Of wild, Quaile, Raile, Partridge, Fesant, Plouer, Snyte, Wood-doue, +Heathcocke, Powte, &c. + +But, amongst all the rest, the Inhabitants are most beholden to the +Woodcockes, who (when the season of the yeere affordeth) flocke to +them in great aboundance. They arriue first on the North-coast, where +almost euerie hedge serveth for a Roade, and euerie plashoote for +Springles to take them. From whence, as the moyst places which +supplie them food, beginne to freeze vp, they draw towards those in +the South coast, which are kept more open by the Summers neerer +neighbourhood: and when the Summers heate (with the same effect from +a contrarie cause) drieth vp those plashes, nature and necessitie +guide their returne to the Northern wetter soyle againe. + +Of Hawkes, there are Marlions, Sparhawkes, Hobbies, and somewhere +Lannards. As for the Sparhawk, though shee serue to flie little +aboue sixe weekes in the yeere, and that onely at the Partridge, +where the Faulkner and Spanels must also now and then spare her +extraordinarie assistance; yet both Cornish and Deuonshire men employ +so much trauaile in seeking, watching, taking, manning, nusling, +dieting, curing, bathing, carrying, and mewing them, as it must +needes proceede from a greater folly, that they cannot discerne +their folly herein. To which you may adde, their busie, dangerous, +discourteous, yea, and sometimes despiteful stealing one from another +of the Egges and young ones, who, if they were allowed to aire +naturally, and quietly, there would bee store sufficient, to kill +not onely the Partridges, but euen all the good-huswiues Chickens +in a Countrie. + +Of singing Birds, they haue Lynnets, Goldfinches, Ruddockes, Canarie +birds, Blacke-birds, Thrushes, and diuers other; but of Nightingals, +few, or none at all, whether through some naturall antipathie, +betweene them and the soyle (as Plinie writeth, that Crete fostereth +not any Owles, nor Rhodes Eagles, nor Larius lacus in Italy Storkes) +or rather for that the Country is generally [26] bare of couert and +woods, which they affect, I leaue to be discussed by others. + +Not long sithence, there came a flocke of Birds into Cornwall, about +Haruest season, in bignesse not much exceeding a Sparrow, which made +a foule spoyle of the Apples. Their bils were thwarted crosse-wise +at the end, and with these they would cut an Apple in two, at one +snap, eating onely the kernels. It was taken at first, for a +forboden token, and much admired, but, soone after, notice grew, +that Glocester Shire, and other Apple Countries, haue them an +ouer-familiar harme. + +In the West parts of Cornwall, during the Winter season, Swallowes +are found sitting in old deepe Tynne-workes, and holes of the sea +Cliffes: but touching their lurking places, Olaus Magnus maketh a +farre stranger report. For he saith, that in the North parts of the +world, as Summer weareth out, they clap mouth to mouth, wing to wing, +and legge in legge, and so after a sweete singing, fall downe into +certaine great lakes or pooles amongst the Canes, from whence at the +next Spring, they receiue a new resurrection; and hee addeth for +proofe hereof, that the Fishermen, who make holes in the Ice, to dip +vp such fish with their nets, as resort thither for breathing, doe +sometimes light on these Swallowes, congealed in clods, of a slymie +substance, and that carrying them home to their Stoues, the warmth +restoreth them to life and flight: this I haue seene confirmed also, +by the relation of a Venetian Ambassadour, employed in Poland, and +heard auowed by trauaylers in those parts: Wherethrough I am induced +to giue it a place of probabilitie in my mind, and of report in this +treatise. + +After hauing thus laid open euerie particular of the land, naturall +order leadeth my next labour, to bee imployed about the water, and +the things incident thereunto: the water I seuer into fresh and salt. + +Touching fresh Water, euerie hill wel-neere sendeth forth plentifull, +fresh, cleare and pleasant springs, profitable for moystning the +ground, and wholesome for mans vse, & diuers by running through +veines of Mettals, supposed also medicinable for sundrie diseases; +of which more in their particular places. These springs, (as +seuerall persons assembling, make a multitude) take aduantage of the +falling grounds, to vnite in a greater strength, and beget Ryuers, +which yet are more in number, and swifter in course, then deepe in +bottome, or extended in largenesse. For they worke out their bed +through an earth, full of Rockes and stones, suting therethrough, +the nature onely of some speciall fishes, of which kind are, Minowes, +Shoats, Eeles, and Lampreys. The rest are common to other Shires, +but the Shote in a maner peculiar to Deuon and Cornwall: in shape +and colour he resembleth the Trowt: howbeit in bignesse and +goodnesse, commeth farre behind him. His baites are flies and +Tag-wormes, which the Cornish English terme Angle-touches. Of the +Ryuers and Hauens which they make, occasion will be ministred vs to +speake particularly in the next booke; and therefore it shall +suffice to name the chiefest here in generall, which are on the +South coast: Tamer, Tauy, Liner, Seaton, Loo, Foy, +Fala, Lo. On the North, Camel, Halae. + +Of fresh water Ponds, either cast out by nature, or wrought out by +Art, Cornwall is stored with verie few, though the site of so many +narrow vallies offereth [27] many, with the onely charge of raysing +an head. But the Oceans plentifull beames darken the affecting of +this pettie starlight: touching whose nature and properties, for his +saltnesse in taste, strength in bearing, course in ebbing and flowing, +the effects are so well knowne to the vulgar, as they need not any +particular relation; and the causes so controuersed amongst the +learned, as it passeth mine abilitie to moderate the question: onely +this I will note, that somewhat before a tempest, if the sea-water +bee slashed with a sticke or Oare, the same casteth a bright shining +colour, and the drops thereof resemble sparckles of fire, as if the +waues were turned into flames, which the Saylers terme Briny. + +Amongst other commodities affoorded by the sea, the Inhabitants make +vse of diuers his creekes, for griste-milles, by thwarting a bancke +from side to side, in which a floud-gate is placed with two leaues: +these the flowing tyde openeth, and after full sea, the waight of the +ebbe closeth fast, which no other force can doe: and so the +imprisoned water payeth the ransome of dryuing an under-shoote wheele +for his enlargement. + +Ilands, S. Nicholas in the mouth of Plymmouth, S. George before Loo, +S. Michaels Mount, and the Ilies of Scilley. + +Hauens on the South coast there are, Plymmouth, Loo, Foy, Falmouth, +Helford, and the Rode of Mounts bay. On the North, S. Ies, and +Padstowe, of which more hereafter. + +Diuers of these are dayly much endammaged by the earth which the +Tynners cast up in their working, and the rayne floods wash downe +into the riuers, from whence it is discharged in the hauens, and +shouldreth the sea out of his ancient possession, or at least, +encrocheth vpon his depth. To remedy this, an Act of Parliament was +made 23. H. 8. that none should labour in Tynneworks, neere the Deuon +and Cornish hauens: but whether it aymed not at the right cause, or +hath not taken his due execution, little amendement appeareth thereby +for the present, and lesse hope may be conceyued for the future. + +Yet this earth being through such meanes conuerted into sand, +enricheth the husbandman equally with that of Pactolus: for after +the sea hath seasoned it with his salt and fructifying moysture, his +waves worke vp to the shore a great part thereof (together with more +of his owne store, grated from the cliffes) and the Tillers, some by +Barges and Boats, others by horses and waines, doe fetch it, & +therewith dresse their grounds. This sand is of diuers kindes, +colours, and goodnesse: the kinds, some bigger, some lesser; some +hard, some easie. The colours are answerable to the next Cliffes. +The goodnesse increaseth as it is taken farther out of the Sea. + +Some haue also vsed to carry vp into their grounds the Ose or salt +water mudde, and found good profit thereby, though not equalling the +sand. + +To this purpose also serueth Orewood, which is a weed either growing +vpon the rockes vnder high water marke, or broken from the bottome of +the sea by rough weather, and cast vpon the next shore by the wind +and flood. The first sort is reaped yeerely, and thereby bettereth +in quantity and qualitie: the other must be taken when the first tyde +bringeth it, or else the next [28] change of wind will carry it away. +His vse serueth for barly land. Some accustomed to burne it on heapes +in pits at the cliffe side, and so conuerted the same to a kind of +wood, but the noysome sauour hath cursed it out of the countrey. This +Floteore is now and then found naturally formed like rufs, combs, and +such like: as if the sea would equall vs in apparel, as it resembleth +the land for all sorts of liuing creatures. + +The sea strond is also strowed with sundry fashioned & coloured shels, +of so diuersified and pretty workmanship, as if nature were for her +pastime disposed to shew her skil in trifles. With these are found, +moreouer, certaine Nuts, somewhat resembling a sheepes kidney, saue +that they are flatter: the outside consisteth of a hard darke +coloured rinde: the inner part, of a kernell voyd of any taste, but +not so of vertue, especially for women trauayling in childbirth, if +at least, old wiues tales may deserue any credit. If I become +blame-worthy in speaking of such toyes, Scipio and Lelius shall serue +for my patrons, who helde it no shame to spend time in their +gathering. + +But to carie you from these trifles, you shall vnderstand, that +Cornewall is stored with many sorts of shipping, (for that terme is +the genus to them all) namely, they haue Cock-boats for passengers, +Sayn-boats for taking of Pilcherd, Fisher-boates for the coast, +Barges for sand, Lighters for burthen, and Barkes and Ships for +trafficke: of all which seuerally to particularize, were consectari +minutias, and therefore I will omit to discourse of them, or of the +wrackes proceeding from them, to their great dammage, and the finders +petty benefit, to whom, he that inioyeth the Admirals right, by the +common custome alloweth a moytie for his labour. + +But though I shunne tediousnesse herein, I feare lest I shal breede +you Nauseam, while I play the fishmonger: and yet, so large a +commoditie may not passe away in silence. I will therefore, with what +briefnes I can, shew you, what they are, when they come, where they +haunt, with what baite they may be trayned, with what engine taken, +and with what dressing saued. + +Herein we will first begin with the Peall, Trowt, and Sammon, because +they partake of both salt and fresh water, breeding in the one, and +liuing in the other. + +The Trowte and Peall come from the Sea, betweene March and Midsummer, +and passe vp into the fresh ryuers, to shed their spawne. They are +mostly taken with a hooke-net, made like the Easterne Weelyes, which +is placed in the stickellest part of the streame (for there the fish +chiefely seeketh passage) and kept abroad with certaine hoopes, hauing +his smaller end fastened against the course of the water, and his +mouth open to receiue the fish, while he fareth vp by night. + +The Sammons principal accesse, is betweene Michaelmas and Christmas: +for then, and not before, the ryuers can afford them competent depth. +A time forbidden to take them in, by the Statute thirteene of Richard +the second: but if they should bee allowed this priuiledge in +Cornwall, the Inhabitants might vtterly quit all hope of good by them, +for the rest of the yeere. They are refettest (that is fattest) at +their first comming from the Sea, and passe vp as high as any water +can carrie them, to spawne the more safely, and, to that end, take +aduantage of the great raynie flouds. After Christmas, [29] they +returne to the Sea, altogether spent & out of season, whome, as the +spring time commeth on, their fry doe follow: and it hath beene +obserued, that they (as also the Trowt and Peall) haunt the same +ryuers where they first were bred. Vpon the North coast, and to the +Westwards of Foy, few or none are taken, either through those ryuers +shallownesse, or their secret dislike. To catch them, sundrie deuices +are put in practise: one is, with the hooke and line, where they vse +Flies for their baite: another, with the Sammons speare, a weapon like +Neptunes Mace, bearded at the points. With this, one standeth +watching in the darke night, by the deepe pooles, where the Sammons +worke their bed for spawning, while another maketh light with a waze +of reed. The Sammon naturally resorteth to the flame, playing in and +out, and therethrough is discerned, strooken and drawne on land by a +cord fastened to the speare. The third and more profitable meanes of +their taking, is by hutches. A head of Fagots, or stones, is made +acrosse the ryuer, and his greatest part let out, through a square +roome therein, whose vpper side giueth passage to the water by a +grate, but denieth it to the fish, and the lower admitteth his entrie, +thorow certaine thicke laths, couched slope-wise one against another, +but so narrowly, as he can find no way of returne, while the streame +tosseth him hither and thither, and the laths ends gall him, if he +stumble on the place. + +They vse also to take Sammons and Trowts, by groping, tickling them +vnder the bellies, in the Pooles where they houer, vntill they lay +hold on them with their hands, & so throw them on land. Touching +these, one scribling of the ryuer Lyner, rymed as ensueth: + + + THE store-house of Sunnes cheuisance, + The clocke whose measures time doth dance, + The Moones vassall, the Lord of chance, + Oceanus + + Ere yeeres compasse his circle end, + From hugie bosome, where they wend, + His scaly broode to greete doth send, + His wife Tellus. + + Some haile but with the coasting shore, + Some multiplie the Harbours store, + Some farre into the ryuers bore, + Amongst the rest. + + A threefold rowt, of Argus hew, + Kind to encrease, foes to eschew, + With Lyners supple mantle blew, + Themselves reuest. + + What time, enricht by Phoebus rayes, + The Alder his new wealth displayes (*) + Of budded groates, and welcome payes + Vnto the Spring. + + The Trowts, of middle growth begin, + And eygall peizd, twixt either finne, + At wonted hoste Dan Lyners Inne, + Take their lodging. + + Next, as the dayes vp early rise, + In com's the Peall, whose smaller sise, + In his more store, and oft supplies, + A praise doth find. + + Laftly, the Sammon, king of fish, + Fils with good cheare the Christmas dish, + Teaching that season must relish + Each in his kind. + + +(*) It is said that the fish cometh, when the Alder + leafe is growne to the breadth of a groate. + +[30] + + And of the Sammon in particular. + + NOW to the Sammon, king of fish, a trice, + Against whose slate, both skill and will conspire, + Paine brings the fewell, and gaine blowes the fire, + That hand may execute the heads deuice. + Some build his house, but his thence issue barre, + Some make his meashie bed, but reaue his rest: + Some giue him meate, but leaue it not disgest, + Some tickle him, but are from pleasing farre. + Another troope com's in with fire and sword, + Yet cowardly, close counterwaite his way, + And where he doth in streame, mistrustlesse play, + Vail'd with nights robe, they stalke the shore aboord. + One offers him the daylight in a waze, + As if darknesse alone contriued wiles: + But new Neptune, his mate, at land, the whiles, + With forked Mace, deere school's his foolish gaze. + Poore Fish, not praying, that are made a pray, + And at thy natiue home find'st greatest harme, + Though dread warne, swiftnesse guide, and strength thee arme, + Thy neerenesse, greatnesse, goodnesse, thee betray. + + +In the Hauens, great store, and diuers sorts of fish, some at one +time of the yeere, and some at another, doe haunt the depthes and +shallowes, while the lesser flie the greater, and they also are +pursued by a bigger, each preying one vpon another, and all of them +accustoming, once in the yeere, to take their kind of the fresh +water. They may be diuided into three kinds, shell, flat, and round +fish. Of shell fish, there are Wrinkles, Limpets, Cockles, Muscles, +Shrimps, Crabs, Lobsters, and Oysters. + +Of flat fish, Rayes, Thorn-backes, Soles, Flowkes, Dabs, Playces. + +Of round fish, Brit, Sprat, Barne, Smelts, Whiting, Scad, Chad, +Sharkes, Cudles, Eeles, Conger, Basse, Millet, Whirlepole, and +Porpose. The generall way of killing these (that is the Fishermans +bloudie terme, for this cold-blouded creature) is by Weares, Hakings, +Saynes, Tuckes, and Tramels. + +The Weare is a frith, reaching slope-wise through the Ose, from the +land to low water marke, and hauing in it, a bunt or cod with an +eye-hooke, where the fish entering, vpon their coming backe with the +ebbe, are stopped from issuing out againe, forsaken by the water, +and left drie on the Ose. + +For the Haking, certaine Stakes are pitched in the Ose at low water, +athwart from Creeke, from shore to shore, to whose feete they fasten +a Net, and at ful-sea draw the vpper part thereof to their stops, +that the fish may not retire with the ebb, but be taken, as in the +Weares. + +The Sayne is a net, of about fortie fathome in length, with which +they encompasse a part of the Sea, and drawe the same on land by two +ropes, fastned at his ends, together with such fish, as lighteth +within his precinct. + +The Tucke carrieth a like fashion, saue that it is narrower meashed, +and (therefore scarce lawfull) with a long bunt in the midst: the +Tramell differeth not much from the shape of this bunt, and serueth +to such vse as the Weare and Haking. + +[31] + +The particular taking of sundrie kinds of fishes, is almost as diuers +as themselues. Wrinckles, Limpets, Cockles, and Muscles, are +gathered by hand, vpon the rockes and sands. Many of the Crabs +breede in the shels of Cockles, and of the Lobsters in those of +Wrinckles, as my selfe haue seene: being growne, they come forth, and +liue in holes of Rockes, from whence, at low water, they are dragged +out, by a long crooke of yron. + +The Shrimps are dipped vp in shallow water by the shore side, with +little round nets, fastned to a staffe, not much unlike that which is +used for daring of Larkes. + +The Ostyers (besides gathering by hand, at a great ebb) haue a +peculiar dredge, which is a thick strong net, fastned to three spils +of yron, and drawne at the boates sterne, gathering whatsoeuer it +meeteth, lying in the bottome of the water, out of which, when it is +taken vp, they cull the Oysters, and cast away the residue, which +they terme gard, and serueth as a bed for the Oysters to breed in. +It is held, that there are of them male, and female. The female, +about May, and Iune, haue in them a certaine kind of milke, which +they then shead, and whereof the Oyster is engendered. The little +ones, at first, cleaue in great numbers, to their mothers shell, +from whence, waxing bigger, they weane themselues, and towards +Michaelmas, fall away. The Countrie people long retained a conceit, +that in Summer time they weare out of kind (as indeed the milkie are) +but some Gentlemen making experiment of the contrarie, began to eate +them at all seasons, wherethrough, by spending them oftner and in +greater quantitie, by spoyling the little ones, and by casting away +the vnseasonable, there ensued a scarcitie, which scarcitie brought a +dearth, the dearth bred a sparing, and the sparing restored a plenty +againe. They haue a propertie, though taken out of the water, to +open against the flood time, and to close vpon the ebbe, or before, +if they bee touched, the which, not long sithence occasioned a +ridiculous chaunce, while one of them through his sodaine Shutting, +caught in his owne defence, three yong Mice by the heads, that of +malice prepensed, had conspired to deuoure him, and so trebled the +valour of the cleft block, which griped Milo by the hands. + +Nature hath strowed the shore with such plenty of these shel-fishes, +as thereby shee warranteth the poore from dread of staruing: for +euery day they may gather sufficient to preserue their life, though +not to please their appetite, which, ordinarie with vs, was +miraculous to the Rochellers in their siedge 1572. + +After Shel-fish succeedeth the free-fish, so termed, because he +wanteth this shelly bulwarke. + +Amongst these, the Flowk, Sole and Playce follows the tyde up into +the fresh riuers, where, at low water, the Countri people find them +by treading, as they wade to seeke them, and so take them vp with +their hands. They vse also to poche them with an instrument somewhat +like the Sammon-speare. + +Of Eeles there are two sorts: the one Valsen, of best taste, coming +from the fresh riuers, when the great raine floods after September +doe breake their beds, and carry them into the sea: the other, bred +in the salt water, & called a Conger Eele, which afterwards, as his +bignes increaseth, ventreth out into the maine Ocean, & is +enfranchised a Burgesse of that vast common wealth: but in harbor +they are taken mostly by Spillers made of a cord, [32] many fathoms +in length, to which diuers lesser and shorter are tyed at a little +distance, and to each of these a hooke is fastened with bayt: this +Spiller they sincke in the sea where those Fishes haue their +accustomed haunt, and the next morning take it vp againe with the +beguiled fish. + +For catching of Whiting and Basse, they vse a thred, so named, +because it consisteth of a long smal lyne with a hooke at the end, +which the Fisherman letteth slip out of his hand by the Boat side to +the bottom of the water, and feeling the fish caught by the sturring +of the lyne, draweth it vp againe with his purchase. The Porposes +are shaped very bigge and blacke. These chase the smaller schoels of +fish from the mayne sea into the hauens, leaping vp and downe in the +water, tayle after top, and one after another, puffing like a fat +lubber out of breath, and following the fish with the flood, so long +as any depth will serue to bear them; by which means they are +sometimes intercepted: for the Borderers watching vntill they be past +farre vp into some narrow creeke, get belowe them with their Boats, +and cast a strong corded net athwart the streame, with which, and +their lowd and continuall showting and noyse making, they fray and +stop them from retyring, vntill the ebbe haue abandoned them to the +hunters mercy, who make short worke with them, and (by an olde +custome) share them amongst all the assistants with such +indifferencie, as if a woman with child bee present, the babe in her +wombe is gratified with a portion: a poynt also obserued by the +Speare-hunters in taking of Sammons. + +Now from within harbour, we will launch out into the deepe, and see +what luck of fish God there shall send vs, which (so you talke not of +Hares or such vncouth things, for that proues as ominous to the +fisherman, as the beginning a voyage on the day when Childermas day +fell, doth to the Mariner) may succeed very profitable: for the coast +is plentifully stored, both with those foreremembred, enlarged to a +bigger size, & diuers other, as namely of shel-fish, Sea-hedge-hogs, +Scallops & Sheath-fish. Of fat, Brets, Turbets, Dories, Holybut. +Round, Pilcherd, Herring, Pollock, Mackrell, Gurnard, Illeck, Tub, +Breame, Oldwife, Hake, Dogfish, Lounp, Cunner, Rockling, Cod, Wrothe, +Becket, Haddock, Guilt-head, Rough-hound, Squary Scad, Seale, Tunny, +and many others, quos nunc, &c. + +The Sheath, or Rasor-fish, resembleth in length and bignesse a mans +finger, and in taste, the Lobster, but reputed of greater restoratiue. + +The Sea-hedge-hogge, of like or more goodnesse, is enclosed in a +round shell, fashioned as a loafe of bread, handsomely wrought and +pincked, and guarded by an vtter skinne full of prickles, as the +land Vrchin. But the least fish in bignes, greatest for gaine, and +most in number, is the Pilcherd: they come to take their kind of the +fresh (as the rest) betweene haruest and Alhallon-tyde, and were wont +to pursue the Brit, vpon which they feede, into the hauens, but are +now forestalled on the coast by the Drouers and Sayners. The Drouers +hang certaine square nets athwart the tyde, thorow which the schoell +of Pilchard passing, leaue many behind intangled in the meashes. +When the nets are so filled, the Drouers take them up, clense them, +and let them fall againe. + +The Sayners complayne with open mouth, that [33] these drouers worke +much preiudice to the Commonwealth of fishermen, and reape thereby +small gaine to themselues; for (say they) the taking of some few, +breaketh and scattereth the whole schoels, and frayeth them from +approaching the shore: neither are those thus taken, marchantable, +by reason of their brusing in the meash. Let the crafts-masters +decide the controuersie. + +The Sayne, is in fashion, like that within harbour, but of a farre +larger proportion. To each of these, there commonly belong three or +foure boates, carrying about sixe men apeece: with which, when the +season of the yeere and weather serueth, they lie houering upon the +coast, and are directed in their worke, by a Balker, or Huer, who +standeth on the Cliffe side, and from thence, best discerneth the +quantitie and course of the Pilcherd: according whereunto, hee +cundeth (as they call it) the Master of each boate (who hath his eye +still fixed upon him) by crying with a lowd voice, whistling through +his fingers, and wheazing certing diuersified and significant signes, +with a bush, which hee holdeth in his hand. At his appointment they +cast out their Net, draw it to either hand, as the Schoell lyeth, +or fareth, beate with their Oares to keepe in the Fish, and at last, +either close and tucke it vp in the Sea, or draw the same on land, +with more certaine profit, if the ground bee not rough of rockes. +After one companie haue thus shot their Net, another beginneth behind +them, and so a third, as opportunitie serueth. Being so taken, some, +the Countrie people, who attend with their horses and paniers at the +Cliffes side, in great numbers, doe buy and carrie home, the larger +remainder, is by the Marchant, greedily and speedily seized vpon. + +They are saued three maner of wayes: by fuming, pressing, or +pickelling. For euery of which, they are first salted and piled vp +row by row in square heapes on the ground in some celler, which they +terme, Bulking, where they so remaine for fome ten daies, vntil the +superfluous moysture of the bloud and salt be soked from them: +which accomplished, they rip the bulk, and saue the residue of the +salt for another like seruice. Then those which are to be ventred +for Fraunce, they pack in staunch hogsheads, so to keepe them in +their pickle. Those that serue for the hotter Countries of Spaine +and Italie, they vsed at first to fume, by hanging them vp on long +sticks one by one, in a house built for the nonce, & there drying +them with the smoake of a soft and continuall fire, from whence they +purchased the name of Fumados: but now, though the terme still +remaine, that trade is giuen ouer: and after they haue bene ripped +out of the bulk, reffed vpon sticks, & washed, they pack them orderly +in hogsheads made purposely leake, which afterward they presse with +great waights, to the end the traine may soke from them into a +vessell placed in the ground to receyue it. + +In packing, they keepe a iust tale of the number that euery hogshead +contayneth, which otherwise may turne to the Marchants preiudice: +for I haue heard, that when they are brought to the place of sale, +the buyer openeth one hogs-head at aduentures; and if hee finde the +same not to answere the number figured on the outside, hee abateth a +like proportion in euery other, as there wanted in that. The trayne +is well solde, as imployed to diuers vses, and welneere acquiteth the +cost in sauing, and the sauing setteth almost an infinite [34] number +of women and children on worke, to their great aduantage: for they +are allowed a peny for euery lasts carriage (a last is ten thousand) +and as much for bulking, washing, and packing them, whereby a lusty +huswife may earne three shillings in a night; for towards the euening +they are mostly killed. + +This commoditie at first carried a very lowe price, and serued for +the inhabitants cheapest prouision: but of late times, the deare sale +beyond the seas hath so encreased the number of takers, and the +takers iarring and brawling one with another, and foreclosing the +fishes taking their kind within harbour, so decreased the number of +the taken, as the price daily extendeth to an higher rate, equalling +the proportion of other fish: a matter which yet I reckon not +preiudiciall to the Commonwealth, seeing there is store sufficient +of other victuals, and that of these a twentieth part will serue the +Countries need, and the other nineteene passe into forraine Realmes +with a gainefull vtterance. + +The Sayners profit in this trade is vncertayne, as depending upon the +seas fortune, which hee long attendeth, and often with a bootlesse +trauaile: but the Pilcherd Marchant may reape a speedy, large, and +assured benefit, by dispatching the buying, sauing and selling to the +transporters, within little more then three moneths space. Howbeit, +diuers of them, snatching at wealth ouer-hastily, take mony +beforehand, and bind themselues for the same, to deliuer Pilcherd +ready saued to the transporter, at an vnder-rate, and so cut their +fingers. This venting of Pilcherd enhaunced greatly the price +of cask, whereon all other sorts of wood were conuerted to that vse: +and yet this scantly supplying a remedie, there was a statute made +35. Eliz. that from the last of Iune 1594. no stranger should +transport beyond the seas any Pilcherd or other fish in cask, vnlesse +hee did bring into the Realme, for euery sixe tunnes, two hundred of +clapboord fit to make cask, and so rateably, vpon payne of forfeyting +the sayd Pilcherd or fish. This Act to continue before the next +Parliament, which hath reuiued the same, vntill his (yet not knowne) +succeeder. + +The Pilcherd are pursued and deuoured by a bigger kinde of fish, +called a Plusher, being somewhat like the Dog-fish, who leapeth now +and then aboue water, and therethrough bewrayeth them to the Balker: +so are they likewise persecuted by the Tonny, and he (though not +verie often) taken with them damage faisant. And that they may no +lesse in fortune, then in fashion, resemble the Flying fish, certaine +birds called Gannets, soare ouer, and stoup to prey vpon them. +Lastly, they are persecuted by the Hakes, who (not long sithence) +haunted the coast in great abundance; but now being depriued of their +wonted baite, are much diminished, verifying the prouerb, What we +lose in Hake, we shall haue in Herring. These Hakes and diuers of +the other forerecited, are taken with threds, & some of them with the +boulter, which is a Spiller of a bigger size. Vpon the North coast, +where want of good harbours denieth safe road to the fisherboats, +they haue a deuice of two sticks filled with corks, and crossed +flatlong, out of whose midst there riseth a thred, and at the same +hangeth a saile; to this engine, termed a Lestercock, they tie one +end of their Boulter, so as the wind comming from the shore, filleth +the sayle, and the saile carrieth out the Boulter into the sea, which +after the respite of some houres, is drawne in againe [35] by a cord +fastned at the neerer end. They lay also certaine Weelyes in the Sea, +for taking of Cunners, which therethrough are termed Cunner-pots. +Another net they haue long and narrow meashed, thwarted with little +cords of wide distance, in which the fish intangleth it selfe, and +is so drawne vp. + +For Bait they vse Barne, Pilcherd, and Lugges. The Lugge is a worme +resembling the Tagworme or Angle-touch, and lying in the Ose +somewhat deepe, from whence the women digge them vp, and sell them +to the Fishermen: They are descried by their working ouer head, as +the Tagworme. And, for lacke of other prouision, the Fishermen +sometimes cut out a peece of the new taken Hake, neere his tayle, +and therewith baite their hookes, to surprise more of his +Canniballian fellowes. + +The Seale, or Soyle, is in making and growth, not vnlike a Pigge, +vgly faced, and footed like a Moldwarp; he delighteth in musike, +or any lowd noise, and thereby is trained to approach neere the +shore, and to shew himselfe almost wholly aboue water. They also +come on land, and lie sleeping in holes of the Cliffe, but are now +and then waked with the deadly greeting of a bullet in their sides. + +The Fishermens hookes doe not alwayes returne them good prise: for +often there cleaueth to the baite, a certaine fish like a Starre, +so farre from good meate, as it is held contagious. + +There swimmeth also in the Sea, a round slymie substance, called a +Blobber, reputed noysome to the fish. + +But you are tired, the day is spent, and it is high time that I draw +to harbour: which good counsell I will follow, when I haue onely told +you, In what maner the Fishermen saue the most part of their fish. +Some are polled (that is, beheaded) gutted, splitted, powdred and +dried in the Sunne, as the lesser sort of Hakes. Some headed, +gutted, iagged, and dried, as Rayes, and Thornbackes. Some gutted, +splitted, powdred, and dried, as Buckhorne made of Whitings, (in the +East parts named Scalpions) and the smaller sort of Conger, and Hake. +Some gutted, splitted, and kept in pickle, as Whiting, Mackrell, +Millet, Basse, Peall, Trowt, Sammon, and Conger. Some, gutted, and +kept in pickle, as the lesser Whitings, Pollocks, Eeles, and squarie +Scads. Some cut in peeces, and powdred, as Seale and Porpose. +And lastly, some boyled, and preserued fresh in Vinegar, as Tonny +and Turbet. + +Besides these flooting burgesses of the Ocean, there are also +certaine flying Citizens of the ayre, which prescribe for a corrodie +therein; of whom some serue for food to vs, and some but to feed +themselues. Amongst the first sort, we reckon the Dip-chicke, +(so named of his diuiug, and littlenesse) Coots, Sanderlings, +Sea-larkes, Oxen and Kine, Seapies, Puffins, Pewets, Meawes, +Murres, Creysers, Curlewes, Teale, Wigeon, Burranets, Shags, Ducke +and Mallard, Gull, Wild-goose, Heron, Crane, and Barnacle. + +These content not the stomacke, all with a like sauorinesse, but some +carrie a rancke taste, and require a former mortification: and some +are good to bee eaten while they are young, but nothing tooth-some, +as they grow elder. The Guls, Pewets, and most of the residue, +breed in little desert Ilands, bordering on both coastes, laying +their Egges on the grasse, without making any [36] nests, from whence +the owner of the land causeth the young ones to be fetched about +Whitsontide, for the first broode, and some weekes after for the +second. Some one, but not euerie such Rocke, may yeeld yeerely +towards thirtie dozen of Guls. They are kept tame, and fed fat, +but none of the Sea kind will breede out of their naturall place: +Yet at Caryhayes, master Treuanions house, which bordereth on the +Cliffe, an old Gull did (with an extraordinarie charitie) accustome, +for diuers yeeres together, to come and feede the young ones +(though perhaps none of his alliance) in the court where they were +kept. It is held, that the Barnacle breedeth vnder water on such +ships sides, as haue beene verie long at Sea, hanging there by the +Bill, vntill his full growth dismisse him to be a perfect fowle: +and for proofe hereof, many little things like birds, are ordinarily +found in such places, but I cannot heare any man speake of hauing +seene them ripe. The Puffyn hatcheth in holes of the Cliffe, whose +young ones are thence ferretted out, being exceeding fat, kept salted, +and reputed for fish, as comming neerest thereto in their taste. +The Burranet hath like breeding, and, after her young ones are +hatched, shee leadeth them sometimes ouer-land, the space of a mile +or better, into the hauen, where such as haue leasure to take their +pastime, chace them one by one with a boate, and stones, to often +diuing, vntill, through wearinesse, they are taken vp at the boates +side by hand, carried home, and kept tame with the Ducks: the Egges +of diuers of these Fowles are good to bee eaten. + +Sea-fowle not eatable, are Ganets, Ospray (Plynyes Haliaeetos.) +Amongst which, Iacke-Daw (the second slaunder of our Countrie) shall +passe for companie, as frequenting their haunt, though not their diet: +I meane not the common Daw, but one peculiar to Cornwall, and +therethrough termed a Cornish Chough: his bil is sharpe, long, +and red, his legs of the same colour, his feathers blacke, +his conditions, when he is kept tame, vngratious, in filching, +and hiding of money, and such short ends, and somewhat dangerous in +carrying stickes of fire. + +After hauing marched ouer the land, and waded thorow the Sea, to +discouer all the creatures therein insensible, & sensible, the course +of method summoneth me to discourse of the reasonable, to wit, +the Inhabitants, and to plot downe whatsoeuer, noteworthily, +belongeth to their estate, reall, and personall, and to their +gouernment, spirituall, and temporall. Vnder their reall state, +I comprise all that their industrie hath procured, either for +priuate vse, or entercourse, and traffike. + +In priuate life, there commeth into consideration, their Tenements, +which yeeld them sustinance, and their houses, which afford them a +place of abode. Euerie tenement is parcell of the demaynes, or +seruices of some Manner. Commonly thirtie Acres make a farthing +land, nine farthings a Cornish Acre, and foure Cornish Acres, a +Knights fee. But this rule is ouerruled to a greater or lesser +quantitie, according to the fruitfulnesse, or barrennesse of the +soyle. That part of the demaines, which appertaineth to the Lords +dwelling house, they call his Barten, or Berton. The tenants to the +rest hold the same either by sufferance, Wil, or custome, or by +conuention. The customary tenant holdeth at Wil, either for yeeres, +[37] or for liues, or to them and their heires, in diuers manners +according to the custome of the Mannour. Customarie Tenants for +life, take for one, two, three, or more liues, in possession, or +reuersion, as their custome will beare. Somewhere the wiues hold by +widdowes estate, and in many places, when the estate is determined by +the Tenants death, and either to descend to the next in reuersion, +or to returne to the Lord, yet will his Executor, or Administrator +detaine the land, by the custome, vntill the next Michaelmas after, +which is not altogether destitute of a reasonable pretence. + +Amongst other of this customarie Land, there are seuenteene Mannours, +appertaining to the Duchie of Cornwall, who doe euerie seuenth yere, +take their Holdings (so they terme them) of certaine Commissioners +sent for the purpose, & haue continued this vse, for the best part +of three hundred yeeres, through which, they reckon, a kind of +inheritable estate accrued vnto them. But, this long prescription +notwithstanding, a more busie then well occupied person, not long +sithence, by getting a Checquer lease of one or two such tenements, +called the whole right in question: and albeit God denyed his bad +minde any good successe, yet another taking vp this broken title, +to salue himselfe of a desperate debt, prosecuted the same so far +forth, as he brought it to the iutty of a Nisi prius. Hereon +certayne Gentlemen were chosen and requested by the Tenants, to +become suiters for stopping this gap, before it had made an +irremediable breach. They repayred to London accordingly, +and preferred a petition to the then L. Treasurer Burleigh. +His L. called vnto him the Chauncellour, and Coise Barons of the +Exchequer, and tooke a priuate hearing of the cause. It was there +manifestly prooued before them, that besides this long continuance, +and the Importance, (as that which touched the vndooing of more then +a thousand persons) her Highnesse possessed no other lands, that +yeelded her so large a benefit in Rents, Fines, Heriots, and other +perquisites. These reasons found fauourable allowance, but could +obtaine no thorough discharge, vntill the Gentlemen became +suppliants to her Maiesties owne person, who, with her natiue & +supernaturall bounty, vouchsafed vs gratious audience, testified her +great dislike of the attempter, & gaue expresse order for stay of +the attempt: since which time, this barking Dogge hath bene mufled. +May it please God to award him an vtter choaking, that he neuer haue +power to bite againe. + +Herein we were beholden to Sir Walter Raleghs earnest writing, (who +was then in the Countrey) to Sir Henry Killigrews sound aduice, +and to Master William Killigrews painefull soliciting (being the most +kinde patrone of all his Countrey and Countreymens affaires at +Court.) + +In times past, and that not long agoe, Holdings were so plentifull, +and Holders so scarce, as well was the Landlord who could get one to +bee his Tenant, and they vsed to take assurance for the rent by 2. +pledges of the same Mannour. But now the case is altred: for a farme, +or (as wee call it) a bargaine can no sooner fall in hand, then the +Suruey Court shal be waited on with many Officers, vying & reuying +each on other; nay thei are taken mostly at a ground-hop, before they +fall, for feare of comming too late. And ouer and aboue the old +yerely rent, they will giue a hundred or two hundred [38] yeeres +purchace and vpward at that rate, for a fine, to haue an estate of +three liues: which summe commonly amounteth to ten, or twelve yeeres +iust value of the land. As for the old rent, it carrieth at the most, +the proportion but of a tenth part, to that whereat the tenement may +be presently improued, & somewhere much lesse: so as the Parson of the +parish can in most places, dispend as much by his tithe, as the Lord +of the Mannour by his rent. Yet is not this deare letting euerie +where alike: for the westerne halfe of Cornewall, commeth far short +of the Easterne, and the land about Townes, exceedeth that lying +farther in the Countrey. + +The reason of this enhaunsed price, may proue (as I gesse) partly, +for that the late great trade into both the Indies, hath replenished +these parts of the world with a larger store of the Coyne-currant +mettals, then our ancestours enioyed: partly, because the banishment +of single-liuing Votaries, yonger mariages then of olde, and our +long freedome from any sore wasting warre, or plague, hath made our +Countrey very populous: and partly, in that this populousnes hath +inforced an industrie in them, and our blessed quietnes giuen scope, +and meanes to this industrie. But howsoeuer I ayme right or wide at +this, once certayne it is, that for these husbandry matters, the +Cornish Inhabitants are in sundry points swayed by a diuerse opinion, +from those of some other Shires. One, that they will rather take +bargaines, at these excessiue fines, then a tolerable improued rent, +being in no sort willing to ouer a penny: for they reckon that, but +once smarting, and this, a continuall aking. Besides, though the +price seeme very high, yet mostly, foure yeeres tillage, with the +husbandmans payne and charge, goeth neere to defray it. Another, +that they fal euery where from Commons to Inclosure, and partake not +of some Easterne Tenants enuious dispositions, who will sooner +preiudice their owne present thrift, by continuing this mingle-mangle, +then aduance the Lords expectant benefit, after their terme expired. + +The third, that they alwayes preferre liues before yeeres, as both +presuming vpon the Countries healthfulnesse, and also accounting +their family best prouided for, when the husband, wife, and childe, +are sure of a liuing. Neither may I (without wrong) conceyle the +iust commendation of most such wiues, in this behalfe: namely, +when a bargaine is so taken to these three, it often falleth out, +that afterwards the sonne marieth, and deliuereth his yeruing-goods +(as they terme it) to his father, who in lieu thereof, by his wiues +assent (which in many auncient deeds was formall) departeth to him +and his daughter in lawe, with the one halfe of his Holding in hand. + +Now, though after the fathers decease, the mother may, during her +life, turne them both out of doores, as not bound by her owne word, +and much lesse by her husbands: yet I haue seldome or neuer knowne +the same put in practise, but true and iust meaning hath euer +taken place. + +Yet another vnconscionable quirk some haue of late time pried into, +viz. in a ioynt-lease to three intended by the taker and payer, +to descend successiuely and intirely, one of them passeth ouer his +interest to a stranger, who by rigour of law shall hold it during the +liues of the other twaine. + +[39] + +The ordinary couenants of most conuentionary Tenants are, to pay due +Capons, doe haruest iournyes, grinde at the Mill, sue to the Court, +discharge the office of Reeue and Tithing-man, dwell vpon the +Tenement, and to set out no part thereof to tillage, without the +Lords licence first obtained. Which conditions are yet enlarged or +restrained, according to the Demisors humour. + +Vsuall it is for all sorts of Tenants, vpon death, at least, if not +surrender, or forfeyture, to pay their best beast for a Heriot: yea, +if a stranger, passing thorow the Countrey, chaunce to leaue his +carkase behind him, he also must redeeme his buriall, by rendring his +best beast, which he hath with him, to the Lord of the soyle: or if +he haue none, his best Iewell; or rather then fayle, his best garment +then about him, in lieu thereof. But this custome hath beene +somewhat shaken, in comming to triall, and laboureth of a dangerous +Feuer, though the Cornish Gentlemen vse all possible remedies of +almost fas et nefas, by pleading the 11. poynts of the Lawe, to +keepe it on liue. + +The free Tenants seruices, are ordinary with those of other places, +saue that they pay in most places onely fee-Morton releeses, which is +after fiue markes the whole Knights fee, (so called of Iohn Earle +first of Morton, then of Cornwall, and lastly King of this Land) +whereas that of fee-Gloucester is fiue pound. And to accomplish +this part, I haue heere inserted a note of the Cornish Knights fees +and acres, which I receyued from my learned and religious kinseman +Master Robert Moyle. + + + Record. Feod. Milit. in Cornub. fact. + Anno 3. H. 4. vt sequitur. + + HEnricus Dei gratia, Rex Anglia & Franciae, & Dominus + Hiberniae, dilectis nobis Vicecom. & Escaetori nostris + in Com. Cornub. ac Iohanni Colshil, & Iohanni Tremayn + seniori collectoribus auxilij 20. solidorum, de quolibet + feod. Milit. tento de nob. fine medio in Com. praedicto + ad Blanchiam primogenitam filiam nostram maritand. iuxta + formam statuti, anno regni Domini Edwardi nuper Regis + Angliae, Aui nostri 25. edict. assignat salutem. Quasdam + euidentias, quas de libris, rotulis & memorand. Scaccarii + nostri exhiberi fecimus pro informations vestra, super + captione inquisitionum diuersorum feodorum in Com. praedicto, + viz. de rubro libra unam scedulam, & duos rotulos de + euidentiis nuper collectoribus auxilii praedicti, auo nostro + ad filium suum primogenitum milit. faciend, anno Regni sui 20. + concessi vobis mittimus, sub pede sigilli nostri, mandantes, + vt inspect. euidenc. praed. vlterius inde tam per easdem + euident. quam per Inquisitiones super praemiss. per vos + capiend. pro commodo nostro faciatis, quod de iure per vos + videatur faciend: Ita quod euidenc. praed, vna cum toto fac. + vestro in premiss. & hoc breue ad Scaccarium nostrum super + compot. vestrum proxim. de eodem auxilio redend. Baronibus + de dictio Scaccario nostro ibidem liberandum habeatis. + Teste Iohanne Cokayn apud Westmonast. 30. die Ianua. Anno + Regni nostri 3. Rotl. memorum de anno 3. Hillar. record. + +[40] + + Hundred de Penwith. + + Will, de Campo Arnulphi ten. 7 feod. & di. + in Luduon trewedryn, Maien & Kelle- + meke. + Will. Basset ten. 1. feod in Tihidi & Trenalga. + Mich. de Bray ten. 2. partes vnius feod. in Bray + Alanas Bloighon ten 2. feod. in Tremall. + Haeres Marci de Walestbren ten. 2. partes feod. in + Veno. + Episcop. Exon. ten dimid. feod. in Lauestli. + Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. 1. feod. in Gorten. + Comes Gloc. ten. 4. part. unius feod. in Drayn- + neck. + Idem. Comes ten. 1. feod. in Couerton. + Idem. Comes ten. 1. feod. in Binnerton. + Idem. Comes ten. 5. part. 1. feod. in Loigans. + Haeres Ties ten. dimid. feod. in Alwerton. + Marchio Dorset. ten. 4. feod. in Trenwel. + + Hundred de Lysnewith. + + Will, de Botriaux tenet in isto Hundred in Wale + breux. 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Polruman di. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Wolueston 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Tresciward 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Worthauale 1. feod. + Reginald de Ferrar in ead. Hund. 7. feod. + Will, de Witha & Iohan. de Crammon tenent in + Trewint & in Westdisart 1. feod. + Idem Will. de Campo Arnulphi ten. 1 feod. in + Heliset. + Idem Will. ten. in Oterham 1. feod. + Idem Will, in Donneghny Crugplegh di. feod. + Simon Giffard ten. 1. feo. in Donneghny de la Bruer. + Henric. de la Pomerey ten. in Lesnewith & Treuyghan + di. feod. + Rogerus de Crammon ten. in Moteland 1. feod. + Omnia praedicta feod. sunt feod. Mortanne. + Haeres Iocei Dinan ten.in Ouer rescradeck. & nether + rescradeck di. feod. + + Hundred de Stratton. + + HErbertus de Pyn ten. in Middeland 3. feod. + Idem ten. in Bere 1. feod. in Deuon. + Idem ten. in Alwington in Deuon 2. feod. + Idem ten. Marwonchurch 1. feod. + Idem ten. in Pensenteinon, Trethewy & Westory 2. + feod. + Comes Gloc. ten. 2. magna feod. in Kilkham land. + +[41] + + Ranulphus de Albo Monasterio tenet in Stratton 1. + feod. + Thomas de Wamford ten. in Efford 1. feod. + Henric. de Killigreu ten. 1. feo. in Orchard mar- + ries. + Iohannes de Cobbeham in Lancels 1. feod. quod Abbas + & conuentus de Hartland tenent in pur. & perpet. + elem. + Idem ten. in Wiston & Serpeknol 1. feod. + Idem ten. in burgo paruo Ponte knol. & Sunondsham 1. + feod. quod Abbas & conu. praed. clam, tenere in + pura & perpet. elem. + Idem ten. 3. part. 1. feod. in Turlebere. + Idem ten. 1. feod. & 6. part. 1. feod. in Hilton simul + cum Ferewil in Deuon. + Rogerus de Carmmon ten. 1. feod. in Hormecot & + Rescher. + Rex ten. 1. feod. in Bostinne. + Idem ten. Lamaylwen 1. feod. quod Oliuerus de Cram- + mon ten. + Idem ten. in Nantoige 1. feod. di. feod. + Iohanna Lengleis ten. i. feod. in Wadfaste. + Guilielmus de Campo Arnulphi ten. 1. feod. m Pen- + nalim. + Idem ten. 1. feod. & 2. partes 1. feod. in Wike. + Prior de Lanceston ten. 1/4 1. feod. in Borton. + Haluethus Maliuery ten, di. feo. milit. in Tamerton. + Omnia praedicta feod. sunt parua feod. prater. 2. feod. + in Kilkam lond. + + Hundred de East. + + IOhanna de Rame ten. 1. fe. magnum de Seniock. + Nicholaus Danne ten. 1. partem feod. dict. feod. de + Mortimer in Tregantle de Modeton. + Idem Nich. ten. 1. magnum feod. de Abbate de Ta- + uistauk. + Idem Nich. ten. 1. mag. feod. in Trecan & Trecurnel + & Churleton de praedict. Abbate. + Idem Wil. de Bodbrand ten. 2. parua feod. de Mor- + teynne in Penhangle de Trematon. + Idem Will. ten. 1. paru. feod. dict. feod. de Morteynn + in Karkeil de Trematon. + Rogerus de Tredenick ten. in Tredenick 5. part. 1. + parui feod. prout ibid. + Rogerus de Ferrar ten. 2. parua feod. dict. feod. de + Mortyn in Penpol de Tremerton. + Idem ten. 1. paru. feod. in Haston de Tremerton. + Idem ten. 1. paru. feod. in Westuenton de Tre- + merton. + Idem ten. di. paru. feod. dict. feod. de Mortyn in The- + lebridge in la rode. + Idem ten. 3. part, vnius paru. feod. in Croketon de + Tremerton. + +[42] + + Idem Calistock 1. paru. feod. & est in manu regis. + Idem aqua de Tamar di. feod. in manu reg. de honore + de Tremeton. + Idem Rogerus de Inkepenne ten. 2. paru. feo. Mortynn + in Halton. + Galfrid. de Erth. ten. di. paru. feod. ibid. + Idem Galfrid. de Groue ten. 3. part, vnius di. feod. + paru. de Mortyn ibid. + Idem Nic. de Merton ten. 1. paru. feod. Mortyn in + Treualuare & in Trekinward. + Will. de Botriaux ten. di. paru. feod. de Mortyn in + Penhele de rege. + Thomas Lercedekne ten. 4. part. 1. feod. paru. in Treu- + ris de rege. + Baro de Stafford ten. di. feod. paru. dict. feod. de + Mortyn de rege in Kallilond. + Episcop. Exon. ten. 1. mag. feod. Gloce. de rege. + Ric. de Trenaga tenet ibid. paru. feod. de Willi. + Botriaux. + Regin. de Beuil ten. ibid. paru. feod. in Tredawil de + Wil. de Botriaux. + Idem Prior de Minstre ten. 1. paru. feod. Mort. in + Polisant. + Idem Nic. Danne ten. 3. part. 1. feod. paru. dict. feod. + de Mor. in Legh. + + Hundred de West. + + CArdynan Penlyn ten. pro duobus feod. paru. dict. + feod. de Morteyn in custodia regis. + Ric. de Serifeaux ten. 3. paru. feod. de Mort. in + Laurethon, Kilgather & Lansalwys. + Will. de Bodrigan ten. paru. feod. in Trethim Bes- + sant. + Manerium de Liskerd est di. paru. feod. Mort. & est in + manu reg. + Tho. de Cruptus ten. 2. paru. feod. in Cruphs & + Caruaton. + Matheus de Trethake ten. 2. par. feod. Mo. in Tre- + thake, Lamlewarn, Trelewarn & Denant. + Mathilda de Hewisch ten. di. part. feo. in Meuely. + Ioh. de Wellington & Reg. Querquius ten. 5. part. 1. + feod. in Fawyton. + + Hundred de Trigger. + + ROb. Thomy ten. di. feod. in Bliston dict. feod. + Mortyn. + Idem Nico. de Bindon ten. in Penrosburdon di. feod. + Mort. + Rob. de Cheyndut ten. in Bodannan 4. part. 1. feo. + Mort. + Ioh. filius Wil. te. in Kinnarght 4. par. 1. feo. Mor. + +[43] + + Idem ten. in Tregradeck, 4. part. 1. feod. Mor. + Henricus Camel ten. in Belionnus, 1. feod. Mor. + Polroda. + Robert. de Brunn ten. in Delisonbol 1. feod. Mort. + Matheus & Agnes de Trehauk ten. in Trehome di. + feod. Mort. + Robertus Giffard te. in Lannomunnus di. fe. Mor. + Robertus de Helligan ten. ibi. 2. feo. dict. fe. Mort. + Iohannes de Tinten ten. in Tynten & in Trewinneck + 1. feod. Mort. + Ioh. de Seneschal te. in Helland, 4. part. 1. fe. Mort. + Haeres de Walesbren ten. in Lamailwen 4. part. 1. feod. + Mort. + Ric. de Rescarreck ten. in Rescarretunus 4. part. fe. + Mort. + Dom. de Lancarsse ten. ib. 5. part. 1. feo. di. fe. Mort. + Dom. de Portguin ten. ib. di. feod. Mort. + Siluester de Tregamuran ten. in Tregonen 1. feod. + magnum. + Iohannes Darundle ten. in Treawset, & in Trenbeith 1. + feod. Mort. + Episcop. Exon. ten. in Eglosel 1. feod. mag. + Ioh. Tracy & Hugo Peuerel tenent in Tremscord & + Hamatethy, 2. feod. Mort. + Ricard. de Serifeaux ten. in Kilkoid 2. feod, & di. + Mort. + Iohannes de Guillez ten. in Trenderet. 1. feo. Mor. + Barth, de Cant. ten. ibid. di. feod. Mort. + Ioh. fil. Will. ten. in Haumal di. feod. + Alanus Blughon ten. in Polrodon Donnat 2. feo. + Mort. + + Hundred de Pider. + + IOhannes de Vinfrauil ten. ratione Aliciae vxoris fuae, + 1. mag. feod. in Laherne. + Ric. de Hiuoisch ten. ibid. mag. feod. in S. Idy. + Rosamunda de la forest ten. ibid. mag. feod. in Tre- + ueald. + Bartholomeus de Bercle tenet dimid. mag. feod. in Tre- + woleck. + Iohannes de Tregage tenet dimid. mag. feod. in Tre- + nurdre. + Episcop. Exon. te. 5. part. mag. feod. in Dinbegh. + Rad. de Berthei ten. ibid. 1. paru. feod. + Henric. Ties te. 4. part. mag. feod. in Trewarnayl. + Item Rex ten. 4. part. 1. mag. feod. in Trewarnayl. + Ela de sanct. Colano ten. ibid. di. paru. feo. Mort. + Ric. de sanct. Colano ten. ratione Isoldae vxo. eius + ibid. di. paru. feod. Mort. + Rob. Thomy ten. in Caruaton 4. part. 1. paru. feod. + Barth. de Berckle te. in Tremor, di. paru. feo. + Ioh. Darundle ten. di. paru, feod. in Treloy. + Iohannes Hamelyn te. di. paru. feod. in Trekinnen, + Rad. Darundle te. di. paru. feo. in Trekinnen. + +[44] + + Regin. de Botriaux ten. 5. part. paru. feod. in Cut- + fordferle. + + Hundred de Powder. + + Will. de Campo Arnulphi ten. in Tiwardraith 1. + feo. vnde Prior ten. 3. acr. & di. ibi. Idem + Will. ten. in Bodrigan Penarth & Cargois 3. + feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Gouely 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Prideas 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Lishiestick 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Treuerlynwater di. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Bodenda 4. part. 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten, in Treuerbindren 5. par. i. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Tronneck 5. part. 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Tronalgerthan 4. part. 1. feod. + Episcop. Exon. ten. in Caniwerez 1. feod. + Idem Episcop. ten. in Trenel 1. feod. + Idem Episcop. ten. in Taluren 1. feod. + Idem ten. in Fentengullyn di. feod. + Idem ten. in Tremnel di. feod. + Idem ten. in Trelonck. di. feod. + Henr. de la Pomeray ten. 3. part. 1. feo. in Hellarna. + Ioh. de Riparys ten. in Mauntayn di. feod. + Idem ten. in Trethak 1. feod. + Steph. de Belloprato ten. in Treuewith & Trewithy di. + feod. paru. + Serlo de Lauladro ten. ibid. & in S. Goriann & in paru. + Luntyan 1. feod. & di. paru. + Rad. de Killigreu ten. ibid. 1. feod. paru. + Will, de Bodrigan ten. in Tremodret & in la roche 3. + feod. paru. + Serlo de Lauladro ten. in Alet 3. part. 1. feod. + Will. Stanley & Comes de Riuers ten. 1. feod. mili. Mo. + in Elerky. + Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. in Eglosroset in Trelewith + 1. feod. + Will. Baillisbury vaca. vxo. fuae ten.in Blanchelond + 1. feod. + Henr. fil. Maugi de Killigreu ten. in Trewyn 3. part. + 1. feod. + Ric. de Hiwisch ten. in Trenasanstel di. feod. + Idem ten. in Gloures 1. feod. + Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. in Argallez 1. feod. paru. + Idem ten. in Fountomon 3. part. 1. feod. paru. + Haeres Thomas de Prideas ten. in Boswyghergy 2. part. + 1.feod. paru. + Mat. de Trethake ten. in Tragameddon 2. feo. par. + Rex. ten. aquam de Fawe pro 2. feod. & 3. part, 1.feo. + Henricus de la Pomerey ten. 12. feod. in Tregony. + + Hundred de Kerier. + + WAlter. Wailisbury & Isolda vxor eius te. 3. feod. + in Rescronges dicta feod. Mortan. + +[45] + + Iohannis de Riparys te. in Rosewike 1. feo. Mort. + Episcop. Exon. ten di. mag. feod. in Minstre. + Rogerus de Carminon ten. 20. part. 1. feo. Mort. extra + 10. part. illius 20, in Wynnenton, Marthyn & Ta- + merton. + Thomas Durant ten. in Penzenguans, 1. fe. Mort. + Iohannes fil. Will. ten. di. feod. in Arworthel per Car- + tam Edwardi quondam Com. Cornub. dict. feod. + Mor. + + Euidentiae extractae de rubro libra + de Scaccario, 143. + Cornub. + + RObertus de Cardinan 71. feod. milit. + Reginaldus de Valle torta 59. de honore de Tre- + meton. + Thomas de Middleton 10. de honore de Midd. + Will. de Botterill 12. milit. + Robertus fil. Walteri 11. milit. de feod. Ric. de Lusti + auunculi sui. + Robertus de Peuerel 9. milit. de feod. eiusdem. + Ric. fil. Ric. 1. feod. & 3. part, cum haere de + Rupe. + Rad. Bloyon 7. + Arehennaund. Flandrensis 7. milit. + Robertus de Tintagle 5. milit. + Henricus fil. Will. 4. milit. + Wil. de Albemarle 5. milit. cum relict, Robert. de + Bikehat. + Radulphus de Treat. 1. milit. + Ric. Wallensis 2. milit. + Wil. de Bosfco Roardi 2. milit. + Iohannes de monte acuto. + Henricus de Pomeray. + Henricus de Herys 1. + Pharanus Warebras 1. milit. + Barth. fil. 1. milit. + Gilbertus Anglicus 1. milit. + Symon Pincerna 1. + Ric. filius Iuonis 1. + Ric. Buzon. 1. + Henricus fil. Com. 1. + Huardus de Bekelege 1. + Walterius de Dunstan vil. 1. milit. + Hastul de Sullinge 4. part. + Robertus de Mandeuil 1. milit. + Alicia de Valletorta 1. milit. + + Seriantes. + + PEtrus fil. Ogeri 40. Cabulion per vnam Capam + de Gresenge in aduentum dict. Regis in Cornu- + biam. + Rogerus Cithared 5. pro portanda illa Capa dum Rex + fuerit in Cornubia. + +[46] + + Iohan. de Pencoit vnam acram in Lametyn prec. de 5.s. + fac. ibid, custodiam per 40. dies. + Rog. de Bodmel 1. acram pro sequela in Com. + Rob. Espiakelin duas acras & furuum in Lanceneton, vt + eat in exercitum cum rege stipendiis ipsius Regis. + + + Extenta acrarum Cornub. facta coram Salom. de + Ross. & Sociis suis Iustic. itinerant, apud Laun- + ceston a die Paschae in 3.septimanas anno Reg. + Edw. 12. + + + Hundred de Penwith. + + Decunar. de Tihidi. 70. Lanistly 28. Acr. + Redwory 14. Acras. Alwarton. 64. + Couerton. 45. Trefruss. 3. + Treruffe. 1. Marchel. 23. + Dreyneck. 5. Trefundryn. 20. + Bennerton. 45. Maen. 15. + Gurlyn. 15. Bree. 8. + Loygans. 9. Kelyneck. 24. + Tenent de Tregony. 9. Warewil. 25. + Penuerthy. 8. Tredyne. 1. + Vthno. 8. Trewannard. + Prior Mich. 8. Kelision. 6. + Treynwal. 20. Tredeny. 3. + Luddeuan. 55. + Sum. 532. Acr. + + + Hundred de Kerier + + Talgollon. 6. Carmynow. 18. + Pensignans. 6. Wymanton. 12. + Kenel 1. di. Trebrabo. 24. + Arwothel. 9. S. Mawgan. 9. + Restrongas. 21. Helston. 30. + Penryn. 21. Methele. 15. + Treros. 6. Trenhale. 6. + Minster. 12. Godolghan 13. als. Epo. 9. + Trewotheck. 6. Pengirsick, 6. + Trenaweth. 9. Rogearon. 9. + Trelan. 9. Wenna. 9. + Rosewike. 30. Trelew. 9. als. 1. Ac. Exo. + Lysard. 12. Presprinick. 6. + Tredaneck. 6. Trelybey. 9. + Tucays. 6. Luceas 31. als. 31. Ac. Ex. + Clehar. 6. + Sum. 397. Acr. & dimid. + + + Hundred de Pider. + + Deci. de naushike pro. 6. Trewenneck. 3. + Kalestek. 4. Trewoleck. 9. + Elineas. 24. Bodwenek. 9. + Dygimbris. 39. Rialton parua. 57. + Treloy. 9. Trenowith. 3. + +[47] + + S. Ify. 14. Treworder Bilcon. 12. + Lanheyl Tinten. 18. Meddeschole. 9. + Methean. 2. S. Peran. 3. + Trewarnayl. 51. Eliquyn. 6. + Carantock. 18. Cargoule. 39. + Ryalton. 18. Porthe. 9. + Lanhernow. 18. Carnaton. 14. + Pawton. 120. Tregennow. 9. + Aldennow. 21. Tremblithe. 4. + Lantallen. 4. Gluuian. 3. + Tremore. 6. Withiel. 15. + Banhedrek. 9. Ryalton magna. 57. + Retergh. 9. Cotford felle. 15. + Trewynnian. 3. Berthey. 24. + Meyndy. 6. Cragantallen. 3. + Sum. 700. Acr. + + + Hundred de Powder. + + Decuna de Tregaire. 93. Treworeck & Trew. 24. + Inde alloc. 20. Ac. pro. do. Tremodreth. 18. + Deuon. Treueruen & Poldu. 15. + Blanchelond. 11. Eglosros. 3. + Argallas. 6. Crogith & Caryheges. 9. + Trenoweth. 9. Treuanion. 6. + Kestel & Coran. 6. Lanhaddron. 4. + Trelueck. 1. Boderdel. 20. + Trelewith. 6. Brithion. 8. + Tewynton. 33. Lanestek. 6. + Tregony Pomeray. 32. Elerky. 42. + Tredaek. 20. Werneckbosueleck. 4. + Gouily. 9. Cargoul. 8. + Pennarth. 9. Tretherf. 3. + Trenyeck & Golours. 7. di. Pentewyn. 3. + Trethewy. 6. S. Goron. 6. + Boswiththe. 20. Beranel. 36. + Trenance priour. 12. Trenananstle. 8. + Killiuregh. 2. Tregarreck. 14. + Landegy. 9. Maresk 36. pro reg. al- + Tregamedon. 6. loc. 2. + Alet. 12. Bodrugan. 9. + Berthey Brune. 3. Treualgarthyn. 3. + Growith & Trewithgy. 30. Lauada. 1. + Treworeck. 9. Pridiaux. 12. + Tybest & Penkeuel. 42. Tywascreth. 36. + Treueruyn. 3. Pensentimow. 6. + Nantyan. 36. Kenewyn. 1. + Sum. 573. Acr. & dimid. + + + Hundred de Trigg. + + Egloshayl. 7. di. Lannousun. 18. + Penpout. 21. Bendeuy. 36. + +[48] + + Namail. 3. Roscarreck Bighan. 3. + Hundr. de Trig. 9. Tregradeck. 16. + Trelindret. 1. di. Lancarff. 6. + Tinten. 12. Pentir. 1. di. + Trenesquit. 18. Trewornar. 18. + Peterow. 6. Penrosburdon. 12. + Boddannan. 27. Killigint. 18. + Deliodbol. 6. Tridiseck. 18. + Bliston. 33. Heligan. 9. + Canta. 1. di. Reskarrekam. 9. + Broneyr. 2. Linnoban. 66. + Rugog. 9. Bodymel. 12. + Delioner. 9. Trehaneck. 6. + Polroda. 15. Hellaund. 6. + Killigen. 9. Tamitethy. 12. + Portligwyn. 1. di. Lanowseynt. i8. + Sum. 473. & dimid. + + Hundred de Lesnewith. + + Hellesland. 57. Cydmonth. 7. + Treualga. 18. Powndstock. 9. + Treuilla. 3. Donneny. 18. + Cracampton. 12. Treseward. 7. di. + Dysard. 6. Bochym. 21. + Wolueston. 9. Boleny. 8. + Treglasta. 35. Ebsett. 21. + Mokelound. 8. S. Genys. 10. + Treuerueth. 9. Whalsborow. 8. + Wortheual. 29. Otterham. 12. + Lesnewith. 24. Tremayl. 6. + Sum. 337. & dimid. + + Hundred de Stratton. + + Decena de Middeland. Marwyn-church & extra.2. + 68. di. + Launceles. 20. Loghe. 2. + Thurlebere. 12. Corg. 1. + Weke. 15. Fanceston. 8. + Wadfast. 17. Pennalym. 17. + Wyldsworthy. 4. Efford. 21. + Tamerton. 8. Bere. 3. + Harnacot. 9. di. Hilton. 20. + Morton. 2. Forkeston & Brendon. 4. + Kilkampton & Allerton. Witston & S. Petnel. 2. + 68. Boyton & Bradbridge. 9. + Stratton. 21. dimid. + Bryard. 5. + Sum. 341. Acr. & dimid. + +[49] + + Hundred de East. + + Penheal. 36. Landreyn. 3. + Item ibid. 1. Clemyslond. 50. + Tredawel. 13. Halton. 18. + Trelosk. 14. Newton. 16. + Tauestok. 27. Trematon. 80. + Modeton. 9. Lanrake. 100. + Cauilond. 44. Sheuiek. 100. + Launcelond. 50. Tregilla. 12. + Polisaund 6. Penquite. 11. + Trefrys. 18. Carnedon. 8. + Lawytton. 80. Rame. 20. + Haston. 7. Bennalua. 20. + Landilp & leghe. 14. Penhasgar. 26. + Killaton. 20. Thorleton. 5. + Treuaga. 13. Cranydon. 24. + Trenymel. 12. Buysworek. 10. + Penpol. 24. S. Germyn. 37. + Treuartha. 3. Hamet. 7. + Sum. 927. + + + Hundred de West. + + Cardinan. 24. Treuellawan. 15. + Breuigon. 6. Lanrethow. 12. + Estdraynez. 6. S. Wynow. 4. dimid. + Tremethert. 24. Bocunek. 12. + Recradock. 9. Treuilias. 3. + Lutcot. 24. Trethu. 6. + Pendryn. 6. S. Wot. 3. + Killigath. 9. Perpol. 24. + Plenynt. 9. Losnewith. 6. + Manely. 12. Trethewy. 3. + Polscoth. 1. dimid. Penquite. 9. + Botylet. 9. Boccalawar. 6. + Killigoreck. 9. Tallan. 6. + Baurylen & Hamiteth. 3. Trethek. 6. dimid. + Fowyton. 30. Langonet. 6. + Treueruyn. 6. Rathwil. 1. dimid, + West Draynez. 6. Brothok. 3. + Laskerd. 18. Penfran. 9. + Crutour. 9. Colmettyn. 6. + Trelowya. 6. Kelly & Mighstow. 3. + Trenant. 6. + Sum 353. + + Sum. tot. 5555. dimid. Acr. + +[50] + + Nomina Baron. & Militum ex Rotulis de feodis + Militum, vel de Scutagio Solutis Regi + Richardo primo : In libro rubeo + Scaccarii. + + Cornubia. + + WAlterus Hay 20. M. per Agn. vxorem + suam. + Nicholaus filius Galfridi 10. M. + Willi. Boterell. 12. M. + Alanus Blundus 7. M. + Geruasius filius Willi. 5. M. + Willi. frater Comitis 4. M. + Willi. filius Ric. 5. M. + Rad. de Rupe 3. M. + Willi. Oliuer. 1. M. + Henricus de Tredeleberg. 1. M. + Richardus filius Iuo. dim. M. + Iohannes de Soleigny. + Stephanus Flandrensis. 7. M. + Alanus de Dunstauill. 1. M. + Rogerus Anglicus. 1. M. + Regium de Valletorta 51. M. + Secundum quod Lucas filius Bernardi Senescallus euis + mandauit per litteras Baron. de Scaccar. in Anno + sexto Regis Richardi. + Robertus de Cardin. 71. M. + Secundum quod Senescallus eiusdem mandauit Baron. + eodem anno 6. R. 1. + Galfridus de Lacell. qui habet med. feod. q. fuerunt + Richard, de Lucy in hoc Com. 9. M. sicut Ric. filius + Willi. Senescallus eius mandauit per breue, Anno + regni Regis Richardi octauo. + + Cornubia + + Anno 40. Henr. tertii. + + lllustri viro, Domino Henrico, Dei gratia, Regi Angliae, + Domino Hiberniae, Duct Nor. Aquitan. & Com. + Andeg. vicecomes Cornubiae, salutem, cum omni reve- + rentia & obsequio. Ad mandatum vestrum, nomina + illorum qui ten. quindecem libratas terrae vel plus, + & tenent per seruitium militare, & milites non + sunt, excellentiae vestrae praesentibus transmitto, vide- + licet. + + THomas de Tracy, cuius terrae in Cornubia valent + 40. libras & plus. + Rogerus de Mesy. 16. li. + Stephanus de Bellocampo. 15. li. + Henr. filius Henr. de la Pombre. 30. li. + Robertus de Carmeneu. 16. li. + Willi. filius Roberti. 15. li. + Marc. le Flamanc. 16. li. + +[51] + + Willi. Wise. 16. li. + Iordanus de Hacumb. 14. li. + Robertas de Draenas. I5. li. + Philippus de Valletorta. 40. li. + Richard. de Grenuile. 50. li. + Henricus de Dones. 15. li. + + Nomina Militum, & aliorum hominum ad + Arma, Anno Regni Regis + Edw. filii Regis + Edw 17. + + IOhannes de Treiagu vicecomes. + + Nomina militum de Com. Cornubiae, tam + infra libertates quam + extra. + + WIlli. de Botriaux. + Reginaldus de Botriaux. + Rad. de Albo Monasterio, + Richard. de Campo Arnulphi. + Henricus de Campo Arnulphi. + + Le Petit. + + THomas Lercedekne est in Vascoma in sericium + Regis. + Iohannes de Alneto. + Iohannes de Tynten. + Willi. de Ferrers. + Robertus Bendyn. + Reginaldus de Mohun. + Robertus filius Willi. impotens miles coronator Domini + Regis. + Iohannes de Carmenou. + Otto de Bodrugan peregrinatus est ad San. Iacobum li- + centia Domini Regis. + + Nomina hominum ad Arma In + Com. Cornubiae. + + IOhannes de Dynham. + Rad. de Bloyen. + Willi. Basset. + Oliuerus de Carminou. + Henricus de Peng. + Rogerus de Reskymmer. + Iohannes de Lambron. + Iohannes le Scor. de Taluran. + +[52] + + Richardus de Cerefeaux iunior. + Iohannes de Pyn. + Rogerus Pridyas. + Rad. de Bello Prato, peregrinatus est cum Ottone de + Bodrugan, cum licentia regis pro se & duobus va- + lectis. + + + Isti praenominati habent 40. libr. terrae & redditus + per annum. + Alii multi Armigeri desunt, nomina eorum dilace- + rata, non possunt legi in originali. + + EDwardus Dei gratia, Rex Angliae, Dominus Hiberniae, + & Dux Aquit.vicecomiti Cornub. salutem. Cum nuper + tibi praeceperimus, quod omnes & singulos de balliua tua in- + fra libertates & extra, tam illos qui viginti libratas terrae + & redditus per annum habent, quam illos similiter qui plus + habent, de quocunq; teneant sine delatione rogares, & speci- + aliter requireres ex parte nostra, fermiterq, iniungentes eis- + dem, quod essent ad nos Londini die dominica prox. post octa- + vas Sci. Iohannis Bapt. proximo futuras, cum equis & Ar- + mis, videlicet, quilibet eorum prout decuerit statum suum, + parati transfretare cum corpore nostro, partes transmarinas, + ad Dei nostri & ipsorum honorem, ut speramus, & pro sal- + uatione & communi utilitate regni nostri, tibi praecipimus, + firmiter iniungentes, quod mandato nostro praedicto diligenter + & celeriter executo, nos de nominibus omnium illorum de + balliua tua quos sit rogaueris ad dictam diem dominie. dis- + tincte & aperte, sub sigillo tuo certiores reddere non omittas: + Remittens nobis tunc hoc breue. Teste meipso apud Portes- + mouth, 24. die Maii, Anno regni nostri vicesimo quinto. + + Nomina eorum qui habent viginti libratas + terrae, seu redditus vel amplius, + in Com. Cornubiae. + + DOminus Oliuerus de Denham. + Dominus Willi. de Boteraus Senior. + Dominus Willi. de Boteraus maior. + Dominus Willi. de Campo Arnulphi. + Dominus Thomas de Kan. + Dominus Stepha. de Bello Prato. + Dominus Rogerus de Carminou. + Dominus Thomas de Pridias. + Dominus Hugo Peuerell. + Dominus Iohannes de Lambron. + Dominus Rad. Bloyhon. + Dominus Iohannes filius Willi. + Dominus Osbertus le Sor. + Dominus Robertus Gifford. + Dominus Richardus de Huwyse. + Dominus Reg. de Beuill. + Dominus Richardus de Reskymer, + Dominus Henricus de la Pomerey. + Dominus Petrus de Fysac. + Dominus Roulandus de Quoykyn. + Dominus Richardus de Greneuyle. + Dominus Walterus de Cornubia. + +[53] + + Dominus Reginaldus de Botreaus. + Thomas le Erchideakene. + Serlo de Lansladeron. + Walterus de Trem. + Steph. de Trewythen. + Odo de la Roche. + Willi. del Estre. + Rad. filius Oliueri de Arundell. + Willi. de Bret. + Mich. le Petit. + Iohannes de Kellerion. + Henricus de Kymyell. + Iohannes de Arundell. + Rogerus le Flemming. + Richardus le Ceariseus. + Iohannes de Tynton. + Rad. de Cheyndut. + Robertus le Brun. + Stephanus de Trewynt. + Robertus filius Willi. + Thomas de Waunford. + Rogerus Cola. + Rogerus de Meules. + Iohannes de Kylgat. + Richardus de Trenaga. + Philip. de San. Wynnoko, + Iohannes de Thurlebere. + + +NOW to weaue on our former web. The ancient maner of Cornish +building, was to plant their houses lowe, to lay the stones with +morter of lyme and sand, to make the walles thick, their windowes +arched and little, and their lights inwards to the court, to set +hearths in the midst of the roome, for chimneyes, which vented the +smoake at a louer in the toppe, to couer their planchings with earth, +to frame the roomes not to exceede two stories, and the roofes to +rise in length aboue proportion, and to bee packed thick with timber, +seeking therethrough onely strength and warmenesse; whereas +now-adayes, they seat their dwellings high, build their walles +thinne, lay them with earthen morter, raise them to three or foure +stoaries, mould their lights large, and outward, and their roofes +square and slight, coueting chiefly prospect and pleasure. As for +Glasse and Plaister for priuate mens houses, they are of late yeeres +introduction. + +The poore Cotager contenteth himselfe with Cob for his wals, and +Thatch for his couering: as for Brick and Lath walles, they can +hardly brooke the Cornish weather: and the vse thereof being put in +triall by some, was found so vnprofitable, as it is not continued +by any. + +It resteth, that after the Cornish Inhabitants reall priuate estate, +I speake of their entercourse and traffike, and so step forth to +their personal. + +This entercourse is obtayned by high wayes and Bridges: for highwayes, +the Romanes did not extend theirs so farre: but those layd out of +later times, are in the Easterne part of Cornwall, vneasy, by reason +either of their mire or stones, besides many vp-hils and downe-hils. +[54] The Westerne are better trauaileable, as lesse subiect to these +discommodities: generally, the statute 18. Eliz. for their amendement, +is reasonably wel executed. + +Bridges, the riuer Tamer hath Polston, Gresham, Horse, and New Bridge. +Lyner, that at Noddetor, Seton, and Loo, two bridges of the same name. +Foy riuer, Reprin, Lostwithiel, S. Nighton, or Niot. Fala riuer, +Grampord, Tregny. Loo riuer, Helston. On the North coast, vpon +Camel, Wade, Dilland & Helland. Vpon Deuon, Trywartheuy, &c. for +they are worth no curious enquiry. + +For maintenance of traffike by buying and selling, there are weekely +markets kept: In the Hundred of East, at Saltash, Launceston, and +Milbrook. In west H. at Loo, and Liskerd. In Stratton H. at the +Towne of the same name. In Lesnewith H. at Bottreaux Castle, and +Camelford. In Powder H. at Foy, Lostwithiel, Grampord, Tregny, +and Truro. In Trig H. at Bodmin. In Kerier Hun. at Helston, +and Perin. And in Penwith Hundred, at Pensants, and at S. Ies. +Of these, Bodmyn and Launceston are the greatest: this as placed in +the broadest, that in the middle part of the Countie. + +Fayres there are many, some of which here ensue. + +March 13. at Bodmyn, Helston, S. Michaels mount. +April 24. at Loo. + 25. at S. Columbs, S. Probus. +May 1. at Launceston, Perin. +Iune 11. at Minhinet, + 24. at Launceston, Pelint, Probus, Colombs +Iuly, on S. Margets day, at S. Stephens. + S. Thomas transl, at Camelford. + On S. Iames day, at Golsinni, Saltash. +August 1. at S. Germaines. + On S. Laurence day, at S. Laurence. + On the Assumption of our Lady, at Lalant, +September, on S. Mathews day, at Liskerd, + on S. Bartholmews, at Lostwithiel, + on the Natiuitie of our Lady, at Kellington, S. Marie weeke, + and Marcasiow. +October, on S. Dionise day, at Treuenna in Tintagel, +Nouember, on S. Katherins day, at S. Thomas. + On S. Leonards day, at Launceston and Tregny. +December, on S. Nicholas day, at Bodmyn. + +And because traffike cannot bee exercised without waights and +measures, a word or two of them. + +Touching wayghts, the statute 12. H. 7. which made a generall +ordinance therein, did specially exempt those appertayning to the +cunnage, in Deuon and Cornwall, viz. that they should be priuiledged +to continue their former vsage. + +In measures the Shire varieth, not only from others, but also in it +selfe: for they haue a land-measure, and a water-measure: the +water-measure, of things sold at the ships side (as salt and peason) +by the Inhabitants, is sixteene gallons the bushell; by strangers, +betweene 18. and 24. The land-measure differeth in diuers places, +from 18. to 24. gallons the bushell, being least in the East parts, +and increasing to the Westwards, where they measure Oates by +the hogshead. + +The Iustices of peace haue oftentimes indeuoured to reduce this +variance to a certaintie of double Winchester: but though they raysed +the lower, they cannot abate the higher to this proportion: and yet +from the want of this reformation, there ensue many inconueniences; +for the Farmer that hath the greatest bushell at the market, maketh +a price for the lesser to follow with little, (or at least) no +rateable deduction. Besides, they sell at home to their neighbours, +the [55] rest of the weeke, by the smaller meafure, as was payd +in the market for the bigger. + +There are also some Ingrossers, who buy Wheat of the husbandman, +after 18. gallons the bushell, and deliuer it to the transporting +Marchant, for the same summe, at 16. + +So doth their Pearch exceed that of other Countries, which amounteth +vnto 18. foote. And it is likewise obserued by strangers, that the +Cornish miles are much longer then those about London, if at least +the wearinesse of their bodies (after so painefull a iourney) blemish +not the coniecture of their mindes. I can impute this generall +enlargement of saleable things, to no cause sooner, then the Cornish +mans want of vent and money, who therethrough, to equall others in +quality of price, is driuen to exceed them in quantitie of measure. + +Touching the personall estate of the Cornish Inhabitants, to begin +with their name in generall, I learne by master Camden (who, as the +Arch-antiquarie Iustus Lipsius testifieth of him, Britanniae nebulas +claro ingenij sole illustrauit) that Ptolomey calleth them Damnonii, +Strabo Ostidamnii, and Aretemidorus, Cossini. + +Touching their particular denominations; where the Saxons haue not +intruded their newer vsances, they partake in some sort with their +kinsmen the Welsh: for as the Welshmen catalogize ap Rice, ap +Griffin, ap Owen, ap Tuder, ap Lewellin, &c. vntill they end in the +highest of the stock, whom their memorie can reach vnto: So the +Westerne Cornish, by alike, but more compendious maner, intitle one +another with his owne & his fathers christen name, and conclude with +the place of his dwelling; as Iohn, the sonne of Thomas, dwelling at +Pendaruis, is called Iohn Thomas Pendaruis. Rich. his yonger brother +is named, Richard Thomas Pendaruis, &c. Through which meanes, diuers +Gent. and others haue changed their names, by remoouing their +dwellings, as Trengoue to Nance, Bonithon, to Carclew, two brethren +of the Thomasses, the one to Carnsew, the other to Rescrowe, and +many other. + +Most of them begin with Tre, Pol, or Pen, which signifie a Towne, +a Top, and a head: whence grew the common by-word. + + By Tre, Pol, and Pen, + You shall know the Cornishmen. + +Neither doe they want some signification, as Godolfin, alias +Godolghan, a white Eagle: Chiwarton, the greene Castle on the hill: +which Gentlemen giue such Armes; Reskimer, the great Dogges race, +who beareth a Wolfe passant. Carnsew, alias, Carndew, a black rock: +his house Bokelly, which soundeth the lost Goat: and a Goate he +beareth for his coate: Carminow, a little Citie: Cosowarth, the +high Groue, &c. + +And as the Cornish names hold an affinity with the Welsh, so is their +language deduced from the same source, and differeth onely in the +dialect. But the Cornish is more easie to bee pronounced, and not +so vnpleasing in sound, with throat letters, as the Welsh. + +A friend of mine, one master Thomas Williams, discoursed once with +mee, that the Cornish tongue was deriued from, or at least had some +acquayntance with the Greeke: and besides diuers reasons which hee +produced to proue the same, he vouched many wordes of one sence +in both; as for example : + +[56] + + Greeke Cornish English + + Teino Tedna Draw + Mamma Mamm Mother + Episcopos Escoppe Bishop + Klyo Klowo Heere + Didaskein Dathisky To teach + Kyon Kye Dogge + Kentron Kentron Spurre + Methyo Methow Drink + Scaphe Scapth Boat + Ronchos Ronche Snorting, &c. + +This language is stored with sufficient plenty to expresse the +conceits of a good wit, both in prose and rime: yet they can no more +giue a Cornish word for Tye, then the Greekes for Ineptus, the French +for Stand, the English for Emulus, or the Irish for Knaue. + +Others they have not past two or three naturell, but are fayne to +borrow of the English: mary, this want is releeuved with a flood of +most bitter curses, and spitefull nick-names. + +They place the adiective after the substantive, like the Grecians +and Latines, as Father ours, March guiddn, horse white, &c. + + 1 2 3 4 +In numbring they say, Wonnen, Deaw, Tre, Pidder, + 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 +Pimp, Whey, Zith, Eath, Naw, Deag, Ednack, Dowthack, + 13 14 15 16 17 18 +Tarnack, Puzwarthack, Punthack, Wheytack, Zitack, Itack, + 19 20 40 100. 1000. 10000. +Naunzack, Eygganz, Deaw Egganz, Cans, Mille, Molla. + +Durdatha why, is Good morrow to you. +Trenestatha, Good night. +Fatlugan a why: How do you? +Da durdalathawhy: Wel I thanke you. +Betha why Iawanneck: Be you mery. +Benetugana: Farewell. + +A sister, they call Whoore: +a whoore, whorra: +a priest, coggaz: +a partridge, grigear: +a Mare, cazock. + +Relauta: by my troth. +Warrasay: by my fayth. +Molla tuenda laaz, ten thousand mischiefs in thy guts. +Mille vengeance warna thy, a thousand vengeances take thee. +Pedn ioll, deuils head: +Pedn brauze, great head: +pedn mowzack, stinking head: +and so in Infinitum. + +Which termes, notwithstanding thogh they witnes their spite on the +one side, yet retayne they as great a proofe of their deuotion on the +other: for the Lords Prayer, the Apostles Creed, and the ten +commaundements, haue beene used in Cornish beyond all remembrance. +But the principall loue and knowledge of this language, liued in +Doctor Kennall the Ciuilian, and with him lyeth buryed: for the +English speach doth still encroche vpon it, and hath driuen the same +into the vttermost skirts of the shire. Most of the Inhabitants can +no word of Cornish; but very few are ignorant of the English: and yet +some so affect their owne, as to a stranger they will not speake it: +for if meeting them by chance, you inquire the way or any such matter, +your answere shal be, Meea nauidua cowzasawzneck, I can speake no +Saxonage. The English which they speake, is good and pure, as +receyuing it from the best hands of their owne Gentry, and the +Easterne Marchants: but they disgrace it, in part, with a broad and +rude accent, and eclipsing (somewhat like the Somersetshire men) +specially in pronouncing the names: as Thomas they call, Tummas & +Tubby: Mathew, Mathaw: Nicholas, Nichlaaz: Reginald, Reinol: David, +Daaui: Mary, Maari: Frauncis, [57] Frowncis: Iames, Iammez: Walter, +Watty: Robert, Dobby: Rafe, Raw: Clemence, Clemmcowe, &c. holding +herein a contrary course of extension to the Italians abridgement, +who terme Frauncis, Cecco: Dominick, Beco : Lawrence, Renzo: as also +to the Turks, who name Constantinople, Stampoli: Adrianople, Adrina: +an Olifant, Fil: and the Sicilians, who curtayle Nicholas, to Cola. + +Besides these, they haue taken vp certayne peculiar phrases, +which require a speciall Dictionarie for their interpretation: +of which kinde are, + +Tis not 'bezibd' (fortuned) to me: Thou hast no 'road' (ayme), +he will never 'scrip' (escape) it, he is nothing 'pridy' (handsome), +'boobish' (lubberly), 'dule' (comfort), 'lidden' (by-word), +'shune' (strange), 'thew' (threaten), 'skew' (shunne), +'hoase' (forbeare). + +To reproue one of lazines, they will say, Doest thou make Idle +a coate? that is, a coate for idlenes? In coniecturing what number +may effect a thing, they adde, or same: as two, or some: ten, or some: +twentie, or some: id est, thereabouts. + +The other rude termes, wherewith Deuon and Cornish men are often +twyted, may plead in their defence, not onely the prescription of +antiquitie, but also the title of proprietie, and the benefit of +significancy: for most of them take their source from the Saxon, +our naturall language, and continue in vse amongst the Dutch: +as Nimme commeth of Nimpt: Vang, of Fieng: the one importing a +taking by ones selfe: the other by deliuery: both which we now +confound. Ich to Ick, Cund to Cundigen, Lading, to Geladen: +eruing goods, to Erbnuss. So Thwyting, is properly the cutting of +little chippes from a stick. Pilme, the dust which riseth: Brusse, +that which lyeth: which termes, as they expresse our meaning more +directly, so they want but another Spencer, to make them passable. + +The number of Cornish Inhabitants, though it cannot directly bee +summed, may yet proportionably be gessed at by the musters taken of +the able men (hereafter set downe) which wee will value at a third +part of the whole, in ensuing Bodins rate. + +But another question falleth sometimes into scanning, namely, +whether Cornwall haue heretofore beene better stored with people, +then it is now. Some holde the affirmatiue, and vouch to prooue it, +the generall decay of Inland townes, where whole streets, besides +particular houses, pay tribute to Comdowne Castle, as also the +ruines yet resting in the wilde Moores, which testifie a former +inhabitance. Others incline againe to the negatiue, alleadging the +reasons heretofore touched, in the deare price of farmes or bargaines, +by which mine assent is rather swayed: for I suppose that those +waste grounds were inhabited, and manured, when the Saxons and Danes +continual inuasions draue them to abandon the sea coasts, saue in +such townes, as were able to muster, vpon any sodaine occasion, +a sufficient number for their owne defence. The residue retired +into the heart of the land, where, vpon a longer warning, they might +sooner assemble from all sides, to make head, and the enemie in so +far a march and retrait, should aduenture a greater hazard to bee +distressed by the way. Which policy the French were driuen vnto, +in Edward the thirds time, vpon the Englishmens [58] often roades, +and the Spaniards make vse of at this day, in their Indies. +Touching the decayed Inland townes, they are counteruayled with a +surplusage of increase of those on the coast, and the desolate walks +in the Mores, haue begotten a seuen-fold race of cotages neere the +sea side. And thus much of Cornwall compared with it selfe: now, +if you match it with other champion Shires, methinks, I may gather +the same to be better inhabited, within a like circuit of miles, +because the plenty of hils & valleys, afford a large quantity of +ground thereunto. He that cannot conceiue this, may read Polibius +in his 9 booke, where it is written, that for this reason, +Lacedemon, being but fourty eight furlongs in compasse, contayneth +more dwellings then Megalopolis, which extendeth vnto fiftie. +My last proofe is grounded on this, that where the most part of the +shire is seuered into inclosures, you cannot easily make choyce to +stand in any one of them, aboue a quarter of a mile distance from +some dwelling house. + +After the names, language, and number thus perused, the Cornish +peoples disposition & quality of mind and body, as well ancient +as present, and then their degrees and recreations, succeed to be +surueyed. The first Inhabitants, or Aborigenes, as the Paynims held, +resembled those whom our stories affirme Brute to haue found here at +his landing, huge of body, rough of liuing, & sauage of conditions, +whome an old Poet desciphered in certaine verses, which I receiued of +my particular kind friend, and generally well-deseruing Countreyman +M. Camden, now Clarentieulx, which he since hath published. + + --Titanibus ilia, + Sed paucis famulosa domus, quibus vda ferarum + Terga dabant vestes, cruor haustus, pocula trunci: + Antra lares, dumeta thoros, caenacula rupes, + Praeda cibos, raptus venerem, spectacula caedes, + Imperium vires, animos furor, impetus arma, + Mortem pugna, sepulchra rubus, monstrisque gemebat + Monticolis tellus, sed eorum plurima tractus, + Pars erat Occidui, terror maiorque premebat, + Te furor extremum Zephiri Cornubia limen. + +Which sound thus in English. + + This was the Titans haunt, but with + No plenty did abound, + Whom beasts raw hides for clothing seru'd; + For drinke, the bleeding wound ; + Cups, hollow trees; their lodging, dennrs ; + Their beds, brakes; parlour, rocks; + Prey, for their food; rauine, for lust; + Their games, life-reauing knocks. + Their Empire, force; their courage, rage ; + A headlong brunt, their armes ; + Combate, their death; brambles, their graue. + The earth groan'd at the harmes + Of these mount-harbour'd monsters : but + The coast extending West, + Chiefe foyson had, and dire dismay, + And forest fury prest + Thee, Cornwall, that with utmost bound + Of Zephire art possest. + + +But afterwards, the Cornishmen, through the conuersation of forraine +Marchants trading into their countrey for Tyn, by the testimony of +Diodorus Siculus; grew to a larger measure of ciuility, then others +their fellow, but more remoted Ilanders. From which ciuility, in the +fruitful age of Canonization, they stepped a degree farder to holines, +& helped to stuffe the church kalender with diuers Saints, either made +or borne Cornish. Such was Keby son to Solomon prince of Cor. such +Peran, who if my author + +[59a] + +the Legend lye not) after that (like another Iohannes de temporibus) +he had liued two hundred yeres with perfect health, tooke his last +rest in a Cornish parish, which therethrough he endowed with his name. +And such were Dubslane, Machecu, & Manslunum, who (I speake vpon Math. +of Westm. credit) forsooke Ireland, thrust themselues to sea, in a +Boat made of three Oxe skinnes and a halfe, with seuen daies victuall, +and miraculously arriued in Cornwall. + +Of Cornishmen, whose industrie in learned knowledges hath recommended +their fame to their posterity, these few as yet are onely come to my +notice: [1170] Iohn of Cornwall, a student at Rome, and other places +in Italy, wrote of the Incarnation of Christ, against Peter Lumbard, +and dedicated the same to Pope Alexander the third, by whom he was +highly fauoured. + +[1201] Simon Thurnay, after he had out-gone all the Oxford schollers +in prophane learning (sayth the commendably paynefull Antiquarie, +and my kind friend, Master Hooker) passed from thence to Paris, +and there so profited in the study of diuinitie, that he attayned +the chiefest place amongst the profound Sorbonists. But it was a +windy knowledge that thus filled his sayles of glory, which grew at +last so to tempest his wittes, as he held Aristotle superior to +Moses and Christ, and yet but equall to himselfe. But this extreame +surquedry, forfeyted his wittes, so as at last they could not serue +him to know any letter in the booke, or to remember ought that he +had done. + +In King Henry the thirds time, liued Michael of Cornwall, admirable +(as those dayes gaue) for his variety of Latine rimes, who maintayned +the reputation of his Countrey, against Henry de Abrincis, the Kings +Arch-Poet, but somewhat angerly, as it seemeth by these verses against +the said de Abrincis: + + Est tibi gamba capri, crus Passeris, & latus Apri, + Os leporis, catuli nasus, dens & gena muli, + Frons vetulae, tauri caput, & color vndique Mauri + His argumentis, quibus est argutia mentis, + Quod non a Monstro differs, satis hic tibi monstro. + +[1292] Walter of Exon, a Franciscane Frier of Carocus in Cornwall, +at the request of Baldwin of Exon (de-) formed the Historie of +Guy of Warwick. + +Godfrey, surnamed of Cornwall, was about that time a cunning +Schoole-man, and Diuinitie Reader in Paris. + +[1342] William de Grenefild, from the Deanry of Chichester, +stepped to the Chauncellorship of England, and Archbishoprick of York, +under K. E. the first. + +In Ed, the seconds daies, one Geffrey of Cornwall, is remembred +for a writer. + +Iohn Treuisa, a Cornishman, liued in R. the 2. raigne, & translated +diuers books into English. + +King Henry the fift not vnmindfull of the ciuiller Arts amongst his +Martiall exployts, founded an Vniversitie at Caen in Normandie, +& appointed Michael Tregury of Cornwall, for his rare gifts in +learning, to bee Gouernour thereof. + +In Henry the sixts time, Iohn Skewish compiled certaine abbridgements +of Chronicles, and the warres of Troy. + +King Henry the 7. promoted Iohn Arundel for his learning, to the +sea of Excester. + + Neither is Thomas Triuet to be forgotten, as a writer, [60] +though he haue grauen his memory in a fairer letter, by building the +costly bridge at Bridge-water, of which sometimes he was Lord. + +Within our remembrance Cornwall hath bred or harboured Diuines, +graced with the degree Doctorship, Moreman Tremayn, Nichols and Rolls. +Bachelers, Medhope, Stowel, Moore, Denis. Of Preachers, the shire +holdeth a number, plentifull in regard of other shires, though not +competant to the full necessity of their owne, all commendably +labouring in their vocation, though not endowed with an equal ability +to discharge the same. + +In the Ciuil law there liued of late Doctor Kennals, & now doth +Doctor Carew, one of the ancientest masters of the Chauncerie; +in which calling, after his yonger yeres spent abroad to his benefit, +he hath reposed himselfe. Bachelers there are Carnsew, Kete, & Denis. +Barristers at the Common law, Chiuerton, Tremayne, Skawn, Michel, +Moyle, Courtnay, Tub, Treffry, Sayer. These testifie the honesty of +their carriage by the mediocrity of their estate: and (if they will +giue me leaue to report a iest) do verify an old Gentlemans prophesie, +who said that there stood a man at Polton bridge (the first entrance +into Cornwall, as you passe towards Launceston, where the Assizes are +holden) with a blacke bill in his hand, ready to knock downe all the +great Lawyers, that should offer to plant themselues in that Countie. +In earnest, whether it be occasioned through the countries pouerty, +or by reason of the far distance thereof from the supremer Courts, +or for that the multiplicity of petty ones neere at hand, appertaining +to the Dutchy, Stannary, and Franchises, do enable the attourneyes +and such like of small reading, to serue the peoples turne, and so +curtail the better studied Counsellours profiting; once certayne +it is, that few men of Law, haue either in our time, or in that of +our forefathers, growne heere to any supereminent height of learning, +liuely-hood or authoritie. + +Of like fortune, but lesse number are the Phisicions; by how much the +fewer, by so much the greater witnesses of the soyles healthfulnes. +The most professors of that science in this Country, sauing only one +Io. Williams, can better vouch practise for their warrant, then +warrant for their practise. Amongst these, I reckon Rawe Clyes a +black Smith by his occupation, and furnished with no more learning, +then is suteable to such a calling, who yet hath ministred Phisike +for many yeeres, with so often successe & general applause, that not +only the home-bred multitude beleeueth mightily in him, but euen +persons of the better calling, resort to him from remote parts of +the realme, to make trial of his cunning, by the hazard of their +liues; & sundry, either vpon iust cause, or to cloke their folly, +report that they haue reaped their errands end at his hands. +But farre more commendable is M. Atwel, sometimes Parson of Caluerly +in Deuon, & now of S. Tue in Cornwall. For besides other parts of +learning, with which he hath bene seasoned, he is not vnseene in the +Theoricks of Phisike, & can out of them readily and probably +discourse, touching the nature and accidents of all diseases. +Besides, his iudgment in vrines commeth little behind the skilfullest +in that profession. Mary his practise is somewhat strange and varying +from all others: for though now and then he vse blood-letting, and +doe ordinarily minister Manus Christi, and such like cordials, +[61] of his owne compounding (a poynt fitting well with my humour, +as enabling nature, who best knoweth how to worke) yet mostly for all +diseases he prescribeth milk, and very often milk and apples, a course +deepely subiect to the exception of the best esteemed Practitioners; +and such notwithstanding, as whereby either the vertue of the +medicine, or the fortune of the Phisicion, or the credulitie of +the Patient, hath recouered sundry out of desperate and forlorne +extremities. + +This his reputation is of many yeeres standing, and maintayneth it +selfe vnimpayred. But the same soareth to an higher pitch, by the +helpe of another wing, and that is, his liberalitie. On the poore +he bestoweth his paines & charges gratis: of the rich he taketh +moderately, but leaues the one halfe behind, in gift amongst +the houshould, if he be called abroad to visit any: The rest together +with the profits of his benefice (rather charitably accepted then +strictly exacted from his Parishioners) he powreth out with both +hands in pios vsus, and will hardly suffer a penny to sleepe, but +neuer to dwell with him. + +Few Townes there are in Cornwall, or any other shire between that and +London, which haue not in some large measure tasted of his bountie. +None commeth in kindnes to see him, but departed gratifyed with +somewhat, if his modestie will accept it. Briefly, his sound +affection in religion, is so wayted on by honesty of life, and +pleasantnesse of conuersation, that in Fabritius his voluntary +pouertie, he is an equall partner of his honour, and possesseth a +large interest in the loue of his neighbours. My loue to vertue, +and not any particular beholdingnes, hath expressed this my testimony. + +For persons imployed in state affaires, and there-through stept +to preferment, that I may not outstride late remembrance, +Sir Richard Edgecumb the elder, was Comptroller of the houshold, +and priuie Counseller to King Henry the seuenth, being sent by him +also in diuers Ambassades, in one of which to the Duke of Britaine +he deceased. + +King Henry the eight made like vse in this last kind, of +Iohn Tregonwel, who graduated a Doctor, and dubbed a Knight, did his +Prince good seruice, and left faire reuenewes to his posterity. + +Sir Thomas Arundel, a younger brother of Lanhearn house, maried the +sister to Queene Katherine Howard, & in Edward the 6. time was made +a priuie Counseller: but cleauing to the Duke of Somerset, he lost +his head with him. + +Sir Henry Killigrew, after Ambassades and messages, and many other +employments of peace and warre, in his Princes seruice, to the good +of his Countrey, hath made choyce of a retyred estate, and reuerently +regarded by all sorts, placeth his principall contentment in +himselfe, which, to a life so well acted, can no way bee wanting. + +Master George Carew, in his yonger yeeres gathered such fruit, as +the Vniuersitie, the Innes of Court, and forrayne trauell could +yeeld him: vpon his returne, he was first called to the Barre; +then supplyed the place of Secretarie to the Lord Chauncellour Hatton; +and after his decease, performed the like office to his two +successours, by speciall recommendation from her Maiestie, who also +gaue him the Prothonotaryship of the Chauncery, and in anno, 1598. +sent him Ambassadour [62] to the King of Poland, and other Nothern +Potentates' where, through vnexpected accidents, he vnderwent +extraordinary perils, but God freed him from them, & he performed +his duty in acceptable maner, and at this present the common wealth +vseth his seruice, as a Master of the Chauncery. + +Cornwall, no doubt, hath affoorded a far larger proportion of well +deseruing and employed members, to the good of their Prince and +Countrey, albeit they fall not within the compasse of my knowledge, +&. it is likely that the succeeding age wil much encrease the +number, by meanes of her Highnes bounty, who to that end hath +established seed-plots of free Schooles, with competent pentions out +of her owne cofers, for the teachers at Saltash, Launceston, and +Perin, three market townes of the County. + +In descending to martiall men, Arthur claimeth the first mention, +a Cornishman by birth, a King of Britaine by succession, & the second +of the three Christian worthies by desert: whom (if you so please) +that Captayne of Armes and Venery, Sir Tristram, shall accompany. +From them, I must make a great leap (which conuinceth me an vnworthy +associat of the antiquary Colledge) to Sir Iohn Naphant who (if I +mistake not) was by country a Cornish man, though by inhabitance a +Calisian, where H. 7. vsed his seruice in great trust; and Cardinal +Wolsey owned him for his first master. More assured I am, that +Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerne, vpon a long fight at sea, took prisoner +one Duncane Camel, a hardy Scottish Pirate, and presented him to +K. H. the 8: for our Chronicles report it. Towards the end of that +Kings raine, Sir Wil. Godolphin also demeaned himselfe very valiantly +in a charge which hee bare beyond the seas, as appeared by the +skarres hee brought home, no lesse to the beautifying of his fame, +then the disfiguring of his face: Whose Nephew, of the same name +and dignity, hath so inriched himselfe with sufficiency for matters +of policy, by his long trauell, & for martial affaires, by his present +valiant cariage in Ireland, that it is better knowne, how far he +outgoeth most others in both, then easily to be discerned for which +he deserueth principall commendation himselfe. So did Sir Rich. +Greinuile the elder enterlace his home Magistracy, with martiall +employments abroad: whereof the K. testifyed his good liking by +his liberality. Which domestical example, encouraged his sonne +Roger the more hardily to hazard, & the more willingly to resign +his life in the vnfortunate Mary Rose. A disposition & successe +equally fatall to that house: for his sonne againe, the second +Sir Ric. after his trauell and following the warres vnder the +Emperour Maximilian, against the great Turke, for which his name +is recorded by sundry forrain writers and his vndertaking to people +Virginia and Ireland, made so glorious a conclusion in her Maiesties +ship the Reuenge (of which he had charge, as Captaine, & of the whole +fleet as Vice-admirall) that it seemed thereby, when he found none +other to compare withall in his life, he striued through a vertuous +enuy to exceed it in his death. A victorious losse for the realme; +and of which the Spaniard may say with Pirrhus, that many such +conquests would beget his vtter ouerthrow. Lastly, his son Iohn +took hold of euery martiall occasion that was ministred him, vntill, +in seruice against her Highnesse enemies, vnder the command of +Sir Walter Ralegh, the Ocean became his bedde of honour. Neither may +I without wrong passe ouer Captaine George Wray in silence, who (by a +rare temperature of vertues) breathed courage into his soldiers, +purchased loue amongst his acquaintance, and bred dismay in his +enemies. Or captaine Hender, the absolutest man of war for precise +obseruing martiall rules which his dayes afforded, besides his +commendable sufficiencie of head and hand for inuention and execution. +I will end with master William Lower, late captaine of Sir Frauncis +Veres companie in Netherland, who hath opened the war schoole vnto a +great many Cornish young gentlemen, that vnder his conduct sought to +conforme themselues to his patterne, euerie way accomplished, with all +the due parts of honour. + +For Mechanical sciences the old Veale of Bodmyn might iustly expostulate +with my silence, if I should not spare him a roome in his Suruey, +while hee so well deserues it. This man hath beene so beholden to +Mercuryes predominant strength in his natiuitie, that without a teacher +hee is become very skilfull in welneere all manner of handy-crafts: +a Carpenter, a Ioyner, a Milwright, a free-Mason, a Clockmaker, +a Caruer, mettall founder, Architect, & quid non? yea a Surgeon, +Phisicion, Alchumist, &c. So as that which Gorgias of Leontium vaunted +of the liberall sciences, he may professe of the mechanicall, +viz. to be ignorant in none. + +The Cornish minds thus qualified, are the better enabled to expresse +the same by the strong, actiue, &c healthfull constitution of their +bodies; touching each whereof a little in particular, though we shall +haue a fitter generall occasion to discourse therof, where we handle +their passetimes. For strength, one Iohn Bray (well knowne to me as +my tenant) carried vpon his backe, at one time, by the space welneere +of a Butte length, sixe bushels of wheaten meale, reckoning fifteen +gallons to the bushel, and the Miller a lubber of foure and twenty +yeres age, vpon the whole. + +Iohn Romane, a short clownish grub, would beare the whole carkase of +an Oxe, and yet neuer tugged with him, like that so famous Milo, +when hee was a Calfe. + +For activity, one Kiltor, committed to Launceston Gayle for the last +Cornish commotion, laying there in the castle-greene vpon his back, +threw a stone of some pounds wayght, ouer that Towres top, which +leadeth into the parke. + +For health, 80. & 90. yeres age, is ordinary in euery place, and in +most persons, accompanied with an able vse of the body & his sences. +One Polzew, lately liuing, reached vnto 130, a kinsman of his, +to 112. one Beauchamp to 106. yea Brawne the begger, a Cornishman by +wandring (for I cannot say, by inhabitance) though Irish by birth, +out-scoreth a hundred winters, by I wote not how many reuolutions. +And in the parish where God hath seated my poore dwelling, I remember +the decease of foure, within 14. weekes space, whose yeres added +together, made vp the summe of 340. + +Now to the degrees of their seuerall callings, wherein as I will poast +ouer the Dukes to another place, so for Noblemen, I may deliuer in a +word, that Cornwall at this present enioyeth the residence of none +at al. The occasion whereof groweth, partly, because their issue +female haue caried away the Inhabitance, together with the +Inheritance, to Gentlemen of the Easterne parts: and partly, for that +their issue male, little affecting [64] so remote a corner, liked +better to transplant their possessions neerer to the heart of the +Realme. Elder times were not so barraine: for besides the Lord +Tregoyes in Wil. Conquerours dayes, Bottraux Castle vaunted his Baron +of that title; both now descended to the Earles of Huntingdon: the +last deceased of which, retayning the honour, departed with the land +to my kinde friend master Iohn Hender, a Gentleman for his good parts, +employed by her Maiestie amongst others, in the peace gouernment of +the shire. + +The Lord Bonuile his house was at Trelawne, alias, Trelawney, lately +purchased of her Highnes, by Sir Ionathan Trelawny, a Knight well +spoken, stayed in his cariage, and of thrifty prouidence. + +The Lord Bray dwelt at [blank]: the Lord Brooke, at Kellington, where +one of them hath his tombe: the Lord Marney at Colquite: and the +Lord Denham at Cardenham. + +Boconnock also appertained to the Earles of Deuon, and was by +Frauncis Earle of Bedford, solde to Sir William Mohun, who deriued +his pedigree from the ancient Barons of that name, and is also issued +from one of those Earles of Deuons sisters and heyres. This together +with other fayre possessions, now resteth in Sir Reignald Mohun his +sonne, one that by his courteous,iust, and liberall course of life, +maintayneth the reputation, and encreaseth the loue alwayes borne +his ancestours. + +The most Cornish Gentlemen can better vaunt of their pedigree, then +their liuelyhood: for that, they deriue from great antiquitie, (and I +make question, whether any shire in England, of but equall quantitie, +can muster a like number of faire coate-Armours) whereas this +declineth to the meane. One cause there is of both proceeding from +the want of those supplies, which seruice, law and marchandise, afford +the more inward Inhabitants of the Realme, as I haue elsewhere +touched: yet this rule is not so generall, but that it admitteth his +exceptions: for there are diuers, whose patrimonies extend to a large +proportion; & for the residue, the cheapnes of their prouisions, and +their casualties of Tyn, and fines (which 2. later ordinarily treble +the certaine reuennue of their rents) enable them with their few +scores, to equall the expences of those Easterne dwellers, who reckon +by the hundreds: besides, they finde meanes by a suruey, to defray any +extraordinarie charge of building, marriage, lawing, or such like. +Yet I cannot denie, but that some, in gaping for dead mens shooes, +find their improuident couetous humour punished with going barefoot. + +This angle which so shutteth them in, hath wrought many +interchangeable matches with eche others stock, and giuen beginning +to the prouerbe, that all Cornish gentlemen are cousins; which endeth +in an injurious consequence, that the king hath there no cousins. +They keepe liberall, but not costly builded or furnished houses, +giue kind entertainement to strangers, make euen at the yeeres end +with the profits of their liuing, are reuerenced and beloued of their +neighbours, liue void of factions amongst themselues (at leastwise +such as breake out into anie daungerous excesse) and delight not in +brauerie of apparrell: yet the women would be verie loth to come +behind the fashion, in [65] newfanglednes of the maner, if not in +costlynes of the matter, which may perhaps ouer-empty their husbands +purses. They conuerse familiarly together, & often visit one another. +A Gentleman and his wife will ride to make mery with his next +neighbour; and after a day or twayne, those two couples goe to a +third: in which progresse they encrease like snowballs, till through +their burdensome waight they breake againe. + +And heere I thought requisite, to lay downe the names of such Cornish +gentlemen, as I find recorded to haue come in with the Conquerour. + + + Gentlemen descended from those, who came + in with the Conquerour, and now resi- + ding in Cornwall. + + Arundell. Greinuile. + + Basset. Karrow, alias, Carew. + Bluat, alias, Bluet. + Beauchamp. Mowne, alias, Mohun. + Bray. Malet. + Bellet. Miners. + Beuill. + Barret. Pomeray. + + Courtenay. Rouse. + Chaumont, alias, Chamond. + Samtalbin, alias, Semtabyn. + Denis. Saulay, alias, Saule. + + +If the variety of Armes disclaime from any of these names, I will not +stand vpon a stiffe iustification: and yet it is to bee noted, that +diuers Cornish Gentlemen, borne yonger brothers, and aduanced by +match, haue left their owne coats, & honoured those of their wiues +with the first quarter of their shields. Which error their posteritie +likewise ensued, as also, that before these later petty differences +grew in vogue, the Armes of one stocke were greatly diuersified in the +younger braunches. + +I had also made a more paynful, then perfect collection of most of +the Cornish Gentlemens names & Armes: But because the publishing +thereof might perhaps goe accompanied with diuers wrongs, to my much +reuerenced friends the Heralds, by thrusting my sickle into their +haruest; to a great many my Countrymen, whom my want of information +should be forced to passe ouer vnmentioned; and to the truth it selfe, +where my report (relying vpon other mens credits) might through their +errour intitle me the publisher (though not the author) of falshood: +I rather thought fit altogether to omit it, and to note onely, that of +diuers Gentlemen there haue bene in Cornwall, either their names are +worne out, or their liuings transferred by the females, into other +families: as likewise, sundry of those there now inhabiting, are +lately denized Cornish, being generally drawne thither (besides other +more priuate respects) through eyther the desire of change, which the +disease of discontent affecteth, or the loue of quiet in so remote +a corner, or the supposall of commodities there arising, and accruing, +or the warrantize from ouerlooking & bearing, where little difference +in quality tendeth to an [66] equality in estates. + +From Gentility, we wil descend to ciuility, which is or should be in +the townesmen. Those in Cornwall do no more by nature, then others +elsewhere by choyce, conceiue themselves an estranged society from +the vpland dwellers, and cary, I will not say a malice, but an +emulation against them, as if one member in a body could continue his +wel-being without a beholdingnes to the rest. Their chiefest trade +consisteth in vttering their petty marchandises, & Artificers labours +at the weekly markets. Very few among them make vse of that +oportunity, which the scite vpon the sea proffereth vnto many, for +building of shipping, and traffiking in grosse: yet some of the +Easterne townes piddle that way, & some others giue themselues to +fishing voyages, both which (when need requireth) furnish her +Maiesties nauy with good store of very seruiceable Mariners. + +There are (if they be not slaundered) that hunt after a more easie +then commendable profit, with little hazard, and (I would I could +not say) with lesse conscience. Anno 32. H. 8. an act of Parliament +was made for repayring, amongst others, the Borough townes of +Launceston, Liskerd, Lostwithiel, Bodmyn, Truro, and Helston +in Cornwall, but with what fruit to their good, I cannot relate. + +Within late yeeres memorie, the sea-coast Townes begin to proclaime +their bettering in wealth, by costly encrease of buildings; but those +of the Inland, for the most part, vouch their ruined houses, and +abandoned streets, as too true an euidence, that they are admitted +no partners in this amendment. If I mistake not the cause, I may +with charitie inough wish them still the same fortune: for as is +elsewhere touched, I conceyue their former large peopling, to haue +bin an effect of the countries impouerishing, while the inuasion of +forraine enemies draue the Sea-coast Inhabitants to seeke a more safe, +then commodious abode in those Inland parts. + +Strangers occasioned to trauaile through the shire, were wont, no +lesse sharply then truly, to inueigh against the bad drinke, course +lodging, and slacke attendance which they found in thosehouses that +went for Innes: neither did their horses better entertainment, proue +them any welcomer ghests then their masters: but in stead of remedy, +they receyued in answere, that neither such an outcorner was +frequented with many wayfarers, nor by hanging out signes, or +forestalling at the Townes end, like the Italians, did they inuite +any; and to make great prouision vpon small hope of vtterance, were +to incurre a skorne-worthy losse, seeing Aspettare, & non +venire (saith the same Italian) is one of the tre cose da morire. + +Touching the Yeomanarie of Cornwall, I can say little, worth the +observing, for any difference from that of other shires, and therefore +I will step downe the next staire to husbandmen. + +These in times not past the remembrance of some yet liuing, rubbed +forth their estate in the poorest plight, their grounds lay all in +common, or onely diuided by stitch-meale: little bread-corne: their +drinke, water, or at best, but whey: for the richest Farmour in a +parish brewed not aboue twyce a yeere, and then, God wotte what +liquor: their meat, Whitsull, as they call it, namely, milke, sowre +milke, cheese, curds, [67] butter, and such like as came from the cow +and ewe, who were tyed by the one legge at pasture: their apparell, +course in matter, ill shapen in maner: their legges and feet naked +and bare, to which sundrie old folke had so accustomed their youth, +that they could hardly abide to weare any shooes; complayning how it +kept them ouer hote. Their horses shod onlie before, and for all +furniture a pad and halter, on which the meaner countrie wenches of +the westerne parts doe yet ride astride, as all other English folke +vsed before R. the 2. wife brought in the side saddle fashion +of straw. + +Suteable hereunto was their dwelling, & to that their implements of +houshold: walles of earth, low thatched roofes, few partitions, no +planchings or glasse windows, and scarcely any chimnies, other then +a hole in the wall to let out the smoke: their bed, straw and a +blanket: as for sheets, so much linen cloth had not yet stepped ouer +the narrow channell, betweene them and Brittaine. To conclude, +a mazer and a panne or two, comprised all their substance: but now +most of these fashions are vniuersally banished, and the Cornish +husbandman conformeth himself with a better supplied ciuilitie to +the Easterne patterne, which hath directed him a more thriuing forme +of husbandrie; and our halcion dayes of peace enabled him to applie +the lesson: so as, his fine once ouercome, he can maintaine himselfe +& his familie in a competent decencie to their calling, and findeth +monie to bestow weekely at the markets, for his prouisions of +necessitie and pleasure: for his quarterlie rent serueth rather as a +token of subiection to his Land-lord, then any grieuous exaction on +his tenement. + +One point of their former roughnesse, some of the Westerne people +do yet still retaine, & therethrough in some measure, verifie that +testimonie which Mathew Westm. giueth of them, together with the +Welsh, their auncient countrimen: namely, how fostering a fresh +memorie of their expulsion long agoe by the English, they second +the same with a bitter repining at their fellowship: and this the +worst sort expresse, in combining against, and working them all the +shrewd turnes which with hope of impunitie they can deuise: howbeit, +it shooteth not to a like extremitie in all places and persons, but +rather by little and little, weareth out vnto a more milde and +conuersable fashion. Amongst themselues they agree well, and +companie louingly together: to their gentlemen they carrie a verie +dutifull regard, as enured in their obeysance from their ancestors, +and holding them as Roytelets, because they know no greater. +Onelie it might be wished, that diuers amongst them had lesse spleene +to attempt law-suits, for pettie supposed wrongs, or not so much +subtiltie and stiffenesse to prosecute them: so should their purses +be heauier, and their consciences lighter: a reporter must auerre +no falshood, nor conceale any truth. + +We must also spare a roome in this Suruey, to the poore, of whom +few Shires can shew more, or owne fewer then Cornwall. +Ireland prescribeth to be the nurserie, which sendeth ouer yeerely, +yea and dayly whole Ship-loades of these crooked slips, and the +dishabited townes afford them rooting: so vpon the matter, the whole +County maketh a contribution, to pay those Lords their rent. +Manie good Statutes haue beene enacted for redresse of these abuses, +and vpon the first publishing, heedfully and diligently put in +practise: but [68] after the nine dayes wonder expired, the law +is forgotten, the care abandoned, and those vermine swarme againe +in euerie corner: yet those peeuish charitable cannot be ignorant, +that herethrough, to the high offence of God and good order, they +maintaine idlenes, drunkennesse, theft, lecherie, blasphemie, +Atheisme, and in a word, all impietie: for a worse kind of people +then these vagabonds, the realme is not pestered withal: what they +consume in a day, wil suffice to releeue an honest poore parishioner +for a week, of whose work you may also make some vse: their staruing +is not to be feared, for they may be prouided for at home, if they +list: no almes therefore should be cast away upon them, to the +robberie of the needy impotent; but money least of all: for in giuing +him siluer, you do him wrong, by changing his vocation, while you +metamorphize him from a begger to a buyer. Lacks he meat, drinke, +or apparrell? (and nothing els he ought to be owner of) he must +procure them of the worst by free gift, and not make choice, for a +iust price, of the best. Well, though the rogue laugh you to scorne +at night, the alewife hath reason the next day to pray for you. + +Surely we finde by experience, that this so hainous an enormitie may +be both easily and quickly reformed: for let the Constables execute +upon the rogues that last most beneficiall Act of Parliament, with +due seueritie for one weeke, and the terror thereof will free the +parish for a month: vse it a month, and you are acquited for the +whole yere. If the Constables persift in their remisnesse, let the +Iustices lay the penalty vpon them, and they will no longer hoodwinke +themselues at their neighbours faults. Let the neighbour be so +pinched by the purse, but once or twise, and he will become a +great deale the more sensible to season his charity with discretion +for a long time after. + +Vpon the first statute, there was a house of correction erected +at Bodmin, to the great charge, but little benefit of the Countrey. +Which experience lessoneth them to illude this later, by appoynting +certaine cotagers houses in euery parish to serue, nomine tenus, +for that purpose. + +Lazer-houses, the deuotion of certaine Cornish Gentlemens ancesters +erected at Minhinet, by Liskerd, S. Thomas by Launceston, and +S. Laurence by Bodmyn: of which, this last is well endowed & gouerned. +Concerning the other, I haue little to say, vnlesse I should eccho +some of their complaints, that they are defrauded of their right. +The much eating of fish, especially newly taken, and therein +principally of the liuers, is reckoned a great breeder of those +contagious humours, which turne into Leprosie: but whence soeuer the +cause proceedeth, dayly euents minister often pittifull spectacles to +the Cornishmens eyes, of people visited with this affliction; some +being authours of their owne calamity by the forementioned diet, +and some others succeeding therein to an haereditarius morbus of +their ancestors: whom we will leaue to the poorest comfort in miserie, +a helplesse pittie. + +But let me lead you from these vnpleasing matters, to refresh +yourselues with taking view of the Cornishmens recreations, which +consist principally in feastes and pastimes. + +Their feasts are commonly haruest dinners, Church-ales, and the +solemnizing of their parish Churches dedication, which they terme +their Saints feast. + +[69] + +The haruest dinners are held by euery wealthy man, or as wee terme it, +euery good liuer, betweene Michaelmas and Candlemas, whereto he +inuiteth his next neighbours and kinred, and though it beare onely +the name of a dinner, yet the ghests take their supper also with them, +and consume a great part of the night after in Christmas rule: neither +doth the good cheere wholly expire (though it somewhat decrease) but +with the end of the weeke. + +For the Church-ale, two young men of the parish are yerely chosen by +their last foregoers, to be Wardens, who deuiding the task, make +collection among the parishioners, of whatsoeuer prouision it pleaseth +them voluntarily to bestow. This they imploy in brewing, baking, +& other acates, against Whitsontide; vpon which Holydayes, the +neighbours meet at the Church-house, and there merily feed on their +owne victuals, contributing some petty portion to the stock, which by +many smalls, groweth to a meetly greatnes: for there is entertayned +a kinde of emulation betweene these Wardens, who by his graciousnes +in gathering, and good husbandry in expending, can best aduauce the +Churches profit. Besides, the neighbour parishes, at those times +louingly visit one another, and this way frankely spend their money +together. The afternoones are consumed in such exercises, as olde +and yong folke (hauing leysure) doe accustomably weare out the time +withall. + +When the feast is ended, the Wardens yeeld in their account to the +Parishioners, and such money as exceedeth the disbursments, is layd +vp in store, to defray any extraordinary charges arising in the +parish, or imposed on them for the good of the Countrey, or the +Princes seruice. Neither of which commonly gripe so much, but that +somewhat stil remayneth to couer the purses bottome. + +The Saints feast is kept vpon the dedication day, by euery housholder +of the parish, within his owne dores, each entertayning such forrayne +acquaintance, as will not fayle when their like turne cometh about, +to requite him with the like kindnes. + +Of late times, many Ministers haue by their ernest inuectiues, +both condemned these Saints feasts as superstitious, and suppressed +the Church-ales, as licencious: concerning which, let it breed none +offence, for me to report a conference that I had not long since, +with a neere friend, who (as I conceiue) looked hereinto with an +indifferent and vnpreiudicating eye. I do reuerence (sayd he) the +calling and iudgement of the Ministers, especially when most of them +concurre in one opinion, and that the matter controuersed, holdeth +some affinity with their profession. Howbeit, I doubt, least in +their exclayming or declayming against Church-ales and Saints feasts, +their ringleaders did onely regard the rinde, and not perce into +the pith, and that the rest were chiefly swayed by their example: +euen as the vulgar, rather stouped to the wayght of their authoritie, +then became perswaded by the force of their reasons. And first +touching Church-ales, these be mine assertions, if not my proofes: +Of things induced by our forefathers, some were instituted to a good +vse, and peruerted to a bad: againe, some were both naught in the +inuention, and so continued in the practise. Now that Church-ales +ought to bee sorted in the better ranke of these twaine, maybe +gathered from their causes and [70] effects, which I thus rasse vp +together: entertaining of Christian loue, conforming of mens +behauiour to a ciuill conuersation, compounding of controuersies, +appealing of quarrels, raising a store, which might be concerted +partly to good and godly vses, as releeuing all sorts of poore people, +repairing of Churches, building of bridges, amending of high wayes; +and partly for the Princes seruice, by defraying at an instant, such +rates and taxes as the magistrate imposeth for the Countries defence. +Briefly, they tende to an instructing of the minde by amiable +conference, and an enabling of the body by commendable exercises. +But I fearing lest my friend would runne himselfe out of breath, +in this volubilitie of praising, stept athwart him with these +obiections: That hee must pardon my dissenting from his opinion, +touching the goodnesse of the institution: for taken at best, +it could not be martialled with the sacred matters, but rather with +the ciuill, if not with the profane; that the very title of ale was +somewhat nasty, and the thing it selfe had beene corrupted with such +a multitude of abuses, to wit, idlenes, drunkennesse, lasciuiousnes, +vaine disports of ministrelsie, dauncing, and disorderly +night-watchings, that the best curing was to cut it cleane away. +As for his fore-remembred good causes and effects, I sawe not, +but that if the peoples mindes were guided by the true leuell of +christian charity & duetie, such necessary and profitable +contributions might stil be continued gratis, & the country eased +of that charge to their purse and conscience, which ensueth this +gourmandise. His reply was, that if this ordinance could not reach +vnto that sanctity which dependeth on the first table, yet it +succeeded the same in the next degree, as appertayning to the second. +Mine exception against the title, he mockingly matched with their +scrupulous precisenes, who (forsooth) would not say Christmas, +nor Michaelmas, as other folk did; but Christs tide, and Michaels +tide: who (quoth he) by like consequence must also bind themselues +to say, Toms tide, Lams tide, and Candles tide. But if the name of +ale relish so ill, whereas the licour itselfe is the English mans +ancientest and wholesomest drinke, and serueth many for meate and +cloth too; he was contented I should call it Church beere, or Church +wine, or what else I listed: mary, for his part hee would loqui cum +vulgo, though hee studied sentire cum sapientibus. Where I affirmed, +that the people might by other meanes be trayned with an equall +largesse to semblable workes of charitie, he suspected lest I did +not enter into a through consideration of their nature and qualitie, +which he had obserued to be this: that they would sooner depart with +12. pennyworth of ware, then sixepence in coyne, and this shilling +they would willingly double, so they might share but some pittance +thereof againe. Now in such indifferent matters, to serue their +humours, for working them to a good purpose, could breed no maner +of scandall. As for the argument of abuse, which I so largely +dilated, that should rather conclude a reformation of the fault, +then an abrogation of the fact. + +For to prosecute your owne Metaphore (quoth hee) surely I holde him +for a sory Surgeon, that cannot skill to salue a sore, but by taking +away the lymme, and little better then the Phisicion, who, to helpe +the disease, will reaue the life of his Patient from him. Abuses, +doubtlesse, great and many [71] haue, by successe of time, crept +hereinto, as into what other almost, diuine, or ciuill, doe they not? +and yet in these publike meetings, they are so presented to euery +mans sight, as shame somewhat restrayneth the excesse, and they may +much the sooner bee both espied and redressed. If you thinke I goe +about to defend Church-ales, with all their faults, you wrong your +iudgement, & your iudgement wrongeth mee. I would rather (as a +Burgesse of this ale-parliament) enact certaine lawes, by which such +assemblies should be gouerned: namely, that the drinke should neither +be too strong in taste, nor too often tasted: that the ghests should +be enterlarded, after the Persian custome, by ages, yong and old, +distinguished by degrees of the better and meaner: and seuered into +sexes, the men from the women: that the meats should be sawced with +pleasant, but honest talke: that their songs should be of their +auncestours honourable actions: the principall time of the morning, +I would haue hallowed to Gods seruice: the after-noones applied to +manlike actiuities: and yet I would not altogether barre sober and +open dauncing, vntill it were first thoroughly banished from mariages, +Christmas reuels, and (our Countries patterne) the court: all which +should be concluded, with a reasonable and seasonable portion of the +night: and so (sayd hee) will I conclude this part of my speech, with +adding onely one word more for my better iustification: that in +defending feasts, I maintayne neither Paradox, nor conceite in +nubibus, but a matter practised amongst vs from our eldest +auncestours, with profitable and well pleasing fruit, and not onely +by our nation, but, both in former ages, by the best and strictest +disciplined common wealth of the Lacedemonians, who had their +ordinary Sissitia, and now in our dayes, as well by the reformed, +as Catholike Switzers, who place therein a principal Arcanum imperij. + +Now touching the Saints feasts, if you taynt them with suspect: +of superstition, because they are held vpon those Saints daies, +by whose names the parish Churches are stiled, I will ward that blow +with the shield of Arch-Saint Austines authoritie, who in his 8. booke +of Gods Citie, and 27. Chap. in the like case, iustifieth a lesse +allowable practise of the primitiue Christians. Summa, he closed his +discourse with this protection, that hee appealed not from, but to +the honourably respected censure of the reuerend Ministery, desiring +his speach might receiue, not the allowance of a position, but the +licence of a proposition: which my friends modest submission, I could +not but embrace my selfe, and recommend it ouer to your fauourable +acceptation. + +My last note touching these feasts, tendeth to a commendation of the +ghests, who (though rude in their other fashions) may for their +discreete Judgement in precedence, and preseance, read a lesson to +our ciuilest gentry. Amongst them, at such publike meetings, not +wealth but age is most regarded: so as (saue in a verie notorious +disproportion of estates) the younger rich reckoneth it a shame +sooner then a grace, to step or sit before the elder honest, +and rather expecteth his turne for the best roome, by succession, +then intrudeth thereto by anticipation. + +Pastimes to delight the minde, the Cornish men haue Guary miracles, +and three mens songs: and for exercise of the body, Hunting, Hawking, +Shooting, Wrastling, [72] Hurling, and such other games. + + The Guary miracle, in English, a miracle-play, is a kinde of +Enterlude, compiled in Cornish out of some scripture history, +with that grossenes, which accompanied the Romanes vetus Comedia. +For representing it, they raise an earthen Amphitheatre, in some open +field, hauing the Diameter of his enclosed playne some 40. or 50. +foot. The Country people flock from all sides, many miles off, +to hear and see it: for they haue therein, deuils and deuices, +to delight as well the eye as the eare: the players conne not their +parts without booke, but are prompted by one called the Ordinary, +who followeth at their back with the booke in his hand, and telleth +them softly what they must pronounce aloud. Which maner once gaue +occasion to a pleasant conceyted gentleman, of practising a mery +pranke: for he vndertaking (perhaps of set purpose) an Actors roome, +was accordingly lessoned (before-hand) by the Ordinary, that he must +say after him. His turne came: quoth the Ordinary, Go forth man and +shew thy selfe. The gentleman steps out vpon the stage, and like a +bad Clarke in scripture matters, cleauing more to the letter then the +sense, pronounced those words aloud. Oh (sayes the fellowe softly in +his eare) you marre all the play. And with this his passion, the +Actor makes the audience in like sort acquainted. Hereon the prompter +falles to flat rayling & cursing in the bitterest termes he could +deuise: which the Gentleman with a set gesture and countenance still +soberly related, vntill the Ordinary, driuen at last into a madde +rage, was faine to giue ouer all. Which trousse though it brake off +the Enterlude, yet defrauded not the beholders, but dismissed them +with a great deale more sport and laughter, then 20. such Guaries +could haue affoorded. + + They haue also Cornish three mens songs, cunningly contriued for +the ditty, and pleasantly for the note. + +Amongst bodily pastimes, shooting carrieth the preeminence; to which +in mine yonger yeeres I caried such affection, as I induced Archery, +perswading others to the like liking, by this ensuing Prosopopeia: + +My deare friends, I come to complaine vpon you, but to your selues: +to blame you, but for your good: to expostulate with you, but in the +way of reconciliation. Alas, what my desert can justify your +adandoning my fellowship, & hanging me thus vp, to be smoke-starued +ouer your chimnies? I am no stranger vnto you, but by birth, +your countrywoman: by dwelling your neighbour: by education, +your familiar: neither is my company shamefull; for I hant the light +and open fieldes: nor my conuersation dangerous: nay, it shields you +from dangers, and those not the least, but of greatest consequence, +the dangers of warre. And as in fight I giue you protection, so in +peace I supplie you pastime; and both in warre and peace, to your +lymmes I yeelde actiue plyantnesse, and to your bodyes healthfull +exercise: yea I prouide you food when you are hungrie, and helpe +digestion when you are full. Whence then proceedeth this vnkinde +and vnusuall strangenesse? Am I heavy for burden? Forsooth, a fewe +light stickes of wood. Am I combrous for carriage? I couch a part of +my selfe close vnder your girdle, and the other part serueth for a +walking-staffe in your hand. Am I vnhandsome in your sight? +Euery piece of mee is comely, and the whole keepeth [73] an +harmonicall proportion. Lastly, am I costly to bee prouided? +or hard to bee maintayned? No, cheapnesse is my purueyour, +easinesse my preseruer, neither doe I make you blow away your charges +with my breath, or taynt your nose with my sent, nor defile your +face and fingers with my colour, like that hellborne murderer, +whom you accept before me. I appeale then to your valiant Princes, +Edwards, and Henries, to the battayles of Cresey, Poyters, Agincourt, +and Floddon, to the regions of Scotland, Fraunce, Spaine, Italy, +Cyprus, yea and Iury, to be vmpires of this controuersie: all which +(I doubt not) will with their euidence playnely prooue, that when +mine aduerse party was yet scarcely borne, or lay in her swathling +clouts, through mee onely your auncestours defended their Countrey, +vanquished their enemies, succoured their friends, enlarged their +Dominions, aduanced their religion, and made their names fearfull to +the present age, and their fame euerlasting to those that ensue. +Wherefore, my deare friends, seeing I have so substantially euicted +the rightof my cause conforme your wils to reason, conforme your +reason by practise, and conuert your practise to the good of your +selues and your Country. If I be praise-worthy, esteeme me: +if necessary, admit me: if profitable, employ me: so shall you +reuoke my death to life, and shew your selues no degenerate issue +of such honourable Progenitours. And thus much for Archery, +whose tale, if it be disordered, you must beare withall, for she +is a woman, & her mind is passionate. + +And to giue you some taste of the Cornish mens former sufficiency +that way: for long shooting, their shaft was a cloth yard, their +pricks 24. score: for strength, they would pierce any ordinary +armour: and one master Robert Arundell (whom I well knew) could shoot +12. score, with his right hand, with his left, and from behinde +his head. + +Lastly, for neere and well aimed shooting, Buts made them perfect in +the one, and rouing in the othe: for prickes, the first corrupter of +Archery, through too much precisenesse, were then scarcely knowne, +and little practised. And in particular, I haue heard by credible +report of those, who professed and protested themselues to haue bene +eye-witnesses, that one Robert Bone of Antony shot at a little bird, +sitting upon his cowes back, and killed it, the bird (I meane) not +the cowe; which was either very cunning in the performance, or very +foolish in the attempt. The first of these somewhat resembled one +Menelaus, mentioned by Zosimus, lib. 2. who nocking three arrowes, +& shooting them all at once, would strike three seuerall persons, +and might haue deserued a double stipend in the graund Signiors gard, +where the one halfe of his archers are left-handed, that they may +not turne their taile to their Sultan while they draw. The other may +in some sort compare with that Auo, reported by Saxo Gramaticus, +for so good a markman, as with one arrow he claue the firing of his +aduersaries bowe, the second he fixed betweene his fingers, and with +the third strooke his shaft which he was nocking: or with that +exploit of the fathers piercing an apple on his sonnes head, +attributed by the same Saxo, to one Toko a Dane: and by the Switzers +histories, to Guillaum Tell, the chiefe occasioner, and part-author +of their libertie. + +[74] + +Hurling taketh his denomination from throwing of the ball, and is of +two sorts, in the East parts of Cornwall, to goales, and in the West, +to the countrey. + +For hurling to goales, there are 15. 