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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/983-0.txt b/983-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d6717a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/983-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4229 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, +1722, by Daniel Defoe + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + + + + +Title: Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, 1722 + + +Author: Daniel Defoe + + + +Release Date: February 8, 2015 [eBook #983] +[This file was first posted on July 10, 1997] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOUR THROUGH THE EASTERN COUNTIES +OF ENGLAND, 1722*** + + +Transcribed from the 1891 Cassell & Company edition by David Price, email +ccx074@pglaf.org + + CASSELL’S NATIONAL LIBRARY + + * * * * * + + + + + + TOUR + THROUGH THE + EASTERN COUNTIES OF + ENGLAND, 1722. + + + BY + DANIEL DEFOE. + + [Picture: Decorative graphic] + + CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED: + _LONDON_, _PARIS_, & _MELBOURNE_. + 1891. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +DEFOE’S “particular and diverting account of whatever is curious and +worth observation” in his native country, told in a series of letters, +was founded upon seventeen separate tours in the counties, and three +larger tours through the whole country. He said he had “viewed the north +part of England and the south part of Scotland five several times over,” +and he thought it worth while to note what he saw, because, “the fate of +things gives a new face to things; produces changes in low life, and +innumerable incidents; plants and supplants families; raises and sinks +towns; removes manufactures and trade; great towns decay and small towns +rise; new towns, new palaces, and new seats are built every day; great +rivers and good harbours dry up, and grow useless; again, new ports are +opened; brooks are made rivers; small rivers navigable pools, and +harbours are made where there were none before, and the like.” We are +endeavouring, by little books published from time to time in this +“National Library,” to secure some record of the changes in our land and +in our manners as a people, and of what was worth record in his day we +can wish for no better reporter than Defoe. + +Here, therefore, is Defoe’s first letter, which describes a Tour through +the Eastern Counties as they were in 1722. It opens his first volume, +published in 1724, which was entitled, “A Tour through the whole Island +of Great Britain, Divided into Circuits or Journies. Giving a Particular +and Diverting Account of whatever is Curious and worth Observation, viz., +I. A Description of the Principal Cities and Towns, their Situation, +Magnitude, Government, and Commerce. II. The Customs, Manners, Speech, +as also the Exercises, Diversions, and Employment of the People. III. +The Produce and Improvement of the Lands, the Trade and Manufactures. +IV. The Sea Ports and Fortifications, the Course of Rivers, and the +Inland Navigation. V. The Public Edifices, Seats and Palaces of the +Nobility and Gentry. With Useful Observations upon the Whole. +Particularly fitted for the Reading of such as Desire to Travel over the +Island. By a Gentleman.” The Second Volume of the Tour was published in +June, 1725; and the Third Volume, giving a Tour through Scotland with a +Map of Scotland by Mr. Moll, followed in August, 1726, completing the +record of what Defoe called “a tedious and very expensive five years’ +Travel.” However tedious the travel may have been, Defoe’s account of it +is anything but tedious reading. + +The change of times is in this letter vividly illustrated in this volume +by Defoe’s account of life as he found it in the undrained Essex marshes. +Life in them was so unhealthy that the land was cheap, men thus were +tempted to take fevers for grazing and corn-growing. They became fairly +acclimatised, but when they brought their wives in fresh and healthy from +the uplands the women sickened and perished so fast, that it was common +to find a man with his sixth or eighth wife, and Defoe was told of an old +farmer who was living with his twenty-fifth wife, and had a son about +thirty-five years old, who had been married to about fourteen wives. +Custom had even dulled the sense of this horrible state of things until +the frequent change of wives became a local joke. + +We have also a reminder in this volume of the traces and fresh memories +of Civil War in the account of the Siege of Colchester, which is a bit of +realisation such as no man could give better than Defoe. We may note +also the fulness of detail in his account of Ipswich, a town that he +first knew as a child of seven. He tells how it was once noted for +strong collier vessels built there, he maintains its honour and explains +its decay, while he makes various suggestions for the restoration of +prosperity, even to the hint that Ipswich would be a healthy and pleasant +place for persons to retire to who would live well upon slender means. +He writes, indeed, of Ipswich like a loyal townsman who had lived there +all his life. + +At Bury St. Edmunds Defoe tolls us how in a pathway between two churches +a barrister of good family attempted to assassinate his brother-in-law +whom he had invited with his wife and children to supper. On excuse of +visiting a neighbour he led him to the ambush of a hired assassin. They +left their victim for dead, horribly mangled on the head and face and +body with a hedgebill. He lived to bring them to justice, and was living +still when Defoe wrote. But the assassins had been condemned to death +“on the statute for defacing and dismembering, called the Coventry Act.” +This Tour also recalls the days when Bury was a place of fashionable +holiday resort. Defoe meditates upon the decline and fall of Dunwich, +tells of the coming and going of the swallows from our east coast, and of +innumerable swallows whom he saw one day waiting for a favourable wind on +the roofs of the church and houses at Southwold. We read of the coming +up to London of the Norfolk turkeys on foot, in droves of from three +hundred to a thousand, and so many droves that by one route alone, and +that not the most crowded—over Stratford Bridge—a hundred and forty +thousand birds travelled to London between August and October. + +In Norwich, Defoe was less interested than in Ipswich; but of Yarmouth +his account is full, and the frequency of wrecks on the east coast, +especially about Cromer Bay, which seamen called the Devil’s Throat, is +illustrated by the fact that in all the way from Winterton towards Cromer +that “the farmers and country people had scarce a barn, or a shed, or a +stable, nay not the pales of their yards and gardens, not a hog sty, but +what was built of old planks, beams, wales, and timbers, etc., the wrecks +of ships, and ruins of mariners’ and merchants’ fortunes.” + +Defoe saw the races at Newmarket, where he was “sick of the jockeying +part.” He went also to Bury Fair, of which he gives a full description, +and at Cambridge he paid honour to the University. + +There was another Tour told in letters so near to Defoe’s in date and +form that the first or second volume of one work is often sold with the +second or first volume of the other. The book not by Defoe was entitled +“A Journey through England in Familiar Letters from a Gentleman” here to +his friend abroad, in two vols., 1722, with a third volume on Scotland in +1726. All editions published after Defoe’s death in 1731 have matter +added by others. The addition of new matter began with the novelist +Samuel Richardson in 1732. + +Some time afterwards there were changes announced as “by a gentleman of +eminence in the literary world.” + + H. M. + + + + +TOUR THROUGH THE EASTERN COUNTIES OF ENGLAND, 1722. + + +I BEGAN my travels where I purpose to end them, viz., at the City of +London, and therefore my account of the city itself will come last, that +is to say, at the latter end of my southern progress; and as in the +course of this journey I shall have many occasions to call it a circuit, +if not a circle, so I chose to give it the title of circuits in the +plural, because I do not pretend to have travelled it all in one journey, +but in many, and some of them many times over; the better to inform +myself of everything I could find worth taking notice of. + +I hope it will appear that I am not the less, but the more capable of +giving a full account of things, by how much the more deliberation I have +taken in the view of them, and by how much the oftener I have had +opportunity to see them. + +I set out the 3rd of April, 1722, going first eastward, and took what I +think I may very honestly call a circuit in the very letter of it; for I +went down by the coast of the Thames through the Marshes or Hundreds on +the south side of the county of Essex, till I came to Malden, Colchester, +and Harwich, thence continuing on the coast of Suffolk to Yarmouth; +thence round by the edge of the sea, on the north and west side of +Norfolk, to Lynn, Wisbech, and the Wash; thence back again, on the north +side of Suffolk and Essex, to the west, ending it in Middlesex, near the +place where I began it, reserving the middle or centre of the several +counties to some little excursions, which I made by themselves. + +Passing Bow Bridge, where the county of Essex begins, the first +observation I made was, that all the villages which may be called the +neighbourhood of the city of London on this, as well as on the other +sides thereof, which I shall speak to in their order; I say, all those +villages are increased in buildings to a strange degree, within the +compass of about twenty or thirty years past at the most. + +The village of Stratford, the first in this county from London, is not +only increased, but, I believe, more than doubled in that time; every +vacancy filled up with new houses, and two little towns or hamlets, as +they may be called, on the forest side of the town entirely new, namely +Maryland Point and the Gravel Pits, one facing the road to Woodford and +Epping, and the other facing the road to Ilford; and as for the hither +part, it is almost joined to Bow, in spite of rivers, canals, marshy +grounds, &c. Nor is this increase of building the case only in this and +all the other villages round London; but the increase of the value and +rent of the houses formerly standing has, in that compass of years +above-mentioned, advanced to a very great degree, and I may venture to +say at least the fifth part; some think a third part, above what they +were before. + +This is indeed most visible, speaking of Stratford in Essex; but it is +the same thing in proportion in other villages adjacent, especially on +the forest side; as at Low Leyton, Leytonstone, Walthamstow, Woodford, +Wanstead, and the towns of West Ham, Plaistow, Upton, etc. In all which +places, or near them (as the inhabitants say), above a thousand new +foundations have been erected, besides old houses repaired, all since the +Revolution; and this is not to be forgotten too, that this increase is, +generally speaking, of handsome, large houses, from £20 a year to £60, +very few under £20 a year; being chiefly for the habitations of the +richest citizens, such as either are able to keep two houses, one in the +country and one in the city; or for such citizens as being rich, and +having left off trade, live altogether in these neighbouring villages, +for the pleasure and health of the latter part of their days. + +The truth of this may at least appear, in that they tell me there are no +less than two hundred coaches kept by the inhabitants within the +circumference of these few villages named above, besides such as are kept +by accidental lodgers. + +This increase of the inhabitants, and the cause of it, I shall enlarge +upon when I come to speak of the like in the counties of Middlesex, +Surrey, &c, where it is the same, only in a much greater degree. But +this I must take notice of here, that this increase causes those villages +to be much pleasanter and more sociable than formerly, for now people go +to them, not for retirement into the country, but for good company; of +which, that I may speak to the ladies as well as other authors do, there +are in these villages, nay, in all, three or four excepted, excellent +conversation, and a great deal of it, and that without the mixture of +assemblies, gaming-houses, and public foundations of vice and debauchery; +and particularly I find none of those incentives kept up on this side the +country. + +Mr. Camden, and his learned continuator, Bishop Gibson, have ransacked +this country for its antiquities, and have left little unsearched; and as +it is not my present design to say much of what has been said already, I +shall touch very lightly where two such excellent antiquaries have gone +before me; except it be to add what may have been since discovered, which +as to these parts is only this: That there seems to be lately found out +in the bottom of the Marshes (generally called Hackney Marsh, and +beginning near about the place now called the Wick, between Old Ford and +the said Wick), the remains of a great stone causeway, which, as it is +supposed, was the highway, or great road from London into Essex, and the +same which goes now over the great bridge between Bow and Stratford. + +That the great road lay this way, and that the great causeway landed +again just over the river, where now the Temple Mills stand, and passed +by Sir Thomas Hickes’s house at Ruckolls, all this is not doubted; and +that it was one of those famous highways made by the Romans there is +undoubted proof, by the several marks of Roman work, and by Roman coins +and other antiquities found there, some of which are said to be deposited +in the hands of the Rev. Mr. Strype, vicar of the parish of Low Leyton. + +From hence the great road passed up to Leytonstone, a place by some known +now as much by the sign of the “Green Man,” formerly a lodge upon the +edge of the forest; and crossing by Wanstead House, formerly the dwelling +of Sir Josiah Child, now of his son the Lord Castlemain (of which +hereafter), went over the same river which we now pass at Ilford; and +passing that part of the great forest which we now call Hainault Forest, +came into that which is now the great road, a little on this side the +Whalebone, a place on the road so called because the rib-bone of a great +whale, which was taken in the River Thames the same year that Oliver +Cromwell died, 1658, was fixed there for a monument of that monstrous +creature, it being at first about eight-and-twenty feet long. + +According to my first intention of effectually viewing the sea-coast of +these three counties, I went from Stratford to Barking, a large +market-town, but chiefly inhabited by fishermen, whose smacks ride in the +Thames, at the mouth of their river, from whence their fish is sent up to +London to the market at Billingsgate by small boats, of which I shall +speak by itself in my description of London. + +One thing I cannot omit in the mention of these Barking fisher-smacks, +viz., that one of those fishermen, a very substantial and experienced +man, convinced me that all the pretences to bringing fish alive to London +market from the North Seas, and other remote places on the coast of Great +Britain, by the new-built sloops called fish-pools, have not been able to +do anything but what their fishing-smacks are able on the same occasion +to perform. These fishing-smacks are very useful vessels to the public +upon many occasions; as particularly, in time of war they are used as +press-smacks, running to all the northern and western coasts to pick up +seamen to man the navy, when any expedition is at hand that requires a +sudden equipment; at other times, being excellent sailors, they are +tenders to particular men of war; and on an expedition they have been +made use of as machines for the blowing up of fortified ports and havens; +as at Calais, St. Malo, and other places. + +This parish of Barking is very large, and by the improvement of lands +taken in out of the Thames, and out of the river which runs by the town, +the tithes, as the townsmen assured me, are worth above £600 per annum, +including, small tithes. _Note_.—This parish has two or three chapels of +ease, viz., one at Ilford, and one on the side of Hainault Forest, called +New Chapel. + +Sir Thomas Fanshaw, of an ancient Roman Catholic family, has a very good +estate in this parish. A little beyond the town, on the road to +Dagenham, stood a great house, ancient, and now almost fallen down, where +tradition says the Gunpowder Treason Plot was at first contrived, and +that all the first consultations about it were held there. + +This side of the county is rather rich in land than in inhabitants, +occasioned chiefly by the unhealthiness of the air; for these low marsh +grounds, which, with all the south side of the county, have been saved +out of the River Thames, and out of the sea, where the river is wide +enough to be called so, begin here, or rather begin at West Ham, by +Stratford, and continue to extend themselves, from hence eastward, +growing wider and wider till we come beyond Tilbury, when the flat +country lies six, seven, or eight miles broad, and is justly said to be +both unhealthy and unpleasant. + +However, the lands are rich, and, as is observable, it is very good +farming in the marshes, because the landlords let good pennyworths, for +it being a place where everybody cannot live, those that venture it will +have encouragement and indeed it is but reasonable they should. + +Several little observations I made in this part of the county of Essex. + +1. We saw, passing from Barking to Dagenham, the famous breach, made by +an inundation of the Thames, which was so great as that it laid near +5,000 acres of land under water, but which after near ten years lying +under water, and being several times blown up, has been at last +effectually stopped by the application of Captain Perry, the gentleman +who, for several years, had been employed in the Czar of Muscovy’s works, +at Veronitza, on the River Don. This breach appeared now effectually +made up, and they assured us that the new work, where the breach was, is +by much esteemed the strongest of all the sea walls in that level. + +2. It was observable that great part of the lands in these levels, +especially those on this side East Tilbury, are held by the farmers, +cow-keepers, and grazing butchers who live in and near London, and that +they are generally stocked (all the winter half year) with large fat +sheep, viz., Lincolnshire and Leicestershire wethers, which they buy in +Smithfield in September and October, when the Lincolnshire and +Leicestershire graziers sell off their stock, and are kept here till +Christmas, or Candlemas, or thereabouts; and though they are not made at +all fatter here than they were when bought in, yet the farmer or butcher +finds very good advantage in it, by the difference of the price of mutton +between Michaelmas, when it is cheapest, and Candlemas, when it is +dearest; this is what the butchers value themselves upon, when they tell +us at the market that it is right marsh-mutton. + +3. In the bottom of these Marshes, and close to the edge of the river, +stands the strong fortress of Tilbury, called Tilbury Fort, which may +justly be looked upon as the key of the River Thames, and consequently +the key of the City of London. It is a regular fortification. The +design of it was a pentagon, but the water bastion, as it would have been +called, was never built. The plan was laid out by Sir Martin Beckman, +chief engineer to King Charles II., who also designed the works at +Sheerness. The esplanade of the fort is very large, and the bastions the +largest of any in England, the foundation is laid so deep, and piles +under that, driven down two an end of one another, so far, till they were +assured they were below the channel of the river, and that the piles, +which were shed with iron, entered into the solid chalk rock adjoining +to, or reaching from, the chalk hills on the other side. These bastions +settled considerably at first, as did also part of the curtain, the great +quantity of earth that was brought to fill them up, necessarily, +requiring to be made solid by time; but they are now firm as the rocks of +chalk which they came from, and the filling up one of these bastions, as +I have been told by good hands, cost the Government £6,000, being filled +with chalk rubbish fetched from the chalk pits at Northfleet, just above +Gravesend. + +The work to the land side is complete; the bastions are faced with brick. +There is a double ditch, or moat, the innermost part of which is 180 feet +broad; there is a good counterscarp, and a covered way marked out with +ravelins and tenailles, but they are not raised a second time after their +first settling. + +On the land side there are also two small redoubts of brick, but of very +little strength, for the chief strength of this fort on the land side +consists in this, that they are able to lay the whole level under water, +and so to make it impossible for an enemy to make any approaches to the +fort that way. + +On the side next the river there is a very strong curtain, with a noble +gate called the Water Gate in the middle, and the ditch is palisadoed. +At the place where the water bastion was designed to be built, and which +by the plan should run wholly out into the river, so to flank the two +curtains of each side; I say, in the place where it should have been, +stands a high tower, which they tell us was built in Queen Elizabeth’s +time, and was called the Block House; the side next the water is vacant. + +Before this curtain, above and below the said vacancy, is a platform in +the place of a counterscarp, on which are planted 106 pieces of cannon, +generally all of them carrying from twenty-four to forty-six pound ball; +a battery so terrible as well imports the consequence of that place; +besides which, there are smaller pieces planted between, and the bastions +and curtain also are planted with guns; so that they must be bold fellows +who will venture in the biggest ships the world has heard of to pass such +a battery, if the men appointed to serve the guns do their duty like +stout fellows, as becomes them. + +The present government of this important place is under the prudent +administration of the Right Honourable the Lord Newbrugh. + +From hence there is nothing for many miles together remarkable but a +continued level of unhealthy marshes, called the Three Hundreds, till we +come before Leigh, and to the mouth of the River Chelmer, and Blackwater. +These rivers united make a large firth, or inlet of the sea, which by Mr. +Camden is called _Idumanum Fluvium_; but by our fishermen and seamen, who +use it as a port, it is called Malden Water. + +In this inlet of the sea is Osey, or Osyth Island, commonly called Oosy +Island, so well known by our London men of pleasure for the infinite +number of wild fowl, that is to say, duck, mallard, teal, and widgeon, of +which there are such vast flights, that they tell us the island, namely +the creek, seems covered with them at certain times of the year, and they +go from London on purpose for the pleasure of shooting; and, indeed, +often come home very well laden with game. But it must be remembered too +that those gentlemen who are such lovers of the sport, and go so far for +it, often return with an Essex ague on their backs, which they find a +heavier load than the fowls they have shot. + +It is on this shore, and near this creek, that the greatest quantity of +fresh fish is caught which supplies not this country only, but London +markets also. On the shore, beginning a little below Candy Island, or +rather below Leigh Road, there lies a great shoal or sand called the +Black Tail, which runs out near three leagues into the sea due east; at +the end of it stands a pole or mast, set up by the Trinity House men of +London, whose business is to lay buoys and set up sea marks for the +direction of the sailors; this is called Shoe Beacon, from the point of +land where this sand begins, which is called Shoeburyness, and that from +the town of Shoebury, which stands by it. From this sand, and on the +edge of Shoebury, before it, or south west of it, all along, to the mouth +of Colchester water, the shore is full of shoals and sands, with some +deep channels between; all which are so full of fish, that not only the +Barking fishing-smacks come hither to fish, but the whole shore is full +of small fisher-boats in very great numbers, belonging to the villages +and towns on the coast, who come in every tide with what they take; and +selling the smaller fish in the country, send the best and largest away +upon horses, which go night and day to London market. + +_N.B._—I am the more particular in my remarks on this place, because in +the course of my travels the reader will meet with the like in almost +every place of note through the whole island, where it will be seen how +this whole kingdom, as well the people as the land, and even the sea, in +every part of it, are employed to furnish something, and I may add, the +best of everything, to supply the City of London with provisions; I mean +by provisions, corn, flesh, fish, butter, cheese, salt, fuel, timber, +etc., and clothes also; with everything necessary for building, and +furniture for their own use or for trade; of all which in their order. + +On this shore also are taken the best and nicest, though not the largest, +oysters in England; the spot from whence they have their common +appellation is a little bank called Woelfleet, scarce to be called an +island, in the mouth of the River Crouch, now called Crooksea Water; but +the chief place where the said oysters are now had is from Wyvenhoe and +the shores adjacent, whither they are brought by the fishermen, who take +them at the mouth of that they call Colchester water and about the sand +they call the Spits, and carry them up to Wyvenhoe, where they are laid +in beds or pits on the shore to feed, as they call it; and then being +barrelled up and carried to Colchester, which is but three miles off, +they are sent to London by land, and are from thence called Colchester +oysters. + +The chief sort of other fish which they carry from this part of the shore +to London are soles, which they take sometimes exceeding large, and yield +a very good price at London market. Also sometimes middling turbot, with +whiting, codling and large flounders; the small fish, as above, they sell +in the country. + +In the several creeks and openings, as above, on this shore there are +also other islands, but of no particular note, except Mersey, which lies +in the middle of the two openings between Malden Water and Colchester +Water; being of the most difficult access, so that it is thought a +thousand men well provided might keep possession of it against a great +force, whether by land or sea. On this account, and because if possessed +by an enemy it would shut up all the navigation and fishery on that side, +the Government formerly built a fort on the south-east point of it; and +generally in case of Dutch war, there is a strong body of troops kept +there to defend it. + +At this place may be said to end what we call the Hundreds of Essex—that +is to say, the three Hundreds or divisions which include the marshy +country, viz., Barnstable Hundred, Rochford Hundred, and Dengy Hundred. + +I have one remark more before I leave this damp part of the world, and +which I cannot omit on the women’s account, namely, that I took notice of +a strange decay of the sex here; insomuch that all along this country it +was very frequent to meet with men that had had from five or six to +fourteen or fifteen wives; nay, and some more. And I was informed that +in the marshes on the other side of the river over against Candy Island +there was a farmer who was then living with the five-and-twentieth wife, +and that his son, who was but about thirty-five years old, had already +had about fourteen. Indeed, this part of the story I only had by report, +though from good hands too; but the other is well known and easy to be +inquired into about Fobbing, Curringham, Thundersly, Benfleet, +Prittlewell, Wakering, Great Stambridge, Cricksea, Burnham, Dengy, and +other towns of the like situation. The reason, as a merry fellow told +me, who said he had had about a dozen and a half of wives (though I found +afterwards he fibbed a little) was this: That they being bred in the +marshes themselves and seasoned to the place, did pretty well with it; +but that they always went up into the hilly country, or, to speak their +own language, into the uplands for a wife. That when they took the young +lasses out of the wholesome and fresh air they were healthy, fresh, and +clear, and well; but when they came out of their native air into the +marshes among the fogs and damps, there they presently changed their +complexion, got an ague or two, and seldom held it above half a year, or +a year at most; “And then,” said he, “we go to the uplands again and +fetch another;” so that marrying of wives was reckoned a kind of good +farm to them. It is true the fellow told this in a kind of drollery and +mirth; but the fact, for all that, is certainly true; and that they have +abundance of wives by that very means. Nor is it less true that the +inhabitants in these places do not hold it out, as in other countries, +and as first you seldom meet with very ancient people among the poor, as +in other places we do, so, take it one with another, not one-half of the +inhabitants are natives of the place; but such as from other countries or +in other parts of this country settle here for the advantage of good +farms; for which I appeal to any impartial inquiry, having myself +examined into it critically in several places. + +From the marshes and low grounds being not able to travel without many +windings and indentures by reason of the creeks and waters, I came up to +the town of Malden, a noted market town situate at the conflux or joining +of two principal rivers in this county, the Chelm or Chelmer, and the +Blackwater, and where they enter into the sea. The channel, as I have +noted, is called by the sailors Malden Water, and is navigable up to the +town, where by that means is a great trade for carrying corn by water to +London; the county of Essex being (especially on all that side) a great +corn county. + +When I have said this I think I have done Malden justice, and said all of +it that there is to be said, unless I should run into the old story of +its antiquity, and tell you it was a Roman colony in the time of +Vespasian, and that it was called Camolodunum. How the Britons, under +Queen Boadicea, in revenge for the Romans’ ill-usage of her—for indeed +they used her majesty ill—they stripped her naked and whipped her +publicly through their streets for some affront she had given them. I +say how for this she raised the Britons round the country, overpowered, +and cut in pieces the Tenth Legion, killed above eighty thousand Romans, +and destroyed the colony; but was afterwards overthrown in a great +battle, and sixty thousand Britons slain. I say, unless I should enter +into this story, I have nothing more to say of Malden, and, as for that +story, it is so fully related by Mr. Camden in his history of the Romans +in Britain at the beginning of his “Britannia,” that I need only refer +the reader to it, and go on with my journey. + +Being obliged to come thus far into the uplands, as above, I made it my +road to pass through Witham, a pleasant, well-situated market town, in +which, and in its neighbourhood, there are as many gentlemen of good +fortunes and families as I believe can be met with in so narrow a compass +in any of the three counties of which I make this circuit. + +In the town of Witham dwells the Lord Pasely, oldest son of the Earl of +Abercorn of Ireland (a branch of the noble family of Hamilton, in +Scotland). His lordship has a small, but a neat, well-built new house, +and is finishing his gardens in such a manner as few in that part of +England will exceed them. + +Nearer Chelmsford, hard by Boreham, lives the Lord Viscount Barrington, +who, though not born to the title, or estate, or name which he now +possesses, had the honour to be twice made heir to the estates of +gentlemen not at all related to him, at least, one of them, as is very +much to his honour, mentioned in his patent of creation. His name was +Shute, his father a linendraper in London, and served sheriff of the said +city in very troublesome times. He changed the name of Shute for that of +Barrington by an Act of Parliament obtained for that purpose, and had the +dignity of a baron of the kingdom conferred on him by the favour of King +George. His lordship is a Dissenter, and seems to love retirement. He +was a member of Parliament for the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed. + +On the other side of Witham, at Fauburn, an ancient mansion house, built +by the Romans, lives Mr. Bullock, whose father married the daughter of +that eminent citizen, Sir Josiah Child, of Wanstead, by whom she had +three sons; the eldest enjoys the estate, which is considerable. + +It is observable, that in this part of the country there are several very +considerable estates, purchased and now enjoyed by citizens of London, +merchants, and tradesmen, as Mr. Western, an iron merchant, near +Kelendon; Mr. Cresnor, a wholesale grocer, who was, a little before he +died, named for sheriff at Earl’s Coln; Mr. Olemus, a merchant at +Braintree; Mr. Westcomb, near Malden; Sir Thomas Webster at Copthall, +near Waltham; and several others. + +I mention this to observe how the present increase of wealth in the City +of London spreads itself into the country, and plants families and +fortunes, who in another age will equal the families of the ancient +gentry, who perhaps were brought out. I shall take notice of this in a +general head, and when I have run through all the counties, collect a +list of the families of citizens and tradesmen thus established in the +several counties, especially round London. + +The product of all this part of the country is corn, as that of the +marshy feeding grounds mentioned above is grass, where their chief +business is breeding of calves, which I need not say are the best and +fattest, and the largest veal in England, if not in the world; and, as an +instance, I ate part of a veal or calf, fed by the late Sir Josiah Child +at Wanstead, the loin of which weighed above thirty pounds, and the flesh +exceeding white and fat. + +From hence I went on to Colchester. The story of Kill-Dane, which is +told of the town of Kelvedon, three miles from Witham, namely, that this +is the place where the massacre of the Danes was begun by the women, and +that therefore it was called Kill-Dane; I say of it, as we generally say +of improbable news, it wants confirmation. The true name of the town is +Kelvedon, and has been so for many hundred years. Neither does Mr. +Camden, or any other writer I meet with worth naming, insist on this +piece of empty tradition. The town is commonly called Keldon. + +Colchester is an ancient corporation. The town is large, very populous, +the streets fair and beautiful, and though it may not said to be finely +built, yet there are abundance of very good and well-built houses in it. +It still mourns in the ruins of a civil war; during which, or rather +after the heat of the war was over, it suffered a severe siege, which, +the garrison making a resolute defence, was turned into a blockade, in +which the garrison and inhabitants also suffered the utmost extremity of +hunger, and were at last obliged to surrender at discretion, when their +two chief officers, Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle, were shot to +death under the castle wall. The inhabitants had a tradition that no +grass would grow upon the spot where the blood of those two gallant +gentlemen was spilt, and they showed the place bare of grass for many +years; but whether for this reason I will not affirm. The story is now +dropped, and the grass, I suppose, grows there, as in other places. + +However, the battered walls, the breaches in the turrets, and the ruined +churches, still remain, except that the church of St. Mary (where they +had the royal fort) is rebuilt; but the steeple, which was two-thirds +battered down, because the besieged had a large culverin upon it that did +much execution, remains still in that condition. + +There is another church which bears the marks of those times, namely, on +the south side of the town, in the way to the Hythe, of which more +hereafter. + +The lines of contravallation, with the forts built by the besiegers, and +which surrounded the whole town, remain very visible in many places; but +the chief of them are demolished. + +The River Colne, which passes through this town, compasses it on the +north and east sides, and served in those times for a complete defence on +those sides. They have three bridges over it, one called North Bridge, +at the north gate, by which the road leads into Suffolk; one called East +Bridge, at the foot of the High Street, over which lies the road to +Harwich, and one at the Hythe, as above. + +The river is navigable within three miles of the town for ships of large +burthen; a little lower it may receive even a royal navy; and up to that +part called the Hythe, close to the houses, it is navigable for hoys and +small barques. This Hythe is a long street, passing from west to east, +on the south side of the town. At the west end of it, there is a small +intermission of the buildings, but not much; and towards the river it is +very populous (it may be called the Wapping of Colchester). There is one +church in that part of the town, a large quay by the river, and a good +custom-house. + +The town may be said chiefly to subsist by the trade of making bays, +which is known over most of the trading parts of Europe by the name of +Colchester Bays, though indeed all the towns round carry on the same +trade—namely, Kelvedon, Witham, Coggeshall, Braintree, Bocking, &c., and +the whole county, large as it is, may be said to be employed, and in part +maintained, by the spinning of wool for the bay trade of Colchester and +its adjacent towns. The account of the siege, A.D. 1648, with a diary of +the most remarkable passages, are as follows, which I had from so good a +hand as that I have no reason to question its being a true relation. + + + +A DIARY: +OR, AN ACCOUNT OF THE SIEGE AND BLOCKADE OF COLCHESTER, A.D. 1648. + + +ON the 4th of June, we were alarmed in the town of Colchester that the +Lord Goring, the Lord Capel, and a body of two thousand of the loyal +party, who had been in arms in Kent, having left a great body of an army +in possession of Rochester Bridge, where they resolved to fight the Lord +Fairfax and the Parliament army, had given the said General Fairfax the +slip, and having passed the Thames at Greenwich, were come to Stratford, +and were advancing this way; upon which news, Sir Charles Lucas, Sir +George Lisle, Colonel Cook, and several gentlemen of the loyal army, and +all that had commissions from the king, with a gallant appearance of +gentlemen volunteers, drew together from all parts of the country to join +with them. + +The 8th, we were further informed that they were advanced to Chelmsford, +to New Hall House, and to Witham; and the 9th some of the horse arrived +in the town, taking possession of the gates, and having engineers with +them, told us that General Goring had resolved to make this town his +headquarters, and would cause it to be well fortified. They also caused +the drums to beat for volunteers; and a good number of the poor +bay-weavers, and such-like people, wanting employment, enlisted; so that +they completed Sir Charles Lucas’s regiment, which was but thin, to near +eight hundred men. + +On the 10th we had news that the Lord Fairfax, having beaten the +Royalists at Maidstone, and retaken Rochester, had passed the Thames at +Gravesend, though with great difficulty, and with some loss, and was come +to Horndon-on-the-Hill, in order to gain Colchester before the Royalists; +but that hearing Sir Charles Lucas had prevented him, had ordered his +rendezvous at Billerecay, and intended to possess the pass at Malden on +the 11th, where Sir Thomas Honnywood, with the county-trained bands, was +to be the same day. + +The same evening the Lord Goring, with all his forces, making about five +thousand six hundred men, horse and foot, came to Colchester, and +encamping without the suburbs, under command of the cannon of St. Mary’s +fort, made disposition to fight the Parliament forces if they came up. + +The 12th, the Lord Goring came into Colchester, viewed the fort in St. +Mary’s churchyard, ordered more cannon to be planted upon it, posted two +regiments in the suburbs without the head gate, let the town know he +would take them into his Majesty’s protection, and that he would fight +the enemy in that situation. The same evening the Lord Fairfax, with a +strong party of one thousand horse, came to Lexden, at two small miles’ +distance, expecting the rest of his army there the same night. + +The Lord Goring brought in prisoners the same day, Sir William Masham, +and several other gentlemen of the county, who were secured under a +strong guard; which the Parliament hearing, ordered twenty prisoners of +the royal party to be singled out, declaring, that they should be used in +the same manner as the Lord Goring used Sir William Masham, and the +gentlemen prisoners with him. + +On the 13th, early in the morning, our spies brought intelligence that +the Lord Fairfax, all his forces being come up to him, was making +dispositions for a march, resolving to attack the Royalists in their +camp; upon which, the Lord Goring drew all his forces together, resolving +to fight. The engineers had offered the night before to entrench his +camp, and to draw a line round it in one night’s time, but his lordship +declined it, and now there was no time for it; whereupon the general, +Lord Goring, drew up his army in order of battle on both sides the road, +the horse in the open fields on the wings; the foot were drawn up, one +regiment in the road, one regiment on each side, and two regiments for +reserve in the suburb, just at the entrance of the town, with a regiment +of volunteers advanced as a forlorn hope, and a regiment of horse at the +head-gate, ready to support the reserve, as occasion should require. + +About nine in the morning we heard the enemy’s drums beat a march, and in +half an hour more their first troops appeared on the higher grounds +towards Lexden. Immediately the cannon from St. Mary’s fired upon them, +and put some troops of horse into confusion, doing great execution, +which, they not being able to shun it, made them quicken their pace, fall +on, when our cannon were obliged to cease firing, lest we should hurt our +own troops as well as the enemy. Soon after, their foot appeared, and +our cannon saluted them in like manner, and killed them a great many men. + +Their first line of foot was led up by Colonel Barkstead, and consisted +of three regiments of foot, making about 1,700 men, and these charged our +regiment in the lane, commanded by Sir George Lisle and Sir William +Campion. They fell on with great fury, and were received with as much +gallantry, and three times repulsed; nor could they break in here, though +the Lord Fairfax sent fresh men to support them, till the Royalists’ +horse, oppressed with numbers on the left, were obliged to retire, and at +last to come full gallop into the street, and so on into the town. Nay, +still the foot stood firm, and the volunteers, being all gentlemen, kept +their ground with the greatest resolution; but the left wing being +routed, as above, Sir William Campion was obliged to make a front to the +left, and lining the hedge with his musketeers, made a stand with a body +of pikes against the enemy’s horse, and prevented them entering the lane. +Here that gallant gentleman was killed with a carabine shot; and after a +very gallant resistance, the horse on the right being also overpowered, +the word was given to retreat, which, however, was done in such good +order, the regiments of reserve standing drawn up at the end of the +street, ready to receive the enemy’s horse upon the points of their +pikes, that the royal troops came on in the openings between the +regiments, and entered the town with very little loss, and in very good +order. + +By this, however, those regiments of reserve were brought at last to +sustain the efforts of the enemy’s whole army, till being overpowered by +numbers they were put into disorder, and forced to get into the town in +the best manner they could; by which means near two hundred men were +killed or made prisoners. + +Encouraged by this success the enemy pushed on, supposing they should +enter the town pell-mell with the rest; nor did the Royalists hinder +them, but let good part of Barkstead’s own regiment enter the head-gate; +but then sallying from St. Mary’s with a choice body of foot on their +left, and the horse rallying in the High Street, and charging them again +in the front, they were driven back quite into the street of the suburb, +and most of those that had so rashly entered were cut in pieces. + +Thus they were repulsed at the south entrance into the town; and though +they attempted to storm three times after that with great resolution, yet +they were as often beaten back, and that with great havoc of their men; +and the cannon from the fort all the while did execution upon those who +stood drawn up to support them; so that at last, seeing no good to be +done, they retreated, having small joy of their pretended victory. + +They lost in this action Colonel Needham, who commanded a regiment called +the Tower Guards, and who fought very desperately; Captain Cox, an old +experienced horse officer, and several other officers of note, with a +great many private men, though, as they had the field, they concealed +their number, giving out that they lost but a hundred, when we were +assured they lost near a thousand men besides the wounded. + +They took some of our men prisoners, occasioned by the regiment of +Colonel Farr, and two more sustaining the shock of their whole army, to +secure the retreat of the main body, as above. + +The 14th, the Lord Fairfax finding he was not able to carry the town by +storm, without the formality of a siege, took his headquarters at Lexden, +and sent to London and to Suffolk for more forces; also he ordered the +trained bands to be raised and posted on the roads to prevent succours. +Notwithstanding which, divers gentlemen, with some assistance of men and +arms, found means to get into the town. + +The very same night they began to break ground, and particularly to raise +a fort between Colchester and Lexden, to cover the general’s quarter from +the sallies from the town; for the Royalists having a good body of horse, +gave them no rest, but scoured the fields every day, and falling all that +were found straggling from their posts, and by this means killed a great +many. + +The 17th, Sir Charles Lucas having been out with 1,200 horse, and +detaching parties toward the seaside, and towards Harwich, they brought +in a very great quantity of provisions, and abundance of sheep and black +cattle sufficient for the supply of the town for a considerable time; and +had not the Suffolk forces advanced over Cataway Bridge to prevent it, a +larger supply had been brought in that way; for now it appeared plainly +that the Lord Fairfax finding the garrison strong and resolute, and that +he was not in a condition to reduce them by force, at least without the +loss of much blood, had resolved to turn his siege into a blockade, and +reduce them by hunger; their troops being also wanted to oppose several +other parties, who had, in several parts of the kingdom, taken arms for +the king’s cause. + +This same day General Fairfax sent in a trumpet to propose exchanging +prisoners, which the Lord Goring rejected, expecting a reinforcement of +troops, which were actually coming to him, and were to be at Linton in +Cambridgeshire as the next day. + +The same day two ships brought in a quantity of corn and provisions and +fifty-six men from the shore of Kent with several gentlemen, who all +landed and came up to the town, and the greatest part of the corn was +with the utmost application unloaded the same night into some hoys, which +brought it up to the Hythe, being apprehensive of the Parliament’s ships +which lay at Harwich, who having intelligence of the said ships, came the +next day into the mouth of the river, and took the said two ships and +what corn was left in them. The besieged sent out a party to help the +ships, but having no boats they could not assist them. + +18th. Sir Charles Lucas sent an answer about exchange of prisoners, +accepting the conditions offered, but the Parliament’s general returned +that he would not treat with Sir Charles, for that he (Sir Charles) being +his prisoner upon his parole of honour, and having appeared in arms +contrary to the rules of war, had forfeited his honour and faith, and was +not capable of command or trust in martial affairs. To this Sir Charles +sent back an answer, and his excuse for his breach of his parole, but it +was not accepted, nor would the Lord Fairfax enter upon any treaty with +him. + +Upon this second message Sir William Masham and the Parliament Committee +and other gentlemen, who were prisoners in the town, sent a message in +writing under their hands to the Lord Fairfax, entreating him to enter +into a treaty for peace; but the Lord Fairfax returned, he could take no +notice of their request, as supposing it forced from them under +restraint; but that if the Lord Goring desired peace, he might write to +the Parliament, and he would cause his messenger to have a safe conduct +to carry his letter. There was a paper sent enclosed in this paper, +signed Capel, Norwich, Charles Lucas, but to that the general would +return no answer, because it was signed by Sir Charles for the reasons +above. + +All this while the Lord Goring, finding the enemy strengthening +themselves, gave order for fortifying the town, and drawing lines in +several places to secure the entrance, as particularly without the east +bridge, and without the north gate and bridge, and to plant more cannon +upon the works; to which end some great guns were brought in from some +ships at Wivenhoe. + +The same day, our men sallied out in three places, and attacked the +besiegers, first at their port, called Essex, then at their new works, on +the south of the town; a third party sallying at the east bridge, brought +in some booty from the Suffolk troops, having killed several of their +stragglers on the Harwich road. They also took a lieutenant of horse +prisoner, and brought him into the town. + +19th. This day we had the unwelcome news that our friends at Linton were +defeated by the enemy, and Major Muschamp, a loyal gentleman, killed. + +The same night, our men gave the enemy alarm at their new Essex fort, and +thereby drew them out as if they would fight, till they brought them +within reach of the cannon of St. Mary’s, and then our men retiring, the +great guns let fly among them, and made them run. Our men shouted after +them. Several of them were killed on this occasion, one shot having +killed three horsemen in our fight. + +20th. We now found the enemy, in order to a perfect blockade, resolved +to draw a line of circumvallation round the town; having received a train +of forty pieces of heavy cannon from the Tower of London. + +This day the Parliament sent a messenger to their prisoners to know how +they fared, and how they were used; who returned word, that they fared +indifferent well, and were very civilly used, but that provisions were +scarce, and therefore dear. + +This day a party of horse, with 300 foot, sallied out, and marched as far +as the fort on the Isle of Mersey, which they made a show of attacking, +to keep in the garrison. Meanwhile the rest took a good number of cattle +from the country, which they brought safe into the town, with five +waggons laden with corn. This was the last they could bring in that way, +the lines being soon finished on that side. + +This day the Lord Fairfax sent in a trumpet to the Earl of Norwich and +the Lord Goring, offering honourable conditions to them all, allowing all +the gentlemen their lives and arms, exemption from plunder, and passes, +if they desired to go beyond sea, and all the private men pardon, and +leave to go peaceably to their own dwellings. But the Lord Goring and +the rest of the gentlemen rejected it, and laughed at them, upon which +the Lord Fairfax made proclamation, that his men should give the private +soldiers in Colchester free leave to pass through their camp, and go +where they pleased without molestation, only leaving their arms, but that +the gentlemen should have no quarter. This was a great loss to the +Royalists, for now the men foreseeing the great hardships they were like +to suffer, began to slip away, and the Lord Goring was obliged to forbid +any to desert on pain of present death, and to keep parties of horse +continually patrolling to prevent them; notwithstanding which many got +away. + +21st. The town desired the Lord Goring to give them leave to send a +message to Lord Fairfax, to desire they might have liberty to carry on +their trade and sell their bays and says, which Lord Goring granted; but +the enemy’s general returned, that they should have considered that +before they let the Royalists into the town; that to desire a free trade +from a town besieged was never heard of, or at least, was such a motion, +as was never yet granted; that, however, he would give the bay-makers +leave to bring their bays and says, and other goods, once a week, or +oftener, if they desire it, to Lexden Heath, where they should have a +free market, and might sell them or carry them back again, if not sold, +as they found occasion. + +22nd. The besieged sallied out in the night with a strong party, and +disturbed the enemy in their works, and partly ruined one of their forts, +called Ewer’s Fort, where the besiegers were laying a bridge over the +River Colne. Also they sallied again at east bridge, and faced the +Suffolk troops, who were now declared enemies. These brought in +six-and-fifty good bullocks, and some cows, and they took and killed +several of the enemy. + +23rd. The besiegers began to fire with their cannon from Essex Fort, and +from Barkstead’s Fort, which was built upon the Malden road; and finding +that the besieged had a party in Sir Harbottle Grimston’s house, called, +“The Fryery,” they fired at it with their cannon, and battered it almost +down, and then the soldiers set it on fire. + +This day upon the townsmen’s treaty for the freedom of the bay trade, the +Lord Fairfax sent a second offer of conditions to the besieged, being the +same as before, only excepting Lord Goring, Lord Capel, Sir George Lisle, +and Sir Charles Lucas. + +This day we had news in the town that the Suffolk forces were advanced to +assist the besiegers, and that they began a fort called Fort Suffolk, on +the north side of the town, to shut up the Suffolk road towards +Stratford. This day the besieged sallied out at north bridge, attacked +the out-guards of the Suffolk men on Mile End Heath, and drove them into +their fort in the woods. + +This day the Lord Fairfax sent a trumpet, complaining of chewed and +poisoned bullets being shot from the town, and threatening to give no +quarter if that practice was allowed; but Lord Goring returned answer, +with a protestation, that no such thing was done by his order or consent. + +24th. They fired hard from their cannon against St. Mary’s steeple, on +which was planted a large culverin, which annoyed them even in the +general’s headquarters at Lexden. One of the best gunners the garrison +had was killed with a cannon bullet. This night the besieged sallied +towards Audly, on the Suffolk road, and brought in some cattle. + +25th. Lord Capel sent a trumpet to the Parliament-General, but the rogue +ran away, and came not back, nor sent any answer; whether they received +his message or not, was not known. + +26th. This day having finished their new bridge, a party of their troops +passed that bridge, and took post on the hill over against Mile End +Church, where they built a fort, called Fothergall’s Fort, and another on +the east side of the road, called Rainsbro’s Fort, so that the town was +entirely shut in, on that side, and the Royalists had no place free but +over east bridge, which was afterwards cut off by the enemy’s bringing +their line from the Hythe within the river to the stone causeway leading +to the east bridge. + +July 1st. From the 26th to the 1st, the besiegers continued finishing +their works, and by the 2nd the whole town was shut in; at which the +besiegers gave a general salvo from their cannon at all their forts; but +the besieged gave them a return, for they sallied out in the night, +attacked Barkstead’s fort, scarce finished, with such fury, that they +twice entered the work sword in hand, killed most part of the defendants, +and spoiled part of the forts cast up; but fresh forces coming up, they +retired with little loss, bringing eight prisoners, and having slain, as +they reported, above 100. + +On the second, Lord Fairfax offered exchange for Sir William Masham in +particular, and afterwards for other prisoners, but the Lord Goring +refused. + +5th. The besieged sallied with two regiments, supported by some horse, +at midnight; they were commanded by Sir George Lisle. They fell on with +such fury, that the enemy were put into confusion, their works at east +bridge ruined, and two pieces of cannon taken, Lieutenant Colonel +Sambrook, and several other officers, were killed, and our men retired +into the town, bringing the captain, two lieutenants, and about fifty men +with them prisoners into the town; but having no horse, we could not +bring off the cannon, but they spiked them, and made them unfit for +service. + +From this time to the 11th, the besieged sallied almost every night, +being encouraged by their successes, and they constantly cut off some of +the enemy, but not without loss also on their own side. + +About this time we received by a spy the bad news of defeating the king’s +friends almost in all parts of England, and particularly several parties +which had good wishes to our gentlemen, and intended to relieve them. + +Our batteries from St. Mary’s Fort and steeple, and from the north +bridge, greatly annoyed them, and killed most of their gunners and +firemen. One of the messengers who brought news to Lord Fairfax of the +defeat of one of the parties, in Kent, and the taking of Weymer Castle, +slipped into the town, and brought a letter to the Lord Goring, and +listed in the regiment of the Lord Capel’s horse. + +14th. The besiegers attacked and took the Hythe Church, with a small +work the besieged had there, but the defenders retired in time; some were +taken prisoners in the church, but not in the fort; Sir Charles Lucas’s +horse was attacked by a great body of the besiegers; the besieged +defended themselves with good resolution for some time, but a +hand-grenade thrown in by the assailants, having fired the magazine, the +house was blown up, and most of the gallant defenders buried in the +ruins. This was a great blow to the Royalists, for it was a very strong +pass, and always well guarded. + +15th. The Lord Fairfax sent offers of honourable conditions to the +soldiers of the garrison if they would surrender, or quit the service; +upon which the Lords Goring and Capel, and Sir Charles Lucas, returned an +answer signed by their hands, that it was not honourable or agreeable to +the usage of war to offer conditions separately to the soldiers, +exclusive of their officers, and therefore civilly desired his lordship +to send no more such messages or proposals, or if he did, that he would +not take it ill if they hanged up the messenger. + +This evening all the gentlemen volunteers, with all the horse of the +garrison, with Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, and Sir Bernard +Gascoigne at the head of them, resolved to break through the enemy, and +forcing a pass to advance into Suffolk by Nayland Bridge. To this +purpose they passed the river near Middle Mill; but their guides having +misled them the enemy took the alarm; upon which their guides, and some +pioneers which they had with them to open the hedges and level the banks, +for their passing to Boxted, all ran away, so the horse were obliged to +retreat, the enemy pretending to pursue, but thinking they had retreated +by the north bridge, they missed them; upon which being enraged, they +fired the suburbs without the bridge, and burned them quite down. + +18th. Some of the horse attempted to escape the same way, and had the +whole body been there as before, they had effected it; but there being +but two troops, they were obliged to retire. Now the town began to be +greatly distressed, provisions failing, and the townspeople, which were +numerous, being very uneasy, and no way of breaking through being found +practicable, the gentlemen would have joined in any attempt wherein they +might die gallantly with their swords in their hands, but nothing +presented; they often sallied and cut off many of the enemy, but their +numbers were continually supplied, and the besieged diminished; their +horse also sunk and became unfit for service, having very little hay, and +no corn, and at length they were forced to kill them for food; so that +they began to be in a very miserable condition, and the soldiers deserted +every day in great numbers, not being able to bear the want of food, as +being almost starved with hunger. + +22nd. The Lord Fairfax offered again an exchange of prisoners, but the +Lord Goring rejected it, because they refused conditions to the chief +gentlemen of the garrison. + +During this time, two troops of the Royal Horse sallied out in the night, +resolving to break out or die: the first rode up full gallop to the +enemy’s horse guards on the side of Malden road, and exchanged their +pistols with the advanced troops, and wheeling made as if they would +retire to the town; but finding they were not immediately pursued, they +wheeled about to the right, and passing another guard at a distance, +without being perfectly discovered, they went clean off, and passing +towards Tiptree Heath, and having good guides, they made their escape +towards Cambridgeshire, in which length of way they found means to +disperse without being attacked, and went every man his own way as fate +directed; nor did we hear that many of them were taken: they were led, as +we are informed, by Sir Bernard Gascoigne. + +Upon these attempts of the horse to break out, the enemy built a small +fort in the meadow right against the ford in the river at the Middle +Mill, and once set that mill on fire, but it was extinguished without +much damage; however, the fort prevented any more attempts that way. + +22nd. The Parliament-General sent in a trumpet, to propose again the +exchange of prisoners, offering the Lord Capel’s son for one, and Mr. +Ashburnham for Sir William Masham; but the Lord Capel, Lord Goring, and +the rest of the loyal gentlemen rejected it; and Lord Capel, in +particular, sent the Lord Fairfax word it was inhuman to surprise his +son, who was not in arms, and offer him to insult a father’s affection, +but that he might murder his son if he pleased, he would leave his blood +to be revenged as Heaven should give opportunity; and the Lord Goring +sent word, that as they had reduced the king’s servants to eat +horseflesh, the prisoners should feed as they fed. + +The enemy sent again to complain of the Royalists shooting poisoned +bullets, and sent two affidavits of it made by two deserters, swearing it +was done by the Lord Norwich’s direction; the generals in the town +returned under all their hands that they never gave any such command or +direction; that they disowned the practice; and that the fellows who +swore it were perjured before in running from their colours and the +service of their king, and ought not to be credited again; but they +added, that for shooting rough-cast slugs they must excuse them, as +things stood with them at that time. + +About this time, a porter in a soldier’s habit got through the enemy’s +leaguer, and passing their out-guards in the dark, got into the town, and +brought letters from London, assuring the Royalists that there were so +many strong parties up in arms for the king, and in so many places, that +they would be very suddenly relieved. This they caused to be read to the +soldiers to encourage them; and particularly it related to the rising of +the Earl of Holland, and the Duke of Buckingham, who with 500 horse were +gotten together in arms about Kingston in Surrey; but we had notice in a +few days after that they were defeated, and the Earl of Holland taken, +who was afterwards beheaded. + +26th. The enemy now began to batter the walls, and especially on the +west side, from St. Mary’s towards the north gate; and we were assured +they intended a storm; on which the engineers were directed to make +trenches behind the walls where the breaches should be made, that in case +of a storm they might meet with a warm reception. Upon this, they gave +over the design of storming. The Lord Goring finding that the enemy had +set the suburbs on fire right against the Hythe, ordered the remaining +houses, which were empty of inhabitants, from whence their musketeer +fired against the town, to be burned also. + +31st. A body of foot sallied out at midnight, to discover what the enemy +were doing at a place where they thought a new fort raising; they fell in +among the workmen, and put them to flight, cut in pieces several of the +guard, and brought in the officer who commanded them prisoner. + +August 2nd. The town was now in a miserable condition: the soldiers +searched and rifled the houses of the inhabitants for victuals; they had +lived on horseflesh several weeks, and most of that also was as lean as +carrion, which not being well salted bred wens; and this want of diet +made the soldiers sickly, and many died of fluxes, yet they boldly +rejected all offers of surrender, unless with safety to their offices. +However, several hundreds got out, and either passed the enemy’s guards, +or surrendered to them and took passes. + +7th. The townspeople became very uneasy to the soldiers, and the mayor +of the town, with the aldermen, waited upon the general, desiring leave +to send to the Lord Fairfax for leave to all the inhabitants to come out +of the town, that they might not perish, to which the Lord Goring +consented, but the Lord Fairfax refused them. + +12th. The rabble got together in a vast crowd about the Lord Goring’s +quarters, clamouring for a surrender, and they did this every evening, +bringing women and children, who lay howling and crying on the ground for +bread; the soldiers beat off the men, but the women and children would +not stir, bidding the soldiers kill them, saying they had rather be shot +than be starved. + +16th. The general, moved by the cries and distress of the poor +inhabitants, sent out a trumpet to the Parliament-General, demanding +leave to send to the Prince, who was with a fleet of nineteen men of war +in the mouth of the Thames, offering to surrender, if they were not +relieved in twenty days. The Lord Fairfax refused it, and sent them word +he would be in the town in person, and visit them in less than twenty +days, intimating that they were preparing for a storm. Some tart +messages and answers were exchanged on this occasion. The Lord Goring +sent word they were willing, in compassion to the poor townspeople, and +to save that effusion of blood, to surrender upon honourable terms, but +that as for the storming them, which was threatened, they might come on +when they thought fit, for that they (the Royalists) were ready for them. +This held to the 19th. + +20th. The Lord Fairfax returned what he said was his last answer, and +should be the last offer of mercy. The conditions offered were, that +upon a peaceable surrender, all soldiers and officers under the degree of +a captain in commission should have their lives, be exempted from +plunder, and have passes to go to their respective dwellings. All the +captains and superior officers, with all the lords and gentlemen, as well +in commission as volunteers, to surrender prisoners at discretion, only +that they should not be plundered by the soldiers. + +21st. The generals rejected those offers; and when the people came about +them again for bread, set open one of the gates, and bid them go out to +the enemy, which a great many did willingly; upon which the Lord Goring +ordered all the rest that came about his door to be turned out after +them. But when the people came to the Lord Fairfax’s camp the out-guards +were ordered to fire at them and drive them all back again to the gate, +which the Lord Goring seeing, he ordered them to be received in again. +And now, although the generals and soldiers also were resolute to die +with their swords in their hands rather than yield, and had maturely +resolved to abide a storm, yet the Mayor and Aldermen having petitioned +them as well as the inhabitants, being wearied with the importunities of +the distressed people, and pitying the deplorable condition they were +reduced to, they agreed to enter upon a treaty, and accordingly sent out +some officers to the Lord Fairfax, the Parliament-General, to treat, and +with them was sent two gentlemen of the prisoners upon their parole to +return. + +Upon the return of the said messengers with the Lord Fairfax’s terms, the +Lord Goring, &c., sent out a letter declaring they would die with their +swords in their hands rather than yield without quarter for life, and +sent a paper of articles on which they were willing to surrender. But in +the very interim of this treaty news came that the Scots army, under Duke +Hamilton, which was entered into Lancashire, and was joined by the +Royalists in that country, making 21,000 men, were entirely defeated. +After this the Lord Fairfax would not grant any abatement of +articles—viz., to have all above lieutenants surrender at mercy. + +Upon this the Lord Goring and the General refused to submit again, and +proposed a general sally, and to break through or die, but found upon +preparing for it that the soldiers, who had their lives offered them, +declined it, fearing the gentlemen would escape, and they should be left +to the mercy of the Parliament soldiers; and that upon this they began to +mutiny and talk of surrendering the town and their officers too. Things +being brought to this pass, the Lords and General laid aside that design, +and found themselves obliged to submit; and so the town was surrendered +the 28th of August, 1648, upon conditions as follows:— + + The Lords and gentlemen all prisoners at mercy. + + The common soldiers had passes to go home to their several dwellings, + but without arms, and an oath not to serve against the Parliament. + + The town to be preserved from pillage, paying £14,000 ready money. + +The same day a council of war being called about the prisoners of war, it +was resolved that the Lords should be left to the disposal of the +Parliament. That Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, and Sir Marmaduke +Gascoigne should be shot to death, and the other officers prisoners to +remain in custody till further order. + +The two first of the three gentlemen were shot to death, and the third +respited. Thus ended the siege of Colchester. + +N.B.—Notwithstanding the number killed in the siege, and dead of the +flux, and other distempers occasioned by bad diet, which were very many, +and notwithstanding the number which deserted and escaped in the time of +their hardships, yet there remained at the time of the surrender: + +Earl of Norwich (Goring). +Lord Capell. +Lord Loughbro’. + 11 Knights. + 9 Colonels. + 8 Lieut.-Colonels. + 9 Majors. + 30 Captains. + 72 Lieutenants. + 69 Ensigns. + 183 Serjeants and Corporals. + 3,067 Private Soldiers. + 65 Servants to the Lords and General Officers and Gentlemen. + 3,526 in all. + +The town of Colchester has been supposed to contain about 40,000 people, +including the out-villages which are within its liberty, of which there +are a great many—the liberty of the town being of a great extent. One +sad testimony of the town being so populous is that they buried upwards +of 5,259 people in the plague year, 1665. But the town was severely +visited indeed, even more in proportion than any of its neighbours, or +than the City of London. + +The government of the town is by a mayor, high steward, a recorder or his +deputy, eleven aldermen, a chamberlain, a town clerk, assistants, and +eighteen common councilmen. Their high steward (this year, 1722) is Sir +Isaac Rebow, a gentleman of a good family and known character, who has +generally for above thirty years been one of their representatives in +Parliament. He has a very good house at the entrance in at the south, or +head gate of the town, where he has had the honour several times to lodge +and entertain the late King William of glorious memory in his returning +from Holland by way of Harwich to London. Their recorder is Earl Cowper, +who has been twice Lord High Chancellor of England. But his lordship not +residing in those parts has put in for his deputy,—Price, Esq., +barrister-at-law, and who dwells in the town. There are in Colchester +eight churches besides those which are damaged, and five meeting-houses, +whereof two for Quakers, besides a Dutch church and a French church. + + _Public Edifices are_— + +1. Bay Hall, an ancient society kept up for ascertaining the manufacture +of bays, which are, or ought to be, all brought to this hall to be viewed +and sealed according to their goodness by the masters; and to this +practice has been owing the great reputation of the Colchester bays in +foreign markets, where to open the side of a bale and show the seal has +been enough to give the buyer a character of the value of the goods +without any further search; and so far as they abate the integrity and +exactness of their method, which I am told of late is much omitted; I +say, so far, that reputation will certainly abate in the markets they go +to, which are principally in Portugal and Italy. This corporation is +governed by a particular set of men who are called governors of the Dutch +Bay Hall. And in the same building is the Dutch church. + +2. The guildhall of the town, called by them the moot hall, to which is +annexed the town gaol. + +3. The workhouse, being lately enlarged, and to which belongs a +corporation or a body of the inhabitants, consisting of sixty persons +incorporated by Act of Parliament Anno 1698 for taking care of the poor. +They are incorporated by the name and title of the governor, deputy +governor, assistants, and guardians of the poor of the town of +Colchester. They are in number eight-and-forty, to whom are added the +mayor and aldermen for the time being, who are always guardians by the +same charter. These make the number of sixty, as above. There is also a +grammar free-school, with a good allowance to the master, who is chosen +by the town. + +4. The castle of Colchester is now become only a monument showing the +antiquity of the place, it being built as the walls of the town also are, +with Roman bricks, and the Roman coins dug up here, and ploughed up in +the fields adjoining, confirm it. The inhabitants boast much that +Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, first Christian Emperor of +the Romans, was born there, and it may be so for aught we know. I only +observe what Mr. Camden says of the Castle of Colchester, viz.: In the +middle of this city stands a castle ready to fall with age. + +Though this castle has stood one hundred and twenty years from the time +Mr. Camden wrote that account, and it is not fallen yet, nor will another +hundred and twenty years, I believe, make it look one jot the older. And +it was observable that in the late siege of this town, a common shot, +which the besiegers made at this old castle, were so far from making it +fall, that they made little or no impression upon it; for which reason, +it seems, and because the garrison made no great use of it against the +besiegers, they fired no more at it. + +There are two charity schools set up here, and carried on by a generous +subscription, with very good success. + +The title of Colchester is in the family of Earl Rivers, and the eldest +son of that family is called Lord Colchester, though as I understand, the +title is not settled by the creation to the eldest son till he enjoys the +title of earl with it, but that the other is by the courtesy of England; +however, this I take _ad referendum_. + +From Colchester I took another step down to the coast; the land running +out a great way into the sea, south and south-east makes that promontory +of land called the Naze, and well known to seamen using the northern +trade. Here one sees a sea open as an ocean without any opposite shore, +though it be no more than the mouth of the Thames. This point called the +Naze, and the north-east point of Kent, near Margate, called the North +Foreland, making what they call the mouth of the river and the port of +London, though it be here above sixty miles over. + +At Walton-under-the-Naze they find on the shore copperas-stone in great +quantities; and there are several large works called copperas houses, +where they make it with great expense. + +On this promontory is a new mark erected by the Trinity House men, and at +the public expense, being a round brick tower, near eighty feet high. +The sea gains so much upon the land here by the continual winds at +south-west, that within the memory of some of the inhabitants there they +have lost above thirty acres of land in one place. + +From hence we go back into the county about four miles, because of the +creeks which lie between; and then turning east again come to Harwich, on +the utmost eastern point of this large country. + +Harwich is a town so well known and so perfectly described by many +writers, I need say little of it. It is strong by situation, and may be +made more so by art. But it is many years since the Government of +England have had any occasion to fortify towns to the landward; it is +enough that the harbour or road, which is one of the best and securest in +England, is covered at the entrance by a strong fort and a battery of +guns to the seaward, just as at Tilbury, and which sufficiently defend +the mouth of the river. And there is a particular felicity in this +fortification, viz., that though the entrance or opening of the river +into the sea is very wide, especially at high-water, at least two miles, +if not three over; yet the Channel, which is deep, and in which the ships +must keep and come to the harbour, is narrow, and lies only on the side +of the fort, so that all the ships which come in or go out must come +close under the guns of the fort—that is to say, under the command of +their shot. + +The fort is on the Suffolk side of the bay or entrance, but stands so far +into the sea upon the point of a sand or shoal, which runs out toward the +Essex side, as it were, laps over the mouth of that haven like a blind to +it; and our surveyors of the country affirm it to be in the county of +Essex. The making this place, which was formerly no other than a sand in +the sea, solid enough for the foundation of so good a fortification, has +not been done but by many years’ labour, often repairs, and an infinite +expense of money, but it is now so firm that nothing of storms and high +tides, or such things as make the sea dangerous to these kind of works, +can affect it. + +The harbour is of a vast extent; for, as two rivers empty themselves +here, viz., Stour from Manningtree and the Orwell from Ipswich, the +channels of both are large and deep; and safe for all weathers; so where +they join they make a large bay or road able to receive the biggest +ships, and the greatest number that ever the world saw together; I mean +ships of war. In the old Dutch war great use has been made of this +harbour; and I have known that there has been one hundred sail of +men-of-war and their attendants and between three and four hundred sail +of collier ships all in this harbour at a time, and yet none of them +crowding or riding in danger of one another. + +Harwich is known for being the port where the packet boats, between +England and Holland, go out and come in. The inhabitants are far from +being famed for good usage to strangers, but, on the contrary, are blamed +for being extravagant in their reckonings in the public-houses, which has +not a little encouraged the setting up of sloops, which they now call +passage boats, to Holland, to go directly from the River Thames; this, +though it may be something the longer passage, yet as they are said to be +more obliging to passengers and more reasonable in the expense, and, as +some say, also, the vessels are better sea boats, has been the reason why +so many passengers do not go or come by the way of Harwich as formerly +were wont to do; insomuch that the stage coaches between this place and +London, which ordinarily went twice or three times a week, are now +entirely laid down, and the passengers are left to hire coaches on +purpose, take post-horses, or hire horses to Colchester, as they find +most convenient. + +The account of a petrifying quality in the earth here, though some will +have it to be in the water of a spring hard by, is very strange. They +boast that their town is walled and their streets paved with clay, and +yet that one is as strong and the other as clean as those that are built +or paved with stone. The fact is indeed true, for there is a sort of +clay in the cliff, between the town and the Beacon Hill adjoining, which, +when it falls down into the sea, where it is beaten with the waves and +the weather, turns gradually into stone. But the chief reason assigned +is from the water of a certain spring or well, which, rising in the said +cliff, runs down into the sea among those pieces of clay, and petrifies +them as it runs; and the force of the sea often stirring, and perhaps +turning, the lumps of clay, when storms of wind may give force enough to +the water, causes them to harden everywhere alike; otherwise those which +were not quite sunk in the water of the spring would be petrified but in +part. These stones are gathered up to pave the streets and build the +houses, and are indeed very hard. It is also remarkable that some of +them taken up before they are thoroughly petrified will, upon breaking +them, appear to be hard as a stone without and soft as clay in the +middle; whereas others that have lain a due time shall be thorough stone +to the centre, and as exceeding hard within as without. The same spring +is said to turn wood into iron. But this I take to be no more or less +than the quality, which, as I mentioned of the shore at the Naze, is +found to be in much of the stone all along this shore, viz., of the +copperas kind; and it is certain that the copperas stone (so called) is +found in all that cliff, and even where the water of this spring has run; +and I presume that those who call the hardened pieces of wood, which they +take out of this well by the name of iron, never tried the quality of it +with the fire or hammer; if they had, perhaps they would have given some +other account of it. + +On the promontory of land which they call Beacon Hill and which lies +beyond or behind the town towards the sea, there is a lighthouse to give +the ships directions in their sailing by as well as their coming into the +harbour in the night. I shall take notice of these again all together +when I come to speak of the Society of Trinity House, as they are called, +by whom they are all directed upon this coast. + +This town was erected into a marquisate in honour of the truly glorious +family of Schomberg, the eldest son of Duke Schomberg, who landed with +King William, being styled Marquis of Harwich; but that family (in +England, at least) being extinct the title dies also. + +Harwich is a town of hurry and business, not much of gaiety and pleasure; +yet the inhabitants seem warm in their nests, and some of them are very +wealthy. There are not many (if any) gentlemen or families of note +either in the town or very near it. They send two members to Parliament; +the present are Sir Peter Parker and Humphrey Parsons, Esq. + +And now being at the extremity of the county of Essex, of which I have +given you some view as to that side next the sea only, I shall break off +this part of my letter by telling you that I will take the towns which +lie more towards the centre of the county, in my return by the north and +west part only, that I may give you a few hints of some towns which were +near me in my route this way, and of which being so well known there is +but little to say. + +On the road from London to Colchester, before I came into it at Witham, +lie four good market towns at equal distance from one another, namely, +Romford, noted for two markets, viz., one for calves and hogs, the other +for corn and other provisions, most, if not all, bought up for London +market. At the farther end of the town, in the middle of a stately park, +stood Guldy Hall, vulgarly Giddy Hall, an ancient seat of one Coke, +sometime Lord Mayor of London, but forfeited on some occasion to the +Crown. It is since pulled down to the ground, and there now stands a +noble stately fabric or mansion house, built upon the spot by Sir John +Eyles, a wealthy merchant of London, and chosen Sub-Governor of the South +Sea Company immediately after the ruin of the former Sub-Governor and +Directors, whose overthrow makes the history of these times famous. + +Brentwood and Ingatestone, and even Chelmsford itself, have very little +to be said of them, but that they are large thoroughfare towns, full of +good inns, and chiefly maintained by the excessive multitude of carriers +and passengers which are constantly passing this way to London with +droves of cattle, provisions, and manufactures for London. + +The last of these towns is indeed the county town, where the county gaol +is kept, and where the assizes are very often held; it stands on the +conflux of two rivers—the Chelmer, whence the town is called, and the +Cann. + +At Lees, or Lee’s Priory, as some call it, is to be seen an ancient house +in the middle of a beautiful park, formerly the seat of the late Duke of +Manchester, but since the death of the duke it is sold to the Duchess +Dowager of Buckinghamshire, the present Duke of Manchester retiring to +his ancient family seat at Kimbolton in Huntingdonshire, it being a much +finer residence. His grace is lately married to a daughter of the Duke +of Montagu by a branch of the house of Marlborough. + +Four market towns fill up the rest of this part of the country—Dunmow, +Braintree, Thaxted, and Coggeshall—all noted for the manufacture of bays, +as above, and for very little else, except I shall make the ladies laugh +at the famous old story of the Flitch of Bacon at Dunmow, which is this: + +One Robert Fitzwalter, a powerful baron in this county in the time of +Henry III., on some merry occasion, which is not preserved in the rest of +the story, instituted a custom in the priory here: That whatever married +man did not repent of his being married, or quarrel or differ and dispute +with his wife within a year and a day after his marriage, and would swear +to the truth of it, kneeling upon two hard pointed stones in the +churchyard, which stones he caused to be set up in the Priory churchyard +for that purpose, the prior and convent, and as many of the town as +would, to be present, such person should have a flitch of bacon. + +I do not remember to have read that any one ever came to demand it; nor +do the people of the place pretend to say, of their own knowledge, that +they remember any that did so. A long time ago several did demand it, as +they say, but they know not who; neither is there any record of it, nor +do they tell us, if it were now to be demanded, who is obliged to deliver +the flitch of bacon, the priory being dissolved and gone. + +The forest of Epping and Hainault spreads a great part of this country +still. I shall speak again of the former in my return from this circuit. +Formerly, it is thought, these two forests took up all the west and south +part of the county; but particularly we are assured, that it reached to +the River Chelmer, and into Dengy Hundred, and from thence again west to +Epping and Waltham, where it continues to be a forest still. + +Probably this forest of Epping has been a wild or forest ever since this +island was inhabited, and may show us, in some parts of it, where +enclosures and tillage has not broken in upon it, what the face of this +island was before the Romans’ time; that is to say, before their landing +in Britain. + +The constitution of this forest is best seen, I mean as to the antiquity +of it, by the merry grant of it from Edward the Confessor before the +Norman Conquest to Randolph Peperking, one of his favourites, who was +after called Peverell, and whose name remains still in several villages +in this county; as particularly that of Hatfield Peverell, in the road +from Chelmsford to Witham, which is supposed to be originally a park, +which they called a field in those days; and Hartfield may be as much as +to say a park for doer; for the stags were in those days called harts, so +that this was neither more nor less than Randolph Peperking’s +Hartfield—that is to say, Ralph Peverell’s deer-park. + +N.B.—This Ralph Randolph, or Ralph Peverell (call him as you please), +had, it seems, a most beautiful lady to his wife, who was daughter of +Ingelrick, one of Edward the Confessor’s noblemen. He had two sons by +her—William Peverell, a famed soldier, and lord or governor of Dover +Castle, which he surrendered to William the Conqueror, after the battle +in Sussex, and Pain Peverell, his youngest, who was lord of Cambridge. +When the eldest son delivered up the castle, the lady, his mother, above +named, who was the celebrated beauty of the age, was it seems there, and +the Conqueror fell in love with her, and whether by force or by consent, +took her away, and she became his mistress, or what else you please to +call it. By her he had a son, who was called William, after the +Conqueror’s Christian name, but retained the name of Peverell, and was +afterwards created by the Conqueror lord of Nottingham. + +This lady afterwards, as is supposed, by way of penance for her yielding +to the Conqueror, founded a nunnery at the village of Hatfield Peverell, +mentioned above, and there she lies buried in the chapel of it, which is +now the parish church, where her memory is preserved by a tombstone under +one of the windows. + +Thus we have several towns, where any ancient parks have been placed, +called by the name of Hatfield on that very account. As Hatfield Broad +Oak in this county, Bishop’s Hatfield in Hertfordshire, and several +others. + +But I return to King Edward’s merry way, as I call it, of granting this +forest to this Ralph Peperking, which I find in the ancient records, in +the very words it was passed in, as follows. Take my explanations with +it for the sake of those that are not used to the ancient English: + +_The_ GRANT _in_ OLD ENGLISH. _The Explanation in Modern + English_. +IChe EDWARD Koning, I Edward the king, +Have given of my Forrest the Have made ranger of my forest of +kepen of the Hundred of _Chelmer_ Chelmsford hundred and Deering +and _Dancing_. hundred, +To RANDOLPH PEPERKING, Ralph Peverell, for him and his +And to his kindling. heirs for ever; +With Heorte and Hind, Doe and With both the red and fallow +Bocke, deer. +Hare and Fox, Cat and Brock, Hare and fox, otter and badger; +Wild Fowle with his Flock; Wild fowl of all sorts, +Patrich, Pheasant Hen, and Partridges and pheasants, +Pheasant Cock, +With green and wild Stub and Timber and underwood roots and +Stock, tops; +To kepen and to yemen with all With power to preserve the +her might. forest, +Both by Day, and eke by Night; And watch it against + deer-stealers and others: +And Hounds for to hold, With a right to keep hounds of +Good and Swift and Bold: all sorts, +Four Greyhound and six Raches, Four greyhounds and six terriers, +For Hare and Fox, and Wild Harriers and foxhounds, and other +Cattes, hounds. +And therefore Iche made him my And to this end I have registered +Book. this my grant in the crown rolls + or books; +Witness the Bishop of _Wolston_. To which the bishop has set his +And Booke ylrede many on, hand as a witness for any one to + read. +And _Sweyne_ of _Essex_, our Also signed by the king’s brother +Brother, (or, as some think, the + Chancellor Sweyn, then Earl or + Count of Essex). +And taken him many other He might call such other + witnesses to sign as he thought + fit. +And our steward _Howlein_, Also the king’s high steward was +That _By sought_ me for him. a witness, at whose request this + grant was obtained of the king. + +There are many gentlemen’s seats on this side the country, and a great +assembly set up at New Hall, near this town, much resorted to by the +neighbouring gentry. I shall next proceed to the county of Suffolk, as +my first design directed me to do. + +From Harwich, therefore, having a mind to view the harbour, I sent my +horses round by Manningtree, where there is a timber bridge over the +Stour, called Cataway Bridge, and took a boat up the River Orwell for +Ipswich. A traveller will hardly understand me, especially a seaman, +when I speak of the River Stour and the River Orwell at Harwich, for they +know them by no other names than those of Manningtree water and Ipswich +water; so while I am on salt water, I must speak as those who use the sea +may understand me, and when I am up in the country among the inland towns +again, I shall call them out of their names no more. + +It is twelve miles from Harwich up the water to Ipswich. Before I come +to the town, I must say something of it, because speaking of the river +requires it. In former times, that is to say, since the writer of this +remembers the place very well, and particularly just before the late +Dutch wars, Ipswich was a town of very good business; particularly it was +the greatest town in England for large colliers or coal-ships employed +between Newcastle and London. Also they built the biggest ships and the +best, for the said fetching of coals of any that were employed in that +trade. They built, also, there so prodigious strong, that it was an +ordinary thing for an Ipswich collier, if no disaster happened to him, to +reign (as seamen call it) forty or fifty years, and more. + +In the town of Ipswich the masters of these ships generally dwelt, and +there were, as they then told me, above a hundred sail of them, belonging +to the town at one time, the least of which carried fifteen score, as +they compute it, that is, 300 chaldron of coals; this was about the year +1668 (when I first knew the place). This made the town be at that time +so populous, for those masters, as they had good ships at sea, so they +had large families who lived plentifully, and in very good houses in the +town, and several streets were chiefly inhabited by such. + +The loss or decay of this trade accounts for the present pretended decay +of the town of Ipswich, of which I shall speak more presently. The ships +wore out, the masters died off, the trade took a new turn; Dutch flyboats +taken in the war, and made free ships by Act of Parliament, thrust +themselves into the coal-trade for the interest of the captors, such as +the Yarmouth and London merchants, and others; and the Ipswich men +dropped gradually out of it, being discouraged by those Dutch flyboats. +These Dutch vessels, which cost nothing but the caption, were bought +cheap, carried great burthens, and the Ipswich building fell off for want +of price, and so the trade decayed, and the town with it. I believe this +will be owned for the true beginning of their decay, if I must allow it +to be called a decay. + +But to return to my passage up the river. In the winter-time those great +collier ships, above-mentioned, are always laid up, as they call it; that +is to say, the coal trade abates at London, the citizens are generally +furnished, their stores taken in, and the demand is over; so that the +great ships, the northern seas and coast being also dangerous, the nights +long, and the voyage hazardous, go to sea no more, but lie by, the ships +are unrigged, the sails, etc., carried ashore, the top-masts struck, and +they ride moored in the river, under the advantages and security of sound +ground, and a high woody shore, where they lie as safe as in a wet dock; +and it was a very agreeable sight to see, perhaps two hundred sail of +ships, of all sizes, lie in that posture every winter. All this while, +which was usually from Michaelmas to Lady Day, the masters lived calm and +secure with their families in Ipswich; and enjoying plentifully, what in +the summer they got laboriously at sea, and this made the town of Ipswich +very populous in the winter; for as the masters, so most of the men, +especially their mates, boatswains, carpenters, etc., were of the same +place, and lived in their proportions, just as the masters did; so that +in the winter there might be perhaps a thousand men in the town more than +in the summer, and perhaps a greater number. + +To justify what I advance here, that this town was formerly very full of +people, I ask leave to refer to the account of Mr. Camden, and what it +was in his time. His words are these:—“Ipswich has a commodious harbour, +has been fortified with a ditch and rampart, has a great trade, and is +very populous, being adorned with fourteen churches, and large private +buildings.” This confirms what I have mentioned of the former state of +this town; but the present state is my proper work; I therefore return to +my voyage up the river. + +The sight of these ships thus laid up in the river, as I have said, was +very agreeable to me in my passage from Harwich, about five and thirty +years before the present journey; and it was in its proportion equally +melancholy to hear that there were now scarce forty sail of good colliers +that belonged to the whole town. + +In a creek in this river, called Lavington Creek, we saw at low water +such shoals, or hills rather, of mussels, that great boats might have +loaded with them, and no miss have been made of them. Near this creek, +Sir Samuel Barnadiston had a very fine seat, as, also, a decoy for wild +ducks, and a very noble estate; but it is divided into many branches +since the death of the ancient possessor. But I proceed to the town, +which is the first in the county of Suffolk of any note this way. + +Ipswich is seated, at the distance of twelve miles from Harwich, upon the +edge of the river, which, taking a short turn to the west, the town +forms, there, a kind of semicircle, or half moon, upon the bank of the +river. It is very remarkable, that though ships of 500 ton may, upon a +spring tide, come up very near this town, and many ships of that burthen +have been built there, yet the river is not navigable any farther than +the town itself, or but very little; no, not for the smallest beats; nor +does the tide, which rises sometimes thirteen or fourteen feet, and gives +them twenty-four feet water very near the town, flow much farther up the +river than the town, or not so much as to make it worth speaking of. + +He took little notice of the town, or at least of that part of Ipswich, +who published in his wild observations on it that ships of 200 ton are +built there. I affirm, that I have seen a ship of 400 ton launched at +the building-yard, close to the town; and I appeal to the Ipswich +colliers (those few that remain) belonging to this town, if several of +them carrying seventeen score of coals, which must be upward of 400 ton, +have not formerly been built here; but superficial observers must be +superficial writers, if they write at all; and to this day, at John’s +Ness, within a mile and a half of the town itself, ships of any burthen +may be built and launched even at neap tides. + +I am much mistaken, too, if since the Revolution some very good ships +have not been built at this town, and particularly the _Melford_ or +_Milford_ galley, a ship of forty guns; as the _Greyhound_ frigate, a +man-of-war of thirty-six to forty guns, was at John’s Ness. But what is +this towards lessening the town of Ipswich, any more than it would be to +say, they do not build men-of-war, or East India ships, or ships of five +hundred ton burden at St. Catherines, or at Battle Bridge in the Thames? +when we know that a mile or two lower, viz., at Radcliffe, Limehouse, or +Deptford, they build ships of a thousand ton, and might build first-rate +men-of-war too, if there was occasion; and the like might be done in this +river of Ipswich, within about two or three miles of the town; so that it +would not be at all an out-of-the-way speaking to say, such a ship was +built at Ipswich, any more than it is to say, as they do, that the _Royal +Prince_, the great ship lately built for the South Sea Company, was +London built, because she was built at Limehouse. + +And why then is not Ipswich capable of building and receiving the +greatest ships in the navy, seeing they may be built and brought up again +laden, within a mile and half of the town? + +But the neighbourhood of London, which sucks the vitals of trade in this +island to itself, is the chief reason of any decay of business in this +place; and I shall, in the course of these observations, hint at it, +where many good seaports and large towns, though farther off than +Ipswich, and as well fitted for commerce, are yet swallowed up by the +immense indraft of trade to the City of London; and more decayed beyond +all comparison than Ipswich is supposed to be: as Southampton, Weymouth, +Dartmouth, and several others which I shall speak to in their order; and +if it be otherwise at this time, with some other towns, which are lately +increased in trade and navigation, wealth, and people, while their +neighbours decay, it is because they have some particular trade, or +accident to trade, which is a kind of nostrum to them, inseparable to the +place, and which fixes there by the nature of the thing; as the +herring-fishery to Yarmouth; the coal trade to Newcastle; the Leeds +clothing trade; the export of butter and lead, and the great corn trade +for Holland, is to Hull; the Virginia and West India trade at Liverpool; +the Irish trade at Bristol, and the like. Thus the war has brought a +flux of business and people, and consequently of wealth, to several +places, as well as to Portsmouth, Chatham, Plymouth, Falmouth, and +others; and were any wars like those, to continue twenty years with the +Dutch, or any nation whose fleets lay that way, as the Dutch do, it would +be the like perhaps at Ipswich in a few years, and at other places on the +same coast. + +But at this present time an occasion offers to speak in favour of this +port; namely, the Greenland fishery, lately proposed to be carried on by +the South Sea Company. On which account I may freely advance this, +without any compliment to the town of Ipswich, no place in Britain is +equally qualified like Ipswich; whether we respect the cheapness of +building and fitting out their ships and shallops; also furnishing, +victualling, and providing them with all kinds of stores; convenience for +laying up the ships after the voyage, room for erecting their magazines, +warehouses, rope walks, cooperages, etc., on the easiest terms; and +especially for the noisome cookery, which attends the boiling their +blubber, which may be on this river (as it ought to be) remote from any +places of resort. Then their nearness to the market for the oil when it +is made, and which, above all, ought to be the chief thing considered in +that trade, the easiness of their putting out to sea when they begin +their voyage, in which the same wind that carries them from the mouth of +the haven, is fair to the very seas of Greenland. + +I could say much more to this point if it were needful, and in few words +could easily prove, that Ipswich must have the preference of all the port +towns of Britain, for being the best centre of the Greenland trade, if +ever that trade fall into the management of such a people as perfectly +understand, and have a due honest regard to its being managed with the +best husbandry, and to the prosperity of the undertaking in general. But +whether we shall ever arrive at so happy a time as to recover so useful a +trade to our country, which our ancestors had the honour to be the first +undertakers of, and which has been lost only through the indolence of +others, and the increasing vigilance of our neighbours, that is not my +business here to dispute. + +What I have said is only to let the world see what improvement this town +and port is capable of; I cannot think but that Providence, which made +nothing in vain, cannot have reserved so useful, so convenient a port to +lie vacant in the world, but that the time will some time or other come +(especially considering the improving temper of the present age) when +some peculiar beneficial business may be found out, to make the port of +Ipswich as useful to the world, and the town as flourishing, as Nature +has made it proper and capable to be. + +As for the town, it is true, it is but thinly inhabited, in comparison of +the extent of it; but to say there are hardly any people to be seen +there, is far from being true in fact; and whoever thinks fit to look +into the churches and meeting-houses on a Sunday, or other public days, +will find there are very great numbers of people there. Or if he thinks +fit to view the market, and see how the large shambles, called Cardinal +Wolsey’s Butchery, are furnished with meat, and the rest of the market +stocked with other provisions, must acknowledge that it is not for a few +people that all those things are provided. A person very curious, and on +whose veracity I think I may depend, going through the market in this +town, told me, that he reckoned upwards of six hundred country people on +horseback and on foot, with baskets and other carriage, who had all of +them brought something or other to town to sell, besides the butchers, +and what came in carts and waggons. + +It happened to be my lot to be once at this town at the time when a very +fine new ship, which was built there for some merchants of London, was to +be launched; and if I may give my guess at the numbers of people which +appeared on the shore, in the houses, and on the river, I believe I am +much within compass if I say there were 20,000 people to see it; but this +is only a guess, or they might come a great way to see the sight, or the +town may be declined farther since that. But a view of the town is one +of the surest rules for a gross estimate. + +It is true here is no settled manufacture. The French refugees when they +first came over to England began a little to take to this place, and some +merchants attempted to set up a linen manufacture in their favour; but it +has not met with so much success as was expected, and at present I find +very little of it. The poor people are, however, employed, as they are +all over these counties, in spinning wool for other towns where +manufactures are settled. + +The country round Ipswich, as are all the counties so near the coast, is +applied chiefly to corn, of which a very great quantity is continually +shipped off for London; and sometimes they load corn here for Holland, +especially if the market abroad is encouraging. They have twelve parish +churches in this town, with three or four meetings; but there are not so +many Quakers here as at Colchester, and no Anabaptists or Antipoedo +Baptists, that I could hear of—at least, there is no meeting-house of +that denomination. There is one meeting-house for the Presbyterians, one +for the Independents and one for the Quakers; the first is as large and +as fine a building of that kind as most on this side of England, and the +inside the best finished of any I have seen, London not excepted; that +for the Independents is a handsome new-built building, but not so gay or +so large as the other. + +There is a great deal of very good company in this town, and though there +are not so many of the gentry here as at Bury, yet there are more here +than in any other town in the county; and I observed particularly that +the company you meet with here are generally persons well informed of the +world, and who have something very solid and entertaining in their +society. This may happen, perhaps, by their frequent conversing with +those who have been abroad, and by their having a remnant of gentlemen +and masters of ships among them who have seen more of the world than the +people of an inland town are likely to have seen. I take this town to be +one of the most agreeable places in England for families who have lived +well, but may have suffered in our late calamities of stocks and bubbles, +to retreat to, where they may live within their own compass; and several +things indeed recommend it to such:— + + 1. Good houses at very easy rents. + + 2. An airy, clean, and well-governed town. + + 3. Very agreeable and improving company almost of every kind. + + 4. A wonderful plenty of all manner of provisions, whether flesh or + fish, and very good of the kind. + + 5. Those provisions very cheap, so that a family may live cheaper here + than in any town in England of its bigness within such a small distance + from London. + + 6. Easy passage to London, either by land or water, the coach going + through to London in a day. + +The Lord Viscount Hereford has a very fine seat and park in this town; +the house indeed is old built, but very commodious; it is called Christ +Church, having been, as it is said, a priory or religious house in former +times. The green and park is a great addition to the pleasantness of +this town, the inhabitants being allowed to divert themselves there with +walking, bowling, etc. + +The large spire steeple, which formerly stood upon that they call the +tower church, was blown down by a great storm of wind many years ago, and +in its a fall did much damage to the church. + +The government of this town is by two bailiffs, as at Yarmouth. Mr. +Camden says they are chosen out of twelve burgesses called portmen, and +two justices out of twenty-four more. There has been lately a very great +struggle between the two parties for the choice of these two magistrates, +which had this amicable conclusion—namely, that they chose one of either +side; so that neither party having the victory, it is to be hoped it may +be a means to allay the heats and unneighbourly feuds which such things +breed in towns so large as this is. They send two members to Parliament, +whereof those at this time are Sir William Thompson, Recorder of London, +and Colonel Negus, Deputy Master of the Horse to the king. + +There are some things very curious to be seen here, however some +superficial writers have been ignorant of them. Dr. Beeston, an eminent +physician, began a few years ago a physic garden adjoining to his house +in this town; and as he is particularly curious, and, as I was told, +exquisitely skilled in botanic knowledge, so he has been not only very +diligent, but successful too, in making a collection of rare and exotic +plants, such as are scarce to be equalled in England. + +One Mr. White, a surgeon, resides also in this town. But before I speak +of this gentleman, I must observe that I say nothing from personal +knowledge; though if I did, I have too good an opinion of his sense to +believe he would be pleased with being flattered or complimented in +print. But I must be true to matter of fact. This gentleman has begun a +collection or chamber of rarities, and with good success too. I +acknowledge I had not the opportunity of seeing them; but I was told +there are some things very curious in it, as particularly a sea-horse +carefully preserved, and perfect in all its parts; two Roman urns full of +ashes of human bodies, and supposed to be above 1,700 years old; besides +a great many valuable medals and ancient coins. My friend who gave me +this account, and of whom I think I may say he speaks without bias, +mentions this gentleman, Mr. White, with some warmth as a very valuable +person in his particular employ of a surgeon. I only repeat his words. +“Mr. White,” says he, “to whom the whole town and country are greatly +indebted and obliged to pray for his life, is our most skilful surgeon.” +These, I say, are his own words, and I add nothing to them but this, that +it is happy for a town to have such a surgeon, as it is for a surgeon to +have such a character. + +The country round Ipswich, as if qualified on purpose to accommodate the +town for building of ships, is an inexhaustible store-house of timber, of +which, now their trade of building ships is abated, they send very great +quantities to the king’s building-yards at Chatham, which by water is so +little a way that they often run to it from the mouth of the river at +Harwich in one tide. + +From Ipswich I took a turn into the country to Hadleigh, principally to +satisfy my curiosity and see the place where that famous martyr and +pattern of charity and religious zeal in Queen Mary’s time, Dr. Rowland +Taylor, was put to death. The inhabitants, who have a wonderful +veneration for his memory, show the very place where the stake which he +was bound to was set up, and they have put a stone upon it which nobody +will remove; but it is a more lasting monument to him that he lives in +the hearts of the people—I say more lasting than a tomb of marble would +be, for the memory of that good man will certainly never be out of the +poor people’s minds as long as this island shall retain the Protestant +religion among them. How long that may be, as things are going, and if +the detestable conspiracy of the Papists now on foot should succeed, I +will not pretend to say. + +A little to the left is Sudbury, which stands upon the River Stour, +mentioned above—a river which parts the counties of Suffolk and Essex, +and which is within these few years made navigable to this town, though +the navigation does not, it seems, answer the charge, at least not to +advantage. + +I know nothing for which this town is remarkable, except for being very +populous and very poor. They have a great manufacture of says and +perpetuanas, and multitudes of poor people are employed in working them; +but the number of the poor is almost ready to eat up the rich. However, +this town sends two members to Parliament, though it is under no form of +government particularly to itself other than as a village, the head +magistrate whereof is a constable. + +Near adjoining to it is a village called Long Melfort, and a very long +one it is, from which I suppose it had that addition to its name; it is +full of very good houses, and, as they told me, is richer, and has more +wealthy masters of the manufacture in it, than in Sudbury itself. + +Here and in the neighbourhood are some ancient families of good note; +particularly here is a fine dwelling, the ancient seat of the Cordells, +whereof Sir William Cordell was Master of the Rolls in the time of Queen +Elizabeth; but the family is now extinct, the last heir, Sir John +Cordell, being killed by a fall from his horse, died unmarried, leaving +three sisters co-heiresses to a very noble estate, most of which, if not +all, is now centred on the only surviving sister, and with her in +marriage is given to Mr. Firebrass, eldest son of Sir Basil Firebrass, +formerly a flourishing merchant in London, but reduced by many disasters. +His family now rises by the good fortune of his son, who proves to be a +gentleman of very agreeable parts, and well esteemed in the country. + +From this part of the country, I returned north-west by Lenham, to visit +St. Edmund’s Bury, a town of which other writers have talked very +largely, and perhaps a little too much. It is a town famed for its +pleasant situation and wholesome air, the Montpelier of Suffolk, and +perhaps of England. This must be attributed to the skill of the monks of +those times, who chose so beautiful a situation for the seat of their +retirement; and who built here the greatest and, in its time, the most +flourishing monastery in all these parts of England, I mean the monastery +of St. Edmund the Martyr. It was, if we believe antiquity, a house of +pleasure in more ancient times, or to speak more properly, a court of +some of the Saxon or East Angle kings; and, as Mr. Camden says, was even +then called a royal village, though it much better merits that name now; +it being the town of all this part of England, in proportion to its +bigness, most thronged with gentry, people of the best fashion, and the +most polite conversation. This beauty and healthiness of its situation +was no doubt the occasion which drew the clergy to settle here, for they +always chose the best places in the country to build in, either for +richness of soil, or for health and pleasure in the situation of their +religious houses. + +For the like reason, I doubt not, they translated the bones of the +martyred king St. Edmund to this place; for it is a vulgar error to say +he was murdered here. His martyrdom, it is plain, was at Hoxon or +Henilsdon, near Harlston, on the Waveney, in the farthest northern verge +of the county; but Segebert, king of the East Angles, had built a +religions house in this pleasant rich part of the county; and as the +monks began to taste the pleasure of the place, they procured the body of +this saint to be removed hither, which soon increased the wealth and +revenues of their house, by the zeal of that day, in going on pilgrimage +to the shrine of the blessed St. Edmund. + +We read, however, that after this the Danes, under King Sweno, +over-running this part of the country, destroyed this monastery and burnt +it to the ground, with the church and town. But see the turn religion +gives to things in the world; his son, King Canutus, at first a Pagan and +a tyrant, and the most cruel ravager of all that crew, coming to turn +Christian, and being touched in conscience for the soul of his father, in +having robbed God and his holy martyr St. Edmund, sacrilegiously +destroying the church, and plundering the monastery; I say, touched with +remorse, and, as the monks pretend, terrified with a vision of St. Edmund +appearing to him, he rebuilt the house, the church, and the town also, +and very much added to the wealth of the abbot and his fraternity, +offering his crown at the feet of St. Edmund, giving the house to the +monks, town and all; so that they were absolute lords of the town, and +governed it by their steward for many ages. He also gave them a great +many good lordships, which they enjoyed till the general suppression of +abbeys, in the time of Henry VIII. + +But I am neither writing the history or searching the antiquity of the +abbey, or town; my business is the present state of the place. + +The abbey is demolished; its ruins are all that is to be seen of its +glory: out of the old building, two very beautiful churches are built, +and serve the two parishes, into which the town is divided, and they +stand both in one churchyard. Here it was, in the path-way between these +two churches, that a tragical and almost unheard-of act of barbarity was +committed, which made the place less pleasant for some time than it used +to be, when Arundel Coke, Esq., a barrister-at-law, of a very ancient +family, attempted, with the assistance of a barbarous assassin, to murder +in cold blood, and in the arms of hospitality, Edward Crisp, Esq., his +brother-in-law, leading him out from his own house, where he had invited +him, his wife and children, to supper; I say, leading him out in the +night, on pretence of going to see some friend that was known to them +both; but in this churchyard, giving a signal to the assassin he had +hired, he attacked him with a hedge-bill, and cut him, as one might say, +almost in pieces; and when they did not doubt of his being dead, they +left him. His head and face was so mangled, that it may be said to be +next to a miracle that he was not quite killed: yet so Providence +directed for the exemplary punishment of the assassins, that the +gentleman recovered to detect them, who (though he outlived the assault) +were both executed as they deserved, and Mr. Crisp is yet alive. They +were condemned on the statute for defacing and dismembering, called the +Coventry Act. + +But this accident does not at all lessen the pleasure and agreeable +delightful show of the town of Bury; it is crowded with nobility and +gentry, and all sorts of the most agreeable company; and as the company +invites, so there is the appearance of pleasure upon the very situation; +and they that live at Bury are supposed to live there for the sake of it. + +The Lord Jermin, afterwards Lord Dover, and, since his lordship’s +decease, Sir Robert Davers, enjoyed the most delicious seat of Rushbrook, +near this town. + +The present members of Parliament for this place are Jermyn Davers and +James Reynolds, Esquires. + +Mr. Harvey, afterwards created Lord Harvey, by King William, and since +that made Earl of Bristol by King George, lived many years in this town, +leaving a noble and pleasantly situated house in Lincolnshire, for the +more agreeable living on a spot so completely qualified for a life of +delight as this of Bury. + +The Duke of Grafton, now Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, has also a stately +house at Euston, near this town, which he enjoys in right of his mother, +daughter to the Earl of Arlington, one of the chief ministers of State in +the reign of King Charles II., and who made the second letter in the word +“cabal,” a word formed by that famous satirist Andrew Marvell, to +represent the five heads of the politics of that time, as the word +“smectymnus” was on a former occasion. + +I shall believe nothing so scandalous of the ladies of this town and the +country round it as a late writer insinuates. That the ladies round the +country appear mighty gay and agreeable at the time of the fair in this +town I acknowledge; one hardly sees such a show in any part of the world; +but to suggest they come hither, as to a market, is so coarse a jest, +that the gentlemen that wait on them hither (for they rarely come but in +good company) ought to resent and correct him for it. + +It is true, Bury Fair, like Bartholomew Fair, is a fair for diversion, +more than for trade; and it may be a fair for toys and for trinkets, +which the ladies may think fit to lay out some of their money in, as they +see occasion. But to judge from thence that the knights’ daughters of +Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Suffolk—that is to say, for it cannot be +understood any otherwise, the daughters of all the gentry of the three +counties—come hither to be picked up, is a way of speaking I never before +heard any author have the assurance to make use of in print. + +The assembly he justly commends for the bright appearance of the +beauties; but with a sting in the tail of this compliment, where he says +they seldom end without some considerable match or intrigue; and yet he +owns that during the fair these assemblies are held every night. Now +that these fine ladies go intriguing every night, and that too after the +comedy is done, which is after the fair and raffling is over for the day, +so that it must be very late. This is a terrible character for the +ladies of Bury, and intimates, in short, that most of them are loose +women, which is a horrid abuse upon the whole country. + +Now, though I like not the assemblies at all, and shall in another place +give them something of their due, yet having the opportunity to see the +fair at Bury, and to see that there were, indeed, abundance of the finest +ladies, or as fine as any in Britain, yet I must own the number of the +ladies at the comedy, or at the assembly, is no way equal to the number +that are seen in the town, much less are they equal to the whole body of +the ladies in the three counties; and I must also add, that though it is +far from true that all that appear at the assembly are there for matches +or intrigues, yet I will venture to say that they are not the worst of +the ladies who stay away, neither are they the fewest in number or the +meanest in beauty, but just the contrary; and I do not at all doubt, but +that the scandalous liberty some take at those assemblies will in time +bring them out of credit with the virtuous part of the sex here, as it +has done already in Kent and other places, and that those ladies who most +value their reputation will be seen less there than they have been; for +though the institution of them has been innocent and virtuous, the ill +use of them, and the scandalous behaviour of some people at them, will in +time arm virtue against them, and they will be laid down as they have +been set up without much satisfaction. + +But the beauty of this town consists in the number of gentry who dwell in +and near it, the polite conversation among them, the affluence and plenty +they live in, the sweet air they breathe in, and the pleasant country +they have to go abroad in. + +Here is no manufacturing in this town, or but very little, except +spinning, the chief trade of the place depending upon the gentry who live +there, or near it, and who cannot fail to cause trade enough by the +expense of their families and equipages among the people of a county +town. They have but a very small river, or rather but a very small +branch of a small river, at this town, which runs from hence to Milden +Hall, on the edge of the fens. However, the town and gentlemen about +have been at the charge, or have so encouraged the engineer who was at +the charge, that they have made this river navigable to the said Milden +Hall, from whence there is a navigable dyke, called Milden Hall Drain, +which goes into the River Ouse, and so to Lynn; so that all their coal +and wine, iron, lead, and other heavy goods, are brought by water from +Lynn, or from London, by the way of Lynn, to the great ease of the +tradesmen. + +This town is famous for two great events. One was that in the year 1447, +in the 25th year of Henry VI., a Parliament was held here. + +The other was, that at the meeting of this Parliament, the great +Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, regent of the kingdom during the absence of +King Henry V. and the minority of Henry VI., and to his last hour the +safeguard of the whole nation, and darling of the people, was basely +murdered here; by whose death the gate was opened to that dreadful war +between the houses of Lancaster and York, which ended in the confusion of +that very race who are supposed to have contrived that murder. + +From St. Edmund’s Bury I returned by Stowmarket and Needham to Ipswich, +that I might keep as near the coast as was proper to my designed circuit +or journey; and from Ipswich, to visit the sea again, I went to +Woodbridge, and from thence to Orford, on the sea side. + +Woodbridge has nothing remarkable, but that it is a considerable market +for butter and corn to be exported to London; for now begins that part +which is ordinarily called High Suffolk, which, being a rich soil, is for +a long tract of ground wholly employed in dairies, and they again famous +for the best butter, and perhaps the worst cheese, in England. The +butter is barrelled, or often pickled up in small casks, and sold, not in +London only, but I have known a firkin of Suffolk butter sent to the West +Indies, and brought back to England again, and has been perfectly good +and sweet, as at first. + +The port for the shipping off their Suffolk butter is chiefly Woodbridge, +which for that reason is full of corn factors and butter factors, some of +whom are very considerable merchants. + +From hence, turning down to the shore, we see Orfordness, a noted point +of land for the guide of the colliers and coasters, and a good shelter +for them to ride under when a strong north-east wind blows and makes a +foul shore on the coast. + +South of the Ness is Orford Haven, being the mouth of two little rivers +meeting together. It is a very good harbour for small vessels, but not +capable of receiving a ship of burden. + +Orford was once a good town, but is decayed, and as it stands on the land +side of the river the sea daily throws up more land to it, and falls off +itself from it, as if it was resolved to disown the place, and that it +should be a seaport no longer. + +A little farther lies Aldborough, as thriving, though without a port, as +the other is decaying, with a good river in the front of it. + +There are some gentlemen’s seats up farther from the sea, but very few +upon the coast. + +From Aldborough to Dunwich there are no towns of note; even this town +seems to be in danger of being swallowed up, for fame reports that once +they had fifty churches in the town; I saw but one left, and that not +half full of people. + +This town is a testimony of the decay of public things, things of the +most durable nature; and as the old poet expresses it, + + “By numerous examples we may see, + That towns and cities die as well as we.” + +The ruins of Carthage, of the great city of Jerusalem, or of ancient +Rome, are not at all wonderful to me. The ruins of Nineveh, which are so +entirety sunk as that it is doubtful where the city stood; the ruins of +Babylon, or the great Persepolis, and many capital cities, which time and +the change of monarchies have overthrown, these, I say, are not at all +wonderful, because being the capitals of great and flourishing kingdoms, +where those kingdoms were overthrown, the capital cities necessarily fell +with them; but for a private town, a seaport, and a town of commerce, to +decay, as it were, of itself (for we never read of Dunwich being +plundered or ruined by any disaster, at least, not of late years); this, +I must confess, seems owing to nothing but to the fate of things, by +which we see that towns, kings, countries, families, and persons, have +all their elevation, their medium, their declination, and even their +destruction in the womb of time, and the course of nature. It is true, +this town is manifestly decayed by the invasion of the waters, and as +other towns seem sufferers by the sea, or the tide withdrawing from their +ports, such as Orford, just now named, Winchelsea in Kent, and the like, +so this town is, as it were, eaten up by the sea, as above; and the still +encroaching ocean seems to threaten it with a fatal immersion in a few +years more. + +Yet Dunwich, however ruined, retains some share of trade, as particularly +for the shipping of butter, cheese, and corn, which is so great a +business in this county, that it employs a great many people and ships +also; and this port lies right against the particular part of the county +for butter, as Framlingham, Halstead, etc. Also a very great quantity of +corn is bought up hereabout for the London market; for I shall still +touch that point how all the counties in England contribute something +towards the subsistence of the great city of London, of which the butter +here is a very considerable article; as also coarse cheese, which I +mentioned before, used chiefly for the king’s ships. + +Hereabouts they begin to talk of herrings and the fishery; and we find in +the ancient records that this town, which was then equal to a large city, +paid, among other tribute to the government, fifty thousand of herrings. +Here also, and at Swole, or Southole, the next seaport, they cure sprats +in the same manner as they do herrings at Yarmouth; that is to say, +speaking in their own language, they make red sprats; or to speak good +English, they make sprats red. + +It is remarkable that this town is now so much washed away by the sea, +that what little trade they have is carried on by Walderswick, a little +town near Swole, the vessels coming in there, because the ruins of +Dunwich make the shore there unsafe and uneasy to the boats; from whence +the northern coasting seamen a rude verse of their own using, and I +suppose of their own making, as follows, + + “Swoul and Dunwich, and Walderswick, + All go in at one lousie creek.” + +This “lousie creek,” in short, is a little river at Swoul, which our late +famous atlas-maker calls a good harbour for ships, and rendezvous of the +royal navy; but that by-the-bye; the author, it seems, knew no better. + +From Dunwich we came to Southwold, the town above-named: this is a small +port town upon the coast, at the mouth of a little river called the +Blith. I found no business the people here were employed in but the +fishery, as above, for herrings and sprats, which they cure by the help +of smoke, as they do at Yarmouth. + +There is but one church in this town, but it is a very large one and well +built, as most of the churches in this county are, and of impenetrable +flint; indeed, there is no occasion for its being so large, for staying +there one Sabbath day, I was surprised to see an extraordinary large +church, capable of receiving five or six thousand people, and but +twenty-seven in it besides the parson and the clerk; but at the same time +the meeting-house of the Dissenters was full to the very doors, having, +as I guessed, from six to eight hundred people in it. + +This town is made famous for a very great engagement at sea, in the year +1672, between the English and Dutch fleets, in the bay opposite to the +town, in which, not to be partial to ourselves, the English fleet was +worsted; and the brave Montague, Earl of Sandwich, Admiral under the Duke +of York, lost his life. The ship _Royal Prince_, carrying one hundred +guns, in which he was, and which was under him, commanded by Sir Edward +Spragg, was burnt, and several other ships lost, and about six hundred +seamen; part of those killed in the fight were, as I was told, brought on +shore here and buried in the churchyard of this town, as others also were +at Ipswich. + +At this town in particular, and so at all the towns on this coast, from +Orfordness to Yarmouth, is the ordinary place where our summer friends +the swallows first land when they come to visit us; and here they may be +said to embark for their return, when they go back into warmer climates; +and as I think the following remark, though of so trifling a +circumstance, may be both instructing as well as diverting, it may be +very proper in this place. The case is this; I was some years before at +this place, at the latter end of the year, viz., about the beginning of +October, and lodging in a house that looked into the churchyard, I +observed in the evening, an unusual multitude of birds sitting on the +leads of the church. Curiosity led me to go nearer to see what they +were, and I found they were all swallows; that there was such an infinite +number that they covered the whole roof of the church, and of several +houses near, and perhaps might of more houses which I did not see. This +led me to inquire of a grave gentleman whom I saw near me, what the +meaning was of such a prodigious multitude of swallows sitting there. +“Oh, sir,” says he, turning towards the sea, “you may see the reason; the +wind is off sea.” I did not seem fully informed by that expression, so +he goes on, “I perceive, sir,” says he, “you are a stranger to it; you +must then understand first, that this is the season of the year when the +swallows, their food here failing, begin to leave us, and return to the +country, wherever it be, from whence I suppose they came; and this being +the nearest to the coast of Holland, they come here to embark” (this he +said smiling a little); “and now, sir,” says he, “the weather being too +calm or the wind contrary, they are waiting for a gale, for they are all +wind-bound.” + +This was more evident to me, when in the morning I found the wind had +come about to the north-west in the night, and there was not one swallow +to be seen of near a million, which I believe was there the night before. + +How those creatures know that this part of the Island of Great Britain is +the way to their home, or the way that they are to go; that this very +point is the nearest cut over, or even that the nearest cut is best for +them, that we must leave to the naturalists to determine, who insist upon +it that brutes cannot think. + +Certain it is that the swallows neither come hither for warm weather nor +retire from cold; the thing is of quite another nature. They, like the +shoals of fish in the sea, pursue their prey; they are a voracious +creature, they feed flying; their food is found in the air, viz., the +insects, of which in our summer evenings, in damp and moist places, the +air is full. They come hither in the summer because our air is fuller of +fogs and damps than in other countries, and for that reason feeds great +quantities of insects. If the air be hot and dry the gnats die of +themselves, and even the swallows will be found famished for want, and +fall down dead out of the air, their food being taken from them. In like +manner, when cold weather comes in the insects all die, and then of +necessity the swallows quit us, and follow their food wherever they go. +This they do in the manner I have mentioned above, for sometimes they are +seen to go off in vast flights like a cloud. And sometimes again, when +the wind grows fair, they go away a few and a few as they come, not +staying at all upon the coast. + +_Note_.—This passing and re-passing of the swallows is observed nowhere +so much, that I have heard of, or in but few other places, except on this +eastern coast, namely, from above Harwich to the east point of Norfolk, +called Winterton Ness, North, which is all right against Holland. We +know nothing of them any farther north, the passage of the sea being, as +I suppose, too broad from Flamborough Head and the shore of Holderness in +Yorkshire, etc. + +I find very little remarkable on this side of Suffolk, but what is on the +sea-shore as above. The inland country is that which they properly call +High Suffolk, and is full of rich feeding grounds and large farms, mostly +employed in dairies for making the Suffolk butter and cheese, of which I +have spoken already. Among these rich grounds stand some market towns, +though not of very considerable note; such as Framlingham, where was once +a royal castle, to which Queen Mary retired when the Northumberland +faction, in behalf of the Lady Jane, endeavoured to supplant her. And it +was this part of Suffolk where the Gospellers, as they were then called, +preferred their loyalty to their religion, and complimented the Popish +line at expense of their share of the Reformation. But they paid dear +for it, and their successors have learned better politics since. + +In these parts are also several good market towns, some in this county +and some in the other, as Beccles, Bungay, Harlston, etc., all on the +edge of the River Waveney, which parts here the counties of Suffolk and +Norfolk. And here in a bye-place, and out of common remark, lies the +ancient town of Hoxon, famous for being the place where St. Edmund was +martyred, for whom so many cells and shrines have been set up and +monasteries built, and in honour of whom the famous monastery of St. +Edmundsbury, above mentioned, was founded, which most people erroneously +think was the place where the said murder was committed. + +Besides the towns mentioned above, there are Halesworth, Saxmundham, +Debenham, Aye, or Eye, all standing in this eastern side of Suffolk, in +which, as I have said, the whole country is employed in dairies or in +feeding of cattle. + +This part of England is also remarkable for being the first where the +feeding and fattening of cattle, both sheep as well as black cattle, with +turnips, was first practised in England, which is made a very great part +of the improvement of their lands to this day, and from whence the +practice is spread over most of the east and south parts of England to +the great enriching of the farmers and increase of fat cattle. And +though some have objected against the goodness of the flesh thus fed with +turnips, and have fancied it would taste of the root, yet upon experience +it is found that at market there is no difference, nor can they that buy +single out one joint of mutton from another by the taste. So that the +complaint which our nice palates at first made begins to cease of itself, +and a very great quantity of beef and mutton also is brought every year +and every week to London from this side of England, and much more than +was formerly known to be fed there. + +I cannot omit, however little it may seem, that this county of Suffolk is +particularly famous for furnishing the City of London and all the +counties round with turkeys, and that it is thought there are more +turkeys bred in this county and the part of Norfolk that adjoins to it +than in all the rest of England, especially for sale, though this may be +reckoned, as I say above, but a trifling thing to take notice of in these +remarks; yet, as I have hinted, that I shall observe how London is in +general supplied with all its provisions from the whole body of the +nation, and how every part of the island is engaged in some degree or +other of that supply. On this account I could not omit it, nor will it +be found so inconsiderable an article as some may imagine, if this be +true, which I received an account of from a person living on the place, +viz., that they have counted three hundred droves of turkeys (for they +drive them all in droves on foot) pass in one season over Stratford +Bridge on the River Stour, which parts Suffolk from Essex, about six +miles from Colchester, on the road from Ipswich to London. These droves, +as they say, generally contain from three hundred to a thousand each +drove; so that one may suppose them to contain five hundred one with +another, which is one hundred and fifty thousand in all; and yet this is +one of the least passages, the numbers which travel by Newmarket Heath +and the open country and the forest, and also the numbers that come by +Sudbury and Clare being many more. + +For the further supplies of the markets of London with poultry, of which +these countries particularly abound, they have within these few years +found it practicable to make the geese travel on foot too, as well as the +turkeys, and a prodigious number are brought up to London in droves from +the farthest parts of Norfolk; even from the fen country about Lynn, +Downham, Wisbech, and the Washes; as also from all the east side of +Norfolk and Suffolk, of whom it is very frequent now to meet droves with +a thousand, sometimes two thousand in a drove. They begin to drive them +generally in August, by which time the harvest is almost over, and the +geese may feed in the stubbles as they go. Thus they hold on to the end +of October, when the roads begin to be too stiff and deep for their broad +feet and short legs to march in. + +Besides these methods of driving these creatures on foot, they have of +late also invented a new method of carriage, being carts formed on +purpose, with four stories or stages to put the creatures in one above +another, by which invention one cart will carry a very great number; and +for the smoother going they drive with two horses abreast, like a coach, +so quartering the road for the ease of the gentry that thus ride. +Changing horses, they travel night and day, so that they bring the fowls +seventy, eighty, or, one hundred miles in two days and one night. The +horses in this new-fashioned voiture go two abreast, as above, but no +perch below, as in a coach, but they are fastened together by a piece of +wood lying crosswise upon their necks, by which they are kept even and +together, and the driver sits on the top of the cart like as in the +public carriages for the army, etc. + +In this manner they hurry away the creatures alive, and infinite numbers +are thus carried to London every year. This method is also particular +for the carrying young turkeys or turkey poults in their season, which +are valuable, and yield a good price at market; as also for live chickens +in the dear seasons, of all which a very great number are brought in this +manner to London, and more prodigiously out of this country than any +other part of England, which is the reason of my speaking of it here. + +In this part, which we call High Suffolk, there are not so many families +of gentry or nobility placed as in the other side of the country. But it +is observed that though their seats are not so frequent here, their +estates are; and the pleasure of West Suffolk is much of it supported by +the wealth of High Suffolk, for the richness of the lands and application +of the people to all kinds of improvement is scarce credible; also the +farmers are so very considerable and their farms and dairies so large +that it is very frequent for a farmer to have £1,000 stock upon his farm +in cows only. + + + +NORFOLK. + + +From High Suffolk I passed the Waveney into Norfolk, near Schole Inn. In +my passage I saw at Redgrave (the seat of the family) a most exquisite +monument of Sir John Holt, Knight, late Lord Chief Justice of the King’s +Bench several years, and one of the most eminent lawyers of his time. +One of the heirs of the family is now building a fine seat about a mile +on the south side of Ipswich, near the road. + +The epitaph or inscription on this monument is as follows:— + + M. S. + D. Johannis Holt, _Equitis Aur_. + _Totius Angliæ in Banco Regis_ + _per_ 21 _Annos continuos_ + Capitalis Justitiarii + _Gulielmo Regi Annæqur Reginæ_ + _Consiliarii perpetui_: + _Libertatis ac Legum Anglicarum_ + _Assertoris_, _Vindicis_, _Custodis_, + _Vigilis Acris & intrepidi_, + _Rolandus Frater Uncius & Hæres_ + _Optime de se Merito_ + _posuit_, + _Die Martis Vto_. 1709. _Sublatus est_ + _ex Oculis nostris_ + _Natus_ 30 _Decembris_, _Anno_ 1642. + +When we come into Norfolk, we see a face of diligence spread over the +whole country; the vast manufactures carried on (in chief) by the Norwich +weavers employs all the country round in spinning yarn for them; besides +many thousand packs of yarn which they receive from other countries, even +from as far as Yorkshire and Westmoreland, of which I shall speak in its +place. + +This side of Norfolk is very populous, and thronged with great and +spacious market-towns, more and larger than any other part of England so +far from London, except Devonshire, and the West Riding of Yorkshire; for +example, between the frontiers of Suffolk and the city of Norwich on this +side, which is not above 22 miles in breadth, are the following +market-towns, viz.:— + +Thetford, Hingham, Harleston, +Diss, West Dereham, E. Dereham, +Harling, Attleborough, Watton, +Bucknam, Windham, Loddon, etc. + +Most of these towns are very populous and large; but that which is most +remarkable is, that the whole country round them is so interspersed with +villages, and those villages so large, and so full of people, that they +are equal to market-towns in other countries; in a word, they render this +eastern part of Norfolk exceeding full of inhabitants. + +An eminent weaver of Norwich gave me a scheme of their trade on this +occasion, by which, calculating from the number of looms at that time +employed in the city of Norwich only, besides those employed in other +towns in the same county, he made it appear very plain, that there were +120,000 people employed in the woollen and silk and wool manufactures of +that city only; not that the people all lived in the city, though Norwich +is a very large and populous city too: but, I say, they were employed for +spinning the yarn used for such goods as were all made in that city. +This account is curious enough, and very exact, but it is too long for +the compass of this work. + +This shows the wonderful extent of the Norwich manufacture, or +stuff-weaving trade, by which so many thousands of families are +maintained. Their trade, indeed, felt a very sensible decay, and the +cries of the poor began to be very loud, when the wearing of painted +calicoes was grown to such a height in England, as was seen about two or +three years ago; but an Act of Parliament having been obtained, though +not without great struggle, in the years 1720 and 1721, for prohibiting +the use and wearing of calicoes, the stuff trade revived incredibly; and +as I passed this part of the country in the year 1723, the manufacturers +assured me that there was not, in all the eastern and middle part of +Norfolk, any hand unemployed, if they would work; and that the very +children, after four or five years of age, could every one earn their own +bread. But I return to speak of the villages and towns in the rest of +the county; I shall come to the city of Norwich by itself. + +This throng of villages continues through all the east part of the +country, which is of the greatest extent, and where the manufacture is +chiefly carried on. If any part of it be waste and thin of inhabitants, +it is the west part, drawing a line from about Brand, or Brandon, south, +to Walsinghan, north. This part of the country indeed is full of open +plains, and somewhat sandy and barren, and feeds great flocks of good +sheep; but put it all together, the county of Norfolk has the most people +in the least tract of land of any county in England, except about London, +and Exon, and the West Riding of Yorkshire, as above. + +Add to this, that there is no single county in England, except as above, +that can boast of three towns so populous, so rich, and so famous for +trade and navigation, as in this county. By these three towns, I mean +the city of Norwich, the towns of Yarmouth and Lynn. Besides that, it +has several other seaports of very good trade, as Wisbech, Wells, +Burnham, Clye, etc. + +Norwich is the capital of all the county, and the centre of all the trade +and manufactures which I have just mentioned; an ancient, large, rich, +and populous city. If a stranger was only to ride through or view the +city of Norwich for a day, he would have much more reason to think there +was a town without inhabitants, than there is really to say so of +Ipswich; but on the contrary if he was to view the city, either on a +Sabbath-day, or on any public occasion, he would wonder where all the +people could dwell, the multitude is so great. But the case is this: the +inhabitants being all busy at their manufactures, dwell in their garrets +at their looms, and in their combing shops (so they call them), +twisting-mills, and other work-houses, almost all the works they are +employed in being done within doors. There are in this city thirty-two +parishes besides the cathedral, and a great many meeting-houses of +Dissenters of all denominations. The public edifices are chiefly the +castle, ancient and decayed, and now for many years past made use of for +a gaol. The Duke of Norfolk’s house was formerly kept well, and the +gardens preserved for the pleasure and diversion of the citizens, but +since feeling too sensibly the sinking circumstances of that once +glorious family, who were the first peers and hereditary earl-marshals of +England. + +The walls of this city are reckoned three miles in circumference, taking +in more ground than the City of London, but much of that ground lying +open in pasture-fields and gardens; nor does it seem to be, like some +ancient places, a decayed, declining town, and that the walls mark out +its ancient dimensions; for we do not see room to suppose that it was +ever larger or more populous than it is now. But the walls seem to be +placed as if they expected that the city would in time increase +sufficiently to fill them up with buildings. + +The cathedral of this city is a fine fabric, and the spire steeple very +high and beautiful. It is not ancient, the bishop’s see having been +first at Thetford, from whence it was not translated hither till the +twelfth century. Yet the church has so many antiquities in it, that our +late great scholar and physician, Sir Thomas Brown, thought it worth his +while to write a whole book to collect the monuments and inscriptions in +this church, to which I refer the reader. + +The River Yare runs through this city, and is navigable thus far without +the help of any art (that is to say, without locks or stops), and being +increased by other waters, passes afterwards through a long tract of the +richest meadows, and the largest, take them all together, that are +anywhere in England, lying for thirty miles in length, from this city to +Yarmouth, including the return of the said meadows on the bank of the +Waveney south, and on the River Thyrn north. + +Here is one thing indeed strange in itself, and more so, in that history +seems to be quite ignorant of the occasion of it. The River Waveney is a +considerable river, and of a deep and full channel, navigable for large +barges as high as Beccles; it runs for a course of about fifty miles, +between the two counties of Suffolk and Norfolk, as a boundary to both; +and pushing on, though with a gentle stream, towards the sea, no one +would doubt, but, that when they see the river growing broader and +deeper, and going directly towards the sea, even to the edge of the +beach—that is to say, within a mile of the main ocean—no stranger, I say, +but would expect to see its entrance into the sea at that place, and a +noble harbour for ships at the mouth of it; when on a sudden, the land +rising high by the seaside, crosses the head of the river, like a dam, +checks the whole course of it, and it returns, bending its course west, +for two miles, or thereabouts; and then turning north, through another +long course of meadows (joining to those just now mentioned) seeks out +the River Yare, that it may join its water with hers, and find their way +to the sea together. + +Some of our historians tell a long, fabulous story of this river being +once open, and a famous harbour for ships belonging to a town of +Lowestoft adjoining; but that the town of Yarmouth envying the prosperity +of the said town of Lowestoft, made war upon them; and that after many +bloody battles, as well by sea as by land, they came at last to a +decisive action at sea with their respective fleets, and the victory fell +to the Yarmouth men, the Lowestoft fleet being overthrown and utterly +destroyed; and that upon this victory, the Yarmouth men either actually +did stop up the mouth of the said river, or obliged the vanquished +Lowestoft men to do it themselves, and bound them never to attempt to +open it again. + +I believe my share of this story, and I recommend no more of it to the +reader; adding, that I see no authority for the relation, neither do the +relators agree either in the time of it, or in the particulars of the +fact; that is to say, in whose reign, or under what government all this +happened; in what year, and the like; so I satisfy myself with +transcribing the matter of fact, and then leave it as I find it. + +In this vast tract of meadows are fed a prodigious number of black cattle +which are said to be fed up for the fattest beef, though not the largest +in England; and the quantity is so great, as that they not only supply +the city of Norwich, the town of Yarmouth, and county adjacent, but send +great quantities of them weekly in all the winter season to London. + +And this in particular is worthy remark, that the gross of all the Scots +cattle which come yearly into England are brought hither, being brought +to a small village lying north of the city of Norwich, called St. +Faith’s, where the Norfolk graziers go and buy them. + +These Scots runts, so they call them, coming out of the cold and barren +mountains of the Highlands in Scotland, feed so eagerly on the rich +pasture in these marshes, that they thrive in an unusual manner, and grow +monstrously fat; and the beef is so delicious for taste, that the +inhabitants prefer them to the English cattle, which are much larger and +fairer to look at; and they may very well do so. Some have told me, and +I believe with good judgment, that there are above forty thousand of +these Scots cattle fed in this county every year, and most of them in the +said marshes between Norwich, Beccles, and Yarmouth. + +Yarmouth is an ancient town, much older than Norwich; and at present, +though not standing on so much ground, yet better built; much more +complete; for number of inhabitants, not much inferior; and for wealth, +trade, and advantage of its situation, infinitely superior to Norwich. + +It is placed on a peninsula between the River Yare and the sea; the two +last lying parallel to one another, and the town in the middle. The +river lies on the west side of the town, and being grown very large and +deep, by a conflux of all the rivers on this side the county, forms the +haven; and the town facing to the west also, and open to the river, makes +the finest quay in England, if not in Europe, not inferior even to that +of Marseilles itself. + +The ships ride here so close, and, as it were, keeping up one another, +with their headfasts on shore, that for half a mile together they go +across the stream with their bowsprits over the land, their bows, or +heads touching the very wharf; so that one may walk from ship to ship as +on a floating bridge, all along by the shore-side. The quay reaching +from the drawbridge almost to the south gate, is so spacious and wide, +that in some places it is near one hundred yards from the houses to the +wharf. In this pleasant and agreeable range of houses are some very +magnificent buildings, and among the rest, the Custom House and Town +Hall, and some merchant’s houses, which look like little palaces rather +than the dwelling-houses of private men. + +The greatest defect of this beautiful town seems to be that, though it is +very rich and increasing in wealth and trade, and consequently in people, +there is not room to enlarge the town by building, which would be +certainly done much more than it is, but that the river on the land side +prescribes them, except at the north end without the gate; and even there +the land is not very agreeable. But had they had a larger space within +the gates there would before now have been many spacious streets of noble +fine buildings erected, as we see is done in some other thriving towns in +England, as at Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, Frome, etc. + +The quay and the harbour of this town during the fishing fair, as they +call it, which is every Michaelmas, one sees the land covered with +people, and the river with barques and boats, busy day and night landing +and carrying of the herrings, which they catch here in such prodigious +quantities, that it is incredible. I happened to be there during their +fishing fair, when I told in one tide 110 barques and fishing vessels +coming up the river all laden with herrings, and all taken the night +before; and this was besides what was brought on shore on the Dean (that +is the seaside of the town) by open boats, which they call cobles, and +which often bring in two or three last of fish at a time. The barques +often bring in ten last a piece. + +This fishing fair begins on Michaelmas Day, and lasts all the month of +October, by which time the herrings draw off to sea, shoot their spawn, +and are no more fit for the merchant’s business—at least, not those that +are taken thereabouts. + +The quantity of herrings that are caught in this season are diversely +accounted for. Some have said that the towns of Yarmouth and Lowestoft +only have taken 40,000 last in a season. I will not venture to confirm +that report; but this I have heard the merchants themselves say, viz., +that they have cured—that is to say, hanged and dried in the smoke—40,000 +barrels of merchantable red herrings in one season, which is in itself +(though far short of the other) yet a very considerable article; and it +is to be added that this is besides all the herrings consumed in the +country towns of both those populous counties for thirty miles from the +sea, whither very great quantities are carried every tide during the +whole season. + +But this is only one branch of the great trade carried on in this town. +Another part of this commerce is in the exporting these herrings after +they are cured; and for this their merchants have a great trade to Genoa, +Leghorn, Naples, Messina, and Venice; as also to Spain and Portugal, also +exporting with their herring very great quantities of worsted stuffs, and +stuffs made of silk and worsted, camblets, etc., the manufactures of the +neighbouring city of Norwich and of the places adjacent. + +Besides this, they carry on a very considerable trade with Holland, whose +opposite neighbours they are; and a vast quantity of woollen manufactures +they export to the Dutch every year. Also they have a fishing trade to +the North Seas for white fish, which from the place are called the North +Sea cod. + +They have also a considerable trade to Norway and to the Baltic, from +whence they bring back deals and fir timber, oaken plank, balks, spars, +oars, pitch, tar, hemp, flax, spruce canvas, and sail-cloth, with all +manner of naval stores, which they generally have a consumption for in +their own port, where they build a very great number of ships every year, +besides refitting and repairing the old. + +Add to this the coal trade between Newcastle and the river of Thames, in +which they are so improved of late years that they have now a greater +share of it than any other town in England, and have quite worked the +Ipswich men out of it who had formerly the chief share of the colliery in +their hands. + +For the carrying on all these trades they must have a very great number +of ships, either of their own or employed by them: and it may in some +measure be judged of by this that in the year 1697, I had an account from +the town register that there was then 1,123 sail of ships using the sea +and belonged to the town, besides such ships as the merchants of Yarmouth +might be concerned in, and be part owners of, belonging to any other +ports. + +To all this I must add, without compliment to the town or to the people, +that the merchants, and even the generality of traders of Yarmouth, have +a very good reputation in trade as well abroad as at home for men of fair +and honourable dealing, punctual and just in their performing their +engagements and in discharging commissions; and their seamen, as well +masters as mariners, are justly esteemed among the ablest and most expert +navigators in England. + +This town, however populous and large, was ever contained in one parish, +and had but one church; but within these two years they have built +another very fine church near the south end of the town. The old church +is dedicated to St. Nicholas, and was built by that famous Bishop of +Norwich, William Herbert, who flourished in the reign of William II., and +Henry I., William of Malmesbury, calls him _Vir Pecuniosus_; he might +have called him _Vir Pecuniosissimus_, considering the times he lived in, +and the works of charity and munificence which he has left as witnesses +of his immense riches; for he built the Cathedral Church, the Priory for +sixty monks, the Bishop’s Palace, and the parish church of St. Leonard, +all in Norwich; this great church at Yarmouth, the Church of St. Margaret +at Lynn, and of St. Mary at Elmham. He removed the episcopal see from +Thetford to Norwich, and instituted the Cluniack Monks at Thetford, and +gave them or built them a house. This old church is very large, and has +a high spire, which is a useful sea-mark. + +Here is one of the finest market-places and the best served with +provisions in England, London excepted; and the inhabitants are so +multiplied in a few years that they seem to want room in their town +rather than people to fill it, as I have observed above. + +The streets are all exactly straight from north to south, with lanes or +alleys, which they call rows, crossing them in straight lines also from +east to west, so that it is the most regular built town in England, and +seems to have been built all at once; or that the dimensions of the +houses and extent of the streets were laid out by consent. + +They have particular privileges in this town and a jurisdiction by which +they can try, condemn, and execute in especial cases without waiting for +a warrant from above; and this they exerted once very smartly in +executing a captain of one of the king’s ships of war in the reign of +King Charles II. for a murder committed in the street, the circumstance +of which did indeed call for justice; but some thought they would not +have ventured to exert their powers as they did. However, I never heard +that the Government resented it or blamed them for it. + +It is also a very well-governed town, and I have nowhere in England +observed the Sabbath day so exactly kept, or the breach so continually +punished, as in this place, which I name to their honour. + +Among all these regularities it is no wonder if we do not find abundance +of revelling, or that there is little encouragement to assemblies, plays, +and gaming meetings at Yarmouth as in some other places; and yet I do not +see that the ladies here come behind any of the neighbouring counties, +either in beauty, breeding, or behaviour; to which may be added too, not +at all to their disadvantage, that they generally go beyond them in +fortunes. + +From Yarmouth I resolved to pursue my first design, viz., to view the +seaside on this coast, which is particularly famous for being one of the +most dangerous and most fatal to the sailors in all England—I may say in +all Britain—and the more so because of the great number of ships which +are continually going and coming this way in their passage between London +and all the northern coasts of Great Britain. Matters of antiquity are +not my inquiry, but principally observations on the present state of +things, and, if possible, to give such accounts of things worthy of +recording as have never been observed before; and this leads me the more +directly to mention the commerce and the navigation when I come to towns +upon the coast as what few writers have yet meddled with. + +The reason of the dangers of this particular coast are found in the +situation of the county and in the course of ships sailing this way, +which I shall describe as well as I can thus:—The shore from the mouth of +the River of Thames to Yarmouth Roads lies in a straight line from SSE. +_to_ NNW., the land being on the W. or larboard side. + +From Wintertonness, which is the utmost northerly point of land in the +county of Norfolk, and about four miles beyond Yarmouth, the shore falls +off for nearly sixty miles to the west, as far as Lynn and Boston, till +the shore of Lincolnshire tends north again for about sixty miles more as +far as the Humber, whence the coast of Yorkshire, or Holderness, which is +the east riding, shoots out again into the sea, to the Spurn and to +Flamborough Head, as far east, almost, as the shore of Norfolk had given +back at Winterton, making a very deep gulf or bay between those two +points of Winterton and the Spurn Head; so that the ships going north are +obliged to stretch away to sea from Wintertonness, and leaving the sight +of land in that deep bay which I have mentioned, that reaches to Lynn and +the shore of Lincolnshire, they go, I say, N. or still NNW. to meet the +shore of Holderness, which I said runs out into the sea again at the +Spurn; and the first land they make or desire to make, is called as +above, Flamborough Head, so that Wintertonness and Flamborough Head are +the two extremes of this course, there is, as I said, the Spurn Head +indeed between; but as it lies too far in towards the Humber, they keep +out to the north to avoid coming near it. + +In like manner the ships which come from the north, leave the shore at +Flamborough Head, and stretch away SSE. for Yarmouth Roads; and they +first land they make is Wintertonness (as above). Now, the danger of the +place is this: if the ships coming from the north are taken with a hard +gale of wind from the SE., or from any point between NE. and SE., so that +they cannot, as the seamen call it, weather Wintertonness, they are +thereby kept within that deep bay; and if the wind blows hard, are often +in danger of running on shore upon the rocks about Cromer, on the north +coast of Norfolk, or stranding upon the flat shore between Cromer and +Wells; all the relief they have, is good ground tackle to ride it out, +which is very hard to do there, the sea coming very high upon them; or if +they cannot ride it out then, to run into the bottom of the great bay I +mentioned, to Lynn or Boston, which is a very difficult and desperate +push: so that sometimes in this distress whole fleets have been lost here +altogether. + +The like is the danger to ships going northward, if after passing by +Winterton they are taken short with a north-east wind, and cannot put +back into the Roads, which very often happens, then they are driven upon +the same coast, and embayed just as the latter. The danger on the north +part of this bay is not the same, because if ships going or coming should +be taken short on this side Flamborough, there is the river Humber open +to them, and several good roads to have recourse to, as Burlington Bay, +Grimsby Road, and the Spurn Head, and others, where they ride under +shelter. + +The dangers of this place being thus considered, it is no wonder, that +upon the shore beyond Yarmouth there are no less than four lighthouses +kept flaming every night, besides the lights at Castor, north of the +town, and at Goulston S., all of which are to direct the sailors to keep +a good offing in case of bad weather, and to prevent their running into +Cromer Bay, which the seamen call the devil’s throat. + +As I went by land from Yarmouth northward, along the shore towards Cromer +aforesaid, and was not then fully master of the reason of these things, I +was surprised to see, in all the way from Winterton, that the farmers and +country people had scarce a barn, or a shed, or a stable, nay, not the +pales of their yards and gardens, not a hogstye, not a necessary house, +but what was built of old planks, beams, wales, and timbers, etc., the +wrecks of ships, and ruins of mariners’ and merchants’ fortunes; and in +some places were whole yards filled and piled up very high with the same +stuff laid up, as I supposed to sell for the like building purposes, as +there should he occasion. + +About the year 1692 (I think it was that year) there was a melancholy +example of what I have said of this place: a fleet of 200 sail of light +colliers (so they call the ships bound northward empty to fetch coals +from Newcastle to London) went out of Yarmouth Roads with a fair wind, to +pursue their voyage, and were taken short with a storm of wind at NE. +after they were past Wintertonness, a few leagues; some of them, whose +masters were a little more wary than the rest, or perhaps, who made a +better judgment of things, or who were not so far out as the rest, +tacked, and put back in time, and got safe into the roads; but the rest +pushing on in hopes to keep out to sea, and weather it, were by the +violence of the storm driven back, when they were too far embayed to +weather Wintertonness as above, and so were forced to run west, everyone +shifting for themselves as well as they could; some run away for Lynn +Deeps, but few of them (the night being so dark) could find their way in +there; some, but very few, rode it out at a distance; the rest, being +above 140 sail, were all driven on shore and dashed to pieces, and very +few of the people on board were saved: at the very same unhappy juncture, +a fleet of laden ships were coming from the north, and being just +crossing the same bay, were forcibly driven into it, not able to weather +the Ness, and so were involved in the same ruin as the light fleet was; +also some coasting vessels laden with corn from Lynn and Wells, and bound +for Holland, were with the same unhappy luck just come out to begin their +voyage, and some of them lay at anchor; these also met with the same +misfortune, so that, in the whole, above 200 sail of ships, and above a +thousand people, perished in the disaster of that one miserable night, +very few escaping. + +Cromer is a market town close to the shore of this dangerous coast. I +know nothing it is famous for (besides it being thus the terror of the +sailors) except good lobsters, which are taken on that coast in great +numbers and carried to Norwich, and in such quantities sometimes too as +to be conveyed by sea to London. + +Farther within the land, and between this place and Norwich, are several +good market towns, and innumerable villages, all diligently applying to +the woollen manufacture, and the country is exceedingly fruitful and +fertile, as well in corn as in pastures; particularly, which was very +pleasant to see, the pheasants were in such great plenty as to be seen in +the stubbles like cocks and hens—a testimony though, by the way, that the +county had more tradesmen than gentlemen in it; indeed, this part is so +entirely given up to industry, that what with the seafaring men on the +one side, and the manufactures on the other, we saw no idle hands here, +but every man busy on the main affair of life, that is to say, getting +money; some of the principal of these towns are:—Alsham, North Walsham, +South Walsham, Worsted, Caston, Reepham, Holt, Saxthorp, St. Faith’s, +Blikling, and many others. Near the last, Sir John Hobart, of an ancient +family in this county, has a noble seat, but old built. This is that St. +Faith’s, where the drovers bring their black cattle to sell to the +Norfolk graziers, as is observed above. + +From Cromer we ride on the strand or open shore to Weyburn Hope, the +shore so flat that in some places the tide ebbs out near two miles. From +Weyburn west lies Clye, where there are large salt-works and very good +salt made, which is sold all over the county, and sometimes sent to +Holland and to the Baltic. From Clye we go to Masham and to Wells, all +towns on the coast, in each whereof there is a very considerable trade +carried on with Holland for corn, which that part of the county is very +full of. I say nothing of the great trade driven here from Holland, back +again to England, because I take it to be a trade carried on with much +less honesty than advantage, especially while the clandestine trade, or +the art of smuggling was so much in practice: what it is now, is not to +my present purpose. + +Near this town lie The Seven Burnhams, as they are called, that is to +say, seven small towns, all called by the same name, and each employed in +the same trade of carrying corn to Holland, and bringing back,—etc. + +From hence we turn to the south-west to Castle Rising, an old decayed +borough town, with perhaps not ten families in it, which yet (to the +scandal of our prescription right) sends two members to the British +Parliament, being as many as the City of Norwich itself or any town in +the kingdom, London excepted, can do. + +On our left we see Walsingham, an ancient town, famous for the old ruins +of a monastery of note there, and the Shrine of our Lady, as noted as +that of St. Thomas-à-Becket at Canterbury, and for little else. + +Near this place are the seats of the two allied families of the Lord +Viscount Townsend and Robert Walpole, Esq.; the latter at this time one +of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury and Minister of State, and the +former one of the principal Secretaries of State to King George, of which +again. + +From hence we went to Lynn, another rich and populous thriving port-town. +It stands on more ground than the town of Yarmouth, and has, I think, +parishes, yet I cannot allow that it has more people than Yarmouth, if so +many. It is a beautiful, well built, and well situated town, at the +mouth of the River Ouse, and has this particular attending it, which +gives it a vast advantage in trade; namely, that there is the greatest +extent of inland navigation here of any port in England, London excepted. +The reason whereof is this, that there are more navigable rivers empty +themselves here into the sea, including the washes, which are branches of +the same port, than at any one mouth of waters in England, except the +Thames and the Humber. By these navigable rivers, the merchants of Lynn +supply about six counties wholly, and three counties in part, with their +goods, especially wine and coals, viz., by the little Ouse, they send +their goods to Brandon and Thetford, by the Lake to Mildenhall, Barton +Mills, and St. Edmundsbury; by the River Grant to Cambridge, by the great +Ouse itself to Ely, to St. Ives, to St. Neots, to Barford Bridge, and to +Bedford; by the River Nyne to Peterborough; by the drains and washes to +Wisbeach, to Spalding, Market Deeping, and Stamford; besides the several +counties, into which these goods are carried by land-carriage, from the +places, where the navigation of those rivers end; which has given rise to +this observation on the town of Lynn, that they bring in more coals than +any sea-port between London and Newcastle; and import more wines than any +port in England, except London and Bristol; their trade to Norway and to +the Baltic Sea is also great in proportion, and of late years they have +extended their trade farther to the southward. + +Here are more gentry, and consequently is more gaiety in this town than +in Yarmouth, or even in Norwich itself—the place abounding in very good +company. + +The situation of this town renders it capable of being made very strong, +and in the late wars it was so; a line of fortification being drawn round +it at a distance from the walls; the ruins, or rather remains of which +works appear very fair to this day; nor would it be a hard matter to +restore the bastions, with the ravelins, and counterscarp, upon any +sudden emergency, to a good state of defence: and that in a little time, +a sufficient number of workmen being employed, especially because they +are able to fill all their ditches with water from the sea, in such a +manner as that it cannot be drawn off. + +There is in the market-place of this town a very fine statue of King +William on horseback, erected at the charge of the town. The Ouse is +mighty large and deep, close to the very town itself, and ships of good +burthen may come up to the quay; but there is no bridge, the stream being +too strong and the bottom moorish and unsound; nor, for the same reason, +is the anchorage computed the best in the world; but there are good roads +farther down. + +They pass over here in boats into the fen country, and over the famous +washes into Lincolnshire, but the passage is very dangerous and uneasy, +and where passengers often miscarry and are lost; but then it is usually +on their venturing at improper times, and without the guides, which if +they would be persuaded not to do, they would very rarely fail of going +or coming safe. + +From Lynn I bent my course to Downham, where is an ugly wooden bridge +over the Ouse; from whence we passed the fen country to Wisbeach, but saw +nothing that way to tempt our curiosity but deep roads, innumerable +drains and dykes of water, all navigable, and a rich soil, the land +bearing a vast quantity of good hemp, but a base unwholesome air; so we +came back to Ely, whose cathedral, standing in a level flat country, is +seen far and wide, and of which town, when the minster, so they call it, +is described, everything remarkable is said that there is room to say. +And of the minster, this is the most remarkable thing that I could hear +it, namely, that some of it is so ancient, totters so much with every +gust of wind, looks so like a decay, and seems so near it, that whenever +it does fall, all that it is likely will be thought strange in it will be +that it did not fall a hundred years sooner. + +From hence we came over the Ouse, and in a few miles to Newmarket. In +our way, near Snaybell, we saw a noble seat of the late Admiral Russell, +now Earl of Orford, a name made famous by the glorious victory obtained +under his command over the French fleet and the burning their ships at La +Hogue—a victory equal in glory to, and infinitely more glorious to the +English nation in particular, than that at Blenheim, and, above all, more +to the particular advantage of the confederacy, because it so broke the +heart of the naval power of France that they have not fully recovered it +to this day. But of this victory it must be said it was owing to the +haughty, rash, and insolent orders given by the King of France to his +admiral, viz., to fight the confederate fleet wherever he found them, +without leaving room for him to use due caution if he found them too +strong, which pride of France was doubtless a fate upon them, and gave a +cheap victory to the confederates, the French coming down rashly, and +with the most impolitic bravery, with about five-and-forty sail to attack +between seventy and eighty sail, by which means they met their ruin. +Whereas, had their own fleet been joined, it might have cost more blood +to have mastered them if it had been done at all. + +The situation of this house is low, and on the edge of the fen country, +but the building is very fine, the avenues noble, and the gardens +perfectly finished. The apartments also are rich, and I see nothing +wanting but a family and heirs to sustain the glory and inheritance of +the illustrious ancestor who raised it—_sed caret pedibus_; these are +wanting. + +Being come to Newmarket in the month of October, I had the opportunity to +see the horse races and a great concourse of the nobility and gentry, as +well from London as from all parts of England, but they were all so +intent, so eager, so busy upon the sharping part of the sport—their +wagers and bets—that to me they seemed just as so many horse-coursers in +Smithfield, descending (the greatest of them) from their high dignity and +quality to picking one another’s pockets, and biting one another as much +as possible, and that with such eagerness as that it might be said they +acted without respect to faith, honour, or good manners. + +There was Mr. Frampton the oldest, and, as some say, the cunningest +jockey in England; one day he lost one thousand guineas, the next he won +two thousand; and so alternately he made as light of throwing away five +hundred or one thousand pounds at a time as other men do of their +pocket-money, and as perfectly calm, cheerful, and unconcerned when he +had lost one thousand pounds as when he had won it. On the other side +there was Sir R Fagg, of Sussex, of whom fame says he has the most in him +and the least to show for it (relating to jockeyship) of any man there, +yet he often carried the prize. His horses, they said, were all cheats, +how honest soever their master was, for he scarce ever produced a horse +but he looked like what he was not, and was what nobody could expect him +to be. If he was as light as the wind, and could fly like a meteor, he +was sure to look as clumsy, and as dirty, and as much like a cart-horse +as all the cunning of his master and the grooms could make him, and just +in this manner he beat some of the greatest gamesters in the field. + +I was so sick of the jockeying part that I left the crowd about the posts +and pleased myself with observing the horses: how the creatures yielded +to all the arts and managements of their masters; how they took their +airings in sport, and played with the daily heats which they ran over the +course before the grand day. But how, as knowing the difference equally +with their riders, would they exert their utmost strength at the time of +the race itself! And that to such an extremity that one or two of them +died in the stable when they came to be rubbed after the first heat. + +Here I fancied myself in the Circus Maximus at Rome seeing the ancient +games and the racings of the chariots and horsemen, and in this warmth of +my imagination I pleased and diverted myself more and in a more noble +manner than I could possibly do in the crowds of gentlemen at the +weighing and starting-posts and at their coming in, or at their meetings +at the coffee-houses and gaming-tables after the races were over, where +there was little or nothing to be seen but what was the subject of just +reproach to them and reproof from every wise man that looked upon them. + +N.B.—Pray take it with you, as you go, you see no ladies at Newmarket, +except a few of the neighbouring gentlemen’s families, who come in their +coaches on any particular day to see a race, and so go home again +directly. + +As I was pleasing myself with what was to be seen here, I went in the +intervals of the sport to see the fine seats of the gentlemen in the +neighbouring county, for this part of Suffolk, being an open champaign +country and a healthy air, is formed for pleasure and all kinds of +country diversion, Nature, as it were, inviting the gentlemen to visit +her where she was fully prepared to receive them, in conformity to which +kind summons they came, for the country is, as it were, covered with fine +palaces of the nobility and pleasant seats of the gentlemen. + +The Earl of Orford’s house I have mentioned already; the next is Euston +Hall, the seat of the Duke of Grafton. It lies in the open country +towards the side of Norfolk, not far from Thetford, a place capable of +all that is pleasant and delightful in Nature, and improved by art to +every extreme that Nature is able to produce. + +From thence I went to Rushbrook, formerly the seat of the noble family of +Jermyns, lately Lord Dover, and now of the house of Davers. Here Nature, +for the time I was there, drooped and veiled all the beauties of which +she once boasted, the family being in tears and the house shut up, Sir +Robert Davers, the head thereof, and knight of the shire for the county +of Suffolk, and who had married the eldest daughter of the late Lord +Dover, being just dead, and the corpse lying there in its funeral form of +ceremony, not yet buried. Yet all looked lovely in their sorrow, and a +numerous issue promising and grown up intimated that the family of Davers +would still flourish, and that the beauties of Rushbrook, the mansion of +the family, were not formed with so much art in vain or to die with the +present possessor. + +After this we saw Brently, the seat of the Earl of Dysert, and the +ancient palace of my Lord Cornwallis, with several others of exquisite +situation, and adorned with the beauties both of art and Nature, so that +I think any traveller from abroad, who would desire to see how the +English gentry live, and what pleasures they enjoy, should come into +Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and take but a light circuit among the +country seats of the gentlemen on this side only, and they would be soon +convinced that not France, no, not Italy itself, can outdo them in +proportion to the climate they lived in. + +I had still the county of Cambridge to visit to complete this tour of the +eastern part of England, and of that I come now to speak. + +We enter Cambridgeshire out of Suffolk, with all the advantage in the +world; the county beginning upon those pleasant and agreeable plains +called Newmarket Heath, where passing the Devil’s Ditch, which has +nothing worth notice but its name, and that but fabulous too, from the +hills called Gogmagog, we see a rich and pleasant vale westward, covered +with corn-fields, gentlemen’s seats, villages, and at a distance, to +crown all the rest, that ancient and truly famous town and university of +Cambridge, capital of the county, and receiving its name from, if not, as +some say, giving name to it; for if it be true that the town takes its +name of Cambridge from its bridge over the river Cam, then certainly the +shire or county, upon the division of England into counties, had its name +from the town, and Cambridgeshire signifies no more or less than the +county of which Cambridge is the capital town. + +As my business is not to lay out the geographical situation of places, I +say nothing of the buttings and boundings of this county. It lies on the +edge of the great level, called by the people here the Fen Country; and +great part, if not all, the Isle of Ely lies in this county and Norfolk. +The rest of Cambridgeshire is almost wholly a corn country, and of that +corn five parts in six of all they sow is barley, which is generally sold +to Ware and Royston, and other great malting towns in Hertfordshire, and +is the fund from whence that vast quantity of malt, called Hertfordshire +malt, is made, which is esteemed the best in England. As Essex, Suffolk, +and Norfolk are taken up in manufactures, and famed for industry, this +county has no manufacture at all; nor are the poor, except the +husbandmen, famed for anything so much as idleness and sloth, to their +scandal be it spoken. What the reason of it is I know not. + +It is scarce possible to talk of anything in Cambridgeshire but Cambridge +itself; whether it be that the county has so little worth speaking of in +it, or, that the town has so much, that I leave to others; however, as I +am making modern observations, not writing history, I shall look into the +county, as well as into the colleges, for what I have to say. + +As I said, I first had a view of Cambridge from Gogmagog hills; I am to +add that there appears on the mountain that goes by this name, an ancient +camp or fortification, that lies on the top of the hill, with a double, +or rather treble, rampart and ditch, which most of our writers say was +neither Roman nor Saxon, but British. I am to add that King James II. +caused a spacious stable to be built in the area of this camp for his +running homes, and made old Mr. Frampton, whom I mentioned above, master +or inspector of them. The stables remain still there, though they are +not often made use of. As we descended westward we saw the Fen country +on our right, almost all covered with water like a sea, the Michaelmas +rains having been very great that year, they had sent down great floods +of water from the upland countries, and those fens being, as may be very +properly said, the sink of no less than thirteen counties—that is to say, +that all the water, or most part of the water, of thirteen counties falls +into them; they are often thus overflowed. The rivers which thus empty +themselves into these fens, and which thus carry off the water, are the +Cam or Grant, the Great Ouse and Little Ouse, the Nene, the Welland, and +the river which runs from Bury to Milden Hall. The counties which these +rivers drain, as above, are as follows:— + +Lincoln, Warwick, Norfolk, +* Cambridge, Oxford, Suffolk, +* Huntingdon, Leicester, Essex, +* Bedford, * Northampton +Buckingham, * Rutland. + + Those marked with (*) empty all their waters this way, the rest but in + part. + +In a word, all the water of the middle part of England which does not run +into the Thames or the Trent, comes down into these fens. + +In these fens are abundance of those admirable pieces of art called +decoys that is to say, places so adapted for the harbour and shelter of +wild fowl, and then furnished with a breed of those they call decoy +ducks, who are taught to allure and entice their kind to the places they +belong to, that it is incredible what quantities of wild fowl of all +sorts, duck, mallard, teal, widgeon, &c., they take in those decoys every +week during the season; it may, indeed, be guessed at a little by this, +that there is a decoy not far from Ely which pays to the landlord, Sir +Thomas Hare, £500 a year rent, besides the charge of maintaining a great +number of servants for the management; and from which decoy alone, they +assured me at St. Ives (a town on the Ouse, where the fowl they took was +always brought to be sent to London) that they generally sent up three +thousand couple a week. + +There are more of these about Peterborough, who send the fowl up twice a +week in waggon-loads at a time, whose waggons before the late Act of +Parliament to regulate carriers I have seen drawn by ten and twelve +horses a-piece, they were laden so heavy. + +As these fens appear covered with water, so I observed, too, that they +generally at this latter part of the year appear also covered with fogs, +so that when the downs and higher grounds of the adjacent country were +gilded with the beams of the sun, the Isle of Ely looked as if wrapped up +in blankets, and nothing to be seen but now and then the lantern or +cupola of Ely Minster. + +One could hardly see this from the hills and not pity the many thousands +of families that were bound to or confined in those fogs, and had no +other breath to draw than what must be mixed with those vapours, and that +steam which so universally overspreads the country. But notwithstanding +this, the people, especially those that are used to it, live unconcerned, +and as healthy as other folks, except now and then an ague, which they +make light of, and there are great numbers of very ancient people among +them. + +I now draw near to Cambridge, to which I fancy I look as if I was afraid +to come, having made so many circumlocutions beforehand; but I must yet +make another digression before I enter the town (for in my way, and as I +came in from Newmarket, about the beginning of September), I cannot omit, +that I came necessarily through Stourbridge Fair, which was then in its +height. + +If it is a diversion worthy a book to treat of trifles, such as the +gaiety of Bury Fair, it cannot be very unpleasant, especially to the +trading part of the world, to say something of this fair, which is not +only the greatest in the whole nation, but in the world; nor, if I may +believe those who have seen the mall, is the fair at Leipzig in Saxony, +the mart at Frankfort-on-the-Main, or the fairs at Nuremberg, or +Augsburg, any way to compare to this fair at Stourbridge. + +It is kept in a large corn-field, near Casterton, extending from the side +of the river Cam, towards the road, for about half a mile square. + +If the husbandmen who rent the land, do not get their corn off before a +certain day in August, the fair-keepers may trample it under foot and +spoil it to build their booths, or tents, for all the fair is kept in +tents and booths. On the other hand, to balance that severity, if the +fair-keepers have not done their business of the fair, and removed and +cleared the field by another certain day in September, the ploughmen may +come in again, with plough and cart, and overthrow all, and trample into +the dirt; and as for the filth, dung, straw, etc. necessarily left by the +fair-keepers, the quantity of which is very great, it is the farmers’ +fees, and makes them full amends for the trampling, riding, and carting +upon, and hardening the ground. + +It is impossible to describe all the parts and circumstances of this fair +exactly; the shops are placed in rows like streets, whereof one is called +Cheapside; and here, as in several other streets, are all sorts of +trades, who sell by retail, and who come principally from London with +their goods; scarce any trades are omitted—goldsmiths, toyshops, +brasiers, turners, milliners, haberdashers, hatters, mercers, drapers, +pewterers, china-warehouses, and in a word all trades that can be named +in London; with coffee-houses, taverns, brandy-shops, and eating-houses, +innumerable, and all in tents, and booths, as above. + +This great street reaches from the road, which as I said goes from +Cambridge to Newmarket, turning short out of it to the right towards the +river, and holds in a line near half a mile quite down to the river-side: +in another street parallel with the road are like rows of booths, but +larger, and more intermingled with wholesale dealers; and one side, +passing out of this last street to the left hand, is a formal great +square, formed by the largest booths, built in that form, and which they +call the Duddery; whence the name is derived, and what its signification +is, I could never yet learn, though I made all possible search into it. +The area of this square is about 80 to 100 yards, where the dealers have +room before every booth to take down, and open their packs, and to bring +in waggons to load and unload. + +This place is separated, and peculiar to the wholesale dealers in the +woollen manufacture. Here the booths or tents are of a vast extent, have +different apartments, and the quantities of goods they bring are so +great, that the insides of them look like another Blackwell Hall, being +as vast warehouses piled up with goods to the top. In this Duddery, as I +have been informed, there have been sold one hundred thousand pounds +worth of woollen manufactures in less than a week’s time, besides the +prodigious trade carried on here, by wholesale men, from London, and all +parts of England, who transact their business wholly in their +pocket-books, and meeting their chapmen from all parts, make up their +accounts, receive money chiefly in bills, and take orders: These they say +exceed by far the sales of goods actually brought to the fair, and +delivered in kind; it being frequent for the London wholesale men to +carry back orders from their dealers for ten thousand pounds’ worth of +goods a man, and some much more. This especially respects those people, +who deal in heavy goods, as wholesale grocers, salters, brasiers, +iron-merchants, wine-merchants, and the like; but does not exclude the +dealers in woollen manufactures, and especially in mercery goods of all +sorts, the dealers in which generally manage their business in this +manner. + +Here are clothiers from Halifax, Leeds, Wakefield and Huddersfield in +Yorkshire, and from Rochdale, Bury, etc., in Lancashire, with vast +quantities of Yorkshire cloths, kerseys, pennistons, cottons, etc., with +all sorts of Manchester ware, fustiains, and things made of cotton wool; +of which the quantity is so great, that they told me there were near a +thousand horse-packs of such goods from that side of the country, and +these took up a side and half of the Duddery at least; also a part of a +street of booths were taken up with upholsterer’s ware, such as tickings, +sackings, kidderminster stuffs, blankets, rugs, quilts, etc. + +In the Duddery I saw one warehouse, or booth with six apartments in it, +all belonging to a dealer in Norwich stuffs only, and who, they said, had +there above twenty thousand pounds value in those goods, and no other. + +Western goods had their share here also, and several booths were filled +as full with serges, duroys, druggets, shalloons, cantaloons, Devonshire +kerseys, etc., from Exeter, Taunton, Bristol, and other parts west, and +some from London also. + +But all this is still outdone at least in show, by two articles, which +are the peculiars of this fair, and do not begin till the other part of +the fair, that is to say for the woollen manufacture begins to draw to a +close. These are the wool and the hops; as for the hops, there is scarce +any price fixed for hops in England, till they know how they sell at +Stourbridge fair; the quantity that appears in the fair is indeed +prodigious, and they, as it were, possess a large part of the field on +which the fair is kept to themselves; they are brought directly from +Chelmsford in Essex, from Canterbury and Maidstone in Kent, and from +Farnham in Surrey, besides what are brought from London, the growth of +those and other places. + +Enquiring why this fair should be thus, of all other places in England, +the centre of that trade; and so great a quantity of so bulky a commodity +be carried thither so far; I was answered by one thoroughly acquainted +with that matter thus: the hops, said he, for this part of England, grow +principally in the two counties of Surrey and Kent, with an exception +only to the town of Chelmsford in Essex, and there are very few planted +anywhere else. + +There are indeed in the west of England some quantities growing: as at +Wilton, near Salisbury; at Hereford and Broomsgrove, near Wales, and the +like; but the quantity is inconsiderable, and the places remote, so that +none of them come to London. + +As to the north of England, they formerly used but few hops there, their +drink being chiefly pale smooth ale, which required no hops, and +consequently they planted no hops in all that part of England, north of +the Trent; nor did I ever see one acre of hop-ground planted beyond Trent +in my observation; but as for some years past, they not only brew great +quantities of beer in the north, but also use hops in the brewing their +ale much more than they did before; so they all come south of Trent to +buy their hops; and here being quantities brought, it is great part of +their back carriage into Yorkshire, and Northamptonshire, Derbyshire, +Lancashire, and all these counties; nay, of late, since the Union, even +to Scotland itself; for I must not omit here also to mention, that the +river Grant, or Cam, which runs close by the north-west side of the fair +in its way from Cambridge to Ely, is navigable, and that by this means, +all heavy goods are brought even to the fair-field, by water carriage +from London and other parts; first to the port of Lynn, and then in +barges up the Ouse, from the Ouse into the Cam, and so, as I say, to the +very edge of the fair. + +In like manner great quantities of heavy goods, and the hops among the +rest, are sent from the fair to Lynn by water, and shipped there for the +Humber, to Hull, York, etc., and for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and by +Newcastle, even to Scotland itself. Now as there is still no planting of +hops in the north, though a great consumption, and the consumption +increasing daily, this, says my friend, is one reason why at Stourbridge +fair there is so great a demand for the hops. He added, that besides +this, there were very few hops, if any worth naming, growing in all the +counties even on this side Trent, which were above forty miles from +London; those counties depending on Stourbridge fair for their supply, so +the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, +Lincoln, Leicester, Rutland, and even to Stafford, Warwick, and +Worcestershire, bought most if not all of their hops at Stourbridge fair. + +These are the reasons why so great a quantity of hops are seen at this +fair, as that it is incredible, considering, too, how remote from this +fair the growth of them is as above. + +This is likewise a testimony of the prodigious resort of the trading +people of all parts of England to this fair; the quantity of hops that +have been sold at one of these fairs is diversely reported, and some +affirm it to be so great, that I dare not copy after them; but without +doubt it is a surprising account, especially in a cheap year. + +The next article brought thither is wool, and this of several sorts, but +principally fleece wool, out of Lincolnshire, where the longest staple is +found; the sheep of those countries being of the largest breed. + +The buyers of this wool are chiefly indeed the manufacturers of Norfolk +and Suffolk and Essex, and it is a prodigious quantity they buy. + +Here I saw what I have not observed in any other county of England, +namely, a pocket of wool. This seems to be first called so in mockery, +this pocket being so big, that it loads a whole waggon, and reaches +beyond the most extreme parts of it hanging over both before and behind, +and these ordinarily weigh a ton or twenty-five hundredweight of wool, +all in one bag. + +The quantity of wool only, which has been sold at this place at one fair, +has been said to amount to fifty or sixty thousand pounds in value, some +say a great deal more. + +By these articles a stranger may make some guess at the immense trade +carried on at this place; what prodigious quantities of goods are bought +and sold here, and what a confluence of people are seen here from all +parts of England. + +I might go on here to speak of several other sorts of English +manufactures which are brought hither to be sold; as all sorts of +wrought-iron and brass-ware from Birmingham; edged tools, knives, etc., +from Sheffield; glass wares and stockings from Nottingham and Leicester; +and an infinite throng of other things of smaller value every morning. + +To attend this fair, and the prodigious conflux of people which come to +it, there are sometimes no less than fifty hackney coaches which come +from London, and ply night and morning to carry the people to and from +Cambridge; for there the gross of the people lodge; nay, which is still +more strange, there are wherries brought from London on waggons to ply +upon the little river Cam, and to row people up and down from the town, +and from the fair as occasion presents. + +It is not to be wondered at, if the town of Cambridge cannot receive, or +entertain the numbers of people that come to this fair; not Cambridge +only, but all the towns round are full; nay, the very barns and stables +are turned into inns, and made as fit as they can to lodge the meaner +sort of people: as for the people in the fair, they all universally eat, +drink, and sleep in their booths and tents; and the said booths are so +intermingled with taverns, coffee-houses, drinking-houses, eating-houses, +cook-shops, etc., and all in tents too; and so many butchers and higglers +from all the neighbouring counties come into the fair every morning with +beef, mutton, fowls, butter, bread, cheese, eggs, and such things, and go +with them from tent to tent, from door to door, that there is no want of +any provisions of any kind, either dressed or undressed. + +In a word, the fair is like a well-fortified city, and there is the least +disorder and confusion I believe, that can be seen anywhere with so great +a concourse of people. + +Towards the latter end of the fair, and when the great hurry of wholesale +business begins to be over, the gentry come in from all parts of the +county round; and though they come for their diversion, yet it is not a +little money they lay out, which generally falls to the share of the +retailers, such as toy-shops, goldsmiths, braziers, ironmongers, turners, +milliners, mercers, etc., and some loose coins they reserve for the +puppet shows, drolls, rope-dancers, and such like, of which there is no +want, though not considerable like the rest. The last day of the fair is +the horse-fair, where the whole is closed with both horse and foot races, +to divert the meaner sort of people only, for nothing considerable is +offered of that kind. Thus ends the whole fair, and in less than a week +more, there is scarce any sign left that there has been such a thing +there, except by the heaps of dung and straw and other rubbish which is +left behind, trod into the earth, and which is as good as a summer’s +fallow for dunging the land; and as I have said above, pays the +husbandman well for the use of it. + +I should have mentioned that here is a court of justice always open, and +held every day in a shed built on purpose in the fair; this is for +keeping the peace, and deciding controversies in matters deriving from +the business of the fair. The magistrates of the town of Cambridge are +judges in this court, as being in their jurisdiction, or they holding it +by special privilege: here they determine matters in a summary way, as is +practised in those we call Pye Powder Courts in other places, or as a +Court of Conscience; and they have a final authority without appeal. + +I come now to the town and university of Cambridge; I say the town and +university, for though they are blended together in the situation, and +the colleges, halls, and houses for literature are promiscuously +scattered up and down among the other parts, and some even among the +meanest of the other buildings, as Magdalene College over the bridge is +in particular; yet they are all incorporated together by the name of the +university, and are governed apart and distinct from the town which they +are so intermixed with. + +As their authority is distinct from the town, so are their privileges, +customs, and government; they choose representatives, or members of +Parliament for themselves, and the town does the like for themselves, +also apart. + +The town is governed by a mayor and aldermen; the university by a +chancellor, and vice-chancellor, etc. Though their dwellings are mixed, +and seem a little confused, their authority is not so; in some cases the +vice-chancellor may concern himself in the town, as in searching houses +for the scholars at improper hours, removing scandalous women, and the +like. + +But as the colleges are many, and the gentlemen entertained in them are a +very great number, the trade of the town very much depends upon them, and +the tradesmen may justly be said to get their bread by the colleges; and +this is the surest hold the university may be said to have of the +townsmen, and by which they secure the dependence of the town upon them, +and consequently their submission. + +I remember some years ago a brewer, who being very rich and popular in +the town, and one of their magistrates, had in several things so much +opposed the university, and insulted their vice-chancellor, or other +heads of houses, that in short the university having no other way to +exert themselves, and show their resentment, they made a bye-law or order +among themselves, that for the future they would not trade with him; and +that none of the colleges, halls, etc., would take any more beer of him; +and what followed? The man indeed braved it out a while, but when he +found he could not obtain a revocation of the order, he was fain to leave +off his brewhouse, and if I remember right, quitted the town. + +Thus I say, interest gives them authority; and there are abundance of +reasons why the town should not disoblige the university, as there are +some also on the other hand, why the university should not differ to any +extremity with the town; nor, such is their prudence, do they let any +disputes between them run up to any extremities if they can avoid it. As +for society; to any man who is a lover of learning, or of learned men, +here is the most agreeable under heaven; nor is there any want of mirth +and good company of other kinds; but it is to the honour of the +university to say, that the governors so well understand their office, +and the governed their duty, that here is very little encouragement given +to those seminaries of crime, the assemblies, which are so much boasted +of in other places. + +Again, as dancing, gaming, intriguing are the three principal articles +which recommend those assemblies; and that generally the time for +carrying on affairs of this kind is the night, and sometimes all night, a +time as unseasonable as scandalous; add to this, that the orders of the +university admit no such excesses; I therefore say, as this is the case, +it is to the honour of the whole body of the university that no +encouragement is given to them here. + +As to the antiquity of the university in this town, the originals and +founders of the several colleges, their revenues, laws, government, and +governors, they are so effectually and so largely treated of by other +authors, and are so foreign to the familiar design of these letters, that +I refer my readers to Mr. Camden’s “Britannia” and the author of the +“Antiquities of Cambridge,” and other such learned writers, by whom they +may be fully informed. + +The present Vice-Chancellor is Dr. Snape, formerly Master of Eaton School +near Windsor, and famous for his dispute with, and evident advantage +over, the late Bishop of Bangor in the time of his government; the +dispute between the University and the Master of Trinity College has been +brought to a head so as to employ the pens of the learned on both sides, +but at last prosecuted in a judicial way so as to deprive Dr. Bentley of +all his dignities and offices in the university; but the doctor flying to +the royal protection, the university is under a writ of mandamus, to show +cause why they do not restore the doctor again, to which it seems they +demur, and that demur has not, that we hear, been argued, at least when +these sheets were sent to the press. What will be the issue time must +show. + +From Cambridge the road lies north-west on the edge of the fens to +Huntingdon, where it joins the great north road. On this side it is all +an agreeable corn country as above, adorned with several seats of +gentlemen; but the chief is the noble house, seat, or mansion of Wimple +or Wimple Hall, formerly built at a vast expense by the late Earl of +Radnor, adorned with all the natural beauties of situation, and to which +was added all the most exquisite contrivances which the best heads could +invent to make it artificially as well as naturally pleasant. + +However, the fate of the Radnor family so directing, it was bought with +the whole estate about it by the late Duke of Newcastle, in a partition +of whose immense estate it fell to the Right Honourable the Lord Harley, +son and heir-apparent of the present Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, in +right of the Lady Harriet Cavendish, only daughter of the said Duke of +Newcastle, who is married to his lordship, and brought him this estate +and many other, sufficient to denominate her the richest heiress in Great +Britain. + +Here his lordship resides, and has already so recommended himself to this +county as to be by a great majority chosen Knight of the Shire for the +county of Cambridge. + +From Cambridge, my design obliging me, and the direct road in part +concurring, I came back through the west part of the county of Essex, and +at Saffron Walden I saw the ruins of the once largest and most +magnificent pile in all this part of England—viz., Audley End—built by, +and decaying with, the noble Dukes and Earls of Suffolk. + +A little north of this part of the country rises the River Stour, which +for a course of fifty miles or more parts the two counties of Suffolk and +Essex, passing through or near Haveril, Clare, Cavendish, Halsted, +Sudbury, Bowers, Nayland, Stretford, Dedham, Manningtree, and into the +sea at Harwich, assisting by its waters to make one of the best harbours +for shipping that is in Great Britain—I mean Orwell Haven or Harwich, of +which I have spoken largely already. + +As we came on this side we saw at a distance Braintree and Bocking, two +towns, large, rich, and populous, and made so originally by the bay +trade, of which I have spoken at large at Colchester, and which +flourishes still among them. + +The manor of Braintree I found descended by purchase to the name of +Olmeus, the son of a London merchant of the same name, making good what I +had observed before, of the great number of such who have purchased +estates in this county. + +Near this town is Felsted, a small place, but noted for a free school of +an ancient foundation, for many years under the mastership of the late +Rev. Mr. Lydiat, and brought by him to the meridian of its reputation. +It is now supplied, and that very worthily, by the Rev. Mr. Hutchins. + +Near to this is the Priory of Lees, a delicious seat of the late Dukes of +Manchester, but sold by the present Duke to the Duchess Dowager of Bucks, +his Grace the Duke of Manchester removing to his yet finer seat of +Kimbolton in Northamptonshire, the ancient mansion of the family. From +hence keeping the London Road I came to Chelmsford, mentioned before, and +Ingerstone, five miles west, which I mention again, because in the parish +church of this town are to be seen the ancient monuments of the noble +family of Petre, whose seat and large estate lie in the neighbourhood, +and whose whole family, by a constant series of beneficent actions to the +poor, and bounty upon all charitable occasions, have gained an +affectionate esteem through all that part of the country such as no +prejudice of religion could wear out, or perhaps ever may; and I must +confess, I think, need not, for good and great actions command our +respect, let the opinions of the persons be otherwise what they will. + +From hence we crossed the country to the great forest, called Epping +Forest, reaching almost to London. The country on that side of Essex is +called the Roodings, I suppose, because there are no less than ten towns +almost together, called by the name of Roding, and is famous for good +land, good malt, and dirty roads; the latter indeed in the winter are +scarce passable for horse or man. In the midst of this we see Chipping +Onger, Hatfield Broad Oak, Epping, and many forest towns, famed as I have +said for husbandry and good malt, but of no other note. On the south +side of the county is Waltham Abbey; the ruins of the abbey remain, and +though antiquity is not my proper business, I could not but observe that +King Harold, slain in the great battle in Sussex against William the +Conqueror, lies buried here; his body being begged by his mother, the +Conqueror allowed it to be carried hither; but no monument was, as I can +find, built for him, only a flat gravestone, on which was engraven +_Harold Infelix_. + +From hence I came over the forest again—that is to say, over the lower or +western part of it, where it is spangled with fine villages, and these +villages filled with fine seats, most of them built by the citizens of +London, as I observed before, but the lustre of them seems to be entirely +swallowed up in the magnificent palace of the Lord Castlemain, whose +father, Sir Josiah Child, as it were, prepared it in his life for the +design of his son, though altogether unforeseen, by adding to the +advantage of its situation innumerable rows of trees, planted in curious +order for avenues and vistas to the house, all leading up to the place +where the old house stood, as to a centre. + +In the place adjoining, his lordship, while he was yet Sir Richard Child +only, and some years before he began the foundation of his new house, +laid out the most delicious, as well as most spacious, pieces of ground +for gardens that is to be seen in all this part of England. The +greenhouse is an excellent building, fit to entertain a prince; it is +furnished with stoves and artificial places for heat from an apartment in +which is a bagnio and other conveniences, which render it both useful and +pleasant. And these gardens have been so the just admiration of the +world, that it has been the general diversion of the citizens to go out +to see them, till the crowds grew too great, and his lordship was obliged +to restrain his servants from showing them, except on one or two days in +a week only. + +The house is built since these gardens have been finished. The building +is all of Portland stone in the front, which makes it look extremely +glorious and magnificent at a distance, it being the particular property +of that stone (except in the streets of London, where it is tainted and +tinged with the smoke of the city) to grow whiter and whiter the longer +it stands in the open air. + +As the front of the house opens to a long row of trees, reaching to the +great road at Leightonstone, so the back face, or front (if that be +proper), respects the gardens, and, with an easy descent, lands you upon +the terrace, from whence is a most beautiful prospect to the river, which +is all formed into canals and openings to answer the views from above and +beyond the river; the walks and wildernesses go on to such a distance, +and in such a manner up the hill, as they before went down, that the +sight is lost in the woods adjoining, and it looks all like one planted +garden as far as the eye can see. + +I shall cover as much as possible the melancholy part of a story which +touches too sensibly many, if not most, of the great and flourishing +families in England. Pity and matter of grief is it to think that +families, by estate able to appear in such a glorious posture as this, +should ever be vulnerable by so mean a disaster as that of stock-jobbing. +But the general infatuation of the day is a plea for it, so that men are +not now blamed on that account. South Sea was a general possession, and +if my Lord Castlemain was wounded by that arrow shot in the dark it was a +misfortune. But it is so much a happiness that it was not a mortal +wound, as it was to some men who once seemed as much out of the reach of +it. And that blow, be it what it will, is not remembered for joy of the +escape, for we see this noble family, by prudence and management, rise +out of all that cloud, if it may be allowed such a name, and shining in +the same full lustre as before. + +This cannot be said of some other families in this county, whose fine +parks and new-built palaces are fallen under forfeitures and alienations +by the misfortunes of the times and by the ruin of their masters’ +fortunes in that South Sea deluge. + +But I desire to throw a veil over these things as they come in my way; it +is enough that we write upon them, as was written upon King Harold’s tomb +at Waltham Abbey, _Infelix_, and let all the rest sleep among things that +are the fittest to be forgotten. + +From my Lord Castlemain’s, house and the rest of the fine dwellings on +that side of the forest, for there are several very good houses at +Wanstead, only that they seem all swallowed up in the lustre of his +lordship’s palace, I say, from thence, I went south, towards the great +road over that part of the forest called the Flats, where we see a very +beautiful but retired and rural seat of Mr. Lethulier’s, eldest son of +the late Sir John Lethulier, of Lusum, in Kent, of whose family I shall +speak when I come on that side. + +By this turn I came necessarily on to Stratford, where I set out. And +thus having finished my first circuit, I conclude my first letter, and +am, + + Sir, your most humble + and obedient servant. + + + +APPENDIX. + + +WHOEVER travels, as I do, over England, and writes the account of his +observations, will, as I noted before, always leave something, altering +or undertaking by such a growing improving nation as this, or something +to discover in a nation where so much is hid, sufficient to employ the +pens of those that come after him, or to add by way of appendix to what +he has already observed. + +This is my case with respect to the particulars which follow: (1) Since +these sheets were in the press, a noble palace of Mr. Walpole’s, at +present First Commissioner of the Treasury, Privy-counsellor, etc., to +King George, is, as it were, risen out of the ruins of the ancient seat +of the family of Walpole, at Houghton, about eight miles distant from +Lynn, and on the north coast of Norfolk, near the sea. + +As the house is not yet finished, and when I passed by it was but newly +designed, it cannot be expected that I should be able to give a +particular description of what it will be. I can do little more than +mention that it appears already to be exceedingly magnificent, and +suitable to the genius of the great founder. + +But a friend of mine, who lives in that county, has sent me the following +lines, which, as he says, are to be placed upon the building, whether on +the frieze of the cornice, or over the portico, or on what part of the +building, of that I am not as yet certain. The inscription is as +follows, viz.:— + + “H. M. P. + + “_Fundamen ut essem Domûs_ + _In Agro Natali Extruendæ_, + Robertus ille Walpole + Quem nulla nesciet Posteritas: + + _Faxit Dues_. + + “_Postquam Maturus Annis Dominus_. + _Diu Lætatus fuerit absolutâ_ + _Incolumem tueantur Incolames_. + _Ad Summam omnium Diem_ + _Et nati natorum et qui nascentur ab illis_. + + _Hic me Posuit_.” + +A second thing proper to be added here, by way of appendix, relates to +what I have mentioned of the Port of London, being bounded by the Naze on +the Essex shore, and the North Foreland on the Kentish shore, which some +people, guided by the present usage of the Custom House, may pretend is +not so, to answer such objectors. The true state of that case stands +thus: + +“(1) The clause taken from the Act of Parliament establishing the extent +of the Port of London, and published in some of the books of rates, is +this: + +“‘To prevent all future differences and disputes touching the extent and +limits of the Port of London, the said port is declared to extend, and be +accounted from the promontory or point called the North Foreland in the +Isle of Thanet, and from thence northward in a right line to the point +called the Naze, beyond the Gunfleet upon the coast of Essex, and so +continued westward throughout the river Thames, and the several channels, +streams, and rivers falling into it, to London Bridge, saving the usual +and known rights, liberties, and privileges of the ports of Sandwich and +Ipswich, and either of them, and the known members thereof, and of the +customers, comptrollers, searchers, and their deputies, of and within the +said ports of Sandwich and Ipswich and the several creeks, harbours, and +havens to them, or either of them, respectively belonging, within the +counties of Kent and Essex.’ + +“II. Notwithstanding what is above written, the Port of London, as in +use since the said order, is understood to reach no farther than +Gravesend in Kent and Tilbury Point in Essex, and the ports of Rochester, +Milton, and Faversham belong to the port of Sandwich. + +“In like manner the ports of Harwich, Colchester, Wivenhoe, Malden, +Leigh, etc., are said to be members of the port of Ipswich.” + +This observation may suffice for what is needful to be said upon the same +subject when I may come to speak of the port of Sandwich and its members +and their privileges with respect to Rochester, Milton, Faversham, etc., +in my circuit through the county of Kent. + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOUR THROUGH THE EASTERN COUNTIES OF +ENGLAND, 1722*** + + +******* This file should be named 983-0.txt or 983-0.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/9/8/983 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + + + + +Title: Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, 1722 + + +Author: Daniel Defoe + + + +Release Date: February 8, 2015 [eBook #983] +[This file was first posted on July 10, 1997] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOUR THROUGH THE EASTERN COUNTIES +OF ENGLAND, 1722*** +</pre> +<p>Transcribed from the 1891 Cassell & Company edition by +David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><span +class="GutSmall">CASSELL’S NATIONAL LIBRARY</span></p> + +<div class="gapshortline"> </div> +<h1>TOUR<br /> +<span class="GutSmall">THROUGH THE</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Eastern Counties of</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">England</span>, 1722.</h1> +<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">BY</span><br +/> +DANIEL DEFOE.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"> +<a href="images/tpb.jpg"> +<img alt= +"Decorative graphic" +title= +"Decorative graphic" + src="images/tps.jpg" /> +</a></p> +<p style="text-align: center">CASSELL & COMPANY, <span +class="smcap">Limited</span>:<br /> +<span class="GutSmall"><i>LONDON</i></span><span +class="GutSmall">, </span><span +class="GutSmall"><i>PARIS</i></span><span class="GutSmall">, +& </span><span class="GutSmall"><i>MELBOURNE</i></span><span +class="GutSmall">.</span><br /> +1891.</p> +<h2>INTRODUCTION.</h2> +<p><span class="smcap">Defoe’s</span> “particular and +diverting account of whatever is curious and worth +observation” in his native country, told in a series of +letters, was founded upon seventeen separate tours in the +counties, and three larger tours through the whole country. +He said he had “viewed the north part of England and the +south part of Scotland five several times over,” and he +thought it worth while to note what he saw, because, “the +fate of things gives a new face to things; produces changes in +low life, and innumerable incidents; plants and supplants +families; raises and sinks towns; removes manufactures and trade; +great towns decay and small towns rise; new towns, new palaces, +and new seats are built every day; great rivers and good harbours +dry up, and grow useless; again, new ports are opened; brooks are +made rivers; small rivers navigable pools, and harbours are made +where there were none before, and the like.” We are +endeavouring, by little books published from time to time in this +“National Library,” to secure some record of the +changes in our land and in our manners as a people, and of what +was worth record in his day we can wish for no better reporter +than Defoe.</p> +<p>Here, therefore, is Defoe’s first letter, which +describes a Tour through the Eastern Counties as they were in +1722. It opens his first volume, published in 1724, which +was entitled, “A Tour through the whole Island of Great +Britain, Divided into Circuits or Journies. Giving a +Particular and Diverting Account of whatever is Curious and worth +Observation, viz., I. A Description of the Principal Cities and +Towns, their Situation, Magnitude, Government, and +Commerce. II. The Customs, Manners, Speech, as also the +Exercises, Diversions, and Employment of the People. III. +The Produce and Improvement of the Lands, the Trade and +Manufactures. IV. The Sea Ports and Fortifications, the +Course of Rivers, and the Inland Navigation. V. The Public +Edifices, Seats and Palaces of the Nobility and Gentry. +With Useful Observations upon the Whole. Particularly +fitted for the Reading of such as Desire to Travel over the +Island. By a Gentleman.” The Second Volume of +the Tour was published in June, 1725; and the Third Volume, +giving a Tour through Scotland with a Map of Scotland by Mr. +Moll, followed in August, 1726, completing the record of what +Defoe called “a tedious and very expensive five +years’ Travel.” However tedious the travel may +have been, Defoe’s account of it is anything but tedious +reading.</p> +<p>The change of times is in this letter vividly illustrated in +this volume by Defoe’s account of life as he found it in +the undrained Essex marshes. Life in them was so unhealthy +that the land was cheap, men thus were tempted to take fevers for +grazing and corn-growing. They became fairly acclimatised, +but when they brought their wives in fresh and healthy from the +uplands the women sickened and perished so fast, that it was +common to find a man with his sixth or eighth wife, and Defoe was +told of an old farmer who was living with his twenty-fifth wife, +and had a son about thirty-five years old, who had been married +to about fourteen wives. Custom had even dulled the sense +of this horrible state of things until the frequent change of +wives became a local joke.</p> +<p>We have also a reminder in this volume of the traces and fresh +memories of Civil War in the account of the Siege of Colchester, +which is a bit of realisation such as no man could give better +than Defoe. We may note also the fulness of detail in his +account of Ipswich, a town that he first knew as a child of +seven. He tells how it was once noted for strong collier +vessels built there, he maintains its honour and explains its +decay, while he makes various suggestions for the restoration of +prosperity, even to the hint that Ipswich would be a healthy and +pleasant place for persons to retire to who would live well upon +slender means. He writes, indeed, of Ipswich like a loyal +townsman who had lived there all his life.</p> +<p>At Bury St. Edmunds Defoe tolls us how in a pathway between +two churches a barrister of good family attempted to assassinate +his brother-in-law whom he had invited with his wife and children +to supper. On excuse of visiting a neighbour he led him to +the ambush of a hired assassin. They left their victim for +dead, horribly mangled on the head and face and body with a +hedgebill. He lived to bring them to justice, and was +living still when Defoe wrote. But the assassins had been +condemned to death “on the statute for defacing and +dismembering, called the Coventry Act.” This Tour +also recalls the days when Bury was a place of fashionable +holiday resort. Defoe meditates upon the decline and fall +of Dunwich, tells of the coming and going of the swallows from +our east coast, and of innumerable swallows whom he saw one day +waiting for a favourable wind on the roofs of the church and +houses at Southwold. We read of the coming up to London of +the Norfolk turkeys on foot, in droves of from three hundred to a +thousand, and so many droves that by one route alone, and that +not the most crowded—over Stratford Bridge—a hundred +and forty thousand birds travelled to London between August and +October.</p> +<p>In Norwich, Defoe was less interested than in Ipswich; but of +Yarmouth his account is full, and the frequency of wrecks on the +east coast, especially about Cromer Bay, which seamen called the +Devil’s Throat, is illustrated by the fact that in all the +way from Winterton towards Cromer that “the farmers and +country people had scarce a barn, or a shed, or a stable, nay not +the pales of their yards and gardens, not a hog sty, but what was +built of old planks, beams, wales, and timbers, etc., the wrecks +of ships, and ruins of mariners’ and merchants’ +fortunes.”</p> +<p>Defoe saw the races at Newmarket, where he was “sick of +the jockeying part.” He went also to Bury Fair, of +which he gives a full description, and at Cambridge he paid +honour to the University.</p> +<p>There was another Tour told in letters so near to +Defoe’s in date and form that the first or second volume of +one work is often sold with the second or first volume of the +other. The book not by Defoe was entitled “A Journey +through England in Familiar Letters from a Gentleman” here +to his friend abroad, in two vols., 1722, with a third volume on +Scotland in 1726. All editions published after +Defoe’s death in 1731 have matter added by others. +The addition of new matter began with the novelist Samuel +Richardson in 1732.</p> +<p>Some time afterwards there were changes announced as “by +a gentleman of eminence in the literary world.”</p> +<p style="text-align: right">H. M.</p> +<h2>TOUR THROUGH THE EASTERN COUNTIES OF ENGLAND, 1722.</h2> +<p>I <span class="smcap">began</span> my travels where I purpose +to end them, viz., at the City of London, and therefore my +account of the city itself will come last, that is to say, at the +latter end of my southern progress; and as in the course of this +journey I shall have many occasions to call it a circuit, if not +a circle, so I chose to give it the title of circuits in the +plural, because I do not pretend to have travelled it all in one +journey, but in many, and some of them many times over; the +better to inform myself of everything I could find worth taking +notice of.</p> +<p>I hope it will appear that I am not the less, but the more +capable of giving a full account of things, by how much the more +deliberation I have taken in the view of them, and by how much +the oftener I have had opportunity to see them.</p> +<p>I set out the 3rd of April, 1722, going first eastward, and +took what I think I may very honestly call a circuit in the very +letter of it; for I went down by the coast of the Thames through +the Marshes or Hundreds on the south side of the county of Essex, +till I came to Malden, Colchester, and Harwich, thence continuing +on the coast of Suffolk to Yarmouth; thence round by the edge of +the sea, on the north and west side of Norfolk, to Lynn, Wisbech, +and the Wash; thence back again, on the north side of Suffolk and +Essex, to the west, ending it in Middlesex, near the place where +I began it, reserving the middle or centre of the several +counties to some little excursions, which I made by +themselves.</p> +<p>Passing Bow Bridge, where the county of Essex begins, the +first observation I made was, that all the villages which may be +called the neighbourhood of the city of London on this, as well +as on the other sides thereof, which I shall speak to in their +order; I say, all those villages are increased in buildings to a +strange degree, within the compass of about twenty or thirty +years past at the most.</p> +<p>The village of Stratford, the first in this county from +London, is not only increased, but, I believe, more than doubled +in that time; every vacancy filled up with new houses, and two +little towns or hamlets, as they may be called, on the forest +side of the town entirely new, namely Maryland Point and the +Gravel Pits, one facing the road to Woodford and Epping, and the +other facing the road to Ilford; and as for the hither part, it +is almost joined to Bow, in spite of rivers, canals, marshy +grounds, &c. Nor is this increase of building the case +only in this and all the other villages round London; but the +increase of the value and rent of the houses formerly standing +has, in that compass of years above-mentioned, advanced to a very +great degree, and I may venture to say at least the fifth part; +some think a third part, above what they were before.</p> +<p>This is indeed most visible, speaking of Stratford in Essex; +but it is the same thing in proportion in other villages +adjacent, especially on the forest side; as at Low Leyton, +Leytonstone, Walthamstow, Woodford, Wanstead, and the towns of +West Ham, Plaistow, Upton, etc. In all which places, or +near them (as the inhabitants say), above a thousand new +foundations have been erected, besides old houses repaired, all +since the Revolution; and this is not to be forgotten too, that +this increase is, generally speaking, of handsome, large houses, +from £20 a year to £60, very few under £20 a +year; being chiefly for the habitations of the richest citizens, +such as either are able to keep two houses, one in the country +and one in the city; or for such citizens as being rich, and +having left off trade, live altogether in these neighbouring +villages, for the pleasure and health of the latter part of their +days.</p> +<p>The truth of this may at least appear, in that they tell me +there are no less than two hundred coaches kept by the +inhabitants within the circumference of these few villages named +above, besides such as are kept by accidental lodgers.</p> +<p>This increase of the inhabitants, and the cause of it, I shall +enlarge upon when I come to speak of the like in the counties of +Middlesex, Surrey, &c, where it is the same, only in a much +greater degree. But this I must take notice of here, that +this increase causes those villages to be much pleasanter and +more sociable than formerly, for now people go to them, not for +retirement into the country, but for good company; of which, that +I may speak to the ladies as well as other authors do, there are +in these villages, nay, in all, three or four excepted, excellent +conversation, and a great deal of it, and that without the +mixture of assemblies, gaming-houses, and public foundations of +vice and debauchery; and particularly I find none of those +incentives kept up on this side the country.</p> +<p>Mr. Camden, and his learned continuator, Bishop Gibson, have +ransacked this country for its antiquities, and have left little +unsearched; and as it is not my present design to say much of +what has been said already, I shall touch very lightly where two +such excellent antiquaries have gone before me; except it be to +add what may have been since discovered, which as to these parts +is only this: That there seems to be lately found out in the +bottom of the Marshes (generally called Hackney Marsh, and +beginning near about the place now called the Wick, between Old +Ford and the said Wick), the remains of a great stone causeway, +which, as it is supposed, was the highway, or great road from +London into Essex, and the same which goes now over the great +bridge between Bow and Stratford.</p> +<p>That the great road lay this way, and that the great causeway +landed again just over the river, where now the Temple Mills +stand, and passed by Sir Thomas Hickes’s house at Ruckolls, +all this is not doubted; and that it was one of those famous +highways made by the Romans there is undoubted proof, by the +several marks of Roman work, and by Roman coins and other +antiquities found there, some of which are said to be deposited +in the hands of the Rev. Mr. Strype, vicar of the parish of Low +Leyton.</p> +<p>From hence the great road passed up to Leytonstone, a place by +some known now as much by the sign of the “Green +Man,” formerly a lodge upon the edge of the forest; and +crossing by Wanstead House, formerly the dwelling of Sir Josiah +Child, now of his son the Lord Castlemain (of which hereafter), +went over the same river which we now pass at Ilford; and passing +that part of the great forest which we now call Hainault Forest, +came into that which is now the great road, a little on this side +the Whalebone, a place on the road so called because the rib-bone +of a great whale, which was taken in the River Thames the same +year that Oliver Cromwell died, 1658, was fixed there for a +monument of that monstrous creature, it being at first about +eight-and-twenty feet long.</p> +<p>According to my first intention of effectually viewing the +sea-coast of these three counties, I went from Stratford to +Barking, a large market-town, but chiefly inhabited by fishermen, +whose smacks ride in the Thames, at the mouth of their river, +from whence their fish is sent up to London to the market at +Billingsgate by small boats, of which I shall speak by itself in +my description of London.</p> +<p>One thing I cannot omit in the mention of these Barking +fisher-smacks, viz., that one of those fishermen, a very +substantial and experienced man, convinced me that all the +pretences to bringing fish alive to London market from the North +Seas, and other remote places on the coast of Great Britain, by +the new-built sloops called fish-pools, have not been able to do +anything but what their fishing-smacks are able on the same +occasion to perform. These fishing-smacks are very useful +vessels to the public upon many occasions; as particularly, in +time of war they are used as press-smacks, running to all the +northern and western coasts to pick up seamen to man the navy, +when any expedition is at hand that requires a sudden equipment; +at other times, being excellent sailors, they are tenders to +particular men of war; and on an expedition they have been made +use of as machines for the blowing up of fortified ports and +havens; as at Calais, St. Malo, and other places.</p> +<p>This parish of Barking is very large, and by the improvement +of lands taken in out of the Thames, and out of the river which +runs by the town, the tithes, as the townsmen assured me, are +worth above £600 per annum, including, small tithes. +<i>Note</i>.—This parish has two or three chapels of ease, +viz., one at Ilford, and one on the side of Hainault Forest, +called New Chapel.</p> +<p>Sir Thomas Fanshaw, of an ancient Roman Catholic family, has a +very good estate in this parish. A little beyond the town, +on the road to Dagenham, stood a great house, ancient, and now +almost fallen down, where tradition says the Gunpowder Treason +Plot was at first contrived, and that all the first consultations +about it were held there.</p> +<p>This side of the county is rather rich in land than in +inhabitants, occasioned chiefly by the unhealthiness of the air; +for these low marsh grounds, which, with all the south side of +the county, have been saved out of the River Thames, and out of +the sea, where the river is wide enough to be called so, begin +here, or rather begin at West Ham, by Stratford, and continue to +extend themselves, from hence eastward, growing wider and wider +till we come beyond Tilbury, when the flat country lies six, +seven, or eight miles broad, and is justly said to be both +unhealthy and unpleasant.</p> +<p>However, the lands are rich, and, as is observable, it is very +good farming in the marshes, because the landlords let good +pennyworths, for it being a place where everybody cannot live, +those that venture it will have encouragement and indeed it is +but reasonable they should.</p> +<p>Several little observations I made in this part of the county +of Essex.</p> +<p>1. We saw, passing from Barking to Dagenham, the famous +breach, made by an inundation of the Thames, which was so great +as that it laid near 5,000 acres of land under water, but which +after near ten years lying under water, and being several times +blown up, has been at last effectually stopped by the application +of Captain Perry, the gentleman who, for several years, had been +employed in the Czar of Muscovy’s works, at Veronitza, on +the River Don. This breach appeared now effectually made +up, and they assured us that the new work, where the breach was, +is by much esteemed the strongest of all the sea walls in that +level.</p> +<p>2. It was observable that great part of the lands in +these levels, especially those on this side East Tilbury, are +held by the farmers, cow-keepers, and grazing butchers who live +in and near London, and that they are generally stocked (all the +winter half year) with large fat sheep, viz., Lincolnshire and +Leicestershire wethers, which they buy in Smithfield in September +and October, when the Lincolnshire and Leicestershire graziers +sell off their stock, and are kept here till Christmas, or +Candlemas, or thereabouts; and though they are not made at all +fatter here than they were when bought in, yet the farmer or +butcher finds very good advantage in it, by the difference of the +price of mutton between Michaelmas, when it is cheapest, and +Candlemas, when it is dearest; this is what the butchers value +themselves upon, when they tell us at the market that it is right +marsh-mutton.</p> +<p>3. In the bottom of these Marshes, and close to the edge +of the river, stands the strong fortress of Tilbury, called +Tilbury Fort, which may justly be looked upon as the key of the +River Thames, and consequently the key of the City of +London. It is a regular fortification. The design of +it was a pentagon, but the water bastion, as it would have been +called, was never built. The plan was laid out by Sir +Martin Beckman, chief engineer to King Charles II., who also +designed the works at Sheerness. The esplanade of the fort +is very large, and the bastions the largest of any in England, +the foundation is laid so deep, and piles under that, driven down +two an end of one another, so far, till they were assured they +were below the channel of the river, and that the piles, which +were shed with iron, entered into the solid chalk rock adjoining +to, or reaching from, the chalk hills on the other side. +These bastions settled considerably at first, as did also part of +the curtain, the great quantity of earth that was brought to fill +them up, necessarily, requiring to be made solid by time; but +they are now firm as the rocks of chalk which they came from, and +the filling up one of these bastions, as I have been told by good +hands, cost the Government £6,000, being filled with chalk +rubbish fetched from the chalk pits at Northfleet, just above +Gravesend.</p> +<p>The work to the land side is complete; the bastions are faced +with brick. There is a double ditch, or moat, the innermost +part of which is 180 feet broad; there is a good counterscarp, +and a covered way marked out with ravelins and tenailles, but +they are not raised a second time after their first settling.</p> +<p>On the land side there are also two small redoubts of brick, +but of very little strength, for the chief strength of this fort +on the land side consists in this, that they are able to lay the +whole level under water, and so to make it impossible for an +enemy to make any approaches to the fort that way.</p> +<p>On the side next the river there is a very strong curtain, +with a noble gate called the Water Gate in the middle, and the +ditch is palisadoed. At the place where the water bastion +was designed to be built, and which by the plan should run wholly +out into the river, so to flank the two curtains of each side; I +say, in the place where it should have been, stands a high tower, +which they tell us was built in Queen Elizabeth’s time, and +was called the Block House; the side next the water is +vacant.</p> +<p>Before this curtain, above and below the said vacancy, is a +platform in the place of a counterscarp, on which are planted 106 +pieces of cannon, generally all of them carrying from twenty-four +to forty-six pound ball; a battery so terrible as well imports +the consequence of that place; besides which, there are smaller +pieces planted between, and the bastions and curtain also are +planted with guns; so that they must be bold fellows who will +venture in the biggest ships the world has heard of to pass such +a battery, if the men appointed to serve the guns do their duty +like stout fellows, as becomes them.</p> +<p>The present government of this important place is under the +prudent administration of the Right Honourable the Lord +Newbrugh.</p> +<p>From hence there is nothing for many miles together remarkable +but a continued level of unhealthy marshes, called the Three +Hundreds, till we come before Leigh, and to the mouth of the +River Chelmer, and Blackwater. These rivers united make a +large firth, or inlet of the sea, which by Mr. Camden is called +<i>Idumanum Fluvium</i>; but by our fishermen and seamen, who use +it as a port, it is called Malden Water.</p> +<p>In this inlet of the sea is Osey, or Osyth Island, commonly +called Oosy Island, so well known by our London men of pleasure +for the infinite number of wild fowl, that is to say, duck, +mallard, teal, and widgeon, of which there are such vast flights, +that they tell us the island, namely the creek, seems covered +with them at certain times of the year, and they go from London +on purpose for the pleasure of shooting; and, indeed, often come +home very well laden with game. But it must be remembered +too that those gentlemen who are such lovers of the sport, and go +so far for it, often return with an Essex ague on their backs, +which they find a heavier load than the fowls they have shot.</p> +<p>It is on this shore, and near this creek, that the greatest +quantity of fresh fish is caught which supplies not this country +only, but London markets also. On the shore, beginning a +little below Candy Island, or rather below Leigh Road, there lies +a great shoal or sand called the Black Tail, which runs out near +three leagues into the sea due east; at the end of it stands a +pole or mast, set up by the Trinity House men of London, whose +business is to lay buoys and set up sea marks for the direction +of the sailors; this is called Shoe Beacon, from the point of +land where this sand begins, which is called Shoeburyness, and +that from the town of Shoebury, which stands by it. From +this sand, and on the edge of Shoebury, before it, or south west +of it, all along, to the mouth of Colchester water, the shore is +full of shoals and sands, with some deep channels between; all +which are so full of fish, that not only the Barking +fishing-smacks come hither to fish, but the whole shore is full +of small fisher-boats in very great numbers, belonging to the +villages and towns on the coast, who come in every tide with what +they take; and selling the smaller fish in the country, send the +best and largest away upon horses, which go night and day to +London market.</p> +<p><i>N.B.</i>—I am the more particular in my remarks on +this place, because in the course of my travels the reader will +meet with the like in almost every place of note through the +whole island, where it will be seen how this whole kingdom, as +well the people as the land, and even the sea, in every part of +it, are employed to furnish something, and I may add, the best of +everything, to supply the City of London with provisions; I mean +by provisions, corn, flesh, fish, butter, cheese, salt, fuel, +timber, etc., and clothes also; with everything necessary for +building, and furniture for their own use or for trade; of all +which in their order.</p> +<p>On this shore also are taken the best and nicest, though not +the largest, oysters in England; the spot from whence they have +their common appellation is a little bank called Woelfleet, +scarce to be called an island, in the mouth of the River Crouch, +now called Crooksea Water; but the chief place where the said +oysters are now had is from Wyvenhoe and the shores adjacent, +whither they are brought by the fishermen, who take them at the +mouth of that they call Colchester water and about the sand they +call the Spits, and carry them up to Wyvenhoe, where they are +laid in beds or pits on the shore to feed, as they call it; and +then being barrelled up and carried to Colchester, which is but +three miles off, they are sent to London by land, and are from +thence called Colchester oysters.</p> +<p>The chief sort of other fish which they carry from this part +of the shore to London are soles, which they take sometimes +exceeding large, and yield a very good price at London +market. Also sometimes middling turbot, with whiting, +codling and large flounders; the small fish, as above, they sell +in the country.</p> +<p>In the several creeks and openings, as above, on this shore +there are also other islands, but of no particular note, except +Mersey, which lies in the middle of the two openings between +Malden Water and Colchester Water; being of the most difficult +access, so that it is thought a thousand men well provided might +keep possession of it against a great force, whether by land or +sea. On this account, and because if possessed by an enemy +it would shut up all the navigation and fishery on that side, the +Government formerly built a fort on the south-east point of it; +and generally in case of Dutch war, there is a strong body of +troops kept there to defend it.</p> +<p>At this place may be said to end what we call the Hundreds of +Essex—that is to say, the three Hundreds or divisions which +include the marshy country, viz., Barnstable Hundred, Rochford +Hundred, and Dengy Hundred.</p> +<p>I have one remark more before I leave this damp part of the +world, and which I cannot omit on the women’s account, +namely, that I took notice of a strange decay of the sex here; +insomuch that all along this country it was very frequent to meet +with men that had had from five or six to fourteen or fifteen +wives; nay, and some more. And I was informed that in the +marshes on the other side of the river over against Candy Island +there was a farmer who was then living with the +five-and-twentieth wife, and that his son, who was but about +thirty-five years old, had already had about fourteen. +Indeed, this part of the story I only had by report, though from +good hands too; but the other is well known and easy to be +inquired into about Fobbing, Curringham, Thundersly, Benfleet, +Prittlewell, Wakering, Great Stambridge, Cricksea, Burnham, +Dengy, and other towns of the like situation. The reason, +as a merry fellow told me, who said he had had about a dozen and +a half of wives (though I found afterwards he fibbed a little) +was this: That they being bred in the marshes themselves and +seasoned to the place, did pretty well with it; but that they +always went up into the hilly country, or, to speak their own +language, into the uplands for a wife. That when they took +the young lasses out of the wholesome and fresh air they were +healthy, fresh, and clear, and well; but when they came out of +their native air into the marshes among the fogs and damps, there +they presently changed their complexion, got an ague or two, and +seldom held it above half a year, or a year at most; “And +then,” said he, “we go to the uplands again and fetch +another;” so that marrying of wives was reckoned a kind of +good farm to them. It is true the fellow told this in a +kind of drollery and mirth; but the fact, for all that, is +certainly true; and that they have abundance of wives by that +very means. Nor is it less true that the inhabitants in +these places do not hold it out, as in other countries, and as +first you seldom meet with very ancient people among the poor, as +in other places we do, so, take it one with another, not one-half +of the inhabitants are natives of the place; but such as from +other countries or in other parts of this country settle here for +the advantage of good farms; for which I appeal to any impartial +inquiry, having myself examined into it critically in several +places.</p> +<p>From the marshes and low grounds being not able to travel +without many windings and indentures by reason of the creeks and +waters, I came up to the town of Malden, a noted market town +situate at the conflux or joining of two principal rivers in this +county, the Chelm or Chelmer, and the Blackwater, and where they +enter into the sea. The channel, as I have noted, is called +by the sailors Malden Water, and is navigable up to the town, +where by that means is a great trade for carrying corn by water +to London; the county of Essex being (especially on all that +side) a great corn county.</p> +<p>When I have said this I think I have done Malden justice, and +said all of it that there is to be said, unless I should run into +the old story of its antiquity, and tell you it was a Roman +colony in the time of Vespasian, and that it was called +Camolodunum. How the Britons, under Queen Boadicea, in +revenge for the Romans’ ill-usage of her—for indeed +they used her majesty ill—they stripped her naked and +whipped her publicly through their streets for some affront she +had given them. I say how for this she raised the Britons +round the country, overpowered, and cut in pieces the Tenth +Legion, killed above eighty thousand Romans, and destroyed the +colony; but was afterwards overthrown in a great battle, and +sixty thousand Britons slain. I say, unless I should enter +into this story, I have nothing more to say of Malden, and, as +for that story, it is so fully related by Mr. Camden in his +history of the Romans in Britain at the beginning of his +“Britannia,” that I need only refer the reader to it, +and go on with my journey.</p> +<p>Being obliged to come thus far into the uplands, as above, I +made it my road to pass through Witham, a pleasant, well-situated +market town, in which, and in its neighbourhood, there are as +many gentlemen of good fortunes and families as I believe can be +met with in so narrow a compass in any of the three counties of +which I make this circuit.</p> +<p>In the town of Witham dwells the Lord Pasely, oldest son of +the Earl of Abercorn of Ireland (a branch of the noble family of +Hamilton, in Scotland). His lordship has a small, but a +neat, well-built new house, and is finishing his gardens in such +a manner as few in that part of England will exceed them.</p> +<p>Nearer Chelmsford, hard by Boreham, lives the Lord Viscount +Barrington, who, though not born to the title, or estate, or name +which he now possesses, had the honour to be twice made heir to +the estates of gentlemen not at all related to him, at least, one +of them, as is very much to his honour, mentioned in his patent +of creation. His name was Shute, his father a linendraper +in London, and served sheriff of the said city in very +troublesome times. He changed the name of Shute for that of +Barrington by an Act of Parliament obtained for that purpose, and +had the dignity of a baron of the kingdom conferred on him by the +favour of King George. His lordship is a Dissenter, and +seems to love retirement. He was a member of Parliament for +the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed.</p> +<p>On the other side of Witham, at Fauburn, an ancient mansion +house, built by the Romans, lives Mr. Bullock, whose father +married the daughter of that eminent citizen, Sir Josiah Child, +of Wanstead, by whom she had three sons; the eldest enjoys the +estate, which is considerable.</p> +<p>It is observable, that in this part of the country there are +several very considerable estates, purchased and now enjoyed by +citizens of London, merchants, and tradesmen, as Mr. Western, an +iron merchant, near Kelendon; Mr. Cresnor, a wholesale grocer, +who was, a little before he died, named for sheriff at +Earl’s Coln; Mr. Olemus, a merchant at Braintree; Mr. +Westcomb, near Malden; Sir Thomas Webster at Copthall, near +Waltham; and several others.</p> +<p>I mention this to observe how the present increase of wealth +in the City of London spreads itself into the country, and plants +families and fortunes, who in another age will equal the families +of the ancient gentry, who perhaps were brought out. I +shall take notice of this in a general head, and when I have run +through all the counties, collect a list of the families of +citizens and tradesmen thus established in the several counties, +especially round London.</p> +<p>The product of all this part of the country is corn, as that +of the marshy feeding grounds mentioned above is grass, where +their chief business is breeding of calves, which I need not say +are the best and fattest, and the largest veal in England, if not +in the world; and, as an instance, I ate part of a veal or calf, +fed by the late Sir Josiah Child at Wanstead, the loin of which +weighed above thirty pounds, and the flesh exceeding white and +fat.</p> +<p>From hence I went on to Colchester. The story of +Kill-Dane, which is told of the town of Kelvedon, three miles +from Witham, namely, that this is the place where the massacre of +the Danes was begun by the women, and that therefore it was +called Kill-Dane; I say of it, as we generally say of improbable +news, it wants confirmation. The true name of the town is +Kelvedon, and has been so for many hundred years. Neither +does Mr. Camden, or any other writer I meet with worth naming, +insist on this piece of empty tradition. The town is +commonly called Keldon.</p> +<p>Colchester is an ancient corporation. The town is large, +very populous, the streets fair and beautiful, and though it may +not said to be finely built, yet there are abundance of very good +and well-built houses in it. It still mourns in the ruins +of a civil war; during which, or rather after the heat of the war +was over, it suffered a severe siege, which, the garrison making +a resolute defence, was turned into a blockade, in which the +garrison and inhabitants also suffered the utmost extremity of +hunger, and were at last obliged to surrender at discretion, when +their two chief officers, Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle, +were shot to death under the castle wall. The inhabitants +had a tradition that no grass would grow upon the spot where the +blood of those two gallant gentlemen was spilt, and they showed +the place bare of grass for many years; but whether for this +reason I will not affirm. The story is now dropped, and the +grass, I suppose, grows there, as in other places.</p> +<p>However, the battered walls, the breaches in the turrets, and +the ruined churches, still remain, except that the church of St. +Mary (where they had the royal fort) is rebuilt; but the steeple, +which was two-thirds battered down, because the besieged had a +large culverin upon it that did much execution, remains still in +that condition.</p> +<p>There is another church which bears the marks of those times, +namely, on the south side of the town, in the way to the Hythe, +of which more hereafter.</p> +<p>The lines of contravallation, with the forts built by the +besiegers, and which surrounded the whole town, remain very +visible in many places; but the chief of them are demolished.</p> +<p>The River Colne, which passes through this town, compasses it +on the north and east sides, and served in those times for a +complete defence on those sides. They have three bridges +over it, one called North Bridge, at the north gate, by which the +road leads into Suffolk; one called East Bridge, at the foot of +the High Street, over which lies the road to Harwich, and one at +the Hythe, as above.</p> +<p>The river is navigable within three miles of the town for +ships of large burthen; a little lower it may receive even a +royal navy; and up to that part called the Hythe, close to the +houses, it is navigable for hoys and small barques. This +Hythe is a long street, passing from west to east, on the south +side of the town. At the west end of it, there is a small +intermission of the buildings, but not much; and towards the +river it is very populous (it may be called the Wapping of +Colchester). There is one church in that part of the town, +a large quay by the river, and a good custom-house.</p> +<p>The town may be said chiefly to subsist by the trade of making +bays, which is known over most of the trading parts of Europe by +the name of Colchester Bays, though indeed all the towns round +carry on the same trade—namely, Kelvedon, Witham, +Coggeshall, Braintree, Bocking, &c., and the whole county, +large as it is, may be said to be employed, and in part +maintained, by the spinning of wool for the bay trade of +Colchester and its adjacent towns. The account of the +siege, <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1648, with a diary of +the most remarkable passages, are as follows, which I had from so +good a hand as that I have no reason to question its being a true +relation.</p> +<h3>A DIARY:<br /> +<span class="smcap">Or</span>, <span class="smcap">An Account of +the Siege and Blockade of Colchester</span>, <span +class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1648.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">On</span> the 4th of June, we were alarmed +in the town of Colchester that the Lord Goring, the Lord Capel, +and a body of two thousand of the loyal party, who had been in +arms in Kent, having left a great body of an army in possession +of Rochester Bridge, where they resolved to fight the Lord +Fairfax and the Parliament army, had given the said General +Fairfax the slip, and having passed the Thames at Greenwich, were +come to Stratford, and were advancing this way; upon which news, +Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, Colonel Cook, and several +gentlemen of the loyal army, and all that had commissions from +the king, with a gallant appearance of gentlemen volunteers, drew +together from all parts of the country to join with them.</p> +<p>The 8th, we were further informed that they were advanced to +Chelmsford, to New Hall House, and to Witham; and the 9th some of +the horse arrived in the town, taking possession of the gates, +and having engineers with them, told us that General Goring had +resolved to make this town his headquarters, and would cause it +to be well fortified. They also caused the drums to beat +for volunteers; and a good number of the poor bay-weavers, and +such-like people, wanting employment, enlisted; so that they +completed Sir Charles Lucas’s regiment, which was but thin, +to near eight hundred men.</p> +<p>On the 10th we had news that the Lord Fairfax, having beaten +the Royalists at Maidstone, and retaken Rochester, had passed the +Thames at Gravesend, though with great difficulty, and with some +loss, and was come to Horndon-on-the-Hill, in order to gain +Colchester before the Royalists; but that hearing Sir Charles +Lucas had prevented him, had ordered his rendezvous at +Billerecay, and intended to possess the pass at Malden on the +11th, where Sir Thomas Honnywood, with the county-trained bands, +was to be the same day.</p> +<p>The same evening the Lord Goring, with all his forces, making +about five thousand six hundred men, horse and foot, came to +Colchester, and encamping without the suburbs, under command of +the cannon of St. Mary’s fort, made disposition to fight +the Parliament forces if they came up.</p> +<p>The 12th, the Lord Goring came into Colchester, viewed the +fort in St. Mary’s churchyard, ordered more cannon to be +planted upon it, posted two regiments in the suburbs without the +head gate, let the town know he would take them into his +Majesty’s protection, and that he would fight the enemy in +that situation. The same evening the Lord Fairfax, with a +strong party of one thousand horse, came to Lexden, at two small +miles’ distance, expecting the rest of his army there the +same night.</p> +<p>The Lord Goring brought in prisoners the same day, Sir William +Masham, and several other gentlemen of the county, who were +secured under a strong guard; which the Parliament hearing, +ordered twenty prisoners of the royal party to be singled out, +declaring, that they should be used in the same manner as the +Lord Goring used Sir William Masham, and the gentlemen prisoners +with him.</p> +<p>On the 13th, early in the morning, our spies brought +intelligence that the Lord Fairfax, all his forces being come up +to him, was making dispositions for a march, resolving to attack +the Royalists in their camp; upon which, the Lord Goring drew all +his forces together, resolving to fight. The engineers had +offered the night before to entrench his camp, and to draw a line +round it in one night’s time, but his lordship declined it, +and now there was no time for it; whereupon the general, Lord +Goring, drew up his army in order of battle on both sides the +road, the horse in the open fields on the wings; the foot were +drawn up, one regiment in the road, one regiment on each side, +and two regiments for reserve in the suburb, just at the entrance +of the town, with a regiment of volunteers advanced as a forlorn +hope, and a regiment of horse at the head-gate, ready to support +the reserve, as occasion should require.</p> +<p>About nine in the morning we heard the enemy’s drums +beat a march, and in half an hour more their first troops +appeared on the higher grounds towards Lexden. Immediately +the cannon from St. Mary’s fired upon them, and put some +troops of horse into confusion, doing great execution, which, +they not being able to shun it, made them quicken their pace, +fall on, when our cannon were obliged to cease firing, lest we +should hurt our own troops as well as the enemy. Soon +after, their foot appeared, and our cannon saluted them in like +manner, and killed them a great many men.</p> +<p>Their first line of foot was led up by Colonel Barkstead, and +consisted of three regiments of foot, making about 1,700 men, and +these charged our regiment in the lane, commanded by Sir George +Lisle and Sir William Campion. They fell on with great +fury, and were received with as much gallantry, and three times +repulsed; nor could they break in here, though the Lord Fairfax +sent fresh men to support them, till the Royalists’ horse, +oppressed with numbers on the left, were obliged to retire, and +at last to come full gallop into the street, and so on into the +town. Nay, still the foot stood firm, and the volunteers, +being all gentlemen, kept their ground with the greatest +resolution; but the left wing being routed, as above, Sir William +Campion was obliged to make a front to the left, and lining the +hedge with his musketeers, made a stand with a body of pikes +against the enemy’s horse, and prevented them entering the +lane. Here that gallant gentleman was killed with a +carabine shot; and after a very gallant resistance, the horse on +the right being also overpowered, the word was given to retreat, +which, however, was done in such good order, the regiments of +reserve standing drawn up at the end of the street, ready to +receive the enemy’s horse upon the points of their pikes, +that the royal troops came on in the openings between the +regiments, and entered the town with very little loss, and in +very good order.</p> +<p>By this, however, those regiments of reserve were brought at +last to sustain the efforts of the enemy’s whole army, till +being overpowered by numbers they were put into disorder, and +forced to get into the town in the best manner they could; by +which means near two hundred men were killed or made +prisoners.</p> +<p>Encouraged by this success the enemy pushed on, supposing they +should enter the town pell-mell with the rest; nor did the +Royalists hinder them, but let good part of Barkstead’s own +regiment enter the head-gate; but then sallying from St. +Mary’s with a choice body of foot on their left, and the +horse rallying in the High Street, and charging them again in the +front, they were driven back quite into the street of the suburb, +and most of those that had so rashly entered were cut in +pieces.</p> +<p>Thus they were repulsed at the south entrance into the town; +and though they attempted to storm three times after that with +great resolution, yet they were as often beaten back, and that +with great havoc of their men; and the cannon from the fort all +the while did execution upon those who stood drawn up to support +them; so that at last, seeing no good to be done, they retreated, +having small joy of their pretended victory.</p> +<p>They lost in this action Colonel Needham, who commanded a +regiment called the Tower Guards, and who fought very +desperately; Captain Cox, an old experienced horse officer, and +several other officers of note, with a great many private men, +though, as they had the field, they concealed their number, +giving out that they lost but a hundred, when we were assured +they lost near a thousand men besides the wounded.</p> +<p>They took some of our men prisoners, occasioned by the +regiment of Colonel Farr, and two more sustaining the shock of +their whole army, to secure the retreat of the main body, as +above.</p> +<p>The 14th, the Lord Fairfax finding he was not able to carry +the town by storm, without the formality of a siege, took his +headquarters at Lexden, and sent to London and to Suffolk for +more forces; also he ordered the trained bands to be raised and +posted on the roads to prevent succours. Notwithstanding +which, divers gentlemen, with some assistance of men and arms, +found means to get into the town.</p> +<p>The very same night they began to break ground, and +particularly to raise a fort between Colchester and Lexden, to +cover the general’s quarter from the sallies from the town; +for the Royalists having a good body of horse, gave them no rest, +but scoured the fields every day, and falling all that were found +straggling from their posts, and by this means killed a great +many.</p> +<p>The 17th, Sir Charles Lucas having been out with 1,200 horse, +and detaching parties toward the seaside, and towards Harwich, +they brought in a very great quantity of provisions, and +abundance of sheep and black cattle sufficient for the supply of +the town for a considerable time; and had not the Suffolk forces +advanced over Cataway Bridge to prevent it, a larger supply had +been brought in that way; for now it appeared plainly that the +Lord Fairfax finding the garrison strong and resolute, and that +he was not in a condition to reduce them by force, at least +without the loss of much blood, had resolved to turn his siege +into a blockade, and reduce them by hunger; their troops being +also wanted to oppose several other parties, who had, in several +parts of the kingdom, taken arms for the king’s cause.</p> +<p>This same day General Fairfax sent in a trumpet to propose +exchanging prisoners, which the Lord Goring rejected, expecting a +reinforcement of troops, which were actually coming to him, and +were to be at Linton in Cambridgeshire as the next day.</p> +<p>The same day two ships brought in a quantity of corn and +provisions and fifty-six men from the shore of Kent with several +gentlemen, who all landed and came up to the town, and the +greatest part of the corn was with the utmost application +unloaded the same night into some hoys, which brought it up to +the Hythe, being apprehensive of the Parliament’s ships +which lay at Harwich, who having intelligence of the said ships, +came the next day into the mouth of the river, and took the said +two ships and what corn was left in them. The besieged sent +out a party to help the ships, but having no boats they could not +assist them.</p> +<p>18th. Sir Charles Lucas sent an answer about exchange of +prisoners, accepting the conditions offered, but the +Parliament’s general returned that he would not treat with +Sir Charles, for that he (Sir Charles) being his prisoner upon +his parole of honour, and having appeared in arms contrary to the +rules of war, had forfeited his honour and faith, and was not +capable of command or trust in martial affairs. To this Sir +Charles sent back an answer, and his excuse for his breach of his +parole, but it was not accepted, nor would the Lord Fairfax enter +upon any treaty with him.</p> +<p>Upon this second message Sir William Masham and the Parliament +Committee and other gentlemen, who were prisoners in the town, +sent a message in writing under their hands to the Lord Fairfax, +entreating him to enter into a treaty for peace; but the Lord +Fairfax returned, he could take no notice of their request, as +supposing it forced from them under restraint; but that if the +Lord Goring desired peace, he might write to the Parliament, and +he would cause his messenger to have a safe conduct to carry his +letter. There was a paper sent enclosed in this paper, +signed Capel, Norwich, Charles Lucas, but to that the general +would return no answer, because it was signed by Sir Charles for +the reasons above.</p> +<p>All this while the Lord Goring, finding the enemy +strengthening themselves, gave order for fortifying the town, and +drawing lines in several places to secure the entrance, as +particularly without the east bridge, and without the north gate +and bridge, and to plant more cannon upon the works; to which end +some great guns were brought in from some ships at Wivenhoe.</p> +<p>The same day, our men sallied out in three places, and +attacked the besiegers, first at their port, called Essex, then +at their new works, on the south of the town; a third party +sallying at the east bridge, brought in some booty from the +Suffolk troops, having killed several of their stragglers on the +Harwich road. They also took a lieutenant of horse +prisoner, and brought him into the town.</p> +<p>19th. This day we had the unwelcome news that our +friends at Linton were defeated by the enemy, and Major Muschamp, +a loyal gentleman, killed.</p> +<p>The same night, our men gave the enemy alarm at their new +Essex fort, and thereby drew them out as if they would fight, +till they brought them within reach of the cannon of St. +Mary’s, and then our men retiring, the great guns let fly +among them, and made them run. Our men shouted after +them. Several of them were killed on this occasion, one +shot having killed three horsemen in our fight.</p> +<p>20th. We now found the enemy, in order to a perfect +blockade, resolved to draw a line of circumvallation round the +town; having received a train of forty pieces of heavy cannon +from the Tower of London.</p> +<p>This day the Parliament sent a messenger to their prisoners to +know how they fared, and how they were used; who returned word, +that they fared indifferent well, and were very civilly used, but +that provisions were scarce, and therefore dear.</p> +<p>This day a party of horse, with 300 foot, sallied out, and +marched as far as the fort on the Isle of Mersey, which they made +a show of attacking, to keep in the garrison. Meanwhile the +rest took a good number of cattle from the country, which they +brought safe into the town, with five waggons laden with +corn. This was the last they could bring in that way, the +lines being soon finished on that side.</p> +<p>This day the Lord Fairfax sent in a trumpet to the Earl of +Norwich and the Lord Goring, offering honourable conditions to +them all, allowing all the gentlemen their lives and arms, +exemption from plunder, and passes, if they desired to go beyond +sea, and all the private men pardon, and leave to go peaceably to +their own dwellings. But the Lord Goring and the rest of +the gentlemen rejected it, and laughed at them, upon which the +Lord Fairfax made proclamation, that his men should give the +private soldiers in Colchester free leave to pass through their +camp, and go where they pleased without molestation, only leaving +their arms, but that the gentlemen should have no quarter. +This was a great loss to the Royalists, for now the men +foreseeing the great hardships they were like to suffer, began to +slip away, and the Lord Goring was obliged to forbid any to +desert on pain of present death, and to keep parties of horse +continually patrolling to prevent them; notwithstanding which +many got away.</p> +<p>21st. The town desired the Lord Goring to give them +leave to send a message to Lord Fairfax, to desire they might +have liberty to carry on their trade and sell their bays and +says, which Lord Goring granted; but the enemy’s general +returned, that they should have considered that before they let +the Royalists into the town; that to desire a free trade from a +town besieged was never heard of, or at least, was such a motion, +as was never yet granted; that, however, he would give the +bay-makers leave to bring their bays and says, and other goods, +once a week, or oftener, if they desire it, to Lexden Heath, +where they should have a free market, and might sell them or +carry them back again, if not sold, as they found occasion.</p> +<p>22nd. The besieged sallied out in the night with a +strong party, and disturbed the enemy in their works, and partly +ruined one of their forts, called Ewer’s Fort, where the +besiegers were laying a bridge over the River Colne. Also +they sallied again at east bridge, and faced the Suffolk troops, +who were now declared enemies. These brought in +six-and-fifty good bullocks, and some cows, and they took and +killed several of the enemy.</p> +<p>23rd. The besiegers began to fire with their cannon from +Essex Fort, and from Barkstead’s Fort, which was built upon +the Malden road; and finding that the besieged had a party in Sir +Harbottle Grimston’s house, called, “The +Fryery,” they fired at it with their cannon, and battered +it almost down, and then the soldiers set it on fire.</p> +<p>This day upon the townsmen’s treaty for the freedom of +the bay trade, the Lord Fairfax sent a second offer of conditions +to the besieged, being the same as before, only excepting Lord +Goring, Lord Capel, Sir George Lisle, and Sir Charles Lucas.</p> +<p>This day we had news in the town that the Suffolk forces were +advanced to assist the besiegers, and that they began a fort +called Fort Suffolk, on the north side of the town, to shut up +the Suffolk road towards Stratford. This day the besieged +sallied out at north bridge, attacked the out-guards of the +Suffolk men on Mile End Heath, and drove them into their fort in +the woods.</p> +<p>This day the Lord Fairfax sent a trumpet, complaining of +chewed and poisoned bullets being shot from the town, and +threatening to give no quarter if that practice was allowed; but +Lord Goring returned answer, with a protestation, that no such +thing was done by his order or consent.</p> +<p>24th. They fired hard from their cannon against St. +Mary’s steeple, on which was planted a large culverin, +which annoyed them even in the general’s headquarters at +Lexden. One of the best gunners the garrison had was killed +with a cannon bullet. This night the besieged sallied +towards Audly, on the Suffolk road, and brought in some +cattle.</p> +<p>25th. Lord Capel sent a trumpet to the +Parliament-General, but the rogue ran away, and came not back, +nor sent any answer; whether they received his message or not, +was not known.</p> +<p>26th. This day having finished their new bridge, a party +of their troops passed that bridge, and took post on the hill +over against Mile End Church, where they built a fort, called +Fothergall’s Fort, and another on the east side of the +road, called Rainsbro’s Fort, so that the town was entirely +shut in, on that side, and the Royalists had no place free but +over east bridge, which was afterwards cut off by the +enemy’s bringing their line from the Hythe within the river +to the stone causeway leading to the east bridge.</p> +<p>July 1st. From the 26th to the 1st, the besiegers +continued finishing their works, and by the 2nd the whole town +was shut in; at which the besiegers gave a general salvo from +their cannon at all their forts; but the besieged gave them a +return, for they sallied out in the night, attacked +Barkstead’s fort, scarce finished, with such fury, that +they twice entered the work sword in hand, killed most part of +the defendants, and spoiled part of the forts cast up; but fresh +forces coming up, they retired with little loss, bringing eight +prisoners, and having slain, as they reported, above 100.</p> +<p>On the second, Lord Fairfax offered exchange for Sir William +Masham in particular, and afterwards for other prisoners, but the +Lord Goring refused.</p> +<p>5th. The besieged sallied with two regiments, supported +by some horse, at midnight; they were commanded by Sir George +Lisle. They fell on with such fury, that the enemy were put +into confusion, their works at east bridge ruined, and two pieces +of cannon taken, Lieutenant Colonel Sambrook, and several other +officers, were killed, and our men retired into the town, +bringing the captain, two lieutenants, and about fifty men with +them prisoners into the town; but having no horse, we could not +bring off the cannon, but they spiked them, and made them unfit +for service.</p> +<p>From this time to the 11th, the besieged sallied almost every +night, being encouraged by their successes, and they constantly +cut off some of the enemy, but not without loss also on their own +side.</p> +<p>About this time we received by a spy the bad news of defeating +the king’s friends almost in all parts of England, and +particularly several parties which had good wishes to our +gentlemen, and intended to relieve them.</p> +<p>Our batteries from St. Mary’s Fort and steeple, and from +the north bridge, greatly annoyed them, and killed most of their +gunners and firemen. One of the messengers who brought news +to Lord Fairfax of the defeat of one of the parties, in Kent, and +the taking of Weymer Castle, slipped into the town, and brought a +letter to the Lord Goring, and listed in the regiment of the Lord +Capel’s horse.</p> +<p>14th. The besiegers attacked and took the Hythe Church, +with a small work the besieged had there, but the defenders +retired in time; some were taken prisoners in the church, but not +in the fort; Sir Charles Lucas’s horse was attacked by a +great body of the besiegers; the besieged defended themselves +with good resolution for some time, but a hand-grenade thrown in +by the assailants, having fired the magazine, the house was blown +up, and most of the gallant defenders buried in the ruins. +This was a great blow to the Royalists, for it was a very strong +pass, and always well guarded.</p> +<p>15th. The Lord Fairfax sent offers of honourable +conditions to the soldiers of the garrison if they would +surrender, or quit the service; upon which the Lords Goring and +Capel, and Sir Charles Lucas, returned an answer signed by their +hands, that it was not honourable or agreeable to the usage of +war to offer conditions separately to the soldiers, exclusive of +their officers, and therefore civilly desired his lordship to +send no more such messages or proposals, or if he did, that he +would not take it ill if they hanged up the messenger.</p> +<p>This evening all the gentlemen volunteers, with all the horse +of the garrison, with Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, and +Sir Bernard Gascoigne at the head of them, resolved to break +through the enemy, and forcing a pass to advance into Suffolk by +Nayland Bridge. To this purpose they passed the river near +Middle Mill; but their guides having misled them the enemy took +the alarm; upon which their guides, and some pioneers which they +had with them to open the hedges and level the banks, for their +passing to Boxted, all ran away, so the horse were obliged to +retreat, the enemy pretending to pursue, but thinking they had +retreated by the north bridge, they missed them; upon which being +enraged, they fired the suburbs without the bridge, and burned +them quite down.</p> +<p>18th. Some of the horse attempted to escape the same +way, and had the whole body been there as before, they had +effected it; but there being but two troops, they were obliged to +retire. Now the town began to be greatly distressed, +provisions failing, and the townspeople, which were numerous, +being very uneasy, and no way of breaking through being found +practicable, the gentlemen would have joined in any attempt +wherein they might die gallantly with their swords in their +hands, but nothing presented; they often sallied and cut off many +of the enemy, but their numbers were continually supplied, and +the besieged diminished; their horse also sunk and became unfit +for service, having very little hay, and no corn, and at length +they were forced to kill them for food; so that they began to be +in a very miserable condition, and the soldiers deserted every +day in great numbers, not being able to bear the want of food, as +being almost starved with hunger.</p> +<p>22nd. The Lord Fairfax offered again an exchange of +prisoners, but the Lord Goring rejected it, because they refused +conditions to the chief gentlemen of the garrison.</p> +<p>During this time, two troops of the Royal Horse sallied out in +the night, resolving to break out or die: the first rode up full +gallop to the enemy’s horse guards on the side of Malden +road, and exchanged their pistols with the advanced troops, and +wheeling made as if they would retire to the town; but finding +they were not immediately pursued, they wheeled about to the +right, and passing another guard at a distance, without being +perfectly discovered, they went clean off, and passing towards +Tiptree Heath, and having good guides, they made their escape +towards Cambridgeshire, in which length of way they found means +to disperse without being attacked, and went every man his own +way as fate directed; nor did we hear that many of them were +taken: they were led, as we are informed, by Sir Bernard +Gascoigne.</p> +<p>Upon these attempts of the horse to break out, the enemy built +a small fort in the meadow right against the ford in the river at +the Middle Mill, and once set that mill on fire, but it was +extinguished without much damage; however, the fort prevented any +more attempts that way.</p> +<p>22nd. The Parliament-General sent in a trumpet, to +propose again the exchange of prisoners, offering the Lord +Capel’s son for one, and Mr. Ashburnham for Sir William +Masham; but the Lord Capel, Lord Goring, and the rest of the +loyal gentlemen rejected it; and Lord Capel, in particular, sent +the Lord Fairfax word it was inhuman to surprise his son, who was +not in arms, and offer him to insult a father’s affection, +but that he might murder his son if he pleased, he would leave +his blood to be revenged as Heaven should give opportunity; and +the Lord Goring sent word, that as they had reduced the +king’s servants to eat horseflesh, the prisoners should +feed as they fed.</p> +<p>The enemy sent again to complain of the Royalists shooting +poisoned bullets, and sent two affidavits of it made by two +deserters, swearing it was done by the Lord Norwich’s +direction; the generals in the town returned under all their +hands that they never gave any such command or direction; that +they disowned the practice; and that the fellows who swore it +were perjured before in running from their colours and the +service of their king, and ought not to be credited again; but +they added, that for shooting rough-cast slugs they must excuse +them, as things stood with them at that time.</p> +<p>About this time, a porter in a soldier’s habit got +through the enemy’s leaguer, and passing their out-guards +in the dark, got into the town, and brought letters from London, +assuring the Royalists that there were so many strong parties up +in arms for the king, and in so many places, that they would be +very suddenly relieved. This they caused to be read to the +soldiers to encourage them; and particularly it related to the +rising of the Earl of Holland, and the Duke of Buckingham, who +with 500 horse were gotten together in arms about Kingston in +Surrey; but we had notice in a few days after that they were +defeated, and the Earl of Holland taken, who was afterwards +beheaded.</p> +<p>26th. The enemy now began to batter the walls, and +especially on the west side, from St. Mary’s towards the +north gate; and we were assured they intended a storm; on which +the engineers were directed to make trenches behind the walls +where the breaches should be made, that in case of a storm they +might meet with a warm reception. Upon this, they gave over +the design of storming. The Lord Goring finding that the +enemy had set the suburbs on fire right against the Hythe, +ordered the remaining houses, which were empty of inhabitants, +from whence their musketeer fired against the town, to be burned +also.</p> +<p>31st. A body of foot sallied out at midnight, to +discover what the enemy were doing at a place where they thought +a new fort raising; they fell in among the workmen, and put them +to flight, cut in pieces several of the guard, and brought in the +officer who commanded them prisoner.</p> +<p>August 2nd. The town was now in a miserable condition: +the soldiers searched and rifled the houses of the inhabitants +for victuals; they had lived on horseflesh several weeks, and +most of that also was as lean as carrion, which not being well +salted bred wens; and this want of diet made the soldiers sickly, +and many died of fluxes, yet they boldly rejected all offers of +surrender, unless with safety to their offices. However, +several hundreds got out, and either passed the enemy’s +guards, or surrendered to them and took passes.</p> +<p>7th. The townspeople became very uneasy to the soldiers, +and the mayor of the town, with the aldermen, waited upon the +general, desiring leave to send to the Lord Fairfax for leave to +all the inhabitants to come out of the town, that they might not +perish, to which the Lord Goring consented, but the Lord Fairfax +refused them.</p> +<p>12th. The rabble got together in a vast crowd about the +Lord Goring’s quarters, clamouring for a surrender, and +they did this every evening, bringing women and children, who lay +howling and crying on the ground for bread; the soldiers beat off +the men, but the women and children would not stir, bidding the +soldiers kill them, saying they had rather be shot than be +starved.</p> +<p>16th. The general, moved by the cries and distress of +the poor inhabitants, sent out a trumpet to the +Parliament-General, demanding leave to send to the Prince, who +was with a fleet of nineteen men of war in the mouth of the +Thames, offering to surrender, if they were not relieved in +twenty days. The Lord Fairfax refused it, and sent them +word he would be in the town in person, and visit them in less +than twenty days, intimating that they were preparing for a +storm. Some tart messages and answers were exchanged on +this occasion. The Lord Goring sent word they were willing, +in compassion to the poor townspeople, and to save that effusion +of blood, to surrender upon honourable terms, but that as for the +storming them, which was threatened, they might come on when they +thought fit, for that they (the Royalists) were ready for +them. This held to the 19th.</p> +<p>20th. The Lord Fairfax returned what he said was his +last answer, and should be the last offer of mercy. The +conditions offered were, that upon a peaceable surrender, all +soldiers and officers under the degree of a captain in commission +should have their lives, be exempted from plunder, and have +passes to go to their respective dwellings. All the +captains and superior officers, with all the lords and gentlemen, +as well in commission as volunteers, to surrender prisoners at +discretion, only that they should not be plundered by the +soldiers.</p> +<p>21st. The generals rejected those offers; and when the +people came about them again for bread, set open one of the +gates, and bid them go out to the enemy, which a great many did +willingly; upon which the Lord Goring ordered all the rest that +came about his door to be turned out after them. But when +the people came to the Lord Fairfax’s camp the out-guards +were ordered to fire at them and drive them all back again to the +gate, which the Lord Goring seeing, he ordered them to be +received in again. And now, although the generals and +soldiers also were resolute to die with their swords in their +hands rather than yield, and had maturely resolved to abide a +storm, yet the Mayor and Aldermen having petitioned them as well +as the inhabitants, being wearied with the importunities of the +distressed people, and pitying the deplorable condition they were +reduced to, they agreed to enter upon a treaty, and accordingly +sent out some officers to the Lord Fairfax, the +Parliament-General, to treat, and with them was sent two +gentlemen of the prisoners upon their parole to return.</p> +<p>Upon the return of the said messengers with the Lord +Fairfax’s terms, the Lord Goring, &c., sent out a +letter declaring they would die with their swords in their hands +rather than yield without quarter for life, and sent a paper of +articles on which they were willing to surrender. But in +the very interim of this treaty news came that the Scots army, +under Duke Hamilton, which was entered into Lancashire, and was +joined by the Royalists in that country, making 21,000 men, were +entirely defeated. After this the Lord Fairfax would not +grant any abatement of articles—viz., to have all above +lieutenants surrender at mercy.</p> +<p>Upon this the Lord Goring and the General refused to submit +again, and proposed a general sally, and to break through or die, +but found upon preparing for it that the soldiers, who had their +lives offered them, declined it, fearing the gentlemen would +escape, and they should be left to the mercy of the Parliament +soldiers; and that upon this they began to mutiny and talk of +surrendering the town and their officers too. Things being +brought to this pass, the Lords and General laid aside that +design, and found themselves obliged to submit; and so the town +was surrendered the 28th of August, 1648, upon conditions as +follows:—</p> +<p class="gutindent">The Lords and gentlemen all prisoners at +mercy.</p> +<p class="gutindent">The common soldiers had passes to go home to +their several dwellings, but without arms, and an oath not to +serve against the Parliament.</p> +<p class="gutindent">The town to be preserved from pillage, +paying £14,000 ready money.</p> +<p>The same day a council of war being called about the prisoners +of war, it was resolved that the Lords should be left to the +disposal of the Parliament. That Sir Charles Lucas, Sir +George Lisle, and Sir Marmaduke Gascoigne should be shot to +death, and the other officers prisoners to remain in custody till +further order.</p> +<p>The two first of the three gentlemen were shot to death, and +the third respited. Thus ended the siege of Colchester.</p> +<p>N.B.—Notwithstanding the number killed in the siege, and +dead of the flux, and other distempers occasioned by bad diet, +which were very many, and notwithstanding the number which +deserted and escaped in the time of their hardships, yet there +remained at the time of the surrender:</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Earl of Norwich (Goring).</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Lord Capell.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><p>Lord Loughbro’.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">11</p> +</td> +<td><p>Knights.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td><p>Colonels.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">8</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lieut.-Colonels.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> +</td> +<td><p>Majors.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">30</p> +</td> +<td><p>Captains.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">72</p> +</td> +<td><p>Lieutenants.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">69</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ensigns.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">183</p> +</td> +<td><p>Serjeants and Corporals.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,067</p> +</td> +<td><p>Private Soldiers.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">65</p> +</td> +<td><p>Servants to the Lords and General Officers and +Gentlemen.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p style="text-align: right">3,526</p> +</td> +<td><p>in all.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>The town of Colchester has been supposed to contain about +40,000 people, including the out-villages which are within its +liberty, of which there are a great many—the liberty of the +town being of a great extent. One sad testimony of the town +being so populous is that they buried upwards of 5,259 people in +the plague year, 1665. But the town was severely visited +indeed, even more in proportion than any of its neighbours, or +than the City of London.</p> +<p>The government of the town is by a mayor, high steward, a +recorder or his deputy, eleven aldermen, a chamberlain, a town +clerk, assistants, and eighteen common councilmen. Their +high steward (this year, 1722) is Sir Isaac Rebow, a gentleman of +a good family and known character, who has generally for above +thirty years been one of their representatives in +Parliament. He has a very good house at the entrance in at +the south, or head gate of the town, where he has had the honour +several times to lodge and entertain the late King William of +glorious memory in his returning from Holland by way of Harwich +to London. Their recorder is Earl Cowper, who has been +twice Lord High Chancellor of England. But his lordship not +residing in those parts has put in for his deputy,—Price, +Esq., barrister-at-law, and who dwells in the town. There +are in Colchester eight churches besides those which are damaged, +and five meeting-houses, whereof two for Quakers, besides a Dutch +church and a French church.</p> +<p style="text-align: center"><i>Public Edifices +are</i>—</p> +<p>1. Bay Hall, an ancient society kept up for ascertaining +the manufacture of bays, which are, or ought to be, all brought +to this hall to be viewed and sealed according to their goodness +by the masters; and to this practice has been owing the great +reputation of the Colchester bays in foreign markets, where to +open the side of a bale and show the seal has been enough to give +the buyer a character of the value of the goods without any +further search; and so far as they abate the integrity and +exactness of their method, which I am told of late is much +omitted; I say, so far, that reputation will certainly abate in +the markets they go to, which are principally in Portugal and +Italy. This corporation is governed by a particular set of +men who are called governors of the Dutch Bay Hall. And in +the same building is the Dutch church.