20. or 30. players more or lesse, +chosen out on each side, who strip them- selues into their slightest +apparell, and then ioyne hands in ranke one against another. Out of +these ranks they match themselues by payres, one embracing another, & +so passe away: euery of which couple, are specially to watch one +another during the play. + +After this, they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten +foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue score off, +other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales. One of +these is appoynted by lots, to the one side, and the other to his +aduerse party. There is assigned for their gard, a couple of their +best stopping Hurlers; the residue draw into the midst betweene both +goales, where some indifferent person throweth vp a ball, the which +whosoeuer can catch, and cary through his aduersaries goale, hath +wonne the game. But therein consisteth one of Hercules his labours: +for he that is once possessed of the ball, hath his contrary mate +waiting at inches, and assaying to lay hold vpon him. The other +thrusteth him in the breast, with his closed fist, to keepe him off; +which they call Butting, and place in weldoing the same, no small +poynt of manhood. + +If hee escape the first, another taketh him in hand, and so a third, +neyther is hee left, vntill hauing met (as the Frenchman sayes) +Chausseura son pied, hee eyther touch the ground with some part of +his bodie, in wrastling, or cry, Hold; which is the word of yeelding. +Then must he cast the ball (named Dealing) to some one of his +fellowes, who catching the same in his hand, maketh away withall +as before; and if his hap or agility bee so good, as to shake off or +outrunne his counter-wayters, at the goale, hee findeth one or two +fresh men, readie to receiue and keepe him off. It is therefore a +very disaduantageable match, or extraordinary accident, that leeseth +many goales: howbeit, that side carryeth away best reputation, which +giueth most falles in the hurling, keepeth the ball longest, and +presseth his contrary neerest to their owne goale. Sometimes one +chosen person on eche party dealeth the ball. + +The Hurlers are bound to the obseruation of many lawes, as, that they +must hurle man to man, and not two set vpon one man at once: that the +Hurler against the ball, must not but, nor hand-fast vnder girdle: +that hee who hath the ball, must but onely in the others brest: that +he must deale no Fore-ball, viz. he may not throw it to any of his +mates, standing neerer the goale, then himselfe. Lastly, in dealing +the ball, if any of the other part can catch it flying between, or +e're the other haue it fast, he thereby winneth the same to his side, +which straightway of defendant becommeth assailant, as the other, +of assailant falls to be defendant. The least breach of these lawes, +the Hurlers take for a iust cause of going together by the eares, +but with their fists onely; neither doth any among them seek reuenge +for such wrongs or hurts, but at the like play againe. These hurling +matches are mostly vsed at weddings, where commonly the ghests +vndertake to encounter all commers. + +[75] + +The hurling to the Countrey, is more diffuse and confuse, as bound +to few of these orders: Some two or more Gentlemen doe commonly make +this match, appointing that on such a holyday, they will bring to +such an indifferent place, two, three, or more parishes of the East or +South quarter, to hurle against so many other, of the West or North. +Their goales are either those Gentlemens houses, or some townes or +villages, three or foure miles asunder, of which either side maketh +choice after the neernesse to their dwellings. When they meet, there +is neyther comparing of numbers, nor matching of men: but a siluer +ball is cast vp, and that company, which can catch, and cary it by +force, or sleight, to their place assigned, gaineth the ball and +victory. Whosoeuer getteth seizure of this ball, findeth himselfe +generally pursued by the aduerse party; neither will they leaue, +till (without all respects) he be layd flat on Gods dear earth: +which fall once receiued, disableth him from any longer detayning +the ball: hee therefore throwet the same (with like hazard of +intercepting, as in the other hurling) to some one of his fellowes, +fardest before him, who maketh away withall in like maner. Such as +see where the ball is played, giue notice thereof to their mates, +crying, Ware East, Ware West, &c. as the same is carried. + +The Hurlers take their next way ouer hilles, dales, hedges, ditches; +yea, and thorow bushes, briers, mires, plashes and riuers whatsoeuer; +so as you shall sometimes see 20. or 30. lie tugging together in the +water, scrambling and scratching for the ball. A play (verily) both +rude & rough, and yet such, as is not destitute of policies, in some +sort resembling the feats of warre: for you shall haue companies layd +out before, on the one side, to encounter them that come with the +ball, and of the other party to succor them, in maner of a fore-ward. +Againe, other troups lye houering on the sides, like wings, to helpe +or stop their escape: and where the ball it selfe goeth, it resembleth +the ioyning of the two mayne battels: the slowest footed who come +lagge, supply the showe of a rere-ward: yea, there are horsemen placed +also on either party (as it were in ambush) and ready to ride away +with the ball, if they can catch it at aduantage. But they may not so +steale the palme: for gallop any one of them neuer so fast, yet he +shall be surely met at some hedge corner, crosse-lane, bridge, or deep +water, which (by casting the Countrie) they know he must needs touch +at: and if his good fortune gard him not the better, hee is like to +pay the price of his theft, with his owne and his horses ouerthrowe to +the ground. Sometimes, the whole company runneth with the ball, +seuen or eight miles out of the direct way, which they should keepe. +Sometimes a foote-man getting it by stealth, the better to scape +vnespied, will carry the same quite backwards, and so, at last, get +to the goale by a windlace: which once knowne to be wonne, all that +side flocke thither with great iolity: and if the same bee a +Gentlemans house, they giue him the ball for a Trophee, and the +drinking out of his Beere to boote. + +The ball in this play may bee compared to an infernall spirit: +for whosoeuer catcheth it, fareth straightwayes like a madde man, +strugling and fighting with those that goe about to holde him: and no +sooner is the ball gone from him, but hee resigneth this fury to the +[76] next recyuer, and himselfe becommeth peaceable as before. +I cannot well resolue, whether I should more commend this game for +the manhood and exercise, or condemne it for the boysterousnes and +harmes which it begetteth: for as on the one side it makes their +bodies strong, hard, and nimble, and puts a courage into their hearts, +to meet an enemie in the face: so on the other part, it is accompanied +with many dangers, some of which do euer fall to the players share. +For proofe whereof, when the hurling is ended, you shall see them +retyring home, as from a pitched battaile, with bloody pates, bones +broken, and out of ioynt, and such bruses as serue to shorten their +daies; yet al is good play, & neuer Attourney nor Crowner troubled +for the matter. + +Wrastling is as full of manlinesse; more delightfull, and lesse +dangerous: which pastime, either Cornish men deriued from Corineus, +their first pretended founder, or (at least) it ministred some stuffe +to the farcing of that fable. But to let that passe, their continual +exercise in this play, hath bred them so skilfull an habit, as they +presume, that neither the ancient Greek Palestritae, nor the Turks +so much delighted Peluianders,not their, once countrymen, and stil +neighbours, the Bretons, can bereaue them of this Laurell: and +matchlesse, certes, should they be, if their cunning were answerable +to their practise: for you shall hardly find an assembly of boyes, +in Deuon or Cornwall, where the most vntowardly amongst them, will not +as readily giue you a muster of this exercise, as you are prone to +require it. For performing this play, the beholders cast themselues +in a ring, which they call, Making a place: into the middle space +whereof, the two champion wrastlers step forth, stripped into their +dublets and hosen, and vntrussed, that they may so the better +commaund the vse of their lymmes, and first shaking hands in token of +friendship, they fall presently to the effects of anger: for each, +striueth how to take hold of other, with his best aduantage, and to +beare his aduerse party downe: wherein, whosoeuer ouerthroweth his +mate in such sort, as that either his backe, or the one shoulder, +and contrary heele do touch the ground, is accounted to giue the fall. +If he be endangered, and make a narrow escape, it is called a foyle. +This hath also his lawes, of taking hold onely aboue girdle, wearing +a girdle to take hold by, playing three pulles, for tryall of the +mastery, the fall-giuer to be exempted from playing again with +the taker, and bound to answere his successour, &c. + +Many sleights and tricks appertaine hereunto, in which, a skilfull +weake man wil soone get the ouerhand of one that is strong and +ignorant. Such are the Trip, fore-hip, Inturne, the Faulx, forward +and backward, the Mare, and diuers other like. + +Amongst Cornish wrastlers, now liuing, my friend Iohn Goit may iustly +challenge the first place, not by prerogatiue of his seruice in her +Maiesties gard; but through hauing answered all challenges in that +pastime without blemish. Neither is his commendation bounded within +these limits, but his cleane made body and actiue strength, extend +(with great agility) to whatsoeuer other exercise, of the arme or +legge: besides his abilitie (vpon often tryall) to take charge at +Sea, eyther as Master, or Captayne. All which good parts hee graceth +with a good fellowlike, kinde, and respectfull carriage. + +[77] + +Siluer prizes for this and other actiuities, were wont to be carried +about by certaine Circumforanei, or set vp for Bidales: but time or +their abuse hath now worne them out of date and vse. + +The last poynt of this first booke, is to plot downe the Cornish +gouernment, which offreth a double consideration: the one, as an +entire state of it selfe; the other, as a part of the Realme: +both which shal be seuerally handled. + +Cornwall, as an entire state, hath at diuers times enioyed sundry +titles, of a Kingdome, Principality, Duchy, and Earledome; as may +appear by these few notes, with which I haue stored my selfe out of +our Chronicles. + +[Anno mundi 2850.] +If there was a Brute King of Brittaine, by the same authority it is +to bee proued, that there was likewise a Corineus Duke of Cornwall, +whose daughter Gwendolene, Brutes eldest sonne Locrine tooke to wife, +and by her had issue Madan, that succeeded his father in the kingdome. + +[3105.] +Next him, I finde Henninus Duke, who maried Gonorille, one of King +Leirs daughters and heires, and on her begat Morgan: but whiles he +attempted with his other brother in law, to wrest the kingdome from +their wiues father, by force of armes, before the course of nature +should cast the same vpon them, Cordeilla, the third disherited +sister, brought an armie out of Fraunce to the olde mans succour, +and in a pitched battell bereft Henninus of his life. + +[3476.] +Clotenus King of Cornwall, begat a sonne named Mulmutius Dunwallo, +who, when this Iland had beene long distressed with the ciuil warres +of petty Kings, reduced the same againe into one peaceable Monarchy. + +[3574.] +Belinus, brother to that great terror of the Romanes, Brennus, had for +his appannage (as the French terme it) Loegria, Wales, and Cornwall. + +[3908.] +Cassibelane, succeeding his brother Lud in the Kingdome, gaue to his +sonne Tennancius, the Duchy of Cornwall. + +[Anno Dom. 231.] +After this Iland became a parcell of Iulius Caesars conquests, the +same rested it selfe, or was rather vexed a long time, vnder the +gouernment of such rulers, as the Romanes sent hither. But the +Bretons turning, at last, their long patience into a sudden fury, +rose in armes, slewe Alectus, the Emperour Dioclesians deputy, and +inuested their leader Asclepiodotus Duke of Cornwall, with the +possession of the kingdome. + +[329.] +Conan Meridock, nephew to Octauius, whome the Emperour Constantine +appoynted gouernour of this Iland, was Duke of Cornwall. + +[351.] +At the Sinode of Arles in Fraunce, there was present one Corinius, +sonne to Salomon Duke of Cornwall. + +[383.] +After the abouenamed Octauius his decease, Maximianus, a Romane, +who maried his daughter, succeeded him also in gouernment: betweene +whome, and the fore-remembred Conan, grew great warres; which +concluding at last in a peace, Maxim. passed with an armie into +Fraunce, conquered there Armorica (naming it little Brittaine) and +gaue the same in fee to Conan; who being once peaceably setled, +wrote ouer vnto Dionethus, or Dionotus Duke or King of Cornwall, +(as Mathew of West, termeth him) to send him some Maidens, whom +he might couple in mariage with his people; whereon S. Vrsula & her +companions the 11000. virgins, were shipped, & miscaried, as their +wel known hiftory reporteth. + +[page 78] + +Nicholas Gille, a French writer, deliuereth (vpon the credit of our +British Historians) that about this time, Meroueus, a Paynim king of +Fraunce, caused his owne sonne to be throwne into the fire and burned, +for that he had slayne the king of Cornwall, as he returned from +a feast. + +[433.] +Hee also maketh mention of one Moigne, brother to Aurelius and +Vter-pendragon, Duke of Cornwall, & gouerner of the Realme, vnder +the Emperour Honorius. + +[443.] +Carodoc Duke of Cornwall was employed (sayth D. Kay) by Octauius, +about founding the Vniuersitie of Cambridge. + +[500.] +And vpon Igerna wife to Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, Vter begat the +worthy Arthur, and a daughter called Amy. + +[526.] +This Arthur discomfited in fight, one Childerick, a king of the +Saxons, and afterwards, vpon certaine couenants, suffred him quietly +to depart the Realme. But Childerick violating the word of a king, +bound with the solemnity of an othe, inuaded eftsoones the Westerne +coasts, harrowing the Country as he passed, vntil Cador, Earle of +Cornwall, became Gods Minister, to take vengeance of his periury, +by reauing off his life. + +That Marke swayed the Cornish septer, you cannot make question, +vnlesse you will, withall, shake the irrefragable authoritie of +the round tables Romants. + +[603.] +Blederic Duke of Cornwall, associated with other Welsh kings, +darrayned a battel against Ethelferd, king of the Northumbers, +& by the valiant forgoing of his life, got his partners the victory. + +[688.] +Iuor, sonne to Alane king of little Brittaine, first wan from the +Saxons, Cornwall, Deuon, and Somerset shires, by force of armes, +and then, taking to wife Ethelburg, cousin to Kentwin, king of +Westsex, enioyed the same by composition. + +[720.] +Roderic, king of the Bretons in Wales and Cornwall, (vnder whom, +Bletius was Prince of this last, and of Deuon) valiantly repulsed +Adelred, king of Westsex, what time he assayled him in Cornwall: +yet in the end, being ouer-matched in number, and tired with +continuall onsets, he was driuen to quit the same, and retire +himselfe into Wales. + +[866.] +Polidor Virgill maketh mention of one Reginaldus Comes Britannorum, +in the time of king Etheldred. + +[872.] +Dungarth king of Corn, by mischance was drowned. + +[900.] +Alpsius is recorded (about this time) for Duke of Deuon and Cornwall. + +[959.] +Orgerius Duke of Cornwall, had a daughter named Alfride, the fame +of whose beauty, caused King Edgar to send Earle Athelwold, for +obtaining her at her fathers hands in mariage. But the Earle with +the first sight of this faire Lady, was so besotted in her loue, that +preferring the accomplishment of his lust, before the duety of his +alleageance, he returnes answer to the King, how the common report +far exceeded her priuate worth, which came much short of meriting a +partnership in so great a Princes bed: and (not long after) begged +and obtayned the Kings good will, to wed her himselfe. But so braue +a lustre could not lye long concealed, without shining foorth into +Edgars knowledge, who finding the truth of his Ambassadours falshood, +tooke Athelwold at an aduantage, slewe him, and maried her, beeing a +widdowe, whome hee had wooed a mayde. + +[page 79] + +Hitherunto, these titles of honour carry a kinde of confusednes, +and rather betokened a successiue office, then an established dignity. +The following ages receiued a more distinct forme, and left vs a +certeyner notice. + +[1067.] +What time William the bastard subdued this Realme, one Condor +possessed the Earledome of Cornwall, and did homage for the same: +he had issue another Condor, whose daughter and heire Agnes, was +maried to Reignald Earle of Bristowe, base sonne to King Henry the +first. + +This note I borrowed out of an industrious collection, which setteth +downe all the noble mens creations, Armes, and principall descents, +in euery Kings dayes since the conquest: but master Camden, our +Clarentieulx, nameth him Cadoc, and saith farther, that Robert Morton, +brother to William Conquerour, by his mother Herlot, was the first +Earle of Norman blood, and that his sonne William succeeded him; +who taking part with Duke Robert, against Henry the first, thereby +got captiuity, and lost his honour, with which that King inuested +the forementioned Reignald. In this variance, it is great reason, +that the ballance panche on his side, who hath both authority to +establish his assertion, and a rarely approued knowledge, to warrant +his authoritie. Hee dying issue-lesse, Richard the first gaue this +Earledome to his brother Iohn. + +[1257.] +Iohns sonne, Henry the third, honoured therewith his brother Richard +King of the Romanes, a Prince no lesse plentifully flowing in wealth, +then his brother was often driuen to extreame shifts, through +needinesse: which made that barbarous age to poetrize, + + Nummus ait pro me, nublt Cornubia Romae. + Money sayd, that for her sake, + Rome did Cornwall, to wife take. + +He had issue, Henry Earle of Cornwall, who deceased issuelesse: +and Edmond, whose daughter and heire Isabell (sayth mine authour) +was married to Morice Fitsharding Lord Barckleigh: but others +affirme, that this Edmond dyed without issue. + +Edward the, second, degenerating in his choyce, created his mynion, +Peter Gaueston, a Gascoyne, Earle of this County, whose posterity +ended in himselfe, and himself by a violent death. + +The last title of this Earldome, expired in Iohn of Eltham, yonger +sonne to that King Edward. After which, King Edward the third, +by act of Parliament in the 11. yeere of his raigne, erected the same +to a Duchy, the first in England, and graced it with his sonne, +the blacke Prince: for his heroicall vertues did rather bestow, +then receiue estimation from whatsoeuer dignitie. Since which it is +successiuely incorporated in the Kings eldest sonne, and hath bene +so enioyed, by Richard the second, Henry the fift, Henry the sixt, +Edward his sonne, Edward the fift, Edward sonne to Richard the third, +Arthure, and Henry, sonnes to Henry the seuenth, and lastly, Edward +the sixt: 10. Dukes in the whole. + +These Earles and Dukes haue from the beginning, beene priuiledged +with royall iurisdiction or Crowne rights, namely, giuing of liberty +to send Burgesses to the Parliaments, returne of writs, custome, toll, +Mynes, Treasure-trovee, wards, &c. and (to this end) appoynted their +speciall officers, as Sheriffe, Admirall, Receyuer, Hauener, Customer, +Butler, Searcher, Comptroller, [80] Gaugeor, Excheator, Feodary, +Auditor, Clarke of the Market, &c. besides the L. Warden, and those +others beforeremembred, whose functions appertayne to the iurisdiction +of the Stannary. + +To the preseruation of which royalties, our Parliaments haue euer +carried a reuerend regard. For by that Act, 17. Edw. 4. which +enioyneth forrayne Marchants to bestow such money as they receiue +for their wares, in English commodities, or to pay the same vnto +Englishmen, the Kings part of all forfeytures within Cornwall, +is reserued to the Duke. So doth that, 11. H. 7, concerning the +reformation of waights & measures, prouide, that it shall not be +hurtful or preiudiciall to the Prince, within the Duchy of Cornwall, +nor to any waights of the cunnage: and so doth that 1. H. 8. touching +Excheators, exempt that officer in Cornwall. It should seeme, +that the first Earles bare a heauy hand in commaund ouer their +subiects: for both diuers ancient records (as I haue learned) make +mention of tributes, imposed (almost) vpon euery thing of profit; +and it may farther be gathered, in that, as well townes, as +particular persons, were faine to procure Charters and graunts +from them, for corporations, faires, markets, taking or freeing from +tolls, mines, fishing, fowling, hawking, hunting, and what not? +so as (vpon the matter) the plight of a Cornish Inhabitant and a +French pezant did differ very little. + +Which bondage, one not long agoe sought in part to reestablish, +vnder pretence of receiuing a rent decayed euer since 9. H. 2. +and aduancing her Maiesties profit: & to this end procured Letters +patents, that none should salt, dry, or pack any fish in Deuon or +Cornwall, without his licence and warrant. A matter that would, +by consequence, haue made him an absolute disposer of all the +Westerne shipping and traffike, and their sea and land dependants. + +Few words, but folding vp a multitude of inconueniences to her +Maiestie, & the whole Commonwealth. + +Wherefore the Cornish Iustices of the peace, became humble suiters +to the Lords of her Highnes priuy Councell, for a necessary and +speedy redresse herein: and through the neuer fayling forwardnesse, +and backing of Sir Walter Ralegh, obtayned a reuocation. Howbeit, +this ill weed, rather cut off by the ground, then plucked vp by the +roote, once, yea twice or thrice grew forth againe, but yet, maugre +the warmers and waterers, hath by her Maiesties gracious breath beene +euer parched vp, and (as is hoped) will neuer shoote out heereafter, +at least it shall still finde an vnited resistance, of most earnest +suit, and pregnant reasons, to beat it downe. + +The Earles had foure houses, builded Castle-wise for their residence, +viz. Trematon, Launceston, Restormel, and Liskerd. But since the +principality of Wales and this Duchy became united in one person, +the larger scope, and greater commaund of that, hath robbed this of +his Lords presence, & by consequence, the strength of these Castles +could not so gard them, against the battery of time, and neglect, +but that, from faire buildings, they fell into foule reparations, +and from foule reparations, are now sunke into vtter ruine. + +King H. the 8. affecting his honour of Newelm, & respecting the +commodities, which Wallingford Castle might afford it, tooke this +last by act of Parl. from the Duchy, & in lieu thereof, annexed +certain manners lying in Corn.falne [81] to the Crowne, through the +Marques of Excesters attainder: which Queene Marie afterwards +restored in tayle to his sonne, the Earle of Deuon, and vpon his +issueles decease receiued them againe. + +It were against duetie to make question, whether in this exchange, +the kings meaning went with his pretence; and yet wee finde it an +ordinary policy amongst Princes, to send their successours, with a +kinde of libera, or honoraria legatio, into the remoter quarters of +their dominions, as if they would shunne occasions of ielousie, +springing from an ouer-neere neighbourhood. + +Howsoeuer, the same King, not long after, passed away, this Castle, +vnto Christs Colledge in Oxford, who vse it as a place of retrayt, +when the Vniuersitie is visited with any contagious sicknes. + +I haue vnderstood, that question is made amongst men of knowledge, +what is become of this Duchy. Some holding it altogether extinct, +for want of the kings issue male: some auerring, that it is suspended +in nubibus (as they say) pro tempore: and some supposing, that it +continueth in full power, and that her Maiestie hath onely custodiam +ducatus, as of Bishopricks, sede vacante. Penes Iudicem lis sit. +Once, euery Sheriffe is summoned to enter his account in the Duchy +Exchequer, at Lostwithyel, and from thence, referred ouer to the +Exchequer above. + +Cornwall considered as a part of the Realme, sorteth her gouernment +into two kindes; spirituall, and temporall. + +Touching the spirituall: In ancient times this Shire had his +particular Bishop: and I find, how in the yeere, 905. Forinosus the +Pope sent a sharpe letter to Edward the sonne of Alfride, reproouing +him, for suffering the West Saxons to be destitute of Bishops seuen +yeeres together. Whereon, by the aduice of his Councell, and +Arch-bishop Pleymund, he ordayned seuen bishops in one day; amongst +whome Herstane was consecrated to Cornwall, and Eadwolfe to Crediton, +which last had three townes in Cornwall, assigned him, to wit, +Pontium, Coelling, and Landwhitton, that thence he might yeerely visit +the people, to root out (as mine author sayth) their errours: for +before, as much as in them lay, they withstood the truth, and obeyed +not the Apostolike decrees. Whereon I ground two collections: the +first, that the light of the Gospell tooke not his originall shining +into these parts, from the Romish Bishop: the other that the Cornish +(like their cousins the Welsh] could not bee soone or easily induced +to acknowledge his iurisdiction. The Bishops see was formerly at +S. Petrocks in Bodmyn; but by reason the Danes burned there his +Church and palace, [979.] the same remooued to S. Germanes. +After that, Lumigius, from a Monke of Winchester, elected Abbot of +Tavistoke, [1031.] and from that Abbey, aduanced to the Bishoprick +of Creditune, by his grace with Canutus King of the Angles, obtayned +an annexion of Cornwall (lately fallen voyd) and so made one Dioces +of that and Deuon, as it hath euer since continued. This Bishoprick +had diuers faire houses and large reuenues in Cornwall: but one Veyzy, +Bishop of the dioces in King H. the 8. time, coniecturing (as it is +conceyued) that the Cathedrall Churches should not long ouer-liue the +suppressed Monasteries, made hauock of those liuings before-hand, +some by long leasing, and some by flat selling, so as he left a poore +remainder to his successours. + +[82] + +It oweth subiection to the Metropolitane of Canterbury, and hath one +onely Archdeaconry, which place is now supplied by master Thomas +Sumaster, who adorneth the Gentility of his birth, with the honestie +of his life, and by both sorts of feeding, approueth himselfe a +liberall and commendable pastor. + +Certaine Peculiars there are, some appertaining to the dignities of +the Cathedrall Church at Exon, to wit, S. Probuss, and S. Peran: +and some to priuate persons, as Burien and Temple. + +[Anno Mundi 3172.] For religious houses, I read, that in the time of +Paganisme, Cunedag builded a Temple in Cornwall to Apollo, but where +it stood I know not. Since it made roome to Christianity, my (not +ouer-curious) enquiry hath learned out these: + + Pryories, at S. Germaines, Bodmyn, Tywardreth. + Nunries, at S. Martine. + Fryeries, at Launceston, Truro, Bodmyn. + Colledges, at Peryn, Crantock, Buryen. + Hospitals, at Helston. + +Of parishes, the County hath 161. as master Camden noteth, and as +others haue, about 180. + +Doubtles, the Hierarchy of our English Church, if it were kept fast +to his first institution, might with his far better effects, close +vp their mouthes, who would thrust vpon vs their often varying +discipline. But albeit neither our time can well brooke it, nor +the succeeding would long hold it: yet it shal not do much amisse, +to look vpon the originall beauty thereof, if (at least) I be able +to tricke the same truly out, & doe not blemish it with my pensil. + +At the planting of Christian religion, Monasteries & cathedral +Churches were likewise founded, which serued for seed plots of the +ministery, & sent them abroad in yerely progresses, to labour the +Lords vineyard. Afterwards, about the time of our last conquest, +the country was sorted by a more orderly maner into parishes, +& euery parish committed to a spirituall father, called their Parson, +who stept into that roome, not by election (as some imagine) +but mostly, by the nomination of him that eyther built the Church, +or endowed the same with some liuelyhood, or was L. of the soyle +where it stood. As for Vicarages, those daies knew few, for they +grew vp in more corrupt ages, by the religious houses encrochments. +Besides this Incumbent, euery parish had certaine officers, as +Churchwardens, Sidemen, and 8. men, whose duety bound them to see +the buildings & ornaments appertaining to Gods seruice, decently +maintayned, & good order there reuerently obserued. And lest +negligence, ignorance, or partiality, might admit or foist in abuses, +& corruption, an Archdeacon was appointed to take account of their +doings by an yerely visitation, & they there sworn duly to make it. +He & they againe had their Ordinary, the Bishop, euery 3. yere to +ouerlook their actions, & to examine, allow, & admit the ministers, +as they and the Bishop were semblably subiect to the Metropolitanes +suruey euery 7. yere. For warning the Clergy, & imparting their +superiours directions, the Curats chose yerely their Deanes rurall. +The Bishop, in his cathedrall church, was associated with certaine +Prebendaries, some resident, who serued as his ghostly counsel in +points of his charge, & others not bound to ordinary residence, +who were called to consultation, vpon things of greater consequence: +& for matters of principal importance, the Archbishop had his +prouincial Sinod, & the whole clergy their national. + +[83] + +Now then, if euery one thus entrusted, would remember that he had a +soule to saue or lose, by the well or ill discharging of so waighty +a function, and did accordingly from time to time bestowe his +requisite endeauour, what the least fault could escape the espiall +of so many eyes, or the righting amongst so many hands? But I haue +thrust my sickle ouer-farre into anothers haruest: let my mistaking +be corrected, and in regard of my good meaning, pardoned. + +The Temporal gouernment of Cornwall, shooteth out also into two +branches, Martiall, and Ciuill. + +For martiall affaires, master Camden noteth out of Iohannes +Sarisburiensis, that the Cornish mens valiancy purchased them such +reputation amongst our ancestours, as they (together with those of +Deuon and Wiltshire) were wont to be entrusted, for the Subsidiary +Cohort, or band of supply. An honour equall to the Romanes Triarii, +and the shoot-anker of the battell. With which concurreth the +ancient, if not authenticall testimony of Michael Cornubiensis, +who had good reason to knowe the same, being that Countryman, +and more to report it: his verses, for which I haue also beene +beholding to M. Camden, are these: + + ——Rex Arcturus nos primos Cornubienses + Bellum facturus vocat, vt puta Caesaris enses + Nobis non alijs, reliquis, dat primitus ictum + Per quem pax lisque, nobis sit vtrumq; relictum + Quid nos deterret, si firmiter in pede stemus, + Fraus ni nos superet, nihil est quod non superemus. + +I will now set downe the principall Commaunders & Officers, touching +these martiall causes, together with the forces of the shire. + + + Lord Lieutenant generall, Sir Walter Ralegh. + + | Sir Frauncis Godolphin, | + | Sir Nicholas Parker, | + | Sir Reignald Mohun, | + Deputie | Peter Edgecumb, | or any 3. + Lieutenants | Bernard Greinuile, | of them. + | Christopher Harris, | + | Richard Carew, | + + Colonell generall, Sir Nicholas Parker. + Marshall, Bernard Greinuile. + Treasurer, Richard Carew. + Master of the Ordinance, Will. Treffry. + Colonell of the horse, Iohn Arundell of Trerise. + Sergeant maior, Humphrey Parcks. + Quarter Master, William Carnsew. + Prouost Marshall, Iohn Harris. + Scowt Master, Otwell Hill. + + | Osburne. + | Rusall. + Corporals of the field, | Rattenbury. + | Sled + + Ammunition Master, Leon. Blackdon. + Trench Master, Cooke. + +[84] + +Regiments. Companies, Numbers, Arm.Pikes, Muskets, Caliueri + -------------------------------------------------- +Sir Fra. Godol. | 12. | 1200. | 470. | 490. | 240. | +Sir Will. Beuil | 6. | 670. | 225. | 315. | 130. | +Sir Rei. Mohun | 6. | 600. | 200. | 210. | 190. | +Ber. Greinuile | 10. | 1000. | 370. | 390. | 240. | +Ri. Carew | 5. | 500. | 170. | 300. | 30. |*1 +Antony Rouse | 6. | 760. | 270. | 320. | 170. | +Ch. Treuanion | 5. | 500. | 180. | 190. | 130. | +Will. Treffry | 4. | 400. | 140. | 130. | 130. |*2 +Sir Nic. Parker | 2. | 200. | 60. | 80. | 60. |*3 +Ha. Viuian | 1. | 100. | 40. | 40. | 20. |*4 +Ar. Harris | 1. | 100. | 40. | 40. | 20. |*5 + Summa, | 58. | 6030. | 2165. | 2535. | 1330. | + -------------------------------------------------- + +[*1 For Causam Bay] +[*2 For Foy] +[*3 Fpr Pendennis] +[*4 For S. Mawes] +[*5 For the Mount] + + +This may serue for a generall estimat of the Cornish forces, which I +haue gathered, partly out of our certificate made to the Lords 1599. +partly by information from the Sargeant maior, & partly through mine +own knowledge. There are many more vnarmed pikes, which I omit, +as better fitting a supply vpon necessitie, then to bee exposed +(for opposed) to an enemie. The number as it standeth, much +exceedeth the shires proportion, if the same he compared with Deuon +and other Counties: which groweth, for that their neerenesse on +all quarters to the enemy, and their farnesse from timely succour +by their friends, haue forced the Commaunders, to call forth the +vttermost number of able hands to fight, and rather by perswasion +then authority, procured them to arme themselues beyond lawe and +theirability. Which commendable indeuour shall not, I hope, +ought not, I am sure, turne them to the preiudice of any vnwonted +charge hereafter. + +They are all prouided of powder, bullet, & match in competent sort, +& order taken for furnishing of victuals, and mounting a third part +of the shot (at least) vpon cause of seruice. + +Light horses, the Lords in their directions, enioyne for orders sake, +and the Lieutenants excuse it by insufficiency. Hitherto neither +hath the commaundement bin reuoked, nor the omission controlled. + +In the yeere 1588. when the Spanish floting Babel pretended the +conquest of our Iland (which like Iosuahs armie they compassed, +but vnlike him could not with their blasting threats ouerthrow our +walles) it pleased her Maiestie of her prouident and gracious care, +to furnish Cornwall with ordinance and munition, from her owne store, +as followeth: + + | of cast Iron, well mounted vpon carryages + 2. Sacres | with wheeles, shodde with Iron, and fur- + 2. Minions | nished with Ladles, Spunges, and Ram- + 2. Faulcons | mers, with all other necessaries. + + Spare axeltrees, sixe. + Spare pairs of wheeles, shod with Iron, three. + Shot of Iron for the sayd pieces, of eche sort, twenty. + Canon corne powder for the said ordinance, sixe hundred + wayght. + Fine corne powder, three thousand six hundred waight. + Lead, three thousand sixe hundred wayght. + Match, three thousand sixe hundred wayght. + +All which, saue the ordinance itselfe, partly by piecemeale +employment, and partly by ouerlong, or euil keeping, is now growne +to nought, or naught. + +[85] + +After the sudden surprize of Pensants, anno 1595. by direction from +the Lords, order was taken, that vpon any alarum, the next Captains +should forthwith put themselues with their companies, into their +assigned seacoast townes, whom the adioyning land-forces were +appoynted to second and third, as the opportunity of their dwellings +affoorded best occasion. + +The yeere following, by a new commaund, 4000. were allotted out, +and prouided in a readines to march for the ayd of Deuon, if cause +so required, as the Lord Lieutenant of that County had the same order, +vpon like necessitie, to send an equall number into Cornwall. + +Lastly, anno 1599. when the Spanish fleet was againe expected, +the Cornish forces voluntarily assembled themselues, and made head, +at the entrance, middle, and Westpart of their south coast. + +As for soldiers sent into other places, Cornwall yeeldeth, vpon euery +occasion, a proportionable supply to the wants of Ireland; neither is +acquitted from performing the like seruice for Fraunce, if the +employment be in Brittaine or Normandy. Which often ventings +notwithstanding, vpon the instance of Captaine Lower, and the +sollicitation of his friends, there passed ouer this last yeere +into Netherland, at one time, 100. voluntaries and vpwards, there to +serue under Sir Frauncis Vere. And besides, they often make out men +of warre against the Spaniards. + +Forts and Castles there are; some, olde and worne out of date; and +some in present vse, with allowance of garrison. + +Amongst the first sort, I reckon these, appertayningto the Duchy, +as also Tintogel, and diuers round holds on the tops of hils; some +single, some double, and treble trenched, which are termed, Castellan +Denis, or Danis, as raysed by the Danes, when they were destyned to +become our scourge. + +Moreouer, in this ranke wee may muster the earthen Bulwarks, cast vp +in diuers places on the South coast, where any commodity of landing +seemeth to inuite the enemie, which (I gesse) tooke their originall +from the statute 4. H. 8. and are euer sithence duely repayred, +as need requireth, by order to the Captaynes of those limits. + +Of the later sort, is a fort at Silley, called [blank] reduced to a +more defensible plight, by her Maiesties order, and gouerned by the +foreremembred Sir Frauncis Godolphin, who with his inuention and +purse, bettered his plot and allowance, and therein hath so tempered +strength with delight, and both with vse, as it serueth for a sure +hold, and a commodious dwelling. + +The rest are S. Michaels mount, Pendenis fort, and S. Mawes Castle, +of which I shall haue occasion to speake more particularly in my +second booke. + +Of Beacons, through the neernesse to the sea, and the aduantage of +the hilly situations, welneere euery parish is charged with one, +which are watched, secundum vsum, but (so farre as I can see) not +greatly ad propositum: for the Lords better digested instructions, +haue reduced the Countrey, by other meanes, to a like ready, and much +lesse confused way of assembling, vpon any cause of seruice. + +For carrying of such aduertisements and letters, euery thorow-fare +weekly appoynteth a foot-Poast, to giue [86] his hourely attendance, +whose dispatch is welneere as speedy as the horses. + +The last branch of my diuision, and so of this book, leadeth me to +entreat of Cornwals ciuill government, as it passeth for a part of +the Realme; and that may againe be subdiuided into iurisdiction +particular, and general. The particular iurisdiction is exercised +by Constables, Stewards of Courts Barons, and Leets, Franchises, +Hundreds, & Portreeues, & Maiors; of boroughs & corporations of +the Stannaries, we haue spoken already. The generall, by the Clarke +of the market, Coroners, Vice-admiral, Sherife, Iustices of the +peace, & Iudges of assize. + +Constables of the hundreds the shire hath none, but this office for +giuing of warnings, & collection of rates, is supplyed by the deputy +Baylifs, who performe it not with that discretion, trust, secrecy, +& speed, which were often requisite to the importance of the affaires. +I haue knowne the Iudges moued diuers times, for their opinion +touching the erecting of some, & found them of seueral resolutions, +which giueth little encouragement to an innouation. Neither can the +parish Constables well brooke the same, because it submitteth them +to a subalterne commaund, more then of custome; whereas now in their +parishes they are absolute, the least whereof hath one, the middle +sized 2. the bigger 3. or 4. I would not wish the blaze of their +authority blemished, if there were as much care vsed in choyce of +the persons, as the credit of their place deserueth. Wise direction +without diligent execution, proueth fruitles. Now, as the former is +deriued from her Maiesty to the Lords, & from the Lords to the +Iustices; so this later lieth in the hands of the Constables. +Watches and searches oftentimes carry waighty consequence, and +miscary in the managing: and it was seene in the last Cornish +rebellion, how the Constables commaund & example, drew many of the +not worst meaning people, into that extremest breach of duty. + +Franchises, Cornwall hath the Duchy, Rialton, Clifton, Minhinet, +Pawton, Caruanton, Stoke Cliuisland, Medland, and Kellylond, which +haue their Baylifs as the Hundreds, to attend the publike seruices. + +Hundreds there are but 9. East, West, Trig, Lesnewith, Stratton, +Powder, Pider, Kerier, & Penwith, which containe [blank] tithings: +by these the shire is deuided into limits, & all his rates +proportioned as followeth: + + Diuisions. + + | East H. | Trig H. | Powder H. | Kerier. + East| West H. N.| Lesneweth H. S.| Pider H. W.| Penwith. + | Stratton H. + + +In all rates, the East & South limits beare 3. parts in 5. to the +North and West. So in the Easterne, dooth East Hundred to that of +West: in the Southerne, Powder to Pider: and in the Westerne, Kerier +to Penwith. In the Northern, Trig beareth 5. Lesnewith & Stratton 4. +apiece. There is the like proportion made of the parishes in the +Easterne diuision, but with little satisfaction of diuers: neither +will it euer fare otherwise, & therefore (this notwithstanding) I +wish it followed in the residue. + +The conuenientest & vsual places of assembly for the whole County, +is Bodmyn : for the East and North, Launceston: for the South and +West, Truro: for the East, Liskerd: for the North, Camelford: for +the South, S. Colombs; for the West, Helston. + +[87] + +For the Hundreds of East, Kellington : of West, Lanreath; of Trig, +Bodmyn: of Lesnewith, Camelford: of Stratton, that towne: of Powder, +Grampond: of Pider, S. Columbs: of Kerier, Helston: of Penwith, +Pensants. + + East H. hath parishes 30. corporations 2. + West H. parishes 19. corporations 2. + Trig [blank] + Lesnewith [blank] + Stratton [blank] + Powder [blank] + Pider [blank] + Kerier [blank] + Penwith [blank] + +Corporations are priuiledged with the administration of iustice, +within their liberties, more or lesse, according to the purport +of their Charter. + +Such are Saltash, Launceston, Liskerd, Eastloo, Westloo, Bodmyn, +Camelford, Lostwithiel, Padstowe, Grampond, Truro, Helston, Perin. + +The Maiors and Recorders, in some of these, are Iustices of the peace, +for their owne limits, and welneere allof them haue large exemptions +and iurisdictions. A garment (in diuers mens opinions) ouer-rich and +wide, for many of their wearish and ill-disposed bodies. They alleadge +for themselues, that speedy iustice is administred in their townes, +and that it saueth great expences, incident to assize trials, +which poor Artificers cannot vndergoe. But the other answere, that +these trials are often poasted on, with more haste then good speed, +while an ignorant fellow, of a sowter, becomes a magistrate, & takes +vpon him peremptory iudgement, in debts and controuersies, great and +doubtfull. Againe, the neernesse of commencing their suits, draweth +on more expences, then the shortnes of tryals cutteth off, whereas +longer respite would make way to deliberation, and deliberation open +the doore to reason, which by the fumes arising from cholers boyling +heat, is much obscured. Thus dooth the opportunity inure them to +vexation; vexation begetteth charges, and charge hatcheth pouerty: +which pouerty, accompanied with idlenes (for they cannot follow law, +and worke) seeketh not to releeue itselfe by industry, but by +subtilty, wherethrough they become altogether depraued in body, goods, +and minde. Adde hereunto that the Maior exercising his office but +during one yeere, for the first halfe thereof is commonly to learne +what he ought to doe, & in the other halfe, feeling his authoritie +to wane, maketh friends of that Mammon, & serueth others turnes, +to be requited with the like, borrowing from iustice, what hee may +lend to his purse, or complices: for as it hath bene well sayd, +He cannot long be good, that knowes not why he is good. They +conclude, how from these imperfect associations, there spring pride +amongst themselues, disdayne at their neighbours, and Monopolies +against the Commonwealth. + +This inuectiue is somewhat deeply steeped in gall, & must therefore +bee interpreted, not of all, but the worst. Surely, for mine owne +part, I am of opinion, that how commodious soeuer this iurisdiction +may proue amongst themselues, it falleth out sundry times very +distastefull and iniurious towards strangers; and strangers they +reckon all that are not Burgesses. Now, let such a one bee arrested +within their corporations, no sureties but townsmen can finde +acceptance, be his behauiour neuer so honest, [88] his cause neuer +so iust, his calling neuer so regardfull, & his ability neuer so +sufficient; yet if he haue none acquaintance in the towne, if the +action brought, carry a shew of waight, if the bringer be a man of +sway, in, or neere the towne, if any other townsman of the higher +sort beare him an old grudge, he must be contented to fret the colde +yrons with his legges, and his heart with griefe: for what one, +amongst them, will procure an euerlasting enemy at his doore, +by becomming surety for a party, in whom he possesseth none, +or little interest? The ancients vsed to grace their Cities with +seuerall titles, as Numantia bellicosa, Thebae superbae, Corinthus +ornata, Athenae doctae, Hierusalem sancta, Carthago emula, &c. and +the present Italians doe the like touching theirs, as Roma santa, +Venetia ricca, Florenza bella, Napoli gentile, Ferrara ciuile, +Bologna grassa, Rauenna antiqua, &c. In an imitation whereof, +some of the idle disposed Cornish men nicke their townes with +by-words, as, The good fellowship of Padstowe, Pride of Truro, +Gallants of Foy, &c. + +The Clarke of the markets office, hath beene heretofore so abused by +his deputies, to their priuate gaine, that the same is tainted with +a kinde of discredit, which notwithstanding, being rightly & duly +executed, would worke a reformation of many disorders, and a great +good to the Common-wealth. + +Foure Coroners, chosen by the voyces of the freeholders, do serue +the shire, who for the present are, Bligh, Tub, Trenance, and Bastard. + +The Vice-admiralty is exercised by M. Charles Treuanion, a Gentleman, +through his vertue, as free from greedinesse, as through his faire +liuelyhood, farre from needinesse: and by daily experience giuing +proofe, that a minde valewing his reputation at the due price, will +easily repute all dishonest gaine much inferiour thereunto, & that in +conuersing with the worst sort of people (which his office oftentimes +enforceth) he can no more be disgraced, then the Sunne beames by +shining vpon a dunghill will be blemished. + +I haue here set downe the names of those Commissioners for the peace, +who at this present make their ordinary residence in Corn. as they +stand placed in the Commission, where the priority is mostly deferred +to antiquity. + + Q. Fra. Godolphin M. 1.| Carolus Treuanion 16. + Q. Nic. Parker M. 2.| Thomas S. Aubin 17. + Q. Iona. Trelawney M. 3.| Q. Rob Moyle 18. + Q. Reg. Mohun M. 4.| Q. Ed Hancock. 19. + Q. P. Petrus Edgecomb 5.| Tristramus Arscot 20. + Q. Ric. Carew de Anth. 6.| Thomas Lower 21. + Q. Bern. Greinuile 7.| W. Treffry de Fowey 22. + Q. Antonius Rowse 8.| Iohannes Hender 23. + Petrus Courtney 9.| Q. Willi. Wray 24. + Q. Tho. Chiuerton 10.| Georgius Kekiwiche 25. + Q. Christ. Harris 11.| Q. Arth. Harris 26. + Io. Arund. de Trerise 12.| Io. Harris de Lansre. 27. + Th. Arun. de Taluerne 13.| Q. Degor. Chamons 28. + Q. Nic. Prideaux 14.| Iohannes Trefusis 29. + Q. Hannibal Viuian 15.| Otwel Hill 30. + +Their ordinary use was, to begin the quarter Sessions for the East +halfe of the Shire, on the Tuesdayes and Wednesdayes, at Bodmyn, +and to adiourne the [89] same for the West halfe, to be ended at +Truro the Friday and Saterday following, leaning one dayes space for +riding betweene. But about twenty yeres sithence, the Easterne +Iustices making the greatest number, and in this separation having +farthest to ride, when they were disposed to attend both places, +either in regard of their ease, or vpon scruple of conscience, +or for both together, called into question, whether this custome +were as warrantable by right, as it was pleadable by prescription; +and whether it as much aduanced the administration of iustice, +as it eased the trauell of the people. And thereupon they began to +appoynt the intire Sessions at either place one after another. +This was sometimes performed, and sometimes broken, by the Westerne +Iustices, so as seuerall and contrary precepts of summons were +directed to the Sheriffe, with the great vncertaynty, ill example, +and trouble of the Countrey. It hapned, that one newly associated, +and not yet seasoned with either humour, made this motion for a +reconcilement, viz. that the Sessions should enterchangeably one +quarter begin at Bodmyn, and end at Truro; and the next begin, +at Truro, and end at Bodmyn; and that no recognisance should +be discharged, or cause decided out of his owne diuision. This +proposition, as it gaue the Westerne Iustices the greatest part of +their will, so it salued a sore which chiefly grieued the Easterne: +for before, what was done in the beginning at one place, was, or +might be vndoone in the ending at the other: wherefore all parties +willingly condiscended hereunto, and it hath euer sithence beene +accordingly obserued. + +Another variance hath sometimes fallen out betweene Cornwall and +Deuon, about the time of keeping their Sessions. For whereas the +Statute 2. H. 5. enacteth that the Iustices shall hold the same in +the first weeke after S. Michael, the Epiphanie, the clause of Easter, +and the translation of S. Thomas (which, worthily blotted out of the +Calender, Teste Newbrigensi, is euer the seuenth of Iuly) and their +oath bindeth them to a strickt obseruation hereof: the question hath +growne, when those festiuall dayes fall vpon a Munday, whether the +Sessions shall be proclaimed for that weeke, or the next, and the +generall practise hath gone with the former. But the Cornish +Iustices, waying, that prescription is no Supersedeas for swearing, +vpon debating of the matter, haue resolued, and lately accustomed, +in such cases, to put it ouer vnto the weeke ensuing: and these are +their reasons: If the Sessions must bee kept in the first weeke after, +it cannot admit an interpretation of the same weeke it selfe. +Againe, the clause of Easter, mencioned in the one, should seeme to +make a construction of like meaning in the rest. Besides, those, +who suite themselues to the other fashion, doe yet swarue therefrom, +if those feastes fall vpon any later day in the weeke then Munday; +for then they deferre it till the next: and yet, seeing no day certain +is directed for beginning the Sessions; if they will constantly binde +themselues to the former sense, when those dayes fall on the Friday, +they ought to call it for the morrow following. The Iudges of the +circuits Oracle, to which the Commission of the peace referreth the +Iustices Quaeres, hath resolued, that neyther of these wayes tendeth +to any breach of the lawe. Once sure it is, that the Terme-suiters +may best speed their businesse, by supporting the former: for the end +of these Sessions deliuereth them space inough [90] to ouertake the +beginning of the Termes. + +For the rest, equity beareth more sway, then grauity, at the Cornish +bench, and in confusion they mayntayne equality: for though they +speake more then one at once, yet no one mans speach, or countenance, +can carry a matter against the truth. Neither doe assertions, +but proofes in hearings; nor vouchings, but shewing of law cases, +in deciding, order the controuersies: and as diuersitie in opinions +breedeth no enmity, so ouer-ruling by most voyces, is taken for +no disgrace. + +One only Iudge was wont, in three dayes at farthest, to dispatch +the Assizes, & gayle deliuery, at Launceston, the vsuall (though not +indifferentest) place, where they are holden. But malice and iniquity +haue so encreased, through two contrary effects, wealth and pouerty, +that now necessity exacteth the presence of both, and (not seldome) +an extent of time. + +I haue heard the Iudges note, that besides their ordinary paines, +they are troubled with more extraordinary supplications in Cornwall, +then in any other shire: whereto they yet giue no great encouragement, +while the causes are on the backside, poasted ouer to Gentlemens +hearing, and account seldome taken or made, what hath bene done +therein. + +Verily, we must acknowledge, that ever since our remembrance, God hath +blessed this Westerne circuit with speciall choyce of vpright and +honest Iudges; amongst whom, this of our last is not the least: +for they doe so temper a quick conceit with a stayed iudgement, +a strict seuerity in punishing, with a milde mercy in remitting, +and an awfull grauitie at the Bench, with a familiar kindnesse +in conuersation, as they make proofe, that contrarie vertues may, +by the diuers wayes of loue and reuerence, meet in one onely poynt +of honour. + +The common Gayle of the shire for offendours, is kept at Launceston: +for that statute, 33. H. 8. which amongst other shires, gaue the +Cornish Iustices leave to alter the same, by a Prouiso, tooke it +away againe, in that this keepership is annexed to the Constableship +of the Castle, and that graunted out in lease. + +I wil conclude with the highest iurisdiction, namely, the Parliament, +to which Cornwall, through the grace of his Earles, sendeth an equall, +if not larger number of Burgesses, to any other shire. The boroughs +so priuiledged, more of fauour (as the case now standeth with many +of them) then merit, are these following: Launceston, Downeuet, +Liskerd, Lostwithiel, Truro, Bodmyn, Helston, Saltash, Camelford, +Eastloo, Westloo, Prury, Tregny, Kellington, Bossimy, S. Iues, +S. Germanes, Meddishole, and S. Mawes: and because Quindec. are +ordinarily graunted at Parliaments, together with the Subsidies, +I will heere set downe the ordinary rate of them. + +[91] + + Md. de 15. Cornub. in Paroch. subsequent. + vt patet. p. + + + Hund. de Penwith + + Paroc. S. Iusti. 2li.11s.8d. S. Hillary 2.18.8 + S. Gorian. 8.5.2 Caniborn. 4.2.0 + S. Gorgian. 1.15.6 Laundut. 6.16.5 + S. Crowen. 2.2.2 Vthno. 0.12.6 + S. Michaels. 2.11.3 Germogh. 0.10.8 + S. Illogan. 4.7.10 S. Synan. 3.6.0 + S. Erly. 3.11.8 S. Maddern. 4.12.0 + S. Luduan. 2.16.6 S. Twynnock. 2.5.0 + Morueth. 0.17.6 S. Felis. 2.1.2 + S. Siluan. 2.12.5 Kedruth. 1.12.5 + S. Sancred. 1.14.0 S. Winner. 3.6.0 + S. Ey. 3.6.8 S. Pawl. 6.17.0 + S. Sennar. 2.11.1 Woluele. 3.5.0 + Sum. 81. 8. 6. + + + Hund. de Kerier. + + Wennape. 2.8.0 S. Melor. 2.4.0 + S. Martyn. 0.18.8 S. Briack. 2.3.0 + S. Gluuiack. 2.2.10 S. Crade. 1.4.6 + Constantyn. 3.6.4 Wyneanton. 0.14.8 + S. Mawnan. 1.8.0 S. Melan. 2.18.4 + S. Stidian. 2.19.4 S. Keyran. 6.8.0 + Arwothel. 1.4.9 S. Wynwolny. 0.10.4 + S. Landy. 1.10.4 S. Rumon.parua. 0.7.2 + S. Mawgan. 1.16.0 Crewenne. 1.0.10 + S. Rumon.ma. 1.2.0 S. Sithne. 2.0.0 + S. Antony. 0.8.0 S. Ewynne. 0.15.4 + Corentun. 0.15.0 Burg. de Helston. 4.6.8 + Minster 1.4.6 Germock. 0.10.8 + S. Budock.ma. 2.9.0 S. Wendron. 3.12.0 + Burgus de Perm. 2.0.0 + Sum. 52.18.5. + + + Hund. de Powder. + + Tywardreth 2.15.11 Elerky. 3.6.0 + Argallas. 1.14.4 S. Keby. 1.2.1 + Burg. de Fowy. 2.8.4 Landreth. 0.17.8 + Roche. 2.8.7 Eglosmerther. 0.18.0 + Kenwen. 2.19.0 Lanuoreck. 1.10.0 + Eglosros 1.16.0 Grogith. 0.14.4 + Moresk. 2.0.0 Fowy extra. 1.4.8 + Manerium de | S. Sampson. 1.15.0 + pen.Kneth & | 0.10.4 S. Stephens. 3.6.3 + Restormel. | Gerend. 2.0.0 + S. Awstle. 6.14.11 Feock. 1.10.0 + Mewan. 1.12.0 Burg. de Lostwi. 8.13.4 + +[92] + + Carhayes. 0.11.6 Laurocen. 0.17.0 + S. Denis. 1.16.6 Ladock. 2.14.0 + Penkeuel. 0.11.8 Lanhorn. 1.14.8 + S. Anthonie. 0.12.2 S. Ewe. 1.8.3 + Burg. de Mia. 0.5.6 Manerium de | + S. Goran 1.16.0 Towington in | 1.19.0 + Burg. de Grand. 0.14.6 P. S. Austle.| + Burg. de Truru. 12.1.10 S. Crede. 2.1.0 + S. Ermets 1.14.0 S. Iust. 1.16.0 + Landege. 2.7.0 Burg. de Tregony. 1.15.3 + Lasullian. 1.10.6 S. Probus. 5.6.0 + S. Aleyn. 3.4.6 Calendry 1.0.8 + + + Hund. de Pider. + + Lanhidrock. 0.17.8 S. Ermets. 2.2.6 + S. Peran. 2.6.8 S. Euoder. 3.0.0 + S. Caranto. 2.13.0 S. Petrock mi. 0.6.4 + S. Vuel. 1.10.0 Laneuet. 1.10.0 + S. Agnes. 1.6.10 S. Ede. 1.12.0 + S. Petrock ma. 2.4.10 S. Bruke. 2.7.0 + S. Columb ma. 5.13.0 Newlyn. 3.17.4 + S. Columb mi. 4.11.0 Maruy. 2.1.0 + Burg. de Meddi. 0.8.0 Withiel. 1.6.8 + Oldstowe. 1.9.0 S. Colan. 1.4.6 + Lanherne. 3.0.0 Cuthbert. 2.0.0 + S. Wenne 1.18.0 + + + Hund. de Trigge. + + Teth. 2.9.6 Egloshail. 2.3.8 + Minuer. 1.15.0 Bliston. 1.17.2 + P. Bodmyn ext. 1.16.0 Temple 0.5.0 + Brue rode. 1.19.5 S. Laud. 1.6.0 + Bur. de Bodmyn. 20.0.0 Ma. de Pennayn. 0.4.10 + Maben. 1.10.9 S. Tweir. 1.16.8 + S. Eudelian. 1.8.0 Hellond. 0.19.0 + + + Hund. de Lesnewith. + + Cleder. 1.16.8 Bur. de Castle | + S. Warburg 1.18.4 Boterel. | 0.7.0 + S. Iuliet. 0.14.8 Oterham. 0.19.0 + Bur. de Tintagle. 0.13.2 Lanteglos. 1.10.0 + Podistok. 4.5.2 S. Genis. 1.14.2 + Mihelstowe. 0.19.0 Lesnewith. 1.8.0 + Bu. de Camelforth. 0.9.0 Maner. de Tintagle. 1.7.0 + Alternon 1.18.6 Minster. 1.4.6 + Dauid. 2.6.8 Treneglos. 1.6.8 + Treualga. 1.0.0 Athawyn. 1.0.0 + +[93] + + Hund. de Lesnewith. + + Kilkhamlond. 3.4.4 Bridgerule. 0.12.6 + Iacobstow. 1.16.4 Moristow. 3.6.0 + Poghwil. 0.19.0 Boyton. 1.9.0 + Launcels. 1.8.0 Stratton. 2.19.6 + Ouerwynchurch. 2.0.0 Wyke. 1.15.0 + Whitston. 1.13.0 Bur. de Kilkhamp. 1.0.2 + + + Hund. de Westwibilsher. + + Niot. 2.7.0 Lanteglos. 5.0.0 + Cardinham. 1.18.0 Burg. de Liskerd. 6.14.0 + Morual. 1.17.0 Reprina. 0.8.0 + S. Clere. 2.1.7 Wynnock. 2.0.0 + Tallan. 1.12.0 Burg. de Loo. 1.10.0 + Lansalwys. 1.9.0 Lanraythew. 1.8.6 + Vepe. 1.9.2 Villade. 1.13.0 + Maner. de Liskerd. 1.13.0 S. Martyn de Loo. 1.10.0 + Dulo. 1.18.6 Brotheck. 0.18.0 + Warlegan. 1.2.0 Kayn. 0.8.4 + Pleuiul. 2.7.0 Pynnock. 0.19.0 + Liskerd. 1.12.0 + + + Hund. de Eastwibilshere. + + Antony. 1.11.0 Manerium de | + Lawlutton. 1.3.0 Tremeton. | 2.15.4 + Southil. 0.18.0 Linkinhorne. 2.0.0 + Piderwyn. 2.3.0 Seuiock. 1.4.0 + Landilp. 0.17.6 Calstock. 3.6.0 + Stoke. 2.9.0 S. Melan. 1.6.0 + Minhinet. 4.6.0 Rame. 1.11.0 + Egloskery. 2.5.0 S. Iue. 1.19.0 + S. Germyns. 6.10.0 S. Dominick. 1.4.0 + Bur. de Downuet. 2.16.8 Lawanneck. 1.10.0 + Lasant. 1.18.0 Laurake. 1.19.0 + S. Iohns. 1.6.10 Burg. de Ash. 2.0.8 + S. Stephens of | Pillaton. 0.15.4 + Lanceston. | 4.16.0 Boskenna. 0.9.0 + Quedock. 1.7.0 Meer. 0.15.0 + Northil. 1.12.0 + + + + Sum. tot. 15. & 10. in Cornub. 479.03. +[94] + + Md. postea sequuntur deductiones & allocat. de eisdem sum. + appunctuat. per Edmund. Episc. Exon. & Thom. Bodul- + gat tunc vn. milit. praed. Com. in Anno 24. H. 6. vt + pt. p. particulariter. + + Trigge. + + Parochia de | Aldehan. 0.15.0 + Menefride. | 1.0.0 Maben. 0.15.0 + Helland. 0.15.0 Egloshail 1.10.0 + Burg. de Bodmyn. 6.0.0 Temple. 0.3.0 + S. Tudy. 0.9.0 S. Bruer. 0.15.0 + Tethe. 1.10.0 + + Sum. 13. 12. 0. + + + Hund. de Lesnowith. + + Cleder. 0.12.0 Oterham. 0.15.0 + Burg. de Botriscast. 0.6.0 Aduen. 0.6.0 + Pondistoke. 2.0.0 Warburg. 0.10.0 + Mynster. 0.12.0 Lesnowith. 0.12.0 + Bu. de Camelforth. 0.6.0 Treueglos. 0.18.0 + S. Gennys. 0.15.0 Alternon. 0.10.0 + S. Dauid. 0.10.0 + + Sum. 8. 12. 0. + + + Hund. de Stratton. + + Morestow. 1.10.0 Burgus de | + Poughwel. 0.12.0 Kilkampton. | 0.9.0 + Lancels. 0.10.0 Merwinchurch. 0.15.0 + Boyton. 0.10.0 Whithton. 0.15.0 + Kilkampton. 1.0.0 Iacobstow. 0.10.0 + Stratton. 1.1.0 + + Sum. 7. 12. 0 + + + Hund. de East. + + Calstok. 1.10.0 Rame 0.15.0 + Lawanneck. 1.1.0 Quethiock. 0.12.0 + S. Iohns. 0.15.0 S. Domineck. 0.10.0 + S. Iues. 1.0.0 Pederwyn. 0.8.0 + Minhinet. 3.0.0 S. Germyns. 4.10.0 + Manerium de | Antony. 0.15.0 + Tremeton. | 1.5.0 Lawhitton. 0.15.0 + Burgus de | S. Stephens. 2.0.0 + Downeued. | 1.0.0 Laurake. 0.10.0 + S. Melan. 1.0.0 Egloskery. 0.15.0 + + Sum. 22. 1. 0. + +[95] + + Hund. de West. + + Burgus de | Lanrethow. 0.10.0 + Liskerd. | 1.0.0 S. Vepe. 0.10.0 + S. Cleer. 0.10.0 Manerium | + Morual. 0.10.0 de Liskerd. | 0.12.0 + Talland. 0.10.0 S. Pynnock. 0.10.0 + Parish of Liskerd. 0.18.0 Nyot. 0.10.0 + Lanteglos. 1.10.0 + + Sum. 7. 10. 0. + + + Hund. de Penwith. + + Luduan. 0.9.0 S. Sencrede. 0.15.0 + Camborn. 1.0.0 S. Felix. 0.6.0 + S. Senan. 0.13.0 S. Selenan. 0.10.0 + S. Gothian. 0.10.0 S. Michaels. 0.10.0 + S. Ius t. 0.10.0 S. Pawl. 1.0.0 + S. Veryn. 2.0.0 S. Thebut. 1.0.0 + S. Wynner. 0.10.0 S. Grey. 0.9.0 + + Sum. 10. 2. 0. + + + Hund. de Kerier. + + S. Wenep. 0.10.0 S. Constantyn. 0.9.0 + Mawnan. 0.6.0 Crade. 0.10.0 + Burg. de Helston. 1.10.0 Wynampton. 0.6.0 + Melan. 0.10.0 Stedian. 0.9.0 + Arwothel. 0.10.0 Ewyn. 0.10.0 + Minster. 0.6.0 + + Sum. 5. 16. 0. + + + Hund. de Powder. + + Argallas. 0.10.0 Lamorek. 0.10.0 + Keby. 0.9.0 S. Sampsons. 0.10.0 + Burgus de | S. Gereus. 0.10.0 + Truru. | 10.0.0 Burgus de | + Roche. 0.18.0 Lostwithiel. | 8.0.0 + Moresk. 0.10.0 Lamhorn. 0.6.0 + S. Goran. 0.9.0 Tywardreth. 0.10.0 + S. Allen. 0.5.0 S. Stephens. 0.10.0 + Illerky. 0.10.0 Eglosros. 0.10.0 + + Sum. 19. 17. 0. +[96]************************* missing scan *******************88 + + Hund. de Pider. + + Lanhidrok. 0.11.0 S. Petrock minor. 0.6.0 + S. Pyran. 0.15.0 S. Petrock maior. 0.10.0 + S. Newlyn. 1.10.0 S. Breock. 0.15.0 + S. Colan. 0.10.0 Withiel. 0.5.0 + Lamhern. 0.10.0 Carnenton. 0.10.0 + S. Edy. 0.12.0 Vwel. 0.10.0 + S. Enoder. 0.15.0 + + Sum. tot. deductions. 15. & 10. 113. 1. 6. +**************************************************************** + + + + + + + + THE S V R V E Y OF + + C O R N W A L L. + + The second Booke. + + + + + + +IN this second booke I will first report what I haue learned of +Cornwall, and Cornishmen in general, and from thence descend to the +particular places and persons, as their note-worthie site, or any +memorable action, or accident, of the former or later ages, +shall offer occasion. + +The highest which my search can reach vnto, I borrow out of Strabo, +who writeth, that the Westerne Bretons gaue ayde vnto the Armorici +of Fraunce, against Caesar, which hee pretended for one of the causes, +why he inuaded this Iland. + +Next I find, that about sixtie yeeres from the landing of Hengist, +[Anno Do. 509.] one Nazaleod, a mightie King amongst the Bretons, +ioyned battell with Certicus, Soueraigne of the West-Saxons, +and after long fight, with his owne death accompanied the ouerthrow +of his armie. [519.] Yet, the Bretons, thus abandoned by fortune, +would not so forsake themselues, but with renued courage, and forces, +coped once againe with Certicus, and his sonne Kenrick, at [97 +Certicesford, thogh equally destitute of successe as before. + +[590.] Gurmund, an arch Pirate of the Norwegians, was called by +the Saxons, out of his late conquered Ireland, to their aide, +against Careticus king of the Bretons; whom he ouercame in battel, +and inforced his subiects to seeke safegard by flight, some in Wales, +some in Cornwall, and some in little Breteigne: since which time, +they could neuer recouer againe their auncient possession of the +whole Iland. + +[688.] Howbeit, not long after, Iuor, sonne to Alane, king of the +said little Breteigne, landed in the West parts, wanne from the +Saxons, Cornwall, Deuon, & Somerset shires, by force of armes, +and then established his conquest, by a peaceable composition with +his aduerse partie. + +[720.] Adelred, king of West-sex, inuaded Deuon and Cornwall, +whom Roderick, king of the Bretons, and Blederick Prince of those +prouinces, encountred and discomfited: [750.] which notwithstanding, +processe of time reaued from, him, and added such strength to +his enemies, that he was driuen to abandon Cornwall, and retire +into Wales. + +[809.] So, the Cornishmen quitting their libertie with their prince, +stouped to the commaund of Egbert King of West-sex, and with their +territorie (saith William Malmsburie) enlarged his confines. + +[937.] Athelstane handled them yet more extremely; for hee draue them +out of Excester, where, till then, they bare equall sway with +the Saxons, & left onely the narrow angle on the West of Tamer riuer, +for their Inhabitance, which hath euer since beene their fatall bound. + +On their Reguli (as Vincentius deliuereth) he imposed an yerely +tribute, of 20. li. in gold, 300. li. in siluer, 25. oxen, +and hunting hounds and hawkes, at discretion. + +[997.] To these afflictions by home-neighbours of bondage, tribute, +and banishing, was ioyned a fourth, of spoyling by forrayne enemies: +for Roger Houedon telleth vs, that the Danes landed in sundry places +of Cornwall, forrayed the Countrey, burned the Townes, and killed +the people. + +[1068.] To whom succeeded in the like occupation, Godwin, and +Edmond magnus, King Harolds two sonnes, discomfiting the forces +opposed against them, harrowing Deuon and Cornwall, and then +retiring with their prey into Ireland. + +[113.] After the conquest, when K. H. the first inuaded. +Griffin ap Conan Prince of Wales, he distributed his armie into +three portions, one of which (wherein consisted the forces of the +fourth part of England and Cornwal) hee committed to the leading of +Gilbert Earl of Strigill. + +[1227.] In Henry the thirds time, by the testimony of Mathew Paris, +William Earle of Sarum, after long tossing at sea, with much adoe, +about Christmas arriued in Cornwall; and so afterwards, did +Earl Richard, the Kings brother, at two seuerall times: the later +of which, being destitute of horses and treasure, he prayed therein +ayde of his loyals. + +[1339.] When Edward the third auerred his right to the Crowne +of Fraunce, by the euidence of armes, the French for a counterplea, +made an vnlawfull entry into Deuon and Cornwall; but Hugh Courtney +Earle of Deuon, remooued it with posse Comitatus, and recommitted +them to the wooden prison that brought them thither. Yet would not +the Scots take so much warning by their successe, as example by +their precedent, if at least, Froissarts [98] ignorance of our +English names, bred not his mistaking in the place. + +By his relation aso, Cornwalls neere neighbourhead gaue oportunity +of accesse, both to the Earle Montford, when he appealed to that +Kings ayd, for recouering his right in Brittaine (albeit I cannot +bring home Cepsee the designed port of his landing) and after his +captiuitie, to the messengers of his heroicall Countesse, employed +in the like errand. + +And from Cornwall, the Earle of Sarum, Wil. de Mesuile and +Philip de Courtney, set to sea, with 40. ships, besides Barks, +and 2000. men at armes, besides Archers, in support of that quarrell. + +Lastly, his authoritie enformeth me, that those souldiers of Cornwall, +who vnder their Captaines Iohn Apport and Iohn Cornwall, had defended +the Fort of Bercherel in Brittaine, against the power of Fraunce, +aboue a yeres space, in the end, for want of due succours, vpon an +honourable composition surrendred the same. + +[1471.] Queene Margaret, wife to H. 6. vpon her arriual out +of Fraunce, after the losse of Barnet field, receiued great ayd, +though to smal purpose, from the Deuon and Cornish men, vnder the +conduct of Thomas, Earle of that shire. + +[1485.] And so much were those Western people addicted to that name, +as they readily followed Sir Edw. Courtney, & his brother Peter, +Bishop of Excester, what time the assisted the Duke of Buckingham, +in his reuolt against Richard the third. + +[1497.] Neither did his suppressour and successour, H. the 7. finde +them more loyall: for the Cornish men repining at a Subsidy lately +graunted him by Act of Parliament, were induced to rebellion, +by Thomas Flammock, a Gentleman, & Michael Ioseph, a Black-smith, +with whom they marched to Taunton, there murdering the prouost of +Perin, a Commissioner for the sayd Subsidy, and from thence to Welles, +where Iames Touchet, Lord Audely, degenerated to their party, +with which encrease they passed by Sarisbury to Winchester, and so +into Kent. But by this time, Lords & Commons were gathered in +strength sufficient, to make head against them, and soone after, +black Heath saw the ouerthrow of their forces, in battell, and London, +the punishment of their seducers by iustice. + +In the same fatall yeere of reuolts, Perkin Warbeck, a counterfeit +Prince, landed in Cornwall, went to Bodmyn, assembled a trayne of +rake-hels, assaulted Excester, receyued the repulse, and in the +end sped, as is knowne, and as he deserued. + +[1549.] The last Cornish rebellion, was first occasioned by +one Kilter, and other his associats of a Westerne parish, called, +S. Keueren, who imbrued their wicked hands in the guiltles blood of +one M. Body, as he sate in Commission at Helston for matters of +reformation in religion: and the yere following, it grew to a +general reuolt, vnder the conduct of Arundel, Wydeslade, Resogan, +and others, followed by 6000. with which power they marched into +Deuon, besieged and assaulted Excester, & gaue the L. Russell +(employed with an army against them) more then one hot encounter, +which yet (as euer) quayled in their ouerthrow. + +In my particular view, I will make easie iournies from place to place, +as they lye in my way, taking the Hundreds for my guydes, vntill I +haue accomplished this wearisome voyage. + +[98] + +My first entrance must be by the hundred of East, so named for +his site, and therein, at Plymouth hauen. It borroweth that name +of the riuer Plym, which rising in Deuon, and by the way baptizing +Plymston, Plymstock, &c. here emptieth it selfe into the sea. +The hauen parteth Deuon and Cornwall welneere euery where, as Tamer +riuer runneth: I say welneere, because some few interlaced places +are excepted: a matter so sorted at the first partition, eyther to +satisfie the affection of some speciall persons, or to appropriate +the soyle to the former Lords, or that (notwithstanding this +seuerance) there might stil rest some cause of entercourse between +the Inhabitants of both Counties: as I haue heard, a late great man +ensued, and expressed the like consideration, in diuision of his +lands between two of his sonnes. + +Now though this hauen thus bound both shires, yet doth the +iurisdiction of the water wholly appertayne to the Duchy of +Cornwall, and may therefore bee claymed as a part of that County. +Notwithstanding, I will forbeare what I may, to intrude vpon my good +friend M. Hookers limits, and reserue to him the description of the +farther shore. + +The first promontory of this harbour on the West side, is Rame head, +by his proportion, receyuing, and by his possession, giuing, that +name and armes to his owner, whose posterity conueyed it by +inter-marriages, from Durnford, to Edgecumb: on the toppe thereof +riseth a little vaulted Chappell, which serueth for a marke at sea. + +From thence trending Penlee poynt, you discouer Kings sand and +Causam Bay, an open roade, yet sometimes affoording succour to the +woorst sort of Seafarers, as not subiect to comptrolment of +Plymouth forts. The shore is peopled with some dwelling houses, +and many Cellers, dearely rented for a short vsage, in sauing +of Pilcherd. At which time, there flocketh a great concourse +of Sayners, and others, depending vpon their labour. I haue heard +the Inhabitants thereabouts to report, that the Earle of Richmond +(afterwards Henry the seuenth) while hee houered vpon the coast, +here by stealth refreshed himselfe; but being aduertised of +streight watch, kept for his surprising at Plymouth, he richly +rewarded his hoste, hyed speedily a shipboord, and escaped happily +to a better fortune. + +Here also of late yeeres, part of the Cornish forces twise +encamped themselues, planted some Ordinance, and raised a weake +kind of fortification, therethrough to contest, if not repulse, +the landing of the expected enemie: and a strong watch is continually +kept there, euer since one thousand, fiue hundred, ninetie seuen: +at which time, a Spaniard riding on the Bay, while most of the able +people gaue their attendance at the Countie Assises, sent some +closely into the village, in the darke of the night, who hanged vp +barrels of matter fit to take fire, vpon certaine doores, which by +a traine should haue burned the houses. But one of the Inhabitants, +espying these vnwelcome ghests, with the bounce of a Caliuer chaced +them aboord, and remoued the barrels, before the traynes came to +worke their effect. The Inginer of this practise, (as hath since +appeared by some examinations) was a Portugall, who sometimes sayled +with Sir Iohn Borowghs, and boasted to haue burned his Ship: +for which two honourable exploits, the King of Spaine bestowed on +him two hundred duckets. + +[100] + +In the mouth of the harbour, lyeth S. Nicholas Iland, in fashion, +losengy, in quantity, about 3. acres, strongly fortifyed, +carefully garded, and subiect to the Commaunder of Plymmouth fort. + +When the Cornish rebels, during Edw. the 6. raigne, turmoyled the +quiet of those quarters, it yeelded a safe protection to diuers +dutyful subiects, who there shrowded themselues. + +From this Iland, a range of rocks reacheth ouer to the +Southwest shore, discouered at the low water of Spring tides, +and leauing onely a narrow entrance in the midst, called the Yate, +for ships to passe thorow, whereto they are directed by certaine +markes at land. + +Vpon this South shore, somewhat within the Iland, standeth +mount Edgecumb, a house builded and named by Sir Ric. Edgecumb, +father to the now possessioner: and if comparisons were as lawfull +in the making, as they prooue odious in the matching, I would presume +to ranke it, for health, pleasure, and commodities, with any subiects +house of his degree in England. It is seated against the North, +on the declining of a hill, in the midst of a Deere park, neere a +narrow entrance, thorow which the salt water breaketh vp into +the country, to shape the greatest part of the hauen. The house is +builded square, with a round turret at eche end, garretted on the top, +& the hall rising in the mids aboue the rest, which yeeldeth a +stately sound, as you enter the same. In Summer, the opened +casements admit a refreshing coolenes: in Winter, the two closed +doores exclude all offensiue coldnesse: the parlour and dining +chamber giue you a large & diuersified prospect of land & sea; +to which vnderly S. Nicholas Iland, Plymmouth fort, & the townes of +Plymmouth, Stonehouse, Milbrook, & Saltajh. It is supplyed with +a neuer-fayling spring of water, and the dwelling stored with wood, +timber, fruit, Deere, and Conies. The ground abundantly answereth +a housekeepers necessities, for pasture, arable and meadow, and is +replenished with a kinde of stone, seruing both for building, lyme, +and marle. On the seaclifs groweth great plenty of the best Ore-wood, +to satisfie the owners want, and accommodate his neighbours. +A little below the house, in the Summer euenings, Sayne-boates come +and draw with their nets for fish; whither the gentry of the house +walking downe, take the pleasure of the sight, and sometimes at +all aduentures, buy the profit of the draughts. Both sides of the +forementioned narrowe entrance, together with the passage betweene, +(much haunted as the high way to PIymmouth) the whole towne +of Stonehouse, and a great circuit of the land adioyning, +appertaine to M. Edgecumbs inheritance: these sides are fenced +with blockhouses, and that next to Mount Edgecumb, was wont to be +planted with ordinance, which at coming & parting, with their base +voices greeted such ghests as visited the house, neither hath the +opportunity of the harbour wanted occasions to bring them, or the +owners a franke mind to inuite them. For proofe whereof, the earst +remembred Sir Ric. (a gentleman in whom mildnes & stoutnes, +diffidence & wisdome, deliberatenes of vndertaking, & sufficieney +of effecting, made a more commendable, then blazing mixture of vertue) +during Q. Ma. raigne, entertained at one time, for some good space, +the Admirals of the English, Spanish, & Netherland fleets, with many +noble men besides. But not too much of this, least a partiall +affection steale, at vnwares, into my commendation, as one, +by my mother, descended from his loynes, and by my birth, a member +of the house. + +[101] + +Certaine olde ruines, yet remaining, confirme the neighbours report, +that neere the waters side, there stood once a towne, called +West stone house, vntill the French by fire and sword ouerthrew it. + +In the yeere one thousand, fiue hundred, ninetie nine, the Spaniards +vaunts caused the Cornish forces to aduance there a kind of +fortification, and to plot the making of a Bridge on barges ouer +that strait, for inhibiting the enemies accesse by boates and Gallies, +into the more inward parts of the hauen. But it may be doubted, +whether the bridge would haue proued as impossible, as the Sconce +fell out vnnecessarie. + +Master Peter Edgecumbe (commonly called Peers) married Margaret +the daughter of Sir Andrew Lutterel, his father Sir Richard married +[blank] the daughter of Tregian: his father Sir Peers married [blank] +the daughter, and heire of Stephan Durnford: and his father +Sir Richard, married [blank] the daughter of Tremayn. These names +of Peers and Richard, they haue successiuely varied for sixe or +seuen descents. Hee beareth for his Armes, Gules on a Bend ermine, +betweene two Cotises, Or. 3. Bores heades coped, arg. armed as the +third; Langued as the field. + +A little inward from Mountedgecumb, lieth a safe and commodious Road +for shipping, called Hamose, and compounded of the words Ose, and Ham, +according to the nature of the place. Here those vessels cast anchor, +which are bound to the Eastwards, as those doe in Catwater, who would +fare to the West; because euerie wind that can erue them at Sea, +will from thence carrie them out: which commoditie other roads doe +not so conueniently affoord. It is reported, that in times past, +there was an ordinary passage ouer this water, to a place on Deuon +side, called Horsecoue, but long since discontinued. + +At the higher end of a creek, passing vp from hence, Milbrook lurketh +between two hilles, a village of some 80. houses, and borrowing his +name from a mill and little brook, running therethrough. In my +remembrance (which extendeth not to aboue 40. yeeres) this village +tooke great encrease of wealth and buildings, through the iust and +industrious trade of fishing, and had welneere forty ships and barks +at one time belonging therevnto. But our late broyles with Spayne +haue let vp a more compendious, though not so honest way of gayning, +and begin by little and little, to reduce these plaine dealers, +to their former vndeserued plight. Yet do they prescribe, in a +suburbiall market (as I may terme it) to Plymmouth, for their reliefe, +by intercepting, if not forestalling, such corne and victuals, +as passing thorow their streights, cannot for want of time or weather, +get ouer Crymell passage, to the other: and surely they are not +unworthy of fauour: for this towne furnisheth more able Mariners at +euery prest for her Highnesse seruice, then many others of far +greater blaze. + +It chanced about twenty yeeres sithence, that one Richaurd, wife to +Richard Adams of this towne, was deliuered of two male children, +the one ten weekes after the other, who liued vntil baptisme, & the +later hitherto: Which might happen, in that the woman bearing twinnes, +by some blow, slide, or other extraordinary accident, brought forth +the first before his time, and the later in his due season. Now, +that a childe borne in the seuenth moneth may liue, both Astrologers +and Phisicions [102] doe affirme, but in the 8. they deny it; +and these are their reasons: The Astrologers hold, that the +child in the mothers wombe, is successiuely gouerned euery moneth, +by the seuen Planets, beginning at Saturne: after which reckoning, +he returning to his rule the 8, month, by his dreery influence, +infortunateth any birth that shal then casually befall: whereas +his succeeder Iupiter, by a better disposition worketh a more +beneficiall effect. The Phisicions deliuer, that in the seuenth +moneth, the childe, by course of nature, turneth it self in the +mothers belly; wherefore, at that time, it is readier (as halfe +loosed) to take issue by any outward chance. Mary, in the eighth, +when it beginneth to settle againe, and as yet retayneth some +weakenes of the former sturring, it requireth a more forcible +occasion, & that induceth a slaughtering violence. Or if these +coniecturall reasons suffice not to warrant a probability of +the truth, Plynies authority in a stranger case, shall presse +them farther: for hee writeth, that a woman brought a bed of one +childe in the seuenth moneth, in the moneths following, was also +deliuered of twinnes. + +A part of Mount-Edgecumb, and of this Milbrook, though seuered +from Deuon, by the generall bound, yet, vpon some of the +foreremembred considerations, haue bene annexed thereunto. + +Aside of Milbrook, lyeth the Peninsula of Inswork, on whose +neckland standeth an ancient house of the Champernons, and descended +by his daughters and heires, to Forteskew, Monck, and Treuilian, +three Gentlemen of Deuon. The site is naturally both pleasant and +profitable; to which, the owner by his ingenious experiments, +daily addeth an artificiall surplusage. + +Passing somewhat farther vp, you meet with the foot of Lyner, +where it winneth fellowship with Tamer, that, till then, and this, +yet longer, retayning their names, though their ouer-weake streames +were long before confounded, by the predominant salt water. +A little within this mouth of Lyner, standeth East-Antony, the poore +home of mine ancestours, with which in this maner they were inuested: +Sir Iohn Lerchedekne, Knight, and not priest, (for he was so called +of his family, and not by his calling, as in Froissard you shall note +the like, to be familiar amongst the nobility of Gascoigne) +by Cecill, the daughter and heire of Iordan of Haccumb, had issue 9. +sonnes, Ralph, Waryne, Richard, Otho, Iohn, Robert, Martyn, Reignald, +and Michael. Richard married Ione, the daughter of Iohn Bosowr, +that bare him Thomas, in whome the heires male of this multiplyed +hope tooke an end. Warine, afterwards knighted, tooke to wife +Elizabeth, one of the daughters and heires to Iohn Talbot de +Castro Ricardi, and on her begat three daughters and heires. +Allenor, wedded to Sir Walter Lucy: Margery, to Sir Thomas Arundel +of Taluerne: and Philip, to Sir Hugh Courtney of Bauncton (which I +take is now named Boconnock.) From Lucy descended the Lord Faux, +and others. Margery dyed childlesse, anno 1419. as is testified by +her toomb-stone in West-Antony Church, where shee lyeth buried. +Sir Hugh Courtney was second sonne to Ed. Earle of Deuon, & had +2. wiues: the first, Maud, daughter of the L. Beaumond; to whose +children, for want of issue in the elder stock, that Earledome +deuolued, & the later, our foreremembred Philip, who left her +inheritance to her only daughter Ione: and she taking a patterne +from her fathers fortune, espoused likewise 2. husbands, viz. +Sir Nicholas Baron of Carew, and Sir Robert Fere, brother +to [103] Iohn Earle of Oxford: to Sir Nicholas, shee bare Thomas, +Nicholas, Hugh, Alexander, and William: to Sir Robert, Iohn, and +became widdow of both. And, as after the fathers decease, good +agreement betweene the mother and eldest sonne hath commonly weake +continuance, because both being enfranchised to a sudden absolute +iurisdiction, neither of them can easily temper the same with a +requisite moderation: so it chaunced, that shee and hers fell at +square, which discord (with an vnnaturall extremity) brake forth into +a blow, by him no lesse dearly, then vndutifully giuen his mother: +for vpon so iust a cause, she disinherited him of all her lands, +being seuenteene mannours, and bestowed them on her yonger sonnes. +This I learned by the report of Sir Peter Carew, the elder of +that name, and eldest of our stock (a Gentleman, whose rare worth +my pen is not able to shaddow, much lesse with his due lineaments +to represent) at such time, as being a scholler in Oxford of +fourteene yeeres age, and three yeeres standing, vpon a wrong +conceyued opinion touching my sufficiency, I was there called to +dispute ex tempore (impar congressus Achilli) with the matchles +Sir Ph. Sidney, in presence of the Earles, Leycester, Warwick, +and diuers other great personages. By the forementioned conueyance, +she disposed of her sayd mannours as followeth: Haccumb, Ringmore, +and Milton, shee gaue to Nicholas: Lyham, Manedon, Combhall, and +Southtawton, to Hugh: East-Antony, Shoggebroke, and Landegy, +to Alexander: Wicheband, Widebridge, Bokeland, and Bledeuagh, +to William: and lastly, Roseworthy, Bosewen, and Tregennow, to Iohn: +al which she entailed to them, and the issue of their bodies, +substituting, for want thereof, the one to be heire to the other: +and in witnes hereof (sayth she in her conueyance) to each of these +deedes fiue times indented, I haue set my seale ; and because my +seale is to many vnknowne, haue procured the seale of the Maior of +the Citie of Exon, to be also adioyned. + +Thomas her eldest sonne, repayred this losse, in part, by matching +with one of Carminowes, daughters and heires. + +From Nicholas, is descended Carew of Haccumb, who by vertue of +this entayle, succeeded also to Hughs portion, as deceasing +issuelesse. From William is come Carew of Crocum in Somerset shire, +and from Iohn Vere, the now Earle of Oxford, deriueth his pedigree. +Alexander maried Elizabeth the daughter of Hatch, and begate Iohn, +who tooke to wife Thamesin, one of the daughters and heires of +Holland: their sonne Sir Wymond, espoused Martha, the daughter of +Edmund, and sister to Sir Anthony Denny. Sir Wymond had Thomas, +the husband of Elizabeth Edgecumb, and they myselfe, linked in +matrimony with Iulian, daughter to Iohn Arundel of Trerice, and +one of the heires to her mother Catherine Cosewarth, who hath +made me father of Richard, lately wedded to Briget, daughter of +Iohn Chudleigh of Ashton in Deuon. + +Touching our stock in generall, and my family in particular, +being once vainly disposed (I would it had bene but once) I made +this idle obseruation. + + + CArew of ancient Carru was, + And Carru is a plowe, + Romanes the trade, Frenchmen the word, + I doe the name auowe. + The elder stock, and we a braunch, + At Phoebes gouerning. + +[104] + + From fire to sonne, doe waxe and wane, + By thrift and lauishing. + The fire, not valuing at due price + His wealth, it throwes away: + The sonne, by seruice or by match, + Repaireth this decay. + The smelling fence we sundry want, + But want it without lack: + For t'is no sense, to wish a weale, + That brings a greater wrack. + Through natures marke, we owne our babes, + By tip of th' upper lip; + Black-bearded all the race, saue mine, + Wrong dide by mothership. + The Barons wife, Arch-deacons heire, + Vnto her yonger sonne + Gaue Antony, which downe to me, + By 4. descents hath runne. + All which, and all their wiues, exprest + A Turtles single loue, + And neuer did tha'duentrous change, + Of double wedding proue. + We are the fist: to swarue herefrom, + I will not though I could, + As for my wife, God may dispose, + Shee shall not, though she would. + Our family transplants it selfe, + To grow in other shires, + And Countrey rather makes then takes, + As best behoofe appeares. + Children thrice three God hath vs lent, + Two sonnes, and then a mayd, + By order borne, of which, one third + We in the graue haue layd. + Our eldest daughter widow fell, + Before our yongest borne: + So doe hard haps vnlooked come, + So are our hopes forlorne. + Mine trebled haue in either sexe, + Those which my parents got, + And yet but halfed them, which God + My graundsire did allot: + Whose grace in Court, rarely obtayned, + To th'yongst of those eighteene, + Three Kings of England Godfathers, + For Godmother, our Queene. + +The Armes of our family, are Or. 3. Lyons passant, sable: armed and +Langued Gules. + +It exceedeth good maners, to inuite your longer stay at our cold +harbour; and yet, for that diuers strangers haue, either vpon cause +or kindnesse, pretended to like well of a saltwater pond there made; +and others, whose dwelling affoordeth a semblable oportunity, +may (perhaps) take some light herefrom, to doe the like: if they +be so disposed, I will put my selfe to the payne of particularly +describing it, and you may (notwithstanding) at your pleasure, +saue the labour of perusing it; wherein I will by the way interlace +some notes, for the Imitaters better instruction. + +There lyeth a creeke of Ose, betweene two hilles, which deliuering +a little fresh rillet into the sea, receyueth for recompence, +a large ouerflowing of the salt water tides. This place is deepened +to a pond, by casting vp part of the Ose to the heades, part to the +middle, and part to the sides: the vpper head stoppeth out the +fresh water, the lower keepeth in the salt: the middle rayseth +an Iland for the Workmens [105] ease, the owners pleasure, and the +fishes succour. The Ose thus aduaunced, within short space, +through the sunne and winde, changeth his former softnes, +to a firmer hardnesse. Round about the pond, there is pitched a +frith of three foote heighth, sloped inwards, to barre any Otter +from issuing, if hee there aduenture his naturall theft, as it would +foreclose his entrance, but lose the pastime of his hunting, if the +same declined outwards. In one of the corners next the sea, +standeth a flood-gate, to bee drawne vp and let downe through +reigles in the side postes, whose mouth is encompassed with a +double frith, of two foote distance, eche from other, and their +middle space filled vp with small stones: this serueth to let in +the salt water, and to keepe in the fish, when the flood-gate is +taken vp: and therefore you must not make the frith too close, +nor the compasse too little, lest they too much stop the waters +passage. It riseth of equall heighth with the banks, & they must +outreach the highest full sea mark, by two foot at least: neyther +ought your flood-gates foote to stand euen with the pondes bottome, +lest emptying the water, it wholly abandon the fish, but must leaue +about three foot depth within. In the halfe circle enclosed between +the flood-gate and the compasse frith, there is digged a round pit, +of three foot diameter, and foure foot depth, frithed on the sides, +which is continually fedde with the water soaking from the sayd +flood-gate, and serueth to keepe any fish aliue, that you haue +before taken, and so to saue ouer often drawing. The floodgate will +hold water best, if his sides be walled vp with Cob. The pond may +not carry one continuall depth, but containe some shallow places, +to protect the smaller fish from the greater, and for them all to +play in, when the weather is hote. In the higher banke there is +also a flood-gate, to let in the fresh water, during Summer season, +which the fish then best affecteth; the rest of the yeere it is +carryed away by a trench, for auoyding diuers discommodities. + +Thus much for the making: now to the vse. Such as haue the meanes, +may best benefit themselues, by letting in the salt water euery tyde, +which is easily done, in making that place, where the water entreth, +lower then the bankes and frith, and so suffering the tyde to +take his course forth and back, without stop or attendance: and in +this case, you may place your flood-gate euen with the floore of +your pond, and neuer take it vp, but when you are disposed to view +all your store. But mine lieth so high from the mouth of the hauen, +as I am driuen to detayne the last prouision, vntill the comming +spring-tyde haue taken two daies encrease; at which time, the +flood-gate is hoysed vp, the old water let out, and the new admitted. +At full sea downe goeth the flood-gate againe, and there abideth, +vntill the next day minister the like ocasion: and after this maner +is opened and closed, for sixe dayes in the whole, continuing from +thenceforth other ten dayes vnmedled withall, to wit, 8. daies of +the neap, & two of the spring. Neither doth al this require +ouer-long, or busie paines or attendance: for if the former water be +let out (sauing in extreme cold weather) before any new come in, +or stopped somewhat too late, it little skilleth, so as on the last +day you keepe the aduantage, which the flood, then at highest, +doth giue you. + +And all these seruices about my pond, together with sundry other, +are performed by an old fellow whome I [106] keepe for almes, +and not for his worke. The best meanes of preuenting leakage, +is to let three or foure shouels full of earth fall softly downe, +by the inner side of the flood-gate, which will quurt vp his chinkes. + +In winter season, sixe foote depth of water, at least, is requisite. + +Now touching the fish, this is the maner: when the Pilcherd Sayners +cut the most impayred pieces out of their nets, they are bought for +a trifle, and serue to make a lesse Sayne, of fome 30. or 40. fathom +length, and 2. in depth, for this purpose, wherewith, betweene +Midsummer and the end of August, when the full sea falleth in the +after-noones, my people make draughtes on the shallow places within +harbour, and taking small fishes, cast them into the pond: they are +kept & brought thither aliue, in a boat halfe full of water, which +entreth thorow a little augre hole in the bottome, and so continueth +new. The fish thus taken, are commonly Basse, Millet, Guilthead, +Whiting, Smelts, Flouk, Plaice, and Sole. The pond also breedeth +Crabs, Eeles, & Shrimps; and (in the beginning) Oysters grew vpon +boughs of trees (an Indian miracle) which were cast in thither, +to serue as a houer for the fish. The Basse and Millet do also +spawn there, but whether they ouerliue their breeders rauening, +to any big growth, I am not certayne. The pond will moreouer keepe +Shote, Peale, Trought, and Sammon, in seasonable plight, but not +in their wonted reddish graine. They feed on salt vnmarchantable +Pilcherd, small fish, called Brit, and Barne, Tag-wormes, Lugges, +little Crabs, & the liuers of beasts: the rest deuoure their meat, +but the Millets content themselues with sucking it, and chawing of +the sedge. Euery euening they come to a place certain in the pond, +for receiuing their allowed pittance, and in Summer, approche very +neere, and in the top of the water plainly discouer themselues. +They were first trayned hereunto, by throwing in their bayte at the +ponds mouth, as they resorted thither, to take pleasure of the new +entring water, and are now become alike tame, with those in the +Sicilian riuer Elorus, for which, Leonicus voucheth the testimony +of Apollodorus. If they be absent, a knocking, like the chopping +of their meat, serueth for a summons to call them, & confirmeth +Plynies assertion, that fishes do heare. In the hotest Summer +weather, they swimme with the ryme of the water; and in the Winter, +keepe the depth. Lymy, or thicke puddelly water, killeth them: +they grow very fast, and fatte, which also bettereth their taste, +and deliuereth them to the demaunders ready vse, at all seasons, +seasonable. + +They are taken generally, by a little Sayne net: specially the Eeles +in weelies: the Flowks, by groping in the sand, at the mouth of +the pond, where (about Lent) they bury themselues to spawn; & the +Basse and Millet by angling. + +The pleasure which I took at my friends pleasure herein, idlely +busied me thus to expresse the same. + + I Wayt not at the Lawyers gates, + Ne shoulder clymers downe the stayres; + I vaunt not manhood by debates, + I enuy not the misers feares: + But meane in state, and calme in sprite, + My fishfull pond is my delight. + + Where equall distant Iland viewes + His forced banks, and Otters cage : + +[107] + + Where salt and fresh the poole renues, + As Spring and drowth encrease or swage: + Where boat presents his seruice prest, + And net becomes the fishes nest; + + There sucking Millet, swallowing Basse, + Side-walking Crab, wry-mouthed Flooke, + And flip-fist Eele, as euenings passe, + For safe bayt at due place doe looke: + Bold to approche, quick to espy, + Greedy to catch, ready to fly. + + In heat the top, in cold the deepe: + In spring the mouth, the mids in neap: + With changelesse change by shoales they keepe, + Fat, fruitfull, ready, but not cheap : + Thus meane in state, and calme in sprite, + My fishfull pond is my delight. + + And againe. + + STench-louing Flies, their father heat, + On mother, moysture doth beget; + Who feeling force of Sunne too great, + Their course vnto some water set, + There meane of calmy ayre to proue, + Twixt coole below and warmth aboue. + + But carelesse of foresight in weale, + The euening deaw droplodes their wing, + So forst, downe-falne, for flight to fayle, + With buzzing moane their bane they sing, + Fluttering in waue, swimming in ayre, + That, weake to drowne, and this, to beare. + + While thus they can nor liue nor dye, + Nor water-gieu'd, escape away, + +[107] + + The fish and swallowes it espie, + And both them challenge for their pray; + The fish as caught within their toyle, + The Swallowes as their kindely spoyle. + + The fish, like Swallowes, mount on high, + The Swallowes, fish-like diue in waue, + These, finlesse swimme, those, winglesse fly, + One bent their diuers ventures haue, + Fish in the drye, Swallowes in wet, + By kinde 'gainst kinde their prey to get. + + Their push a bubble vp doth reare, + The bubble driues the Fly to brinke: + So Fish in vaine deuoure the ayre, + Swallowes in vayne the water drinke, + While Fly escapes, this sport I take. + Where pond doth th' Ocean captiue make. + +I carried once a purpose, to build a little woodden banqueting house, +on the Iland in my pond, which because some other may (perhaps) +elsewhere put in execution, it wil not do much amisse, to deliuer +you the plot, as the same was deuised for mee, by that perfectly +accomplished gentleman, the late Sir Arthure Champernowne. + +The Iland is square, with foure rounds at the corners, +like Mount-Edgecumb. This should first have bene planched ouer and +rayled about, with ballisters. In themidst, there should haue risen +a boorded roome, of the like fashion, but lesser proportion, so to +leaue sufficient space betweene that and the rayles for a walke +round about: this square roome should within side haue bene sieled +roundwise, and in three of the places where [108] the round joyned +with the square, as many windowes should haue bene set; the fourth +should haue serued for a dore. Of the 4. turrets, shut out by +this round, one should haue made a kitchin, the second, a store-house, +to keepe the fishing implements, the third, a buttery, & the fourth +a stayre, for ascending to the next loft: which next loft should haue +risen on the flat roofe of the lower, in a round forme, but of a +lesser size againe, so to leaue a second Tarras, like the other: +and as the square roome below was sieled round, so should this vpper +round roome be sieled square, to the end, that where the side walks +and sieling ioyned, three windowes and a doore might likewise find +their places. The voyd spaces be- tweene the round and square, +hee would haue turned to Cupboards and boxes, for keeping other +necessary vtensiles, towards these fishing feasts. + +Ouer-against this pond, lyeth beggers Iland, so called (as our +neighbours relate) euer since my great grandsire espying 2. of that +idle occupation, at a hote combate on the shore, while he was rowing +homewards from Saltash, tooke them into his boat, & there set them +on land, to try (as in a lists) the vttermost of their quarrell: +which place they could not quit, vntil the low water should +enfranchise them by wading & the respite, vent out the alye fume +of their fury. + +About 40. yeres agoe, it chanced, that a boat ouer-fraighted +with people, in rowing downe the riuer from Saltash market, was by +the extreme weather, sunk, neere to a place called Henpoint, and all +the folke drowned, sauing one onely woman, named Agnes, the wife of +one Cornish, whom it pleased God so to protect and direct, that in +her first popping vp againe (which most liuing things accustome) +shee espyed the boat (after it had discharged his burthen) risen +likewise, and floting by her, full of water, whereon she got holde, +sate astride vpon one of his sides, and by the winde and tyde, +was vnusually, and almost miraculously driuen athwart the chanell, +to a place called Wilcoue, where shee no sooner stepped ashore, +but the boat (as hauing done his enioyned errand) presently +recommited it selfe to the stormes disposition. + + The woman thus freed from one peril at sea, aduentured another +of little lesse consequence at land; for being not yet thoroughly +restored to her sense, she clymed vp the cliffe in such a steepe +place, as the very consideration thereof, doth euer sithence halfe +amaze the beholders. But that ground was fore ordained to her good: +for not long after, her husband tooke the same, with the rest of +the tenement, in lease; and it now serueth her for a dwelling, +and many others, by her charitie, for a reliefe. + +Her sayd husband, & their two onely sonnes, at seuerall times, +by one kind of misfortune, found their buriall in the waues. + +The Oysters dredged in this Lyner, finde a welcomer acceptance, +where the taste, & not appetite, is Cater for the stomack, then +those of the adioyning Tamer, which groweth (as I coniecture) because +Lyners lesser streame leaueth them to bee seasoned, with a more +kindely and better relished saltnes. + +The next parish vpon this riuer, is called Sheuiock, somtimes the +ancient Dannyes inheritance & inhabitance: by whose daughter and +heire, the same (together with other faire possessions) descended +to the Earles of Deuon. In [109] the church there lie two Knights +of that name, and one of their ladies by her husbands side, +having their pictures embossed on their tombes in the side walles, +and their Armes once painted round about; but now by the malice, +not of men, but of time, defaced. They are held to be father and +sonne, and that the sonne slayne in our warres with Fraunce, +was from thence brought home to be here interred. There runneth also +a tale amongst the parishioners, how one of these Dannyes ancestours +vndertook to build the Church, and his wife the barne adioyning, +and that, casting vp their accounts, vpon finishing of their workes, +the barne was found to cost three halfepence more then the Church: +and so it might well fall out: for it is a great barne, and a +little Church. + +In this parish standeth Crasthole, which by the high site, might more +fitly be termed Open hill, a poore village but a much frequented +thorow-fare, somewhat infamous, not vpon any present desert, +but through an inueterate byword, viz. that it is peopled with 12. +dwellings, and 13. cuckolds: for as the dwellings are more then +doubled, so (I hope) the cuckolds are lesse then singled. + +Howsoeuer, many wayfarers make themselues glee, by putting the +Inhabitants in minde of this priuiledge; who againe, especially the +women (like the Campellians in the North, and the London Bargers) +forslow not to baigne them (vnlesse they plead their heels the faster) +with a worse perfume, then Iugurth found fault with in the dungeon, +where the Romanes buried him aliue, to attend his languishing and +miserable death. + +Vpon Sheuiock abbutteth S. Germanes, the greatest parish in Cornwall, +if you ioyne to the store of people, the quantity and quality of +the soyle, wherethrough it affoordeth commodious dwellings to sundry +ancient Gentlemen, and wealthy Farmours; amongst which first sort, +I may not (without withdrawing my testimony due to vertue) omit +M. George Keckwitch of Catch-French, a house so named (by likelyhood) +for some former memorable, though now forgotten accident, whose +continuall, large, and inquisitiue liberality to the poore, did in +the late deare yeres, extraordinarily extend it selfe to an inuiting +emulation, but beyond the apprehensiue imitation of any other in +the shire. He hath issue by Blanch, the daughter of Sir Frauncis +Godolphin: his father George, maried Buller: his graundsire [blank] +their ancient dwelling was in Essex, where this Gentleman enioyeth +fayre possessions, & beareth for his armes, Ar. two Lyons in bend +passant Sa. cotifed, G. + +The Church towne mustreth many inhabitants, and sundry ruines, +but little wealth, occasioned eyther through abandoning their +fishing trade, as some conceiue, or by their being abandoned +of the religious people, as the greater sort imagine: for in +former times, the Bishop of Cornwals See, was from S. Petrocks +in Bodmyn, remooued hither; as from hence, when the Cornish Dioces +vnited with Deuon, it passed to Crediton: and lastly, from thence +to Excester. But this first losse receyued reliefe through a +succeeding Priory, which at the general suppression, changing his +note with his coate, is now named Port Eliot, and by the owners +charity distributeth, pro virili, the almes accustomably expected +and expended at at such places. Neither will it (I thinke) much +displease you to heare, how the gentlemans ancestour, of whom +master Eliot bought it, came by the same. + +[110] + +Iohn Champernowne, sonne and heire apparent to Sir Philip of Deuon, +in H. the 8. time, followed the Court, and through his pleasant +conceits, of which much might be spoken, wan some good grace with +the King. Now when the golden showre of the dissolued Abbey lands, +rayned welnere into euery gapers mouth, some 2. or 3. gentlemen, +the Kings seruants, and master Champernownes acquaintance, waited at +a doore where the King was to passe forth, with purpose to beg such +a matter at his hands: Our gentleman became inquisitiue to know +their suit: they made strange to impart it. This while, out comes +the King: they kneele down, so doth master Champernowne: +they preferre their petition; the King graunts it: they render +humble thanks, and so doth M. Champernowne: afterwards, he requireth +his share; they deny it; he appeales to the King: the King avoweth +his equall meaning in the largesse; whereon, the ouertaken companions +were fayne to allot him this Priory for his partage. + +The parish Church answereth in bignesse, the large proportion of +the parish, & the surplusage of the Priory; a great part of whose +chauncell anno 1592. fel suddenly downe, vpon a Friday, very shortly +after publike seruice was ended, which heauenly fauour, of so +little respite, saued many persons liues, with whom immediately +before, it had bene stuffed: and the deuout charges of the well +disposed parishioners quickly repayred this ruine. + +At the townes end, Cuddenbeak, an ancient house of the Bishops, +from a well aduanced Promontory, which intituled it Beak, taketh a +pleasant prospect of the riuer. + +In this parish lyeth Bake, the mansion of the foreremembred +M. Ro. Moyle, who maried Anne daughter of M. Lock, as he did +mistris Vaughan, a Gentlewoman suppressing her rare learning, +with a rarer modesty, & yet expressing the same in her vertuous life +and Christian decease. Iohn father to Robert maried Agnes, +daughter of Semtabyn : and his father [blank] daughter of Forteskew, +to whom that dwelling first descended. He beareth for his Armes, G. +a Moyle passant, Ar. a part of this parish confineth on the maine sea +& offreth a faire landing place, called Seaton, howbeit, by a +handsome fence forbidding any foes inuasion: it is ouerlooked, +vpon the one side of the riuer (which there dischargeth his streame +into the Ocean) by Keuerel, the ancient house of the Langdons, Gent, +in former times, of faire reuennues, whose Armes are Ar. a Cheuron +betweene 3. Beares heads erased Sa. The house perhaps, borowing his +name of Cheuereul, a French word, signifying a wild Goat (as those +high clifs affoord them a commodious inhabitance) and on the other, +by Tregonnock, the dwelling of M. Tho. Smith, who in a quiet and +honest retirednes, findeth that contentment, which many ambitious +heads, far and wide doe vainely seeke for: hee maried Tremayn: +his father Robert [blank] one of the daughters and heires to +Killigrew: and his sonne Iohn, Priscilla the daughter of +M. Geo. Wadham. His Armes, B. a Saultier Ar. betweene 4. Martlets O. + +Leauing S, Germanes, and passing through Laurake parish, in which +M. Peter Courtney hath an high seated house, called Wotton, +you descend to Noddetor bridge, where the riuer Lyner first mingleth +his fresh streame with the brinish waues: touching whose name +and quality, one delighted in the solitary solace of his banks, +& more affecting his owne recreation, then hunting after any others +good liking, descanted thus: + +[111] + + WHo first gaue Lyners name, + Or from what cause it came, + Hard 'tis for certaine to expresse: + Experience yet directs, + By tryall of effects, + Thereat to ayme, and frame a gesse, + Is't, that as she thee bear'th, + So thou doest line the earth, + With purseld streames of blew and white: + Or, as a line doth guide, + So thou doest leuell slide, + And throw'st into the sea thy mite? + Is't, that with twisted line, + The Angler doth vntwine + The fishes life, by giuing breath. + Or, as the threshing lout, + Rusheth his Lyners out, + So Lyner on his course rusheth: + Or, as some puppy seat, + Lineth a mastiue great, + And getteth whelps of mongrell kinde: + Lyner, the sea so lines, + And streame with waue combines, + Begetting waters freshly brin'de. + + Item. + + WHen Sunne the earth least shadow spares, + And highest stalles in heauen his seat, + Then Lyners peeble bones he bares, + Who like a lambe, doth lowly bleat, + And faintly sliding euery rock, + Plucks from his foamy fleece a lock: + + Before, a riuer, now a rill, + Before, a fence, now scarce a bound; + Children him ouer-leape at will, + Small beasts, his deepest bottome sound. + The heauens with brasse enarch his head, + And earth, of yron makes his bed, + + But when the milder-mooded skie, + His face in mourning weedes doth wrap, + For absence of his clearest eie, + And drops teares in his Centers lap, + Lyner gynnes Lyon-like to roare, + And scornes old bankes should bound him more. + + Then, second Sea, he rolles, and bear's, + Rockes in his wombe, rickes on his backe. + Downe-borne bridges, vptorne wear's, + Witnesse, and wayle, his force, their wracke. + Into mens