</p> +<p>2. The guildhall of the town, called by them the moot +hall, to which is annexed the town gaol.</p> +<p>3. The workhouse, being lately enlarged, and to which +belongs a corporation or a body of the inhabitants, consisting of +sixty persons incorporated by Act of Parliament Anno 1698 for +taking care of the poor. They are incorporated by the name +and title of the governor, deputy governor, assistants, and +guardians of the poor of the town of Colchester. They are +in number eight-and-forty, to whom are added the mayor and +aldermen for the time being, who are always guardians by the same +charter. These make the number of sixty, as above. +There is also a grammar free-school, with a good allowance to the +master, who is chosen by the town.</p> +<p>4. The castle of Colchester is now become only a +monument showing the antiquity of the place, it being built as +the walls of the town also are, with Roman bricks, and the Roman +coins dug up here, and ploughed up in the fields adjoining, +confirm it. The inhabitants boast much that Helena, the +mother of Constantine the Great, first Christian Emperor of the +Romans, was born there, and it may be so for aught we know. +I only observe what Mr. Camden says of the Castle of Colchester, +viz.: In the middle of this city stands a castle ready to fall +with age.</p> +<p>Though this castle has stood one hundred and twenty years from +the time Mr. Camden wrote that account, and it is not fallen yet, +nor will another hundred and twenty years, I believe, make it +look one jot the older. And it was observable that in the +late siege of this town, a common shot, which the besiegers made +at this old castle, were so far from making it fall, that they +made little or no impression upon it; for which reason, it seems, +and because the garrison made no great use of it against the +besiegers, they fired no more at it.</p> +<p>There are two charity schools set up here, and carried on by a +generous subscription, with very good success.</p> +<p>The title of Colchester is in the family of Earl Rivers, and +the eldest son of that family is called Lord Colchester, though +as I understand, the title is not settled by the creation to the +eldest son till he enjoys the title of earl with it, but that the +other is by the courtesy of England; however, this I take <i>ad +referendum</i>.</p> +<p>From Colchester I took another step down to the coast; the +land running out a great way into the sea, south and south-east +makes that promontory of land called the Naze, and well known to +seamen using the northern trade. Here one sees a sea open +as an ocean without any opposite shore, though it be no more than +the mouth of the Thames. This point called the Naze, and +the north-east point of Kent, near Margate, called the North +Foreland, making what they call the mouth of the river and the +port of London, though it be here above sixty miles over.</p> +<p>At Walton-under-the-Naze they find on the shore copperas-stone +in great quantities; and there are several large works called +copperas houses, where they make it with great expense.</p> +<p>On this promontory is a new mark erected by the Trinity House +men, and at the public expense, being a round brick tower, near +eighty feet high. The sea gains so much upon the land here +by the continual winds at south-west, that within the memory of +some of the inhabitants there they have lost above thirty acres +of land in one place.</p> +<p>From hence we go back into the county about four miles, +because of the creeks which lie between; and then turning east +again come to Harwich, on the utmost eastern point of this large +country.</p> +<p>Harwich is a town so well known and so perfectly described by +many writers, I need say little of it. It is strong by +situation, and may be made more so by art. But it is many +years since the Government of England have had any occasion to +fortify towns to the landward; it is enough that the harbour or +road, which is one of the best and securest in England, is +covered at the entrance by a strong fort and a battery of guns to +the seaward, just as at Tilbury, and which sufficiently defend +the mouth of the river. And there is a particular felicity +in this fortification, viz., that though the entrance or opening +of the river into the sea is very wide, especially at high-water, +at least two miles, if not three over; yet the Channel, which is +deep, and in which the ships must keep and come to the harbour, +is narrow, and lies only on the side of the fort, so that all the +ships which come in or go out must come close under the guns of +the fort—that is to say, under the command of their +shot.</p> +<p>The fort is on the Suffolk side of the bay or entrance, but +stands so far into the sea upon the point of a sand or shoal, +which runs out toward the Essex side, as it were, laps over the +mouth of that haven like a blind to it; and our surveyors of the +country affirm it to be in the county of Essex. The making +this place, which was formerly no other than a sand in the sea, +solid enough for the foundation of so good a fortification, has +not been done but by many years’ labour, often repairs, and +an infinite expense of money, but it is now so firm that nothing +of storms and high tides, or such things as make the sea +dangerous to these kind of works, can affect it.</p> +<p>The harbour is of a vast extent; for, as two rivers empty +themselves here, viz., Stour from Manningtree and the Orwell from +Ipswich, the channels of both are large and deep; and safe for +all weathers; so where they join they make a large bay or road +able to receive the biggest ships, and the greatest number that +ever the world saw together; I mean ships of war. In the +old Dutch war great use has been made of this harbour; and I have +known that there has been one hundred sail of men-of-war and +their attendants and between three and four hundred sail of +collier ships all in this harbour at a time, and yet none of them +crowding or riding in danger of one another.</p> +<p>Harwich is known for being the port where the packet boats, +between England and Holland, go out and come in. The +inhabitants are far from being famed for good usage to strangers, +but, on the contrary, are blamed for being extravagant in their +reckonings in the public-houses, which has not a little +encouraged the setting up of sloops, which they now call passage +boats, to Holland, to go directly from the River Thames; this, +though it may be something the longer passage, yet as they are +said to be more obliging to passengers and more reasonable in the +expense, and, as some say, also, the vessels are better sea +boats, has been the reason why so many passengers do not go or +come by the way of Harwich as formerly were wont to do; insomuch +that the stage coaches between this place and London, which +ordinarily went twice or three times a week, are now entirely +laid down, and the passengers are left to hire coaches on +purpose, take post-horses, or hire horses to Colchester, as they +find most convenient.</p> +<p>The account of a petrifying quality in the earth here, though +some will have it to be in the water of a spring hard by, is very +strange. They boast that their town is walled and their +streets paved with clay, and yet that one is as strong and the +other as clean as those that are built or paved with stone. +The fact is indeed true, for there is a sort of clay in the +cliff, between the town and the Beacon Hill adjoining, which, +when it falls down into the sea, where it is beaten with the +waves and the weather, turns gradually into stone. But the +chief reason assigned is from the water of a certain spring or +well, which, rising in the said cliff, runs down into the sea +among those pieces of clay, and petrifies them as it runs; and +the force of the sea often stirring, and perhaps turning, the +lumps of clay, when storms of wind may give force enough to the +water, causes them to harden everywhere alike; otherwise those +which were not quite sunk in the water of the spring would be +petrified but in part. These stones are gathered up to pave +the streets and build the houses, and are indeed very hard. +It is also remarkable that some of them taken up before they are +thoroughly petrified will, upon breaking them, appear to be hard +as a stone without and soft as clay in the middle; whereas others +that have lain a due time shall be thorough stone to the centre, +and as exceeding hard within as without. The same spring is +said to turn wood into iron. But this I take to be no more +or less than the quality, which, as I mentioned of the shore at +the Naze, is found to be in much of the stone all along this +shore, viz., of the copperas kind; and it is certain that the +copperas stone (so called) is found in all that cliff, and even +where the water of this spring has run; and I presume that those +who call the hardened pieces of wood, which they take out of this +well by the name of iron, never tried the quality of it with the +fire or hammer; if they had, perhaps they would have given some +other account of it.</p> +<p>On the promontory of land which they call Beacon Hill and +which lies beyond or behind the town towards the sea, there is a +lighthouse to give the ships directions in their sailing by as +well as their coming into the harbour in the night. I shall +take notice of these again all together when I come to speak of +the Society of Trinity House, as they are called, by whom they +are all directed upon this coast.</p> +<p>This town was erected into a marquisate in honour of the truly +glorious family of Schomberg, the eldest son of Duke Schomberg, +who landed with King William, being styled Marquis of Harwich; +but that family (in England, at least) being extinct the title +dies also.</p> +<p>Harwich is a town of hurry and business, not much of gaiety +and pleasure; yet the inhabitants seem warm in their nests, and +some of them are very wealthy. There are not many (if any) +gentlemen or families of note either in the town or very near +it. They send two members to Parliament; the present are +Sir Peter Parker and Humphrey Parsons, Esq.</p> +<p>And now being at the extremity of the county of Essex, of +which I have given you some view as to that side next the sea +only, I shall break off this part of my letter by telling you +that I will take the towns which lie more towards the centre of +the county, in my return by the north and west part only, that I +may give you a few hints of some towns which were near me in my +route this way, and of which being so well known there is but +little to say.</p> +<p>On the road from London to Colchester, before I came into it +at Witham, lie four good market towns at equal distance from one +another, namely, Romford, noted for two markets, viz., one for +calves and hogs, the other for corn and other provisions, most, +if not all, bought up for London market. At the farther end +of the town, in the middle of a stately park, stood Guldy Hall, +vulgarly Giddy Hall, an ancient seat of one Coke, sometime Lord +Mayor of London, but forfeited on some occasion to the +Crown. It is since pulled down to the ground, and there now +stands a noble stately fabric or mansion house, built upon the +spot by Sir John Eyles, a wealthy merchant of London, and chosen +Sub-Governor of the South Sea Company immediately after the ruin +of the former Sub-Governor and Directors, whose overthrow makes +the history of these times famous.</p> +<p>Brentwood and Ingatestone, and even Chelmsford itself, have +very little to be said of them, but that they are large +thoroughfare towns, full of good inns, and chiefly maintained by +the excessive multitude of carriers and passengers which are +constantly passing this way to London with droves of cattle, +provisions, and manufactures for London.</p> +<p>The last of these towns is indeed the county town, where the +county gaol is kept, and where the assizes are very often held; +it stands on the conflux of two rivers—the Chelmer, whence +the town is called, and the Cann.</p> +<p>At Lees, or Lee’s Priory, as some call it, is to be seen +an ancient house in the middle of a beautiful park, formerly the +seat of the late Duke of Manchester, but since the death of the +duke it is sold to the Duchess Dowager of Buckinghamshire, the +present Duke of Manchester retiring to his ancient family seat at +Kimbolton in Huntingdonshire, it being a much finer +residence. His grace is lately married to a daughter of the +Duke of Montagu by a branch of the house of Marlborough.</p> +<p>Four market towns fill up the rest of this part of the +country—Dunmow, Braintree, Thaxted, and +Coggeshall—all noted for the manufacture of bays, as above, +and for very little else, except I shall make the ladies laugh at +the famous old story of the Flitch of Bacon at Dunmow, which is +this:</p> +<p>One Robert Fitzwalter, a powerful baron in this county in the +time of Henry III., on some merry occasion, which is not +preserved in the rest of the story, instituted a custom in the +priory here: That whatever married man did not repent of his +being married, or quarrel or differ and dispute with his wife +within a year and a day after his marriage, and would swear to +the truth of it, kneeling upon two hard pointed stones in the +churchyard, which stones he caused to be set up in the Priory +churchyard for that purpose, the prior and convent, and as many +of the town as would, to be present, such person should have a +flitch of bacon.</p> +<p>I do not remember to have read that any one ever came to +demand it; nor do the people of the place pretend to say, of +their own knowledge, that they remember any that did so. A +long time ago several did demand it, as they say, but they know +not who; neither is there any record of it, nor do they tell us, +if it were now to be demanded, who is obliged to deliver the +flitch of bacon, the priory being dissolved and gone.</p> +<p>The forest of Epping and Hainault spreads a great part of this +country still. I shall speak again of the former in my +return from this circuit. Formerly, it is thought, these +two forests took up all the west and south part of the county; +but particularly we are assured, that it reached to the River +Chelmer, and into Dengy Hundred, and from thence again west to +Epping and Waltham, where it continues to be a forest still.</p> +<p>Probably this forest of Epping has been a wild or forest ever +since this island was inhabited, and may show us, in some parts +of it, where enclosures and tillage has not broken in upon it, +what the face of this island was before the Romans’ time; +that is to say, before their landing in Britain.</p> +<p>The constitution of this forest is best seen, I mean as to the +antiquity of it, by the merry grant of it from Edward the +Confessor before the Norman Conquest to Randolph Peperking, one +of his favourites, who was after called Peverell, and whose name +remains still in several villages in this county; as particularly +that of Hatfield Peverell, in the road from Chelmsford to Witham, +which is supposed to be originally a park, which they called a +field in those days; and Hartfield may be as much as to say a +park for doer; for the stags were in those days called harts, so +that this was neither more nor less than Randolph +Peperking’s Hartfield—that is to say, Ralph +Peverell’s deer-park.</p> +<p>N.B.—This Ralph Randolph, or Ralph Peverell (call him as +you please), had, it seems, a most beautiful lady to his wife, +who was daughter of Ingelrick, one of Edward the +Confessor’s noblemen. He had two sons by +her—William Peverell, a famed soldier, and lord or governor +of Dover Castle, which he surrendered to William the Conqueror, +after the battle in Sussex, and Pain Peverell, his youngest, who +was lord of Cambridge. When the eldest son delivered up the +castle, the lady, his mother, above named, who was the celebrated +beauty of the age, was it seems there, and the Conqueror fell in +love with her, and whether by force or by consent, took her away, +and she became his mistress, or what else you please to call +it. By her he had a son, who was called William, after the +Conqueror’s Christian name, but retained the name of +Peverell, and was afterwards created by the Conqueror lord of +Nottingham.</p> +<p>This lady afterwards, as is supposed, by way of penance for +her yielding to the Conqueror, founded a nunnery at the village +of Hatfield Peverell, mentioned above, and there she lies buried +in the chapel of it, which is now the parish church, where her +memory is preserved by a tombstone under one of the windows.</p> +<p>Thus we have several towns, where any ancient parks have been +placed, called by the name of Hatfield on that very +account. As Hatfield Broad Oak in this county, +Bishop’s Hatfield in Hertfordshire, and several others.</p> +<p>But I return to King Edward’s merry way, as I call it, +of granting this forest to this Ralph Peperking, which I find in +the ancient records, in the very words it was passed in, as +follows. Take my explanations with it for the sake of those +that are not used to the ancient English:</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p><i>The</i> <span class="smcap">Grant</span> <i>in</i> +<span class="smcap">Old English</span>.</p> +</td> +<td><p><i>The Explanation in Modern English</i>.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>IChe <span class="smcap">Edward</span> Koning,</p> +</td> +<td><p>I Edward the king,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Have given of my Forrest the kepen of the Hundred of +<i>Chelmer</i> and <i>Dancing</i>.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Have made ranger of my forest of Chelmsford hundred and +Deering hundred,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>To <span class="smcap">Randolph Peperking</span>,<br /> +And to his kindling.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Ralph Peverell, for him and his heirs for ever;</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>With Heorte and Hind, Doe and Bocke,</p> +</td> +<td><p>With both the red and fallow deer.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Hare and Fox, Cat and Brock,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hare and fox, otter and badger;</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Wild Fowle with his Flock;</p> +</td> +<td><p>Wild fowl of all sorts,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Patrich, Pheasant Hen, and Pheasant Cock,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Partridges and pheasants,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>With green and wild Stub and Stock,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Timber and underwood roots and tops;</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>To kepen and to yemen with all her might.</p> +</td> +<td><p>With power to preserve the forest,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Both by Day, and eke by Night;</p> +</td> +<td><p>And watch it against deer-stealers and others:</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>And Hounds for to hold,<br /> +Good and Swift and Bold:</p> +</td> +<td><p>With a right to keep hounds of all sorts,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Four Greyhound and six Raches,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Four greyhounds and six terriers,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>For Hare and Fox, and Wild Cattes,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Harriers and foxhounds, and other hounds.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>And therefore Iche made him my Book.</p> +</td> +<td><p>And to this end I have registered this my grant in the +crown rolls or books;</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Witness the Bishop of <i>Wolston</i>.<br /> +And Booke ylrede many on,</p> +</td> +<td><p>To which the bishop has set his hand as a witness for any +one to read.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>And <i>Sweyne</i> of <i>Essex</i>, our Brother,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Also signed by the king’s brother (or, as some +think, the Chancellor Sweyn, then Earl or Count of Essex).</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>And taken him many other</p> +</td> +<td><p>He might call such other witnesses to sign as he thought +fit.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>And our steward <i>Howlein</i>,<br /> +That <i>By sought</i> me for him.</p> +</td> +<td><p>Also the king’s high steward was a witness, at whose +request this grant was obtained of the king.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>There are many gentlemen’s seats on this side the +country, and a great assembly set up at New Hall, near this town, +much resorted to by the neighbouring gentry. I shall next +proceed to the county of Suffolk, as my first design directed me +to do.</p> +<p>From Harwich, therefore, having a mind to view the harbour, I +sent my horses round by Manningtree, where there is a timber +bridge over the Stour, called Cataway Bridge, and took a boat up +the River Orwell for Ipswich. A traveller will hardly +understand me, especially a seaman, when I speak of the River +Stour and the River Orwell at Harwich, for they know them by no +other names than those of Manningtree water and Ipswich water; so +while I am on salt water, I must speak as those who use the sea +may understand me, and when I am up in the country among the +inland towns again, I shall call them out of their names no +more.</p> +<p>It is twelve miles from Harwich up the water to Ipswich. +Before I come to the town, I must say something of it, because +speaking of the river requires it. In former times, that is +to say, since the writer of this remembers the place very well, +and particularly just before the late Dutch wars, Ipswich was a +town of very good business; particularly it was the greatest town +in England for large colliers or coal-ships employed between +Newcastle and London. Also they built the biggest ships and +the best, for the said fetching of coals of any that were +employed in that trade. They built, also, there so +prodigious strong, that it was an ordinary thing for an Ipswich +collier, if no disaster happened to him, to reign (as seamen call +it) forty or fifty years, and more.</p> +<p>In the town of Ipswich the masters of these ships generally +dwelt, and there were, as they then told me, above a hundred sail +of them, belonging to the town at one time, the least of which +carried fifteen score, as they compute it, that is, 300 chaldron +of coals; this was about the year 1668 (when I first knew the +place). This made the town be at that time so populous, for +those masters, as they had good ships at sea, so they had large +families who lived plentifully, and in very good houses in the +town, and several streets were chiefly inhabited by such.</p> +<p>The loss or decay of this trade accounts for the present +pretended decay of the town of Ipswich, of which I shall speak +more presently. The ships wore out, the masters died off, +the trade took a new turn; Dutch flyboats taken in the war, and +made free ships by Act of Parliament, thrust themselves into the +coal-trade for the interest of the captors, such as the Yarmouth +and London merchants, and others; and the Ipswich men dropped +gradually out of it, being discouraged by those Dutch +flyboats. These Dutch vessels, which cost nothing but the +caption, were bought cheap, carried great burthens, and the +Ipswich building fell off for want of price, and so the trade +decayed, and the town with it. I believe this will be owned +for the true beginning of their decay, if I must allow it to be +called a decay.</p> +<p>But to return to my passage up the river. In the +winter-time those great collier ships, above-mentioned, are +always laid up, as they call it; that is to say, the coal trade +abates at London, the citizens are generally furnished, their +stores taken in, and the demand is over; so that the great ships, +the northern seas and coast being also dangerous, the nights +long, and the voyage hazardous, go to sea no more, but lie by, +the ships are unrigged, the sails, etc., carried ashore, the +top-masts struck, and they ride moored in the river, under the +advantages and security of sound ground, and a high woody shore, +where they lie as safe as in a wet dock; and it was a very +agreeable sight to see, perhaps two hundred sail of ships, of all +sizes, lie in that posture every winter. All this while, +which was usually from Michaelmas to Lady Day, the masters lived +calm and secure with their families in Ipswich; and enjoying +plentifully, what in the summer they got laboriously at sea, and +this made the town of Ipswich very populous in the winter; for as +the masters, so most of the men, especially their mates, +boatswains, carpenters, etc., were of the same place, and lived +in their proportions, just as the masters did; so that in the +winter there might be perhaps a thousand men in the town more +than in the summer, and perhaps a greater number.</p> +<p>To justify what I advance here, that this town was formerly +very full of people, I ask leave to refer to the account of Mr. +Camden, and what it was in his time. His words are +these:—“Ipswich has a commodious harbour, has been +fortified with a ditch and rampart, has a great trade, and is +very populous, being adorned with fourteen churches, and large +private buildings.” This confirms what I have +mentioned of the former state of this town; but the present state +is my proper work; I therefore return to my voyage up the +river.</p> +<p>The sight of these ships thus laid up in the river, as I have +said, was very agreeable to me in my passage from Harwich, about +five and thirty years before the present journey; and it was in +its proportion equally melancholy to hear that there were now +scarce forty sail of good colliers that belonged to the whole +town.</p> +<p>In a creek in this river, called Lavington Creek, we saw at +low water such shoals, or hills rather, of mussels, that great +boats might have loaded with them, and no miss have been made of +them. Near this creek, Sir Samuel Barnadiston had a very +fine seat, as, also, a decoy for wild ducks, and a very noble +estate; but it is divided into many branches since the death of +the ancient possessor. But I proceed to the town, which is +the first in the county of Suffolk of any note this way.</p> +<p>Ipswich is seated, at the distance of twelve miles from +Harwich, upon the edge of the river, which, taking a short turn +to the west, the town forms, there, a kind of semicircle, or half +moon, upon the bank of the river. It is very remarkable, +that though ships of 500 ton may, upon a spring tide, come up +very near this town, and many ships of that burthen have been +built there, yet the river is not navigable any farther than the +town itself, or but very little; no, not for the smallest beats; +nor does the tide, which rises sometimes thirteen or fourteen +feet, and gives them twenty-four feet water very near the town, +flow much farther up the river than the town, or not so much as +to make it worth speaking of.</p> +<p>He took little notice of the town, or at least of that part of +Ipswich, who published in his wild observations on it that ships +of 200 ton are built there. I affirm, that I have seen a +ship of 400 ton launched at the building-yard, close to the town; +and I appeal to the Ipswich colliers (those few that remain) +belonging to this town, if several of them carrying seventeen +score of coals, which must be upward of 400 ton, have not +formerly been built here; but superficial observers must be +superficial writers, if they write at all; and to this day, at +John’s Ness, within a mile and a half of the town itself, +ships of any burthen may be built and launched even at neap +tides.</p> +<p>I am much mistaken, too, if since the Revolution some very +good ships have not been built at this town, and particularly the +<i>Melford</i> or <i>Milford</i> galley, a ship of forty guns; as +the <i>Greyhound</i> frigate, a man-of-war of thirty-six to forty +guns, was at John’s Ness. But what is this towards +lessening the town of Ipswich, any more than it would be to say, +they do not build men-of-war, or East India ships, or ships of +five hundred ton burden at St. Catherines, or at Battle Bridge in +the Thames? when we know that a mile or two lower, viz., at +Radcliffe, Limehouse, or Deptford, they build ships of a thousand +ton, and might build first-rate men-of-war too, if there was +occasion; and the like might be done in this river of Ipswich, +within about two or three miles of the town; so that it would not +be at all an out-of-the-way speaking to say, such a ship was +built at Ipswich, any more than it is to say, as they do, that +the <i>Royal Prince</i>, the great ship lately built for the +South Sea Company, was London built, because she was built at +Limehouse.</p> +<p>And why then is not Ipswich capable of building and receiving +the greatest ships in the navy, seeing they may be built and +brought up again laden, within a mile and half of the town?</p> +<p>But the neighbourhood of London, which sucks the vitals of +trade in this island to itself, is the chief reason of any decay +of business in this place; and I shall, in the course of these +observations, hint at it, where many good seaports and large +towns, though farther off than Ipswich, and as well fitted for +commerce, are yet swallowed up by the immense indraft of trade to +the City of London; and more decayed beyond all comparison than +Ipswich is supposed to be: as Southampton, Weymouth, Dartmouth, +and several others which I shall speak to in their order; and if +it be otherwise at this time, with some other towns, which are +lately increased in trade and navigation, wealth, and people, +while their neighbours decay, it is because they have some +particular trade, or accident to trade, which is a kind of +nostrum to them, inseparable to the place, and which fixes there +by the nature of the thing; as the herring-fishery to Yarmouth; +the coal trade to Newcastle; the Leeds clothing trade; the export +of butter and lead, and the great corn trade for Holland, is to +Hull; the Virginia and West India trade at Liverpool; the Irish +trade at Bristol, and the like. Thus the war has brought a +flux of business and people, and consequently of wealth, to +several places, as well as to Portsmouth, Chatham, Plymouth, +Falmouth, and others; and were any wars like those, to continue +twenty years with the Dutch, or any nation whose fleets lay that +way, as the Dutch do, it would be the like perhaps at Ipswich in +a few years, and at other places on the same coast.</p> +<p>But at this present time an occasion offers to speak in favour +of this port; namely, the Greenland fishery, lately proposed to +be carried on by the South Sea Company. On which account I +may freely advance this, without any compliment to the town of +Ipswich, no place in Britain is equally qualified like Ipswich; +whether we respect the cheapness of building and fitting out +their ships and shallops; also furnishing, victualling, and +providing them with all kinds of stores; convenience for laying +up the ships after the voyage, room for erecting their magazines, +warehouses, rope walks, cooperages, etc., on the easiest terms; +and especially for the noisome cookery, which attends the boiling +their blubber, which may be on this river (as it ought to be) +remote from any places of resort. Then their nearness to +the market for the oil when it is made, and which, above all, +ought to be the chief thing considered in that trade, the +easiness of their putting out to sea when they begin their +voyage, in which the same wind that carries them from the mouth +of the haven, is fair to the very seas of Greenland.</p> +<p>I could say much more to this point if it were needful, and in +few words could easily prove, that Ipswich must have the +preference of all the port towns of Britain, for being the best +centre of the Greenland trade, if ever that trade fall into the +management of such a people as perfectly understand, and have a +due honest regard to its being managed with the best husbandry, +and to the prosperity of the undertaking in general. But +whether we shall ever arrive at so happy a time as to recover so +useful a trade to our country, which our ancestors had the honour +to be the first undertakers of, and which has been lost only +through the indolence of others, and the increasing vigilance of +our neighbours, that is not my business here to dispute.</p> +<p>What I have said is only to let the world see what improvement +this town and port is capable of; I cannot think but that +Providence, which made nothing in vain, cannot have reserved so +useful, so convenient a port to lie vacant in the world, but that +the time will some time or other come (especially considering the +improving temper of the present age) when some peculiar +beneficial business may be found out, to make the port of Ipswich +as useful to the world, and the town as flourishing, as Nature +has made it proper and capable to be.</p> +<p>As for the town, it is true, it is but thinly inhabited, in +comparison of the extent of it; but to say there are hardly any +people to be seen there, is far from being true in fact; and +whoever thinks fit to look into the churches and meeting-houses +on a Sunday, or other public days, will find there are very great +numbers of people there. Or if he thinks fit to view the +market, and see how the large shambles, called Cardinal +Wolsey’s Butchery, are furnished with meat, and the rest of +the market stocked with other provisions, must acknowledge that +it is not for a few people that all those things are +provided. A person very curious, and on whose veracity I +think I may depend, going through the market in this town, told +me, that he reckoned upwards of six hundred country people on +horseback and on foot, with baskets and other carriage, who had +all of them brought something or other to town to sell, besides +the butchers, and what came in carts and waggons.</p> +<p>It happened to be my lot to be once at this town at the time +when a very fine new ship, which was built there for some +merchants of London, was to be launched; and if I may give my +guess at the numbers of people which appeared on the shore, in +the houses, and on the river, I believe I am much within compass +if I say there were 20,000 people to see it; but this is only a +guess, or they might come a great way to see the sight, or the +town may be declined farther since that. But a view of the +town is one of the surest rules for a gross estimate.</p> +<p>It is true here is no settled manufacture. The French +refugees when they first came over to England began a little to +take to this place, and some merchants attempted to set up a +linen manufacture in their favour; but it has not met with so +much success as was expected, and at present I find very little +of it. The poor people are, however, employed, as they are +all over these counties, in spinning wool for other towns where +manufactures are settled.</p> +<p>The country round Ipswich, as are all the counties so near the +coast, is applied chiefly to corn, of which a very great quantity +is continually shipped off for London; and sometimes they load +corn here for Holland, especially if the market abroad is +encouraging. They have twelve parish churches in this town, +with three or four meetings; but there are not so many Quakers +here as at Colchester, and no Anabaptists or Antipoedo Baptists, +that I could hear of—at least, there is no meeting-house of +that denomination. There is one meeting-house for the +Presbyterians, one for the Independents and one for the Quakers; +the first is as large and as fine a building of that kind as most +on this side of England, and the inside the best finished of any +I have seen, London not excepted; that for the Independents is a +handsome new-built building, but not so gay or so large as the +other.</p> +<p>There is a great deal of very good company in this town, and +though there are not so many of the gentry here as at Bury, yet +there are more here than in any other town in the county; and I +observed particularly that the company you meet with here are +generally persons well informed of the world, and who have +something very solid and entertaining in their society. +This may happen, perhaps, by their frequent conversing with those +who have been abroad, and by their having a remnant of gentlemen +and masters of ships among them who have seen more of the world +than the people of an inland town are likely to have seen. +I take this town to be one of the most agreeable places in +England for families who have lived well, but may have suffered +in our late calamities of stocks and bubbles, to retreat to, +where they may live within their own compass; and several things +indeed recommend it to such:—</p> +<p class="gutindent">1. Good houses at very easy rents.</p> +<p class="gutindent">2. An airy, clean, and well-governed +town.</p> +<p class="gutindent">3. Very agreeable and improving +company almost of every kind.</p> +<p class="gutindent">4. A wonderful plenty of all manner of +provisions, whether flesh or fish, and very good of the kind.</p> +<p class="gutindent">5. Those provisions very cheap, so +that a family may live cheaper here than in any town in England +of its bigness within such a small distance from London.</p> +<p class="gutindent">6. Easy passage to London, either by +land or water, the coach going through to London in a day.</p> +<p>The Lord Viscount Hereford has a very fine seat and park in +this town; the house indeed is old built, but very commodious; it +is called Christ Church, having been, as it is said, a priory or +religious house in former times. The green and park is a +great addition to the pleasantness of this town, the inhabitants +being allowed to divert themselves there with walking, bowling, +etc.</p> +<p>The large spire steeple, which formerly stood upon that they +call the tower church, was blown down by a great storm of wind +many years ago, and in its a fall did much damage to the +church.</p> +<p>The government of this town is by two bailiffs, as at +Yarmouth. Mr. Camden says they are chosen out of twelve +burgesses called portmen, and two justices out of twenty-four +more. There has been lately a very great struggle between +the two parties for the choice of these two magistrates, which +had this amicable conclusion—namely, that they chose one of +either side; so that neither party having the victory, it is to +be hoped it may be a means to allay the heats and unneighbourly +feuds which such things breed in towns so large as this is. +They send two members to Parliament, whereof those at this time +are Sir William Thompson, Recorder of London, and Colonel Negus, +Deputy Master of the Horse to the king.</p> +<p>There are some things very curious to be seen here, however +some superficial writers have been ignorant of them. Dr. +Beeston, an eminent physician, began a few years ago a physic +garden adjoining to his house in this town; and as he is +particularly curious, and, as I was told, exquisitely skilled in +botanic knowledge, so he has been not only very diligent, but +successful too, in making a collection of rare and exotic plants, +such as are scarce to be equalled in England.</p> +<p>One Mr. White, a surgeon, resides also in this town. But +before I speak of this gentleman, I must observe that I say +nothing from personal knowledge; though if I did, I have too good +an opinion of his sense to believe he would be pleased with being +flattered or complimented in print. But I must be true to +matter of fact. This gentleman has begun a collection or +chamber of rarities, and with good success too. I +acknowledge I had not the opportunity of seeing them; but I was +told there are some things very curious in it, as particularly a +sea-horse carefully preserved, and perfect in all its parts; two +Roman urns full of ashes of human bodies, and supposed to be +above 1,700 years old; besides a great many valuable medals and +ancient coins. My friend who gave me this account, and of +whom I think I may say he speaks without bias, mentions this +gentleman, Mr. White, with some warmth as a very valuable person +in his particular employ of a surgeon. I only repeat his +words. “Mr. White,” says he, “to whom the +whole town and country are greatly indebted and obliged to pray +for his life, is our most skilful surgeon.” These, I +say, are his own words, and I add nothing to them but this, that +it is happy for a town to have such a surgeon, as it is for a +surgeon to have such a character.</p> +<p>The country round Ipswich, as if qualified on purpose to +accommodate the town for building of ships, is an inexhaustible +store-house of timber, of which, now their trade of building +ships is abated, they send very great quantities to the +king’s building-yards at Chatham, which by water is so +little a way that they often run to it from the mouth of the +river at Harwich in one tide.</p> +<p>From Ipswich I took a turn into the country to Hadleigh, +principally to satisfy my curiosity and see the place where that +famous martyr and pattern of charity and religious zeal in Queen +Mary’s time, Dr. Rowland Taylor, was put to death. +The inhabitants, who have a wonderful veneration for his memory, +show the very place where the stake which he was bound to was set +up, and they have put a stone upon it which nobody will remove; +but it is a more lasting monument to him that he lives in the +hearts of the people—I say more lasting than a tomb of +marble would be, for the memory of that good man will certainly +never be out of the poor people’s minds as long as this +island shall retain the Protestant religion among them. How +long that may be, as things are going, and if the detestable +conspiracy of the Papists now on foot should succeed, I will not +pretend to say.</p> +<p>A little to the left is Sudbury, which stands upon the River +Stour, mentioned above—a river which parts the counties of +Suffolk and Essex, and which is within these few years made +navigable to this town, though the navigation does not, it seems, +answer the charge, at least not to advantage.</p> +<p>I know nothing for which this town is remarkable, except for +being very populous and very poor. They have a great +manufacture of says and perpetuanas, and multitudes of poor +people are employed in working them; but the number of the poor +is almost ready to eat up the rich. However, this town +sends two members to Parliament, though it is under no form of +government particularly to itself other than as a village, the +head magistrate whereof is a constable.</p> +<p>Near adjoining to it is a village called Long Melfort, and a +very long one it is, from which I suppose it had that addition to +its name; it is full of very good houses, and, as they told me, +is richer, and has more wealthy masters of the manufacture in it, +than in Sudbury itself.</p> +<p>Here and in the neighbourhood are some ancient families of +good note; particularly here is a fine dwelling, the ancient seat +of the Cordells, whereof Sir William Cordell was Master of the +Rolls in the time of Queen Elizabeth; but the family is now +extinct, the last heir, Sir John Cordell, being killed by a fall +from his horse, died unmarried, leaving three sisters +co-heiresses to a very noble estate, most of which, if not all, +is now centred on the only surviving sister, and with her in +marriage is given to Mr. Firebrass, eldest son of Sir Basil +Firebrass, formerly a flourishing merchant in London, but reduced +by many disasters. His family now rises by the good fortune +of his son, who proves to be a gentleman of very agreeable parts, +and well esteemed in the country.</p> +<p>From this part of the country, I returned north-west by +Lenham, to visit St. Edmund’s Bury, a town of which other +writers have talked very largely, and perhaps a little too +much. It is a town famed for its pleasant situation and +wholesome air, the Montpelier of Suffolk, and perhaps of +England. This must be attributed to the skill of the monks +of those times, who chose so beautiful a situation for the seat +of their retirement; and who built here the greatest and, in its +time, the most flourishing monastery in all these parts of +England, I mean the monastery of St. Edmund the Martyr. It +was, if we believe antiquity, a house of pleasure in more ancient +times, or to speak more properly, a court of some of the Saxon or +East Angle kings; and, as Mr. Camden says, was even then called a +royal village, though it much better merits that name now; it +being the town of all this part of England, in proportion to its +bigness, most thronged with gentry, people of the best fashion, +and the most polite conversation. This beauty and +healthiness of its situation was no doubt the occasion which drew +the clergy to settle here, for they always chose the best places +in the country to build in, either for richness of soil, or for +health and pleasure in the situation of their religious +houses.</p> +<p>For the like reason, I doubt not, they translated the bones of +the martyred king St. Edmund to this place; for it is a vulgar +error to say he was murdered here. His martyrdom, it is +plain, was at Hoxon or Henilsdon, near Harlston, on the Waveney, +in the farthest northern verge of the county; but Segebert, king +of the East Angles, had built a religions house in this pleasant +rich part of the county; and as the monks began to taste the +pleasure of the place, they procured the body of this saint to be +removed hither, which soon increased the wealth and revenues of +their house, by the zeal of that day, in going on pilgrimage to +the shrine of the blessed St. Edmund.</p> +<p>We read, however, that after this the Danes, under King Sweno, +over-running this part of the country, destroyed this monastery +and burnt it to the ground, with the church and town. But +see the turn religion gives to things in the world; his son, King +Canutus, at first a Pagan and a tyrant, and the most cruel +ravager of all that crew, coming to turn Christian, and being +touched in conscience for the soul of his father, in having +robbed God and his holy martyr St. Edmund, sacrilegiously +destroying the church, and plundering the monastery; I say, +touched with remorse, and, as the monks pretend, terrified with a +vision of St. Edmund appearing to him, he rebuilt the house, the +church, and the town also, and very much added to the wealth of +the abbot and his fraternity, offering his crown at the feet of +St. Edmund, giving the house to the monks, town and all; so that +they were absolute lords of the town, and governed it by their +steward for many ages. He also gave them a great many good +lordships, which they enjoyed till the general suppression of +abbeys, in the time of Henry VIII.</p> +<p>But I am neither writing the history or searching the +antiquity of the abbey, or town; my business is the present state +of the place.</p> +<p>The abbey is demolished; its ruins are all that is to be seen +of its glory: out of the old building, two very beautiful +churches are built, and serve the two parishes, into which the +town is divided, and they stand both in one churchyard. +Here it was, in the path-way between these two churches, that a +tragical and almost unheard-of act of barbarity was committed, +which made the place less pleasant for some time than it used to +be, when Arundel Coke, Esq., a barrister-at-law, of a very +ancient family, attempted, with the assistance of a barbarous +assassin, to murder in cold blood, and in the arms of +hospitality, Edward Crisp, Esq., his brother-in-law, leading him +out from his own house, where he had invited him, his wife and +children, to supper; I say, leading him out in the night, on +pretence of going to see some friend that was known to them both; +but in this churchyard, giving a signal to the assassin he had +hired, he attacked him with a hedge-bill, and cut him, as one +might say, almost in pieces; and when they did not doubt of his +being dead, they left him. His head and face was so +mangled, that it may be said to be next to a miracle that he was +not quite killed: yet so Providence directed for the exemplary +punishment of the assassins, that the gentleman recovered to +detect them, who (though he outlived the assault) were both +executed as they deserved, and Mr. Crisp is yet alive. They +were condemned on the statute for defacing and dismembering, +called the Coventry Act.</p> +<p>But this accident does not at all lessen the pleasure and +agreeable delightful show of the town of Bury; it is crowded with +nobility and gentry, and all sorts of the most agreeable company; +and as the company invites, so there is the appearance of +pleasure upon the very situation; and they that live at Bury are +supposed to live there for the sake of it.</p> +<p>The Lord Jermin, afterwards Lord Dover, and, since his +lordship’s decease, Sir Robert Davers, enjoyed the most +delicious seat of Rushbrook, near this town.</p> +<p>The present members of Parliament for this place are Jermyn +Davers and James Reynolds, Esquires.</p> +<p>Mr. Harvey, afterwards created Lord Harvey, by King William, +and since that made Earl of Bristol by King George, lived many +years in this town, leaving a noble and pleasantly situated house +in Lincolnshire, for the more agreeable living on a spot so +completely qualified for a life of delight as this of Bury.</p> +<p>The Duke of Grafton, now Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, has also +a stately house at Euston, near this town, which he enjoys in +right of his mother, daughter to the Earl of Arlington, one of +the chief ministers of State in the reign of King Charles II., +and who made the second letter in the word “cabal,” a +word formed by that famous satirist Andrew Marvell, to represent +the five heads of the politics of that time, as the word +“smectymnus” was on a former occasion.</p> +<p>I shall believe nothing so scandalous of the ladies of this +town and the country round it as a late writer insinuates. +That the ladies round the country appear mighty gay and agreeable +at the time of the fair in this town I acknowledge; one hardly +sees such a show in any part of the world; but to suggest they +come hither, as to a market, is so coarse a jest, that the +gentlemen that wait on them hither (for they rarely come but in +good company) ought to resent and correct him for it.</p> +<p>It is true, Bury Fair, like Bartholomew Fair, is a fair for +diversion, more than for trade; and it may be a fair for toys and +for trinkets, which the ladies may think fit to lay out some of +their money in, as they see occasion. But to judge from +thence that the knights’ daughters of Norfolk, +Cambridgeshire, and Suffolk—that is to say, for it cannot +be understood any otherwise, the daughters of all the gentry of +the three counties—come hither to be picked up, is a way of +speaking I never before heard any author have the assurance to +make use of in print.</p> +<p>The assembly he justly commends for the bright appearance of +the beauties; but with a sting in the tail of this compliment, +where he says they seldom end without some considerable match or +intrigue; and yet he owns that during the fair these assemblies +are held every night. Now that these fine ladies go +intriguing every night, and that too after the comedy is done, +which is after the fair and raffling is over for the day, so that +it must be very late. This is a terrible character for the +ladies of Bury, and intimates, in short, that most of them are +loose women, which is a horrid abuse upon the whole country.</p> +<p>Now, though I like not the assemblies at all, and shall in +another place give them something of their due, yet having the +opportunity to see the fair at Bury, and to see that there were, +indeed, abundance of the finest ladies, or as fine as any in +Britain, yet I must own the number of the ladies at the comedy, +or at the assembly, is no way equal to the number that are seen +in the town, much less are they equal to the whole body of the +ladies in the three counties; and I must also add, that though it +is far from true that all that appear at the assembly are there +for matches or intrigues, yet I will venture to say that they are +not the worst of the ladies who stay away, neither are they the +fewest in number or the meanest in beauty, but just the contrary; +and I do not at all doubt, but that the scandalous liberty some +take at those assemblies will in time bring them out of credit +with the virtuous part of the sex here, as it has done already in +Kent and other places, and that those ladies who most value their +reputation will be seen less there than they have been; for +though the institution of them has been innocent and virtuous, +the ill use of them, and the scandalous behaviour of some people +at them, will in time arm virtue against them, and they will be +laid down as they have been set up without much satisfaction.</p> +<p>But the beauty of this town consists in the number of gentry +who dwell in and near it, the polite conversation among them, the +affluence and plenty they live in, the sweet air they breathe in, +and the pleasant country they have to go abroad in.</p> +<p>Here is no manufacturing in this town, or but very little, +except spinning, the chief trade of the place depending upon the +gentry who live there, or near it, and who cannot fail to cause +trade enough by the expense of their families and equipages among +the people of a county town. They have but a very small +river, or rather but a very small branch of a small river, at +this town, which runs from hence to Milden Hall, on the edge of +the fens. However, the town and gentlemen about have been +at the charge, or have so encouraged the engineer who was at the +charge, that they have made this river navigable to the said +Milden Hall, from whence there is a navigable dyke, called Milden +Hall Drain, which goes into the River Ouse, and so to Lynn; so +that all their coal and wine, iron, lead, and other heavy goods, +are brought by water from Lynn, or from London, by the way of +Lynn, to the great ease of the tradesmen.</p> +<p>This town is famous for two great events. One was that +in the year 1447, in the 25th year of Henry VI., a Parliament was +held here.</p> +<p>The other was, that at the meeting of this Parliament, the +great Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, regent of the kingdom during +the absence of King Henry V. and the minority of Henry VI., and +to his last hour the safeguard of the whole nation, and darling +of the people, was basely murdered here; by whose death the gate +was opened to that dreadful war between the houses of Lancaster +and York, which ended in the confusion of that very race who are +supposed to have contrived that murder.</p> +<p>From St. Edmund’s Bury I returned by Stowmarket and +Needham to Ipswich, that I might keep as near the coast as was +proper to my designed circuit or journey; and from Ipswich, to +visit the sea again, I went to Woodbridge, and from thence to +Orford, on the sea side.</p> +<p>Woodbridge has nothing remarkable, but that it is a +considerable market for butter and corn to be exported to London; +for now begins that part which is ordinarily called High Suffolk, +which, being a rich soil, is for a long tract of ground wholly +employed in dairies, and they again famous for the best butter, +and perhaps the worst cheese, in England. The butter is +barrelled, or often pickled up in small casks, and sold, not in +London only, but I have known a firkin of Suffolk butter sent to +the West Indies, and brought back to England again, and has been +perfectly good and sweet, as at first.</p> +<p>The port for the shipping off their Suffolk butter is chiefly +Woodbridge, which for that reason is full of corn factors and +butter factors, some of whom are very considerable merchants.</p> +<p>From hence, turning down to the shore, we see Orfordness, a +noted point of land for the guide of the colliers and coasters, +and a good shelter for them to ride under when a strong +north-east wind blows and makes a foul shore on the coast.</p> +<p>South of the Ness is Orford Haven, being the mouth of two +little rivers meeting together. It is a very good harbour +for small vessels, but not capable of receiving a ship of +burden.</p> +<p>Orford was once a good town, but is decayed, and as it stands +on the land side of the river the sea daily throws up more land +to it, and falls off itself from it, as if it was resolved to +disown the place, and that it should be a seaport no longer.</p> +<p>A little farther lies Aldborough, as thriving, though without +a port, as the other is decaying, with a good river in the front +of it.</p> +<p>There are some gentlemen’s seats up farther from the +sea, but very few upon the coast.</p> +<p>From Aldborough to Dunwich there are no towns of note; even +this town seems to be in danger of being swallowed up, for fame +reports that once they had fifty churches in the town; I saw but +one left, and that not half full of people.</p> +<p>This town is a testimony of the decay of public things, things +of the most durable nature; and as the old poet expresses it,</p> +<blockquote><p>“By numerous examples we may see,<br /> +That towns and cities die as well as we.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>The ruins of Carthage, of the great city of Jerusalem, or of +ancient Rome, are not at all wonderful to me. The ruins of +Nineveh, which are so entirety sunk as that it is doubtful where +the city stood; the ruins of Babylon, or the great Persepolis, +and many capital cities, which time and the change of monarchies +have overthrown, these, I say, are not at all wonderful, because +being the capitals of great and flourishing kingdoms, where those +kingdoms were overthrown, the capital cities necessarily fell +with them; but for a private town, a seaport, and a town of +commerce, to decay, as it were, of itself (for we never read of +Dunwich being plundered or ruined by any disaster, at least, not +of late years); this, I must confess, seems owing to nothing but +to the fate of things, by which we see that towns, kings, +countries, families, and persons, have all their elevation, their +medium, their declination, and even their destruction in the womb +of time, and the course of nature. It is true, this town is +manifestly decayed by the invasion of the waters, and as other +towns seem sufferers by the sea, or the tide withdrawing from +their ports, such as Orford, just now named, Winchelsea in Kent, +and the like, so this town is, as it were, eaten up by the sea, +as above; and the still encroaching ocean seems to threaten it +with a fatal immersion in a few years more.</p> +<p>Yet Dunwich, however ruined, retains some share of trade, as +particularly for the shipping of butter, cheese, and corn, which +is so great a business in this county, that it employs a great +many people and ships also; and this port lies right against the +particular part of the county for butter, as Framlingham, +Halstead, etc. Also a very great quantity of corn is bought +up hereabout for the London market; for I shall still touch that +point how all the counties in England contribute something +towards the subsistence of the great city of London, of which the +butter here is a very considerable article; as also coarse +cheese, which I mentioned before, used chiefly for the +king’s ships.</p> +<p>Hereabouts they begin to talk of herrings and the fishery; and +we find in the ancient records that this town, which was then +equal to a large city, paid, among other tribute to the +government, fifty thousand of herrings. Here also, and at +Swole, or Southole, the next seaport, they cure sprats in the +same manner as they do herrings at Yarmouth; that is to say, +speaking in their own language, they make red sprats; or to speak +good English, they make sprats red.</p> +<p>It is remarkable that this town is now so much washed away by +the sea, that what little trade they have is carried on by +Walderswick, a little town near Swole, the vessels coming in +there, because the ruins of Dunwich make the shore there unsafe +and uneasy to the boats; from whence the northern coasting seamen +a rude verse of their own using, and I suppose of their own +making, as follows,</p> +<blockquote><p>“Swoul and Dunwich, and Walderswick,<br /> +All go in at one lousie creek.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>This “lousie creek,” in short, is a little river +at Swoul, which our late famous atlas-maker calls a good harbour +for ships, and rendezvous of the royal navy; but that by-the-bye; +the author, it seems, knew no better.</p> +<p>From Dunwich we came to Southwold, the town above-named: this +is a small port town upon the coast, at the mouth of a little +river called the Blith. I found no business the people here +were employed in but the fishery, as above, for herrings and +sprats, which they cure by the help of smoke, as they do at +Yarmouth.</p> +<p>There is but one church in this town, but it is a very large +one and well built, as most of the churches in this county are, +and of impenetrable flint; indeed, there is no occasion for its +being so large, for staying there one Sabbath day, I was +surprised to see an extraordinary large church, capable of +receiving five or six thousand people, and but twenty-seven in it +besides the parson and the clerk; but at the same time the +meeting-house of the Dissenters was full to the very doors, +having, as I guessed, from six to eight hundred people in it.</p> +<p>This town is made famous for a very great engagement at sea, +in the year 1672, between the English and Dutch fleets, in the +bay opposite to the town, in which, not to be partial to +ourselves, the English fleet was worsted; and the brave Montague, +Earl of Sandwich, Admiral under the Duke of York, lost his +life. The ship <i>Royal Prince</i>, carrying one hundred +guns, in which he was, and which was under him, commanded by Sir +Edward Spragg, was burnt, and several other ships lost, and about +six hundred seamen; part of those killed in the fight were, as I +was told, brought on shore here and buried in the churchyard of +this town, as others also were at Ipswich.</p> +<p>At this town in particular, and so at all the towns on this +coast, from Orfordness to Yarmouth, is the ordinary place where +our summer friends the swallows first land when they come to +visit us; and here they may be said to embark for their return, +when they go back into warmer climates; and as I think the +following remark, though of so trifling a circumstance, may be +both instructing as well as diverting, it may be very proper in +this place. The case is this; I was some years before at +this place, at the latter end of the year, viz., about the +beginning of October, and lodging in a house that looked into the +churchyard, I observed in the evening, an unusual multitude of +birds sitting on the leads of the church. Curiosity led me +to go nearer to see what they were, and I found they were all +swallows; that there was such an infinite number that they +covered the whole roof of the church, and of several houses near, +and perhaps might of more houses which I did not see. This +led me to inquire of a grave gentleman whom I saw near me, what +the meaning was of such a prodigious multitude of swallows +sitting there. “Oh, sir,” says he, turning +towards the sea, “you may see the reason; the wind is off +sea.” I did not seem fully informed by that +expression, so he goes on, “I perceive, sir,” says +he, “you are a stranger to it; you must then understand +first, that this is the season of the year when the swallows, +their food here failing, begin to leave us, and return to the +country, wherever it be, from whence I suppose they came; and +this being the nearest to the coast of Holland, they come here to +embark” (this he said smiling a little); “and now, +sir,” says he, “the weather being too calm or the +wind contrary, they are waiting for a gale, for they are all +wind-bound.”</p> +<p>This was more evident to me, when in the morning I found the +wind had come about to the north-west in the night, and there was +not one swallow to be seen of near a million, which I believe was +there the night before.</p> +<p>How those creatures know that this part of the Island of Great +Britain is the way to their home, or the way that they are to go; +that this very point is the nearest cut over, or even that the +nearest cut is best for them, that we must leave to the +naturalists to determine, who insist upon it that brutes cannot +think.</p> +<p>Certain it is that the swallows neither come hither for warm +weather nor retire from cold; the thing is of quite another +nature. They, like the shoals of fish in the sea, pursue +their prey; they are a voracious creature, they feed flying; +their food is found in the air, viz., the insects, of which in +our summer evenings, in damp and moist places, the air is +full. They come hither in the summer because our air is +fuller of fogs and damps than in other countries, and for that +reason feeds great quantities of insects. If the air be hot +and dry the gnats die of themselves, and even the swallows will +be found famished for want, and fall down dead out of the air, +their food being taken from them. In like manner, when cold +weather comes in the insects all die, and then of necessity the +swallows quit us, and follow their food wherever they go. +This they do in the manner I have mentioned above, for sometimes +they are seen to go off in vast flights like a cloud. And +sometimes again, when the wind grows fair, they go away a few and +a few as they come, not staying at all upon the coast.</p> +<p><i>Note</i>.—This passing and re-passing of the swallows +is observed nowhere so much, that I have heard of, or in but few +other places, except on this eastern coast, namely, from above +Harwich to the east point of Norfolk, called Winterton Ness, +North, which is all right against Holland. We know nothing +of them any farther north, the passage of the sea being, as I +suppose, too broad from Flamborough Head and the shore of +Holderness in Yorkshire, etc.</p> +<p>I find very little remarkable on this side of Suffolk, but +what is on the sea-shore as above. The inland country is +that which they properly call High Suffolk, and is full of rich +feeding grounds and large farms, mostly employed in dairies for +making the Suffolk butter and cheese, of which I have spoken +already. Among these rich grounds stand some market towns, +though not of very considerable note; such as Framlingham, where +was once a royal castle, to which Queen Mary retired when the +Northumberland faction, in behalf of the Lady Jane, endeavoured +to supplant her. And it was this part of Suffolk where the +Gospellers, as they were then called, preferred their loyalty to +their religion, and complimented the Popish line at expense of +their share of the Reformation. But they paid dear for it, +and their successors have learned better politics since.</p> +<p>In these parts are also several good market towns, some in +this county and some in the other, as Beccles, Bungay, Harlston, +etc., all on the edge of the River Waveney, which parts here the +counties of Suffolk and Norfolk. And here in a bye-place, +and out of common remark, lies the ancient town of Hoxon, famous +for being the place where St. Edmund was martyred, for whom so +many cells and shrines have been set up and monasteries built, +and in honour of whom the famous monastery of St. Edmundsbury, +above mentioned, was founded, which most people erroneously think +was the place where the said murder was committed.</p> +<p>Besides the towns mentioned above, there are Halesworth, +Saxmundham, Debenham, Aye, or Eye, all standing in this eastern +side of Suffolk, in which, as I have said, the whole country is +employed in dairies or in feeding of cattle.</p> +<p>This part of England is also remarkable for being the first +where the feeding and fattening of cattle, both sheep as well as +black cattle, with turnips, was first practised in England, which +is made a very great part of the improvement of their lands to +this day, and from whence the practice is spread over most of the +east and south parts of England to the great enriching of the +farmers and increase of fat cattle. And though some have +objected against the goodness of the flesh thus fed with turnips, +and have fancied it would taste of the root, yet upon experience +it is found that at market there is no difference, nor can they +that buy single out one joint of mutton from another by the +taste. So that the complaint which our nice palates at +first made begins to cease of itself, and a very great quantity +of beef and mutton also is brought every year and every week to +London from this side of England, and much more than was formerly +known to be fed there.</p> +<p>I cannot omit, however little it may seem, that this county of +Suffolk is particularly famous for furnishing the City of London +and all the counties round with turkeys, and that it is thought +there are more turkeys bred in this county and the part of +Norfolk that adjoins to it than in all the rest of England, +especially for sale, though this may be reckoned, as I say above, +but a trifling thing to take notice of in these remarks; yet, as +I have hinted, that I shall observe how London is in general +supplied with all its provisions from the whole body of the +nation, and how every part of the island is engaged in some +degree or other of that supply. On this account I could not +omit it, nor will it be found so inconsiderable an article as +some may imagine, if this be true, which I received an account of +from a person living on the place, viz., that they have counted +three hundred droves of turkeys (for they drive them all in +droves on foot) pass in one season over Stratford Bridge on the +River Stour, which parts Suffolk from Essex, about six miles from +Colchester, on the road from Ipswich to London. These +droves, as they say, generally contain from three hundred to a +thousand each drove; so that one may suppose them to contain five +hundred one with another, which is one hundred and fifty thousand +in all; and yet this is one of the least passages, the numbers +which travel by Newmarket Heath and the open country and the +forest, and also the numbers that come by Sudbury and Clare being +many more.</p> +<p>For the further supplies of the markets of London with +poultry, of which these countries particularly abound, they have +within these few years found it practicable to make the geese +travel on foot too, as well as the turkeys, and a prodigious +number are brought up to London in droves from the farthest parts +of Norfolk; even from the fen country about Lynn, Downham, +Wisbech, and the Washes; as also from all the east side of +Norfolk and Suffolk, of whom it is very frequent now to meet +droves with a thousand, sometimes two thousand in a drove. +They begin to drive them generally in August, by which time the +harvest is almost over, and the geese may feed in the stubbles as +they go. Thus they hold on to the end of October, when the +roads begin to be too stiff and deep for their broad feet and +short legs to march in.</p> +<p>Besides these methods of driving these creatures on foot, they +have of late also invented a new method of carriage, being carts +formed on purpose, with four stories or stages to put the +creatures in one above another, by which invention one cart will +carry a very great number; and for the smoother going they drive +with two horses abreast, like a coach, so quartering the road for +the ease of the gentry that thus ride. Changing horses, +they travel night and day, so that they bring the fowls seventy, +eighty, or, one hundred miles in two days and one night. +The horses in this new-fashioned voiture go two abreast, as +above, but no perch below, as in a coach, but they are fastened +together by a piece of wood lying crosswise upon their necks, by +which they are kept even and together, and the driver sits on the +top of the cart like as in the public carriages for the army, +etc.</p> +<p>In this manner they hurry away the creatures alive, and +infinite numbers are thus carried to London every year. +This method is also particular for the carrying young turkeys or +turkey poults in their season, which are valuable, and yield a +good price at market; as also for live chickens in the dear +seasons, of all which a very great number are brought in this +manner to London, and more prodigiously out of this country than +any other part of England, which is the reason of my speaking of +it here.</p> +<p>In this part, which we call High Suffolk, there are not so +many families of gentry or nobility placed as in the other side +of the country. But it is observed that though their seats +are not so frequent here, their estates are; and the pleasure of +West Suffolk is much of it supported by the wealth of High +Suffolk, for the richness of the lands and application of the +people to all kinds of improvement is scarce credible; also the +farmers are so very considerable and their farms and dairies so +large that it is very frequent for a farmer to have £1,000 +stock upon his farm in cows only.</p> +<h3><span class="smcap">Norfolk</span>.</h3> +<p>From High Suffolk I passed the Waveney into Norfolk, near +Schole Inn. In my passage I saw at Redgrave (the seat of +the family) a most exquisite monument of Sir John Holt, Knight, +late Lord Chief Justice of the King’s Bench several years, +and one of the most eminent lawyers of his time. One of the +heirs of the family is now building a fine seat about a mile on +the south side of Ipswich, near the road.</p> +<p>The epitaph or inscription on this monument is as +follows:—</p> +<p style="text-align: center">M. S.<br /> +D. Johannis Holt, <i>Equitis Aur</i>.<br /> +<i>Totius Angliæ in Banco Regis</i><br /> +<i>per</i> 21 <i>Annos continuos</i><br /> +Capitalis Justitiarii<br /> +<i>Gulielmo Regi Annæqur Reginæ</i><br /> +<i>Consiliarii perpetui</i>:<br /> +<i>Libertatis ac Legum Anglicarum</i><br /> +<i>Assertoris</i>, <i>Vindicis</i>, <i>Custodis</i>,<br /> +<i>Vigilis Acris & intrepidi</i>,<br /> +<i>Rolandus Frater Uncius & Hæres</i><br /> +<i>Optime de se Merito</i><br /> +<i>posuit</i>,<br /> +<i>Die Martis Vto</i>. 1709. <i>Sublatus est</i><br /> +<i>ex Oculis nostris</i><br /> +<i>Natus</i> 30 <i>Decembris</i>, <i>Anno</i> 1642.</p> +<p>When we come into Norfolk, we see a face of diligence spread +over the whole country; the vast manufactures carried on (in +chief) by the Norwich weavers employs all the country round in +spinning yarn for them; besides many thousand packs of yarn which +they receive from other countries, even from as far as Yorkshire +and Westmoreland, of which I shall speak in its place.</p> +<p>This side of Norfolk is very populous, and thronged with great +and spacious market-towns, more and larger than any other part of +England so far from London, except Devonshire, and the West +Riding of Yorkshire; for example, between the frontiers of +Suffolk and the city of Norwich on this side, which is not above +22 miles in breadth, are the following market-towns, +viz.:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Thetford,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Hingham,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Harleston,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Diss,</p> +</td> +<td><p>West Dereham,</p> +</td> +<td><p>E. Dereham,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Harling,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Attleborough,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Watton,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Bucknam,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Windham,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Loddon, etc.</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Most of these towns are very populous and large; but that +which is most remarkable is, that the whole country round them is +so interspersed with villages, and those villages so large, and +so full of people, that they are equal to market-towns in other +countries; in a word, they render this eastern part of Norfolk +exceeding full of inhabitants.</p> +<p>An eminent weaver of Norwich gave me a scheme of their trade +on this occasion, by which, calculating from the number of looms +at that time employed in the city of Norwich only, besides those +employed in other towns in the same county, he made it appear +very plain, that there were 120,000 people employed in the +woollen and silk and wool manufactures of that city only; not +that the people all lived in the city, though Norwich is a very +large and populous city too: but, I say, they were employed for +spinning the yarn used for such goods as were all made in that +city. This account is curious enough, and very exact, but +it is too long for the compass of this work.</p> +<p>This shows the wonderful extent of the Norwich manufacture, or +stuff-weaving trade, by which so many thousands of families are +maintained. Their trade, indeed, felt a very sensible +decay, and the cries of the poor began to be very loud, when the +wearing of painted calicoes was grown to such a height in +England, as was seen about two or three years ago; but an Act of +Parliament having been obtained, though not without great +struggle, in the years 1720 and 1721, for prohibiting the use and +wearing of calicoes, the stuff trade revived incredibly; and as I +passed this part of the country in the year 1723, the +manufacturers assured me that there was not, in all the eastern +and middle part of Norfolk, any hand unemployed, if they would +work; and that the very children, after four or five years of +age, could every one earn their own bread. But I return to +speak of the villages and towns in the rest of the county; I +shall come to the city of Norwich by itself.</p> +<p>This throng of villages continues through all the east part of +the country, which is of the greatest extent, and where the +manufacture is chiefly carried on. If any part of it be +waste and thin of inhabitants, it is the west part, drawing a +line from about Brand, or Brandon, south, to Walsinghan, +north. This part of the country indeed is full of open +plains, and somewhat sandy and barren, and feeds great flocks of +good sheep; but put it all together, the county of Norfolk has +the most people in the least tract of land of any county in +England, except about London, and Exon, and the West Riding of +Yorkshire, as above.</p> +<p>Add to this, that there is no single county in England, except +as above, that can boast of three towns so populous, so rich, and +so famous for trade and navigation, as in this county. By +these three towns, I mean the city of Norwich, the towns of +Yarmouth and Lynn. Besides that, it has several other +seaports of very good trade, as Wisbech, Wells, Burnham, Clye, +etc.</p> +<p>Norwich is the capital of all the county, and the centre of +all the trade and manufactures which I have just mentioned; an +ancient, large, rich, and populous city. If a stranger was +only to ride through or view the city of Norwich for a day, he +would have much more reason to think there was a town without +inhabitants, than there is really to say so of Ipswich; but on +the contrary if he was to view the city, either on a Sabbath-day, +or on any public occasion, he would wonder where all the people +could dwell, the multitude is so great. But the case is +this: the inhabitants being all busy at their manufactures, dwell +in their garrets at their looms, and in their combing shops (so +they call them), twisting-mills, and other work-houses, almost +all the works they are employed in being done within doors. +There are in this city thirty-two parishes besides the cathedral, +and a great many meeting-houses of Dissenters of all +denominations. The public edifices are chiefly the castle, +ancient and decayed, and now for many years past made use of for +a gaol. The Duke of Norfolk’s house was formerly kept +well, and the gardens preserved for the pleasure and diversion of +the citizens, but since feeling too sensibly the sinking +circumstances of that once glorious family, who were the first +peers and hereditary earl-marshals of England.</p> +<p>The walls of this city are reckoned three miles in +circumference, taking in more ground than the City of London, but +much of that ground lying open in pasture-fields and gardens; nor +does it seem to be, like some ancient places, a decayed, +declining town, and that the walls mark out its ancient +dimensions; for we do not see room to suppose that it was ever +larger or more populous than it is now. But the walls seem +to be placed as if they expected that the city would in time +increase sufficiently to fill them up with buildings.</p> +<p>The cathedral of this city is a fine fabric, and the spire +steeple very high and beautiful. It is not ancient, the +bishop’s see having been first at Thetford, from whence it +was not translated hither till the twelfth century. Yet the +church has so many antiquities in it, that our late great scholar +and physician, Sir Thomas Brown, thought it worth his while to +write a whole book to collect the monuments and inscriptions in +this church, to which I refer the reader.</p> +<p>The River Yare runs through this city, and is navigable thus +far without the help of any art (that is to say, without locks or +stops), and being increased by other waters, passes afterwards +through a long tract of the richest meadows, and the largest, +take them all together, that are anywhere in England, lying for +thirty miles in length, from this city to Yarmouth, including the +return of the said meadows on the bank of the Waveney south, and +on the River Thyrn north.</p> +<p>Here is one thing indeed strange in itself, and more so, in +that history seems to be quite ignorant of the occasion of +it. The River Waveney is a considerable river, and of a +deep and full channel, navigable for large barges as high as +Beccles; it runs for a course of about fifty miles, between the +two counties of Suffolk and Norfolk, as a boundary to both; and +pushing on, though with a gentle stream, towards the sea, no one +would doubt, but, that when they see the river growing broader +and deeper, and going directly towards the sea, even to the edge +of the beach—that is to say, within a mile of the main +ocean—no stranger, I say, but would expect to see its +entrance into the sea at that place, and a noble harbour for +ships at the mouth of it; when on a sudden, the land rising high +by the seaside, crosses the head of the river, like a dam, checks +the whole course of it, and it returns, bending its course west, +for two miles, or thereabouts; and then turning north, through +another long course of meadows (joining to those just now +mentioned) seeks out the River Yare, that it may join its water +with hers, and find their way to the sea together.</p> +<p>Some of our historians tell a long, fabulous story of this +river being once open, and a famous harbour for ships belonging +to a town of Lowestoft adjoining; but that the town of Yarmouth +envying the prosperity of the said town of Lowestoft, made war +upon them; and that after many bloody battles, as well by sea as +by land, they came at last to a decisive action at sea with their +respective fleets, and the victory fell to the Yarmouth men, the +Lowestoft fleet being overthrown and utterly destroyed; and that +upon this victory, the Yarmouth men either actually did stop up +the mouth of the said river, or obliged the vanquished Lowestoft +men to do it themselves, and bound them never to attempt to open +it again.</p> +<p>I believe my share of this story, and I recommend no more of +it to the reader; adding, that I see no authority for the +relation, neither do the relators agree either in the time of it, +or in the particulars of the fact; that is to say, in whose +reign, or under what government all this happened; in what year, +and the like; so I satisfy myself with transcribing the matter of +fact, and then leave it as I find it.</p> +<p>In this vast tract of meadows are fed a prodigious number of +black cattle which are said to be fed up for the fattest beef, +though not the largest in England; and the quantity is so great, +as that they not only supply the city of Norwich, the town of +Yarmouth, and county adjacent, but send great quantities of them +weekly in all the winter season to London.</p> +<p>And this in particular is worthy remark, that the gross of all +the Scots cattle which come yearly into England are brought +hither, being brought to a small village lying north of the city +of Norwich, called St. Faith’s, where the Norfolk graziers +go and buy them.</p> +<p>These Scots runts, so they call them, coming out of the cold +and barren mountains of the Highlands in Scotland, feed so +eagerly on the rich pasture in these marshes, that they thrive in +an unusual manner, and grow monstrously fat; and the beef is so +delicious for taste, that the inhabitants prefer them to the +English cattle, which are much larger and fairer to look at; and +they may very well do so. Some have told me, and I believe +with good judgment, that there are above forty thousand of these +Scots cattle fed in this county every year, and most of them in +the said marshes between Norwich, Beccles, and Yarmouth.</p> +<p>Yarmouth is an ancient town, much older than Norwich; and at +present, though not standing on so much ground, yet better built; +much more complete; for number of inhabitants, not much inferior; +and for wealth, trade, and advantage of its situation, infinitely +superior to Norwich.</p> +<p>It is placed on a peninsula between the River Yare and the +sea; the two last lying parallel to one another, and the town in +the middle. The river lies on the west side of the town, +and being grown very large and deep, by a conflux of all the +rivers on this side the county, forms the haven; and the town +facing to the west also, and open to the river, makes the finest +quay in England, if not in Europe, not inferior even to that of +Marseilles itself.</p> +<p>The ships ride here so close, and, as it were, keeping up one +another, with their headfasts on shore, that for half a mile +together they go across the stream with their bowsprits over the +land, their bows, or heads touching the very wharf; so that one +may walk from ship to ship as on a floating bridge, all along by +the shore-side. The quay reaching from the drawbridge +almost to the south gate, is so spacious and wide, that in some +places it is near one hundred yards from the houses to the +wharf. In this pleasant and agreeable range of houses are +some very magnificent buildings, and among the rest, the Custom +House and Town Hall, and some merchant’s houses, which look +like little palaces rather than the dwelling-houses of private +men.</p> +<p>The greatest defect of this beautiful town seems to be that, +though it is very rich and increasing in wealth and trade, and +consequently in people, there is not room to enlarge the town by +building, which would be certainly done much more than it is, but +that the river on the land side prescribes them, except at the +north end without the gate; and even there the land is not very +agreeable. But had they had a larger space within the gates +there would before now have been many spacious streets of noble +fine buildings erected, as we see is done in some other thriving +towns in England, as at Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, Frome, +etc.</p> +<p>The quay and the harbour of this town during the fishing fair, +as they call it, which is every Michaelmas, one sees the land +covered with people, and the river with barques and boats, busy +day and night landing and carrying of the herrings, which they +catch here in such prodigious quantities, that it is +incredible. I happened to be there during their fishing +fair, when I told in one tide 110 barques and fishing vessels +coming up the river all laden with herrings, and all taken the +night before; and this was besides what was brought on shore on +the Dean (that is the seaside of the town) by open boats, which +they call cobles, and which often bring in two or three last of +fish at a time. The barques often bring in ten last a +piece.</p> +<p>This fishing fair begins on Michaelmas Day, and lasts all the +month of October, by which time the herrings draw off to sea, +shoot their spawn, and are no more fit for the merchant’s +business—at least, not those that are taken +thereabouts.</p> +<p>The quantity of herrings that are caught in this season are +diversely accounted for. Some have said that the towns of +Yarmouth and Lowestoft only have taken 40,000 last in a +season. I will not venture to confirm that report; but this +I have heard the merchants themselves say, viz., that they have +cured—that is to say, hanged and dried in the +smoke—40,000 barrels of merchantable red herrings in one +season, which is in itself (though far short of the other) yet a +very considerable article; and it is to be added that this is +besides all the herrings consumed in the country towns of both +those populous counties for thirty miles from the sea, whither +very great quantities are carried every tide during the whole +season.</p> +<p>But this is only one branch of the great trade carried on in +this town. Another part of this commerce is in the +exporting these herrings after they are cured; and for this their +merchants have a great trade to Genoa, Leghorn, Naples, Messina, +and Venice; as also to Spain and Portugal, also exporting with +their herring very great quantities of worsted stuffs, and stuffs +made of silk and worsted, camblets, etc., the manufactures of the +neighbouring city of Norwich and of the places adjacent.</p> +<p>Besides this, they carry on a very considerable trade with +Holland, whose opposite neighbours they are; and a vast quantity +of woollen manufactures they export to the Dutch every +year. Also they have a fishing trade to the North Seas for +white fish, which from the place are called the North Sea +cod.</p> +<p>They have also a considerable trade to Norway and to the +Baltic, from whence they bring back deals and fir timber, oaken +plank, balks, spars, oars, pitch, tar, hemp, flax, spruce canvas, +and sail-cloth, with all manner of naval stores, which they +generally have a consumption for in their own port, where they +build a very great number of ships every year, besides refitting +and repairing the old.</p> +<p>Add to this the coal trade between Newcastle and the river of +Thames, in which they are so improved of late years that they +have now a greater share of it than any other town in England, +and have quite worked the Ipswich men out of it who had formerly +the chief share of the colliery in their hands.</p> +<p>For the carrying on all these trades they must have a very +great number of ships, either of their own or employed by them: +and it may in some measure be judged of by this that in the year +1697, I had an account from the town register that there was then +1,123 sail of ships using the sea and belonged to the town, +besides such ships as the merchants of Yarmouth might be +concerned in, and be part owners of, belonging to any other +ports.</p> +<p>To all this I must add, without compliment to the town or to +the people, that the merchants, and even the generality of +traders of Yarmouth, have a very good reputation in trade as well +abroad as at home for men of fair and honourable dealing, +punctual and just in their performing their engagements and in +discharging commissions; and their seamen, as well masters as +mariners, are justly esteemed among the ablest and most expert +navigators in England.</p> +<p>This town, however populous and large, was ever contained in +one parish, and had but one church; but within these two years +they have built another very fine church near the south end of +the town. The old church is dedicated to St. Nicholas, and +was built by that famous Bishop of Norwich, William Herbert, who +flourished in the reign of William II., and Henry I., William of +Malmesbury, calls him <i>Vir Pecuniosus</i>; he might have called +him <i>Vir Pecuniosissimus</i>, considering the times he lived +in, and the works of charity and munificence which he has left as +witnesses of his immense riches; for he built the Cathedral +Church, the Priory for sixty monks, the Bishop’s Palace, +and the parish church of St. Leonard, all in Norwich; this great +church at Yarmouth, the Church of St. Margaret at Lynn, and of +St. Mary at Elmham. He removed the episcopal see from +Thetford to Norwich, and instituted the Cluniack Monks at +Thetford, and gave them or built them a house. This old +church is very large, and has a high spire, which is a useful +sea-mark.</p> +<p>Here is one of the finest market-places and the best served +with provisions in England, London excepted; and the inhabitants +are so multiplied in a few years that they seem to want room in +their town rather than people to fill it, as I have observed +above.</p> +<p>The streets are all exactly straight from north to south, with +lanes or alleys, which they call rows, crossing them in straight +lines also from east to west, so that it is the most regular +built town in England, and seems to have been built all at once; +or that the dimensions of the houses and extent of the streets +were laid out by consent.</p> +<p>They have particular privileges in this town and a +jurisdiction by which they can try, condemn, and execute in +especial cases without waiting for a warrant from above; and this +they exerted once very smartly in executing a captain of one of +the king’s ships of war in the reign of King Charles II. +for a murder committed in the street, the circumstance of which +did indeed call for justice; but some thought they would not have +ventured to exert their powers as they did. However, I +never heard that the Government resented it or blamed them for +it.</p> +<p>It is also a very well-governed town, and I have nowhere in +England observed the Sabbath day so exactly kept, or the breach +so continually punished, as in this place, which I name to their +honour.</p> +<p>Among all these regularities it is no wonder if we do not find +abundance of revelling, or that there is little encouragement to +assemblies, plays, and gaming meetings at Yarmouth as in some +other places; and yet I do not see that the ladies here come +behind any of the neighbouring counties, either in beauty, +breeding, or behaviour; to which may be added too, not at all to +their disadvantage, that they generally go beyond them in +fortunes.</p> +<p>From Yarmouth I resolved to pursue my first design, viz., to +view the seaside on this coast, which is particularly famous for +being one of the most dangerous and most fatal to the sailors in +all England—I may say in all Britain—and the more so +because of the great number of ships which are continually going +and coming this way in their passage between London and all the +northern coasts of Great Britain. Matters of antiquity are +not my inquiry, but principally observations on the present state +of things, and, if possible, to give such accounts of things +worthy of recording as have never been observed before; and this +leads me the more directly to mention the commerce and the +navigation when I come to towns upon the coast as what few +writers have yet meddled with.</p> +<p>The reason of the dangers of this particular coast are found +in the situation of the county and in the course of ships sailing +this way, which I shall describe as well as I can thus:—The +shore from the mouth of the River of Thames to Yarmouth Roads +lies in a straight line from SSE. <i>to</i> NNW., the land being +on the W. or larboard side.</p> +<p>From Wintertonness, which is the utmost northerly point of +land in the county of Norfolk, and about four miles beyond +Yarmouth, the shore falls off for nearly sixty miles to the west, +as far as Lynn and Boston, till the shore of Lincolnshire tends +north again for about sixty miles more as far as the Humber, +whence the coast of Yorkshire, or Holderness, which is the east +riding, shoots out again into the sea, to the Spurn and to +Flamborough Head, as far east, almost, as the shore of Norfolk +had given back at Winterton, making a very deep gulf or bay +between those two points of Winterton and the Spurn Head; so that +the ships going north are obliged to stretch away to sea from +Wintertonness, and leaving the sight of land in that deep bay +which I have mentioned, that reaches to Lynn and the shore of +Lincolnshire, they go, I say, N. or still NNW. to meet the shore +of Holderness, which I said runs out into the sea again at the +Spurn; and the first land they make or desire to make, is called +as above, Flamborough Head, so that Wintertonness and Flamborough +Head are the two extremes of this course, there is, as I said, +the Spurn Head indeed between; but as it lies too far in towards +the Humber, they keep out to the north to avoid coming near +it.</p> +<p>In like manner the ships which come from the north, leave the +shore at Flamborough Head, and stretch away SSE. for Yarmouth +Roads; and they first land they make is Wintertonness (as +above). Now, the danger of the place is this: if the ships +coming from the north are taken with a hard gale of wind from the +SE., or from any point between NE. and SE., so that they cannot, +as the seamen call it, weather Wintertonness, they are thereby +kept within that deep bay; and if the wind blows hard, are often +in danger of running on shore upon the rocks about Cromer, on the +north coast of Norfolk, or stranding upon the flat shore between +Cromer and Wells; all the relief they have, is good ground tackle +to ride it out, which is very hard to do there, the sea coming +very high upon them; or if they cannot ride it out then, to run +into the bottom of the great bay I mentioned, to Lynn or Boston, +which is a very difficult and desperate push: so that sometimes +in this distress whole fleets have been lost here altogether.</p> +<p>The like is the danger to ships going northward, if after +passing by Winterton they are taken short with a north-east wind, +and cannot put back into the Roads, which very often happens, +then they are driven upon the same coast, and embayed just as the +latter. The danger on the north part of this bay is not the +same, because if ships going or coming should be taken short on +this side Flamborough, there is the river Humber open to them, +and several good roads to have recourse to, as Burlington Bay, +Grimsby Road, and the Spurn Head, and others, where they ride +under shelter.</p> +<p>The dangers of this place being thus considered, it is no +wonder, that upon the shore beyond Yarmouth there are no less +than four lighthouses kept flaming every night, besides the +lights at Castor, north of the town, and at Goulston S., all of +which are to direct the sailors to keep a good offing in case of +bad weather, and to prevent their running into Cromer Bay, which +the seamen call the devil’s throat.</p> +<p>As I went by land from Yarmouth northward, along the shore +towards Cromer aforesaid, and was not then fully master of the +reason of these things, I was surprised to see, in all the way +from Winterton, that the farmers and country people had scarce a +barn, or a shed, or a stable, nay, not the pales of their yards +and gardens, not a hogstye, not a necessary house, but what was +built of old planks, beams, wales, and timbers, etc., the wrecks +of ships, and ruins of mariners’ and merchants’ +fortunes; and in some places were whole yards filled and piled up +very high with the same stuff laid up, as I supposed to sell for +the like building purposes, as there should he occasion.