houses fierce he breakes, + And on each stop, his rage he wreakes. + + Shepheard adiew's his swymming flocke, + The Hinde his whelmed haruest hope, + The strongest rampire fear's his shocke, + Plaines scarce can serue to giue him scope, + Nor hils a barre; whereso he stray'th, + Ensue, losse, terrour, ruine, death. + +In following the course of Lyner, you fall downe by Master Bonds +auncient house of Earth, descended to his auncesters, from the +daughter and heire of that name, to that of Master Wiuels, +newly and fayrely builded, on which abbutteth Ma. Bullers Shillingham, +not so much beholden to the owners inhabitancy as to natures pleasant +and commodious seating. + +Bond married with Fountaine, his father with Fits: his [112] Armes +are Ar. on a Cheuron Sa. three Besants. + +Next, wee take view of Trematon Castle, as it doth of the Hauen, +and Countrie adioyning. It is, or rather was, one of the Dukes +foremencioned foure houses: for now all the inner buildings are +sunke into ruine: onely there remaine the Iuie-tapissed wals of +the Keepe, and base Court, and a poore dwelling for the keeper +of the Gayle, to which prisoners are brought vpon actions, +from al places appurtenant to that large Lordship, if they cannot +by suretiship discharge themselues, from the Bailiefes arrest. + +I haue receiued information, from one auerring eyewitnes, that about +fourscore yeres since, there was digged vp in the Parish Chauncell, +a Leaden coffin, which being opened, shewed the proportion of a verie +bigge man, but when the hands went about to ascertaine themselues, +as well as their eyes, the body verified, that Omnis caro puluis. +The partie farder told me, how, a writing graued in the Lead, +expressed the same to bee the burial of a Duke, whose heire was +married to the prince. But who it should bee, I cannot deuise, +albeit my best pleasing coniecture, lighteth vpon Orgerius, +because his daughter was married to Edgar. + +At the last Cornish commotion, S, Richard Greynuile the elder did, +with his Ladie and followers, put themselues into this Castle, +& there for a while indured the Rebels siege, incamped in three +places against it, who wanting great Ordinance, could haue wrought +the besieged small scathe, had his friends, or enemies kept faith +and promise: but some of those within, slipping by night ouer +the wals, with their bodies after their hearts, and those without, +mingling humble intreatings with rude menaces, he was hereby wonne, +to issue forth at a posterne gate for parley. The while, a part of +those rakehels, not knowing what honestie, and farre lesse, +how much the word of a souldier imported, stepped betweene him +and home, laid hold on his aged vnweyldie body, and threatned to +leaue it liuelesse, if the inclosed did not leaue their resistance. +So prosecuting their first treacherie against the prince, with +suteable actions towards his subiects, they seized on the Castle, +and exercised the vttermost of their barbarous crueltie (death +excepted) on the surprised prisoners. The seely Gentlewomen, +without regard of sexe or shame, were stripped from their apparrell +to their very smockes, and some of their fingers broken, to plucke +away their rings, and Sir Richard himselfe made an exchange from +Trematon Castle, to that of Launceston, with the Gayle to boote. + +This Castle vaunteth the Lord Warden his steward by Patent, +Master Anthonie Rouse his Baylife by inheritance, and Richard Carew +of Antony his keeper by lease. Of the ancient officers, one yet +retayneth the name, though not the place, viz. M. Porter, to whose +ancestor, when Vantor was L. thereof, one by a deed before date, +gaue land, lying without the gate, by the title of Russell Ianitori +de Trematon, which he still enioyeth. M. Porters Armes are Sa. +Three Belles Ar. a Canton Erm. + +It standeth in S. Stephens parish : the sheafe whereof, together with +other faire reuennues, M. George Wadham enioying in the right of his +wife, the daughter and heire to master Hechins, liberally bestoweth +in continuall hospitalitie. + +Master Hechins armes, are Sa. a crosse Fleurty, [113] quarterly B. +and G. betweene 4. Lyons heades erased Sa. langued of the second. +M. Wadhams, G. a Cheuron betweene three Roses Ar. + +The same parish also compriseth Saltash, in old writings, called +Villa de Esse; Esse his towne: and such Gentlemen there have been +of ancient descent and faire reuennues. The word Salt, is added +thereunto, because it standeth on the sea, & to distinguish it from +other places of the same name. It is seated on the declyning of a +steep hill, consisteth of three streets, which euery showre washeth +cleane, compriseth betweene 80. and 100. households, vnderlyeth the +gouernment of a Maior & his 10. brethren, and possesseth sundry +large priuiledges ouer the whole hauen, to wit, an yeerely rent of +boates and barges appertayning to the harbour, ancorage of strange +shipping, crowning of dead persons, laying of arrests, and other +Admirall rights, besides electing of Burgesses for the Parliaments, +benefit of the passage, foreclosing all others, saue themselues, +from dredging of Oysters, except betweene Candlemas and Easter, +weekely markets, halfe-yeerely fayres, &c. + +The towne is of late yeeres well encreased and adorned with buildings, +& the townsmen addict themselues to the honest trade of marchandise, +which endoweth them with a competent wealth. Some 7. or 8. ships +belong thereunto. + +It was not long since, that the neighbour-ministers successiuely +bestowed their paines in preaching there, on the market daies, +and the bordering gentlemen yeelded their presence. Sermon ended, +the Preachers resorted to one ordinary, and the Gentlemen to another. +This affoorded commendable effects to many works of loue and charity: +but, with the retorted blame, from one to another, it is now wholly +giuen ouer. + +Heere, that great Carrack, which Sir Frauncis Drake surprised, in her +returne from the East Indies, vnloded her frayght, and through a +negligent fyring, met with an vnproper ending. + +In this towne also dwelleth one Grisling, deafe from a long time, +who, besides his merry conceites, of counterfeyting by signes (like +the Romane Pantomimi) any kinde of occupation or exercise, hath a +strange quality, to vnderstand what you say, by marking the mouing of +your lips, especially if you speake deliberately, of any ordinary +matter, so as (contrary to the rules of nature, and yet without the +helpe of arte) he can see words as they passe forth of your mouth: +and of this I haue caused him to giue often experiments. + +And if Plyny now liued, I suppose he would affoord a roome, in his +natural History, to a dogge of this town, who (as I haue learned by +the faithfull report of master Thomas Parkins) vsed daily to fetch +meate at his house there, and to carry the same vnto a blinde +mastiffe, that lay in a brake without the towne: yea, (that more is) +hee would vpon Sundayes conduct him thither to dynner, and, the meale +ended, guide him back to his couch and couert againe. + +I had almost forgotten to tell you, that there is a well in this +towne, whose water will neuer boyle peason to a seasonable softnes. + +At the foot of Saltash, there abbutteth vpon the sea, a rock, +called Ashtorre, alias, Effes Torre, which is inuested with the +iurisdiction of a mannour, and claymeth the suites of many Gentlemen, +as his freeholders in Knights [114] seruice. Below this, there is +a rock on eche side of the riuer, the one termed the Bull, the other +the Hen; that on Deuon, this on Cornwall side. The Hen standeth a +little distant from the shore, which giueth occasion to a Packe, +how between it and the land, the Queenes greatest ship may saile; +but it is meant of the farther distant. + +Aboue Saltash, Cargreen, a fisher towne, sheweth it selfe, but can +hardly muster a meane plight of dwellings or dwellers: so may their +care be greene, because their wealth is withered. + +Neere thereunto is Clifton, a neat seated house, appertayning to one +of the Arundels, descended by a yonger brother, from those of Trerice; +he maried Hill, his father, Cole. + +Neither hath your eye scarcely quitted that, when it receiueth Halton, +the pleasant and commodious dwelling of M. Anthony Rouse, both which +benefits, he empleyeth to a kind & vninterrupted entertainment +of such, as visit him vpon his not spare inuiting, or their owne +occasions, who (without the selfe guilt of an vngratefull wrong) +must witnes, that his frankenesse confirmeth their welcome, +by whatsoeuer meanes, prouision, the fewell of hospitality, can in +the best maner supply. His auncestours were Lords of little Modbury +in Deuon, before the descent of times grew to a distinguishment, +by the date of writings: which mannour, together with other lands, +through a lineall succession, fell to be possessed by Raphe, +Wil. Raphe, Iohn, Wil. Raphe, and Raphe, whose daughter and +heire Elizabeth, bestowed the same, with her selfe, vpon the family +of the Dimocks, Robert, second sonne to the last mentioned Raphe, +saue one, had issue Will, who maried Alice, the daughter and heire +of Tho. of Edmerston. Wil. had another Wil. and he had Iohn, +and Iohn againe had Wil. This Wil. had Roger, who vpon Iulian, +sister and coheire of Iohn Hill of Fleet, begat Iohn and Richard, +father to the Gentleman now liuing, and he matched with Elizabeth, +daughter of Thomas Southcott, and one of the heires to her mother, +the daughter of Barnehouse: besides which, he succeeded to his vncle +Iohns inheritance, who deceased issuelesse: and being yet scarcely +entred the limits of an healthfull olde age, seeth his pedigree +extended into two farther descents. As for those outreaching +mans memory, I haue seene them very sufficiently verified: his Armes +are, O. an Eagle displayed B. pruning her wing, armed and langued G. + +Vpon the top of a creek hereby, lyeth Crocadon, the mansion of +M. Treuisa, a Gent, deriuing himselfe from the ancient and +weldeseruing Chronicler of that name: he beareth G. a garbe O. + +A mile aboue Halton, standeth Cuttayle, another house of M. Edgecumbs, +so named (as wee may coniecture) of the French Courtaile, in English, +short cut; because here, the salt water course is straightned, by the +incroching banks. The buildings are ancient, large, strong and fayre, +and appurtenanced with the necessaries of wood, water, fishing, parks, +and mils, with the deuotion of (in times past) a rich furnished +Chappell, and with the charity of almes-houses for certaine poore +people, whom the owners vsed to releeue. It is reported, & credited +thereabouts, how Sir Ric. Edgecumb the elder, was driuen to hide +himself in those his thick woods, which ouerlook the riuer, what time +being suspected of fauouring the Earle of Richmonds party, against +King R. the 3. hee was hotely pursued, and narrowely searched for. +[115] Which extremity taught him a sudden policy, to put a stone in +his cap, & tumble the same into the water, while these rangers were +fast at his heeles, who looking downe after the noyse, and seeing +his cap swimming thereon, supposed that he had desperately drowned +himselfe, gaue ouer their farther hunting, and left him liberty to +shift away, and ship ouer into Brittaine: for a gratefull remembrance +of which deliuery, hee afterwards builded in the place of his lurking, +a Chappell, not yet vtterly decayed. + + And thus hauing coasted the Cornish side of Plymmouth hauen, +I hold it not amisse, to make report of such great voyages, as, +by the memory of our Chronicles, or our owne view, from this harbour, +tooke their beginning or ending. + +Heere the neuer inough commended black Prince, attended by the Earles +of Warwick, Suffolk, Sarisbury, and Oxford, the Lord Chandos and +others, committed himselfe to the sea, with a nauy of 300. bottoms, +for landing and maintayning his fathers right in France; and hither, +after his glorious battell at Poictiers, he returned, with the captiue +French King and his nobles. + +Here the Lady Katherine, daughter to the King of Spaine, and wife to +our Prince Arthur, tooke land, at her first arriuall in England. + +Heere shipped himselfe, the Lord Darcy, sent by King Henry the 8. +with a lusty crew of soldiers, for that Ferdinands iust assistance, +against the Infidels: but vsed by him as a stale, for the vniust +conquest of Christian Nauar. + +Here, mostly, haue the troups of aduenturers, made their Rendez vous, +for attempting newe discoueries or inhabitances: as, Tho. Stukeleigh +for Florida, Sir Humfrey Gilbert for Newfound-land, Sir Rich. +Greynuile for Virginea, Sir Martyn Frobisher, and Master Dauies, for +the North-west passage, Sir Walter Raleigh for Guiana, &c. + +Here, Count Mongomery made forth, with a more commendable meaning, +then able meanes, or welspeeding effect, for relieving the hard +besieged, and sore distressed Rochellers. + +Here, Sir Fra. Drake first extended the point of that liquid line, +wherewith (as an emulator of the Sunnes glorie) he encompassed +the world. + +Here, Master Candish began to second him, with a like heroicall +spirit, and fortunate successe. + +Here, Don Antonio, King of Portugall, the Earles of Cumberland, Essex, +and Notingham, the Lord Warden of the Stanneries, Sir Iohn Norrice, +Sir Iohn Hawkins (and who elsewhere, and not here ?) haue euer +accustomed to cut sayle, in carrying defiance, againt the imaginarie +new Monarch; and heere to cast anker, vpon their returne with +spoyle and honour. + +I omit the infinite swarme of single ships, and pettie fleetes, +dayly heere manned out to the same effect. + +And here, in eightie eight, the foreremembred Lord Admirall expected, +and set forth, against that heauen-threatning Armado, which, to bee +tainted with the shamefuller disgrace, and to blaze our renoume with +the brighter lustre, termed itselfe, Inuincible. But I may not grow +ouer-lasciuious in extolling. + +King R. the 2. Anno 5. of his raigne, by Act of Parliament, +restrained all passengers from shipping themselues in any other Ports +then such as are there set down: of which Plymmouth was one. + +[116] + +From Plymmouth hauen, passing farther into the countrie, Hengsten +downe presenteth his waste head and sides to our sight. This name it +borroweth of Hengst, which in the Saxon signifieth a horse, & to such +least daintie beasts it yeeldeth fittest pasture. The countrie people +haue a by word, that, + + Hengsten downe, well ywrought, + Is worth London towne, deare ybought. + +Which grewe from the store of Tynne, in former times, there digged vp: +but that gainfull plentie is now fallen to a scant-sauing scarcitie. +Those workes afford store of the formentioned Cornish Diamonds, +The neighbouring Inhabitants obserue also, that when the top of +Hengsten, is capped with a cloud, the same boadeth a showre within +short time after. + +Roger Houeden reporteth, that about Anno 806. a fleete of Danes +arriued in West-wales, with whome the Welsh ioyned in insurrection +against king Egbright, but hee gloriously discomfited them, +at Hengistendune, which I take to be this place (if at least +West-wales may, by interpretation, passe for Cornwall) because the +other prouince, of that time, is more commonly diuided into +North and South. + +This down is edged by Carybullock, sometimes a parke of the Dukes, +but best brooking that name, now it hath lost his qualitie, through +exchaunging Deere for Bullocke. + +A little aside from hence, lyeth Landwhitton, now Lawhittan, which +(as I haue elsewhere noted) was exempted vnto Edwulff Bishop of +Creditune, from the Cornish Diocesse, to which yet, both for the +temporaltie, and spiritualtie, the same oweth present subiection. + +Mary, into what new names Pontium & Coilleng there also mentioned, +are now metamorphized, I must say amplio. + +Those buildings commonly knowne by the name of Launston, and written +Lanceston, are by the Cornishmen, called Lesteeuan (Lez in Cornish +signifieth broad, & those are scatteringly erected) and were +anciently termed Lanstaphadon, by interpretation, S. Stephens Church: +they consist of two boroughs, Downeuet and Newport: that (perhaps so +called) of downe yeelding, as hauing a steep hill: this, of his newer +erection. With them ioyne the parishes of S. Thomas & S. Stephens. +The parish Church of Launceston itselfe, fetcheth his title of +dedication, from Mary Magdalen, whose image is curiously hewed in a +side of the wall, and the whole Church fayrely builded. + +The towne was first founded (saith M. Hooker) by Eadulphus, brother +to Alpsius, Duke of Deuon and Cornwall, and by his being girded with +a wall, argueth in times past to haue caried some valew. + +A newe increase of wealth, expresseth it selfe in the Inhabitants +late repayred and enlarged buildings. They are gouerned by a Maior, +and his scarlet-robde brethren, and reape benefit by their fayres +and markets, and the County Assizes. The Statute of 32. Henry 8. +which tooke order touching Sanctuaries, endowed this towne with the +priuiledge of one, but I find it not turned to any vse. + +To the town there is adioynant in site, but sequestred in +iurisdiction, an ancient Castle, whose steepe rocky-footed Keepe, +hath his top enuironed with a treble wal, and in regard thereof, +men say, was called, Castle terrible. The base court compriseth a +decayed Chappell, a [117] large hall, for holding the shire-Assizes, +the Constables dwelling house, and the common Gayle. + +About 60. yeares past, there were found certaine leather coynes in +the Castle wall, whose faire stamp and strong substance, till then +resisted the assault of time, as they would now of couetousnesse. + +A little without the towne, were founded a Friery, and anno 1128. +an Abbey, furthered by Reignald Earle of Cornwall. + +About 2. miles distant from Launceston, Penheale mannour coasteth +the high way, claiming the right of ancient demain, & sometimes +appertaining to the Earles of Huntingdon, but purchased not long +sithence by the late M. George Greinuile, who descended from a +yonger brother of that family, and through his learning and wisdome, +aduanced his credit to an especiall good regard in his Countrey. +He maried Iulian, one of the 6. daughters and heires of William Viel: +and Iane, the daughter to Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice. Richard his +father tooke to wife, one of Kelwayes heires; and Degory his +graundfather, one of the inheritors to Tregarthen: which helps, +together with his owne good husbandry, haue endowed his sonne with +an elder brothers liuelyhood: he beareth G. three Restes O. + +In Lezant parish heereby, master Christopher Harris owneth a third +part of Trecarell (the proiect: and onset of a sumptuous building) +as coheire to the last Gentleman of that name, but admitteth no +partner in the sweetly tempered mixture of bounty and thrift, +grauity and pleasantnes, kindnesse and stoutnes; which grace all +his actions. Hee beareth Sa. three Croissants within a border A. + + +Neither may wee forget Master Coringtons house of Newton, old to +him by succession, yet new, in respect of his owne antiquitie: +diuers his auncestors haue reaped the praise and reputation of a +stayed carriage, howbeit one of them, through his rash, but +merrie prankes,is to this day principally remembred, by the name of +the mad Corington. I haue heard him deliuer an obseruation, that, +in eight lineall descents, no one borne heire of his house euer +succeeded to the land: hee beareth A, a Saultier Sa. + +Trebigh, a priuiledged franchise, is by his Lord, Master William Wray, +conuerted to a generall welcomer of his friends and neighbours. +Hee married the daughter of Sir William Courtney: his father the +coheire of Killigrew. Hee beareth Sa. a Fesse betweene three +battelaxes A. + +Poole, for his low and moyst seate, is not vnaptly named, houseth +Sir Ionathan Trelawny, farre beneath his worth & calling: +he married Sir Henry Killigrews daughter: his father, the coheire +of Reskimer: his graundfather Lamellyns Inheritrix. + +Poole standeth in Mynhinet parish, where Sir Ionathan hath a large +priuiledged Mannour of the same name: the Benefice is giuen by +Excester Colledge in Oxford, none but the fellowes admittable, +wherethrough it hath successiuely beene graced, with three +well borne, well learned, and welbeloued Incumbents; Doctor Tremayne, +Master Billet, and Master Denis. Out of Sir Ionathans house is also +descended Master Edward Trelawny, a Gentleman qualified with many +good parts. Their armes are A. a Cheuron, S. betweene three +Oke-leaues Vert. + +[118] + +Sundrie other Gent. rest beholden to this hundred, for their +dwellings, who, in an enuiable mediocritie of fortune do happilie +possesse themselues, and communicate their sufficient means to the +seruice of their prince, the good of their neighbours, and the +bettering of their owne estate: of which sort are, + + M. Becket, who beareth S. a Fesse, betweene three Boares + heads coped, sixe Crosses crosselet Fichee. O. + + M. Tregodecke, who beareth A. a Cheuron betweene three + Buckles S. + + M. Spurre, G. on a Cheuron O. a rose of the first, and + 2. mullets pearced S. + + M. Bligh, B. a Griffon segreant O. armed G. betweene 3. + Croissants A. + + M. Lower, B. a Cheuron engrayled O. betweene three Roses A. + + M. Truisa G. a garb O. + + M. Chiuerton A. a Castle S. standing on a hill V. Manaton, + A. on a Bend S. three mullets of the field, + +and some others. + + + Stratton Hundred + + +STratton Hundred extendeth the breadth of Cornewall, to the North, +as that of East beginneth it on the South, and therefore it shall +next succeede. His circuit is slender, but his fruitfulnesse great, +and the Inhabitants industrie commendable, who reape a large benefit +from their orchyards and gardens, but especially from their Garlick +(the Countreymans Triacle) which they vent, not onely into Cornwall, +but many other shires besides. + +Stratton, the onely market towne of this Hundred, gaue the same +his name, and (if I mistake not) taketh it from Strata, a street: +other memorable matter to report thereof, I finde not any. + +Vpon one side of the towne, lyeth master Chamonds house and place +of Launcels, so called, for that it was sometimes a Cell, appertaining +to the Abbot of Hartlond. + +This Gentlemans father, late deceased, receiued at Gods hands, +an extraordinary fauour, of long life. + +Hee serued in the office of a iustice of peace, almost 60. yeeres. + +He knew aboue 50. seuerall Iudges of the westerne circuit. + +He was vncle, and great vncle to at least 300. wherein yet, +his vncle and neighbour, master Greynuile, parson of Kilkhampton, +did exceed him. + +He married one of the daughters and heires of Treuenner, and by her +saw fiue sonnes, and two daughters, the yongest out-stepping +40. yeeres. + +Sir Iohn Chamond his father, a man learned in the common lawes, +was knighted at the Sepulchre, and by dame Iane, widdowe to +Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerice, and daughter to Sir Thomas Greynuile, +had an elder sonne called Thomas, whose two daughters, and heires, +by Arscot, caried part of the lands, to Tripcony, and Treuanion, +with whome they matched. + +Master Chamond beareth A. a Cheuron betweene 3. flowers de Luce: G. + +In Launcels parish, also, standeth Norton, the house of M. Tristram +Arscot, a Gent, who by his trauailing abroad in his yonger yeres, +hath the better enabled himselfe, to discharge his calling at home. +He tooke to wife Eulalia, the widdow of the wise, and vertuous +M. Edmond Tremayne, and daughter of Sir Iohn Sentleger, whose stately +house of Anery, in Deuon, he purchased, & thither hath lately remoued +his residence; he beareth party per Cheuron B, et E, in chiefe two +stagges heads cabased 0. + +[119] + +Vpon the North-sea, thereby, bordereth Stow, so singly called, +Per eminentiam, as a place of great and good marke & scope, and the +auncient dwelling of the Greynuiles famous family, from whence are +issued diuers male branches, and whether the females haue brought +in a verie populous kindred. Master Bernard Greinuile, sonne and +heire to Sir Richard, is the present owner, and in a kind magnanimite, +treadeth the honourable steps of his auncestours. + +Tonacumb, late the house of Master Iohn Kempthorne, alias, Lea, +who married Katherine, the daughter of Sir Peers Courtney, is, by his +issuelesse decease, descended to his brothers sonne: he beareth A. +three Pine-apple trees V. + +Returning to the Westwards, wee meete with Bude, an open sandie Bay, +in whose mouth riseth a little hill, by euerie sea-floud made +an Iland, and thereon, a decayed Chappell: it spareth roade onely to +such small shipping, as bring their tide with them, and leaueth +them drie, when the ebbe hath carried away the Salt-water. + +Vpon one side hereof, Master Arundel of Trerice possesseth a +pleasant-seated house, and demaines, called Efford, alias Ebbingford, +and that not vnproperly, because euerie low water, there affordeth +passage to the other shore: but now it may take a new name, for his +better plight: for this Gentleman hath, to his great charges, +builded a Salt-water mill, athwart this Bay, whose causey serueth, +as a verie conuenient bridge to saue the way-farers former trouble, +let, and daunger. It is receiued by tradition, that his belsire, +Sir Iohn Arundel, was forewarned, by a wot not what Calker. how he +should bee slaine on the sands. For auoyding which encounter, +hee alwaies shunned Efford, & dwelt at Trerice, another of his houses. +But, as the prouerb sayth, Fata viam inuenient, and as experience +teacheth mens curiosity, Fato viam sternit. It hapned, that what +time the Earle of Oxford surprized S. Michaels mount by policy, +and kept the same by strong hand, this Sir Iohn Arundel was Sherife +of Cornwall, wherethrough, vpon duety of his office, and commaundement +from the Prince, hee marched thither, with posse Comitatus, +to besiege it, and there, in a Skirmish on the sands, which deuide +the mount from the continent, he fulfilled the effect of the prophecy, +with the losse of his life, and in the said mounts Chappell +lieth buried. + +So Cambises lighted on Ecbatana in Egypt, and Alexander Epirot, +on Acheros in Italy, to bring them to their end. So Philip of +Macedon, and Atis the sonne of Croesus, found a chariot in a +swords hilt, and an Iron poynted weapon at the hunting of a Bore, +to delude their preuentiue wearinesse. So Amilcar supped in Siracusa, +& the Prince of Wales ware a Crown thorow Cheapside, in another sort +and sense then they imagined, or desired. And so Pope Gerebert, +and our king H. the 4, trauailed no farther, for meeting their +fatal Hierusalem, then the one to a Chappell in Rome, the other to +a chamber in Westminster. + +S. Marie Wike standeth in a fruitfull soyle, skirted with a moore, +course for pasture, and combrous for trauellers. Wic, by master +Lambert, signifieth a towne: by master Camden, Stationem, vel Sinum, +ubi exercitus agit. This village was the birth-place of Thomasine +Bonauenture, I know not, whether by descent, or euent, so called: +[120] for-whiles in her girlish age she kept sheepe on the +foreremembred moore, it chanced, that a London merchant passing by, +saw her, heeded her, liked her, begged her of her poore parents, +and carried her to his home. In processe of time, her mistres was +summoned by death to appeare in the other world, and her good thewes, +no lesse then her seemely personage, so much contented her master, +that he aduanced her from a seruant to a wife, and left her a +wealthy widdow. Her second mariage befell with one Henry Gall: +her third and last, with Sir John Perciual, Lord Maior of London, +whom she also ouerliued. And to shew, that vertue as well bare a +part in the desert, as fortune in the meanes of her preferment, +she employed the whole residue of her life and last widdowhood, +to works no lesse bountifull, then charitable: namely, repayring of +high waies, building of bridges, endowing of maydens, relieuing of +prisoners, feeding and apparelling the poor, &c. Amongst the rest, +at this S. Mary Wike, she founded a Chauntery and free-schoole, +together with faire lodgings, for the Schoolemasters, schollers, +and officers, and added twenty pound of yeerely reuennue, +for supporting the incident charges: wherein as the bent of her +desire was holy, so God blessed the same with al wished successe: +for diuers the best Gent. sonnes of Deuon and Cornwall were there +vertuously trained vp, in both kinds of diuine and humane learning, +vnder one Cholwel, an honest and religious teacher, which caused the +neighbours so much the rather, and the more to rewe, that a petty +smacke onely of Popery, opened a gap to the oppression of the whole, +by the statute made in Edw. the 6. raigne, touching the suppression +of Chaunteries. + +Such strange accidents of extraordinary aduancements are verified +by the ample testimonie of many histories, and, amongst the rest, +we read in Machiauell (howbeit controuled by the often reproued +Iouius) that Castruccio Caestracani climed from a baser birth, to a +farre higher estate. For being begotten in Lucca, by vnknowne +parents, and cast out, in his swadling clouts, to the wide world, +he was taken vp by a widdowe, placed by her with a Clergy man her +brother, giuen by him to a Gent, called Francesco Guinigi, and by +Guinigi left tutor to his onely sonne. From which step, his courage +and wisedome raysed him by degrees, to the soueraignty of Lucca, +the Senatorship of Rome, the speciall fauour of the Emperour, and a +neere hope (only by death preuented) of subduing Florence. + + Lesnewith Hundred. + +LEsnewith Hundred taketh his name of a parish therein (as Stratton +doth of a towne) memorable for nothing else. It may he deriued, +either from Les, which in Cornish signifieth broad, and newith, +which is new, as a new breadth, because it enlargeth his limits +farther into Cornwall on both sides, whereas Stratton is straightned +on the one by Deuon: or from Les and gwith, which importeth broad +Ashen trees, g, for Euphonias sake being turned into n. + +The first place which heere offreth itselfe to sight, is Bottreaux +Castle, seated on a bad harbour of the North sea, & suburbed with a +poore market town, yet entitling the owner in times past, with the +stile of a Baron, from whom, by match it descended to the L. +Hungerford, & [121] resteth in the Earle of Huntingdon. +The diuersified roomes of a prison, in the Castle, for both sexes, +better preserued by the Inhabitants memorie, then descerneable +by their owne endurance, shew the same, heeretofore to haue exercised +some large iurisdiction. + +Not farre from thence, Tintogel, more famous for his antiquite, +then regardable for his present estate, abbutteth likewise on the sea; +yet the ruines argue it, to haue beene once, no vnworthie dwelling +for the Cornish princes. The cyment wherewith the stones were layd, +resisteth the fretting furie of the weather, better then themselues. +Halfe the buildings were raised on the continent, and the other halfe +on an Iland, continued together (within mens remembrance) by a +drawe-bridge, but now diuorced, by the downefalne steepe Cliffes, +on the farther side, which, though it shut out the sea from his +wonted recourse, hath yet more strengthened the late Iland: for, +in passing thither, you must first descend with a dangerous declyning, +and then make a worse ascent, by a path, as euerie where narrow, +so in many places, through his sticklenesse occasioning, and through +his steepnesse threatning, the ruine of your life, with the failing +of your foore. At the top, two, or three terrifying steps, giue you +entrance to the hill, which supplieth pasture for sheepe, and conyes: +Vpon the same, I saw, a decayed Chappell, a faire spring of water, +a Caue, reaching once, by my guides report; some farre way vnder +ground, and (which you will perhaps suspect of vntruth) an Hermites +graue, hewen out in the rocke, and seruing each bodies proportion +for a buriall. But, if that in Wales carrie an equall veritie, +the myracle will soone reape credite: for this is so sloped inwards +at both ends, that any tall stature shal find roome by a little +bending, as the short in the bottome by extending. + +The fardest poynt of this hill, is called Black head, well knowne +to the coasting Mariners. The high cliffs are by sea vnaccessible +round abouts, sauing in one only place, towards the East, where they +proffer an vneasie landing place for boats, which being fenced with a +garretted wall, admitteth entrance thorow a gate, sometimes of yron, +as the name yet continuing, expresseth, and is within presently +commaunded by a hardly clymed hill. Vnder the Iland runnes a caue, +thorow which you may rowe at ful sea, but not without a kinde of +horrour, at the uncouthnesse of the place. M. Camden deliuereth vs +these verses out of an olde Poet, touching Tintogel. + + Est locus Abrini sinuoso littore ponti, + Rupe situs media, refluus quern circuit aestus. + Fulminat hic late, turrito vertice Castrum, + Nomine Tindagium, veteres dixere Corini. + + Which import in English: + + There is a place within the wind- + ing shore of Seuerne sea, + On mids of rock, about whose foote, + The tydes turne-keeping play: + A towry-topped Castle heere, + wide blazeth ouer all, + Which Corineus auncient broode, + Tindagel Castle call. + +It is not layd vp amongst the least vaunts of this Castle, that our +victorious Arthur was here begotten by the valiant Vter Pendragon, +vpon the fayre Igerna, and [122] that without taynt of bastardy, +sayth Merlyn, because her husband dyed some houres before. + +Of later times, Tintogel hath kept long silence in our stories, vntill +H. the 3. raigne, at which time (by Mat. Paris report) his brother, +Earle Ri grew into obloquy for priuy receyuing there, & abbetting, +his nephew Dauid, against the King. After which, being turned from +a Palace [8 .R. 2.] to a prison, it restrained one Iohn Northamptons +libertie, who for abusing the same, in his vnruly Maioralty of London, +was condemned hither, as a perpetuall Penitenciary. A see of ancienty +belonging to this Castle, was cancelled as vnnecessary, by the late L. +Treasurer Burleigh. + +One collecting the wonders of Cornwall, rimed touching this, as +followeth: + + Tintogel in his ruines vauntes, + Sometimes the seate of Kings, + And place which worthy Arthur bred, + Whose prayse the Breton sings, + A bridge these buildings ioynd, whom now + The fallen clifs diuorce, + Yet strength'ned so, the more it scornes, + Foes vayne attempting force. + There, caue aboue, entrie admits, + But thorowfare denies; + Where that beneath alloweth both, + In safe, but ghastly wise. + A Spring there wets his head, his foote + A gate of Iron gardes: + There measure due to eche ones length, + The Hermits graue awards. + +IN the mids of the wilde moores of this Hundred, far [122] from +any dwelling or riuer, there lyeth a great standing water, +called Dosmery poole, about a mile or better in compasse, fed by no +perceyued spring, neither hauing any auoydance, vntill (of late) +certaine Tynners brought an Audit therefrom. The countrey people +held many strange conceits of this poole; as, that it did ebbe & +flow, that it had a whirle-poole in the midst thereof, and, +that a fagot once throwne thereinto, was taken vp at Foy hauen, +6. miles distant. Wherefore, to try what truth rested in these +reports, some Gent, dwelling not farre off, caused a boate and nets +to be carried thither ouer land. Fish, they caught none, saue a +fewe Eeles vpon hookes: the poole prooued no where past a fathome +and halfe deepe, and for a great way very shallow. Touching the +opinion of ebbing and flowing, it should seeme to bee grounded, +partly vpon the increase, which the raine floods brought thereinto +from the bordering hils (which perhaps gaue also the name; for Doz, +is, come, and maur, great) and the decrease, occasioned by the +next drowth, and partly, for that the windes doe driue the waues to +and fro, vpon those sandie bankes: and thus the miracle of Dosmery +poole deceased. Of this other wonder hee sayd, + + Dosmery poole amid the moores, + On top stands of a hill, + More then a mile about, no streames + It empt, nor any fill. + +Camelford, a market and Fayre (but not faire) towne fetcheth his +deriuation from the riuer Camel, which runneth thorow it, and that, +from the Cornish word Cam, in English, crooked, as Cam, from the +often winding stream. The same is incorporated with a Maioralty, +& nameth Burgesses to the Parliament, yet steppeth little before the +[123] meanest sort of Boroughs, for store of Inhabitants, or the +Inhabitants store. + +Vpon the riuer of Camel, neere to Camelford [525.], was that last +dismal battel strooken betweene the noble king Arthur, and his +treacherous nephew Mordred, wherein the one took his death, and the +other his deaths wound. For testimony whereof, the olde folke +thereabouts will shew you a stone, bearing Arthurs name, though now +depraued to Atry. + +Master Camden letteth vs vnderstand, that this towne is sometimes +termed Gaffelford: wherethrough we may marke it for the lists of a +great fight betweene the Bretons & Deuonshire men [812.], which +Houeden assigneth to haue bene darrayned at Gauelford, and perhaps +the same, which the said Master Camden voucheth out of Marianus Scotus +[820.], and describeth by these verses of an elder Poet: + + ------------ Naturam Cambala fontis, + Mutatam stupet esse sui, transcendit inundans + Sanguineus torrens ripas, & ducit in aequor + Corpora caesorum, plures natare videres, + Et petere auxilium, quos vndis vita reliquit. + + The riuer Camel wonders, that + His fountaines nature showes + So strange a change, the bloody streame + Vpswelling ouerflowes + His both side banks, and to the sea + The slaughtered bodies beares: + Full many swimme, and sue for ayde, + While waue their life outweares. + +In our forefathers daies, when deuotion as much exceeded knowledge, +as knowledge now commeth short of devotion, there were many +bowssening places, for curing of mad men, and amongst the rest, +one at Alternunne in this Hundred, called S. Nunnes poole, which +Saints Altar (it may be) by pars pro toto, gaue name to the Church: +and because the maner of this bowssening is not so vnpleasing +to heare, as it was vneasie to feele, I wil (if you please) deliuer +you the practise, as I receyued it from the beholders. + +The water running from S. Nunnes well, fell into a square and close +walled plot, which might bee filled at what depth they listed. +Vpon this wall was the franticke person set to stand, his backe +towards the poole, and from thence with a sudden blow in the brest, +tumbled headlong into the pond: where a strong fellowe, provided for +the nonce, tooke him, and tossed him vp and downe, alongst and +athwart the water, vntill the patient, by forgoing his strength, +had somewhat forgot his fury. Then was hee conueyed to the Church, +and certaine Masses sung ouer him; vpon which handling, if his right +wits returned, S. Nunne had the thanks: but if there appeared small +amendment, he was bowssened againe, and againe, while there remayned +in him any hope of life, for recouery. + +It may be, this deuice tooke original from that master of Bedlem, +who (the fable saith) vsed to cure his patients of that impatience, +by keeping them bound in pooles, vp to the middle, and so more or +lesse, after the fit of their fury. + +[124] + + Trigge Hundred. + +THe name of Trig, in Cornish, signifieth an Inhabitant; howbeit, +this Hundred cannot vaunt any ouer-large scope, or extraordinary +plenty of dwellings: his chiefe towne is Bodmyn; in Cornish, +Bos venna, commonly termed Bodman, which (by illusion, if not +Etimology) a man might, not vnaptly, turne into Badham: for of +all the townes in Cornwall, I holde none more healthfully seated, +then Saltash, or more contagiously, then this. It consisteth wholly +(in a maner) of one street, leading East and West, welneere the space +of an Easterne mile, whose South side is hidden from the Sunne, by an +high hill, so neerely coasting it in most places, as neither can light +haue entrance to their staires, nor open ayre to their other roomes. +Their back houses, of more necessary, then cleanly seruice, as +kitchins, stables, &c. are clymed vp vnto by steps, and their +filth by euery great showre, washed downe thorow their houses into +the streetes. + +The other side is also ouerlooked by a great hill, though somewhat +farther distant: and for a Corollarium, their Conduit water runneth +thorow the Churchyard, the ordinary place of buriall, for towne and +parish. It breedeth therefore little cause of maruaile, that euery +generall infection is here first admitted, & last excluded: yet the +many decayed houses, proue the towne to haue bene once very populous; +and, in that respect, it may stil retaine the precedence, as supported +by a weekly market, the greatest of Cornwall, the quarter Sessions for +the East diuision, and halfe yeerely faires. The iurisdiction +thereof is administred by a Maior and his brethren, and vpon warrant +of their Charter, they claime authoritie, to take acknowledgment of +statute bonds. + +In former times, the Bishop of Cornwall (as I haue elsewhere related) +held his See at S. Petroos, in this towne, vntill the Danish pirats, +firing their Palace, [981.] forced them to remoue the same, with +their residence, vnto S. Germans. They were succeeded by a Priory, +and Friery; which later, serued a while as a house of correction, +for the shire, but with greater charge, then benefit, or continuance. + +For other accidents, I find, that Perkyn Warbecke, [11.H.7.] after +his landing in the West parts of Cornwall, made this towne the Rendez +vous of his assembling forces, for atchieuing his, alike deseruing, +and speeding enterprise against King Henry the seuenth. + +Hither, also, in the last commotion, flocked the Rebels, [3.Ed.6.] +from all quarters of the shire, pitching their campe at the townes +end; and here they imprisoned such Gentlemen, as they had plucked +out of their holes, and houses, vntill the fortune of warre gaue +verdit with the right of iustice, for their well deserued euill +speeding. + +Sir Anthony Kingston, then Prouost-marshall of the Kings armie, +hath left his name more memorable, then commendable amongst the +townsemen, for causing their Maior to erect a gallowes before his +owne doore, vpon which, (after hauing feasted Sir Anthony) himselfe +was hanged. + +In like sort (say they) he trussed vp a millers man, thereby, for that +he presented himselfe in the others stead, saying he could neuer do +his master better seruice. + +[125] + +But mens tongues, readily inclined to the worst reports, haue left +out a part of the truth, in this tale, that the rest might carrie +the better grace. For Sir Anthony did nothing herein, as a Iudge +by discretion, but as an officer by direction; and besides, hee gaue +the Maior sufficient watchwordes of timely warning, & large space +of respite (more then which, in regard of his owne perill, he could +not afford) to shift for safety, if an vneschewable destiny, had not +haltered him to that aduancement. As for the millers man, he equalled +his master, in their common offence of rebellion, and therefore it +deserued the praise of mercy, to spare one of the two, and not the +blame of crueltie, to hang one for another. + +I should perhaps haue forgotten the free schoole here, maintayned by +her Maiesties liberalitie, were I not put in mind thereof through a +fore-halfening of this rebellion, by an action of the schollers, +which I will report from some of their owne mouthes. About a yeere +before this sturre was raysed, the schollers, who accustomably diuide +themselues, for better exploiting their pastimes, grew therethrough +into two factions; the one whereof, they called the olde religion; +the other, the new. This once begunne, was prosecuted amongst them +in all exercises, and, now and then, handled with some egernesse +and roughnes, each partie knowing, and still keeping the same +companions, and Captaine. At last one of the boyes, conuerted the +spill of an old candlesticke to a gunne, charged it with powder and +a stone, and (through mischance, or vngraciousnesse) therewith +killed a calfe: whereupon, the owner complayned, the master whipped, +and the diuision ended. + +By such tokens, sometimes wonderfull, sometimes ridiculous, doth God +at his pleasure, foreshewe future accidents: as in the Planets, +before the battell at Thrasimenus, betweene Hannibal and the Romanes, +by the fighting together of the Sunne and Moone. In birds, what time +Brute brought forth the remnant of his army at Philippi, against +Caesar and Anthony, by the furious bickering betweene two Eagles. +In men, against the destruction of Hierusalem, by the encountring of +Chariots and armies in the ayre. And before Alexanders battel +with Darius; first, by a casual skirmish of the camp-straglers, +vnder two Captaines, borrowing the names of those Princes; and then +by Alexanders voluntary setting those Captaines to a single combat. +Yea (to bring these examples neerer home) the like hath hapned both +before and sithence, amongst boyes in other places. + +When Caesar was departed from Rome, to try the title of the worlds +Empire with Pompey, the towns boyes (without any mans commaund) +parted in twayne: the one side calling themselues Pompeyans, +the other Caesarians; and then darrayning a kinde of battell (but +without Armes) the Caesarians got the ouerhand. + +A like prank vnder the like assumed names, and with like successe +and boding, they plaied, when Octauius and Anthony were, with like +meanes, to decide the like Soueraignty. + +And to the same purpose, Procopius affirmeth, that the Samnite boyes, +when they draue their cattel to feeding, after their vsual maner +of pastime, chose out amongst themselues, two of the best actiuity +and seemelinesse; the one, they named Bellisarius, Generall for +Iustinian the Emperour in Italy, the other Vitiges king of the Gothes, +[126] against whome hee warred. In the buckling of these counterfeite +Commaunders, it fell out, that Vitiges had the worst, whome the +aduerse party with a iesting and craking maner, hanged vp at the next +tree, in earnest, but yet with no intent to kill him. + +This while it happens, that a Woolfe is descryed: away runne +the boyes: fast abides the imaginary Felon, and so fast, that for +want of timely rescouse, the breath poasted out of his body, and left +the same a liuelesse carkase. The which notifyed to the Samnites, +quitted the striplings (or slipstrings) of their punishment, but +encreased the dismay of the elder people. + +A like accident befell sithence, hy testimony of the ceremonious +Texera, as a presage of Lewes the prince of Condyes death, 1569. +Foure daies before which, at Xaintes, the youth of all sorts, from +9. to 22. yeres age, assembled, and (of their owne accord) chose +two Commaunders, one they entitled the Prince of Condy, the other +Mounsieur, who then lay in the field against him. For three dayes +space, they violently assaulted each other, with stones, clubs, and +other weapons, vntill at last it grewe to Pistoles: by one of which, +the imaginary Prince receiued a quelling wound in his head, about 10. +a clock in the morning: the very howre (saith this Portugall +confessour) that the Prince himselfe, by a like shot was slaughtered. + +The same authour vouched a semblable chaunce, somewhat before the +siege of Rochell 1572. where, some of the boyes banded themselues, +as for the Maior and others for the King; who after 6. dayes +skirmishing, at last made a composition, and departed: even as that +siege endured sixe moneths, and finally brake vp in a peace. + +So doth Mercurius Gallobelgicus giue vs to wit, that in the +yeere 1594. a Turkish Beglerbey of Greece, either seeking by a +fore-coniecture, to be ascertained himselfe, or desirous to nusle +the yonger sort in martiall exployts, led out of Alba Regalis, +about 600. Turkish boyes, aged betweene 11. and 14. yeeres, and +seuered them into two troups, terming the one, The Christian, +the other, The Turkish batalion. Those, he directed to call +vpon Iesus, these, vpon Hala: both parts he enioyned to bicker +coragiously, and egged them onward with the enticement of rewards. +The token is giuen, the forces encounter, the fight is hote. In the +end, the Turks betake themselues to their heeles, and Iesus party +carryeth away the victory. But such occurrents do not alwayes either +foregoe, or foresignifie; for sometimes they fall out idle, +and sometimes not at all. Howbeit, Nicetaes Choniates taketh +it very vnkindly, that God woud not spare some watchword out of +his prescience, to the Constantinopolitanes, what time Baldwyn Earle +of Flaunders and others, first assisted, and then conquered their +Citie. + +Touching Veall the Mercurialist, I haue spoken in my former booke. + +The youthlyer sort of Bodmyn townsmen vse sometimes to sport +themselues, by playing the box with strangers, whome they summon +to Halgauer. The name signifieth the Goats moore, and such a place +it is, lying a little without the towne, and very full of quauemires. +When these mates meet with any rawe seruingman, or other young master, +who may serue and deserue to make pastime, they cause him to be +solemnely arrested, [127] for his appearance before the Maior of +Halgauer, where he is charged with wearing one spurre, or going +vntrussed, or wanting a girdle, or some such like felony: and after +he hath beene arraygned and tryed, with all requisite circumstances, +iudgement is giuen in formal termes, and executed in some one +vngracious pranke or other, more to the skorne, then hurt of the +party condemned. + +Hence is sprung the prouerb, when we see one slouenly appareled, +to say, He shall be presented in Halgauer Court. + +But now and then, they extend this merriment with the largest, +to the preiudice of ouer-credulous people, perswading them to fight +with a Dragon lurking in Halgauer, or to see some strange matter +there: which concludeth at least, with a trayning them into the mire. + +Within short space after the great fame dispersed, touching the rare +effects of Warwickshire wels, some idle enuious head raysed a brute, +that there rested no lesse vertue (forsooth) for healing all diseases, +in a plentifull spring, neere vnto Bodmyn, called Scarlets well: +which report grew so farre, and so fast, that folke ranne flocking +thither in huge numbers, from all quarters. But the neighbour +Iustices, finding the abuse, and looking into, the consequence, +forbad the resort, sequestred the spring, and suppressed the miracle. +Howbeit, the water should seeme to be healthfull, if not helpfull: +for it retaineth this extraordinary quality, that the same is +waightier, then the ordinary of his kinde, and will continue +the best part of a yeere, without alteration of sent or taste; onely +you shall see it represent many colours, like the Raine-bowe, +which (in my conceite) argueth a running thorow some minerall veine, +and therewithall a possessing of some vertue. + +Aside from this towne, towards the North sea, extendeth a fruitfull +veine of land, comprizing certayne parishes, which serueth better +then any other place in Cornwall for Winter feeding, and suitably +enricheth the Farmours. Herethrough, sundry Gentlemen haue there +planted their seates, as, in S. Kew, master Carnsew, at Bokelly: +in S. Endelion, master Roscarrock, at his House of the same +denomination: besides, master Penkeuel, Nichols, Barret, Flammock, +Cauel, and diuers more. + +Carnsew, rightly Carndeaw, purporteth in Cornish, a black rock: +and such a one the heire owneth which gaue name to his ancient +possessed mannour, as the mannour to his ancestours. His house +Bokelly may be deriued from Both, in Cornish, a Goate and kelly +which is lost: and the Goate he giueth for his Armes. This Gent. +father married the daughter of Fits in Deuon and left behinde him +three sonnes, Richard, Mathew and William, with two daughters: +those, brought vp in learning and experience abroade: these, +in vertue and modesty at home: the fruites whereof, they taste +and expresse, in a no lesse praise-worthy, then rare-continuing +concord, hauing (not through any constrayning necessitie, or +constraintiue vowe) but on a voluntary choyce, made their +elder brothers mansion a Colledge of single liuing, & kinde +entertaining. Amongst whom, I may not omit the yongest brother, +whose well qualified and sweete pleasing sufficiency draweth him +out from this cloyster, to conuerse with and assist his friends, +and to whose sounder iudgement, I owe the thankful acknowledgement +of [128] many corrected slippings in these my notes. The armes +of this family are thus blasoned, S. a Goat passant. A. attired and +trippled 0. + +Roscarrock, in Cornish, meaneth a flower, and a rock, in English. +Roses are his armes, and the North rocky clifs, which bound his +demaines, perhaps added the rest. The heire hath issue by the +daughter of Treuanion. His father maried the sole Inheritrix +to Pentire, whose dwelling, Pentuan, is seated on the South sea, +so as he might make vse of either climate for his residence. +The family is populous; but of them two brothers, Hugh, for his +ciuill carriage, and kinde hospitality, and Nicholas for his +industrious delight in matters of history and antiquity, doe merit +a commending remembrance. They beare A. a Cheuron betweene 2. Roses, +G. and a sea-tenche nayante proper. + +The little parish called Temple, skirteth this hundred, on the waste +side thereof: a place, exempted from the Bishops iurisdiction, +as once appertayning to the Templers, but not so from disorder: +for if common report communicate with truth, many a bad mariage +bargaine is there yerely slubbred vp. + + Hundred of West. + +WIth Trig Hundred on the South side, confineth that of West, +but taketh his name from the relation which it beareth to that +of East: the circuit thereof is not so large, as fruitfull. + +In entring the same, wee will first pitch at the Looes, two seuerall +Corporations, distinguished by the addition of East and West, +abutting vpon a nauigable creek, and ioyned by a faire bridge of +many arches. They tooke that name from a fresh riuer, which there +payeth his tribute to the sea: and the riuer (as I coniecture) +from his low passage, betweene steepe coasting hils: for Loo, +and lowe, after the Cornish pronunciation, doe little differ. + +East-Loo voucheth lesse antiquity, as lately incorporated, +but vanteth greater wealth, as more commodiously seated: yet the +foundation of their houses is grounded on the sand, supporting +(naythelesse) those poore buildings, with a sufficient stablenesse. +Their profit chiefly accrueth from their weekely markets, +and industrious fishing, with boats of a middle size, able to brooke, +but not crosse the seas: howbeit, they are not altogether destitute +of bigger shipping: amongst which, one hath successiuely retained the +name of the George of Loo, euer since the first so called, did a great +while sithence, in a furious fight, take 3. French men of warre. + +The towne towards the sea, is fenced with a garretted wall, +against any sudden attempt of the enemy. + +West-Loo mustereth an endowment with the like meanes, but in a +meaner degree, and hath of late yeeres somewhat releeued his +former pouerty. + +Almost directly ouer against the barred hauen of Loo, extendeth +S. Georges Iland, about halfe a mile in compasse, and plentifully +stored with Conies. When the season of the yere yeeldeth oportunity, +a great abundance of sundry sea-fowle breed upon the strond, +where they lay, & hatch their egges, without care of building +any nests: at which time, repairing thither, you shall see your head +shadowed with a cloud of old ones, through their diuersified cries, +witnessing their general dislike of your disturbance, [129] and your +feete pestered with a large number of yong ones, some formerly, +some newly, and some not yet disclosed; at which time (through the +leaue and kindnesse of Master May, the owner) you may make and take +your choyce. This Gent. Armes, are G, a Cheuron vary betweene +three Crownes. + +The middle market towne of this Hundred, is Liskerd. Les, in Cornish, +is broad, and ker, is gone. Now, if I should say, that it is so +called, because the widenesse of this Hundred, heere contracteth the +traffike of the Inhabitants, you might well thinke I iested, +neither dare I auow it in earnest. But whencesoever you deriue +the name, hard it is, in regard of the antiquity, to deduce the towne +and Castle from their first originall; and yet I will not ioyne hands +with them who terme it Legio, as founded by the Romanes, vnlesse they +can approue the same by a Romane faith. + +Of later times, the Castle serued the Earle of Cornwall for one of +his houses; but now, that later is worm-eaten out of date and vse. +Coynages, Fayres, and markets, (as vitall spirits in a decayed bodie) +keepe the inner partes of the towne aliue, while the ruyned skirtes +accuse the iniurie of time, and the neglect of industrie. + +S. Cleer parish, coasting Liskerd, brooketh his name by a more +percing, then profitable ayre, which in those open wastes, +scowreth away thrift, as well as sicknesse. Thither I rode, to take +view of an antiquitie, called The other halfe stone; which I found to +be thus: There are two moore stones, pitched in the ground, very neere +together, the one of a more broade then thicke squarenesse, about 8. +foote in height, resembling the ordinary spill of a Crosse, +and somewhat curiously hewed, with diaper worke. The other commeth +short of his fellowes length, by the better halfe, but, welneere, +doubleth it in breadth, and thickenesse, and is likewise handsomely +carued. They both are mortifed in the top, leauing a little edge at +the one side, as to accommodate the placing of somewhat else +thereupon. In this latter, are graued certaine letters, which I +caused to be taken out, and haue here inserted, for abler capacities, +then mine own, to interpret. + + [image, approx d O n l + E R T : R O + 3 a U I T + p R O a n + l m a + + where 'a' is a Greek alpha character] + +Why this should be termed, The other halfe stone, I cannot resolue +with my selfe, and you much lesse. Howbeit, I haltingly ayme, +it may proceede from one of these respects; either, because it is +the halfe of a monument, whose other part resteth elsewhere: or, +for that it meaneth, after the Dutch phrase and their owne measure, +a stone and halfe. For, in Dutch, Ander halb, (another halfe) +importeth, One and a halfe, as Sesqui alter doth in Latine. +It should seeme to be a bound stone: for some of the neighbours +obserued to mee, that the [130] same limiteth iust the halfe way, +betweene Excester and the lands ende, and is distant full fiftie +myles from either. + +Not farre hence, in an open plaine, are to be seene certaine stones, +somewhat squared, and fastened about a foote deepe in the ground, +of which, some sixe or eight stand vpright in proportionable distance: +they are termed, The hurlers. And alike strange obseruation, taketh +place here, as at Stonehenge, to wit, that a redoubled numbring, +neuer eueneth with the first. But far stranger is the country +peoples report, that once they were men, and for their hurling vpon +the Sabboth, so metamorphosed. The like whereof, I remember to +haue read, touching some in Germany (as I take it) who for a +semblable prophanation, with dauncing, through the Priests accursing, +continued it on a whole yere together. + +Almost adioyning hereunto, is a heap of rocks, which presse one of a +lesse size, fashioned like a cheese, and therethrough termed +Wringcheese. + +I know not well, whether I may referre to the parish of S. Neot in +this Hundred, that which Mat. West, reporteth of K. Alfred, namely, +how comming into Cornwall on hunting, he turned aside, for doing +his deuotion, into a Church, where S. Guerijr and S. Neot made their +abode (quaere, whether he meane not their burials) or rather +so resolue, because Asser so deliuers it, and there found his orisons +seconded with a happy effect. + +Next, I will relate you another of the Cornish natural wonders, +viz. S. Kaynes well: but lest you make a wonder first at the Saint, +before you take notice of the well, you must vnderstand, that this +was not Kayne the man-queller, but one of a gentler spirit, and +milder sex, to wit, a woman. He who caused the spring to be pictured, +added this rime for an exposition: + + In name, in shape, in quality, + This well is very quaint; + The name, to lot of Kayne befell, + No ouer-holy Saint. + The shape, 4. trees of diuers kinde, + Withy, Oke, Elme and Ash, + Make with their roots an arched roofe, + Whose floore this spring doth wash. + The quality, that man or wife, + Whose chance, or choice attaines, + First of this sacred streame to drinke, + Thereby the mastry gaines. + +In this Hundred, the rubble of certaine mines, and ruines of a fining +house, conuince Burchard Craneigh, the Duchmans vaine endeuour, +in seeking of siluer owre: howbeit, hee afterwards lighted on a +thriftier vayne, of practising phisike at London, where he grewe +famous, by the name of Doctor Burcot. + +Killigarth, being interpreted in English, signifieth, He hath lost +his griping, or reaching: and by his present fortune, (in some sort) +iustifieth that name: for the same hath lately forgone +Sir William Beuill, whome it embraced as owner & Inhabitant, by his +sudden death, and is passed into the possession of the faire Lady +his widdow, by her husbands conueyance. + +It yeeldeth a large viewe of the South coast, and was it selfe, +in Sir Williams life time, much visited, [131] through his +franke inuitings. The mention of this Knight, calleth to my +rememberance, a sometimes vncouth seruaunt of his, whose monstrous +conditions, partly resembled that Polyphemus, described by Homer and +Virgil, and liuely imitated by Ariosto, in his Orco: or rather, +that Egyptian Polyphagus, in whome (by Suetonius report) the +Emperour Nero tooke such pleasure. This fellow was taken vp by +Sir William, vnder a hedge, in the deepest of Winter, welneere +starued with cold, and hunger: hee was of stature meane, of +constitution leane, of face freckled, of composition, well +proportioned, of diet, naturally, spare, and cleanely inough; yet, +at his masters bidding, he would deuoure nettles, thistles, the pith +of Artichokes, raw, and liuing birds, and fishies, with their scales, +and feathers, burning coles and candles, and whatsoeuer else, +howsoeuer vnsauorie, if it might be swallowed: neither this a little, +but in such quantitie, as it often bred a second wonder, how his +belly, should containe so much: yet could no man, at any time, +discouer him doing of that, which necessitie of nature requireth. +Moreouer, he would take a hot yron out of the fire, with his bare +hand; neuer changed his apparell, but by constraint, and vsed to lie +in strawe, with his head downe, and his heeles vpwards. Spare he +was of speech, and, instead of halfe his words, vsed this terme Size, +as I will Size him, for strike him, hee is a good Size, for man, &c. +Ouer-sleeping, or some other accident, made him to lose a day, in his +account of the weeke, so as he would not beleeue, but that Svnday was +Saterday, Saterday Friday, &c. To Sir William he bare such +faithfulnesse, that hee would follow his horse, like a spanyell, +without regard of way or wearinesse, waite at his chamber doore, +the night time, suffering none to come neere him, and performe +whatsoeuer hee commanded, were it neuer so unlawfull, or dangerous. +On a time, his master, expecting strangers, sent him, with a panier, +to his cater at the sea side, to fetch fome fish. In his way, +he passed by a riuer, whereinto the tide then flowed, and certaine +fishermen were drawing their nets: which after Iohn Size had a +while beheld, hee casts to haue a share amongst them, for his master. +So into the water he leaps, and there, for the space of a flight +shoot, wadeth and walloweth (for swimme hee could not) sometimes up, +and sometimes downe, carrying his panier still before him, to his +owne extreame hazard of drowning, and the beholders great pittying; +vntill at last, all wet, and wearied, out he scrambleth, and home he +hieth, with a bitter complaint to his master, of his ill fortune, +that he could not catch some fish, as well as the rest, where so +much was going. In this sort he continued for diuers yeeres, +vntill (vpon I wot not what veake, or vnkindnesse) away he gets, +and abroad he rogues: which remitter brought him the end, to his +foredeferred, and not auoyded destiny: for as vnder a hedge hee was +found pyning, so under a hedge he found his miserable death, +through penury. + +Sir Williams father maried the daughter of Militon: his graundfather, +the daughter and heire of Bear, whose liuelyhood repayred what the +elder brothers daughters had impaired. The Beuils Armes are A. a Bull +passant G. armed and tripped O. + +In the same parish where Killigarth is seated, Master Murth +inheriteth a house and demaynes. Hee maried Treffry; his father, +Tregose. One of their auncestours, [132] within the memorie of a +next neighbour to the house, called Prake, (burdened with 110. yeeres +age) entertained a British miller, as that people, for such +idle occupations, proue more handie, then our owne. But this fellowes +seruice befell commodious in the worst sense. For when, not long +after his acceptance, warres grewe betweene vs & France, he stealeth +ouer into his countrey, returneth priuily backe againe, with a +French crew, surprizeth suddenly his master, and his ghests, at a +Christmas supper, carrieth them speedily vnto Lantreghey, and forceth +the Gent, to redeemme his enlargement, with the sale of a great part +of his reuenewes. + +A little to the Westwards from Killigarth, the poore harbour and +village of Polpera coucheth betweene 2. steepe hils, where plenty of +fish is vented to the fish driuers, whom we call Iowters. + +The warmth of this Hundred, siding the South, hath enticed many Gent. +here to make choyce of their dwellings, as M. Buller now Sherife +at Tregarrick, sometimes the Wideslades inheritance, vntill the +fathers rebellion forfeited it to the Prince; and the Princes +largesse rewarded therewith his subiects. + +Wideslades sonne led a walking life with his harpe, to Gentlemens +houses, wherethrough, and by his other actiue qualities, he was +entitled, Sir Tristram; neither wanted he (as some say) a bele Isound, +the more aptly to resemble his patterne. + +Master Buller married the daughter of one Williams, a Counsellour at +lawe in Deuon: his father, a younger branch of the ancient stocke, +planted in Somerset shire, tooke to wife the widdowe of Courtney, +and daughter and heire to Trethurffe; by whose dower, and his owne +indeuour, he purchased and left to his sonne, faire possessions, +but not vnencumbred with titles, which draue this Gentleman to salue +them all by new compositions with the pretenders: and for compassing +the same, to get an extraordinary experience in husbandry. +His ancestours bare S. on a playne Crosse A. quarter pierced +4. Eagles of the field. + +At S. Winowe inhabiteth M. Thomas Lower, commendable through his +double prouision, against the warres, as hauing both furnished +himself with great ordinance, for priuate defence of the County, +and thrust forth his sonnes to be trayned in martiall knowledge +and exercises, for the publike seruice of the Countrey. + +His wife was one of Reskimers daughters and heires: his mother, +the daughter of Treffrey: his house descended to his auncestour, +by match with Vpton. Hee beareth B. a Cheuron engrayled O. betweene +three Roses A. + +Laureast, is the inheritance of M. Iohn Harris, a Gent. employing his +sound iudgement, and other praise-worthy parts, to the seruice of his +Prince and country, & the good of his friends and himself. His wife +was daughter and heire to Hart; his mother sister to M. Chr. Harris, +which (by his vncles yet want of issue) intitleth him with a faire +expectancy. Hee beareth S. 3. Croissants within a border A. + +Treworgy is owed by M. Kendal, and endowed with a pleasant and +profitable fishing and command of the riuer, which flitteth vnder +his house. He maried with Buller: his mother was daughter to Moyle +of Bake, and beareth A, a Cheuron betweene 3. Dolphins S. + +Master Glyn of Glynfoord, manifesteth, by this compounded name, +the antiqitie of his descent, and [133] the ordinary passage there, +ouer Foy riuer. The store of Sammons which it affoordeth, caused his +ancestours ta take the Sammon speares for their Armes: for hee +beareth A, a Cheuron, betweene three Sammon speares S. + +Sundry more Gentlemen this little Hundred possesseth and +possessioneth, as Code, who beareth A. a Cheuron, G. betweene +three Crowes. May, G. a Cheuron vary betweene three Crownes. +Achym, A. a Maunche Maltaile S. within a border of the first, +charged with Cinquefoyles, as the second Grilles, &c. But want of +information, and lothnes to waxe tedious, maketh mee fardle vp these, +and omit the rest. + +It is hemmed in one the West, by the East side of Foy hauen, at whose +mouth standeth Hall, in Cornish, a moore, and (perhaps) such it was +before better manurance reduced it to the present fruitfulnesse. +The same descended to Sir Reignald Mohun, from his ancestours, +by their match with the daughter and heire of Fits-Williams; +and (amongst other commodities) is appurtenanced with a walk, +which if I could as playnly shew you, as my selfe haue oftentimes +delightingly seene it, you might, & would auow the same, to be a +place of diuersified pleasings: I will therefore do my best, to trace +you, a shaddow thereof, by which you shal (in part) giue a gesse at +the substance. + +It is cut out in the side of a steepe hill, whose foote the salt water +washeth, euenly leuelled, to serue for bowling, floored with sand, +for soaking vp the rayne, closed with two thorne hedges, and banked +with sweete senting flowers: It wideneth to a sufficient breadth, +for the march of fiue or sixe in front, and extendeth, to not +much lesse, then halfe a London mile: neyther doth it lead +wearisomely forthright, but yeeldeth varied, & yet, not ouer-busie +turnings, as the grounds oportunity affoordeth; which aduantage +encreaseth the prospect, and is conuerted on the foreside, +into platformes, for the planting of Ordinance, and the walkers +sitting; and on the back part, into Summer houses, for their more +priuate retrait and recreation. + +In passing along, your eyes shall be called away from guiding +your feete, to descry by their fardest kenning, the vast Ocean, +sparkled with ships, that continually this way trade, forth and backe, +to most quarters of the world. Neerer home, they take view of all +sized cocks, barges, and fisherboates, houering on the coast. +Againe, contracting your sight to a narrower scope, it lighteth on +the faire and commodious hauen, where the tyde daily presenteth his +double seruice, of flowing and ebbing, to carry and recarry whatsoeuer +the Inhabitants shall bee pleased to charge him withall, and his +creekes (like a young wanton louer) folde about the land, with many +embracing armes. + +This walke is garded upon the one side, by Portruan; on the other, +by Bodyneck, two fishing villages: behinde, the rising hill beareth +off the colde Northern blasts: before, the towne of Foy subiecteth +his whole length and breadth to your ouerlooking: and directly +vnder you, ride the home and forraine shipping; both of these, in so +neere a distance, that without troubling the passer, or borrowing +Stentors voyce, you may from thence, not only call to, but confere +with any in the sayd towne or Shipping. + +Mounsieur la Noue noteth, that in the great hall of [134] iustice, +at Paris, there is no roome left, for any more images of the French +Kings: which some prophetically interpreted, to signifie a dissolution +of that line, if not of the monarchy. But this halfening, the present +flourishing estate of that kingdome, vtterly conuinceth of falshood. +A farre truer foretoken, touching the Earle of Deuons progeny, I haue +seen, at this place of Hall, to wit, a kind of Fagot, whose age and +painting, approueth the credited tradition, that it was carefully +preserued by those noble men: but whether vpon that prescience, or no, +there mine author failes me. This fagot, being all one peece of wood, +and that naturally growen, is wrapped about the middle part with +a bond, and parted, at the ends, into foure sticks, one of which, is, +againe subdiuided into other twayne. And in semblable maner the +last Earles inheritance accrued vnto 4. Cornish Gent. Mohun, Trelawny, +Arundell of Taluerne, and Trethurffe: and Trethurffes portion, +Courtney of Ladocke, and Viuian, do enioy, as descended from his two +daughters and heires. + +Sir Reig. Mohun is widdower of two wiues; the one, daughter to +Sir Henry Killigrew, the other, to Sergeant Heale: his father, +Sir William, married, first, the daughter of Horsey, and one of +the heires, by the common law, to Sir Iohn her late brother; and next, +the widdowe of Trelawny, who, ouerliuing him, enioyeth this Hall, +as part of her ioynture; a Lady, gracing her dignitie, with +her vertue, and no lesse expressing, then professing religion. +Reignald, father to Sir William, wedded the daughter of Sir +William Treuanion. The armes of the Mohuns are O. a Crosse +engrayled Sa. + + + Powder Hundred. + + +SOme impute the force of Powder vnto this, that the same is conuerted, +at an instant, from his earthy substance, to a fiery, and from +the fire, into ayre; euery of which changes, requireth a greater +enlargement, one then other: wherefore it finding a barre, ouer, +vnder, and on the back and sides, by the pieces strong imprisonment, +by consequence breaketh forth with a sudden violence, at the mouth, +where the way is least stopped, & driueth before it, the vnsetled +obstacle of the bullet, imparting thereunto a portion of his fury. +To which (through want of a probable Etymon) I may, in part, resemble +the hundred of Powder, not only for the names sake, but also because +this parcel of the Cornish earth extendeth it selfe wider, and +compriseth more parishes, then any other Hundred of the shire, +as stretching East. and West, from Foy to Falmouth: and South +and North, welnere from one sea to the other. + +In describing the same, we must begin where we left, to wit, at +Foy hauen, in Cornish, Foath. It receyueth this name of the riuer, +and bestoweth the same on the town. His entrance is garded with +Block-houses, & that on the townes side, as also the towne it selfe, +fortified & fenced with ordinance. The commendation of which +industry, is principally due to the prouidence and direction of M. +Wil. Treffry, a Gent. that hath vowed his rare gifts of learning, +wisdome, & courage, to the good of his country, & made proofe thereof +in many occurrents, & to whose iudicious corrections, these my notes +haue bin not a little beholden. His faire & ancient house, +Castle-wise builded [135] and sufficiently flanked, ouerlooketh the +towne and hauen with a pleasant prospect, and yet is not excluded +from the healthfull ayre, and vse of the country, which occasioned +his auncestours (though endowed elsewhere, with large reuennues, +of their owne and their wiues inheritance) for many descents, to make, +here their ordinary residence, as is witnessed by their toombe-stones, +which I haue seen in the church. One of them, about 145. yeeres +sithence, valiantly defended this his dwelling, against the French, +what time they had surprized the rest of the towne. + +Hee married one of Tremaynes heires: his father, the heir of +Tresithny; his graundfather, the daughter of Killigrew: and beareth +S. a Cheuron betweene three Hawthornes A. + +But I will returne to the towne. During the warlike raignes of our +two valiant Edwards, the first & third, the Foyens addicted themselues +to backe their Princes quarrell, by coping with the enemy at sea, +and made returne of many prizes: which purchases hauing aduanced +them to a good estate of wealth, the same was (when the quieter +conditioned times gaue meanes) heedfully and diligently employed, +and bettered, by the more ciuill trade of marchandise; and in both +these vocations they so fortunately prospered, that it is reported, +60. tall ships did, at one time, belong to the harbour, and that +they assisted the siege of Callais, with 47. saile. Heereon, a full +purse begetting a stout stomack, our Foyens tooke heart at grasse, +and chauncing about that time (I speake vpon the credit of tradition) +to sayle neere Rye, and Winchelsea, they stifly refused to vaile +their bonets at the summons of those townes; which contempt (by +the better enabled Sea-farers, reckoned intolerable) caused the +Ripiers to make out with might and mayne against them; howbeit, +with a more hardy onset, then happy issue: for the Foy men gaue them +so rough entertaynment at their welcome, that they were glad to +forsake patch, without bidding farewell: the merit of which exploit, +afterwards entitled them Gallants of Foy: and (it may bee) they +fought to eternize this memorable fact, after the Greeke and Romane +maner, by inuesting the towne of Golant with that name: +notwithstanding, quaere, whether a causelesse ambition in the +posteritie, turned not rather Golant into Gallant, for their +greater glory. Once, the townesmen vaunt, that for reskuing certaine +ships of Rye from the Normans in Henrie the thirds time, they beare +the armes, and enioy part of the priuiledges appertaining to the +Cinque ports, whereof there is some memorie in their Chauncell window, +with the name of Fisart Bagga, their principall Commaunder in +that seruice. Moreouer, the prowesse of one Nicholas, sonne to +a widdow, neere Foy, is deskanted vpon, in an old three mans songs, +namely, how he fought brauely at sea, with Iohn Dory (a Genowey, as I +coniecture) set forth by Iohn the French king, and (after much +bloudshed on both sides) tooke, and slew him, in reuenge of the +great rauine, and crueltie, which hee had forecommitted, vpon the +English mens goods and bodies. Yet their so often good successe, +sometimes tasted the sawce of crosser speeding; for Tho. Walsingham +telleth vs, that Sir Hugh Calueley, and Sir Th. Percy, deputed to +gard the sea, by R. the 2. Anno. 1379. chanced there to meete a +Cornish barge, belonging to Foy harbour, which hauing worne out his +victuals, and [136] time, limited for the like seruice, was then +sayling homewards, neither would be entreated by those knights, +to ioyne companie with them: howbeit they bought this refusall +verie deare. For no sooner was the English fleete past out of sight, +but that a Flemmish man of warre lighted vpon them, and (after a long, +and strong resistance) ouermastered them as well, at last in force, +as they did at first in number, tooke the Barge, sunk it, and +slaughtered all the Saylers, one onely boy, excepted, who in the +heate of the bickering, seeing which way the game would goe, +secretly stole aboord the Flemming, and closely hid himselfe +amongst the ballast. Ouer a while, this Pirate cast Anker in an +English harbor, where the boy, hearing his Countrimens voice, +that were come aboord, riseth from his new buriall, bewrayeth the +fact, & so wrought meanes, for their punishment, and his +owne deliuery. + +Not long after, our Foy gallants, vnable to beare a low sayle, +in their fresh gale of fortune, began to skum the Seas, with their +often piracies, (auowing themselues vpon the Earle of Warwicke, +whose ragged staffe is yet to be seene, pourtrayed in many places +of their Church Steeple, and in diuers priuate houses) as also to +violate their dutie at land, by insolent disobedience, to the +Princes Officers, cutting off (amongst other pranckes) a Pursiuants +eares: whereat king Edward the fourth conceiued such indignation, +as hee sent Commissioners vnto Lostwithiel, (a towne thereby) who, +vnder pretence of vsing their seruice, in sea affaires, trained +thither the greatest number of the Burgesses; and no sooner come, +then laid hold on, and in hold, their goods were confiscated, one +Harrington executed, the chaine of their hauen remoued to Dartmouth, +& their wonted iolity transformed into a sudden misery: from which +they striued a long time, in vaine, to releeue themselues: but now +of late yeres doe more and more aspire to a great amendment of their +former defeats, though not to an equall height of their +first aboundance. + +Where I may not passe in silence, the commendable deserts of +Master Rashleigh the elder, descended from a yonger brother of an +ancient house in Deuon; for his industrious iudgement and aduenturing, +in trade of marchandise, first opened a light and way, to the +townesmens newe thriuing, and left his sonne large wealth, and +possessions; who (together with a dayly bettering his estate) +conuerteth the same to hospitality, and other actions fitting a Gent. +well affected to his God, Prince, and Countrey. He married the +daughter of Bonithon; his father, of Lanyne, and beareth S. a plaine +Crosse betweene 2. Croissants A. + +Anno 28. H. 6. there was an Act of Parliament made, to restraine +the abuses of sea-officers, in wrong exactions at Foy, and some +other hauens. + +The Lord of Pomier, a Norman, encouraged by the [1457.] ciuill warres, +wherewith our Realme was then distressed, furnished a nauy within the +riuer of Sayne, and with the same in the night, burned a part of Foy, +and other houses confyning: but vpon approch of the countryes forces, +raised the next day by the Sherife, he made speed away to his ships, +and with his ships to his home. + +In a high way neere this towne, there lieth a big and long +moore stone, containing the remainder of certaine ingraued letters, +purporting some memorable antiquity, as it should seeme, but past +ability of reading. + +[137] + +Not many yeres sithence, a Gentleman, dwelling not farre off, +was perswaded, by some information, or imagination, that treasure +lay hidden vnder this stone: wherefore, in a faire Moone-shine night, +thither with certaine good fellowes hee hyeth to dig it vp; +a working they fall, their labour shortneth, their hope increaseth, +a pot of Gold is the least of their expectation. But see the chance. +In midst of their toyling, the skie gathereth clouds, the Moone-light +is ouer-cast with darkenesse, downe fals a mightie showre, vp riseth +a blustering tempest, the thunder cracketh, the lightning flameth: +in conclusion, our money-seekers washed, in stead of loden; or loden +with water, in stead of yellow earth, and more afraid, then hurt, +are forced to abandon their enterprise, and seeke shelter of the +next house they could get into. Whether this proceeded from a +naturall accident, or a working of the diuell, I will not vndertake +to define. It may bee, God giueth him such power ouer those, +who begin a matter, vpon couetousnesse to gaine by extraordinarie +meanes, and prosecute it with a wrong, in entring and breaking +another mans land, without his leaue, and direct the end thereof, +to the princes defrauding, whose prerogatiue challengeth these +casualties. + +A little beyond Foy, the land openeth a large sandie drab Bay, +for the Sea to ouer-flow, which, and the village adioyning, +are therethrough aptly termed Trewardreth, in English, The +Sandie towne. Elder times, of more deuotion then knowledge, +here founded a religious house, which, in King Henrie the eights +raigne, vnderwent the common downefall. + +I haue receiued credible information, that some three yeeres sithence, +certaine hedges deuiding a closse on the seaside hereabouts, +chanced, in their digging, vpon a great chest of stone, +artificially ioyned, whose couer, they (ouer-greedy for booty) +rudely brake, and therewithall a great earthen pot enclosed, which +was guilded and graued with letters, defaced by this misaduenture, +and ful of a black earth, the ashes (doubtles) as that, the vrna +of some famous personage. + +Vpon a side of this bay, one M. Peter Beuill first began the +experiment of making a saltwater pond, induced thereunto, by obseruing +that the high Summer tydes brought with them young Basses and Millets, +whom at their ebbing, they left behinde in little pits of the +euen ground, where they would liue for many weekes without any +reuisitation of the sea: who, as he bettered this naturall patterne, +so did I his artificiall; but yet with a thankefull acknowledgement, +by whome I haue profited. + +Lostwithiel should seeme to fetch his originall from the Cornish +Lostwithiall, which in English, soundeth a Lions tayle: for as the +Earle of this prouince gaue the Lyon in armes, and the Lions +principall strength (men, say) consisteth in his tayle; so this +towne claymeth the precedence, and his Lords chiefest residence, +& the place which he entrusted with his Exchequer, and where his +wayghtier affaires were managed. Maioralty, markets, faires, and +nomination of Burgesses for the parliament, it hath common with the +most: Coynage of Tynne, onely with three, others; but the gayle for +the whole Stannary, and keeping of the County Courts, it selfe alone. +Yet all this can hardly rayse it to a tolerable condition of wealth +and inhabitance. Wherefore I will [138] detayne you no longer, +then vntill I haue shewed you a solemne custome in times past here +yeerely obserued, and onely of late daies discontinued, which was +thus: + +Vpon little Easter Sunday, the Freeholders of the towne and mannour, +by themselues or their deputies, did there assemble: amongst whom, +one (as it fell to his lot by turne) brauely apparelled, +gallantly mounted, with a Crowne on his head, a scepter in his hand, +a sword borne before him, and dutifully attended by all the rest also +on horseback, rode thorow the principall streete to the Church: +there the Curate in his best beseene, solemnely receiued him at the +Churchyard stile, and conducted him to heare diuine seruice: +after which, he repaired with the same pompe, to a house foreprouided +for that purpose, made a feast to his attendants, kept the tables +end himselfe, and was serued with kneeling, assay, & all other rites +due to the estate of a Prince: with which dinner, the ceremony ended, +and euery man returned home again. The pedigree of this vsage is +deriued from so many descents of ages, that the cause and authour +outreach remembrance: howbeit, these circumstances offer a coniecture, +that it should betoken the royalties appertaining to the honour +of Cornwall. + +M. Wil. Kendals hospitality, while he liued, and here kept house, +deserueth a speciall remembrance, because, for store of resort and +franknes of entertainment, it exceeded all others of his sort. + +This towne anno 11. H. 7, was by act of Parliament assigned, +to keepe the publike waights and measures, ordayned for the Countie. + +Lostwithiel subiected it selfe to the commaund of Restormel Castle, +alias, Lestormel, sometimes the Dukes principal house. It is seated +in a park, vpon the plaine neck of a hill, backed to the Westwards, +with another, somewhat higher, & falling euery other way, to end in +a valley, watered by the fishfull riuer of Foy. His base court is +rather to be coniectured, then discerned, by the remnant of some +fewe ruines; amongst which, an ouen of 14. foot largenes, through his +exceeding proportion, prooueth the like hospitality of those dayes. +The inner court grounded vpon an intrenched rocke, was formed round, +had his vtter wall thick, strong, and garretted: his flat roofe +couered with lead, and his large windowes taking their light inwards. +It consisted of two stories, beisdes the vaults, and admitted +entrance and issue, by one onely gate, fenced with a Portcouliz. +Water was conueyed thither, by a conduit, from the higher ground +adioyning. Certes, it may moue compassion, that a Palace, +so healthfull for aire, so delightfull for prospect, so necessary +for commodities, so fayre (in regard of those dayes) for building, +and so strong for defence, should in time of secure peace, and vnder +the protection of his naturall Princes, be wronged with those +spoylings, then which, it could endure no greater, at the hands of +any forrayne and deadly enemy: for the Parke is disparked, the timber +rooted vp, the conduit pipes taken away, the roofe made sale of, +the planchings rotten, the wals fallen downe, and the hewed stones of +the windowes, dournes & clauels, pluct out to serue priuate buildings: +onely there remayneth an vtter defacement, to complayne vpon this +vnregarded distresse. It now appertayneth by lease, to Master Samuel, +who maried Halse : his father (a wise and pleasant conceited Gent.) +matched with Tremayne. + +[139] + +After wee haue quitted Restormel, Roche becomes our next place +of soiourne, though hardly inuiting, with promise of any better +entertainement, then the name carieth written in his forehead, +to wit, a huge, high and steepe rock, seated in a playne, girded on +either side, with (as it were) two substitutes, and meritorious +(no doubt) for the Hermite, who dwelt on the top thereof, were it +but in regard of such an vneasie climing to his cell and Chappell, +a part of whose naturall wals is wrought out of the rock itselfe. + +Neere the foote of Roche, there lyeth a rock, leuell with the ground +aboue, and hollow downwards, with a winding depth, which contayneth +water, reported by some of the neighbours, to ebbe and flowe as +the sea. Of these, as another Cornish wonder. + + You neighbour-scorners, holy-prowd, + Goe people Roche's cell, + Farre from the world, neere to the heau'ns, + There, Hermits, may you dwell. + Is't true that Spring in rock hereby, + Doth tide-wise ebbe and flow? + Or haue wee fooles with lyers met? + Fame saies it: be it so. + +From hence ascending easily the space of a mile, you shall haue wonne +the top of the Cornish Archbeacon Hainborough, which (as little +to great) may for prospect compare with Rama in Palestina, +Henius in Medica, Collalto in Italy, and Sceafel in the Ile of Man: +for if the weathers darkenesse bounde not your eye-sight, within his +ordynarie extent, you shall thence plainely discerne, to the Eastwards, +a great part of Deuon, to the West, very neere the lands end, to the +North and South, the Ocean, and sundrie Ilands scattered therein, +wherethrough it passeth also for a wonder. + + Haynboroughs wide prospect, at once, + Both feedes, and gluts your eye, + With Cornwals whole extent, as it + In length and breadth doth lie. + +At Ladocke, in this Hundred, dwelleth master Peter Courtney, +who doubly fetcheth his pedigree, from that honourable flocke, +and embraceth the contentment of a quiet priuate life, before the +publike charge in his Countrie, due to his calling, and to which +long sithence, he hath bene called. His father maried (as I haue +shewed) the daughter & coheir of Trethurffe, himselfe Reskimers, +his sonne the daughter of Saintabyn: he beareth O. three Torteaux, +and a File with as many Lambeaux, B. + +Leo Aser, in the delightfull, and approued description of his +Countrie, telleth vs of a blind guide, who would readily and safely +conduct straunger trauailers, ouer the huge Deserts, with which that +region aboundeth, and that the meanes he vsed, was, in certaine +distances, to smell at the sand, which gaue him perfect notice of +the places. + +Likewise, Lewes Guicciardin, in his booke of Netherland, maketh report +of one Martyn Catelyn, borne at Weruicke in Flaunders, who falling +blind before he attained two yeeres age, grew, notwithstanding, +by his owne industrie, without any teacher, to such a perfection in +Timber handy-craft, as he could, not only turne, [140] and make +Virginals, Organes, Vyolons, and such like Instruments, with great +facilitie, order, and proportion, but also tune, and handsomely play +vpon them, and besides, deuised many seruiceable tooles for +his science. + +These examples I thrust out before me, to make way, for a not much +lesse straunge relation, touching one Edward Bone, sometimes seruant +to the said master Courtney: which fellow (as by the assertion of +diuers credible persons, I haue beene informed) deafe from his cradle, +and consequently dumbe, would yet bee one of the first, to learne, +and expresse to his master, any newes that was sturring in the +Countrie: especially, if there went speech of a Sermon, within some +myles distance, hee would repaire to the place, with the soonest, +and setting himselfe directly against the Preacher, looke him +stedfastly in the face, while his Sermon lasted: to which religious +zeale, his honest life was also answerable. For, as hee shunned all +lewd parts himselfe, so, if hee espied any in his fellow seruants, +(which hee could and would quickely doe) his master should +straightwayes know it, and not rest free from importuning, vntill, +either the fellow had put away his fault, or their master his fellow. +And to make his minde knowne, in this, and all other +matters, hee vsed verie effectuall signes, being able therethrough, +to receiue, and perform any enioyned errand. Besides, hee was +afflicted with so firme a memorie, that he would not onely know +any partie, whome hee had once seene, for euer after, but also +make him knowne to any other, by some speciall obseruation, +and difference. Vpon a brother of his, God laid the like infirmitie, +but did not recompence it with the like raritie. + +Somewhat neere the place of his birth, there dwelt another, +so affected, or rather defected, whose name was Kempe: which two, +when they chaunced to meete, would vse such kinde embracements, +such strange, often, and earnest tokenings, and such heartie +laughters, and other passionate gestures, that their want of a tongue, +seemed rather an hinderance to others conceiuing them, then to their +conceiuing one another. + +Gwarnack, in this Hundred, was the Beuils ancient seate, whose two +daughters and heires, married Arundel of Trerice, and Greinuile. + +Wolueden, alias, Golden, fell vnto Tregian, by match with the +Inheritrix thereof. Tregean signifieth the Giants towne: their sonne +married in Lanherne house, their Graund-child with the L. Stourtons +daughter: hee beareth Erm. on a chiefe S. three Martlets O. + +It standeth in Probus Parish, whose high, and faire Church towre, +of hewed Moore stone, was builded within compasse of our remembrance, +by the well disposed Inhabitants: and here also dwelleth one Williams, +a wealthie, and charitable Farmer, Graund-father to sixtie persons, +now liuing, and able, lately to ride twelue myles in a morning, +for being witnesse to the christening of a child, to whome hee was +great great Graundfather. + +From hence, drawing towards the South sea, wee will touch at the late +Parke of Lanhadron, because there groweth an Oke, bearing his leaues +speckled with white, as doth another, called Painters Oke, in the +Hundred of East: but whether the former partake any supernaturall +propertie, to foretoken the owners sonne insuing death, when his +leaues are al of one colour (as I haue [141] heard some report) +let those affirme, who better know it: certain it is, that diuers +auncient families in England are admonished by such predictions. + +Grampond, if it tooke that name from any great Bridge, hath now +Nomen sine re: for the Bridge there is supported with onely a +few arches, and the Corporation but halfe, replenished with +Inhabitants, who may better vaunt of their townes antiquitie, +then the towne of their abilitie. + +Of Pentuan I haue spoken before. For the present, it harboureth +master Dart, who as diuers other Gentlemen, well descended, +and accommodated in Deuon, doe yet rather make choyce of a pleasing +and retired equalitie in the little Cornish Angle. Hee matched +with Roscarrocke. + +Penwarne, in the same Parish of Meuagesy, alias, S. Meuie, and Isy +(two nothing ambitious Saints, in resting satisfied with the partage +of so pettie a limit) is vested in master Otwell Hill, as heire +to his mother, the daughter and heire to Cosowarth, to whom it +likewise accrued, by matching with the daughter and heire of +that name: a seate, through his fruitfulnesse, and other +appurtenances, supplying the owner large meanes of hospitalitie, +and by him so imployed, who reckoned to receiue most good, when he +doth it. He deriueth himselfe from a populous, and well regarded +familie in Lancashire, and married the daughter of Denham: and beareth +G. a Cheuron, between three Garbes Ermine. + +At the adioyning Saint Tue, dwelleth master Richard Tremayn, +descended from a yonger brother of Colocumb house, in Deuon, +who being learned in the lawes, is yet to learne, or at least +to practise, how he may make other profit thereby, then by hoording +vp treasure of gratitude, in the mindfull breasts of poore and rich, +on whom hee, gratis, bestoweth the fruites of his paines and +knowledge. He married Coffyn, hee beareth G. three Armes +in circle ioyned at the Tronkes 0. with hands proper. + +Dudman, a wel-knowne foreland to most Saylers, here shouldreth out +the Ocean, to shape the same a large bosome betweene it selfe, +and Rame head, which are wel-neere twentie myles in distance. +Amongst sundrie prouerbs, allotting an impossible time of performance, +the Cornish men haue this one, When Rame-head and Dudman meet. +Whose possession, yet, though not themselues, met in +Sir Peers Edgecumb, as inioyning that, in right of his wife, +and this, by descent from his Father. + +Bodrugan, a large demaines adioyning thereunto (which I will not +deriue from Sir Bars du Ganis, though the neighbours so say) was the +dwelling of Sir Henrie Trenowith, a man of great liuely-hood, +who chaunged his name with the house, and lost house and holding, +through attainder for rebellion, against king Henrie the seuenth. +The king bestowed it, by an intailed gift, vpon Sir Richard Edgecumb. + +Next, lyeth the foreremembred Caryhayes (Kery haz in Cornish, +signifieth to beare his seede, or as some other define it, +delighting in seede) descended to M. Charles Treuanion, the present +possessioner, by a long ranke of auncestors, from Arundels daughter +and heire: his father married the daughter of Morgan, and sister to +the first Lord Humdons wife, which brought him an honourable ally. +Three of this Gentlemans elder brethren, Edward, Iohn, and Hugh, +forewent him in succession [142] to their fathers inheritance, +and passed to the better world in a single life: himselfe by matching +the daughter and heire of Witchalse, whose mother was coheire +to Marwood, hath raised issue vnto them, and continueth the hope +of posteritie. Sir William Treuanion, his Graundsire, tooke to wife +the said Sir Richard Edgecumbs daughter. The Treuanions Armes are +A. a Fesse B. charged with three Escalops O. betweene two Cheurons G. + +Roseland, is a circuite, containing certaine Parishes hereabouts, +and benefiting the owners with his fruitfulnesse, so that though +the original of his name came (perhaps) as master Camden noteth, +from his former thickets, yet his present estate better resembleth +a flowrie effect. + +By this time we approch the limits of Falmouth Hauen, vpon one of +whose Creekes, standeth the market and incorporate towne of Tregny, +not specially memorable (in my knowledge) for any extraordinarie +worth, or accident. + +Of better regard is Truro, alias, Truru, or Trisow, as the principall +towne of the Hauen, priuiledged with a Mayraltie, and benefited with +the generall Westerne Sessions, Coynages, Markets, Faires, &c. +The shape of the towne, and Etymon of the name, may be learned +out of this Cornish propheticall rime. + + Tru ru, + Triueth eu, + Ombdina geueth try ru. + +Which is to say, Truro consisteth of three streetes, and it shall in +time bee said, Here Truro stood. A like mischief of a mysterie, +they obserue, that in taking T. from the towne, there resteth ru, ru, +which in English soundeth, Woe, woe: but whatsoeuer shall become +therof hereafter, for the present, I hold it to haue got the start +in wealth of any other Cornish towne, and to come behind none +in buildings, Lanceston onely excepted, where there is more vse, +and profit of faire lodgings, through the Countie Assizes. I wish +that they would likewise deserue praise, for getting, and imploying +their riches, in some industrious trade, to the good of their Countrie, +as the Harbours oportunitie inuiteth them. + +Descending from Truro to the Hauens mouth, by water, you are +ouer-looked, by sundrie Gentlemens commodious seates, as Fentengollan, +in English, the Harts well, lately appertayning to master Carmynow, +by interpretation often louing, and now to master Holcomb, +who married the daughter of master Peter Courtney. + +Master Sayers house, Ardeuora, inhabited by master Thomas Peyton, +a Gentleman for his age and vertues, deseruing a regardfull +estimation, [blank] Master Bescawnes, [blank] Master Sayers: +but amongst all, vpon that side of the riuer, Taluerne, for +pleasant prospect, large scope, and other hous-keeping commodities, +challengeth the preeminence: it was giuen to a yonger brother +of Lanhearne, for some six or seuen descents past, and hath bred +Gent. of good worth and calling: amongst whom, I may not forget the +late kind, & valiant Sir Iohn Arundell, who matched with Godolphin, +nor Iohn his vertuous, and hopeful succeeding sonne, who married +with Carew; though this remembrance renew that sorrow, which once +I partly expressed in the ensuing Epitaph. + +[143] + + Seeke not, blind eyes, the liuing with the dead, + Tis earth you see : our Arundel is gone, + To ioyne with Christ, as member to his head, + And skornes, and pities, this our bootlesse mone. + Yet pardon vs, sweete soule, mans nature beares, + We, to thy losse, should sacrifice our teares. + + Thou time hast changed to eternitie, + But timelesse was that time, in our regard, + Since nought thou leau'st vs, faue the memorie + Of thy deare worth, so soone not to be spar'd. + Soft be the graue, vnto thy resting bones: + Short be the date, that vs againe atones. + +Vpon the East side of the Hauens entrance, Saint Maryes, alias, +S. Mawes Castle, with his Point-blanke Ordinance, comptrolleth any +shipping, that deserue a deniall of admission or passage, and is +commaunded by master Viuian, a Gentleman, who through his worth +deserueth, and with due care and judgement dischargeth, the Martiall +and ciuill gouernments committed to his trust: hee beareth partie +per fesse Ar. and Vnsase 6. in chiefe, a Lyon rampant G. + +We will close vp this Hundred, after our vsuall maner, with the +Gentlemen of marke, but not orderly marked. Such are Tanner, +who married the daughter of Roscarrock: who beareth A. on a chiefe S. +three Morions heads O. Pomeroy, a branch of Bery Pomeroy in Deuon: +he beareth O. a Lyon rampant G. who matched with Tanner, and whose +daughter & heire apparant, hath taken to husband the yong Penkeuil, +who beareth A. two Cheurons, and in chiefe a Lyon passant G. +Polwheele, whose name is deduced from his dwelling: and his dwelling +may be interpreted, The miry worke, linked in wedlock with the +coheire of Trencreeke, in English, The towne of the borough. +His mother was Lower of Trelask. Polwheel beareth S. a Saultier +engrayled Erm. + +Hearle, lineally descended from sundry Knights, who wedded Treuanion: +and his sonne Treffry. Hee bearth A. a Fesse G. betweene +3. Sheldrakes proper. + +Sawle, who espoused Rashleigh: and his father, Kendall, &c. +and beareth A. a Cheuron betweene 3. Faulcons heads erased S. + + + Pider Hundred. + + +I Must now, for a while, bid the South sea farewell, vntill a +new oportunity call mee to end the other part of Falmouth hauen, +and take the Hundred of Pider in taske, which confineth with Powder +in situation, as it resembleth the same in denomination. + +Pider in Cornish is 4. in English, and this is the fourth Hundred +of Cornwall, if you begin your reckoning from the Wester part, +at Penwith, which (signifying a head) doth seeme so to require it. + +In entring this Hundred, Padstowe first presenteth it selfe, a towne +and hauen of suteable quality, for both (though bad) are the best, +that the North Cornish coast possesseth. The Borough gaue name to +the harbour, and borroweth it of Petrock and Stowe, contracting the +same into Padstowe. It hath lately purchased a corporation and +reapeth greatest thrift, by traffiking [144] with Ireland, for which +it commodiously lieth. + +The harbour is barred with banks of sand, made (through vniting their +weak forces) sufficiently strong, to resist the Oceans threatening +billows, which (diuorced from their parent) find their rage subdued +by the others lowly submission. + +M. Nicholas Prideaux, from his new and stately house, thereby taketh +a ful and large prospect of the towne, hauen, & countrey adioyning, +to all which, his wisdome is a stay, his authority a direction. +He maried one of Viels coheires; and though endowed with fayre +reuenues in Deuon, maketh Cornwall beholden to his residence. +He beareth A. a Cheuron S. in chief a fyle with three Lambreaux G. + +The salt water leauing Padstowe, floweth up into the countrey, +that it may embrace the riuer Camel, and hauing performed this +naturall courtesie, ebbeth away againe, to yield him the freer +passage, by which meanes they both vndergoe Wade bridge, the longest, +strongest, and fayrest that the Shire can muster. It tooke his +name of a foorde adioyning, which affoordeth a way, not so safe, +as compendious, when the tyde is out. + +Wade bridge delivereth you into a waste ground, where 9. long and +great stones, called The sisters, stand in a ranke together, +and seeme to haue bene so pitched, for continuing the memory of +somewhat, whose notice is yet enuied vs by time. + +Neere to Belowdy, commonly, & not vnproperly, termed Beelowzy, +the top of a hill is enuironed with deep treble trenches, which leaue +a large playne space in the midst: they call it Castellan Danis, +of which my former booke maketh mention; and it seemeth (in times +past) to haue bin a matter of moment, the rather, for that a great +cawsey (now couered with grasse) doth lead vnto it. + +Saint Colombs is a bigge parish, and a meane market towne, subiect to +the Lordship and patronage of the Lanhearn Arundels, who for +many descents, lye there interred, as the inscriptions on their +graue stones doe testify. + +Theire name is deriued from Hirundelle, in French, a Swallow, & out +of France, at the conquest they came, & sixe Swallowes they giue +in Armes. The Countrey people entitle them, The great Arundels: +and greatest stroke, for loue, liuing, and respect, in the Countrey +heretofore they bare. + +Their sayd house of Lanhearne, standeth in the next parish, +called Mawgan: Ladu is Cornish for a bank, and on a banke the same +is seated, what hearne may mean, ignorance bids mee keepe silence. +It is appurtenanced with a large scope of land, which (while the +owners there liued) was employed to franke hospitality; yet the +same wanted wood, in lieu whereof, they burned heath, and generally, +it is more regardable for profit, then commendale for pleasure. +The Gent. now liuing, maried Anne the daughter of Henry Gerningham: +his father (a man of a goodly presence and kinde magnanimity) maried +the daughter of the Earle of Darby, and widdow to the L. Stourton. +He beareth S. 6. Swallowes in pile A. + +Little Colan hath lesse worth the obseruation, vnlesse you will +deride, or pity, their simplicity, who sought at our Lady Nants +well there, to foreknowe what fortune should betide them, which was +in this maner: + +Vpon Palm Sunday, these idle-headed seekers resorted thither, +with a palme crosse in one hand, & an offring [145] in the other: +the offring fell to the Priests share, the Crosse they threwe into +the well; which if it swamme, the party should outliue that yeere; +if it sunk, a short ensuing death was boded: and perhaps, +not altogether vntruely, while a foolish conceyt of this halfening +might the sooner helpe it onwards. A contrary practise to the +goddess Iunoes lake In Laconia: for there, if the wheaten cakes, +cast in vpon her festiuall day, were by the water receiued, +it betokened good luck; if reiected, euill. The like is written +by Pausanias, of Inus in Greece, and by others touching the offrings +throwne into the fornace of mount Etna in Sicill. + +From hence, by the double duety of consanguinitie and affinity, I am +called to stop at Cosowarth, which inhabitance altered the Inhabitants +from their former French name Escudifer, in English, Iron shield, +to his owne, as they prooue by olde euidence, not needing in the +Norman Kings new birth, to be distinguished with the Raigners number. + +Cosowarth, in Cornish, importeth The high groue: and well stored +with trees it hath bene, neither is yet altogether destitute. + +Iohn the heire of that house, hauing by the daughter of Williams, +issue only one daughter Katherine, suffered part of his lands to +descend vnto the children of her first husband, Alen Hill: +another part hee intayled in her second marriage, with Arundel of +Trerice, to their issue. The house of Cosowarth, and the auncient +inheritance there adioyning, he gaue to the heires male of +his stock, by which conueyance, his vncle Iohn succeeded, +who married the daughter of Sir Wil. Lock, King H. the 8. marchant, +and by him knighted, for that with equall courage, and hazard, +hee tooke downe the Popes Bull, set vp at Antwerp against +his Soueraigne. He had issue Thomas, Edward, Michael, Iohn, +and Robert. Thomas maried the daughter of Samtabyn, on whom he +begat Iohn and Dorothy: Iohn the elder and Robert, neuer tasted +the sweet and sowre of bridale fruit. + +Michael tooke to wife Sidenhams daughter of Dulverton in +Somerset shire, and is father onely of issue female. + +Hee addicteth himself to an Ecclesiasticall life, and therein +ioyning Poetry with Diuinity, endeuoureth to imitate the holy +Prophet Dauid, whose Psalmes, of his translation into English meeter, +receiue the general applause, beyond a great many other wel-deseruing +vndertakers of the same taske. + +Iohn the youngest, succeeding in this inheritance, vpon iust cause, +good conscience, and gratefull kindnesse, renewed the intayle which +his father Thomas had cut off, and in a single estate, and the +vniuersall loue of all that conuersed with him, made a short period +of his long hoped life: whose decease I bewayled in these rimes. + + HE that at sea and land amidst his foes, + By courage guided, sought, and scapt his death, + Loe, here, amongst his friends, whom liking chose, + And nature lent, hath vp resign'd his breath. + Vnripened fruit in grouth, precious in hope, + Rare in effect, had fortune giuen scope. + + Our eyes with teares performe thine obsequy, + And hearts with sighes, since hands could yeeld none aid, [146] + Our tongues with praise preserue thy memory, + And thoughts with griefs, since we behind are staid. + Coswarth farewell, death which vs parts atwaine, + E're long, in life, shall vs conioyne againe. + +His sister maried Kendall. + +Edward his vncle, and heire, by vertue of these entayles, married the +daughter of Arundel of Trerice, and from a ciuill Courtiers life in +his younger yeers, reposeth his elder age, on the good husbandry of +the country, hauing raised posterity sufficient, for transplanting +the name into many other quarters. He beareth A. on a Cheuron +betweene three wings B. fiue Bezants. + +Against you haue passed towards the West somewhat more then a mile, +Trerice, anciently, Treres, offereth you the viewe of his costly and +commodious buildings. What Tre is, you know already, res signifieth +a rushing of fleeting away, and vpon the declyning of a hill the +house is seated. + +In Edward the 3. raigne, Ralphe Arundel matched with the heire of +this land and name: since which time, his issue hath there continued, +and encreased their liuelyhood, by sundry like Inheritours, as +S. Iohn, Iew, Durant, Thurlebear, &c. + +Precisely to rip vp the whole pedigree, were more tedious, then +behoouefull: and therefore I will onely (as by the way) touch some +fewe poynts, which may serue (in part) to shew what place & regard +they haue borne in the Common wealth. + +There was an indenture made, betweene Hugh Courtney, Earle of Deuon, +Leiutenant to the King, for a sea voyage, in defence of the Realme: +and Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, for accompanying him therein. + +He was Sherife of Cornwall. [8. H. 5.] + +Iohn Earle of Huntingdon, vnder his seale of Armes, [5. H. 6.] +made Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, Seneshall of his houshold, +as well in peace, as in warre, gaue him ten pound fee, and allowed +him entertaynment in his house, for one Gentleman, three Yeoman, +one boy, and sixe horses. + +The same Earle, stiling himselfe Lieutenant generall [8. H. 6.] +to Iohn Duke of Bedford, Constable and Admirall of England, +wrote to the said Sir Iohn Arundel, then Vice-admirall of Cornwall, +for the release of a ship, which hee had arrested by vertue of +his office. + +The Queene, by her letter, aduertised Iohn Arundel of [3. H. 7.] +Trerice Esquire, that she was brought in child-bed of [12.Oct.] +a Prince. + +The King wrote to Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, that [11. H. 8] +he should giue his attendance at Canterbury, about the entertaynment +of the Emperour, whose landing was then and there expected. + +Iohn Arundel of Trerice Esquire, tooke prisoner, [14. H. 8.] +Duncane Campbell, a Scot, in a fight at sea, as our Chronicle +mentioneth, concerning which, I thought it not amisse, to insert +a letter sent him from Tho. Duke of Norfolke (to whom he then +belonged) that you may see the stile of those dayes. + +[147] + + By the Duke of Norf. + + Right welbeloued, in our hearty wife we commend vs + vnto you, letting you wit, that by your seruant, + this bearer, wee haue receyued your letters, dated at + Truru the 5. day of this moneth of April, by which we + perceyue the goodly, valiant, and ieopardous enterprise, + it hath pleased God of late to send you, by the taking + of Duncane Camel & other Scots on the sea; of which + enterprise we haue made relation vnto the Kings Highnesse, + who is not a little ioyous and glad, to heare of the same, + and hath required vs instantly in his name, to giue you + thanks for your said valiant courage, and bolde enterprise + in the premises: and by these our letters, for the same + your so doing, we doe not onely thanke you in our most + effectuall wise, but also promise you, that during our + life, wee will bee glad to aduaunce you to any preferment + we can. And ouer this, you shall vnderstand, our said + Soueraigne Lords pleasure is, that you shall come and + repaire to his Highnes, with diligence in your owne + person, bringing with you the said Captiue, and the + Master of the Scottish ship; at which time, you shall + not onely be sure of his especiall thanks by mouth, & to + know his further pleasure therein, but also of vs to + further any your reasonable pursuits vnto his Highnes, + or any other, during our life, to the best of our power, + accordingly. Written at Lambeth, the 11. day of + Aprill aforesaid. + + Superscribed: To our right welbeloued + seruant, Iohn Arundell of + Trerice. + +The King wrote to Sir Iohn Ar. of Trerice, touching [35. H. 8.] his +discharge from the Admiralty of the fleete, lately committed vnto him, +& that he should deliuer the ship which he sayled in, to +Sir Nic. Poynts. + +The same yere the King wrote to him againe, that he should attend him +in his warres against the French king, with his seruants, tenants, +and others, within his roomes and offices, especially horsemen. + +Other letters from the King there are, whose date is not expressed, +neither can I by any meanes hunt it out. + +One, to his seruant Iohn Arundel of Trerice Esquire, willing him, +not to repaire with his men, and to wayte in the rereward of his army, +as hee had commaunded him, but to keepe them in a readinesse for some +other seruice. + +Another, to Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, praying and desiring him to +the Court, the Quindene of Saint Hillarie next, wheresoeuer the King +shall then bee within the Realme. + +There are also letters, directed to Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerice, +from the Kings Counsell, by some of which it it appeareth, that hee +was Viceadmirall of the Kings [Ed. 6.] shippes, in the West seas, +and by others, that hee had the goods and lands of certaine Rebels, +giuen him, for his good seruice against them. + +The Queene wrote to Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerice, [1. Mar] praying +and requiring him, that hee, with his friends and neighbours, +should see the Prince of Spaine most honourably entertained, if he +fortuned to land in Cornwall. + +[148] + +[2. Mar.] Shee wrote to him (being then Sherife of Cornwall) touching +the election of the Knights of the shire, and the Burgesses for +the Parliament. + +[2. & 3.] Shee likewise wrote to him, that (notwithstanding +[P. & M.] the instructions to the Iustices) hee should muster, +and furnish his seruants, tenants, and others, vnder his rule +and offices, with his friends, for the defence, and quieting of +the Countrie, withstanding of enemies, and any other imployment, +as also to certifie, what force of horse and foote he could arme. + +These few notes I haue culled out of many others. Sir Iohn Arundell, +last mentioned, by his first wife, the coheire of Beuill, had issue +Roger, who died in his fathers life time; and Katherine, married to +Prideaux: Roger by his wife Trendenham left behind him a sonne, +called Iohn. Sir Iohns second wife, was daughter to Erisy, and +widdow to Gourlyn, who bare him Iohn, his succeeder in Trerice, +and much other faire reuenewes, whose due commendation, because +another might better deliuer then my selfe, who touch him as neerely, +as Tacitus did Agricola) I will therefore bound the same within +his desert, and onely say this, which all, who knew him, +shall testifie with me: that, of his enemies, he would take no wrong, +nor on them any reuenge; and being once reconciled, embraced them, +without scruple or remnant of gall. Ouer his kinred, hee held a +warie and charie care, which bountifully was expressed, when occasion +so required, reputing himselfe, not onely principall of the family, +but a generall father to them all. Priuate respects euer, with him, +gaue place to the common good: as for franke, well ordered, +and continuall hospitalitie, he outwent all shew of competence: +spare, but discreet of speech, better conceiuing, then deliuering: +equally stout, and kind, not vpon lightnesse of humour, +but soundnesse of iudgement, inclined to commiseration, readie to +relieue. Briefely, so accomplished in vertue, that those, who for +many yeeres together wayted in neerest place about him, and, by his +example, learned to hate vntruth, haue often deeply protested, +how no curious obseruation of theirs, could euer descrie in him, +any one notorious vice. By his first foreremembred wife, he had 4. +daughters married, to Carew, Summaster, Cosowarth, & Denham: +by his later, the daughter of Sir Robert Denis, 2. sonnes, +and 2. daughters: the elder, euen from his young yeeres, began where +his father left, and with so temperate a course, treadeth iust in +his footesteps, that hee inheriteth, as well his loue, as his liuing. +The younger brother followeth the Netherland wars, with so wel-liked +a cariage, that hee outgoeth his age, and time of seruice, +in preferment. Their mother equalleth her husbands former children, +and generally all his kinred, in kind vsage, with her owne, and is +by them all, againe, so acknowledged and respected. + +Of Saint Peran, wee haue spoken before, which too well brooketh +his surname, in Sabulo: for the light sand, carried vp by the North +wind, from the sea shore, daily continueth his couering, and marring +the land adioynant, so as the distresse of this deluge, draue the +Inhabitants to remooue their Church: howbeit, when it meeteth with +any crossing brooke, the same (by a secret antipathy) restraineth, +and barreth his farder incroching that way. + +In Withiell Parish of this Hundred, one Gidly, not many yeeres +sithence, digged downe a little hillocke, or [149] Borough, +called Borsneeuas, in English, Cheapfull, therewith to thicken his +other ground. In the bottome of which he found three white stones, +triangle-wise (as pillers) supporting another flat one, some two +foote and a halfe square, and in the midst betweene them, and vnder +it, an earthen Pot, halfe full of a blacke slymie, and ill-fauouring +substance, which (doubtlesse) was once the ashes of some notable +person, there committed to that maner of buriall. + +Saint Agnes, one of the high hils, which I specially recited in +my former booke, by his entrailes (like Prometheus) feedeth the +Tynners pecking, or picking bils, with a long liued profit, +albeit, their scarcle Eagle eyes sometimes mistake the shadow +for the substance, and so offer vp degenerate teares, as a late +sacrifice to repentance. + +The neighbours haue obserued, that of two Lakes, neere adioyning +to this hill, and so each to other, the one will foster fish, +and the other none at all. + +Neyther may I omit newe Kaye, a place in the North coast of +this Hundred, so called, because in former times, the neighbours +attempted, to supplie the defect of nature, by Art, in making there +a Kay, for the Rode of shipping, which conceyt they still retayne, +though want of means in themselues, or the place, haue left the +effect in Nubibus: and onely lent them the benefit of Lestercockes +and fisher-boates. + +I cannot finish this Hundred, with the relation of many more +Gentlemen, eyther through want of them, or in my selfe. +Trenance added to his owne liuelyhood, the possessions of Littleton, +to whome, as sisters sonne, and generall heire, hee succeeded and +married Kendall, and his sonne Roscarrocke: hee beareth A. a Fesse, +betweene three Swords S. + +There dwelleth also Master Tredenick, who matched with the daughter +of Viuian, and his father, of Marow, who beareth O. on a bend S. +three Buckes heads cabased A. As also Langherne B. a Cheuron +betweene 3. Escalops O. Burlace, A. on a bend S. two hands tearing +in sunder a horse-shooe of the field; and others. + + + Kerier Hundred. + + +KEry in Cornish, signifieth bearing: and yet you must beare with me, +if I forbeare to deriue Kerier herefrom, vntill I see some reason +for my warrant: wherefore leauing that, I will weaue on my former +webbe of Falmouth hauen; and first, a word or two touching the +same in generall, ere I descend to the yet vndescribed West side +in particular. + +The riuer Fala, falling here, into the seas wide-gaping mouth, +hath endowed it with that name, + +In the very entrance of the harbour lyeth a rocke, rather disgracing, +then endamaging the same: for with the ebbe it is discouered, and at +the flood, marked by a pole purposely fixed thereupon. For the rest, +such as compare Plymmouth and Falmouth together, obserue, that +Plymmouth creekes are mostly coasted with plaine shoares; Falmouth, +with steepe: which maketh that, the more delightfull for prospect, +this, the more safe for riding. Againe, they say that Falmouth +lyeth farther out in the trade way, and so offreth a sooner oportunity +to wind-driuen shipping, then Plymmouth, but that Plymmouth hath a +better outlet, from his Catwater, for saylers [150] bound to +the Westwards, and from Hamoase for those that would fare to the East, +then Falmouth. Likewise as Plymmouth vaunteth richer and fairer +townes, and greater plentie of fish then Falmouth: so Falmouth +braggeth, that a hundred sayle may Anker within his circuite, +and no one of them see the others top, which Plymmouth cannot equall. +Howsoeuer they agree for competence among themselues, the worst +of them, by most mens iudgements, hath the precedence (Milford onely +excepted) of all other hauens in England. And thus much of the whole. +Now to the parts. + +On the West side, at the verie comming in, there riseth a hill, +called Pendenis, where king Henrie the eighth, when hee tooke order +for fortifying the Sea coasts, caused a Castle to bee builded, +with allowance of a pettie Garrison, and some small store of +Ordinance. Another, somewhat like thereto in plot, but different +in sight, was s. Mawes then erected in the other side, at Saint Mawes, +of which Castle, I haue spoken heretofore. + +Saint Mawes lieth lower, and better to annoy shipping: but Pendenis +standeth higher, and stronger to defend it selfe. It should seeme, +the fortifier made his aduantage of the commoditie, affoorded by +the ground, and shot rather at a safe preferuing the Harbour, +from sodaine attempts of little Fleetes, and the mastering of Pirates, +then to withstand any great Nauie, or maigne inuasion. + +But her Maiestie casting an equall eye to both, or rather a sharper +sight to this later, as quickned through the enemies diuers pretences +against these places (whereof Falmouth, by myracle, not prouidence, +escaped one) raysed a new fort with a Garrison, vpon the Hawe +at Plymmouth, and at her great charges, with some little helpe +of the Countrie, added an increase of fortification and souldiers +to Pendenis. Howbeit, his greatest strength consisteth in +Sir Nicholas Parker, the Gouernour, who demeaning himselfe, +no lesse kindly, and frankly towards his neighbours, for the present, +then hee did resolutely, and valiantly, against the enemie when he +followed the warres; therethrough commaundeth, not onely their bodies, +by his authoritie, but also their hearts, by his loue, to liue +and die in his assistance, for their common preseruation, and her +Highnesse seruice: hee beareth B. Frettie, and A. a Fesse O. + +After the declining hill hath deliuered you downe from this Castle, +Arwenacke entertaineth you, with a pleasing view: for the same +standeth so farre within the Hauens mouth, that it is protected from +the sea stormes, and yet so neere thereunto, as it yeeldeth a ready +passage out. Besides the Cliffe, on which the house abbutteth, +is steepe enough to shoulder off the waues, and the ground about it, +plaine and large enough for vse and recreation. + +It is owed by Master Iohn Killigrew, who married the daughter of +Monck, and heire to her mother [blank] and was sonne to +Sir Iohn Killigrew, who matched with Woluerstone: the stocke is +ancient, and diuers of the branches (as I haue elsewhere remembred) +growne to great aduancement, in calling and liuely-hood, by their +greater desert: their Armes are A. an Eagle with two heads displayed +within a bordure Bezanty S. + +Somewhat aboue Arwenacke, Trefuses point diuideth the harbour, +and yeeldeth a seuerall Ankering [151] place on eche side thereof; +the one called Carrack rode, the other, Kings rode. + +This Promontory is possessed and inhabited by a Gentleman of +that name, who suitably to his name, giueth three Fusils for his coat, +in this sort: A. a Cheuron betweene three Fusils S. He maried the +coheire of Gaurigan, and M. Wil. Godolphin, late yonger brother to +Sir FraunciS, her other sister. + +Vpon the left hand from hence, at the top of a creek, Perin towne +hath taken vp his seat, rather passable, then noteable, for wealth, +buildings, and Inhabitants; in all which, though neere the hauens +mouth, it giueth Truro the preeminence: the like whereof I obserue, +touching diuers other townes, of the same situation, in Deuon, +as Salcomb, and Kings bridge, Dartmouth, and Totnes, Topsham, and +Excester: amongst which, those that stand highest vp in the Countrey, +affoord therethrough, a fitter oportunity of accesse, from all +quarters, and so a speedyer and larger vent of their commodities. + +In Perin was Glasney Colledge, founded [1256.] by Walter Brounscomb, +& benefited by Iohn Graundson, Bishops of Excester [1327.], which See +possesseth faire reuenues thereabouts. + +Vpon another creeke on the same side, Carclew hath (after the Cornish +maner) welneere metamorphosed the name of Master Bonithon, his owner, +into his owne. He maried the daughter of Viuian, his father +of Killigrew, his graundfather of Erisy, and beareth A. a Cheuron +betweene 3, Floures de luce. S. + +With any memorable act or accident, concerning this hauen, I cannot +acquaint you, before my parting therefrom, saue onely, that Philip, +Arch-duke of Austriche, during his voyage from Netherland towards +Spayne (his wiues Kingdome) was weather-driuen into Weymouth, and, +with a kinde constraint, receyued a more royall, then welcome +entertainment, at the hands of King Henrie the 7. from which hee +could not free himself, but by redeeming his libertie, with +De la Pooles captiuity. This accomplished, he made choyce to take +ship again at Falmouth, that so by the shortest cut, hee might leaue +least power in fortune, to thwart him any second incumbrance. + +Hailford, so called, of the fordible riuer Haill, if elsewhere placed, +would carry the reputation of a good harbour; but as it now standeth, +Falmouths ouer-neere neighbourhood lesseneth his vse, and darkeneth +his reputation, as quitting it onely to the worst sort of Seafarers, +I meane, Pirats, whose guilty brests, with an eye in their backs, +looke warily how they may goe out, ere they will aduenture to enter; +and this at vnfortifyed Hailford, cannot be controlled: in which +regard, it not vnproperly brooketh his more common terme of Helford, +and the nick-name of Stealfoord. + +His shores affoord commodious seates, to the dwellings of Reskimer, +who maried S. Abin, and beareth B. 3. barres A. in cheife a Wolfe +passant of the first: and Tregose, who matched with Kendal: his sonne +with Erisy, and beareth B. two barres Gemewes in cheife a Lyon passant +O. armed and langued G. + +And if your eares be not already cloyed with relation of wonders, +I will let you vnderstand, how I was once carried to see one +hereabouts. It is (forsooth) a [152] great rock, lying vpon +the ground, his top deepned to a hollownesse, not much vnlike +in fashion, but far exceeding in proportion the long halfe of an egge. +This (they say) holdeth water, which ebbeth and floweth as the sea, +and, indeed, when I came thither, the tyde was halfe out, and the pit +halfe empty. By it there stands a Chappell, & to it there belonged +a couer, so as the same seemed, in former times, to cary some regard. +But I haue heard credible persons so discredit this woonder, that I +dare not offer it you, as probable, much lesse thrust it vpon you, +as approoued. The name thereof is, Hanterdauis, which (turning d +to t) signifieth halfe a tongue. + +More certaine, though lesse wonderfull, and yet, for the strangenesse, +wel worth the viewing, is Mainamber: Mayne, is a rocke, amber, +as some say, signifieth Ambrose. And a great rocke the same is, +aduaunced vpon some others of a meaner size, with so equall a +counterpeyze, that the push of a finger, will sensibly moue it +too and fro: but farther to remooue it, the vnited forces of many +shoulders are ouer-weake. Wherefore the Cornish wonder-gatherer, +thus descrybeth the same, + + BE thou thy mother natures worke, + Or proofe of Giants might: + Worthlesse and ragged though thou shew, + Yet art thou worth the sight. + This hugy rock, one fingers force + Apparently will moue; + But to remooue it, many strengths + Shall all like feeble prooue. + +Helston, in Cornish, Hellaz, in English, the greene hall, is a well +seated and peopled towne, priuiledged, secundum vsum, with the rest, +and one of the 4. Coynage places. + +Vnder it runneth the riuer Lo, whose passage into the sea, is thwarted +by a sandy banke, which forceth the same to quurt back a great way, +and so to make a poole of some miles in compasse. It breedeth a +peculiar kind of bastard Trought, in bignesse and goodnes exceeding +such as liue in the fresh water, but comming short of those that +frequent the salt. + +The foreremembred bank serueth as a bridge, to deliuer wayfarers, +with a compendious passage, to the other side; howbeit, sometimes with +more haste then good speed: for now and then, it is so pressed on +the inside, with the increasing riuers waight, and a portion of +the vtter sand, so washed downe by the waues; that at a sudden, +out breaketh the vpper part of the poole, and away goeth a great +deale of the sand, water, and fish: which instant, if it take any +passenger tardy, shrewdly endangereth him, to flit for company: +and some haue so miscarried. + +To this poole adioyneth M. Penrose his house, whose kind entertainment +hath giuen mee, and many others experience of these matters. +He maried the daughter of Rashleigh: he beareth A. 3. Bendes S. +charged with 9. restes.of the field. + +Those 2. riuers of Haill and Lo, rising not farre asunder, doe enclose +betweene them, as they runne into the sea, a neck of land, +particularized with the name of Meneag: and in regard of his +fruitfulnesse, not vnworthy of a seuerance. + +[153] + +Within this circuit, lie Trelawarren M. Viuians house, and Erisy, +seated in 2. parishes, and descended, by a long ranke of ancestours, +to the Gent, of that name, now in ward. His father married Carew: +his graundsire, one of Militons coheires, who ouerliuing her husband, +ended the course of her long and well commended widdowhood, +in becomming Lady to Sir Nicholas Parker. The Enzies beare S. +a Cheuron, betweene 3. Griffons Sergreant O. + +Clowance (deriued from Cloow, which signifieth, to heare) is the +possession and dwelling of M. Saintabin, whose very name (besides +the conquest roll) deduceth his first auncestours out of Fraunce. +His graundfather married Greinuile: his father, one of Whittingtons +coheires: which later couple, in a long and peaceable date of yeeres, +exercised a kinde, liberall, and neuer discontinued hospitality. +Himselfe tooke to wife the daughter of Mallet, and with ripe +knowledge and sound iudgement, dischargeth the place which he +beareth in his Countrey. Hee beareth O. on a crosse G. fiue Bezaunts. + +Pengueraz, in Cornish importeth a head to help; from which, +some deduce the Etymon of Pengersick, a fayre house, in an +vnfruitfull soyle, sometimes the inhabitance of M. Militon, +Captaine of the Mount, and husband to Godolphin, whose sonne being +lost in his trauaile beyond the seas, enriched 6. distafs with +his inheritance. They were bestowed in mariage (but by me not +orderly marshalled) as followeth: 1. to Erisy, and Sir Nicholas +Parker. 2. to Lanine, 3. to Trefuses, and Tregodeck, 4. to Trenwith, +Arundel, and Hearle, 5. to Bonithon. 6. to Abbot. + +Not farre from thence, riseth Godolghan-ball, or hill, at whose +foote standeth a house of the same name, and so intitling his owner, +though lately declined (with a milder accent) to Godolphin: +in Cornish, it signifieth, a white Eagle: and such armes they carry +in this sort: G. an Eagle displayed with two heads, betweene three +Floures de luce A. + +This hill hath, for diuers descents, supplyed those Gent. +bountifull mindes, with large meanes accruing from their Tynne-works, +and is now possessed by Sir Frauncis Godolphin Knight, whose zeale +in religion, vprightnesse in iustice, prouidence in gouernment, +and plentifull housekeeping, haue wonne him a very great and reuerent +reputation in his Countrey: and these vertues, together with his +seruices to her Maiestie, are so sufficiently knowne to those of +highest place, as my testimony can adde little light thereunto: +but by his labours and inuentions in Tynne matters, not onely the +whole Countrey hath felt a generall benefit, so as the seuerall +owners haue thereby gotten very great profit out of such refuse works, +as they before had giuen ouer for vnprofitable; but her Maiesty hath +also receyued encrease of her customes by the same, at least to the +value of 10. thousand pound. Moreouer, in those works which are of +his owne particular inheritance, hee continually keepeth at work, +three hundred persons or thereabouts, & the yerely benefit, that out +of those his works accrueth to her Maiestie, amounteth, +communibus annis, to one thousand pound at the least, and sometimes +to much more. A matter very remorceable, and perchaunce not +to be matched againe by any of his sort and condition in the +whole Realme. He succeeded to the inheritance [154] of his vnkle +Sir William Godolphin, who, as hath bene said before, demeaned +himselfe verie valiantly in a charge which hee bare at Boloigne, +towards the latter end of the reigne of King Henry the 8. & is like +to leaue the same to another Sir William his sonne, who giueth hope, +not onely of the sustaining, but increasing of the reputation of +his family. Hee matched with Killigrew, his father with Bonython, +his Graund-father with Glynne, + +Diuers other Gentlemen there dwell in this Hundred, as Lanyne, +the husband of Kekewitch, his father married Militon, and beareth +S. a Castle, A. standing in waues B. ouer the same a Faulcon houerin +with bels O. Pernwarne, that matched with the coheire of Tencreek, +who beareth S. a Cheuron betweene three Flowers de luce A. +Lagherne, who tooke to wife the daughter of Nants, and beareth B. +a Cheuron betweene three Escalops, O. Nansperyan coupled in +matrimonie, with [blank] and his two daughters and heires apparent, +with Prideaux, and Mathew; who beareth A. three Losenges S. + + + Penwith. Hundred. + + +MY last labour, for closing vp this wearisome Suruey, is bounded, +as Cornwall it selfe, and so the West part of England, with +Penwith Hundred. The name, in English signifieth, the head of +Ashen trees, belike, for some such eminent marke, while the Countrie +was better stored of Timber. The Danes sayling about Penwith Steort +(saith Houeden [997.]) made foule hauocke, in Devon and-Cornwall. + +Vpon the North sea, lieth Nants, which importeth a valley, and houseth +a Gent, who therethrough, hath worne out his former name, of Trengoue, +in English,the Smithes towne, and assumed this: he married Sir Iohn +Arundels daughter of Trerice: and beareth A. a crosse haumed S. +During summer season, the Seales haunt a Caue, in the Cliffe thereby, +and you shall see great store them, apparently shew themselues, and +approch verie neere the shore, at the sound of any lowde musicke, +or other such noyse. + +Beyond Nants, M. Basset possesseth Tehiddy, who married Godolphin, +his father Coffyn : he beareth O. three Piles in point G. +a Canton Er. with a difference. + +And so, leauing these priuate Inhabitances, & keeping still the +North coast, we arriue at the towne, and port of S. Ies: both of +meane plight, yet, with their best meanes, (and often, to good +and necessarie purpose) succouring distressed shipping. Order hath +bene taken, and attempts made, for bettering the Road, with a Peere, +but eyther want, or slacknesse, or impossibilitie, hitherto withhold +the effect: the whiles, plentie of fish is here taken, and sold +verie cheape. + +As you row to the Westwards from hence, the sea floweth into a +large Caue, farder vp, then any man durst yet aduenture to discouer, +and the Cliffes thereabouts muster long strakes of a glittering hiew, +which import a shew of Copper: and Copper mynes are found, and wrought +in the grounds adioyning. + +M. Camden obserueth, that neere hereunto, stood the watch-towre, +mencioned by Orosius, and oppositely placed to such another in Galitia. + +Stepping ouer to the South-sea, (for the distaunce [155] is in +comparison, but a step) S. Michaels mount looketh so aloft, as it +brooketh no concurrent, for the highest place. Ptolomey termeth +it Ocrinum, the Cornish men, Cara Cowz in Clowze, that is, The hoare +rocke in the wood. The same is sundred from the mayne land, by +a sandy playne, of a slight shoot in breadth, passable, at the ebbe, +on foote; with boat, on the flood. Your arriuall on the farther side, +is entertayned by an open greene, of some largenesse, which finishing +where the hill beginneth, leaues you to the conduction of a winding +and craggy path; and that at the top, deliuereth you into a little +plaine, occupied, for the greatest part, by a fort of the olde making. +It compriseth lodgings for the Captayne and his garrison, and a +Chappell for deuotion. This latter, builded by Will. Earle of Morton, +to whom William the Conquerour his vncle, gaue much lands in those +quarters, and greatly haunted, while folke endured their merits, +by farre trauailing. They haue a tye pit, not so much satisfying vse, +as relieuing necessitie. A little without the Castle, there is a bad +seat in a craggy place, called S. Michaels Chaire, some what +daungerous, for accesse, and therefore holy for the aduenture. + +Vntill Richard the firsts raigne, the mount seemeth to haue serued +onely for religion, and (during his imprisonment) to haue bene first +fortified by Henry de la Pomeray, who surprized it, and expulsed +the Monks: howbeit soone after, when hee became ascertained of +his Soueraignes enlargement, the very feare of ensuing harme wrought +in him a present effect of the vttermost that any harme could bring, +namely, his death: whereon, the olde cell and new fort, was +surrendred to the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the Kings behalfe. +Thus Houeden reporteth. But the descendents from this Pomeray, +alias, Pomeroy, make a somewhat different relation of this accident: +for they affirme, that a Sergeant at armes of the Kings, came to +their auncestour, at his Castle of Bery Pomeroy, in Deuon, +receyued kind entertaynment for certaine dayes together, and at +his departure, was gratified with a liberall reward: in +counter-change whereof, he then, and no sooner, reuealing his +long concealed errand, flatly arresteth his hoaste, to make his +immediate appearance before the King, for answering a capitall crime. +Which vnexpected and il-carryed message, the Gent, tooke in +such despite, as with his dagger hee stabbed the messenger to +the heart: and then well knowing in so suparlatiue an offence, +all hope of pardon foreclosed, he abandones his home, gets to a +sister of his abiding in this mount, bequetheth a large portion of +his land to the religious people there, for redeeming his soule: +and lastly, causeth himselfe to be let bloud vnto death, for leauing +the remainder to his heire: from which time forward, this place +continued rather a schoole of Mars, then the Temple of peace. +For shortly after the discomfiture of H. the 6. party, by Ed. the 4. +[11. E. 4.] at Barnet field, Iohn Earle of Oxford, who had made one, +and one of the principall on the weaker side, arriued heere +by shipping, disguised himselfe, with some of his followers, +in Pilgrims habits, therethrough got entrance, mastred the garrison, +and seyzed the place. Which, thus politikely wonne, hee as +valiantly kept, and kept a long time defended against the Kings power, +vntill reasonable conditions swayed him to a surrender. + +[156] + +A like surprize, but of later date, I read in Popeliniere +[2. Vol. Lib. 31.], touching the like named and seated mount, +in Normandy. + +During the last Cornish commotion, diuers Gent. with their wiues +and families, fled to the protection of this place, where the +Rebels besieged them, first wynning the plaine at the hils foote, +by assault, when the water was out, and then; the euen ground on +the top, by carrying vp great trusses of hay before them, to blench +the defendants sight, and dead their shot. After which, they could +make but slender resistance: for no sooner should any one within, +peepe out his head, ouer those inflanked wals, but he became an open +marke to a whole showre of arrowes. This disaduantage, together with +the womens dismay, & decrease of victuals, forced a surrender to +those Rakehels mercy, who, nothing guilty of that effeminate vertue, +spoyled their goods, imprisoned their bodies, and were rather by +Gods gracious prouidence, then any want of will, purpose, or attempt, +restrayned from murdering the principall persons. + +Heere also [13. H. 7.], was the Lady Katherine Gordon (an vnfit +yoke-fellow for that counterfeit Prince, Perkin Warbeck) taken by +the L. Daubney, and conueyed to the King. Of this, as the last wonder. + + Who knowes not Mighels mount and chaire, + The Pilgrims holy vaunt: + Both land, and Iland, twise a day, + Both fort, and port of haunt. + +Vnder the mount extendeth a bay, for lesser vessels to lie at: +and betweene it and the Westerne shoare, there is an indifferent +good road for shipping, sauing vpon some winds, called the +Mounts bay: where, by Froissarts report, Sir Robert Knolles landed, +what time his returne out of Fraunce, was by K. Ed. the 3. commaunded, +and for his valiant exployts there, atchieued, very graciously +welcomed. + +Ouer-against the Mount, fronteth a towne, of petty fortune, +pertinently named Marcaiew, of Marhas diow, in English, +the Thursdaies market; for then it vseth this traffike. +At the beginning of K. H. the 8. raigne, it felt the Frenchmens +fiery indignation, who landed there with 30. sayle. But the smoke +of those poore houses, calling in the country to the rescusse, +made the place ouer hote for the enemies any longer abode. + +Mousehole, in Cornish, is named Porternis, and in Latin, +Portus Insulae, both importing one sense, to wit, the Iland hauen, +and so called, through a little Iland placed before it. + +M. Holinshed telleth vs, that neere heereunto, not many +yeeres sithence, certayne Tynners, as they were working, +found Speare heads, Battel-axes, and swords of Copper, wrapped in +lynnen clouts, and little impayred through their long lying. + +Pensans, by interpretation, The Saints head, is a market towne, +not so regardable for his substance, as memorable for his late +accident of the Spaniards firing, which fell out in this maner: + +The three & twentieth of July, 1595. soone after the Sun was risen, +and had chased a fogge, which before kept the sea out of sight, +4. Gallies of the enemy presented themselues vpon the coast, +ouer-against Mousehole, [157] and there In a faire Bay, landed about +two hundred men, pikes and shot, who foorthwith sent their +forlorne hope, consisting of their basest people, vnto the stragled +houses of the countrie, about halfe a mile compasse or more, by whome +were burned, not onely the houses they went by, but also the +Parish Church of Paul, the force of the fire being such, as it vtterly +ruined all the great stonie pillers thereof: others of them in that +time, burned that fisher towne Mowsehole, the rest marched as a gard +for defence of these firers. The Inhabitants being feared with the +Spaniards landing and burning, fled from their dwellings, and verie +meanely weaponed, met with Sir Francis Godolphin on a greene, on the +West side of Pensance, who that forenoone comming from his house, +for pacifying some controuersies in those Western parts, and from +the hils espying the fires in that towne, Church, and houses, +hastened thither: Who foorthwith sent to all the Captaines of +those parts, for their speedie repaire with their companies, +and also sent by Poast to Sir Francis Drake, and Sir Iohn Hawkins +(then at Plymmouth with a fleete bound for the Indies) aduertisement +of the arriuall of these foure Gallies, and of their burnings, +aduising them to looke to themselues, if there were any greater +fleete of the enemies at Sea, and to send West with all haste, +what succours by sea or land they could spare. Then Sir Francis +Godolphin aduised that weake assembly, to retire into Pensance, +and to prepare it for defence, vntill the comming of the Countrie +forces that hee had sent for. But they finding themselues in number +something aboue a hundred, wherein were about thirtie or fortie shot, +though scarce one third of them were seruiceable, insisted to march +against the enemies, to repell them from farther spoyles of +their houses. + +But while they were marching towards them, the Spaniards returned +aboord their Gallyes, and presently remooued them farther into +the Bay, where they anchored againe, before and neere a lesser +fisher towne, called Newlyn. + +There againe with all speede they landed, and imbattelled in the +slope of a hill, about foure hundred pikes and shot, sending about +two rankes of soldiers, three in a ranke, vp to the top of the hill, +to discouer what forces or ambushes of the Countrey might lye in view: +who espying none but those that were returned with Sir Frauncis +Godolphin, from their forementioned fruitlesse march, gaue notice +thereof to their imbatteled company. Wherevpon they forthwith +marched towards Penzance. + +Vpon their moouing, Sir Frauncis Godolphin moued also, to enter +Penzance before them: and assoone as that weake number were entred +into the open greene being of three quarters of a mile length, +the Gallyes ceased not to ply them all that way with their ordinance +from their prowes, as busily as they could. Of which shot, +though none were hurt, but onely a Constable vnhorsed without +any harme, sauing the shew on his doublet of the bullets sliding by +his back, yet many in fearefull manner, some fell flat to the ground, +and others ranne away. + +Sir Frauncis sent after those that were entred Penzance before him, +that they should make their stand at the market place, himselfe [158] +staying hindmost, to obserue the enemies order, and which way they +would make their approach. Which done, he found at the said market +place but onely two resolute shot, who stood at his commaund, and some +ten or twelue others that followed him, most of them his owne seruants; +the rest, surprised with feare, fled, whom, neither with his +perswasions, nor threatning with his rapier drawne, hee could recall. + +Finding himselfe thus abandoned, and the enemies entred the towne in +three parts, he was then forced to depart, the enemies beginning their +fire some houses behinde him. The towne thus fired, as also the +forementioned little fisher towne Newlyn, they returned againe to +their Gallies. + +By this time, towards the euening, the Cornish forces encreased in +nomber, and amended in heart, encamped themselues on the greene, +neere to the towne of Markesew and S. Michaels Mount, for defence +thereof, and there spent out the night. The next day the enemy made +showe to land againe on the West side of the bay; but seeing +the people, though few in number, yet resolute to resist, +they desisted from their enterprize: and besides, finding themselues +annoyed by the shooting of bullets and arrowes into their Gallies +where they roade at anchor, they were forced to remoue them +farther off. + +Soone after, viz. on the 25. of July in the morning, came thither +Sir Nic. Clifford, Sir H. Power, and certaine other Captaines, +who were sent by the Generals from Plymmouth to the campe: As some +of her Maiesties ships were also sent, who being come as farre as +the Lizard head, & those Captaines to the camp, matters there goe on +in prouident and orderly sort, a plot is layd for intercepting the +enemy by ambush, if he thrust on shore againe, whereto necessity must +soone haue pressed him, for renuing his consumed store of fresh water: +but within one houre after the arriuall of these Captaines, the winde, +which was vntill then strong at Southeast, with mist and rayne, +to haue impeached the Gallies returne, suddenly changed into +the Northwest, with very fayre and cleare weather, as if God had a +purpose to preserue these his rods for a longer time. The winde no +sooner came good, but away pack the Gallies with all the hast +they could. + +Thus haue you a summary report of the Spaniards glorious enterprise, +and the Cornish mens infamous cowardise, which (were there any cause) +I could qualify by many reasons, as, the suddennesse of the attempt, +the narrownesse of the country, the opennesse of the towne, +the aduantage of the Gallies ordinance on a people vnprepared against +such accidents, through our long continued peace, & at that very time, +for the most part, eyther in their Tynne-workes, or at sea, who e're +the next day made resistance, euen with a handfull, and entred a +vowed resolution, to reuenge their losse at the next encounter, +if the enemy had landed againe. + +So might I likewise say, that all these circumstances meeting in any +other quarter of the Realme, would hardly haue produced much better +effects. But I will not seeke to thrust my Countrymen into any other +folkes company, for shifting them out of sight. + +Verily such sudden surprizes worke more indignity [159] then dammage, +and more dammage then disgrace, and haue so beene euer construed. +Moscho, a head Citie in a populous dominion, was burned by the +roguing Tartars, anno domini 1572 [Liu. lib. 3.]. The Capitoll, +a head fortresse, in a populous Citie, was taken by slaues +and outlawes, anno vrbis, 292. and yet, who therefore exalteth the +Tartars valiancy, aboue the Moschouite, or the Romanes slaues +& outlawes, aboue their masters? Besides, such nap-taking assaults, +spoylings, and firings, haue in our forefathers daies, betweene vs +and Fraunce, beene very common; and yet, who is so witlesse, as to +twite eyther of both, for the same? + +But least hold can the author, and actor of this Tra-gedy take, +to build any vaunt hereon: for oftentimes small troups of ours, +against farre greater forces of theirs, yea (sometimes) after +forewarning, and preparance, haue wonne, possessed, ransacked, +synged, captiued, and carried away the townes, wealth, +and Inhabitants, not onely of their Indies, but of Portugall and +Spaine it selfe. Which Nombre de dios, S. Domingo, Cartagena, +the lower towne of the Groigne, Penecha, the suburbs of Lisbone, +and Cales wil testify, beyond all exception. But our Countrymen +leauing reason & example, excuse themselues by destiny. In fatis +they say (& not in fatuis) it was, that the Cornish people should +vndergo this misfortune: for an ancient prophecy, in their owne +language, hath long run amongst them, how there should land vpon +the rock of Merlin, those that would burn Pauls Church, Pensants, +and Newlyn. And indeed, so is the rocke called, where the enemy +first stept on shore. The prophesy is this: + + Ewra teyre a war meane Merlyn + Ara Lesky Pawle Pensanz ha Newlyn. + +Not farre from the lands ende, there is a little village, +called Trebegean, in English, The towne of the Giants graue: +neere whereunto, and within memory (as I haue beene informed) +certayne workemen searching for Tynne, discouered a long square vault, +which contayned the bones of an excessiue bigge carkas, and verified +this Etimology of the name. + +At Saint Buriens, a parish of great circuit, and like benefit to +the Incumbent, King Athelstane accomplished his vowe, in founding a +Colledge of Priests, what time he had conquered the Sillane Ilands. + +Chiwarton signifyeth, a house on the greene lay, and a Castle on a +greene hill is giuen by the Gent. of that name, who, in a quiet +single life, maketh no farther vse of his knowledge gotten in +the lawes, during his younger age, or that experience, wherewith a +long course of yeeres hath sithence enriched him, then may tend, +sine lucro, to the aduauncement of publike iustice, or, sine strepitu, +to the aduisement of his priuate acquaintance. Hee beareth A. +a Castle S. standing on a hill. V. + +Sundry other Gentlemen people that remote quarter as Lauelis, &c. +touching whom I must plead, non sum informatus. + +Diogenes, after he had tired his Scholers with a long Lecture, +finding at last the voyde paper, Bee glad, my friends (quoth hee) +wee are come to harbour. With the like comfort, in an vnlike +resemblance, I will refresh + +[160] + + you who haue vouchsafed to trauaile in the rugged + and wearyfome path of mine ill-pleasing stile, that + now your iourney endeth with the land; to whose + Promontory (by Pomp. Mela, called Bolerium: + by Diodorus, Velerium: by Volaterane, Hele- + nium: by the Cornish, Pedn an laaz: and + by the English, The lands end) be- + cause we are arriued, I will + heere sit mee downe + and rest. + + Deo gloria: mihi gratia. 1602. April. 23. + + + + + + + + + The Table of the first Booke. + + | Accidents. + | generall, in the first | Elements. +The Suruey of | booke, reporting her | Inhabitants. +Cornwal contai- | +neth a description | Special,in the 2.book, | Topographical, + | containing matters | Historicall. + + +Accidents, wherein are deliuered the name & shape. Fol. 1. +Climat. 2. +The quantitie, length and breadth. ibid. +Borders. ibid. +Commodities of the situation. 3. +Discommodities. 4. +Temperature. 5. + + + Elements. + +Earth aboue, forme, qualitie. 5. +Things of life, growing, and feeling. +Earth vnder, Mynerals. 6. +Precious, Diamonds, Pearle, and Agats. 7. +Water fresh, springs, riuers, ponds. 26. +Therein the fish. 28. +The taking. 30. +Sea, things liuelesse: liuing, fish, foule. + + + Things of life, growing. + +Mats. 18. +Hearbs. 19. +Corne, | dressing. ibid. + | kindes. 20. +Trees for fruit. ibid. +Fewel, timber. 21. + + + Things of life, feeling. + +Wormes. 21. + | Venery. 22. +Beasts, | meat. 23. + | vse. 24. +Birds. ibid. + + + Minerals. + +Stones for walling, windowes, couering, pauing, ;yme. 6. +Mettals : Tynne : 7. +Copper. 6. +Siluer and Gold. 7. + + + Tynne-works. + +Kindes, finding. 8. +Colour, bignesse. 10. + | Aduentures. ibid. +Working, expressing the persons : | Captaine. ibid. + | Labourers. ibid. +Maner, tooles. ibid. +Loose earth, rockes. 11. +Conueyance by water, engines, Addits. ibid. + + + Tynne-dressing. + +Breaking, stamping, drying, crazing, washing. ibid. +Blowing. 12. + + + Iurisdiction. + +Charter. 16. +Officers supreme : L. Warden, Vice-warden. 17. +Inferior: Stewards, Gaylour. 18. +Iuries: great, petty. ibid. +Witnesses. ibid. + + + Orders. + +Sharing. 12. +Places: Wastrel, Seuerall. 13. +Bounds, doales, measure. ibid. + |in time, 13. | | places. ibid. +Coynage | | and their | times. ibid. + | Post, 14. | | Officers. ibid. +Price by free sale, Preemption. 17. +Vsury in Tynne: black, white. 15. + + + Sea : things liuelesse. + +Briny, Salt-mils, Ilands, hauens. 26. +Sand, Orewoods, Shels and Nuts, Shipping. 27. + + + Sea : things liuing. + +Fish, partaker of the fresh. 28. +Therein the fashion, shelly, flat, round. 30. +Within hauen. 29. +Their taking, generall and particular. 30. +Vpon the coast. 31. +Sauing and venting. 33. +Foule : eatable, not eatable. 35. + + + Inhabitants : estate real. + +Priuate: grounds, houses. 36. +Entercourse: bridges, high wayes. 53. +Traffike : markets, fayres ibid. +Wayghts and measures. 54. + + + Inhabitants : estate personall. + +Names. 54. +Language. 55. +Number. 57. +Disposition ancient. ibid. +Disposition later, of mindes, holinesse. 58. +Sciences: Diuines. ibid. +Ciuilians. 59. +Phisicians. 60. +Statemen, Martiall, Free schooles. 61. +Mechanicall. 62. +Disposition later, of bodies: strength: ibid. +Actiuity, health. 63. + | Nobility and Gentlemen. ibid. +Degrees : | Townsmen. 65. + | Husbandmen. 66. Poore. 67. + + + Recreations + +Feasts: Saints, 69. +Haruest, Church-ale. 68. +Pastimes of the minde : songs, 72. +Guaries. 71. +Pastimes of the body: shooting, 72. + | goales, 73. +Hurling to | countrey, 74. +Wrastling, 75. +Games. 76. + | Gouernours, ibid. +Gouernment, as an entire State: | Royalties. 79. +Gouernment, as a part of the Realme, Spiritual: Arch-bishop, +Bishop, Arch-deacon, 82. +Peculiars. 81. +Gouernment, as a part of | Martial | Commaunders, 83. +the Realme, Temporal: | | Forces, ibid. +Orders, Forts. 84. +Beacons, Poasts. 85. +Ciuill Magistrates: Iudges, 89. +Iustices, 88. +Vice-admirall, Coroners, Clarke of the market. 87. +Corporations, 86. +Parliaments. 90. +Ciuill Ministers: Constables, Baylifs, 85. +Gaylour. 90. +Limits: Hundreds, Franchises, parishes. 86. +Proportions: places to meete, rates. ibid. + + + The end of the first Table. + + + + + + + Table of the fecond Booke. + + Topographicall. Historical + +COrnwall in generall. 96. + + East Hundred. 98. + +Plymmouth hauen. 98. Edgecumb. 99. +Rame head. ibid. Richaurd Adams strange +Causam bay. ibid. child-birth. 103. +S. Nicholas Iland. 99. Carew. ibid. +The bridge. ibid. Lerchdeacon. 102. +Mount-Edgecumb. ibid. Agnes Cornish, her strange +West Stonehouse. 100. escape from drowning. 107. +Hamose. ibid. Danney. 108. +Milbrook. 101. S. Germanes Priory. ibid. +Insworke. ibid. Kekewitch. 109. +Antony. 102. S. Germanes Chauncel. ibid. +Lyner riuer. ibid. Moyle. ibid. +Saltwater pond. 104. Smith. 110. +Banqueting house. 107. Langdon. ibid. +Beggers Iland. ibid. Fleets from Plymmouth ha- +Sheuiock. 108. uen. 114. +Crafthole. ibid. Carack burned. 113. +S. Germanes. ibid. Trematon besieged. ibid. +Cuddenbeake. 109. Bond. 111. +Seaton. 110. Grenuile. ibid. +Wotton. ibid. Porter. 112. +Trematon Castle. 111. Wadham. ibid. +Saltash. 112. Grisling vnderstanding speach +Ash torre. 113. by sight. 113. +Henpoynt. ibid. A charitable dogge. ibid. +Cargreene. ibid. Arundel. ibid. +Hengsten. 115. Rouse. ibid. +Carybullock. ibid. Treuice. 114. +Lawhitton. ibid. Harris. 116. +Lanceston. 116. Corington. 117. + Wrey. ibid. + Trelawney. ibid. + + + Stratton Hundred. 117. + +Straton towne. 117. Chamond. 118. +Bude. 118. Arscot. ibid. +S. Mary Wike. 119. Rempthorne. ibid. + Thomasin Bonauenture. 119. + + + Lesnewith Hundred. 120. + +Bottreaux Caftle. ibid. Iohn Northampton. 112. +Tintogel. ibid. Earle Richard of Corn- +Dosmery poole. 122. wall. ibid. +Camelford. ibid. King Arthur. ibid. + Bousening. 123. + + + Trigge Hundred. ibid. + +Bodmyn. 123. Perkin Warbeck. 124. +Scarlets well. 126. Childrens forhalfening. ibid. +Temple. 127. Sir Anthony Kingston. ibid. + Halgauer Court. 126. + Carnsew. 127. + Roscarrock. ibid. + + + West Hundred. 127. + +East and West Loo. ibid. Beuill. 130. +S. Georges Iland. 128. Iohn Size, a strange eater. ibid. +Liskerd. ibid. Murth. 131 +S. Neot. 129. Wideslade. ibid. +S. Kaines well. ibid. Lower. 132. +Polpera. 131. Kendall. ibid. +Fining house. 130. Glyn. ibid. +Hall walke. 132. Mohun. ibid. + Earl of Deuons fagot. 133. + + + Powder Hundred. 134. + +Foy hauen and towne. 134. Treffry. 134. +Trewardreth. 136. Nicholas of Foy. 135. +Lostwithiel. 137. Treasure non troue. 136. +Restormel Castle. ibid. A graue found. 137. +Roche. 138. Gallants of Foy. 135. +The tyde well spring. ibid. Rashleigh. 136. +Hainborough. ibid. Bone, deafe and dumb. 139. +S. Probus. 140. Hill. 140. +Lanhadron. ibid. Tremaine. ibid. +Grampond. ibid. Bodrugan. 141. +Dudman. 141. Trauanion. ibid. +Roseland. ibid. Lostwithiel custome. 137. +Tregny. ibid. +Truro. ibid. +S. Mawes Castle. 142. + + + Pider Hundred. 143. + +Padstowe. 143. Prideaux. 143. +Wade bridge. ibid. Cosowarth. 144. +Nine sisters. ibid. Trerice. 145. +Castellan Denis. ibid. Trenance. 148. +S. Colombs. 144. Tredenick. 149. +Peran in Sabulo. 148. Nants well halfening. 144. +Bors neeuas. ibid. +S. Agnes Hill. ibid. +New kay. ibid. + + + Kerier Hundred. 149. + +Falmouth. 149. Trefuses. 150. +Pendenis. ibid. Parker. ibid. +Perin. 150. Killigrew. ibid. +Hailford hauen. 150. Carclew. 151. +Hauterdauis. 151. Penrose. 152. +Mainamber. ibid. Erisy. ibid. +Helston. 152. Saintabyn. ibid. +Lo poole. ibid. Militon. ibid. +Meneag. ibid. Godolphin. 153. + + + Penwith Hundred. ibid. + +S. Ies. 154. Nants. 154. +The Caue. ibid. Pomeray. 154. +S. Michaels mount. ibid. Vere. 155. +Mounts bay. 156. Pensants burning. 156. +Pensants. ibid. Chiuerton. 159. +Trebegean. 159. +S. Buriens. ibid. +Lands end. ibid. + + + + F I N I S + + + + + + + + + + + AN + + E P I S T L E + + OF + + Richard Carew Esq; + + CONCERNING + + The EXCELLENCIES of the + English Tongue. + + ------------- + + + LONDON, + Printed in the Year M.DCC.XXIII. + + + + + + + An Epistle concerning the Excellencies + of the Engliih Tongue. + + +IT were more fitting (in respect of discretion) that men should first +weigh Matters with Iudgment, and then incline their Affection where +the greatest Reason swayeth. But ordinarily it falleth out to +the contrarie; for by Custom we first settle our Affection, and then +afterwards draw in those Arguments to approve it, which should have +forgone to perswade ourselves. In this preposterous Course (seeing +that antiquity from our Elders and uniuersalitie of our Neighbours +do entitle with a Right) I hold myself the more freely warranted +delirare, not onely cum vulgo, but also cum sapientibus, in seeking +out with what Commendations I may attire our English Language, +as Stephanus hath done for the French, and diuers of other Nations, +for theirs. + +Locutio is defined Animi sensus per vocem expressio. On which +ground I build these consequences, That the first and principal point +sought in euerie Language, is that we may expres the Meaning of our +Minds aptly to each other. Next, that we may do it readily and +without more adoe. Then fully, so as others may thoroughly +conceiue us. And last of all, handsomely, that those to whom we +speak may take pleasure in hearing us: So that whateuer Tongue will +gain the Race of Perfection must run upon these four wheeles, +SIGNIFICANCIE, EASINESS, COPIOUSNESS, and SWEETNESS; of which the +two former import a Necessitie, the two latter a Delight. Now if +I can proove, That our English Language for all or the most part +is comparable if not preferable to any other in use at this day, +I hope the assent of any impartial Reader will pass on my side. +And how I indeavor to performe the same, this short labor shall +manifest. + +I. To begin then with the SIGNIFICANCIE of the English Tongue, +it consisteth in the Letters, Words, and Phrases. And because the +Greeke and Latine have ever borne away the prerogatiue from all +other Tongues, they shall serue as the Touchstones whereby to make +our Tryall. + +For LETTERS, we haue C more then the Greekes, K and Y more then +the Latines, and W more then them both, or then the French +and Italians. + +In those common to them and us, we have the use of the Greek B in +our V, of our B they haue none; so have we of their [uppercase lambda] +and [uppercase theta] in our Th, which in the wordes that and things +expresseth both; but of our D they haue none. Likewise their T we +turn to another use in yield, than they can; and as for E,G, and J, +neither Greekes nor Latines can make use of them as we doe in +these Words, each, edge, joy. True it is, that we in pronouncing the +Latine use them also after this manner; but the same, in regard of +the ancient and right Romane deliuerie, altogether abusively; as may +appear by Scaliger, Sir Thomas Smith, Lipsius, and others. + +Now, for the Significance of WORDS, as every Indiuiduum is but one, +so in our native English-Saxon Language, we find many of them suitably +expressed by one Sillable: Those consisting of more are borrowed +from other Nations; the Examples are infinite, and therefore I will +omit them as sufficiently notorious. + +Again, for expressing our Passions, our Interjections are very apt +and forcible; as, finding ourselves somewhat agrieued, we crie, Ah! +if more deeply, Oh! if we pity, Alas! when we bemoan, Alacke! +neither of them so effeminate as the Italian Deh, or the French Helas: +In detestation we say Phy ! (as if therewithall we should spit) in +attention, Haa; in calling, Whowpe ; in hollowing, Wahalowe: all which +(in my Ear) seem to be deriued from the very Natures of those +severall Affections. + +Grow from hence to the Composition of Words, and therein our Language +hath a peculiar Grace, a like Significancie, and more short then +the Greekes, for example, in Moldwarpe we express the Nature of the +Animal; in Handkercher the thing and the use; in the word upright, +that Virtue by a Metaphore; in Wisdome and Doomesday, so many +Sentences as Words; and so of the rest: for I give only a Taste, +that may direct others to a fuller Observation of what my sudden +Memorie can represent unto me. It may pass also the Masters in +this Significancie, that all the proper Names of our People do in a +manner import somewhat, which from a peculiar Note at first of some +of the Progenitors, in process of time inverted itself in a possession +of the Posterity, even as wee see the like often befall to those +whose Fathers bare some uncouth Christian Names. Yet for the most +part we avoid the blemish given to the Romanes in like Cases, who +distinguished their People by the Imperfections of their Bodies; +from whence grew their Nasones, Labeones, Frontones, Dentones, +and such like; however, Macrobius coloureth the same: Yea, +so significant are our Words, that amongst them sundry single ones +serve to express divers things; as by the word Bill is meant a Weapon, +a Scrowle, and a Bird's beake; by Grave may be understood, sober, +burial-place, and to carve; and so by Light, marke, match, file, sore, +and pray, the Semblables. + +Again, some SENTENCES, in the same words carrie a divers Sence, +as till, desert Ground; some signifie one thing forward and another +backward, as Feeler I was, noe Foe; which to return with it is, +Of one saw I releef. Some signifie one thing forward and another +thing backward, as this, Eye, did Madam erre; Some carrie a contrarie +Sence backward to that they do forward, as I did level ere vew, +Vew ere level did I. + +Some deliver a contrarie Sence by the divers pointing, as the +Epistle in Dr. Wilsons Rhetorick, and many such like, which a curious +Head, Leisure, and Time might pick out. + +Neither may I omit the Significancie of our Proverbs, +concise in Words, but plentiful in Number, briefly pointing at +many great Matters and under a Circle of a few Sillables prescribing +sundrie available Caveats. + +Lastly, our Speech doth not consist onely of Words, but in a sort +even of Deeds; as when we express a Matter by Metaphores, wherein the +English is verie fruitful and forcible. + +And so much for the Significancie of our Language in meaning. + +II. Now for his EASINESS in learning; the same also shooteth out +into Branches, the one, of others learning our Language, the second, +of our learning that of others. For the first, The most part of +our Words, (as I have touched) are Monasillables, and so the fewer +in Tale and the sooner reduced to Memorie. Nither are we loaded with +those Declensions, Flexions, and Variations which are incident to +many other Tongues, but a few Articles govern all our Verbs and Nownes, +and so we read a verie short Grammar. + +For easie learning of other Languages by ours, let these serve +as Proofes; there are many Italian words which the Frenchmen cannot +pronounce, accio, for which he saith ashio; many of the French which +the Italian can hardly dispence withall; as Bailler, Chagrin, +Postillon; many in ours which neither of them can utter, as Hedge, +Water, &c. So that a Stranger, tho never so long conversant +amongst us, carrieth evermore a Watch-word upon his Tongue, +to descrie him by; but turn an Englishman at any time of his Age +into what Country soever, allowing him due respite, and you shall +see him profit so well, that the imitation of his Utterance will in +nothing differ from the Pattern of that native Language. The want of +which towardness cost the Ephramites their Skinns: Nither doth this +cross my former Assertion of others easie learning our Language. +For I mean of the Sense and Words, and not touching +the Pronunciation. + +III. But I must now enter into the large Field of our Tongues +COPIOUSNESS, and perhaps long wander up and down, without finding +easie way of issue, and yet leaue many parts thereof unsurveyed. + +My first Proofe of our Plenty, I borrow from the choise which is +given us by the use of divers Languages. The Ground of our owne +appertaineth to the old Saxon, little differing from the low Dutch, +because they more than any of their Neighbours, have hitherto +preserved that Speech from any great Forrein Mixture: here amongst, +the Britons have left divers of their Words interspersed, as it were +thereby making a continual claim to their possession. We may also +trace the Footsteps of the Danish bitter (though not long during) +Soveraigntie in these parts; and the Roman also imparted unto us of +his Latine Riches with no sparing Hand. Our Neighbours the French +have been likewise contented we should take up by retail, as well +their Terms as their Fashions, or rather we retaine yet but some +Remnant of that which once here bare all the Sway, and daily renew +the Store. So have our Italian Travellers brought us acquainted with +their sweete relished Phrases, which (so that their Conditions crept +not in withall) were the more tollerable; yea even we seek to make +our Good of our late Spanish Enimie, and feare as little the hurt of +his Tongue, as the dint of his Sword. Seeing then we borrow (and that +not shamefully) from the Dutch, the Britaine, the Roman, the Dane, +the French, the Italian, and Spaniard, how can our Stock be other +than exceeding plentifull? It may be objected, that such patching +maketh Littletons Hotch-pot of our Tongue, and in effect, brings the +same rather to a Babelish Confusion, than any one entire Language. +It may again be answered, that this Theft of Words is no less +warranted by the Priviledge of a Prescription ancient and universall, +than was that of Goods among the Lacedemonians by an enacted Law: +for so the Greekes robbed the Hebrewes, the Latines the Greeks, +(which filching, Cicero with a large Discourse in his Books +de Oratore defendeth) and (in a manner) all other Christian Nations +the Latine. For evidence hereof many Sentences may be produced +consisting of words, that in their Original are Latine; and yet +(save some smal variance in their Terminations) fall out al one +with the French, Dutch, and English; as Ley, ceremonious persons, +Offer prelate preest, Clear candles flamme, in Temple Cloistre, +in Cholericke Temprature, Clisters Purgation is pestelent, +Pulers preservative, subtil Factors, Advocates notaries practize, +Papers Libells, Registers, Regent, Magesty in Palace hath tryumphant +Throne, Regiment, Sceptre, Vassels, Supplication, and such like. +Then even as the Italian Potentates of these Dayes make no difference +in their Pedigrees and Successions, between'the Bed lawfull or +unlawfull, where either an utterward or a better desert doth force +or entice them thereunto: so may the consenting practise of these +Nations passe for a just Legitimation of these bastard Words, +which either Necessitie or Convenience hath induced them to adopt. + +For our owne parts, we employ the borrowed Ware so farre to +our advantage, that we raise a profit of new words from the +same Stock, which yet in their owne Country are not marchantable. +For example, we deduce divers words from the Latine, which in the +Latine itselfe cannot be yeelded: as the verbs, to aire, to beard, +to crosse, to flame, and their Derivations, ayring, ayred, +bearder, bearding, bearded, &c. as also closer, closely, closenesse, +glosingly, hourely, majesticall, majestically. In like sort we +grasse upon French words those Buds, to which that soile affordeth +no growth; as, chiefly, faultie, slavish, precisenesse. Divers words +we derive also out of the Latine at second hand by the French, +and make good English, tho' both Latine and French haue their hands +closed in that behalfe, as in these verbes, pray, point, paze, prest, +rent, &c. and also in the adverbes, carpingly, currantly, colourably, +actively, &c. Againe, in other Languages there fall out defects, +while they want means to deliver that which another Tongue expresseth, +as (by Cicero's Observation) you cannot interpret INEPTUS, unapt, +unfit, untoward, in Greeke. Neither PORCUS, CAPO, VERVEX, + a Barrow Hog, a Capon, a Weather, as Cuiacius noteth (*). No more +can you expresse to STAND in French, to TYE in Cornish, nor KNAVE +in Latin, (for Nebulo is a cloudy Fellow) or in Irish (**), +whereas you see our Abilitie extendeth thereunto. + +(*) Ad Tit. de verb signif. +(**) See the Survey of Cornwall fol. 55] + +Moreover, the Copiousnesse of our Language appeareth in the +diversitie of our Dialects; for we have Court and we have +Countrie English, we have Northerne and Southerne, grosse +and ordinarie, which differ each from the other not onely in +the Terminations, but also in many words, termes, and phrases, +and expresse the same thinges in divers sorts, yet all right +English alike. Neither can any Tongue, as I am perswaded, +deliver a Matter with more Variety than ours, both plainly, and by +Proverbes and Metaphors: for example, when we would be rid of one, +we use to say, Be going, trudge, packe, bee faring hence, away shift; +and by Circumlocution, Rather your Roome than your Companie, +lets see your backe, come againe when I bid you, when you are called, +sent for, intreated, willed, desired, invited; spare us your place, +another in your stead, a ship of salt for you, save your credite, +you are next the doore, the doore is open for you, there is no body +holdeth you, no body teares your sleeve, &c. Likewise this +word FORTIS, we may sinonymize after all these fashions, stout, +hardy, valiant, doughty, couragious, adventrous, &c. + +And in a word, to close up these proofs of our Copiousnesse, +look into our imitations, of all sorts of Verses affoorded by any +other Language, and you shall finde that Sir PHILIP SIDNEY, +M. PUTTENHAM, M. STANIHURST, and divers more have made use how +farre we are within compasse of a fore-imagined possibilitie in +that behalfe. + +IV. I come now to the last and sweetest point, of the SWEETNESSE of +our Tongue, which shall appeare the more plainely if we match it +with our Neighboures. The Italian is pleasante, but without Sinews, +as a still fleeting Water; the French delicate, but even nice as +a Woman, scarce daring to open her Lippes, for feare of marring +her Countenance; the Spanish Majestical, but fulsome, running too +much on the v, and terrible like the Devill in a Play; the Dutch +manlike, but withall very harsh, as one ready at every word to picke +a quarrel. Now we, in borrowing from them, give the Strength of +Consonants to the Italian, the full Sound of Words to the French, +the Varietie of Terminations to the Spanish, and the mollifying of +more Vowels to the Dutch; and so, like Bees, gather the Honey of +their good Properties, and leave the Dregs to themselves. And thus +when substantialnesse combineth with delightfullnesse, fullnesse with +finenesse, seemlinesse with portlinesse, and currantnesse +with staidnesse, how can the Language which consisteth of all these +sound other than most full of Sweetnesse? + +Againe, the long wordes that we borrow being intermingled with the +short of our owne store, make up a perfect Harmonie, by culling from +out which Mixture (with judgment) you may frame your Speech according +to the Matter you must worke on, majesticall, pleasant, delicate, +or manly, more or lesse, in what sort you please. Adde hereunto, +that whatsoever Grace any other Language carrieth in Verse or Prose, +in Tropes or Metaphors, in Eccho's and Agnominations, they may all be +lively and exactly represented in ours. Will you have Plato's Veine? +read Sir THOMAS SMITH; the Ionicke? Sir THOMAS MOORE; Cicero's? +ASCHAM; Varro? CHAUCER; Demosthenes? Sir JOHN CHEEKE (*); who hath +comprised all the Figures of Rhetoricke. Will you read Virgil? +take the Earle of SURRY; Catullus? SHAKSPEARE, and BARLOWES Fragment; +Ovid? DANIEL; Lucan? SPENCER; Martial? Sir JOHN DAVIES, and others. +Will you have all in all for Prose and Verse? take the Miracle of +our Age, Sir PHILIP SIDNEY. + +(*) In his Treatise to the rebells. + +And thus, if mine owne Eies bee not blinded by Affection, I haue +made yours to see, that the most renowned of all other Nations +have laid up, as in a Treasure, and entrusted the Divtisos orbe +Brttannos with the rarest Jewels of the Lips Perfections; +whether you respect the Understanding for Significancie, or the +Memorie for Easinesse, or the Conceit for Plentifullnesse, +or the Eare for Pleasantnesse: wherein if enough be delivered, +to add more than enough were superfluous; if too little, I leave it +to be supplied by better stored Capacities; if ought amisse, +I submit the same to the Discipline of everie able and +impartiall Censurer. + + + F I N I S. + + + + + + + +Transcriber's notes: + + i) This transcript retains the original spelling, except + for the obsolete "long ess" character which has been + replaced by 's' throughout. + + Spellings of proper names tend to be phonetic and + haphazard. Eg Pensanz, Pensans, Pensants, Pensance, and + Penzance are all the same place. + + ii) The Latin is worse than the English. I am 99.9% certain + that I have transcribed it correctly, the doubt being + where the printer has randomly mixed the "long ess" and "f" + characters & neither form is in my Collin's Little Gem + Latin Dictionary. + + iii) This transcript omits the original page numbering from + the introduction and appendix, but retains it in the main + text to support cross-referencing and the index. + + Each double-page spread was given a single page number. + I have given these in []s at the beginning of the left- + hand page. + + iv) Marginalia have been inserted into the text surrounded + by []s + + v) Footnotes have been placed beneath the sections to + which they refer. + + vi) Italics, which Carew uses heavily, have been mostly + removed, but sometimes replaced with quotes. + + vii) The original capitalisation & over-punctuation is retained. + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Survey of Cornwall, by Richard Carew + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SURVEY OF CORNWALL *** + +***** This file should be named 9878-8.txt or 9878-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/9/8/7/9878/ + +Produced by Steve Gilbert +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, +and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive +specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this +eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook +for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, +performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given +away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks +not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the +trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. + +START: FULL LICENSE + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full +Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at +www.gutenberg.org/license. + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or +destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your +possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a +Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound +by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the +person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph +1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this +agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the +Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection +of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual +works in the collection are in the public domain in the United +States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the +United States and you are located in the United States, we do not +claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, +displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as +all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope +that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting +free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm +works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the +Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily +comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when +you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are +in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, +check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this +agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, +distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any +other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no +representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any +country outside the United States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other +immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear +prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work +on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, +performed, viewed, copied or distributed: + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and + most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it + under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this + eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the + United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you + are located before using this ebook. + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is +derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not +contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the +copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in +the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are +redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply +either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or +obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any +additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms +will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works +posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the +beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including +any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access +to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format +other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official +version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site +(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense +to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means +of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain +Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the +full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +provided that + +* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed + to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has + agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid + within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are + legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty + payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in + Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation." + +* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all + copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue + all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm + works. + +* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + +* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than +are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing +from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The +Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm +trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project +Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may +contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate +or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or +other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or +cannot be read by your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium +with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you +with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in +lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person +or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second +opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If +the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing +without further opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO +OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of +damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement +violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the +agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or +limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or +unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the +remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in +accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the +production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, +including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of +the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this +or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any +Defect you cause. + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of +computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It +exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations +from people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future +generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see +Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at +www.gutenberg.org + + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by +U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the +mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its +volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous +locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt +Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to +date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and +official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact + +For additional contact information: + + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND +DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular +state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To +donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project +Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be +freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and +distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of +volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in +the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not +necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper +edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search +facility: www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + diff --git a/9878-8.zip b/9878-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..03a347f --- /dev/null +++ b/9878-8.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7c0c2fd --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #9878 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9878) diff --git a/old/srvcr10.txt b/old/srvcr10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0a60bf --- /dev/null +++ b/old/srvcr10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11441 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Survey of Cornwall, by Richard Carew + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Survey of Cornwall + +Author: Richard Carew + +Release Date: February, 2006 [EBook #9878] +[This file was first posted on October 26, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE SURVEY OF CORNWALL *** + + + + + + + + +This E-text was prepared by Steve Gilbert using an Armari PC, +a Hewlett Packard Scanjet 5400c scanner, ABBYY FineReader Pro +6.0 OCR software, and Microsoft Notepad. August-October 2003. + +Contact: + + Steve Gilbert s.j.gilbert@darkviolet.co.uk + 8 Cheyne Avenue, s.j.gilbert@mensada.com + London E18 2DR, s.j.gilbert@physics.org + UK. s.j.gilbert@qmw.ac.uk + mythical@dircon.co.uk + +Transcribers notes: + + i) This transcript retains the original spelling, except + for the obsolete "long ess" character which has been + replaced by 's' throughout. + + Spellings of proper names tend to be phonetic and + haphazard. Eg Pensanz, Pensans, Pensants, Pensance, and + Penzance are all the same place. + + ii) The Latin is worse than the English. I am 99.9% certain + that I have transcribed it correctly, the doubt being + where the printer has randomly mixed the "long ess" and "f" + characters & neither form is in my Collin's Little Gem + Latin Dictionary. + + iii) This transcript omits the original page numbering from + the introduction and appendix, but retains it in the main + text to support cross-referencing and the index. + + Each double-page spread was given a single page number. + I have given these in []s at the beginning of the left- + hand page. + + iv) Marginalia have been inserted into the text surrounded + by []s + + v) Footnotes have been placed beneath the sections to + which they refer. + + vi) Italics, which Carew uses heavily, have been mostly + removed, but sometimes replaced with quotes. + + vii) The original capitalisation & over-punctuation is retained. + + + + + + T H E + + S V R V E Y + + O F + + C O R N W A L L. + + + A N D + + + An EPISTLE concerning the EXCELLENCIES + of the ENGLISH TONGUE. + + -------------------------------------- + By RICHARD CAREW, of Antonie, Esq; + -------------------------------------- + WITH + The LIFE of the AUTHOR, + By H**** C***** Esq. + -------------------------------------- + A NEW EDITION. + ====================================== + 'LONDON, + Printed for E. LAW, in Ave-Mary-Lane; + and J.HEWETT, at Penzance. + + MDCCLXIX. + + + + + + LIST of the SUBSCRIBERS, + + A. Copies. + +SIR. John St. Aubyn, of Clowance, Baronet 20 +Rev. Mr. Jerveys Allen, of Helston +Thomas Saunders Allen of St. Just, Attorney at Law +Alexander Allen, Purser of the Wolf Sloop of War +John Antony, of St. Ives +John Antony, junior, of St. Ives + + B. + +Joseph Beard, of Penzance +John Batten, jun. of ditto, Merchant +Joseph Batten, of ditto +John Blewett, Esq. of Marazion 4 +George Borlase, Attorney at Law, of Penzance +William Bastard, of Exon +Joseph Batten +John Beard, jun. of Penzance, Merchant +Capt. Barkley, of the Wolf Sloop of War +Rev. Mr. William Borlase, of Zennor +William Borlase, LL.D. of Ludgvan, F.R.S. +James Bennett +Capt. Thomas Braithwaite, of Falmouth +James Bonithon, of Penzance +Rev. Mr. Jacob Bullock, of Wendron +Francis Benallock +James Bower, of Lostwithiel +James Baron, of ditto +Thomas Bennet +Nicholas Bishop, of Bristol +Jofeph Bunney, Esq. Leicester +John Bawden, Exon + + C. + +Nicholas Cloak, of Penzance +Daniel Carthew, of ditto +Robert Coleman, of Bristol +George Cooney, of Penzance +Mr. Carlyl, of Marazion +Humphrey Cole, Attorney at Law, of ditto +David Cloak, Surgeon, of Penzance +William Cornish, of Marazion +Capt. Thomas Cassett, of Plymouth +Richard Carne, of Falmouth, Merchant +Coleman, Harris, and Co. Merchants at Bristol 2 +Henry Coleman, Esq. of Market Harborough, Leicestershire +Henry Coleman, Esq. Leicester + + D. + +David Dennis, Attorney at Law, of Penzance +John Dennis, of ditto +James Donithorne, of Marazion +Thomas Daniel, of Truro, Esq. +John Dyer, of Penryn +William Dawkin, Esq. of Kilvough, near Swanzey, in Wales +Robert Dunkin, of Penzance + + E. + +William Ellis, Esq. of Penzance 5 +Charles Streater Ellis, of ditto +James Edwards, of ditto, Merchant +Hugh Edwards, Attorney at Law, St. Ives +Thomas Ennys, of Redruth + + F. + +Miss C. Foley +Rev. Mr. Fisher, of Marazion +Edward Freeman, of Lostwithiel + + G. + +Thomas Glynn, jun. of Helston, Esq. +Charles Gwavas, of Penzance, Merchant 2 +Pascoe Grenfell, of Marazion, Merchant +John Grenfell, of Penzance, Merchant +Richard Jerveys Gryles, Attorney at Law, of Helston, +Andrew Gaylard, of Bristol +Miss Jane Gilbert, of St. Ives +Thomas Glanvile, of Lostwithiel +Rev. Mr. Edward Giddy, of St. Earth +Thomas Giddy, of Truro, Surgeon +William Giddy, of ditto + + H. + +Richard Hichens, of Penzance, Attorney at Law 2 +Capt. John Halse, of Redruth +Rev. Mr. Edward Hobbs, of Sancrete +John Hawkins, Esq. of Helston +Rev. Mr. John Hosken, of Menaccan +Thomas Hacker, of Penzance +Isaac Head, Esq. Collector of his Majesty's Customs in the + Islands of Scilly +William Holbeck, Gent. Com. of Trinity Col. Oxford, Esq. +Captain Peter Hill, of Falmouth +John Hall +John Hewett, of Plymouth-dock +John Hurd, of Birmingham +Christopher Harris, Esq. Keneggy 6 +Nathanial Hicks, of St. Ives +Rev. Mr. Haydon, Liskeard +Samuel Hick, of Lostwithiel +Edward Harford, of Bristol +John Hosking, of Madron +John Howell, of Penzance +John Hall, of Stofford, Devonshire + + I. + +William John, of Penzance, Merchant +John James, of Newlyn, ditto +Capt. John James, of Marazion +William James, of Redruth +Thomas John, of Penzance, Merchant +John James, of St. Agnes + + K. + +John Knill, Esq. Collector of his Majesty's Customs at St. Ives +John Keir, Surgeon, of Marazion 2 +J. Kimber, Attorney at Law, of Fowey + + L. + +Thomas Love, of Newlyn +Stephen Luke, of Penzance +Maddren Legoe, of St. Just +John Ley, of St. Ives, Merchant +Rev. Mr. Lane, of St. Ives +John Luxmore, Esq. of Oakhampton, Devon. +Samuel Luly, of Penzance +Rev. Mr. Philip Lyne, Vicar of Leskard +Tobias Lanyon, Esq. Penzance + + M. + +Joseph Michell, of Penzance +Henry Michell, of ditto +James Michell, of Marazion +John Michell, of Chyandower +James Moore, of Penzance +Thomas Mathews, of St. Ives +Herbert Mackworth, Esq. Exon +Henry Mudge, of Truro +Robert Michell, of ditto +Mathias Michell, of Penzance + + N. + +Rev. Mr. Newton, of Sithney +William Nicholls, Esq. of Trereife +John Nancarrow, jun. of Marazion +Charles Newman, of Falmouth +Rev. Mr. Newton, of Bristol +Thomas Nicholls, of Penzance +B. Nankivell, of St. Agnes + + P. + +John Price, Esq. 6 +John Pender, of Penzance, Merchant +Benjamin Pidwell, of Penzance +Rev. Mr. James Parkin, Lecturer of ditto +Thomas Pidwell, jun. of ditto +John Pearse, Surgeon, of ditto +William Penrose, ------ of ditto +Thomas Pascoe, ------, of ditto +Josias Perry, Surgeon, of Langdon, Devon +James Pascoe, Attorney at Law, of Penzance +Rev. H. Parker, D.D. Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford +William Price, Surgeon, at Redruth +Daniel Pryor, of Penzance +Henry Philips, of St. Ives, Merchant +Rev. Mr. Richard Pearce, of St. Buryan +Thomas Penrose, Attorney at Law, of Penzance + + R. + +Thomas Robyns, Esq. at Penzance +Thomas Rodda, of Marazion +George Rippar, of ditto +David Richard, of ditto +Charles Rashleigh, of St. Austle, Attorney at Law +Thomas Read, of Penzance +Charles Rawlinson, of Marazion +Stephen Robinson, jun. of Bridport +Samuel Rodda, of Marazion + + S. + +Walter Stone, of Penzance +John Stone, of ditto +George Scobell, Esq. Collector of his Majesty's Customs at + Penzance +John Stackhouse, Esq. of Pendarves +William Stackhouse, Efq. of Trehane +William Sincock, of Marazion +Edward Stevens, of St. Ives +William Stevens, of ditto +Thomas Slade, of ditto +Miss Sarah Stephens, of ditto +William Skues, of Helston +John Stott, of Ludgvan, Esq +William Stevens, of Bristol +Francis Spernon, Surgeon, in Lostwithiel +Rev. Mr. Smith, of St. Just +John Smith, Truro + + T. + +Thomas Trenwith, Esq. of St. Ives +John Trengrouse, Surgeon, of ditto +Richard Treeve, of Penzance +Uriah Tonkin, Esq. of ditto +William Tregurtha, of ditto +John Tonkin, Surgeon, of ditto +Joseph Tovey, of ditto +Rev. Mr. James Tonkin, of ditto +John Treluddra, of Marazion +Rev. Mr. Trevennen, of Cambron +George Treweeke, Surgeon, of Penzance +Joseph Taylor, of Bristol +J. Trevethan, Attorney at Law, of Redruth + + U. + +George Veale, Attorney at Law, of Penzance +William Usticke, Esq. of Nansalverne + + W. + +Rev. Mr. Williams, of Crowan +Dionysius Williams, of Penzance, F.R.S. +Samuel Woodis, of ditto +John Williams, Officer of Excise +Matthew Wills, Surgeon, of Helston +Richard Williams, Marazion +Rev. Mr. Anthony Williams, of St. Keverne +Philip Webber, Attorney at Law, Falmouth +George Woodis, of Penzance +John Weston, Esq. of Illuggan +Rev. Thomas Wharton, A. M. Fellow of Trinity College, + Oxford. + + + + + + + The Life of R I C H A R D C A R E W + of Antonie Esq; + + By HUGH C******* Esq; + + + + +RICHARD CAREW, the Celebrated Author of the Survey of Cornwall, was +born of an antient Family at East-Antonie (a), the Seat of his +Ancestors, in the Year 1555, if we may credit Mr. Wood (b). He was +the Son of Thomas Carew by Elizabeth Edgecumb, Daughter to Sir Richard +Edgecumb, a Gentleman says our Author (c), in whom Mildness and +Stoutness, Diffidence and Wisdom, Deliberateness of Undertaking, and +Sufficiency of Effecting, made a more commendable, than blazing +mixture of Vertue. He adds, that Sir Richard, at his fine House, +call'd to this day Mount-Edgecumb, + + "during Queen Mary's Reign, entertain'd at one time + for some good space, the Admirals of the English, + Spanish, and Netherland Fleets, with many Noblemen + besides. + + But", pursues he, " not too much of this, lest a + partial Affection steal, as unawares, into my + Commendation, as one, by my Mother, descended from + his Loins, and by my Birth a Member of the House (d)." + +But Mr. Carew hath given us an account of his Ancestors, which I shall +set down here, that the Reader may see they were no less distinguished +by the great Estates in their possession, than by the Noble Families +they were allyed to. Speaking of the Lyner, which, with the Tamer, +discharges itself into the Sea above Plymouth; + + "A little within this Mouth of Lyner", says + he (e), " standeth East-Antonie, the poore home of + mine Ancestours, with which in this manner they + were invested: + + Sir John Lerchedekne ------- of Ashton in Devon. + Touching our Stock in general", pursues our Author + (f), " and my Family in particular ------------- + our Queen." + +The Pregnancy of his Parts being much above his Age, he was sent to +Oxford in the Year 1566, being then but eleven Years old, and + + "(g) became a Gentleman Commoner of Christ Church ....... + but had his Chamber in Broadgate's Hall:" + +And three Years after he was call'd to dispute with the incomparable +Sir Philip Sidney, who was a Year older than he (h). + +Dr. Fuller and Mr. Wood have taken notice of this memorable Dispute, +without mentioning from whence they had that Particular, which, as we +have seen already, is related by Mr. Carew himself. + + "He was bred", says Dr. Fuller (i), " a Gentleman- + Commoner in Oxford; where, being but fourteen Years + old, and yet three Years standing, he was call'd out + to dispute ex tempore, before the Earls of Leicester + and Warwick, with the matchless Sir Philip Sidney. + + Si quaeritis hujus + Fortunam pugnae, non est superatus ab illo. + + Ask you the End of this Contest ? + They neither had the better, both the best." + +Mr. Wood expresses it thus: + + "At fourteen Years of Age", says he (k), " he disputed + ex tempore with the matchless Philip Sidney, (while he + was a young (l) Man, I suppose) in the presence of the + Earls of Leicester, Warwick, and other Nobility, at what + time they were lodged in Christ-Church, to receive + entertainment from the Muses." + +Mr. Wood says afterwards, that + + "After Mr. Carew had spent three Years in Oxon, he retired + to the Middle Temple, where he spent 3 Years more" (m) ; + +which may be true, tho' he brings in no Authority for it. But what +he adds, that + + "then he was sent with his Uncle (Sir George Carew + as it seems) in his Embassage unto the King of Poland; + whom when he came to Dantzick, he found that he had + been newly gone from thence into Sweden, whither also + he went after him :" + +And that + + "After his return, and a short stay made in England, + he was sent by his Father into France with Sir Hen. + Nevill, who was then Ambassador Leiger unto K. Hen. 4. + that he might learn the French Tongue, which by reading + and talking, he overcame in three quarters of a Year :" + +All this, I say, cannot hold, if it be true that, tho' he understood +Italian, French, High-Dutch, and Spanish, he had never been out of +England ; as his Countryman Charles Fitzgeffry seems to assert in the +following Compliment to him: + + + Quis Deus tibi tam bene invocatus (n), + Disertissime millium trecentum + Idemq; optime omnium CARAEE, + (Seu quis multiplicem eruditionem, + Seu quis, quo magis emicas elenchum + Morum ponderet elegantiorum, + Virtutumq; tot auream coronam) + Quis (inquam) Deus (o Deus profecto!) + Tantis te spoliis, tot & trophaeis + Terrarum locupletat exterarum, + Domi perpetuo interim morantem + Et libris patriaeque servientem? + Quo Graij tibi, quo tibi Latini + Auri pondera tanta? quove Hetrusci, + Galli, Teutones, invidiq; Iberi + Tam assatim te opibus suis bearunt? + O si tot Deus ora, totq; linguas + Mihi idulserit, ut tuas referrem + Laudes, quot dedit ora quotq; linguas + Tibi uno Deus ore, lingua in una? + +I may add, that Mr. Carew, in his Survey of Cornwall, giving an +account of the eminent Men born in that Dutchy, reckons among the +Civilians Doctor Carew (o) : + + "In the Civil Law", says he (p), " there lived of + late Doctor Kennals, and now (q) doth Doctor Carew, + one of the antientest Masters of the Chancery; in + which Calling, after his younger Years spent abroad + to his benefit, he hath reposed himself." + +He mentions him again among the Persons employed in State Affairs, and +therethrough stept to Preferment (r). + + "Master George Carew", says he, " in his younger Years + gathered such Fruit as the University, the Inns of + Court, and Foreign Travel could yield him. Upon his + Return, he was first call'd to the Bar, then supply'd + the Place of Secretary to the Lord Chancellor Hatton; + and after his Decease, performed the like Office to his + two Successors, by special Recommendation from her + Majesty, who also gave him the Prothonotaryship of the + Chancery; and in anno 1598 sent him Ambassador to the + King of Poland, and other Northern Potentates, where + through unexpected Accidents, he underwent extraordinary + Perils; but God freed him from them, and he performed his + Duty in acceptable manner : And at this present the + Commonwealth useth his Service, as a Master of the Chancery." + +Had our Author attended this worthy Person in his Embassies, it is +hardly possible he should not have taken some notice of it here; +being elsewhere so ready to honour himself with the Friendship or +Acquaintance of the Great Men of his Time. + +As to what Mr. Wood adds, viz. that Mr. Carew was sent by his Father +into France with Sir Henry Nevill.... that he might learn the French +Tongue, &c. I am afraid he hath mistaken our Author for his Son, who, +in effect, went into France with a Nevill, in order to learn the +French Tongue ; as it appears by the following Verses of the aforesaid +Fitzgeffry, upon his Return. + + + Ad (s) RICHARDUM CARAEUM, Ri. Filium, + e Gallijs reducem. + + Melligo juvenum Caraee, quotquot + Damnoni occiduis alunt in oris : + Ecquid Fama sinistimae (t) auricellae + Veris se insinuat meae susurris, + Te longae peregrinitates omnes + Exanclasse (v) molestias, marisq; + Emensum omnia taedia, ad parentes + Patremq; unanimum, piamq; matrem, + Membrorum incolumi statu redisse, + Onustum omnigenae eruditionis + Gazis & Spoliis, quot aut Camoenae + Dant vaenum emporio Lutetiano + Aut culto Aureliae urbis in Lycaeo. + Qua tibi Aonii latus NEVILLI + Phoeboeumq; TRELAVNIVM sequuto + Aulam invisere curiamq; magni + Regis contigit, aemulam tonantis. + At o Liligeri potentis Aula + AEtatem bene sit tibi, quod almum + CAREUM modo patriae patriq; + Post desiderium utriusq; longum, + Salvumq; incolumenq; reddidisti. + At tu non modo stemmatum opumq; + Verum & laudis & eruditionis + Patritae genuinus artis haeres + Cresce in spem patriae, hostium timores, + Patris delicias, Elisae amores, + Donec concilijs senex, at ore + Et membris juvenis sat intigellus (x) + Totum Nestora vixeris, tuisq; + Album feceris Albiona factis : + Melligo juvenum CARAEE quotquot + Damnoni occiduis alunt in oris. + +Learning is not only useful, but necessary in all Conditions and +States of Life; but I will presume to say, that it is more +particularly so to all Gentlemen, who are allotted to live in the +Country. And if they cannot pass their leisure Hours in reading, or +cultivating Arts and Sciences, they will spend that time in such +things as must be detrimental to their Families, and, at the end, +fatal to their own Persons. Our Author could never fall into those +Inconveniences : He loved Letters, and not only made them subservient +to his own Entertainment, but sometimes useful to the Publick. + +As he was a great Master of Languages, he delivered his Opinion upon +the true and ready way to learn the Latin Tongue, in answer to a +Quaere, Whether the ordinary way by teaching Latin by the Rules of +Grammar, be the best way for Youths to learn it (y)? He wrote +likewise a Dissertation, shewing the Excellency of the English +Tongue (z) : and published a Translation of the Examen de Ingenios +para las Sciencias, written by Juan Huerte, that ingenious and +learned Spanish Physician. It was printed at London in 1594, with +this Title: The Examination of Mens Wits. In which, by discovering +the Variety of Natures, is shewed for what Profession each one is +apt, and how far he shall profit therein (A). + +His Proficiency in natural Philosophy, enabled him to improve +Agriculture and Husbandry to such a degree, that he was accounted +among his Neighbours the greatest Husband, and most excellent Manager +of Bees in Cornwall (B). + +The Enquiries he had made into the History and Antiquities of Nations, +and chiefly of Great Britain, engaged him to attempt a Description +of Cornwall; as it is natural to every Man to have a particular +Fondness for his native Country: + + Nescio qua natale solum dulcedine cunctos + Ducit & immemores non finit esse sui. + +This he only undertook for his private Satisfaction and Entertainment; +but was afterwards prevail'd upon by his Friends to publish it, as we +shall see anon. Mr. Camden, who had seen it, and was an excellent +Judge in those Matters, thought himself obliged to do justice both to +the Author and his Performance, in the first Edition of his Britannia, +printed in the Year 1586: + + "But these Matters" (says he, at the end of his Account + of Cornwall) " will be laid open more distinctly and + fully, by Richard Carew of Antonie, a Person no less + eminent for his honourable Ancestors, than his own + Virtue and Learning, who is writing a Description of + this Country, not in little, but at large." + + Sed haec planius & plenius docebit Richardus Carew + de Antonie, non minus generis splendore, quam virtute & + doctrina nobilis; qui hujus regionis descriptionem + latiore specie, & non ad tenue elimat (D). + +Our Author's Knowledge in the Laws, his Love for Justice and Equity, +and his Affection to the Government, rais'd him to all the Posts of +Honour, that are consistent with a Country Life. Mr. Wood assures +us (E), that he was made Justice of the Peace in 1581, High-Sheriff +of Cornwall in 1586, and about that time was the Queens Deputy for +the Militia. And indeed we find in his Survey of Cornwall, that he +was Justice of the Peace, and one of the Quorum (F) : and that in the +Year 1599, (Sir Walter Raleigh being then Lieutenant General of +Cornwall) Mr. Carew was one of the Deputy Lieutenants, Treasurer of +the Lieutenancy, and Colonel of a Regiment, consisting of five +Companies, or 500 Men, armed with 170 Pikes, 300 Musquets, and 30 +Calivers, appointed for Causam Bay (G). + +There was at that time a Society of several Gentlemen, eminent for +their Learning and Merit, such as Sir Robert Cotton, Mr. Dodderidge, +(afterwards Sir John Dodderidge, who died one of the Judges of the +King's-Bench) Mr. Camden, Mr. Stow, &c. who had regular Meetings, or +Conferences, for the Improvement and Illustration of the History and +Antiquities of England. That Society had a particular Claim to our +Author; and in 1589 he was elected a Member of the College of the +Antiquaries (H). The Oration he made at his Introduction, contained, +(as I am informed by a Gentleman who saw it) + + "an elegant Display of the Devastations Time so + swiftly makes upon all things; thence it subsides to + the Advantages and Commendations of that kind of Study, + they had chosen to be the Subject of their Conferences : + and concludes with a pathetical Exhortation to his + Auditory, That they would persevere in establishing what + they had so nobly begun, and continue to employ their + Labours upon those things, which were worthy of them; + that so they might not be drawn into Oblivion themselves, + by that which they would rescue from it, and that Time + might not rob them of aught more considerable than that + which they should restore." + +Thus flourished that Illustrious College of Antiquaries, whose +Meetings were chiefly held at Sir Robert Cotton's House (I). For they +had no publick Place for it. And therefore these Gentlemen +considering that they were but a private Society, which several +Accidents might either interrupt, or even dissolve, and did besides +want some Accommodations, in order to fix and perpetuate an +Institution so beneficial to the Publick, they resolved to apply to +the Queen for a Royal Charter, and for some publick Building, where +they would perform their Exercises; and intended to erect a Library +suitable to it. And they had the more reason to believe they could +obtain such a Grant, that the Queen, not contented with a superficial +Smattering of Learning, back'd with Conceit and Talkativeness, (which +is the highest pitch Persons of the first Rank do commonly arrive to) +was truly and solidly learned, and a real Encourager of Letters : +wherein she had the ready Concurrence of her Ministers, who were no +less conspicuous for their Learning, than for their Integrity and +consummate Wisdom. But as fair as the Hopes of this famous College +appeared in its Bloom, they were soon blighted by the Death of that +ever-memorable Princess, like those Fruits, which for want of the +Sun's genial Rays, cannot arrive at due Maturity. For all the +Applications they made for the same purpose to her Successor, proved +vain and unsuccessful. But what else could be expected from a Man who +never had a relish for polite Literature, or any kind of useful +Learning, and only delighted in pedantick scholastical Divinity; and +fancy'd himself the Wisest and most glorious Prince in the World, +(a second Solomon forsooth) if he could but scrible a Pamphlet against +Witches, or against tobacco: a Man, in short, whose Genius and Taste +were as low and mean, as his Soul and Inclinations! As for our +learned Antiquaries, they were obliged to dissolve themselves, and +break their Society, lest (such was the Wisdom of those Times) they +should be prosecuted as a Cabal against the Government : Ne quicquam +mali contra Rempublicam illos moliri Rex, Conciliariive +suspicarentur (K). + +Mr. Carew published his Survey of Cornwall, in the Year 1602 (L) and +did dedicate it to his Friend Sir Walter Raleigh, Lord Warden of the +Stannaries, Lieutenant-General of Cornwall, &c. + + "This mine ill-husbanded Survey", says he to that great + Man, " long since begun, a great while discontinued, + lately reviewed, and now hastily finished, appealeth + to your Lordship's Direction, whether it should pass; + to your Corection if it do pass; and to your Protection + when it is passed. Neither unduly : for the same + intreateth of the Province and Persons, over whose Bodies + and Estates, you carry a large, both Martial and Civil + Command, by your Authority ; but in whose Hearts and + Loves you possess a far greater Interest, by your Kindness. + Your Ears and Mouth have ever been open to hear and + deliver our Grievances, and your Feet and Hands ready to go, + and work their Redress; and that, not only always as a + Magistrate of yourself, but also very often, as a Suiter + and Solicitor to others, of the highest Place. Wherefore, + I, as one of the common beholden, present this Token of + my private Gratitude. It is Duty and not Presumption, + that hath drawn me to the Offering; and it must be + Favour, and not Desert, that shall move your Lordship to + the acceptance. And so I take humble leave, resting no + less willing to serve you, than under you." + +The Reader will, I hope, excuse my transcribing here the whole +Epistle. These Addresses are a true Test of an Author's Wit and +Genius. And who can be displeased with so just a Character of one +of the greatest Men of our Nation? Mr. Carew subscribes himself, +His Lordships poor Kinsman, Richard Carew of Antonie; but how he was +related to him, I could not yet find. Sir Walter Raleigh had a Son, +whose Christen-name was Carew; and probably our Author was his +Godfather. + +In his Preface, Mr. Carew observes, that when he first composed this +Treatise, not minding that it should be published in Print, he caused +only certain written Copies to be given to some of his Friends ...... +But since that time, Master Camden's often mentioning this Work, and +his Friends Persuasions, had caused his Determination to alter, and to +embrace a pleasing Hope, that Charity and good Construction would rest +now generally in all Readers. + + "Besides", says he, " the State of our Country hath + undergone so many Alterations, since I first began these + Scriblings, that, in the reviewing, I was driven either + likewise to vary my Report, or else to speak against my + Knowledge.... + + Reckon therefore (I pray you) that this Treatise plotteth + down Cornwall, as it now standeth, for the particulars, + and will continue, for the general." + +Mr. Carew's Survey of Cornwall was receiv'd, when it came out, (as it +hath been ever since) with a general Applause; as it appears by the +Encomiums pass'd upon it, which it would be too long to enumerate. Mr. +Camden, in the sixth Edition of his Britannia, printed in 1607, +acknowledges, at the end of his Account of Cornwall, that our Author +had been his chief Guide through it (M). But as 'tis usual to Authors +of an inferior rank to be the best pleased with their Works, so the +best Authors are the least satisfy'd with their Performances, and the +most severe Censors to themselves. + +The Approbation of the Publick only excites them to mend their +Writings, and give them all the Perfection they are capable. +Mr. Carew was uneasy at the Errors of the Printers, and some +Oversights of his, that had crept into his Book; and desired to +improve it by the Observations of others, who had writ on the same +Subject. Being told in the Year 1606, that Mr. Dodderidge, who was +then Sollicitor-General, had published some Account of the Dutchy of +Cornwall, (which was not true, for that Tract did not come out till +1630) he desired Mr. Camden to send him a Copy of it. + + "I make bold", says he (N), " to use my thanks for your + kind remembring me by Sir Anthony Rouse, as a Shoeing- + horn to draw on a Request; and this it is : I learn that + Master Sollicitor hath compiled a Treatise of our Cornish + Dutchy, and dedicated it to the Prince : this I much long + to see, and heartily pray by your means to obtain a Copy + thereof. The first publishing of my Survey was voluntary; + the second, which I now purpose, is of necessity, not so + much for the enlarging it, as the correcting mine and the + Printers Oversights: and amongst these, the Arms not the + least, touching which mine Order, suitable to your Direction, + was not observed, and so myself made an Instrument, but + not the Author of Wrong and Error. I imagine that I may + cull out of Master Sollicitor's Garden many Flowers to + adorn this other Edition; and if I wist where to find + Mr. Norden, I would also fain have his Map of our Shire; + for perfecting of which, he took a Journey into these Parts." + +Mr. Carew never published a second Edition of his Book, tho' he lived +fourteen Years after the writing of that Letter. And whether he left +behind him a Copy of it revised and corrected for a new Impression, +does not appear. It hath indeed been reported, that there was a Copy +extant with large Additions (O); but they don't tell us whose +Additions they are. They can hardly be the Author's own Additions, +since they are said to be large ones; and we have seen that Mr. +Carew's Design in the intended second Edition of his Survey, was not +so much for the enlarging it, as the correcting his and the Printers +Oversights. However it be, we may reasonably wonder that a Work so +valuable, and the only compleat one we have on that Subject, should +not have been reprinted since the Year 1602; whereby it is become so +scarce, and bears such an excessive Price. Perhaps this is owing to +the false Rumours which have been spread from time to time, that it +was going to be reprinted with large Additions. For these idle common +Reports have often prevented new Editions of useful and necessary +Books. But it is to be hoped, that some publick-spirited Persons will +reprint it, as it was first published. If any body hath any Additions +or Supplements to it, they may print them separately. + +Mr. Carew (P) + + "was intimate with the most noted Scholars of his Time, + particularly with Sir Henry Spelman, who in an Epistle (*) + to him concerning Tythes, doth not a little extol him for + his Ingenuity, Vertue, and Learning. 'Palmam igitur cedo' + (saith he) '& quod Graeci olim in Caria fua gente, admirati + sunt, nos in Caria nostra gente agnoscimus, ingenium + splendidum, bellarumque intentionum saecundissimum, &c.'" + +And a famous Scotch Poet (+) + + "stiles him another Livy, another Maro, another Papinian, + and highly extols him for his great Skill in History, and + Knowledge in the Laws (Q)." + +Mr. Carew + + "died on the sixth day of November, in fifteen hundred and + twenty, and was buried in the Church of East-Antonie among + his Ancestors. Shortly after, he had a splendid Monument + set over his Grave, with an Inscription thereon, written + in the Latin Tongue (R)" + +As I have not seen that Inscription, I cannot tell whether it be the +same with the following Epitaph, written by Mr. Camden (S), probably +at the Request of Mr. Carew's Family. + + + M.S. + Richardo Carew de Antonie + Armigero, + Filio Thomae Carew ex Anna Edgcombia, + Nepoti Wimundi Carew Militis ex + Martha Dennia, + Pronepoti Joannis Carew ex Thomasina + Hollandia: + Viro + Moribus modestis, mente generosa, + Eruditione varia, + Animo erga Deum devato; + Qui inter medias de caelesti vita meditationes + Placide in Chrifto obdormivit, + Anno aetatis Lxiij. + E. Arundelia uxor marito charissimo, + Conjugalis fidei ergo, + Et .... Filius Patri optimo, + Officiosi obsequii ergo, + Posuerunt. + Obiit ............. + + + +(a) In the Eastern Parts of Cornwall, within some Miles of Plymouth. +(b) Anth. Wood Athen. Oxon. vol. 1. c. 452. 2d Edit. +(c) The Survey of Cornwall, fol. 100. +(d) The Survey of Cornwall, fol. 100. +(e) Ibid. fol. 102. +(f) Ibid. fol. 103, 104. +(g) Wood, ubi supra. +(h) Sir Philip Sidney was born in 1554. Wood ibid. c. 226. +(i) The History of the Worthies of England, p. 205. +(k) Ubi supr. +(l) What Mr. Wood means by this Parenthesis, I leave to the reader + to determine. +(m) Ibid. +(n) Caroli Fitzgeofridi Assaniae: sive Epigrammatum Libri tres &c. + Oxon. 1601, in 8vo. Lib. 3. Ep. 33. +(o) Afterwards Sir George Carew. +(p) Survey, fol. 59. ver. +(q) The Survey of Cornwall was published in the Year 1602. +(r) Ibid. fol. 61. +(s) Ubi supr. Epi. 40. +(t) Lege, sinitimae +(v) Leg. exantlasse. +(x) Leg. integellus. +(y) It was printed in 1654. See Wood, ubi supr. c. 453. +(A) Wood, ibid. +(B) Ibid. +(D) Britannia, &c. Londini 1586, in 8vo. +(E) Ubi supr. c. 452. +(F) Survey, &c. fol. 88. +(G) Ibid. fol. 83. +(H) Wood, ubi supr. +(I) See Dr. Smith's Life of Sir Robert Cotton. +(K) Dr. Smith, ubi supr. +(L) In 4to. +(M) Quemque mihi preluxiss non possum non agnoscere. +(N) Gul. Camdeni Epistolae, &c. Epist. LVIII. pag. 72. + That letter is dated 13th of May 1606. +(O) W. Nicolson, The English Historical Library, chap. II. + p 11, 12 of the 2d Edition. +(P) Wood, ubi supr. c. 453. +(*) In his Apol. of the Treatise de non temerandis Ecclesiis, + &c. Lond. 1646, 4to. +(+) Joh. Dunbar Megalo-Britannus in Epigrammat. suis, + cent. 6. numb. 53. +(Q) Wood, ibid. +(R) Wood, ibid. +(S) Camdeni Epistolae, &c. pag. 106. + + + + + + + THE + + S V R V E Y + + OF + + C O R N W A L L + + + Written by Richard Carew, + of Antonie, Esquire. + + + + + + + + [Abstract graphics] + + To the Honorable, Sir Walter Ra- + leigh Knight, Lord Warden of the + Stannaries, Lieutenant Generall of + Cornwall, &c. + +This mine ill-husbanded Survey, long since begun, a great while +discontinued, lately reviewed, and now hastily finished, appealeth to +your L. direction, whether it should passe; to your correction, if it +doe passe; and to your protection, when it is passed. Neither unduely: +for the same intreateth of the Province, and Persons,ouer whose +bodies, and estates,you carrie a large, both Martiall, and ciuiil +commaund, by your authoritie, but in whose hearts, and loues, you +possesse a farre greater interest, by your kindnesse. Your eares, +and mouth, haue euer beene open, to heare, and deliuer our grieuances, +and your feete and hands, readie to goe, and worke their redresse, and +that, not onely, alwayes, as a Magistrate, of your selfe, but also +verie often,as a suiter, and solliciter to others, of the highest +place. Wherefore, I, as one of the common beholden, present this +token of my priuate gratitude. It is dutie, and not pre- + sumption, that hath drawne me to the + offering; and it must be fauour,and + not desert, that shall moue your + Lordship to the acceptance: and + so I take humble leaue, rest- + ing no lesse willing to + serue you, then + vnder you. + + Your Lordships poore kinsman, + + Richard Carew of + Antonie. + + + + + + + + To the Reader. + +When I first composed this Treatise, not minding that it should be +published in Print, I caused onely certaine written copies to bee +giuen to some of my friends, and put Prosopopeia into the bookes +mouth. But since that time, master Camdens often-mencioning this +worke, and my friends perswasions, haue caused my determination to +alter, & to imbrace a pleasing hope, that charitie, & good +construction resteth now generally in all Readers. Albeit, I well +know, how Opere in vario, no lesse then in longo, fas est obrepere +somnum. And I acknowledge, this playing work to come so farr short, +of satisfying, euen myselfe (though Suus cuiq; placet partus) as I +haue little reason, to expect the applause of any other. + +Besides the state of our Countrie hath vndergone so manie Alterations, +since I first began these scriblings, that,in the reuiewing, I was +driuen, either likewise to varie my report, or else to speake against +my knowledge. And no maruaile, for each succeeding time, addeth, or +raueth, goods, & euils, according to the occasions, which it selfe +produceth : rather a wonder it were, that in the ceaselesse reuolution +of the Vniuerse, any parcell should retaine a stedfast constitution. +Reckon therefore (I pray you) that this treatise plotteth downe +Cornwall, as it now standeth, for the particulars, and will continue, +for the generall. Mine Eulogies proceede no lesse, from the +sinceritie of a witnesse, then the affection of a friend: and +therefore I hope, that where my tongue hath beene good, no mans +eye will bee euill: and that each wel-minded Reader will wish a merrie +passage, to this my rather fancie-sporting, then gaine-fseeking voyage. +Farewell. + +[1] + + The Prosopopeia to the Booke. + + + I Crave not courteous ayd of friends, + To blaze my praise in verse, + Nor, prowd of vaunt, mine authors names, + In catalogue rehearse: + + I of no willing wrong complaine, + Which force or stealth hath wrought, + No fruit I promise from the tree, + Which forth this blooth hath brought. + + I curry not with smoothing termes, + Ne yet rude threats I blaste: + I seeke no patrone for my faults, + I pleade no needlesse haste. + + But as a child of feeble force, + I keep my fathers home, + And, bashfull at eche strangers sight, + Dare not abroad to rome, + + Saue to his kinne of neerest bloud, + Or friends of dearest price, + Who, for his sake, not my desert, + With welcome me entice. + + + + + + T H E + + S V R V E Y + + O F + + CORNWALL. + + The first Booke. + + + +Cornwall, the farthest Shire of England Westwards, hath her name by +diuers Authors diuersly deriued. Some (as our owne Chroniclers) draw +it from Corineus, cousin to Brute, the first Conqueror of this Iland: +who wrastling at Plymmouth (as they say) with a mightie Giant, called +Gogmagog, threw him ouer Cliffe, brake his necke, and receiued the +gift of that Countrie, in reward for his prowesse: Some, as Cerealis, +(no lesse mistaken perhaps in that, then in his measures) from Cornu +Galliae, a home or corner of Fraunce, whereagainst nature hath placed +it: and some, from Cornu Walliae, which (in my conjecture) carrieth +greatest likelyhood of truth. + +For what time the Saxons, after many bloudie inuasions [Anno Dom. 586.] +as Pirates, began at last to plant their dwellings [2a] and take roote +in this Iland, as Conquerors, the Britons, by them supplanted, were +driuen to seeke their safegard in the waste Moores, craggie Mountaines, +and wild Forrests of Wales and Cornwall, where the Countries +barrennesse barred their pursuers from victuals, and the +dangerousnesse of the passages laid them open to priuie inuasions. +Such as had in this sort withdrawne themselves, the Saxons termed +Welshmen, by interpretation strangers, for so they were to them, as +they to the Countrie: and their place of abode they called Welshland, +sithence turned to Wales, euen as by the same reason, they giue still +the same name to Italy. Now, Cornwall being cast out into the Sea, +with the shape of a horne, borrowed the one part of her name from her +fashion, as Matthew of Westminster testifieth, and the other from her +Inhabitants; both which conjoyned, make Cornwalliae, and contriued, +Cornwall: in which sence, the Cornish people call it Kernow, deriued +likewise from Kerne a home. Neither needeth this composition to be +accompted any way vncouth, seeing the same is made familiar vnto vs by +the like in other Countries, as of Herbipolis in Germanie, Lombardie +in Italy, Paleocastrum in Crete, and Neoportus in Carniola: all which, +with many other, are likewise compacted of double languages. + +This ill-halfening hornie name, hath (as Corneto in Italy) opened a +gap to the scoffes of many, who not knowing their owne present +condition, or at least their future destinie, can be contented to draw +an odious mirth from a publike infamie. But seeing the wisest Enditer, +hath directed the penne of his holiest writers to vse this terme, not +only in a good meaning, but also in a significant sense, and to +sanctifie the thing itselfe in sundrie parts of his seruice: such +iesters dishonest indiscretion is rather charitably to bee pittied, +then their exception either angerly to be grieued at, or seriously to +bee confuted. + +I am not ignorant, how sorely the whole storie of Brute, is shaken +by some of our late writers, and how stiffely supported by other some: +as also that this wrastling pull betweene Corineus and Gogmagog, is +reported to have befallen at Douer. For mine owne part, though I +reuerence antiquitie, and reckon it a kind of wrong, to exact an +ouer-strict reason for all that which vpon credite shee deliuereth; +yet I rather incline to their side, who would warrant her authoritie +by apparant veritie. Notwithstanding, in this question, I will not +take on me the person of either Iudge, or stickler: and therefore if +there bee any so plunged in the common floud, as they will still gripe +fast, what they haue once caught hold on, let them sport themselves +with these coniectures, vpon which mine auerment in behalf of +Plymmouth is grounded. The place where Brute is said to haue first +landed, was Totnes in Cornwall, and therefore this wrastling likely +to haue chaunced there, sooner then elsewhere. The Prouince bestowed +on Corineus for this exployt, was Cornwall. It may then be presumed, +that he receiued in reward the place where hee made proofe of his +worth, and whose prince (for so with others I take Gogmagog to have +beene) hee had conquered, euen as Cyrus recompenced Zopirus with the +Citie Babylon [Herodotus], which his policie had recouered. Againe, +the actiuitie of Deuon and Cornishmen, in this facultie of wrastling, +beyond those of other Shires, dooth seeme to deriue them a speciall +pedigree, from that graund wrastler [3] Corineus. Moreouer, vpon the +Hawe at Plymmouth, there is cut out in the ground, the pourtrayture +of two men, the one bigger, the other lesser, with Clubbes in their +hands, (whom they terme Gog-Magog) and (as I haue learned) it is +renewed by order of the Townesmen, when cause requireth, which should +inferre the same to bee a monument of some moment. And lastly the +place, hauing a steepe cliffe adioyning, affordeth an oportunitie to +the fact. But of this too much. + +Cornwall is seated (as most men accompt) in the Latitude of fiftie +degrees, and thirtie minutes; and in the Longitude of sixe. + +The Shire extendeth in length to about seuentie miles: the breadth, +as almost no where equall, so in the largest place, it passeth not +thirtie, in the middle twentie, and in the narrowest of the West +part, three. The whole compasse may hereby be coniectured. + +It bordereth on the East with Deuon, divided therefrom, in most +places, by the ryuer Tamer, which springing neere the North Sea, at +Hartland in Deuon, runneth thorow Plymmouth Hauen, into the South. +For the rest, the maine Ocean sundreth the same, on the North from +Ireland, on the West from the Ilands of Scilley, and on the South from +little Britaine. These borders now thus straightned, did once extend +so wide, as that they enabled their inclosed territorie, with the +title of a kingdome. Polidore Virgil allotteth it the fourth part +of the whole Iland, and the ancient Chronicles report, that Brute +landed at Totnes in Cornwall, a Towne now seated in the midst of +Deuon. Moreover, vntill Athelstanes time, the Cornish-men bare equal +sway in Excester with the English: for hee it was who hemmed them +within their present limits. Lastly, the encroaching Sea hath rauined +from it, the whole Countrie of Lionnesse, together with diuers other +parcels of no little circuite: and that such a Lionnesse there was, +these proofes are yet remaining. The space between the lands end, and +the Iles of Scilley, being about thirtie miles, to this day retaineth +that name, in Cornish Lethowsow, and carrieth continually an equall +depth of fortie or sixtie fathom (a thing not vsuall in the Seas +proper Dominion) saue that about the midway, there lieth a Rocke, +which at low water discouereth his head. They terme it the Gulfe, +suiting thereby the other name of Scilla. Fishermen also casting +their hookes thereabouts, haue drawn vp peeces of doores and windowes. +Moreouer, the ancient name of Saint Michaels Mount, was Caraclowse in +Cowse, in English, The hoare Rocke in the Wood: which now is at euerie +floud incompassed by the Sea, and yet at some low ebbes, rootes of +mightie trees are discryed in the sands about it. The like ouer- +flowing hath happened in Plymmouth Hauen, and diuers other places. + +In this situation, though nature hath shouldred out Cornwall into the +farthest part of the Realme, and so besieged it with the Ocean, that, +as a demie Iland in an Iland, the Inhabitants find but one way of +issue by land: yet hath shee in some good measure, counteruailed such +disaduantage, through placing it, both neere vnto, and in the trade +way betweene Wales, Ireland, Spaine, France, & Netherland. The +neerenesse helpeth them, with a shorter cut, lesse peril, and meaner +charge, to vent forth and make returne of those commodities, which +their [4] owne, or either of those Countries doe afford: the lying +in the way, bringeth forraine shipping to claime succour at their +harbours, when, either outward, or homeward bound, they are checked by +an East, South, or South-east wind: and where the Horse walloweth, +some haires will still remaine. Neither is it to bee passed ouer +without regard, that these remote quarters, lie not so open to the +inuasions of forraine enemies, or spoyles of ciuil tumults, as other +more inward parts of the Realme, which being seated neerer the heart, +are sooner sought, and earlyer ransacked in such troublesome times: +or if the Countries long naked sides, offer occasion of landing to any +aduerse shipping, her forementioned inward naturall strength, +increased by so many Lanes and Inclosures, straightneth the same to +a preying onely vpon the outward Skirts by some pettie fleetes: For +the danger of farder piercing, will require the protection of a +greater force for execution, then can there be counteruailed with the +benefit of any bootie, or conquest, were they sure to preuaile. And +if to bee free from a dammage, may passe for a commoditie, I can adde, +that the far distance of this Countie from the Court, hath heretofore +afforded it a Supersedeas from takers & Purueyours: for if they should +fetch any prouision from thence, well it might be marked with the +visard of her Highnes prerogatiue, but the same would verie slenderly +turne to the benefit of her Majesties house keeping: for the +foulenesse and vneasinesse of the waies, the little mould of Cornish +cattel, and the great expence of driuing them, would defaulke as much +from the iuft price to the Queene, at the deliuering, as it did from +the owners at the taking. Besides that, her Highnesse shipping should +heerethrough bee defrauded of often supplies, which these parts afford +vnto them. + +Vpon which reasons, some of the Purueyours attempts, heretofore +through the suite of the Countrie, the sollicitation of Sir Richard +Gremuile, the credite of the Lord Warden, and the graciousnesse of our +Soueraigae, were reuoked and suppressed, and the same vnder her +Highnesse priuie Seale confirmed. Notwithstanding, when her Majestie +made her pleasure afterwards knowne, that shee would have a generall +contribution from euerie Shire, for redeeming this exemption, Cornwall +opposing dutie against reason, or rather accompting dutie a reason +sufficient, yeelded to vndergoe a proportionable rate of the burthen. +So they compounded to furnish ten Oxen after Michaelmas for thirtie +pound price; to which, by another agreement with the Officers, they +should adde fortie markes of their owne. Vpon half a yeeres warning +either partie might repent the bargaine. This held for a while; but +within a short space, either the carelesnesse of the Iustices in +imposing this rate, or the negligence of the Constables in collecting +it, or the backwardnesse of the Inhabitants in paying the same, or all +these together ouerslipped the time, and withheld the satisfaction. +Hereon downe comes a Messenger with sharpe letters from the Officers +of the Greene cloth. The conclusion ensued, that his charges must bee +borne, and an higher price disbursed for the supplie. Thus it fareth +too and fro, and the Cornishmen seeme to hold a Wolfe by the eares: +for to make payment the people are unwilling, as in a charge +heretofore vnusuall, to undergoe the [5] managing hereof, the Iustices +strayne courtesie, as in a matter nothing plausible, and appertaining +to ouer-many partners, for the well effecting, and yet to breake they +are both afraid, suspecting that a heauier load will follow, if this +composition be once set at large. + +These commodities goe not vnaccompanied with their inconueniences: for +to Cornwall also hath Pandora's Boxe beene opened. One is, that the +farre distance from the higher seates of Iustice, rippeth a wider gap +to intruding iniuries, and increaseth the charge and time of procuring +their redresse. Which due occasion of discouragement, the worst +conditioned, and least cliented Petiuoguers, doe yet (vnder the sweet +baite of revenge) convert to a more plentiful prosecution of actions. +The ordinarie trade of these men is, where they perceiue a sparke of +displeasure kindling, to increase the flame with their bellowes of +perswasion. Hath such a one abused you, saith he? Anger him a little, +that breaking out into some outragious words, you may take advantage +thereof; and you shall see how we will hamper him: warrant you he +shall fetch an errand to London, & beare part of your charges too. +After the game hath beene brought in by this Winlesse, the poore foule +is bound not to release his aduersarie, without his Attournies +consent, who plieth the matter with so good a stomack, as hee eateth +the kernell, whilest they fight about the shell. At last, when the +fountain of his Clients purse is drawne drie, by his extravagant fees +of Pro consilio, pro expeditione, pro amicitia Vicecomitis, &c. +besides the packing betweene the Vndersheriffe and him, of docketing +out Writs neuer sued foorth, the mediation of friends must shut up the +matter in a comprimise. Another discommoditie groweth, that whereas +London furnisheth all prouisions (euen Tynne, and such other arising +in the same Countrie) of best stuffe, fashion, store, and cheapnesse: +the hard procuring, and farre carriage, addeth an extraordinarie +increase of price to the Cornish buyers: and for matters of benefit, +or preferment, by suits at Court, either the opportunitie is past, +before notice can arriue so far: or the following there, and losse the +whiles at home, will require a great and assured gaine in the +principall, to warrant the hope of a sauing bargaine in the +appurtenance. + +Touching the temperature of Cornwall, the ayre thereof is cleansed, as +with bellowes, by the billowes, and flowing and ebbing of the Sea, and +therethrough becommeth pure, and subtill, and, by consequence, +healthfull. So as the Inhabitants doe seldome take a ruthful and +reauing experience of those harmes, which infectious diseases vse to +carrie with them. But yet I haue noted, that this so piercing an +ayre, is apter to preserue then recouer health, especially in any +languishing sicknesse which hath possessed strangers: neither know I, +whether I may impute to this goodnesse of the ayre, that vpon the +returne of our fleete from the Portugall action, 1589. the diseases +which the Souldiers brought home with them, did grow more grieuous, as +they carried the same farther into the land, then it fell out at +Plymmouth, where they landed: for there the same was, though +infectious, yet not so contagious, and though pestilentiall, yet not +the verie pestilence, as afterwards it proued in other places. + +The Spring visiteth not these quarters so timely, as the Easterne +parts. Summer imparteth a verie [6] temperate heat, recompencing his +slow-fostering of the fruits, with their kindly ripening. Autumne +bringeth a somewhat late Haruest, specially to the middle of the +Shire, where they seldome inne their Corne before Michaelmas. Winter, +by reason of the Southes neere neighbourhead, and Seas warme breath, +fauoureth it with a milder cold then elsewhere, so as, vpon both +coastes, the Frost and Snow come verie seldome, and make a speedie +departure. This notwithstanding, the Countrie is much subiect to +stormes, which fetching a large course, in the open Sea, doe from +thence violently assault the dwellers at land, and leaue them +vncouered houses, pared hedges, and dwarfe-growne trees, as witnesses +of their force and furie : yea, euen the hard stones, and yron barres +of the windowes, doe fret to be so continually grated. One kind of +these stormes, they call a flaw, or flaugh, which is a mightie gale +of wind, passing suddainely to the shore, and working strong effects, +vpon whatsoeuer it incountreth in his way. + +The Cornish soyle, for the most part, is lifted vp into many hils, +some great, some little of quantitie, some steepe, some easie for +ascent, and parted in sunder by short and narrow vallies. A shallow +earth dooth couer their outside, the substance of the rest consisteth +ordinarily in Rockes and Shelse, which maketh them hard for manurance, +& subiect to a drie Summers parching. The middle part of the Shire +(sauing the inclosures about some few Townes and Villages) lieth waste +and open, sheweth a blackish colour, beareth Heath and spirie Grasse, +and serveth in a maner, onely to Summer Cattel. That which bordereth +vpon either side of the Sea, through the Inhabitants good husbandrie, +of inclosing, sanding, and other dressing, carrieth a better hue, and +more profitable qualitie. Meadow ground it affoordeth little, pasture +for Cattel and Sheepe, store enough, Corne ground plentie. + +Hils of greatest name and height are, Hinxten, Rowtor, Brownwelly, +S. Agnes, Haynborough, the foure Boroughs, Roche, Carnbray, and the +two Castellan Danis. + +In the rest of this earthy description, I will begin with such +mynerals as her bowels yeeld forth, and then passe on to those things, +of growing, and feeling life, which vpon her face doe relieue +themselues. + +These mynerals are not so deepe buried by nature in the entrailes of +the Earth, nor so closely couched amongst the Rockes, but that desire +of gaine with the instrument of Art can digge them vp: they may bee +diuided into stones and mettals. + +Quarrie stones are of sundrie sorts, and serue to diuers purposes. +For walling, there are rough, and Slate: the rough maketh speedier +building, the Slate surer. For Windowes, Dornes, and Chimnies, Moore +stone carrieth chiefest reckoning. That name is bestowed on it, by +the Moores or waste ground, where the same is found in great +quantitie, either lying vpon the ground, or verie little vnder. +This stone answereth the charge of fetching, with the fairenes of his +whitish colour, containing certaine glimmering sparkles, and +counteruaileth his great hardnesse in working, with the profit of long +endurance, nature hauing ordained the same, as of purpose, to +withstand the fretting weather. There are also three other sorts of +stones, seruing to the same vse, and hewed with lesse, though +differing labour: Pentuan digged out of the Sea Cliffes,and in colour +[7] somewhat resembleth gray Marble, Caraclouse blacke, not vnlike the +Ieat; the third taken out of inland Quarries, and not much differing +from the Easterne free stone. + +The Sea strond also in many places, affordeth Peeble-stones, which +washed out of the earth, or falling from the Rockes, and there lying +loose, are, by often rolling of the waues, wrought to a kind of +roundnesse, and serue verie handsomely for pauing of streetes and +Courts. + +For couering of Houses there are three sorts of Slate, which from that +vse take the name of Healing-stones. The first and best Blew: the +second, Sage-leafe coloured, the third and meanest Gray. The Blew, +and so the rest, are commonly found vnder the walling Slate, when +the depth hath brought the workmenn to the Water. This Slate is in +substance thinne, in colour faire, in waight light, in lasting strong, +and generally carrieth so good regard, as (besides the supplie for +home prouision) great store is yeerely conueied by shipping both to +other parts of the Realme, and also beyond the Seas, into Britaine +and Netherland. + + They make Lyme, moreouer, of another kind of Marle-stone, either by +burning a great quantitie thereof together, with a seruent fire of +Furze, or by maintaining a continuall, though lesser heate, with stone +Cole in smaller Kils: this is accompted the better cheape, but that +yeeldeth the whiter Lyme. + +Touching mettals: Copper is found in sundrie places, but with what +gaine to the searchers, I haue not beene curious to enquire, nor they +hastie to reueale. For at one Mine (of which I tooke view) the Owre +was shipped to bee refined in Wales, either to saue cost in the fewell +or to conceale the profit. + +Neither hath nature denyed Siluer to Cornwall, though Cicero excluded +the same out of all Britaine: and if wee may beleeve our Chroniclers +reports, who ground themselues vpon authenticall Records, king Edward +the first, and king Edward the third, reaped some good benefit +thereof. But for our present experience, what she proffereth with the +one hand, shee seemeth to pull backe with the other, whereof some +Gentlemen not long sithence, made triall to their losse: howbeit, +neither are they discouraged by this successe, nor others from the +like attempt. + +Tynners doe also find little hoppes of Gold amongst their Owre, which +they keepe in quils, and sell to the Goldsmithes oftentimes with +little better gaine, then Glaucus exchange. + +Yea it is not altogether barren of precious stones, and Pearle: for +Dyamonds are in many places found cleauing to those Rockes, out of +which the Tynne is digged: they are polished, squared, and pointed by +nature: their quantitie from a Pease, to a Walnut: in blacknesse and +hardnesse they come behind the right ones, and yet I haue knowne some +of them set on so good a foile, as at first sight, they might appose a +not vnskilfull Lapidarie. + +The Pearle (though here not aptly raunged) breed in bigge Oysters, and +Muscles, greater in quantitie, then acceptable for goodnesse, as +neither round nor Orient. Perhaps Caesar spoyled the best beds, when +he made that gay Coate of them, to present his graundame Venus. + +Cornwall is also not altogether destitute of Agates [8] and white +Corall, as by credible relation I haue learned. + +But why seeke wee in corners for pettie commodities, when as the onely +mynerall of Cornish Tynne, openeth so large a field to the Countries +benefit? this is in working so pliant, for sight so faire, and in vse +so necessarie, as thereby the Inhabitants gaine wealth, the Merchants +trafficke, and the whole Realme a reputation: and with such plentie +thereof hath God stuffed the bowels of this little Angle, that (as +Astiages dreamed of his daughter) it ouerfloweth England, watereth +Christendome, and is deriued to a great part of the world besides. +In trauailing abroad, in tarrying at home, in eating and drinking, +in doing ought of pleasure or necessitie, Tynne, either in his owne +shape, or transformed into other fashions, is alwayes requisite, +alwayes readie for our seruice: but I shall rather disgrace, then +endeere it by mine ouer-weake commendation, and sooner tire myselfe, +then draw the fountaine of his praises drie. Let this therefore +suffice, that it cannot bee of meane price, which hath found, with +it, Dyamonds, amongst it Gold, and in it Siluer. + +The Cornish Tynners hold a strong imagination, that in the withdrawing +of Noahs floud to the Sea, the same tooke his course from East to West, +violently breaking vp, and forcibly carrying with it, the earth, trees, +and