</p> +<p>About the year 1692 (I think it was that year) there was a +melancholy example of what I have said of this place: a fleet of +200 sail of light colliers (so they call the ships bound +northward empty to fetch coals from Newcastle to London) went out +of Yarmouth Roads with a fair wind, to pursue their voyage, and +were taken short with a storm of wind at NE. after they were past +Wintertonness, a few leagues; some of them, whose masters were a +little more wary than the rest, or perhaps, who made a better +judgment of things, or who were not so far out as the rest, +tacked, and put back in time, and got safe into the roads; but +the rest pushing on in hopes to keep out to sea, and weather it, +were by the violence of the storm driven back, when they were too +far embayed to weather Wintertonness as above, and so were forced +to run west, everyone shifting for themselves as well as they +could; some run away for Lynn Deeps, but few of them (the night +being so dark) could find their way in there; some, but very few, +rode it out at a distance; the rest, being above 140 sail, were +all driven on shore and dashed to pieces, and very few of the +people on board were saved: at the very same unhappy juncture, a +fleet of laden ships were coming from the north, and being just +crossing the same bay, were forcibly driven into it, not able to +weather the Ness, and so were involved in the same ruin as the +light fleet was; also some coasting vessels laden with corn from +Lynn and Wells, and bound for Holland, were with the same unhappy +luck just come out to begin their voyage, and some of them lay at +anchor; these also met with the same misfortune, so that, in the +whole, above 200 sail of ships, and above a thousand people, +perished in the disaster of that one miserable night, very few +escaping.</p> +<p>Cromer is a market town close to the shore of this dangerous +coast. I know nothing it is famous for (besides it being +thus the terror of the sailors) except good lobsters, which are +taken on that coast in great numbers and carried to Norwich, and +in such quantities sometimes too as to be conveyed by sea to +London.</p> +<p>Farther within the land, and between this place and Norwich, +are several good market towns, and innumerable villages, all +diligently applying to the woollen manufacture, and the country +is exceedingly fruitful and fertile, as well in corn as in +pastures; particularly, which was very pleasant to see, the +pheasants were in such great plenty as to be seen in the stubbles +like cocks and hens—a testimony though, by the way, that +the county had more tradesmen than gentlemen in it; indeed, this +part is so entirely given up to industry, that what with the +seafaring men on the one side, and the manufactures on the other, +we saw no idle hands here, but every man busy on the main affair +of life, that is to say, getting money; some of the principal of +these towns are:—Alsham, North Walsham, South Walsham, +Worsted, Caston, Reepham, Holt, Saxthorp, St. Faith’s, +Blikling, and many others. Near the last, Sir John Hobart, +of an ancient family in this county, has a noble seat, but old +built. This is that St. Faith’s, where the drovers +bring their black cattle to sell to the Norfolk graziers, as is +observed above.</p> +<p>From Cromer we ride on the strand or open shore to Weyburn +Hope, the shore so flat that in some places the tide ebbs out +near two miles. From Weyburn west lies Clye, where there +are large salt-works and very good salt made, which is sold all +over the county, and sometimes sent to Holland and to the +Baltic. From Clye we go to Masham and to Wells, all towns +on the coast, in each whereof there is a very considerable trade +carried on with Holland for corn, which that part of the county +is very full of. I say nothing of the great trade driven +here from Holland, back again to England, because I take it to be +a trade carried on with much less honesty than advantage, +especially while the clandestine trade, or the art of smuggling +was so much in practice: what it is now, is not to my present +purpose.</p> +<p>Near this town lie The Seven Burnhams, as they are called, +that is to say, seven small towns, all called by the same name, +and each employed in the same trade of carrying corn to Holland, +and bringing back,—etc.</p> +<p>From hence we turn to the south-west to Castle Rising, an old +decayed borough town, with perhaps not ten families in it, which +yet (to the scandal of our prescription right) sends two members +to the British Parliament, being as many as the City of Norwich +itself or any town in the kingdom, London excepted, can do.</p> +<p>On our left we see Walsingham, an ancient town, famous for the +old ruins of a monastery of note there, and the Shrine of our +Lady, as noted as that of St. Thomas-à-Becket at +Canterbury, and for little else.</p> +<p>Near this place are the seats of the two allied families of +the Lord Viscount Townsend and Robert Walpole, Esq.; the latter +at this time one of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury and +Minister of State, and the former one of the principal +Secretaries of State to King George, of which again.</p> +<p>From hence we went to Lynn, another rich and populous thriving +port-town. It stands on more ground than the town of +Yarmouth, and has, I think, parishes, yet I cannot allow that it +has more people than Yarmouth, if so many. It is a +beautiful, well built, and well situated town, at the mouth of +the River Ouse, and has this particular attending it, which gives +it a vast advantage in trade; namely, that there is the greatest +extent of inland navigation here of any port in England, London +excepted. The reason whereof is this, that there are more +navigable rivers empty themselves here into the sea, including +the washes, which are branches of the same port, than at any one +mouth of waters in England, except the Thames and the +Humber. By these navigable rivers, the merchants of Lynn +supply about six counties wholly, and three counties in part, +with their goods, especially wine and coals, viz., by the little +Ouse, they send their goods to Brandon and Thetford, by the Lake +to Mildenhall, Barton Mills, and St. Edmundsbury; by the River +Grant to Cambridge, by the great Ouse itself to Ely, to St. Ives, +to St. Neots, to Barford Bridge, and to Bedford; by the River +Nyne to Peterborough; by the drains and washes to Wisbeach, to +Spalding, Market Deeping, and Stamford; besides the several +counties, into which these goods are carried by land-carriage, +from the places, where the navigation of those rivers end; which +has given rise to this observation on the town of Lynn, that they +bring in more coals than any sea-port between London and +Newcastle; and import more wines than any port in England, except +London and Bristol; their trade to Norway and to the Baltic Sea +is also great in proportion, and of late years they have extended +their trade farther to the southward.</p> +<p>Here are more gentry, and consequently is more gaiety in this +town than in Yarmouth, or even in Norwich itself—the place +abounding in very good company.</p> +<p>The situation of this town renders it capable of being made +very strong, and in the late wars it was so; a line of +fortification being drawn round it at a distance from the walls; +the ruins, or rather remains of which works appear very fair to +this day; nor would it be a hard matter to restore the bastions, +with the ravelins, and counterscarp, upon any sudden emergency, +to a good state of defence: and that in a little time, a +sufficient number of workmen being employed, especially because +they are able to fill all their ditches with water from the sea, +in such a manner as that it cannot be drawn off.</p> +<p>There is in the market-place of this town a very fine statue +of King William on horseback, erected at the charge of the +town. The Ouse is mighty large and deep, close to the very +town itself, and ships of good burthen may come up to the quay; +but there is no bridge, the stream being too strong and the +bottom moorish and unsound; nor, for the same reason, is the +anchorage computed the best in the world; but there are good +roads farther down.</p> +<p>They pass over here in boats into the fen country, and over +the famous washes into Lincolnshire, but the passage is very +dangerous and uneasy, and where passengers often miscarry and are +lost; but then it is usually on their venturing at improper +times, and without the guides, which if they would be persuaded +not to do, they would very rarely fail of going or coming +safe.</p> +<p>From Lynn I bent my course to Downham, where is an ugly wooden +bridge over the Ouse; from whence we passed the fen country to +Wisbeach, but saw nothing that way to tempt our curiosity but +deep roads, innumerable drains and dykes of water, all navigable, +and a rich soil, the land bearing a vast quantity of good hemp, +but a base unwholesome air; so we came back to Ely, whose +cathedral, standing in a level flat country, is seen far and +wide, and of which town, when the minster, so they call it, is +described, everything remarkable is said that there is room to +say. And of the minster, this is the most remarkable thing +that I could hear it, namely, that some of it is so ancient, +totters so much with every gust of wind, looks so like a decay, +and seems so near it, that whenever it does fall, all that it is +likely will be thought strange in it will be that it did not fall +a hundred years sooner.</p> +<p>From hence we came over the Ouse, and in a few miles to +Newmarket. In our way, near Snaybell, we saw a noble seat +of the late Admiral Russell, now Earl of Orford, a name made +famous by the glorious victory obtained under his command over +the French fleet and the burning their ships at La Hogue—a +victory equal in glory to, and infinitely more glorious to the +English nation in particular, than that at Blenheim, and, above +all, more to the particular advantage of the confederacy, because +it so broke the heart of the naval power of France that they have +not fully recovered it to this day. But of this victory it +must be said it was owing to the haughty, rash, and insolent +orders given by the King of France to his admiral, viz., to fight +the confederate fleet wherever he found them, without leaving +room for him to use due caution if he found them too strong, +which pride of France was doubtless a fate upon them, and gave a +cheap victory to the confederates, the French coming down rashly, +and with the most impolitic bravery, with about five-and-forty +sail to attack between seventy and eighty sail, by which means +they met their ruin. Whereas, had their own fleet been +joined, it might have cost more blood to have mastered them if it +had been done at all.</p> +<p>The situation of this house is low, and on the edge of the fen +country, but the building is very fine, the avenues noble, and +the gardens perfectly finished. The apartments also are +rich, and I see nothing wanting but a family and heirs to sustain +the glory and inheritance of the illustrious ancestor who raised +it—<i>sed caret pedibus</i>; these are wanting.</p> +<p>Being come to Newmarket in the month of October, I had the +opportunity to see the horse races and a great concourse of the +nobility and gentry, as well from London as from all parts of +England, but they were all so intent, so eager, so busy upon the +sharping part of the sport—their wagers and bets—that +to me they seemed just as so many horse-coursers in Smithfield, +descending (the greatest of them) from their high dignity and +quality to picking one another’s pockets, and biting one +another as much as possible, and that with such eagerness as that +it might be said they acted without respect to faith, honour, or +good manners.</p> +<p>There was Mr. Frampton the oldest, and, as some say, the +cunningest jockey in England; one day he lost one thousand +guineas, the next he won two thousand; and so alternately he made +as light of throwing away five hundred or one thousand pounds at +a time as other men do of their pocket-money, and as perfectly +calm, cheerful, and unconcerned when he had lost one thousand +pounds as when he had won it. On the other side there was +Sir R Fagg, of Sussex, of whom fame says he has the most in him +and the least to show for it (relating to jockeyship) of any man +there, yet he often carried the prize. His horses, they +said, were all cheats, how honest soever their master was, for he +scarce ever produced a horse but he looked like what he was not, +and was what nobody could expect him to be. If he was as +light as the wind, and could fly like a meteor, he was sure to +look as clumsy, and as dirty, and as much like a cart-horse as +all the cunning of his master and the grooms could make him, and +just in this manner he beat some of the greatest gamesters in the +field.</p> +<p>I was so sick of the jockeying part that I left the crowd +about the posts and pleased myself with observing the horses: how +the creatures yielded to all the arts and managements of their +masters; how they took their airings in sport, and played with +the daily heats which they ran over the course before the grand +day. But how, as knowing the difference equally with their +riders, would they exert their utmost strength at the time of the +race itself! And that to such an extremity that one or two +of them died in the stable when they came to be rubbed after the +first heat.</p> +<p>Here I fancied myself in the Circus Maximus at Rome seeing the +ancient games and the racings of the chariots and horsemen, and +in this warmth of my imagination I pleased and diverted myself +more and in a more noble manner than I could possibly do in the +crowds of gentlemen at the weighing and starting-posts and at +their coming in, or at their meetings at the coffee-houses and +gaming-tables after the races were over, where there was little +or nothing to be seen but what was the subject of just reproach +to them and reproof from every wise man that looked upon +them.</p> +<p>N.B.—Pray take it with you, as you go, you see no ladies +at Newmarket, except a few of the neighbouring gentlemen’s +families, who come in their coaches on any particular day to see +a race, and so go home again directly.</p> +<p>As I was pleasing myself with what was to be seen here, I went +in the intervals of the sport to see the fine seats of the +gentlemen in the neighbouring county, for this part of Suffolk, +being an open champaign country and a healthy air, is formed for +pleasure and all kinds of country diversion, Nature, as it were, +inviting the gentlemen to visit her where she was fully prepared +to receive them, in conformity to which kind summons they came, +for the country is, as it were, covered with fine palaces of the +nobility and pleasant seats of the gentlemen.</p> +<p>The Earl of Orford’s house I have mentioned already; the +next is Euston Hall, the seat of the Duke of Grafton. It +lies in the open country towards the side of Norfolk, not far +from Thetford, a place capable of all that is pleasant and +delightful in Nature, and improved by art to every extreme that +Nature is able to produce.</p> +<p>From thence I went to Rushbrook, formerly the seat of the +noble family of Jermyns, lately Lord Dover, and now of the house +of Davers. Here Nature, for the time I was there, drooped +and veiled all the beauties of which she once boasted, the family +being in tears and the house shut up, Sir Robert Davers, the head +thereof, and knight of the shire for the county of Suffolk, and +who had married the eldest daughter of the late Lord Dover, being +just dead, and the corpse lying there in its funeral form of +ceremony, not yet buried. Yet all looked lovely in their +sorrow, and a numerous issue promising and grown up intimated +that the family of Davers would still flourish, and that the +beauties of Rushbrook, the mansion of the family, were not formed +with so much art in vain or to die with the present +possessor.</p> +<p>After this we saw Brently, the seat of the Earl of Dysert, and +the ancient palace of my Lord Cornwallis, with several others of +exquisite situation, and adorned with the beauties both of art +and Nature, so that I think any traveller from abroad, who would +desire to see how the English gentry live, and what pleasures +they enjoy, should come into Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and take +but a light circuit among the country seats of the gentlemen on +this side only, and they would be soon convinced that not France, +no, not Italy itself, can outdo them in proportion to the climate +they lived in.</p> +<p>I had still the county of Cambridge to visit to complete this +tour of the eastern part of England, and of that I come now to +speak.</p> +<p>We enter Cambridgeshire out of Suffolk, with all the advantage +in the world; the county beginning upon those pleasant and +agreeable plains called Newmarket Heath, where passing the +Devil’s Ditch, which has nothing worth notice but its name, +and that but fabulous too, from the hills called Gogmagog, we see +a rich and pleasant vale westward, covered with corn-fields, +gentlemen’s seats, villages, and at a distance, to crown +all the rest, that ancient and truly famous town and university +of Cambridge, capital of the county, and receiving its name from, +if not, as some say, giving name to it; for if it be true that +the town takes its name of Cambridge from its bridge over the +river Cam, then certainly the shire or county, upon the division +of England into counties, had its name from the town, and +Cambridgeshire signifies no more or less than the county of which +Cambridge is the capital town.</p> +<p>As my business is not to lay out the geographical situation of +places, I say nothing of the buttings and boundings of this +county. It lies on the edge of the great level, called by +the people here the Fen Country; and great part, if not all, the +Isle of Ely lies in this county and Norfolk. The rest of +Cambridgeshire is almost wholly a corn country, and of that corn +five parts in six of all they sow is barley, which is generally +sold to Ware and Royston, and other great malting towns in +Hertfordshire, and is the fund from whence that vast quantity of +malt, called Hertfordshire malt, is made, which is esteemed the +best in England. As Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk are taken +up in manufactures, and famed for industry, this county has no +manufacture at all; nor are the poor, except the husbandmen, +famed for anything so much as idleness and sloth, to their +scandal be it spoken. What the reason of it is I know +not.</p> +<p>It is scarce possible to talk of anything in Cambridgeshire +but Cambridge itself; whether it be that the county has so little +worth speaking of in it, or, that the town has so much, that I +leave to others; however, as I am making modern observations, not +writing history, I shall look into the county, as well as into +the colleges, for what I have to say.</p> +<p>As I said, I first had a view of Cambridge from Gogmagog +hills; I am to add that there appears on the mountain that goes +by this name, an ancient camp or fortification, that lies on the +top of the hill, with a double, or rather treble, rampart and +ditch, which most of our writers say was neither Roman nor Saxon, +but British. I am to add that King James II. caused a +spacious stable to be built in the area of this camp for his +running homes, and made old Mr. Frampton, whom I mentioned above, +master or inspector of them. The stables remain still +there, though they are not often made use of. As we +descended westward we saw the Fen country on our right, almost +all covered with water like a sea, the Michaelmas rains having +been very great that year, they had sent down great floods of +water from the upland countries, and those fens being, as may be +very properly said, the sink of no less than thirteen +counties—that is to say, that all the water, or most part +of the water, of thirteen counties falls into them; they are +often thus overflowed. The rivers which thus empty +themselves into these fens, and which thus carry off the water, +are the Cam or Grant, the Great Ouse and Little Ouse, the Nene, +the Welland, and the river which runs from Bury to Milden +Hall. The counties which these rivers drain, as above, are +as follows:—</p> +<table> +<tr> +<td><p>Lincoln,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Warwick,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Norfolk,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>* Cambridge,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Oxford,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Suffolk,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>* Huntingdon,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Leicester,</p> +</td> +<td><p>Essex,</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>* Bedford,</p> +</td> +<td><p>* Northampton</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Buckingham,</p> +</td> +<td><p>* Rutland.</p> +</td> +<td><p> </p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p style="text-align: center">Those marked with (*) empty all +their waters this way, the rest but in part.</p> +<p>In a word, all the water of the middle part of England which +does not run into the Thames or the Trent, comes down into these +fens.</p> +<p>In these fens are abundance of those admirable pieces of art +called decoys that is to say, places so adapted for the harbour +and shelter of wild fowl, and then furnished with a breed of +those they call decoy ducks, who are taught to allure and entice +their kind to the places they belong to, that it is incredible +what quantities of wild fowl of all sorts, duck, mallard, teal, +widgeon, &c., they take in those decoys every week during the +season; it may, indeed, be guessed at a little by this, that +there is a decoy not far from Ely which pays to the landlord, Sir +Thomas Hare, £500 a year rent, besides the charge of +maintaining a great number of servants for the management; and +from which decoy alone, they assured me at St. Ives (a town on +the Ouse, where the fowl they took was always brought to be sent +to London) that they generally sent up three thousand couple a +week.</p> +<p>There are more of these about Peterborough, who send the fowl +up twice a week in waggon-loads at a time, whose waggons before +the late Act of Parliament to regulate carriers I have seen drawn +by ten and twelve horses a-piece, they were laden so heavy.</p> +<p>As these fens appear covered with water, so I observed, too, +that they generally at this latter part of the year appear also +covered with fogs, so that when the downs and higher grounds of +the adjacent country were gilded with the beams of the sun, the +Isle of Ely looked as if wrapped up in blankets, and nothing to +be seen but now and then the lantern or cupola of Ely +Minster.</p> +<p>One could hardly see this from the hills and not pity the many +thousands of families that were bound to or confined in those +fogs, and had no other breath to draw than what must be mixed +with those vapours, and that steam which so universally +overspreads the country. But notwithstanding this, the +people, especially those that are used to it, live unconcerned, +and as healthy as other folks, except now and then an ague, which +they make light of, and there are great numbers of very ancient +people among them.</p> +<p>I now draw near to Cambridge, to which I fancy I look as if I +was afraid to come, having made so many circumlocutions +beforehand; but I must yet make another digression before I enter +the town (for in my way, and as I came in from Newmarket, about +the beginning of September), I cannot omit, that I came +necessarily through Stourbridge Fair, which was then in its +height.</p> +<p>If it is a diversion worthy a book to treat of trifles, such +as the gaiety of Bury Fair, it cannot be very unpleasant, +especially to the trading part of the world, to say something of +this fair, which is not only the greatest in the whole nation, +but in the world; nor, if I may believe those who have seen the +mall, is the fair at Leipzig in Saxony, the mart at +Frankfort-on-the-Main, or the fairs at Nuremberg, or Augsburg, +any way to compare to this fair at Stourbridge.</p> +<p>It is kept in a large corn-field, near Casterton, extending +from the side of the river Cam, towards the road, for about half +a mile square.</p> +<p>If the husbandmen who rent the land, do not get their corn off +before a certain day in August, the fair-keepers may trample it +under foot and spoil it to build their booths, or tents, for all +the fair is kept in tents and booths. On the other hand, to +balance that severity, if the fair-keepers have not done their +business of the fair, and removed and cleared the field by +another certain day in September, the ploughmen may come in +again, with plough and cart, and overthrow all, and trample into +the dirt; and as for the filth, dung, straw, etc. necessarily +left by the fair-keepers, the quantity of which is very great, it +is the farmers’ fees, and makes them full amends for the +trampling, riding, and carting upon, and hardening the +ground.</p> +<p>It is impossible to describe all the parts and circumstances +of this fair exactly; the shops are placed in rows like streets, +whereof one is called Cheapside; and here, as in several other +streets, are all sorts of trades, who sell by retail, and who +come principally from London with their goods; scarce any trades +are omitted—goldsmiths, toyshops, brasiers, turners, +milliners, haberdashers, hatters, mercers, drapers, pewterers, +china-warehouses, and in a word all trades that can be named in +London; with coffee-houses, taverns, brandy-shops, and +eating-houses, innumerable, and all in tents, and booths, as +above.</p> +<p>This great street reaches from the road, which as I said goes +from Cambridge to Newmarket, turning short out of it to the right +towards the river, and holds in a line near half a mile quite +down to the river-side: in another street parallel with the road +are like rows of booths, but larger, and more intermingled with +wholesale dealers; and one side, passing out of this last street +to the left hand, is a formal great square, formed by the largest +booths, built in that form, and which they call the Duddery; +whence the name is derived, and what its signification is, I +could never yet learn, though I made all possible search into +it. The area of this square is about 80 to 100 yards, where +the dealers have room before every booth to take down, and open +their packs, and to bring in waggons to load and unload.</p> +<p>This place is separated, and peculiar to the wholesale dealers +in the woollen manufacture. Here the booths or tents are of +a vast extent, have different apartments, and the quantities of +goods they bring are so great, that the insides of them look like +another Blackwell Hall, being as vast warehouses piled up with +goods to the top. In this Duddery, as I have been informed, +there have been sold one hundred thousand pounds worth of woollen +manufactures in less than a week’s time, besides the +prodigious trade carried on here, by wholesale men, from London, +and all parts of England, who transact their business wholly in +their pocket-books, and meeting their chapmen from all parts, +make up their accounts, receive money chiefly in bills, and take +orders: These they say exceed by far the sales of goods actually +brought to the fair, and delivered in kind; it being frequent for +the London wholesale men to carry back orders from their dealers +for ten thousand pounds’ worth of goods a man, and some +much more. This especially respects those people, who deal +in heavy goods, as wholesale grocers, salters, brasiers, +iron-merchants, wine-merchants, and the like; but does not +exclude the dealers in woollen manufactures, and especially in +mercery goods of all sorts, the dealers in which generally manage +their business in this manner.</p> +<p>Here are clothiers from Halifax, Leeds, Wakefield and +Huddersfield in Yorkshire, and from Rochdale, Bury, etc., in +Lancashire, with vast quantities of Yorkshire cloths, kerseys, +pennistons, cottons, etc., with all sorts of Manchester ware, +fustiains, and things made of cotton wool; of which the quantity +is so great, that they told me there were near a thousand +horse-packs of such goods from that side of the country, and +these took up a side and half of the Duddery at least; also a +part of a street of booths were taken up with upholsterer’s +ware, such as tickings, sackings, kidderminster stuffs, blankets, +rugs, quilts, etc.</p> +<p>In the Duddery I saw one warehouse, or booth with six +apartments in it, all belonging to a dealer in Norwich stuffs +only, and who, they said, had there above twenty thousand pounds +value in those goods, and no other.</p> +<p>Western goods had their share here also, and several booths +were filled as full with serges, duroys, druggets, shalloons, +cantaloons, Devonshire kerseys, etc., from Exeter, Taunton, +Bristol, and other parts west, and some from London also.</p> +<p>But all this is still outdone at least in show, by two +articles, which are the peculiars of this fair, and do not begin +till the other part of the fair, that is to say for the woollen +manufacture begins to draw to a close. These are the wool +and the hops; as for the hops, there is scarce any price fixed +for hops in England, till they know how they sell at Stourbridge +fair; the quantity that appears in the fair is indeed prodigious, +and they, as it were, possess a large part of the field on which +the fair is kept to themselves; they are brought directly from +Chelmsford in Essex, from Canterbury and Maidstone in Kent, and +from Farnham in Surrey, besides what are brought from London, the +growth of those and other places.</p> +<p>Enquiring why this fair should be thus, of all other places in +England, the centre of that trade; and so great a quantity of so +bulky a commodity be carried thither so far; I was answered by +one thoroughly acquainted with that matter thus: the hops, said +he, for this part of England, grow principally in the two +counties of Surrey and Kent, with an exception only to the town +of Chelmsford in Essex, and there are very few planted anywhere +else.</p> +<p>There are indeed in the west of England some quantities +growing: as at Wilton, near Salisbury; at Hereford and +Broomsgrove, near Wales, and the like; but the quantity is +inconsiderable, and the places remote, so that none of them come +to London.</p> +<p>As to the north of England, they formerly used but few hops +there, their drink being chiefly pale smooth ale, which required +no hops, and consequently they planted no hops in all that part +of England, north of the Trent; nor did I ever see one acre of +hop-ground planted beyond Trent in my observation; but as for +some years past, they not only brew great quantities of beer in +the north, but also use hops in the brewing their ale much more +than they did before; so they all come south of Trent to buy +their hops; and here being quantities brought, it is great part +of their back carriage into Yorkshire, and Northamptonshire, +Derbyshire, Lancashire, and all these counties; nay, of late, +since the Union, even to Scotland itself; for I must not omit +here also to mention, that the river Grant, or Cam, which runs +close by the north-west side of the fair in its way from +Cambridge to Ely, is navigable, and that by this means, all heavy +goods are brought even to the fair-field, by water carriage from +London and other parts; first to the port of Lynn, and then in +barges up the Ouse, from the Ouse into the Cam, and so, as I say, +to the very edge of the fair.</p> +<p>In like manner great quantities of heavy goods, and the hops +among the rest, are sent from the fair to Lynn by water, and +shipped there for the Humber, to Hull, York, etc., and for +Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and by Newcastle, even to Scotland +itself. Now as there is still no planting of hops in the +north, though a great consumption, and the consumption increasing +daily, this, says my friend, is one reason why at Stourbridge +fair there is so great a demand for the hops. He added, +that besides this, there were very few hops, if any worth naming, +growing in all the counties even on this side Trent, which were +above forty miles from London; those counties depending on +Stourbridge fair for their supply, so the counties of Suffolk, +Norfolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, Lincoln, Leicester, +Rutland, and even to Stafford, Warwick, and Worcestershire, +bought most if not all of their hops at Stourbridge fair.</p> +<p>These are the reasons why so great a quantity of hops are seen +at this fair, as that it is incredible, considering, too, how +remote from this fair the growth of them is as above.</p> +<p>This is likewise a testimony of the prodigious resort of the +trading people of all parts of England to this fair; the quantity +of hops that have been sold at one of these fairs is diversely +reported, and some affirm it to be so great, that I dare not copy +after them; but without doubt it is a surprising account, +especially in a cheap year.</p> +<p>The next article brought thither is wool, and this of several +sorts, but principally fleece wool, out of Lincolnshire, where +the longest staple is found; the sheep of those countries being +of the largest breed.</p> +<p>The buyers of this wool are chiefly indeed the manufacturers +of Norfolk and Suffolk and Essex, and it is a prodigious quantity +they buy.</p> +<p>Here I saw what I have not observed in any other county of +England, namely, a pocket of wool. This seems to be first +called so in mockery, this pocket being so big, that it loads a +whole waggon, and reaches beyond the most extreme parts of it +hanging over both before and behind, and these ordinarily weigh a +ton or twenty-five hundredweight of wool, all in one bag.</p> +<p>The quantity of wool only, which has been sold at this place +at one fair, has been said to amount to fifty or sixty thousand +pounds in value, some say a great deal more.</p> +<p>By these articles a stranger may make some guess at the +immense trade carried on at this place; what prodigious +quantities of goods are bought and sold here, and what a +confluence of people are seen here from all parts of England.</p> +<p>I might go on here to speak of several other sorts of English +manufactures which are brought hither to be sold; as all sorts of +wrought-iron and brass-ware from Birmingham; edged tools, knives, +etc., from Sheffield; glass wares and stockings from Nottingham +and Leicester; and an infinite throng of other things of smaller +value every morning.</p> +<p>To attend this fair, and the prodigious conflux of people +which come to it, there are sometimes no less than fifty hackney +coaches which come from London, and ply night and morning to +carry the people to and from Cambridge; for there the gross of +the people lodge; nay, which is still more strange, there are +wherries brought from London on waggons to ply upon the little +river Cam, and to row people up and down from the town, and from +the fair as occasion presents.</p> +<p>It is not to be wondered at, if the town of Cambridge cannot +receive, or entertain the numbers of people that come to this +fair; not Cambridge only, but all the towns round are full; nay, +the very barns and stables are turned into inns, and made as fit +as they can to lodge the meaner sort of people: as for the people +in the fair, they all universally eat, drink, and sleep in their +booths and tents; and the said booths are so intermingled with +taverns, coffee-houses, drinking-houses, eating-houses, +cook-shops, etc., and all in tents too; and so many butchers and +higglers from all the neighbouring counties come into the fair +every morning with beef, mutton, fowls, butter, bread, cheese, +eggs, and such things, and go with them from tent to tent, from +door to door, that there is no want of any provisions of any +kind, either dressed or undressed.</p> +<p>In a word, the fair is like a well-fortified city, and there +is the least disorder and confusion I believe, that can be seen +anywhere with so great a concourse of people.</p> +<p>Towards the latter end of the fair, and when the great hurry +of wholesale business begins to be over, the gentry come in from +all parts of the county round; and though they come for their +diversion, yet it is not a little money they lay out, which +generally falls to the share of the retailers, such as toy-shops, +goldsmiths, braziers, ironmongers, turners, milliners, mercers, +etc., and some loose coins they reserve for the puppet shows, +drolls, rope-dancers, and such like, of which there is no want, +though not considerable like the rest. The last day of the +fair is the horse-fair, where the whole is closed with both horse +and foot races, to divert the meaner sort of people only, for +nothing considerable is offered of that kind. Thus ends the +whole fair, and in less than a week more, there is scarce any +sign left that there has been such a thing there, except by the +heaps of dung and straw and other rubbish which is left behind, +trod into the earth, and which is as good as a summer’s +fallow for dunging the land; and as I have said above, pays the +husbandman well for the use of it.</p> +<p>I should have mentioned that here is a court of justice always +open, and held every day in a shed built on purpose in the fair; +this is for keeping the peace, and deciding controversies in +matters deriving from the business of the fair. The +magistrates of the town of Cambridge are judges in this court, as +being in their jurisdiction, or they holding it by special +privilege: here they determine matters in a summary way, as is +practised in those we call Pye Powder Courts in other places, or +as a Court of Conscience; and they have a final authority without +appeal.</p> +<p>I come now to the town and university of Cambridge; I say the +town and university, for though they are blended together in the +situation, and the colleges, halls, and houses for literature are +promiscuously scattered up and down among the other parts, and +some even among the meanest of the other buildings, as Magdalene +College over the bridge is in particular; yet they are all +incorporated together by the name of the university, and are +governed apart and distinct from the town which they are so +intermixed with.</p> +<p>As their authority is distinct from the town, so are their +privileges, customs, and government; they choose representatives, +or members of Parliament for themselves, and the town does the +like for themselves, also apart.</p> +<p>The town is governed by a mayor and aldermen; the university +by a chancellor, and vice-chancellor, etc. Though their +dwellings are mixed, and seem a little confused, their authority +is not so; in some cases the vice-chancellor may concern himself +in the town, as in searching houses for the scholars at improper +hours, removing scandalous women, and the like.</p> +<p>But as the colleges are many, and the gentlemen entertained in +them are a very great number, the trade of the town very much +depends upon them, and the tradesmen may justly be said to get +their bread by the colleges; and this is the surest hold the +university may be said to have of the townsmen, and by which they +secure the dependence of the town upon them, and consequently +their submission.</p> +<p>I remember some years ago a brewer, who being very rich and +popular in the town, and one of their magistrates, had in several +things so much opposed the university, and insulted their +vice-chancellor, or other heads of houses, that in short the +university having no other way to exert themselves, and show +their resentment, they made a bye-law or order among themselves, +that for the future they would not trade with him; and that none +of the colleges, halls, etc., would take any more beer of him; +and what followed? The man indeed braved it out a while, +but when he found he could not obtain a revocation of the order, +he was fain to leave off his brewhouse, and if I remember right, +quitted the town.</p> +<p>Thus I say, interest gives them authority; and there are +abundance of reasons why the town should not disoblige the +university, as there are some also on the other hand, why the +university should not differ to any extremity with the town; nor, +such is their prudence, do they let any disputes between them run +up to any extremities if they can avoid it. As for society; +to any man who is a lover of learning, or of learned men, here is +the most agreeable under heaven; nor is there any want of mirth +and good company of other kinds; but it is to the honour of the +university to say, that the governors so well understand their +office, and the governed their duty, that here is very little +encouragement given to those seminaries of crime, the assemblies, +which are so much boasted of in other places.</p> +<p>Again, as dancing, gaming, intriguing are the three principal +articles which recommend those assemblies; and that generally the +time for carrying on affairs of this kind is the night, and +sometimes all night, a time as unseasonable as scandalous; add to +this, that the orders of the university admit no such excesses; I +therefore say, as this is the case, it is to the honour of the +whole body of the university that no encouragement is given to +them here.</p> +<p>As to the antiquity of the university in this town, the +originals and founders of the several colleges, their revenues, +laws, government, and governors, they are so effectually and so +largely treated of by other authors, and are so foreign to the +familiar design of these letters, that I refer my readers to Mr. +Camden’s “Britannia” and the author of the +“Antiquities of Cambridge,” and other such learned +writers, by whom they may be fully informed.</p> +<p>The present Vice-Chancellor is Dr. Snape, formerly Master of +Eaton School near Windsor, and famous for his dispute with, and +evident advantage over, the late Bishop of Bangor in the time of +his government; the dispute between the University and the Master +of Trinity College has been brought to a head so as to employ the +pens of the learned on both sides, but at last prosecuted in a +judicial way so as to deprive Dr. Bentley of all his dignities +and offices in the university; but the doctor flying to the royal +protection, the university is under a writ of mandamus, to show +cause why they do not restore the doctor again, to which it seems +they demur, and that demur has not, that we hear, been argued, at +least when these sheets were sent to the press. What will +be the issue time must show.</p> +<p>From Cambridge the road lies north-west on the edge of the +fens to Huntingdon, where it joins the great north road. On +this side it is all an agreeable corn country as above, adorned +with several seats of gentlemen; but the chief is the noble +house, seat, or mansion of Wimple or Wimple Hall, formerly built +at a vast expense by the late Earl of Radnor, adorned with all +the natural beauties of situation, and to which was added all the +most exquisite contrivances which the best heads could invent to +make it artificially as well as naturally pleasant.</p> +<p>However, the fate of the Radnor family so directing, it was +bought with the whole estate about it by the late Duke of +Newcastle, in a partition of whose immense estate it fell to the +Right Honourable the Lord Harley, son and heir-apparent of the +present Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, in right of the Lady Harriet +Cavendish, only daughter of the said Duke of Newcastle, who is +married to his lordship, and brought him this estate and many +other, sufficient to denominate her the richest heiress in Great +Britain.</p> +<p>Here his lordship resides, and has already so recommended +himself to this county as to be by a great majority chosen Knight +of the Shire for the county of Cambridge.</p> +<p>From Cambridge, my design obliging me, and the direct road in +part concurring, I came back through the west part of the county +of Essex, and at Saffron Walden I saw the ruins of the once +largest and most magnificent pile in all this part of +England—viz., Audley End—built by, and decaying with, +the noble Dukes and Earls of Suffolk.</p> +<p>A little north of this part of the country rises the River +Stour, which for a course of fifty miles or more parts the two +counties of Suffolk and Essex, passing through or near Haveril, +Clare, Cavendish, Halsted, Sudbury, Bowers, Nayland, Stretford, +Dedham, Manningtree, and into the sea at Harwich, assisting by +its waters to make one of the best harbours for shipping that is +in Great Britain—I mean Orwell Haven or Harwich, of which I +have spoken largely already.</p> +<p>As we came on this side we saw at a distance Braintree and +Bocking, two towns, large, rich, and populous, and made so +originally by the bay trade, of which I have spoken at large at +Colchester, and which flourishes still among them.</p> +<p>The manor of Braintree I found descended by purchase to the +name of Olmeus, the son of a London merchant of the same name, +making good what I had observed before, of the great number of +such who have purchased estates in this county.</p> +<p>Near this town is Felsted, a small place, but noted for a free +school of an ancient foundation, for many years under the +mastership of the late Rev. Mr. Lydiat, and brought by him to the +meridian of its reputation. It is now supplied, and that +very worthily, by the Rev. Mr. Hutchins.</p> +<p>Near to this is the Priory of Lees, a delicious seat of the +late Dukes of Manchester, but sold by the present Duke to the +Duchess Dowager of Bucks, his Grace the Duke of Manchester +removing to his yet finer seat of Kimbolton in Northamptonshire, +the ancient mansion of the family. From hence keeping the +London Road I came to Chelmsford, mentioned before, and +Ingerstone, five miles west, which I mention again, because in +the parish church of this town are to be seen the ancient +monuments of the noble family of Petre, whose seat and large +estate lie in the neighbourhood, and whose whole family, by a +constant series of beneficent actions to the poor, and bounty +upon all charitable occasions, have gained an affectionate esteem +through all that part of the country such as no prejudice of +religion could wear out, or perhaps ever may; and I must confess, +I think, need not, for good and great actions command our +respect, let the opinions of the persons be otherwise what they +will.</p> +<p>From hence we crossed the country to the great forest, called +Epping Forest, reaching almost to London. The country on +that side of Essex is called the Roodings, I suppose, because +there are no less than ten towns almost together, called by the +name of Roding, and is famous for good land, good malt, and dirty +roads; the latter indeed in the winter are scarce passable for +horse or man. In the midst of this we see Chipping Onger, +Hatfield Broad Oak, Epping, and many forest towns, famed as I +have said for husbandry and good malt, but of no other +note. On the south side of the county is Waltham Abbey; the +ruins of the abbey remain, and though antiquity is not my proper +business, I could not but observe that King Harold, slain in the +great battle in Sussex against William the Conqueror, lies buried +here; his body being begged by his mother, the Conqueror allowed +it to be carried hither; but no monument was, as I can find, +built for him, only a flat gravestone, on which was engraven +<i>Harold Infelix</i>.</p> +<p>From hence I came over the forest again—that is to say, +over the lower or western part of it, where it is spangled with +fine villages, and these villages filled with fine seats, most of +them built by the citizens of London, as I observed before, but +the lustre of them seems to be entirely swallowed up in the +magnificent palace of the Lord Castlemain, whose father, Sir +Josiah Child, as it were, prepared it in his life for the design +of his son, though altogether unforeseen, by adding to the +advantage of its situation innumerable rows of trees, planted in +curious order for avenues and vistas to the house, all leading up +to the place where the old house stood, as to a centre.</p> +<p>In the place adjoining, his lordship, while he was yet Sir +Richard Child only, and some years before he began the foundation +of his new house, laid out the most delicious, as well as most +spacious, pieces of ground for gardens that is to be seen in all +this part of England. The greenhouse is an excellent +building, fit to entertain a prince; it is furnished with stoves +and artificial places for heat from an apartment in which is a +bagnio and other conveniences, which render it both useful and +pleasant. And these gardens have been so the just +admiration of the world, that it has been the general diversion +of the citizens to go out to see them, till the crowds grew too +great, and his lordship was obliged to restrain his servants from +showing them, except on one or two days in a week only.</p> +<p>The house is built since these gardens have been +finished. The building is all of Portland stone in the +front, which makes it look extremely glorious and magnificent at +a distance, it being the particular property of that stone +(except in the streets of London, where it is tainted and tinged +with the smoke of the city) to grow whiter and whiter the longer +it stands in the open air.</p> +<p>As the front of the house opens to a long row of trees, +reaching to the great road at Leightonstone, so the back face, or +front (if that be proper), respects the gardens, and, with an +easy descent, lands you upon the terrace, from whence is a most +beautiful prospect to the river, which is all formed into canals +and openings to answer the views from above and beyond the river; +the walks and wildernesses go on to such a distance, and in such +a manner up the hill, as they before went down, that the sight is +lost in the woods adjoining, and it looks all like one planted +garden as far as the eye can see.</p> +<p>I shall cover as much as possible the melancholy part of a +story which touches too sensibly many, if not most, of the great +and flourishing families in England. Pity and matter of +grief is it to think that families, by estate able to appear in +such a glorious posture as this, should ever be vulnerable by so +mean a disaster as that of stock-jobbing. But the general +infatuation of the day is a plea for it, so that men are not now +blamed on that account. South Sea was a general possession, +and if my Lord Castlemain was wounded by that arrow shot in the +dark it was a misfortune. But it is so much a happiness +that it was not a mortal wound, as it was to some men who once +seemed as much out of the reach of it. And that blow, be it +what it will, is not remembered for joy of the escape, for we see +this noble family, by prudence and management, rise out of all +that cloud, if it may be allowed such a name, and shining in the +same full lustre as before.</p> +<p>This cannot be said of some other families in this county, +whose fine parks and new-built palaces are fallen under +forfeitures and alienations by the misfortunes of the times and +by the ruin of their masters’ fortunes in that South Sea +deluge.</p> +<p>But I desire to throw a veil over these things as they come in +my way; it is enough that we write upon them, as was written upon +King Harold’s tomb at Waltham Abbey, <i>Infelix</i>, and +let all the rest sleep among things that are the fittest to be +forgotten.</p> +<p>From my Lord Castlemain’s, house and the rest of the +fine dwellings on that side of the forest, for there are several +very good houses at Wanstead, only that they seem all swallowed +up in the lustre of his lordship’s palace, I say, from +thence, I went south, towards the great road over that part of +the forest called the Flats, where we see a very beautiful but +retired and rural seat of Mr. Lethulier’s, eldest son of +the late Sir John Lethulier, of Lusum, in Kent, of whose family I +shall speak when I come on that side.</p> +<p>By this turn I came necessarily on to Stratford, where I set +out. And thus having finished my first circuit, I conclude +my first letter, and am,</p> +<p style="text-align: right">Sir, your most humble<br /> +and obedient servant.</p> +<h3>APPENDIX.</h3> +<p><span class="smcap">Whoever</span> travels, as I do, over +England, and writes the account of his observations, will, as I +noted before, always leave something, altering or undertaking by +such a growing improving nation as this, or something to discover +in a nation where so much is hid, sufficient to employ the pens +of those that come after him, or to add by way of appendix to +what he has already observed.</p> +<p>This is my case with respect to the particulars which follow: +(1) Since these sheets were in the press, a noble palace of Mr. +Walpole’s, at present First Commissioner of the Treasury, +Privy-counsellor, etc., to King George, is, as it were, risen out +of the ruins of the ancient seat of the family of Walpole, at +Houghton, about eight miles distant from Lynn, and on the north +coast of Norfolk, near the sea.</p> +<p>As the house is not yet finished, and when I passed by it was +but newly designed, it cannot be expected that I should be able +to give a particular description of what it will be. I can +do little more than mention that it appears already to be +exceedingly magnificent, and suitable to the genius of the great +founder.</p> +<p>But a friend of mine, who lives in that county, has sent me +the following lines, which, as he says, are to be placed upon the +building, whether on the frieze of the cornice, or over the +portico, or on what part of the building, of that I am not as yet +certain. The inscription is as follows, viz.:—</p> +<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">“H. M. P.</p> +<p>“<i>Fundamen ut essem Domûs</i><br /> +<i>In Agro Natali Extruendæ</i>,<br /> +Robertus ille Walpole<br /> +Quem nulla nesciet Posteritas:</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>Faxit Dues</i>.</p> +<p>“<i>Postquam Maturus Annis Dominus</i>.<br /> +<i>Diu Lætatus fuerit absolutâ</i><br /> +<i>Incolumem tueantur Incolames</i>.<br /> +<i>Ad Summam omnium Diem</i><br /> +<i>Et nati natorum et qui nascentur ab illis</i>.</p> +<p style="text-align: right"><i>Hic me Posuit</i>.”</p> +</blockquote> +<p>A second thing proper to be added here, by way of appendix, +relates to what I have mentioned of the Port of London, being +bounded by the Naze on the Essex shore, and the North Foreland on +the Kentish shore, which some people, guided by the present usage +of the Custom House, may pretend is not so, to answer such +objectors. The true state of that case stands thus:</p> +<p>“(1) The clause taken from the Act of Parliament +establishing the extent of the Port of London, and published in +some of the books of rates, is this:</p> +<p>“‘To prevent all future differences and disputes +touching the extent and limits of the Port of London, the said +port is declared to extend, and be accounted from the promontory +or point called the North Foreland in the Isle of Thanet, and +from thence northward in a right line to the point called the +Naze, beyond the Gunfleet upon the coast of Essex, and so +continued westward throughout the river Thames, and the several +channels, streams, and rivers falling into it, to London Bridge, +saving the usual and known rights, liberties, and privileges of +the ports of Sandwich and Ipswich, and either of them, and the +known members thereof, and of the customers, comptrollers, +searchers, and their deputies, of and within the said ports of +Sandwich and Ipswich and the several creeks, harbours, and havens +to them, or either of them, respectively belonging, within the +counties of Kent and Essex.’</p> +<p>“II. Notwithstanding what is above written, the +Port of London, as in use since the said order, is understood to +reach no farther than Gravesend in Kent and Tilbury Point in +Essex, and the ports of Rochester, Milton, and Faversham belong +to the port of Sandwich.</p> +<p>“In like manner the ports of Harwich, Colchester, +Wivenhoe, Malden, Leigh, etc., are said to be members of the port +of Ipswich.”</p> +<p>This observation may suffice for what is needful to be said +upon the same subject when I may come to speak of the port of +Sandwich and its members and their privileges with respect to +Rochester, Milton, Faversham, etc., in my circuit through the +county of Kent.</p> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TOUR THROUGH THE EASTERN COUNTIES OF</p> +<pre> +ENGLAND, 1722*** + + +***** This file should be named 983-h.htm or 983-h.zip****** + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/9/8/983 + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, 1722 + +Author: Daniel Defoe + +Release Date: July, 1997 [EBook #983] +[This file was first posted on July 10, 1997] +[Most recently updated: May 21, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, TOUR THROUGH THE EASTERN COUNTIES *** + + + + +Transcribed by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk + + + + +Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, 1722 + + + + +I began my travels where I purpose to end them, viz., at the City +of London, and therefore my account of the city itself will come +last, that is to say, at the latter end of my southern progress; +and as in the course of this journey I shall have many occasions to +call it a circuit, if not a circle, so I chose to give it the title +of circuits in the plural, because I do not pretend to have +travelled it all in one journey, but in many, and some of them many +times over; the better to inform myself of everything I could find +worth taking notice of. + +I hope it will appear that I am not the less, but the more capable +of giving a full account of things, by how much the more +deliberation I have taken in the view of them, and by how much the +oftener I have had opportunity to see them. + +I set out the 3rd of April, 1722, going first eastward, and took +what I think I may very honestly call a circuit in the very letter +of it; for I went down by the coast of the Thames through the +Marshes or Hundreds on the south side of the county of Essex, till +I came to Malden, Colchester, and Harwich, thence continuing on the +coast of Suffolk to Yarmouth; thence round by the edge of the sea, +on the north and west side of Norfolk, to Lynn, Wisbech, and the +Wash; thence back again, on the north side of Suffolk and Essex, to +the west, ending it in Middlesex, near the place where I began it, +reserving the middle or centre of the several counties to some +little excursions, which I made by themselves. + +Passing Bow Bridge, where the county of Essex begins, the first +observation I made was, that all the villages which may be called +the neighbourhood of the city of London on this, as well as on the +other sides thereof, which I shall speak to in their order; I say, +all those villages are increased in buildings to a strange degree, +within the compass of about twenty or thirty years past at the +most. + +The village of Stratford, the first in this county from London, is +not only increased, but, I believe, more than doubled in that time; +every vacancy filled up with new houses, and two little towns or +hamlets, as they may be called, on the forest side of the town +entirely new, namely Maryland Point and the Gravel Pits, one facing +the road to Woodford and Epping, and the other facing the road to +Ilford; and as for the hither part, it is almost joined to Bow, in +spite of rivers, canals, marshy grounds, &c. Nor is this increase +of building the case only in this and all the other villages round +London; but the increase of the value and rent of the houses +formerly standing has, in that compass of years above-mentioned, +advanced to a very great degree, and I may venture to say at least +the fifth part; some think a third part, above what they were +before. + +This is indeed most visible, speaking of Stratford in Essex; but it +is the same thing in proportion in other villages adjacent, +especially on the forest side; as at Low Leyton, Leytonstone, +Walthamstow, Woodford, Wanstead, and the towns of West Ham, +Plaistow, Upton, etc. In all which places, or near them (as the +inhabitants say), above a thousand new foundations have been +erected, besides old houses repaired, all since the Revolution; and +this is not to be forgotten too, that this increase is, generally +speaking, of handsome, large houses, from 20 pounds a year to 60 +pounds, very few under 20 pounds a year; being chiefly for the +habitations of the richest citizens, such as either are able to +keep two houses, one in the country and one in the city; or for +such citizens as being rich, and having left off trade, live +altogether in these neighbouring villages, for the pleasure and +health of the latter part of their days. + +The truth of this may at least appear, in that they tell me there +are no less than two hundred coaches kept by the inhabitants within +the circumference of these few villages named above, besides such +as are kept by accidental lodgers. + +This increase of the inhabitants, and the cause of it, I shall +enlarge upon when I come to speak of the like in the counties of +Middlesex, Surrey, &c, where it is the same, only in a much greater +degree. But this I must take notice of here, that this increase +causes those villages to be much pleasanter and more sociable than +formerly, for now people go to them, not for retirement into the +country, but for good company; of which, that I may speak to the +ladies as well as other authors do, there are in these villages, +nay, in all, three or four excepted, excellent conversation, and a +great deal of it, and that without the mixture of assemblies, +gaming-houses, and public foundations of vice and debauchery; and +particularly I find none of those incentives kept up on this side +the country. + +Mr. Camden, and his learned continuator, Bishop Gibson, have +ransacked this country for its antiquities, and have left little +unsearched; and as it is not my present design to say much of what +has been said already, I shall touch very lightly where two such +excellent antiquaries have gone before me; except it be to add what +may have been since discovered, which as to these parts is only +this: That there seems to be lately found out in the bottom of the +Marshes (generally called Hackney Marsh, and beginning near about +the place now called the Wick, between Old Ford and the said Wick), +the remains of a great stone causeway, which, as it is supposed, +was the highway, or great road from London into Essex, and the same +which goes now over the great bridge between Bow and Stratford. + +That the great road lay this way, and that the great causeway +landed again just over the river, where now the Temple Mills stand, +and passed by Sir Thomas Hickes's house at Ruckolls, all this is +not doubted; and that it was one of those famous highways made by +the Romans there is undoubted proof, by the several marks of Roman +work, and by Roman coins and other antiquities found there, some of +which are said to be deposited in the hands of the Rev. Mr. Strype, +vicar of the parish of Low Leyton. + +From hence the great road passed up to Leytonstone, a place by some +known now as much by the sign of the "Green Man," formerly a lodge +upon the edge of the forest; and crossing by Wanstead House, +formerly the dwelling of Sir Josiah Child, now of his son the Lord +Castlemain (of which hereafter), went over the same river which we +now pass at Ilford; and passing that part of the great forest which +we now call Hainault Forest, came into that which is now the great +road, a little on this side the Whalebone, a place on the road so +called because the rib-bone of a great whale, which was taken in +the River Thames the same year that Oliver Cromwell died, 1658, was +fixed there for a monument of that monstrous creature, it being at +first about eight-and-twenty feet long. + +According to my first intention of effectually viewing the sea- +coast of these three counties, I went from Stratford to Barking, a +large market-town, but chiefly inhabited by fishermen, whose smacks +ride in the Thames, at the mouth of their river, from whence their +fish is sent up to London to the market at Billingsgate by small +boats, of which I shall speak by itself in my description of +London. + +One thing I cannot omit in the mention of these Barking fisher- +smacks, viz., that one of those fishermen, a very substantial and +experienced man, convinced me that all the pretences to bringing +fish alive to London market from the North Seas, and other remote +places on the coast of Great Britain, by the new-built sloops +called fish-pools, have not been able to do anything but what their +fishing-smacks are able on the same occasion to perform. These +fishing-smacks are very useful vessels to the public upon many +occasions; as particularly, in time of war they are used as press- +smacks, running to all the northern and western coasts to pick up +seamen to man the navy, when any expedition is at hand that +requires a sudden equipment; at other times, being excellent +sailors, they are tenders to particular men of war; and on an +expedition they have been made use of as machines for the blowing +up of fortified ports and havens; as at Calais, St. Malo, and other +places. + +This parish of Barking is very large, and by the improvement of +lands taken in out of the Thames, and out of the river which runs +by the town, the tithes, as the townsmen assured me, are worth +above 600 pounds per annum, including, small tithes. Note.--This +parish has two or three chapels of ease, viz., one at Ilford, and +one on the side of Hainault Forest, called New Chapel. + +Sir Thomas Fanshaw, of an ancient Roman Catholic family, has a very +good estate in this parish. A little beyond the town, on the road +to Dagenham, stood a great house, ancient, and now almost fallen +down, where tradition says the Gunpowder Treason Plot was at first +contrived, and that all the first consultations about it were held +there. + +This side of the county is rather rich in land than in inhabitants, +occasioned chiefly by the unhealthiness of the air; for these low +marsh grounds, which, with all the south side of the county, have +been saved out of the River Thames, and out of the sea, where the +river is wide enough to be called so, begin here, or rather begin +at West Ham, by Stratford, and continue to extend themselves, from +hence eastward, growing wider and wider till we come beyond +Tilbury, when the flat country lies six, seven, or eight miles +broad, and is justly said to be both unhealthy and unpleasant. + +However, the lands are rich, and, as is observable, it is very good +farming in the marshes, because the landlords let good pennyworths, +for it being a place where everybody cannot live, those that +venture it will have encouragement and indeed it is but reasonable +they should. + +Several little observations I made in this part of the county of +Essex. + +1. We saw, passing from Barking to Dagenham, the famous breach, +made by an inundation of the Thames, which was so great as that it +laid near 5,000 acres of land under water, but which after near ten +years lying under water, and being several times blown up, has been +at last effectually stopped by the application of Captain Perry, +the gentleman who, for several years, had been employed in the Czar +of Muscovy's works, at Veronitza, on the River Don. This breach +appeared now effectually made up, and they assured us that the new +work, where the breach was, is by much esteemed the strongest of +all the sea walls in that level. + +2. It was observable that great part of the lands in these levels, +especially those on this side East Tilbury, are held by the +farmers, cow-keepers, and grazing butchers who live in and near +London, and that they are generally stocked (all the winter half +year) with large fat sheep, viz., Lincolnshire and Leicestershire +wethers, which they buy in Smithfield in September and October, +when the Lincolnshire and Leicestershire graziers sell off their +stock, and are kept here till Christmas, or Candlemas, or +thereabouts; and though they are not made at all fatter here than +they were when bought in, yet the farmer or butcher finds very good +advantage in it, by the difference of the price of mutton between +Michaelmas, when it is cheapest, and Candlemas, when it is dearest; +this is what the butchers value themselves upon, when they tell us +at the market that it is right marsh-mutton. + +3. In the bottom of these Marshes, and close to the edge of the +river, stands the strong fortress of Tilbury, called Tilbury Fort, +which may justly be looked upon as the key of the River Thames, and +consequently the key of the City of London. It is a regular +fortification. The design of it was a pentagon, but the water +bastion, as it would have been called, was never built. The plan +was laid out by Sir Martin Beckman, chief engineer to King Charles +II., who also designed the works at Sheerness. The esplanade of +the fort is very large, and the bastions the largest of any in +England, the foundation is laid so deep, and piles under that, +driven down two an end of one another, so far, till they were +assured they were below the channel of the river, and that the +piles, which were shed with iron, entered into the solid chalk rock +adjoining to, or reaching from, the chalk hills on the other side. +These bastions settled considerably at first, as did also part of +the curtain, the great quantity of earth that was brought to fill +them up, necessarily, requiring to be made solid by time; but they +are now firm as the rocks of chalk which they came from, and the +filling up one of these bastions, as I have been told by good +hands, cost the Government 6,000 pounds, being filled with chalk +rubbish fetched from the chalk pits at Northfleet, just above +Gravesend. + +The work to the land side is complete; the bastions are faced with +brick. There is a double ditch, or moat, the innermost part of +which is 180 feet broad; there is a good counterscarp, and a +covered way marked out with ravelins and tenailles, but they are +not raised a second time after their first settling. + +On the land side there are also two small redoubts of brick, but of +very little strength, for the chief strength of this fort on the +land side consists in this, that they are able to lay the whole +level under water, and so to make it impossible for an enemy to +make any approaches to the fort that way. + +On the side next the river there is a very strong curtain, with a +noble gate called the Water Gate in the middle, and the ditch is +palisadoed. At the place where the water bastion was designed to +be built, and which by the plan should run wholly out into the +river, so to flank the two curtains of each side; I say, in the +place where it should have been, stands a high tower, which they +tell us was built in Queen Elizabeth's time, and was called the +Block House; the side next the water is vacant. + +Before this curtain, above and below the said vacancy, is a +platform in the place of a counterscarp, on which are planted 106 +pieces of cannon, generally all of them carrying from twenty-four +to forty-six pound ball; a battery so terrible as well imports the +consequence of that place; besides which, there are smaller pieces +planted between, and the bastions and curtain also are planted with +guns; so that they must be bold fellows who will venture in the +biggest ships the world has heard of to pass such a battery, if the +men appointed to serve the guns do their duty like stout fellows, +as becomes them. + +The present government of this important place is under the prudent +administration of the Right Honourable the Lord Newbrugh. + +From hence there is nothing for many miles together remarkable but +a continued level of unhealthy marshes, called the Three Hundreds, +till we come before Leigh, and to the mouth of the River Chelmer, +and Blackwater. These rivers united make a large firth, or inlet +of the sea, which by Mr. Camden is called Idumanum Fluvium; but by +our fishermen and seamen, who use it as a port, it is called Malden +Water. + +In this inlet of the sea is Osey, or Osyth Island, commonly called +Oosy Island, so well known by our London men of pleasure for the +infinite number of wild fowl, that is to say, duck, mallard, teal, +and widgeon, of which there are such vast flights, that they tell +us the island, namely the creek, seems covered with them at certain +times of the year, and they go from London on purpose for the +pleasure of shooting; and, indeed, often come home very well laden +with game. But it must be remembered too that those gentlemen who +are such lovers of the sport, and go so far for it, often return +with an Essex ague on their backs, which they find a heavier load +than the fowls they have shot. + +It is on this shore, and near this creek, that the greatest +quantity of fresh fish is caught which supplies not this country +only, but London markets also. On the shore, beginning a little +below Candy Island, or rather below Leigh Road, there lies a great +shoal or sand called the Black Tail, which runs out near three +leagues into the sea due east; at the end of it stands a pole or +mast, set up by the Trinity House men of London, whose business is +to lay buoys and set up sea marks for the direction of the sailors; +this is called Shoe Beacon, from the point of land where this sand +begins, which is called Shoeburyness, and that from the town of +Shoebury, which stands by it. From this sand, and on the edge of +Shoebury, before it, or south west of it, all along, to the mouth +of Colchester water, the shore is full of shoals and sands, with +some deep channels between; all which are so full of fish, that not +only the Barking fishing-smacks come hither to fish, but the whole +shore is full of small fisher-boats in very great numbers, +belonging to the villages and towns on the coast, who come in every +tide with what they take; and selling the smaller fish in the +country, send the best and largest away upon horses, which go night +and day to London market. + +N.B.--I am the more particular in my remarks on this place, because +in the course of my travels the reader will meet with the like in +almost every place of note through the whole island, where it will +be seen how this whole kingdom, as well the people as the land, and +even the sea, in every part of it, are employed to furnish +something, and I may add, the best of everything, to supply the +City of London with provisions; I mean by provisions, corn, flesh, +fish, butter, cheese, salt, fuel, timber, etc., and clothes also; +with everything necessary for building, and furniture for their own +use or for trade; of all which in their order. + +On this shore also are taken the best and nicest, though not the +largest, oysters in England; the spot from whence they have their +common appellation is a little bank called Woelfleet, scarce to be +called an island, in the mouth of the River Crouch, now called +Crooksea Water; but the chief place where the said oysters are now +had is from Wyvenhoe and the shores adjacent, whither they are +brought by the fishermen, who take them at the mouth of that they +call Colchester water and about the sand they call the Spits, and +carry them up to Wyvenhoe, where they are laid in beds or pits on +the shore to feed, as they call it; and then being barrelled up and +carried to Colchester, which is but three miles off, they are sent +to London by land, and are from thence called Colchester oysters. + +The chief sort of other fish which they carry from this part of the +shore to London are soles, which they take sometimes exceeding +large, and yield a very good price at London market. Also +sometimes middling turbot, with whiting, codling and large +flounders; the small fish, as above, they sell in the country. + +In the several creeks and openings, as above, on this shore there +are also other islands, but of no particular note, except Mersey, +which lies in the middle of the two openings between Malden Water +and Colchester Water; being of the most difficult access, so that +it is thought a thousand men well provided might keep possession of +it against a great force, whether by land or sea. On this account, +and because if possessed by an enemy it would shut up all the +navigation and fishery on that side, the Government formerly built +a fort on the south-east point of it; and generally in case of +Dutch war, there is a strong body of troops kept there to defend +it. + +At this place may be said to end what we call the Hundreds of +Essex--that is to say, the three Hundreds or divisions which +include the marshy country, viz., Barnstable Hundred, Rochford +Hundred, and Dengy Hundred. + +I have one remark more before I leave this damp part of the world, +and which I cannot omit on the women's account, namely, that I took +notice of a strange decay of the sex here; insomuch that all along +this country it was very frequent to meet with men that had had +from five or six to fourteen or fifteen wives; nay, and some more. +And I was informed that in the marshes on the other side of the +river over against Candy Island there was a farmer who was then +living with the five-and-twentieth wife, and that his son, who was +but about thirty-five years old, had already had about fourteen. +Indeed, this part of the story I only had by report, though from +good hands too; but the other is well known and easy to be inquired +into about Fobbing, Curringham, Thundersly, Benfleet, Prittlewell, +Wakering, Great Stambridge, Cricksea, Burnham, Dengy, and other +towns of the like situation. The reason, as a merry fellow told +me, who said he had had about a dozen and a half of wives (though I +found afterwards he fibbed a little) was this: That they being +bred in the marshes themselves and seasoned to the place, did +pretty well with it; but that they always went up into the hilly +country, or, to speak their own language, into the uplands for a +wife. That when they took the young lasses out of the wholesome +and fresh air they were healthy, fresh, and clear, and well; but +when they came out of their native air into the marshes among the +fogs and damps, there they presently changed their complexion, got +an ague or two, and seldom held it above half a year, or a year at +most; "And then," said he, "we go to the uplands again and fetch +another;" so that marrying of wives was reckoned a kind of good +farm to them. It is true the fellow told this in a kind of +drollery and mirth; but the fact, for all that, is certainly true; +and that they have abundance of wives by that very means. Nor is +it less true that the inhabitants in these places do not hold it +out, as in other countries, and as first you seldom meet with very +ancient people among the poor, as in other places we do, so, take +it one with another, not one-half of the inhabitants are natives of +the place; but such as from other countries or in other parts of +this country settle here for the advantage of good farms; for which +I appeal to any impartial inquiry, having myself examined into it +critically in several places. + +From the marshes and low grounds being not able to travel without +many windings and indentures by reason of the creeks and waters, I +came up to the town of Malden, a noted market town situate at the +conflux or joining of two principal rivers in this county, the +Chelm or Chelmer, and the Blackwater, and where they enter into the +sea. The channel, as I have noted, is called by the sailors Malden +Water, and is navigable up to the town, where by that means is a +great trade for carrying corn by water to London; the county of +Essex being (especially on all that side) a great corn county. + +When I have said this I think I have done Malden justice, and said +all of it that there is to be said, unless I should run into the +old story of its antiquity, and tell you it was a Roman colony in +the time of Vespasian, and that it was called Camolodunum. How the +Britons, under Queen Boadicea, in revenge for the Romans' ill-usage +of her--for indeed they used her majesty ill--they stripped her +naked and whipped her publicly through their streets for some +affront she had given them. I say how for this she raised the +Britons round the country, overpowered, and cut in pieces the Tenth +Legion, killed above eighty thousand Romans, and destroyed the +colony; but was afterwards overthrown in a great battle, and sixty +thousand Britons slain. I say, unless I should enter into this +story, I have nothing more to say of Malden, and, as for that +story, it is so fully related by Mr. Camden in his history of the +Romans in Britain at the beginning of his "Britannia," that I need +only refer the reader to it, and go on with my journey. + +Being obliged to come thus far into the uplands, as above, I made +it my road to pass through Witham, a pleasant, well-situated market +town, in which, and in its neighbourhood, there are as many +gentlemen of good fortunes and families as I believe can be met +with in so narrow a compass in any of the three counties of which I +make this circuit. + +In the town of Witham dwells the Lord Pasely, oldest son of the +Earl of Abercorn of Ireland (a branch of the noble family of +Hamilton, in Scotland). His lordship has a small, but a neat, +well-built new house, and is finishing his gardens in such a manner +as few in that part of England will exceed them. + +Nearer Chelmsford, hard by Boreham, lives the Lord Viscount +Barrington, who, though not born to the title, or estate, or name +which he now possesses, had the honour to be twice made heir to the +estates of gentlemen not at all related to him, at least, one of +them, as is very much to his honour, mentioned in his patent of +creation. His name was Shute, his father a linendraper in London, +and served sheriff of the said city in very troublesome times. He +changed the name of Shute for that of Barrington by an Act of +Parliament obtained for that purpose, and had the dignity of a +baron of the kingdom conferred on him by the favour of King George. +His lordship is a Dissenter, and seems to love retirement. He was +a member of Parliament for the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed. + +On the other side of Witham, at Fauburn, an ancient mansion house, +built by the Romans, lives Mr. Bullock, whose father married the +daughter of that eminent citizen, Sir Josiah Child, of Wanstead, by +whom she had three sons; the eldest enjoys the estate, which is +considerable. + +It is observable, that in this part of the country there are +several very considerable estates, purchased and now enjoyed by +citizens of London, merchants, and tradesmen, as Mr. Western, an +iron merchant, near Kelendon; Mr. Cresnor, a wholesale grocer, who +was, a little before he died, named for sheriff at Earl's Coln; Mr. +Olemus, a merchant at Braintree; Mr. Westcomb, near Malden; Sir +Thomas Webster at Copthall, near Waltham; and several others. + +I mention this to observe how the present increase of wealth in the +City of London spreads itself into the country, and plants families +and fortunes, who in another age will equal the families of the +ancient gentry, who perhaps were brought out. I shall take notice +of this in a general head, and when I have run through all the +counties, collect a list of the families of citizens and tradesmen +thus established in the several counties, especially round London. + +The product of all this part of the country is corn, as that of the +marshy feeding grounds mentioned above is grass, where their chief +business is breeding of calves, which I need not say are the best +and fattest, and the largest veal in England, if not in the world; +and, as an instance, I ate part of a veal or calf, fed by the late +Sir Josiah Child at Wanstead, the loin of which weighed above +thirty pounds, and the flesh exceeding white and fat. + +From hence I went on to Colchester. The story of Kill-Dane, which +is told of the town of Kelvedon, three miles from Witham, namely, +that this is the place where the massacre of the Danes was begun by +the women, and that therefore it was called Kill-Dane; I say of it, +as we generally say of improbable news, it wants confirmation. The +true name of the town is Kelvedon, and has been so for many hundred +years. Neither does Mr. Camden, or any other writer I meet with +worth naming, insist on this piece of empty tradition. The town is +commonly called Keldon. + +Colchester is an ancient corporation. The town is large, very +populous, the streets fair and beautiful, and though it may not +said to be finely built, yet there are abundance of very good and +well-built houses in it. It still mourns in the ruins of a civil +war; during which, or rather after the heat of the war was over, it +suffered a severe siege, which, the garrison making a resolute +defence, was turned into a blockade, in which the garrison and +inhabitants also suffered the utmost extremity of hunger, and were +at last obliged to surrender at discretion, when their two chief +officers, Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle, were shot to +death under the castle wall. The inhabitants had a tradition that +no grass would grow upon the spot where the blood of those two +gallant gentlemen was spilt, and they showed the place bare of +grass for many years; but whether for this reason I will not +affirm. The story is now dropped, and the grass, I suppose, grows +there, as in other places. + +However, the battered walls, the breaches in the turrets, and the +ruined churches, still remain, except that the church of St. Mary +(where they had the royal fort) is rebuilt; but the steeple, which +was two-thirds battered down, because the besieged had a large +culverin upon it that did much execution, remains still in that +condition. + +There is another church which bears the marks of those times, +namely, on the south side of the town, in the way to the Hythe, of +which more hereafter. + +The lines of contravallation, with the forts built by the +besiegers, and which surrounded the whole town, remain very visible +in many places; but the chief of them are demolished. + +The River Colne, which passes through this town, compasses it on +the north and east sides, and served in those times for a complete +defence on those sides. They have three bridges over it, one +called North Bridge, at the north gate, by which the road leads +into Suffolk; one called East Bridge, at the foot of the High +Street, over which lies the road to Harwich, and one at the Hythe, +as above. + +The river is navigable within three miles of the town for ships of +large burthen; a little lower it may receive even a royal navy; and +up to that part called the Hythe, close to the houses, it is +navigable for hoys and small barques. This Hythe is a long street, +passing from west to east, on the south side of the town. At the +west end of it, there is a small intermission of the buildings, but +not much; and towards the river it is very populous (it may be +called the Wapping of Colchester). There is one church in that +part of the town, a large quay by the river, and a good custom- +house. + +The town may be said chiefly to subsist by the trade of making +bays, which is known over most of the trading parts of Europe by +the name of Colchester Bays, though indeed all the towns round +carry on the same trade--namely, Kelvedon, Witham, Coggeshall, +Braintree, Bocking, &c., and the whole county, large as it is, may +be said to be employed, and in part maintained, by the spinning of +wool for the bay trade of Colchester and its adjacent towns. The +account of the siege, A.D. 1648, with a diary of the most +remarkable passages, are as follows, which I had from so good a +hand as that I have no reason to question its being a true +relation. + + + +A Diary: Or, An Account Of The Siege And Blockade Of Colchester, +A.D. 1648. + + + +On the 4th of June, we were alarmed in the town of Colchester that +the Lord Goring, the Lord Capel, and a body of two thousand of the +loyal party, who had been in arms in Kent, having left a great body +of an army in possession of Rochester Bridge, where they resolved +to fight the Lord Fairfax and the Parliament army, had given the +said General Fairfax the slip, and having passed the Thames at +Greenwich, were come to Stratford, and were advancing this way; +upon which news, Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, Colonel Cook, +and several gentlemen of the loyal army, and all that had +commissions from the king, with a gallant appearance of gentlemen +volunteers, drew together from all parts of the country to join +with them. + +The 8th, we were further informed that they were advanced to +Chelmsford, to New Hall House, and to Witham; and the 9th some of +the horse arrived in the town, taking possession of the gates, and +having engineers with them, told us that General Goring had +resolved to make this town his headquarters, and would cause it to +be well fortified. They also caused the drums to beat for +volunteers; and a good number of the poor bay-weavers, and such- +like people, wanting employment, enlisted; so that they completed +Sir Charles Lucas's regiment, which was but thin, to near eight +hundred men. + +On the 10th we had news that the Lord Fairfax, having beaten the +Royalists at Maidstone, and retaken Rochester, had passed the +Thames at Gravesend, though with great difficulty, and with some +loss, and was come to Horndon-on-the-Hill, in order to gain +Colchester before the Royalists; but that hearing Sir Charles Lucas +had prevented him, had ordered his rendezvous at Billerecay, and +intended to possess the pass at Malden on the 11th, where Sir +Thomas Honnywood, with the county-trained bands, was to be the same +day. + +The same evening the Lord Goring, with all his forces, making about +five thousand six hundred men, horse and foot, came to Colchester, +and encamping without the suburbs, under command of the cannon of +St. Mary's fort, made disposition to fight the Parliament forces if +they came up. + +The 12th, the Lord Goring came into Colchester, viewed the fort in +St. Mary's churchyard, ordered more cannon to be planted upon it, +posted two regiments in the suburbs without the head gate, let the +town know he would take them into his Majesty's protection, and +that he would fight the enemy in that situation. The same evening +the Lord Fairfax, with a strong party of one thousand horse, came +to Lexden, at two small miles' distance, expecting the rest of his +army there the same night. + +The Lord Goring brought in prisoners the same day, Sir William +Masham, and several other gentlemen of the county, who were secured +under a strong guard; which the Parliament hearing, ordered twenty +prisoners of the royal party to be singled out, declaring, that +they should be used in the same manner as the Lord Goring used Sir +William Masham, and the gentlemen prisoners with him. + +On the 13th, early in the morning, our spies brought intelligence +that the Lord Fairfax, all his forces being come up to him, was +making dispositions for a march, resolving to attack the Royalists +in their camp; upon which, the Lord Goring drew all his forces +together, resolving to fight. The engineers had offered the night +before to entrench his camp, and to draw a line round it in one +night's time, but his lordship declined it, and now there was no +time for it; whereupon the general, Lord Goring, drew up his army +in order of battle on both sides the road, the horse in the open +fields on the wings; the foot were drawn up, one regiment in the +road, one regiment on each side, and two regiments for reserve in +the suburb, just at the entrance of the town, with a regiment of +volunteers advanced as a forlorn hope, and a regiment of horse at +the head-gate, ready to support the reserve, as occasion should +require. + +About nine in the morning we heard the enemy's drums beat a march, +and in half an hour more their first troops appeared on the higher +grounds towards Lexden. Immediately the cannon from St. Mary's +fired upon them, and put some troops of horse into confusion, doing +great execution, which, they not being able to shun it, made them +quicken their pace, fall on, when our cannon were obliged to cease +firing, lest we should hurt our own troops as well as the enemy. +Soon after, their foot appeared, and our cannon saluted them in +like manner, and killed them a great many men. + +Their first line of foot was led up by Colonel Barkstead, and +consisted of three regiments of foot, making about 1,700 men, and +these charged our regiment in the lane, commanded by Sir George +Lisle and Sir William Campion. They fell on with great fury, and +were received with as much gallantry, and three times repulsed; nor +could they break in here, though the Lord Fairfax sent fresh men to +support them, till the Royalists' horse, oppressed with numbers on +the left, were obliged to retire, and at last to come full gallop +into the street, and so on into the town. Nay, still the foot +stood firm, and the volunteers, being all gentlemen, kept their +ground with the greatest resolution; but the left wing being +routed, as above, Sir William Campion was obliged to make a front +to the left, and lining the hedge with his musketeers, made a stand +with a body of pikes against the enemy's horse, and prevented them +entering the lane. Here that gallant gentleman was killed with a +carabine shot; and after a very gallant resistance, the horse on +the right being also overpowered, the word was given to retreat, +which, however, was done in such good order, the regiments of +reserve standing drawn up at the end of the street, ready to +receive the enemy's horse upon the points of their pikes, that the +royal troops came on in the openings between the regiments, and +entered the town with very little loss, and in very good order. + +By this, however, those regiments of reserve were brought at last +to sustain the efforts of the enemy's whole army, till being +overpowered by numbers they were put into disorder, and forced to +get into the town in the best manner they could; by which means +near two hundred men were killed or made prisoners. + +Encouraged by this success the enemy pushed on, supposing they +should enter the town pell-mell with the rest; nor did the +Royalists hinder them, but let good part of Barkstead's own +regiment enter the head-gate; but then sallying from St. Mary's +with a choice body of foot on their left, and the horse rallying in +the High Street, and charging them again in the front, they were +driven back quite into the street of the suburb, and most of those +that had so rashly entered were cut in pieces. + +Thus they were repulsed at the south entrance into the town; and +though they attempted to storm three times after that with great +resolution, yet they were as often beaten back, and that with great +havoc of their men; and the cannon from the fort all the while did +execution upon those who stood drawn up to support them; so that at +last, seeing no good to be done, they retreated, having small joy +of their pretended victory. + +They lost in this action Colonel Needham, who commanded a regiment +called the Tower Guards, and who fought very desperately; Captain +Cox, an old experienced horse officer, and several other officers +of note, with a great many private men, though, as they had the +field, they concealed their number, giving out that they lost but a +hundred, when we were assured they lost near a thousand men besides +the wounded. + +They took some of our men prisoners, occasioned by the regiment of +Colonel Farr, and two more sustaining the shock of their whole +army, to secure the retreat of the main body, as above. + +The 14th, the Lord Fairfax finding he was not able to carry the +town by storm, without the formality of a siege, took his +headquarters at Lexden, and sent to London and to Suffolk for more +forces; also he ordered the trained bands to be raised and posted +on the roads to prevent succours. Notwithstanding which, divers +gentlemen, with some assistance of men and arms, found means to get +into the town. + +The very same night they began to break ground, and particularly to +raise a fort between Colchester and Lexden, to cover the general's +quarter from the sallies from the town; for the Royalists having a +good body of horse, gave them no rest, but scoured the fields every +day, and falling all that were found straggling from their posts, +and by this means killed a great many. + +The 17th, Sir Charles Lucas having been out with 1,200 horse, and +detaching parties toward the seaside, and towards Harwich, they +brought in a very great quantity of provisions, and abundance of +sheep and black cattle sufficient for the supply of the town for a +considerable time; and had not the Suffolk forces advanced over +Cataway Bridge to prevent it, a larger supply had been brought in +that way; for now it appeared plainly that the Lord Fairfax finding +the garrison strong and resolute, and that he was not in a +condition to reduce them by force, at least without the loss of +much blood, had resolved to turn his siege into a blockade, and +reduce them by hunger; their troops being also wanted to oppose +several other parties, who had, in several parts of the kingdom, +taken arms for the king's cause. + +This same day General Fairfax sent in a trumpet to propose +exchanging prisoners, which the Lord Goring rejected, expecting a +reinforcement of troops, which were actually coming to him, and +were to be at Linton in Cambridgeshire as the next day. + +The same day two ships brought in a quantity of corn and provisions +and fifty-six men from the shore of Kent with several gentlemen, +who all landed and came up to the town, and the greatest part of +the corn was with the utmost application unloaded the same night +into some hoys, which brought it up to the Hythe, being +apprehensive of the Parliament's ships which lay at Harwich, who +having intelligence of the said ships, came the next day into the +mouth of the river, and took the said two ships and what corn was +left in them. The besieged sent out a party to help the ships, but +having no boats they could not assist them. + +18th. Sir Charles Lucas sent an answer about exchange of +prisoners, accepting the conditions offered, but the Parliament's +general returned that he would not treat with Sir Charles, for that +he (Sir Charles) being his prisoner upon his parole of honour, and +having appeared in arms contrary to the rules of war, had forfeited +his honour and faith, and was not capable of command or trust in +martial affairs. To this Sir Charles sent back an answer, and his +excuse for his breach of his parole, but it was not accepted, nor +would the Lord Fairfax enter upon any treaty with him. + +Upon this second message Sir William Masham and the Parliament +Committee and other gentlemen, who were prisoners in the town, sent +a message in writing under their hands to the Lord Fairfax, +entreating him to enter into a treaty for peace; but the Lord +Fairfax returned, he could take no notice of their request, as +supposing it forced from them under restraint; but that if the Lord +Goring desired peace, he might write to the Parliament, and he +would cause his messenger to have a safe conduct to carry his +letter. There was a paper sent enclosed in this paper, signed +Capel, Norwich, Charles Lucas, but to that the general would return +no answer, because it was signed by Sir Charles for the reasons +above. + +All this while the Lord Goring, finding the enemy strengthening +themselves, gave order for fortifying the town, and drawing lines +in several places to secure the entrance, as particularly without +the east bridge, and without the north gate and bridge, and to +plant more cannon upon the works; to which end some great guns were +brought in from some ships at Wivenhoe. + +The same day, our men sallied out in three places, and attacked the +besiegers, first at their port, called Essex, then at their new +works, on the south of the town; a third party sallying at the east +bridge, brought in some booty from the Suffolk troops, having +killed several of their stragglers on the Harwich road. They also +took a lieutenant of horse prisoner, and brought him into the town. + +19th. This day we had the unwelcome news that our friends at +Linton were defeated by the enemy, and Major Muschamp, a loyal +gentleman, killed. + +The same night, our men gave the enemy alarm at their new Essex +fort, and thereby drew them out as if they would fight, till they +brought them within reach of the cannon of St. Mary's, and then our +men retiring, the great guns let fly among them, and made them run. +Our men shouted after them. Several of them were killed on this +occasion, one shot having killed three horsemen in our fight. + +20th. We now found the enemy, in order to a perfect blockade, +resolved to draw a line of circumvallation round the town; having +received a train of forty pieces of heavy cannon from the Tower of +London. + +This day the Parliament sent a messenger to their prisoners to know +how they fared, and how they were used; who returned word, that +they