Rocks, which lay any thing loosely, neere the vpper face of the +ground. To confirme the likelihood of which supposed truth, they doe +many times digge vp whole and huge Timber trees, which they conceiue +at that deluge to haue beene ouerturned and whelmed: but whether then, +or sithence, probable it is, that some such cause produced this effect. +Hence it commeth, that albeit the Tynne lay couched at first in +certaine strakes amongst the Rockes, like a tree, or the veines in a +mans bodie, from the depth whereof the maine Load spreadeth out his +branches, vntill they approach the open ayre: yet they haue now two +kinds of Tynne workes, Stream, and Load: for (say they) the +foremencioned floud, carried together with the moued Rockes and +earth, so much of the Load as was inclosed therein, and at the +asswaging, left the same scattered here and there in the vallies and +ryuers, where it passed; which being sought and digged, is called +Streamworke: under this title, they comprise also the Moore workes, +growing from the like occasion. They maintaine these workes, to haue +beene verie auncient, and first wrought by the Iewes with Pickaxes of +Holme, Boxe, and Harts horne: they prooue this by the name of those +places yet enduring, to wit, Attall Sarazin, in English, the Iewes +offcast, and by those tooles daily found amongst the rubble of such +workes. And it may well be, that as Akornes made good bread, before +Ceres taught the vse of Corne; and sharpe Stones serued the Indians +for Kniues, vntill the Spaniards brought them Iron: so in the infancie +of knowledge, these poore instruments for want of better did supplie +a turne. There are also taken vp in such works, certaine little +tooles heads of Brasse, which some terme Thunder-axes, but they make +small shew of any profitable vse. Neither were the Romanes ignorant +of this trade, as may appeare by a brasse Coyne of Domitian's, found +in one of these workes, and fallen into my hands: and perhaps vnder +one of those Flauians, the Iewish workmen made here their first +arriuall. + +[9] They discouer these workes, by certaine Tynne-stones,lying on the +face of the ground, which they terme Shoad, as shed from the maine +Load, and made somwhat smooth and round, by the waters washing & +wearing. Where the finding of these affordeth a tempting likelihood, +the Tynners goe to worke, casting vp trenches before them, in depth 5, +or 6. foote more or lesse, as the loose ground went, & three or foure +in breadth, gathering vp such Shoad, as this turning of the earth doth +offer to their sight. If any ryuer thwart them, and that they resolve +to search his bed, hee is trained by a new channell from his former +course. This yeeldeth a speedie and gaineful recompence to the +aduenturers of the search, but I hold it little beneficiall to the +owners of the soyle. For those low grounds, beforetime fruitfull, +hauing herethrough their wrong side turned outwards, accuse the Tynners +iniurie by their succeeding barrennesse. + +To find the Load-workes, their first labour is also imployed in seeking +this Shoad, which either lieth open on the grasse, or but shallowly +couered. Hauing found any such, they coniecture by the sight of the +ground, which way the floud came that brought it thither, and so giue +a gesse at the place whence it was broken off. There they sincke a +Shaft, or pit of five or six foote in length, two or three foote in +breadth, and seuen or eight foote in depth, to proue whether they may +so meete with the Load. By this Shaft, they also discerne which was +the quicke ground (as they call it) that mooued with the floud, and +which the firme, wherein no such Shoad doth lie. If they misse the +Load in one place, they sincke a like Shaft in another beyond that, +commonly farther vp towards the hill, and so a third and fourth, vntill +they light at last vpon it. But you may not conceiue, that euerie +likelyhood doth euer proue a certaintie: for diuers haue beene +hindered, through bestowing charges in seeking, and not finding, and +many vndone in finding and not speeding, whiles a faire show, tempting +them to mvch cost, hath, in the end, fayled in substance, and made the +aduenturers Banckrupt of their hope and purse. + +Some have found Tynne-workes of great vallew, through meanes no lesse +strange, then extraordinarie, to wit, by dreames. As in Edward the +sixts time, a Gentlewoman, heire to one Tresculierd, and wife to +Lanine, dreamed, that a man of seemely personage told her, how in such +a Tenement of her Land, shee should find so great store of Tynne, as +would serue to inrich both her selfe and her posteritie. This shee +reuealed to her husband: and hee, putting the same in triall, found a +worke, which in foure yeeres, was worth him welneere so many thousand +pounds. Moreouer, one Taprel lately liuing, & dwelling in the Parish +of the hundred of West, call'd S. Niot, by a like dreame of his +daughter (see the lucke of women) made the like assay, met with the +effect, farmed the worke of the vnwitting Lord of the soyle, and grew +thereby to good state of wealth. The same report passeth as currant, +touching sundrie others; but I will not bind any mans credite, though, +that of the Authors haue herein swayed mine: and yet he that will +afford his eare to Astrologers and naturall Philosophers, shall haue +it filled with many discourses, of the constellation of the heauens, +and the constitution of mens bodies, fitting to this purpose. + +[10] There are, that leauing these trades of new searching, doe take in +hand such old Stream and Loadworks, as by the former aduenturers haue +beene giuen ouer, and oftentimes they find good store of Tynne, both in +the rubble cast vp before, as also in veines which the first workmen +followed not. From hence there groweth a diuersitie in opinion, +amongst such Gentlemen, as by, iudgement and experience, can looke into +these matters; some of them supposing that the Tynne groweth; and +others, that it onely separateth from the consumed offall. But +whosoeuer readeth that which Francis Leandro hath written touching the +yron mynerals, in the Ile of Elba, will cleaue perhaps to a third +conceite: for hee auoucheth, that the trenches, out of which the Owre +there is digged, within twentie or thirtie yeeres, become alike ful +againe of the same mettall, as at first, & he confirmeth it by sutable +examples, borrowed from Clearchus, of Marble, in Paros Iland, and of +Salt, in India, deducing thence this reason, that the ayre and water +replenishiing the voide roome, through the power of the vniuersall +agent, and some peculiar celestiall influence, are turned into the +selfe substance; and so by consequence, neither the Owre groweth, nor +the earth consumeth away: and this opinion, Munster in his +Cosmographie, doth seeme to vnderprop, affirming, that neere the Citie +of Apolonia in Dalmatia, the veines whence Brasse is digged, are filled +in like maner. So doth he report, that neere Ptolomais, there lieth a +round valley, out of which glassie Sand being taken, the winds fill the +pit againe, from the upper part of the adioyning mountaines; which +matter is conuerted into the former substance and that euen Mettals +throwne Into this place, doe vndergoe the like Metamorphosis. + +The colour both of the Shoad and Load, resembleth his bed, as the Sea +sand doth the Cliffes, and is so diuersified to reddish, blackish, +duskie, and such other earthy colours. + +If the Load wherein the Tynne lieth, carrieth a foote and halfe in +breadth, and be not ouerbarren, it is accompted a verie rich worke: but +commonly the same exceedeth not a foote, vnlesse many Loads runne +together. + +When the new found worke intiseth with probabilitie of profit, the +discouerer doth commonly associate himselfe with some more partners, +because the charge amounteth mostly verie high for any one mans purse, +except lined beyond ordinarie, to reach vnto: and if the worke doe +faile, many shoulders will more easily support the burthen. These +partners consist either of such Tinners as worke to their owne behoofe, +or of such aduenturers as put in hired labourers. The hirelings stand +at a certaine wages, either by the day, which may be about eight pence, +or for the yeere, being betweene foure and sixe pound, as their +deseruing can driue the bargaine: at both which rates they must find +themselues. + +If the worke carrie some importance, and require the trauaile of many +hands, that hath his name, and they their Ouerseer, whome they terme +their Captaine: such are the Pel, Whilancleuth, in English, The worke +of the Ditches: Pulstean, that is, The myrie head: Crueg braaz, The +great Borough: Saint Margets, and many surnamed Balls, which betoken +the Vales where the works are set on foote. + +[11] The Captaines office bindeth him to sort ech workman his taske, to +see them applie their labour, to make timely prouision, for binding the +worke with frames of Timber, if need exact it, to place Pumpes for +drawing of water, and to giue such other directions. In most places, +their toyle is so extreame, as they cannot endure it aboue foure houres +in a day, but are succeeded by spels: the residue of the time, they +weare out at Coytes, Kayles, or like idle exercises. Their Kalender +also alloweth them more Holy-dayes, then are warranted by the Church, +our lawes, or their owne profit. + +Their ordinarie tooles, are a Pick-axe of yron, about sixteene inches +long, sharpned at the one end to pecke, and flat-headed at the other, +to driue certaine little yron Wedges, wherewith they cleaue the Rockes. +They haue also a broad Shouell, the vtter part of yron, the middle +of Timber, into which the staffe is slopewise fastned. + +Their maner of working in the Loadmines, is to follow the Load as it +lieth, either sidelong, or downe-right: both waies the deeper they +sincke, the greater they find the Load. When they light vpon a smal +veine, or chance to leefe the Load which they wrought, by means of +certaine firings that may hap to crosse it, they begin at another place +neere-hand, and so draw by gesse to the maine Load againe. If the Load +lie right downe, they follow it sometimes to the depth of fortie or +fiftie fathome. These Loadworkes, Diod.Sic.l.5.cap.8. seemeth to point +at, where hee saith, that the Inhabitants of Veleriumm Promontorie, +digge vp Tin out of rockie ground. From some of their bottomes you +shal at noone dayes discrie the Starres: the workmen are let down and +taken vp in a Stirrup, by two men who wind the rope. + +If the Load lie slope-wise, the Tynners digge a conuenient depth, and +then passe forward vnder ground, so farre as the ayre will yeeld them +breathing, which, as it beginneth to faile, they sinke a Shaft downe +thither from the top, to admit a renewing vent, which notwithstanding, +their worke is most by Candle-light. In these passages, they meete +sometimes with verie loose earth, sometimes with exceeding hard Rockes, +and sometimes with great streames of water. + +The loose Earth is propped by frames of Timber-worke, as they go, and +yet now and then falling downe, either presseth the poore workmen to +death, or stoppeth them from returning. To part the Rockes, they haue +the foremencioned Axes, and Wedges, with which, mostly, they make +speedie way, and yet (not seldome) are so tied by the teeth, as a good +workman shall hardly be able to hew three foote, in the space of so +many weekes. While they thus play the Moldwarps, vnsauorie Damps doe +here and there distemper their heads, though not with so much daunger +in the consequence, as annoyance for the present. + +For conueying away the water, they pray in aide of sundry deuices, as +Addits, Pumps &. Wheeles, driuen by a streame, and interchangeably +filling, and emptying two Buckets, with many such like: all which +notwithstanding, the Springs so incroche vpon these inuentions, as in +sundrie places they are driuen to keepe men, and some-where horses also +at worke both day & night, without ceasing, and in some all this will +not serue the turne. For supplying such hard seruices, they haue +alwaies fresh men at hand. + +[12] They cal it the bringing of an Addit, or Audit, when they begin to +trench without, and carrie the same thorow the ground to the Tynworke, +somewhat deeper then the water doth lie, thereby to giue it passage +away. + +This Addit, they either fetch athwart the whole Load, or right from the +braunch where they worke, as the next valley ministreth fittest +opportunitie, for soonest cutting into the Hil: and therfore a +Gentleman of good knowledges, deduceth this name of Addit, Ab aditu ad +aquas. Surely the practice is cunning in deuice, costly in charge, +and long in effecting: and yet, when all is done, many times the Load +falleth away, and they may sing with Augustus bird, Opera & impensa +periit. If you did see how aptly they cast the ground, for conueying +the water, by compassings and turnings, to shunne such hils & vallies +as let them, by their two much height or lownesse, you would wonder +how so great skill could couch in so base a Cabbin, as their +(otherwise) thicke clouded braines. + +As much almost dooth it exceede credite, that the Tynne, for and in so +small quantitie, digged vp with so great toyle, and passing afterwards +thorow the managing of so many hands, ere it come to sale, should be +any way able to acquite the cost: for being once brought aboue ground +in the stone, it is first broken in peeces with hammers; and then +carryed, either in waynes, or on horses backs, to a stamping mill, +where three, and in some places sixe great logges of timber, bound at +the ends with yron, and lifted vp and downe by a wheele, driuen with +the water, doe breake it smaller. If the stones be ouer-moyst, they +are dried by the fire in an yron cradle or grate. + +From the stamping mill, it passeth to the crazing mil, which betweene +two grinding stones, turned also with a water-wheele, bruseth the same +to a fine sand: howbeit, of late times they mostly vse wet stampers, & +so haue no need of the crazing mils, for their best stuffe, but only +for the crust of their tayles. + +The streame, after it hath forsaken the mill, is made to fall by +certayne degrees one somwhat distant from another; vpon each of which, +at euery discent lyeth a greene turfe, three or foure foote square, +and one foote thick. On this the Tinner layeth a certayne portion of +the sandie Tinne, and with his shouell softly tosseth the same to and +fro, that through this stirring, the water which runneth ouer it, may +wash away the light earth from the Tinne, which of a heauier substance +lyeth fast on the turfe. Hauing so cleansed one portion, he setteth +the same aside, and beginneth with another, vntil his labour take end +with his taske. The best of those turfes (for all sorts serue not) +are fetched about two miles to the Eastwards of S. Michaels Mount, +where at a low water they cast aside the sand, and dig them vp: they +are full of rootes of trees, and on some of them nuts haue beene found, +which confirmeth my former assertion of the seas intrusion. After it +is thus washed, they put the remnant into a wooden dish, broad, flat, +and round, being about two foote ouer, and hauing two handles fastened +at the sides, by which they softly shogge the same to and fro in the +water betweene their legges, as they sit ouer it, vntill whatsoeuer of +the earthie substance that was yet left, be flitted away. Some of +later time, with a sleighter inuention, and lighter labour, doe cause +certaine boyes to stir it vp and downe with their [13] feete, which +worketh the same effect: the residue after this often cleansing, they +call blacke Tynne, which is proportionably diuided to euerie of the +aduenturers, when the Lords part hath beene first deducted vpon the +whole. + +Then doth each man carrie his portion to the blowing house, where the +same is melted with Char-coale fire, blowne by a great paire of +Bellowes, mooved with a water-wheele, and so cast into peeces of a +long and thicke squarenesse, from three hundred to foure hundred pound +waight, at which time the owners marke is set thereupon. The last +remooue, is to the place of Coynage, which I shall touch hereafter. +I haue alreadie told you, how great charge the Tynner vndergoeth, +before he can bring his Owre to this last mill: whereto if you adde +his care and cost, in buying the wood for this seruice, in felling, +framing, and piling it to bee burned, in fetching the same, when it is +coaled through such farre, foule, and cumbersome wayes, to the +blowing house, together with the blowers two or three Moneths extreame +and increasing labour, sweltring heate, danger of skalding their +bodies, burning the houses, casting away the worke, and lastly their +ugly countenances, tanned with smoake and besmeared with sweate: all +these things (I say) being duly considered, I know not whether you +would more maruaile, either whence a sufficient gaine should arise to +counteruaile so manifold expences, or that any gaine could traine men +to vndertake such paines and perill. But there let vs leaue them, +since their owne will doth bring them thither. During the Tinnes thus +melting in the blowing house, diuers light sparkles thereof are by the +forcible wind, which the bellows sendeth forth, driuen vp to the +thatched roofe. For which cause the owners doe once in seuen or eight +yeeres, burne those houses, and find so much of this light Tynne in +the ashes, as payeth for the new building, with a gainefull ouerplus. +A strange practise (certes) for thrifts sake, to set our house on fire. +Others doe frame the Tunnels of the Chimnies verie large and slope, +therein to harbour these sparkles, and so saue the burning. This +casualtie may bee worth the owner some ten pound by the yeere, or +better, if his Mil haue store of sutors. But sithence I gathered +stickes to the building of this poore nest, Sir Francis Godolphin, +(whose kind helpe hath much aduanced this my playing labour) +entertained a Duch mynerall man, and taking light from his experience, +but building thereon farre more profitable conclusions of his owne +inuention, hath practised a more sauing way in these matters, and +besides, made Tynne with good profit, of that refuse which the Tynners +reiected as nothing worth. + +We will now proceede, to take a view of the orders and customes most +generally vsed among the Tynners. + +Their workes, both Streame and Load, lie either in seuerall, or in +wastrell, that is, in enclosed grounds, or in commons. In Seuerall, +no man can search for Tynne, without leaue first obtained from the +Lord of the soile; who, when any Myne is found, may worke it wholly +himselfe, or associate partners, or set it out at a farme certaine, +or leaue it vn wrought at his pleasure. In Wastrell, it is lawfull for +any man to make triall of his fortune that way, prouided, that hee +acknowledge the Lordes right, by sharing out vnto him a certaine +part, which they call toll: a custome fauouring more of [14] +indifferencie, then the Tynners constitutions in Deuon, which inable +them to digge for Tynne in any mans ground, inclosed, or vnclosed, +without licence, tribute or satisfaction. Wherethrough it appeareth, +that the Law-makers rather respected their owne benefit, then equitie, +the true touch of all lawes. The Wastrel workes are reckoned amongst +chattels, and may passe by word or Will. When a Myne is found in any +such place, the first discouerer aymeth how farre it is likely to +extend, and then, at the foure corners of his limited proportion, +diggeth vp three Turfes, and the like (if he list) on the sides, which +they terme Bounding, and within that compasse, euery other man is +restrained from searching. These bounds he is bound to renew once +euerie yeere, as also in most places to bestow some time in working +the Myne, otherwise hee loseth this priuiledge. The worke thus found +and bounded, looke how many men doe labour therein, so many Doales or +shares they make thereof, and proportionably diuide the gaine and +charges. The Lord of the soyle is most-where allowed libertie to +place one workman in euerie fifteene for himself, at like hand with +the aduenturers, if hee be so disposed. + +They measure their blacke Tynne, by the Gill, the Toplisse, the Dish +and the Foote, which containeth a pint, a pottel, a gallon, and +towards two gallons. + +Townes specially priuiledged for the Coynages, are Helston, Truro, +Lostwithiel, and Liskerd. The times of Coynage come twise in the yeere, +Viz. about Midsummer and Michaelmas: but because it falleth out verie +often that the Tynne which is wrought, cannot be blowen and brought +thither, against the limited dayes, there are, in fauour of the +Tynners, certaine later times assigned, which they terme Post-coynages. + +The officers deputed, to manage this Coynage, are, Porters, to beare +the Tynne, Peizers to weigh it, a Steward, Comptroller, and Receiuer +to keepe the accompt, euerie of which haue entertainement from her +Maiestie, and receiue a fee out of the coyned Tynne. + +For the maner of Coynage: the Blockes or peeces of Tynne, are brought +into a great roome ordained for that purpose, and there first peized, +then tasted, that is, proued whether they be soft Tynne or hard, and +after, marked with their Maiesties stampe. To the hard (lesse worth by +fiftie shillings in the thousand than the soft) the letter H. is added, +e're it come from the blowing-house. Each thousand must answere +fortie shillings to the Queene, which with the other incident fees +being satisfied, then, and not before, it is lawfull for the owner +to alienate and distract the same. + +But about the price there groweth much adoe, betweene the Marchants +and the owners, before they can iumpe to an agreement. The Marchant +vnfoldeth his packe of strange newes, which either he brought with +him from London (where most of them dwell) or forged by the way, +telling what great likelyhood there is of warres, what danger of +Pirates at Sea, how much of the fore-bought Tynne lieth on their +hands, &c. The owner, on,the other side, stoppeth his eares against +these charmes, answeres his newes with the Spaniards, Credo en Dios, +encounters his reasons, with the present scarcitie and charges of +getting and working Tynne, and so keeping vp the price, Iniquum petit, +ut aequum ferat. In the end, after much bidding, and louing, varying, +and [15] delaying, commonly that Marchant who hath most money to +bestow, and that owner who hath most Tynne to sell, doe make the +price, at which rate the Marchant is bound to yeeld present payment +for so much Tynne as shall be brought him, and, of necessitie, must +bargaine for tenne thousand at the least. Others notwithstanding are +not bound to buy or sell at this price, but euerie man left at +libertie, to make his best market. + +The Tynne so sold, hath vsually amounted heretofore to the worth of +thirtie or fortie thousand pound in money, and carried price betweene +twentie and thirtie pound the thousand, sometimes higher, and sometimes +lower, according to the quicke vent and aboundance, or the dead sale +and scarcitie; wherein yet some haue obserued, that this so profitable, +and vendible a marchandize, riseth not to a proportionable +enhauncement, with other lesse beneficiall, and affected commodities, +and they impute it partly to the Easterne buyers packing, partly to +the owners not venting, and venturing the same. + +Here I must either craue or take leaue of the Londoners, to lay open +the hard dealing of their Tynne Marchants in this trade. When any +Western Gent, or person of accompt, wanteth money to defray his +expences at London, he resorteth to one of the Tynne Marchants of +his acquaintance, to borrow some: but they shall as soone wrest the +Clubbe out of Hercules fist, as one penie out of their fingers, +vnlesse they giue bond for euerie twentie pound so taken in lone, to +deliuer a thousand pound waight of Tyn at the next Coynage, which +shal be within two or three months, or at farthest within half a yeere +after. At which time the price of euerie thousand, will not faile to +be at least twentie three, prehaps twentie five pound: yea, and after +promise made, the party must be driuen (with some indignitie) to make +three or foure errands to his house, ere hee shall get the money +deliuered. In this sort, some one Marchant will haue 5. hundred pound +out beforehand, reaping thereby a double commoditie, both of excessiue +gaine for his lone, and of assurance to be serued with Tyn for his +money. This they say is no Vsurie, forsooth, because the price of +Tynne is not certainely knowne beforehand: (for once onely within +these twelue yeeres, of set purpose to escape the penaltie of the Law, +they brought it a little vnder twentie pound the thousand:) but if to +take aboue fiftie in the hundred be extremitie, whatsoeuer name you +list to giue it, this in truth can bee none other, then cutthroate and +abominable dealing. I will not condemne all such as vse this trade, +neither yet acquite those who make greatest pretence of zeale in +Religion: and it may be, that some vpon by-respects, find somwhat +friendly vsage in Vsance, at some of their hands: but the common voice +saith, that for the most part, they are naught all. + +And yet how bad soeuer this fashion may justly bee accompted, certaine +of the same Countrymen do passe farre beyond it, as thus: The Marchant, +that hee may stand assured to haue Tynne for his money, at the time +of Coynage or deliuerance, besides his trade of lone abouementioned, +layeth out diuers summes beforehand, vnto certaine Cornishmen, owners +of Tynworkes, or otherwise of knowne sufficiencie, who are bound to +deliuer for the same, so many thousands of Tynne, as [16] the money +shal amount vnto, after the price agreed vpon at the Coinages. To +these hungrie flies, the poore labouring Tynner resorteth, desiring +some money before the time of his pay at the deliuerance: the other +puts him off at first, answering he hath none to spare: in the end, +when the poore man is driuen through necessitie to renew his suite, he +fals to questioning, what hee will do with the money. Saith the +Tynner, I will buy bread and meate for my selfe and my houshold, and +shooes, hosen, peticoates, & such like stuffe for my wife and +children. Suddenly herein, this owner becomes a pettie chapman: I +will serue thee, saith he: hee deliuers him so much ware as shall +amount to fortie shillings, in which he cuts him halfe in halfe for +the price, and four nobles in money, for which the poore wretch +is bound in Darbyes bonds, to deliuer him two hundred waight of Tynne +at the next Coynage, which may then bee worth fiue pound or foure at +the verie least. And as mischiefe still creepes onward, this extreme +dealing of the London Marchant and Countrie chapman, in white Tynne is +imitated (or rather exceeded) by the wealthier sort of Tynners +themselues in the blacke, by laying out their money after thus much +the marke: which trade, though subtill and darke, I will open as +plainely as I can. + +A foote of blacke Tynne (as is before said) containeth in measure two +gallons; the waight vncertainely followeth the goodnesse. A foote of +good Moore-tyn, (which is counted the best sort) will way about +foure-score pound. Of the Myne Tynne (which is meaner) fiftie two +pound: of the worst fiftie pound. Two pound of good blacke Tynne, +being melted, will yeeld one of white: twentle eight or thirtie foote +of the best, fortie: of the middle, 52. of the meanest, a thousand. +Now the wealthier sort of Tynners, laying out part of their money +beforehand, buy this black Tynne of the poore labourers, after so much +the marke: that is, looke how many markes there are in the price, made +at the Coynage for the thousand, so many two pence halfepenie, three +pence, or foure pence, partly after the goodnesse, and partly +according to the hard conscience of the one, and necessitie of the +other, shal he haue for the foote: as if the price be twentie sixe +pound, thirteene shillings & foure pence the thousand, therein are +fortie markes: then shall the poore Tynner receiue of him who dealeth +most friendly, for euerie foote of his best blacke Tynne (of which as +was said, about thirtie will make a thousand) fortie times foure pence: +viz. thirteene shillings and foure pence, which amounteth to twentie +pound the thousand: whereas that foote at the price, is worth aboue +fiue pence the marke. Likewise will hee pay for the meaner blacke +Tynne (of which about fortie foote will make a thousand) three pence +the marke, which is ten shillings the foote, and so shall he haue also +after twentie pound for the thousand: for the worse they giue lesse, +rateably. By which proportion, how vncertaine so euer the goodnesse of +the Tynne, or the greatnesse of the price do fall, their gaine of a +fourth part at least riseth alwaies certainly. Whereto adding, that +they lay out beforehand but a portion of the money due, and that onely +for some small time, you shall find it grow to the highest degree of +extremitie. + +But whether it proceedeth from this hard dealing, or for that the +Tynners whole familie giue themselues [17] to a lazie kind of life, +and depend only upon his labour and gaynes; which often ill succeeding +adventurers, & such ouer-deare bought Tynne daylie impaire, or from +both these together; once it hath beene duly obserued, that the +parrishes where Tynne is wrought, rest in a meaner plight of wealth, +then those which want this dammageable commoditie: and that as by +abandoning this trade, they amend, so by reuiuing the same, they +decay againe; whereas husbandrie yeeldeth that certayne gaine in a +mediocritie, which Tynneworkes rather promise, then performe in a +larger measure. + +Let vs now examine what course of Iustice is held for deciding such +controuersies as befall in Tinne causes, and with what priuileges they +are endowed and encouraged. + +After such time as the Iewes by their extreame dealing had worne +themselues, first out of the loue of the English inhabitants, and +afterwards out of the land it selfe, and so left the mines vnwrought, +it hapned, that certaine Gentlemen, being Lords of seuen tithings in +Blackmoore, whose grounds were best stored with this Minerall, grewe +desirous to renew this benefit: and so vpon suit made to Edmond, Earle +of Cornwal, sonne to Richard, king of the Romans, they obtayned from +him a Charter, with sundrie Priuileges: amongst which, it was graunted +them to keepe a Court, and hold plea of all actions, life, lymme, and +land excepted: in consideration whereof, the sayd Lords accorded to +pay the Earle a halfpeny for euery pound of Tynne which should be +wrought; and that for better answering this taxe, the sayd Tynne +should bee brought to certayne places purposely appointed, and there +peized, coyned, and kept, vntill the Earles due were satisfied. Againe, +the Lords of these Tithings, were, for their parts, authorised to +manage all Stannerie causes, and, for that intent, to hold parliaments +at their discretion, and in regard of their labour, there was allotted +vnto them the toll-Tynne within those Tithings, which their +successours doe yet enioy. This Charter was to be kept in one of the +Church steeples, within those Tithings, and, the Seale had a Pick-axe +and Shouell in saultier grauen therein. This I receiued by report of +the late master William Carnsew, a Gentleman of good qualitie, +discretion, and learning, and well experienced in these mynerall +causes, who auouched himselfe an eye-witnesse of that Charter, though +now it bee not extant. Howbeit, I have learned, that in former time, +the Tynners obtained a Charter from king Iohn, and afterwards another +from king Edward the first, which were againe expounded, confirmed and +inlarged by Parliament, in the fiftieth yeere of Edward the third, and +lastly strengthened by Henrie the seuenth. + +King Edward the firsts Charter, granteth them liberty of selling their +Tynne, to their best behoofe. Nisi (saith he) nos ipsi emere +voluerimus. Vpon which ground certaine persons in the Reignes of K. +Edward 6. & Queene Marie, sought to make vse of this preemption, (as I +have beene enformed) but either crossed in the prosecution, or +defeated in their expectation, gaue it ouer againe; which vaine +successe could not yet discourage some others of later times from the +like attempt, alleadging many reasons how it might proue beneficiall +both to her Highnesse and the Countrie, and preiudiciall to none saue +onely the Marchants, who practised a farre [18] worse kind of +preemption, as hath beene before expressed. This for a while was +hotely onsetted and a reasonable price offered, but (upon what ground +I know not) soone cooled againe. Yet afterwards it receiued a second +life, and at Michaelmas terme 1599. the Cornishmen, then in London, +were called before some of the principal Lords of her Maiesties +Council, and the matter there debated, by the Lord Warden, in behalfe +of the Countrie, and certaine others deputed for the Marchants, who +had set this suite on foote. In the end it grew to a conclusion, and +Articles were drawne and signed, but they also proued of void effect. + +Last of all, the said Lord Warden, in the beginning of Nouember 1600. +called an assembly of Tynners at Lostwithiel, the place accustomed, +impanelled a Iurie of twentie foure Tynners, signified her Maiesties +pleasure both for a new imposition of six pound on euerie thousand, +that should bee transported (ouer and aboue the former fortie +shillings, and sixteene shillings alreadie payable) as also that her +Highnesse would disburse foure thousand pound in lone to the Tynners, +for a yeres space, and bee repayed in Tynne at a certaine rate. + +By the foreremembred ancient Charters, there is assigned a warden of +the Stanneries, who supplieth the place, both of a Iudge for Law, and +of a Chancellour for conscience, and so taketh hearing of causes, +either in Forma iuris, or de iure & aequo. Hee substituteth some +Gentleman in the Shire of good calling and discretion, to be his +Vice-Warden, from whom either partie, complainant or defendant, may +appeale to him, as from him (a case of rare experience) to the Lords +of the Councill, and from their Honours to her Maiesties person: +other appeale or remoouing to the common law they gaynsay. + +The Gayle for Stannery causes is kept at Lostwithiel, and that office +is annexed to the Comptrolership. + +The Tynners of the whole shire are diuided into foure quarters, two +called Moores, of the places where the Tynne is wrought, viz. Foy +moore, and Blacke moore: the other, Tiwarnaill and Penwith. To each +of these is assigned by the L. Warden, a Steward, who keepeth his +Court once in euery three weekes. They are termed Stannery Courts of +the Latine word Stannum, in English Tynne, and hold plea of whatsoeuer +action of debt or trespasse, whereto any one dealing with blacke or +white Tynne, either as plaintife or defendant, is a party. Their +maner of triall consisteth in the verdict giuen by a Iurie of sixe +Tynners, according to which the Steward pronounceth iudgement. He +that will spare credit to the common report, shall conceiue an ill +opinion touching the slippings of both witnesses and iurours +sometimes in these Courts: For it is sayd, that the witnesses haue +not sticked now and then to fatten their euidence, rather for seruing +a turne, then for manifesting a truth, and that the Iurours verdict +hath fauoured more of affection then of reason, especially, in +controuersies growne betweene strangers and some of the same parts. +And such fault-finders vouch diuers causes of this partialitie: One, +that when they are sworne, they vse to adde this word, my conscience, +as the Romans did their Ex animi mei sententia, which is suspected to +imply a conceyted enlargement of their othe: Another, that the +varietie of customes, which in euery place (welneere) differ one +from another, yeeldeth them in a maner an vnlimited [19] scope, to +auerre what they list, and so to close the best Lawyers mouth with +this one speech, Our custome Is contrary. And lastly, that they +presume upon a kind of impunity, because these sixe mens iuries fall +not within compasse of the Star-chambers censure, and yet the L. +Wardens haue now & then made the pillory punishment of some, a +spectacle, example, and warning to the residue. For mine owne part, +I can in these Tynne cases, plead but a hearesay experience, and +therefore will onely inferre, that as there is no smoke without a +fire, so commonly the smoke is far greater then the fire. Strange +it were, and not to be expected, that all poore Tynne Iurours and +witnesies, should in such a remote corner alwayes conforme themselues +to the precise rule of vprightnesse, when we see in the open light of +our public assises, so many more iudicious and substantiall persons +now and then to swarue from the same. + +In matters of important consequence, appertayning to the whole +Stannery, the L. Warden, or his Vnderwarden, vseth to impannell a +Iury of foure and twenty principall Tynners, which consist of sixe +out of euery quarter, returnable by the Maiors of the foure Stannery +townes, and whose acts doe bind the residue. + +Next to the liuelesse things, follow those which pertake a growing +life, and then a feeling. + +The women and children in the West part of Cornwall, doe vse to make +Mats of a small and fine kinde of bents there growing, which for their +warme and well wearing, are carried by sea to London and other parts +of the Realme, and serue to couer floores and wals. These bents grow +in sandy fields, and are knit from ouer the head in narrow bredths +after a strange fashion, + +Of herbes and rootes for the pot and medicine, Cornishmen enioy a like +portion in proportion with other Shires, which somewhere also +receiueth an increase by the sowing and planting of such as are +brought thither from beyond the seas. The like may bee sayd of rootes, +and sallets for the table, saue that (I suppose) Cornewall naturally +bringeth forth greater store of Seaholm and Sampire, then is found in +any other County of this Realme. The Seaholme roote preserueth eyther +in sirrup, or by canding, is accepted for a great restoratiue. Some +of the gaully grounds doe also yeeld plenty of Rosa solis. Moreouer +natures liberall hand decketh many of the sea cliffes with wilde +Hissop, Sage, Pelamountayne, Maiorum, Rosemary, and such like +well-fauouring herbes. + +In times past, the Cornish people gaue themselues principally, (and in +a maner wholly) to the seeking of Tynne, and neglected husbandry: so +as the neighbours of Deuon and Sommerset shires, hired their pastures +at a rent, and stored them with theyr owne cattell. + +As for tillage, it came farre short of feeding the Inhabitants +mouthes, who were likewise supplyed weekely at their markets from +those places, with many hundred quarters of corne and horseloades of +bread. But when the Tynneworkes began to fayle, and the people +to increase, this double necessitie draue them to play the good +husbands, and to prouide corne of their owne. Labour brought plentie, +plentie cheapnesse, and cheapnesse sought a vent beyond the seas, some +by procuring licence, and more by stealth (if at least the common +brute doe not wrong them with a slaunder) [20] so as, had not the +Imbargo with Spaine (whither most was transported) foreclosed this +trade, Cornwall was likely in few yeeres, to reape no little wealth +by the same. And yet, whosoeuer looketh into the endeauour which +the Cornish husbandman is driuen to vse about his Tillage, shall find +the trauell paineful, the time tedious, and the expences verie +chargeable. For first, about May, they cut vp all the grasse of that +ground, which must newly be broken, into Turfes, which they call +Beating. These Turfes they raise vp somewhat in the midst, that the +Wind and Sunne may the sooner drie them. The inside turned outwards +drieth more speedily, but the outside can better brooke the change of +weather. After they haue beene throughly dried, the Husbandman pileth +them in little heapes, and so burneth them to ashes. + +Then doe they bring in Sea sand, of greater or lesser quantitie, +partly after their neerenesse to the places, from which it is fetched, +and partly by the good husbandrie, and abilitie of the Tiller. An +ordinarie Horse wil carrie two sackes of Sand, and of such the +borderers on the Sea, doe bestow, 60. at least, in euerie Acre, but +most Husbands double that number. The Inland soyle requireth not so +large a proportion, and in some places, they sow it almost as thinne +as their Corne: for if they should strow the same verie thicke, the +ground would become ouer-rancke, and choke the Corne with weeds. +A little before plowing time, they scatter abroad those Beat-boroughs, +& small Sand heaps vpon the ground, which afterwards, by the Ploughes +turning downe, giue heate to the roote of the Corne. The tillable +fields are in some places so hilly, that the Oxen can hardly take sure +footing; in some so tough, that the Plough will scarcely cut them, and +in some so shelfie, that the Corne hath much adoe to fatten his roote. +The charges of this Beating, Burning, Seeding and Sanding, ordinarily +amounteth to no lesse then twentie shillings for euerie Acre: which +done, the Tiller can commonly take but two crops of wheate, and two of +Oates, and then is driuen to giue it at least seuen or eight yeres +leyre, and to make his breach elsewhere. + +Of Wheat there are two sorts, French, which is bearded, and requireth +the best soyle, recompencing the same with a profitable plentie: and +Notwheate, so termed, because it is vnbearded, contented with a meaner +earth, and contenting with a suteable gaine. + +Rye is employed onely on those worst grounds, which will beare no +Wheate. Barley is growne into great vse of late yeeres, so as now +they till a larger quantitie in one Hundred, then was in the whole +Shire before: and of this, in the deare seasons past, the poore found +happie benefit, for they were principally relieued, and the labourers +also fed, by the bread made thereof; whereas otherwise, the scarcitie +of Wheate fel out so great, that these must haue made many hungrie +meales, and those out-right haue starued. In the Westerne-most parts +of Cornwall, they carrie their Barley to the Mill, within eight or +nine weekes from the time that they sowed it; such an hastie ripening +do the bordering Seas afford. This increase of Barley tillage, hath +also amended the Cornish drinke, by conuerting that graine into +Mault, which (to the il relishing of strangers) in former times they +made onely of Oates. + +I haue beene alwayes prone to maintaine a Paradox, [21] that dearth +of corne in Cornwall (for with other Shires I will not vndertake to +meddle) so it go not accompanied with a scarcitie, is no way +preiudiciall to the good of the Countrie; and I am induced thus to +thinke, for the reasons ensuing: There are no two trades, which set +so many hands on worke, at all times of the yeere, as that one of +Tillage. The Husbandman finding profit herein, is encouraged to +bestow paines and charges, for enclosing and dressing of waste +grounds, which therethrough afterwardes become also good for pasture. +With the readie money, gotten by his weekely selling of corne, he +setteth the Artificer on worke, who were better to buy deare bread, +being but a part of his meate, and which he counteruaileth againe, by +raising the price of his ware, then to sit idly, knocking his heeles +against the wall. Their obiection, who feare least the transporting +of much away, will leaue too little at home, I answere with this +observation: When the price of corne falleth, men generally giue ouer +surplus Tillage, and breake no more ground, then will seme to +supplie their owne turne: the rest, they imploy in grazing, +wherethrough it falleth out, that an ill kerned or saued Haruest, +soone emptieth their old store, & leaueth them in necessity, to seeke new +reliefe from other places. Whereas on the other side, if through +hope of vent, they hold on their larger tillage, this retaineth one +yeeres prouision vnder-hand, to fetch in another, which vpon such +occasions, may easily bee left at home: and of this, what Cornishman +is there, that hath not seene the experience ? + +For Fruites, both wild, as Whurts, Strawberies, and Raspies, and +longing to the Orchard, as Peares, Plums, Peareplummes, Cherries, +Mulberies, Chessenuts, and Walnuts, though the meaner sort come +short, the Gentlemen step not farre behind those of other parts; many +of them conceiuing like delight to grasse and plant, and the soyle +yeelding it selfe as ready to receyue and foster. Yet one speciall +priuiledge, which the neerenesse to the South, the fitnesse of some +grounds standing vpon lyme stones, the wel growing of Vines, and the +pleasant taste of their Grapes, doe seeme to graunt, I haue not +hitherto knowne by any to bee put in practise, and that is, the +making of Wines: the triall would require little cost, and (perhaps) +requite it with great aduantage. + +For fewell, there groweth generally in all parts great store of furze, +of which the shrubby sort is called tame, the better growne French, & +in some, good quantitie of Broome. The East quarters of the Shire are +not destitute of Copswoods, nor they of (almost) an intolerable price: +but in most of the West, either nature hath denyed that commodity, or +want of good husbandry lost it. Their few parcels yet preserued, are +principally imployed to coaling, for blowing of Tynne. This lacke they +supply, either by Stone cole, fetched out of Wales, or by dried +Turfes, some of which are also conuerted into coale, to serue the +Tynners turne. + +Timber hath in Cornwall, as in other places, taken an vniuersall +downefall, which the Inhabitants begin now, and shall heereafter rue +more at leisure: Shipping, howsing, and vessell, haue bred this +consumption: neither doth any man (welnere) seek to repayre so +apparant and important a decay. As for the statute Standles, +commonly called Hawketrees, the breach of the sea, & force of the +weather doe so pare and gall them, that they can [22] passe vnder no +better title then scar-crowes. + +Among creatures of a breathing life, I will only note such as minister +some particular cause of remembrance. + +Touching venimous Wormes, Cornwall can plead no such Charter of +natures exemption, as Ireland. The countrey people retaine a +conceite, that the Snakes, by their breathing about a hazell wand, +doe make a stone ring of blew colour, in which there appeareth the +yellow figure of a Snake, & that beasts which are stung, being giuen +to drink of the water wherein this stone hath bene socked, will +therethrough recouer. There was such a one bestowed on me, and the +giuer auowed to haue seene a part of the stick sticking in it: but +Penes authorem sit sides. + +This mention of Snakes, called to my remembrance, how not long since, +a merry Cornish Gentleman tryed that old fable to be no fable, which +sheweth the dangerous entertayning of such a ghest. For he hauing +gotten one of that kind, and broken out his teeth (wherein consisteth +his venome) used to carrie him about in his bosome, to set him to his +mouth, to make him licke his spittle, & when he came among +Gentlewomen, would cast him out suddenly, to put them in feare: but +in the end, their vaine dread proued safer then his foole-hardinesse: +for as he once walked alone, and was kissing this gentle playfellow, +the Snake in good earnest, with a stumpe, either newly growne vp, or +not fully pulled out, bit him fast by the tongue, which therewith +began so to rankle and swell, that by the time hee had knocked this +foule player on the head, & was come to his place of abode, his mouth +was scarce able to contayne it. Fayne was he therefore to shew his +mishap, and by gestures to craue ayd in earnest of the Gentlewomen, +whom hee had aforetime often scared in sport. + +Of all maner vermine, Cornish houses are most pestred with Rats, a +brood very hurtfull for deuouring of meat, clothes, and writings by +day; and alike cumbersome through their crying and ratling, while +they daunce their gallop gallyards in the roofe at night. + +Strangers, at their first comming into the West parts, doe complayne +that they are visited with the slowe sixe-legged walkers, and yet the +cleanely home-borne finde no such annoyance. It may proceed from +some lurking naturall effect of the Climate; as wee read, that the +trauailers who passe the Equinoctiall, doe there lose this manlike +hunting vermine, and vpon their returne recouer them againe. + +The other beastes which Cornwall breedeth, serue either for Venerie, +or meate, or necessary vses. Beastes of Venery persecuted for their +case, or dammage feasance, are Marternes, Squirrels, Foxes, Badgers, +and Otters. Profitable for skinne and flesh, Hares, Conies and Deere. +The Foxe planteth his dwelling in the steep cliffes by the sea side; +where he possesseth holds, so many in number, so daungerous for +accesse, and so full of windings, as in a maner it falleth out a +matter impossible to disseyze him of this his ancient inheritance. +True it is, that sometime when he marcheth abroad on forraying, to +reuittaile his Male pardus, the Captaine hunters, discouering his +sallies by their Espyal, doe lay their souldier-like Hounds, his +borne enemies, in ambush betweene him and home, and so with Har and +Tue pursue him to the death. Then master Reignard ransacketh euery +corner of his wily [23] skonce, and besturreth the vtmost of his +nimble stumps to quite his coate from their iawes. He crosseth +brookes, to make them lose the sent, he slippeth into couerts, to +steale out of sight, he casteth and coasteth the countrie, to get the +start of the way; and if hee be so met, as he find himselfe +ouermatched, he abideth, and biddeth them battell, first sending the +myre of his tayle against their eyes, in lieu of shot, and then +manfully closing at hand-blowes, with the sword of his teeth, not +forgetting yet, the whiles, to make an honourable retraict, with his +face still turned towardes the enemie: by which meanes, hauing once +recouered his fortresse, he then gives the Fico, to all that his +aduersaries can by siedge, force, myne, sword, assault, or famine, +attempt against him. + +The Otters, though one in kind, haue yet two seuerall places of haunt: +some keepe the Cliffes, and there breede, and feede on Sea-fish, +others liue in the fresh ryuers, and trade not so farre downe, who +being lesse stored with prouision, make bold now and then to visite +the land, and to breake their fast upon the good-mans Lambs, or the +good-wiues pultrie. + +Of Conies, there are here and there some few little Warrens, scantly +worth the remembring. + +Cornwall was stored not long since with many Parkes of fallow Deere. +But king Henrie the eight being perswaded (as it is said) by Sir +Richard Pollard, that those belonging to the Duke, could steed him +with little pleasure in so remote a part, and would yeeld him good +profit, if they were leased out at an improoued rent, did condiscend +to their disparking. So foure of them tooke a fall together, to wit, +Cary bullock, Liskerd, Restormel and Lanteglos. Howbeit,this good +husbandrie came short of the deuisers promise, and the Kings +expectation: wherethrough the one was shent for the attempt, and +the other discontented with the effect. Notwithstanding, as Princes +examples are euer taken for warrantable precedents to the subiect: so +most of the Cornish Gentlemen preferring gaine to delight, or making +gaine their delight, shortly after followed the like practise, and +made their Deere leape over the Pale to giue the bullockes place. + +Parkes yet remaining, are in East Hundred, Poole, Sir Ionathan +Trelawneys: newly reuiued, Halton, M. Rouses, lately impaled: and +Newton, M. Coringtons, almost decayed. In West Hundred, Boconnock, +Sir Reginald Mohuns. In Powder Hundred, Caryhayes, M.Treuamons. +In Stratton Launcels, M. Chamonds. In Kerier Hundred, Trela warren, +M. Viruans: and Merther, M. Reskymers. + +Red Deere, this Shire breedeth none, but onely receiueth such, as in +the Summer season raunge thither out of Deuon: to whome the Gentlemen +bordering on their haunt, afford so course entertainment, that +without better pleading their heeles, they are faine to deliuer vp +their carcases for a pledge, to answer their trespasses. + +Beastes seruing for meate onely, or Pigs, Goates, Sheepe, and Rother +cattell. For meate, draught, and plowing, Oxen: for carriage, and +riding, horses: for gard, attendance, and pleasure, Dogs of sundrie +sorts. + +What time the Shire, through want of good manurance, lay waste and +open, the Sheepe had generally [24] little bodies, and course +fleeces, so as their Wooll bare no better name, then of Cornish +hayre, and for such hath (from all auncientie) beene transported, +without paying custome. But since the grounds began to receiue +enclosure and dressing for Tillage, the nature of the soyle hath +altered to a better graine, and yeeldeth nourishment in greater +aboundance, and goodnesse, to the beastes that pasture thereupon: +So as, by this meanes (and let not the owners commendable industrie, +turne to their surcharging preiudice, least too soone they grow +wearie of well-doing) Cornish Sheepe come but little behind the +Easterne flockes, for bignes of mould, finenesse of Wooll often +breeding, speedie fatting, and price of sale, and in my conceyte +equall, if not exceede them in sweetnesse of taste, and freedome from +rottennesse and such other contagions. As for their number, while +euerie dweller hath some, though none keepe many, it may summe the +totall to a iolly rate. Most of the Cornish sheepe haue no hornes, +whose wool is finer in qualitie, as that of the horned more in +quantitie: yet, in some places of the Countie there are that carrie +foure hornes. + +The Deuon and Somersetshire grasiers, feede yeerely great droues of +Cattell in the North quarter of Cornwall, and vtter them at home, +which notwithstanding, Beefe, Whitfull, Leather or Tallow, beare not +any extraordinarie price in this Countie, beyond the rate of other +places: and yet, the oportunitie of so many Hauens, tempteth the +Marchants (I doubt me, beyond their power of resistaunce) now and +then to steale a transportation, and besides, vttereth no smal +quantitie for the reuitailing of weather-driuen shippes. Some +Gentlemen suffer their beastes to runne wilde, in their Woods and +waste grounds, where they are hunted and killed with Crossebowes, +and Peeces, in the maner of Deere, and by their fiercenesse, and +warinesse, seeme to haue put on a part of the others nature. Each +Oxe hath his seuerall name, vpon which the driuers call aloud, both +to direct and giue them courage as they are at worke. + +The Cornish horses, commonly are hardly bred, coursely fed, low of +stature, quicke in trauell, and (after their growth and strength) +able inough for continuance: which sort proue most seruiceable for a +rough and hilly Countrie. But verie few of them (through the owners, +fault) retaine long this their naturall goodnesse. For after two +yeeres age, they vse them to carrie sackes of Sand, which boweth +downe, and weakneth their backes, and the next Summer they are +imployed in harrowing, which marreth their pace. Two meanes that so +quaile also their stomackes, and abate their strength, as the first +rider findeth them ouer-broken to his hands. Howbeit now, from +naught, they are almost come to nought: For since the Statute 12. of +Henry the eight, which enableth eueri man to seize vpon horses that +pastured in Commons, if they were vnder a certaine sise, the Sherifes +officers, reckoning themselues specially priuiledged to poll in their +masters yeere, haue of late times, whether by his commandement, or +sufferance, accustomed to driue those waste grounds, and to seize +on those not voluntarie statute-breaking Tits, so as nature denying a +great harace, and these carrying away the little, it resteth, that +hereafter, not the dammes Foale, but the dames Trotters, be trusted +vnto, This consideration [25] hath made me entertain a conceite, that +ordinarie Husbandmen should doe well to quit breeding of Horses, and +betake themselves to Moyles: for that is a beast, which will fare +hardly, liue verie long, drawe indifferently well, and carrie great +burdens, and hath also a pace swift, and easie enough, for their Mill +and market seruice. By which meanes, looke what is abated from the +vsuall number of Hacknies, should (with a gainefull recompence) be +added to their goodnes: and hereof this quarter hath alreadie taken +some experiment. For, not long sithence, it hapned that one brought +ouer an hee Asse, from France, because of the strangenesse of the +beast (as euerie thing where it comes first, serves for a wonder) +who following his kind, begat many monsters, viz. Moyles, and for +monsters indeed, the Countrie people admired them, yea, some were so +wise, as to knocke on the head, or giue away this issue of his race, +as vncouth mongrels. + +Amongst living things on the land, after Beastes, follow Birds, who +seeke harbour on the earth at night, though the ayre bee the greatest +place of their haunt by day. + +Of tame Birds, Cornwall hath Doues, Geese, Ducks, Peacockes, Ginney +duckes, China geese, Barbarie hennes, and such like. + +Of wild, Quaile, Raile, Partridge, Fesant, Plouer, Snyte, Wood-doue, +Heathcocke, Powte, &c. + +But, amongst all the rest, the Inhabitants are most beholden to the +Woodcockes, who (when the season of the yeere affordeth) flocke to +them in great aboundance. They arriue first on the North-coast, where +almost euerie hedge serveth for a Roade, and euerie plashoote for +Springles to take them. From whence, as the moyst places which +supplie them food, beginne to freeze vp, they draw towards those in +the South coast, which are kept more open by the Summers neerer +neighbourhood: and when the Summers heate (with the same effect from +a contrarie cause) drieth vp those plashes, nature and necessitie +guide their returne to the Northern wetter soyle againe. + +Of Hawkes, there are Marlions, Sparhawkes, Hobbies, and somewhere +Lannards. As for the Sparhawk, though shee serue to flie little +aboue sixe weekes in the yeere, and that onely at the Partridge, +where the Faulkner and Spanels must also now and then spare her +extraordinarie assistance; yet both Cornish and Deuonshire men employ +so much trauaile in seeking, watching, taking, manning, nusling, +dieting, curing, bathing, carrying, and mewing them, as it must +needes proceede from a greater folly, that they cannot discerne +their folly herein. To which you may adde, their busie, dangerous, +discourteous, yea, and sometimes despiteful stealing one from another +of the Egges and young ones, who, if they were allowed to aire +naturally, and quietly, there would bee store sufficient, to kill +not onely the Partridges, but euen all the good-huswiues Chickens +in a Countrie. + +Of singing Birds, they haue Lynnets, Goldfinches, Ruddockes, Canarie +birds, Blacke-birds, Thrushes, and diuers other; but of Nightingals, +few, or none at all, whether through some naturall antipathie, +betweene them and the soyle (as Plinie writeth, that Crete fostereth +not any Owles, nor Rhodes Eagles, nor Larius lacus in Italy Storkes) +or rather for that the Country is generally [26] bare of couert and +woods, which they affect, I leaue to be discussed by others. + +Not long sithence, there came a flocke of Birds into Cornwall, about +Haruest season, in bignesse not much exceeding a Sparrow, which made +a foule spoyle of the Apples. Their bils were thwarted crosse-wise +at the end, and with these they would cut an Apple in two, at one +snap, eating onely the kernels. It was taken at first, for a +forboden token, and much admired, but, soone after, notice grew, +that Glocester Shire, and other Apple Countries, haue them an +ouer-familiar harme. + +In the West parts of Cornwall, during the Winter season, Swallowes +are found sitting in old deepe Tynne-workes, and holes of the sea +Cliffes: but touching their lurking places, Olaus Magnus maketh a +farre stranger report. For he saith, that in the North parts of the +world, as Summer weareth out, they clap mouth to mouth, wing to wing, +and legge in legge, and so after a sweete singing, fall downe into +certaine great lakes or pooles amongst the Canes, from whence at the +next Spring, they receiue a new resurrection; and hee addeth for +proofe hereof, that the Fishermen, who make holes in the Ice, to dip +vp such fish with their nets, as resort thither for breathing, doe +sometimes light on these Swallowes, congealed in clods, of a slymie +substance, and that carrying them home to their Stoues, the warmth +restoreth them to life and flight: this I haue seene confirmed also, +by the relation of a Venetian Ambassadour, employed in Poland, and +heard auowed by trauaylers in those parts: Wherethrough I am induced +to giue it a place of probabilitie in my mind, and of report in this +treatise. + +After hauing thus laid open euerie particular of the land, naturall +order leadeth my next labour, to bee imployed about the water, and +the things incident thereunto: the water I seuer into fresh and salt. + +Touching fresh Water, euerie hill wel-neere sendeth forth plentifull, +fresh, cleare and pleasant springs, profitable for moystning the +ground, and wholesome for mans vse, & diuers by running through +veines of Mettals, supposed also medicinable for sundrie diseases; +of which more in their particular places. These springs, (as +seuerall persons assembling, make a multitude) take aduantage of the +falling grounds, to vnite in a greater strength, and beget Ryuers, +which yet are more in number, and swifter in course, then deepe in +bottome, or extended in largenesse. For they worke out their bed +through an earth, full of Rockes and stones, suting therethrough, +the nature onely of some speciall fishes, of which kind are, Minowes, +Shoats, Eeles, and Lampreys. The rest are common to other Shires, +but the Shote in a maner peculiar to Deuon and Cornwall: in shape +and colour he resembleth the Trowt: howbeit in bignesse and +goodnesse, commeth farre behind him. His baites are flies and +Tag-wormes, which the Cornish English terme Angle-touches. Of the +Ryuers and Hauens which they make, occasion will be ministred vs to +speake particularly in the next booke; and therefore it shall +suffice to name the chiefest here in generall, which are on the +South coast: Tamer, Tauy, Liner, Seaton, Loo, Foy, +Fala, Lo. On the North, Camel, Halae. + +Of fresh water Ponds, either cast out by nature, or wrought out by +Art, Cornwall is stored with verie few, though the site of so many +narrow vallies offereth [27] many, with the onely charge of raysing +an head. But the Oceans plentifull beames darken the affecting of +this pettie starlight: touching whose nature and properties, for his +saltnesse in taste, strength in bearing, course in ebbing and flowing, +the effects are so well knowne to the vulgar, as they need not any +particular relation; and the causes so controuersed amongst the +learned, as it passeth mine abilitie to moderate the question: onely +this I will note, that somewhat before a tempest, if the sea-water +bee slashed with a sticke or Oare, the same casteth a bright shining +colour, and the drops thereof resemble sparckles of fire, as if the +waues were turned into flames, which the Saylers terme Briny. + +Amongst other commodities affoorded by the sea, the Inhabitants make +vse of diuers his creekes, for griste-milles, by thwarting a bancke +from side to side, in which a floud-gate is placed with two leaues: +these the flowing tyde openeth, and after full sea, the waight of the +ebbe closeth fast, which no other force can doe: and so the +imprisoned water payeth the ransome of dryuing an under-shoote wheele +for his enlargement. + +Ilands, S. Nicholas in the mouth of Plymmouth, S. George before Loo, +S. Michaels Mount, and the Ilies of Scilley. + +Hauens on the South coast there are, Plymmouth, Loo, Foy, Falmouth, +Helford, and the Rode of Mounts bay. On the North, S. Ies, and +Padstowe, of which more hereafter. + +Diuers of these are dayly much endammaged by the earth which the +Tynners cast up in their working, and the rayne floods wash downe +into the riuers, from whence it is discharged in the hauens, and +shouldreth the sea out of his ancient possession, or at least, +encrocheth vpon his depth. To remedy this, an Act of Parliament was +made 23. H. 8. that none should labour in Tynneworks, neere the Deuon +and Cornish hauens: but whether it aymed not at the right cause, or +hath not taken his due execution, little amendement appeareth thereby +for the present, and lesse hope may be conceyued for the future. + +Yet this earth being through such meanes conuerted into sand, +enricheth the husbandman equally with that of Pactolus: for after +the sea hath seasoned it with his salt and fructifying moysture, his +waves worke vp to the shore a great part thereof (together with more +of his owne store, grated from the cliffes) and the Tillers, some by +Barges and Boats, others by horses and waines, doe fetch it, & +therewith dresse their grounds. This sand is of diuers kindes, +colours, and goodnesse: the kinds, some bigger, some lesser; some +hard, some easie. The colours are answerable to the next Cliffes. +The goodnesse increaseth as it is taken farther out of the Sea. + +Some haue also vsed to carry vp into their grounds the Ose or salt +water mudde, and found good profit thereby, though not equalling the +sand. + +To this purpose also serueth Orewood, which is a weed either growing +vpon the rockes vnder high water marke, or broken from the bottome of +the sea by rough weather, and cast vpon the next shore by the wind +and flood. The first sort is reaped yeerely, and thereby bettereth +in quantity and qualitie: the other must be taken when the first tyde +bringeth it, or else the next [28] change of wind will carry it away. +His vse serueth for barly land. Some accustomed to burne it on heapes +in pits at the cliffe side, and so conuerted the same to a kind of +wood, but the noysome sauour hath cursed it out of the countrey. This +Floteore is now and then found naturally formed like rufs, combs, and +such like: as if the sea would equall vs in apparel, as it resembleth +the land for all sorts of liuing creatures. + +The sea strond is also strowed with sundry fashioned & coloured shels, +of so diuersified and pretty workmanship, as if nature were for her +pastime disposed to shew her skil in trifles. With these are found, +moreouer, certaine Nuts, somewhat resembling a sheepes kidney, saue +that they are flatter: the outside consisteth of a hard darke +coloured rinde: the inner part, of a kernell voyd of any taste, but +not so of vertue, especially for women trauayling in childbirth, if +at least, old wiues tales may deserue any credit. If I become +blame-worthy in speaking of such toyes, Scipio and Lelius shall serue +for my patrons, who helde it no shame to spend time in their +gathering. + +But to carie you from these trifles, you shall vnderstand, that +Cornewall is stored with many sorts of shipping, (for that terme is +the genus to them all) namely, they haue Cock-boats for passengers, +Sayn-boats for taking of Pilcherd, Fisher-boates for the coast, +Barges for sand, Lighters for burthen, and Barkes and Ships for +trafficke: of all which seuerally to particularize, were consectari +minutias, and therefore I will omit to discourse of them, or of the +wrackes proceeding from them, to their great dammage, and the finders +petty benefit, to whom, he that inioyeth the Admirals right, by the +common custome alloweth a moytie for his labour. + +But though I shunne tediousnesse herein, I feare lest I shal breede +you Nauseam, while I play the fishmonger: and yet, so large a +commoditie may not passe away in silence. I will therefore, with what +briefnes I can, shew you, what they are, when they come, where they +haunt, with what baite they may be trayned, with what engine taken, +and with what dressing saued. + +Herein we will first begin with the Peall, Trowt, and Sammon, because +they partake of both salt and fresh water, breeding in the one, and +liuing in the other. + +The Trowte and Peall come from the Sea, betweene March and Midsummer, +and passe vp into the fresh ryuers, to shed their spawne. They are +mostly taken with a hooke-net, made like the Easterne Weelyes, which +is placed in the stickellest part of the streame (for there the fish +chiefely seeketh passage) and kept abroad with certaine hoopes, hauing +his smaller end fastened against the course of the water, and his +mouth open to receiue the fish, while he fareth vp by night. + +The Sammons principal accesse, is betweene Michaelmas and Christmas: +for then, and not before, the ryuers can afford them competent depth. +A time forbidden to take them in, by the Statute thirteene of Richard +the second: but if they should bee allowed this priuiledge in +Cornwall, the Inhabitants might vtterly quit all hope of good by them, +for the rest of the yeere. They are refettest (that is fattest) at +their first comming from the Sea, and passe vp as high as any water +can carrie them, to spawne the more safely, and, to that end, take +aduantage of the great raynie flouds. After Christmas, [29] they +returne to the Sea, altogether spent & out of season, whome, as the +spring time commeth on, their fry doe follow: and it hath beene +obserued, that they (as also the Trowt and Peall) haunt the same +ryuers where they first were bred. Vpon the North coast, and to the +Westwards of Foy, few or none are taken, either through those ryuers +shallownesse, or their secret dislike. To catch them, sundrie deuices +are put in practise: one is, with the hooke and line, where they vse +Flies for their baite: another, with the Sammons speare, a weapon like +Neptunes Mace, bearded at the points. With this, one standeth +watching in the darke night, by the deepe pooles, where the Sammons +worke their bed for spawning, while another maketh light with a waze +of reed. The Sammon naturally resorteth to the flame, playing in and +out, and therethrough is discerned, strooken and drawne on land by a +cord fastened to the speare. The third and more profitable meanes of +their taking, is by hutches. A head of Fagots, or stones, is made +acrosse the ryuer, and his greatest part let out, through a square +roome therein, whose vpper side giueth passage to the water by a +grate, but denieth it to the fish, and the lower admitteth his entrie, +thorow certaine thicke laths, couched slope-wise one against another, +but so narrowly, as he can find no way of returne, while the streame +tosseth him hither and thither, and the laths ends gall him, if he +stumble on the place. + +They vse also to take Sammons and Trowts, by groping, tickling them +vnder the bellies, in the Pooles where they houer, vntill they lay +hold on them with their hands, & so throw them on land. Touching +these, one scribling of the ryuer Lyner, rymed as ensueth: + + + THE store-house of Sunnes cheuisance, + The clocke whose measures time doth dance, + The Moones vassall, the Lord of chance, + Oceanus + + Ere yeeres compasse his circle end, + From hugie bosome, where they wend, + His scaly broode to greete doth send, + His wife Tellus. + + Some haile but with the coasting shore, + Some multiplie the Harbours store, + Some farre into the ryuers bore, + Amongst the rest. + + A threefold rowt, of Argus hew, + Kind to encrease, foes to eschew, + With Lyners supple mantle blew, + Themselves reuest. + + What time, enricht by Phoebus rayes, + The Alder his new wealth displayes (*) + Of budded groates, and welcome payes + Vnto the Spring. + + The Trowts, of middle growth begin, + And eygall peizd, twixt either finne, + At wonted hoste Dan Lyners Inne, + Take their lodging. + + Next, as the dayes vp early rise, + In com's the Peall, whose smaller sise, + In his more store, and oft supplies, + A praise doth find. + + Laftly, the Sammon, king of fish, + Fils with good cheare the Christmas dish, + Teaching that season must relish + Each in his kind. + + +(*) It is said that the fish cometh, when the Alder + leafe is growne to the breadth of a groate. + +[30] + + And of the Sammon in particular. + + NOW to the Sammon, king of fish, a trice, + Against whose slate, both skill and will conspire, + Paine brings the fewell, and gaine blowes the fire, + That hand may execute the heads deuice. + Some build his house, but his thence issue barre, + Some make his meashie bed, but reaue his rest: + Some giue him meate, but leaue it not disgest, + Some tickle him, but are from pleasing farre. + Another troope com's in with fire and sword, + Yet cowardly, close counterwaite his way, + And where he doth in streame, mistrustlesse play, + Vail'd with nights robe, they stalke the shore aboord. + One offers him the daylight in a waze, + As if darknesse alone contriued wiles: + But new Neptune, his mate, at land, the whiles, + With forked Mace, deere school's his foolish gaze. + Poore Fish, not praying, that are made a pray, + And at thy natiue home find'st greatest harme, + Though dread warne, swiftnesse guide, and strength thee arme, + Thy neerenesse, greatnesse, goodnesse, thee betray. + + +In the Hauens, great store, and diuers sorts of fish, some at one +time of the yeere, and some at another, doe haunt the depthes and +shallowes, while the lesser flie the greater, and they also are +pursued by a bigger, each preying one vpon another, and all of them +accustoming, once in the yeere, to take their kind of the fresh +water. They may be diuided into three kinds, shell, flat, and round +fish. Of shell fish, there are Wrinkles, Limpets, Cockles, Muscles, +Shrimps, Crabs, Lobsters, and Oysters. + +Of flat fish, Rayes, Thorn-backes, Soles, Flowkes, Dabs, Playces. + +Of round fish, Brit, Sprat, Barne, Smelts, Whiting, Scad, Chad, +Sharkes, Cudles, Eeles, Conger, Basse, Millet, Whirlepole, and +Porpose. The generall way of killing these (that is the Fishermans +bloudie terme, for this cold-blouded creature) is by Weares, Hakings, +Saynes, Tuckes, and Tramels. + +The Weare is a frith, reaching slope-wise through the Ose, from the +land to low water marke, and hauing in it, a bunt or cod with an +eye-hooke, where the fish entering, vpon their coming backe with the +ebbe, are stopped from issuing out againe, forsaken by the water, +and left drie on the Ose. + +For the Haking, certaine Stakes are pitched in the Ose at low water, +athwart from Creeke, from shore to shore, to whose feete they fasten +a Net, and at ful-sea draw the vpper part thereof to their stops, +that the fish may not retire with the ebb, but be taken, as in the +Weares. + +The Sayne is a net, of about fortie fathome in length, with which +they encompasse a part of the Sea, and drawe the same on land by two +ropes, fastned at his ends, together with such fish, as lighteth +within his precinct. + +The Tucke carrieth a like fashion, saue that it is narrower meashed, +and (therefore scarce lawfull) with a long bunt in the midst: the +Tramell differeth not much from the shape of this bunt, and serueth +to such vse as the Weare and Haking. + +[31] + +The particular taking of sundrie kinds of fishes, is almost as diuers +as themselues. Wrinckles, Limpets, Cockles, and Muscles, are +gathered by hand, vpon the rockes and sands. Many of the Crabs +breede in the shels of Cockles, and of the Lobsters in those of +Wrinckles, as my selfe haue seene: being growne, they come forth, and +liue in holes of Rockes, from whence, at low water, they are dragged +out, by a long crooke of yron. + +The Shrimps are dipped vp in shallow water by the shore side, with +little round nets, fastned to a staffe, not much unlike that which is +used for daring of Larkes. + +The Ostyers (besides gathering by hand, at a great ebb) haue a +peculiar dredge, which is a thick strong net, fastned to three spils +of yron, and drawne at the boates sterne, gathering whatsoeuer it +meeteth, lying in the bottome of the water, out of which, when it is +taken vp, they cull the Oysters, and cast away the residue, which +they terme gard, and serueth as a bed for the Oysters to breed in. +It is held, that there are of them male, and female. The female, +about May, and Iune, haue in them a certaine kind of milke, which +they then shead, and whereof the Oyster is engendered. The little +ones, at first, cleaue in great numbers, to their mothers shell, +from whence, waxing bigger, they weane themselues, and towards +Michaelmas, fall away. The Countrie people long retained a conceit, +that in Summer time they weare out of kind (as indeed the milkie are) +but some Gentlemen making experiment of the contrarie, began to eate +them at all seasons, wherethrough, by spending them oftner and in +greater quantitie, by spoyling the little ones, and by casting away +the vnseasonable, there ensued a scarcitie, which scarcitie brought a +dearth, the dearth bred a sparing, and the sparing restored a plenty +againe. They haue a propertie, though taken out of the water, to +open against the flood time, and to close vpon the ebbe, or before, +if they bee touched, the which, not long sithence occasioned a +ridiculous chaunce, while one of them through his sodaine Shutting, +caught in his owne defence, three yong Mice by the heads, that of +malice prepensed, had conspired to deuoure him, and so trebled the +valour of the cleft block, which griped Milo by the hands. + +Nature hath strowed the shore with such plenty of these shel-fishes, +as thereby shee warranteth the poore from dread of staruing: for +euery day they may gather sufficient to preserue their life, though +not to please their appetite, which, ordinarie with vs, was +miraculous to the Rochellers in their siedge 1572. + +After Shel-fish succeedeth the free-fish, so termed, because he +wanteth this shelly bulwarke. + +Amongst these, the Flowk, Sole and Playce follows the tyde up into +the fresh riuers, where, at low water, the Countri people find them +by treading, as they wade to seeke them, and so take them vp with +their hands. They vse also to poche them with an instrument somewhat +like the Sammon-speare. + +Of Eeles there are two sorts: the one Valsen, of best taste, coming +from the fresh riuers, when the great raine floods after September +doe breake their beds, and carry them into the sea: the other, bred +in the salt water, & called a Conger Eele, which afterwards, as his +bignes increaseth, ventreth out into the maine Ocean, & is +enfranchised a Burgesse of that vast common wealth: but in harbor +they are taken mostly by Spillers made of a cord, [32] many fathoms +in length, to which diuers lesser and shorter are tyed at a little +distance, and to each of these a hooke is fastened with bayt: this +Spiller they sincke in the sea where those Fishes haue their +accustomed haunt, and the next morning take it vp againe with the +beguiled fish. + +For catching of Whiting and Basse, they vse a thred, so named, +because it consisteth of a long smal lyne with a hooke at the end, +which the Fisherman letteth slip out of his hand by the Boat side to +the bottom of the water, and feeling the fish caught by the sturring +of the lyne, draweth it vp againe with his purchase. The Porposes +are shaped very bigge and blacke. These chase the smaller schoels of +fish from the mayne sea into the hauens, leaping vp and downe in the +water, tayle after top, and one after another, puffing like a fat +lubber out of breath, and following the fish with the flood, so long +as any depth will serue to bear them; by which means they are +sometimes intercepted: for the Borderers watching vntill they be past +farre vp into some narrow creeke, get belowe them with their Boats, +and cast a strong corded net athwart the streame, with which, and +their lowd and continuall showting and noyse making, they fray and +stop them from retyring, vntill the ebbe haue abandoned them to the +hunters mercy, who make short worke with them, and (by an olde +custome) share them amongst all the assistants with such +indifferencie, as if a woman with child bee present, the babe in her +wombe is gratified with a portion: a poynt also obserued by the +Speare-hunters in taking of Sammons. + +Now from within harbour, we will launch out into the deepe, and see +what luck of fish God there shall send vs, which (so you talke not of +Hares or such vncouth things, for that proues as ominous to the +fisherman, as the beginning a voyage on the day when Childermas day +fell, doth to the Mariner) may succeed very profitable: for the coast +is plentifully stored, both with those foreremembred, enlarged to a +bigger size, & diuers other, as namely of shel-fish, Sea-hedge-hogs, +Scallops & Sheath-fish. Of fat, Brets, Turbets, Dories, Holybut. +Round, Pilcherd, Herring, Pollock, Mackrell, Gurnard, Illeck, Tub, +Breame, Oldwife, Hake, Dogfish, Lounp, Cunner, Rockling, Cod, Wrothe, +Becket, Haddock, Guilt-head, Rough-hound, Squary Scad, Seale, Tunny, +and many others, quos nunc, &c. + +The Sheath, or Rasor-fish, resembleth in length and bignesse a mans +finger, and in taste, the Lobster, but reputed of greater restoratiue. + +The Sea-hedge-hogge, of like or more goodnesse, is enclosed in a +round shell, fashioned as a loafe of bread, handsomely wrought and +pincked, and guarded by an vtter skinne full of prickles, as the +land Vrchin. But the least fish in bignes, greatest for gaine, and +most in number, is the Pilcherd: they come to take their kind of the +fresh (as the rest) betweene haruest and Alhallon-tyde, and were wont +to pursue the Brit, vpon which they feede, into the hauens, but are +now forestalled on the coast by the Drouers and Sayners. The Drouers +hang certaine square nets athwart the tyde, thorow which the schoell +of Pilchard passing, leaue many behind intangled in the meashes. +When the nets are so filled, the Drouers take them up, clense them, +and let them fall againe. + +The Sayners complayne with open mouth, that [33] these drouers worke +much preiudice to the Commonwealth of fishermen, and reape thereby +small gaine to themselues; for (say they) the taking of some few, +breaketh and scattereth the whole schoels, and frayeth them from +approaching the shore: neither are those thus taken, marchantable, +by reason of their brusing in the meash. Let the crafts-masters +decide the controuersie. + +The Sayne, is in fashion, like that within harbour, but of a farre +larger proportion. To each of these, there commonly belong three or +foure boates, carrying about sixe men apeece: with which, when the +season of the yeere and weather serueth, they lie houering upon the +coast, and are directed in their worke, by a Balker, or Huer, who +standeth on the Cliffe side, and from thence, best discerneth the +quantitie and course of the Pilcherd: according whereunto, hee +cundeth (as they call it) the Master of each boate (who hath his eye +still fixed upon him) by crying with a lowd voice, whistling through +his fingers, and wheazing certing diuersified and significant signes, +with a bush, which hee holdeth in his hand. At his appointment they +cast out their Net, draw it to either hand, as the Schoell lyeth, +or fareth, beate with their Oares to keepe in the Fish, and at last, +either close and tucke it vp in the Sea, or draw the same on land, +with more certaine profit, if the ground bee not rough of rockes. +After one companie haue thus shot their Net, another beginneth behind +them, and so a third, as opportunitie serueth. Being so taken, some, +the Countrie people, who attend with their horses and paniers at the +Cliffes side, in great numbers, doe buy and carrie home, the larger +remainder, is by the Marchant, greedily and speedily seized vpon. + +They are saued three maner of wayes: by fuming, pressing, or +pickelling. For euery of which, they are first salted and piled vp +row by row in square heapes on the ground in some celler, which they +terme, Bulking, where they so remaine for fome ten daies, vntil the +superfluous moysture of the bloud and salt be soked from them: +which accomplished, they rip the bulk, and saue the residue of the +salt for another like seruice. Then those which are to be ventred +for Fraunce, they pack in staunch hogsheads, so to keepe them in +their pickle. Those that serue for the hotter Countries of Spaine +and Italie, they vsed at first to fume, by hanging them vp on long +sticks one by one, in a house built for the nonce, & there drying +them with the smoake of a soft and continuall fire, from whence they +purchased the name of Fumados: but now, though the terme still +remaine, that trade is giuen ouer: and after they haue bene ripped +out of the bulk, reffed vpon sticks, & washed, they pack them orderly +in hogsheads made purposely leake, which afterward they presse with +great waights, to the end the traine may soke from them into a +vessell placed in the ground to receyue it. + +In packing, they keepe a iust tale of the number that euery hogshead +contayneth, which otherwise may turne to the Marchants preiudice: +for I haue heard, that when they are brought to the place of sale, +the buyer openeth one hogs-head at aduentures; and if hee finde the +same not to answere the number figured on the outside, hee abateth a +like proportion in euery other, as there wanted in that. The trayne +is well solde, as imployed to diuers vses, and welneere acquiteth the +cost in sauing, and the sauing setteth almost an infinite [34] number +of women and children on worke, to their great aduantage: for they +are allowed a peny for euery lasts carriage (a last is ten thousand) +and as much for bulking, washing, and packing them, whereby a lusty +huswife may earne three shillings in a night; for towards the euening +they are mostly killed. + +This commoditie at first carried a very lowe price, and serued for +the inhabitants cheapest prouision: but of late times, the deare sale +beyond the seas hath so encreased the number of takers, and the +takers iarring and brawling one with another, and foreclosing the +fishes taking their kind within harbour, so decreased the number of +the taken, as the price daily extendeth to an higher rate, equalling +the proportion of other fish: a matter which yet I reckon not +preiudiciall to the Commonwealth, seeing there is store sufficient +of other victuals, and that of these a twentieth part will serue the +Countries need, and the other nineteene passe into forraine Realmes +with a gainefull vtterance. + +The Sayners profit in this trade is vncertayne, as depending upon the +seas fortune, which hee long attendeth, and often with a bootlesse +trauaile: but the Pilcherd Marchant may reape a speedy, large, and +assured benefit, by dispatching the buying, sauing and selling to the +transporters, within little more then three moneths space. Howbeit, +diuers of them, snatching at wealth ouer-hastily, take mony +beforehand, and bind themselues for the same, to deliuer Pilcherd +ready saued to the transporter, at an vnder-rate, and so cut their +fingers. This venting of Pilcherd enhaunced greatly the price +of cask, whereon all other sorts of wood were conuerted to that vse: +and yet this scantly supplying a remedie, there was a statute made +35. Eliz. that from the last of Iune 1594. no stranger should +transport beyond the seas any Pilcherd or other fish in cask, vnlesse +hee did bring into the Realme, for euery sixe tunnes, two hundred of +clapboord fit to make cask, and so rateably, vpon payne of forfeyting +the sayd Pilcherd or fish. This Act to continue before the next +Parliament, which hath reuiued the same, vntill his (yet not knowne) +succeeder. + +The Pilcherd are pursued and deuoured by a bigger kinde of fish, +called a Plusher, being somewhat like the Dog-fish, who leapeth now +and then aboue water, and therethrough bewrayeth them to the Balker: +so are they likewise persecuted by the Tonny, and he (though not +verie often) taken with them damage faisant. And that they may no +lesse in fortune, then in fashion, resemble the Flying fish, certaine +birds called Gannets, soare ouer, and stoup to prey vpon them. +Lastly, they are persecuted by the Hakes, who (not long sithence) +haunted the coast in great abundance; but now being depriued of their +wonted baite, are much diminished, verifying the prouerb, What we +lose in Hake, we shall haue in Herring. These Hakes and diuers of +the other forerecited, are taken with threds, & some of them with the +boulter, which is a Spiller of a bigger size. Vpon the North coast, +where want of good harbours denieth safe road to the fisherboats, +they haue a deuice of two sticks filled with corks, and crossed +flatlong, out of whose midst there riseth a thred, and at the same +hangeth a saile; to this engine, termed a Lestercock, they tie one +end of their Boulter, so as the wind comming from the shore, filleth +the sayle, and the saile carrieth out the Boulter into the sea, which +after the respite of some houres, is drawne in againe [35] by a cord +fastned at the neerer end. They lay also certaine Weelyes in the Sea, +for taking of Cunners, which therethrough are termed Cunner-pots. +Another net they haue long and narrow meashed, thwarted with little +cords of wide distance, in which the fish intangleth it selfe, and +is so drawne vp. + +For Bait they vse Barne, Pilcherd, and Lugges. The Lugge is a worme +resembling the Tagworme or Angle-touch, and lying in the Ose +somewhat deepe, from whence the women digge them vp, and sell them +to the Fishermen: They are descried by their working ouer head, as +the Tagworme. And, for lacke of other prouision, the Fishermen +sometimes cut out a peece of the new taken Hake, neere his tayle, +and therewith baite their hookes, to surprise more of his +Canniballian fellowes. + +The Seale, or Soyle, is in making and growth, not vnlike a Pigge, +vgly faced, and footed like a Moldwarp; he delighteth in musike, +or any lowd noise, and thereby is trained to approach neere the +shore, and to shew himselfe almost wholly aboue water. They also +come on land, and lie sleeping in holes of the Cliffe, but are now +and then waked with the deadly greeting of a bullet in their sides. + +The Fishermens hookes doe not alwayes returne them good prise: for +often there cleaueth to the baite, a certaine fish like a Starre, +so farre from good meate, as it is held contagious. + +There swimmeth also in the Sea, a round slymie substance, called a +Blobber, reputed noysome to the fish. + +But you are tired, the day is spent, and it is high time that I draw +to harbour: which good counsell I will follow, when I haue onely told +you, In what maner the Fishermen saue the most part of their fish. +Some are polled (that is, beheaded) gutted, splitted, powdred and +dried in the Sunne, as the lesser sort of Hakes. Some headed, +gutted, iagged, and dried, as Rayes, and Thornbackes. Some gutted, +splitted, powdred, and dried, as Buckhorne made of Whitings, (in the +East parts named Scalpions) and the smaller sort of Conger, and Hake. +Some gutted, splitted, and kept in pickle, as Whiting, Mackrell, +Millet, Basse, Peall, Trowt, Sammon, and Conger. Some, gutted, and +kept in pickle, as the lesser Whitings, Pollocks, Eeles, and squarie +Scads. Some cut in peeces, and powdred, as Seale and Porpose. +And lastly, some boyled, and preserued fresh in Vinegar, as Tonny +and Turbet. + +Besides these flooting burgesses of the Ocean, there are also +certaine flying Citizens of the ayre, which prescribe for a corrodie +therein; of whom some serue for food to vs, and some but to feed +themselues. Amongst the first sort, we reckon the Dip-chicke, +(so named of his diuiug, and littlenesse) Coots, Sanderlings, +Sea-larkes, Oxen and Kine, Seapies, Puffins, Pewets, Meawes, +Murres, Creysers, Curlewes, Teale, Wigeon, Burranets, Shags, Ducke +and Mallard, Gull, Wild-goose, Heron, Crane, and Barnacle. + +These content not the stomacke, all with a like sauorinesse, but some +carrie a rancke taste, and require a former mortification: and some +are good to bee eaten while they are young, but nothing tooth-some, +as they grow elder. The Guls, Pewets, and most of the residue, +breed in little desert Ilands, bordering on both coastes, laying +their Egges on the grasse, without making any [36] nests, from whence +the owner of the land causeth the young ones to be fetched about +Whitsontide, for the first broode, and some weekes after for the +second. Some one, but not euerie such Rocke, may yeeld yeerely +towards thirtie dozen of Guls. They are kept tame, and fed fat, +but none of the Sea kind will breede out of their naturall place: +Yet at Caryhayes, master Treuanions house, which bordereth on the +Cliffe, an old Gull did (with an extraordinarie charitie) accustome, +for diuers yeeres together, to come and feede the young ones +(though perhaps none of his alliance) in the court where they were +kept. It is held, that the Barnacle breedeth vnder water on such +ships sides, as haue beene verie long at Sea, hanging there by the +Bill, vntill his full growth dismisse him to be a perfect fowle: +and for proofe hereof, many little things like birds, are ordinarily +found in such places, but I cannot heare any man speake of hauing +seene them ripe. The Puffyn hatcheth in holes of the Cliffe, whose +young ones are thence ferretted out, being exceeding fat, kept salted, +and reputed for fish, as comming neerest thereto in their taste. +The Burranet hath like breeding, and, after her young ones are +hatched, shee leadeth them sometimes ouer-land, the space of a mile +or better, into the hauen, where such as haue leasure to take their +pastime, chace them one by one with a boate, and stones, to often +diuing, vntill, through wearinesse, they are taken vp at the boates +side by hand, carried home, and kept tame with the Ducks: the Egges +of diuers of these Fowles are good to bee eaten. + +Sea-fowle not eatable, are Ganets, Ospray (Plynyes Haliaeetos.) +Amongst which, Iacke-Daw (the second slaunder of our Countrie) shall +passe for companie, as frequenting their haunt, though not their diet: +I meane not the common Daw, but one peculiar to Cornwall, and +therethrough termed a Cornish Chough: his bil is sharpe, long, +and red, his legs of the same colour, his feathers blacke, +his conditions, when he is kept tame, vngratious, in filching, +and hiding of money, and such short ends, and somewhat dangerous in +carrying stickes of fire. + +After hauing marched ouer the land, and waded thorow the Sea, to +discouer all the creatures therein insensible, & sensible, the course +of method summoneth me to discourse of the reasonable, to wit, +the Inhabitants, and to plot downe whatsoeuer, noteworthily, +belongeth to their estate, reall, and personall, and to their +gouernment, spirituall, and temporall. Vnder their reall state, +I comprise all that their industrie hath procured, either for +priuate vse, or entercourse, and traffike. + +In priuate life, there commeth into consideration, their Tenements, +which yeeld them sustinance, and their houses, which afford them a +place of abode. Euerie tenement is parcell of the demaynes, or +seruices of some Manner. Commonly thirtie Acres make a farthing +land, nine farthings a Cornish Acre, and foure Cornish Acres, a +Knights fee. But this rule is ouerruled to a greater or lesser +quantitie, according to the fruitfulnesse, or barrennesse of the +soyle. That part of the demaines, which appertaineth to the Lords +dwelling house, they call his Barten, or Berton. The tenants to the +rest hold the same either by sufferance, Wil, or custome, or by +conuention. The customary tenant holdeth at Wil, either for yeeres, +[37] or for liues, or to them and their heires, in diuers manners +according to the custome of the Mannour. Customarie Tenants for +life, take for one, two, three, or more liues, in possession, or +reuersion, as their custome will beare. Somewhere the wiues hold by +widdowes estate, and in many places, when the estate is determined by +the Tenants death, and either to descend to the next in reuersion, +or to returne to the Lord, yet will his Executor, or Administrator +detaine the land, by the custome, vntill the next Michaelmas after, +which is not altogether destitute of a reasonable pretence. + +Amongst other of this customarie Land, there are seuenteene Mannours, +appertaining to the Duchie of Cornwall, who doe euerie seuenth yere, +take their Holdings (so they terme them) of certaine Commissioners +sent for the purpose, & haue continued this vse, for the best part +of three hundred yeeres, through which, they reckon, a kind of +inheritable estate accrued vnto them. But, this long prescription +notwithstanding, a more busie then well occupied person, not long +sithence, by getting a Checquer lease of one or two such tenements, +called the whole right in question: and albeit God denyed his bad +minde any good successe, yet another taking vp this broken title, +to salue himselfe of a desperate debt, prosecuted the same so far +forth, as he brought it to the iutty of a Nisi prius. Hereon +certayne Gentlemen were chosen and requested by the Tenants, to +become suiters for stopping this gap, before it had made an +irremediable breach. They repayred to London accordingly, +and preferred a petition to the then L. Treasurer Burleigh. +His L. called vnto him the Chauncellour, and Coise Barons of the +Exchequer, and tooke a priuate hearing of the cause. It was there +manifestly prooued before them, that besides this long continuance, +and the Importance, (as that which touched the vndooing of more then +a thousand persons) her Highnesse possessed no other lands, that +yeelded her so large a benefit in Rents, Fines, Heriots, and other +perquisites. These reasons found fauourable allowance, but could +obtaine no thorough discharge, vntill the Gentlemen became +suppliants to her Maiesties owne person, who, with her natiue & +supernaturall bounty, vouchsafed vs gratious audience, testified her +great dislike of the attempter, & gaue expresse order for stay of +the attempt: since which time, this barking Dogge hath bene mufled. +May it please God to award him an vtter choaking, that he neuer haue +power to bite againe. + +Herein we were beholden to Sir Walter Raleghs earnest writing, (who +was then in the Countrey) to Sir Henry Killigrews sound aduice, +and to Master William Killigrews painefull soliciting (being the most +kinde patrone of all his Countrey and Countreymens affaires at +Court.) + +In times past, and that not long agoe, Holdings were so plentifull, +and Holders so scarce, as well was the Landlord who could get one to +bee his Tenant, and they vsed to take assurance for the rent by 2. +pledges of the same Mannour. But now the case is altred: for a farme, +or (as wee call it) a bargaine can no sooner fall in hand, then the +Suruey Court shal be waited on with many Officers, vying & reuying +each on other; nay thei are taken mostly at a ground-hop, before they +fall, for feare of comming too late. And ouer and aboue the old +yerely rent, they will giue a hundred or two hundred [38] yeeres +purchace and vpward at that rate, for a fine, to haue an estate of +three liues: which summe commonly amounteth to ten, or twelve yeeres +iust value of the land. As for the old rent, it carrieth at the most, +the proportion but of a tenth part, to that whereat the tenement may +be presently improued, & somewhere much lesse: so as the Parson of the +parish can in most places, dispend as much by his tithe, as the Lord +of the Mannour by his rent. Yet is not this deare letting euerie +where alike: for the westerne halfe of Cornewall, commeth far short +of the Easterne, and the land about Townes, exceedeth that lying +farther in the Countrey. + +The reason of this enhaunsed price, may proue (as I gesse) partly, +for that the late great trade into both the Indies, hath replenished +these parts of the world with a larger store of the Coyne-currant +mettals, then our ancestours enioyed: partly, because the banishment +of single-liuing Votaries, yonger mariages then of olde, and our +long freedome from any sore wasting warre, or plague, hath made our +Countrey very populous: and partly, in that this populousnes hath +inforced an industrie in them, and our blessed quietnes giuen scope, +and meanes to this industrie. But howsoeuer I ayme right or wide at +this, once certayne it is, that for these husbandry matters, the +Cornish Inhabitants are in sundry points swayed by a diuerse opinion, +from those of some other Shires. One, that they will rather take +bargaines, at these excessiue fines, then a tolerable improued rent, +being in no sort willing to ouer a penny: for they reckon that, but +once smarting, and this, a continuall aking. Besides, though the +price seeme very high, yet mostly, foure yeeres tillage, with the +husbandmans payne and charge, goeth neere to defray it. Another, +that they fal euery where from Commons to Inclosure, and partake not +of some Easterne Tenants enuious dispositions, who will sooner +preiudice their owne present thrift, by continuing this mingle-mangle, +then aduance the Lords expectant benefit, after their terme expired. + +The third, that they alwayes preferre liues before yeeres, as both +presuming vpon the Countries healthfulnesse, and also accounting +their family best prouided for, when the husband, wife, and childe, +are sure of a liuing. Neither may I (without wrong) conceyle the +iust commendation of most such wiues, in this behalfe: namely, +when a bargaine is so taken to these three, it often falleth out, +that afterwards the sonne marieth, and deliuereth his yeruing-goods +(as they terme it) to his father, who in lieu thereof, by his wiues +assent (which in many auncient deeds was formall) departeth to him +and his daughter in lawe, with the one halfe of his Holding in hand. + +Now, though after the fathers decease, the mother may, during her +life, turne them both out of doores, as not bound by her owne word, +and much lesse by her husbands: yet I haue seldome or neuer knowne +the same put in practise, but true and iust meaning hath euer +taken place. + +Yet another vnconscionable quirk some haue of late time pried into, +viz. in a ioynt-lease to three intended by the taker and payer, +to descend successiuely and intirely, one of them passeth ouer his +interest to a stranger, who by rigour of law shall hold it during the +liues of the other twaine. + +[39] + +The ordinary couenants of most conuentionary Tenants are, to pay due +Capons, doe haruest iournyes, grinde at the Mill, sue to the Court, +discharge the office of Reeue and Tithing-man, dwell vpon the +Tenement, and to set out no part thereof to tillage, without the +Lords licence first obtained. Which conditions are yet enlarged or +restrained, according to the Demisors humour. + +Vsuall it is for all sorts of Tenants, vpon death, at least, if not +surrender, or forfeyture, to pay their best beast for a Heriot: yea, +if a stranger, passing thorow the Countrey, chaunce to leaue his +carkase behind him, he also must redeeme his buriall, by rendring his +best beast, which he hath with him, to the Lord of the soyle: or if +he haue none, his best Iewell; or rather then fayle, his best garment +then about him, in lieu thereof. But this custome hath beene +somewhat shaken, in comming to triall, and laboureth of a dangerous +Feuer, though the Cornish Gentlemen vse all possible remedies of +almost fas et nefas, by pleading the 11. poynts of the Lawe, to +keepe it on liue. + +The free Tenants seruices, are ordinary with those of other places, +saue that they pay in most places onely fee-Morton releeses, which is +after fiue markes the whole Knights fee, (so called of Iohn Earle +first of Morton, then of Cornwall, and lastly King of this Land) +whereas that of fee-Gloucester is fiue pound. And to accomplish +this part, I haue heere inserted a note of the Cornish Knights fees +and acres, which I receyued from my learned and religious kinseman +Master Robert Moyle. + + + Record. Feod. Milit. in Cornub. fact. + Anno 3. H. 4. vt sequitur. + + HEnricus Dei gratia, Rex Anglia & Franciae, & Dominus + Hiberniae, dilectis nobis Vicecom. & Escaetori nostris + in Com. Cornub. ac Iohanni Colshil, & Iohanni Tremayn + seniori collectoribus auxilij 20. solidorum, de quolibet + feod. Milit. tento de nob. fine medio in Com. praedicto + ad Blanchiam primogenitam filiam nostram maritand. iuxta + formam statuti, anno regni Domini Edwardi nuper Regis + Angliae, Aui nostri 25. edict. assignat salutem. Quasdam + euidentias, quas de libris, rotulis & memorand. Scaccarii + nostri exhiberi fecimus pro informations vestra, super + captione inquisitionum diuersorum feodorum in Com. praedicto, + viz. de rubro libra unam scedulam, & duos rotulos de + euidentiis nuper collectoribus auxilii praedicti, auo nostro + ad filium suum primogenitum milit. faciend, anno Regni sui 20. + concessi vobis mittimus, sub pede sigilli nostri, mandantes, + vt inspect. euidenc. praed. vlterius inde tam per easdem + euident. quam per Inquisitiones super praemiss. per vos + capiend. pro commodo nostro faciatis, quod de iure per vos + videatur faciend: Ita quod euidenc. praed, vna cum toto fac. + vestro in premiss. & hoc breue ad Scaccarium nostrum super + compot. vestrum proxim. de eodem auxilio redend. Baronibus + de dictio Scaccario nostro ibidem liberandum habeatis. + Teste Iohanne Cokayn apud Westmonast. 30. die Ianua. Anno + Regni nostri 3. Rotl. memorum de anno 3. Hillar. record. + +[40] + + Hundred de Penwith. + + Will, de Campo Arnulphi ten. 7 feod. & di. + in Luduon trewedryn, Maien & Kelle- + meke. + Will. Basset ten. 1. feod in Tihidi & Trenalga. + Mich. de Bray ten. 2. partes vnius feod. in Bray + Alanas Bloighon ten 2. feod. in Tremall. + Haeres Marci de Walestbren ten. 2. partes feod. in + Veno. + Episcop. Exon. ten dimid. feod. in Lauestli. + Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. 1. feod. in Gorten. + Comes Gloc. ten. 4. part. unius feod. in Drayn- + neck. + Idem. Comes ten. 1. feod. in Couerton. + Idem. Comes ten. 1. feod. in Binnerton. + Idem. Comes ten. 5. part. 1. feod. in Loigans. + Haeres Ties ten. dimid. feod. in Alwerton. + Marchio Dorset. ten. 4. feod. in Trenwel. + + Hundred de Lysnewith. + + Will, de Botriaux tenet in isto Hundred in Wale + breux. 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Polruman di. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Wolueston 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Tresciward 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Worthauale 1. feod. + Reginald de Ferrar in ead. Hund. 7. feod. + Will, de Witha & Iohan. de Crammon tenent in + Trewint & in Westdisart 1. feod. + Idem Will. de Campo Arnulphi ten. 1 feod. in + Heliset. + Idem Will. ten. in Oterham 1. feod. + Idem Will, in Donneghny Crugplegh di. feod. + Simon Giffard ten. 1. feo. in Donneghny de la Bruer. + Henric. de la Pomerey ten. in Lesnewith & Treuyghan + di. feod. + Rogerus de Crammon ten. in Moteland 1. feod. + Omnia praedicta feod. sunt feod. Mortanne. + Haeres Iocei Dinan ten.in Ouer rescradeck. & nether + rescradeck di. feod. + + Hundred de Stratton. + + HErbertus de Pyn ten. in Middeland 3. feod. + Idem ten. in Bere 1. feod. in Deuon. + Idem ten. in Alwington in Deuon 2. feod. + Idem ten. Marwonchurch 1. feod. + Idem ten. in Pensenteinon, Trethewy & Westory 2. + feod. + Comes Gloc. ten. 2. magna feod. in Kilkham land. + +[41] + + Ranulphus de Albo Monasterio tenet in Stratton 1. + feod. + Thomas de Wamford ten. in Efford 1. feod. + Henric. de Killigreu ten. 1. feo. in Orchard mar- + ries. + Iohannes de Cobbeham in Lancels 1. feod. quod Abbas + & conuentus de Hartland tenent in pur. & perpet. + elem. + Idem ten. in Wiston & Serpeknol 1. feod. + Idem ten. in burgo paruo Ponte knol. & Sunondsham 1. + feod. quod Abbas & conu. praed. clam, tenere in + pura & perpet. elem. + Idem ten. 3. part. 1. feod. in Turlebere. + Idem ten. 1. feod. & 6. part. 1. feod. in Hilton simul + cum Ferewil in Deuon. + Rogerus de Carmmon ten. 1. feod. in Hormecot & + Rescher. + Rex ten. 1. feod. in Bostinne. + Idem ten. Lamaylwen 1. feod. quod Oliuerus de Cram- + mon ten. + Idem ten. in Nantoige 1. feod. di. feod. + Iohanna Lengleis ten. i. feod. in Wadfaste. + Guilielmus de Campo Arnulphi ten. 1. feod. m Pen- + nalim. + Idem ten. 1. feod. & 2. partes 1. feod. in Wike. + Prior de Lanceston ten. 1/4 1. feod. in Borton. + Haluethus Maliuery ten, di. feo. milit. in Tamerton. + Omnia praedicta feod. sunt parua feod. prater. 2. feod. + in Kilkam lond. + + Hundred de East. + + IOhanna de Rame ten. 1. fe. magnum de Seniock. + Nicholaus Danne ten. 1. partem feod. dict. feod. de + Mortimer in Tregantle de Modeton. + Idem Nich. ten. 1. magnum feod. de Abbate de Ta- + uistauk. + Idem Nich. ten. 1. mag. feod. in Trecan & Trecurnel + & Churleton de praedict. Abbate. + Idem Wil. de Bodbrand ten. 2. parua feod. de Mor- + teynne in Penhangle de Trematon. + Idem Will. ten. 1. paru. feod. dict. feod. de Morteynn + in Karkeil de Trematon. + Rogerus de Tredenick ten. in Tredenick 5. part. 1. + parui feod. prout ibid. + Rogerus de Ferrar ten. 2. parua feod. dict. feod. de + Mortyn in Penpol de Tremerton. + Idem ten. 1. paru. feod. in Haston de Tremerton. + Idem ten. 1. paru. feod. in Westuenton de Tre- + merton. + Idem ten. di. paru. feod. dict. feod. de Mortyn in The- + lebridge in la rode. + Idem ten. 3. part, vnius paru. feod. in Croketon de + Tremerton. + +[42] + + Idem Calistock 1. paru. feod. & est in manu regis. + Idem aqua de Tamar di. feod. in manu reg. de honore + de Tremeton. + Idem Rogerus de Inkepenne ten. 2. paru. feo. Mortynn + in Halton. + Galfrid. de Erth. ten. di. paru. feod. ibid. + Idem Galfrid. de Groue ten. 3. part, vnius di. feod. + paru. de Mortyn ibid. + Idem Nic. de Merton ten. 1. paru. feod. Mortyn in + Treualuare & in Trekinward. + Will. de Botriaux ten. di. paru. feod. de Mortyn in + Penhele de rege. + Thomas Lercedekne ten. 4. part. 1. feod. paru. in Treu- + ris de rege. + Baro de Stafford ten. di. feod. paru. dict. feod. de + Mortyn de rege in Kallilond. + Episcop. Exon. ten. 1. mag. feod. Gloce. de rege. + Ric. de Trenaga tenet ibid. paru. feod. de Willi. + Botriaux. + Regin. de Beuil ten. ibid. paru. feod. in Tredawil de + Wil. de Botriaux. + Idem Prior de Minstre ten. 1. paru. feod. Mort. in + Polisant. + Idem Nic. Danne ten. 3. part. 1. feod. paru. dict. feod. + de Mor. in Legh. + + Hundred de West. + + CArdynan Penlyn ten. pro duobus feod. paru. dict. + feod. de Morteyn in custodia regis. + Ric. de Serifeaux ten. 3. paru. feod. de Mort. in + Laurethon, Kilgather & Lansalwys. + Will. de Bodrigan ten. paru. feod. in Trethim Bes- + sant. + Manerium de Liskerd est di. paru. feod. Mort. & est in + manu reg. + Tho. de Cruptus ten. 2. paru. feod. in Cruphs & + Caruaton. + Matheus de Trethake ten. 2. par. feod. Mo. in Tre- + thake, Lamlewarn, Trelewarn & Denant. + Mathilda de Hewisch ten. di. part. feo. in Meuely. + Ioh. de Wellington & Reg. Querquius ten. 5. part. 1. + feod. in Fawyton. + + Hundred de Trigger. + + ROb. Thomy ten. di. feod. in Bliston dict. feod. + Mortyn. + Idem Nico. de Bindon ten. in Penrosburdon di. feod. + Mort. + Rob. de Cheyndut ten. in Bodannan 4. part. 1. feo. + Mort. + Ioh. filius Wil. te. in Kinnarght 4. par. 1. feo. Mor. + +[43] + + Idem ten. in Tregradeck, 4. part. 1. feod. Mor. + Henricus Camel ten. in Belionnus, 1. feod. Mor. + Polroda. + Robert. de Brunn ten. in Delisonbol 1. feod. Mort. + Matheus & Agnes de Trehauk ten. in Trehome di. + feod. Mort. + Robertus Giffard te. in Lannomunnus di. fe. Mor. + Robertus de Helligan ten. ibi. 2. feo. dict. fe. Mort. + Iohannes de Tinten ten. in Tynten & in Trewinneck + 1. feod. Mort. + Ioh. de Seneschal te. in Helland, 4. part. 1. fe. Mort. + Haeres de Walesbren ten. in Lamailwen 4. part. 1. feod. + Mort. + Ric. de Rescarreck ten. in Rescarretunus 4. part. fe. + Mort. + Dom. de Lancarsse ten. ib. 5. part. 1. feo. di. fe. Mort. + Dom. de Portguin ten. ib. di. feod. Mort. + Siluester de Tregamuran ten. in Tregonen 1. feod. + magnum. + Iohannes Darundle ten. in Treawset, & in Trenbeith 1. + feod. Mort. + Episcop. Exon. ten. in Eglosel 1. feod. mag. + Ioh. Tracy & Hugo Peuerel tenent in Tremscord & + Hamatethy, 2. feod. Mort. + Ricard. de Serifeaux ten. in Kilkoid 2. feod, & di. + Mort. + Iohannes de Guillez ten. in Trenderet. 1. feo. Mor. + Barth, de Cant. ten. ibid. di. feod. Mort. + Ioh. fil. Will. ten. in Haumal di. feod. + Alanus Blughon ten. in Polrodon Donnat 2. feo. + Mort. + + Hundred de Pider. + + IOhannes de Vinfrauil ten. ratione Aliciae vxoris fuae, + 1. mag. feod. in Laherne. + Ric. de Hiuoisch ten. ibid. mag. feod. in S. Idy. + Rosamunda de la forest ten. ibid. mag. feod. in Tre- + ueald. + Bartholomeus de Bercle tenet dimid. mag. feod. in Tre- + woleck. + Iohannes de Tregage tenet dimid. mag. feod. in Tre- + nurdre. + Episcop. Exon. te. 5. part. mag. feod. in Dinbegh. + Rad. de Berthei ten. ibid. 1. paru. feod. + Henric. Ties te. 4. part. mag. feod. in Trewarnayl. + Item Rex ten. 4. part. 1. mag. feod. in Trewarnayl. + Ela de sanct. Colano ten. ibid. di. paru. feo. Mort. + Ric. de sanct. Colano ten. ratione Isoldae vxo. eius + ibid. di. paru. feod. Mort. + Rob. Thomy ten. in Caruaton 4. part. 1. paru. feod. + Barth. de Berckle te. in Tremor, di. paru. feo. + Ioh. Darundle ten. di. paru, feod. in Treloy. + Iohannes Hamelyn te. di. paru. feod. in Trekinnen, + Rad. Darundle te. di. paru. feo. in Trekinnen. + +[44] + + Regin. de Botriaux ten. 5. part. paru. feod. in Cut- + fordferle. + + Hundred de Powder. + + Will. de Campo Arnulphi ten. in Tiwardraith 1. + feo. vnde Prior ten. 3. acr. & di. ibi. Idem + Will. ten. in Bodrigan Penarth & Cargois 3. + feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Gouely 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Prideas 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Lishiestick 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Treuerlynwater di. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Bodenda 4. part. 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten, in Treuerbindren 5. par. i. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Tronneck 5. part. 1. feod. + Idem Will. ten. in Tronalgerthan 4. part. 1. feod. + Episcop. Exon. ten. in Caniwerez 1. feod. + Idem Episcop. ten. in Trenel 1. feod. + Idem Episcop. ten. in Taluren 1. feod. + Idem ten. in Fentengullyn di. feod. + Idem ten. in Tremnel di. feod. + Idem ten. in Trelonck. di. feod. + Henr. de la Pomeray ten. 3. part. 1. feo. in Hellarna. + Ioh. de Riparys ten. in Mauntayn di. feod. + Idem ten. in Trethak 1. feod. + Steph. de Belloprato ten. in Treuewith & Trewithy di. + feod. paru. + Serlo de Lauladro ten. ibid. & in S. Goriann & in paru. + Luntyan 1. feod. & di. paru. + Rad. de Killigreu ten. ibid. 1. feod. paru. + Will, de Bodrigan ten. in Tremodret & in la roche 3. + feod. paru. + Serlo de Lauladro ten. in Alet 3. part. 1. feod. + Will. Stanley & Comes de Riuers ten. 1. feod. mili. Mo. + in Elerky. + Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. in Eglosroset in Trelewith + 1. feod. + Will. Baillisbury vaca. vxo. fuae ten.in Blanchelond + 1. feod. + Henr. fil. Maugi de Killigreu ten. in Trewyn 3. part. + 1. feod. + Ric. de Hiwisch ten. in Trenasanstel di. feod. + Idem ten. in Gloures 1. feod. + Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. in Argallez 1. feod. paru. + Idem ten. in Fountomon 3. part. 1. feod. paru. + Haeres Thomas de Prideas ten. in Boswyghergy 2. part. + 1.feod. paru. + Mat. de Trethake ten. in Tragameddon 2. feo. par. + Rex. ten. aquam de Fawe pro 2. feod. & 3. part, 1.feo. + Henricus de la Pomerey ten. 12. feod. in Tregony. + + Hundred de Kerier. + + WAlter. Wailisbury & Isolda vxor eius te. 3. feod. + in Rescronges dicta feod. Mortan. + +[45] + + Iohannis de Riparys te. in Rosewike 1. feo. Mort. + Episcop. Exon. ten di. mag. feod. in Minstre. + Rogerus de Carminon ten. 20. part. 1. feo. Mort. extra + 10. part. illius 20, in Wynnenton, Marthyn & Ta- + merton. + Thomas Durant ten. in Penzenguans, 1. fe. Mort. + Iohannes fil. Will. ten. di. feod. in Arworthel per Car- + tam Edwardi quondam Com. Cornub. dict. feod. + Mor. + + Euidentiae extractae de rubro libra + de Scaccario, 143. + Cornub. + + RObertus de Cardinan 71. feod. milit. + Reginaldus de Valle torta 59. de honore de Tre- + meton. + Thomas de Middleton 10. de honore de Midd. + Will. de Botterill 12. milit. + Robertus fil. Walteri 11. milit. de feod. Ric. de Lusti + auunculi sui. + Robertus de Peuerel 9. milit. de feod. eiusdem. + Ric. fil. Ric. 1. feod. & 3. part, cum haere de + Rupe. + Rad. Bloyon 7. + Arehennaund. Flandrensis 7. milit. + Robertus de Tintagle 5. milit. + Henricus fil. Will. 4. milit. + Wil. de Albemarle 5. milit. cum relict, Robert. de + Bikehat. + Radulphus de Treat. 1. milit. + Ric. Wallensis 2. milit. + Wil. de Bosfco Roardi 2. milit. + Iohannes de monte acuto. + Henricus de Pomeray. + Henricus de Herys 1. + Pharanus Warebras 1. milit. + Barth. fil. 1. milit. + Gilbertus Anglicus 1. milit. + Symon Pincerna 1. + Ric. filius Iuonis 1. + Ric. Buzon. 1. + Henricus fil. Com. 1. + Huardus de Bekelege 1. + Walterius de Dunstan vil. 1. milit. + Hastul de Sullinge 4. part. + Robertus de Mandeuil 1. milit. + Alicia de Valletorta 1. milit. + + Seriantes. + + PEtrus fil. Ogeri 40. Cabulion per vnam Capam + de Gresenge in aduentum dict. Regis in Cornu- + biam. + Rogerus Cithared 5. pro portanda illa Capa dum Rex + fuerit in Cornubia. + +[46] + + Iohan. de Pencoit vnam acram in Lametyn prec. de 5.s. + fac. ibid, custodiam per 40. dies. + Rog. de Bodmel 1. acram pro sequela in Com. + Rob. Espiakelin duas acras & furuum in Lanceneton, vt + eat in exercitum cum rege stipendiis ipsius Regis. + + + Extenta acrarum Cornub. facta coram Salom. de + Ross. & Sociis suis Iustic. itinerant, apud Laun- + ceston a die Paschae in 3.septimanas anno Reg. + Edw. 12. + + + Hundred de Penwith. + + Decunar. de Tihidi. 70. Lanistly 28. Acr. + Redwory 14. Acras. Alwarton. 64. + Couerton. 45. Trefruss. 3. + Treruffe. 1. Marchel. 23. + Dreyneck. 5. Trefundryn. 20. + Bennerton. 45. Maen. 15. + Gurlyn. 15. Bree. 8. + Loygans. 9. Kelyneck. 24. + Tenent de Tregony. 9. Warewil. 25. + Penuerthy. 8. Tredyne. 1. + Vthno. 8. Trewannard. + Prior Mich. 8. Kelision. 6. + Treynwal. 20. Tredeny. 3. + Luddeuan. 55. + Sum. 532. Acr. + + + Hundred de Kerier + + Talgollon. 6. Carmynow. 18. + Pensignans. 6. Wymanton. 12. + Kenel 1. di. Trebrabo. 24. + Arwothel. 9. S. Mawgan. 9. + Restrongas. 21. Helston. 30. + Penryn. 21. Methele. 15. + Treros. 6. Trenhale. 6. + Minster. 12. Godolghan 13. als. Epo. 9. + Trewotheck. 6. Pengirsick, 6. + Trenaweth. 9. Rogearon. 9. + Trelan. 9. Wenna. 9. + Rosewike. 30. Trelew. 9. als. 1. Ac. Exo. + Lysard. 12. Presprinick. 6. + Tredaneck. 6. Trelybey. 9. + Tucays. 6. Luceas 31. als. 31. Ac. Ex. + Clehar. 6. + Sum. 397. Acr. & dimid. + + + Hundred de Pider. + + Deci. de naushike pro. 6. Trewenneck. 3. + Kalestek. 4. Trewoleck. 9. + Elineas. 24. Bodwenek. 9. + Dygimbris. 39. Rialton parua. 57. + Treloy. 9. Trenowith. 3. + +[47] + + S. Ify. 14. Treworder Bilcon. 12. + Lanheyl Tinten. 18. Meddeschole. 9. + Methean. 2. S. Peran. 3. + Trewarnayl. 51. Eliquyn. 6. + Carantock. 18. Cargoule. 39. + Ryalton. 18. Porthe. 9. + Lanhernow. 18. Carnaton. 14. + Pawton. 120. Tregennow. 9. + Aldennow. 21. Tremblithe. 4. + Lantallen. 4. Gluuian. 3. + Tremore. 6. Withiel. 15. + Banhedrek. 9. Ryalton magna. 57. + Retergh. 9. Cotford felle. 15. + Trewynnian. 3. Berthey. 24. + Meyndy. 6. Cragantallen. 3. + Sum. 700. Acr. + + + Hundred de Powder. + + Decuna de Tregaire. 93. Treworeck & Trew. 24. + Inde alloc. 20. Ac. pro. do. Tremodreth. 18. + Deuon. Treueruen & Poldu. 15. + Blanchelond. 11. Eglosros. 3. + Argallas. 6. Crogith & Caryheges. 9. + Trenoweth. 9. Treuanion. 6. + Kestel & Coran. 6. Lanhaddron. 4. + Trelueck. 1. Boderdel. 20. + Trelewith. 6. Brithion. 8. + Tewynton. 33. Lanestek. 6. + Tregony Pomeray. 32. Elerky. 42. + Tredaek. 20. Werneckbosueleck. 4. + Gouily. 9. Cargoul. 8. + Pennarth. 9. Tretherf. 3. + Trenyeck & Golours. 7. di. Pentewyn. 3. + Trethewy. 6. S. Goron. 6. + Boswiththe. 20. Beranel. 36. + Trenance priour. 12. Trenananstle. 8. + Killiuregh. 2. Tregarreck. 14. + Landegy. 9. Maresk 36. pro reg. al- + Tregamedon. 6. loc. 2. + Alet. 12. Bodrugan. 9. + Berthey Brune. 3. Treualgarthyn. 3. + Growith & Trewithgy. 30. Lauada. 1. + Treworeck. 9. Pridiaux. 12. + Tybest & Penkeuel. 42. Tywascreth. 36. + Treueruyn. 3. Pensentimow. 6. + Nantyan. 36. Kenewyn. 1. + Sum. 573. Acr. & dimid. + + + Hundred de Trigg. + + Egloshayl. 7. di. Lannousun. 18. + Penpout. 21. Bendeuy. 36. + +[48] + + Namail. 3. Roscarreck Bighan. 3. + Hundr. de Trig. 9. Tregradeck. 16. + Trelindret. 1. di. Lancarff. 6. + Tinten. 12. Pentir. 1. di. + Trenesquit. 18. Trewornar. 18. + Peterow. 6. Penrosburdon. 12. + Boddannan. 27. Killigint. 18. + Deliodbol. 6. Tridiseck. 18. + Bliston. 33. Heligan. 9. + Canta. 1. di. Reskarrekam. 9. + Broneyr. 2. Linnoban. 66. + Rugog. 9. Bodymel. 12. + Delioner. 9. Trehaneck. 6. + Polroda. 15. Hellaund. 6. + Killigen. 9. Tamitethy. 12. + Portligwyn. 1. di. Lanowseynt. i8. + Sum. 473. & dimid. + + Hundred de Lesnewith. + + Hellesland. 57. Cydmonth. 7. + Treualga. 18. Powndstock. 9. + Treuilla. 3. Donneny. 18. + Cracampton. 12. Treseward. 7. di. + Dysard. 6. Bochym. 21. + Wolueston. 9. Boleny. 8. + Treglasta. 35. Ebsett. 21. + Mokelound. 8. S. Genys. 10. + Treuerueth. 9. Whalsborow. 8. + Wortheual. 29. Otterham. 12. + Lesnewith. 24. Tremayl. 6. + Sum. 337. & dimid. + + Hundred de Stratton. + + Decena de Middeland. Marwyn-church & extra.2. + 68. di. + Launceles. 20. Loghe. 2. + Thurlebere. 12. Corg. 1. + Weke. 15. Fanceston. 8. + Wadfast. 17. Pennalym. 17. + Wyldsworthy. 4. Efford. 21. + Tamerton. 8. Bere. 3. + Harnacot. 9. di. Hilton. 20. + Morton. 2. Forkeston & Brendon. 4. + Kilkampton & Allerton. Witston & S. Petnel. 2. + 68. Boyton & Bradbridge. 9. + Stratton. 21. dimid. + Bryard. 5. + Sum. 341. Acr. & dimid. + +[49] + + Hundred de East. + + Penheal. 36. Landreyn. 3. + Item ibid. 1. Clemyslond. 50. + Tredawel. 13. Halton. 18. + Trelosk. 14. Newton. 16. + Tauestok. 27. Trematon. 80. + Modeton. 9. Lanrake. 100. + Cauilond. 44. Sheuiek. 100. + Launcelond. 50. Tregilla. 12. + Polisaund 6. Penquite. 11. + Trefrys. 18. Carnedon. 8. + Lawytton. 80. Rame. 20. + Haston. 7. Bennalua. 20. + Landilp & leghe. 14. Penhasgar. 26. + Killaton. 20. Thorleton. 5. + Treuaga. 13. Cranydon. 24. + Trenymel. 12. Buysworek. 10. + Penpol. 24. S. Germyn. 37. + Treuartha. 3. Hamet. 7. + Sum. 927. + + + Hundred de West. + + Cardinan. 24. Treuellawan. 15. + Breuigon. 6. Lanrethow. 12. + Estdraynez. 6. S. Wynow. 4. dimid. + Tremethert. 24. Bocunek. 12. + Recradock. 9. Treuilias. 3. + Lutcot. 24. Trethu. 6. + Pendryn. 6. S. Wot. 3. + Killigath. 9. Perpol. 24. + Plenynt. 9. Losnewith. 6. + Manely. 12. Trethewy. 3. + Polscoth. 1. dimid. Penquite. 9. + Botylet. 9. Boccalawar. 6. + Killigoreck. 9. Tallan. 6. + Baurylen & Hamiteth. 3. Trethek. 6. dimid. + Fowyton. 30. Langonet. 6. + Treueruyn. 6. Rathwil. 1. dimid, + West Draynez. 6. Brothok. 3. + Laskerd. 18. Penfran. 9. + Crutour. 9. Colmettyn. 6. + Trelowya. 6. Kelly & Mighstow. 3. + Trenant. 6. + Sum 353. + + Sum. tot. 5555. dimid. Acr. + +[50] + + Nomina Baron. & Militum ex Rotulis de feodis + Militum, vel de Scutagio Solutis Regi + Richardo primo : In libro rubeo + Scaccarii. + + Cornubia. + + WAlterus Hay 20. M. per Agn. vxorem + suam. + Nicholaus filius Galfridi 10. M. + Willi. Boterell. 12. M. + Alanus Blundus 7. M. + Geruasius filius Willi. 5. M. + Willi. frater Comitis 4. M. + Willi. filius Ric. 5. M. + Rad. de Rupe 3. M. + Willi. Oliuer. 1. M. + Henricus de Tredeleberg. 1. M. + Richardus filius Iuo. dim. M. + Iohannes de Soleigny. + Stephanus Flandrensis. 7. M. + Alanus de Dunstauill. 1. M. + Rogerus Anglicus. 1. M. + Regium de Valletorta 51. M. + Secundum quod Lucas filius Bernardi Senescallus euis + mandauit per litteras Baron. de Scaccar. in Anno + sexto Regis Richardi. + Robertus de Cardin. 71. M. + Secundum quod Senescallus eiusdem mandauit Baron. + eodem anno 6. R. 1. + Galfridus de Lacell. qui habet med. feod. q. fuerunt + Richard, de Lucy in hoc Com. 9. M. sicut Ric. filius + Willi. Senescallus eius mandauit per breue, Anno + regni Regis Richardi octauo. + + Cornubia + + Anno 40. Henr. tertii. + + lllustri viro, Domino Henrico, Dei gratia, Regi Angliae, + Domino Hiberniae, Duct Nor. Aquitan. & Com. + Andeg. vicecomes Cornubiae, salutem, cum omni reve- + rentia & obsequio. Ad mandatum vestrum, nomina + illorum qui ten. quindecem libratas terrae vel plus, + & tenent per seruitium militare, & milites non + sunt, excellentiae vestrae praesentibus transmitto, vide- + licet. + + THomas de Tracy, cuius terrae in Cornubia valent + 40. libras & plus. + Rogerus de Mesy. 16. li. + Stephanus de Bellocampo. 15. li. + Henr. filius Henr. de la Pombre. 30. li. + Robertus de Carmeneu. 16. li. + Willi. filius Roberti. 15. li. + Marc. le Flamanc. 16. li. + +[51] + + Willi. Wise. 16. li. + Iordanus de Hacumb. 