fared indifferent well, and were very civilly used, but that +provisions were scarce, and therefore dear. + +This day a party of horse, with 300 foot, sallied out, and marched +as far as the fort on the Isle of Mersey, which they made a show of +attacking, to keep in the garrison. Meanwhile the rest took a good +number of cattle from the country, which they brought safe into the +town, with five waggons laden with corn. This was the last they +could bring in that way, the lines being soon finished on that +side. + +This day the Lord Fairfax sent in a trumpet to the Earl of Norwich +and the Lord Goring, offering honourable conditions to them all, +allowing all the gentlemen their lives and arms, exemption from +plunder, and passes, if they desired to go beyond sea, and all the +private men pardon, and leave to go peaceably to their own +dwellings. But the Lord Goring and the rest of the gentlemen +rejected it, and laughed at them, upon which the Lord Fairfax made +proclamation, that his men should give the private soldiers in +Colchester free leave to pass through their camp, and go where they +pleased without molestation, only leaving their arms, but that the +gentlemen should have no quarter. This was a great loss to the +Royalists, for now the men foreseeing the great hardships they were +like to suffer, began to slip away, and the Lord Goring was obliged +to forbid any to desert on pain of present death, and to keep +parties of horse continually patrolling to prevent them; +notwithstanding which many got away. + +21st. The town desired the Lord Goring to give them leave to send +a message to Lord Fairfax, to desire they might have liberty to +carry on their trade and sell their bays and says, which Lord +Goring granted; but the enemy's general returned, that they should +have considered that before they let the Royalists into the town; +that to desire a free trade from a town besieged was never heard +of, or at least, was such a motion, as was never yet granted; that, +however, he would give the bay-makers leave to bring their bays and +says, and other goods, once a week, or oftener, if they desire it, +to Lexden Heath, where they should have a free market, and might +sell them or carry them back again, if not sold, as they found +occasion. + +22nd. The besieged sallied out in the night with a strong party, +and disturbed the enemy in their works, and partly ruined one of +their forts, called Ewer's Fort, where the besiegers were laying a +bridge over the River Colne. Also they sallied again at east +bridge, and faced the Suffolk troops, who were now declared +enemies. These brought in six-and-fifty good bullocks, and some +cows, and they took and killed several of the enemy. + +23rd. The besiegers began to fire with their cannon from Essex +Fort, and from Barkstead's Fort, which was built upon the Malden +road; and finding that the besieged had a party in Sir Harbottle +Grimston's house, called, "The Fryery," they fired at it with their +cannon, and battered it almost down, and then the soldiers set it +on fire. + +This day upon the townsmen's treaty for the freedom of the bay +trade, the Lord Fairfax sent a second offer of conditions to the +besieged, being the same as before, only excepting Lord Goring, +Lord Capel, Sir George Lisle, and Sir Charles Lucas. + +This day we had news in the town that the Suffolk forces were +advanced to assist the besiegers, and that they began a fort called +Fort Suffolk, on the north side of the town, to shut up the Suffolk +road towards Stratford. This day the besieged sallied out at north +bridge, attacked the out-guards of the Suffolk men on Mile End +Heath, and drove them into their fort in the woods. + +This day the Lord Fairfax sent a trumpet, complaining of chewed and +poisoned bullets being shot from the town, and threatening to give +no quarter if that practice was allowed; but Lord Goring returned +answer, with a protestation, that no such thing was done by his +order or consent. + +24th. They fired hard from their cannon against St. Mary's +steeple, on which was planted a large culverin, which annoyed them +even in the general's headquarters at Lexden. One of the best +gunners the garrison had was killed with a cannon bullet. This +night the besieged sallied towards Audly, on the Suffolk road, and +brought in some cattle. + +25th. Lord Capel sent a trumpet to the Parliament-General, but the +rogue ran away, and came not back, nor sent any answer; whether +they received his message or not, was not known. + +26th. This day having finished their new bridge, a party of their +troops passed that bridge, and took post on the hill over against +Mile End Church, where they built a fort, called Fothergall's Fort, +and another on the east side of the road, called Rainsbro's Fort, +so that the town was entirely shut in, on that side, and the +Royalists had no place free but over east bridge, which was +afterwards cut off by the enemy's bringing their line from the +Hythe within the river to the stone causeway leading to the east +bridge. + +July 1st. From the 26th to the 1st, the besiegers continued +finishing their works, and by the 2nd the whole town was shut in; +at which the besiegers gave a general salvo from their cannon at +all their forts; but the besieged gave them a return, for they +sallied out in the night, attacked Barkstead's fort, scarce +finished, with such fury, that they twice entered the work sword in +hand, killed most part of the defendants, and spoiled part of the +forts cast up; but fresh forces coming up, they retired with little +loss, bringing eight prisoners, and having slain, as they reported, +above 100. + +On the second, Lord Fairfax offered exchange for Sir William Masham +in particular, and afterwards for other prisoners, but the Lord +Goring refused. + +5th. The besieged sallied with two regiments, supported by some +horse, at midnight; they were commanded by Sir George Lisle. They +fell on with such fury, that the enemy were put into confusion, +their works at east bridge ruined, and two pieces of cannon taken, +Lieutenant Colonel Sambrook, and several other officers, were +killed, and our men retired into the town, bringing the captain, +two lieutenants, and about fifty men with them prisoners into the +town; but having no horse, we could not bring off the cannon, but +they spiked them, and made them unfit for service. + +From this time to the 11th, the besieged sallied almost every +night, being encouraged by their successes, and they constantly cut +off some of the enemy, but not without loss also on their own side. + +About this time we received by a spy the bad news of defeating the +king's friends almost in all parts of England, and particularly +several parties which had good wishes to our gentlemen, and +intended to relieve them. + +Our batteries from St. Mary's Fort and steeple, and from the north +bridge, greatly annoyed them, and killed most of their gunners and +firemen. One of the messengers who brought news to Lord Fairfax of +the defeat of one of the parties, in Kent, and the taking of Weymer +Castle, slipped into the town, and brought a letter to the Lord +Goring, and listed in the regiment of the Lord Capel's horse. + +14th. The besiegers attacked and took the Hythe Church, with a +small work the besieged had there, but the defenders retired in +time; some were taken prisoners in the church, but not in the fort; +Sir Charles Lucas's horse was attacked by a great body of the +besiegers; the besieged defended themselves with good resolution +for some time, but a hand-grenade thrown in by the assailants, +having fired the magazine, the house was blown up, and most of the +gallant defenders buried in the ruins. This was a great blow to +the Royalists, for it was a very strong pass, and always well +guarded. + +15th. The Lord Fairfax sent offers of honourable conditions to the +soldiers of the garrison if they would surrender, or quit the +service; upon which the Lords Goring and Capel, and Sir Charles +Lucas, returned an answer signed by their hands, that it was not +honourable or agreeable to the usage of war to offer conditions +separately to the soldiers, exclusive of their officers, and +therefore civilly desired his lordship to send no more such +messages or proposals, or if he did, that he would not take it ill +if they hanged up the messenger. + +This evening all the gentlemen volunteers, with all the horse of +the garrison, with Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, and Sir +Bernard Gascoigne at the head of them, resolved to break through +the enemy, and forcing a pass to advance into Suffolk by Nayland +Bridge. To this purpose they passed the river near Middle Mill; +but their guides having misled them the enemy took the alarm; upon +which their guides, and some pioneers which they had with them to +open the hedges and level the banks, for their passing to Boxted, +all ran away, so the horse were obliged to retreat, the enemy +pretending to pursue, but thinking they had retreated by the north +bridge, they missed them; upon which being enraged, they fired the +suburbs without the bridge, and burned them quite down. + +18th. Some of the horse attempted to escape the same way, and had +the whole body been there as before, they had effected it; but +there being but two troops, they were obliged to retire. Now the +town began to be greatly distressed, provisions failing, and the +townspeople, which were numerous, being very uneasy, and no way of +breaking through being found practicable, the gentlemen would have +joined in any attempt wherein they might die gallantly with their +swords in their hands, but nothing presented; they often sallied +and cut off many of the enemy, but their numbers were continually +supplied, and the besieged diminished; their horse also sunk and +became unfit for service, having very little hay, and no corn, and +at length they were forced to kill them for food; so that they +began to be in a very miserable condition, and the soldiers +deserted every day in great numbers, not being able to bear the +want of food, as being almost starved with hunger. + +22nd. The Lord Fairfax offered again an exchange of prisoners, but +the Lord Goring rejected it, because they refused conditions to the +chief gentlemen of the garrison. + +During this time, two troops of the Royal Horse sallied out in the +night, resolving to break out or die: the first rode up full +gallop to the enemy's horse guards on the side of Malden road, and +exchanged their pistols with the advanced troops, and wheeling made +as if they would retire to the town; but finding they were not +immediately pursued, they wheeled about to the right, and passing +another guard at a distance, without being perfectly discovered, +they went clean off, and passing towards Tiptree Heath, and having +good guides, they made their escape towards Cambridgeshire, in +which length of way they found means to disperse without being +attacked, and went every man his own way as fate directed; nor did +we hear that many of them were taken: they were led, as we are +informed, by Sir Bernard Gascoigne. + +Upon these attempts of the horse to break out, the enemy built a +small fort in the meadow right against the ford in the river at the +Middle Mill, and once set that mill on fire, but it was +extinguished without much damage; however, the fort prevented any +more attempts that way. + +22nd. The Parliament-General sent in a trumpet, to propose again +the exchange of prisoners, offering the Lord Capel's son for one, +and Mr. Ashburnham for Sir William Masham; but the Lord Capel, Lord +Goring, and the rest of the loyal gentlemen rejected it; and Lord +Capel, in particular, sent the Lord Fairfax word it was inhuman to +surprise his son, who was not in arms, and offer him to insult a +father's affection, but that he might murder his son if he pleased, +he would leave his blood to be revenged as Heaven should give +opportunity; and the Lord Goring sent word, that as they had +reduced the king's servants to eat horseflesh, the prisoners should +feed as they fed. + +The enemy sent again to complain of the Royalists shooting poisoned +bullets, and sent two affidavits of it made by two deserters, +swearing it was done by the Lord Norwich's direction; the generals +in the town returned under all their hands that they never gave any +such command or direction; that they disowned the practice; and +that the fellows who swore it were perjured before in running from +their colours and the service of their king, and ought not to be +credited again; but they added, that for shooting rough-cast slugs +they must excuse them, as things stood with them at that time. + +About this time, a porter in a soldier's habit got through the +enemy's leaguer, and passing their out-guards in the dark, got into +the town, and brought letters from London, assuring the Royalists +that there were so many strong parties up in arms for the king, and +in so many places, that they would be very suddenly relieved. This +they caused to be read to the soldiers to encourage them; and +particularly it related to the rising of the Earl of Holland, and +the Duke of Buckingham, who with 500 horse were gotten together in +arms about Kingston in Surrey; but we had notice in a few days +after that they were defeated, and the Earl of Holland taken, who +was afterwards beheaded. + +26th. The enemy now began to batter the walls, and especially on +the west side, from St. Mary's towards the north gate; and we were +assured they intended a storm; on which the engineers were directed +to make trenches behind the walls where the breaches should be +made, that in case of a storm they might meet with a warm +reception. Upon this, they gave over the design of storming. The +Lord Goring finding that the enemy had set the suburbs on fire +right against the Hythe, ordered the remaining houses, which were +empty of inhabitants, from whence their musketeer fired against the +town, to be burned also. + +31st. A body of foot sallied out at midnight, to discover what the +enemy were doing at a place where they thought a new fort raising; +they fell in among the workmen, and put them to flight, cut in +pieces several of the guard, and brought in the officer who +commanded them prisoner. + +August 2nd. The town was now in a miserable condition: the +soldiers searched and rifled the houses of the inhabitants for +victuals; they had lived on horseflesh several weeks, and most of +that also was as lean as carrion, which not being well salted bred +wens; and this want of diet made the soldiers sickly, and many died +of fluxes, yet they boldly rejected all offers of surrender, unless +with safety to their offices. However, several hundreds got out, +and either passed the enemy's guards, or surrendered to them and +took passes. + +7th. The townspeople became very uneasy to the soldiers, and the +mayor of the town, with the aldermen, waited upon the general, +desiring leave to send to the Lord Fairfax for leave to all the +inhabitants to come out of the town, that they might not perish, to +which the Lord Goring consented, but the Lord Fairfax refused them. + +12th. The rabble got together in a vast crowd about the Lord +Goring's quarters, clamouring for a surrender, and they did this +every evening, bringing women and children, who lay howling and +crying on the ground for bread; the soldiers beat off the men, but +the women and children would not stir, bidding the soldiers kill +them, saying they had rather be shot than be starved. + +16th. The general, moved by the cries and distress of the poor +inhabitants, sent out a trumpet to the Parliament-General, +demanding leave to send to the Prince, who was with a fleet of +nineteen men of war in the mouth of the Thames, offering to +surrender, if they were not relieved in twenty days. The Lord +Fairfax refused it, and sent them word he would be in the town in +person, and visit them in less than twenty days, intimating that +they were preparing for a storm. Some tart messages and answers +were exchanged on this occasion. The Lord Goring sent word they +were willing, in compassion to the poor townspeople, and to save +that effusion of blood, to surrender upon honourable terms, but +that as for the storming them, which was threatened, they might +come on when they thought fit, for that they (the Royalists) were +ready for them. This held to the 19th. + +20th. The Lord Fairfax returned what he said was his last answer, +and should be the last offer of mercy. The conditions offered +were, that upon a peaceable surrender, all soldiers and officers +under the degree of a captain in commission should have their +lives, be exempted from plunder, and have passes to go to their +respective dwellings. All the captains and superior officers, with +all the lords and gentlemen, as well in commission as volunteers, +to surrender prisoners at discretion, only that they should not be +plundered by the soldiers. + +21st. The generals rejected those offers; and when the people came +about them again for bread, set open one of the gates, and bid them +go out to the enemy, which a great many did willingly; upon which +the Lord Goring ordered all the rest that came about his door to be +turned out after them. But when the people came to the Lord +Fairfax's camp the out-guards were ordered to fire at them and +drive them all back again to the gate, which the Lord Goring +seeing, he ordered them to be received in again. And now, although +the generals and soldiers also were resolute to die with their +swords in their hands rather than yield, and had maturely resolved +to abide a storm, yet the Mayor and Aldermen having petitioned them +as well as the inhabitants, being wearied with the importunities of +the distressed people, and pitying the deplorable condition they +were reduced to, they agreed to enter upon a treaty, and +accordingly sent out some officers to the Lord Fairfax, the +Parliament-General, to treat, and with them was sent two gentlemen +of the prisoners upon their parole to return. + +Upon the return of the said messengers with the Lord Fairfax's +terms, the Lord Goring, &c., sent out a letter declaring they would +die with their swords in their hands rather than yield without +quarter for life, and sent a paper of articles on which they were +willing to surrender. But in the very interim of this treaty news +came that the Scots army, under Duke Hamilton, which was entered +into Lancashire, and was joined by the Royalists in that country, +making 21,000 men, were entirely defeated. After this the Lord +Fairfax would not grant any abatement of articles--viz., to have +all above lieutenants surrender at mercy. + +Upon this the Lord Goring and the General refused to submit again, +and proposed a general sally, and to break through or die, but +found upon preparing for it that the soldiers, who had their lives +offered them, declined it, fearing the gentlemen would escape, and +they should be left to the mercy of the Parliament soldiers; and +that upon this they began to mutiny and talk of surrendering the +town and their officers too. Things being brought to this pass, +the Lords and General laid aside that design, and found themselves +obliged to submit; and so the town was surrendered the 28th of +August, 1648, upon conditions as follows:- + + +The Lords and gentlemen all prisoners at mercy. + +The common soldiers had passes to go home to their several +dwellings, but without arms, and an oath not to serve against the +Parliament. + +The town to be preserved from pillage, paying 14,000 pounds ready +money. + + +The same day a council of war being called about the prisoners of +war, it was resolved that the Lords should be left to the disposal +of the Parliament. That Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, and +Sir Marmaduke Gascoigne should be shot to death, and the other +officers prisoners to remain in custody till further order. + +The two first of the three gentlemen were shot to death, and the +third respited. Thus ended the siege of Colchester. + +N.B.--Notwithstanding the number killed in the siege, and dead of +the flux, and other distempers occasioned by bad diet, which were +very many, and notwithstanding the number which deserted and +escaped in the time of their hardships, yet there remained at the +time of the surrender: + +Earl of Norwich (Goring). +Lord Capell. +Lord Loughbro'. +11 Knights. +9 Colonels. +8 Lieut.-Colonels. +9 Majors. +30 Captains. +72 Lieutenants. +69 Ensigns. +183 Serjeants and Corporals. +3,067 Private Soldiers. +65 Servants to the Lords and General Officers and Gentlemen. +3,526 in all. + + +The town of Colchester has been supposed to contain about 40,000 +people, including the out-villages which are within its liberty, of +which there are a great many--the liberty of the town being of a +great extent. One sad testimony of the town being so populous is +that they buried upwards of 5,259 people in the plague year, 1665. +But the town was severely visited indeed, even more in proportion +than any of its neighbours, or than the City of London. + +The government of the town is by a mayor, high steward, a recorder +or his deputy, eleven aldermen, a chamberlain, a town clerk, +assistants, and eighteen common councilmen. Their high steward +(this year, 1722) is Sir Isaac Rebow, a gentleman of a good family +and known character, who has generally for above thirty years been +one of their representatives in Parliament. He has a very good +house at the entrance in at the south, or head gate of the town, +where he has had the honour several times to lodge and entertain +the late King William of glorious memory in his returning from +Holland by way of Harwich to London. Their recorder is Earl +Cowper, who has been twice Lord High Chancellor of England. But +his lordship not residing in those parts has put in for his +deputy,--Price, Esq., barrister-at-law, and who dwells in the town. +There are in Colchester eight churches besides those which are +damaged, and five meeting-houses, whereof two for Quakers, besides +a Dutch church and a French church. + + +Public Edifices are - + + +1. Bay Hall, an ancient society kept up for ascertaining the +manufacture of bays, which are, or ought to be, all brought to this +hall to be viewed and sealed according to their goodness by the +masters; and to this practice has been owing the great reputation +of the Colchester bays in foreign markets, where to open the side +of a bale and show the seal has been enough to give the buyer a +character of the value of the goods without any further search; and +so far as they abate the integrity and exactness of their method, +which I am told of late is much omitted; I say, so far, that +reputation will certainly abate in the markets they go to, which +are principally in Portugal and Italy. This corporation is +governed by a particular set of men who are called governors of the +Dutch Bay Hall. And in the same building is the Dutch church. + +2. The guildhall of the town, called by them the moot hall, to +which is annexed the town gaol. + +3. The workhouse, being lately enlarged, and to which belongs a +corporation or a body of the inhabitants, consisting of sixty +persons incorporated by Act of Parliament Anno 1698 for taking care +of the poor. They are incorporated by the name and title of the +governor, deputy governor, assistants, and guardians of the poor of +the town of Colchester. They are in number eight-and-forty, to +whom are added the mayor and aldermen for the time being, who are +always guardians by the same charter. These make the number of +sixty, as above. There is also a grammar free-school, with a good +allowance to the master, who is chosen by the town. + +4. The castle of Colchester is now become only a monument showing +the antiquity of the place, it being built as the walls of the town +also are, with Roman bricks, and the Roman coins dug up here, and +ploughed up in the fields adjoining, confirm it. The inhabitants +boast much that Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, first +Christian Emperor of the Romans, was born there, and it may be so +for aught we know. I only observe what Mr. Camden says of the +Castle of Colchester, viz.: In the middle of this city stands a +castle ready to fall with age. + +Though this castle has stood one hundred and twenty years from the +time Mr. Camden wrote that account, and it is not fallen yet, nor +will another hundred and twenty years, I believe, make it look one +jot the older. And it was observable that in the late siege of +this town, a common shot, which the besiegers made at this old +castle, were so far from making it fall, that they made little or +no impression upon it; for which reason, it seems, and because the +garrison made no great use of it against the besiegers, they fired +no more at it. + +There are two charity schools set up here, and carried on by a +generous subscription, with very good success. + +The title of Colchester is in the family of Earl Rivers, and the +eldest son of that family is called Lord Colchester, though as I +understand, the title is not settled by the creation to the eldest +son till he enjoys the title of earl with it, but that the other is +by the courtesy of England; however, this I take ad referendum. + +From Colchester I took another step down to the coast; the land +running out a great way into the sea, south and south-east makes +that promontory of land called the Naze, and well known to seamen +using the northern trade. Here one sees a sea open as an ocean +without any opposite shore, though it be no more than the mouth of +the Thames. This point called the Naze, and the north-east point +of Kent, near Margate, called the North Foreland, making what they +call the mouth of the river and the port of London, though it be +here above sixty miles over. + +At Walton-under-the-Naze they find on the shore copperas-stone in +great quantities; and there are several large works called copperas +houses, where they make it with great expense. + +On this promontory is a new mark erected by the Trinity House men, +and at the public expense, being a round brick tower, near eighty +feet high. The sea gains so much upon the land here by the +continual winds at south-west, that within the memory of some of +the inhabitants there they have lost above thirty acres of land in +one place. + +From hence we go back into the county about four miles, because of +the creeks which lie between; and then turning east again come to +Harwich, on the utmost eastern point of this large country. + +Harwich is a town so well known and so perfectly described by many +writers, I need say little of it. It is strong by situation, and +may be made more so by art. But it is many years since the +Government of England have had any occasion to fortify towns to the +landward; it is enough that the harbour or road, which is one of +the best and securest in England, is covered at the entrance by a +strong fort and a battery of guns to the seaward, just as at +Tilbury, and which sufficiently defend the mouth of the river. And +there is a particular felicity in this fortification, viz., that +though the entrance or opening of the river into the sea is very +wide, especially at high-water, at least two miles, if not three +over; yet the Channel, which is deep, and in which the ships must +keep and come to the harbour, is narrow, and lies only on the side +of the fort, so that all the ships which come in or go out must +come close under the guns of the fort--that is to say, under the +command of their shot. + +The fort is on the Suffolk side of the bay or entrance, but stands +so far into the sea upon the point of a sand or shoal, which runs +out toward the Essex side, as it were, laps over the mouth of that +haven like a blind to it; and our surveyors of the country affirm +it to be in the county of Essex. The making this place, which was +formerly no other than a sand in the sea, solid enough for the +foundation of so good a fortification, has not been done but by +many years' labour, often repairs, and an infinite expense of +money, but it is now so firm that nothing of storms and high tides, +or such things as make the sea dangerous to these kind of works, +can affect it. + +The harbour is of a vast extent; for, as two rivers empty +themselves here, viz., Stour from Manningtree and the Orwell from +Ipswich, the channels of both are large and deep; and safe for all +weathers; so where they join they make a large bay or road able to +receive the biggest ships, and the greatest number that ever the +world saw together; I mean ships of war. In the old Dutch war +great use has been made of this harbour; and I have known that +there has been one hundred sail of men-of-war and their attendants +and between three and four hundred sail of collier ships all in +this harbour at a time, and yet none of them crowding or riding in +danger of one another. + +Harwich is known for being the port where the packet boats, between +England and Holland, go out and come in. The inhabitants are far +from being famed for good usage to strangers, but, on the contrary, +are blamed for being extravagant in their reckonings in the public- +houses, which has not a little encouraged the setting up of sloops, +which they now call passage boats, to Holland, to go directly from +the River Thames; this, though it may be something the longer +passage, yet as they are said to be more obliging to passengers and +more reasonable in the expense, and, as some say, also, the vessels +are better sea boats, has been the reason why so many passengers do +not go or come by the way of Harwich as formerly were wont to do; +insomuch that the stage coaches between this place and London, +which ordinarily went twice or three times a week, are now entirely +laid down, and the passengers are left to hire coaches on purpose, +take post-horses, or hire horses to Colchester, as they find most +convenient. + +The account of a petrifying quality in the earth here, though some +will have it to be in the water of a spring hard by, is very +strange. They boast that their town is walled and their streets +paved with clay, and yet that one is as strong and the other as +clean as those that are built or paved with stone. The fact is +indeed true, for there is a sort of clay in the cliff, between the +town and the Beacon Hill adjoining, which, when it falls down into +the sea, where it is beaten with the waves and the weather, turns +gradually into stone. But the chief reason assigned is from the +water of a certain spring or well, which, rising in the said cliff, +runs down into the sea among those pieces of clay, and petrifies +them as it runs; and the force of the sea often stirring, and +perhaps turning, the lumps of clay, when storms of wind may give +force enough to the water, causes them to harden everywhere alike; +otherwise those which were not quite sunk in the water of the +spring would be petrified but in part. These stones are gathered +up to pave the streets and build the houses, and are indeed very +hard. It is also remarkable that some of them taken up before they +are thoroughly petrified will, upon breaking them, appear to be +hard as a stone without and soft as clay in the middle; whereas +others that have lain a due time shall be thorough stone to the +centre, and as exceeding hard within as without. The same spring +is said to turn wood into iron. But this I take to be no more or +less than the quality, which, as I mentioned of the shore at the +Naze, is found to be in much of the stone all along this shore, +viz., of the copperas kind; and it is certain that the copperas +stone (so called) is found in all that cliff, and even where the +water of this spring has run; and I presume that those who call the +hardened pieces of wood, which they take out of this well by the +name of iron, never tried the quality of it with the fire or +hammer; if they had, perhaps they would have given some other +account of it. + +On the promontory of land which they call Beacon Hill and which +lies beyond or behind the town towards the sea, there is a +lighthouse to give the ships directions in their sailing by as well +as their coming into the harbour in the night. I shall take notice +of these again all together when I come to speak of the Society of +Trinity House, as they are called, by whom they are all directed +upon this coast. + +This town was erected into a marquisate in honour of the truly +glorious family of Schomberg, the eldest son of Duke Schomberg, who +landed with King William, being styled Marquis of Harwich; but that +family (in England, at least) being extinct the title dies also. + +Harwich is a town of hurry and business, not much of gaiety and +pleasure; yet the inhabitants seem warm in their nests, and some of +them are very wealthy. There are not many (if any) gentlemen or +families of note either in the town or very near it. They send two +members to Parliament; the present are Sir Peter Parker and +Humphrey Parsons, Esq. + +And now being at the extremity of the county of Essex, of which I +have given you some view as to that side next the sea only, I shall +break off this part of my letter by telling you that I will take +the towns which lie more towards the centre of the county, in my +return by the north and west part only, that I may give you a few +hints of some towns which were near me in my route this way, and of +which being so well known there is but little to say. + +On the road from London to Colchester, before I came into it at +Witham, lie four good market towns at equal distance from one +another, namely, Romford, noted for two markets, viz., one for +calves and hogs, the other for corn and other provisions, most, if +not all, bought up for London market. At the farther end of the +town, in the middle of a stately park, stood Guldy Hall, vulgarly +Giddy Hall, an ancient seat of one Coke, sometime Lord Mayor of +London, but forfeited on some occasion to the Crown. It is since +pulled down to the ground, and there now stands a noble stately +fabric or mansion house, built upon the spot by Sir John Eyles, a +wealthy merchant of London, and chosen Sub-Governor of the South +Sea Company immediately after the ruin of the former Sub-Governor +and Directors, whose overthrow makes the history of these times +famous. + +Brentwood and Ingatestone, and even Chelmsford itself, have very +little to be said of them, but that they are large thoroughfare +towns, full of good inns, and chiefly maintained by the excessive +multitude of carriers and passengers which are constantly passing +this way to London with droves of cattle, provisions, and +manufactures for London. + +The last of these towns is indeed the county town, where the county +gaol is kept, and where the assizes are very often held; it stands +on the conflux of two rivers--the Chelmer, whence the town is +called, and the Cann. + +At Lees, or Lee's Priory, as some call it, is to be seen an ancient +house in the middle of a beautiful park, formerly the seat of the +late Duke of Manchester, but since the death of the duke it is sold +to the Duchess Dowager of Buckinghamshire, the present Duke of +Manchester retiring to his ancient family seat at Kimbolton in +Huntingdonshire, it being a much finer residence. His grace is +lately married to a daughter of the Duke of Montagu by a branch of +the house of Marlborough. + +Four market towns fill up the rest of this part of the country-- +Dunmow, Braintree, Thaxted, and Coggeshall--all noted for the +manufacture of bays, as above, and for very little else, except I +shall make the ladies laugh at the famous old story of the Flitch +of Bacon at Dunmow, which is this: + +One Robert Fitzwalter, a powerful baron in this county in the time +of Henry III., on some merry occasion, which is not preserved in +the rest of the story, instituted a custom in the priory here: +That whatever married man did not repent of his being married, or +quarrel or differ and dispute with his wife within a year and a day +after his marriage, and would swear to the truth of it, kneeling +upon two hard pointed stones in the churchyard, which stones he +caused to be set up in the Priory churchyard for that purpose, the +prior and convent, and as many of the town as would, to be present, +such person should have a flitch of bacon. + +I do not remember to have read that any one ever came to demand it; +nor do the people of the place pretend to say, of their own +knowledge, that they remember any that did so. A long time ago +several did demand it, as they say, but they know not who; neither +is there any record of it, nor do they tell us, if it were now to +be demanded, who is obliged to deliver the flitch of bacon, the +priory being dissolved and gone. + +The forest of Epping and Hainault spreads a great part of this +country still. I shall speak again of the former in my return from +this circuit. Formerly, it is thought, these two forests took up +all the west and south part of the county; but particularly we are +assured, that it reached to the River Chelmer, and into Dengy +Hundred, and from thence again west to Epping and Waltham, where it +continues to be a forest still. + +Probably this forest of Epping has been a wild or forest ever since +this island was inhabited, and may show us, in some parts of it, +where enclosures and tillage has not broken in upon it, what the +face of this island was before the Romans' time; that is to say, +before their landing in Britain. + +The constitution of this forest is best seen, I mean as to the +antiquity of it, by the merry grant of it from Edward the Confessor +before the Norman Conquest to Randolph Peperking, one of his +favourites, who was after called Peverell, and whose name remains +still in several villages in this county; as particularly that of +Hatfield Peverell, in the road from Chelmsford to Witham, which is +supposed to be originally a park, which they called a field in +those days; and Hartfield may be as much as to say a park for doer; +for the stags were in those days called harts, so that this was +neither more nor less than Randolph Peperking's Hartfield--that is +to say, Ralph Peverell's deer-park. + +N.B.--This Ralph Randolph, or Ralph Peverell (call him as you +please), had, it seems, a most beautiful lady to his wife, who was +daughter of Ingelrick, one of Edward the Confessor's noblemen. He +had two sons by her--William Peverell, a famed soldier, and lord or +governor of Dover Castle, which he surrendered to William the +Conqueror, after the battle in Sussex, and Pain Peverell, his +youngest, who was lord of Cambridge. When the eldest son delivered +up the castle, the lady, his mother, above named, who was the +celebrated beauty of the age, was it seems there, and the Conqueror +fell in love with her, and whether by force or by consent, took her +away, and she became his mistress, or what else you please to call +it. By her he had a son, who was called William, after the +Conqueror's Christian name, but retained the name of Peverell, and +was afterwards created by the Conqueror lord of Nottingham. + +This lady afterwards, as is supposed, by way of penance for her +yielding to the Conqueror, founded a nunnery at the village of +Hatfield Peverell, mentioned above, and there she lies buried in +the chapel of it, which is now the parish church, where her memory +is preserved by a tombstone under one of the windows. + +Thus we have several towns, where any ancient parks have been +placed, called by the name of Hatfield on that very account. As +Hatfield Broad Oak in this county, Bishop's Hatfield in +Hertfordshire, and several others. + +But I return to King Edward's merry way, as I call it, of granting +this forest to this Ralph Peperking, which I find in the ancient +records, in the very words it was passed in, as follows. Take my +explanations with it for the sake of those that are not used to the +ancient English: + + +The Grant in Old English. + +IChe EDWARD Koning, +Have given of my Forrest the kepen of the Hundred of Chelmer and +Dancing. +To RANDOLPH PEPERKING, +And to his kindling. +With Heorte and Hind, Doe and Bocke, +Hare and Fox, Cat and Brock, +Wild Fowle with his Flock; +Patrich, Pheasant Hen, and Pheasant Cock, +With green and wild Stub and Stock, +To kepen and to yemen with all her might. +Both by Day, and eke by Night; +And Hounds for to hold, +Good and Swift and Bold: +Four Greyhound and six Raches, +For Hare and Fox, and Wild Cattes, +And therefore Iche made him my Book. +Witness the Bishop of Wolston. +And Booke ylrede many on, +And Sweyne of Essex, our Brother, +And taken him many other +And our steward Howlein, +That By sought me for him. + + +The Explanation in Modern English + + +I Edward the king, +Have made ranger of my forest of Chelmsford hundred and Deering +hundred, +Ralph Peverell, for him and his heirs for ever; +With both the red and fallow deer. +Hare and fox, otter and badger; +Wild fowl of all sorts, +Partridges and pheasants, +Timber and underwood roots and tops; +With power to preserve the forest, +And watch it against deer-stealers and others: +With a right to keep hounds of all sorts, +Four greyhounds and six terriers, +Harriers and foxhounds, and other hounds. +And to this end I have registered this my grant in the crown rolls +or books; +To which the bishop has set his hand as a witness for any one to +read. +Also signed by the king's brother (or, as some think, the +Chancellor Sweyn, then Earl or Count of Essex). +He might call such other witnesses to sign as he thought fit. +Also the king's high steward was a witness, at whose request this +grant was obtained of the king. + + +There are many gentlemen's seats on this side the country, and a +great assembly set up at New Hall, near this town, much resorted to +by the neighbouring gentry. I shall next proceed to the county of +Suffolk, as my first design directed me to do. + +From Harwich, therefore, having a mind to view the harbour, I sent +my horses round by Manningtree, where there is a timber bridge over +the Stour, called Cataway Bridge, and took a boat up the River +Orwell for Ipswich. A traveller will hardly understand me, +especially a seaman, when I speak of the River Stour and the River +Orwell at Harwich, for they know them by no other names than those +of Manningtree water and Ipswich water; so while I am on salt +water, I must speak as those who use the sea may understand me, and +when I am up in the country among the inland towns again, I shall +call them out of their names no more. + +It is twelve miles from Harwich up the water to Ipswich. Before I +come to the town, I must say something of it, because speaking of +the river requires it. In former times, that is to say, since the +writer of this remembers the place very well, and particularly just +before the late Dutch wars, Ipswich was a town of very good +business; particularly it was the greatest town in England for +large colliers or coal-ships employed between Newcastle and London. +Also they built the biggest ships and the best, for the said +fetching of coals of any that were employed in that trade. They +built, also, there so prodigious strong, that it was an ordinary +thing for an Ipswich collier, if no disaster happened to him, to +reign (as seamen call it) forty or fifty years, and more. + +In the town of Ipswich the masters of these ships generally dwelt, +and there were, as they then told me, above a hundred sail of them, +belonging to the town at one time, the least of which carried +fifteen score, as they compute it, that is, 300 chaldron of coals; +this was about the year 1668 (when I first knew the place). This +made the town be at that time so populous, for those masters, as +they had good ships at sea, so they had large families who lived +plentifully, and in very good houses in the town, and several +streets were chiefly inhabited by such. + +The loss or decay of this trade accounts for the present pretended +decay of the town of Ipswich, of which I shall speak more +presently. The ships wore out, the masters died off, the trade +took a new turn; Dutch flyboats taken in the war, and made free +ships by Act of Parliament, thrust themselves into the coal-trade +for the interest of the captors, such as the Yarmouth and London +merchants, and others; and the Ipswich men dropped gradually out of +it, being discouraged by those Dutch flyboats. These Dutch +vessels, which cost nothing but the caption, were bought cheap, +carried great burthens, and the Ipswich building fell off for want +of price, and so the trade decayed, and the town with it. I +believe this will be owned for the true beginning of their decay, +if I must allow it to be called a decay. + +But to return to my passage up the river. In the winter-time those +great collier ships, above-mentioned, are always laid up, as they +call it; that is to say, the coal trade abates at London, the +citizens are generally furnished, their stores taken in, and the +demand is over; so that the great ships, the northern seas and +coast being also dangerous, the nights long, and the voyage +hazardous, go to sea no more, but lie by, the ships are unrigged, +the sails, etc., carried ashore, the top-masts struck, and they +ride moored in the river, under the advantages and security of +sound ground, and a high woody shore, where they lie as safe as in +a wet dock; and it was a very agreeable sight to see, perhaps two +hundred sail of ships, of all sizes, lie in that posture every +winter. All this while, which was usually from Michaelmas to Lady +Day, the masters lived calm and secure with their families in +Ipswich; and enjoying plentifully, what in the summer they got +laboriously at sea, and this made the town of Ipswich very populous +in the winter; for as the masters, so most of the men, especially +their mates, boatswains, carpenters, etc., were of the same place, +and lived in their proportions, just as the masters did; so that in +the winter there might be perhaps a thousand men in the town more +than in the summer, and perhaps a greater number. + +To justify what I advance here, that this town was formerly very +full of people, I ask leave to refer to the account of Mr. Camden, +and what it was in his time. His words are these:- "Ipswich has a +commodious harbour, has been fortified with a ditch and rampart, +has a great trade, and is very populous, being adorned with +fourteen churches, and large private buildings." This confirms +what I have mentioned of the former state of this town; but the +present state is my proper work; I therefore return to my voyage up +the river. + +The sight of these ships thus laid up in the river, as I have said, +was very agreeable to me in my passage from Harwich, about five and +thirty years before the present journey; and it was in its +proportion equally melancholy to hear that there were now scarce +forty sail of good colliers that belonged to the whole town. + +In a creek in this river, called Lavington Creek, we saw at low +water such shoals, or hills rather, of mussels, that great boats +might have loaded with them, and no miss have been made of them. +Near this creek, Sir Samuel Barnadiston had a very fine seat, as, +also, a decoy for wild ducks, and a very noble estate; but it is +divided into many branches since the death of the ancient +possessor. But I proceed to the town, which is the first in the +county of Suffolk of any note this way. + +Ipswich is seated, at the distance of twelve miles from Harwich, +upon the edge of the river, which, taking a short turn to the west, +the town forms, there, a kind of semicircle, or half moon, upon the +bank of the river. It is very remarkable, that though ships of 500 +ton may, upon a spring tide, come up very near this town, and many +ships of that burthen have been built there, yet the river is not +navigable any farther than the town itself, or but very little; no, +not for the smallest beats; nor does the tide, which rises +sometimes thirteen or fourteen feet, and gives them twenty-four +feet water very near the town, flow much farther up the river than +the town, or not so much as to make it worth speaking of. + +He took little notice of the town, or at least of that part of +Ipswich, who published in his wild observations on it that ships of +200 ton are built there. I affirm, that I have seen a ship of 400 +ton launched at the building-yard, close to the town; and I appeal +to the Ipswich colliers (those few that remain) belonging to this +town, if several of them carrying seventeen score of coals, which +must be upward of 400 ton, have not formerly been built here; but +superficial observers must be superficial writers, if they write at +all; and to this day, at John's Ness, within a mile and a half of +the town itself, ships of any burthen may be built and launched +even at neap tides. + +I am much mistaken, too, if since the Revolution some very good +ships have not been built at this town, and particularly the +Melford or Milford galley, a ship of forty guns; as the Greyhound +frigate, a man-of-war of thirty-six to forty guns, was at John's +Ness. But what is this towards lessening the town of Ipswich, any +more than it would be to say, they do not build men-of-war, or East +India ships, or ships of five hundred ton burden at St. Catherines, +or at Battle Bridge in the Thames? when we know that a mile or two +lower, viz., at Radcliffe, Limehouse, or Deptford, they build ships +of a thousand ton, and might build first-rate men-of-war too, if +there was occasion; and the like might be done in this river of +Ipswich, within about two or three miles of the town; so that it +would not be at all an out-of-the-way speaking to say, such a ship +was built at Ipswich, any more than it is to say, as they do, that +the Royal Prince, the great ship lately built for the South Sea +Company, was London built, because she was built at Limehouse. + +And why then is not Ipswich capable of building and receiving the +greatest ships in the navy, seeing they may be built and brought up +again laden, within a mile and half of the town? + +But the neighbourhood of London, which sucks the vitals of trade in +this island to itself, is the chief reason of any decay of business +in this place; and I shall, in the course of these observations, +hint at it, where many good seaports and large towns, though +farther off than Ipswich, and as well fitted for commerce, are yet +swallowed up by the immense indraft of trade to the City of London; +and more decayed beyond all comparison than Ipswich is supposed to +be: as Southampton, Weymouth, Dartmouth, and several others which +I shall speak to in their order; and if it be otherwise at this +time, with some other towns, which are lately increased in trade +and navigation, wealth, and people, while their neighbours decay, +it is because they have some particular trade, or accident to +trade, which is a kind of nostrum to them, inseparable to the +place, and which fixes there by the nature of the thing; as the +herring-fishery to Yarmouth; the coal trade to Newcastle; the Leeds +clothing trade; the export of butter and lead, and the great corn +trade for Holland, is to Hull; the Virginia and West India trade at +Liverpool; the Irish trade at Bristol, and the like. Thus the war +has brought a flux of business and people, and consequently of +wealth, to several places, as well as to Portsmouth, Chatham, +Plymouth, Falmouth, and others; and were any wars like those, to +continue twenty years with the Dutch, or any nation whose fleets +lay that way, as the Dutch do, it would be the like perhaps at +Ipswich in a few years, and at other places on the same coast. + +But at this present time an occasion offers to speak in favour of +this port; namely, the Greenland fishery, lately proposed to be +carried on by the South Sea Company. On which account I may freely +advance this, without any compliment to the town of Ipswich, no +place in Britain is equally qualified like Ipswich; whether we +respect the cheapness of building and fitting out their ships and +shallops; also furnishing, victualling, and providing them with all +kinds of stores; convenience for laying up the ships after the +voyage, room for erecting their magazines, warehouses, rope walks, +cooperages, etc., on the easiest terms; and especially for the +noisome cookery, which attends the boiling their blubber, which may +be on this river (as it ought to be) remote from any places of +resort. Then their nearness to the market for the oil when it is +made, and which, above all, ought to be the chief thing considered +in that trade, the easiness of their putting out to sea when they +begin their voyage, in which the same wind that carries them from +the mouth of the haven, is fair to the very seas of Greenland. + +I could say much more to this point if it were needful, and in few +words could easily prove, that Ipswich must have the preference of +all the port towns of Britain, for being the best centre of the +Greenland trade, if ever that trade fall into the management of +such a people as perfectly understand, and have a due honest regard +to its being managed with the best husbandry, and to the prosperity +of the undertaking in general. But whether we shall ever arrive at +so happy a time as to recover so useful a trade to our country, +which our ancestors had the honour to be the first undertakers of, +and which has been lost only through the indolence of others, and +the increasing vigilance of our neighbours, that is not my business +here to dispute. + +What I have said is only to let the world see what improvement this +town and port is capable of; I cannot think but that Providence, +which made nothing in vain, cannot have reserved so useful, so +convenient a port to lie vacant in the world, but that the time +will some time or other come (especially considering the improving +temper of the present age) when some peculiar beneficial business +may be found out, to make the port of Ipswich as useful to the +world, and the town as flourishing, as Nature has made it proper +and capable to be. + +As for the town, it is true, it is but thinly inhabited, in +comparison of the extent of it; but to say there are hardly any +people to be seen there, is far from being true in fact; and +whoever thinks fit to look into the churches and meeting-houses on +a Sunday, or other public days, will find there are very great +numbers of people there. Or if he thinks fit to view the market, +and see how the large shambles, called Cardinal Wolsey's Butchery, +are furnished with meat, and the rest of the market stocked with +other provisions, must acknowledge that it is not for a few people +that all those things are provided. A person very curious, and on +whose veracity I think I may depend, going through the market in +this town, told me, that he reckoned upwards of six hundred country +people on horseback and on foot, with baskets and other carriage, +who had all of them brought something or other to town to sell, +besides the butchers, and what came in carts and waggons. + +It happened to be my lot to be once at this town at the time when a +very fine new ship, which was built there for some merchants of +London, was to be launched; and if I may give my guess at the +numbers of people which appeared on the shore, in the houses, and +on the river, I believe I am much within compass if I say there +were 20,000 people to see it; but this is only a guess, or they +might come a great way to see the sight, or the town may be +declined farther since that. But a view of the town is one of the +surest rules for a gross estimate. + +It is true here is no settled manufacture. The French refugees +when they first came over to England began a little to take to this +place, and some merchants attempted to set up a linen manufacture +in their favour; but it has not met with so much success as was +expected, and at present I find very little of it. The poor people +are, however, employed, as they are all over these counties, in +spinning wool for other towns where manufactures are settled. + +The country round Ipswich, as are all the counties so near the +coast, is applied chiefly to corn, of which a very great quantity +is continually shipped off for London; and sometimes they load corn +here for Holland, especially if the market abroad is encouraging. +They have twelve parish churches in this town, with three or four +meetings; but there are not so many Quakers here as at Colchester, +and no Anabaptists or Antipoedo Baptists, that I could hear of--at +least, there is no meeting-house of that denomination. There is +one meeting-house for the Presbyterians, one for the Independents +and one for the Quakers; the first is as large and as fine a +building of that kind as most on this side of England, and the +inside the best finished of any I have seen, London not excepted; +that for the Independents is a handsome new-built building, but not +so gay or so large as the other. + +There is a great deal of very good company in this town, and though +there are not so many of the gentry here as at Bury, yet there are +more here than in any other town in the county; and I observed +particularly that the company you meet with here are generally +persons well informed of the world, and who have something very +solid and entertaining in their society. This may happen, perhaps, +by their frequent conversing with those who have been abroad, and +by their having a remnant of gentlemen and masters of ships among +them who have seen more of the world than the people of an inland +town are likely to have seen. I take this town to be one of the +most agreeable places in England for families who have lived well, +but may have suffered in our late calamities of stocks and bubbles, +to retreat to, where they may live within their own compass; and +several things indeed recommend it to such:- + +1. Good houses at very easy rents. + +2. An airy, clean, and well-governed town. + +3. Very agreeable and improving company almost of every kind. + +4. A wonderful plenty of all manner of provisions, whether flesh +or fish, and very good of the kind. + +5. Those provisions very cheap, so that a family may live cheaper +here than in any town in England of its bigness within such a small +distance from London. + +6. Easy passage to London, either by land or water, the coach +going through to London in a day. + + +The Lord Viscount Hereford has a very fine seat and park in this +town; the house indeed is old built, but very commodious; it is +called Christ Church, having been, as it is said, a priory or +religious house in former times. The green and park is a great +addition to the pleasantness of this town, the inhabitants being +allowed to divert themselves there with walking, bowling, etc. + +The large spire steeple, which formerly stood upon that they call +the tower church, was blown down by a great storm of wind many +years ago, and in its a fall did much damage to the church. + +The government of this town is by two bailiffs, as at Yarmouth. +Mr. Camden says they are chosen out of twelve burgesses called +portmen, and two justices out of twenty-four more. There has been +lately a very great struggle between the two parties for the choice +of these two magistrates, which had this amicable conclusion-- +namely, that they chose one of either side; so that neither party +having the victory, it is to be hoped it may be a means to allay +the heats and unneighbourly feuds which such things breed in towns +so large as this is. They send two members to Parliament, whereof +those at this time are Sir William Thompson, Recorder of London, +and Colonel Negus, Deputy Master of the Horse to the king. + +There are some things very curious to be seen here, however some +superficial writers have been ignorant of them. Dr. Beeston, an +eminent physician, began a few years ago a physic garden adjoining +to his house in this town; and as he is particularly curious, and, +as I was told, exquisitely skilled in botanic knowledge, so he has +been not only very diligent, but successful too, in making a +collection of rare and exotic plants, such as are scarce to be +equalled in England. + +One Mr. White, a surgeon, resides also in this town. But before I +speak of this gentleman, I must observe that I say nothing from +personal knowledge; though if I did, I have too good an opinion of +his sense to believe he would be pleased with being flattered or +complimented in print. But I must be true to matter of fact. This +gentleman has begun a collection or chamber of rarities, and with +good success too. I acknowledge I had not the opportunity of +seeing them; but I was told there are some things very curious in +it, as particularly a sea-horse carefully preserved, and perfect in +all its parts; two Roman urns full of ashes of human bodies, and +supposed to be above 1,700 years old; besides a great many valuable +medals and ancient coins. My friend who gave me this account, and +of whom I think I may say he speaks without bias, mentions this +gentleman, Mr. White, with some warmth as a very valuable person in +his particular employ of a surgeon. I only repeat his words. "Mr. +White," says he, "to whom the whole town and country are greatly +indebted and obliged to pray for his life, is our most skilful +surgeon." These, I say, are his own words, and I add nothing to +them but this, that it is happy for a town to have such a surgeon, +as it is for a surgeon to have such a character. + +The country round Ipswich, as if qualified on purpose to +accommodate the town for building of ships, is an inexhaustible +store-house of timber, of which, now their trade of building ships +is abated, they send very great quantities to the king's building- +yards at Chatham, which by water is so little a way that they often +run to it from the mouth of the river at Harwich in one tide. + +From Ipswich I took a turn into the country to Hadleigh, +principally to satisfy my curiosity and see the place where that +famous martyr and pattern of charity and religious zeal in Queen +Mary's time, Dr. Rowland Taylor, was put to death. The +inhabitants, who have a wonderful veneration for his memory, show +the very place where the stake which he was bound to was set up, +and they have put a stone upon it which nobody will remove; but it +is a more lasting monument to him that he lives in the hearts of +the people--I say more lasting than a tomb of marble would be, for +the memory of that good man will certainly never be out of the poor +people's minds as long as this island shall retain the Protestant +religion among them. How long that may be, as things are going, +and if the detestable conspiracy of the Papists now on foot should +succeed, I will not pretend to say. + +A little to the left is Sudbury, which stands upon the River Stour, +mentioned above--a river which parts the counties of Suffolk and +Essex, and which is within these few years made navigable to this +town, though the navigation does not, it seems, answer the charge, +at least not to advantage. + +I know nothing for which this town is remarkable, except for being +very populous and very poor. They have a great manufacture of says +and perpetuanas, and multitudes of poor people are employed in +working them; but the number of the poor is almost ready to eat up +the rich. However, this town sends two members to Parliament, +though it is under no form of government particularly to itself +other than as a village, the head magistrate whereof is a +constable. + +Near adjoining to it is a village called Long Melfort, and a very +long one it is, from which I suppose it had that addition to its +name; it is full of very good houses, and, as they told me, is +richer, and has more wealthy masters of the manufacture in it, than +in Sudbury itself. + +Here and in the neighbourhood are some ancient families of good +note; particularly here is a fine dwelling, the ancient seat of the +Cordells, whereof Sir William Cordell was Master of the Rolls in +the time of Queen Elizabeth; but the family is now extinct, the +last heir, Sir John Cordell, being killed by a fall from his horse, +died unmarried, leaving three sisters co-heiresses to a very noble +estate, most of which, if not all, is now centred on the only +surviving sister, and with her in marriage is given to Mr. +Firebrass, eldest son of Sir Basil Firebrass, formerly a +flourishing merchant in London, but reduced by many disasters. His +family now rises by the good fortune of his son, who proves to be a +gentleman of very agreeable parts, and well esteemed in the +country. + +From this part of the country, I returned north-west by Lenham, to +visit St. Edmund's Bury, a town of which other writers have talked +very largely, and perhaps a little too much. It is a town famed +for its pleasant situation and wholesome air, the Montpelier of +Suffolk, and perhaps of England. This must be attributed to the +skill of the monks of those times, who chose so beautiful a +situation for the seat of their retirement; and who built here the +greatest and, in its time, the most flourishing monastery in all +these parts of England, I mean the monastery of St. Edmund the +Martyr. It was, if we believe antiquity, a house of pleasure in +more ancient times, or to speak more properly, a court of some of +the Saxon or East Angle kings; and, as Mr. Camden says, was even +then called a royal village, though it much better merits that name +now; it being the town of all this part of England, in proportion +to its bigness, most thronged with gentry, people of the best +fashion, and the most polite conversation. This beauty and +healthiness of its situation was no doubt the occasion which drew +the clergy to settle here, for they always chose the best places in +the country to build in, either for richness of soil, or for health +and pleasure in the situation of their religious houses. + +For the like reason, I doubt not, they translated the bones of the +martyred king St. Edmund to this place; for it is a vulgar error to +say he was murdered here. His martyrdom, it is plain, was at Hoxon +or Henilsdon, near Harlston, on the Waveney, in the farthest +northern verge of the county; but Segebert, king of the East +Angles, had built a religions house in this pleasant rich part of +the county; and as the monks began to taste the pleasure of the +place, they procured the body of this saint to be removed hither, +which soon increased the wealth and revenues of their house, by the +zeal of that day, in going on pilgrimage to the shrine of the +blessed St. Edmund. + +We read, however, that after this the Danes, under King Sweno, +over-running this part of the country, destroyed this monastery and +burnt it to the ground, with the church and town. But see the turn +religion gives to things in the world; his son, King Canutus, at +first a Pagan and a tyrant, and the most cruel ravager of all that +crew, coming to turn Christian, and being touched in conscience for +the soul of his father, in having robbed God and his holy martyr +St. Edmund, sacrilegiously destroying the church, and plundering +the monastery; I say, touched with remorse, and, as the monks +pretend, terrified with a vision of St. Edmund appearing to him, he +rebuilt the house, the church, and the town also, and very much +added to the wealth of the abbot and his fraternity, offering his +crown at the feet of St. Edmund, giving the house to the monks, +town and all; so that they were absolute lords of the town, and +governed it by their steward for many ages. He also gave them a +great many good lordships, which they enjoyed till the general +suppression of abbeys, in the time of Henry VIII. + +But I am neither writing the history or searching the antiquity of +the abbey, or town; my business is the present state of the place. + +The abbey is demolished; its ruins are all that is to be seen of +its glory: out of the old building, two very beautiful churches +are built, and serve the two parishes, into which the town is +divided, and they stand both in one churchyard. Here it was, in +the path-way between these two churches, that a tragical and almost +unheard-of act of barbarity was committed, which made the place +less pleasant for some time than it used to be, when Arundel Coke, +Esq., a barrister-at-law, of a very ancient family, attempted, with +the assistance of a barbarous assassin, to murder in cold blood, +and in the arms of hospitality, Edward Crisp, Esq., his brother-in- +law, leading him out from his own house, where he had invited him, +his wife and children, to supper; I say, leading him out in the +night, on pretence of going to see some friend that was known to +them both; but in this churchyard, giving a signal to the assassin +he had hired, he attacked him with a hedge-bill, and cut him, as +one might say, almost in pieces; and when they did not doubt of his +being dead, they left him. His head and face was so mangled, that +it may be said to be next to a miracle that he was not quite +killed: yet so Providence directed for the exemplary punishment of +the assassins, that the gentleman recovered to detect them, who +(though he outlived the assault) were both executed as they +deserved, and Mr. Crisp is yet alive. They were condemned on the +statute for defacing and dismembering, called the Coventry Act. + +But this accident does not at all lessen the pleasure and agreeable +delightful show of the town of Bury; it is crowded with nobility +and gentry, and all sorts of the most agreeable company; and as the +company invites, so there is the appearance of pleasure upon the +very situation; and they that live at Bury are supposed to live +there for the sake of it. + +The Lord Jermin, afterwards Lord Dover, and, since his lordship's +decease, Sir Robert Davers, enjoyed the most delicious seat of +Rushbrook, near this town. + +The present members of Parliament for this place are Jermyn Davers +and James Reynolds, Esquires. + +Mr. Harvey, afterwards created Lord Harvey, by King William, and +since that made Earl of Bristol by King George, lived many years in +this town, leaving a noble and pleasantly situated house in +Lincolnshire, for the more agreeable living on a spot so completely +qualified for a life of delight as this of Bury. + +The Duke of Grafton, now Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, has also a +stately house at Euston, near this town, which he enjoys in right +of his mother, daughter to the Earl of Arlington, one of the chief +ministers of State in the reign of King Charles II., and who made +the second letter in the word "cabal," a word formed by that famous +satirist Andrew Marvell, to represent the five heads of the +politics of that time, as the word "smectymnus" was on a former +occasion. + +I shall believe nothing so scandalous of the ladies of this town +and the country round it as a late writer insinuates. That the +ladies round the country appear mighty gay and agreeable at the +time of the fair in this town I acknowledge; one hardly sees such a +show in any part of the world; but to suggest they come hither, as +to a market, is so coarse a jest, that the gentlemen that wait on +them hither (for they rarely come but in good company) ought to +resent and correct him for it. + +It is true, Bury Fair, like Bartholomew Fair, is a fair for +diversion, more than for trade; and it may be a fair for toys and +for trinkets, which the ladies may think fit to lay out some of +their money in, as they see occasion. But to judge from thence +that the knights' daughters of Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and +Suffolk--that is to say, for it cannot be understood any otherwise, +the daughters of all the gentry of the three counties--come hither +to be picked up, is a way of speaking I never before heard any +author have the assurance to make use of in print. + +The assembly he justly commends for the bright appearance of the +beauties; but with a sting in the tail of this compliment, where he +says they seldom end without some considerable match or intrigue; +and yet he owns that during the fair these assemblies are held +every night. Now that these fine ladies go intriguing every night, +and that too after the comedy is done, which is after the fair and +raffling is over for the day, so that it must be very late. This +is a terrible character for the ladies of Bury, and intimates, in +short, that most of them are loose women, which is a horrid abuse +upon the whole country. + +Now, though I like not the assemblies at all, and shall in another +place give them something of their due, yet having the opportunity +to see the fair at Bury, and to see that there were, indeed, +abundance of the finest ladies, or as fine as any in Britain, yet I +must own the number of the ladies at the comedy, or at the +assembly, is no way equal to the number that are seen in the town, +much less are they equal to the whole body of the ladies in the +three counties; and I must also add, that though it is far from +true that all that appear at the assembly are there for matches or +intrigues, yet I will venture to say that they are not the worst of +the ladies who stay away, neither are they the fewest in number or +the meanest in beauty, but just the contrary; and I do not at all +doubt, but that the scandalous liberty some take at those +assemblies will in time bring them out of credit with the virtuous +part of the sex here, as it has done already in Kent and other +places, and that those ladies who most value their reputation will +be seen less there than they have been; for though the institution +of them has been innocent and virtuous, the ill use of them, and +the scandalous behaviour of some people at them, will in time arm +virtue against them, and they will be laid down as they have been +set up without much satisfaction. + +But the beauty of this town consists in the number of gentry who +dwell in and near it, the polite conversation among them, the +affluence and plenty they live in, the sweet air they breathe in, +and the pleasant country they have to go abroad in. + +Here is no manufacturing in this town, or but very little, except +spinning, the chief trade of the place depending upon the gentry +who live there, or near it, and who cannot fail to cause trade +enough by the expense of their families and equipages among the +people of a county town. They have but a very small river, or +rather but a very small branch of a small river, at this town, +which runs from hence to Milden Hall, on the edge of the fens. +However, the town and gentlemen about have been at the charge, or +have so encouraged the engineer who was at the charge, that they +have made this river navigable to the said Milden Hall, from whence +there is a navigable dyke, called Milden Hall Drain, which goes +into the River Ouse, and so to Lynn; so that all their coal and +wine, iron, lead, and other heavy goods, are brought by water from +Lynn, or from London, by the way of Lynn, to the great ease of the +tradesmen. + +This town is famous for two great events. One was that in the year +1447, in the 25th year of Henry VI., a Parliament was held here. + +The other was, that at the meeting of this Parliament, the great +Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, regent of the kingdom during the +absence of King Henry V. and the minority of Henry VI., and to his +last hour the safeguard of the whole nation, and darling of the +people, was basely murdered here; by whose death the gate was +opened to that dreadful war between the houses of Lancaster and +York, which ended in the confusion of that very race who are +supposed to have contrived that murder. + +From St. Edmund's Bury I returned by Stowmarket and Needham to +Ipswich, that I might keep as near the coast as was proper to my +designed circuit or journey; and from Ipswich, to visit the sea +again, I went to Woodbridge, and from thence to Orford, on the sea +side. + +Woodbridge has nothing remarkable, but that it is a considerable +market for butter and corn to be exported to London; for now begins +that part which is ordinarily called High Suffolk, which, being a +rich soil, is for a long tract of ground wholly employed in +dairies, and they again famous for the best butter, and perhaps the +worst cheese, in England. The butter is barrelled, or often +pickled up in small casks, and sold, not in London only, but I have +known a firkin of Suffolk butter sent to the West Indies, and +brought back to England again, and has been perfectly good and +sweet, as at first. + +The port for the shipping off their Suffolk butter is chiefly +Woodbridge, which for that reason is full of corn factors and +butter factors, some of whom are very considerable merchants. + +From hence, turning down to the shore, we see Orfordness, a noted +point of land for the guide of the colliers and coasters, and a +good shelter for them to ride under when a strong north-east wind +blows and makes a foul shore on the coast. + +South of the Ness is Orford Haven, being the mouth of two little +rivers meeting together. It is a very good harbour for small +vessels, but not capable of receiving a ship of burden. + +Orford was once a good town, but is decayed, and as it stands on +the land side of the river the sea daily throws up more land to it, +and falls off itself from it, as if it was resolved to disown the +place, and that it should be a seaport no longer. + +A little farther lies Aldborough, as thriving, though without a +port, as the other is decaying, with a good river in the front of +it. + +There are some gentlemen's seats up farther from the sea, but very +few upon the coast. + +From Aldborough to Dunwich there are no towns of note; even this +town seems to be in danger of being swallowed up, for fame reports +that once they had fifty churches in the town; I saw but one left, +and that not half full of people. + +This town is a testimony of the decay of public things, things of +the most durable nature; and as the old poet expresses it, + + +"By numerous examples we may see, +That towns and cities die as well as we." + + +The ruins of Carthage, of the great city of Jerusalem, or of +ancient Rome, are not at all wonderful to me. The ruins of +Nineveh, which are so entirety sunk as that it is doubtful where +the city stood; the ruins of Babylon, or the great Persepolis, and +many capital cities, which time and the change of monarchies have +overthrown, these, I say, are not at all wonderful, because being +the capitals of great and flourishing kingdoms, where those +kingdoms were overthrown, the capital cities necessarily fell with +them; but for a private town, a seaport, and a town of commerce, to +decay, as it were, of itself (for we never read of Dunwich being +plundered or ruined by any disaster, at least, not of late years); +this, I must confess, seems owing to nothing but to the fate of +things, by which we see that towns, kings, countries, families, and +persons, have all their elevation, their medium, their declination, +and even their destruction in the womb of time, and the course of +nature. It is true, this town is manifestly decayed by the +invasion of the waters, and as other towns seem sufferers by the +sea, or the tide withdrawing from their ports, such as Orford, just +now named, Winchelsea in Kent, and the like, so this town is, as it +were, eaten up by the sea, as above; and the still encroaching +ocean seems to threaten it with a fatal immersion in a few years +more. + +Yet Dunwich, however ruined, retains some share of trade, as +particularly for the shipping of butter, cheese, and corn, which is +so great a business in this county, that it employs a great many +people and ships also; and this port lies right against the +particular part of the county for butter, as Framlingham, Halstead, +etc. Also a very great quantity of corn is bought up hereabout for +the London market; for I shall still touch that point how all the +counties in England contribute something towards the subsistence of +the great city of London, of which the butter here is a very +considerable article; as also coarse cheese, which I mentioned +before, used chiefly for the king's ships. + +Hereabouts they begin to talk of herrings and the fishery; and we +find in the ancient records that this town, which was then equal to +a large city, paid, among other tribute to the government, fifty +thousand of herrings. Here also, and at Swole, or Southole, the +next seaport, they cure sprats in the same manner as they do +herrings at Yarmouth; that is to say, speaking in their own +language, they make red sprats; or to speak good English, they make +sprats red. + +It is remarkable that this town is now so much washed away by the +sea, that what little trade they have is carried on by Walderswick, +a little town near Swole, the vessels coming in there, because the +ruins of Dunwich make the shore there unsafe and uneasy to the +boats; from whence the northern coasting seamen a rude verse of +their own using, and I suppose of their own making, as follows, + + +"Swoul and Dunwich, and Walderswick, +All go in at one lousie creek." + + +This "lousie creek," in short, is a little river at Swoul, which +our late famous atlas-maker calls a good harbour for ships, and +rendezvous of the royal navy; but that by-the-bye; the author, it +seems, knew no better. + +From Dunwich we came to Southwold, the town above-named: this is a +small port town upon the coast, at the mouth of a little river +called the Blith. I found no business the people here were +employed in but the fishery, as above, for herrings and sprats, +which they cure by the help of smoke, as they do at Yarmouth. + +There is but one church in this town, but it is a very large one +and well built, as most of the churches in this county are, and of +impenetrable flint; indeed, there is no occasion for its being so +large, for staying there one Sabbath day, I was surprised to see an +extraordinary large church, capable of receiving five or six +thousand people, and but twenty-seven in it besides the parson and +the clerk; but at the same time the meeting-house of the Dissenters +was full to the very doors, having, as I guessed, from six to eight +hundred people in it. + +This town is made famous for a very great engagement at sea, in the +year 1672, between the English and Dutch fleets, in the bay +opposite to the town, in which, not to be partial to ourselves, the +English fleet was worsted; and the brave Montague, Earl of +Sandwich, Admiral under the Duke of York, lost his life. The ship +Royal Prince, carrying one hundred guns, in which he was, and which +was under him, commanded by Sir Edward Spragg, was burnt, and +several other ships lost, and about six hundred seamen; part of +those killed in the fight were, as I was told, brought on shore +here and buried in the churchyard of this town, as others also were +at Ipswich. + +At this town in particular, and so at all the towns on this coast, +from Orfordness to Yarmouth, is the ordinary place where our summer +friends the swallows first land when they come to visit us; and +here they may be said to embark for their return, when they go back +into warmer climates; and as I think the following remark, though +of so trifling a circumstance, may be both instructing as well as +diverting, it may be very proper in this place. The case is this; +I was some years before at this place, at the latter end of the +year, viz., about the beginning of October, and lodging in a house +that looked into the churchyard, I observed in the evening, an +unusual multitude of birds sitting on the leads of the church. +Curiosity led me to go nearer to see what they were, and I found +they were all swallows; that there was such an infinite number that +they covered the whole roof of the church, and of several houses +near, and perhaps might of more houses which I did not see. This +led me to inquire of a grave gentleman whom I saw near me, what the +meaning was of such a prodigious multitude of swallows sitting +there. "Oh, sir," says he, turning towards the sea, "you may see +the reason; the wind is off sea." I did not seem fully informed by +that expression, so he goes on, "I perceive, sir," says he, "you +are a stranger to it; you must then understand first, that this is +the season of the year when the swallows, their food here failing, +begin to leave us, and return to the country, wherever it be, from +whence I suppose they came; and this being the nearest to the coast +of Holland, they come here to embark" (this he said smiling a +little); "and now, sir," says he, "the weather being too calm or +the wind contrary, they are waiting for a gale, for they are all +wind-bound." + +This was more evident to me, when in the morning I found the wind +had come about to the north-west in the night, and there was not +one swallow to be seen of near a million, which I believe was there +the night before. + +How those creatures know that this part of the Island of Great +Britain is the way to their home, or the way that they are to go; +that this very point is the nearest cut over, or even that the +nearest cut is best for them, that we must leave to the naturalists +to determine, who insist upon it that brutes cannot think. + +Certain it is that the swallows neither come hither for warm +weather nor retire from cold; the thing is of quite another nature. +They, like the shoals of fish in the sea, pursue their prey; they +are a voracious creature, they feed flying; their food is found in +the air, viz., the insects, of which in our summer evenings, in +damp and moist places, the air is full. They come hither in the +summer because our air is fuller of fogs and damps than in other +countries, and for that reason feeds great quantities of insects. +If the air be hot and dry the gnats die of themselves, and even the +swallows will be found famished for want, and fall down dead out of +the air, their food being taken from them. In like manner, when +cold weather comes in the insects all die, and then of necessity +the swallows quit us, and follow their food wherever they go. This +they do in the manner I have mentioned above, for sometimes they +are seen to go off in vast flights like a cloud. And sometimes +again, when the wind grows fair, they go away a few and a few as +they come, not staying at all upon the coast. + +Note.