14. li. + Robertas de Draenas. I5. li. + Philippus de Valletorta. 40. li. + Richard. de Grenuile. 50. li. + Henricus de Dones. 15. li. + + Nomina Militum, & aliorum hominum ad + Arma, Anno Regni Regis + Edw. filii Regis + Edw 17. + + IOhannes de Treiagu vicecomes. + + Nomina militum de Com. Cornubiae, tam + infra libertates quam + extra. + + WIlli. de Botriaux. + Reginaldus de Botriaux. + Rad. de Albo Monasterio, + Richard. de Campo Arnulphi. + Henricus de Campo Arnulphi. + + Le Petit. + + THomas Lercedekne est in Vascoma in sericium + Regis. + Iohannes de Alneto. + Iohannes de Tynten. + Willi. de Ferrers. + Robertus Bendyn. + Reginaldus de Mohun. + Robertus filius Willi. impotens miles coronator Domini + Regis. + Iohannes de Carmenou. + Otto de Bodrugan peregrinatus est ad San. Iacobum li- + centia Domini Regis. + + Nomina hominum ad Arma In + Com. Cornubiae. + + IOhannes de Dynham. + Rad. de Bloyen. + Willi. Basset. + Oliuerus de Carminou. + Henricus de Peng. + Rogerus de Reskymmer. + Iohannes de Lambron. + Iohannes le Scor. de Taluran. + +[52] + + Richardus de Cerefeaux iunior. + Iohannes de Pyn. + Rogerus Pridyas. + Rad. de Bello Prato, peregrinatus est cum Ottone de + Bodrugan, cum licentia regis pro se & duobus va- + lectis. + + + Isti praenominati habent 40. libr. terrae & redditus + per annum. + Alii multi Armigeri desunt, nomina eorum dilace- + rata, non possunt legi in originali. + + EDwardus Dei gratia, Rex Angliae, Dominus Hiberniae, + & Dux Aquit.vicecomiti Cornub. salutem. Cum nuper + tibi praeceperimus, quod omnes & singulos de balliua tua in- + fra libertates & extra, tam illos qui viginti libratas terrae + & redditus per annum habent, quam illos similiter qui plus + habent, de quocunq; teneant sine delatione rogares, & speci- + aliter requireres ex parte nostra, fermiterq, iniungentes eis- + dem, quod essent ad nos Londini die dominica prox. post octa- + vas Sci. Iohannis Bapt. proximo futuras, cum equis & Ar- + mis, videlicet, quilibet eorum prout decuerit statum suum, + parati transfretare cum corpore nostro, partes transmarinas, + ad Dei nostri & ipsorum honorem, ut speramus, & pro sal- + uatione & communi utilitate regni nostri, tibi praecipimus, + firmiter iniungentes, quod mandato nostro praedicto diligenter + & celeriter executo, nos de nominibus omnium illorum de + balliua tua quos sit rogaueris ad dictam diem dominie. dis- + tincte & aperte, sub sigillo tuo certiores reddere non omittas: + Remittens nobis tunc hoc breue. Teste meipso apud Portes- + mouth, 24. die Maii, Anno regni nostri vicesimo quinto. + + Nomina eorum qui habent viginti libratas + terrae, seu redditus vel amplius, + in Com. Cornubiae. + + DOminus Oliuerus de Denham. + Dominus Willi. de Boteraus Senior. + Dominus Willi. de Boteraus maior. + Dominus Willi. de Campo Arnulphi. + Dominus Thomas de Kan. + Dominus Stepha. de Bello Prato. + Dominus Rogerus de Carminou. + Dominus Thomas de Pridias. + Dominus Hugo Peuerell. + Dominus Iohannes de Lambron. + Dominus Rad. Bloyhon. + Dominus Iohannes filius Willi. + Dominus Osbertus le Sor. + Dominus Robertus Gifford. + Dominus Richardus de Huwyse. + Dominus Reg. de Beuill. + Dominus Richardus de Reskymer, + Dominus Henricus de la Pomerey. + Dominus Petrus de Fysac. + Dominus Roulandus de Quoykyn. + Dominus Richardus de Greneuyle. + Dominus Walterus de Cornubia. + +[53] + + Dominus Reginaldus de Botreaus. + Thomas le Erchideakene. + Serlo de Lansladeron. + Walterus de Trem. + Steph. de Trewythen. + Odo de la Roche. + Willi. del Estre. + Rad. filius Oliueri de Arundell. + Willi. de Bret. + Mich. le Petit. + Iohannes de Kellerion. + Henricus de Kymyell. + Iohannes de Arundell. + Rogerus le Flemming. + Richardus le Ceariseus. + Iohannes de Tynton. + Rad. de Cheyndut. + Robertus le Brun. + Stephanus de Trewynt. + Robertus filius Willi. + Thomas de Waunford. + Rogerus Cola. + Rogerus de Meules. + Iohannes de Kylgat. + Richardus de Trenaga. + Philip. de San. Wynnoko, + Iohannes de Thurlebere. + + +NOW to weaue on our former web. The ancient maner of Cornish +building, was to plant their houses lowe, to lay the stones with +morter of lyme and sand, to make the walles thick, their windowes +arched and little, and their lights inwards to the court, to set +hearths in the midst of the roome, for chimneyes, which vented the +smoake at a louer in the toppe, to couer their planchings with earth, +to frame the roomes not to exceede two stories, and the roofes to +rise in length aboue proportion, and to bee packed thick with timber, +seeking therethrough onely strength and warmenesse; whereas +now-adayes, they seat their dwellings high, build their walles +thinne, lay them with earthen morter, raise them to three or foure +stoaries, mould their lights large, and outward, and their roofes +square and slight, coueting chiefly prospect and pleasure. As for +Glasse and Plaister for priuate mens houses, they are of late yeeres +introduction. + +The poore Cotager contenteth himselfe with Cob for his wals, and +Thatch for his couering: as for Brick and Lath walles, they can +hardly brooke the Cornish weather: and the vse thereof being put in +triall by some, was found so vnprofitable, as it is not continued +by any. + +It resteth, that after the Cornish Inhabitants reall priuate estate, +I speake of their entercourse and traffike, and so step forth to +their personal. + +This entercourse is obtayned by high wayes and Bridges: for highwayes, +the Romanes did not extend theirs so farre: but those layd out of +later times, are in the Easterne part of Cornwall, vneasy, by reason +either of their mire or stones, besides many vp-hils and downe-hils. +[54] The Westerne are better trauaileable, as lesse subiect to these +discommodities: generally, the statute 18. Eliz. for their amendement, +is reasonably wel executed. + +Bridges, the riuer Tamer hath Polston, Gresham, Horse, and New Bridge. +Lyner, that at Noddetor, Seton, and Loo, two bridges of the same name. +Foy riuer, Reprin, Lostwithiel, S. Nighton, or Niot. Fala riuer, +Grampord, Tregny. Loo riuer, Helston. On the North coast, vpon +Camel, Wade, Dilland & Helland. Vpon Deuon, Trywartheuy, &c. for +they are worth no curious enquiry. + +For maintenance of traffike by buying and selling, there are weekely +markets kept: In the Hundred of East, at Saltash, Launceston, and +Milbrook. In west H. at Loo, and Liskerd. In Stratton H. at the +Towne of the same name. In Lesnewith H. at Bottreaux Castle, and +Camelford. In Powder H. at Foy, Lostwithiel, Grampord, Tregny, +and Truro. In Trig H. at Bodmin. In Kerier Hun. at Helston, +and Perin. And in Penwith Hundred, at Pensants, and at S. Ies. +Of these, Bodmyn and Launceston are the greatest: this as placed in +the broadest, that in the middle part of the Countie. + +Fayres there are many, some of which here ensue. + +March 13. at Bodmyn, Helston, S. Michaels mount. +April 24. at Loo. + 25. at S. Columbs, S. Probus. +May 1. at Launceston, Perin. +Iune 11. at Minhinet, + 24. at Launceston, Pelint, Probus, Colombs +Iuly, on S. Margets day, at S. Stephens. + S. Thomas transl, at Camelford. + On S. Iames day, at Golsinni, Saltash. +August 1. at S. Germaines. + On S. Laurence day, at S. Laurence. + On the Assumption of our Lady, at Lalant, +September, on S. Mathews day, at Liskerd, + on S. Bartholmews, at Lostwithiel, + on the Natiuitie of our Lady, at Kellington, S. Marie weeke, + and Marcasiow. +October, on S. Dionise day, at Treuenna in Tintagel, +Nouember, on S. Katherins day, at S. Thomas. + On S. Leonards day, at Launceston and Tregny. +December, on S. Nicholas day, at Bodmyn. + +And because traffike cannot bee exercised without waights and +measures, a word or two of them. + +Touching wayghts, the statute 12. H. 7. which made a generall +ordinance therein, did specially exempt those appertayning to the +cunnage, in Deuon and Cornwall, viz. that they should be priuiledged +to continue their former vsage. + +In measures the Shire varieth, not only from others, but also in it +selfe: for they haue a land-measure, and a water-measure: the +water-measure, of things sold at the ships side (as salt and peason) +by the Inhabitants, is sixteene gallons the bushell; by strangers, +betweene 18. and 24. The land-measure differeth in diuers places, +from 18. to 24. gallons the bushell, being least in the East parts, +and increasing to the Westwards, where they measure Oates by +the hogshead. + +The Iustices of peace haue oftentimes indeuoured to reduce this +variance to a certaintie of double Winchester: but though they raysed +the lower, they cannot abate the higher to this proportion: and yet +from the want of this reformation, there ensue many inconueniences; +for the Farmer that hath the greatest bushell at the market, maketh +a price for the lesser to follow with little, (or at least) no +rateable deduction. Besides, they sell at home to their neighbours, +the [55] rest of the weeke, by the smaller meafure, as was payd +in the market for the bigger. + +There are also some Ingrossers, who buy Wheat of the husbandman, +after 18. gallons the bushell, and deliuer it to the transporting +Marchant, for the same summe, at 16. + +So doth their Pearch exceed that of other Countries, which amounteth +vnto 18. foote. And it is likewise obserued by strangers, that the +Cornish miles are much longer then those about London, if at least +the wearinesse of their bodies (after so painefull a iourney) blemish +not the coniecture of their mindes. I can impute this generall +enlargement of saleable things, to no cause sooner, then the Cornish +mans want of vent and money, who therethrough, to equall others in +quality of price, is driuen to exceed them in quantitie of measure. + +Touching the personall estate of the Cornish Inhabitants, to begin +with their name in generall, I learne by master Camden (who, as the +Arch-antiquarie Iustus Lipsius testifieth of him, Britanniae nebulas +claro ingenij sole illustrauit) that Ptolomey calleth them Damnonii, +Strabo Ostidamnii, and Aretemidorus, Cossini. + +Touching their particular denominations; where the Saxons haue not +intruded their newer vsances, they partake in some sort with their +kinsmen the Welsh: for as the Welshmen catalogize ap Rice, ap +Griffin, ap Owen, ap Tuder, ap Lewellin, &c. vntill they end in the +highest of the stock, whom their memorie can reach vnto: So the +Westerne Cornish, by alike, but more compendious maner, intitle one +another with his owne & his fathers christen name, and conclude with +the place of his dwelling; as Iohn, the sonne of Thomas, dwelling at +Pendaruis, is called Iohn Thomas Pendaruis. Rich. his yonger brother +is named, Richard Thomas Pendaruis, &c. Through which meanes, diuers +Gent. and others haue changed their names, by remoouing their +dwellings, as Trengoue to Nance, Bonithon, to Carclew, two brethren +of the Thomasses, the one to Carnsew, the other to Rescrowe, and +many other. + +Most of them begin with Tre, Pol, or Pen, which signifie a Towne, +a Top, and a head: whence grew the common by-word. + + By Tre, Pol, and Pen, + You shall know the Cornishmen. + +Neither doe they want some signification, as Godolfin, alias +Godolghan, a white Eagle: Chiwarton, the greene Castle on the hill: +which Gentlemen giue such Armes; Reskimer, the great Dogges race, +who beareth a Wolfe passant. Carnsew, alias, Carndew, a black rock: +his house Bokelly, which soundeth the lost Goat: and a Goate he +beareth for his coate: Carminow, a little Citie: Cosowarth, the +high Groue, &c. + +And as the Cornish names hold an affinity with the Welsh, so is their +language deduced from the same source, and differeth onely in the +dialect. But the Cornish is more easie to bee pronounced, and not +so vnpleasing in sound, with throat letters, as the Welsh. + +A friend of mine, one master Thomas Williams, discoursed once with +mee, that the Cornish tongue was deriued from, or at least had some +acquayntance with the Greeke: and besides diuers reasons which hee +produced to proue the same, he vouched many wordes of one sence +in both; as for example : + +[56] + + Greeke Cornish English + + Teino Tedna Draw + Mamma Mamm Mother + Episcopos Escoppe Bishop + Klyo Klowo Heere + Didaskein Dathisky To teach + Kyon Kye Dogge + Kentron Kentron Spurre + Methyo Methow Drink + Scaphe Scapth Boat + Ronchos Ronche Snorting, &c. + +This language is stored with sufficient plenty to expresse the +conceits of a good wit, both in prose and rime: yet they can no more +giue a Cornish word for Tye, then the Greekes for Ineptus, the French +for Stand, the English for Emulus, or the Irish for Knaue. + +Others they have not past two or three naturell, but are fayne to +borrow of the English: mary, this want is releeuved with a flood of +most bitter curses, and spitefull nick-names. + +They place the adiective after the substantive, like the Grecians +and Latines, as Father ours, March guiddn, horse white, &c. + + 1 2 3 4 +In numbring they say, Wonnen, Deaw, Tre, Pidder, + 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 +Pimp, Whey, Zith, Eath, Naw, Deag, Ednack, Dowthack, + 13 14 15 16 17 18 +Tarnack, Puzwarthack, Punthack, Wheytack, Zitack, Itack, + 19 20 40 100. 1000. 10000. +Naunzack, Eygganz, Deaw Egganz, Cans, Mille, Molla. + +Durdatha why, is Good morrow to you. +Trenestatha, Good night. +Fatlugan a why: How do you? +Da durdalathawhy: Wel I thanke you. +Betha why Iawanneck: Be you mery. +Benetugana: Farewell. + +A sister, they call Whoore: +a whoore, whorra: +a priest, coggaz: +a partridge, grigear: +a Mare, cazock. + +Relauta: by my troth. +Warrasay: by my fayth. +Molla tuenda laaz, ten thousand mischiefs in thy guts. +Mille vengeance warna thy, a thousand vengeances take thee. +Pedn ioll, deuils head: +Pedn brauze, great head: +pedn mowzack, stinking head: +and so in Infinitum. + +Which termes, notwithstanding thogh they witnes their spite on the +one side, yet retayne they as great a proofe of their deuotion on the +other: for the Lords Prayer, the Apostles Creed, and the ten +commaundements, haue beene used in Cornish beyond all remembrance. +But the principall loue and knowledge of this language, liued in +Doctor Kennall the Ciuilian, and with him lyeth buryed: for the +English speach doth still encroche vpon it, and hath driuen the same +into the vttermost skirts of the shire. Most of the Inhabitants can +no word of Cornish; but very few are ignorant of the English: and yet +some so affect their owne, as to a stranger they will not speake it: +for if meeting them by chance, you inquire the way or any such matter, +your answere shal be, Meea nauidua cowzasawzneck, I can speake no +Saxonage. The English which they speake, is good and pure, as +receyuing it from the best hands of their owne Gentry, and the +Easterne Marchants: but they disgrace it, in part, with a broad and +rude accent, and eclipsing (somewhat like the Somersetshire men) +specially in pronouncing the names: as Thomas they call, Tummas & +Tubby: Mathew, Mathaw: Nicholas, Nichlaaz: Reginald, Reinol: David, +Daaui: Mary, Maari: Frauncis, [57] Frowncis: Iames, Iammez: Walter, +Watty: Robert, Dobby: Rafe, Raw: Clemence, Clemmcowe, &c. holding +herein a contrary course of extension to the Italians abridgement, +who terme Frauncis, Cecco: Dominick, Beco : Lawrence, Renzo: as also +to the Turks, who name Constantinople, Stampoli: Adrianople, Adrina: +an Olifant, Fil: and the Sicilians, who curtayle Nicholas, to Cola. + +Besides these, they haue taken vp certayne peculiar phrases, +which require a speciall Dictionarie for their interpretation: +of which kinde are, + +Tis not 'bezibd' (fortuned) to me: Thou hast no 'road' (ayme), +he will never 'scrip' (escape) it, he is nothing 'pridy' (handsome), +'boobish' (lubberly), 'dule' (comfort), 'lidden' (by-word), +'shune' (strange), 'thew' (threaten), 'skew' (shunne), +'hoase' (forbeare). + +To reproue one of lazines, they will say, Doest thou make Idle +a coate? that is, a coate for idlenes? In coniecturing what number +may effect a thing, they adde, or same: as two, or some: ten, or some: +twentie, or some: id est, thereabouts. + +The other rude termes, wherewith Deuon and Cornish men are often +twyted, may plead in their defence, not onely the prescription of +antiquitie, but also the title of proprietie, and the benefit of +significancy: for most of them take their source from the Saxon, +our naturall language, and continue in vse amongst the Dutch: +as Nimme commeth of Nimpt: Vang, of Fieng: the one importing a +taking by ones selfe: the other by deliuery: both which we now +confound. Ich to Ick, Cund to Cundigen, Lading, to Geladen: +eruing goods, to Erbnuss. So Thwyting, is properly the cutting of +little chippes from a stick. Pilme, the dust which riseth: Brusse, +that which lyeth: which termes, as they expresse our meaning more +directly, so they want but another Spencer, to make them passable. + +The number of Cornish Inhabitants, though it cannot directly bee +summed, may yet proportionably be gessed at by the musters taken of +the able men (hereafter set downe) which wee will value at a third +part of the whole, in ensuing Bodins rate. + +But another question falleth sometimes into scanning, namely, +whether Cornwall haue heretofore beene better stored with people, +then it is now. Some holde the affirmatiue, and vouch to prooue it, +the generall decay of Inland townes, where whole streets, besides +particular houses, pay tribute to Comdowne Castle, as also the +ruines yet resting in the wilde Moores, which testifie a former +inhabitance. Others incline againe to the negatiue, alleadging the +reasons heretofore touched, in the deare price of farmes or bargaines, +by which mine assent is rather swayed: for I suppose that those +waste grounds were inhabited, and manured, when the Saxons and Danes +continual inuasions draue them to abandon the sea coasts, saue in +such townes, as were able to muster, vpon any sodaine occasion, +a sufficient number for their owne defence. The residue retired +into the heart of the land, where, vpon a longer warning, they might +sooner assemble from all sides, to make head, and the enemie in so +far a march and retrait, should aduenture a greater hazard to bee +distressed by the way. Which policy the French were driuen vnto, +in Edward the thirds time, vpon the Englishmens [58] often roades, +and the Spaniards make vse of at this day, in their Indies. +Touching the decayed Inland townes, they are counteruayled with a +surplusage of increase of those on the coast, and the desolate walks +in the Mores, haue begotten a seuen-fold race of cotages neere the +sea side. And thus much of Cornwall compared with it selfe: now, +if you match it with other champion Shires, methinks, I may gather +the same to be better inhabited, within a like circuit of miles, +because the plenty of hils & valleys, afford a large quantity of +ground thereunto. He that cannot conceiue this, may read Polibius +in his 9 booke, where it is written, that for this reason, +Lacedemon, being but fourty eight furlongs in compasse, contayneth +more dwellings then Megalopolis, which extendeth vnto fiftie. +My last proofe is grounded on this, that where the most part of the +shire is seuered into inclosures, you cannot easily make choyce to +stand in any one of them, aboue a quarter of a mile distance from +some dwelling house. + +After the names, language, and number thus perused, the Cornish +peoples disposition & quality of mind and body, as well ancient +as present, and then their degrees and recreations, succeed to be +surueyed. The first Inhabitants, or Aborigenes, as the Paynims held, +resembled those whom our stories affirme Brute to haue found here at +his landing, huge of body, rough of liuing, & sauage of conditions, +whome an old Poet desciphered in certaine verses, which I receiued of +my particular kind friend, and generally well-deseruing Countreyman +M. Camden, now Clarentieulx, which he since hath published. + + --Titanibus ilia, + Sed paucis famulosa domus, quibus vda ferarum + Terga dabant vestes, cruor haustus, pocula trunci: + Antra lares, dumeta thoros, caenacula rupes, + Praeda cibos, raptus venerem, spectacula caedes, + Imperium vires, animos furor, impetus arma, + Mortem pugna, sepulchra rubus, monstrisque gemebat + Monticolis tellus, sed eorum plurima tractus, + Pars erat Occidui, terror maiorque premebat, + Te furor extremum Zephiri Cornubia limen. + +Which sound thus in English. + + This was the Titans haunt, but with + No plenty did abound, + Whom beasts raw hides for clothing seru'd; + For drinke, the bleeding wound ; + Cups, hollow trees; their lodging, dennrs ; + Their beds, brakes; parlour, rocks; + Prey, for their food; rauine, for lust; + Their games, life-reauing knocks. + Their Empire, force; their courage, rage ; + A headlong brunt, their armes ; + Combate, their death; brambles, their graue. + The earth groan'd at the harmes + Of these mount-harbour'd monsters : but + The coast extending West, + Chiefe foyson had, and dire dismay, + And forest fury prest + Thee, Cornwall, that with utmost bound + Of Zephire art possest. + + +But afterwards, the Cornishmen, through the conuersation of forraine +Marchants trading into their countrey for Tyn, by the testimony of +Diodorus Siculus; grew to a larger measure of ciuility, then others +their fellow, but more remoted Ilanders. From which ciuility, in the +fruitful age of Canonization, they stepped a degree farder to holines, +& helped to stuffe the church kalender with diuers Saints, either made +or borne Cornish. Such was Keby son to Solomon prince of Cor. such +Peran, who if my author + +[59a] + +the Legend lye not) after that (like another Iohannes de temporibus) +he had liued two hundred yeres with perfect health, tooke his last +rest in a Cornish parish, which therethrough he endowed with his name. +And such were Dubslane, Machecu, & Manslunum, who (I speake vpon Math. +of Westm. credit) forsooke Ireland, thrust themselues to sea, in a +Boat made of three Oxe skinnes and a halfe, with seuen daies victuall, +and miraculously arriued in Cornwall. + +Of Cornishmen, whose industrie in learned knowledges hath recommended +their fame to their posterity, these few as yet are onely come to my +notice: [1170] Iohn of Cornwall, a student at Rome, and other places +in Italy, wrote of the Incarnation of Christ, against Peter Lumbard, +and dedicated the same to Pope Alexander the third, by whom he was +highly fauoured. + +[1201] Simon Thurnay, after he had out-gone all the Oxford schollers +in prophane learning (sayth the commendably paynefull Antiquarie, +and my kind friend, Master Hooker) passed from thence to Paris, +and there so profited in the study of diuinitie, that he attayned +the chiefest place amongst the profound Sorbonists. But it was a +windy knowledge that thus filled his sayles of glory, which grew at +last so to tempest his wittes, as he held Aristotle superior to +Moses and Christ, and yet but equall to himselfe. But this extreame +surquedry, forfeyted his wittes, so as at last they could not serue +him to know any letter in the booke, or to remember ought that he +had done. + +In King Henry the thirds time, liued Michael of Cornwall, admirable +(as those dayes gaue) for his variety of Latine rimes, who maintayned +the reputation of his Countrey, against Henry de Abrincis, the Kings +Arch-Poet, but somewhat angerly, as it seemeth by these verses against +the said de Abrincis: + + Est tibi gamba capri, crus Passeris, & latus Apri, + Os leporis, catuli nasus, dens & gena muli, + Frons vetulae, tauri caput, & color vndique Mauri + His argumentis, quibus est argutia mentis, + Quod non a Monstro differs, satis hic tibi monstro. + +[1292] Walter of Exon, a Franciscane Frier of Carocus in Cornwall, +at the request of Baldwin of Exon (de-) formed the Historie of +Guy of Warwick. + +Godfrey, surnamed of Cornwall, was about that time a cunning +Schoole-man, and Diuinitie Reader in Paris. + +[1342] William de Grenefild, from the Deanry of Chichester, +stepped to the Chauncellorship of England, and Archbishoprick of York, +under K. E. the first. + +In Ed, the seconds daies, one Geffrey of Cornwall, is remembred +for a writer. + +Iohn Treuisa, a Cornishman, liued in R. the 2. raigne, & translated +diuers books into English. + +King Henry the fift not vnmindfull of the ciuiller Arts amongst his +Martiall exployts, founded an Vniversitie at Caen in Normandie, +& appointed Michael Tregury of Cornwall, for his rare gifts in +learning, to bee Gouernour thereof. + +In Henry the sixts time, Iohn Skewish compiled certaine abbridgements +of Chronicles, and the warres of Troy. + +King Henry the 7. promoted Iohn Arundel for his learning, to the +sea of Excester. + + Neither is Thomas Triuet to be forgotten, as a writer, [60] +though he haue grauen his memory in a fairer letter, by building the +costly bridge at Bridge-water, of which sometimes he was Lord. + +Within our remembrance Cornwall hath bred or harboured Diuines, +graced with the degree Doctorship, Moreman Tremayn, Nichols and Rolls. +Bachelers, Medhope, Stowel, Moore, Denis. Of Preachers, the shire +holdeth a number, plentifull in regard of other shires, though not +competant to the full necessity of their owne, all commendably +labouring in their vocation, though not endowed with an equal ability +to discharge the same. + +In the Ciuil law there liued of late Doctor Kennals, & now doth +Doctor Carew, one of the ancientest masters of the Chauncerie; +in which calling, after his yonger yeres spent abroad to his benefit, +he hath reposed himselfe. Bachelers there are Carnsew, Kete, & Denis. +Barristers at the Common law, Chiuerton, Tremayne, Skawn, Michel, +Moyle, Courtnay, Tub, Treffry, Sayer. These testifie the honesty of +their carriage by the mediocrity of their estate: and (if they will +giue me leaue to report a iest) do verify an old Gentlemans prophesie, +who said that there stood a man at Polton bridge (the first entrance +into Cornwall, as you passe towards Launceston, where the Assizes are +holden) with a blacke bill in his hand, ready to knock downe all the +great Lawyers, that should offer to plant themselues in that Countie. +In earnest, whether it be occasioned through the countries pouerty, +or by reason of the far distance thereof from the supremer Courts, +or for that the multiplicity of petty ones neere at hand, appertaining +to the Dutchy, Stannary, and Franchises, do enable the attourneyes +and such like of small reading, to serue the peoples turne, and so +curtail the better studied Counsellours profiting; once certayne +it is, that few men of Law, haue either in our time, or in that of +our forefathers, growne heere to any supereminent height of learning, +liuely-hood or authoritie. + +Of like fortune, but lesse number are the Phisicions; by how much the +fewer, by so much the greater witnesses of the soyles healthfulnes. +The most professors of that science in this Country, sauing only one +Io. Williams, can better vouch practise for their warrant, then +warrant for their practise. Amongst these, I reckon Rawe Clyes a +black Smith by his occupation, and furnished with no more learning, +then is suteable to such a calling, who yet hath ministred Phisike +for many yeeres, with so often successe & general applause, that not +only the home-bred multitude beleeueth mightily in him, but euen +persons of the better calling, resort to him from remote parts of +the realme, to make trial of his cunning, by the hazard of their +liues; & sundry, either vpon iust cause, or to cloke their folly, +report that they haue reaped their errands end at his hands. +But farre more commendable is M. Atwel, sometimes Parson of Caluerly +in Deuon, & now of S. Tue in Cornwall. For besides other parts of +learning, with which he hath bene seasoned, he is not vnseene in the +Theoricks of Phisike, & can out of them readily and probably +discourse, touching the nature and accidents of all diseases. +Besides, his iudgment in vrines commeth little behind the skilfullest +in that profession. Mary his practise is somewhat strange and varying +from all others: for though now and then he vse blood-letting, and +doe ordinarily minister Manus Christi, and such like cordials, +[61] of his owne compounding (a poynt fitting well with my humour, +as enabling nature, who best knoweth how to worke) yet mostly for all +diseases he prescribeth milk, and very often milk and apples, a course +deepely subiect to the exception of the best esteemed Practitioners; +and such notwithstanding, as whereby either the vertue of the +medicine, or the fortune of the Phisicion, or the credulitie of +the Patient, hath recouered sundry out of desperate and forlorne +extremities. + +This his reputation is of many yeeres standing, and maintayneth it +selfe vnimpayred. But the same soareth to an higher pitch, by the +helpe of another wing, and that is, his liberalitie. On the poore +he bestoweth his paines & charges gratis: of the rich he taketh +moderately, but leaues the one halfe behind, in gift amongst +the houshould, if he be called abroad to visit any: The rest together +with the profits of his benefice (rather charitably accepted then +strictly exacted from his Parishioners) he powreth out with both +hands in pios vsus, and will hardly suffer a penny to sleepe, but +neuer to dwell with him. + +Few Townes there are in Cornwall, or any other shire between that and +London, which haue not in some large measure tasted of his bountie. +None commeth in kindnes to see him, but departed gratifyed with +somewhat, if his modestie will accept it. Briefly, his sound +affection in religion, is so wayted on by honesty of life, and +pleasantnesse of conuersation, that in Fabritius his voluntary +pouertie, he is an equall partner of his honour, and possesseth a +large interest in the loue of his neighbours. My loue to vertue, +and not any particular beholdingnes, hath expressed this my testimony. + +For persons imployed in state affaires, and there-through stept +to preferment, that I may not outstride late remembrance, +Sir Richard Edgecumb the elder, was Comptroller of the houshold, +and priuie Counseller to King Henry the seuenth, being sent by him +also in diuers Ambassades, in one of which to the Duke of Britaine +he deceased. + +King Henry the eight made like vse in this last kind, of +Iohn Tregonwel, who graduated a Doctor, and dubbed a Knight, did his +Prince good seruice, and left faire reuenewes to his posterity. + +Sir Thomas Arundel, a younger brother of Lanhearn house, maried the +sister to Queene Katherine Howard, & in Edward the 6. time was made +a priuie Counseller: but cleauing to the Duke of Somerset, he lost +his head with him. + +Sir Henry Killigrew, after Ambassades and messages, and many other +employments of peace and warre, in his Princes seruice, to the good +of his Countrey, hath made choyce of a retyred estate, and reuerently +regarded by all sorts, placeth his principall contentment in +himselfe, which, to a life so well acted, can no way bee wanting. + +Master George Carew, in his yonger yeeres gathered such fruit, as +the Vniuersitie, the Innes of Court, and forrayne trauell could +yeeld him: vpon his returne, he was first called to the Barre; +then supplyed the place of Secretarie to the Lord Chauncellour Hatton; +and after his decease, performed the like office to his two +successours, by speciall recommendation from her Maiestie, who also +gaue him the Prothonotaryship of the Chauncery, and in anno, 1598. +sent him Ambassadour [62] to the King of Poland, and other Nothern +Potentates' where, through vnexpected accidents, he vnderwent +extraordinary perils, but God freed him from them, & he performed +his duty in acceptable maner, and at this present the common wealth +vseth his seruice, as a Master of the Chauncery. + +Cornwall, no doubt, hath affoorded a far larger proportion of well +deseruing and employed members, to the good of their Prince and +Countrey, albeit they fall not within the compasse of my knowledge, +&. it is likely that the succeeding age wil much encrease the +number, by meanes of her Highnes bounty, who to that end hath +established seed-plots of free Schooles, with competent pentions out +of her owne cofers, for the teachers at Saltash, Launceston, and +Perin, three market townes of the County. + +In descending to martiall men, Arthur claimeth the first mention, +a Cornishman by birth, a King of Britaine by succession, & the second +of the three Christian worthies by desert: whom (if you so please) +that Captayne of Armes and Venery, Sir Tristram, shall accompany. +From them, I must make a great leap (which conuinceth me an vnworthy +associat of the antiquary Colledge) to Sir Iohn Naphant who (if I +mistake not) was by country a Cornish man, though by inhabitance a +Calisian, where H. 7. vsed his seruice in great trust; and Cardinal +Wolsey owned him for his first master. More assured I am, that +Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerne, vpon a long fight at sea, took prisoner +one Duncane Camel, a hardy Scottish Pirate, and presented him to +K. H. the 8: for our Chronicles report it. Towards the end of that +Kings raine, Sir Wil. Godolphin also demeaned himselfe very valiantly +in a charge which hee bare beyond the seas, as appeared by the +skarres hee brought home, no lesse to the beautifying of his fame, +then the disfiguring of his face: Whose Nephew, of the same name +and dignity, hath so inriched himselfe with sufficiency for matters +of policy, by his long trauell, & for martial affaires, by his present +valiant cariage in Ireland, that it is better knowne, how far he +outgoeth most others in both, then easily to be discerned for which +he deserueth principall commendation himselfe. So did Sir Rich. +Greinuile the elder enterlace his home Magistracy, with martiall +employments abroad: whereof the K. testifyed his good liking by +his liberality. Which domestical example, encouraged his sonne +Roger the more hardily to hazard, & the more willingly to resign +his life in the vnfortunate Mary Rose. A disposition & successe +equally fatall to that house: for his sonne againe, the second +Sir Ric. after his trauell and following the warres vnder the +Emperour Maximilian, against the great Turke, for which his name +is recorded by sundry forrain writers and his vndertaking to people +Virginia and Ireland, made so glorious a conclusion in her Maiesties +ship the Reuenge (of which he had charge, as Captaine, & of the whole +fleet as Vice-admirall) that it seemed thereby, when he found none +other to compare withall in his life, he striued through a vertuous +enuy to exceed it in his death. A victorious losse for the realme; +and of which the Spaniard may say with Pirrhus, that many such +conquests would beget his vtter ouerthrow. Lastly, his son Iohn +took hold of euery martiall occasion that was ministred him, vntill, +in seruice against her Highnesse enemies, vnder the command of +Sir Walter Ralegh, the Ocean became his bedde of honour. Neither may +I without wrong passe ouer Captaine George Wray in silence, who (by a +rare temperature of vertues) breathed courage into his soldiers, +purchased loue amongst his acquaintance, and bred dismay in his +enemies. Or captaine Hender, the absolutest man of war for precise +obseruing martiall rules which his dayes afforded, besides his +commendable sufficiencie of head and hand for inuention and execution. +I will end with master William Lower, late captaine of Sir Frauncis +Veres companie in Netherland, who hath opened the war schoole vnto a +great many Cornish young gentlemen, that vnder his conduct sought to +conforme themselues to his patterne, euerie way accomplished, with all +the due parts of honour. + +For Mechanical sciences the old Veale of Bodmyn might iustly expostulate +with my silence, if I should not spare him a roome in his Suruey, +while hee so well deserues it. This man hath beene so beholden to +Mercuryes predominant strength in his natiuitie, that without a teacher +hee is become very skilfull in welneere all manner of handy-crafts: +a Carpenter, a Ioyner, a Milwright, a free-Mason, a Clockmaker, +a Caruer, mettall founder, Architect, & quid non? yea a Surgeon, +Phisicion, Alchumist, &c. So as that which Gorgias of Leontium vaunted +of the liberall sciences, he may professe of the mechanicall, +viz. to be ignorant in none. + +The Cornish minds thus qualified, are the better enabled to expresse +the same by the strong, actiue, &c healthfull constitution of their +bodies; touching each whereof a little in particular, though we shall +haue a fitter generall occasion to discourse therof, where we handle +their passetimes. For strength, one Iohn Bray (well knowne to me as +my tenant) carried vpon his backe, at one time, by the space welneere +of a Butte length, sixe bushels of wheaten meale, reckoning fifteen +gallons to the bushel, and the Miller a lubber of foure and twenty +yeres age, vpon the whole. + +Iohn Romane, a short clownish grub, would beare the whole carkase of +an Oxe, and yet neuer tugged with him, like that so famous Milo, +when hee was a Calfe. + +For activity, one Kiltor, committed to Launceston Gayle for the last +Cornish commotion, laying there in the castle-greene vpon his back, +threw a stone of some pounds wayght, ouer that Towres top, which +leadeth into the parke. + +For health, 80. & 90. yeres age, is ordinary in euery place, and in +most persons, accompanied with an able vse of the body & his sences. +One Polzew, lately liuing, reached vnto 130, a kinsman of his, +to 112. one Beauchamp to 106. yea Brawne the begger, a Cornishman by +wandring (for I cannot say, by inhabitance) though Irish by birth, +out-scoreth a hundred winters, by I wote not how many reuolutions. +And in the parish where God hath seated my poore dwelling, I remember +the decease of foure, within 14. weekes space, whose yeres added +together, made vp the summe of 340. + +Now to the degrees of their seuerall callings, wherein as I will poast +ouer the Dukes to another place, so for Noblemen, I may deliuer in a +word, that Cornwall at this present enioyeth the residence of none +at al. The occasion whereof groweth, partly, because their issue +female haue caried away the Inhabitance, together with the +Inheritance, to Gentlemen of the Easterne parts: and partly, for that +their issue male, little affecting [64] so remote a corner, liked +better to transplant their possessions neerer to the heart of the +Realme. Elder times were not so barraine: for besides the Lord +Tregoyes in Wil. Conquerours dayes, Bottraux Castle vaunted his Baron +of that title; both now descended to the Earles of Huntingdon: the +last deceased of which, retayning the honour, departed with the land +to my kinde friend master Iohn Hender, a Gentleman for his good parts, +employed by her Maiestie amongst others, in the peace gouernment of +the shire. + +The Lord Bonuile his house was at Trelawne, alias, Trelawney, lately +purchased of her Highnes, by Sir Ionathan Trelawny, a Knight well +spoken, stayed in his cariage, and of thrifty prouidence. + +The Lord Bray dwelt at [blank]: the Lord Brooke, at Kellington, where +one of them hath his tombe: the Lord Marney at Colquite: and the +Lord Denham at Cardenham. + +Boconnock also appertained to the Earles of Deuon, and was by +Frauncis Earle of Bedford, solde to Sir William Mohun, who deriued +his pedigree from the ancient Barons of that name, and is also issued +from one of those Earles of Deuons sisters and heyres. This together +with other fayre possessions, now resteth in Sir Reignald Mohun his +sonne, one that by his courteous,iust, and liberall course of life, +maintayneth the reputation, and encreaseth the loue alwayes borne +his ancestours. + +The most Cornish Gentlemen can better vaunt of their pedigree, then +their liuelyhood: for that, they deriue from great antiquitie, (and I +make question, whether any shire in England, of but equall quantitie, +can muster a like number of faire coate-Armours) whereas this +declineth to the meane. One cause there is of both proceeding from +the want of those supplies, which seruice, law and marchandise, afford +the more inward Inhabitants of the Realme, as I haue elsewhere +touched: yet this rule is not so generall, but that it admitteth his +exceptions: for there are diuers, whose patrimonies extend to a large +proportion; & for the residue, the cheapnes of their prouisions, and +their casualties of Tyn, and fines (which 2. later ordinarily treble +the certaine reuennue of their rents) enable them with their few +scores, to equall the expences of those Easterne dwellers, who reckon +by the hundreds: besides, they finde meanes by a suruey, to defray any +extraordinarie charge of building, marriage, lawing, or such like. +Yet I cannot denie, but that some, in gaping for dead mens shooes, +find their improuident couetous humour punished with going barefoot. + +This angle which so shutteth them in, hath wrought many +interchangeable matches with eche others stock, and giuen beginning +to the prouerbe, that all Cornish gentlemen are cousins; which endeth +in an injurious consequence, that the king hath there no cousins. +They keepe liberall, but not costly builded or furnished houses, +giue kind entertainement to strangers, make euen at the yeeres end +with the profits of their liuing, are reuerenced and beloued of their +neighbours, liue void of factions amongst themselues (at leastwise +such as breake out into anie daungerous excesse) and delight not in +brauerie of apparrell: yet the women would be verie loth to come +behind the fashion, in [65] newfanglednes of the maner, if not in +costlynes of the matter, which may perhaps ouer-empty their husbands +purses. They conuerse familiarly together, & often visit one another. +A Gentleman and his wife will ride to make mery with his next +neighbour; and after a day or twayne, those two couples goe to a +third: in which progresse they encrease like snowballs, till through +their burdensome waight they breake againe. + +And heere I thought requisite, to lay downe the names of such Cornish +gentlemen, as I find recorded to haue come in with the Conquerour. + + + Gentlemen descended from those, who came + in with the Conquerour, and now resi- + ding in Cornwall. + + Arundell. Greinuile. + + Basset. Karrow, alias, Carew. + Bluat, alias, Bluet. + Beauchamp. Mowne, alias, Mohun. + Bray. Malet. + Bellet. Miners. + Beuill. + Barret. Pomeray. + + Courtenay. Rouse. + Chaumont, alias, Chamond. + Samtalbin, alias, Semtabyn. + Denis. Saulay, alias, Saule. + + +If the variety of Armes disclaime from any of these names, I will not +stand vpon a stiffe iustification: and yet it is to bee noted, that +diuers Cornish Gentlemen, borne yonger brothers, and aduanced by +match, haue left their owne coats, & honoured those of their wiues +with the first quarter of their shields. Which error their posteritie +likewise ensued, as also, that before these later petty differences +grew in vogue, the Armes of one stocke were greatly diuersified in the +younger braunches. + +I had also made a more paynful, then perfect collection of most of +the Cornish Gentlemens names & Armes: But because the publishing +thereof might perhaps goe accompanied with diuers wrongs, to my much +reuerenced friends the Heralds, by thrusting my sickle into their +haruest; to a great many my Countrymen, whom my want of information +should be forced to passe ouer vnmentioned; and to the truth it selfe, +where my report (relying vpon other mens credits) might through their +errour intitle me the publisher (though not the author) of falshood: +I rather thought fit altogether to omit it, and to note onely, that of +diuers Gentlemen there haue bene in Cornwall, either their names are +worne out, or their liuings transferred by the females, into other +families: as likewise, sundry of those there now inhabiting, are +lately denized Cornish, being generally drawne thither (besides other +more priuate respects) through eyther the desire of change, which the +disease of discontent affecteth, or the loue of quiet in so remote +a corner, or the supposall of commodities there arising, and accruing, +or the warrantize from ouerlooking & bearing, where little difference +in quality tendeth to an [66] equality in estates. + +From Gentility, we wil descend to ciuility, which is or should be in +the townesmen. Those in Cornwall do no more by nature, then others +elsewhere by choyce, conceiue themselves an estranged society from +the vpland dwellers, and cary, I will not say a malice, but an +emulation against them, as if one member in a body could continue his +wel-being without a beholdingnes to the rest. Their chiefest trade +consisteth in vttering their petty marchandises, & Artificers labours +at the weekly markets. Very few among them make vse of that +oportunity, which the scite vpon the sea proffereth vnto many, for +building of shipping, and traffiking in grosse: yet some of the +Easterne townes piddle that way, & some others giue themselues to +fishing voyages, both which (when need requireth) furnish her +Maiesties nauy with good store of very seruiceable Mariners. + +There are (if they be not slaundered) that hunt after a more easie +then commendable profit, with little hazard, and (I would I could +not say) with lesse conscience. Anno 32. H. 8. an act of Parliament +was made for repayring, amongst others, the Borough townes of +Launceston, Liskerd, Lostwithiel, Bodmyn, Truro, and Helston +in Cornwall, but with what fruit to their good, I cannot relate. + +Within late yeeres memorie, the sea-coast Townes begin to proclaime +their bettering in wealth, by costly encrease of buildings; but those +of the Inland, for the most part, vouch their ruined houses, and +abandoned streets, as too true an euidence, that they are admitted +no partners in this amendment. If I mistake not the cause, I may +with charitie inough wish them still the same fortune: for as is +elsewhere touched, I conceyue their former large peopling, to haue +bin an effect of the countries impouerishing, while the inuasion of +forraine enemies draue the Sea-coast Inhabitants to seeke a more safe, +then commodious abode in those Inland parts. + +Strangers occasioned to trauaile through the shire, were wont, no +lesse sharply then truly, to inueigh against the bad drinke, course +lodging, and slacke attendance which they found in thosehouses that +went for Innes: neither did their horses better entertainment, proue +them any welcomer ghests then their masters: but in stead of remedy, +they receyued in answere, that neither such an outcorner was +frequented with many wayfarers, nor by hanging out signes, or +forestalling at the Townes end, like the Italians, did they inuite +any; and to make great prouision vpon small hope of vtterance, were +to incurre a skorne-worthy losse, seeing Aspettare, & non +venire (saith the same Italian) is one of the tre cose da morire. + +Touching the Yeomanarie of Cornwall, I can say little, worth the +observing, for any difference from that of other shires, and therefore +I will step downe the next staire to husbandmen. + +These in times not past the remembrance of some yet liuing, rubbed +forth their estate in the poorest plight, their grounds lay all in +common, or onely diuided by stitch-meale: little bread-corne: their +drinke, water, or at best, but whey: for the richest Farmour in a +parish brewed not aboue twyce a yeere, and then, God wotte what +liquor: their meat, Whitsull, as they call it, namely, milke, sowre +milke, cheese, curds, [67] butter, and such like as came from the cow +and ewe, who were tyed by the one legge at pasture: their apparell, +course in matter, ill shapen in maner: their legges and feet naked +and bare, to which sundrie old folke had so accustomed their youth, +that they could hardly abide to weare any shooes; complayning how it +kept them ouer hote. Their horses shod onlie before, and for all +furniture a pad and halter, on which the meaner countrie wenches of +the westerne parts doe yet ride astride, as all other English folke +vsed before R. the 2. wife brought in the side saddle fashion +of straw. + +Suteable hereunto was their dwelling, & to that their implements of +houshold: walles of earth, low thatched roofes, few partitions, no +planchings or glasse windows, and scarcely any chimnies, other then +a hole in the wall to let out the smoke: their bed, straw and a +blanket: as for sheets, so much linen cloth had not yet stepped ouer +the narrow channell, betweene them and Brittaine. To conclude, +a mazer and a panne or two, comprised all their substance: but now +most of these fashions are vniuersally banished, and the Cornish +husbandman conformeth himself with a better supplied ciuilitie to +the Easterne patterne, which hath directed him a more thriuing forme +of husbandrie; and our halcion dayes of peace enabled him to applie +the lesson: so as, his fine once ouercome, he can maintaine himselfe +& his familie in a competent decencie to their calling, and findeth +monie to bestow weekely at the markets, for his prouisions of +necessitie and pleasure: for his quarterlie rent serueth rather as a +token of subiection to his Land-lord, then any grieuous exaction on +his tenement. + +One point of their former roughnesse, some of the Westerne people +do yet still retaine, & therethrough in some measure, verifie that +testimonie which Mathew Westm. giueth of them, together with the +Welsh, their auncient countrimen: namely, how fostering a fresh +memorie of their expulsion long agoe by the English, they second +the same with a bitter repining at their fellowship: and this the +worst sort expresse, in combining against, and working them all the +shrewd turnes which with hope of impunitie they can deuise: howbeit, +it shooteth not to a like extremitie in all places and persons, but +rather by little and little, weareth out vnto a more milde and +conuersable fashion. Amongst themselues they agree well, and +companie louingly together: to their gentlemen they carrie a verie +dutifull regard, as enured in their obeysance from their ancestors, +and holding them as Roytelets, because they know no greater. +Onelie it might be wished, that diuers amongst them had lesse spleene +to attempt law-suits, for pettie supposed wrongs, or not so much +subtiltie and stiffenesse to prosecute them: so should their purses +be heauier, and their consciences lighter: a reporter must auerre +no falshood, nor conceale any truth. + +We must also spare a roome in this Suruey, to the poore, of whom +few Shires can shew more, or owne fewer then Cornwall. +Ireland prescribeth to be the nurserie, which sendeth ouer yeerely, +yea and dayly whole Ship-loades of these crooked slips, and the +dishabited townes afford them rooting: so vpon the matter, the whole +County maketh a contribution, to pay those Lords their rent. +Manie good Statutes haue beene enacted for redresse of these abuses, +and vpon the first publishing, heedfully and diligently put in +practise: but [68] after the nine dayes wonder expired, the law +is forgotten, the care abandoned, and those vermine swarme againe +in euerie corner: yet those peeuish charitable cannot be ignorant, +that herethrough, to the high offence of God and good order, they +maintaine idlenes, drunkennesse, theft, lecherie, blasphemie, +Atheisme, and in a word, all impietie: for a worse kind of people +then these vagabonds, the realme is not pestered withal: what they +consume in a day, wil suffice to releeue an honest poore parishioner +for a week, of whose work you may also make some vse: their staruing +is not to be feared, for they may be prouided for at home, if they +list: no almes therefore should be cast away upon them, to the +robberie of the needy impotent; but money least of all: for in giuing +him siluer, you do him wrong, by changing his vocation, while you +metamorphize him from a begger to a buyer. Lacks he meat, drinke, +or apparrell? (and nothing els he ought to be owner of) he must +procure them of the worst by free gift, and not make choice, for a +iust price, of the best. Well, though the rogue laugh you to scorne +at night, the alewife hath reason the next day to pray for you. + +Surely we finde by experience, that this so hainous an enormitie may +be both easily and quickly reformed: for let the Constables execute +upon the rogues that last most beneficiall Act of Parliament, with +due seueritie for one weeke, and the terror thereof will free the +parish for a month: vse it a month, and you are acquited for the +whole yere. If the Constables persift in their remisnesse, let the +Iustices lay the penalty vpon them, and they will no longer hoodwinke +themselues at their neighbours faults. Let the neighbour be so +pinched by the purse, but once or twise, and he will become a +great deale the more sensible to season his charity with discretion +for a long time after. + +Vpon the first statute, there was a house of correction erected +at Bodmin, to the great charge, but little benefit of the Countrey. +Which experience lessoneth them to illude this later, by appoynting +certaine cotagers houses in euery parish to serue, nomine tenus, +for that purpose. + +Lazer-houses, the deuotion of certaine Cornish Gentlemens ancesters +erected at Minhinet, by Liskerd, S. Thomas by Launceston, and +S. Laurence by Bodmyn: of which, this last is well endowed & gouerned. +Concerning the other, I haue little to say, vnlesse I should eccho +some of their complaints, that they are defrauded of their right. +The much eating of fish, especially newly taken, and therein +principally of the liuers, is reckoned a great breeder of those +contagious humours, which turne into Leprosie: but whence soeuer the +cause proceedeth, dayly euents minister often pittifull spectacles to +the Cornishmens eyes, of people visited with this affliction; some +being authours of their owne calamity by the forementioned diet, +and some others succeeding therein to an haereditarius morbus of +their ancestors: whom we will leaue to the poorest comfort in miserie, +a helplesse pittie. + +But let me lead you from these vnpleasing matters, to refresh +yourselues with taking view of the Cornishmens recreations, which +consist principally in feastes and pastimes. + +Their feasts are commonly haruest dinners, Church-ales, and the +solemnizing of their parish Churches dedication, which they terme +their Saints feast. + +[69] + +The haruest dinners are held by euery wealthy man, or as wee terme it, +euery good liuer, betweene Michaelmas and Candlemas, whereto he +inuiteth his next neighbours and kinred, and though it beare onely +the name of a dinner, yet the ghests take their supper also with them, +and consume a great part of the night after in Christmas rule: neither +doth the good cheere wholly expire (though it somewhat decrease) but +with the end of the weeke. + +For the Church-ale, two young men of the parish are yerely chosen by +their last foregoers, to be Wardens, who deuiding the task, make +collection among the parishioners, of whatsoeuer prouision it pleaseth +them voluntarily to bestow. This they imploy in brewing, baking, +& other acates, against Whitsontide; vpon which Holydayes, the +neighbours meet at the Church-house, and there merily feed on their +owne victuals, contributing some petty portion to the stock, which by +many smalls, groweth to a meetly greatnes: for there is entertayned +a kinde of emulation betweene these Wardens, who by his graciousnes +in gathering, and good husbandry in expending, can best aduauce the +Churches profit. Besides, the neighbour parishes, at those times +louingly visit one another, and this way frankely spend their money +together. The afternoones are consumed in such exercises, as olde +and yong folke (hauing leysure) doe accustomably weare out the time +withall. + +When the feast is ended, the Wardens yeeld in their account to the +Parishioners, and such money as exceedeth the disbursments, is layd +vp in store, to defray any extraordinary charges arising in the +parish, or imposed on them for the good of the Countrey, or the +Princes seruice. Neither of which commonly gripe so much, but that +somewhat stil remayneth to couer the purses bottome. + +The Saints feast is kept vpon the dedication day, by euery housholder +of the parish, within his owne dores, each entertayning such forrayne +acquaintance, as will not fayle when their like turne cometh about, +to requite him with the like kindnes. + +Of late times, many Ministers haue by their ernest inuectiues, +both condemned these Saints feasts as superstitious, and suppressed +the Church-ales, as licencious: concerning which, let it breed none +offence, for me to report a conference that I had not long since, +with a neere friend, who (as I conceiue) looked hereinto with an +indifferent and vnpreiudicating eye. I do reuerence (sayd he) the +calling and iudgement of the Ministers, especially when most of them +concurre in one opinion, and that the matter controuersed, holdeth +some affinity with their profession. Howbeit, I doubt, least in +their exclayming or declayming against Church-ales and Saints feasts, +their ringleaders did onely regard the rinde, and not perce into +the pith, and that the rest were chiefly swayed by their example: +euen as the vulgar, rather stouped to the wayght of their authoritie, +then became perswaded by the force of their reasons. And first +touching Church-ales, these be mine assertions, if not my proofes: +Of things induced by our forefathers, some were instituted to a good +vse, and peruerted to a bad: againe, some were both naught in the +inuention, and so continued in the practise. Now that Church-ales +ought to bee sorted in the better ranke of these twaine, maybe +gathered from their causes and [70] effects, which I thus rasse vp +together: entertaining of Christian loue, conforming of mens +behauiour to a ciuill conuersation, compounding of controuersies, +appealing of quarrels, raising a store, which might be concerted +partly to good and godly vses, as releeuing all sorts of poore people, +repairing of Churches, building of bridges, amending of high wayes; +and partly for the Princes seruice, by defraying at an instant, such +rates and taxes as the magistrate imposeth for the Countries defence. +Briefly, they tende to an instructing of the minde by amiable +conference, and an enabling of the body by commendable exercises. +But I fearing lest my friend would runne himselfe out of breath, +in this volubilitie of praising, stept athwart him with these +obiections: That hee must pardon my dissenting from his opinion, +touching the goodnesse of the institution: for taken at best, +it could not be martialled with the sacred matters, but rather with +the ciuill, if not with the profane; that the very title of ale was +somewhat nasty, and the thing it selfe had beene corrupted with such +a multitude of abuses, to wit, idlenes, drunkennesse, lasciuiousnes, +vaine disports of ministrelsie, dauncing, and disorderly +night-watchings, that the best curing was to cut it cleane away. +As for his fore-remembred good causes and effects, I sawe not, +but that if the peoples mindes were guided by the true leuell of +christian charity & duetie, such necessary and profitable +contributions might stil be continued gratis, & the country eased +of that charge to their purse and conscience, which ensueth this +gourmandise. His reply was, that if this ordinance could not reach +vnto that sanctity which dependeth on the first table, yet it +succeeded the same in the next degree, as appertayning to the second. +Mine exception against the title, he mockingly matched with their +scrupulous precisenes, who (forsooth) would not say Christmas, +nor Michaelmas, as other folk did; but Christs tide, and Michaels +tide: who (quoth he) by like consequence must also bind themselues +to say, Toms tide, Lams tide, and Candles tide. But if the name of +ale relish so ill, whereas the licour itselfe is the English mans +ancientest and wholesomest drinke, and serueth many for meate and +cloth too; he was contented I should call it Church beere, or Church +wine, or what else I listed: mary, for his part hee would loqui cum +vulgo, though hee studied sentire cum sapientibus. Where I affirmed, +that the people might by other meanes be trayned with an equall +largesse to semblable workes of charitie, he suspected lest I did +not enter into a through consideration of their nature and qualitie, +which he had obserued to be this: that they would sooner depart with +12. pennyworth of ware, then sixepence in coyne, and this shilling +they would willingly double, so they might share but some pittance +thereof againe. Now in such indifferent matters, to serue their +humours, for working them to a good purpose, could breed no maner +of scandall. As for the argument of abuse, which I so largely +dilated, that should rather conclude a reformation of the fault, +then an abrogation of the fact. + +For to prosecute your owne Metaphore (quoth hee) surely I holde him +for a sory Surgeon, that cannot skill to salue a sore, but by taking +away the lymme, and little better then the Phisicion, who, to helpe +the disease, will reaue the life of his Patient from him. Abuses, +doubtlesse, great and many [71] haue, by successe of time, crept +hereinto, as into what other almost, diuine, or ciuill, doe they not? +and yet in these publike meetings, they are so presented to euery +mans sight, as shame somewhat restrayneth the excesse, and they may +much the sooner bee both espied and redressed. If you thinke I goe +about to defend Church-ales, with all their faults, you wrong your +iudgement, & your iudgement wrongeth mee. I would rather (as a +Burgesse of this ale-parliament) enact certaine lawes, by which such +assemblies should be gouerned: namely, that the drinke should neither +be too strong in taste, nor too often tasted: that the ghests should +be enterlarded, after the Persian custome, by ages, yong and old, +distinguished by degrees of the better and meaner: and seuered into +sexes, the men from the women: that the meats should be sawced with +pleasant, but honest talke: that their songs should be of their +auncestours honourable actions: the principall time of the morning, +I would haue hallowed to Gods seruice: the after-noones applied to +manlike actiuities: and yet I would not altogether barre sober and +open dauncing, vntill it were first thoroughly banished from mariages, +Christmas reuels, and (our Countries patterne) the court: all which +should be concluded, with a reasonable and seasonable portion of the +night: and so (sayd hee) will I conclude this part of my speech, with +adding onely one word more for my better iustification: that in +defending feasts, I maintayne neither Paradox, nor conceite in +nubibus, but a matter practised amongst vs from our eldest +auncestours, with profitable and well pleasing fruit, and not onely +by our nation, but, both in former ages, by the best and strictest +disciplined common wealth of the Lacedemonians, who had their +ordinary Sissitia, and now in our dayes, as well by the reformed, +as Catholike Switzers, who place therein a principal Arcanum imperij. + +Now touching the Saints feasts, if you taynt them with suspect: +of superstition, because they are held vpon those Saints daies, +by whose names the parish Churches are stiled, I will ward that blow +with the shield of Arch-Saint Austines authoritie, who in his 8. booke +of Gods Citie, and 27. Chap. in the like case, iustifieth a lesse +allowable practise of the primitiue Christians. Summa, he closed his +discourse with this protection, that hee appealed not from, but to +the honourably respected censure of the reuerend Ministery, desiring +his speach might receiue, not the allowance of a position, but the +licence of a proposition: which my friends modest submission, I could +not but embrace my selfe, and recommend it ouer to your fauourable +acceptation. + +My last note touching these feasts, tendeth to a commendation of the +ghests, who (though rude in their other fashions) may for their +discreete Judgement in precedence, and preseance, read a lesson to +our ciuilest gentry. Amongst them, at such publike meetings, not +wealth but age is most regarded: so as (saue in a verie notorious +disproportion of estates) the younger rich reckoneth it a shame +sooner then a grace, to step or sit before the elder honest, +and rather expecteth his turne for the best roome, by succession, +then intrudeth thereto by anticipation. + +Pastimes to delight the minde, the Cornish men haue Guary miracles, +and three mens songs: and for exercise of the body, Hunting, Hawking, +Shooting, Wrastling, [72] Hurling, and such other games. + + The Guary miracle, in English, a miracle-play, is a kinde of +Enterlude, compiled in Cornish out of some scripture history, +with that grossenes, which accompanied the Romanes vetus Comedia. +For representing it, they raise an earthen Amphitheatre, in some open +field, hauing the Diameter of his enclosed playne some 40. or 50. +foot. The Country people flock from all sides, many miles off, +to hear and see it: for they haue therein, deuils and deuices, +to delight as well the eye as the eare: the players conne not their +parts without booke, but are prompted by one called the Ordinary, +who followeth at their back with the booke in his hand, and telleth +them softly what they must pronounce aloud. Which maner once gaue +occasion to a pleasant conceyted gentleman, of practising a mery +pranke: for he vndertaking (perhaps of set purpose) an Actors roome, +was accordingly lessoned (before-hand) by the Ordinary, that he must +say after him. His turne came: quoth the Ordinary, Go forth man and +shew thy selfe. The gentleman steps out vpon the stage, and like a +bad Clarke in scripture matters, cleauing more to the letter then the +sense, pronounced those words aloud. Oh (sayes the fellowe softly in +his eare) you marre all the play. And with this his passion, the +Actor makes the audience in like sort acquainted. Hereon the prompter +falles to flat rayling & cursing in the bitterest termes he could +deuise: which the Gentleman with a set gesture and countenance still +soberly related, vntill the Ordinary, driuen at last into a madde +rage, was faine to giue ouer all. Which trousse though it brake off +the Enterlude, yet defrauded not the beholders, but dismissed them +with a great deale more sport and laughter, then 20. such Guaries +could haue affoorded. + + They haue also Cornish three mens songs, cunningly contriued for +the ditty, and pleasantly for the note. + +Amongst bodily pastimes, shooting carrieth the preeminence; to which +in mine yonger yeeres I caried such affection, as I induced Archery, +perswading others to the like liking, by this ensuing Prosopopeia: + +My deare friends, I come to complaine vpon you, but to your selues: +to blame you, but for your good: to expostulate with you, but in the +way of reconciliation. Alas, what my desert can justify your +adandoning my fellowship, & hanging me thus vp, to be smoke-starued +ouer your chimnies? I am no stranger vnto you, but by birth, +your countrywoman: by dwelling your neighbour: by education, +your familiar: neither is my company shamefull; for I hant the light +and open fieldes: nor my conuersation dangerous: nay, it shields you +from dangers, and those not the least, but of greatest consequence, +the dangers of warre. And as in fight I giue you protection, so in +peace I supplie you pastime; and both in warre and peace, to your +lymmes I yeelde actiue plyantnesse, and to your bodyes healthfull +exercise: yea I prouide you food when you are hungrie, and helpe +digestion when you are full. Whence then proceedeth this vnkinde +and vnusuall strangenesse? Am I heavy for burden? Forsooth, a fewe +light stickes of wood. Am I combrous for carriage? I couch a part of +my selfe close vnder your girdle, and the other part serueth for a +walking-staffe in your hand. Am I vnhandsome in your sight? +Euery piece of mee is comely, and the whole keepeth [73] an +harmonicall proportion. Lastly, am I costly to bee prouided? +or hard to bee maintayned? No, cheapnesse is my purueyour, +easinesse my preseruer, neither doe I make you blow away your charges +with my breath, or taynt your nose with my sent, nor defile your +face and fingers with my colour, like that hellborne murderer, +whom you accept before me. I appeale then to your valiant Princes, +Edwards, and Henries, to the battayles of Cresey, Poyters, Agincourt, +and Floddon, to the regions of Scotland, Fraunce, Spaine, Italy, +Cyprus, yea and Iury, to be vmpires of this controuersie: all which +(I doubt not) will with their euidence playnely prooue, that when +mine aduerse party was yet scarcely borne, or lay in her swathling +clouts, through mee onely your auncestours defended their Countrey, +vanquished their enemies, succoured their friends, enlarged their +Dominions, aduanced their religion, and made their names fearfull to +the present age, and their fame euerlasting to those that ensue. +Wherefore, my deare friends, seeing I have so substantially euicted +the rightof my cause conforme your wils to reason, conforme your +reason by practise, and conuert your practise to the good of your +selues and your Country. If I be praise-worthy, esteeme me: +if necessary, admit me: if profitable, employ me: so shall you +reuoke my death to life, and shew your selues no degenerate issue +of such honourable Progenitours. And thus much for Archery, +whose tale, if it be disordered, you must beare withall, for she +is a woman, & her mind is passionate. + +And to giue you some taste of the Cornish mens former sufficiency +that way: for long shooting, their shaft was a cloth yard, their +pricks 24. score: for strength, they would pierce any ordinary +armour: and one master Robert Arundell (whom I well knew) could shoot +12. score, with his right hand, with his left, and from behinde +his head. + +Lastly, for neere and well aimed shooting, Buts made them perfect in +the one, and rouing in the othe: for prickes, the first corrupter of +Archery, through too much precisenesse, were then scarcely knowne, +and little practised. And in particular, I haue heard by credible +report of those, who professed and protested themselues to haue bene +eye-witnesses, that one Robert Bone of Antony shot at a little bird, +sitting upon his cowes back, and killed it, the bird (I meane) not +the cowe; which was either very cunning in the performance, or very +foolish in the attempt. The first of these somewhat resembled one +Menelaus, mentioned by Zosimus, lib. 2. who nocking three arrowes, +& shooting them all at once, would strike three seuerall persons, +and might haue deserued a double stipend in the graund Signiors gard, +where the one halfe of his archers are left-handed, that they may +not turne their taile to their Sultan while they draw. The other may +in some sort compare with that Auo, reported by Saxo Gramaticus, +for so good a markman, as with one arrow he claue the firing of his +aduersaries bowe, the second he fixed betweene his fingers, and with +the third strooke his shaft which he was nocking: or with that +exploit of the fathers piercing an apple on his sonnes head, +attributed by the same Saxo, to one Toko a Dane: and by the Switzers +histories, to Guillaum Tell, the chiefe occasioner, and part-author +of their libertie. + +[74] + +Hurling taketh his denomination from throwing of the ball, and is of +two sorts, in the East parts of Cornwall, to goales, and in the West, +to the countrey. + +For hurling to goales, there are 15. 20. or 30. players more or lesse, +chosen out on each side, who strip them- selues into their slightest +apparell, and then ioyne hands in ranke one against another. Out of +these ranks they match themselues by payres, one embracing another, & +so passe away: euery of which couple, are specially to watch one +another during the play. + +After this, they pitch two bushes in the ground, some eight or ten +foote asunder; and directly against them, ten or twelue score off, +other twayne in like distance, which they terme their Goales. One of +these is appoynted by lots, to the one side, and the other to his +aduerse party. There is assigned for their gard, a couple of their +best stopping Hurlers; the residue draw into the midst betweene both +goales, where some indifferent person throweth vp a ball, the which +whosoeuer can catch, and cary through his aduersaries goale, hath +wonne the game. But therein consisteth one of Hercules his labours: +for he that is once possessed of the ball, hath his contrary mate +waiting at inches, and assaying to lay hold vpon him. The other +thrusteth him in the breast, with his closed fist, to keepe him off; +which they call Butting, and place in weldoing the same, no small +poynt of manhood. + +If hee escape the first, another taketh him in hand, and so a third, +neyther is hee left, vntill hauing met (as the Frenchman sayes) +Chausseura son pied, hee eyther touch the ground with some part of +his bodie, in wrastling, or cry, Hold; which is the word of yeelding. +Then must he cast the ball (named Dealing) to some one of his +fellowes, who catching the same in his hand, maketh away withall +as before; and if his hap or agility bee so good, as to shake off or +outrunne his counter-wayters, at the goale, hee findeth one or two +fresh men, readie to receiue and keepe him off. It is therefore a +very disaduantageable match, or extraordinary accident, that leeseth +many goales: howbeit, that side carryeth away best reputation, which +giueth most falles in the hurling, keepeth the ball longest, and +presseth his contrary neerest to their owne goale. Sometimes one +chosen person on eche party dealeth the ball. + +The Hurlers are bound to the obseruation of many lawes, as, that they +must hurle man to man, and not two set vpon one man at once: that the +Hurler against the ball, must not but, nor hand-fast vnder girdle: +that hee who hath the ball, must but onely in the others brest: that +he must deale no Fore-ball, viz. he may not throw it to any of his +mates, standing neerer the goale, then himselfe. Lastly, in dealing +the ball, if any of the other part can catch it flying between, or +e're the other haue it fast, he thereby winneth the same to his side, +which straightway of defendant becommeth assailant, as the other, +of assailant falls to be defendant. The least breach of these lawes, +the Hurlers take for a iust cause of going together by the eares, +but with their fists onely; neither doth any among them seek reuenge +for such wrongs or hurts, but at the like play againe. These hurling +matches are mostly vsed at weddings, where commonly the ghests +vndertake to encounter all commers. + +[75] + +The hurling to the Countrey, is more diffuse and confuse, as bound +to few of these orders: Some two or more Gentlemen doe commonly make +this match, appointing that on such a holyday, they will bring to +such an indifferent place, two, three, or more parishes of the East or +South quarter, to hurle against so many other, of the West or North. +Their goales are either those Gentlemens houses, or some townes or +villages, three or foure miles asunder, of which either side maketh +choice after the neernesse to their dwellings. When they meet, there +is neyther comparing of numbers, nor matching of men: but a siluer +ball is cast vp, and that company, which can catch, and cary it by +force, or sleight, to their place assigned, gaineth the ball and +victory. Whosoeuer getteth seizure of this ball, findeth himselfe +generally pursued by the aduerse party; neither will they leaue, +till (without all respects) he be layd flat on Gods dear earth: +which fall once receiued, disableth him from any longer detayning +the ball: hee therefore throwet the same (with like hazard of +intercepting, as in the other hurling) to some one of his fellowes, +fardest before him, who maketh away withall in like maner. Such as +see where the ball is played, giue notice thereof to their mates, +crying, Ware East, Ware West, &c. as the same is carried. + +The Hurlers take their next way ouer hilles, dales, hedges, ditches; +yea, and thorow bushes, briers, mires, plashes and riuers whatsoeuer; +so as you shall sometimes see 20. or 30. lie tugging together in the +water, scrambling and scratching for the ball. A play (verily) both +rude & rough, and yet such, as is not destitute of policies, in some +sort resembling the feats of warre: for you shall haue companies layd +out before, on the one side, to encounter them that come with the +ball, and of the other party to succor them, in maner of a fore-ward. +Againe, other troups lye houering on the sides, like wings, to helpe +or stop their escape: and where the ball it selfe goeth, it resembleth +the ioyning of the two mayne battels: the slowest footed who come +lagge, supply the showe of a rere-ward: yea, there are horsemen placed +also on either party (as it were in ambush) and ready to ride away +with the ball, if they can catch it at aduantage. But they may not so +steale the palme: for gallop any one of them neuer so fast, yet he +shall be surely met at some hedge corner, crosse-lane, bridge, or deep +water, which (by casting the Countrie) they know he must needs touch +at: and if his good fortune gard him not the better, hee is like to +pay the price of his theft, with his owne and his horses ouerthrowe to +the ground. Sometimes, the whole company runneth with the ball, +seuen or eight miles out of the direct way, which they should keepe. +Sometimes a foote-man getting it by stealth, the better to scape +vnespied, will carry the same quite backwards, and so, at last, get +to the goale by a windlace: which once knowne to be wonne, all that +side flocke thither with great iolity: and if the same bee a +Gentlemans house, they giue him the ball for a Trophee, and the +drinking out of his Beere to boote. + +The ball in this play may bee compared to an infernall spirit: +for whosoeuer catcheth it, fareth straightwayes like a madde man, +strugling and fighting with those that goe about to holde him: and no +sooner is the ball gone from him, but hee resigneth this fury to the +[76] next recyuer, and himselfe becommeth peaceable as before. +I cannot well resolue, whether I should more commend this game for +the manhood and exercise, or condemne it for the boysterousnes and +harmes which it begetteth: for as on the one side it makes their +bodies strong, hard, and nimble, and puts a courage into their hearts, +to meet an enemie in the face: so on the other part, it is accompanied +with many dangers, some of which do euer fall to the players share. +For proofe whereof, when the hurling is ended, you shall see them +retyring home, as from a pitched battaile, with bloody pates, bones +broken, and out of ioynt, and such bruses as serue to shorten their +daies; yet al is good play, & neuer Attourney nor Crowner troubled +for the matter. + +Wrastling is as full of manlinesse; more delightfull, and lesse +dangerous: which pastime, either Cornish men deriued from Corineus, +their first pretended founder, or (at least) it ministred some stuffe +to the farcing of that fable. But to let that passe, their continual +exercise in this play, hath bred them so skilfull an habit, as they +presume, that neither the ancient Greek Palestritae, nor the Turks +so much delighted Peluianders,not their, once countrymen, and stil +neighbours, the Bretons, can bereaue them of this Laurell: and +matchlesse, certes, should they be, if their cunning were answerable +to their practise: for you shall hardly find an assembly of boyes, +in Deuon or Cornwall, where the most vntowardly amongst them, will not +as readily giue you a muster of this exercise, as you are prone to +require it. For performing this play, the beholders cast themselues +in a ring, which they call, Making a place: into the middle space +whereof, the two champion wrastlers step forth, stripped into their +dublets and hosen, and vntrussed, that they may so the better +commaund the vse of their lymmes, and first shaking hands in token of +friendship, they fall presently to the effects of anger: for each, +striueth how to take hold of other, with his best aduantage, and to +beare his aduerse party downe: wherein, whosoeuer ouerthroweth his +mate in such sort, as that either his backe, or the one shoulder, +and contrary heele do touch the ground, is accounted to giue the fall. +If he be endangered, and make a narrow escape, it is called a foyle. +This hath also his lawes, of taking hold onely aboue girdle, wearing +a girdle to take hold by, playing three pulles, for tryall of the +mastery, the fall-giuer to be exempted from playing again with +the taker, and bound to answere his successour, &c. + +Many sleights and tricks appertaine hereunto, in which, a skilfull +weake man wil soone get the ouerhand of one that is strong and +ignorant. Such are the Trip, fore-hip, Inturne, the Faulx, forward +and backward, the Mare, and diuers other like. + +Amongst Cornish wrastlers, now liuing, my friend Iohn Goit may iustly +challenge the first place, not by prerogatiue of his seruice in her +Maiesties gard; but through hauing answered all challenges in that +pastime without blemish. Neither is his commendation bounded within +these limits, but his cleane made body and actiue strength, extend +(with great agility) to whatsoeuer other exercise, of the arme or +legge: besides his abilitie (vpon often tryall) to take charge at +Sea, eyther as Master, or Captayne. All which good parts hee graceth +with a good fellowlike, kinde, and respectfull carriage. + +[77] + +Siluer prizes for this and other actiuities, were wont to be carried +about by certaine Circumforanei, or set vp for Bidales: but time or +their abuse hath now worne them out of date and vse. + +The last poynt of this first booke, is to plot downe the Cornish +gouernment, which offreth a double consideration: the one, as an +entire state of it selfe; the other, as a part of the Realme: +both which shal be seuerally handled. + +Cornwall, as an entire state, hath at diuers times enioyed sundry +titles, of a Kingdome, Principality, Duchy, and Earledome; as may +appear by these few notes, with which I haue stored my selfe out of +our Chronicles. + +[Anno mundi 2850.] +If there was a Brute King of Brittaine, by the same authority it is +to bee proued, that there was likewise a Corineus Duke of Cornwall, +whose daughter Gwendolene, Brutes eldest sonne Locrine tooke to wife, +and by her had issue Madan, that succeeded his father in the kingdome. + +[3105.] +Next him, I finde Henninus Duke, who maried Gonorille, one of King +Leirs daughters and heires, and on her begat Morgan: but whiles he +attempted with his other brother in law, to wrest the kingdome from +their wiues father, by force of armes, before the course of nature +should cast the same vpon them, Cordeilla, the third disherited +sister, brought an armie out of Fraunce to the olde mans succour, +and in a pitched battell bereft Henninus of his life. + +[3476.] +Clotenus King of Cornwall, begat a sonne named Mulmutius Dunwallo, +who, when this Iland had beene long distressed with the ciuil warres +of petty Kings, reduced the same againe into one peaceable Monarchy. + +[3574.] +Belinus, brother to that great terror of the Romanes, Brennus, had for +his appannage (as the French terme it) Loegria, Wales, and Cornwall. + +[3908.] +Cassibelane, succeeding his brother Lud in the Kingdome, gaue to his +sonne Tennancius, the Duchy of Cornwall. + +[Anno Dom. 231.] +After this Iland became a parcell of Iulius Caesars conquests, the +same rested it selfe, or was rather vexed a long time, vnder the +gouernment of such rulers, as the Romanes sent hither. But the +Bretons turning, at last, their long patience into a sudden fury, +rose in armes, slewe Alectus, the Emperour Dioclesians deputy, and +inuested their leader Asclepiodotus Duke of Cornwall, with the +possession of the kingdome. + +[329.] +Conan Meridock, nephew to Octauius, whome the Emperour Constantine +appoynted gouernour of this Iland, was Duke of Cornwall. + +[351.] +At the Sinode of Arles in Fraunce, there was present one Corinius, +sonne to Salomon Duke of Cornwall. + +[383.] +After the abouenamed Octauius his decease, Maximianus, a Romane, +who maried his daughter, succeeded him also in gouernment: betweene +whome, and the fore-remembred Conan, grew great warres; which +concluding at last in a peace, Maxim. passed with an armie into +Fraunce, conquered there Armorica (naming it little Brittaine) and +gaue the same in fee to Conan; who being once peaceably setled, +wrote ouer vnto Dionethus, or Dionotus Duke or King of Cornwall, +(as Mathew of West, termeth him) to send him some Maidens, whom +he might couple in mariage with his people; whereon S. Vrsula & her +companions the 11000. virgins, were shipped, & miscaried, as their +wel known hiftory reporteth. + +[page 78] + +Nicholas Gille, a French writer, deliuereth (vpon the credit of our +British Historians) that about this time, Meroueus, a Paynim king of +Fraunce, caused his owne sonne to be throwne into the fire and burned, +for that he had slayne the king of Cornwall, as he returned from +a feast. + +[433.] +Hee also maketh mention of one Moigne, brother to Aurelius and +Vter-pendragon, Duke of Cornwall, & gouerner of the Realme, vnder +the Emperour Honorius. + +[443.] +Carodoc Duke of Cornwall was employed (sayth D. Kay) by Octauius, +about founding the Vniuersitie of Cambridge. + +[500.] +And vpon Igerna wife to Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, Vter begat the +worthy Arthur, and a daughter called Amy. + +[526.] +This Arthur discomfited in fight, one Childerick, a king of the +Saxons, and afterwards, vpon certaine couenants, suffred him quietly +to depart the Realme. But Childerick violating the word of a king, +bound with the solemnity of an othe, inuaded eftsoones the Westerne +coasts, harrowing the Country as he passed, vntil Cador, Earle of +Cornwall, became Gods Minister, to take vengeance of his periury, +by reauing off his life. + +That Marke swayed the Cornish septer, you cannot make question, +vnlesse you will, withall, shake the irrefragable authoritie of +the round tables Romants. + +[603.] +Blederic Duke of Cornwall, associated with other Welsh kings, +darrayned a battel against Ethelferd, king of the Northumbers, +& by the valiant forgoing of his life, got his partners the victory. + +[688.] +Iuor, sonne to Alane king of little Brittaine, first wan from the +Saxons, Cornwall, Deuon, and Somerset shires, by force of armes, +and then, taking to wife Ethelburg, cousin to Kentwin, king of +Westsex, enioyed the same by composition. + +[720.] +Roderic, king of the Bretons in Wales and Cornwall, (vnder whom, +Bletius was Prince of this last, and of Deuon) valiantly repulsed +Adelred, king of Westsex, what time he assayled him in Cornwall: +yet in the end, being ouer-matched in number, and tired with +continuall onsets, he was driuen to quit the same, and retire +himselfe into Wales. + +[866.] +Polidor Virgill maketh mention of one Reginaldus Comes Britannorum, +in the time of king Etheldred. + +[872.] +Dungarth king of Corn, by mischance was drowned. + +[900.] +Alpsius is recorded (about this time) for Duke of Deuon and Cornwall. + +[959.] +Orgerius Duke of Cornwall, had a daughter named Alfride, the fame +of whose beauty, caused King Edgar to send Earle Athelwold, for +obtaining her at her fathers hands in mariage. But the Earle with +the first sight of this faire Lady, was so besotted in her loue, that +preferring the accomplishment of his lust, before the duety of his +alleageance, he returnes answer to the King, how the common report +far exceeded her priuate worth, which came much short of meriting a +partnership in so great a Princes bed: and (not long after) begged +and obtayned the Kings good will, to wed her himselfe. But so braue +a lustre could not lye long concealed, without shining foorth into +Edgars knowledge, who finding the truth of his Ambassadours falshood, +tooke Athelwold at an aduantage, slewe him, and maried her, beeing a +widdowe, whome hee had wooed a mayde. + +[page 79] + +Hitherunto, these titles of honour carry a kinde of confusednes, +and rather betokened a successiue office, then an established dignity. +The following ages receiued a more distinct forme, and left vs a +certeyner notice. + +[1067.] +What time William the bastard subdued this Realme, one Condor +possessed the Earledome of Cornwall, and did homage for the same: +he had issue another Condor, whose daughter and heire Agnes, was +maried to Reignald Earle of Bristowe, base sonne to King Henry the +first. + +This note I borrowed out of an industrious collection, which setteth +downe all the noble mens creations, Armes, and principall descents, +in euery Kings dayes since the conquest: but master Camden, our +Clarentieulx, nameth him Cadoc, and saith farther, that Robert Morton, +brother to William Conquerour, by his mother Herlot, was the first +Earle of Norman blood, and that his sonne William succeeded him; +who taking part with Duke Robert, against Henry the first, thereby +got captiuity, and lost his honour, with which that King inuested +the forementioned Reignald. In this variance, it is great reason, +that the ballance panche on his side, who hath both authority to +establish his assertion, and a rarely approued knowledge, to warrant +his authoritie. Hee dying issue-lesse, Richard the first gaue this +Earledome to his brother Iohn. + +[1257.] +Iohns sonne, Henry the third, honoured therewith his brother Richard +King of the Romanes, a Prince no lesse plentifully flowing in wealth, +then his brother was often driuen to extreame shifts, through +needinesse: which made that barbarous age to poetrize, + + Nummus ait pro me, nublt Cornubia Romae. + Money sayd, that for her sake, + Rome did Cornwall, to wife take. + +He had issue, Henry Earle of Cornwall, who deceased issuelesse: +and Edmond, whose daughter and heire Isabell (sayth mine authour) +was married to Morice Fitsharding Lord Barckleigh: but others +affirme, that this Edmond dyed without issue. + +Edward the, second, degenerating in his choyce, created his mynion, +Peter Gaueston, a Gascoyne, Earle of this County, whose posterity +ended in himselfe, and himself by a violent death. + +The last title of this Earldome, expired in Iohn of Eltham, yonger +sonne to that King Edward. After which, King Edward the third, +by act of Parliament in the 11. yeere of his raigne, erected the same +to a Duchy, the first in England, and graced it with his sonne, +the blacke Prince: for his heroicall vertues did rather bestow, +then receiue estimation from whatsoeuer dignitie. Since which it is +successiuely incorporated in the Kings eldest sonne, and hath bene +so enioyed, by Richard the second, Henry the fift, Henry the sixt, +Edward his sonne, Edward the fift, Edward sonne to Richard the third, +Arthure, and Henry, sonnes to Henry the seuenth, and lastly, Edward +the sixt: 10. Dukes in the whole. + +These Earles and Dukes haue from the beginning, beene priuiledged +with royall iurisdiction or Crowne rights, namely, giuing of liberty +to send Burgesses to the Parliaments, returne of writs, custome, toll, +Mynes, Treasure-trovee, wards, &c. and (to this end) appoynted their +speciall officers, as Sheriffe, Admirall, Receyuer, Hauener, Customer, +Butler, Searcher, Comptroller, [80] Gaugeor, Excheator, Feodary, +Auditor, Clarke of the Market, &c. besides the L. Warden, and those +others beforeremembred, whose functions appertayne to the iurisdiction +of the Stannary. + +To the preseruation of which royalties, our Parliaments haue euer +carried a reuerend regard. For by that Act, 17. Edw. 4. which +enioyneth forrayne Marchants to bestow such money as they receiue +for their wares, in English commodities, or to pay the same vnto +Englishmen, the Kings part of all forfeytures within Cornwall, +is reserued to the Duke. So doth that, 11. H. 7, concerning the +reformation of waights & measures, prouide, that it shall not be +hurtful or preiudiciall to the Prince, within the Duchy of Cornwall, +nor to any waights of the cunnage: and so doth that 1. H. 8. touching +Excheators, exempt that officer in Cornwall. It should seeme, +that the first Earles bare a heauy hand in commaund ouer their +subiects: for both diuers ancient records (as I haue learned) make +mention of tributes, imposed (almost) vpon euery thing of profit; +and it may farther be gathered, in that, as well townes, as +particular persons, were faine to procure Charters and graunts +from them, for corporations, faires, markets, taking or freeing from +tolls, mines, fishing, fowling, hawking, hunting, and what not? +so as (vpon the matter) the plight of a Cornish Inhabitant and a +French pezant did differ very little. + +Which bondage, one not long agoe sought in part to reestablish, +vnder pretence of receiuing a rent decayed euer since 9. H. 2. +and aduancing her Maiesties profit: & to this end procured Letters +patents, that none should salt, dry, or pack any fish in Deuon or +Cornwall, without his licence and warrant. A matter that would, +by consequence, haue made him an absolute disposer of all the +Westerne shipping and traffike, and their sea and land dependants. + +Few words, but folding vp a multitude of inconueniences to her +Maiestie, & the whole Commonwealth. + +Wherefore the Cornish Iustices of the peace, became humble suiters +to the Lords of her Highnes priuy Councell, for a necessary and +speedy redresse herein: and through the neuer fayling forwardnesse, +and backing of Sir Walter Ralegh, obtayned a reuocation. Howbeit, +this ill weed, rather cut off by the ground, then plucked vp by the +roote, once, yea twice or thrice grew forth againe, but yet, maugre +the warmers and waterers, hath by her Maiesties gracious breath beene +euer parched vp, and (as is hoped) will neuer shoote out heereafter, +at least it shall still finde an vnited resistance, of most earnest +suit, and pregnant reasons, to beat it downe. + +The Earles had foure houses, builded Castle-wise for their residence, +viz. Trematon, Launceston, Restormel, and Liskerd. But since the +principality of Wales and this Duchy became united in one person, +the larger scope, and greater commaund of that, hath robbed this of +his Lords presence, & by consequence, the strength of these Castles +could not so gard them, against the battery of time, and neglect, +but that, from faire buildings, they fell into foule reparations, +and from foule reparations, are now sunke into vtter ruine. + +King H. the 8. affecting his honour of Newelm, & respecting the +commodities, which Wallingford Castle might afford it, tooke this +last by act of Parl. from the Duchy, & in lieu thereof, annexed +certain manners lying in Corn.falne [81] to the Crowne, through the +Marques of Excesters attainder: which Queene Marie afterwards +restored in tayle to his sonne, the Earle of Deuon, and vpon his +issueles decease receiued them againe. + +It were against duetie to make question, whether in this exchange, +the kings meaning went with his pretence; and yet wee finde it an +ordinary policy amongst Princes, to send their successours, with a +kinde of libera, or honoraria legatio, into the remoter quarters of +their dominions, as if they would shunne occasions of ielousie, +springing from an ouer-neere neighbourhood. + +Howsoeuer, the same King, not long after, passed away, this Castle, +vnto Christs Colledge in Oxford, who vse it as a place of retrayt, +when the Vniuersitie is visited with any contagious sicknes. + +I haue vnderstood, that question is made amongst men of knowledge, +what is become of this Duchy. Some holding it altogether extinct, +for want of the kings issue male: some auerring, that it is suspended +in nubibus (as they say) pro tempore: and some supposing, that it +continueth in full power, and that her Maiestie hath onely custodiam +ducatus, as of Bishopricks, sede vacante. Penes Iudicem lis sit. +Once, euery Sheriffe is summoned to enter his account in the Duchy +Exchequer, at Lostwithyel, and from thence, referred ouer to the +Exchequer above. + +Cornwall considered as a part of the Realme, sorteth her gouernment +into two kindes; spirituall, and temporall. + +Touching the spirituall: In ancient times this Shire had his +particular Bishop: and I find, how in the yeere, 905. Forinosus the +Pope sent a sharpe letter to Edward the sonne of Alfride, reproouing +him, for suffering the West Saxons to be destitute of Bishops seuen +yeeres together. Whereon, by the aduice of his Councell, and +Arch-bishop Pleymund, he ordayned seuen bishops in one day; amongst +whome Herstane was consecrated to Cornwall, and Eadwolfe to Crediton, +which last had three townes in Cornwall, assigned him, to wit, +Pontium, Coelling, and Landwhitton, that thence he might yeerely visit +the people, to root out (as mine author sayth) their errours: for +before, as much as in them lay, they withstood the truth, and obeyed +not the Apostolike decrees. Whereon I ground two collections: the +first, that the light of the Gospell tooke not his originall shining +into these parts, from the Romish Bishop: the other that the Cornish +(like their cousins the Welsh] could not bee soone or easily induced +to acknowledge his iurisdiction. The Bishops see was formerly at +S. Petrocks in Bodmyn; but by reason the Danes burned there his +Church and palace, [979.] the same remooued to S. Germanes. +After that, Lumigius, from a Monke of Winchester, elected Abbot of +Tavistoke, [1031.] and from that Abbey, aduanced to the Bishoprick +of Creditune, by his grace with Canutus King of the Angles, obtayned +an annexion of Cornwall (lately fallen voyd) and so made one Dioces +of that and Deuon, as it hath euer since continued. This Bishoprick +had diuers faire houses and large reuenues in Cornwall: but one Veyzy, +Bishop of the dioces in King H. the 8. time, coniecturing (as it is +conceyued) that the Cathedrall Churches should not long ouer-liue the +suppressed Monasteries, made hauock of those liuings before-hand, +some by long leasing, and some by flat selling, so as he left a poore +remainder to his successours. + +[82] + +It oweth subiection to the Metropolitane of Canterbury, and hath one +onely Archdeaconry, which place is now supplied by master Thomas +Sumaster, who adorneth the Gentility of his birth, with the honestie +of his life, and by both sorts of feeding, approueth himselfe a +liberall and commendable pastor. + +Certaine Peculiars there are, some appertaining to the dignities of +the Cathedrall Church at Exon, to wit, S. Probuss, and S. Peran: +and some to priuate persons, as Burien and Temple. + +[Anno Mundi 3172.] For religious houses, I read, that in the time of +Paganisme, Cunedag builded a Temple in Cornwall to Apollo, but where +it stood I know not. Since it made roome to Christianity, my (not +ouer-curious) enquiry hath learned out these: + + Pryories, at S. Germaines, Bodmyn, Tywardreth. + Nunries, at S. Martine. + Fryeries, at Launceston, Truro, Bodmyn. + Colledges, at Peryn, Crantock, Buryen. + Hospitals, at Helston. + +Of parishes, the County hath 161. as master Camden noteth, and as +others haue, about 180. + +Doubtles, the Hierarchy of our English Church, if it were kept fast +to his first institution, might with his far better effects, close +vp their mouthes, who would thrust vpon vs their often varying +discipline. But albeit neither our time can well brooke it, nor +the succeeding would long hold it: yet it shal not do much amisse, +to look vpon the originall beauty thereof, if (at least) I be able +to tricke the same truly out, & doe not blemish it with my pensil. + +At the planting of Christian religion, Monasteries & cathedral +Churches were likewise founded, which serued for seed plots of the +ministery, & sent them abroad in yerely progresses, to labour the +Lords vineyard. Afterwards, about the time of our last conquest, +the country was sorted by a more orderly maner into parishes, +& euery parish committed to a spirituall father, called their Parson, +who stept into that roome, not by election (as some imagine) +but mostly, by the nomination of him that eyther built the Church, +or endowed the same with some liuelyhood, or was L. of the soyle +where it stood. As for Vicarages, those daies knew few, for they +grew vp in more corrupt ages, by the religious houses encrochments. +Besides this Incumbent, euery parish had certaine officers, as +Churchwardens, Sidemen, and 8. men, whose duety bound them to see +the buildings & ornaments appertaining to Gods seruice, decently +maintayned, & good order there reuerently obserued. And lest +negligence, ignorance, or partiality, might admit or foist in abuses, +& corruption, an Archdeacon was appointed to take account of their +doings by an yerely visitation, & they there sworn duly to make it. +He & they againe had their Ordinary, the Bishop, euery 3. yere to +ouerlook their actions, & to examine, allow, & admit the ministers, +as they and the Bishop were semblably subiect to the Metropolitanes +suruey euery 7. yere. For warning the Clergy, & imparting their +superiours directions, the Curats chose yerely their Deanes rurall. +The Bishop, in his cathedrall church, was associated with certaine +Prebendaries, some resident, who serued as his ghostly counsel in +points of his charge, & others not bound to ordinary residence, +who were called to consultation, vpon things of greater consequence: +& for matters of principal importance, the Archbishop had his +prouincial Sinod, & the whole clergy their national. + +[83] + +Now then, if euery one thus entrusted, would remember that he had a +soule to saue or lose, by the well or ill discharging of so waighty +a function, and did accordingly from time to time bestowe his +requisite endeauour, what the least fault could escape the espiall +of so many eyes, or the righting amongst so many hands? But I haue +thrust my sickle ouer-farre into anothers haruest: let my mistaking +be corrected, and in regard of my good meaning, pardoned. + +The Temporal gouernment of Cornwall, shooteth out also into two +branches, Martiall, and Ciuill. + +For martiall affaires, master Camden noteth out of Iohannes +Sarisburiensis, that the Cornish mens valiancy purchased them such +reputation amongst our ancestours, as they (together with those of +Deuon and Wiltshire) were wont to be entrusted, for the Subsidiary +Cohort, or band of supply. An honour equall to the Romanes Triarii, +and the shoot-anker of the battell. With which concurreth the +ancient, if not authenticall testimony of Michael Cornubiensis, +who had good reason to knowe the same, being that Countryman, +and more to report it: his verses, for which I haue also beene +beholding to M. Camden, are these: + + ——Rex Arcturus nos primos Cornubienses + Bellum facturus vocat, vt puta Caesaris enses + Nobis non alijs, reliquis, dat primitus ictum + Per quem pax lisque, nobis sit vtrumq; relictum + Quid nos deterret, si firmiter in pede stemus, + Fraus ni nos superet, nihil est quod non superemus. + +I will now set downe the principall Commaunders & Officers, touching +these martiall causes, together with the forces of the shire. + + + Lord Lieutenant generall, Sir Walter Ralegh. + + | Sir Frauncis Godolphin, | + | Sir Nicholas Parker, | + | Sir Reignald Mohun, | + Deputie | Peter Edgecumb, | or any 3. + Lieutenants | Bernard Greinuile, | of them. + | Christopher Harris, | + | Richard Carew, | + + Colonell generall, Sir Nicholas Parker. + Marshall, Bernard Greinuile. + Treasurer, Richard Carew. + Master of the Ordinance, Will. Treffry. + Colonell of the horse, Iohn Arundell of Trerise. + Sergeant maior, Humphrey Parcks. + Quarter Master, William Carnsew. + Prouost Marshall, Iohn Harris. + Scowt Master, Otwell Hill. + + | Osburne. + | Rusall. + Corporals of the field, | Rattenbury. + | Sled + + Ammunition Master, Leon. Blackdon. + Trench Master, Cooke. + +[84] + +Regiments. Companies, Numbers, Arm.Pikes, Muskets, Caliueri + -------------------------------------------------- +Sir Fra. Godol. | 12. | 1200. | 470. | 490. | 240. | +Sir Will. Beuil | 6. | 670. | 225. | 315. | 130. | +Sir Rei. Mohun | 6. | 600. | 200. | 210. | 190. | +Ber. Greinuile | 10. | 1000. | 370. | 390. | 240. | +Ri. Carew | 5. | 500. | 170. | 300. | 30. |*1 +Antony Rouse | 6. | 760. | 270. | 320. | 170. | +Ch. Treuanion | 5. | 500. | 180. | 190. | 130. | +Will. Treffry | 4. | 400. | 140. | 130. | 130. |*2 +Sir Nic. Parker | 2. | 200. | 60. | 80. | 60. |*3 +Ha. Viuian | 1. | 100. | 40. | 40. | 20. |*4 +Ar. Harris | 1. | 100. | 40. | 40. | 20. |*5 + Summa, | 58. | 6030. | 2165. | 2535. | 1330. | + -------------------------------------------------- + +[*1 For Causam Bay] +[*2 For Foy] +[*3 Fpr Pendennis] +[*4 For S. Mawes] +[*5 For the Mount] + + +This may serue for a generall estimat of the Cornish forces, which I +haue gathered, partly out of our certificate made to the Lords 1599. +partly by information from the Sargeant maior, & partly through mine +own knowledge. There are many more vnarmed pikes, which I omit, +as better fitting a supply vpon necessitie, then to bee exposed +(for opposed) to an enemie. The number as it standeth, much +exceedeth the shires proportion, if the same he compared with Deuon +and other Counties: which groweth, for that their neerenesse on +all quarters to the enemy, and their farnesse from timely succour +by their friends, haue forced the Commaunders, to call forth the +vttermost number of able hands to fight, and rather by perswasion +then authority, procured them to arme themselues beyond lawe and +theirability. Which commendable indeuour shall not, I hope, +ought not, I am sure, turne them to the preiudice of any vnwonted +charge hereafter. + +They are all prouided of powder, bullet, & match in competent sort, +& order taken for furnishing of victuals, and mounting a third part +of the shot (at least) vpon cause of seruice. + +Light horses, the Lords in their directions, enioyne for orders sake, +and the Lieutenants excuse it by insufficiency. Hitherto neither +hath the commaundement bin reuoked, nor the omission controlled. + +In the yeere 1588. when the Spanish floting Babel pretended the +conquest of our Iland (which like Iosuahs armie they compassed, +but vnlike him could not with their blasting threats ouerthrow our +walles) it pleased her Maiestie of her prouident and gracious care, +to furnish Cornwall with ordinance and munition, from her owne store, +as followeth: + + | of cast Iron, well mounted vpon carryages + 2. Sacres | with wheeles, shodde with Iron, and fur- + 2. Minions | nished with Ladles, Spunges, and Ram- + 2. Faulcons | mers, with all other necessaries. + + Spare axeltrees, sixe. + Spare pairs of wheeles, shod with Iron, three. + Shot of Iron for the sayd pieces, of eche sort, twenty. + Canon corne powder for the said ordinance, sixe hundred + wayght. + Fine corne powder, three thousand six hundred waight. + Lead, three thousand sixe hundred wayght. + Match, three thousand sixe hundred wayght. + +All which, saue the ordinance itselfe, partly by piecemeale +employment, and partly by ouerlong, or euil keeping, is now growne +to nought, or naught. + +[85] + +After the sudden surprize of Pensants, anno 1595. by direction from +the Lords, order was taken, that vpon any alarum, the next Captains +should forthwith put themselues with their companies, into their +assigned seacoast townes, whom the adioyning land-forces were +appoynted to second and third, as the opportunity of their dwellings +affoorded best occasion. + +The yeere following, by a new commaund, 4000. were allotted out, +and prouided in a readines to march for the ayd of Deuon, if cause +so required, as the Lord Lieutenant of that County had the same order, +vpon like necessitie, to send an equall number into Cornwall. + +Lastly, anno 1599. when the Spanish fleet was againe expected, +the Cornish forces voluntarily assembled themselues, and made head, +at the entrance, middle, and Westpart of their south coast. + +As for soldiers sent into other places, Cornwall yeeldeth, vpon euery +occasion, a proportionable supply to the wants of Ireland; neither is +acquitted from performing the like seruice for Fraunce, if the +employment be in Brittaine or Normandy. Which often ventings +notwithstanding, vpon the instance of Captaine Lower, and the +sollicitation of his friends, there passed ouer this last yeere +into Netherland, at one time, 100. voluntaries and vpwards, there to +serue under Sir Frauncis Vere. And besides, they often make out men +of warre against the Spaniards. + +Forts and Castles there are; some, olde and worne out of date; and +some in present vse, with allowance of garrison. + +Amongst the first sort, I reckon these, appertayningto the Duchy, +as also Tintogel, and diuers round holds on the tops of hils; some +single, some double, and treble trenched, which are termed, Castellan +Denis, or Danis, as raysed by the Danes, when they were destyned to +become our scourge. + +Moreouer, in this ranke wee may muster the earthen Bulwarks, cast vp +in diuers places on the South coast, where any commodity of landing +seemeth to inuite the enemie, which (I gesse) tooke their originall +from the statute 4. H. 8. and are euer sithence duely repayred, +as need requireth, by order to the Captaynes of those limits. + +Of the later sort, is a fort at Silley, called [blank] reduced to a +more defensible plight, by her Maiesties order, and gouerned by the +foreremembred Sir Frauncis Godolphin, who with his inuention and +purse, bettered his plot and allowance, and therein hath so tempered +strength with delight, and both with vse, as it serueth for a sure +hold, and a commodious dwelling. + +The rest are S. Michaels mount, Pendenis fort, and S. Mawes Castle, +of which I shall haue occasion to speake more particularly in my +second booke. + +Of Beacons, through the neernesse to the sea, and the aduantage of +the hilly situations, welneere euery parish is charged with one, +which are watched, secundum vsum, but (so farre as I can see) not +greatly ad propositum: for the Lords better digested instructions, +haue reduced the Countrey, by other meanes, to a like ready, and much +lesse confused way of assembling, vpon any cause of seruice. + +For carrying of such aduertisements and letters, euery thorow-fare +weekly appoynteth a foot-Poast, to giue [86] his hourely attendance, +whose dispatch is welneere as speedy as the horses. + +The last branch of my diuision, and so of this book, leadeth me to +entreat of Cornwals ciuill government, as it passeth for a part of +the Realme; and that may againe be subdiuided into iurisdiction +particular, and general. The particular iurisdiction is exercised +by Constables, Stewards of Courts Barons, and Leets, Franchises, +Hundreds, & Portreeues, & Maiors; of boroughs & corporations of +the Stannaries, we haue spoken already. The generall, by the Clarke +of the market, Coroners, Vice-admiral, Sherife, Iustices of the +peace, & Iudges of assize. + +Constables of the hundreds the shire hath none, but this office for +giuing of warnings, & collection of rates, is supplyed by the deputy +Baylifs, who performe it not with that discretion, trust, secrecy, +& speed, which were often requisite to the importance of the affaires. +I haue knowne the Iudges moued diuers times, for their opinion +touching the erecting of some, & found them of seueral resolutions, +which giueth little encouragement to an innouation. Neither can the +parish Constables well brooke the same, because it submitteth them +to a subalterne commaund, more then of custome; whereas now in their +parishes they are absolute, the least whereof hath one, the middle +sized 2. the bigger 3. or 4. I would not wish the blaze of their +authority blemished, if there were as much care vsed in choyce of +the persons, as the credit of their place deserueth. Wise direction +without diligent execution, proueth fruitles. Now, as the former is +deriued from her Maiesty to the Lords, & from the Lords to the +Iustices; so this later lieth in the hands of the Constables. +Watches and searches oftentimes carry waighty consequence, and +miscary in the managing: and it was seene in the last Cornish +rebellion, how the Constables commaund & example, drew many of the +not worst meaning people, into that extremest breach of duty. + +Franchises, Cornwall hath the Duchy, Rialton, Clifton, Minhinet, +Pawton, Caruanton, Stoke Cliuisland, Medland, and Kellylond, which +haue their Baylifs as the Hundreds, to attend the publike seruices. + +Hundreds there are but 9. East, West, Trig, Lesnewith, Stratton, +Powder, Pider, Kerier, & Penwith, which containe [blank] tithings: +by these the shire is deuided into limits, & all his rates +proportioned as followeth: + + Diuisions. + + | East H. | Trig H. | Powder H. | Kerier. + East| West H. N.| Lesneweth H. S.| Pider H. W.| Penwith. + | Stratton H. + + +In all rates, the East & South limits beare 3. parts in 5. to the +North and West. So in the Easterne, dooth East Hundred to that of +West: in the Southerne, Powder to Pider: and in the Westerne, Kerier +to Penwith. In the Northern, Trig beareth 5. Lesnewith & Stratton 4. +apiece. There is the like proportion made of the parishes in the +Easterne diuision, but with little satisfaction of diuers: neither +will it euer fare otherwise, & therefore (this notwithstanding) I +wish it followed in the residue. + +The conuenientest & vsual places of assembly for the whole County, +is Bodmyn : for the East and North, Launceston: for the South and +West, Truro: for the East, Liskerd: for the North, Camelford: for +the South, S. Colombs; for the West, Helston. + +[87] + +For the Hundreds of East, Kellington : of West, Lanreath; of Trig, +Bodmyn: of Lesnewith, Camelford: of Stratton, that towne: of Powder, +Grampond: of Pider, S. Columbs: of Kerier, Helston: of Penwith, +Pensants. + + East H. hath parishes 30. corporations 2. + West H. parishes 19. corporations 2. + Trig [blank] + Lesnewith [blank] + Stratton [blank] + Powder [blank] + Pider [blank] + Kerier [blank] + Penwith [blank] + +Corporations are priuiledged with the administration of iustice, +within their liberties, more or lesse, according to the purport +of their Charter. + +Such are Saltash, Launceston, Liskerd, Eastloo, Westloo, Bodmyn, +Camelford, Lostwithiel, Padstowe, Grampond, Truro, Helston, Perin. + +The Maiors and Recorders, in some of these, are Iustices of the peace, +for their owne limits, and welneere allof them haue large exemptions +and iurisdictions. A garment (in diuers mens opinions) ouer-rich and +wide, for many of their wearish and ill-disposed bodies. They alleadge +for themselues, that speedy iustice is administred in their townes, +and that it saueth great expences, incident to assize trials, +which poor Artificers cannot vndergoe. But the other answere, that +these trials are often poasted on, with more haste then good speed, +while an ignorant fellow, of a sowter, becomes a magistrate, & takes +vpon him peremptory iudgement, in debts and controuersies, great and +doubtfull. Againe, the neernesse of commencing their suits, draweth +on more expences, then the shortnes of tryals cutteth off, whereas +longer respite would make way to deliberation, and deliberation open +the doore to reason, which by the fumes arising from cholers boyling +heat, is much obscured. Thus dooth the opportunity inure them to +vexation; vexation begetteth charges, and charge hatcheth pouerty: +which pouerty, accompanied with idlenes (for they cannot follow law, +and worke) seeketh not to releeue itselfe by industry, but by +subtilty, wherethrough they become altogether depraued in body, goods, +and minde. Adde hereunto that the Maior exercising his office but +during one yeere, for the first halfe thereof is commonly to learne +what he ought to doe, & in the other halfe, feeling his authoritie +to wane, maketh friends of that Mammon, & serueth others turnes, +to be requited with the like, borrowing from iustice, what hee may +lend to his purse, or complices: for as it hath bene well sayd, +He cannot long be good, that knowes not why he is good. They +conclude, how from these imperfect associations, there spring pride +amongst themselues, disdayne at their neighbours, and Monopolies +against the Commonwealth. + +This inuectiue is somewhat deeply steeped in gall, & must therefore +bee interpreted, not of all, but the worst. Surely, for mine owne +part, I am of opinion, that how commodious soeuer this iurisdiction +may proue amongst themselues, it falleth out sundry times very +distastefull and iniurious towards strangers; and strangers they +reckon all that are not Burgesses. Now, let such a one bee arrested +within their corporations, no sureties but townsmen can finde +acceptance, be his behauiour neuer so honest, [88] his cause neuer +so iust, his calling neuer so regardfull, & his ability neuer so +sufficient; yet if he haue none acquaintance in the towne, if the +action brought, carry a shew of waight, if the bringer be a man of +sway, in, or neere the towne, if any other townsman of the higher +sort beare him an old grudge, he must be contented to fret the colde +yrons with his legges, and his heart with griefe: for what one, +amongst them, will procure an euerlasting enemy at his doore, +by becomming surety for a party, in whom he possesseth none, +or little interest? The ancients vsed to grace their Cities with +seuerall titles, as Numantia bellicosa, Thebae superbae, Corinthus +ornata, Athenae doctae, Hierusalem sancta, Carthago emula, &c. and +the present Italians doe the like touching theirs, as Roma santa, +Venetia ricca, Florenza bella, Napoli gentile, Ferrara ciuile, +Bologna grassa, Rauenna antiqua, &c. In an imitation whereof, +some of the idle disposed Cornish men nicke their townes with +by-words, as, The good fellowship of Padstowe, Pride of Truro, +Gallants of Foy, &c. + +The Clarke of the markets office, hath beene heretofore so abused by +his deputies, to their priuate gaine, that the same is tainted with +a kinde of discredit, which notwithstanding, being rightly & duly +executed, would worke a reformation of many disorders, and a great +good to the Common-wealth. + +Foure Coroners, chosen by the voyces of the freeholders, do serue +the shire, who for the present are, Bligh, Tub, Trenance, and Bastard. + +The Vice-admiralty is exercised by M. Charles Treuanion, a Gentleman, +through his vertue, as free from greedinesse, as through his faire +liuelyhood, farre from needinesse: and by daily experience giuing +proofe, that a minde valewing his reputation at the due price, will +easily repute all dishonest gaine much inferiour thereunto, & that in +conuersing with the worst sort of people (which his office oftentimes +enforceth) he can no more be disgraced, then the Sunne beames by +shining vpon a dunghill will be blemished. + +I haue here set downe the names of those Commissioners for the peace, +who at this present make their ordinary residence in Corn. as they +stand placed in the Commission, where the priority is mostly deferred +to antiquity. + + Q. Fra. Godolphin M. 1.| Carolus Treuanion 16. + Q. Nic. Parker M. 2.| Thomas S. Aubin 17. + Q. Iona. Trelawney M. 3.| Q. Rob Moyle 18. + Q. Reg. Mohun M. 4.| Q. Ed Hancock. 19. + Q. P. Petrus Edgecomb 5.| Tristramus Arscot 20. + Q. Ric. Carew de Anth. 6.| Thomas Lower 21. + Q. Bern. Greinuile 7.| W. Treffry de Fowey 22. + Q. Antonius Rowse 8.| Iohannes Hender 23. + Petrus Courtney 9.| Q. Willi. Wray 24. + Q. Tho. Chiuerton 10.| Georgius Kekiwiche 25. + Q. Christ. Harris 11.| Q. Arth. Harris 26. + Io. Arund. de Trerise 12.| Io. Harris de Lansre. 27. + Th. Arun. de Taluerne 13.| Q. Degor. Chamons 28. + Q. Nic. Prideaux 14.| Iohannes Trefusis 29. + Q. Hannibal Viuian 15.| Otwel Hill 30. + +Their ordinary use was, to begin the quarter Sessions for the East +halfe of the Shire, on the Tuesdayes and Wednesdayes, at Bodmyn, +and to adiourne the [89] same for the West halfe, to be ended at +Truro the Friday and Saterday following, leaning one dayes space for +riding betweene. But about twenty yeres sithence, the Easterne +Iustices making the greatest number, and in this separation having +farthest to ride, when they were disposed to attend both places, +either in regard of their ease, or vpon scruple of conscience, +or for both together, called into question, whether this custome +were as warrantable by right, as it was pleadable by prescription; +and whether it as much aduanced the administration of iustice, +as it eased the trauell of the people. And thereupon they began to +appoynt the intire Sessions at either place one after another. +This was sometimes performed, and sometimes broken, by the Westerne +Iustices, so as seuerall and contrary precepts of summons were +directed to the Sheriffe, with the great vncertaynty, ill example, +and trouble of the Countrey. It hapned, that one newly associated, +and not yet seasoned with either humour, made this motion for a +reconcilement, viz. that the Sessions should enterchangeably one +quarter begin at Bodmyn, and end at Truro; and the next begin, +at Truro, and end at Bodmyn; and that no recognisance should +be discharged, or cause decided out of his owne diuision. This +proposition, as it gaue the Westerne Iustices the greatest part of +their will, so it salued a sore which chiefly grieued the Easterne: +for before, what was done in the beginning at one place, was, or +might be vndoone in the ending at the other: wherefore all parties +willingly condiscended hereunto, and it hath euer sithence beene +accordingly obserued. + +Another variance hath sometimes fallen out betweene Cornwall and +Deuon, about the time of keeping their Sessions. For whereas the +Statute 2. H. 5. enacteth that the Iustices shall hold the same in +the first weeke after S. Michael, the Epiphanie, the clause of Easter, +and the translation of S. Thomas (which, worthily blotted out of the +Calender, Teste Newbrigensi, is euer the seuenth of Iuly) and their +oath bindeth them to a strickt obseruation hereof: the question hath +growne, when those festiuall dayes fall vpon a Munday, whether the +Sessions shall be proclaimed for that weeke, or the next, and the +generall practise hath gone with the former. But the Cornish +Iustices, waying, that prescription is no Supersedeas for swearing, +vpon debating of the matter, haue resolued, and lately accustomed, +in such cases, to put it ouer vnto the weeke ensuing: and these are +their reasons: If the Sessions must bee kept in the first weeke after, +it cannot admit an interpretation of the same weeke it selfe. +Againe, the clause of Easter, mencioned in the one, should seeme to +make a construction of like meaning in the rest. Besides, those, +who suite themselues to the other fashion, doe yet swarue therefrom, +if those feastes fall vpon any later day in the weeke then Munday; +for then they deferre it till the next: and yet, seeing no day certain +is directed for beginning the Sessions; if they will constantly binde +themselues to the former sense, when those dayes fall on the Friday, +they ought to call it for the morrow following. The Iudges of the +circuits Oracle, to which the Commission of the peace referreth the +Iustices Quaeres, hath resolued, that neyther of these wayes tendeth +to any breach of the lawe. Once sure it is, that the Terme-suiters +may best speed their businesse, by supporting the former: for the end +of these Sessions deliuereth them space inough [90] to ouertake the +beginning of the Termes. + +For the rest, equity beareth more sway, then grauity, at the Cornish +bench, and in confusion they mayntayne equality: for though they +speake more then one at once, yet no one mans speach, or countenance, +can carry a matter against the truth. Neither doe assertions, +but proofes in hearings; nor vouchings, but shewing of law cases, +in deciding, order the controuersies: and as diuersitie in opinions +breedeth no enmity, so ouer-ruling by most voyces, is taken for +no disgrace. + +One only Iudge was wont, in three dayes at farthest, to dispatch +the Assizes, & gayle deliuery, at Launceston, the vsuall (though not +indifferentest) place, where they are holden. But malice and iniquity +haue so encreased, through two contrary effects, wealth and pouerty, +that now necessity exacteth the presence of both, and (not seldome) +an extent of time. + +I haue heard the Iudges note, that besides their ordinary paines, +they are troubled with more extraordinary supplications in Cornwall, +then in any other shire: whereto they yet giue no great encouragement, +while the causes are on the backside, poasted ouer to Gentlemens +hearing, and account seldome taken or made, what hath bene done +therein. + +Verily, we must acknowledge, that ever since our remembrance, God hath +blessed this Westerne circuit with speciall choyce of vpright and +honest Iudges; amongst whom, this of our last is not the least: +for they doe so temper a quick conceit with a stayed iudgement, +a strict seuerity in punishing, with a milde mercy in remitting, +and an awfull grauitie at the Bench, with a familiar kindnesse +in conuersation, as they make proofe, that contrarie vertues may, +by the diuers wayes of loue and reuerence, meet in one onely poynt +of honour. + +The common Gayle of the shire for offendours, is kept at Launceston: +for that statute, 33. H. 8. which amongst other shires, gaue the +Cornish Iustices leave to alter the same, by a Prouiso, tooke it +away againe, in that this keepership is annexed to the Constableship +of the Castle, and that graunted out in lease. + +I wil conclude with the highest iurisdiction, namely, the Parliament, +to which Cornwall, through the grace of his Earles, sendeth an equall, +if not larger number of Burgesses, to any other shire. The boroughs +so priuiledged, more of fauour (as the case now standeth with many +of them) then merit, are these following: Launceston, Downeuet, +Liskerd, Lostwithiel, Truro, Bodmyn, Helston, Saltash, Camelford, +Eastloo, Westloo, Prury, Tregny, Kellington, Bossimy, S. Iues, +S. Germanes, Meddishole, and S. Mawes: and because Quindec. are +ordinarily graunted at Parliaments, together with the Subsidies, +I will heere set downe the ordinary rate of them. + +[91] + + Md. de 15. Cornub. in Paroch. subsequent. + vt patet. p. + + + Hund. de Penwith + + Paroc. S. Iusti. 2li.11s.8d. S. Hillary 2.18.8 + S. Gorian. 8.5.2 Caniborn. 4.2.0 + S. Gorgian. 1.15.6 Laundut. 6.16.5 + S. Crowen. 2.2.2 Vthno. 0.12.6 + S. Michaels. 2.11.3 Germogh. 0.10.8 + S. Illogan. 4.7.10 S. Synan. 3.6.0 + S. Erly. 3.11.8 S. Maddern. 4.12.0 + S. Luduan. 2.16.6 S. Twynnock. 2.5.0 + Morueth. 0.17.6 S. Felis. 2.1.2 + S. Siluan. 2.12.5 Kedruth. 1.12.5 + S. Sancred. 1.14.0 S. Winner. 3.6.0 + S. Ey. 3.6.8 S. Pawl. 6.17.0 + S. Sennar. 2.11.1 Woluele. 3.5.0 + Sum. 81. 8. 6. + + + Hund. de Kerier. + + Wennape. 2.8.0 S. Melor. 2.4.0 + S. Martyn. 0.18.8 S. Briack. 2.3.0 + S. Gluuiack. 2.2.10 S. Crade. 1.4.6 + Constantyn. 3.6.4 Wyneanton. 0.14.8 + S. Mawnan. 1.8.0 S. Melan. 2.18.4 + S. Stidian. 2.19.4 S. Keyran. 6.8.0 + Arwothel. 1.4.9 S. Wynwolny. 0.10.4 + S. Landy. 1.10.4 S. Rumon.parua. 0.7.2 + S. Mawgan. 1.16.0 Crewenne. 1.0.10 + S. Rumon.ma. 1.2.0 S. Sithne. 2.0.0 + S. Antony. 0.8.0 S. Ewynne. 0.15.4 + Corentun. 0.15.0 Burg. de Helston. 4.6.8 + Minster 1.4.6 Germock. 0.10.8 + S. Budock.ma. 2.9.0 S. Wendron. 3.12.0 + Burgus de Perm. 2.0.0 + Sum. 52.18.5. + + + Hund. de Powder. + + Tywardreth 2.15.11 Elerky. 3.6.0 + Argallas. 1.14.4 S. Keby. 1.2.1 + Burg. de Fowy. 2.8.4 Landreth. 0.17.8 + Roche. 2.8.7 Eglosmerther. 0.18.0 + Kenwen. 2.19.0 Lanuoreck. 1.10.0 + Eglosros 1.16.0 Grogith. 0.14.4 + Moresk. 2.0.0 Fowy extra. 1.4.8 + Manerium de | S. Sampson. 1.15.0 + pen.Kneth & | 0.10.4 S. Stephens. 3.6.3 + Restormel. | Gerend. 2.0.0 + S. Awstle. 6.14.11 Feock. 1.10.0 + Mewan. 1.12.0 Burg. de Lostwi. 8.13.4 + +[92] + + Carhayes. 0.11.6 Laurocen. 0.17.0 + S. Denis. 1.16.6 Ladock. 2.14.0 + Penkeuel. 0.11.8 Lanhorn. 1.14.8 + S. Anthonie. 0.12.2 S. Ewe. 1.8.3 + Burg. de Mia. 0.5.6 Manerium de | + S. Goran 1.16.0 Towington in | 1.19.0 + Burg. de Grand. 0.14.6 P. S. Austle.| + Burg. de Truru. 12.1.10 S. Crede. 2.1.0 + S. Ermets 1.14.0 S. Iust. 1.16.0 + Landege. 2.7.0 Burg. de Tregony. 1.15.3 + Lasullian. 1.10.6 S. Probus. 5.6.0 + S. Aleyn. 3.4.6 Calendry 1.0.8 + + + Hund. de Pider. + + Lanhidrock. 0.17.8 S. Ermets. 2.2.6 + S. Peran. 2.6.8 S. Euoder. 3.0.0 + S. Caranto. 2.13.0 S. Petrock mi. 0.6.4 + S. Vuel. 1.10.0 Laneuet. 1.10.0 + S. Agnes. 1.6.10 S. Ede. 1.12.0 + S. Petrock ma. 2.4.10 S. Bruke. 2.7.0 + S. Columb ma. 5.13.0 Newlyn. 3.17.4 + S. Columb mi. 4.11.0 Maruy. 2.1.0 + Burg. de Meddi. 0.8.0 Withiel. 1.6.8 + Oldstowe. 1.9.0 S. Colan. 1.4.6 + Lanherne. 3.0.0 Cuthbert. 2.0.0 + S. Wenne 1.18.0 + + + Hund. de Trigge. + + Teth. 2.9.6 Egloshail. 2.3.8 + Minuer. 1.15.0 Bliston. 1.17.2 + P. Bodmyn ext. 1.16.0 Temple 0.5.0 + Brue rode. 1.19.5 S. Laud. 1.6.0 + Bur. de Bodmyn. 20.0.0 Ma. de Pennayn. 0.4.10 + Maben. 1.10.9 S. Tweir. 1.16.8 + S. Eudelian. 1.8.0 Hellond. 0.19.0 + + + Hund. de Lesnewith. + + Cleder. 1.16.8 Bur. de Castle | + S. Warburg 1.18.4 Boterel. | 0.7.0 + S. Iuliet. 0.14.8 Oterham. 0.19.0 + Bur. de Tintagle. 0.13.2 Lanteglos. 1.10.0 + Podistok. 4.5.2 S. Genis. 1.14.2 + Mihelstowe. 0.19.0 Lesnewith. 1.8.0 + Bu. de Camelforth. 0.9.0 Maner. de Tintagle. 1.7.0 + Alternon 1.18.6 Minster. 1.4.6 + Dauid. 2.6.8 Treneglos. 1.6.8 + Treualga. 1.0.0 Athawyn. 1.0.0 + +[93] + + Hund. de Lesnewith. + + Kilkhamlond. 3.4.4 Bridgerule. 0.12.6 + Iacobstow. 1.16.4 Moristow. 3.6.0 + Poghwil. 0.19.0 Boyton. 1.9.0 + Launcels. 1.8.0 Stratton. 2.19.6 + Ouerwynchurch. 2.0.0 Wyke. 1.15.0 + Whitston. 1.13.0 Bur. de Kilkhamp. 1.0.2 + + + Hund. de Westwibilsher. + + Niot. 2.7.0 Lanteglos. 5.0.0 + Cardinham. 1.18.0 Burg. de Liskerd. 6.14.0 + Morual. 1.17.0 Reprina. 0.8.0 + S. Clere. 2.1.7 Wynnock. 2.0.0 + Tallan. 1.12.0 Burg. de Loo. 1.10.0 + Lansalwys. 1.9.0 Lanraythew. 1.8.6 + Vepe. 1.9.2 Villade. 1.13.0 + Maner. de Liskerd. 1.13.0 S. Martyn de Loo. 1.10.0 + Dulo. 1.18.6 Brotheck. 0.18.0 + Warlegan. 1.2.0 Kayn. 0.8.4 + Pleuiul. 2.7.0 Pynnock. 0.19.0 + Liskerd. 1.12.0 + + + Hund. de Eastwibilshere. + + Antony. 1.11.0 Manerium de | + Lawlutton. 1.3.0 Tremeton. | 2.15.4 + Southil. 0.18.0 Linkinhorne. 2.0.0 + Piderwyn. 2.3.0 Seuiock. 1.4.0 + Landilp. 0.17.6 Calstock. 3.6.0 + Stoke. 2.9.0 S. Melan. 1.6.0 + Minhinet. 4.6.0 Rame. 1.11.0 + Egloskery. 2.5.0 S. Iue. 1.19.0 + S. Germyns. 6.10.0 S. Dominick. 1.4.0 + Bur. de Downuet. 2.16.8 Lawanneck. 1.10.0 + Lasant. 1.18.0 Laurake. 1.19.0 + S. Iohns. 1.6.10 Burg. de Ash. 2.0.8 + S. Stephens of | Pillaton. 0.15.4 + Lanceston. | 4.16.0 Boskenna. 0.9.0 + Quedock. 1.7.0 Meer. 0.15.0 + Northil. 1.12.0 + + + + Sum. tot. 15. & 10. in Cornub. 479.03. +[94] + + Md. postea sequuntur deductiones & allocat. de eisdem sum. + appunctuat. per Edmund. Episc. Exon. & Thom. Bodul- + gat tunc vn. milit. praed. Com. in Anno 24. H. 6. vt + pt. p. particulariter. + + Trigge. + + Parochia de | Aldehan. 0.15.0 + Menefride. | 1.0.0 Maben. 0.15.0 + Helland. 0.15.0 Egloshail 1.10.0 + Burg. de Bodmyn. 6.0.0 Temple. 0.3.0 + S. Tudy. 0.9.0 S. Bruer. 0.15.0 + Tethe. 1.10.0 + + Sum. 13. 12. 0. + + + Hund. de Lesnowith. + + Cleder. 0.12.0 Oterham. 0.15.0 + Burg. de Botriscast. 0.6.0 Aduen. 0.6.0 + Pondistoke. 2.0.0 Warburg. 0.10.0 + Mynster. 0.12.0 Lesnowith. 0.12.0 + Bu. de Camelforth. 0.6.0 Treueglos. 0.18.0 + S. Gennys. 0.15.0 Alternon. 0.10.0 + S. Dauid. 0.10.0 + + Sum. 8. 12. 0. + + + Hund. de Stratton. + + Morestow. 1.10.0 Burgus de | + Poughwel. 0.12.0 Kilkampton. | 0.9.0 + Lancels. 0.10.0 Merwinchurch. 0.15.0 + Boyton. 0.10.0 Whithton. 0.15.0 + Kilkampton. 1.0.0 Iacobstow. 0.10.0 + Stratton. 1.1.0 + + Sum. 7. 12. 0 + + + Hund. de East. + + Calstok. 1.10.0 Rame 0.15.0 + Lawanneck. 1.1.0 Quethiock. 0.12.0 + S. Iohns. 0.15.0 S. Domineck. 0.10.0 + S. Iues. 1.0.0 Pederwyn. 0.8.0 + Minhinet. 3.0.0 S. Germyns. 4.10.0 + Manerium de | Antony. 0.15.0 + Tremeton. | 1.5.0 Lawhitton. 0.15.0 + Burgus de | S. Stephens. 2.0.0 + Downeued. | 1.0.0 Laurake. 0.10.0 + S. Melan. 1.0.0 Egloskery. 0.15.0 + + Sum. 22. 1. 0. + +[95] + + Hund. de West. + + Burgus de | Lanrethow. 0.10.0 + Liskerd. | 1.0.0 S. Vepe. 0.10.0 + S. Cleer. 0.10.0 Manerium | + Morual. 0.10.0 de Liskerd. | 0.12.0 + Talland. 0.10.0 S. Pynnock. 0.10.0 + Parish of Liskerd. 0.18.0 Nyot. 0.10.0 + Lanteglos. 1.10.0 + + Sum. 7. 10. 0. + + + Hund. de Penwith. + + Luduan. 0.9.0 S. Sencrede. 0.15.0 + Camborn. 1.0.0 S. Felix. 0.6.0 + S. Senan. 0.13.0 S. Selenan. 0.10.0 + S. Gothian. 0.10.0 S. Michaels. 0.10.0 + S. Ius t. 0.10.0 S. Pawl. 1.0.0 + S. Veryn. 2.0.0 S. Thebut. 1.0.0 + S. Wynner. 0.10.0 S. Grey. 0.9.0 + + Sum. 10. 2. 0. + + + Hund. de Kerier. + + S. Wenep. 0.10.0 S. Constantyn. 0.9.0 + Mawnan. 0.6.0 Crade. 0.10.0 + Burg. de Helston. 1.10.0 Wynampton. 0.6.0 + Melan. 0.10.0 Stedian. 0.9.0 + Arwothel. 0.10.0 Ewyn. 0.10.0 + Minster. 0.6.0 + + Sum. 5. 16. 0. + + + Hund. de Powder. + + Argallas. 0.10.0 Lamorek. 0.10.0 + Keby. 0.9.0 S. Sampsons. 0.10.0 + Burgus de | S. Gereus. 0.10.0 + Truru. | 10.0.0 Burgus de | + Roche. 0.18.0 Lostwithiel. | 8.0.0 + Moresk. 0.10.0 Lamhorn. 0.6.0 + S. Goran. 0.9.0 Tywardreth. 0.10.0 + S. Allen. 0.5.0 S. Stephens. 0.10.0 + Illerky. 0.10.0 Eglosros. 0.10.0 + + Sum. 19. 17. 0. +[96]************************* missing scan *******************88 + + Hund. de Pider. + + Lanhidrok. 0.11.0 S. Petrock minor. 0.6.0 + S. Pyran. 0.15.0 S. Petrock maior. 0.10.0 + S. Newlyn. 1.10.0 S. Breock. 0.15.0 + S. Colan. 0.10.0 Withiel. 0.5.0 + Lamhern. 0.10.0 Carnenton. 0.10.0 + S. Edy. 0.12.0 Vwel. 0.10.0 + S. Enoder. 0.15.0 + + Sum. tot. deductions. 15. & 10. 113. 1. 6. +**************************************************************** + + + + + + + + THE S V R V E Y OF + + C O R N W A L L. + + The second Booke. + + + + + + +IN this second booke I will first report what I haue learned of +Cornwall, and Cornishmen in general, and from thence descend to the +particular places and persons, as their note-worthie site, or any +memorable action, or accident, of the former or later ages, +shall offer occasion. + +The highest which my search can reach vnto, I borrow out of Strabo, +who writeth, that the Westerne Bretons gaue ayde vnto the Armorici +of Fraunce, against Caesar, which hee pretended for one of the causes, +why he inuaded this Iland. + +Next I find, that about sixtie yeeres from the landing of Hengist, +[Anno Do. 509.] one Nazaleod, a mightie King amongst the Bretons, +ioyned battell with Certicus, Soueraigne of the West-Saxons, +and after long fight, with his owne death accompanied the ouerthrow +of his armie. [519.] Yet, the Bretons, thus abandoned by fortune, +would not so forsake themselues, but with renued courage, and forces, +coped once againe with Certicus, and his sonne Kenrick, at [97 +Certicesford, thogh equally destitute of successe as before. + +[590.] Gurmund, an arch Pirate of the Norwegians, was called by +the Saxons, out of his late conquered Ireland, to their aide, +against Careticus king of the Bretons; whom he ouercame in battel, +and inforced his subiects to seeke safegard by flight, some in Wales, +some in Cornwall, and some in little Breteigne: since which time, +they could neuer recouer againe their auncient possession of the +whole Iland. + +[688.] Howbeit, not long after, Iuor, sonne to Alane, king of the +said little Breteigne, landed in the West parts, wanne from the +Saxons, Cornwall, Deuon, & Somerset shires, by force of armes, +and then established his conquest, by a peaceable composition with +his aduerse partie. + +[720.] Adelred, king of West-sex, inuaded Deuon and Cornwall, +whom Roderick, king of the Bretons, and Blederick Prince of those +prouinces, encountred and discomfited: [750.] which notwithstanding, +processe of time reaued from, him, and added such strength to +his enemies, that he was driuen to abandon Cornwall, and retire +into Wales. + +[809.] So, the Cornishmen quitting their libertie with their prince, +stouped to the commaund of Egbert King of West-sex, and with their +territorie (saith William Malmsburie) enlarged his confines. + +[937.] Athelstane handled them yet more extremely; for hee draue them +out of Excester, where, till then, they bare equall sway with +the Saxons, & left onely the narrow angle on the West of Tamer riuer, +for their Inhabitance, which hath euer since beene their fatall bound. + +On their Reguli (as Vincentius deliuereth) he imposed an yerely +tribute, of 20. li. in gold, 300. li. in siluer, 25. oxen, +and hunting hounds and hawkes, at discretion. + +[997.] To these afflictions by home-neighbours of bondage, tribute, +and banishing, was ioyned a fourth, of spoyling by forrayne enemies: +for Roger Houedon telleth vs, that the Danes landed in sundry places +of Cornwall, forrayed the Countrey, burned the Townes, and killed +the people. + +[1068.] To whom succeeded in the like occupation, Godwin, and +Edmond magnus, King Harolds two sonnes, discomfiting the forces +opposed against them, harrowing Deuon and Cornwall, and then +retiring with their prey into Ireland. + +[113.] After the conquest, when K. H. the first inuaded. +Griffin ap Conan Prince of Wales, he distributed his armie into +three portions, one of which (wherein consisted the forces of the +fourth part of England and Cornwal) hee committed to the leading of +Gilbert Earl of Strigill. + +[1227.] In Henry the thirds time, by the testimony of Mathew Paris, +William Earle of Sarum, after long tossing at sea, with much adoe, +about Christmas arriued in Cornwall; and so afterwards, did +Earl Richard, the Kings brother, at two seuerall times: the later +of which, being destitute of horses and treasure, he prayed therein +ayde of his loyals. + +[1339.] When Edward the third auerred his right to the Crowne +of Fraunce, by the euidence of armes, the French for a counterplea, +made an vnlawfull entry into Deuon and Cornwall; but Hugh Courtney +Earle of Deuon, remooued it with posse Comitatus, and recommitted +them to the wooden prison that brought them thither. Yet would not +the Scots take so much warning by their successe, as example by +their precedent, if at least, Froissarts [98] ignorance of our +English names, bred not his mistaking in the place. + +By his relation aso, Cornwalls neere neighbourhead gaue oportunity +of accesse, both to the Earle Montford, when he appealed to that +Kings ayd, for recouering his right in Brittaine (albeit I cannot +bring home Cepsee the designed port of his landing) and after his +captiuitie, to the messengers of his heroicall Countesse, employed +in the like errand. + +And from Cornwall, the Earle of Sarum, Wil. de Mesuile and +Philip de Courtney, set to sea, with 40. ships, besides Barks, +and 2000. men at armes, besides Archers, in support of that quarrell. + +Lastly, his authoritie enformeth me, that those souldiers of Cornwall, +who vnder their Captaines Iohn Apport and Iohn Cornwall, had defended +the Fort of Bercherel in Brittaine, against the power of Fraunce, +aboue a yeres space, in the end, for want of due succours, vpon an +honourable composition surrendred the same. + +[1471.] Queene Margaret, wife to H. 6. vpon her arriual out +of Fraunce, after the losse of Barnet field, receiued great ayd, +though to smal purpose, from the Deuon and Cornish men, vnder the +conduct of Thomas, Earle of that shire. + +[1485.] And so much were those Western people addicted to that name, +as they readily followed Sir Edw. Courtney, & his brother Peter, +Bishop of Excester, what time the assisted the Duke of Buckingham, +in his reuolt against Richard the third. + +[1497.] Neither did his suppressour and successour, H. the 7. finde +them more loyall: for the Cornish men repining at a Subsidy lately +graunted him by Act of Parliament, were induced to rebellion, +by Thomas Flammock, a Gentleman, & Michael Ioseph, a Black-smith, +with whom they marched to Taunton, there murdering the prouost of +Perin, a Commissioner for the sayd Subsidy, and from thence to Welles, +where Iames Touchet, Lord Audely, degenerated to their party, +with which encrease they passed by Sarisbury to Winchester, and so +into Kent. But by this time, Lords & Commons were gathered in +strength sufficient, to make head against them, and soone after, +black Heath saw the ouerthrow of their forces, in battell, and London, +the punishment of their seducers by iustice. + +In the same fatall yeere of reuolts, Perkin Warbeck, a counterfeit +Prince, landed in Cornwall, went to Bodmyn, assembled a trayne of +rake-hels, assaulted Excester, receyued the repulse, and in the +end sped, as is knowne, and as he deserued. + +[1549.] The last Cornish rebellion, was first occasioned by +one Kilter, and other his associats of a Westerne parish, called, +S. Keueren, who imbrued their wicked hands in the guiltles blood of +one M. Body, as he sate in Commission at Helston for matters of +reformation in religion: and the yere following, it grew to a +general reuolt, vnder the conduct of Arundel, Wydeslade, Resogan, +and others, followed by 6000. with which power they marched into +Deuon, besieged and assaulted Excester, & gaue the L. Russell +(employed with an army against them) more then one hot encounter, +which yet (as euer) quayled in their ouerthrow. + +In my particular view, I will make easie iournies from place to place, +as they lye in my way, taking the Hundreds for my guydes, vntill I +haue accomplished this wearisome voyage. + +[98] + +My first entrance must be by the hundred of East, so named for +his site, and therein, at Plymouth hauen. It borroweth that name +of the riuer Plym, which rising in Deuon, and by the way baptizing +Plymston, Plymstock, &c. here emptieth it selfe into the sea. +The hauen parteth Deuon and Cornwall welneere euery where, as Tamer +riuer runneth: I say welneere, because some few interlaced places +are excepted: a matter so sorted at the first partition, eyther to +satisfie the affection of some speciall persons, or to appropriate +the soyle to the former Lords, or that (notwithstanding this +seuerance) there might stil rest some cause of entercourse between +the Inhabitants of both Counties: as I haue heard, a late great man +ensued, and expressed the like consideration, in diuision of his +lands between two of his sonnes. + +Now though this hauen thus bound both shires, yet doth the +iurisdiction of the water wholly appertayne to the Duchy of +Cornwall, and may therefore bee claymed as a part of that County. +Notwithstanding, I will forbeare what I may, to intrude vpon my good +friend M. Hookers limits, and reserue to him the description of the +farther shore. + +The first promontory of this harbour on the West side, is Rame head, +by his proportion, receyuing, and by his possession, giuing, that +name and armes to his owner, whose posterity conueyed it by +inter-marriages, from Durnford, to Edgecumb: on the toppe thereof +riseth a little vaulted Chappell, which serueth for a marke at sea. + +From thence trending Penlee poynt, you discouer Kings sand and +Causam Bay, an open roade, yet sometimes affoording succour to the +woorst sort of Seafarers, as not subiect to comptrolment of +Plymouth forts. The shore is peopled with some dwelling houses, +and many Cellers, dearely rented for a short vsage, in sauing +of Pilcherd. At which time, there flocketh a great concourse +of Sayners, and others, depending vpon their labour. I haue heard +the Inhabitants thereabouts to report, that the Earle of Richmond +(afterwards Henry the seuenth) while hee houered vpon the coast, +here by stealth refreshed himselfe; but being aduertised of +streight watch, kept for his surprising at Plymouth, he richly +rewarded his hoste, hyed speedily a shipboord, and escaped happily +to a better fortune. + +Here also of late yeeres, part of the Cornish forces twise +encamped themselues, planted some Ordinance, and raised a weake +kind of fortification, therethrough to contest, if not repulse, +the landing of the expected enemie: and a strong watch is continually +kept there, euer since one thousand, fiue hundred, ninetie seuen: +at which time, a Spaniard riding on the Bay, while most of the able +people gaue their attendance at the Countie Assises, sent some +closely into the village, in the darke of the night, who hanged vp +barrels of matter fit to take fire, vpon certaine doores, which by +a traine should haue burned the houses. But one of the Inhabitants, +espying these vnwelcome ghests, with the bounce of a Caliuer chaced +them aboord, and remoued the barrels, before the traynes came to +worke their effect. The Inginer of this practise, (as hath since +appeared by some examinations) was a Portugall, who sometimes sayled +with Sir Iohn Borowghs, and boasted to haue burned his Ship: +for which two honourable exploits, the King of Spaine bestowed on +him two hundred duckets. + +[100] + +In the mouth of the harbour, lyeth S. Nicholas Iland, in fashion, +losengy, in quantity, about 3. acres, strongly fortifyed, +carefully garded, and subiect to the Commaunder of Plymmouth fort. + +When the Cornish rebels, during Edw. the 6. raigne, turmoyled the +quiet of those quarters, it yeelded a safe protection to diuers +dutyful subiects, who there shrowded themselues. + +From this Iland, a range of rocks reacheth ouer to the +Southwest shore, discouered at the low water of Spring tides, +and leauing onely a narrow entrance in the midst, called the Yate, +for ships to passe thorow, whereto they are directed by certaine +markes at land. + +Vpon this South shore, somewhat within the Iland, standeth +mount Edgecumb, a house builded and named by Sir Ric. Edgecumb, +father to the now possessioner: and if comparisons were as lawfull +in the making, as they prooue odious in the matching, I would presume +to ranke it, for health, pleasure, and commodities, with any subiects +house of his degree in England. It is seated against the North, +on the declining of a hill, in the midst of a Deere park, neere a +narrow entrance, thorow which the salt water breaketh vp into +the country, to shape the greatest part of the hauen. The house is +builded square, with a round turret at eche end, garretted on the top, +& the hall rising in the mids aboue the rest, which yeeldeth a +stately sound, as you enter the same. In Summer, the opened +casements admit a refreshing coolenes: in Winter, the two closed +doores exclude all offensiue coldnesse: the parlour and dining +chamber giue you a large & diuersified prospect of land & sea; +to which vnderly S. Nicholas Iland, Plymmouth fort, & the townes of +Plymmouth, Stonehouse, Milbrook, & Saltajh. It is supplyed with +a neuer-fayling spring of water, and the dwelling stored with wood, +timber, fruit, Deere, and Conies. The ground abundantly answereth +a housekeepers necessities, for pasture, arable and meadow, and is +replenished with a kinde of stone, seruing both for building, lyme, +and marle. On the seaclifs groweth great plenty of the best Ore-wood, +to satisfie the owners want, and accommodate his neighbours. +A little below the house, in the Summer euenings, Sayne-boates come +and draw with their nets for fish; whither the gentry of the house +walking downe, take the pleasure of the sight, and sometimes at +all aduentures, buy the profit of the draughts. Both sides of the +forementioned narrowe entrance, together with the passage betweene, +(much haunted as the high way to PIymmouth) the whole towne +of Stonehouse, and a great circuit of the land adioyning, +appertaine to M. Edgecumbs inheritance: these sides are fenced +with blockhouses, and that next to Mount Edgecumb, was wont to be +planted with ordinance, which at coming & parting, with their base +voices greeted such ghests as visited the house, neither hath the +opportunity of the harbour wanted occasions to bring them, or the +owners a franke mind to inuite them. For proofe whereof, the earst +remembred Sir Ric. (a gentleman in whom mildnes & stoutnes, +diffidence & wisdome, deliberatenes of vndertaking, & sufficieney +of effecting, made a more commendable, then blazing mixture of vertue) +during Q. Ma. raigne, entertained at one time, for some good space, +the Admirals of the English, Spanish, & Netherland fleets, with many +noble men besides. But not too much of this, least a partiall +affection steale, at vnwares, into my commendation, as one, +by my mother, descended from his loynes, and by my birth, a member +of the house. + +[101] + +Certaine olde ruines, yet remaining, confirme the neighbours report, +that neere the waters side, there stood once a towne, called +West stone house, vntill the French by fire and sword ouerthrew it. + +In the yeere one thousand, fiue hundred, ninetie nine, the Spaniards +vaunts caused the Cornish forces to aduance there a kind of +fortification, and to plot the making of a Bridge on barges ouer +that strait, for inhibiting the enemies accesse by boates and Gallies, +into the more inward parts of the hauen. But it may be doubted, +whether the bridge would haue proued as impossible, as the Sconce +fell out vnnecessarie. + +Master Peter Edgecumbe (commonly called Peers) married Margaret +the daughter of Sir Andrew Lutterel, his father Sir Richard married +[blank] the daughter of Tregian: his father Sir Peers married [blank] +the daughter, and heire of Stephan Durnford: and his father +Sir Richard, married [blank] the daughter of Tremayn. These names +of Peers and Richard, they haue successiuely varied for sixe or +seuen descents. Hee beareth for his Armes, Gules on a Bend ermine, +betweene two Cotises, Or. 3. Bores heades coped, arg. armed as the +third; Langued as the field. + +A little inward from Mountedgecumb, lieth a safe and commodious Road +for shipping, called Hamose, and compounded of the words Ose, and Ham, +according to the nature of the place. Here those vessels cast anchor, +which are bound to the Eastwards, as those doe in Catwater, who would +fare to the West; because euerie wind that can erue them at Sea, +will from thence carrie them out: which commoditie other roads doe +not so conueniently affoord. It is reported, that in times past, +there was an ordinary passage ouer this water, to a place on Deuon +side, called Horsecoue, but long since discontinued. + +At the higher end of a creek, passing vp from hence, Milbrook lurketh +between two hilles, a village of some 80. houses, and borrowing his +name from a mill and little brook, running therethrough. In my +remembrance (which extendeth not to aboue 40. yeeres) this village +tooke great encrease of wealth and buildings, through the iust and +industrious trade of fishing, and had welneere forty ships and barks +at one time belonging therevnto. But our late broyles with Spayne +haue let vp a more compendious, though not so honest way of gayning, +and begin by little and little, to reduce these plaine dealers, +to their former vndeserued plight. Yet do they prescribe, in a +suburbiall market (as I may terme it) to Plymmouth, for their reliefe, +by intercepting, if not forestalling, such corne and victuals, +as passing thorow their streights, cannot for want of time or weather, +get ouer Crymell passage, to the other: and surely they are not +unworthy of fauour: for this towne furnisheth more able Mariners at +euery prest for her Highnesse seruice, then many others of far +greater blaze. + +It chanced about twenty yeeres sithence, that one Richaurd, wife to +Richard Adams of this towne, was deliuered of two male children, +the one ten weekes after the other, who liued vntil baptisme, & the +later hitherto: Which might happen, in that the woman bearing twinnes, +by some blow, slide, or other extraordinary accident, brought forth +the first before his time, and the later in his due season. Now, +that a childe borne in the seuenth moneth may liue, both Astrologers +and Phisicions [102] doe affirme, but in the 8. they deny it; +and these are their reasons: The Astrologers hold, that the +child in the mothers wombe, is successiuely gouerned euery moneth, +by the seuen Planets, beginning at Saturne: after which reckoning, +he returning to his rule the 8, month, by his dreery influence, +infortunateth any birth that shal then casually befall: whereas +his succeeder Iupiter, by a better disposition worketh a more +beneficiall effect. The Phisicions deliuer, that in the seuenth +moneth, the childe, by course of nature, turneth it self in the +mothers belly; wherefore, at that time, it is readier (as halfe +loosed) to take issue by any outward chance. Mary, in the eighth, +when it beginneth to settle againe, and as yet retayneth some +weakenes of the former sturring, it requireth a more forcible +occasion, & that induceth a slaughtering violence. Or if these +coniecturall reasons suffice not to warrant a probability of +the truth, Plynies authority in a stranger case, shall presse +them farther: for hee writeth, that a woman brought a bed of one +childe in the seuenth moneth, in the moneths following, was also +deliuered of twinnes. + +A part of Mount-Edgecumb, and of this Milbrook, though seuered +from Deuon, by the generall bound, yet, vpon some of the +foreremembred considerations, haue bene annexed thereunto. + +Aside of Milbrook, lyeth the Peninsula of Inswork, on whose +neckland standeth an ancient house of the Champernons, and descended +by his daughters and heires, to Forteskew, Monck, and Treuilian, +three Gentlemen of Deuon. The site is naturally both pleasant and +profitable; to which, the owner by his ingenious experiments, +daily addeth an artificiall surplusage. + +Passing somewhat farther vp, you meet with the foot of Lyner, +where it winneth fellowship with Tamer, that, till then, and this, +yet longer, retayning their names, though their ouer-weake streames +were long before confounded, by the predominant salt water. +A little within this mouth of Lyner, standeth East-Antony, the poore +home of mine ancestours, with which in this maner they were inuested: +Sir Iohn Lerchedekne, Knight, and not priest, (for he was so called +of his family, and not by his calling, as in Froissard you shall note +the like, to be familiar amongst the nobility of Gascoigne) +by Cecill, the daughter and heire of Iordan of Haccumb, had issue 9. +sonnes, Ralph, Waryne, Richard, Otho, Iohn, Robert, Martyn, Reignald, +and Michael. Richard married Ione, the daughter of Iohn Bosowr, +that bare him Thomas, in whome the heires male of this multiplyed +hope tooke an end. Warine, afterwards knighted, tooke to wife +Elizabeth, one of the daughters and heires to Iohn Talbot de +Castro Ricardi, and on her begat three daughters and heires. +Allenor, wedded to Sir Walter Lucy: Margery, to Sir Thomas Arundel +of Taluerne: and Philip, to Sir Hugh Courtney of Bauncton (which I +take is now named Boconnock.) From Lucy descended the Lord Faux, +and others. Margery dyed childlesse, anno 1419. as is testified by +her toomb-stone in West-Antony Church, where shee lyeth buried. +Sir Hugh Courtney was second sonne to Ed. Earle of Deuon, & had +2. wiues: the first, Maud, daughter of the L. Beaumond; to whose +children, for want of issue in the elder stock, that Earledome +deuolued, & the later, our foreremembred Philip, who left her +inheritance to her only daughter Ione: and she taking a patterne +from her fathers fortune, espoused likewise 2. husbands, viz. +Sir Nicholas Baron of Carew, and Sir Robert Fere, brother +to [103] Iohn Earle of Oxford: to Sir Nicholas, shee bare Thomas, +Nicholas, Hugh, Alexander, and William: to Sir Robert, Iohn, and +became widdow of both. And, as after the fathers decease, good +agreement betweene the mother and eldest sonne hath commonly weake +continuance, because both being enfranchised to a sudden absolute +iurisdiction, neither of them can easily temper the same with a +requisite moderation: so it chaunced, that shee and hers fell at +square, which discord (with an vnnaturall extremity) brake forth into +a blow, by him no lesse dearly, then vndutifully giuen his mother: +for vpon so iust a cause, she disinherited him of all her lands, +being seuenteene mannours, and bestowed them on her yonger sonnes. +This I learned by the report of Sir Peter Carew, the elder of +that name, and eldest of our stock (a Gentleman, whose rare worth +my pen is not able to shaddow, much lesse with his due lineaments +to represent) at such time, as being a scholler in Oxford of +fourteene yeeres age, and three yeeres standing, vpon a wrong +conceyued opinion touching my sufficiency, I was there called to +dispute ex tempore (impar congressus Achilli) with the matchles +Sir Ph. Sidney, in presence of the Earles, Leycester, Warwick, +and diuers other great personages. By the forementioned conueyance, +she disposed of her sayd mannours as followeth: Haccumb, Ringmore, +and Milton, shee gaue to Nicholas: Lyham, Manedon, Combhall, and +Southtawton, to Hugh: East-Antony, Shoggebroke, and Landegy, +to Alexander: Wicheband, Widebridge, Bokeland, and Bledeuagh, +to William: and lastly, Roseworthy, Bosewen, and Tregennow, to Iohn: +al which she entailed to them, and the issue of their bodies, +substituting, for want thereof, the one to be heire to the other: +and in witnes hereof (sayth she in her conueyance) to each of these +deedes fiue times indented, I haue set my seale ; and because my +seale is to many vnknowne, haue procured the seale of the Maior of +the Citie of Exon, to be also adioyned. + +Thomas her eldest sonne, repayred this losse, in part, by matching +with one of Carminowes, daughters and heires. + +From Nicholas, is descended Carew of Haccumb, who by vertue of +this entayle, succeeded also to Hughs portion, as deceasing +issuelesse. From William is come Carew of Crocum in Somerset shire, +and from Iohn Vere, the now Earle of Oxford, deriueth his pedigree. +Alexander maried Elizabeth the daughter of Hatch, and begate Iohn, +who tooke to wife Thamesin, one of the daughters and heires of +Holland: their sonne Sir Wymond, espoused Martha, the daughter of +Edmund, and sister to Sir Anthony Denny. Sir Wymond had Thomas, +the husband of Elizabeth Edgecumb, and they myselfe, linked in +matrimony with Iulian, daughter to Iohn Arundel of Trerice, and +one of the heires to her mother Catherine Cosewarth, who hath +made me father of Richard, lately wedded to Briget, daughter of +Iohn Chudleigh of Ashton in Deuon. + +Touching our stock in generall, and my family in particular, +being once vainly disposed (I would it had bene but once) I made +this idle obseruation. + + + CArew of ancient Carru was, + And Carru is a plowe, + Romanes the trade, Frenchmen the word, + I doe the name auowe. + The elder stock, and we a braunch, + At Phoebes gouerning. + +[104] + + From fire to sonne, doe waxe and wane, + By thrift and lauishing. + The fire, not valuing at due price + His wealth, it throwes away: + The sonne, by seruice or by match, + Repaireth this decay. + The smelling fence we sundry want, + But want it without lack: + For t'is no sense, to wish a weale, + That brings a greater wrack. + Through natures marke, we owne our babes, + By tip of th' upper lip; + Black-bearded all the race, saue mine, + Wrong dide by mothership. + The Barons wife, Arch-deacons heire, + Vnto her yonger sonne + Gaue Antony, which downe to me, + By 4. descents hath runne. + All which, and all their wiues, exprest + A Turtles single loue, + And neuer did tha'duentrous change, + Of double wedding proue. + We are the fist: to swarue herefrom, + I will not though I could, + As for my wife, God may dispose, + Shee shall not, though she would. + Our family transplants it selfe, + To grow in other shires, + And Countrey rather makes then takes, + As best behoofe appeares. + Children thrice three God hath vs lent, + Two sonnes, and then a mayd, + By order borne, of which, one third + We in the graue haue layd. + Our eldest daughter widow fell, + Before our yongest borne: + So doe hard haps vnlooked come, + So are our hopes forlorne. + Mine trebled haue in either sexe, + Those which my parents got, + And yet but halfed them, which God + My graundsire did allot: + Whose grace in Court, rarely obtayned, + To th'yongst of those eighteene, + Three Kings of England Godfathers, + For Godmother, our Queene. + +The Armes of our family, are Or. 3. Lyons passant, sable: armed and +Langued Gules. + +It exceedeth good maners, to inuite your longer stay at our cold +harbour; and yet, for that diuers strangers haue, either vpon cause +or kindnesse, pretended to like well of a saltwater pond there made; +and others, whose dwelling affoordeth a semblable oportunity, +may (perhaps) take some light herefrom, to doe the like: if they +be so disposed, I will put my selfe to the payne of particularly +describing it, and you may (notwithstanding) at your pleasure, +saue the labour of perusing it; wherein I will by the way interlace +some notes, for the Imitaters better instruction. + +There lyeth a creeke of Ose, betweene two hilles, which deliuering +a little fresh rillet into the sea, receyueth for recompence, +a large ouerflowing of the salt water tides. This place is deepened +to a pond, by casting vp part of the Ose to the heades, part to the +middle, and part to the sides: the vpper head stoppeth out the +fresh water, the lower keepeth in the salt: the middle rayseth +an Iland for the Workmens [105] ease, the owners pleasure, and the +fishes succour. The Ose thus aduaunced, within short space, +through the sunne and winde, changeth his former softnes, +to a firmer hardnesse. Round about the pond, there is pitched a +frith of three foote heighth, sloped inwards, to barre any Otter +from issuing, if hee there aduenture his naturall theft, as it would +foreclose his entrance, but lose the pastime of his hunting, if the +same declined outwards. In one of the corners next the sea, +standeth a flood-gate, to bee drawne vp and let downe through +reigles in the side postes, whose mouth is encompassed with a +double frith, of two foote distance, eche from other, and their +middle space filled vp with small stones: this serueth to let in +the salt water, and to keepe in the fish, when the flood-gate is +taken vp: and therefore you must not make the frith too close, +nor the compasse too little, lest they too much stop the waters +passage. It riseth of equall heighth with the banks, & they must +outreach the highest full sea mark, by two foot at least: neyther +ought your flood-gates foote to stand euen with the pondes bottome, +lest emptying the water, it wholly abandon the fish, but must leaue +about three foot depth within. In the halfe circle enclosed between +the flood-gate and the compasse frith, there is digged a round pit, +of three foot diameter, and foure foot depth, frithed on the sides, +which is continually fedde with the water soaking from the sayd +flood-gate, and serueth to keepe any fish aliue, that you haue +before taken, and so to saue ouer often drawing. The floodgate will +hold water best, if his sides be walled vp with Cob. The pond may +not carry one continuall depth, but containe some shallow places, +to protect the smaller fish from the greater, and for them all to +play in, when the weather is hote. In the higher banke there is +also a flood-gate, to let in the fresh water, during Summer season, +which the fish then best affecteth; the rest of the yeere it is +carryed away by a trench, for auoyding diuers discommodities. + +Thus much for the making: now to the vse. Such as haue the meanes, +may best benefit themselues, by letting in the salt water euery tyde, +which is easily done, in making that place, where the water entreth, +lower then the bankes and frith, and so suffering the tyde to +take his course forth and back, without stop or attendance: and in +this case, you may place your flood-gate euen with the floore of +your pond, and neuer take it vp, but when you are disposed to view +all your store. But mine lieth so high from the mouth of the hauen, +as I am driuen to detayne the last prouision, vntill the comming +spring-tyde haue taken two daies encrease; at which time, the +flood-gate is hoysed vp, the old water let out, and the new admitted. +At full sea downe goeth the flood-gate againe, and there abideth, +vntill the next day minister the like ocasion: and after this maner +is opened and closed, for sixe dayes in the whole, continuing from +thenceforth other ten dayes vnmedled withall, to wit, 8. daies of +the neap, & two of the spring. Neither doth al this require +ouer-long, or busie paines or attendance: for if the former water be +let out (sauing in extreme cold weather) before any new come in, +or stopped somewhat too late, it little skilleth, so as on the last +day you keepe the aduantage, which the flood, then at highest, +doth giue you. + +And all these seruices about my pond, together with sundry other, +are performed by an old fellow whome I [106] keepe for almes, +and not for his worke. The best meanes of preuenting leakage, +is to let three or foure shouels full of earth fall softly downe, +by the inner side of the flood-gate, which will quurt vp his chinkes. + +In winter season, sixe foote depth of water, at least, is requisite. + +Now touching the fish, this is the maner: when the Pilcherd Sayners +cut the most impayred pieces out of their nets, they are bought for +a trifle, and serue to make a lesse Sayne, of fome 30. or 40. fathom +length, and 2. in depth, for this purpose, wherewith, betweene +Midsummer and the end of August, when the full sea falleth in the +after-noones, my people make draughtes on the shallow places within +harbour, and taking small fishes, cast them into the pond: they are +kept & brought thither aliue, in a boat halfe full of water, which +entreth thorow a little augre hole in the bottome, and so continueth +new. The fish thus taken, are commonly Basse, Millet, Guilthead, +Whiting, Smelts, Flouk, Plaice, and Sole. The pond also breedeth +Crabs, Eeles, & Shrimps; and (in the beginning) Oysters grew vpon +boughs of trees (an Indian miracle) which were cast in thither, +to serue as a houer for the fish. The Basse and Millet do also +spawn there, but whether they ouerliue their breeders rauening, +to any big growth, I am not certayne. The pond will moreouer keepe +Shote, Peale, Trought, and Sammon, in seasonable plight, but not +in their wonted reddish graine. They feed on salt vnmarchantable +Pilcherd, small fish, called Brit, and Barne, Tag-wormes, Lugges, +little Crabs, & the liuers of beasts: the rest deuoure their meat, +but the Millets content themselues with sucking it, and chawing of +the sedge. Euery euening they come to a place certain in the pond, +for receiuing their allowed pittance, and in Summer, approche very +neere, and in the top of the water plainly discouer themselues. +They were first trayned hereunto, by throwing in their bayte at the +ponds mouth, as they resorted thither, to take pleasure of the new +entring water, and are now become alike tame, with those in the +Sicilian riuer Elorus, for which, Leonicus voucheth the testimony +of Apollodorus. If they be absent, a knocking, like the chopping +of their meat, serueth for a summons to call them, & confirmeth +Plynies assertion, that fishes do heare. In the hotest Summer +weather, they swimme with the ryme of the water; and in the Winter, +keepe the depth. Lymy, or thicke puddelly water, killeth them: +they grow very fast, and fatte, which also bettereth their taste, +and deliuereth them to the demaunders ready vse, at all seasons, +seasonable. + +They are taken generally, by a little Sayne net: specially the Eeles +in weelies: the Flowks, by groping in the sand, at the mouth of +the pond, where (about Lent) they bury themselues to spawn; & the +Basse and Millet by angling. + +The pleasure which I took at my friends pleasure herein, idlely +busied me thus to expresse the same. + + I Wayt not at the Lawyers gates, + Ne shoulder clymers downe the stayres; + I vaunt not manhood by debates, + I enuy not the misers feares: + But meane in state, and calme in sprite, + My fishfull pond is my delight. + + Where equall distant Iland viewes + His forced banks, and Otters cage : + +[107] + + Where salt and fresh the poole renues, + As Spring and drowth encrease or swage: + Where boat presents his seruice prest, + And net becomes the fishes nest; + + There sucking Millet, swallowing Basse, + Side-walking Crab, wry-mouthed Flooke, + And flip-fist Eele, as euenings passe, + For safe bayt at due place doe looke: + Bold to approche, quick to espy, + Greedy to catch, ready to fly. + + In heat the top, in cold the deepe: + In spring the mouth, the mids in neap: + With changelesse change by shoales they keepe, + Fat, fruitfull, ready, but not cheap : + Thus meane in state, and calme in sprite, + My fishfull pond is my delight. + + And againe. + + STench-louing Flies, their father heat, + On mother, moysture doth beget; + Who feeling force of Sunne too great, + Their course vnto some water set, + There meane of calmy ayre to proue, + Twixt coole below and warmth aboue. + + But carelesse of foresight in weale, + The euening deaw droplodes their wing, + So forst, downe-falne, for flight to fayle, + With buzzing moane their bane they sing, + Fluttering in waue, swimming in ayre, + That, weake to drowne, and this, to beare. + + While thus they can nor liue nor dye, + Nor water-gieu'd, escape away, + +[107] + + The fish and swallowes it espie, + And both them challenge for their pray; + The fish as caught within their toyle, + The Swallowes as their kindely spoyle. + + The fish, like Swallowes, mount on high, + The Swallowes, fish-like diue in waue, + These, finlesse swimme, those, winglesse fly, + One bent their diuers ventures haue, + Fish in the drye, Swallowes in wet, + By kinde 'gainst kinde their prey to get. + + Their push a bubble vp doth reare, + The bubble driues the Fly to brinke: + So Fish in vaine deuoure the ayre, + Swallowes in vayne the water drinke, + While Fly escapes, this sport I take. + Where pond doth th' Ocean captiue make. + +I carried once a purpose, to build a little woodden banqueting house, +on the Iland in my pond, which because some other may (perhaps) +elsewhere put in execution, it wil not do much amisse, to deliuer +you the plot, as the same was deuised for mee, by that perfectly +accomplished gentleman, the late Sir Arthure Champernowne. + +The Iland is square, with foure rounds at the corners, +like Mount-Edgecumb. This should first have bene planched ouer and +rayled about, with ballisters. In themidst, there should haue risen +a boorded roome, of the like fashion, but lesser proportion, so to +leaue sufficient space betweene that and the rayles for a walke +round about: this square roome should within side haue bene sieled +roundwise, and in three of the places where [108] the round joyned +with the square, as many windowes should haue bene set; the fourth +should haue serued for a dore. Of the 4. turrets, shut out by +this round, one should haue made a kitchin, the second, a store-house, +to keepe the fishing implements, the third, a buttery, & the fourth +a stayre, for ascending to the next loft: which next loft should haue +risen on the flat roofe of the lower, in a round forme, but of a +lesser size againe, so to leaue a second Tarras, like the other: +and as the square roome below was sieled round, so should this vpper +round roome be sieled square, to the end, that where the side walks +and sieling ioyned, three windowes and a doore might likewise find +their places. The voyd spaces be- tweene the round and square, +hee would haue turned to Cupboards and boxes, for keeping other +necessary vtensiles, towards these fishing feasts. + +Ouer-against this pond, lyeth beggers Iland, so called (as our +neighbours relate) euer since my great grandsire espying 2. of that +idle occupation, at a hote combate on the shore, while he was rowing +homewards from Saltash, tooke them into his boat, & there set them +on land, to try (as in a lists) the vttermost of their quarrell: +which place they could not quit, vntil the low water should +enfranchise them by wading & the respite, vent out the alye fume +of their fury. + +About 40. yeres agoe, it chanced, that a boat ouer-fraighted +with people, in rowing downe the riuer from Saltash market, was by +the extreme weather, sunk, neere to a place called Henpoint, and all +the folke drowned, sauing one onely woman, named Agnes, the wife of +one Cornish, whom it pleased God so to protect and direct, that in +her first popping vp againe (which most liuing things accustome) +shee espyed the boat (after it had discharged his burthen) risen +likewise, and floting by her, full of water, whereon she got holde, +sate astride vpon one of his sides, and by the winde and tyde, +was vnusually, and almost miraculously driuen athwart the chanell, +to a place called Wilcoue, where shee no sooner stepped ashore, +but the boat (as hauing done his enioyned errand) presently +recommited it selfe to the stormes disposition. + + The woman thus freed from one peril at sea, aduentured another +of little lesse consequence at land; for being not yet thoroughly +restored to her sense, she clymed vp the cliffe in such a steepe +place, as the very consideration thereof, doth euer sithence halfe +amaze the beholders. But that ground was fore ordained to her good: +for not long after, her husband tooke the same, with the rest of +the tenement, in lease; and it now serueth her for a dwelling, +and many others, by her charitie, for a reliefe. + +Her sayd husband, & their two onely sonnes, at seuerall times, +by one kind of misfortune, found their buriall in the waues. + +The Oysters dredged in this Lyner, finde a welcomer acceptance, +where the taste, & not appetite, is Cater for the stomack, then +those of the adioyning Tamer, which groweth (as I coniecture) because +Lyners lesser streame leaueth them to bee seasoned, with a more +kindely and better relished saltnes. + +The next parish vpon this riuer, is called Sheuiock, somtimes the +ancient Dannyes inheritance & inhabitance: by whose daughter and +heire, the same (together with other faire possessions) descended +to the Earles of Deuon. In [109] the church there lie two Knights +of that name, and one of their ladies by her husbands side, +having their pictures embossed on their tombes in the side walles, +and their Armes once painted round about; but now by the malice, +not of men, but of time, defaced. They are held to be father and +sonne, and that the sonne slayne in our warres with Fraunce, +was from thence brought home to be here interred. There runneth also +a tale amongst the parishioners, how one of these Dannyes ancestours +vndertook to build the Church, and his wife the barne adioyning, +and that, casting vp their accounts, vpon finishing of their workes, +the barne was found to cost three halfepence more then the Church: +and so it might well fall out: for it is a great barne, and a +little Church. + +In this parish standeth Crasthole, which by the high site, might more +fitly be termed Open hill, a poore village but a much frequented +thorow-fare, somewhat infamous, not vpon any present desert, +but through an inueterate byword, viz. that it is peopled with 12. +dwellings, and 13. cuckolds: for as the dwellings are more then +doubled, so (I hope) the cuckolds are lesse then singled. + +Howsoeuer, many wayfarers make themselues glee, by putting the +Inhabitants in minde of this priuiledge; who againe, especially the +women (like the Campellians in the North, and the London Bargers) +forslow not to baigne them (vnlesse they plead their heels the faster) +with a worse perfume, then Iugurth found fault with in the dungeon, +where the Romanes buried him aliue, to attend his languishing and +miserable death. + +Vpon Sheuiock abbutteth S. Germanes, the greatest parish in Cornwall, +if you ioyne to the store of people, the quantity and quality of +the soyle, wherethrough it affoordeth commodious dwellings to sundry +ancient Gentlemen, and wealthy Farmours; amongst which first sort, +I may not (without withdrawing my testimony due to vertue) omit +M. George Keckwitch of Catch-French, a house so named (by likelyhood) +for some former memorable, though now forgotten accident, whose +continuall, large, and inquisitiue liberality to the poore, did in +the late deare yeres, extraordinarily extend it selfe to an inuiting +emulation, but beyond the apprehensiue imitation of any other in +the shire. He hath issue by Blanch, the daughter of Sir Frauncis +Godolphin: his father George, maried Buller: his graundsire [blank] +their ancient dwelling was in Essex, where this Gentleman enioyeth +fayre possessions, & beareth for his armes, Ar. two Lyons in bend +passant Sa. cotifed, G. + +The Church towne mustreth many inhabitants, and sundry ruines, +but little wealth, occasioned eyther through abandoning their +fishing trade, as some conceiue, or by their being abandoned +of the religious people, as the greater sort imagine: for in +former times, the Bishop of Cornwals See, was from S. Petrocks +in Bodmyn, remooued hither; as from hence, when the Cornish Dioces +vnited with Deuon, it passed to Crediton: and lastly, from thence +to Excester. But this first losse receyued reliefe through a +succeeding Priory, which at the general suppression, changing his +note with his coate, is now named Port Eliot, and by the owners +charity distributeth, pro virili, the almes accustomably expected +and expended at at such places. Neither will it (I thinke) much +displease you to heare, how the gentlemans ancestour, of whom +master Eliot bought it, came by the same. + +[110] + +Iohn Champernowne, sonne and heire apparent to Sir Philip of Deuon, +in H. the 8. time, followed the Court, and through his pleasant +conceits, of which much might be spoken, wan some good grace with +the King. Now when the golden showre of the dissolued Abbey lands, +rayned welnere into euery gapers mouth, some 2. or 3. gentlemen, +the Kings seruants, and master Champernownes acquaintance, waited at +a doore where the King was to passe forth, with purpose to beg such +a matter at his hands: Our gentleman became inquisitiue to know +their suit: they made strange to impart it. This while, out comes +the King: they kneele down, so doth master Champernowne: +they preferre their petition; the King graunts it: they render +humble thanks, and so doth M. Champernowne: afterwards, he requireth +his share; they deny it; he appeales to the King: the King avoweth +his equall meaning in the largesse; whereon, the ouertaken companions +were fayne to allot him this Priory for his partage. + +The parish Church answereth in bignesse, the large proportion of +the parish, & the surplusage of the Priory; a great part of whose +chauncell anno 1592. fel suddenly downe, vpon a Friday, very shortly +after publike seruice was ended, which heauenly fauour, of so +little respite, saued many persons liues, with whom immediately +before, it had bene stuffed: and the deuout charges of the well +disposed parishioners quickly repayred this ruine. + +At the townes end, Cuddenbeak, an ancient house of the Bishops, +from a well aduanced Promontory, which intituled it Beak, taketh a +pleasant prospect of the riuer. + +In this parish lyeth Bake, the mansion of the foreremembred +M. Ro. Moyle, who maried Anne daughter of M. Lock, as he did +mistris Vaughan, a Gentlewoman suppressing her rare learning, +with a rarer modesty, & yet expressing the same in her vertuous life +and Christian decease. Iohn father to Robert maried Agnes, +daughter of Semtabyn : and his father [blank] daughter of Forteskew, +to whom that dwelling first descended. He beareth for his Armes, G. +a Moyle passant, Ar. a part of this parish confineth on the maine sea +& offreth a faire landing place, called Seaton, howbeit, by a +handsome fence forbidding any foes inuasion: it is ouerlooked, +vpon the one side of the riuer (which there dischargeth his streame +into the Ocean) by Keuerel, the ancient house of the Langdons, Gent, +in former times, of faire reuennues, whose Armes are Ar. a Cheuron +betweene 3. Beares heads erased Sa. The house perhaps, borowing his +name of Cheuereul, a French word, signifying a wild Goat (as those +high clifs affoord them a commodious inhabitance) and on the other, +by Tregonnock, the dwelling of M. Tho. Smith, who in a quiet and +honest retirednes, findeth that contentment, which many ambitious +heads, far and wide doe vainely seeke for: hee maried Tremayn: +his father Robert [blank] one of the daughters and heires to +Killigrew: and his sonne Iohn, Priscilla the daughter of +M. Geo. Wadham. His Armes, B. a Saultier Ar. betweene 4. Martlets O. + +Leauing S, Germanes, and passing through Laurake parish, in which +M. Peter Courtney hath an high seated house, called Wotton, +you descend to Noddetor bridge, where the riuer Lyner first mingleth +his fresh streame with the brinish waues: touching whose name +and quality, one delighted in the solitary solace of his banks, +& more affecting his owne recreation, then hunting after any others +good liking, descanted thus: + +[111] + + WHo first gaue Lyners name, + Or from what cause it came, + Hard 'tis for certaine to expresse: + Experience yet directs, + By tryall of effects, + Thereat to ayme, and frame a gesse, + Is't, that as she thee bear'th, + So thou doest line the earth, + With purseld streames of blew and white: + Or, as a line doth guide, + So thou doest leuell slide, + And throw'st into the sea thy mite? + Is't, that with twisted line, + The Angler doth vntwine + The fishes life, by giuing breath. + Or, as the threshing lout, + Rusheth his Lyners out, + So Lyner on his course rusheth: + Or, as some puppy seat, + Lineth a mastiue great, + And getteth whelps of mongrell kinde: + Lyner, the sea so lines, + And streame with waue combines, + Begetting waters freshly brin'de. + + Item. + + WHen Sunne the earth least shadow spares, + And highest stalles in heauen his seat, + Then Lyners peeble bones he bares, + Who like a lambe, doth lowly bleat, + And faintly sliding euery rock, + Plucks from his foamy fleece a lock: + + Before, a riuer, now a rill, + Before, a fence, now scarce a bound; + Children him ouer-leape at will, + Small beasts, his deepest bottome sound. + The heauens with brasse enarch his head, + And earth, of yron makes his bed, + + But when the milder-mooded skie, + His face in mourning weedes doth wrap, + For absence of his clearest eie, + And drops teares in his Centers lap, + Lyner gynnes Lyon-like to roare, + And scornes old bankes should bound him more. + + Then, second Sea, he rolles, and bear's, + Rockes in his wombe, rickes on his backe. + Downe-borne bridges, vptorne wear's, + Witnesse, and wayle, his force, their wracke. + Into mens houses fierce he breakes, + And on each stop, his rage he wreakes. + + Shepheard adiew's his swymming flocke, + The Hinde his whelmed haruest hope, + The strongest rampire fear's his shocke, + Plaines scarce can serue to giue him scope, + Nor hils a barre; whereso he stray'th, + Ensue, losse, terrour, ruine, death. + +In following the course of Lyner, you fall downe by Master Bonds +auncient house of Earth, descended to his auncesters, from the +daughter and heire of that name, to that of Master Wiuels, +newly and fayrely builded, on which abbutteth Ma. Bullers Shillingham, +not so much beholden to the owners inhabitancy as to natures pleasant +and commodious seating. + +Bond married with Fountaine, his father with Fits: his [112] Armes +are Ar. on a Cheuron Sa. three Besants. + +Next, wee take view of Trematon Castle, as it doth of the Hauen, +and Countrie adioyning. It is, or rather was, one of the Dukes +foremencioned foure houses: for now all the inner buildings are +sunke into ruine: onely there remaine the Iuie-tapissed wals of +the Keepe, and base Court, and a poore dwelling for the keeper +of the Gayle, to which prisoners are brought vpon actions, +from al places appurtenant to that large Lordship, if they cannot +by suretiship discharge themselues, from the Bailiefes arrest. + +I haue receiued information, from one auerring eyewitnes, that about +fourscore yeres since, there was digged vp in the Parish Chauncell, +a Leaden coffin, which being opened, shewed the proportion of a verie +bigge man, but when the hands went about to ascertaine themselues, +as well as their eyes, the body verified, that Omnis caro puluis. +The partie farder told me, how, a writing graued in the Lead, +expressed the same to bee the burial of a Duke, whose heire was +married to the prince. But who it should bee, I cannot deuise, +albeit my best pleasing coniecture, lighteth vpon Orgerius, +because his daughter was married to Edgar. + +At the last Cornish commotion, S, Richard Greynuile the elder did, +with his Ladie and followers, put themselues into this Castle, +& there for a while indured the Rebels siege, incamped in three +places against it, who wanting great Ordinance, could haue wrought +the besieged small scathe, had his friends, or enemies kept faith +and promise: but some of those within, slipping by night ouer +the wals, with their bodies after their hearts, and those without, +mingling humble intreatings with rude menaces, he was hereby wonne, +to issue forth at a posterne gate for parley. The while, a part of +those rakehels, not knowing what honestie, and farre lesse, +how much the word of a souldier imported, stepped betweene him +and home, laid hold on his aged vnweyldie body, and threatned to +leaue it liuelesse, if the inclosed did not leaue their resistance. +So prosecuting their first treacherie against the prince, with +suteable actions towards his subiects, they seized on the Castle, +and exercised the vttermost of their barbarous crueltie (death +excepted) on the surprised prisoners. The seely Gentlewomen, +without regard of sexe or shame, were stripped from their apparrell +to their very smockes, and some of their fingers broken, to plucke +away their rings, and Sir Richard himselfe made an exchange from +Trematon Castle, to that of Launceston, with the Gayle to boote. + +This Castle vaunteth the Lord Warden his steward by Patent, +Master Anthonie Rouse his Baylife by inheritance, and Richard Carew +of Antony his keeper by lease. Of the ancient officers, one yet +retayneth the name, though not the place, viz. M. Porter, to whose +ancestor, when Vantor was L. thereof, one by a deed before date, +gaue land, lying without the gate, by the title of Russell Ianitori +de Trematon, which he still enioyeth. M. Porters Armes are Sa. +Three Belles Ar. a Canton Erm. + +It standeth in S. Stephens parish : the sheafe whereof, together with +other faire reuennues, M. George Wadham enioying in the right of his +wife, the daughter and heire to master Hechins, liberally bestoweth +in continuall hospitalitie. + +Master Hechins armes, are Sa. a crosse Fleurty, [113] quarterly B. +and G. betweene 4. Lyons heades erased Sa. langued of the second. +M. Wadhams, G. a Cheuron betweene three Roses Ar. + +The same parish also compriseth Saltash, in old writings, called +Villa de Esse; Esse his towne: and such Gentlemen there have been +of ancient descent and faire reuennues. The word Salt, is added +thereunto, because it standeth on the sea, & to distinguish it from +other places of the same name. It is seated on the declyning of a +steep hill, consisteth of three streets, which euery showre washeth +cleane, compriseth betweene 80. and 100. households, vnderlyeth the +gouernment of a Maior & his 10. brethren, and possesseth sundry +large priuiledges ouer the whole hauen, to wit, an yeerely rent of +boates and barges appertayning to the harbour, ancorage of strange +shipping, crowning of dead persons, laying of arrests, and other +Admirall rights, besides electing of Burgesses for the Parliaments, +benefit of the passage, foreclosing all others, saue themselues, +from dredging of Oysters, except betweene Candlemas and Easter, +weekely markets, halfe-yeerely fayres, &c. + +The towne is of late yeeres well encreased and adorned with buildings, +& the townsmen addict themselues to the honest trade of marchandise, +which endoweth them with a competent wealth. Some 7. or 8. ships +belong thereunto. + +It was not long since, that the neighbour-ministers successiuely +bestowed their paines in preaching there, on the market daies, +and the bordering gentlemen yeelded their presence. Sermon ended, +the Preachers resorted to one ordinary, and the Gentlemen to another. +This affoorded commendable effects to many works of loue and charity: +but, with the retorted blame, from one to another, it is now wholly +giuen ouer. + +Heere, that great Carrack, which Sir Frauncis Drake surprised, in her +returne from the East Indies, vnloded her frayght, and through a +negligent fyring, met with an vnproper ending. + +In this towne also dwelleth one Grisling, deafe from a long time, +who, besides his merry conceites, of counterfeyting by signes (like +the Romane Pantomimi) any kinde of occupation or exercise, hath a +strange quality, to vnderstand what you say, by marking the mouing of +your lips, especially if you speake deliberately, of any ordinary +matter, so as (contrary to the rules of nature, and yet without the +helpe of arte) he can see words as they passe forth of your mouth: +and of this I haue caused him to giue often experiments. + +And if Plyny now liued, I suppose he would affoord a roome, in his +natural History, to a dogge of this town, who (as I haue learned by +the faithfull report of master Thomas Parkins) vsed daily to fetch +meate at his house there, and to carry the same vnto a blinde +mastiffe, that lay in a brake without the towne: yea, (that more is) +hee would vpon Sundayes conduct him thither to dynner, and, the meale +ended, guide him back to his couch and couert againe. + +I had almost forgotten to tell you, that there is a well in this +towne, whose water will neuer boyle peason to a seasonable softnes. + +At the foot of Saltash, there abbutteth vpon the sea, a rock, +called Ashtorre, alias, Effes Torre, which is inuested with the +iurisdiction of a mannour, and claymeth the suites of many Gentlemen, +as his freeholders in Knights [114] seruice. Below this, there is +a rock on eche side of the riuer, the one termed the Bull, the other +the Hen; that on Deuon, this on Cornwall side. The Hen standeth a +little distant from the shore, which giueth occasion to a Packe, +how between it and the land, the Queenes greatest ship may saile; +but it is meant of the farther distant. + +Aboue Saltash, Cargreen, a fisher towne, sheweth it selfe, but can +hardly muster a meane plight of dwellings or dwellers: so may their +care be greene, because their wealth is withered. + +Neere thereunto is Clifton, a neat seated house, appertayning to one +of the Arundels, descended by a yonger brother, from those of Trerice; +he maried Hill, his father, Cole. + +Neither hath your eye scarcely quitted that, when it receiueth Halton, +the pleasant and commodious dwelling of M. Anthony Rouse, both which +benefits, he empleyeth to a kind & vninterrupted entertainment +of such, as visit him vpon his not spare inuiting, or their owne +occasions, who (without the selfe guilt of an vngratefull wrong) +must witnes, that his frankenesse confirmeth their welcome, +by whatsoeuer meanes, prouision, the fewell of hospitality, can in +the best maner supply. His auncestours were Lords of little Modbury +in Deuon, before the descent of times grew to a distinguishment, +by the date of writings: which mannour, together with other lands, +through a lineall succession, fell to be possessed by Raphe, +Wil. Raphe, Iohn, Wil. Raphe, and Raphe, whose daughter and +heire Elizabeth, bestowed the same, with her selfe, vpon the family +of the Dimocks, Robert, second sonne to the last mentioned Raphe, +saue one, had issue Will, who maried Alice, the daughter and heire +of Tho. of Edmerston. Wil. had another Wil. and he had Iohn, +and Iohn againe had Wil. This Wil. had Roger, who vpon Iulian, +sister and coheire of Iohn Hill of Fleet, begat Iohn and Richard, +father to the Gentleman now liuing, and he matched with Elizabeth, +daughter of Thomas Southcott, and one of the heires to her mother, +the daughter of Barnehouse: besides which, he succeeded to his vncle +Iohns inheritance, who deceased issuelesse: and being yet scarcely +entred the limits of an healthfull olde age, seeth his pedigree +extended into two farther descents. As for those outreaching +mans memory, I haue seene them very sufficiently verified: his Armes +are, O. an Eagle displayed B. pruning her wing, armed and langued G. + +Vpon the top of a creek hereby, lyeth Crocadon, the mansion of +M. Treuisa, a Gent, deriuing himselfe from the ancient and +weldeseruing Chronicler of that name: he beareth G. a garbe O. + +A mile aboue Halton, standeth Cuttayle, another house of M. Edgecumbs, +so named (as wee may coniecture) of the French Courtaile, in English, +short cut; because here, the salt water course is straightned, by the +incroching banks. The buildings are ancient, large, strong and fayre, +and appurtenanced with the necessaries of wood, water, fishing, parks, +and mils, with the deuotion of (in times past) a rich furnished +Chappell, and with the charity of almes-houses for certaine poore +people, whom the owners vsed to releeue. It is reported, & credited +thereabouts, how Sir Ric. Edgecumb the elder, was driuen to hide +himself in those his thick woods, which ouerlook the riuer, what time +being suspected of fauouring the Earle of Richmonds party, against +King R. the 3. hee was hotely pursued, and narrowely searched for. +[115] Which extremity taught him a sudden policy, to put a stone in +his cap, & tumble the same into the water, while these rangers were +fast at his heeles, who looking downe after the noyse, and seeing +his cap swimming thereon, supposed that he had desperately drowned +himselfe, gaue ouer their farther hunting, and left him liberty to +shift away, and ship ouer into Brittaine: for a gratefull remembrance +of which deliuery, hee afterwards builded in the place of his lurking, +a Chappell, not yet vtterly decayed. + + And thus hauing coasted the Cornish side of Plymmouth hauen, +I hold it not amisse, to make report of such great voyages, as, +by the memory of our Chronicles, or our owne view, from this harbour, +tooke their beginning or ending. + +Heere the neuer inough commended black Prince, attended by the Earles +of Warwick, Suffolk, Sarisbury, and Oxford, the Lord Chandos and +others, committed himselfe to the sea, with a nauy of 300. bottoms, +for landing and maintayning his fathers right in France; and hither, +after his glorious battell at Poictiers, he returned, with the captiue +French King and his nobles. + +Here the Lady Katherine, daughter to the King of Spaine, and wife to +our Prince Arthur, tooke land, at her first arriuall in England. + +Heere shipped himselfe, the Lord Darcy, sent by King Henry the 8. +with a lusty crew of soldiers, for that Ferdinands iust assistance, +against the Infidels: but vsed by him as a stale, for the vniust +conquest of Christian Nauar. + +Here, mostly, haue the troups of aduenturers, made their Rendez vous, +for attempting newe discoueries or inhabitances: as, Tho. Stukeleigh +for Florida, Sir Humfrey Gilbert for Newfound-land, Sir Rich. +Greynuile for Virginea, Sir Martyn Frobisher, and Master Dauies, for +the North-west passage, Sir Walter Raleigh for Guiana, &c. + +Here, Count Mongomery made forth, with a more commendable meaning, +then able meanes, or welspeeding effect, for relieving the hard +besieged, and sore distressed Rochellers. + +Here, Sir Fra. Drake first extended the point of that liquid line, +wherewith (as an emulator of the Sunnes glorie) he encompassed +the world. + +Here, Master Candish began to second him, with a like heroicall +spirit, and fortunate successe. + +Here, Don Antonio, King of Portugall, the Earles of Cumberland, Essex, +and Notingham, the Lord Warden of the Stanneries, Sir Iohn Norrice, +Sir Iohn Hawkins (and who elsewhere, and not here ?) haue euer +accustomed to cut sayle, in carrying defiance, againt the imaginarie +new Monarch; and heere to cast anker, vpon their returne with +spoyle and honour. + +I omit the infinite swarme of single ships, and pettie fleetes, +dayly heere manned out to the same effect. + +And here, in eightie eight, the foreremembred Lord Admirall expected, +and set forth, against that heauen-threatning Armado, which, to bee +tainted with the shamefuller disgrace, and to blaze our renoume with +the brighter lustre, termed itselfe, Inuincible. But I may not grow +ouer-lasciuious in extolling. + +King R. the 2. Anno 5. of his raigne, by Act of Parliament, +restrained all passengers from shipping themselues in any other Ports +then such as are there set down: of which Plymmouth was one. + +[116] + +From Plymmouth hauen, passing farther into the countrie, Hengsten +downe presenteth his waste head and sides to our sight. This name it +borroweth of Hengst, which in the Saxon signifieth a horse, & to such +least daintie beasts it yeeldeth fittest pasture. The countrie people +haue a by word, that, + + Hengsten downe, well ywrought, + Is worth London towne, deare ybought. + +Which grewe from the store of Tynne, in former times, there digged vp: +but that gainfull plentie is now fallen to a scant-sauing scarcitie. +Those workes afford store of the formentioned Cornish Diamonds, +The neighbouring Inhabitants obserue also, that when the top of +Hengsten, is capped with a cloud, the same boadeth a showre within +short time after. + +Roger Houeden reporteth, that about Anno 806. a fleete of Danes +arriued in West-wales, with whome the Welsh ioyned in insurrection +against king Egbright, but hee gloriously discomfited them, +at Hengistendune, which I take to be this place (if at least +West-wales may, by interpretation, passe for Cornwall) because the +other prouince, of that time, is more commonly diuided into +North and South. + +This down is edged by Carybullock, sometimes a parke of the Dukes, +but best brooking that name, now it hath lost his qualitie, through +exchaunging Deere for Bullocke. + +A little aside from hence, lyeth Landwhitton, now Lawhittan, which +(as I haue elsewhere noted) was exempted vnto Edwulff Bishop of +Creditune, from the Cornish Diocesse, to which yet, both for the +temporaltie, and spiritualtie, the same oweth present subiection. + +Mary, into what new names Pontium & Coilleng there also mentioned, +are now metamorphized, I must say amplio. + +Those buildings commonly knowne by the name of Launston, and written +Lanceston, are by the Cornishmen, called Lesteeuan (Lez in Cornish +signifieth broad, & those are scatteringly erected) and were +anciently termed Lanstaphadon, by interpretation, S. Stephens Church: +they consist of two boroughs, Downeuet and Newport: that (perhaps so +called) of downe yeelding, as hauing a steep hill: this, of his newer +erection. With them ioyne the parishes of S. Thomas & S. Stephens. +The parish Church of Launceston itselfe, fetcheth his title of +dedication, from Mary Magdalen, whose image is curiously hewed in a +side of the wall, and the whole Church fayrely builded. + +The towne was first founded (saith M. Hooker) by Eadulphus, brother +to Alpsius, Duke of Deuon and Cornwall, and by his being girded with +a wall, argueth in times past to haue caried some valew. + +A newe increase of wealth, expresseth it selfe in the Inhabitants +late repayred and enlarged buildings. They are gouerned by a Maior, +and his scarlet-robde brethren, and reape benefit by their fayres +and markets, and the County Assizes. The Statute of 32. Henry 8. +which tooke order touching Sanctuaries, endowed this towne with the +priuiledge of one, but I find it not turned to any vse. + +To the town there is adioynant in site, but sequestred in +iurisdiction, an ancient Castle, whose steepe rocky-footed Keepe, +hath his top enuironed with a treble wal, and in regard thereof, +men say, was called, Castle terrible. The base court compriseth a +decayed Chappell, a [117] large hall, for holding the shire-Assizes, +the Constables dwelling house, and the common Gayle. + +About 60. yeares past, there were found certaine leather coynes in +the Castle wall, whose faire stamp and strong substance, till then +resisted the assault of time, as they would now of couetousnesse. + +A little without the towne, were founded a Friery, and anno 1128. +an Abbey, furthered by Reignald Earle of Cornwall. + +About 2. miles distant from Launceston, Penheale mannour coasteth +the high way, claiming the right of ancient demain, & sometimes +appertaining to the Earles of Huntingdon, but purchased not long +sithence by the late M. George Greinuile, who descended from a +yonger brother of that family, and through his learning and wisdome, +aduanced his credit to an especiall good regard in his Countrey. +He maried Iulian, one of the 6. daughters and heires of William Viel: +and Iane, the daughter to Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice. Richard his +father tooke to wife, one of Kelwayes heires; and Degory his +graundfather, one of the inheritors to Tregarthen: which helps, +together with his owne good husbandry, haue endowed his sonne with +an elder brothers liuelyhood: he beareth G. three Restes O. + +In Lezant parish heereby, master Christopher Harris owneth a third +part of Trecarell (the proiect: and onset of a sumptuous building) +as coheire to the last Gentleman of that name, but admitteth no +partner in the sweetly tempered mixture of bounty and thrift, +grauity and pleasantnes, kindnesse and stoutnes; which grace all +his actions. Hee beareth Sa. three Croissants within a border A. + + +Neither may wee forget Master Coringtons house of Newton, old to +him by succession, yet new, in respect of his owne antiquitie: +diuers his auncestors haue reaped the praise and reputation of a +stayed carriage, howbeit one of them, through his rash, but +merrie prankes,is to this day principally remembred, by the name of +the mad Corington. I haue heard him deliuer an obseruation, that, +in eight lineall descents, no one borne heire of his house euer +succeeded to the land: hee beareth A, a Saultier Sa. + +Trebigh, a priuiledged franchise, is by his Lord, Master William Wray, +conuerted to a generall welcomer of his friends and neighbours. +Hee married the daughter of Sir William Courtney: his father the +coheire of Killigrew. Hee beareth Sa. a Fesse betweene three +battelaxes A. + +Poole, for his low and moyst seate, is not vnaptly named, houseth +Sir Ionathan Trelawny, farre beneath his worth & calling: +he married Sir Henry Killigrews daughter: his father, the coheire +of Reskimer: his graundfather Lamellyns Inheritrix. + +Poole standeth in Mynhinet parish, where Sir Ionathan hath a large +priuiledged Mannour of the same name: the Benefice is giuen by +Excester Colledge in Oxford, none but the fellowes admittable, +wherethrough it hath successiuely beene graced, with three +well borne, well learned, and welbeloued Incumbents; Doctor Tremayne, +Master Billet, and Master Denis. Out of Sir Ionathans house is also +descended Master Edward Trelawny, a Gentleman qualified with many +good parts. Their armes are A. a Cheuron, S. betweene three +Oke-leaues Vert. + +[118] + +Sundrie other Gent. rest beholden to this hundred, for their +dwellings, who, in an enuiable mediocritie of fortune do happilie +possesse themselues, and communicate their sufficient means to the +seruice of their prince, the good of their neighbours, and the +bettering of their owne estate: of which sort are, + + M. Becket, who beareth S. a Fesse, betweene three Boares + heads coped, sixe Crosses crosselet Fichee. O. + + M. Tregodecke, who beareth A. a Cheuron betweene three + Buckles S. + + M. Spurre, G. on a Cheuron O. a rose of the first, and + 2. mullets pearced S. + + M. Bligh, B. a Griffon segreant O. armed G. betweene 3. + Croissants A. + + M. Lower, B. a Cheuron engrayled O. betweene three Roses A. + + M. Truisa G. a garb O. + + M. Chiuerton A. a Castle S. standing on a hill V. Manaton, + A. on a Bend S. three mullets of the field, + +and some others. + + + Stratton Hundred + + +STratton Hundred extendeth the breadth of Cornewall, to the North, +as that of East beginneth it on the South, and therefore it shall +next succeede. His circuit is slender, but his fruitfulnesse great, +and the Inhabitants industrie commendable, who reape a large benefit +from their orchyards and gardens, but especially from their Garlick +(the Countreymans Triacle) which they vent, not onely into Cornwall, +but many other shires besides. + +Stratton, the onely market towne of this Hundred, gaue the same +his name, and (if I mistake not) taketh it from Strata, a street: +other memorable matter to report thereof, I finde not any. + +Vpon one side of the towne, lyeth master Chamonds house and place +of Launcels, so called, for that it was sometimes a Cell, appertaining +to the Abbot of Hartlond. + +This Gentlemans father, late deceased, receiued at Gods hands, +an extraordinary fauour, of long life. + +Hee serued in the office of a iustice of peace, almost 60. yeeres. + +He knew aboue 50. seuerall Iudges of the westerne circuit. + +He was vncle, and great vncle to at least 300. wherein yet, +his vncle and neighbour, master Greynuile, parson of Kilkhampton, +did exceed him. + +He married one of the daughters and heires of Treuenner, and by her +saw fiue sonnes, and two daughters, the yongest out-stepping +40. yeeres. + +Sir Iohn Chamond his father, a man learned in the common lawes, +was knighted at the Sepulchre, and by dame Iane, widdowe to +Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerice, and daughter to Sir Thomas Greynuile, +had an elder sonne called Thomas, whose two daughters, and heires, +by Arscot, caried part of the lands, to Tripcony, and Treuanion, +with whome they matched. + +Master Chamond beareth A. a Cheuron betweene 3. flowers de Luce: G. + +In Launcels parish, also, standeth Norton, the house of M. Tristram +Arscot, a Gent, who by his trauailing abroad in his yonger yeres, +hath the better enabled himselfe, to discharge his calling at home. +He tooke to wife Eulalia, the widdow of the wise, and vertuous +M. Edmond Tremayne, and daughter of Sir Iohn Sentleger, whose stately +house of Anery, in Deuon, he purchased, & thither hath lately remoued +his residence; he beareth party per Cheuron B, et E, in chiefe two +stagges heads cabased 0. + +[119] + +Vpon the North-sea, thereby, bordereth Stow, so singly called, +Per eminentiam, as a place of great and good marke & scope, and the +auncient dwelling of the Greynuiles famous family, from whence are +issued diuers male branches, and whether the females haue brought +in a verie populous kindred. Master Bernard Greinuile, sonne and +heire to Sir Richard, is the present owner, and in a kind magnanimite, +treadeth the honourable steps of his auncestours. + +Tonacumb, late the house of Master Iohn Kempthorne, alias, Lea, +who married Katherine, the daughter of Sir Peers Courtney, is, by his +issuelesse decease, descended to his brothers sonne: he beareth A. +three Pine-apple trees V. + +Returning to the Westwards, wee meete with Bude, an open sandie Bay, +in whose mouth riseth a little hill, by euerie sea-floud made +an Iland, and thereon, a decayed Chappell: it spareth roade onely to +such small shipping, as bring their tide with them, and leaueth +them drie, when the ebbe hath carried away the Salt-water. + +Vpon one side hereof, Master Arundel of Trerice possesseth a +pleasant-seated house, and demaines, called Efford, alias Ebbingford, +and that not vnproperly, because euerie low water, there affordeth +passage to the other shore: but now it may take a new name, for his +better plight: for this Gentleman hath, to his great charges, +builded a Salt-water mill, athwart this Bay, whose causey serueth, +as a verie conuenient bridge to saue the way-farers former trouble, +let, and daunger. It is receiued by tradition, that his belsire, +Sir Iohn Arundel, was forewarned, by a wot not what Calker. how he +should bee slaine on the sands. For auoyding which encounter, +hee alwaies shunned Efford, & dwelt at Trerice, another of his houses. +But, as the prouerb sayth, Fata viam inuenient, and as experience +teacheth mens curiosity, Fato viam sternit. It hapned, that what +time the Earle of Oxford surprized S. Michaels mount by policy, +and kept the same by strong hand, this Sir Iohn Arundel was Sherife +of Cornwall, wherethrough, vpon duety of his office, and commaundement +from the Prince, hee marched thither, with posse Comitatus, +to besiege it, and there, in a Skirmish on the sands, which deuide +the mount from the continent, he fulfilled the effect of the prophecy, +with the losse of his life, and in the said mounts Chappell +lieth buried. + +So Cambises lighted on Ecbatana in Egypt, and Alexander Epirot, +on Acheros in Italy, to bring them to their end. So Philip of +Macedon, and Atis the sonne of Croesus, found a chariot in a +swords hilt, and an Iron poynted weapon at the hunting of a Bore, +to delude their preuentiue wearinesse. So Amilcar supped in Siracusa, +& the Prince of Wales ware a Crown thorow Cheapside, in another sort +and sense then they imagined, or desired. And so Pope Gerebert, +and our king H. the 4, trauailed no farther, for meeting their +fatal Hierusalem, then the one to a Chappell in Rome, the other to +a chamber in Westminster. + +S. Marie Wike standeth in a fruitfull soyle, skirted with a moore, +course for pasture, and combrous for trauellers. Wic, by master +Lambert, signifieth a towne: by master Camden, Stationem, vel Sinum, +ubi exercitus agit. This village was the birth-place of Thomasine +Bonauenture, I know not, whether by descent, or euent, so called: +[120] for-whiles in her girlish age she kept sheepe on the +foreremembred moore, it chanced, that a London merchant passing by, +saw her, heeded her, liked her, begged her of her poore parents, +and carried her to his home. In processe of time, her mistres was +summoned by death to appeare in the other world, and her good thewes, +no lesse then her seemely personage, so much contented her master, +that he aduanced her from a seruant to a wife, and left her a +wealthy widdow. Her second mariage befell with one Henry Gall: +her third and last, with Sir John Perciual, Lord Maior of London, +whom she also ouerliued. And to shew, that vertue as well bare a +part in the desert, as fortune in the meanes of her preferment, +she employed the whole residue of her life and last widdowhood, +to works no lesse bountifull, then charitable: namely, repayring of +high waies, building of bridges, endowing of maydens, relieuing of +prisoners, feeding and apparelling the poor, &c. Amongst the rest, +at this S. Mary Wike, she founded a Chauntery and free-schoole, +together with faire lodgings, for the Schoolemasters, schollers, +and officers, and added twenty pound of yeerely reuennue, +for supporting the incident charges: wherein as the bent of her +desire was holy, so God blessed the same with al wished successe: +for diuers the best Gent. sonnes of Deuon and Cornwall were there +vertuously trained vp, in both kinds of diuine and humane learning, +vnder one Cholwel, an honest and religious teacher, which caused the +neighbours so much the rather, and the more to rewe, that a petty +smacke onely of Popery, opened a gap to the oppression of the whole, +by the statute made in Edw. the 6. raigne, touching the suppression +of Chaunteries. + +Such strange accidents of extraordinary aduancements are verified +by the ample testimonie of many histories, and, amongst the rest, +we read in Machiauell (howbeit controuled by the often reproued +Iouius) that Castruccio Caestracani climed from a baser birth, to a +farre higher estate. For being begotten in Lucca, by vnknowne +parents, and cast out, in his swadling clouts, to the wide world, +he was taken vp by a widdowe, placed by her with a Clergy man her +brother, giuen by him to a Gent, called Francesco Guinigi, and by +Guinigi left tutor to his onely sonne. From which step, his courage +and wisedome raysed him by degrees, to the soueraignty of Lucca, +the Senatorship of Rome, the speciall fauour of the Emperour, and a +neere hope (only by death preuented) of subduing Florence. + + Lesnewith Hundred. + +LEsnewith Hundred taketh his name of a parish therein (as Stratton +doth of a towne) memorable for nothing else. It may he deriued, +either from Les, which in Cornish signifieth broad, and newith, +which is new, as a new breadth, because it enlargeth his limits +farther into Cornwall on both sides, whereas Stratton is straightned +on the one by Deuon: or from Les and gwith, which importeth broad +Ashen trees, g, for Euphonias sake being turned into n. + +The first place which heere offreth itselfe to sight, is Bottreaux +Castle, seated on a bad harbour of the North sea, & suburbed with a +poore market town, yet entitling the owner in times past, with the +stile of a Baron, from whom, by match it descended to the L. +Hungerford, & [121] resteth in the Earle of Huntingdon. +The diuersified roomes of a prison, in the Castle, for both sexes, +better preserued by the Inhabitants memorie, then descerneable +by their owne endurance, shew the same, heeretofore to haue exercised +some large iurisdiction. + +Not farre from thence, Tintogel, more famous for his antiquite, +then regardable for his present estate, abbutteth likewise on the sea; +yet the ruines argue it, to haue beene once, no vnworthie dwelling +for the Cornish princes. The cyment wherewith the stones were layd, +resisteth the fretting furie of the weather, better then themselues. +Halfe the buildings were raised on the continent, and the other halfe +on an Iland, continued together (within mens remembrance) by a +drawe-bridge, but now diuorced, by the downefalne steepe Cliffes, +on the farther side, which, though it shut out the sea from his +wonted recourse, hath yet more strengthened the late Iland: for, +in passing thither, you must first descend with a dangerous declyning, +and then make a worse ascent, by a path, as euerie where narrow, +so in many places, through his sticklenesse occasioning, and through +his steepnesse threatning, the ruine of your life, with the failing +of your foore. At the top, two, or three terrifying steps, giue you +entrance to the hill, which supplieth pasture for sheepe, and conyes: +Vpon the same, I saw, a decayed Chappell, a faire spring of water, +a Caue, reaching once, by my guides report; some farre way vnder +ground, and (which you will perhaps suspect of vntruth) an Hermites +graue, hewen out in the rocke, and seruing each bodies proportion +for a buriall. But, if that in Wales carrie an equall veritie, +the myracle will soone reape credite: for this is so sloped inwards +at both ends, that any tall stature shal find roome by a little +bending, as the short in the bottome by extending. + +The fardest poynt of this hill, is called Black head, well knowne +to the coasting Mariners. The high cliffs are by sea vnaccessible +round abouts, sauing in one only place, towards the East, where they +proffer an vneasie landing place for boats, which being fenced with a +garretted wall, admitteth entrance thorow a gate, sometimes of yron, +as the name yet continuing, expresseth, and is within presently +commaunded by a hardly clymed hill. Vnder the Iland runnes a caue, +thorow which you may rowe at ful sea, but not without a kinde of +horrour, at the uncouthnesse of the place. M. Camden deliuereth vs +these verses out of an olde Poet, touching Tintogel. + + Est locus Abrini sinuoso littore ponti, + Rupe situs media, refluus quern circuit aestus. + Fulminat hic late, turrito vertice Castrum, + Nomine Tindagium, veteres dixere Corini. + + Which import in English: + + There is a place within the wind- + ing shore of Seuerne sea, + On mids of rock, about whose foote, + The tydes turne-keeping play: + A towry-topped Castle heere, + wide blazeth ouer all, + Which Corineus auncient broode, + Tindagel Castle call. + +It is not layd vp amongst the least vaunts of this Castle, that our +victorious Arthur was here begotten by the valiant Vter Pendragon, +vpon the fayre Igerna, and [122] that without taynt of bastardy, +sayth Merlyn, because her husband dyed some houres before. + +Of later times, Tintogel hath kept long silence in our stories, vntill +H. the 3. raigne, at which time (by Mat. Paris report) his brother, +Earle Ri grew into obloquy for priuy receyuing there, & abbetting, +his nephew Dauid, against the King. After which, being turned from +a Palace [8 .R. 2.] to a prison, it restrained one Iohn Northamptons +libertie, who for abusing the same, in his vnruly Maioralty of London, +was condemned hither, as a perpetuall Penitenciary. A see of ancienty +belonging to this Castle, was cancelled as vnnecessary, by the late L. +Treasurer Burleigh. + +One collecting the wonders of Cornwall, rimed touching this, as +followeth: + + Tintogel in his ruines vauntes, + Sometimes the seate of Kings, + And place which worthy Arthur bred, + Whose prayse the Breton sings, + A bridge these buildings ioynd, whom now + The fallen clifs diuorce, + Yet strength'ned so, the more it scornes, + Foes vayne attempting force. + There, caue aboue, entrie admits, + But thorowfare denies; + Where that beneath alloweth both, + In safe, but ghastly wise. + A Spring there wets his head, his foote + A gate of Iron gardes: + There measure due to eche ones length, + The Hermits graue awards. + +IN the mids of the wilde moores of this Hundred, far [122] from +any dwelling or riuer, there lyeth a great standing water, +called Dosmery poole, about a mile or better in compasse, fed by no +perceyued spring, neither hauing any auoydance, vntill (of late) +certaine Tynners brought an Audit therefrom. The countrey people +held many strange conceits of this poole; as, that it did ebbe & +flow, that it had a whirle-poole in the midst thereof, and, +that a fagot once throwne thereinto, was taken vp at Foy hauen, +6. miles distant. Wherefore, to try what truth rested in these +reports, some Gent, dwelling not farre off, caused a boate and nets +to be carried thither ouer land. Fish, they caught none, saue a +fewe Eeles vpon hookes: the poole prooued no where past a fathome +and halfe deepe, and for a great way very shallow. Touching the +opinion of ebbing and flowing, it should seeme to bee grounded, +partly vpon the increase, which the raine floods brought thereinto +from the bordering hils (which perhaps gaue also the name; for Doz, +is, come, and maur, great) and the decrease, occasioned by the +next drowth, and partly, for that the windes doe driue the waues to +and fro, vpon those sandie bankes: and thus the miracle of Dosmery +poole deceased. Of this other wonder hee sayd, + + Dosmery poole amid the moores, + On top stands of a hill, + More then a mile about, no streames + It empt, nor any fill. + +Camelford, a market and Fayre (but not faire) towne fetcheth his +deriuation from the riuer Camel, which runneth thorow it, and that, +from the Cornish word Cam, in English, crooked, as Cam, from the +often winding stream. The same is incorporated with a Maioralty, +& nameth Burgesses to the Parliament, yet steppeth little before the +[123] meanest sort of Boroughs, for store of Inhabitants, or the +Inhabitants store. + +Vpon the riuer of Camel, neere to Camelford [525.], was that last +dismal battel strooken betweene the noble king Arthur, and his +treacherous nephew Mordred, wherein the one took his death, and the +other his deaths wound. For testimony whereof, the olde folke +thereabouts will shew you a stone, bearing Arthurs name, though now +depraued to Atry. + +Master Camden letteth vs vnderstand, that this towne is sometimes +termed Gaffelford: wherethrough we may marke it for the lists of a +great fight betweene the Bretons & Deuonshire men [812.], which +Houeden assigneth to haue bene darrayned at Gauelford, and perhaps +the same, which the said Master Camden voucheth out of Marianus Scotus +[820.], and describeth by these verses of an elder Poet: + + ------------ Naturam Cambala fontis, + Mutatam stupet esse sui, transcendit inundans + Sanguineus torrens ripas, & ducit in aequor + Corpora caesorum, plures natare videres, + Et petere auxilium, quos vndis vita reliquit. + + The riuer Camel wonders, that + His fountaines nature showes + So strange a change, the bloody streame + Vpswelling ouerflowes + His both side banks, and to the sea + The slaughtered bodies beares: + Full many swimme, and sue for ayde, + While waue their life outweares. + +In our forefathers daies, when deuotion as much exceeded knowledge, +as knowledge now commeth short of devotion, there were many +bowssening places, for curing of mad men, and amongst the rest, +one at Alternunne in this Hundred, called S. Nunnes poole, which +Saints Altar (it may be) by pars pro toto, gaue name to the Church: +and because the maner of this bowssening is not so vnpleasing +to heare, as it was vneasie to feele, I wil (if you please) deliuer +you the practise, as I receyued it from the beholders. + +The water running from S. Nunnes well, fell into a square and close +walled plot, which might bee filled at what depth they listed. +Vpon this wall was the franticke person set to stand, his backe +towards the poole, and from thence with a sudden blow in the brest, +tumbled headlong into the pond: where a strong fellowe, provided for +the nonce, tooke him, and tossed him vp and downe, alongst and +athwart the water, vntill the patient, by forgoing his strength, +had somewhat forgot his fury. Then was hee conueyed to the Church, +and certaine Masses sung ouer him; vpon which handling, if his right +wits returned, S. Nunne had the thanks: but if there appeared small +amendment, he was bowssened againe, and againe, while there remayned +in him any hope of life, for recouery. + +It may be, this deuice tooke original from that master of Bedlem, +who (the fable saith) vsed to cure his patients of that impatience, +by keeping them bound in pooles, vp to the middle, and so more or +lesse, after the fit of their fury. + +[124] + + Trigge Hundred. + +THe name of Trig, in Cornish, signifieth an Inhabitant; howbeit, +this Hundred cannot vaunt any ouer-large scope, or extraordinary +plenty of dwellings: his chiefe towne is Bodmyn; in Cornish, +Bos venna, commonly termed Bodman, which (by illusion, if not +Etimology) a man might, not vnaptly, turne into Badham: for of +all the townes in Cornwall, I holde none more healthfully seated, +then Saltash, or more contagiously, then this. It consisteth wholly +(in a maner) of one street, leading East and West, welneere the space +of an Easterne mile, whose South side is hidden from the Sunne, by an +high hill, so neerely coasting it in most places, as neither can light +haue entrance to their staires, nor open ayre to their other roomes. +Their back houses, of more necessary, then cleanly seruice, as +kitchins, stables, &c. are clymed vp vnto by steps, and their +filth by euery great showre, washed downe thorow their houses into +the streetes. + +The other side is also ouerlooked by a great hill, though somewhat +farther distant: and for a Corollarium, their Conduit water runneth +thorow the Churchyard, the ordinary place of buriall, for towne and +parish. It breedeth therefore little cause of maruaile, that euery +generall infection is here first admitted, & last excluded: yet the +many decayed houses, proue the towne to haue bene once very populous; +and, in that respect, it may stil retaine the precedence, as supported +by a weekly market, the greatest of Cornwall, the quarter Sessions for +the East diuision, and halfe yeerely faires. The iurisdiction +thereof is administred by a Maior and his brethren, and vpon warrant +of their Charter, they claime authoritie, to take acknowledgment of +statute bonds. + +In former times, the Bishop of Cornwall (as I haue elsewhere related) +held his See at S. Petroos, in this towne, vntill the Danish pirats, +firing their Palace, [981.] forced them to remoue the same, with +their residence, vnto S. Germans. They were succeeded by a Priory, +and Friery; which later, serued a while as a house of correction, +for the shire, but with greater charge, then benefit, or continuance. + +For other accidents, I find, that Perkyn Warbecke, [11.H.7.] after +his landing in the West parts of Cornwall, made this towne the Rendez +vous of his assembling forces, for atchieuing his, alike deseruing, +and speeding enterprise against King Henry the seuenth. + +Hither, also, in the last commotion, flocked the Rebels, [3.Ed.6.] +from all quarters of the shire, pitching their campe at the townes +end; and here they imprisoned such Gentlemen, as they had plucked +out of their holes, and houses, vntill the fortune of warre gaue +verdit with the right of iustice, for their well deserued euill +speeding. + +Sir Anthony Kingston, then Prouost-marshall of the Kings armie, +hath left his name more memorable, then commendable amongst the +townsemen, for causing their Maior to erect a gallowes before his +owne doore, vpon which, (after hauing feasted Sir Anthony) himselfe +was hanged. + +In like sort (say they) he trussed vp a millers man, thereby, for that +he presented himselfe in the others stead, saying he could neuer do +his master better seruice. + +[125] + +But mens tongues, readily inclined to the worst reports, haue left +out a part of the truth, in this tale, that the rest might carrie +the better grace. For Sir Anthony did nothing herein, as a Iudge +by discretion, but as an officer by direction; and besides, hee gaue +the Maior sufficient watchwordes of timely warning, & large space +of respite (more then which, in regard of his owne perill, he could +not afford) to shift for safety, if an vneschewable destiny, had not +haltered him to that aduancement. As for the millers man, he equalled +his master, in their common offence of rebellion, and therefore it +deserued the praise of mercy, to spare one of the two, and not the +blame of crueltie, to hang one for another. + +I should perhaps haue forgotten the free schoole here, maintayned by +her Maiesties liberalitie, were I not put in mind thereof through a +fore-halfening of this rebellion, by an action of the schollers, +which I will report from some of their owne mouthes. About a yeere +before this sturre was raysed, the schollers, who accustomably diuide +themselues, for better exploiting their pastimes, grew therethrough +into two factions; the one whereof, they called the olde religion; +the other, the new. This once begunne, was prosecuted amongst them +in all exercises, and, now and then, handled with some egernesse +and roughnes, each partie knowing, and still keeping the same +companions, and Captaine. At last one of the boyes, conuerted the +spill of an old candlesticke to a gunne, charged it with powder and +a stone, and (through mischance, or vngraciousnesse) therewith +killed a calfe: whereupon, the owner complayned, the master whipped, +and the diuision ended. + +By such tokens, sometimes wonderfull, sometimes ridiculous, doth God +at his pleasure, foreshewe future accidents: as in the Planets, +before the battell at Thrasimenus, betweene Hannibal and the Romanes, +by the fighting together of the Sunne and Moone. In birds, what time +Brute brought forth the remnant of his army at Philippi, against +Caesar and Anthony, by the furious bickering betweene two Eagles. +In men, against the destruction of Hierusalem, by the encountring of +Chariots and armies in the ayre. And before Alexanders battel +with Darius; first, by a casual skirmish of the camp-straglers, +vnder two Captaines, borrowing the names of those Princes; and then +by Alexanders voluntary setting those Captaines to a single combat. +Yea (to bring these examples neerer home) the like hath hapned both +before and sithence, amongst boyes in other places. + +When Caesar was departed from Rome, to try the title of the worlds +Empire with Pompey, the towns boyes (without any mans commaund) +parted in twayne: the one side calling themselues Pompeyans, +the other Caesarians; and then darrayning a kinde of battell (but +without Armes) the Caesarians got the ouerhand. + +A like prank vnder the like assumed names, and with like successe +and boding, they plaied, when Octauius and Anthony were, with like +meanes, to decide the like Soueraignty. + +And to the same purpose, Procopius affirmeth, that the Samnite boyes, +when they draue their cattel to feeding, after their vsual maner +of pastime, chose out amongst themselues, two of the best actiuity +and seemelinesse; the one, they named Bellisarius, Generall for +Iustinian the Emperour in Italy, the other Vitiges king of the Gothes, +[126] against whome hee warred. In the buckling of these counterfeite +Commaunders, it fell out, that Vitiges had the worst, whome the +aduerse party with a iesting and craking maner, hanged vp at the next +tree, in earnest, but yet with no intent to kill him. + +This while it happens, that a Woolfe is descryed: away runne +the boyes: fast abides the imaginary Felon, and so fast, that for +want of timely rescouse, the breath poasted out of his body, and left +the same a liuelesse carkase. The which notifyed to the Samnites, +quitted the striplings (or slipstrings) of their punishment, but +encreased the dismay of the elder people. + +A like accident befell sithence, hy testimony of the ceremonious +Texera, as a presage of Lewes the prince of Condyes death, 1569. +Foure daies before which, at Xaintes, the youth of all sorts, from +9. to 22. yeres age, assembled, and (of their owne accord) chose +two Commaunders, one they entitled the Prince of Condy, the other +Mounsieur, who then lay in the field against him. For three dayes +space, they violently assaulted each other, with stones, clubs, and +other weapons, vntill at last it grewe to Pistoles: by one of which, +the imaginary Prince receiued a quelling wound in his head, about 10. +a clock in the morning: the very howre (saith this Portugall +confessour) that the Prince himselfe, by a like shot was slaughtered. + +The same authour vouched a semblable chaunce, somewhat before the +siege of Rochell 1572. where, some of the boyes banded themselues, +as for the Maior and others for the King; who after 6. dayes +skirmishing, at last made a composition, and departed: even as that +siege endured sixe moneths, and finally brake vp in a peace. + +So doth Mercurius Gallobelgicus giue vs to wit, that in the +yeere 1594. a Turkish Beglerbey of Greece, either seeking by a +fore-coniecture, to be ascertained himselfe, or desirous to nusle +the yonger sort in martiall exployts, led out of Alba Regalis, +about 600. Turkish boyes, aged betweene 11. and 14. yeeres, and +seuered them into two troups, terming the one, The Christian, +the other, The Turkish batalion. Those, he directed to call +vpon Iesus, these, vpon Hala: both parts he enioyned to bicker +coragiously, and egged them onward with the enticement of rewards. +The token is giuen, the forces encounter, the fight is hote. In the +end, the Turks betake themselues to their heeles, and Iesus party +carryeth away the victory. But such occurrents do not alwayes either +foregoe, or foresignifie; for sometimes they fall out idle, +and sometimes not at all. Howbeit, Nicetaes Choniates taketh +it very vnkindly, that God woud not spare some watchword out of +his prescience, to the Constantinopolitanes, what time Baldwyn Earle +of Flaunders and others, first assisted, and then conquered their +Citie. + +Touching Veall the Mercurialist, I haue spoken in my former booke. + +The youthlyer sort of Bodmyn townsmen vse sometimes to sport +themselues, by playing the box with strangers, whome they summon +to Halgauer. The name signifieth the Goats moore, and such a place +it is, lying a little without the towne, and very full of quauemires. +When these mates meet with any rawe seruingman, or other young master, +who may serue and deserue to make pastime, they cause him to be +solemnely arrested, [127] for his appearance before the Maior of +Halgauer, where he is charged with wearing one spurre, or going +vntrussed, or wanting a girdle, or some such like felony: and after +he hath beene arraygned and tryed, with all requisite circumstances, +iudgement is giuen in formal termes, and executed in some one +vngracious pranke or other, more to the skorne, then hurt of the +party condemned. + +Hence is sprung the prouerb, when we see one slouenly appareled, +to say, He shall be presented in Halgauer Court. + +But now and then, they extend this merriment with the largest, +to the preiudice of ouer-credulous people, perswading them to fight +with a Dragon lurking in Halgauer, or to see some strange matter +there: which concludeth at least, with a trayning them into the mire. + +Within short space after the great fame dispersed, touching the rare +effects of Warwickshire wels, some idle enuious head raysed a brute, +that there rested no lesse vertue (forsooth) for healing all diseases, +in a plentifull spring, neere vnto Bodmyn, called Scarlets well: +which report grew so farre, and so fast, that folke ranne flocking +thither in huge numbers, from all quarters. But the neighbour +Iustices, finding the abuse, and looking into, the consequence, +forbad the resort, sequestred the spring, and suppressed the miracle. +Howbeit, the water should seeme to be healthfull, if not helpfull: +for it retaineth this extraordinary quality, that the same is +waightier, then the ordinary of his kinde, and will continue +the best part of a yeere, without alteration of sent or taste; onely +you shall see it represent many colours, like the Raine-bowe, +which (in my conceite) argueth a running thorow some minerall veine, +and therewithall a possessing of some vertue. + +Aside from this towne, towards the North sea, extendeth a fruitfull +veine of land, comprizing certayne parishes, which serueth better +then any other place in Cornwall for Winter feeding, and suitably +enricheth the Farmours. Herethrough, sundry Gentlemen haue there +planted their seates, as, in S. Kew, master Carnsew, at Bokelly: +in S. Endelion, master Roscarrock, at his House of the same +denomination: besides, master Penkeuel, Nichols, Barret, Flammock, +Cauel, and diuers more. + +Carnsew, rightly Carndeaw, purporteth in Cornish, a black rock: +and such a one the heire owneth which gaue name to his ancient +possessed mannour, as the mannour to his ancestours. His house +Bokelly may be deriued from Both, in Cornish, a Goate and kelly +which is lost: and the Goate he giueth for his Armes. This Gent. +father married the daughter of Fits in Deuon and left behinde him +three sonnes, Richard, Mathew and William, with two daughters: +those, brought vp in learning and experience abroade: these, +in vertue and modesty at home: the fruites whereof, they taste +and expresse, in a no lesse praise-worthy, then rare-continuing +concord, hauing (not through any constrayning necessitie, or +constraintiue vowe) but on a voluntary choyce, made their +elder brothers mansion a Colledge of single liuing, & kinde +entertaining. Amongst whom, I may not omit the yongest brother, +whose well qualified and sweete pleasing sufficiency draweth him +out from this cloyster, to conuerse with and assist his friends, +and to whose sounder iudgement, I owe the thankful acknowledgement +of [128] many corrected slippings in these my notes. The armes +of this family are thus blasoned, S. a Goat passant. A. attired and +trippled 0. + +Roscarrock, in Cornish, meaneth a flower, and a rock, in English. +Roses are his armes, and the North rocky clifs, which bound his +demaines, perhaps added the rest. The heire hath issue by the +daughter of Treuanion. His father maried the sole Inheritrix +to Pentire, whose dwelling, Pentuan, is seated on the South sea, +so as he might make vse of either climate for his residence. +The family is populous; but of them two brothers, Hugh, for his +ciuill carriage, and kinde hospitality, and Nicholas for his +industrious delight in matters of history and antiquity, doe merit +a commending remembrance. They beare A. a Cheuron betweene 2. Roses, +G. and a sea-tenche nayante proper. + +The little parish called Temple, skirteth this hundred, on the waste +side thereof: a place, exempted from the Bishops iurisdiction, +as once appertayning to the Templers, but not so from disorder: +for if common report communicate with truth, many a bad mariage +bargaine is there yerely slubbred vp. + + Hundred of West. + +WIth Trig Hundred on the South side, confineth that of West, +but taketh his name from the relation which it beareth to that +of East: the circuit thereof is not so large, as fruitfull. + +In entring the same, wee will first pitch at the Looes, two seuerall +Corporations, distinguished by the addition of East and West, +abutting vpon a nauigable creek, and ioyned by a faire bridge of +many arches. They tooke that name from a fresh riuer, which there +payeth his tribute to the sea: and the riuer (as I coniecture) +from his low passage, betweene steepe coasting hils: for Loo, +and lowe, after the Cornish pronunciation, doe little differ. + +East-Loo voucheth lesse antiquity, as lately incorporated, +but vanteth greater wealth, as more commodiously seated: yet the +foundation of their houses is grounded on the sand, supporting +(naythelesse) those poore buildings, with a sufficient stablenesse. +Their profit chiefly accrueth from their weekely markets, +and industrious fishing, with boats of a middle size, able to brooke, +but not crosse the seas: howbeit, they are not altogether destitute +of bigger shipping: amongst which, one hath successiuely retained the +name of the George of Loo, euer since the first so called, did a great +while sithence, in a furious fight, take 3. French men of warre. + +The towne towards the sea, is fenced with a garretted wall, +against any sudden attempt of the enemy. + +West-Loo mustereth an endowment with the like meanes, but in a +meaner degree, and hath of late yeeres somewhat releeued his +former pouerty. + +Almost directly ouer against the barred hauen of Loo, extendeth +S. Georges Iland, about halfe a mile in compasse, and plentifully +stored with Conies. When the season of the yere yeeldeth oportunity, +a great abundance of sundry sea-fowle breed upon the strond, +where they lay, & hatch their egges, without care of building +any nests: at which time, repairing thither, you shall see your head +shadowed with a cloud of old ones, through their diuersified cries, +witnessing their general dislike of your disturbance, [129] and your +feete pestered with a large number of yong ones, some formerly, +some newly, and some not yet disclosed; at which time (through the +leaue and kindnesse of Master May, the owner) you may make and take +your choyce. This Gent. Armes, are G, a Cheuron vary betweene +three Crownes. + +The middle market towne of this Hundred, is Liskerd. Les, in Cornish, +is broad, and ker, is gone. Now, if I should say, that it is so +called, because the widenesse of this Hundred, heere contracteth the +traffike of the Inhabitants, you might well thinke I iested, +neither dare I auow it in earnest. But whencesoever you deriue +the name, hard it is, in regard of the antiquity, to deduce the towne +and Castle from their first originall; and yet I will not ioyne hands +with them who terme it Legio, as founded by the Romanes, vnlesse they +can approue the same by a Romane faith. + +Of later times, the Castle serued the Earle of Cornwall for one of +his houses; but now, that later is worm-eaten out of date and vse. +Coynages, Fayres, and markets, (as vitall spirits in a decayed bodie) +keepe the inner partes of the towne aliue, while the ruyned skirtes +accuse the iniurie of time, and the neglect of industrie. + +S. Cleer parish, coasting Liskerd, brooketh his name by a more +percing, then profitable ayre, which in those open wastes, +scowreth away thrift, as well as sicknesse. Thither I rode, to take +view of an antiquitie, called The other halfe stone; which I found to +be thus: There are two moore stones, pitched in the ground, very neere +together, the one of a more broade then thicke squarenesse, about 8. +foote in height, resembling the ordinary spill of a Crosse, +and somewhat curiously hewed, with diaper worke. The other commeth +short of his fellowes length, by the better halfe, but, welneere, +doubleth it in breadth, and thickenesse, and is likewise handsomely +carued. They both are mortifed in the top, leauing a little edge at +the one side, as to accommodate the placing of somewhat else +thereupon. In this latter, are graued certaine letters, which I +caused to be taken out, and haue here inserted, for abler capacities, +then mine own, to interpret. + + [image, approx d O n l + E R T : R O + 3 a U I T + p R O a n + l m a + + where 'a' is a Greek alpha character] + +Why this should be termed, The other halfe stone, I cannot resolue +with my selfe, and you much lesse. Howbeit, I haltingly ayme, +it may proceede from one of these respects; either, because it is +the halfe of a monument, whose other part resteth elsewhere: or, +for that it meaneth, after the Dutch phrase and their owne measure, +a stone and halfe. For, in Dutch, Ander halb, (another halfe) +importeth, One and a halfe, as Sesqui alter doth in Latine. +It should seeme to be a bound stone: for some of the neighbours +obserued to mee, that the [130] same limiteth iust the halfe way, +betweene Excester and the lands ende, and is distant full fiftie +myles from either. + +Not farre hence, in an open plaine, are to be seene certaine stones, +somewhat squared, and fastened about a foote deepe in the ground, +of which, some sixe or eight stand vpright in proportionable distance: +they are termed, The hurlers. And alike strange obseruation, taketh +place here, as at Stonehenge, to wit, that a redoubled numbring, +neuer eueneth with the first. But far stranger is the country +peoples report, that once they were men, and for their hurling vpon +the Sabboth, so metamorphosed. The like whereof, I remember to +haue read, touching some in Germany (as I take it) who for a +semblable prophanation, with dauncing, through the Priests accursing, +continued it on a whole yere together. + +Almost adioyning hereunto, is a heap of rocks, which presse one of a +lesse size, fashioned like a cheese, and therethrough termed +Wringcheese. + +I know not well, whether I may referre to the parish of S. Neot in +this Hundred, that which Mat. West, reporteth of K. Alfred, namely, +how comming into Cornwall on hunting, he turned aside, for doing +his deuotion, into a Church, where S. Guerijr and S. Neot made their +abode (quaere, whether he meane not their burials) or rather +so resolue, because Asser so deliuers it, and there found his orisons +seconded with a happy effect. + +Next, I will relate you another of the Cornish natural wonders, +viz. S. Kaynes well: but lest you make a wonder first at the Saint, +before you take notice of the well, you must vnderstand, that this +was not Kayne the man-queller, but one of a gentler spirit, and +milder sex, to wit, a woman. He who caused the spring to be pictured, +added this rime for an exposition: + + In name, in shape, in quality, + This well is very quaint; + The name, to lot of Kayne befell, + No ouer-holy Saint. + The shape, 4. trees of diuers kinde, + Withy, Oke, Elme and Ash, + Make with their roots an arched roofe, + Whose floore this spring doth wash. + The quality, that man or wife, + Whose chance, or choice attaines, + First of this sacred streame to drinke, + Thereby the mastry gaines. + +In this Hundred, the rubble of certaine mines, and ruines of a fining +house, conuince Burchard Craneigh, the Duchmans vaine endeuour, +in seeking of siluer owre: howbeit, hee afterwards lighted on a +thriftier vayne, of practising phisike at London, where he grewe +famous, by the name of Doctor Burcot. + +Killigarth, being interpreted in English, signifieth, He hath lost +his griping, or reaching: and by his present fortune, (in some sort) +iustifieth that name: for the same hath lately forgone +Sir William Beuill, whome it embraced as owner & Inhabitant, by his +sudden death, and is passed into the possession of the faire Lady +his widdow, by her husbands conueyance. + +It yeeldeth a large viewe of the South coast, and was it selfe, +in Sir Williams life time, much visited, [131] through his +franke inuitings. The mention of this Knight, calleth to my +rememberance, a sometimes vncouth seruaunt of his, whose monstrous +conditions, partly resembled that Polyphemus, described by Homer and +Virgil, and liuely imitated by Ariosto, in his Orco: or rather, +that Egyptian Polyphagus, in whome (by Suetonius report) the +Emperour Nero tooke such pleasure. This fellow was taken vp by +Sir William, vnder a hedge, in the deepest of Winter, welneere +starued with cold, and hunger: hee was of stature meane, of +constitution leane, of face freckled, of composition, well +proportioned, of diet, naturally, spare, and cleanely inough; yet, +at his masters bidding, he would deuoure nettles, thistles, the pith +of Artichokes, raw, and liuing birds, and fishies, with their scales, +and feathers, burning coles and candles, and whatsoeuer else, +howsoeuer vnsauorie, if it might be swallowed: neither this a little, +but in such quantitie, as it often bred a second wonder, how his +belly, should containe so much: yet could no man, at any time, +discouer him doing of that, which necessitie of nature requireth. +Moreouer, he would take a hot yron out of the fire, with his bare +hand; neuer changed his apparell, but by constraint, and vsed to lie +in strawe, with his head downe, and his heeles vpwards. Spare he +was of speech, and, instead of halfe his words, vsed this terme Size, +as I will Size him, for strike him, hee is a good Size, for man, &c. +Ouer-sleeping, or some other accident, made him to lose a day, in his +account of the weeke, so as he would not beleeue, but that Svnday was +Saterday, Saterday Friday, &c. To Sir William he bare such +faithfulnesse, that hee would follow his horse, like a spanyell, +without regard of way or wearinesse, waite at his chamber doore, +the night time, suffering none to come neere him, and performe +whatsoeuer hee commanded, were it neuer so unlawfull, or dangerous. +On a time, his master, expecting strangers, sent him, with a panier, +to his cater at the sea side, to fetch fome fish. In his way, +he passed by a riuer, whereinto the tide then flowed, and certaine +fishermen were drawing their nets: which after Iohn Size had a +while beheld, hee casts to haue a share amongst them, for his master. +So into the water he leaps, and there, for the space of a flight +shoot, wadeth and walloweth (for swimme hee could not) sometimes up, +and sometimes downe, carrying his panier still before him, to his +owne extreame hazard of drowning, and the beholders great pittying; +vntill at last, all wet, and wearied, out he scrambleth, and home he +hieth, with a bitter complaint to his master, of his ill fortune, +that he could not catch some fish, as well as the rest, where so +much was going. In this sort he continued for diuers yeeres, +vntill (vpon I wot not what veake, or vnkindnesse) away he gets, +and abroad he rogues: which remitter brought him the end, to his +foredeferred, and not auoyded destiny: for as vnder a hedge hee was +found pyning, so under a hedge he found his miserable death, +through penury. + +Sir Williams father maried the daughter of Militon: his graundfather, +the daughter and heire of Bear, whose liuelyhood repayred what the +elder brothers daughters had impaired. The Beuils Armes are A. a Bull +passant G. armed and tripped O. + +In the same parish where Killigarth is seated, Master Murth +inheriteth a house and demaynes. Hee maried Treffry; his father, +Tregose. One of their auncestours, [132] within the memorie of a +next neighbour to the house, called Prake, (burdened with 110. yeeres +age) entertained a British miller, as that people, for such +idle occupations, proue more handie, then our owne. But this fellowes +seruice befell commodious in the worst sense. For when, not long +after his acceptance, warres grewe betweene vs & France, he stealeth +ouer into his countrey, returneth priuily backe againe, with a +French crew, surprizeth suddenly his master, and his ghests, at a +Christmas supper, carrieth them speedily vnto Lantreghey, and forceth +the Gent, to redeemme his enlargement, with the sale of a great part +of his reuenewes. + +A little to the Westwards from Killigarth, the poore harbour and +village of Polpera coucheth betweene 2. steepe hils, where plenty of +fish is vented to the fish driuers, whom we call Iowters. + +The warmth of this Hundred, siding the South, hath enticed many Gent. +here to make choyce of their dwellings, as M. Buller now Sherife +at Tregarrick, sometimes the Wideslades inheritance, vntill the +fathers rebellion forfeited it to the Prince; and the Princes +largesse rewarded therewith his subiects. + +Wideslades sonne led a walking life with his harpe, to Gentlemens +houses, wherethrough, and by his other actiue qualities, he was +entitled, Sir Tristram; neither wanted he (as some say) a bele Isound, +the more aptly to resemble his patterne. + +Master Buller married the daughter of one Williams, a Counsellour at +lawe in Deuon: his father, a younger branch of the ancient stocke, +planted in Somerset shire, tooke to wife the widdowe of Courtney, +and daughter and heire to Trethurffe; by whose dower, and his owne +indeuour, he purchased and left to his sonne, faire possessions, +but not vnencumbred with titles, which draue this Gentleman to salue +them all by new compositions with the pretenders: and for compassing +the same, to get an extraordinary experience in husbandry. +His ancestours bare S. on a playne Crosse A. quarter pierced +4. Eagles of the field. + +At S. Winowe inhabiteth M. Thomas Lower, commendable through his +double prouision, against the warres, as hauing both furnished +himself with great ordinance, for priuate defence of the County, +and thrust forth his sonnes to be trayned in martiall knowledge +and exercises, for the publike seruice of the Countrey. + +His wife was one of Reskimers daughters and heires: his mother, +the daughter of Treffrey: his house descended to his auncestour, +by match with Vpton. Hee beareth B. a Cheuron engrayled O. betweene +three Roses A. + +Laureast, is the