--This passing and re-passing of the swallows is observed +nowhere so much, that I have heard of, or in but few other places, +except on this eastern coast, namely, from above Harwich to the +east point of Norfolk, called Winterton Ness, North, which is all +right against Holland. We know nothing of them any farther north, +the passage of the sea being, as I suppose, too broad from +Flamborough Head and the shore of Holderness in Yorkshire, etc. + +I find very little remarkable on this side of Suffolk, but what is +on the sea-shore as above. The inland country is that which they +properly call High Suffolk, and is full of rich feeding grounds and +large farms, mostly employed in dairies for making the Suffolk +butter and cheese, of which I have spoken already. Among these +rich grounds stand some market towns, though not of very +considerable note; such as Framlingham, where was once a royal +castle, to which Queen Mary retired when the Northumberland +faction, in behalf of the Lady Jane, endeavoured to supplant her. +And it was this part of Suffolk where the Gospellers, as they were +then called, preferred their loyalty to their religion, and +complimented the Popish line at expense of their share of the +Reformation. But they paid dear for it, and their successors have +learned better politics since. + +In these parts are also several good market towns, some in this +county and some in the other, as Beccles, Bungay, Harlston, etc., +all on the edge of the River Waveney, which parts here the counties +of Suffolk and Norfolk. And here in a bye-place, and out of common +remark, lies the ancient town of Hoxon, famous for being the place +where St. Edmund was martyred, for whom so many cells and shrines +have been set up and monasteries built, and in honour of whom the +famous monastery of St. Edmundsbury, above mentioned, was founded, +which most people erroneously think was the place where the said +murder was committed. + +Besides the towns mentioned above, there are Halesworth, +Saxmundham, Debenham, Aye, or Eye, all standing in this eastern +side of Suffolk, in which, as I have said, the whole country is +employed in dairies or in feeding of cattle. + +This part of England is also remarkable for being the first where +the feeding and fattening of cattle, both sheep as well as black +cattle, with turnips, was first practised in England, which is made +a very great part of the improvement of their lands to this day, +and from whence the practice is spread over most of the east and +south parts of England to the great enriching of the farmers and +increase of fat cattle. And though some have objected against the +goodness of the flesh thus fed with turnips, and have fancied it +would taste of the root, yet upon experience it is found that at +market there is no difference, nor can they that buy single out one +joint of mutton from another by the taste. So that the complaint +which our nice palates at first made begins to cease of itself, and +a very great quantity of beef and mutton also is brought every year +and every week to London from this side of England, and much more +than was formerly known to be fed there. + +I cannot omit, however little it may seem, that this county of +Suffolk is particularly famous for furnishing the City of London +and all the counties round with turkeys, and that it is thought +there are more turkeys bred in this county and the part of Norfolk +that adjoins to it than in all the rest of England, especially for +sale, though this may be reckoned, as I say above, but a trifling +thing to take notice of in these remarks; yet, as I have hinted, +that I shall observe how London is in general supplied with all its +provisions from the whole body of the nation, and how every part of +the island is engaged in some degree or other of that supply. On +this account I could not omit it, nor will it be found so +inconsiderable an article as some may imagine, if this be true, +which I received an account of from a person living on the place, +viz., that they have counted three hundred droves of turkeys (for +they drive them all in droves on foot) pass in one season over +Stratford Bridge on the River Stour, which parts Suffolk from +Essex, about six miles from Colchester, on the road from Ipswich to +London. These droves, as they say, generally contain from three +hundred to a thousand each drove; so that one may suppose them to +contain five hundred one with another, which is one hundred and +fifty thousand in all; and yet this is one of the least passages, +the numbers which travel by Newmarket Heath and the open country +and the forest, and also the numbers that come by Sudbury and Clare +being many more. + +For the further supplies of the markets of London with poultry, of +which these countries particularly abound, they have within these +few years found it practicable to make the geese travel on foot +too, as well as the turkeys, and a prodigious number are brought up +to London in droves from the farthest parts of Norfolk; even from +the fen country about Lynn, Downham, Wisbech, and the Washes; as +also from all the east side of Norfolk and Suffolk, of whom it is +very frequent now to meet droves with a thousand, sometimes two +thousand in a drove. They begin to drive them generally in August, +by which time the harvest is almost over, and the geese may feed in +the stubbles as they go. Thus they hold on to the end of October, +when the roads begin to be too stiff and deep for their broad feet +and short legs to march in. + +Besides these methods of driving these creatures on foot, they have +of late also invented a new method of carriage, being carts formed +on purpose, with four stories or stages to put the creatures in one +above another, by which invention one cart will carry a very great +number; and for the smoother going they drive with two horses +abreast, like a coach, so quartering the road for the ease of the +gentry that thus ride. Changing horses, they travel night and day, +so that they bring the fowls seventy, eighty, or, one hundred miles +in two days and one night. The horses in this new-fashioned +voiture go two abreast, as above, but no perch below, as in a +coach, but they are fastened together by a piece of wood lying +crosswise upon their necks, by which they are kept even and +together, and the driver sits on the top of the cart like as in the +public carriages for the army, etc. + +In this manner they hurry away the creatures alive, and infinite +numbers are thus carried to London every year. This method is also +particular for the carrying young turkeys or turkey poults in their +season, which are valuable, and yield a good price at market; as +also for live chickens in the dear seasons, of all which a very +great number are brought in this manner to London, and more +prodigiously out of this country than any other part of England, +which is the reason of my speaking of it here. + +In this part, which we call High Suffolk, there are not so many +families of gentry or nobility placed as in the other side of the +country. But it is observed that though their seats are not so +frequent here, their estates are; and the pleasure of West Suffolk +is much of it supported by the wealth of High Suffolk, for the +richness of the lands and application of the people to all kinds of +improvement is scarce credible; also the farmers are so very +considerable and their farms and dairies so large that it is very +frequent for a farmer to have 1,000 pounds stock upon his farm in +cows only. + + +NORFOLK + + +From High Suffolk I passed the Waveney into Norfolk, near Schole +Inn. In my passage I saw at Redgrave (the seat of the family) a +most exquisite monument of Sir John Holt, Knight, late Lord Chief +Justice of the King's Bench several years, and one of the most +eminent lawyers of his time. One of the heirs of the family is now +building a fine seat about a mile on the south side of Ipswich, +near the road. + +The epitaph or inscription on this monument is as follows:- + + +M. S. +D. Johannis Holt, Equitis Aur. +Totius Anglioe in Banco Regis +per 21 Annos continuos +Capitalis Justitiarii +Gulielmo Regi Annoequr Reginae +Consiliarii perpetui: +Libertatis ac Legum Anglicarum +Assertoris, Vindicis, Custodis, +Vigilis Acris & intrepidi, +Rolandus Frater Uncius & Hoeres +Optime de se Merito +posuit, +Die Martis Vto. 1709. Sublatus est +ex Oculis nostris +Natus 30 Decembris, Anno 1642. + + +When we come into Norfolk, we see a face of diligence spread over +the whole country; the vast manufactures carried on (in chief) by +the Norwich weavers employs all the country round in spinning yarn +for them; besides many thousand packs of yarn which they receive +from other countries, even from as far as Yorkshire and +Westmoreland, of which I shall speak in its place. + +This side of Norfolk is very populous, and thronged with great and +spacious market-towns, more and larger than any other part of +England so far from London, except Devonshire, and the West Riding +of Yorkshire; for example, between the frontiers of Suffolk and the +city of Norwich on this side, which is not above 22 miles in +breadth, are the following market-towns, viz.:- + + +Thetford, Hingham, Harleston, +Diss, West Dereham, E. Dereham, +Harling, Attleborough, Watton, +Bucknam, Windham, Loddon, etc. + + +Most of these towns are very populous and large; but that which is +most remarkable is, that the whole country round them is so +interspersed with villages, and those villages so large, and so +full of people, that they are equal to market-towns in other +countries; in a word, they render this eastern part of Norfolk +exceeding full of inhabitants. + +An eminent weaver of Norwich gave me a scheme of their trade on +this occasion, by which, calculating from the number of looms at +that time employed in the city of Norwich only, besides those +employed in other towns in the same county, he made it appear very +plain, that there were 120,000 people employed in the woollen and +silk and wool manufactures of that city only; not that the people +all lived in the city, though Norwich is a very large and populous +city too: but, I say, they were employed for spinning the yarn +used for such goods as were all made in that city. This account is +curious enough, and very exact, but it is too long for the compass +of this work. + +This shows the wonderful extent of the Norwich manufacture, or +stuff-weaving trade, by which so many thousands of families are +maintained. Their trade, indeed, felt a very sensible decay, and +the cries of the poor began to be very loud, when the wearing of +painted calicoes was grown to such a height in England, as was seen +about two or three years ago; but an Act of Parliament having been +obtained, though not without great struggle, in the years 1720 and +1721, for prohibiting the use and wearing of calicoes, the stuff +trade revived incredibly; and as I passed this part of the country +in the year 1723, the manufacturers assured me that there was not, +in all the eastern and middle part of Norfolk, any hand unemployed, +if they would work; and that the very children, after four or five +years of age, could every one earn their own bread. But I return +to speak of the villages and towns in the rest of the county; I +shall come to the city of Norwich by itself. + +This throng of villages continues through all the east part of the +country, which is of the greatest extent, and where the manufacture +is chiefly carried on. If any part of it be waste and thin of +inhabitants, it is the west part, drawing a line from about Brand, +or Brandon, south, to Walsinghan, north. This part of the country +indeed is full of open plains, and somewhat sandy and barren, and +feeds great flocks of good sheep; but put it all together, the +county of Norfolk has the most people in the least tract of land of +any county in England, except about London, and Exon, and the West +Riding of Yorkshire, as above. + +Add to this, that there is no single county in England, except as +above, that can boast of three towns so populous, so rich, and so +famous for trade and navigation, as in this county. By these three +towns, I mean the city of Norwich, the towns of Yarmouth and Lynn. +Besides that, it has several other seaports of very good trade, as +Wisbech, Wells, Burnham, Clye, etc. + +Norwich is the capital of all the county, and the centre of all the +trade and manufactures which I have just mentioned; an ancient, +large, rich, and populous city. If a stranger was only to ride +through or view the city of Norwich for a day, he would have much +more reason to think there was a town without inhabitants, than +there is really to say so of Ipswich; but on the contrary if he was +to view the city, either on a Sabbath-day, or on any public +occasion, he would wonder where all the people could dwell, the +multitude is so great. But the case is this: the inhabitants +being all busy at their manufactures, dwell in their garrets at +their looms, and in their combing shops (so they call them), +twisting-mills, and other work-houses, almost all the works they +are employed in being done within doors. There are in this city +thirty-two parishes besides the cathedral, and a great many +meeting-houses of Dissenters of all denominations. The public +edifices are chiefly the castle, ancient and decayed, and now for +many years past made use of for a gaol. The Duke of Norfolk's +house was formerly kept well, and the gardens preserved for the +pleasure and diversion of the citizens, but since feeling too +sensibly the sinking circumstances of that once glorious family, +who were the first peers and hereditary earl-marshals of England. + +The walls of this city are reckoned three miles in circumference, +taking in more ground than the City of London, but much of that +ground lying open in pasture-fields and gardens; nor does it seem +to be, like some ancient places, a decayed, declining town, and +that the walls mark out its ancient dimensions; for we do not see +room to suppose that it was ever larger or more populous than it is +now. But the walls seem to be placed as if they expected that the +city would in time increase sufficiently to fill them up with +buildings. + +The cathedral of this city is a fine fabric, and the spire steeple +very high and beautiful. It is not ancient, the bishop's see +having been first at Thetford, from whence it was not translated +hither till the twelfth century. Yet the church has so many +antiquities in it, that our late great scholar and physician, Sir +Thomas Brown, thought it worth his while to write a whole book to +collect the monuments and inscriptions in this church, to which I +refer the reader. + +The River Yare runs through this city, and is navigable thus far +without the help of any art (that is to say, without locks or +stops), and being increased by other waters, passes afterwards +through a long tract of the richest meadows, and the largest, take +them all together, that are anywhere in England, lying for thirty +miles in length, from this city to Yarmouth, including the return +of the said meadows on the bank of the Waveney south, and on the +River Thyrn north. + +Here is one thing indeed strange in itself, and more so, in that +history seems to be quite ignorant of the occasion of it. The +River Waveney is a considerable river, and of a deep and full +channel, navigable for large barges as high as Beccles; it runs for +a course of about fifty miles, between the two counties of Suffolk +and Norfolk, as a boundary to both; and pushing on, though with a +gentle stream, towards the sea, no one would doubt, but, that when +they see the river growing broader and deeper, and going directly +towards the sea, even to the edge of the beach--that is to say, +within a mile of the main ocean--no stranger, I say, but would +expect to see its entrance into the sea at that place, and a noble +harbour for ships at the mouth of it; when on a sudden, the land +rising high by the seaside, crosses the head of the river, like a +dam, checks the whole course of it, and it returns, bending its +course west, for two miles, or thereabouts; and then turning north, +through another long course of meadows (joining to those just now +mentioned) seeks out the River Yare, that it may join its water +with hers, and find their way to the sea together + +Some of our historians tell a long, fabulous story of this river +being once open, and a famous harbour for ships belonging to a town +of Lowestoft adjoining; but that the town of Yarmouth envying the +prosperity of the said town of Lowestoft, made war upon them; and +that after many bloody battles, as well by sea as by land, they +came at last to a decisive action at sea with their respective +fleets, and the victory fell to the Yarmouth men, the Lowestoft +fleet being overthrown and utterly destroyed; and that upon this +victory, the Yarmouth men either actually did stop up the mouth of +the said river, or obliged the vanquished Lowestoft men to do it +themselves, and bound them never to attempt to open it again. + +I believe my share of this story, and I recommend no more of it to +the reader; adding, that I see no authority for the relation, +neither do the relators agree either in the time of it, or in the +particulars of the fact; that is to say, in whose reign, or under +what government all this happened; in what year, and the like; so I +satisfy myself with transcribing the matter of fact, and then leave +it as I find it. + +In this vast tract of meadows are fed a prodigious number of black +cattle which are said to be fed up for the fattest beef, though not +the largest in England; and the quantity is so great, as that they +not only supply the city of Norwich, the town of Yarmouth, and +county adjacent, but send great quantities of them weekly in all +the winter season to London. + +And this in particular is worthy remark, that the gross of all the +Scots cattle which come yearly into England are brought hither, +being brought to a small village lying north of the city of +Norwich, called St. Faith's, where the Norfolk graziers go and buy +them. + +These Scots runts, so they call them, coming out of the cold and +barren mountains of the Highlands in Scotland, feed so eagerly on +the rich pasture in these marshes, that they thrive in an unusual +manner, and grow monstrously fat; and the beef is so delicious for +taste, that the inhabitants prefer them to the English cattle, +which are much larger and fairer to look at; and they may very well +do so. Some have told me, and I believe with good judgment, that +there are above forty thousand of these Scots cattle fed in this +county every year, and most of them in the said marshes between +Norwich, Beccles, and Yarmouth. + +Yarmouth is an ancient town, much older than Norwich; and at +present, though not standing on so much ground, yet better built; +much more complete; for number of inhabitants, not much inferior; +and for wealth, trade, and advantage of its situation, infinitely +superior to Norwich. + +It is placed on a peninsula between the River Yare and the sea; the +two last lying parallel to one another, and the town in the middle. +The river lies on the west side of the town, and being grown very +large and deep, by a conflux of all the rivers on this side the +county, forms the haven; and the town facing to the west also, and +open to the river, makes the finest quay in England, if not in +Europe, not inferior even to that of Marseilles itself. + +The ships ride here so close, and, as it were, keeping up one +another, with their headfasts on shore, that for half a mile +together they go across the stream with their bowsprits over the +land, their bows, or heads touching the very wharf; so that one may +walk from ship to ship as on a floating bridge, all along by the +shore-side. The quay reaching from the drawbridge almost to the +south gate, is so spacious and wide, that in some places it is near +one hundred yards from the houses to the wharf. In this pleasant +and agreeable range of houses are some very magnificent buildings, +and among the rest, the Custom House and Town Hall, and some +merchant's houses, which look like little palaces rather than the +dwelling-houses of private men. + +The greatest defect of this beautiful town seems to be that, though +it is very rich and increasing in wealth and trade, and +consequently in people, there is not room to enlarge the town by +building, which would be certainly done much more than it is, but +that the river on the land side prescribes them, except at the +north end without the gate; and even there the land is not very +agreeable. But had they had a larger space within the gates there +would before now have been many spacious streets of noble fine +buildings erected, as we see is done in some other thriving towns +in England, as at Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, Frome, etc. + +The quay and the harbour of this town during the fishing fair, as +they call it, which is every Michaelmas, one sees the land covered +with people, and the river with barques and boats, busy day and +night landing and carrying of the herrings, which they catch here +in such prodigious quantities, that it is incredible. I happened +to be there during their fishing fair, when I told in one tide 110 +barques and fishing vessels coming up the river all laden with +herrings, and all taken the night before; and this was besides what +was brought on shore on the Dean (that is the seaside of the town) +by open boats, which they call cobles, and which often bring in two +or three last of fish at a time. The barques often bring in ten +last a piece. + +This fishing fair begins on Michaelmas Day, and lasts all the month +of October, by which time the herrings draw off to sea, shoot their +spawn, and are no more fit for the merchant's business--at least, +not those that are taken thereabouts. + +The quantity of herrings that are caught in this season are +diversely accounted for. Some have said that the towns of Yarmouth +and Lowestoft only have taken 40,000 last in a season. I will not +venture to confirm that report; but this I have heard the merchants +themselves say, viz., that they have cured--that is to say, hanged +and dried in the smoke--40,000 barrels of merchantable red herrings +in one season, which is in itself (though far short of the other) +yet a very considerable article; and it is to be added that this is +besides all the herrings consumed in the country towns of both +those populous counties for thirty miles from the sea, whither very +great quantities are carried every tide during the whole season. + +But this is only one branch of the great trade carried on in this +town. Another part of this commerce is in the exporting these +herrings after they are cured; and for this their merchants have a +great trade to Genoa, Leghorn, Naples, Messina, and Venice; as also +to Spain and Portugal, also exporting with their herring very great +quantities of worsted stuffs, and stuffs made of silk and worsted, +camblets, etc., the manufactures of the neighbouring city of +Norwich and of the places adjacent. + +Besides this, they carry on a very considerable trade with Holland, +whose opposite neighbours they are; and a vast quantity of woollen +manufactures they export to the Dutch every year. Also they have a +fishing trade to the North Seas for white fish, which from the +place are called the North Sea cod. + +They have also a considerable trade to Norway and to the Baltic, +from whence they bring back deals and fir timber, oaken plank, +balks, spars, oars, pitch, tar, hemp, flax, spruce canvas, and +sail-cloth, with all manner of naval stores, which they generally +have a consumption for in their own port, where they build a very +great number of ships every year, besides refitting and repairing +the old. + +Add to this the coal trade between Newcastle and the river of +Thames, in which they are so improved of late years that they have +now a greater share of it than any other town in England, and have +quite worked the Ipswich men out of it who had formerly the chief +share of the colliery in their hands. + +For the carrying on all these trades they must have a very great +number of ships, either of their own or employed by them: and it +may in some measure be judged of by this that in the year 1697, I +had an account from the town register that there was then 1,123 +sail of ships using the sea and belonged to the town, besides such +ships as the merchants of Yarmouth might be concerned in, and be +part owners of, belonging to any other ports. + +To all this I must add, without compliment to the town or to the +people, that the merchants, and even the generality of traders of +Yarmouth, have a very good reputation in trade as well abroad as at +home for men of fair and honourable dealing, punctual and just in +their performing their engagements and in discharging commissions; +and their seamen, as well masters as mariners, are justly esteemed +among the ablest and most expert navigators in England. + +This town, however populous and large, was ever contained in one +parish, and had but one church; but within these two years they +have built another very fine church near the south end of the town. +The old church is dedicated to St. Nicholas, and was built by that +famous Bishop of Norwich, William Herbert, who flourished in the +reign of William II., and Henry I., William of Malmesbury, calls +him Vir Pecuniosus; he might have called him Vir Pecuniosissimus, +considering the times he lived in, and the works of charity and +munificence which he has left as witnesses of his immense riches; +for he built the Cathedral Church, the Priory for sixty monks, the +Bishop's Palace, and the parish church of St. Leonard, all in +Norwich; this great church at Yarmouth, the Church of St. Margaret +at Lynn, and of St. Mary at Elmham. He removed the episcopal see +from Thetford to Norwich, and instituted the Cluniack Monks at +Thetford, and gave them or built them a house. This old church is +very large, and has a high spire, which is a useful sea-mark. + +Here is one of the finest market-places and the best served with +provisions in England, London excepted; and the inhabitants are so +multiplied in a few years that they seem to want room in their town +rather than people to fill it, as I have observed above. + +The streets are all exactly straight from north to south, with +lanes or alleys, which they call rows, crossing them in straight +lines also from east to west, so that it is the most regular built +town in England, and seems to have been built all at once; or that +the dimensions of the houses and extent of the streets were laid +out by consent. + +They have particular privileges in this town and a jurisdiction by +which they can try, condemn, and execute in especial cases without +waiting for a warrant from above; and this they exerted once very +smartly in executing a captain of one of the king's ships of war in +the reign of King Charles II. for a murder committed in the street, +the circumstance of which did indeed call for justice; but some +thought they would not have ventured to exert their powers as they +did. However, I never heard that the Government resented it or +blamed them for it. + +It is also a very well-governed town, and I have nowhere in England +observed the Sabbath day so exactly kept, or the breach so +continually punished, as in this place, which I name to their +honour. + +Among all these regularities it is no wonder if we do not find +abundance of revelling, or that there is little encouragement to +assemblies, plays, and gaming meetings at Yarmouth as in some other +places; and yet I do not see that the ladies here come behind any +of the neighbouring counties, either in beauty, breeding, or +behaviour; to which may be added too, not at all to their +disadvantage, that they generally go beyond them in fortunes. + +From Yarmouth I resolved to pursue my first design, viz., to view +the seaside on this coast, which is particularly famous for being +one of the most dangerous and most fatal to the sailors in all +England--I may say in all Britain--and the more so because of the +great number of ships which are continually going and coming this +way in their passage between London and all the northern coasts of +Great Britain. Matters of antiquity are not my inquiry, but +principally observations on the present state of things, and, if +possible, to give such accounts of things worthy of recording as +have never been observed before; and this leads me the more +directly to mention the commerce and the navigation when I come to +towns upon the coast as what few writers have yet meddled with. + +The reason of the dangers of this particular coast are found in the +situation of the county and in the course of ships sailing this +way, which I shall describe as well as I can thus:- The shore from +the mouth of the River of Thames to Yarmouth Roads lies in a +straight line from SSE. to NNW., the land being on the W. or +larboard side. + +From Wintertonness, which is the utmost northerly point of land in +the county of Norfolk, and about four miles beyond Yarmouth, the +shore falls off for nearly sixty miles to the west, as far as Lynn +and Boston, till the shore of Lincolnshire tends north again for +about sixty miles more as far as the Humber, whence the coast of +Yorkshire, or Holderness, which is the east riding, shoots out +again into the sea, to the Spurn and to Flamborough Head, as far +east, almost, as the shore of Norfolk had given back at Winterton, +making a very deep gulf or bay between those two points of +Winterton and the Spurn Head; so that the ships going north are +obliged to stretch away to sea from Wintertonness, and leaving the +sight of land in that deep bay which I have mentioned, that reaches +to Lynn and the shore of Lincolnshire, they go, I say, N. or still +NNW. to meet the shore of Holderness, which I said runs out into +the sea again at the Spurn; and the first land they make or desire +to make, is called as above, Flamborough Head, so that +Wintertonness and Flamborough Head are the two extremes of this +course, there is, as I said, the Spurn Head indeed between; but as +it lies too far in towards the Humber, they keep out to the north +to avoid coming near it. + +In like manner the ships which come from the north, leave the shore +at Flamborough Head, and stretch away SSE. for Yarmouth Roads; and +they first land they make is Wintertonness (as above). Now, the +danger of the place is this: if the ships coming from the north +are taken with a hard gale of wind from the SE., or from any point +between NE. and SE., so that they cannot, as the seamen call it, +weather Wintertonness, they are thereby kept within that deep bay; +and if the wind blows hard, are often in danger of running on shore +upon the rocks about Cromer, on the north coast of Norfolk, or +stranding upon the flat shore between Cromer and Wells; all the +relief they have, is good ground tackle to ride it out, which is +very hard to do there, the sea coming very high upon them; or if +they cannot ride it out then, to run into the bottom of the great +bay I mentioned, to Lynn or Boston, which is a very difficult and +desperate push: so that sometimes in this distress whole fleets +have been lost here altogether. + +The like is the danger to ships going northward, if after passing +by Winterton they are taken short with a north-east wind, and +cannot put back into the Roads, which very often happens, then they +are driven upon the same coast, and embayed just as the latter. +The danger on the north part of this bay is not the same, because +if ships going or coming should be taken short on this side +Flamborough, there is the river Humber open to them, and several +good roads to have recourse to, as Burlington Bay, Grimsby Road, +and the Spurn Head, and others, where they ride under shelter. + +The dangers of this place being thus considered, it is no wonder, +that upon the shore beyond Yarmouth there are no less than four +lighthouses kept flaming every night, besides the lights at Castor, +north of the town, and at Goulston S., all of which are to direct +the sailors to keep a good offing in case of bad weather, and to +prevent their running into Cromer Bay, which the seamen call the +devil's throat. + +As I went by land from Yarmouth northward, along the shore towards +Cromer aforesaid, and was not then fully master of the reason of +these things, I was surprised to see, in all the way from +Winterton, that the farmers and country people had scarce a barn, +or a shed, or a stable, nay, not the pales of their yards and +gardens, not a hogstye, not a necessary house, but what was built +of old planks, beams, wales, and timbers, etc., the wrecks of +ships, and ruins of mariners' and merchants' fortunes; and in some +places were whole yards filled and piled up very high with the same +stuff laid up, as I supposed to sell for the like building +purposes, as there should he occasion. + +About the year 1692 (I think it was that year) there was a +melancholy example of what I have said of this place: a fleet of +200 sail of light colliers (so they call the ships bound northward +empty to fetch coals from Newcastle to London) went out of Yarmouth +Roads with a fair wind, to pursue their voyage, and were taken +short with a storm of wind at NE. after they were past +Wintertonness, a few leagues; some of them, whose masters were a +little more wary than the rest, or perhaps, who made a better +judgment of things, or who were not so far out as the rest, tacked, +and put back in time, and got safe into the roads; but the rest +pushing on in hopes to keep out to sea, and weather it, were by the +violence of the storm driven back, when they were too far embayed +to weather Wintertonness as above, and so were forced to run west, +everyone shifting for themselves as well as they could; some run +away for Lynn Deeps, but few of them (the night being so dark) +could find their way in there; some, but very few, rode it out at a +distance; the rest, being above 140 sail, were all driven on shore +and dashed to pieces, and very few of the people on board were +saved: at the very same unhappy juncture, a fleet of laden ships +were coming from the north, and being just crossing the same bay, +were forcibly driven into it, not able to weather the Ness, and so +were involved in the same ruin as the light fleet was; also some +coasting vessels laden with corn from Lynn and Wells, and bound for +Holland, were with the same unhappy luck just come out to begin +their voyage, and some of them lay at anchor; these also met with +the same misfortune, so that, in the whole, above 200 sail of +ships, and above a thousand people, perished in the disaster of +that one miserable night, very few escaping. + +Cromer is a market town close to the shore of this dangerous coast. +I know nothing it is famous for (besides it being thus the terror +of the sailors) except good lobsters, which are taken on that coast +in great numbers and carried to Norwich, and in such quantities +sometimes too as to be conveyed by sea to London. + +Farther within the land, and between this place and Norwich, are +several good market towns, and innumerable villages, all diligently +applying to the woollen manufacture, and the country is exceedingly +fruitful and fertile, as well in corn as in pastures; particularly, +which was very pleasant to see, the pheasants were in such great +plenty as to be seen in the stubbles like cocks and hens--a +testimony though, by the way, that the county had more tradesmen +than gentlemen in it; indeed, this part is so entirely given up to +industry, that what with the seafaring men on the one side, and the +manufactures on the other, we saw no idle hands here, but every man +busy on the main affair of life, that is to say, getting money; +some of the principal of these towns are:- Alsham, North Walsham, +South Walsham, Worsted, Caston, Reepham, Holt, Saxthorp, St. +Faith's, Blikling, and many others. Near the last, Sir John +Hobart, of an ancient family in this county, has a noble seat, but +old built. This is that St. Faith's, where the drovers bring their +black cattle to sell to the Norfolk graziers, as is observed above. + +From Cromer we ride on the strand or open shore to Weyburn Hope, +the shore so flat that in some places the tide ebbs out near two +miles. From Weyburn west lies Clye, where there are large salt- +works and very good salt made, which is sold all over the county, +and sometimes sent to Holland and to the Baltic. From Clye we go +to Masham and to Wells, all towns on the coast, in each whereof +there is a very considerable trade carried on with Holland for +corn, which that part of the county is very full of. I say nothing +of the great trade driven here from Holland, back again to England, +because I take it to be a trade carried on with much less honesty +than advantage, especially while the clandestine trade, or the art +of smuggling was so much in practice: what it is now, is not to my +present purpose. + +Near this town lie The Seven Burnhams, as they are called, that is +to say, seven small towns, all called by the same name, and each +employed in the same trade of carrying corn to Holland, and +bringing back,--etc. + +From hence we turn to the south-west to Castle Rising, an old +decayed borough town, with perhaps not ten families in it, which +yet (to the scandal of our prescription right) sends two members to +the British Parliament, being as many as the City of Norwich itself +or any town in the kingdom, London excepted, can do. + +On our left we see Walsingham, an ancient town, famous for the old +ruins of a monastery of note there, and the Shrine of our Lady, as +noted as that of St. Thomas-a-Becket at Canterbury, and for little +else. + +Near this place are the seats of the two allied families of the +Lord Viscount Townsend and Robert Walpole, Esq.; the latter at this +time one of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury and Minister of +State, and the former one of the principal Secretaries of State to +King George, of which again. + +From hence we went to Lynn, another rich and populous thriving +port-town. It stands on more ground than the town of Yarmouth, and +has, I think, parishes, yet I cannot allow that it has more people +than Yarmouth, if so many. It is a beautiful, well built, and well +situated town, at the mouth of the River Ouse, and has this +particular attending it, which gives it a vast advantage in trade; +namely, that there is the greatest extent of inland navigation here +of any port in England, London excepted. The reason whereof is +this, that there are more navigable rivers empty themselves here +into the sea, including the washes, which are branches of the same +port, than at any one mouth of waters in England, except the Thames +and the Humber. By these navigable rivers, the merchants of Lynn +supply about six counties wholly, and three counties in part, with +their goods, especially wine and coals, viz., by the little Ouse, +they send their goods to Brandon and Thetford, by the Lake to +Mildenhall, Barton Mills, and St. Edmundsbury; by the River Grant +to Cambridge, by the great Ouse itself to Ely, to St. Ives, to St. +Neots, to Barford Bridge, and to Bedford; by the River Nyne to +Peterborough; by the drains and washes to Wisbeach, to Spalding, +Market Deeping, and Stamford; besides the several counties, into +which these goods are carried by land-carriage, from the places, +where the navigation of those rivers end; which has given rise to +this observation on the town of Lynn, that they bring in more coals +than any sea-port between London and Newcastle; and import more +wines than any port in England, except London and Bristol; their +trade to Norway and to the Baltic Sea is also great in proportion, +and of late years they have extended their trade farther to the +southward. + +Here are more gentry, and consequently is more gaiety in this town +than in Yarmouth, or even in Norwich itself--the place abounding in +very good company. + +The situation of this town renders it capable of being made very +strong, and in the late wars it was so; a line of fortification +being drawn round it at a distance from the walls; the ruins, or +rather remains of which works appear very fair to this day; nor +would it be a hard matter to restore the bastions, with the +ravelins, and counterscarp, upon any sudden emergency, to a good +state of defence: and that in a little time, a sufficient number +of workmen being employed, especially because they are able to fill +all their ditches with water from the sea, in such a manner as that +it cannot be drawn off. + +There is in the market-place of this town a very fine statue of +King William on horseback, erected at the charge of the town. The +Ouse is mighty large and deep, close to the very town itself, and +ships of good burthen may come up to the quay; but there is no +bridge, the stream being too strong and the bottom moorish and +unsound; nor, for the same reason, is the anchorage computed the +best in the world; but there are good roads farther down. + +They pass over here in boats into the fen country, and over the +famous washes into Lincolnshire, but the passage is very dangerous +and uneasy, and where passengers often miscarry and are lost; but +then it is usually on their venturing at improper times, and +without the guides, which if they would be persuaded not to do, +they would very rarely fail of going or coming safe. + +From Lynn I bent my course to Downham, where is an ugly wooden +bridge over the Ouse; from whence we passed the fen country to +Wisbeach, but saw nothing that way to tempt our curiosity but deep +roads, innumerable drains and dykes of water, all navigable, and a +rich soil, the land bearing a vast quantity of good hemp, but a +base unwholesome air; so we came back to Ely, whose cathedral, +standing in a level flat country, is seen far and wide, and of +which town, when the minster, so they call it, is described, +everything remarkable is said that there is room to say. And of +the minster, this is the most remarkable thing that I could hear +it, namely, that some of it is so ancient, totters so much with +every gust of wind, looks so like a decay, and seems so near it, +that whenever it does fall, all that it is likely will be thought +strange in it will be that it did not fall a hundred years sooner. + +From hence we came over the Ouse, and in a few miles to Newmarket. +In our way, near Snaybell, we saw a noble seat of the late Admiral +Russell, now Earl of Orford, a name made famous by the glorious +victory obtained under his command over the French fleet and the +burning their ships at La Hogue--a victory equal in glory to, and +infinitely more glorious to the English nation in particular, than +that at Blenheim, and, above all, more to the particular advantage +of the confederacy, because it so broke the heart of the naval +power of France that they have not fully recovered it to this day. +But of this victory it must be said it was owing to the haughty, +rash, and insolent orders given by the King of France to his +admiral, viz., to fight the confederate fleet wherever he found +them, without leaving room for him to use due caution if he found +them too strong, which pride of France was doubtless a fate upon +them, and gave a cheap victory to the confederates, the French +coming down rashly, and with the most impolitic bravery, with about +five-and-forty sail to attack between seventy and eighty sail, by +which means they met their ruin. Whereas, had their own fleet been +joined, it might have cost more blood to have mastered them if it +had been done at all. + +The situation of this house is low, and on the edge of the fen +country, but the building is very fine, the avenues noble, and the +gardens perfectly finished. The apartments also are rich, and I +see nothing wanting but a family and heirs to sustain the glory and +inheritance of the illustrious ancestor who raised it--sed caret +pedibus; these are wanting. + +Being come to Newmarket in the month of October, I had the +opportunity to see the horse races and a great concourse of the +nobility and gentry, as well from London as from all parts of +England, but they were all so intent, so eager, so busy upon the +sharping part of the sport--their wagers and bets--that to me they +seemed just as so many horse-coursers in Smithfield, descending +(the greatest of them) from their high dignity and quality to +picking one another's pockets, and biting one another as much as +possible, and that with such eagerness as that it might be said +they acted without respect to faith, honour, or good manners. + +There was Mr. Frampton the oldest, and, as some say, the cunningest +jockey in England; one day he lost one thousand guineas, the next +he won two thousand; and so alternately he made as light of +throwing away five hundred or one thousand pounds at a time as +other men do of their pocket-money, and as perfectly calm, +cheerful, and unconcerned when he had lost one thousand pounds as +when he had won it. On the other side there was Sir R Fagg, of +Sussex, of whom fame says he has the most in him and the least to +show for it (relating to jockeyship) of any man there, yet he often +carried the prize. His horses, they said, were all cheats, how +honest soever their master was, for he scarce ever produced a horse +but he looked like what he was not, and was what nobody could +expect him to be. If he was as light as the wind, and could fly +like a meteor, he was sure to look as clumsy, and as dirty, and as +much like a cart-horse as all the cunning of his master and the +grooms could make him, and just in this manner he beat some of the +greatest gamesters in the field. + +I was so sick of the jockeying part that I left the crowd about the +posts and pleased myself with observing the horses: how the +creatures yielded to all the arts and managements of their masters; +how they took their airings in sport, and played with the daily +heats which they ran over the course before the grand day. But +how, as knowing the difference equally with their riders, would +they exert their utmost strength at the time of the race itself! +And that to such an extremity that one or two of them died in the +stable when they came to be rubbed after the first heat. + +Here I fancied myself in the Circus Maximus at Rome seeing the +ancient games and the racings of the chariots and horsemen, and in +this warmth of my imagination I pleased and diverted myself more +and in a more noble manner than I could possibly do in the crowds +of gentlemen at the weighing and starting-posts and at their coming +in, or at their meetings at the coffee-houses and gaming-tables +after the races were over, where there was little or nothing to be +seen but what was the subject of just reproach to them and reproof +from every wise man that looked upon them. + +N.B.--Pray take it with you, as you go, you see no ladies at +Newmarket, except a few of the neighbouring gentlemen's families, +who come in their coaches on any particular day to see a race, and +so go home again directly. + +As I was pleasing myself with what was to be seen here, I went in +the intervals of the sport to see the fine seats of the gentlemen +in the neighbouring county, for this part of Suffolk, being an open +champaign country and a healthy air, is formed for pleasure and all +kinds of country diversion, Nature, as it were, inviting the +gentlemen to visit her where she was fully prepared to receive +them, in conformity to which kind summons they came, for the +country is, as it were, covered with fine palaces of the nobility +and pleasant seats of the gentlemen. + +The Earl of Orford's house I have mentioned already; the next is +Euston Hall, the seat of the Duke of Grafton. It lies in the open +country towards the side of Norfolk, not far from Thetford, a place +capable of all that is pleasant and delightful in Nature, and +improved by art to every extreme that Nature is able to produce. + +From thence I went to Rushbrook, formerly the seat of the noble +family of Jermyns, lately Lord Dover, and now of the house of +Davers. Here Nature, for the time I was there, drooped and veiled +all the beauties of which she once boasted, the family being in +tears and the house shut up, Sir Robert Davers, the head thereof, +and knight of the shire for the county of Suffolk, and who had +married the eldest daughter of the late Lord Dover, being just +dead, and the corpse lying there in its funeral form of ceremony, +not yet buried. Yet all looked lovely in their sorrow, and a +numerous issue promising and grown up intimated that the family of +Davers would still flourish, and that the beauties of Rushbrook, +the mansion of the family, were not formed with so much art in vain +or to die with the present possessor. + +After this we saw Brently, the seat of the Earl of Dysert, and the +ancient palace of my Lord Cornwallis, with several others of +exquisite situation, and adorned with the beauties both of art and +Nature, so that I think any traveller from abroad, who would desire +to see how the English gentry live, and what pleasures they enjoy, +should come into Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and take but a light +circuit among the country seats of the gentlemen on this side only, +and they would be soon convinced that not France, no, not Italy +itself, can outdo them in proportion to the climate they lived in. + +I had still the county of Cambridge to visit to complete this tour +of the eastern part of England, and of that I come now to speak. + +We enter Cambridgeshire out of Suffolk, with all the advantage in +the world; the county beginning upon those pleasant and agreeable +plains called Newmarket Heath, where passing the Devil's Ditch, +which has nothing worth notice but its name, and that but fabulous +too, from the hills called Gogmagog, we see a rich and pleasant +vale westward, covered with corn-fields, gentlemen's seats, +villages, and at a distance, to crown all the rest, that ancient +and truly famous town and university of Cambridge, capital of the +county, and receiving its name from, if not, as some say, giving +name to it; for if it be true that the town takes its name of +Cambridge from its bridge over the river Cam, then certainly the +shire or county, upon the division of England into counties, had +its name from the town, and Cambridgeshire signifies no more or +less than the county of which Cambridge is the capital town. + +As my business is not to lay out the geographical situation of +places, I say nothing of the buttings and boundings of this county. +It lies on the edge of the great level, called by the people here +the Fen Country; and great part, if not all, the Isle of Ely lies +in this county and Norfolk. The rest of Cambridgeshire is almost +wholly a corn country, and of that corn five parts in six of all +they sow is barley, which is generally sold to Ware and Royston, +and other great malting towns in Hertfordshire, and is the fund +from whence that vast quantity of malt, called Hertfordshire malt, +is made, which is esteemed the best in England. As Essex, Suffolk, +and Norfolk are taken up in manufactures, and famed for industry, +this county has no manufacture at all; nor are the poor, except the +husbandmen, famed for anything so much as idleness and sloth, to +their scandal be it spoken. What the reason of it is I know not. + +It is scarce possible to talk of anything in Cambridgeshire but +Cambridge itself; whether it be that the county has so little worth +speaking of in it, or, that the town has so much, that I leave to +others; however, as I am making modern observations, not writing +history, I shall look into the county, as well as into the +colleges, for what I have to say. + +As I said, I first had a view of Cambridge from Gogmagog hills; I +am to add that there appears on the mountain that goes by this +name, an ancient camp or fortification, that lies on the top of the +hill, with a double, or rather treble, rampart and ditch, which +most of our writers say was neither Roman nor Saxon, but British. +I am to add that King James II. caused a spacious stable to be +built in the area of this camp for his running homes, and made old +Mr. Frampton, whom I mentioned above, master or inspector of them. +The stables remain still there, though they are not often made use +of. As we descended westward we saw the Fen country on our right, +almost all covered with water like a sea, the Michaelmas rains +having been very great that year, they had sent down great floods +of water from the upland countries, and those fens being, as may be +very properly said, the sink of no less than thirteen counties-- +that is to say, that all the water, or most part of the water, of +thirteen counties falls into them; they are often thus overflowed. +The rivers which thus empty themselves into these fens, and which +thus carry off the water, are the Cam or Grant, the Great Ouse and +Little Ouse, the Nene, the Welland, and the river which runs from +Bury to Milden Hall. The counties which these rivers drain, as +above, are as follows:- + + +Lincoln, Warwick, Norfolk, +* Cambridge, Oxford, Suffolk, +* Huntingdon, Leicester, Essex, +* Bedford, * Northampton +Buckingham, * Rutland. + +Those marked with (*) empty all their waters this way, the rest but +in part. + + +In a word, all the water of the middle part of England which does +not run into the Thames or the Trent, comes down into these fens. + +In these fens are abundance of those admirable pieces of art called +decoys that is to say, places so adapted for the harbour and +shelter of wild fowl, and then furnished with a breed of those they +call decoy ducks, who are taught to allure and entice their kind to +the places they belong to, that it is incredible what quantities of +wild fowl of all sorts, duck, mallard, teal, widgeon, &c., they +take in those decoys every week during the season; it may, indeed, +be guessed at a little by this, that there is a decoy not far from +Ely which pays to the landlord, Sir Thomas Hare, 500 pounds a year +rent, besides the charge of maintaining a great number of servants +for the management; and from which decoy alone, they assured me at +St. Ives (a town on the Ouse, where the fowl they took was always +brought to be sent to London) that they generally sent up three +thousand couple a week. + +There are more of these about Peterborough, who send the fowl up +twice a week in waggon-loads at a time, whose waggons before the +late Act of Parliament to regulate carriers I have seen drawn by +ten and twelve horses a-piece, they were laden so heavy. + +As these fens appear covered with water, so I observed, too, that +they generally at this latter part of the year appear also covered +with fogs, so that when the downs and higher grounds of the +adjacent country were gilded with the beams of the sun, the Isle of +Ely looked as if wrapped up in blankets, and nothing to be seen but +now and then the lantern or cupola of Ely Minster. + +One could hardly see this from the hills and not pity the many +thousands of families that were bound to or confined in those fogs, +and had no other breath to draw than what must be mixed with those +vapours, and that steam which so universally overspreads the +country. But notwithstanding this, the people, especially those +that are used to it, live unconcerned, and as healthy as other +folks, except now and then an ague, which they make light of, and +there are great numbers of very ancient people among them. + +I now draw near to Cambridge, to which I fancy I look as if I was +afraid to come, having made so many circumlocutions beforehand; but +I must yet make another digression before I enter the town (for in +my way, and as I came in from Newmarket, about the beginning of +September), I cannot omit, that I came necessarily through +Stourbridge Fair, which was then in its height. + +If it is a diversion worthy a book to treat of trifles, such as the +gaiety of Bury Fair, it cannot be very unpleasant, especially to +the trading part of the world, to say something of this fair, which +is not only the greatest in the whole nation, but in the world; +nor, if I may believe those who have seen the mall, is the fair at +Leipzig in Saxony, the mart at Frankfort-on-the-Main, or the fairs +at Nuremberg, or Augsburg, any way to compare to this fair at +Stourbridge. + +It is kept in a large corn-field, near Casterton, extending from +the side of the river Cam, towards the road, for about half a mile +square. + +If the husbandmen who rent the land, do not get their corn off +before a certain day in August, the fair-keepers may trample it +under foot and spoil it to build their booths, or tents, for all +the fair is kept in tents and booths. On the other hand, to +balance that severity, if the fair-keepers have not done their +business of the fair, and removed and cleared the field by another +certain day in September, the ploughmen may come in again, with +plough and cart, and overthrow all, and trample into the dirt; and +as for the filth, dung, straw, etc. necessarily left by the fair- +keepers, the quantity of which is very great, it is the farmers' +fees, and makes them full amends for the trampling, riding, and +carting upon, and hardening the ground. + +It is impossible to describe all the parts and circumstances of +this fair exactly; the shops are placed in rows like streets, +whereof one is called Cheapside; and here, as in several other +streets, are all sorts of trades, who sell by retail, and who come +principally from London with their goods; scarce any trades are +omitted--goldsmiths, toyshops, brasiers, turners, milliners, +haberdashers, hatters, mercers, drapers, pewterers, china- +warehouses, and in a word all trades that can be named in London; +with coffee-houses, taverns, brandy-shops, and eating-houses, +innumerable, and all in tents, and booths, as above. + +This great street reaches from the road, which as I said goes from +Cambridge to Newmarket, turning short out of it to the right +towards the river, and holds in a line near half a mile quite down +to the river-side: in another street parallel with the road are +like rows of booths, but larger, and more intermingled with +wholesale dealers; and one side, passing out of this last street to +the left hand, is a formal great square, formed by the largest +booths, built in that form, and which they call the Duddery; whence +the name is derived, and what its signification is, I could never +yet learn, though I made all possible search into it. The area of +this square is about 80 to 100 yards, where the dealers have room +before every booth to take down, and open their packs, and to bring +in waggons to load and unload. + +This place is separated, and peculiar to the wholesale dealers in +the woollen manufacture. Here the booths or tents are of a vast +extent, have different apartments, and the quantities of goods they +bring are so great, that the insides of them look like another +Blackwell Hall, being as vast warehouses piled up with goods to the +top. In this Duddery, as I have been informed, there have been +sold one hundred thousand pounds worth of woollen manufactures in +less than a week's time, besides the prodigious trade carried on +here, by wholesale men, from London, and all parts of England, who +transact their business wholly in their pocket-books, and meeting +their chapmen from all parts, make up their accounts, receive money +chiefly in bills, and take orders: These they say exceed by far +the sales of goods actually brought to the fair, and delivered in +kind; it being frequent for the London wholesale men to carry back +orders from their dealers for ten thousand pounds' worth of goods a +man, and some much more. This especially respects those people, +who deal in heavy goods, as wholesale grocers, salters, brasiers, +iron-merchants, wine-merchants, and the like; but does not exclude +the dealers in woollen manufactures, and especially in mercery +goods of all sorts, the dealers in which generally manage their +business in this manner. + +Here are clothiers from Halifax, Leeds, Wakefield and Huddersfield +in Yorkshire, and from Rochdale, Bury, etc., in Lancashire, with +vast quantities of Yorkshire cloths, kerseys, pennistons, cottons, +etc., with all sorts of Manchester ware, fustiains, and things made +of cotton wool; of which the quantity is so great, that they told +me there were near a thousand horse-packs of such goods from that +side of the country, and these took up a side and half of the +Duddery at least; also a part of a street of booths were taken up +with upholsterer's ware, such as tickings, sackings, kidderminster +stuffs, blankets, rugs, quilts, etc. + +In the Duddery I saw one warehouse, or booth with six apartments in +it, all belonging to a dealer in Norwich stuffs only, and who, they +said, had there above twenty thousand pounds value in those goods, +and no other. + +Western goods had their share here also, and several booths were +filled as full with serges, duroys, druggets, shalloons, +cantaloons, Devonshire kerseys, etc., from Exeter, Taunton, +Bristol, and other parts west, and some from London also. + +But all this is still outdone at least in show, by two articles, +which are the peculiars of this fair, and do not begin till the +other part of the fair, that is to say for the woollen manufacture +begins to draw to a close. These are the wool and the hops; as for +the hops, there is scarce any price fixed for hops in England, till +they know how they sell at Stourbridge fair; the quantity that +appears in the fair is indeed prodigious, and they, as it were, +possess a large part of the field on which the fair is kept to +themselves; they are brought directly from Chelmsford in Essex, +from Canterbury and Maidstone in Kent, and from Farnham in Surrey, +besides what are brought from London, the growth of those and other +places. + +Enquiring why this fair should be thus, of all other places in +England, the centre of that trade; and so great a quantity of so +bulky a commodity be carried thither so far; I was answered by one +thoroughly acquainted with that matter thus: the hops, said he, +for this part of England, grow principally in the two counties of +Surrey and Kent, with an exception only to the town of Chelmsford +in Essex, and there are very few planted anywhere else. + +There are indeed in the west of England some quantities growing: +as at Wilton, near Salisbury; at Hereford and Broomsgrove, near +Wales, and the like; but the quantity is inconsiderable, and the +places remote, so that none of them come to London. + +As to the north of England, they formerly used but few hops there, +their drink being chiefly pale smooth ale, which required no hops, +and consequently they planted no hops in all that part of England, +north of the Trent; nor did I ever see one acre of hop-ground +planted beyond Trent in my observation; but as for some years past, +they not only brew great quantities of beer in the north, but also +use hops in the brewing their ale much more than they did before; +so they all come south of Trent to buy their hops; and here being +quantities brought, it is great part of their back carriage into +Yorkshire, and Northamptonshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, and all +these counties; nay, of late, since the Union, even to Scotland +itself; for I must not omit here also to mention, that the river +Grant, or Cam, which runs close by the north-west side of the fair +in its way from Cambridge to Ely, is navigable, and that by this +means, all heavy goods are brought even to the fair-field, by water +carriage from London and other parts; first to the port of Lynn, +and then in barges up the Ouse, from the Ouse into the Cam, and so, +as I say, to the very edge of the fair. + +In like manner great quantities of heavy goods, and the hops among +the rest, are sent from the fair to Lynn by water, and shipped +there for the Humber, to Hull, York, etc., and for Newcastle-upon- +Tyne, and by Newcastle, even to Scotland itself. Now as there is +still no planting of hops in the north, though a great consumption, +and the consumption increasing daily, this, says my friend, is one +reason why at Stourbridge fair there is so great a demand for the +hops. He added, that besides this, there were very few hops, if +any worth naming, growing in all the counties even on this side +Trent, which were above forty miles from London; those counties +depending on Stourbridge fair for their supply, so the counties of +Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, Lincoln, +Leicester, Rutland, and even to Stafford, Warwick, and +Worcestershire, bought most if not all of their hops at Stourbridge +fair. + +These are the reasons why so great a quantity of hops are seen at +this fair, as that it is incredible, considering, too, how remote +from this fair the growth of them is as above. + +This is likewise a testimony of the prodigious resort of the +trading people of all parts of England to this fair; the quantity +of hops that have been sold at one of these fairs is diversely +reported, and some affirm it to be so great, that I dare not copy +after them; but without doubt it is a surprising account, +especially in a cheap year. + +The next article brought thither is wool, and this of several +sorts, but principally fleece wool, out of Lincolnshire, where the +longest staple is found; the sheep of those countries being of the +largest breed. + +The buyers of this wool are chiefly indeed the manufacturers of +Norfolk and Suffolk and Essex, and it is a prodigious quantity they +buy. + +Here I saw what I have not observed in any other county of England, +namely, a pocket of wool. This seems to be first called so in +mockery, this pocket being so big, that it loads a whole waggon, +and reaches beyond the most extreme parts of it hanging over both +before and behind, and these ordinarily weigh a ton or twenty-five +hundredweight of wool, all in one bag. + +The quantity of wool only, which has been sold at this place at one +fair, has been said to amount to fifty or sixty thousand pounds in +value, some say a great deal more. + +By these articles a stranger may make some guess at the immense +trade carried on at this place; what prodigious quantities of goods +are bought and sold here, and what a confluence of people are seen +here from all parts of England. + +I might go on here to speak of several other sorts of English +manufactures which are brought hither to be sold; as all sorts of +wrought-iron and brass-ware from Birmingham; edged tools, knives, +etc., from Sheffield; glass wares and stockings from Nottingham and +Leicester; and an infinite throng of other things of smaller value +every morning. + +To attend this fair, and the prodigious conflux of people which +come to it, there are sometimes no less than fifty hackney coaches +which come from London, and ply night and morning to carry the +people to and from Cambridge; for there the gross of the people +lodge; nay, which is still more strange, there are wherries brought +from London on waggons to ply upon the little river Cam, and to row +people up and down from the town, and from the fair as occasion +presents. + +It is not to be wondered at, if the town of Cambridge cannot +receive, or entertain the numbers of people that come to this fair; +not Cambridge only, but all the towns round are full; nay, the very +barns and stables are turned into inns, and made as fit as they can +to lodge the meaner sort of people: as for the people in the fair, +they all universally eat, drink, and sleep in their booths and +tents; and the said booths are so intermingled with taverns, +coffee-houses, drinking-houses, eating-houses, cook-shops, etc., +and all in tents too; and so many butchers and higglers from all +the neighbouring counties come into the fair every morning with +beef, mutton, fowls, butter, bread, cheese, eggs, and such things, +and go with them from tent to tent, from door to door, that there +is no want of any provisions of any kind, either dressed or +undressed. + +In a word, the fair is like a well-fortified city, and there is the +least disorder and confusion I believe, that can be seen anywhere +with so great a concourse of people. + +Towards the latter end of the fair, and when the great hurry of +wholesale business begins to be over, the gentry come in from all +parts of the county round; and though they come for their +diversion, yet it is not a little money they lay out, which +generally falls to the share of the retailers, such as toy-shops, +goldsmiths, braziers, ironmongers, turners, milliners, mercers, +etc., and some loose coins they reserve for the puppet shows, +drolls, rope-dancers, and such like, of which there is no want, +though not considerable like the rest. The last day of the fair is +the horse-fair, where the whole is closed with both horse and foot +races, to divert the meaner sort of people only, for nothing +considerable is offered of that kind. Thus ends the whole fair, +and in less than a week more, there is scarce any sign left that +there has been such a thing there, except by the heaps of dung and +straw and other rubbish which is left behind, trod into the earth, +and which is as good as a summer's fallow for dunging the land; and +as I have said above, pays the husbandman well for the use of it. + +I should have mentioned that here is a court of justice always +open, and held every day in a shed built on purpose in the fair; +this is for keeping the peace, and deciding controversies in +matters deriving from the business of the fair. The magistrates of +the town of Cambridge are judges in this court, as being in their +jurisdiction, or they holding it by special privilege: here they +determine matters in a summary way, as is practised in those we +call Pye Powder Courts in other places, or as a Court of +Conscience; and they have a final authority without appeal. + +I come now to the town and university of Cambridge; I say the town +and university, for though they are blended together in the +situation, and the colleges, halls, and houses for literature are +promiscuously scattered up and down among the other parts, and some +even among the meanest of the other buildings, as Magdalene College +over the bridge is in particular; yet they are all incorporated +together by the name of the university, and are governed apart and +distinct from the town which they are so intermixed with. + +As their authority is distinct from the town, so are their +privileges, customs, and government; they choose representatives, +or members of Parliament for themselves, and the town does the like +for themselves, also apart. + +The town is governed by a mayor and aldermen; the university by a +chancellor, and vice-chancellor, etc. Though their dwellings are +mixed, and seem a little confused, their authority is not so; in +some cases the vice-chancellor may concern himself in the town, as +in searching houses for the scholars at improper hours, removing +scandalous women, and the like. + +But as the colleges are many, and the gentlemen entertained in them +are a very great number, the trade of the town very much depends +upon them, and the tradesmen may justly be said to get their bread +by the colleges; and this is the surest hold the university may be +said to have of the townsmen, and by which they secure the +dependence of the town upon them, and consequently their +submission. + +I remember some years ago a brewer, who being very rich and popular +in the town, and one of their magistrates, had in several things so +much opposed the university, and insulted their vice-chancellor, or +other heads of houses, that in short the university having no other +way to exert themselves, and show their resentment, they made a +bye-law or order among themselves, that for the future they would +not trade with him; and that none of the colleges, halls, etc., +would take any more beer of him; and what followed? The man indeed +braved it out a while, but when he found he could not obtain a +revocation of the order, he was fain to leave off his brewhouse, +and if I remember right, quitted the town. + +Thus I say, interest gives them authority; and there are abundance +of reasons why the town should not disoblige the university, as +there are some also on the other hand, why the university should +not differ to any extremity with the town; nor, such is their +prudence, do they let any disputes between them run up to any +extremities if they can avoid it. As for society; to any man who +is a lover of learning, or of learned men, here is the most +agreeable under heaven; nor is there any want of mirth and good +company of other kinds; but it is to the honour of the university +to say, that the governors so well understand their office, and the +governed their duty, that here is very little encouragement given +to those seminaries of crime, the assemblies, which are so much +boasted of in other places. + +Again, as dancing, gaming, intriguing are the three principal +articles which recommend those assemblies; and that generally the +time for carrying on affairs of this kind is the night, and +sometimes all night, a time as unseasonable as scandalous; add to +this, that the orders of the university admit no such excesses; I +therefore say, as this is the case, it is to the honour of the +whole body of the university that no encouragement is given to them +here. + +As to the antiquity of the university in this town, the originals +and founders of the several colleges, their revenues, laws, +government, and governors, they are so effectually and so largely +treated of by other authors, and are so foreign to the familiar +design of these letters, that I refer my readers to Mr. Camden's +"Britannia" and the author of the "Antiquities of Cambridge," and +other such learned writers, by whom they may be fully informed. + +The present Vice-Chancellor is Dr. Snape, formerly Master of Eaton +School near Windsor, and famous for his dispute with, and evident +advantage over, the late Bishop of Bangor in the time of his +government; the dispute between the University and the Master of +Trinity College has been brought to a head so as to employ the pens +of the learned on both sides, but at last prosecuted in a judicial +way so as to deprive Dr. Bentley of all his dignities and offices +in the university; but the doctor flying to the royal protection, +the university is under a writ of mandamus, to show cause why they +do not restore the doctor again, to which it seems they demur, and +that demur has not, that we hear, been argued, at least when these +sheets were sent to the press. What will be the issue time must +show. + +From Cambridge the road lies north-west on the edge of the fens to +Huntingdon, where it joins the great north road. On this side it +is all an agreeable corn country as above, adorned with several +seats of gentlemen; but the chief is the noble house, seat, or +mansion of Wimple or Wimple Hall, formerly built at a vast expense +by the late Earl of Radnor, adorned with all the natural beauties +of situation, and to which was added all the most exquisite +contrivances which the best heads could invent to make it +artificially as well as naturally pleasant. + +However, the fate of the Radnor family so directing, it was bought +with the whole estate about it by the late Duke of Newcastle, in a +partition of whose immense estate it fell to the Right Honourable +the Lord Harley, son and heir-apparent of the present Earl of +Oxford and Mortimer, in right of the Lady Harriet Cavendish, only +daughter of the said Duke of Newcastle, who is married to his +lordship, and brought him this estate and many other, sufficient to +denominate her the richest heiress in Great Britain. + +Here his lordship resides, and has already so recommended himself +to this county as to be by a great majority chosen Knight of the +Shire for the county of Cambridge. + +From Cambridge, my design obliging me, and the direct road in part +concurring, I came back through the west part of the county of +Essex, and at Saffron Walden I saw the ruins of the once largest +and most magnificent pile in all this part of England--viz., Audley +End--built by, and decaying with, the noble Dukes and Earls of +Suffolk. + +A little north of this part of the country rises the River Stour, +which for a course of fifty miles or more parts the two counties of +Suffolk and Essex, passing through or near Haveril, Clare, +Cavendish, Halsted, Sudbury, Bowers, Nayland, Stretford, Dedham, +Manningtree, and into the sea at Harwich, assisting by its waters +to make one of the best harbours for shipping that is in Great +Britain--I mean Orwell Haven or Harwich, of which I have spoken +largely already. + +As we came on this side we saw at a distance Braintree and Bocking, +two towns, large, rich, and populous, and made so originally by the +bay trade, of which I have spoken at large at Colchester, and which +flourishes still among them. + +The manor of Braintree I found descended by purchase to the name of +Olmeus, the son of a London merchant of the same name, making good +what I had observed before, of the great number of such who have +purchased estates in this county. + +Near this town is Felsted, a small place, but noted for a free +school of an ancient foundation, for many years under the +mastership of the late Rev. Mr. Lydiat, and brought by him to the +meridian of its reputation. It is now supplied, and that very +worthily, by the Rev. Mr. Hutchins. + +Near to this is the Priory of Lees, a delicious seat of the late +Dukes of Manchester, but sold by the present Duke to the Duchess +Dowager of Bucks, his Grace the Duke of Manchester removing to his +yet finer seat of Kimbolton in Northamptonshire, the ancient +mansion of the family. From hence keeping the London Road I came +to Chelmsford, mentioned before, and Ingerstone, five miles west, +which I mention again, because in the parish church of this town +are to be seen the ancient monuments of the noble family of Petre, +whose seat and large estate lie in the neighbourhood, and whose +whole family, by a constant series of beneficent actions to the +poor, and bounty upon all charitable occasions, have gained an +affectionate esteem through all that part of the country such as no +prejudice of religion could wear out, or perhaps ever may; and I +must confess, I think, need not, for good and great actions command +our respect, let the opinions of the persons be otherwise what they +will. + +From hence we crossed the country to the great forest, called +Epping Forest, reaching almost to London. The country on that side +of Essex is called the Roodings, I suppose, because there are no +less than ten towns almost together, called by the name of Roding, +and is famous for good land, good malt, and dirty roads; the latter +indeed in the winter are scarce passable for horse or man. In the +midst of this we see Chipping Onger, Hatfield Broad Oak, Epping, +and many forest towns, famed as I have said for husbandry and good +malt, but of no other note. On the south side of the county is +Waltham Abbey; the ruins of the abbey remain, and though antiquity +is not my proper business, I could not but observe that King +Harold, slain in the great battle in Sussex against William the +Conqueror, lies buried here; his body being begged by his mother, +the Conqueror allowed it to be carried hither; but no monument was, +as I can find, built for him, only a flat gravestone, on which was +engraven Harold Infelix. + +From hence I came over the forest again--that is to say, over the +lower or western part of it, where it is spangled with fine +villages, and these villages filled with fine seats, most of them +built by the citizens of London, as I observed before, but the +lustre of them seems to be entirely swallowed up in the magnificent +palace of the Lord Castlemain, whose father, Sir Josiah Child, as +it were, prepared it in his life for the design of his son, though +altogether unforeseen, by adding to the advantage of its situation +innumerable rows of trees, planted in curious order for avenues and +vistas to the house, all leading up to the place where the old +house stood, as to a centre. + +In the place adjoining, his lordship, while he was yet Sir Richard +Child only, and some years before he began the foundation of his +new house, laid out the most delicious, as well as most spacious, +pieces of ground for gardens that is to be seen in all this part of +England. The greenhouse is an excellent building, fit to entertain +a prince; it is furnished with stoves and artificial places for +heat from an apartment in which is a bagnio and other conveniences, +which render it both useful and pleasant. And these gardens have +been so the just admiration of the world, that it has been the +general diversion of the citizens to go out to see them, till the +crowds grew too great, and his lordship was obliged to restrain his +servants from showing them, except on one or two days in a week +only. + +The house is built since these gardens have been finished. The +building is all of Portland stone in the front, which makes it look +extremely glorious and magnificent at a distance, it being the +particular property of that stone (except in the streets of London, +where it is tainted and tinged with the smoke of the city) to grow +whiter and whiter the longer it stands in the open air. + +As the front of the house opens to a long row of trees, reaching to +the great road at Leightonstone, so the back face, or front (if +that be proper), respects the gardens, and, with an easy descent, +lands you upon the terrace, from whence is a most beautiful +prospect to the river, which is all formed into canals and openings +to answer the views from above and beyond the river; the walks and +wildernesses go on to such a distance, and in such a manner up the +hill, as they before went down, that the sight is lost in the woods +adjoining, and it looks all like one planted garden as far as the +eye can see. + +I shall cover as much as possible the melancholy part of a story +which touches too sensibly many, if not most, of the great and +flourishing families in England. Pity and matter of grief is it to +think that families, by estate able to appear in such a glorious +posture as this, should ever be vulnerable by so mean a disaster as +that of stock-jobbing. But the general infatuation of the day is a +plea for it, so that men are not now blamed on that account. South +Sea was a general possession, and if my Lord Castlemain was wounded +by that arrow shot in the dark it was a misfortune. But it is so +much a happiness that it was not a mortal wound, as it was to some +men who once seemed as much out of the reach of it. And that blow, +be it what it will, is not remembered for joy of the escape, for we +see this noble family, by prudence and management, rise out of all +that cloud, if it may be allowed such a name, and shining in the +same full lustre as before. + +This cannot be said of some other families in this county, whose +fine parks and new-built palaces are fallen under forfeitures and +alienations by the misfortunes of the times and by the ruin of +their masters' fortunes in that South Sea deluge. + +But I desire to throw a veil over these things as they come in my +way; it is enough that we write upon them, as was written upon King +Harold's tomb at Waltham Abbey, Infelix, and let all the rest sleep +among things that are the fittest to be forgotten. + +From my Lord Castlemain's, house and the rest of the fine dwellings +on that side of the forest, for there are several very good houses +at Wanstead, only that they seem all swallowed up in the lustre of +his lordship's palace, I say, from thence, I went south, towards +the great road over that part of the forest called the Flats, where +we see a very beautiful but retired and rural seat of Mr. +Lethulier's, eldest son of the late Sir John Lethulier, of Lusum, +in Kent, of whose family I shall speak when I come on that side. + +By this turn I came necessarily on to Stratford, where I set out. +And thus having finished my first circuit, I conclude my first +letter, and am, + +Sir, your most humble and obedient servant. + + + +APPENDIX + + + +Whoever travels, as I do, over England, and writes the account of +his observations, will, as I noted before, always leave something, +altering or undertaking by such a growing improving nation as this, +or something to discover in a nation where so much is hid, +sufficient to employ the pens of those that come after him, or to +add by way of appendix to what he has already observed. + +This is my case with respect to the particulars which follow: (1) +Since these sheets were in the press, a noble palace of Mr. +Walpole's, at present First Commissioner of the Treasury, Privy- +counsellor, etc., to King George, is, as it were, risen out of the +ruins of the ancient seat of the family of Walpole, at Houghton, +about eight miles distant from Lynn, and on the north coast of +Norfolk, near the sea. + +As the house is not yet finished, and when I passed by it was but +newly designed, it cannot be expected that I should be able to give +a particular description of what it will be. I can do little more +than mention that it appears already to be exceedingly magnificent, +and suitable to the genius of the great founder. + +But a friend of mine, who lives in that county, has sent me the +following lines, which, as he says, are to be placed upon the +building, whether on the frieze of the cornice, or over the +portico, or on what part of the building, of that I am not as yet +certain. The inscription is as follows, viz.:- + + +"H. M. F. + +"Fundamen ut essem Domus +In Agro Natali Extruendae, +Robertus ille Walpole +Quem nulla nesciet Posteritas: + +Faxit Dues. + +"Postquam Maturus Annis Dominus. +Diu Laetatus fuerit absoluta +Incolumem tueantur Incolames. +Ad Summam omnium Diem +Et nati natorum et qui nascentur ab illis. + +Hic me Posuit." + + +A second thing proper to be added here, by way of appendix, relates +to what I have mentioned of the Port of London, being bounded by +the Naze on the Essex shore, and the North Foreland on the Kentish +shore, which some people, guided by the present usage of the Custom +House, may pretend is not so, to answer such objectors. The true +state of that case stands thus: + +"(1) The clause taken from the Act of Parliament establishing the +extent of the Port of London, and published in some of the books of +rates, is this: + +"'To prevent all future differences and disputes touching the +extent and limits of the Port of London, the said port is declared +to extend, and be accounted from the promontory or point called the +North Foreland in the Isle of Thanet, and from thence northward in +a right line to the point called the Naze, beyond the Gunfleet upon +the coast of Essex, and so continued westward throughout the river +Thames, and the several channels, streams, and rivers falling into +it, to London Bridge, saving the usual and known rights, liberties, +and privileges of the ports of Sandwich and Ipswich, and either of +them, and the known members thereof, and of the customers, +comptrollers, searchers, and their deputies, of and within the said +ports of Sandwich and Ipswich and the several creeks, harbours, and +havens to them, or either of them, respectively belonging, within +the counties of Kent and Essex.' + +"II. Notwithstanding what is above written, the Port of London, as +in use since the said order, is understood to reach no farther than +Gravesend in Kent and Tilbury Point in Essex, and the ports of +Rochester, Milton, and Faversham belong to the port of Sandwich. + +"In like manner the ports of Harwich, Colchester, Wivenhoe, Malden, +Leigh, etc., are said to be members of the port of Ipswich." + +This observation may suffice for what is needful to be said upon +the same subject when I may come to speak of the port of Sandwich +and its members and their privileges with respect to Rochester, +Milton, Faversham, etc., in my circuit through the county of Kent. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, TOUR THROUGH THE EASTERN COUNTIES *** + +This file should be named ttece10.txt or ttece10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, ttece11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, ttece10a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END* + diff --git a/old/ttece10.zip b/old/ttece10.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ef819a --- /dev/null +++ b/old/ttece10.zip diff --git a/old/ttece10h.htm b/old/ttece10h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..415ae91 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/ttece10h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3700 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html + PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> +<title>Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, 1722</title> +</head> +<body> +<h2> +<a href="#startoftext">Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, 1722, by Daniel Defoe</a> +</h2> +<pre> +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Tour through the Eastern Counties of England +by Daniel Defoe +(#5 in our series by Daniel Defoe) + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. 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You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, 1722 + +Author: Daniel Defoe + +Release Date: July, 1997 [EBook #983] +[This file was first posted on July 10, 1997] +[Most recently updated: May 21, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII +</pre> +<p><a name="startoftext"></a></p> +<p>Transcribed by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines3"><br /><br /><br /></div> +<h1>Tour through the Eastern Counties of England, 1722</h1> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines3"><br /><br /><br /></div> +<p>I began my travels where I purpose to end them, viz., at the City +of London, and therefore my account of the city itself will come last, +that is to say, at the latter end of my southern progress; and as in +the course of this journey I shall have many occasions to call it a +circuit, if not a circle, so I chose to give it the title of circuits +in the plural, because I do not pretend to have travelled it all in +one journey, but in many, and some of them many times over; the better +to inform myself of everything I could find worth taking notice of.</p> +<p>I hope it will appear that I am not the less, but the more capable +of giving a full account of things, by how much the more deliberation +I have taken in the view of them, and by how much the oftener I have +had opportunity to see them.</p> +<p>I set out the 3rd of April, 1722, going first eastward, and took +what I think I may very honestly call a circuit in the very letter of +it; for I went down by the coast of the Thames through the Marshes or +Hundreds on the south side of the county of Essex, till I came to Malden, +Colchester, and Harwich, thence continuing on the coast of Suffolk to +Yarmouth; thence round by the edge of the sea, on the north and west +side of Norfolk, to Lynn, Wisbech, and the Wash; thence back again, +on the north side of Suffolk and Essex, to the west, ending it in Middlesex, +near the place where I began it, reserving the middle or centre of the +several counties to some little excursions, which I made by themselves.</p> +<p>Passing Bow Bridge, where the county of Essex begins, the first observation +I made was, that all the villages which may be called the neighbourhood +of the city of London on this, as well as on the other sides thereof, +which I shall speak to in their order; I say, all those villages are +increased in buildings to a strange degree, within the compass of about +twenty or thirty years past at the most.</p> +<p>The village of Stratford, the first in this county from London, is +not only increased, but, I believe, more than doubled in that time; +every vacancy filled up with new houses, and two little towns or hamlets, +as they may be called, on the forest side of the town entirely new, +namely Maryland Point and the Gravel Pits, one facing the road to Woodford +and Epping, and the other facing the road to Ilford; and as for the +hither part, it is almost joined to Bow, in spite of rivers, canals, +marshy grounds, &c. Nor is this increase of building the case +only in this and all the other villages round London; but the increase +of the value and rent of the houses formerly standing has, in that compass +of years above-mentioned, advanced to a very great degree, and I may +venture to say at least the fifth part; some think a third part, above +what they were before.</p> +<p>This is indeed most visible, speaking of Stratford in Essex; but +it is the same thing in proportion in other villages adjacent, especially +on the forest side; as at Low Leyton, Leytonstone, Walthamstow, Woodford, +Wanstead, and the towns of West Ham, Plaistow, Upton, etc. In +all which places, or near them (as the inhabitants say), above a thousand +new foundations have been erected, besides old houses repaired, all +since the Revolution; and this is not to be forgotten too, that this +increase is, generally speaking, of handsome, large houses, from £20 +a year to £60, very few under £20 a year; being chiefly +for the habitations of the richest citizens, such as either are able +to keep two houses, one in the country and one in the city; or for such +citizens as being rich, and having left off trade, live altogether in +these neighbouring villages, for the pleasure and health of the latter +part of their days.</p> +<p>The truth of this may at least appear, in that they tell me there +are no less than two hundred coaches kept by the inhabitants within +the circumference of these few villages named above, besides such as +are kept by accidental lodgers.</p> +<p>This increase of the inhabitants, and the cause of it, I shall enlarge +upon when I come to speak of the like in the counties of Middlesex, +Surrey, &c, where it is the same, only in a much greater degree. +But this I must take notice of here, that this increase causes those +villages to be much pleasanter and more sociable than formerly, for +now people go to them, not for retirement into the country, but for +good company; of which, that I may speak to the ladies as well as other +authors do, there are in these villages, nay, in all, three or four +excepted, excellent conversation, and a great deal of it, and that without +the mixture of assemblies, gaming-houses, and public foundations of +vice and debauchery; and particularly I find none of those incentives +kept up on this side the country.</p> +<p>Mr. Camden, and his learned continuator, Bishop Gibson, have ransacked +this country for its antiquities, and have left little unsearched; and +as it is not my present design to say much of what has been said already, +I shall touch very lightly where two such excellent antiquaries have +gone before me; except it be to add what may have been since discovered, +which as to these parts is only this: That there seems to be lately +found out in the bottom of the Marshes (generally called Hackney Marsh, +and beginning near about the place now called the Wick, between Old +Ford and the said Wick), the remains of a great stone causeway, which, +as it is supposed, was the highway, or great road from London into Essex, +and the same which goes now over the great bridge between Bow and Stratford.</p> +<p>That the great road lay this way, and that the great causeway landed +again just over the river, where now the Temple Mills stand, and passed +by Sir Thomas Hickes’s house at Ruckolls, all this is not doubted; +and that it was one of those famous highways made by the Romans there +is undoubted proof, by the several marks of Roman work, and by Roman +coins and other antiquities found there, some of which are said to be +deposited in the hands of the Rev. Mr. Strype, vicar of the parish of +Low Leyton.</p> +<p>From hence the great road passed up to Leytonstone, a place by some +known now as much by the sign of the “Green Man,” formerly +a lodge upon the edge of the forest; and crossing by Wanstead House, +formerly the dwelling of Sir Josiah Child, now of his son the Lord Castlemain +(of which hereafter), went over the same river which we now pass at +Ilford; and passing that part of the great forest which we now call +Hainault Forest, came into that which is now the great road, a little +on this side the Whalebone, a place on the road so called because the +rib-bone of a great whale, which was taken in the River Thames the same +year that Oliver Cromwell died, 1658, was fixed there for a monument +of that monstrous creature, it being at first about eight-and-twenty +feet long.</p> +<p>According to my first intention of effectually viewing the sea-coast +of these three counties, I went from Stratford to Barking, a large market-town, +but chiefly inhabited by fishermen, whose smacks ride in the Thames, +at the mouth of their river, from whence their fish is sent up to London +to the market at Billingsgate by small boats, of which I shall speak +by itself in my description of London.</p> +<p>One thing I cannot omit in the mention of these Barking fisher-smacks, +viz., that one of those fishermen, a very substantial and experienced +man, convinced me that all the pretences to bringing fish alive to London +market from the North Seas, and other remote places on the coast of +Great Britain, by the new-built sloops called fish-pools, have not been +able to do anything but what their fishing-smacks are able on the same +occasion to perform. These fishing-smacks are very useful vessels +to the public upon many occasions; as particularly, in time of war they +are used as press-smacks, running to all the northern and western coasts +to pick up seamen to man the navy, when any expedition is at hand that +requires a sudden equipment; at other times, being excellent sailors, +they are tenders to particular men of war; and on an expedition they +have been made use of as machines for the blowing up of fortified ports +and havens; as at Calais, St. Malo, and other places.</p> +<p>This parish of Barking is very large, and by the improvement of lands +taken in out of the Thames, and out of the river which runs by the town, +the tithes, as the townsmen assured me, are worth above £600 per +annum, including, small tithes. <i>Note</i>.—This parish +has two or three chapels of ease, viz., one at Ilford, and one on the +side of Hainault Forest, called New Chapel.</p> +<p>Sir Thomas Fanshaw, of an ancient Roman Catholic family, has a very +good estate in this parish. A little beyond the town, on the road +to Dagenham, stood a great house, ancient, and now almost fallen down, +where tradition says the Gunpowder Treason Plot was at first contrived, +and that all the first consultations about it were held there.</p> +<p>This side of the county is rather rich in land than in inhabitants, +occasioned chiefly by the unhealthiness of the air; for these low marsh +grounds, which, with all the south side of the county, have been saved +out of the River Thames, and out of the sea, where the river is wide +enough to be called so, begin here, or rather begin at West Ham, by +Stratford, and continue to extend themselves, from hence eastward, growing +wider and wider till we come beyond Tilbury, when the flat country lies +six, seven, or eight miles broad, and is justly said to be both unhealthy +and unpleasant.</p> +<p>However, the lands are rich, and, as is observable, it is very good +farming in the marshes, because the landlords let good pennyworths, +for it being a place where everybody cannot live, those that venture +it will have encouragement and indeed it is but reasonable they should.</p> +<p>Several little observations I made in this part of the county of +Essex.</p> +<p>1. We saw, passing from Barking to Dagenham, the famous breach, +made by an inundation of the Thames, which was so great as that it laid +near 5,000 acres of land under water, but which after near ten years +lying under water, and being several times blown up, has been at last +effectually stopped by the application of Captain Perry, the gentleman +who, for several years, had been employed in the Czar of Muscovy’s +works, at Veronitza, on the River Don. This breach appeared now +effectually made up, and they assured us that the new work, where the +breach was, is by much esteemed the strongest of all the sea walls in +that level.</p> +<p>2. It was observable that great part of the lands in these +levels, especially those on this side East Tilbury, are held by the +farmers, cow-keepers, and grazing butchers who live in and near London, +and that they are generally stocked (all the winter half year) with +large fat sheep, viz., Lincolnshire and Leicestershire wethers, which +they buy in Smithfield in September and October, when the Lincolnshire +and Leicestershire graziers sell off their stock, and are kept here +till Christmas, or Candlemas, or thereabouts; and though they are not +made at all fatter here than they were when bought in, yet the farmer +or butcher finds very good advantage in it, by the difference of the +price of mutton between Michaelmas, when it is cheapest, and Candlemas, +when it is dearest; this is what the butchers value themselves upon, +when they tell us at the market that it is right marsh-mutton.</p> +<p>3. In the bottom of these Marshes, and close to the edge of +the river, stands the strong fortress of Tilbury, called Tilbury Fort, +which may justly be looked upon as the key of the River Thames, and +consequently the key of the City of London. It is a regular fortification. +The design of it was a pentagon, but the water bastion, as it would +have been called, was never built. The plan was laid out by Sir +Martin Beckman, chief engineer to King Charles II., who also designed +the works at Sheerness. The esplanade of the fort is very large, +and the bastions the largest of any in England, the foundation is laid +so deep, and piles under that, driven down two an end of one another, +so far, till they were assured they were below the channel of the river, +and that the piles, which were shed with iron, entered into the solid +chalk rock adjoining to, or reaching from, the chalk hills on the other +side. These bastions settled considerably at first, as did also +part of the curtain, the great quantity of earth that was brought to +fill them up, necessarily, requiring to be made solid by time; but they +are now firm as the rocks of chalk which they came from, and the filling +up one of these bastions, as I have been told by good hands, cost the +Government £6,000, being filled with chalk rubbish fetched from +the chalk pits at Northfleet, just above Gravesend.</p> +<p>The work to the land side is complete; the bastions are faced with +brick. There is a double ditch, or moat, the innermost part of +which is 180 feet broad; there is a good counterscarp, and a covered +way marked out with ravelins and tenailles, but they are not raised +a second time after their first settling.</p> +<p>On the land side there are also two small redoubts of brick, but +of very little strength, for the chief strength of this fort on the +land side consists in this, that they are able to lay the whole level +under water, and so to make it impossible for an enemy to make any approaches +to the fort that way.</p> +<p>On the side next the river there is a very strong curtain, with a +noble gate called the Water Gate in the middle, and the ditch is palisadoed. +At the place where the water bastion was designed to be built, and which +by the plan should run wholly out into the river, so to flank the two +curtains of each side; I say, in the place where it should have been, +stands a high tower, which they tell us was built in Queen Elizabeth’s +time, and was called the Block House; the side next the water is vacant.</p> +<p>Before this curtain, above and below the said vacancy, is a platform +in the place of a counterscarp, on which are planted 106 pieces of cannon, +generally all of them carrying from twenty-four to forty-six pound ball; +a battery so terrible as well imports the consequence of that place; +besides which, there are smaller pieces planted between, and the bastions +and curtain also are planted with guns; so that they must be bold fellows +who will venture in the biggest ships the world has heard of to pass +such a battery, if the men appointed to serve the guns do their duty +like stout fellows, as becomes them.</p> +<p>The present government of this important place is under the prudent +administration of the Right Honourable the Lord Newbrugh.</p> +<p>From hence there is nothing for many miles together remarkable but +a continued level of unhealthy marshes, called the Three Hundreds, till +we come before Leigh, and to the mouth of the River Chelmer, and Blackwater. +These rivers united make a large firth, or inlet of the sea, which by +Mr. Camden is called <i>Idumanum</i> <i>Fluvium</i>; but by our fishermen +and seamen, who use it as a port, it is called Malden Water.</p> +<p>In this inlet of the sea is Osey, or Osyth Island, commonly called +Oosy Island, so well known by our London men of pleasure for the infinite +number of wild fowl, that is to say, duck, mallard, teal, and widgeon, +of which there are such vast flights, that they tell us the island, +namely the creek, seems covered with them at certain times of the year, +and they go from London on purpose for the pleasure of shooting; and, +indeed, often come home very well laden with game. But it must +be remembered too that those gentlemen who are such lovers of the sport, +and go so far for it, often return with an Essex ague on their backs, +which they find a heavier load than the fowls they have shot.</p> +<p>It is on this shore, and near this creek, that the greatest quantity +of fresh fish is caught which supplies not this country only, but London +markets also. On the shore, beginning a little below Candy Island, +or rather below Leigh Road, there lies a great shoal or sand called +the Black Tail, which runs out near three leagues into the sea due east; +at the end of it stands a pole or mast, set up by the Trinity House +men of London, whose business is to lay buoys and set up sea marks for +the direction of the sailors; this is called Shoe Beacon, from the point +of land where this sand begins, which is called Shoeburyness, and that +from the town of Shoebury, which stands by it. From this sand, +and on the edge of Shoebury, before it, or south west of it, all along, +to the mouth of Colchester water, the shore is full of shoals and sands, +with some deep channels between; all which are so full of fish, that +not only the Barking fishing-smacks come hither to fish, but the whole +shore is full of small fisher-boats in very great numbers, belonging +to the villages and towns on the coast, who come in every tide with +what they take; and selling the smaller fish in the country, send the +best and largest away upon horses, which go night and day to London +market.</p> +<p><i>N.B</i>.—I am the more particular in my remarks on this +place, because in the course of my travels the reader will meet with +the like in almost every place of note through the whole island, where +it will be seen how this whole kingdom, as well the people as the land, +and even the sea, in every part of it, are employed to furnish something, +and I may add, the best of everything, to supply the City of London +with provisions; I mean by provisions, corn, flesh, fish, butter, cheese, +salt, fuel, timber, etc., and clothes also; with everything necessary +for building, and furniture for their own use or for trade; of all which +in their order.</p> +<p>On this shore also are taken the best and nicest, though not the +largest, oysters in England; the spot from whence they have their common +appellation is a little bank called Woelfleet, scarce to be called an +island, in the mouth of the River Crouch, now called Crooksea Water; +but the chief place where the said oysters are now had is from Wyvenhoe +and the shores adjacent, whither they are brought by the fishermen, +who take them at the mouth of that they call Colchester water and about +the sand they call the Spits, and carry them up to Wyvenhoe, where they +are laid in beds or pits on the shore to feed, as they call it; and +then being barrelled up and carried to Colchester, which is but three +miles off, they are sent to London by land, and are from thence called +Colchester oysters.</p> +<p>The chief sort of other fish which they carry from this part of the +shore to London are soles, which they take sometimes exceeding large, +and yield a very good price at London market. Also sometimes middling +turbot, with whiting, codling and large flounders; the small fish, as +above, they sell in the country.</p> +<p>In the several creeks and openings, as above, on this shore there +are also other islands, but of no particular note, except Mersey, which +lies in the middle of the two openings between Malden Water and Colchester +Water; being of the most difficult access, so that it is thought a thousand +men well provided might keep possession of it against a great force, +whether by land or sea. On this account, and because if possessed +by an enemy it would shut up all the navigation and fishery on that +side, the Government formerly built a fort on the south-east point of +it; and generally in case of Dutch war, there is a strong body of troops +kept there to defend it.</p> +<p>At this place may be said to end what we call the Hundreds of Essex—that +is to say, the three Hundreds or divisions which include the marshy +country, viz., Barnstable Hundred, Rochford Hundred, and Dengy Hundred.</p> +<p>I have one remark more before I leave this damp part of the world, +and which I cannot omit on the women’s account, namely, that I +took notice of a strange decay of the sex here; insomuch that all along +this country it was very frequent to meet with men that had had from +five or six to fourteen or fifteen wives; nay, and some more. +And I was informed that in the marshes on the other side of the river +over against Candy Island there was a farmer who was then living with +the five-and-twentieth wife, and that his son, who was but about thirty-five +years old, had already had about fourteen. Indeed, this part of +the story I only had by report, though from good hands too; but the +other is well known and easy to be inquired into about Fobbing, Curringham, +Thundersly, Benfleet, Prittlewell, Wakering, Great Stambridge, Cricksea, +Burnham, Dengy, and other towns of the like situation. The reason, +as a merry fellow told me, who said he had had about a dozen and a half +of wives (though I found afterwards he fibbed a little) was this: That +they being bred in the marshes themselves and seasoned to the place, +did pretty well with it; but that they always went up into the hilly +country, or, to speak their own language, into the uplands for a wife. +That when they took the young lasses out of the wholesome and fresh +air they were healthy, fresh, and clear, and well; but when they came +out of their native air into the marshes among the fogs and damps, there +they presently changed their complexion, got an ague or two, and seldom +held it above half a year, or a year at most; “And then,” +said he, “we go to the uplands again and fetch another;” +so that marrying of wives was reckoned a kind of good farm to them. +It is true the fellow told this in a kind of drollery and mirth; but +the fact, for all that, is certainly true; and that they have abundance +of wives by that very means. Nor is it less true that the inhabitants +in these places do not hold it out, as in other countries, and as first +you seldom meet with very ancient people among the poor, as in other +places we do, so, take it one with another, not one-half of the inhabitants +are natives of the place; but such as from other countries or in other +parts of this country settle here for the advantage of good farms; for +which I appeal to any impartial inquiry, having myself examined into +it critically in several places.</p> +<p>From the marshes and low grounds being not able to travel without +many windings and indentures by reason of the creeks and waters, I came +up to the town of Malden, a noted market town situate at the conflux +or joining of two principal rivers in this county, the Chelm or Chelmer, +and the Blackwater, and where they enter into the sea. The channel, +as I have noted, is called by the sailors Malden Water, and is navigable +up to the town, where by that means is a great trade for carrying corn +by water to London; the county of Essex being (especially on all that +side) a great corn county.</p> +<p>When I have said this I think I have done Malden justice, and said +all of it that there is to be said, unless I should run into the old +story of its antiquity, and tell you it was a Roman colony in the time +of Vespasian, and that it was called Camolodunum. How the Britons, +under Queen Boadicea, in revenge for the Romans’ ill-usage of +her—for indeed they used her majesty ill—they stripped her +naked and whipped her publicly through their streets for some affront +she had given them. I say how for this she raised the Britons +round the country, overpowered, and cut in pieces the Tenth Legion, +killed above eighty thousand Romans, and destroyed the colony; but was +afterwards overthrown in a great battle, and sixty thousand Britons +slain. I say, unless I should enter into this story, I have nothing +more to say of Malden, and, as for that story, it is so fully related +by Mr. Camden in his history of the Romans in Britain at the beginning +of his “Britannia,” that I need only refer the reader to +it, and go on with my journey.</p> +<p>Being obliged to come thus far into the uplands, as above, I made +it my road to pass through Witham, a pleasant, well-situated market +town, in which, and in its neighbourhood, there are as many gentlemen +of good fortunes and families as I believe can be met with in so narrow +a compass in any of the three counties of which I make this circuit.</p> +<p>In the town of Witham dwells the Lord Pasely, oldest son of the Earl +of Abercorn of Ireland (a branch of the noble family of Hamilton, in +Scotland). His lordship has a small, but a neat, well-built new +house, and is finishing his gardens in such a manner as few in that +part of England will exceed them.</p> +<p>Nearer Chelmsford, hard by Boreham, lives the Lord Viscount Barrington, +who, though not born to the title, or estate, or name which he now possesses, +had the honour to be twice made heir to the estates of gentlemen not +at all related to him, at least, one of them, as is very much to his +honour, mentioned in his patent of creation. His name was Shute, +his father a linendraper in London, and served sheriff of the said city +in very troublesome times. He changed the name of Shute for that +of Barrington by an Act of Parliament obtained for that purpose, and +had the dignity of a baron of the kingdom conferred on him by the favour +of King George. His lordship is a Dissenter, and seems to love +retirement. He was a member of Parliament for the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed.</p> +<p>On the other side of Witham, at Fauburn, an ancient mansion house, +built by the Romans, lives Mr. Bullock, whose father married the daughter +of that eminent citizen, Sir Josiah Child, of Wanstead, by whom she +had three sons; the eldest enjoys the estate, which is considerable.</p> +<p>It is observable, that in this part of the country there are several +very considerable estates, purchased and now enjoyed by citizens of +London, merchants, and tradesmen, as Mr. Western, an iron merchant, +near Kelendon; Mr. Cresnor, a wholesale grocer, who was, a little before +he died, named for sheriff at Earl’s Coln; Mr. Olemus, a merchant +at Braintree; Mr. Westcomb, near Malden; Sir Thomas Webster at Copthall, +near Waltham; and several others.