inheritance of M. Iohn Harris, a Gent. employing his +sound iudgement, and other praise-worthy parts, to the seruice of his +Prince and country, & the good of his friends and himself. His wife +was daughter and heire to Hart; his mother sister to M. Chr. Harris, +which (by his vncles yet want of issue) intitleth him with a faire +expectancy. Hee beareth S. 3. Croissants within a border A. + +Treworgy is owed by M. Kendal, and endowed with a pleasant and +profitable fishing and command of the riuer, which flitteth vnder +his house. He maried with Buller: his mother was daughter to Moyle +of Bake, and beareth A, a Cheuron betweene 3. Dolphins S. + +Master Glyn of Glynfoord, manifesteth, by this compounded name, +the antiqitie of his descent, and [133] the ordinary passage there, +ouer Foy riuer. The store of Sammons which it affoordeth, caused his +ancestours ta take the Sammon speares for their Armes: for hee +beareth A, a Cheuron, betweene three Sammon speares S. + +Sundry more Gentlemen this little Hundred possesseth and +possessioneth, as Code, who beareth A. a Cheuron, G. betweene +three Crowes. May, G. a Cheuron vary betweene three Crownes. +Achym, A. a Maunche Maltaile S. within a border of the first, +charged with Cinquefoyles, as the second Grilles, &c. But want of +information, and lothnes to waxe tedious, maketh mee fardle vp these, +and omit the rest. + +It is hemmed in one the West, by the East side of Foy hauen, at whose +mouth standeth Hall, in Cornish, a moore, and (perhaps) such it was +before better manurance reduced it to the present fruitfulnesse. +The same descended to Sir Reignald Mohun, from his ancestours, +by their match with the daughter and heire of Fits-Williams; +and (amongst other commodities) is appurtenanced with a walk, +which if I could as playnly shew you, as my selfe haue oftentimes +delightingly seene it, you might, & would auow the same, to be a +place of diuersified pleasings: I will therefore do my best, to trace +you, a shaddow thereof, by which you shal (in part) giue a gesse at +the substance. + +It is cut out in the side of a steepe hill, whose foote the salt water +washeth, euenly leuelled, to serue for bowling, floored with sand, +for soaking vp the rayne, closed with two thorne hedges, and banked +with sweete senting flowers: It wideneth to a sufficient breadth, +for the march of fiue or sixe in front, and extendeth, to not +much lesse, then halfe a London mile: neyther doth it lead +wearisomely forthright, but yeeldeth varied, & yet, not ouer-busie +turnings, as the grounds oportunity affoordeth; which aduantage +encreaseth the prospect, and is conuerted on the foreside, +into platformes, for the planting of Ordinance, and the walkers +sitting; and on the back part, into Summer houses, for their more +priuate retrait and recreation. + +In passing along, your eyes shall be called away from guiding +your feete, to descry by their fardest kenning, the vast Ocean, +sparkled with ships, that continually this way trade, forth and backe, +to most quarters of the world. Neerer home, they take view of all +sized cocks, barges, and fisherboates, houering on the coast. +Againe, contracting your sight to a narrower scope, it lighteth on +the faire and commodious hauen, where the tyde daily presenteth his +double seruice, of flowing and ebbing, to carry and recarry whatsoeuer +the Inhabitants shall bee pleased to charge him withall, and his +creekes (like a young wanton louer) folde about the land, with many +embracing armes. + +This walke is garded upon the one side, by Portruan; on the other, +by Bodyneck, two fishing villages: behinde, the rising hill beareth +off the colde Northern blasts: before, the towne of Foy subiecteth +his whole length and breadth to your ouerlooking: and directly +vnder you, ride the home and forraine shipping; both of these, in so +neere a distance, that without troubling the passer, or borrowing +Stentors voyce, you may from thence, not only call to, but confere +with any in the sayd towne or Shipping. + +Mounsieur la Noue noteth, that in the great hall of [134] iustice, +at Paris, there is no roome left, for any more images of the French +Kings: which some prophetically interpreted, to signifie a dissolution +of that line, if not of the monarchy. But this halfening, the present +flourishing estate of that kingdome, vtterly conuinceth of falshood. +A farre truer foretoken, touching the Earle of Deuons progeny, I haue +seen, at this place of Hall, to wit, a kind of Fagot, whose age and +painting, approueth the credited tradition, that it was carefully +preserued by those noble men: but whether vpon that prescience, or no, +there mine author failes me. This fagot, being all one peece of wood, +and that naturally growen, is wrapped about the middle part with +a bond, and parted, at the ends, into foure sticks, one of which, is, +againe subdiuided into other twayne. And in semblable maner the +last Earles inheritance accrued vnto 4. Cornish Gent. Mohun, Trelawny, +Arundell of Taluerne, and Trethurffe: and Trethurffes portion, +Courtney of Ladocke, and Viuian, do enioy, as descended from his two +daughters and heires. + +Sir Reig. Mohun is widdower of two wiues; the one, daughter to +Sir Henry Killigrew, the other, to Sergeant Heale: his father, +Sir William, married, first, the daughter of Horsey, and one of +the heires, by the common law, to Sir Iohn her late brother; and next, +the widdowe of Trelawny, who, ouerliuing him, enioyeth this Hall, +as part of her ioynture; a Lady, gracing her dignitie, with +her vertue, and no lesse expressing, then professing religion. +Reignald, father to Sir William, wedded the daughter of Sir +William Treuanion. The armes of the Mohuns are O. a Crosse +engrayled Sa. + + + Powder Hundred. + + +SOme impute the force of Powder vnto this, that the same is conuerted, +at an instant, from his earthy substance, to a fiery, and from +the fire, into ayre; euery of which changes, requireth a greater +enlargement, one then other: wherefore it finding a barre, ouer, +vnder, and on the back and sides, by the pieces strong imprisonment, +by consequence breaketh forth with a sudden violence, at the mouth, +where the way is least stopped, & driueth before it, the vnsetled +obstacle of the bullet, imparting thereunto a portion of his fury. +To which (through want of a probable Etymon) I may, in part, resemble +the hundred of Powder, not only for the names sake, but also because +this parcel of the Cornish earth extendeth it selfe wider, and +compriseth more parishes, then any other Hundred of the shire, +as stretching East. and West, from Foy to Falmouth: and South +and North, welnere from one sea to the other. + +In describing the same, we must begin where we left, to wit, at +Foy hauen, in Cornish, Foath. It receyueth this name of the riuer, +and bestoweth the same on the town. His entrance is garded with +Block-houses, & that on the townes side, as also the towne it selfe, +fortified & fenced with ordinance. The commendation of which +industry, is principally due to the prouidence and direction of M. +Wil. Treffry, a Gent. that hath vowed his rare gifts of learning, +wisdome, & courage, to the good of his country, & made proofe thereof +in many occurrents, & to whose iudicious corrections, these my notes +haue bin not a little beholden. His faire & ancient house, +Castle-wise builded [135] and sufficiently flanked, ouerlooketh the +towne and hauen with a pleasant prospect, and yet is not excluded +from the healthfull ayre, and vse of the country, which occasioned +his auncestours (though endowed elsewhere, with large reuennues, +of their owne and their wiues inheritance) for many descents, to make, +here their ordinary residence, as is witnessed by their toombe-stones, +which I haue seen in the church. One of them, about 145. yeeres +sithence, valiantly defended this his dwelling, against the French, +what time they had surprized the rest of the towne. + +Hee married one of Tremaynes heires: his father, the heir of +Tresithny; his graundfather, the daughter of Killigrew: and beareth +S. a Cheuron betweene three Hawthornes A. + +But I will returne to the towne. During the warlike raignes of our +two valiant Edwards, the first & third, the Foyens addicted themselues +to backe their Princes quarrell, by coping with the enemy at sea, +and made returne of many prizes: which purchases hauing aduanced +them to a good estate of wealth, the same was (when the quieter +conditioned times gaue meanes) heedfully and diligently employed, +and bettered, by the more ciuill trade of marchandise; and in both +these vocations they so fortunately prospered, that it is reported, +60. tall ships did, at one time, belong to the harbour, and that +they assisted the siege of Callais, with 47. saile. Heereon, a full +purse begetting a stout stomack, our Foyens tooke heart at grasse, +and chauncing about that time (I speake vpon the credit of tradition) +to sayle neere Rye, and Winchelsea, they stifly refused to vaile +their bonets at the summons of those townes; which contempt (by +the better enabled Sea-farers, reckoned intolerable) caused the +Ripiers to make out with might and mayne against them; howbeit, +with a more hardy onset, then happy issue: for the Foy men gaue them +so rough entertaynment at their welcome, that they were glad to +forsake patch, without bidding farewell: the merit of which exploit, +afterwards entitled them Gallants of Foy: and (it may bee) they +fought to eternize this memorable fact, after the Greeke and Romane +maner, by inuesting the towne of Golant with that name: +notwithstanding, quaere, whether a causelesse ambition in the +posteritie, turned not rather Golant into Gallant, for their +greater glory. Once, the townesmen vaunt, that for reskuing certaine +ships of Rye from the Normans in Henrie the thirds time, they beare +the armes, and enioy part of the priuiledges appertaining to the +Cinque ports, whereof there is some memorie in their Chauncell window, +with the name of Fisart Bagga, their principall Commaunder in +that seruice. Moreouer, the prowesse of one Nicholas, sonne to +a widdow, neere Foy, is deskanted vpon, in an old three mans songs, +namely, how he fought brauely at sea, with Iohn Dory (a Genowey, as I +coniecture) set forth by Iohn the French king, and (after much +bloudshed on both sides) tooke, and slew him, in reuenge of the +great rauine, and crueltie, which hee had forecommitted, vpon the +English mens goods and bodies. Yet their so often good successe, +sometimes tasted the sawce of crosser speeding; for Tho. Walsingham +telleth vs, that Sir Hugh Calueley, and Sir Th. Percy, deputed to +gard the sea, by R. the 2. Anno. 1379. chanced there to meete a +Cornish barge, belonging to Foy harbour, which hauing worne out his +victuals, and [136] time, limited for the like seruice, was then +sayling homewards, neither would be entreated by those knights, +to ioyne companie with them: howbeit they bought this refusall +verie deare. For no sooner was the English fleete past out of sight, +but that a Flemmish man of warre lighted vpon them, and (after a long, +and strong resistance) ouermastered them as well, at last in force, +as they did at first in number, tooke the Barge, sunk it, and +slaughtered all the Saylers, one onely boy, excepted, who in the +heate of the bickering, seeing which way the game would goe, +secretly stole aboord the Flemming, and closely hid himselfe +amongst the ballast. Ouer a while, this Pirate cast Anker in an +English harbor, where the boy, hearing his Countrimens voice, +that were come aboord, riseth from his new buriall, bewrayeth the +fact, & so wrought meanes, for their punishment, and his +owne deliuery. + +Not long after, our Foy gallants, vnable to beare a low sayle, +in their fresh gale of fortune, began to skum the Seas, with their +often piracies, (auowing themselues vpon the Earle of Warwicke, +whose ragged staffe is yet to be seene, pourtrayed in many places +of their Church Steeple, and in diuers priuate houses) as also to +violate their dutie at land, by insolent disobedience, to the +Princes Officers, cutting off (amongst other pranckes) a Pursiuants +eares: whereat king Edward the fourth conceiued such indignation, +as hee sent Commissioners vnto Lostwithiel, (a towne thereby) who, +vnder pretence of vsing their seruice, in sea affaires, trained +thither the greatest number of the Burgesses; and no sooner come, +then laid hold on, and in hold, their goods were confiscated, one +Harrington executed, the chaine of their hauen remoued to Dartmouth, +& their wonted iolity transformed into a sudden misery: from which +they striued a long time, in vaine, to releeue themselues: but now +of late yeres doe more and more aspire to a great amendment of their +former defeats, though not to an equall height of their +first aboundance. + +Where I may not passe in silence, the commendable deserts of +Master Rashleigh the elder, descended from a yonger brother of an +ancient house in Deuon; for his industrious iudgement and aduenturing, +in trade of marchandise, first opened a light and way, to the +townesmens newe thriuing, and left his sonne large wealth, and +possessions; who (together with a dayly bettering his estate) +conuerteth the same to hospitality, and other actions fitting a Gent. +well affected to his God, Prince, and Countrey. He married the +daughter of Bonithon; his father, of Lanyne, and beareth S. a plaine +Crosse betweene 2. Croissants A. + +Anno 28. H. 6. there was an Act of Parliament made, to restraine +the abuses of sea-officers, in wrong exactions at Foy, and some +other hauens. + +The Lord of Pomier, a Norman, encouraged by the [1457.] ciuill warres, +wherewith our Realme was then distressed, furnished a nauy within the +riuer of Sayne, and with the same in the night, burned a part of Foy, +and other houses confyning: but vpon approch of the countryes forces, +raised the next day by the Sherife, he made speed away to his ships, +and with his ships to his home. + +In a high way neere this towne, there lieth a big and long +moore stone, containing the remainder of certaine ingraued letters, +purporting some memorable antiquity, as it should seeme, but past +ability of reading. + +[137] + +Not many yeres sithence, a Gentleman, dwelling not farre off, +was perswaded, by some information, or imagination, that treasure +lay hidden vnder this stone: wherefore, in a faire Moone-shine night, +thither with certaine good fellowes hee hyeth to dig it vp; +a working they fall, their labour shortneth, their hope increaseth, +a pot of Gold is the least of their expectation. But see the chance. +In midst of their toyling, the skie gathereth clouds, the Moone-light +is ouer-cast with darkenesse, downe fals a mightie showre, vp riseth +a blustering tempest, the thunder cracketh, the lightning flameth: +in conclusion, our money-seekers washed, in stead of loden; or loden +with water, in stead of yellow earth, and more afraid, then hurt, +are forced to abandon their enterprise, and seeke shelter of the +next house they could get into. Whether this proceeded from a +naturall accident, or a working of the diuell, I will not vndertake +to define. It may bee, God giueth him such power ouer those, +who begin a matter, vpon couetousnesse to gaine by extraordinarie +meanes, and prosecute it with a wrong, in entring and breaking +another mans land, without his leaue, and direct the end thereof, +to the princes defrauding, whose prerogatiue challengeth these +casualties. + +A little beyond Foy, the land openeth a large sandie drab Bay, +for the Sea to ouer-flow, which, and the village adioyning, +are therethrough aptly termed Trewardreth, in English, The +Sandie towne. Elder times, of more deuotion then knowledge, +here founded a religious house, which, in King Henrie the eights +raigne, vnderwent the common downefall. + +I haue receiued credible information, that some three yeeres sithence, +certaine hedges deuiding a closse on the seaside hereabouts, +chanced, in their digging, vpon a great chest of stone, +artificially ioyned, whose couer, they (ouer-greedy for booty) +rudely brake, and therewithall a great earthen pot enclosed, which +was guilded and graued with letters, defaced by this misaduenture, +and ful of a black earth, the ashes (doubtles) as that, the vrna +of some famous personage. + +Vpon a side of this bay, one M. Peter Beuill first began the +experiment of making a saltwater pond, induced thereunto, by obseruing +that the high Summer tydes brought with them young Basses and Millets, +whom at their ebbing, they left behinde in little pits of the +euen ground, where they would liue for many weekes without any +reuisitation of the sea: who, as he bettered this naturall patterne, +so did I his artificiall; but yet with a thankefull acknowledgement, +by whome I haue profited. + +Lostwithiel should seeme to fetch his originall from the Cornish +Lostwithiall, which in English, soundeth a Lions tayle: for as the +Earle of this prouince gaue the Lyon in armes, and the Lions +principall strength (men, say) consisteth in his tayle; so this +towne claymeth the precedence, and his Lords chiefest residence, +& the place which he entrusted with his Exchequer, and where his +wayghtier affaires were managed. Maioralty, markets, faires, and +nomination of Burgesses for the parliament, it hath common with the +most: Coynage of Tynne, onely with three, others; but the gayle for +the whole Stannary, and keeping of the County Courts, it selfe alone. +Yet all this can hardly rayse it to a tolerable condition of wealth +and inhabitance. Wherefore I will [138] detayne you no longer, +then vntill I haue shewed you a solemne custome in times past here +yeerely obserued, and onely of late daies discontinued, which was +thus: + +Vpon little Easter Sunday, the Freeholders of the towne and mannour, +by themselues or their deputies, did there assemble: amongst whom, +one (as it fell to his lot by turne) brauely apparelled, +gallantly mounted, with a Crowne on his head, a scepter in his hand, +a sword borne before him, and dutifully attended by all the rest also +on horseback, rode thorow the principall streete to the Church: +there the Curate in his best beseene, solemnely receiued him at the +Churchyard stile, and conducted him to heare diuine seruice: +after which, he repaired with the same pompe, to a house foreprouided +for that purpose, made a feast to his attendants, kept the tables +end himselfe, and was serued with kneeling, assay, & all other rites +due to the estate of a Prince: with which dinner, the ceremony ended, +and euery man returned home again. The pedigree of this vsage is +deriued from so many descents of ages, that the cause and authour +outreach remembrance: howbeit, these circumstances offer a coniecture, +that it should betoken the royalties appertaining to the honour +of Cornwall. + +M. Wil. Kendals hospitality, while he liued, and here kept house, +deserueth a speciall remembrance, because, for store of resort and +franknes of entertainment, it exceeded all others of his sort. + +This towne anno 11. H. 7, was by act of Parliament assigned, +to keepe the publike waights and measures, ordayned for the Countie. + +Lostwithiel subiected it selfe to the commaund of Restormel Castle, +alias, Lestormel, sometimes the Dukes principal house. It is seated +in a park, vpon the plaine neck of a hill, backed to the Westwards, +with another, somewhat higher, & falling euery other way, to end in +a valley, watered by the fishfull riuer of Foy. His base court is +rather to be coniectured, then discerned, by the remnant of some +fewe ruines; amongst which, an ouen of 14. foot largenes, through his +exceeding proportion, prooueth the like hospitality of those dayes. +The inner court grounded vpon an intrenched rocke, was formed round, +had his vtter wall thick, strong, and garretted: his flat roofe +couered with lead, and his large windowes taking their light inwards. +It consisted of two stories, beisdes the vaults, and admitted +entrance and issue, by one onely gate, fenced with a Portcouliz. +Water was conueyed thither, by a conduit, from the higher ground +adioyning. Certes, it may moue compassion, that a Palace, +so healthfull for aire, so delightfull for prospect, so necessary +for commodities, so fayre (in regard of those dayes) for building, +and so strong for defence, should in time of secure peace, and vnder +the protection of his naturall Princes, be wronged with those +spoylings, then which, it could endure no greater, at the hands of +any forrayne and deadly enemy: for the Parke is disparked, the timber +rooted vp, the conduit pipes taken away, the roofe made sale of, +the planchings rotten, the wals fallen downe, and the hewed stones of +the windowes, dournes & clauels, pluct out to serue priuate buildings: +onely there remayneth an vtter defacement, to complayne vpon this +vnregarded distresse. It now appertayneth by lease, to Master Samuel, +who maried Halse : his father (a wise and pleasant conceited Gent.) +matched with Tremayne. + +[139] + +After wee haue quitted Restormel, Roche becomes our next place +of soiourne, though hardly inuiting, with promise of any better +entertainement, then the name carieth written in his forehead, +to wit, a huge, high and steepe rock, seated in a playne, girded on +either side, with (as it were) two substitutes, and meritorious +(no doubt) for the Hermite, who dwelt on the top thereof, were it +but in regard of such an vneasie climing to his cell and Chappell, +a part of whose naturall wals is wrought out of the rock itselfe. + +Neere the foote of Roche, there lyeth a rock, leuell with the ground +aboue, and hollow downwards, with a winding depth, which contayneth +water, reported by some of the neighbours, to ebbe and flowe as +the sea. Of these, as another Cornish wonder. + + You neighbour-scorners, holy-prowd, + Goe people Roche's cell, + Farre from the world, neere to the heau'ns, + There, Hermits, may you dwell. + Is't true that Spring in rock hereby, + Doth tide-wise ebbe and flow? + Or haue wee fooles with lyers met? + Fame saies it: be it so. + +From hence ascending easily the space of a mile, you shall haue wonne +the top of the Cornish Archbeacon Hainborough, which (as little +to great) may for prospect compare with Rama in Palestina, +Henius in Medica, Collalto in Italy, and Sceafel in the Ile of Man: +for if the weathers darkenesse bounde not your eye-sight, within his +ordynarie extent, you shall thence plainely discerne, to the Eastwards, +a great part of Deuon, to the West, very neere the lands end, to the +North and South, the Ocean, and sundrie Ilands scattered therein, +wherethrough it passeth also for a wonder. + + Haynboroughs wide prospect, at once, + Both feedes, and gluts your eye, + With Cornwals whole extent, as it + In length and breadth doth lie. + +At Ladocke, in this Hundred, dwelleth master Peter Courtney, +who doubly fetcheth his pedigree, from that honourable flocke, +and embraceth the contentment of a quiet priuate life, before the +publike charge in his Countrie, due to his calling, and to which +long sithence, he hath bene called. His father maried (as I haue +shewed) the daughter & coheir of Trethurffe, himselfe Reskimers, +his sonne the daughter of Saintabyn: he beareth O. three Torteaux, +and a File with as many Lambeaux, B. + +Leo Aser, in the delightfull, and approued description of his +Countrie, telleth vs of a blind guide, who would readily and safely +conduct straunger trauailers, ouer the huge Deserts, with which that +region aboundeth, and that the meanes he vsed, was, in certaine +distances, to smell at the sand, which gaue him perfect notice of +the places. + +Likewise, Lewes Guicciardin, in his booke of Netherland, maketh report +of one Martyn Catelyn, borne at Weruicke in Flaunders, who falling +blind before he attained two yeeres age, grew, notwithstanding, +by his owne industrie, without any teacher, to such a perfection in +Timber handy-craft, as he could, not only turne, [140] and make +Virginals, Organes, Vyolons, and such like Instruments, with great +facilitie, order, and proportion, but also tune, and handsomely play +vpon them, and besides, deuised many seruiceable tooles for +his science. + +These examples I thrust out before me, to make way, for a not much +lesse straunge relation, touching one Edward Bone, sometimes seruant +to the said master Courtney: which fellow (as by the assertion of +diuers credible persons, I haue beene informed) deafe from his cradle, +and consequently dumbe, would yet bee one of the first, to learne, +and expresse to his master, any newes that was sturring in the +Countrie: especially, if there went speech of a Sermon, within some +myles distance, hee would repaire to the place, with the soonest, +and setting himselfe directly against the Preacher, looke him +stedfastly in the face, while his Sermon lasted: to which religious +zeale, his honest life was also answerable. For, as hee shunned all +lewd parts himselfe, so, if hee espied any in his fellow seruants, +(which hee could and would quickely doe) his master should +straightwayes know it, and not rest free from importuning, vntill, +either the fellow had put away his fault, or their master his fellow. +And to make his minde knowne, in this, and all other +matters, hee vsed verie effectuall signes, being able therethrough, +to receiue, and perform any enioyned errand. Besides, hee was +afflicted with so firme a memorie, that he would not onely know +any partie, whome hee had once seene, for euer after, but also +make him knowne to any other, by some speciall obseruation, +and difference. Vpon a brother of his, God laid the like infirmitie, +but did not recompence it with the like raritie. + +Somewhat neere the place of his birth, there dwelt another, +so affected, or rather defected, whose name was Kempe: which two, +when they chaunced to meete, would vse such kinde embracements, +such strange, often, and earnest tokenings, and such heartie +laughters, and other passionate gestures, that their want of a tongue, +seemed rather an hinderance to others conceiuing them, then to their +conceiuing one another. + +Gwarnack, in this Hundred, was the Beuils ancient seate, whose two +daughters and heires, married Arundel of Trerice, and Greinuile. + +Wolueden, alias, Golden, fell vnto Tregian, by match with the +Inheritrix thereof. Tregean signifieth the Giants towne: their sonne +married in Lanherne house, their Graund-child with the L. Stourtons +daughter: hee beareth Erm. on a chiefe S. three Martlets O. + +It standeth in Probus Parish, whose high, and faire Church towre, +of hewed Moore stone, was builded within compasse of our remembrance, +by the well disposed Inhabitants: and here also dwelleth one Williams, +a wealthie, and charitable Farmer, Graund-father to sixtie persons, +now liuing, and able, lately to ride twelue myles in a morning, +for being witnesse to the christening of a child, to whome hee was +great great Graundfather. + +From hence, drawing towards the South sea, wee will touch at the late +Parke of Lanhadron, because there groweth an Oke, bearing his leaues +speckled with white, as doth another, called Painters Oke, in the +Hundred of East: but whether the former partake any supernaturall +propertie, to foretoken the owners sonne insuing death, when his +leaues are al of one colour (as I haue [141] heard some report) +let those affirme, who better know it: certain it is, that diuers +auncient families in England are admonished by such predictions. + +Grampond, if it tooke that name from any great Bridge, hath now +Nomen sine re: for the Bridge there is supported with onely a +few arches, and the Corporation but halfe, replenished with +Inhabitants, who may better vaunt of their townes antiquitie, +then the towne of their abilitie. + +Of Pentuan I haue spoken before. For the present, it harboureth +master Dart, who as diuers other Gentlemen, well descended, +and accommodated in Deuon, doe yet rather make choyce of a pleasing +and retired equalitie in the little Cornish Angle. Hee matched +with Roscarrocke. + +Penwarne, in the same Parish of Meuagesy, alias, S. Meuie, and Isy +(two nothing ambitious Saints, in resting satisfied with the partage +of so pettie a limit) is vested in master Otwell Hill, as heire +to his mother, the daughter and heire to Cosowarth, to whom it +likewise accrued, by matching with the daughter and heire of +that name: a seate, through his fruitfulnesse, and other +appurtenances, supplying the owner large meanes of hospitalitie, +and by him so imployed, who reckoned to receiue most good, when he +doth it. He deriueth himselfe from a populous, and well regarded +familie in Lancashire, and married the daughter of Denham: and beareth +G. a Cheuron, between three Garbes Ermine. + +At the adioyning Saint Tue, dwelleth master Richard Tremayn, +descended from a yonger brother of Colocumb house, in Deuon, +who being learned in the lawes, is yet to learne, or at least +to practise, how he may make other profit thereby, then by hoording +vp treasure of gratitude, in the mindfull breasts of poore and rich, +on whom hee, gratis, bestoweth the fruites of his paines and +knowledge. He married Coffyn, hee beareth G. three Armes +in circle ioyned at the Tronkes 0. with hands proper. + +Dudman, a wel-knowne foreland to most Saylers, here shouldreth out +the Ocean, to shape the same a large bosome betweene it selfe, +and Rame head, which are wel-neere twentie myles in distance. +Amongst sundrie prouerbs, allotting an impossible time of performance, +the Cornish men haue this one, When Rame-head and Dudman meet. +Whose possession, yet, though not themselues, met in +Sir Peers Edgecumb, as inioyning that, in right of his wife, +and this, by descent from his Father. + +Bodrugan, a large demaines adioyning thereunto (which I will not +deriue from Sir Bars du Ganis, though the neighbours so say) was the +dwelling of Sir Henrie Trenowith, a man of great liuely-hood, +who chaunged his name with the house, and lost house and holding, +through attainder for rebellion, against king Henrie the seuenth. +The king bestowed it, by an intailed gift, vpon Sir Richard Edgecumb. + +Next, lyeth the foreremembred Caryhayes (Kery haz in Cornish, +signifieth to beare his seede, or as some other define it, +delighting in seede) descended to M. Charles Treuanion, the present +possessioner, by a long ranke of auncestors, from Arundels daughter +and heire: his father married the daughter of Morgan, and sister to +the first Lord Humdons wife, which brought him an honourable ally. +Three of this Gentlemans elder brethren, Edward, Iohn, and Hugh, +forewent him in succession [142] to their fathers inheritance, +and passed to the better world in a single life: himselfe by matching +the daughter and heire of Witchalse, whose mother was coheire +to Marwood, hath raised issue vnto them, and continueth the hope +of posteritie. Sir William Treuanion, his Graundsire, tooke to wife +the said Sir Richard Edgecumbs daughter. The Treuanions Armes are +A. a Fesse B. charged with three Escalops O. betweene two Cheurons G. + +Roseland, is a circuite, containing certaine Parishes hereabouts, +and benefiting the owners with his fruitfulnesse, so that though +the original of his name came (perhaps) as master Camden noteth, +from his former thickets, yet his present estate better resembleth +a flowrie effect. + +By this time we approch the limits of Falmouth Hauen, vpon one of +whose Creekes, standeth the market and incorporate towne of Tregny, +not specially memorable (in my knowledge) for any extraordinarie +worth, or accident. + +Of better regard is Truro, alias, Truru, or Trisow, as the principall +towne of the Hauen, priuiledged with a Mayraltie, and benefited with +the generall Westerne Sessions, Coynages, Markets, Faires, &c. +The shape of the towne, and Etymon of the name, may be learned +out of this Cornish propheticall rime. + + Tru ru, + Triueth eu, + Ombdina geueth try ru. + +Which is to say, Truro consisteth of three streetes, and it shall in +time bee said, Here Truro stood. A like mischief of a mysterie, +they obserue, that in taking T. from the towne, there resteth ru, ru, +which in English soundeth, Woe, woe: but whatsoeuer shall become +therof hereafter, for the present, I hold it to haue got the start +in wealth of any other Cornish towne, and to come behind none +in buildings, Lanceston onely excepted, where there is more vse, +and profit of faire lodgings, through the Countie Assizes. I wish +that they would likewise deserue praise, for getting, and imploying +their riches, in some industrious trade, to the good of their Countrie, +as the Harbours oportunitie inuiteth them. + +Descending from Truro to the Hauens mouth, by water, you are +ouer-looked, by sundrie Gentlemens commodious seates, as Fentengollan, +in English, the Harts well, lately appertayning to master Carmynow, +by interpretation often louing, and now to master Holcomb, +who married the daughter of master Peter Courtney. + +Master Sayers house, Ardeuora, inhabited by master Thomas Peyton, +a Gentleman for his age and vertues, deseruing a regardfull +estimation, [blank] Master Bescawnes, [blank] Master Sayers: +but amongst all, vpon that side of the riuer, Taluerne, for +pleasant prospect, large scope, and other hous-keeping commodities, +challengeth the preeminence: it was giuen to a yonger brother +of Lanhearne, for some six or seuen descents past, and hath bred +Gent. of good worth and calling: amongst whom, I may not forget the +late kind, & valiant Sir Iohn Arundell, who matched with Godolphin, +nor Iohn his vertuous, and hopeful succeeding sonne, who married +with Carew; though this remembrance renew that sorrow, which once +I partly expressed in the ensuing Epitaph. + +[143] + + Seeke not, blind eyes, the liuing with the dead, + Tis earth you see : our Arundel is gone, + To ioyne with Christ, as member to his head, + And skornes, and pities, this our bootlesse mone. + Yet pardon vs, sweete soule, mans nature beares, + We, to thy losse, should sacrifice our teares. + + Thou time hast changed to eternitie, + But timelesse was that time, in our regard, + Since nought thou leau'st vs, faue the memorie + Of thy deare worth, so soone not to be spar'd. + Soft be the graue, vnto thy resting bones: + Short be the date, that vs againe atones. + +Vpon the East side of the Hauens entrance, Saint Maryes, alias, +S. Mawes Castle, with his Point-blanke Ordinance, comptrolleth any +shipping, that deserue a deniall of admission or passage, and is +commaunded by master Viuian, a Gentleman, who through his worth +deserueth, and with due care and judgement dischargeth, the Martiall +and ciuill gouernments committed to his trust: hee beareth partie +per fesse Ar. and Vnsase 6. in chiefe, a Lyon rampant G. + +We will close vp this Hundred, after our vsuall maner, with the +Gentlemen of marke, but not orderly marked. Such are Tanner, +who married the daughter of Roscarrock: who beareth A. on a chiefe S. +three Morions heads O. Pomeroy, a branch of Bery Pomeroy in Deuon: +he beareth O. a Lyon rampant G. who matched with Tanner, and whose +daughter & heire apparant, hath taken to husband the yong Penkeuil, +who beareth A. two Cheurons, and in chiefe a Lyon passant G. +Polwheele, whose name is deduced from his dwelling: and his dwelling +may be interpreted, The miry worke, linked in wedlock with the +coheire of Trencreeke, in English, The towne of the borough. +His mother was Lower of Trelask. Polwheel beareth S. a Saultier +engrayled Erm. + +Hearle, lineally descended from sundry Knights, who wedded Treuanion: +and his sonne Treffry. Hee bearth A. a Fesse G. betweene +3. Sheldrakes proper. + +Sawle, who espoused Rashleigh: and his father, Kendall, &c. +and beareth A. a Cheuron betweene 3. Faulcons heads erased S. + + + Pider Hundred. + + +I Must now, for a while, bid the South sea farewell, vntill a +new oportunity call mee to end the other part of Falmouth hauen, +and take the Hundred of Pider in taske, which confineth with Powder +in situation, as it resembleth the same in denomination. + +Pider in Cornish is 4. in English, and this is the fourth Hundred +of Cornwall, if you begin your reckoning from the Wester part, +at Penwith, which (signifying a head) doth seeme so to require it. + +In entring this Hundred, Padstowe first presenteth it selfe, a towne +and hauen of suteable quality, for both (though bad) are the best, +that the North Cornish coast possesseth. The Borough gaue name to +the harbour, and borroweth it of Petrock and Stowe, contracting the +same into Padstowe. It hath lately purchased a corporation and +reapeth greatest thrift, by traffiking [144] with Ireland, for which +it commodiously lieth. + +The harbour is barred with banks of sand, made (through vniting their +weak forces) sufficiently strong, to resist the Oceans threatening +billows, which (diuorced from their parent) find their rage subdued +by the others lowly submission. + +M. Nicholas Prideaux, from his new and stately house, thereby taketh +a ful and large prospect of the towne, hauen, & countrey adioyning, +to all which, his wisdome is a stay, his authority a direction. +He maried one of Viels coheires; and though endowed with fayre +reuenues in Deuon, maketh Cornwall beholden to his residence. +He beareth A. a Cheuron S. in chief a fyle with three Lambreaux G. + +The salt water leauing Padstowe, floweth up into the countrey, +that it may embrace the riuer Camel, and hauing performed this +naturall courtesie, ebbeth away againe, to yield him the freer +passage, by which meanes they both vndergoe Wade bridge, the longest, +strongest, and fayrest that the Shire can muster. It tooke his +name of a foorde adioyning, which affoordeth a way, not so safe, +as compendious, when the tyde is out. + +Wade bridge delivereth you into a waste ground, where 9. long and +great stones, called The sisters, stand in a ranke together, +and seeme to haue bene so pitched, for continuing the memory of +somewhat, whose notice is yet enuied vs by time. + +Neere to Belowdy, commonly, & not vnproperly, termed Beelowzy, +the top of a hill is enuironed with deep treble trenches, which leaue +a large playne space in the midst: they call it Castellan Danis, +of which my former booke maketh mention; and it seemeth (in times +past) to haue bin a matter of moment, the rather, for that a great +cawsey (now couered with grasse) doth lead vnto it. + +Saint Colombs is a bigge parish, and a meane market towne, subiect to +the Lordship and patronage of the Lanhearn Arundels, who for +many descents, lye there interred, as the inscriptions on their +graue stones doe testify. + +Theire name is deriued from Hirundelle, in French, a Swallow, & out +of France, at the conquest they came, & sixe Swallowes they giue +in Armes. The Countrey people entitle them, The great Arundels: +and greatest stroke, for loue, liuing, and respect, in the Countrey +heretofore they bare. + +Their sayd house of Lanhearne, standeth in the next parish, +called Mawgan: Ladu is Cornish for a bank, and on a banke the same +is seated, what hearne may mean, ignorance bids mee keepe silence. +It is appurtenanced with a large scope of land, which (while the +owners there liued) was employed to franke hospitality; yet the +same wanted wood, in lieu whereof, they burned heath, and generally, +it is more regardable for profit, then commendale for pleasure. +The Gent. now liuing, maried Anne the daughter of Henry Gerningham: +his father (a man of a goodly presence and kinde magnanimity) maried +the daughter of the Earle of Darby, and widdow to the L. Stourton. +He beareth S. 6. Swallowes in pile A. + +Little Colan hath lesse worth the obseruation, vnlesse you will +deride, or pity, their simplicity, who sought at our Lady Nants +well there, to foreknowe what fortune should betide them, which was +in this maner: + +Vpon Palm Sunday, these idle-headed seekers resorted thither, +with a palme crosse in one hand, & an offring [145] in the other: +the offring fell to the Priests share, the Crosse they threwe into +the well; which if it swamme, the party should outliue that yeere; +if it sunk, a short ensuing death was boded: and perhaps, +not altogether vntruely, while a foolish conceyt of this halfening +might the sooner helpe it onwards. A contrary practise to the +goddess Iunoes lake In Laconia: for there, if the wheaten cakes, +cast in vpon her festiuall day, were by the water receiued, +it betokened good luck; if reiected, euill. The like is written +by Pausanias, of Inus in Greece, and by others touching the offrings +throwne into the fornace of mount Etna in Sicill. + +From hence, by the double duety of consanguinitie and affinity, I am +called to stop at Cosowarth, which inhabitance altered the Inhabitants +from their former French name Escudifer, in English, Iron shield, +to his owne, as they prooue by olde euidence, not needing in the +Norman Kings new birth, to be distinguished with the Raigners number. + +Cosowarth, in Cornish, importeth The high groue: and well stored +with trees it hath bene, neither is yet altogether destitute. + +Iohn the heire of that house, hauing by the daughter of Williams, +issue only one daughter Katherine, suffered part of his lands to +descend vnto the children of her first husband, Alen Hill: +another part hee intayled in her second marriage, with Arundel of +Trerice, to their issue. The house of Cosowarth, and the auncient +inheritance there adioyning, he gaue to the heires male of +his stock, by which conueyance, his vncle Iohn succeeded, +who married the daughter of Sir Wil. Lock, King H. the 8. marchant, +and by him knighted, for that with equall courage, and hazard, +hee tooke downe the Popes Bull, set vp at Antwerp against +his Soueraigne. He had issue Thomas, Edward, Michael, Iohn, +and Robert. Thomas maried the daughter of Samtabyn, on whom he +begat Iohn and Dorothy: Iohn the elder and Robert, neuer tasted +the sweet and sowre of bridale fruit. + +Michael tooke to wife Sidenhams daughter of Dulverton in +Somerset shire, and is father onely of issue female. + +Hee addicteth himself to an Ecclesiasticall life, and therein +ioyning Poetry with Diuinity, endeuoureth to imitate the holy +Prophet Dauid, whose Psalmes, of his translation into English meeter, +receiue the general applause, beyond a great many other wel-deseruing +vndertakers of the same taske. + +Iohn the youngest, succeeding in this inheritance, vpon iust cause, +good conscience, and gratefull kindnesse, renewed the intayle which +his father Thomas had cut off, and in a single estate, and the +vniuersall loue of all that conuersed with him, made a short period +of his long hoped life: whose decease I bewayled in these rimes. + + HE that at sea and land amidst his foes, + By courage guided, sought, and scapt his death, + Loe, here, amongst his friends, whom liking chose, + And nature lent, hath vp resign'd his breath. + Vnripened fruit in grouth, precious in hope, + Rare in effect, had fortune giuen scope. + + Our eyes with teares performe thine obsequy, + And hearts with sighes, since hands could yeeld none aid, [146] + Our tongues with praise preserue thy memory, + And thoughts with griefs, since we behind are staid. + Coswarth farewell, death which vs parts atwaine, + E're long, in life, shall vs conioyne againe. + +His sister maried Kendall. + +Edward his vncle, and heire, by vertue of these entayles, married the +daughter of Arundel of Trerice, and from a ciuill Courtiers life in +his younger yeers, reposeth his elder age, on the good husbandry of +the country, hauing raised posterity sufficient, for transplanting +the name into many other quarters. He beareth A. on a Cheuron +betweene three wings B. fiue Bezants. + +Against you haue passed towards the West somewhat more then a mile, +Trerice, anciently, Treres, offereth you the viewe of his costly and +commodious buildings. What Tre is, you know already, res signifieth +a rushing of fleeting away, and vpon the declyning of a hill the +house is seated. + +In Edward the 3. raigne, Ralphe Arundel matched with the heire of +this land and name: since which time, his issue hath there continued, +and encreased their liuelyhood, by sundry like Inheritours, as +S. Iohn, Iew, Durant, Thurlebear, &c. + +Precisely to rip vp the whole pedigree, were more tedious, then +behoouefull: and therefore I will onely (as by the way) touch some +fewe poynts, which may serue (in part) to shew what place & regard +they haue borne in the Common wealth. + +There was an indenture made, betweene Hugh Courtney, Earle of Deuon, +Leiutenant to the King, for a sea voyage, in defence of the Realme: +and Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, for accompanying him therein. + +He was Sherife of Cornwall. [8. H. 5.] + +Iohn Earle of Huntingdon, vnder his seale of Armes, [5. H. 6.] +made Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, Seneshall of his houshold, +as well in peace, as in warre, gaue him ten pound fee, and allowed +him entertaynment in his house, for one Gentleman, three Yeoman, +one boy, and sixe horses. + +The same Earle, stiling himselfe Lieutenant generall [8. H. 6.] +to Iohn Duke of Bedford, Constable and Admirall of England, +wrote to the said Sir Iohn Arundel, then Vice-admirall of Cornwall, +for the release of a ship, which hee had arrested by vertue of +his office. + +The Queene, by her letter, aduertised Iohn Arundel of [3. H. 7.] +Trerice Esquire, that she was brought in child-bed of [12.Oct.] +a Prince. + +The King wrote to Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, that [11. H. 8] +he should giue his attendance at Canterbury, about the entertaynment +of the Emperour, whose landing was then and there expected. + +Iohn Arundel of Trerice Esquire, tooke prisoner, [14. H. 8.] +Duncane Campbell, a Scot, in a fight at sea, as our Chronicle +mentioneth, concerning which, I thought it not amisse, to insert +a letter sent him from Tho. Duke of Norfolke (to whom he then +belonged) that you may see the stile of those dayes. + +[147] + + By the Duke of Norf. + + Right welbeloued, in our hearty wife we commend vs + vnto you, letting you wit, that by your seruant, + this bearer, wee haue receyued your letters, dated at + Truru the 5. day of this moneth of April, by which we + perceyue the goodly, valiant, and ieopardous enterprise, + it hath pleased God of late to send you, by the taking + of Duncane Camel & other Scots on the sea; of which + enterprise we haue made relation vnto the Kings Highnesse, + who is not a little ioyous and glad, to heare of the same, + and hath required vs instantly in his name, to giue you + thanks for your said valiant courage, and bolde enterprise + in the premises: and by these our letters, for the same + your so doing, we doe not onely thanke you in our most + effectuall wise, but also promise you, that during our + life, wee will bee glad to aduaunce you to any preferment + we can. And ouer this, you shall vnderstand, our said + Soueraigne Lords pleasure is, that you shall come and + repaire to his Highnes, with diligence in your owne + person, bringing with you the said Captiue, and the + Master of the Scottish ship; at which time, you shall + not onely be sure of his especiall thanks by mouth, & to + know his further pleasure therein, but also of vs to + further any your reasonable pursuits vnto his Highnes, + or any other, during our life, to the best of our power, + accordingly. Written at Lambeth, the 11. day of + Aprill aforesaid. + + Superscribed: To our right welbeloued + seruant, Iohn Arundell of + Trerice. + +The King wrote to Sir Iohn Ar. of Trerice, touching [35. H. 8.] his +discharge from the Admiralty of the fleete, lately committed vnto him, +& that he should deliuer the ship which he sayled in, to +Sir Nic. Poynts. + +The same yere the King wrote to him againe, that he should attend him +in his warres against the French king, with his seruants, tenants, +and others, within his roomes and offices, especially horsemen. + +Other letters from the King there are, whose date is not expressed, +neither can I by any meanes hunt it out. + +One, to his seruant Iohn Arundel of Trerice Esquire, willing him, +not to repaire with his men, and to wayte in the rereward of his army, +as hee had commaunded him, but to keepe them in a readinesse for some +other seruice. + +Another, to Sir Iohn Arundel of Trerice, praying and desiring him to +the Court, the Quindene of Saint Hillarie next, wheresoeuer the King +shall then bee within the Realme. + +There are also letters, directed to Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerice, +from the Kings Counsell, by some of which it it appeareth, that hee +was Viceadmirall of the Kings [Ed. 6.] shippes, in the West seas, +and by others, that hee had the goods and lands of certaine Rebels, +giuen him, for his good seruice against them. + +The Queene wrote to Sir Iohn Arundell of Trerice, [1. Mar] praying +and requiring him, that hee, with his friends and neighbours, +should see the Prince of Spaine most honourably entertained, if he +fortuned to land in Cornwall. + +[148] + +[2. Mar.] Shee wrote to him (being then Sherife of Cornwall) touching +the election of the Knights of the shire, and the Burgesses for +the Parliament. + +[2. & 3.] Shee likewise wrote to him, that (notwithstanding +[P. & M.] the instructions to the Iustices) hee should muster, +and furnish his seruants, tenants, and others, vnder his rule +and offices, with his friends, for the defence, and quieting of +the Countrie, withstanding of enemies, and any other imployment, +as also to certifie, what force of horse and foote he could arme. + +These few notes I haue culled out of many others. Sir Iohn Arundell, +last mentioned, by his first wife, the coheire of Beuill, had issue +Roger, who died in his fathers life time; and Katherine, married to +Prideaux: Roger by his wife Trendenham left behind him a sonne, +called Iohn. Sir Iohns second wife, was daughter to Erisy, and +widdow to Gourlyn, who bare him Iohn, his succeeder in Trerice, +and much other faire reuenewes, whose due commendation, because +another might better deliuer then my selfe, who touch him as neerely, +as Tacitus did Agricola) I will therefore bound the same within +his desert, and onely say this, which all, who knew him, +shall testifie with me: that, of his enemies, he would take no wrong, +nor on them any reuenge; and being once reconciled, embraced them, +without scruple or remnant of gall. Ouer his kinred, hee held a +warie and charie care, which bountifully was expressed, when occasion +so required, reputing himselfe, not onely principall of the family, +but a generall father to them all. Priuate respects euer, with him, +gaue place to the common good: as for franke, well ordered, +and continuall hospitalitie, he outwent all shew of competence: +spare, but discreet of speech, better conceiuing, then deliuering: +equally stout, and kind, not vpon lightnesse of humour, +but soundnesse of iudgement, inclined to commiseration, readie to +relieue. Briefely, so accomplished in vertue, that those, who for +many yeeres together wayted in neerest place about him, and, by his +example, learned to hate vntruth, haue often deeply protested, +how no curious obseruation of theirs, could euer descrie in him, +any one notorious vice. By his first foreremembred wife, he had 4. +daughters married, to Carew, Summaster, Cosowarth, & Denham: +by his later, the daughter of Sir Robert Denis, 2. sonnes, +and 2. daughters: the elder, euen from his young yeeres, began where +his father left, and with so temperate a course, treadeth iust in +his footesteps, that hee inheriteth, as well his loue, as his liuing. +The younger brother followeth the Netherland wars, with so wel-liked +a cariage, that hee outgoeth his age, and time of seruice, +in preferment. Their mother equalleth her husbands former children, +and generally all his kinred, in kind vsage, with her owne, and is +by them all, againe, so acknowledged and respected. + +Of Saint Peran, wee haue spoken before, which too well brooketh +his surname, in Sabulo: for the light sand, carried vp by the North +wind, from the sea shore, daily continueth his couering, and marring +the land adioynant, so as the distresse of this deluge, draue the +Inhabitants to remooue their Church: howbeit, when it meeteth with +any crossing brooke, the same (by a secret antipathy) restraineth, +and barreth his farder incroching that way. + +In Withiell Parish of this Hundred, one Gidly, not many yeeres +sithence, digged downe a little hillocke, or [149] Borough, +called Borsneeuas, in English, Cheapfull, therewith to thicken his +other ground. In the bottome of which he found three white stones, +triangle-wise (as pillers) supporting another flat one, some two +foote and a halfe square, and in the midst betweene them, and vnder +it, an earthen Pot, halfe full of a blacke slymie, and ill-fauouring +substance, which (doubtlesse) was once the ashes of some notable +person, there committed to that maner of buriall. + +Saint Agnes, one of the high hils, which I specially recited in +my former booke, by his entrailes (like Prometheus) feedeth the +Tynners pecking, or picking bils, with a long liued profit, +albeit, their scarcle Eagle eyes sometimes mistake the shadow +for the substance, and so offer vp degenerate teares, as a late +sacrifice to repentance. + +The neighbours haue obserued, that of two Lakes, neere adioyning +to this hill, and so each to other, the one will foster fish, +and the other none at all. + +Neyther may I omit newe Kaye, a place in the North coast of +this Hundred, so called, because in former times, the neighbours +attempted, to supplie the defect of nature, by Art, in making there +a Kay, for the Rode of shipping, which conceyt they still retayne, +though want of means in themselues, or the place, haue left the +effect in Nubibus: and onely lent them the benefit of Lestercockes +and fisher-boates. + +I cannot finish this Hundred, with the relation of many more +Gentlemen, eyther through want of them, or in my selfe. +Trenance added to his owne liuelyhood, the possessions of Littleton, +to whome, as sisters sonne, and generall heire, hee succeeded and +married Kendall, and his sonne Roscarrocke: hee beareth A. a Fesse, +betweene three Swords S. + +There dwelleth also Master Tredenick, who matched with the daughter +of Viuian, and his father, of Marow, who beareth O. on a bend S. +three Buckes heads cabased A. As also Langherne B. a Cheuron +betweene 3. Escalops O. Burlace, A. on a bend S. two hands tearing +in sunder a horse-shooe of the field; and others. + + + Kerier Hundred. + + +KEry in Cornish, signifieth bearing: and yet you must beare with me, +if I forbeare to deriue Kerier herefrom, vntill I see some reason +for my warrant: wherefore leauing that, I will weaue on my former +webbe of Falmouth hauen; and first, a word or two touching the +same in generall, ere I descend to the yet vndescribed West side +in particular. + +The riuer Fala, falling here, into the seas wide-gaping mouth, +hath endowed it with that name, + +In the very entrance of the harbour lyeth a rocke, rather disgracing, +then endamaging the same: for with the ebbe it is discouered, and at +the flood, marked by a pole purposely fixed thereupon. For the rest, +such as compare Plymmouth and Falmouth together, obserue, that +Plymmouth creekes are mostly coasted with plaine shoares; Falmouth, +with steepe: which maketh that, the more delightfull for prospect, +this, the more safe for riding. Againe, they say that Falmouth +lyeth farther out in the trade way, and so offreth a sooner oportunity +to wind-driuen shipping, then Plymmouth, but that Plymmouth hath a +better outlet, from his Catwater, for saylers [150] bound to +the Westwards, and from Hamoase for those that would fare to the East, +then Falmouth. Likewise as Plymmouth vaunteth richer and fairer +townes, and greater plentie of fish then Falmouth: so Falmouth +braggeth, that a hundred sayle may Anker within his circuite, +and no one of them see the others top, which Plymmouth cannot equall. +Howsoeuer they agree for competence among themselues, the worst +of them, by most mens iudgements, hath the precedence (Milford onely +excepted) of all other hauens in England. And thus much of the whole. +Now to the parts. + +On the West side, at the verie comming in, there riseth a hill, +called Pendenis, where king Henrie the eighth, when hee tooke order +for fortifying the Sea coasts, caused a Castle to bee builded, +with allowance of a pettie Garrison, and some small store of +Ordinance. Another, somewhat like thereto in plot, but different +in sight, was s. Mawes then erected in the other side, at Saint Mawes, +of which Castle, I haue spoken heretofore. + +Saint Mawes lieth lower, and better to annoy shipping: but Pendenis +standeth higher, and stronger to defend it selfe. It should seeme, +the fortifier made his aduantage of the commoditie, affoorded by +the ground, and shot rather at a safe preferuing the Harbour, +from sodaine attempts of little Fleetes, and the mastering of Pirates, +then to withstand any great Nauie, or maigne inuasion. + +But her Maiestie casting an equall eye to both, or rather a sharper +sight to this later, as quickned through the enemies diuers pretences +against these places (whereof Falmouth, by myracle, not prouidence, +escaped one) raysed a new fort with a Garrison, vpon the Hawe +at Plymmouth, and at her great charges, with some little helpe +of the Countrie, added an increase of fortification and souldiers +to Pendenis. Howbeit, his greatest strength consisteth in +Sir Nicholas Parker, the Gouernour, who demeaning himselfe, +no lesse kindly, and frankly towards his neighbours, for the present, +then hee did resolutely, and valiantly, against the enemie when he +followed the warres; therethrough commaundeth, not onely their bodies, +by his authoritie, but also their hearts, by his loue, to liue +and die in his assistance, for their common preseruation, and her +Highnesse seruice: hee beareth B. Frettie, and A. a Fesse O. + +After the declining hill hath deliuered you downe from this Castle, +Arwenacke entertaineth you, with a pleasing view: for the same +standeth so farre within the Hauens mouth, that it is protected from +the sea stormes, and yet so neere thereunto, as it yeeldeth a ready +passage out. Besides the Cliffe, on which the house abbutteth, +is steepe enough to shoulder off the waues, and the ground about it, +plaine and large enough for vse and recreation. + +It is owed by Master Iohn Killigrew, who married the daughter of +Monck, and heire to her mother [blank] and was sonne to +Sir Iohn Killigrew, who matched with Woluerstone: the stocke is +ancient, and diuers of the branches (as I haue elsewhere remembred) +growne to great aduancement, in calling and liuely-hood, by their +greater desert: their Armes are A. an Eagle with two heads displayed +within a bordure Bezanty S. + +Somewhat aboue Arwenacke, Trefuses point diuideth the harbour, +and yeeldeth a seuerall Ankering [151] place on eche side thereof; +the one called Carrack rode, the other, Kings rode. + +This Promontory is possessed and inhabited by a Gentleman of +that name, who suitably to his name, giueth three Fusils for his coat, +in this sort: A. a Cheuron betweene three Fusils S. He maried the +coheire of Gaurigan, and M. Wil. Godolphin, late yonger brother to +Sir FraunciS, her other sister. + +Vpon the left hand from hence, at the top of a creek, Perin towne +hath taken vp his seat, rather passable, then noteable, for wealth, +buildings, and Inhabitants; in all which, though neere the hauens +mouth, it giueth Truro the preeminence: the like whereof I obserue, +touching diuers other townes, of the same situation, in Deuon, +as Salcomb, and Kings bridge, Dartmouth, and Totnes, Topsham, and +Excester: amongst which, those that stand highest vp in the Countrey, +affoord therethrough, a fitter oportunity of accesse, from all +quarters, and so a speedyer and larger vent of their commodities. + +In Perin was Glasney Colledge, founded [1256.] by Walter Brounscomb, +& benefited by Iohn Graundson, Bishops of Excester [1327.], which See +possesseth faire reuenues thereabouts. + +Vpon another creeke on the same side, Carclew hath (after the Cornish +maner) welneere metamorphosed the name of Master Bonithon, his owner, +into his owne. He maried the daughter of Viuian, his father +of Killigrew, his graundfather of Erisy, and beareth A. a Cheuron +betweene 3, Floures de luce. S. + +With any memorable act or accident, concerning this hauen, I cannot +acquaint you, before my parting therefrom, saue onely, that Philip, +Arch-duke of Austriche, during his voyage from Netherland towards +Spayne (his wiues Kingdome) was weather-driuen into Weymouth, and, +with a kinde constraint, receyued a more royall, then welcome +entertainment, at the hands of King Henrie the 7. from which hee +could not free himself, but by redeeming his libertie, with +De la Pooles captiuity. This accomplished, he made choyce to take +ship again at Falmouth, that so by the shortest cut, hee might leaue +least power in fortune, to thwart him any second incumbrance. + +Hailford, so called, of the fordible riuer Haill, if elsewhere placed, +would carry the reputation of a good harbour; but as it now standeth, +Falmouths ouer-neere neighbourhood lesseneth his vse, and darkeneth +his reputation, as quitting it onely to the worst sort of Seafarers, +I meane, Pirats, whose guilty brests, with an eye in their backs, +looke warily how they may goe out, ere they will aduenture to enter; +and this at vnfortifyed Hailford, cannot be controlled: in which +regard, it not vnproperly brooketh his more common terme of Helford, +and the nick-name of Stealfoord. + +His shores affoord commodious seates, to the dwellings of Reskimer, +who maried S. Abin, and beareth B. 3. barres A. in cheife a Wolfe +passant of the first: and Tregose, who matched with Kendal: his sonne +with Erisy, and beareth B. two barres Gemewes in cheife a Lyon passant +O. armed and langued G. + +And if your eares be not already cloyed with relation of wonders, +I will let you vnderstand, how I was once carried to see one +hereabouts. It is (forsooth) a [152] great rock, lying vpon +the ground, his top deepned to a hollownesse, not much vnlike +in fashion, but far exceeding in proportion the long halfe of an egge. +This (they say) holdeth water, which ebbeth and floweth as the sea, +and, indeed, when I came thither, the tyde was halfe out, and the pit +halfe empty. By it there stands a Chappell, & to it there belonged +a couer, so as the same seemed, in former times, to cary some regard. +But I haue heard credible persons so discredit this woonder, that I +dare not offer it you, as probable, much lesse thrust it vpon you, +as approoued. The name thereof is, Hanterdauis, which (turning d +to t) signifieth halfe a tongue. + +More certaine, though lesse wonderfull, and yet, for the strangenesse, +wel worth the viewing, is Mainamber: Mayne, is a rocke, amber, +as some say, signifieth Ambrose. And a great rocke the same is, +aduaunced vpon some others of a meaner size, with so equall a +counterpeyze, that the push of a finger, will sensibly moue it +too and fro: but farther to remooue it, the vnited forces of many +shoulders are ouer-weake. Wherefore the Cornish wonder-gatherer, +thus descrybeth the same, + + BE thou thy mother natures worke, + Or proofe of Giants might: + Worthlesse and ragged though thou shew, + Yet art thou worth the sight. + This hugy rock, one fingers force + Apparently will moue; + But to remooue it, many strengths + Shall all like feeble prooue. + +Helston, in Cornish, Hellaz, in English, the greene hall, is a well +seated and peopled towne, priuiledged, secundum vsum, with the rest, +and one of the 4. Coynage places. + +Vnder it runneth the riuer Lo, whose passage into the sea, is thwarted +by a sandy banke, which forceth the same to quurt back a great way, +and so to make a poole of some miles in compasse. It breedeth a +peculiar kind of bastard Trought, in bignesse and goodnes exceeding +such as liue in the fresh water, but comming short of those that +frequent the salt. + +The foreremembred bank serueth as a bridge, to deliuer wayfarers, +with a compendious passage, to the other side; howbeit, sometimes with +more haste then good speed: for now and then, it is so pressed on +the inside, with the increasing riuers waight, and a portion of +the vtter sand, so washed downe by the waues; that at a sudden, +out breaketh the vpper part of the poole, and away goeth a great +deale of the sand, water, and fish: which instant, if it take any +passenger tardy, shrewdly endangereth him, to flit for company: +and some haue so miscarried. + +To this poole adioyneth M. Penrose his house, whose kind entertainment +hath giuen mee, and many others experience of these matters. +He maried the daughter of Rashleigh: he beareth A. 3. Bendes S. +charged with 9. restes.of the field. + +Those 2. riuers of Haill and Lo, rising not farre asunder, doe enclose +betweene them, as they runne into the sea, a neck of land, +particularized with the name of Meneag: and in regard of his +fruitfulnesse, not vnworthy of a seuerance. + +[153] + +Within this circuit, lie Trelawarren M. Viuians house, and Erisy, +seated in 2. parishes, and descended, by a long ranke of ancestours, +to the Gent, of that name, now in ward. His father married Carew: +his graundsire, one of Militons coheires, who ouerliuing her husband, +ended the course of her long and well commended widdowhood, +in becomming Lady to Sir Nicholas Parker. The Enzies beare S. +a Cheuron, betweene 3. Griffons Sergreant O. + +Clowance (deriued from Cloow, which signifieth, to heare) is the +possession and dwelling of M. Saintabin, whose very name (besides +the conquest roll) deduceth his first auncestours out of Fraunce. +His graundfather married Greinuile: his father, one of Whittingtons +coheires: which later couple, in a long and peaceable date of yeeres, +exercised a kinde, liberall, and neuer discontinued hospitality. +Himselfe tooke to wife the daughter of Mallet, and with ripe +knowledge and sound iudgement, dischargeth the place which he +beareth in his Countrey. Hee beareth O. on a crosse G. fiue Bezaunts. + +Pengueraz, in Cornish importeth a head to help; from which, +some deduce the Etymon of Pengersick, a fayre house, in an +vnfruitfull soyle, sometimes the inhabitance of M. Militon, +Captaine of the Mount, and husband to Godolphin, whose sonne being +lost in his trauaile beyond the seas, enriched 6. distafs with +his inheritance. They were bestowed in mariage (but by me not +orderly marshalled) as followeth: 1. to Erisy, and Sir Nicholas +Parker. 2. to Lanine, 3. to Trefuses, and Tregodeck, 4. to Trenwith, +Arundel, and Hearle, 5. to Bonithon. 6. to Abbot. + +Not farre from thence, riseth Godolghan-ball, or hill, at whose +foote standeth a house of the same name, and so intitling his owner, +though lately declined (with a milder accent) to Godolphin: +in Cornish, it signifieth, a white Eagle: and such armes they carry +in this sort: G. an Eagle displayed with two heads, betweene three +Floures de luce A. + +This hill hath, for diuers descents, supplyed those Gent. +bountifull mindes, with large meanes accruing from their Tynne-works, +and is now possessed by Sir Frauncis Godolphin Knight, whose zeale +in religion, vprightnesse in iustice, prouidence in gouernment, +and plentifull housekeeping, haue wonne him a very great and reuerent +reputation in his Countrey: and these vertues, together with his +seruices to her Maiestie, are so sufficiently knowne to those of +highest place, as my testimony can adde little light thereunto: +but by his labours and inuentions in Tynne matters, not onely the +whole Countrey hath felt a generall benefit, so as the seuerall +owners haue thereby gotten very great profit out of such refuse works, +as they before had giuen ouer for vnprofitable; but her Maiesty hath +also receyued encrease of her customes by the same, at least to the +value of 10. thousand pound. Moreouer, in those works which are of +his owne particular inheritance, hee continually keepeth at work, +three hundred persons or thereabouts, & the yerely benefit, that out +of those his works accrueth to her Maiestie, amounteth, +communibus annis, to one thousand pound at the least, and sometimes +to much more. A matter very remorceable, and perchaunce not +to be matched againe by any of his sort and condition in the +whole Realme. He succeeded to the inheritance [154] of his vnkle +Sir William Godolphin, who, as hath bene said before, demeaned +himselfe verie valiantly in a charge which hee bare at Boloigne, +towards the latter end of the reigne of King Henry the 8. & is like +to leaue the same to another Sir William his sonne, who giueth hope, +not onely of the sustaining, but increasing of the reputation of +his family. Hee matched with Killigrew, his father with Bonython, +his Graund-father with Glynne, + +Diuers other Gentlemen there dwell in this Hundred, as Lanyne, +the husband of Kekewitch, his father married Militon, and beareth +S. a Castle, A. standing in waues B. ouer the same a Faulcon houerin +with bels O. Pernwarne, that matched with the coheire of Tencreek, +who beareth S. a Cheuron betweene three Flowers de luce A. +Lagherne, who tooke to wife the daughter of Nants, and beareth B. +a Cheuron betweene three Escalops, O. Nansperyan coupled in +matrimonie, with [blank] and his two daughters and heires apparent, +with Prideaux, and Mathew; who beareth A. three Losenges S. + + + Penwith. Hundred. + + +MY last labour, for closing vp this wearisome Suruey, is bounded, +as Cornwall it selfe, and so the West part of England, with +Penwith Hundred. The name, in English signifieth, the head of +Ashen trees, belike, for some such eminent marke, while the Countrie +was better stored of Timber. The Danes sayling about Penwith Steort +(saith Houeden [997.]) made foule hauocke, in Devon and-Cornwall. + +Vpon the North sea, lieth Nants, which importeth a valley, and houseth +a Gent, who therethrough, hath worne out his former name, of Trengoue, +in English,the Smithes towne, and assumed this: he married Sir Iohn +Arundels daughter of Trerice: and beareth A. a crosse haumed S. +During summer season, the Seales haunt a Caue, in the Cliffe thereby, +and you shall see great store them, apparently shew themselues, and +approch verie neere the shore, at the sound of any lowde musicke, +or other such noyse. + +Beyond Nants, M. Basset possesseth Tehiddy, who married Godolphin, +his father Coffyn : he beareth O. three Piles in point G. +a Canton Er. with a difference. + +And so, leauing these priuate Inhabitances, & keeping still the +North coast, we arriue at the towne, and port of S. Ies: both of +meane plight, yet, with their best meanes, (and often, to good +and necessarie purpose) succouring distressed shipping. Order hath +bene taken, and attempts made, for bettering the Road, with a Peere, +but eyther want, or slacknesse, or impossibilitie, hitherto withhold +the effect: the whiles, plentie of fish is here taken, and sold +verie cheape. + +As you row to the Westwards from hence, the sea floweth into a +large Caue, farder vp, then any man durst yet aduenture to discouer, +and the Cliffes thereabouts muster long strakes of a glittering hiew, +which import a shew of Copper: and Copper mynes are found, and wrought +in the grounds adioyning. + +M. Camden obserueth, that neere hereunto, stood the watch-towre, +mencioned by Orosius, and oppositely placed to such another in Galitia. + +Stepping ouer to the South-sea, (for the distaunce [155] is in +comparison, but a step) S. Michaels mount looketh so aloft, as it +brooketh no concurrent, for the highest place. Ptolomey termeth +it Ocrinum, the Cornish men, Cara Cowz in Clowze, that is, The hoare +rocke in the wood. The same is sundred from the mayne land, by +a sandy playne, of a slight shoot in breadth, passable, at the ebbe, +on foote; with boat, on the flood. Your arriuall on the farther side, +is entertayned by an open greene, of some largenesse, which finishing +where the hill beginneth, leaues you to the conduction of a winding +and craggy path; and that at the top, deliuereth you into a little +plaine, occupied, for the greatest part, by a fort of the olde making. +It compriseth lodgings for the Captayne and his garrison, and a +Chappell for deuotion. This latter, builded by Will. Earle of Morton, +to whom William the Conquerour his vncle, gaue much lands in those +quarters, and greatly haunted, while folke endured their merits, +by farre trauailing. They haue a tye pit, not so much satisfying vse, +as relieuing necessitie. A little without the Castle, there is a bad +seat in a craggy place, called S. Michaels Chaire, some what +daungerous, for accesse, and therefore holy for the aduenture. + +Vntill Richard the firsts raigne, the mount seemeth to haue serued +onely for religion, and (during his imprisonment) to haue bene first +fortified by Henry de la Pomeray, who surprized it, and expulsed +the Monks: howbeit soone after, when hee became ascertained of +his Soueraignes enlargement, the very feare of ensuing harme wrought +in him a present effect of the vttermost that any harme could bring, +namely, his death: whereon, the olde cell and new fort, was +surrendred to the Archbishop of Canterbury, in the Kings behalfe. +Thus Houeden reporteth. But the descendents from this Pomeray, +alias, Pomeroy, make a somewhat different relation of this accident: +for they affirme, that a Sergeant at armes of the Kings, came to +their auncestour, at his Castle of Bery Pomeroy, in Deuon, +receyued kind entertaynment for certaine dayes together, and at +his departure, was gratified with a liberall reward: in +counter-change whereof, he then, and no sooner, reuealing his +long concealed errand, flatly arresteth his hoaste, to make his +immediate appearance before the King, for answering a capitall crime. +Which vnexpected and il-carryed message, the Gent, tooke in +such despite, as with his dagger hee stabbed the messenger to +the heart: and then well knowing in so suparlatiue an offence, +all hope of pardon foreclosed, he abandones his home, gets to a +sister of his abiding in this mount, bequetheth a large portion of +his land to the religious people there, for redeeming his soule: +and lastly, causeth himselfe to be let bloud vnto death, for leauing +the remainder to his heire: from which time forward, this place +continued rather a schoole of Mars, then the Temple of peace. +For shortly after the discomfiture of H. the 6. party, by Ed. the 4. +[11. E. 4.] at Barnet field, Iohn Earle of Oxford, who had made one, +and one of the principall on the weaker side, arriued heere +by shipping, disguised himselfe, with some of his followers, +in Pilgrims habits, therethrough got entrance, mastred the garrison, +and seyzed the place. Which, thus politikely wonne, hee as +valiantly kept, and kept a long time defended against the Kings power, +vntill reasonable conditions swayed him to a surrender. + +[156] + +A like surprize, but of later date, I read in Popeliniere +[2. Vol. Lib. 31.], touching the like named and seated mount, +in Normandy. + +During the last Cornish commotion, diuers Gent. with their wiues +and families, fled to the protection of this place, where the +Rebels besieged them, first wynning the plaine at the hils foote, +by assault, when the water was out, and then; the euen ground on +the top, by carrying vp great trusses of hay before them, to blench +the defendants sight, and dead their shot. After which, they could +make but slender resistance: for no sooner should any one within, +peepe out his head, ouer those inflanked wals, but he became an open +marke to a whole showre of arrowes. This disaduantage, together with +the womens dismay, & decrease of victuals, forced a surrender to +those Rakehels mercy, who, nothing guilty of that effeminate vertue, +spoyled their goods, imprisoned their bodies, and were rather by +Gods gracious prouidence, then any want of will, purpose, or attempt, +restrayned from murdering the principall persons. + +Heere also [13. H. 7.], was the Lady Katherine Gordon (an vnfit +yoke-fellow for that counterfeit Prince, Perkin Warbeck) taken by +the L. Daubney, and conueyed to the King. Of this, as the last wonder. + + Who knowes not Mighels mount and chaire, + The Pilgrims holy vaunt: + Both land, and Iland, twise a day, + Both fort, and port of haunt. + +Vnder the mount extendeth a bay, for lesser vessels to lie at: +and betweene it and the Westerne shoare, there is an indifferent +good road for shipping, sauing vpon some winds, called the +Mounts bay: where, by Froissarts report, Sir Robert Knolles landed, +what time his returne out of Fraunce, was by K. Ed. the 3. commaunded, +and for his valiant exployts there, atchieued, very graciously +welcomed. + +Ouer-against the Mount, fronteth a towne, of petty fortune, +pertinently named Marcaiew, of Marhas diow, in English, +the Thursdaies market; for then it vseth this traffike. +At the beginning of K. H. the 8. raigne, it felt the Frenchmens +fiery indignation, who landed there with 30. sayle. But the smoke +of those poore houses, calling in the country to the rescusse, +made the place ouer hote for the enemies any longer abode. + +Mousehole, in Cornish, is named Porternis, and in Latin, +Portus Insulae, both importing one sense, to wit, the Iland hauen, +and so called, through a little Iland placed before it. + +M. Holinshed telleth vs, that neere heereunto, not many +yeeres sithence, certayne Tynners, as they were working, +found Speare heads, Battel-axes, and swords of Copper, wrapped in +lynnen clouts, and little impayred through their long lying. + +Pensans, by interpretation, The Saints head, is a market towne, +not so regardable for his substance, as memorable for his late +accident of the Spaniards firing, which fell out in this maner: + +The three & twentieth of July, 1595. soone after the Sun was risen, +and had chased a fogge, which before kept the sea out of sight, +4. Gallies of the enemy presented themselues vpon the coast, +ouer-against Mousehole, [157] and there In a faire Bay, landed about +two hundred men, pikes and shot, who foorthwith sent their +forlorne hope, consisting of their basest people, vnto the stragled +houses of the countrie, about halfe a mile compasse or more, by whome +were burned, not onely the houses they went by, but also the +Parish Church of Paul, the force of the fire being such, as it vtterly +ruined all the great stonie pillers thereof: others of them in that +time, burned that fisher towne Mowsehole, the rest marched as a gard +for defence of these firers. The Inhabitants being feared with the +Spaniards landing and burning, fled from their dwellings, and verie +meanely weaponed, met with Sir Francis Godolphin on a greene, on the +West side of Pensance, who that forenoone comming from his house, +for pacifying some controuersies in those Western parts, and from +the hils espying the fires in that towne, Church, and houses, +hastened thither: Who foorthwith sent to all the Captaines of +those parts, for their speedie repaire with their companies, +and also sent by Poast to Sir Francis Drake, and Sir Iohn Hawkins +(then at Plymmouth with a fleete bound for the Indies) aduertisement +of the arriuall of these foure Gallies, and of their burnings, +aduising them to looke to themselues, if there were any greater +fleete of the enemies at Sea, and to send West with all haste, +what succours by sea or land they could spare. Then Sir Francis +Godolphin aduised that weake assembly, to retire into Pensance, +and to prepare it for defence, vntill the comming of the Countrie +forces that hee had sent for. But they finding themselues in number +something aboue a hundred, wherein were about thirtie or fortie shot, +though scarce one third of them were seruiceable, insisted to march +against the enemies, to repell them from farther spoyles of +their houses. + +But while they were marching towards them, the Spaniards returned +aboord their Gallyes, and presently remooued them farther into +the Bay, where they anchored againe, before and neere a lesser +fisher towne, called Newlyn. + +There againe with all speede they landed, and imbattelled in the +slope of a hill, about foure hundred pikes and shot, sending about +two rankes of soldiers, three in a ranke, vp to the top of the hill, +to discouer what forces or ambushes of the Countrey might lye in view: +who espying none but those that were returned with Sir Frauncis +Godolphin, from their forementioned fruitlesse march, gaue notice +thereof to their imbatteled company. Wherevpon they forthwith +marched towards Penzance. + +Vpon their moouing, Sir Frauncis Godolphin moued also, to enter +Penzance before them: and assoone as that weake number were entred +into the open greene being of three quarters of a mile length, +the Gallyes ceased not to ply them all that way with their ordinance +from their prowes, as busily as they could. Of which shot, +though none were hurt, but onely a Constable vnhorsed without +any harme, sauing the shew on his doublet of the bullets sliding by +his back, yet many in fearefull manner, some fell flat to the ground, +and others ranne away. + +Sir Frauncis sent after those that were entred Penzance before him, +that they should make their stand at the market place, himselfe [158] +staying hindmost, to obserue the enemies order, and which way they +would make their approach. Which done, he found at the said market +place but onely two resolute shot, who stood at his commaund, and some +ten or twelue others that followed him, most of them his owne seruants; +the rest, surprised with feare, fled, whom, neither with his +perswasions, nor threatning with his rapier drawne, hee could recall. + +Finding himselfe thus abandoned, and the enemies entred the towne in +three parts, he was then forced to depart, the enemies beginning their +fire some houses behinde him. The towne thus fired, as also the +forementioned little fisher towne Newlyn, they returned againe to +their Gallies. + +By this time, towards the euening, the Cornish forces encreased in +nomber, and amended in heart, encamped themselues on the greene, +neere to the towne of Markesew and S. Michaels Mount, for defence +thereof, and there spent out the night. The next day the enemy made +showe to land againe on the West side of the bay; but seeing +the people, though few in number, yet resolute to resist, +they desisted from their enterprize: and besides, finding themselues +annoyed by the shooting of bullets and arrowes into their Gallies +where they roade at anchor, they were forced to remoue them +farther off. + +Soone after, viz. on the 25. of July in the morning, came thither +Sir Nic. Clifford, Sir H. Power, and certaine other Captaines, +who were sent by the Generals from Plymmouth to the campe: As some +of her Maiesties ships were also sent, who being come as farre as +the Lizard head, & those Captaines to the camp, matters there goe on +in prouident and orderly sort, a plot is layd for intercepting the +enemy by ambush, if he thrust on shore againe, whereto necessity must +soone haue pressed him, for renuing his consumed store of fresh water: +but within one houre after the arriuall of these Captaines, the winde, +which was vntill then strong at Southeast, with mist and rayne, +to haue impeached the Gallies returne, suddenly changed into +the Northwest, with very fayre and cleare weather, as if God had a +purpose to preserue these his rods for a longer time. The winde no +sooner came good, but away pack the Gallies with all the hast +they could. + +Thus haue you a summary report of the Spaniards glorious enterprise, +and the Cornish mens infamous cowardise, which (were there any cause) +I could qualify by many reasons, as, the suddennesse of the attempt, +the narrownesse of the country, the opennesse of the towne, +the aduantage of the Gallies ordinance on a people vnprepared against +such accidents, through our long continued peace, & at that very time, +for the most part, eyther in their Tynne-workes, or at sea, who e're +the next day made resistance, euen with a handfull, and entred a +vowed resolution, to reuenge their losse at the next encounter, +if the enemy had landed againe. + +So might I likewise say, that all these circumstances meeting in any +other quarter of the Realme, would hardly haue produced much better +effects. But I will not seeke to thrust my Countrymen into any other +folkes company, for shifting them out of sight. + +Verily such sudden surprizes worke more indignity [159] then dammage, +and more dammage then disgrace, and haue so beene euer construed. +Moscho, a head Citie in a populous dominion, was burned by the +roguing Tartars, anno domini 1572 [Liu. lib. 3.]. The Capitoll, +a head fortresse, in a populous Citie, was taken by slaues +and outlawes, anno vrbis, 292. and yet, who therefore exalteth the +Tartars valiancy, aboue the Moschouite, or the Romanes slaues +& outlawes, aboue their masters? Besides, such nap-taking assaults, +spoylings, and firings, haue in our forefathers daies, betweene vs +and Fraunce, beene very common; and yet, who is so witlesse, as to +twite eyther of both, for the same? + +But least hold can the author, and actor of this Tra-gedy take, +to build any vaunt hereon: for oftentimes small troups of ours, +against farre greater forces of theirs, yea (sometimes) after +forewarning, and preparance, haue wonne, possessed, ransacked, +synged, captiued, and carried away the townes, wealth, +and Inhabitants, not onely of their Indies, but of Portugall and +Spaine it selfe. Which Nombre de dios, S. Domingo, Cartagena, +the lower towne of the Groigne, Penecha, the suburbs of Lisbone, +and Cales wil testify, beyond all exception. But our Countrymen +leauing reason & example, excuse themselues by destiny. In fatis +they say (& not in fatuis) it was, that the Cornish people should +vndergo this misfortune: for an ancient prophecy, in their owne +language, hath long run amongst them, how there should land vpon +the rock of Merlin, those that would burn Pauls Church, Pensants, +and Newlyn. And indeed, so is the rocke called, where the enemy +first stept on shore. The prophesy is this: + + Ewra teyre a war meane Merlyn + Ara Lesky Pawle Pensanz ha Newlyn. + +Not farre from the lands ende, there is a little village, +called Trebegean, in English, The towne of the Giants graue: +neere whereunto, and within memory (as I haue beene informed) +certayne workemen searching for Tynne, discouered a long square vault, +which contayned the bones of an excessiue bigge carkas, and verified +this Etimology of the name. + +At Saint Buriens, a parish of great circuit, and like benefit to +the Incumbent, King Athelstane accomplished his vowe, in founding a +Colledge of Priests, what time he had conquered the Sillane Ilands. + +Chiwarton signifyeth, a house on the greene lay, and a Castle on a +greene hill is giuen by the Gent. of that name, who, in a quiet +single life, maketh no farther vse of his knowledge gotten in +the lawes, during his younger age, or that experience, wherewith a +long course of yeeres hath sithence enriched him, then may tend, +sine lucro, to the aduauncement of publike iustice, or, sine strepitu, +to the aduisement of his priuate acquaintance. Hee beareth A. +a Castle S. standing on a hill. V. + +Sundry other Gentlemen people that remote quarter as Lauelis, &c. +touching whom I must plead, non sum informatus. + +Diogenes, after he had tired his Scholers with a long Lecture, +finding at last the voyde paper, Bee glad, my friends (quoth hee) +wee are come to harbour. With the like comfort, in an vnlike +resemblance, I will refresh + +[160] + + you who haue vouchsafed to trauaile in the rugged + and wearyfome path of mine ill-pleasing stile, that + now your iourney endeth with the land; to whose + Promontory (by Pomp. Mela, called Bolerium: + by Diodorus, Velerium: by Volaterane, Hele- + nium: by the Cornish, Pedn an laaz: and + by the English, The lands end) be- + cause we are arriued, I will + heere sit mee downe + and rest. + + Deo gloria: mihi gratia. 1602. April. 23. + + + + + + + + + The Table of the first Booke. + + | Accidents. + | generall, in the first | Elements. +The Suruey of | booke, reporting her | Inhabitants. +Cornwal contai- | +neth a description | Special,in the 2.book, | Topographical, + | containing matters | Historicall. + + +Accidents, wherein are deliuered the name & shape. Fol. 1. +Climat. 2. +The quantitie, length and breadth. ibid. +Borders. ibid. +Commodities of the situation. 3. +Discommodities. 4. +Temperature. 5. + + + Elements. + +Earth aboue, forme, qualitie. 5. +Things of life, growing, and feeling. +Earth vnder, Mynerals. 6. +Precious, Diamonds, Pearle, and Agats. 7. +Water fresh, springs, riuers, ponds. 26. +Therein the fish. 28. +The taking. 30. +Sea, things liuelesse: liuing, fish, foule. + + + Things of life, growing. + +Mats. 18. +Hearbs. 19. +Corne, | dressing. ibid. + | kindes. 20. +Trees for fruit. ibid. +Fewel, timber. 21. + + + Things of life, feeling. + +Wormes. 21. + | Venery. 22. +Beasts, | meat. 23. + | vse. 24. +Birds. ibid. + + + Minerals. + +Stones for walling, windowes, couering, pauing, ;yme. 6. +Mettals : Tynne : 7. +Copper. 6. +Siluer and Gold. 7. + + + Tynne-works. + +Kindes, finding. 8. +Colour, bignesse. 10. + | Aduentures. ibid. +Working, expressing the persons : | Captaine. ibid. + | Labourers. ibid. +Maner, tooles. ibid. +Loose earth, rockes. 11. +Conueyance by water, engines, Addits. ibid. + + + Tynne-dressing. + +Breaking, stamping, drying, crazing, washing. ibid. +Blowing. 12. + + + Iurisdiction. + +Charter. 16. +Officers supreme : L. Warden, Vice-warden. 17. +Inferior: Stewards, Gaylour. 18. +Iuries: great, petty. ibid. +Witnesses. ibid. + + + Orders. + +Sharing. 12. +Places: Wastrel, Seuerall. 13. +Bounds, doales, measure. ibid. + |in time, 13. | | places. ibid. +Coynage | | and their | times. ibid. + | Post, 14. | | Officers. ibid. +Price by free sale, Preemption. 17. +Vsury in Tynne: black, white. 15. + + + Sea : things liuelesse. + +Briny, Salt-mils, Ilands, hauens. 26. +Sand, Orewoods, Shels and Nuts, Shipping. 27. + + + Sea : things liuing. + +Fish, partaker of the fresh. 28. +Therein the fashion, shelly, flat, round. 30. +Within hauen. 29. +Their taking, generall and particular. 30. +Vpon the coast. 31. +Sauing and venting. 33. +Foule : eatable, not eatable. 35. + + + Inhabitants : estate real. + +Priuate: grounds, houses. 36. +Entercourse: bridges, high wayes. 53. +Traffike : markets, fayres ibid. +Wayghts and measures. 54. + + + Inhabitants : estate personall. + +Names. 54. +Language. 55. +Number. 57. +Disposition ancient. ibid. +Disposition later, of mindes, holinesse. 58. +Sciences: Diuines. ibid. +Ciuilians. 59. +Phisicians. 60. +Statemen, Martiall, Free schooles. 61. +Mechanicall. 62. +Disposition later, of bodies: strength: ibid. +Actiuity, health. 63. + | Nobility and Gentlemen. ibid. +Degrees : | Townsmen. 65. + | Husbandmen. 66. Poore. 67. + + + Recreations + +Feasts: Saints, 69. +Haruest, Church-ale. 68. +Pastimes of the minde : songs, 72. +Guaries. 71. +Pastimes of the body: shooting, 72. + | goales, 73. +Hurling to | countrey, 74. +Wrastling, 75. +Games. 76. + | Gouernours, ibid. +Gouernment, as an entire State: | Royalties. 79. +Gouernment, as a part of the Realme, Spiritual: Arch-bishop, +Bishop, Arch-deacon, 82. +Peculiars. 81. +Gouernment, as a part of | Martial | Commaunders, 83. +the Realme, Temporal: | | Forces, ibid. +Orders, Forts. 84. +Beacons, Poasts. 85. +Ciuill Magistrates: Iudges, 89. +Iustices, 88. +Vice-admirall, Coroners, Clarke of the market. 87. +Corporations, 86. +Parliaments. 90. +Ciuill Ministers: Constables, Baylifs, 85. +Gaylour. 90. +Limits: Hundreds, Franchises, parishes. 86. +Proportions: places to meete, rates. ibid. + + + The end of the first Table. + + + + + + + Table of the fecond Booke. + + Topographicall. Historical + +COrnwall in generall. 96. + + East Hundred. 98. + +Plymmouth hauen. 98. Edgecumb. 99. +Rame head. ibid. Richaurd Adams strange +Causam bay. ibid. child-birth. 103. +S. Nicholas Iland. 99. Carew. ibid. +The bridge. ibid. Lerchdeacon. 102. +Mount-Edgecumb. ibid. Agnes Cornish, her strange +West Stonehouse. 100. escape from drowning. 107. +Hamose. ibid. Danney. 108. +Milbrook. 101. S. Germanes Priory. ibid. +Insworke. ibid. Kekewitch. 109. +Antony. 102. S. Germanes Chauncel. ibid. +Lyner riuer. ibid. Moyle. ibid. +Saltwater pond. 104. Smith. 110. +Banqueting house. 107. Langdon. ibid. +Beggers Iland. ibid. Fleets from Plymmouth ha- +Sheuiock. 108. uen. 114. +Crafthole. ibid. Carack burned. 113. +S. Germanes. ibid. Trematon besieged. ibid. +Cuddenbeake. 109. Bond. 111. +Seaton. 110. Grenuile. ibid. +Wotton. ibid. Porter. 112. +Trematon Castle. 111. Wadham. ibid. +Saltash. 112. Grisling vnderstanding speach +Ash torre. 113. by sight. 113. +Henpoynt. ibid. A charitable dogge. ibid. +Cargreene. ibid. Arundel. ibid. +Hengsten. 115. Rouse. ibid. +Carybullock. ibid. Treuice. 114. +Lawhitton. ibid. Harris. 116. +Lanceston. 116. Corington. 117. + Wrey. ibid. + Trelawney. ibid. + + + Stratton Hundred. 117. + +Straton towne. 117. Chamond. 118. +Bude. 118. Arscot. ibid. +S. Mary Wike. 119. Rempthorne. ibid. + Thomasin Bonauenture. 119. + + + Lesnewith Hundred. 120. + +Bottreaux Caftle. ibid. Iohn Northampton. 112. +Tintogel. ibid. Earle Richard of Corn- +Dosmery poole. 122. wall. ibid. +Camelford. ibid. King Arthur. ibid. + Bousening. 123. + + + Trigge Hundred. ibid. + +Bodmyn. 123. Perkin Warbeck. 124. +Scarlets well. 126. Childrens forhalfening. ibid. +Temple. 127. Sir Anthony Kingston. ibid. + Halgauer Court. 126. + Carnsew. 127. + Roscarrock. ibid. + + + West Hundred. 127. + +East and West Loo. ibid. Beuill. 130. +S. Georges Iland. 128. Iohn Size, a strange eater. ibid. +Liskerd. ibid. Murth. 131 +S. Neot. 129. Wideslade. ibid. +S. Kaines well. ibid. Lower. 132. +Polpera. 131. Kendall. ibid. +Fining house. 130. Glyn. ibid. +Hall walke. 132. Mohun. ibid. + Earl of Deuons fagot. 133. + + + Powder Hundred. 134. + +Foy hauen and towne. 134. Treffry. 134. +Trewardreth. 136. Nicholas of Foy. 135. +Lostwithiel. 137. Treasure non troue. 136. +Restormel Castle. ibid. A graue found. 137. +Roche. 138. Gallants of Foy. 135. +The tyde well spring. ibid. Rashleigh. 136. +Hainborough. ibid. Bone, deafe and dumb. 139. +S. Probus. 140. Hill. 140. +Lanhadron. ibid. Tremaine. ibid. +Grampond. ibid. Bodrugan. 141. +Dudman. 141. Trauanion. ibid. +Roseland. ibid. Lostwithiel custome. 137. +Tregny. ibid. +Truro. ibid. +S. Mawes Castle. 142. + + + Pider Hundred. 143. + +Padstowe. 143. Prideaux. 143. +Wade bridge. ibid. Cosowarth. 144. +Nine sisters. ibid. Trerice. 145. +Castellan Denis. ibid. Trenance. 148. +S. Colombs. 144. Tredenick. 149. +Peran in Sabulo. 148. Nants well halfening. 144. +Bors neeuas. ibid. +S. Agnes Hill. ibid. +New kay. ibid. + + + Kerier Hundred. 149. + +Falmouth. 149. Trefuses. 150. +Pendenis. ibid. Parker. ibid. +Perin. 150. Killigrew. ibid. +Hailford hauen. 150. Carclew. 151. +Hauterdauis. 151. Penrose. 152. +Mainamber. ibid. Erisy. ibid. +Helston. 152. Saintabyn. ibid. +Lo poole. ibid. Militon. ibid. +Meneag. ibid. Godolphin. 153. + + + Penwith Hundred. ibid. + +S. Ies. 154. Nants. 154. +The Caue. ibid. Pomeray. 154. +S. Michaels mount. ibid. Vere. 155. +Mounts bay. 156. Pensants burning. 156. +Pensants. ibid. Chiuerton. 159. +Trebegean. 159. +S. Buriens. ibid. +Lands end. ibid. + + + + F I N I S + + + + + + + + + + + AN + + E P I S T L E + + OF + + Richard Carew Esq; + + CONCERNING + + The EXCELLENCIES of the + English Tongue. + + ------------- + + + LONDON, + Printed in the Year M.DCC.XXIII. + + + + + + + An Epistle concerning the Excellencies + of the Engliih Tongue. + + +IT were more fitting (in respect of discretion) that men should first +weigh Matters with Iudgment, and then incline their Affection where +the greatest Reason swayeth. But ordinarily it falleth out to +the contrarie; for by Custom we first settle our Affection, and then +afterwards draw in those Arguments to approve it, which should have +forgone to perswade ourselves. In this preposterous Course (seeing +that antiquity from our Elders and uniuersalitie of our Neighbours +do entitle with a Right) I hold myself the more freely warranted +delirare, not onely cum vulgo, but also cum sapientibus, in seeking +out with what Commendations I may attire our English Language, +as Stephanus hath done for the French, and diuers of other Nations, +for theirs. + +Locutio is defined Animi sensus per vocem expressio. On which +ground I build these consequences, That the first and principal point +sought in euerie Language, is that we may expres the Meaning of our +Minds aptly to each other. Next, that we may do it readily and +without more adoe. Then fully, so as others may thoroughly +conceiue us. And last of all, handsomely, that those to whom we +speak may take pleasure in hearing us: So that whateuer Tongue will +gain the Race of Perfection must run upon these four wheeles, +SIGNIFICANCIE, EASINESS, COPIOUSNESS, and SWEETNESS; of which the +two former import a Necessitie, the two latter a Delight. Now if +I can proove, That our English Language for all or the most part +is comparable if not preferable to any other in use at this day, +I hope the assent of any impartial Reader will pass on my side. +And how I indeavor to performe the same, this short labor shall +manifest. + +I. To begin then with the SIGNIFICANCIE of the English Tongue, +it consisteth in the Letters, Words, and Phrases. And because the +Greeke and Latine have ever borne away the prerogatiue from all +other Tongues, they shall serue as the Touchstones whereby to make +our Tryall. + +For LETTERS, we haue C more then the Greekes, K and Y more then +the Latines, and W more then them both, or then the French +and Italians. + +In those common to them and us, we have the use of the Greek B in +our V, of our B they haue none; so have we of their [uppercase lambda] +and [uppercase theta] in our Th, which in the wordes that and things +expresseth both; but of our D they haue none. Likewise their T we +turn to another use in yield, than they can; and as for E,G, and J, +neither Greekes nor Latines can make use of them as we doe in +these Words, each, edge, joy. True it is, that we in pronouncing the +Latine use them also after this manner; but the same, in regard of +the ancient and right Romane deliuerie, altogether abusively; as may +appear by Scaliger, Sir Thomas Smith, Lipsius, and others. + +Now, for the Significance of WORDS, as every Indiuiduum is but one, +so in our native English-Saxon Language, we find many of them suitably +expressed by one Sillable: Those consisting of more are borrowed +from other Nations; the Examples are infinite, and therefore I will +omit them as sufficiently notorious. + +Again, for expressing our Passions, our Interjections are very apt +and forcible; as, finding ourselves somewhat agrieued, we crie, Ah! +if more deeply, Oh! if we pity, Alas! when we bemoan, Alacke! +neither of them so effeminate as the Italian Deh, or the French Helas: +In detestation we say Phy ! (as if therewithall we should spit) in +attention, Haa; in calling, Whowpe ; in hollowing, Wahalowe: all which +(in my Ear) seem to be deriued from the very Natures of those +severall Affections. + +Grow from hence to the Composition of Words, and therein our Language +hath a peculiar Grace, a like Significancie, and more short then +the Greekes, for example, in Moldwarpe we express the Nature of the +Animal; in Handkercher the thing and the use; in the word upright, +that Virtue by a Metaphore; in Wisdome and Doomesday, so many +Sentences as Words; and so of the rest: for I give only a Taste, +that may direct others to a fuller Observation of what my sudden +Memorie can represent unto me. It may pass also the Masters in +this Significancie, that all the proper Names of our People do in a +manner import somewhat, which from a peculiar Note at first of some +of the Progenitors, in process of time inverted itself in a possession +of the Posterity, even as wee see the like often befall to those +whose Fathers bare some uncouth Christian Names. Yet for the most +part we avoid the blemish given to the Romanes in like Cases, who +distinguished their People by the Imperfections of their Bodies; +from whence grew their Nasones, Labeones, Frontones, Dentones, +and such like; however, Macrobius coloureth the same: Yea, +so significant are our Words, that amongst them sundry single ones +serve to express divers things; as by the word Bill is meant a Weapon, +a Scrowle, and a Bird's beake; by Grave may be understood, sober, +burial-place, and to carve; and so by Light, marke, match, file, sore, +and pray, the Semblables. + +Again, some SENTENCES, in the same words carrie a divers Sence, +as till, desert Ground; some signifie one thing forward and another +backward, as Feeler I was, noe Foe; which to return with it is, +Of one saw I releef. Some signifie one thing forward and another +thing backward, as this, Eye, did Madam erre; Some carrie a contrarie +Sence backward to that they do forward, as I did level ere vew, +Vew ere level did I. + +Some deliver a contrarie Sence by the divers pointing, as the +Epistle in Dr. Wilsons Rhetorick, and many such like, which a curious +Head, Leisure, and Time might pick out. + +Neither may I omit the Significancie of our Proverbs, +concise in Words, but plentiful in Number, briefly pointing at +many great Matters and under a Circle of a few Sillables prescribing +sundrie available Caveats. + +Lastly, our Speech doth not consist onely of Words, but in a sort +even of Deeds; as when we express a Matter by Metaphores, wherein the +English is verie fruitful and forcible. + +And so much for the Significancie of our Language in meaning. + +II. Now for his EASINESS in learning; the same also shooteth out +into Branches, the one, of others learning our Language, the second, +of our learning that of others. For the first, The most part of +our Words, (as I have touched) are Monasillables, and so the fewer +in Tale and the sooner reduced to Memorie. Nither are we loaded with +those Declensions, Flexions, and Variations which are incident to +many other Tongues, but a few Articles govern all our Verbs and Nownes, +and so we read a verie short Grammar. + +For easie learning of other Languages by ours, let these serve +as Proofes; there are many Italian words which the Frenchmen cannot +pronounce, accio, for which he saith ashio; many of the French which +the Italian can hardly dispence withall; as Bailler, Chagrin, +Postillon; many in ours which neither of them can utter, as Hedge, +Water, &c. So that a Stranger, tho never so long conversant +amongst us, carrieth evermore a Watch-word upon his Tongue, +to descrie him by; but turn an Englishman at any time of his Age +into what Country soever, allowing him due respite, and you shall +see him profit so well, that the imitation of his Utterance will in +nothing differ from the Pattern of that native Language. The want of +which towardness cost the Ephramites their Skinns: Nither doth this +cross my former Assertion of others easie learning our Language. +For I mean of the Sense and Words, and not touching +the Pronunciation. + +III. But I must now enter into the large Field of our Tongues +COPIOUSNESS, and perhaps long wander up and down, without finding +easie way of issue, and yet leaue many parts thereof unsurveyed. + +My first Proofe of our Plenty, I borrow from the choise which is +given us by the use of divers Languages. The Ground of our owne +appertaineth to the old Saxon, little differing from the low Dutch, +because they more than any of their Neighbours, have hitherto +preserved that Speech from any great Forrein Mixture: here amongst, +the Britons have left divers of their Words interspersed, as it were +thereby making a continual claim to their possession. We may also +trace the Footsteps of the Danish bitter (though not long during) +Soveraigntie in these parts; and the Roman also imparted unto us of +his Latine Riches with no sparing Hand. Our Neighbours the French +have been likewise contented we should take up by retail, as well +their Terms as their Fashions, or rather we retaine yet but some +Remnant of that which once here bare all the Sway, and daily renew +the Store. So have our Italian Travellers brought us acquainted with +their sweete relished Phrases, which (so that their Conditions crept +not in withall) were the more tollerable; yea even we seek to make +our Good of our late Spanish Enimie, and feare as little the hurt of +his Tongue, as the dint of his Sword. Seeing then we borrow (and that +not shamefully) from the Dutch, the Britaine, the Roman, the Dane, +the French, the Italian, and Spaniard, how can our Stock be other +than exceeding plentifull? It may be objected, that such patching +maketh Littletons Hotch-pot of our Tongue, and in effect, brings the +same rather to a Babelish Confusion, than any one entire Language. +It may again be answered, that this Theft of Words is no less +warranted by the Priviledge of a Prescription ancient and universall, +than was that of Goods among the Lacedemonians by an enacted Law: +for so the Greekes robbed the Hebrewes, the Latines the Greeks, +(which filching, Cicero with a large Discourse in his Books +de Oratore defendeth) and (in a manner) all other Christian Nations +the Latine. For evidence hereof many Sentences may be produced +consisting of words, that in their Original are Latine; and yet +(save some smal variance in their Terminations) fall out al one +with the French, Dutch, and English; as Ley, ceremonious persons, +Offer prelate preest, Clear candles flamme, in Temple Cloistre, +in Cholericke Temprature, Clisters Purgation is pestelent, +Pulers preservative, subtil Factors, Advocates notaries practize, +Papers Libells, Registers, Regent, Magesty in Palace hath tryumphant +Throne, Regiment, Sceptre, Vassels, Supplication, and such like. +Then even as the Italian Potentates of these Dayes make no difference +in their Pedigrees and Successions, between'the Bed lawfull or +unlawfull, where either an utterward or a better desert doth force +or entice them thereunto: so may the consenting practise of these +Nations passe for a just Legitimation of these bastard Words, +which either Necessitie or Convenience hath induced them to adopt. + +For our owne parts, we employ the borrowed Ware so farre to +our advantage, that we raise a profit of new words from the +same Stock, which yet in their owne Country are not marchantable. +For example, we deduce divers words from the Latine, which in the +Latine itselfe cannot be yeelded: as the verbs, to aire, to beard, +to crosse, to flame, and their Derivations, ayring, ayred, +bearder, bearding, bearded, &c. as also closer, closely, closenesse, +glosingly, hourely, majesticall, majestically. In like sort we +grasse upon French words those Buds, to which that soile affordeth +no growth; as, chiefly, faultie, slavish, precisenesse. Divers words +we derive also out of the Latine at second hand by the French, +and make good English, tho' both Latine and French haue their hands +closed in that behalfe, as in these verbes, pray, point, paze, prest, +rent, &c. and also in the adverbes, carpingly, currantly, colourably, +actively, &c. Againe, in other Languages there fall out defects, +while they want means to deliver that which another Tongue expresseth, +as (by Cicero's Observation) you cannot interpret INEPTUS, unapt, +unfit, untoward, in Greeke. Neither PORCUS, CAPO, VERVEX, + a Barrow Hog, a Capon, a Weather, as Cuiacius noteth (*). No more +can you expresse to STAND in French, to TYE in Cornish, nor KNAVE +in Latin, (for Nebulo is a cloudy Fellow) or in Irish (**), +whereas you see our Abilitie extendeth thereunto. + +(*) Ad Tit. de verb signif. +(**) See the Survey of Cornwall fol. 55] + +Moreover, the Copiousnesse of our Language appeareth in the +diversitie of our Dialects; for we have Court and we have +Countrie English, we have Northerne and Southerne, grosse +and ordinarie, which differ each from the other not onely in +the Terminations, but also in many words, termes, and phrases, +and expresse the same thinges in divers sorts, yet all right +English alike. Neither can any Tongue, as I am perswaded, +deliver a Matter with more Variety than ours, both plainly, and by +Proverbes and Metaphors: for example, when we would be rid of one, +we use to say, Be going, trudge, packe, bee faring hence, away shift; +and by Circumlocution, Rather your Roome than your Companie, +lets see your backe, come againe when I bid you, when you are called, +sent for, intreated, willed, desired, invited; spare us your place, +another in your stead, a ship of salt for you, save your credite, +you are next the doore, the doore is open for you, there is no body +holdeth you, no body teares your sleeve, &c. Likewise this +word FORTIS, we may sinonymize after all these fashions, stout, +hardy, valiant, doughty, couragious, adventrous, &c. + +And in a word, to close up these proofs of our Copiousnesse, +look into our imitations, of all sorts of Verses affoorded by any +other Language, and you shall finde that Sir PHILIP SIDNEY, +M. PUTTENHAM, M. STANIHURST, and divers more have made use how +farre we are within compasse of a fore-imagined possibilitie in +that behalfe. + +IV. I come now to the last and sweetest point, of the SWEETNESSE of +our Tongue, which shall appeare the more plainely if we match it +with our Neighboures. The Italian is pleasante, but without Sinews, +as a still fleeting Water; the French delicate, but even nice as +a Woman, scarce daring to open her Lippes, for feare of marring +her Countenance; the Spanish Majestical, but fulsome, running too +much on the v, and terrible like the Devill in a Play; the Dutch +manlike, but withall very harsh, as one ready at every word to picke +a quarrel. Now we, in borrowing from them, give the Strength of +Consonants to the Italian, the full Sound of Words to the French, +the Varietie of Terminations to the Spanish, and the mollifying of +more Vowels to the Dutch; and so, like Bees, gather the Honey of +their good Properties, and leave the Dregs to themselves. And thus +when substantialnesse combineth with delightfullnesse, fullnesse with +finenesse, seemlinesse with portlinesse, and currantnesse +with staidnesse, how can the Language which consisteth of all these +sound other than most full of Sweetnesse? + +Againe, the long wordes that we borrow being intermingled with the +short of our owne store, make up a perfect Harmonie, by culling from +out which Mixture (with judgment) you may frame your Speech according +to the Matter you must worke on, majesticall, pleasant, delicate, +or manly, more or lesse, in what sort you please. Adde hereunto, +that whatsoever Grace any other Language carrieth in Verse or Prose, +in Tropes or Metaphors, in Eccho's and Agnominations, they may all be +lively and exactly represented in ours. Will you have Plato's Veine? +read Sir THOMAS SMITH; the Ionicke? Sir THOMAS MOORE; Cicero's? +ASCHAM; Varro? CHAUCER; Demosthenes? Sir JOHN CHEEKE (*); who hath +comprised all the Figures of Rhetoricke. Will you read Virgil? +take the Earle of SURRY; Catullus? SHAKSPEARE, and BARLOWES Fragment; +Ovid? DANIEL; Lucan? SPENCER; Martial? Sir JOHN DAVIES, and others. +Will you have all in all for Prose and Verse? take the Miracle of +our Age, Sir PHILIP SIDNEY. + +(*) In his Treatise to the rebells. + +And thus, if mine owne Eies bee not blinded by Affection, I haue +made yours to see, that the most renowned of all other Nations +have laid up, as in a Treasure, and entrusted the Divtisos orbe +Brttannos with the rarest Jewels of the Lips Perfections; +whether you respect the Understanding for Significancie, or the +Memorie for Easinesse, or the Conceit for Plentifullnesse, +or the Eare for Pleasantnesse: wherein if enough be delivered, +to add more than enough were superfluous; if too little, I leave it +to be supplied by better stored Capacities; if ought amisse, +I submit the same to the Discipline of everie able and +impartiall Censurer. + + + F I N I S. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, THE SURVEY OF CORNWALL *** + +This file should be named srvcr10.txt or srvcr10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, srvcr11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, srvcr10a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we usually do not +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance +of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing. +Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections, +even years after the official publication date. + +Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til +midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement. +The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at +Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month. A +preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment +and editing by those who wish to do so. + +Most people start at our Web sites at: +http://gutenberg.net or +http://promo.net/pg + +These Web sites include award-winning information about Project +Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new +eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!). + + +Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement +can get to them as follows, and just download by date. This is +also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the +indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an +announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter. + +http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext05 or +ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext05 + +Or /etext04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, +91 or 90 + +Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want, +as it appears in our Newsletters. + + +Information about Project Gutenberg (one page) + +We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work. The +time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours +to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright +searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc. Our +projected audience is one hundred million readers. If the value +per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2 +million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text +files per month: 1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+ +We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002 +If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total +will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end. + +The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks! +This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers, +which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users. + +Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated): + +eBooks Year Month + + 1 1971 July + 10 1991 January + 100 1994 January + 1000 1997 August + 1500 1998 October + 2000 1999 December + 2500 2000 December + 3000 2001 November + 4000 2001 October/November + 6000 2002 December* + 9000 2003 November* +10000 2004 January* + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created +to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium. + +We need your donations more than ever! + +As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people +and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, +Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, +Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, +Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New +Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, +Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South +Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West +Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. + +We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones +that have responded. + +As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list +will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states. +Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state. + +In answer to various questions we have received on this: + +We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally +request donations in all 50 states. If your state is not listed and +you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have, +just ask. + +While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are +not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting +donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to +donate. + +International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about +how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made +deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are +ways. + +Donations by check or money order may be sent to: + + PROJECT GUTENBERG LITERARY ARCHIVE FOUNDATION + 809 North 1500 West + Salt Lake City, UT 84116 + +Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment +method other than by check or money order. + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by +the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN +[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154. Donations are +tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law. As fund-raising +requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be +made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states. + +We need your donations more than ever! + +You can get up to date donation information online at: + +http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html + + +*** + +If you can't reach Project Gutenberg, +you can always email directly to: + +Michael S. Hart <hart@pobox.com> + +Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message. + +We would prefer to send you information by email. + + +**The Legal Small Print** + + +(Three Pages) + +***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START*** +Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers. +They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with +your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from +someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our +fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement +disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how +you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to. + +*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK +By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept +this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive +a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by +sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person +you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical +medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request. + +ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS +This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks, +is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart +through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project"). +Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright +on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and +distribute it in the United States without permission and +without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth +below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook +under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark. + +Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market +any commercial products without permission. + +To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable +efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain +works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any +medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other +things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged +disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer +codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. + +LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES +But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below, +[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may +receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims +all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including +legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR +UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT, +INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE +OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE +POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. + +If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of +receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) +you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that +time to the person you received it from. If you received it +on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and +such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement +copy. If you received it electronically, such person may +choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to +receive it electronically. + +THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS +TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A +PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or +the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the +above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you +may have other legal rights. + +INDEMNITY +You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation, +and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated +with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm +texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including +legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the +following that you do or cause: [1] distribution of this eBook, +[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook, +or [3] any Defect. + +DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm" +You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by +disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this +"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg, +or: + +[1] Only give exact copies of it. Among other things, this + requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the + eBook or this "small print!" statement. You may however, + if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable + binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form, + including any form resulting from conversion by word + processing or hypertext software, but only so long as + *EITHER*: + + [*] The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and + does *not* contain characters other than those + intended by the author of the work, although tilde + (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may + be used to convey punctuation intended by the + author, and additional characters may be used to + indicate hypertext links; OR + + [*] The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at + no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent + form by the program that displays the eBook (as is + the case, for instance, with most word processors); + OR + + [*] You provide, or agree to also provide on request at + no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the + eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC + or other equivalent proprietary form). + +[2] Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this + "Small Print!" statement. + +[3] Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the + gross profits you derive calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. If you + don't derive profits, no royalty is due. Royalties are + payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation" + the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were + legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent + periodic) tax return. Please contact us beforehand to + let us know your plans and to work out the details. + +WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO? +Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of +public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed +in machine readable form. + +The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time, +public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses. +Money should be paid to the: +"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or +software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at: +hart@pobox.com + +[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only +when distributed free of all fees. Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by +Michael S. Hart. Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be +used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be +they hardware or software or any other related product without +express permission.] + +*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END* + diff --git a/old/srvcr10.zip b/old/srvcr10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..55d8e7d --- /dev/null +++ b/old/srvcr10.zip |