</p> +<p>I mention this to observe how the present increase of wealth in the +City of London spreads itself into the country, and plants families +and fortunes, who in another age will equal the families of the ancient +gentry, who perhaps were brought out. I shall take notice of this +in a general head, and when I have run through all the counties, collect +a list of the families of citizens and tradesmen thus established in +the several counties, especially round London.</p> +<p>The product of all this part of the country is corn, as that of the +marshy feeding grounds mentioned above is grass, where their chief business +is breeding of calves, which I need not say are the best and fattest, +and the largest veal in England, if not in the world; and, as an instance, +I ate part of a veal or calf, fed by the late Sir Josiah Child at Wanstead, +the loin of which weighed above thirty pounds, and the flesh exceeding +white and fat.</p> +<p>From hence I went on to Colchester. The story of Kill-Dane, +which is told of the town of Kelvedon, three miles from Witham, namely, +that this is the place where the massacre of the Danes was begun by +the women, and that therefore it was called Kill-Dane; I say of it, +as we generally say of improbable news, it wants confirmation. +The true name of the town is Kelvedon, and has been so for many hundred +years. Neither does Mr. Camden, or any other writer I meet with +worth naming, insist on this piece of empty tradition. The town +is commonly called Keldon.</p> +<p>Colchester is an ancient corporation. The town is large, very +populous, the streets fair and beautiful, and though it may not said +to be finely built, yet there are abundance of very good and well-built +houses in it. It still mourns in the ruins of a civil war; during +which, or rather after the heat of the war was over, it suffered a severe +siege, which, the garrison making a resolute defence, was turned into +a blockade, in which the garrison and inhabitants also suffered the +utmost extremity of hunger, and were at last obliged to surrender at +discretion, when their two chief officers, Sir Charles Lucas and Sir +George Lisle, were shot to death under the castle wall. The inhabitants +had a tradition that no grass would grow upon the spot where the blood +of those two gallant gentlemen was spilt, and they showed the place +bare of grass for many years; but whether for this reason I will not +affirm. The story is now dropped, and the grass, I suppose, grows +there, as in other places.</p> +<p>However, the battered walls, the breaches in the turrets, and the +ruined churches, still remain, except that the church of St. Mary (where +they had the royal fort) is rebuilt; but the steeple, which was two-thirds +battered down, because the besieged had a large culverin upon it that +did much execution, remains still in that condition.</p> +<p>There is another church which bears the marks of those times, namely, +on the south side of the town, in the way to the Hythe, of which more +hereafter.</p> +<p>The lines of contravallation, with the forts built by the besiegers, +and which surrounded the whole town, remain very visible in many places; +but the chief of them are demolished.</p> +<p>The River Colne, which passes through this town, compasses it on +the north and east sides, and served in those times for a complete defence +on those sides. They have three bridges over it, one called North +Bridge, at the north gate, by which the road leads into Suffolk; one +called East Bridge, at the foot of the High Street, over which lies +the road to Harwich, and one at the Hythe, as above.</p> +<p>The river is navigable within three miles of the town for ships of +large burthen; a little lower it may receive even a royal navy; and +up to that part called the Hythe, close to the houses, it is navigable +for hoys and small barques. This Hythe is a long street, passing +from west to east, on the south side of the town. At the west +end of it, there is a small intermission of the buildings, but not much; +and towards the river it is very populous (it may be called the Wapping +of Colchester). There is one church in that part of the town, +a large quay by the river, and a good custom-house.</p> +<p>The town may be said chiefly to subsist by the trade of making bays, +which is known over most of the trading parts of Europe by the name +of Colchester Bays, though indeed all the towns round carry on the same +trade—namely, Kelvedon, Witham, Coggeshall, Braintree, Bocking, +&c., and the whole county, large as it is, may be said to be employed, +and in part maintained, by the spinning of wool for the bay trade of +Colchester and its adjacent towns. The account of the siege, A.D. +1648, with a diary of the most remarkable passages, are as follows, +which I had from so good a hand as that I have no reason to question +its being a true relation.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div> +<h2>A Diary: Or, An Account Of The Siege And Blockade Of Colchester, +A.D. 1648.</h2> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div> +<p>On the 4th of June, we were alarmed in the town of Colchester that +the Lord Goring, the Lord Capel, and a body of two thousand of the loyal +party, who had been in arms in Kent, having left a great body of an +army in possession of Rochester Bridge, where they resolved to fight +the Lord Fairfax and the Parliament army, had given the said General +Fairfax the slip, and having passed the Thames at Greenwich, were come +to Stratford, and were advancing this way; upon which news, Sir Charles +Lucas, Sir George Lisle, Colonel Cook, and several gentlemen of the +loyal army, and all that had commissions from the king, with a gallant +appearance of gentlemen volunteers, drew together from all parts of +the country to join with them.</p> +<p>The 8th, we were further informed that they were advanced to Chelmsford, +to New Hall House, and to Witham; and the 9th some of the horse arrived +in the town, taking possession of the gates, and having engineers with +them, told us that General Goring had resolved to make this town his +headquarters, and would cause it to be well fortified. They also +caused the drums to beat for volunteers; and a good number of the poor +bay-weavers, and such-like people, wanting employment, enlisted; so +that they completed Sir Charles Lucas’s regiment, which was but +thin, to near eight hundred men.</p> +<p>On the 10th we had news that the Lord Fairfax, having beaten the +Royalists at Maidstone, and retaken Rochester, had passed the Thames +at Gravesend, though with great difficulty, and with some loss, and +was come to Horndon-on-the-Hill, in order to gain Colchester before +the Royalists; but that hearing Sir Charles Lucas had prevented him, +had ordered his rendezvous at Billerecay, and intended to possess the +pass at Malden on the 11th, where Sir Thomas Honnywood, with the county-trained +bands, was to be the same day.</p> +<p>The same evening the Lord Goring, with all his forces, making about +five thousand six hundred men, horse and foot, came to Colchester, and +encamping without the suburbs, under command of the cannon of St. Mary’s +fort, made disposition to fight the Parliament forces if they came up.</p> +<p>The 12th, the Lord Goring came into Colchester, viewed the fort in +St. Mary’s churchyard, ordered more cannon to be planted upon +it, posted two regiments in the suburbs without the head gate, let the +town know he would take them into his Majesty’s protection, and +that he would fight the enemy in that situation. The same evening +the Lord Fairfax, with a strong party of one thousand horse, came to +Lexden, at two small miles’ distance, expecting the rest of his +army there the same night.</p> +<p>The Lord Goring brought in prisoners the same day, Sir William Masham, +and several other gentlemen of the county, who were secured under a +strong guard; which the Parliament hearing, ordered twenty prisoners +of the royal party to be singled out, declaring, that they should be +used in the same manner as the Lord Goring used Sir William Masham, +and the gentlemen prisoners with him.</p> +<p>On the 13th, early in the morning, our spies brought intelligence +that the Lord Fairfax, all his forces being come up to him, was making +dispositions for a march, resolving to attack the Royalists in their +camp; upon which, the Lord Goring drew all his forces together, resolving +to fight. The engineers had offered the night before to entrench +his camp, and to draw a line round it in one night’s time, but +his lordship declined it, and now there was no time for it; whereupon +the general, Lord Goring, drew up his army in order of battle on both +sides the road, the horse in the open fields on the wings; the foot +were drawn up, one regiment in the road, one regiment on each side, +and two regiments for reserve in the suburb, just at the entrance of +the town, with a regiment of volunteers advanced as a forlorn hope, +and a regiment of horse at the head-gate, ready to support the reserve, +as occasion should require.</p> +<p>About nine in the morning we heard the enemy’s drums beat a +march, and in half an hour more their first troops appeared on the higher +grounds towards Lexden. Immediately the cannon from St. Mary’s +fired upon them, and put some troops of horse into confusion, doing +great execution, which, they not being able to shun it, made them quicken +their pace, fall on, when our cannon were obliged to cease firing, lest +we should hurt our own troops as well as the enemy. Soon after, +their foot appeared, and our cannon saluted them in like manner, and +killed them a great many men.</p> +<p>Their first line of foot was led up by Colonel Barkstead, and consisted +of three regiments of foot, making about 1,700 men, and these charged +our regiment in the lane, commanded by Sir George Lisle and Sir William +Campion. They fell on with great fury, and were received with +as much gallantry, and three times repulsed; nor could they break in +here, though the Lord Fairfax sent fresh men to support them, till the +Royalists’ horse, oppressed with numbers on the left, were obliged +to retire, and at last to come full gallop into the street, and so on +into the town. Nay, still the foot stood firm, and the volunteers, +being all gentlemen, kept their ground with the greatest resolution; +but the left wing being routed, as above, Sir William Campion was obliged +to make a front to the left, and lining the hedge with his musketeers, +made a stand with a body of pikes against the enemy’s horse, and +prevented them entering the lane. Here that gallant gentleman +was killed with a carabine shot; and after a very gallant resistance, +the horse on the right being also overpowered, the word was given to +retreat, which, however, was done in such good order, the regiments +of reserve standing drawn up at the end of the street, ready to receive +the enemy’s horse upon the points of their pikes, that the royal +troops came on in the openings between the regiments, and entered the +town with very little loss, and in very good order.</p> +<p>By this, however, those regiments of reserve were brought at last +to sustain the efforts of the enemy’s whole army, till being overpowered +by numbers they were put into disorder, and forced to get into the town +in the best manner they could; by which means near two hundred men were +killed or made prisoners.</p> +<p>Encouraged by this success the enemy pushed on, supposing they should +enter the town pell-mell with the rest; nor did the Royalists hinder +them, but let good part of Barkstead’s own regiment enter the +head-gate; but then sallying from St. Mary’s with a choice body +of foot on their left, and the horse rallying in the High Street, and +charging them again in the front, they were driven back quite into the +street of the suburb, and most of those that had so rashly entered were +cut in pieces.</p> +<p>Thus they were repulsed at the south entrance into the town; and +though they attempted to storm three times after that with great resolution, +yet they were as often beaten back, and that with great havoc of their +men; and the cannon from the fort all the while did execution upon those +who stood drawn up to support them; so that at last, seeing no good +to be done, they retreated, having small joy of their pretended victory.</p> +<p>They lost in this action Colonel Needham, who commanded a regiment +called the Tower Guards, and who fought very desperately; Captain Cox, +an old experienced horse officer, and several other officers of note, +with a great many private men, though, as they had the field, they concealed +their number, giving out that they lost but a hundred, when we were +assured they lost near a thousand men besides the wounded.</p> +<p>They took some of our men prisoners, occasioned by the regiment of +Colonel Farr, and two more sustaining the shock of their whole army, +to secure the retreat of the main body, as above.</p> +<p>The 14th, the Lord Fairfax finding he was not able to carry the town +by storm, without the formality of a siege, took his headquarters at +Lexden, and sent to London and to Suffolk for more forces; also he ordered +the trained bands to be raised and posted on the roads to prevent succours. +Notwithstanding which, divers gentlemen, with some assistance of men +and arms, found means to get into the town.</p> +<p>The very same night they began to break ground, and particularly +to raise a fort between Colchester and Lexden, to cover the general’s +quarter from the sallies from the town; for the Royalists having a good +body of horse, gave them no rest, but scoured the fields every day, +and falling all that were found straggling from their posts, and by +this means killed a great many.</p> +<p>The 17th, Sir Charles Lucas having been out with 1,200 horse, and +detaching parties toward the seaside, and towards Harwich, they brought +in a very great quantity of provisions, and abundance of sheep and black +cattle sufficient for the supply of the town for a considerable time; +and had not the Suffolk forces advanced over Cataway Bridge to prevent +it, a larger supply had been brought in that way; for now it appeared +plainly that the Lord Fairfax finding the garrison strong and resolute, +and that he was not in a condition to reduce them by force, at least +without the loss of much blood, had resolved to turn his siege into +a blockade, and reduce them by hunger; their troops being also wanted +to oppose several other parties, who had, in several parts of the kingdom, +taken arms for the king’s cause.</p> +<p>This same day General Fairfax sent in a trumpet to propose exchanging +prisoners, which the Lord Goring rejected, expecting a reinforcement +of troops, which were actually coming to him, and were to be at Linton +in Cambridgeshire as the next day.</p> +<p>The same day two ships brought in a quantity of corn and provisions +and fifty-six men from the shore of Kent with several gentlemen, who +all landed and came up to the town, and the greatest part of the corn +was with the utmost application unloaded the same night into some hoys, +which brought it up to the Hythe, being apprehensive of the Parliament’s +ships which lay at Harwich, who having intelligence of the said ships, +came the next day into the mouth of the river, and took the said two +ships and what corn was left in them. The besieged sent out a +party to help the ships, but having no boats they could not assist them.</p> +<p>18th. Sir Charles Lucas sent an answer about exchange of prisoners, +accepting the conditions offered, but the Parliament’s general +returned that he would not treat with Sir Charles, for that he (Sir +Charles) being his prisoner upon his parole of honour, and having appeared +in arms contrary to the rules of war, had forfeited his honour and faith, +and was not capable of command or trust in martial affairs. To +this Sir Charles sent back an answer, and his excuse for his breach +of his parole, but it was not accepted, nor would the Lord Fairfax enter +upon any treaty with him.</p> +<p>Upon this second message Sir William Masham and the Parliament Committee +and other gentlemen, who were prisoners in the town, sent a message +in writing under their hands to the Lord Fairfax, entreating him to +enter into a treaty for peace; but the Lord Fairfax returned, he could +take no notice of their request, as supposing it forced from them under +restraint; but that if the Lord Goring desired peace, he might write +to the Parliament, and he would cause his messenger to have a safe conduct +to carry his letter. There was a paper sent enclosed in this paper, +signed Capel, Norwich, Charles Lucas, but to that the general would +return no answer, because it was signed by Sir Charles for the reasons +above.</p> +<p>All this while the Lord Goring, finding the enemy strengthening themselves, +gave order for fortifying the town, and drawing lines in several places +to secure the entrance, as particularly without the east bridge, and +without the north gate and bridge, and to plant more cannon upon the +works; to which end some great guns were brought in from some ships +at Wivenhoe.</p> +<p>The same day, our men sallied out in three places, and attacked the +besiegers, first at their port, called Essex, then at their new works, +on the south of the town; a third party sallying at the east bridge, +brought in some booty from the Suffolk troops, having killed several +of their stragglers on the Harwich road. They also took a lieutenant +of horse prisoner, and brought him into the town.</p> +<p>19th. This day we had the unwelcome news that our friends at +Linton were defeated by the enemy, and Major Muschamp, a loyal gentleman, +killed.</p> +<p>The same night, our men gave the enemy alarm at their new Essex fort, +and thereby drew them out as if they would fight, till they brought +them within reach of the cannon of St. Mary’s, and then our men +retiring, the great guns let fly among them, and made them run. +Our men shouted after them. Several of them were killed on this +occasion, one shot having killed three horsemen in our fight.</p> +<p>20th. We now found the enemy, in order to a perfect blockade, +resolved to draw a line of circumvallation round the town; having received +a train of forty pieces of heavy cannon from the Tower of London.</p> +<p>This day the Parliament sent a messenger to their prisoners to know +how they fared, and how they were used; who returned word, that they +fared indifferent well, and were very civilly used, but that provisions +were scarce, and therefore dear.</p> +<p>This day a party of horse, with 300 foot, sallied out, and marched +as far as the fort on the Isle of Mersey, which they made a show of +attacking, to keep in the garrison. Meanwhile the rest took a +good number of cattle from the country, which they brought safe into +the town, with five waggons laden with corn. This was the last +they could bring in that way, the lines being soon finished on that +side.</p> +<p>This day the Lord Fairfax sent in a trumpet to the Earl of Norwich +and the Lord Goring, offering honourable conditions to them all, allowing +all the gentlemen their lives and arms, exemption from plunder, and +passes, if they desired to go beyond sea, and all the private men pardon, +and leave to go peaceably to their own dwellings. But the Lord +Goring and the rest of the gentlemen rejected it, and laughed at them, +upon which the Lord Fairfax made proclamation, that his men should give +the private soldiers in Colchester free leave to pass through their +camp, and go where they pleased without molestation, only leaving their +arms, but that the gentlemen should have no quarter. This was +a great loss to the Royalists, for now the men foreseeing the great +hardships they were like to suffer, began to slip away, and the Lord +Goring was obliged to forbid any to desert on pain of present death, +and to keep parties of horse continually patrolling to prevent them; +notwithstanding which many got away.</p> +<p>21st. The town desired the Lord Goring to give them leave to +send a message to Lord Fairfax, to desire they might have liberty to +carry on their trade and sell their bays and says, which Lord Goring +granted; but the enemy’s general returned, that they should have +considered that before they let the Royalists into the town; that to +desire a free trade from a town besieged was never heard of, or at least, +was such a motion, as was never yet granted; that, however, he would +give the bay-makers leave to bring their bays and says, and other goods, +once a week, or oftener, if they desire it, to Lexden Heath, where they +should have a free market, and might sell them or carry them back again, +if not sold, as they found occasion.</p> +<p>22nd. The besieged sallied out in the night with a strong party, +and disturbed the enemy in their works, and partly ruined one of their +forts, called Ewer’s Fort, where the besiegers were laying a bridge +over the River Colne. Also they sallied again at east bridge, +and faced the Suffolk troops, who were now declared enemies. These +brought in six-and-fifty good bullocks, and some cows, and they took +and killed several of the enemy.</p> +<p>23rd. The besiegers began to fire with their cannon from Essex +Fort, and from Barkstead’s Fort, which was built upon the Malden +road; and finding that the besieged had a party in Sir Harbottle Grimston’s +house, called, “The Fryery,” they fired at it with their +cannon, and battered it almost down, and then the soldiers set it on +fire.</p> +<p>This day upon the townsmen’s treaty for the freedom of the +bay trade, the Lord Fairfax sent a second offer of conditions to the +besieged, being the same as before, only excepting Lord Goring, Lord +Capel, Sir George Lisle, and Sir Charles Lucas.</p> +<p>This day we had news in the town that the Suffolk forces were advanced +to assist the besiegers, and that they began a fort called Fort Suffolk, +on the north side of the town, to shut up the Suffolk road towards Stratford. +This day the besieged sallied out at north bridge, attacked the out-guards +of the Suffolk men on Mile End Heath, and drove them into their fort +in the woods.</p> +<p>This day the Lord Fairfax sent a trumpet, complaining of chewed and +poisoned bullets being shot from the town, and threatening to give no +quarter if that practice was allowed; but Lord Goring returned answer, +with a protestation, that no such thing was done by his order or consent.</p> +<p>24th. They fired hard from their cannon against St. Mary’s +steeple, on which was planted a large culverin, which annoyed them even +in the general’s headquarters at Lexden. One of the best +gunners the garrison had was killed with a cannon bullet. This +night the besieged sallied towards Audly, on the Suffolk road, and brought +in some cattle.</p> +<p>25th. Lord Capel sent a trumpet to the Parliament-General, +but the rogue ran away, and came not back, nor sent any answer; whether +they received his message or not, was not known.</p> +<p>26th. This day having finished their new bridge, a party of +their troops passed that bridge, and took post on the hill over against +Mile End Church, where they built a fort, called Fothergall’s +Fort, and another on the east side of the road, called Rainsbro’s +Fort, so that the town was entirely shut in, on that side, and the Royalists +had no place free but over east bridge, which was afterwards cut off +by the enemy’s bringing their line from the Hythe within the river +to the stone causeway leading to the east bridge.</p> +<p>July 1st. From the 26th to the 1st, the besiegers continued +finishing their works, and by the 2nd the whole town was shut in; at +which the besiegers gave a general salvo from their cannon at all their +forts; but the besieged gave them a return, for they sallied out in +the night, attacked Barkstead’s fort, scarce finished, with such +fury, that they twice entered the work sword in hand, killed most part +of the defendants, and spoiled part of the forts cast up; but fresh +forces coming up, they retired with little loss, bringing eight prisoners, +and having slain, as they reported, above 100.</p> +<p>On the second, Lord Fairfax offered exchange for Sir William Masham +in particular, and afterwards for other prisoners, but the Lord Goring +refused.</p> +<p>5th. The besieged sallied with two regiments, supported by +some horse, at midnight; they were commanded by Sir George Lisle. +They fell on with such fury, that the enemy were put into confusion, +their works at east bridge ruined, and two pieces of cannon taken, Lieutenant +Colonel Sambrook, and several other officers, were killed, and our men +retired into the town, bringing the captain, two lieutenants, and about +fifty men with them prisoners into the town; but having no horse, we +could not bring off the cannon, but they spiked them, and made them +unfit for service.</p> +<p>From this time to the 11th, the besieged sallied almost every night, +being encouraged by their successes, and they constantly cut off some +of the enemy, but not without loss also on their own side.</p> +<p>About this time we received by a spy the bad news of defeating the +king’s friends almost in all parts of England, and particularly +several parties which had good wishes to our gentlemen, and intended +to relieve them.</p> +<p>Our batteries from St. Mary’s Fort and steeple, and from the +north bridge, greatly annoyed them, and killed most of their gunners +and firemen. One of the messengers who brought news to Lord Fairfax +of the defeat of one of the parties, in Kent, and the taking of Weymer +Castle, slipped into the town, and brought a letter to the Lord Goring, +and listed in the regiment of the Lord Capel’s horse.</p> +<p>14th. The besiegers attacked and took the Hythe Church, with +a small work the besieged had there, but the defenders retired in time; +some were taken prisoners in the church, but not in the fort; Sir Charles +Lucas’s horse was attacked by a great body of the besiegers; the +besieged defended themselves with good resolution for some time, but +a hand-grenade thrown in by the assailants, having fired the magazine, +the house was blown up, and most of the gallant defenders buried in +the ruins. This was a great blow to the Royalists, for it was +a very strong pass, and always well guarded.</p> +<p>15th. The Lord Fairfax sent offers of honourable conditions +to the soldiers of the garrison if they would surrender, or quit the +service; upon which the Lords Goring and Capel, and Sir Charles Lucas, +returned an answer signed by their hands, that it was not honourable +or agreeable to the usage of war to offer conditions separately to the +soldiers, exclusive of their officers, and therefore civilly desired +his lordship to send no more such messages or proposals, or if he did, +that he would not take it ill if they hanged up the messenger.</p> +<p>This evening all the gentlemen volunteers, with all the horse of +the garrison, with Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, and Sir Bernard +Gascoigne at the head of them, resolved to break through the enemy, +and forcing a pass to advance into Suffolk by Nayland Bridge. +To this purpose they passed the river near Middle Mill; but their guides +having misled them the enemy took the alarm; upon which their guides, +and some pioneers which they had with them to open the hedges and level +the banks, for their passing to Boxted, all ran away, so the horse were +obliged to retreat, the enemy pretending to pursue, but thinking they +had retreated by the north bridge, they missed them; upon which being +enraged, they fired the suburbs without the bridge, and burned them +quite down.</p> +<p>18th. Some of the horse attempted to escape the same way, and +had the whole body been there as before, they had effected it; but there +being but two troops, they were obliged to retire. Now the town +began to be greatly distressed, provisions failing, and the townspeople, +which were numerous, being very uneasy, and no way of breaking through +being found practicable, the gentlemen would have joined in any attempt +wherein they might die gallantly with their swords in their hands, but +nothing presented; they often sallied and cut off many of the enemy, +but their numbers were continually supplied, and the besieged diminished; +their horse also sunk and became unfit for service, having very little +hay, and no corn, and at length they were forced to kill them for food; +so that they began to be in a very miserable condition, and the soldiers +deserted every day in great numbers, not being able to bear the want +of food, as being almost starved with hunger.</p> +<p>22nd. The Lord Fairfax offered again an exchange of prisoners, +but the Lord Goring rejected it, because they refused conditions to +the chief gentlemen of the garrison.</p> +<p>During this time, two troops of the Royal Horse sallied out in the +night, resolving to break out or die: the first rode up full gallop +to the enemy’s horse guards on the side of Malden road, and exchanged +their pistols with the advanced troops, and wheeling made as if they +would retire to the town; but finding they were not immediately pursued, +they wheeled about to the right, and passing another guard at a distance, +without being perfectly discovered, they went clean off, and passing +towards Tiptree Heath, and having good guides, they made their escape +towards Cambridgeshire, in which length of way they found means to disperse +without being attacked, and went every man his own way as fate directed; +nor did we hear that many of them were taken: they were led, as we are +informed, by Sir Bernard Gascoigne.</p> +<p>Upon these attempts of the horse to break out, the enemy built a +small fort in the meadow right against the ford in the river at the +Middle Mill, and once set that mill on fire, but it was extinguished +without much damage; however, the fort prevented any more attempts that +way.</p> +<p>22nd. The Parliament-General sent in a trumpet, to propose +again the exchange of prisoners, offering the Lord Capel’s son +for one, and Mr. Ashburnham for Sir William Masham; but the Lord Capel, +Lord Goring, and the rest of the loyal gentlemen rejected it; and Lord +Capel, in particular, sent the Lord Fairfax word it was inhuman to surprise +his son, who was not in arms, and offer him to insult a father’s +affection, but that he might murder his son if he pleased, he would +leave his blood to be revenged as Heaven should give opportunity; and +the Lord Goring sent word, that as they had reduced the king’s +servants to eat horseflesh, the prisoners should feed as they fed.</p> +<p>The enemy sent again to complain of the Royalists shooting poisoned +bullets, and sent two affidavits of it made by two deserters, swearing +it was done by the Lord Norwich’s direction; the generals in the +town returned under all their hands that they never gave any such command +or direction; that they disowned the practice; and that the fellows +who swore it were perjured before in running from their colours and +the service of their king, and ought not to be credited again; but they +added, that for shooting rough-cast slugs they must excuse them, as +things stood with them at that time.</p> +<p>About this time, a porter in a soldier’s habit got through +the enemy’s leaguer, and passing their out-guards in the dark, +got into the town, and brought letters from London, assuring the Royalists +that there were so many strong parties up in arms for the king, and +in so many places, that they would be very suddenly relieved. +This they caused to be read to the soldiers to encourage them; and particularly +it related to the rising of the Earl of Holland, and the Duke of Buckingham, +who with 500 horse were gotten together in arms about Kingston in Surrey; +but we had notice in a few days after that they were defeated, and the +Earl of Holland taken, who was afterwards beheaded.</p> +<p>26th. The enemy now began to batter the walls, and especially +on the west side, from St. Mary’s towards the north gate; and +we were assured they intended a storm; on which the engineers were directed +to make trenches behind the walls where the breaches should be made, +that in case of a storm they might meet with a warm reception. +Upon this, they gave over the design of storming. The Lord Goring +finding that the enemy had set the suburbs on fire right against the +Hythe, ordered the remaining houses, which were empty of inhabitants, +from whence their musketeer fired against the town, to be burned also.</p> +<p>31st. A body of foot sallied out at midnight, to discover what +the enemy were doing at a place where they thought a new fort raising; +they fell in among the workmen, and put them to flight, cut in pieces +several of the guard, and brought in the officer who commanded them +prisoner.</p> +<p>August 2nd. The town was now in a miserable condition: the +soldiers searched and rifled the houses of the inhabitants for victuals; +they had lived on horseflesh several weeks, and most of that also was +as lean as carrion, which not being well salted bred wens; and this +want of diet made the soldiers sickly, and many died of fluxes, yet +they boldly rejected all offers of surrender, unless with safety to +their offices. However, several hundreds got out, and either passed +the enemy’s guards, or surrendered to them and took passes.</p> +<p>7th. The townspeople became very uneasy to the soldiers, and +the mayor of the town, with the aldermen, waited upon the general, desiring +leave to send to the Lord Fairfax for leave to all the inhabitants to +come out of the town, that they might not perish, to which the Lord +Goring consented, but the Lord Fairfax refused them.</p> +<p>12th. The rabble got together in a vast crowd about the Lord +Goring’s quarters, clamouring for a surrender, and they did this +every evening, bringing women and children, who lay howling and crying +on the ground for bread; the soldiers beat off the men, but the women +and children would not stir, bidding the soldiers kill them, saying +they had rather be shot than be starved.</p> +<p>16th. The general, moved by the cries and distress of the poor +inhabitants, sent out a trumpet to the Parliament-General, demanding +leave to send to the Prince, who was with a fleet of nineteen men of +war in the mouth of the Thames, offering to surrender, if they were +not relieved in twenty days. The Lord Fairfax refused it, and +sent them word he would be in the town in person, and visit them in +less than twenty days, intimating that they were preparing for a storm. +Some tart messages and answers were exchanged on this occasion. +The Lord Goring sent word they were willing, in compassion to the poor +townspeople, and to save that effusion of blood, to surrender upon honourable +terms, but that as for the storming them, which was threatened, they +might come on when they thought fit, for that they (the Royalists) were +ready for them. This held to the 19th.</p> +<p>20th. The Lord Fairfax returned what he said was his last answer, +and should be the last offer of mercy. The conditions offered +were, that upon a peaceable surrender, all soldiers and officers under +the degree of a captain in commission should have their lives, be exempted +from plunder, and have passes to go to their respective dwellings. +All the captains and superior officers, with all the lords and gentlemen, +as well in commission as volunteers, to surrender prisoners at discretion, +only that they should not be plundered by the soldiers.</p> +<p>21st. The generals rejected those offers; and when the people +came about them again for bread, set open one of the gates, and bid +them go out to the enemy, which a great many did willingly; upon which +the Lord Goring ordered all the rest that came about his door to be +turned out after them. But when the people came to the Lord Fairfax’s +camp the out-guards were ordered to fire at them and drive them all +back again to the gate, which the Lord Goring seeing, he ordered them +to be received in again. And now, although the generals and soldiers +also were resolute to die with their swords in their hands rather than +yield, and had maturely resolved to abide a storm, yet the Mayor and +Aldermen having petitioned them as well as the inhabitants, being wearied +with the importunities of the distressed people, and pitying the deplorable +condition they were reduced to, they agreed to enter upon a treaty, +and accordingly sent out some officers to the Lord Fairfax, the Parliament-General, +to treat, and with them was sent two gentlemen of the prisoners upon +their parole to return.</p> +<p>Upon the return of the said messengers with the Lord Fairfax’s +terms, the Lord Goring, &c., sent out a letter declaring they would +die with their swords in their hands rather than yield without quarter +for life, and sent a paper of articles on which they were willing to +surrender. But in the very interim of this treaty news came that +the Scots army, under Duke Hamilton, which was entered into Lancashire, +and was joined by the Royalists in that country, making 21,000 men, +were entirely defeated. After this the Lord Fairfax would not +grant any abatement of articles—viz., to have all above lieutenants +surrender at mercy.</p> +<p>Upon this the Lord Goring and the General refused to submit again, +and proposed a general sally, and to break through or die, but found +upon preparing for it that the soldiers, who had their lives offered +them, declined it, fearing the gentlemen would escape, and they should +be left to the mercy of the Parliament soldiers; and that upon this +they began to mutiny and talk of surrendering the town and their officers +too. Things being brought to this pass, the Lords and General +laid aside that design, and found themselves obliged to submit; and +so the town was surrendered the 28th of August, 1648, upon conditions +as follows:-</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>The Lords and gentlemen all prisoners at mercy.</p> +<p>The common soldiers had passes to go home to their several dwellings, +but without arms, and an oath not to serve against the Parliament.</p> +<p>The town to be preserved from pillage, paying £14,000 ready +money.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>The same day a council of war being called about the prisoners of +war, it was resolved that the Lords should be left to the disposal of +the Parliament. That Sir Charles Lucas, Sir George Lisle, and +Sir Marmaduke Gascoigne should be shot to death, and the other officers +prisoners to remain in custody till further order.</p> +<p>The two first of the three gentlemen were shot to death, and the +third respited. Thus ended the siege of Colchester.</p> +<p>N.B.—Notwithstanding the number killed in the siege, and dead +of the flux, and other distempers occasioned by bad diet, which were +very many, and notwithstanding the number which deserted and escaped +in the time of their hardships, yet there remained at the time of the +surrender:</p> +<p>Earl of Norwich (Goring).<br />Lord Capell.<br />Lord Loughbro’.<br />11 +Knights.<br />9 Colonels.<br />8 Lieut.-Colonels.<br />9 Majors.<br />30 +Captains.<br />72 Lieutenants.<br />69 Ensigns.<br />183 Serjeants and +Corporals.<br />3,067 Private Soldiers.<br />65 Servants to the Lords +and General Officers and Gentlemen.<br />3,526 in all.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>The town of Colchester has been supposed to contain about 40,000 +people, including the out-villages which are within its liberty, of +which there are a great many—the liberty of the town being of +a great extent. One sad testimony of the town being so populous +is that they buried upwards of 5,259 people in the plague year, 1665. +But the town was severely visited indeed, even more in proportion than +any of its neighbours, or than the City of London.</p> +<p>The government of the town is by a mayor, high steward, a recorder +or his deputy, eleven aldermen, a chamberlain, a town clerk, assistants, +and eighteen common councilmen. Their high steward (this year, +1722) is Sir Isaac Rebow, a gentleman of a good family and known character, +who has generally for above thirty years been one of their representatives +in Parliament. He has a very good house at the entrance in at +the south, or head gate of the town, where he has had the honour several +times to lodge and entertain the late King William of glorious memory +in his returning from Holland by way of Harwich to London. Their +recorder is Earl Cowper, who has been twice Lord High Chancellor of +England. But his lordship not residing in those parts has put +in for his deputy,—Price, Esq., barrister-at-law, and who dwells +in the town. There are in Colchester eight churches besides those +which are damaged, and five meeting-houses, whereof two for Quakers, +besides a Dutch church and a French church.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>Public Edifices are -</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>1. Bay Hall, an ancient society kept up for ascertaining the +manufacture of bays, which are, or ought to be, all brought to this +hall to be viewed and sealed according to their goodness by the masters; +and to this practice has been owing the great reputation of the Colchester +bays in foreign markets, where to open the side of a bale and show the +seal has been enough to give the buyer a character of the value of the +goods without any further search; and so far as they abate the integrity +and exactness of their method, which I am told of late is much omitted; +I say, so far, that reputation will certainly abate in the markets they +go to, which are principally in Portugal and Italy. This corporation +is governed by a particular set of men who are called governors of the +Dutch Bay Hall. And in the same building is the Dutch church.</p> +<p>2. The guildhall of the town, called by them the moot hall, +to which is annexed the town gaol.</p> +<p>3. The workhouse, being lately enlarged, and to which belongs +a corporation or a body of the inhabitants, consisting of sixty persons +incorporated by Act of Parliament Anno 1698 for taking care of the poor. +They are incorporated by the name and title of the governor, deputy +governor, assistants, and guardians of the poor of the town of Colchester. +They are in number eight-and-forty, to whom are added the mayor and +aldermen for the time being, who are always guardians by the same charter. +These make the number of sixty, as above. There is also a grammar +free-school, with a good allowance to the master, who is chosen by the +town.</p> +<p>4. The castle of Colchester is now become only a monument showing +the antiquity of the place, it being built as the walls of the town +also are, with Roman bricks, and the Roman coins dug up here, and ploughed +up in the fields adjoining, confirm it. The inhabitants boast +much that Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, first Christian +Emperor of the Romans, was born there, and it may be so for aught we +know. I only observe what Mr. Camden says of the Castle of Colchester, +viz.: In the middle of this city stands a castle ready to fall with +age.</p> +<p>Though this castle has stood one hundred and twenty years from the +time Mr. Camden wrote that account, and it is not fallen yet, nor will +another hundred and twenty years, I believe, make it look one jot the +older. And it was observable that in the late siege of this town, +a common shot, which the besiegers made at this old castle, were so +far from making it fall, that they made little or no impression upon +it; for which reason, it seems, and because the garrison made no great +use of it against the besiegers, they fired no more at it.</p> +<p>There are two charity schools set up here, and carried on by a generous +subscription, with very good success.</p> +<p>The title of Colchester is in the family of Earl Rivers, and the +eldest son of that family is called Lord Colchester, though as I understand, +the title is not settled by the creation to the eldest son till he enjoys +the title of earl with it, but that the other is by the courtesy of +England; however, this I take <i>ad referendum</i>.</p> +<p>From Colchester I took another step down to the coast; the land running +out a great way into the sea, south and south-east makes that promontory +of land called the Naze, and well known to seamen using the northern +trade. Here one sees a sea open as an ocean without any opposite +shore, though it be no more than the mouth of the Thames. This +point called the Naze, and the north-east point of Kent, near Margate, +called the North Foreland, making what they call the mouth of the river +and the port of London, though it be here above sixty miles over.</p> +<p>At Walton-under-the-Naze they find on the shore copperas-stone in +great quantities; and there are several large works called copperas +houses, where they make it with great expense.</p> +<p>On this promontory is a new mark erected by the Trinity House men, +and at the public expense, being a round brick tower, near eighty feet +high. The sea gains so much upon the land here by the continual +winds at south-west, that within the memory of some of the inhabitants +there they have lost above thirty acres of land in one place.</p> +<p>From hence we go back into the county about four miles, because of +the creeks which lie between; and then turning east again come to Harwich, +on the utmost eastern point of this large country.</p> +<p>Harwich is a town so well known and so perfectly described by many +writers, I need say little of it. It is strong by situation, and +may be made more so by art. But it is many years since the Government +of England have had any occasion to fortify towns to the landward; it +is enough that the harbour or road, which is one of the best and securest +in England, is covered at the entrance by a strong fort and a battery +of guns to the seaward, just as at Tilbury, and which sufficiently defend +the mouth of the river. And there is a particular felicity in +this fortification, viz., that though the entrance or opening of the +river into the sea is very wide, especially at high-water, at least +two miles, if not three over; yet the Channel, which is deep, and in +which the ships must keep and come to the harbour, is narrow, and lies +only on the side of the fort, so that all the ships which come in or +go out must come close under the guns of the fort—that is to say, +under the command of their shot.</p> +<p>The fort is on the Suffolk side of the bay or entrance, but stands +so far into the sea upon the point of a sand or shoal, which runs out +toward the Essex side, as it were, laps over the mouth of that haven +like a blind to it; and our surveyors of the country affirm it to be +in the county of Essex. The making this place, which was formerly +no other than a sand in the sea, solid enough for the foundation of +so good a fortification, has not been done but by many years’ +labour, often repairs, and an infinite expense of money, but it is now +so firm that nothing of storms and high tides, or such things as make +the sea dangerous to these kind of works, can affect it.</p> +<p>The harbour is of a vast extent; for, as two rivers empty themselves +here, viz., Stour from Manningtree and the Orwell from Ipswich, the +channels of both are large and deep; and safe for all weathers; so where +they join they make a large bay or road able to receive the biggest +ships, and the greatest number that ever the world saw together; I mean +ships of war. In the old Dutch war great use has been made of +this harbour; and I have known that there has been one hundred sail +of men-of-war and their attendants and between three and four hundred +sail of collier ships all in this harbour at a time, and yet none of +them crowding or riding in danger of one another.</p> +<p>Harwich is known for being the port where the packet boats, between +England and Holland, go out and come in. The inhabitants are far +from being famed for good usage to strangers, but, on the contrary, +are blamed for being extravagant in their reckonings in the public-houses, +which has not a little encouraged the setting up of sloops, which they +now call passage boats, to Holland, to go directly from the River Thames; +this, though it may be something the longer passage, yet as they are +said to be more obliging to passengers and more reasonable in the expense, +and, as some say, also, the vessels are better sea boats, has been the +reason why so many passengers do not go or come by the way of Harwich +as formerly were wont to do; insomuch that the stage coaches between +this place and London, which ordinarily went twice or three times a +week, are now entirely laid down, and the passengers are left to hire +coaches on purpose, take post-horses, or hire horses to Colchester, +as they find most convenient.</p> +<p>The account of a petrifying quality in the earth here, though some +will have it to be in the water of a spring hard by, is very strange. +They boast that their town is walled and their streets paved with clay, +and yet that one is as strong and the other as clean as those that are +built or paved with stone. The fact is indeed true, for there +is a sort of clay in the cliff, between the town and the Beacon Hill +adjoining, which, when it falls down into the sea, where it is beaten +with the waves and the weather, turns gradually into stone. But +the chief reason assigned is from the water of a certain spring or well, +which, rising in the said cliff, runs down into the sea among those +pieces of clay, and petrifies them as it runs; and the force of the +sea often stirring, and perhaps turning, the lumps of clay, when storms +of wind may give force enough to the water, causes them to harden everywhere +alike; otherwise those which were not quite sunk in the water of the +spring would be petrified but in part. These stones are gathered +up to pave the streets and build the houses, and are indeed very hard. +It is also remarkable that some of them taken up before they are thoroughly +petrified will, upon breaking them, appear to be hard as a stone without +and soft as clay in the middle; whereas others that have lain a due +time shall be thorough stone to the centre, and as exceeding hard within +as without. The same spring is said to turn wood into iron. +But this I take to be no more or less than the quality, which, as I +mentioned of the shore at the Naze, is found to be in much of the stone +all along this shore, viz., of the copperas kind; and it is certain +that the copperas stone (so called) is found in all that cliff, and +even where the water of this spring has run; and I presume that those +who call the hardened pieces of wood, which they take out of this well +by the name of iron, never tried the quality of it with the fire or +hammer; if they had, perhaps they would have given some other account +of it.</p> +<p>On the promontory of land which they call Beacon Hill and which lies +beyond or behind the town towards the sea, there is a lighthouse to +give the ships directions in their sailing by as well as their coming +into the harbour in the night. I shall take notice of these again +all together when I come to speak of the Society of Trinity House, as +they are called, by whom they are all directed upon this coast.</p> +<p>This town was erected into a marquisate in honour of the truly glorious +family of Schomberg, the eldest son of Duke Schomberg, who landed with +King William, being styled Marquis of Harwich; but that family (in England, +at least) being extinct the title dies also.</p> +<p>Harwich is a town of hurry and business, not much of gaiety and pleasure; +yet the inhabitants seem warm in their nests, and some of them are very +wealthy. There are not many (if any) gentlemen or families of +note either in the town or very near it. They send two members +to Parliament; the present are Sir Peter Parker and Humphrey Parsons, +Esq.</p> +<p>And now being at the extremity of the county of Essex, of which I +have given you some view as to that side next the sea only, I shall +break off this part of my letter by telling you that I will take the +towns which lie more towards the centre of the county, in my return +by the north and west part only, that I may give you a few hints of +some towns which were near me in my route this way, and of which being +so well known there is but little to say.</p> +<p>On the road from London to Colchester, before I came into it at Witham, +lie four good market towns at equal distance from one another, namely, +Romford, noted for two markets, viz., one for calves and hogs, the other +for corn and other provisions, most, if not all, bought up for London +market. At the farther end of the town, in the middle of a stately +park, stood Guldy Hall, vulgarly Giddy Hall, an ancient seat of one +Coke, sometime Lord Mayor of London, but forfeited on some occasion +to the Crown. It is since pulled down to the ground, and there +now stands a noble stately fabric or mansion house, built upon the spot +by Sir John Eyles, a wealthy merchant of London, and chosen Sub-Governor +of the South Sea Company immediately after the ruin of the former Sub-Governor +and Directors, whose overthrow makes the history of these times famous.</p> +<p>Brentwood and Ingatestone, and even Chelmsford itself, have very +little to be said of them, but that they are large thoroughfare towns, +full of good inns, and chiefly maintained by the excessive multitude +of carriers and passengers which are constantly passing this way to +London with droves of cattle, provisions, and manufactures for London.</p> +<p>The last of these towns is indeed the county town, where the county +gaol is kept, and where the assizes are very often held; it stands on +the conflux of two rivers—the Chelmer, whence the town is called, +and the Cann.</p> +<p>At Lees, or Lee’s Priory, as some call it, is to be seen an +ancient house in the middle of a beautiful park, formerly the seat of +the late Duke of Manchester, but since the death of the duke it is sold +to the Duchess Dowager of Buckinghamshire, the present Duke of Manchester +retiring to his ancient family seat at Kimbolton in Huntingdonshire, +it being a much finer residence. His grace is lately married to +a daughter of the Duke of Montagu by a branch of the house of Marlborough.</p> +<p>Four market towns fill up the rest of this part of the country—Dunmow, +Braintree, Thaxted, and Coggeshall—all noted for the manufacture +of bays, as above, and for very little else, except I shall make the +ladies laugh at the famous old story of the Flitch of Bacon at Dunmow, +which is this:</p> +<p>One Robert Fitzwalter, a powerful baron in this county in the time +of Henry III., on some merry occasion, which is not preserved in the +rest of the story, instituted a custom in the priory here: That whatever +married man did not repent of his being married, or quarrel or differ +and dispute with his wife within a year and a day after his marriage, +and would swear to the truth of it, kneeling upon two hard pointed stones +in the churchyard, which stones he caused to be set up in the Priory +churchyard for that purpose, the prior and convent, and as many of the +town as would, to be present, such person should have a flitch of bacon.</p> +<p>I do not remember to have read that any one ever came to demand it; +nor do the people of the place pretend to say, of their own knowledge, +that they remember any that did so. A long time ago several did +demand it, as they say, but they know not who; neither is there any +record of it, nor do they tell us, if it were now to be demanded, who +is obliged to deliver the flitch of bacon, the priory being dissolved +and gone.</p> +<p>The forest of Epping and Hainault spreads a great part of this country +still. I shall speak again of the former in my return from this +circuit. Formerly, it is thought, these two forests took up all +the west and south part of the county; but particularly we are assured, +that it reached to the River Chelmer, and into Dengy Hundred, and from +thence again west to Epping and Waltham, where it continues to be a +forest still.</p> +<p>Probably this forest of Epping has been a wild or forest ever since +this island was inhabited, and may show us, in some parts of it, where +enclosures and tillage has not broken in upon it, what the face of this +island was before the Romans’ time; that is to say, before their +landing in Britain.</p> +<p>The constitution of this forest is best seen, I mean as to the antiquity +of it, by the merry grant of it from Edward the Confessor before the +Norman Conquest to Randolph Peperking, one of his favourites, who was +after called Peverell, and whose name remains still in several villages +in this county; as particularly that of Hatfield Peverell, in the road +from Chelmsford to Witham, which is supposed to be originally a park, +which they called a field in those days; and Hartfield may be as much +as to say a park for doer; for the stags were in those days called harts, +so that this was neither more nor less than Randolph Peperking’s +Hartfield—that is to say, Ralph Peverell’s deer-park.</p> +<p>N.B.—This Ralph Randolph, or Ralph Peverell (call him as you +please), had, it seems, a most beautiful lady to his wife, who was daughter +of Ingelrick, one of Edward the Confessor’s noblemen. He +had two sons by her—William Peverell, a famed soldier, and lord +or governor of Dover Castle, which he surrendered to William the Conqueror, +after the battle in Sussex, and Pain Peverell, his youngest, who was +lord of Cambridge. When the eldest son delivered up the castle, +the lady, his mother, above named, who was the celebrated beauty of +the age, was it seems there, and the Conqueror fell in love with her, +and whether by force or by consent, took her away, and she became his +mistress, or what else you please to call it. By her he had a +son, who was called William, after the Conqueror’s Christian name, +but retained the name of Peverell, and was afterwards created by the +Conqueror lord of Nottingham.</p> +<p>This lady afterwards, as is supposed, by way of penance for her yielding +to the Conqueror, founded a nunnery at the village of Hatfield Peverell, +mentioned above, and there she lies buried in the chapel of it, which +is now the parish church, where her memory is preserved by a tombstone +under one of the windows.</p> +<p>Thus we have several towns, where any ancient parks have been placed, +called by the name of Hatfield on that very account. As Hatfield +Broad Oak in this county, Bishop’s Hatfield in Hertfordshire, +and several others.</p> +<p>But I return to King Edward’s merry way, as I call it, of granting +this forest to this Ralph Peperking, which I find in the ancient records, +in the very words it was passed in, as follows. Take my explanations +with it for the sake of those that are not used to the ancient English:</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>The Grant in Old English.</p> +<p>IChe EDWARD Koning,<br />Have given of my Forrest the kepen of the +Hundred of <i>Chelmer</i> and <i>Dancing</i>.<br />To RANDOLPH PEPERKING,<br />And +to his kindling.<br />With Heorte and Hind, Doe and Bocke,<br />Hare +and Fox, Cat and Brock,<br />Wild Fowle with his Flock;<br />Patrich, +Pheasant Hen, and Pheasant Cock,<br />With green and wild Stub and Stock,<br />To +kepen and to yemen with all her might.<br />Both by Day, and eke by +Night;<br />And Hounds for to hold,<br />Good and Swift and Bold:<br />Four +Greyhound and six Raches,<br />For Hare and Fox, and Wild Cattes,<br />And +therefore Iche made him my Book.<br />Witness the Bishop of <i>Wolston</i>.<br />And +Booke ylrede many on,<br />And <i>Sweyne</i> of <i>Essex</i>, our Brother,<br />And +taken him many other<br />And our steward <i>Howlein</i>,<br />That +<i>By sought</i> me for him.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>The Explanation in Modern English</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>I Edward the king,<br />Have made ranger of my forest of Chelmsford +hundred and Deering hundred,<br />Ralph Peverell, for him and his heirs +for ever;<br />With both the red and fallow deer.<br />Hare and fox, +otter and badger;<br />Wild fowl of all sorts,<br />Partridges and pheasants,<br />Timber +and underwood roots and tops;<br />With power to preserve the forest,<br />And +watch it against deer-stealers and others:<br />With a right to keep +hounds of all sorts,<br />Four greyhounds and six terriers,<br />Harriers +and foxhounds, and other hounds.<br />And to this end I have registered +this my grant in the crown rolls or books;<br />To which the bishop +has set his hand as a witness for any one to read.<br />Also signed +by the king’s brother (or, as some think, the Chancellor Sweyn, +then Earl or Count of Essex).<br />He might call such other witnesses +to sign as he thought fit.<br />Also the king’s high steward was +a witness, at whose request this grant was obtained of the king.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>There are many gentlemen’s seats on this side the country, +and a great assembly set up at New Hall, near this town, much resorted +to by the neighbouring gentry. I shall next proceed to the county +of Suffolk, as my first design directed me to do.</p> +<p>From Harwich, therefore, having a mind to view the harbour, I sent +my horses round by Manningtree, where there is a timber bridge over +the Stour, called Cataway Bridge, and took a boat up the River Orwell +for Ipswich. A traveller will hardly understand me, especially +a seaman, when I speak of the River Stour and the River Orwell at Harwich, +for they know them by no other names than those of Manningtree water +and Ipswich water; so while I am on salt water, I must speak as those +who use the sea may understand me, and when I am up in the country among +the inland towns again, I shall call them out of their names no more.</p> +<p>It is twelve miles from Harwich up the water to Ipswich. Before +I come to the town, I must say something of it, because speaking of +the river requires it. In former times, that is to say, since +the writer of this remembers the place very well, and particularly just +before the late Dutch wars, Ipswich was a town of very good business; +particularly it was the greatest town in England for large colliers +or coal-ships employed between Newcastle and London. Also they +built the biggest ships and the best, for the said fetching of coals +of any that were employed in that trade. They built, also, there +so prodigious strong, that it was an ordinary thing for an Ipswich collier, +if no disaster happened to him, to reign (as seamen call it) forty or +fifty years, and more.</p> +<p>In the town of Ipswich the masters of these ships generally dwelt, +and there were, as they then told me, above a hundred sail of them, +belonging to the town at one time, the least of which carried fifteen +score, as they compute it, that is, 300 chaldron of coals; this was +about the year 1668 (when I first knew the place). This made the +town be at that time so populous, for those masters, as they had good +ships at sea, so they had large families who lived plentifully, and +in very good houses in the town, and several streets were chiefly inhabited +by such.</p> +<p>The loss or decay of this trade accounts for the present pretended +decay of the town of Ipswich, of which I shall speak more presently. +The ships wore out, the masters died off, the trade took a new turn; +Dutch flyboats taken in the war, and made free ships by Act of Parliament, +thrust themselves into the coal-trade for the interest of the captors, +such as the Yarmouth and London merchants, and others; and the Ipswich +men dropped gradually out of it, being discouraged by those Dutch flyboats. +These Dutch vessels, which cost nothing but the caption, were bought +cheap, carried great burthens, and the Ipswich building fell off for +want of price, and so the trade decayed, and the town with it. +I believe this will be owned for the true beginning of their decay, +if I must allow it to be called a decay.</p> +<p>But to return to my passage up the river. In the winter-time +those great collier ships, above-mentioned, are always laid up, as they +call it; that is to say, the coal trade abates at London, the citizens +are generally furnished, their stores taken in, and the demand is over; +so that the great ships, the northern seas and coast being also dangerous, +the nights long, and the voyage hazardous, go to sea no more, but lie +by, the ships are unrigged, the sails, etc., carried ashore, the top-masts +struck, and they ride moored in the river, under the advantages and +security of sound ground, and a high woody shore, where they lie as +safe as in a wet dock; and it was a very agreeable sight to see, perhaps +two hundred sail of ships, of all sizes, lie in that posture every winter. +All this while, which was usually from Michaelmas to Lady Day, the masters +lived calm and secure with their families in Ipswich; and enjoying plentifully, +what in the summer they got laboriously at sea, and this made the town +of Ipswich very populous in the winter; for as the masters, so most +of the men, especially their mates, boatswains, carpenters, etc., were +of the same place, and lived in their proportions, just as the masters +did; so that in the winter there might be perhaps a thousand men in +the town more than in the summer, and perhaps a greater number.</p> +<p>To justify what I advance here, that this town was formerly very +full of people, I ask leave to refer to the account of Mr. Camden, and +what it was in his time. His words are these:- “Ipswich +has a commodious harbour, has been fortified with a ditch and rampart, +has a great trade, and is very populous, being adorned with fourteen +churches, and large private buildings.” This confirms what +I have mentioned of the former state of this town; but the present state +is my proper work; I therefore return to my voyage up the river.</p> +<p>The sight of these ships thus laid up in the river, as I have said, +was very agreeable to me in my passage from Harwich, about five and +thirty years before the present journey; and it was in its proportion +equally melancholy to hear that there were now scarce forty sail of +good colliers that belonged to the whole town.</p> +<p>In a creek in this river, called Lavington Creek, we saw at low water +such shoals, or hills rather, of mussels, that great boats might have +loaded with them, and no miss have been made of them. Near this +creek, Sir Samuel Barnadiston had a very fine seat, as, also, a decoy +for wild ducks, and a very noble estate; but it is divided into many +branches since the death of the ancient possessor. But I proceed +to the town, which is the first in the county of Suffolk of any note +this way.</p> +<p>Ipswich is seated, at the distance of twelve miles from Harwich, +upon the edge of the river, which, taking a short turn to the west, +the town forms, there, a kind of semicircle, or half moon, upon the +bank of the river. It is very remarkable, that though ships of +500 ton may, upon a spring tide, come up very near this town, and many +ships of that burthen have been built there, yet the river is not navigable +any farther than the town itself, or but very little; no, not for the +smallest beats; nor does the tide, which rises sometimes thirteen or +fourteen feet, and gives them twenty-four feet water very near the town, +flow much farther up the river than the town, or not so much as to make +it worth speaking of.</p> +<p>He took little notice of the town, or at least of that part of Ipswich, +who published in his wild observations on it that ships of 200 ton are +built there. I affirm, that I have seen a ship of 400 ton launched +at the building-yard, close to the town; and I appeal to the Ipswich +colliers (those few that remain) belonging to this town, if several +of them carrying seventeen score of coals, which must be upward of 400 +ton, have not formerly been built here; but superficial observers must +be superficial writers, if they write at all; and to this day, at John’s +Ness, within a mile and a half of the town itself, ships of any burthen +may be built and launched even at neap tides.</p> +<p>I am much mistaken, too, if since the Revolution some very good ships +have not been built at this town, and particularly the <i>Melford</i> +or <i>Milford</i> galley, a ship of forty guns; as the <i>Greyhound</i> +frigate, a man-of-war of thirty-six to forty guns, was at John’s +Ness. But what is this towards lessening the town of Ipswich, +any more than it would be to say, they do not build men-of-war, or East +India ships, or ships of five hundred ton burden at St. Catherines, +or at Battle Bridge in the Thames? when we know that a mile or two lower, +viz., at Radcliffe, Limehouse, or Deptford, they build ships of a thousand +ton, and might build first-rate men-of-war too, if there was occasion; +and the like might be done in this river of Ipswich, within about two +or three miles of the town; so that it would not be at all an out-of-the-way +speaking to say, such a ship was built at Ipswich, any more than it +is to say, as they do, that the <i>Royal</i> <i>Prince</i>, the great +ship lately built for the South Sea Company, was London built, because +she was built at Limehouse.</p> +<p>And why then is not Ipswich capable of building and receiving the +greatest ships in the navy, seeing they may be built and brought up +again laden, within a mile and half of the town?</p> +<p>But the neighbourhood of London, which sucks the vitals of trade +in this island to itself, is the chief reason of any decay of business +in this place; and I shall, in the course of these observations, hint +at it, where many good seaports and large towns, though farther off +than Ipswich, and as well fitted for commerce, are yet swallowed up +by the immense indraft of trade to the City of London; and more decayed +beyond all comparison than Ipswich is supposed to be: as Southampton, +Weymouth, Dartmouth, and several others which I shall speak to in their +order; and if it be otherwise at this time, with some other towns, which +are lately increased in trade and navigation, wealth, and people, while +their neighbours decay, it is because they have some particular trade, +or accident to trade, which is a kind of nostrum to them, inseparable +to the place, and which fixes there by the nature of the thing; as the +herring-fishery to Yarmouth; the coal trade to Newcastle; the Leeds +clothing trade; the export of butter and lead, and the great corn trade +for Holland, is to Hull; the Virginia and West India trade at Liverpool; +the Irish trade at Bristol, and the like. Thus the war has brought +a flux of business and people, and consequently of wealth, to several +places, as well as to Portsmouth, Chatham, Plymouth, Falmouth, and others; +and were any wars like those, to continue twenty years with the Dutch, +or any nation whose fleets lay that way, as the Dutch do, it would be +the like perhaps at Ipswich in a few years, and at other places on the +same coast.</p> +<p>But at this present time an occasion offers to speak in favour of +this port; namely, the Greenland fishery, lately proposed to be carried +on by the South Sea Company. On which account I may freely advance +this, without any compliment to the town of Ipswich, no place in Britain +is equally qualified like Ipswich; whether we respect the cheapness +of building and fitting out their ships and shallops; also furnishing, +victualling, and providing them with all kinds of stores; convenience +for laying up the ships after the voyage, room for erecting their magazines, +warehouses, rope walks, cooperages, etc., on the easiest terms; and +especially for the noisome cookery, which attends the boiling their +blubber, which may be on this river (as it ought to be) remote from +any places of resort. Then their nearness to the market for the +oil when it is made, and which, above all, ought to be the chief thing +considered in that trade, the easiness of their putting out to sea when +they begin their voyage, in which the same wind that carries them from +the mouth of the haven, is fair to the very seas of Greenland.</p> +<p>I could say much more to this point if it were needful, and in few +words could easily prove, that Ipswich must have the preference of all +the port towns of Britain, for being the best centre of the Greenland +trade, if ever that trade fall into the management of such a people +as perfectly understand, and have a due honest regard to its being managed +with the best husbandry, and to the prosperity of the undertaking in +general. But whether we shall ever arrive at so happy a time as +to recover so useful a trade to our country, which our ancestors had +the honour to be the first undertakers of, and which has been lost only +through the indolence of others, and the increasing vigilance of our +neighbours, that is not my business here to dispute.</p> +<p>What I have said is only to let the world see what improvement this +town and port is capable of; I cannot think but that Providence, which +made nothing in vain, cannot have reserved so useful, so convenient +a port to lie vacant in the world, but that the time will some time +or other come (especially considering the improving temper of the present +age) when some peculiar beneficial business may be found out, to make +the port of Ipswich as useful to the world, and the town as flourishing, +as Nature has made it proper and capable to be.</p> +<p>As for the town, it is true, it is but thinly inhabited, in comparison +of the extent of it; but to say there are hardly any people to be seen +there, is far from being true in fact; and whoever thinks fit to look +into the churches and meeting-houses on a Sunday, or other public days, +will find there are very great numbers of people there. Or if +he thinks fit to view the market, and see how the large shambles, called +Cardinal Wolsey’s Butchery, are furnished with meat, and the rest +of the market stocked with other provisions, must acknowledge that it +is not for a few people that all those things are provided. A +person very curious, and on whose veracity I think I may depend, going +through the market in this town, told me, that he reckoned upwards of +six hundred country people on horseback and on foot, with baskets and +other carriage, who had all of them brought something or other to town +to sell, besides the butchers, and what came in carts and waggons.</p> +<p>It happened to be my lot to be once at this town at the time when +a very fine new ship, which was built there for some merchants of London, +was to be launched; and if I may give my guess at the numbers of people +which appeared on the shore, in the houses, and on the river, I believe +I am much within compass if I say there were 20,000 people to see it; +but this is only a guess, or they might come a great way to see the +sight, or the town may be declined farther since that. But a view +of the town is one of the surest rules for a gross estimate.</p> +<p>It is true here is no settled manufacture. The French refugees +when they first came over to England began a little to take to this +place, and some merchants attempted to set up a linen manufacture in +their favour; but it has not met with so much success as was expected, +and at present I find very little of it. The poor people are, +however, employed, as they are all over these counties, in spinning +wool for other towns where manufactures are settled.</p> +<p>The country round Ipswich, as are all the counties so near the coast, +is applied chiefly to corn, of which a very great quantity is continually +shipped off for London; and sometimes they load corn here for Holland, +especially if the market abroad is encouraging. They have twelve +parish churches in this town, with three or four meetings; but there +are not so many Quakers here as at Colchester, and no Anabaptists or +Antipoedo Baptists, that I could hear of—at least, there is no +meeting-house of that denomination. There is one meeting-house +for the Presbyterians, one for the Independents and one for the Quakers; +the first is as large and as fine a building of that kind as most on +this side of England, and the inside the best finished of any I have +seen, London not excepted; that for the Independents is a handsome new-built +building, but not so gay or so large as the other.</p> +<p>There is a great deal of very good company in this town, and though +there are not so many of the gentry here as at Bury, yet there are more +here than in any other town in the county; and I observed particularly +that the company you meet with here are generally persons well informed +of the world, and who have something very solid and entertaining in +their society. This may happen, perhaps, by their frequent conversing +with those who have been abroad, and by their having a remnant of gentlemen +and masters of ships among them who have seen more of the world than +the people of an inland town are likely to have seen. I take this +town to be one of the most agreeable places in England for families +who have lived well, but may have suffered in our late calamities of +stocks and bubbles, to retreat to, where they may live within their +own compass; and several things indeed recommend it to such:-</p> +<p>1. Good houses at very easy rents.</p> +<p>2. An airy, clean, and well-governed town.</p> +<p>3. Very agreeable and improving company almost of every kind.</p> +<p>4. A wonderful plenty of all manner of provisions, whether +flesh or fish, and very good of the kind.</p> +<p>5. Those provisions very cheap, so that a family may live cheaper +here than in any town in England of its bigness within such a small +distance from London.</p> +<p>6. Easy passage to London, either by land or water, the coach +going through to London in a day.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>The Lord Viscount Hereford has a very fine seat and park in this +town; the house indeed is old built, but very commodious; it is called +Christ Church, having been, as it is said, a priory or religious house +in former times. The green and park is a great addition to the +pleasantness of this town, the inhabitants being allowed to divert themselves +there with walking, bowling, etc.</p> +<p>The large spire steeple, which formerly stood upon that they call +the tower church, was blown down by a great storm of wind many years +ago, and in its a fall did much damage to the church.</p> +<p>The government of this town is by two bailiffs, as at Yarmouth. +Mr. Camden says they are chosen out of twelve burgesses called portmen, +and two justices out of twenty-four more. There has been lately +a very great struggle between the two parties for the choice of these +two magistrates, which had this amicable conclusion—namely, that +they chose one of either side; so that neither party having the victory, +it is to be hoped it may be a means to allay the heats and unneighbourly +feuds which such things breed in towns so large as this is. They +send two members to Parliament, whereof those at this time are Sir William +Thompson, Recorder of London, and Colonel Negus, Deputy Master of the +Horse to the king.</p> +<p>There are some things very curious to be seen here, however some +superficial writers have been ignorant of them. Dr. Beeston, an +eminent physician, began a few years ago a physic garden adjoining to +his house in this town; and as he is particularly curious, and, as I +was told, exquisitely skilled in botanic knowledge, so he has been not +only very diligent, but successful too, in making a collection of rare +and exotic plants, such as are scarce to be equalled in England.</p> +<p>One Mr. White, a surgeon, resides also in this town. But before +I speak of this gentleman, I must observe that I say nothing from personal +knowledge; though if I did, I have too good an opinion of his sense +to believe he would be pleased with being flattered or complimented +in print. But I must be true to matter of fact. This gentleman +has begun a collection or chamber of rarities, and with good success +too. I acknowledge I had not the opportunity of seeing them; but +I was told there are some things very curious in it, as particularly +a sea-horse carefully preserved, and perfect in all its parts; two Roman +urns full of ashes of human bodies, and supposed to be above 1,700 years +old; besides a great many valuable medals and ancient coins. My +friend who gave me this account, and of whom I think I may say he speaks +without bias, mentions this gentleman, Mr. White, with some warmth as +a very valuable person in his particular employ of a surgeon. +I only repeat his words. “Mr. White,” says he, “to +whom the whole town and country are greatly indebted and obliged to +pray for his life, is our most skilful surgeon.” These, +I say, are his own words, and I add nothing to them but this, that it +is happy for a town to have such a surgeon, as it is for a surgeon to +have such a character.</p> +<p>The country round Ipswich, as if qualified on purpose to accommodate +the town for building of ships, is an inexhaustible store-house of timber, +of which, now their trade of building ships is abated, they send very +great quantities to the king’s building-yards at Chatham, which +by water is so little a way that they often run to it from the mouth +of the river at Harwich in one tide.</p> +<p>From Ipswich I took a turn into the country to Hadleigh, principally +to satisfy my curiosity and see the place where that famous martyr and +pattern of charity and religious zeal in Queen Mary’s time, Dr. +Rowland Taylor, was put to death. The inhabitants, who have a +wonderful veneration for his memory, show the very place where the stake +which he was bound to was set up, and they have put a stone upon it +which nobody will remove; but it is a more lasting monument to him that +he lives in the hearts of the people—I say more lasting than a +tomb of marble would be, for the memory of that good man will certainly +never be out of the poor people’s minds as long as this island +shall retain the Protestant religion among them. How long that +may be, as things are going, and if the detestable conspiracy of the +Papists now on foot should succeed, I will not pretend to say.</p> +<p>A little to the left is Sudbury, which stands upon the River Stour, +mentioned above—a river which parts the counties of Suffolk and +Essex, and which is within these few years made navigable to this town, +though the navigation does not, it seems, answer the charge, at least +not to advantage.</p> +<p>I know nothing for which this town is remarkable, except for being +very populous and very poor. They have a great manufacture of +says and perpetuanas, and multitudes of poor people are employed in +working them; but the number of the poor is almost ready to eat up the +rich. However, this town sends two members to Parliament, though +it is under no form of government particularly to itself other than +as a village, the head magistrate whereof is a constable.</p> +<p>Near adjoining to it is a village called Long Melfort, and a very +long one it is, from which I suppose it had that addition to its name; +it is full of very good houses, and, as they told me, is richer, and +has more wealthy masters of the manufacture in it, than in Sudbury itself.</p> +<p>Here and in the neighbourhood are some ancient families of good note; +particularly here is a fine dwelling, the ancient seat of the Cordells, +whereof Sir William Cordell was Master of the Rolls in the time of Queen +Elizabeth; but the family is now extinct, the last heir, Sir John Cordell, +being killed by a fall from his horse, died unmarried, leaving three +sisters co-heiresses to a very noble estate, most of which, if not all, +is now centred on the only surviving sister, and with her in marriage +is given to Mr. Firebrass, eldest son of Sir Basil Firebrass, formerly +a flourishing merchant in London, but reduced by many disasters. +His family now rises by the good fortune of his son, who proves to be +a gentleman of very agreeable parts, and well esteemed in the country.</p> +<p>From this part of the country, I returned north-west by Lenham, to +visit St. Edmund’s Bury, a town of which other writers have talked +very largely, and perhaps a little too much. It is a town famed +for its pleasant situation and wholesome air, the Montpelier of Suffolk, +and perhaps of England. This must be attributed to the skill of +the monks of those times, who chose so beautiful a situation for the +seat of their retirement; and who built here the greatest and, in its +time, the most flourishing monastery in all these parts of England, +I mean the monastery of St. Edmund the Martyr. It was, if we believe +antiquity, a house of pleasure in more ancient times, or to speak more +properly, a court of some of the Saxon or East Angle kings; and, as +Mr. Camden says, was even then called a royal village, though it much +better merits that name now; it being the town of all this part of England, +in proportion to its bigness, most thronged with gentry, people of the +best fashion, and the most polite conversation. This beauty and +healthiness of its situation was no doubt the occasion which drew the +clergy to settle here, for they always chose the best places in the +country to build in, either for richness of soil, or for health and +pleasure in the situation of their religious houses.</p> +<p>For the like reason, I doubt not, they translated the bones of the +martyred king St. Edmund to this place; for it is a vulgar error to +say he was murdered here. His martyrdom, it is plain, was at Hoxon +or Henilsdon, near Harlston, on the Waveney, in the farthest northern +verge of the county; but Segebert, king of the East Angles, had built +a religions house in this pleasant rich part of the county; and as the +monks began to taste the pleasure of the place, they procured the body +of this saint to be removed hither, which soon increased the wealth +and revenues of their house, by the zeal of that day, in going on pilgrimage +to the shrine of the blessed St. Edmund.</p> +<p>We read, however, that after this the Danes, under King Sweno, over-running +this part of the country, destroyed this monastery and burnt it to the +ground, with the church and town. But see the turn religion gives +to things in the world; his son, King Canutus, at first a Pagan and +a tyrant, and the most cruel ravager of all that crew, coming to turn +Christian, and being touched in conscience for the soul of his father, +in having robbed God and his holy martyr St. Edmund, sacrilegiously +destroying the church, and plundering the monastery; I say, touched +with remorse, and, as the monks pretend, terrified with a vision of +St. Edmund appearing to him, he rebuilt the house, the church, and the +town also, and very much added to the wealth of the abbot and his fraternity, +offering his crown at the feet of St. Edmund, giving the house to the +monks, town and all; so that they were absolute lords of the town, and +governed it by their steward for many ages. He also gave them +a great many good lordships, which they enjoyed till the general suppression +of abbeys, in the time of Henry VIII.</p> +<p>But I am neither writing the history or searching the antiquity of +the abbey, or town; my business is the present state of the place.</p> +<p>The abbey is demolished; its ruins are all that is to be seen of +its glory: out of the old building, two very beautiful churches are +built, and serve the two parishes, into which the town is divided, and +they stand both in one churchyard. Here it was, in the path-way +between these two churches, that a tragical and almost unheard-of act +of barbarity was committed, which made the place less pleasant for some +time than it used to be, when Arundel Coke, Esq., a barrister-at-law, +of a very ancient family, attempted, with the assistance of a barbarous +assassin, to murder in cold blood, and in the arms of hospitality, Edward +Crisp, Esq., his brother-in-law, leading him out from his own house, +where he had invited him, his wife and children, to supper; I say, leading +him out in the night, on pretence of going to see some friend that was +known to them both; but in this churchyard, giving a signal to the assassin +he had hired, he attacked him with a hedge-bill, and cut him, as one +might say, almost in pieces; and when they did not doubt of his being +dead, they left him. His head and face was so mangled, that it +may be said to be next to a miracle that he was not quite killed: yet +so Providence directed for the exemplary punishment of the assassins, +that the gentleman recovered to detect them, who (though he outlived +the assault) were both executed as they deserved, and Mr. Crisp is yet +alive. They were condemned on the statute for defacing and dismembering, +called the Coventry Act.</p> +<p>But this accident does not at all lessen the pleasure and agreeable +delightful show of the town of Bury; it is crowded with nobility and +gentry, and all sorts of the most agreeable company; and as the company +invites, so there is the appearance of pleasure upon the very situation; +and they that live at Bury are supposed to live there for the sake of +it.</p> +<p>The Lord Jermin, afterwards Lord Dover, and, since his lordship’s +decease, Sir Robert Davers, enjoyed the most delicious seat of Rushbrook, +near this town.</p> +<p>The present members of Parliament for this place are Jermyn Davers +and James Reynolds, Esquires.</p> +<p>Mr. Harvey, afterwards created Lord Harvey, by King William, and +since that made Earl of Bristol by King George, lived many years in +this town, leaving a noble and pleasantly situated house in Lincolnshire, +for the more agreeable living on a spot so completely qualified for +a life of delight as this of Bury.</p> +<p>The Duke of Grafton, now Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, has also a stately +house at Euston, near this town, which he enjoys in right of his mother, +daughter to the Earl of Arlington, one of the chief ministers of State +in the reign of King Charles II., and who made the second letter in +the word “cabal,” a word formed by that famous satirist +Andrew Marvell, to represent the five heads of the politics of that +time, as the word “smectymnus” was on a former occasion.</p> +<p>I shall believe nothing so scandalous of the ladies of this town +and the country round it as a late writer insinuates. That the +ladies round the country appear mighty gay and agreeable at the time +of the fair in this town I acknowledge; one hardly sees such a show +in any part of the world; but to suggest they come hither, as to a market, +is so coarse a jest, that the gentlemen that wait on them hither (for +they rarely come but in good company) ought to resent and correct him +for it.</p> +<p>It is true, Bury Fair, like Bartholomew Fair, is a fair for diversion, +more than for trade; and it may be a fair for toys and for trinkets, +which the ladies may think fit to lay out some of their money in, as +they see occasion. But to judge from thence that the knights’ +daughters of Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Suffolk—that is to say, +for it cannot be understood any otherwise, the daughters of all the +gentry of the three counties—come hither to be picked up, is a +way of speaking I never before heard any author have the assurance to +make use of in print.</p> +<p>The assembly he justly commends for the bright appearance of the +beauties; but with a sting in the tail of this compliment, where he +says they seldom end without some considerable match or intrigue; and +yet he owns that during the fair these assemblies are held every night. +Now that these fine ladies go intriguing every night, and that too after +the comedy is done, which is after the fair and raffling is over for +the day, so that it must be very late. This is a terrible character +for the ladies of Bury, and intimates, in short, that most of them are +loose women, which is a horrid abuse upon the whole country.</p> +<p>Now, though I like not the assemblies at all, and shall in another +place give them something of their due, yet having the opportunity to +see the fair at Bury, and to see that there were, indeed, abundance +of the finest ladies, or as fine as any in Britain, yet I must own the +number of the ladies at the comedy, or at the assembly, is no way equal +to the number that are seen in the town, much less are they equal to +the whole body of the ladies in the three counties; and I must also +add, that though it is far from true that all that appear at the assembly +are there for matches or intrigues, yet I will venture to say that they +are not the worst of the ladies who stay away, neither are they the +fewest in number or the meanest in beauty, but just the contrary; and +I do not at all doubt, but that the scandalous liberty some take at +those assemblies will in time bring them out of credit with the virtuous +part of the sex here, as it has done already in Kent and other places, +and that those ladies who most value their reputation will be seen less +there than they have been; for though the institution of them has been +innocent and virtuous, the ill use of them, and the scandalous behaviour +of some people at them, will in time arm virtue against them, and they +will be laid down as they have been set up without much satisfaction.</p> +<p>But the beauty of this town consists in the number of gentry who +dwell in and near it, the polite conversation among them, the affluence +and plenty they live in, the sweet air they breathe in, and the pleasant +country they have to go abroad in.</p> +<p>Here is no manufacturing in this town, or but very little, except +spinning, the chief trade of the place depending upon the gentry who +live there, or near it, and who cannot fail to cause trade enough by +the expense of their families and equipages among the people of a county +town. They have but a very small river, or rather but a very small +branch of a small river, at this town, which runs from hence to Milden +Hall, on the edge of the fens. However, the town and gentlemen +about have been at the charge, or have so encouraged the engineer who +was at the charge, that they have made this river navigable to the said +Milden Hall, from whence there is a navigable dyke, called Milden Hall +Drain, which goes into the River Ouse, and so to Lynn; so that all their +coal and wine, iron, lead, and other heavy goods, are brought by water +from Lynn, or from London, by the way of Lynn, to the great ease of +the tradesmen.</p> +<p>This town is famous for two great events. One was that in the +year 1447, in the 25th year of Henry VI., a Parliament was held here.</p> +<p>The other was, that at the meeting of this Parliament, the great +Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, regent of the kingdom during the absence +of King Henry V. and the minority of Henry VI., and to his last hour +the safeguard of the whole nation, and darling of the people, was basely +murdered here; by whose death the gate was opened to that dreadful war +between the houses of Lancaster and York, which ended in the confusion +of that very race who are supposed to have contrived that murder.</p> +<p>From St. Edmund’s Bury I returned by Stowmarket and Needham +to Ipswich, that I might keep as near the coast as was proper to my +designed circuit or journey; and from Ipswich, to visit the sea again, +I went to Woodbridge, and from thence to Orford, on the sea side.</p> +<p>Woodbridge has nothing remarkable, but that it is a considerable +market for butter and corn to be exported to London; for now begins +that part which is ordinarily called High Suffolk, which, being a rich +soil, is for a long tract of ground wholly employed in dairies, and +they again famous for the best butter, and perhaps the worst cheese, +in England. The butter is barrelled, or often pickled up in small +casks, and sold, not in London only, but I have known a firkin of Suffolk +butter sent to the West Indies, and brought back to England again, and +has been perfectly good and sweet, as at first.</p> +<p>The port for the shipping off their Suffolk butter is chiefly Woodbridge, +which for that reason is full of corn factors and butter factors, some +of whom are very considerable merchants.</p> +<p>From hence, turning down to the shore, we see Orfordness, a noted +point of land for the guide of the colliers and coasters, and a good +shelter for them to ride under when a strong north-east wind blows and +makes a foul shore on the coast.</p> +<p>South of the Ness is Orford Haven, being the mouth of two little +rivers meeting together. It is a very good harbour for small vessels, +but not capable of receiving a ship of burden.</p> +<p>Orford was once a good town, but is decayed, and as it stands on +the land side of the river the sea daily throws up more land to it, +and falls off itself from it, as if it was resolved to disown the place, +and that it should be a seaport no longer.</p> +<p>A little farther lies Aldborough, as thriving, though without a port, +as the other is decaying, with a good river in the front of it.</p> +<p>There are some gentlemen’s seats up farther from the sea, but +very few upon the coast.</p> +<p>From Aldborough to Dunwich there are no towns of note; even this +town seems to be in danger of being swallowed up, for fame reports that +once they had fifty churches in the town; I saw but one left, and that +not half full of people.</p> +<p>This town is a testimony of the decay of public things, things of +the most durable nature; and as the old poet expresses it,</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>“By numerous examples we may see,<br />That towns and cities +die as well as we.”</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>The ruins of Carthage, of the great city of Jerusalem, or of ancient +Rome, are not at all wonderful to me. The ruins of Nineveh, which +are so entirety sunk as that it is doubtful where the city stood; the +ruins of Babylon, or the great Persepolis, and many capital cities, +which time and the change of monarchies have overthrown, these, I say, +are not at all wonderful, because being the capitals of great and flourishing +kingdoms, where those kingdoms were overthrown, the capital cities necessarily +fell with them; but for a private town, a seaport, and a town of commerce, +to decay, as it were, of itself (for we never read of Dunwich being +plundered or ruined by any disaster, at least, not of late years); this, +I must confess, seems owing to nothing but to the fate of things, by +which we see that towns, kings, countries, families, and persons, have +all their elevation, their medium, their declination, and even their +destruction in the womb of time, and the course of nature. It +is true, this town is manifestly decayed by the invasion of the waters, +and as other towns seem sufferers by the sea, or the tide withdrawing +from their ports, such as Orford, just now named, Winchelsea in Kent, +and the like, so this town is, as it were, eaten up by the sea, as above; +and the still encroaching ocean seems to threaten it with a fatal immersion +in a few years more.</p> +<p>Yet Dunwich, however ruined, retains some share of trade, as particularly +for the shipping of butter, cheese, and corn, which is so great a business +in this county, that it employs a great many people and ships also; +and this port lies right against the particular part of the county for +butter, as Framlingham, Halstead, etc. Also a very great quantity +of corn is bought up hereabout for the London market; for I shall still +touch that point how all the counties in England contribute something +towards the subsistence of the great city of London, of which the butter +here is a very considerable article; as also coarse cheese, which I +mentioned before, used chiefly for the king’s ships.</p> +<p>Hereabouts they begin to talk of herrings and the fishery; and we +find in the ancient records that this town, which was then equal to +a large city, paid, among other tribute to the government, fifty thousand +of herrings. Here also, and at Swole, or Southole, the next seaport, +they cure sprats in the same manner as they do herrings at Yarmouth; +that is to say, speaking in their own language, they make red sprats; +or to speak good English, they make sprats red.</p> +<p>It is remarkable that this town is now so much washed away by the +sea, that what little trade they have is carried on by Walderswick, +a little town near Swole, the vessels coming in there, because the ruins +of Dunwich make the shore there unsafe and uneasy to the boats; from +whence the northern coasting seamen a rude verse of their own using, +and I suppose of their own making, as follows,</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>“Swoul and Dunwich, and Walderswick,<br />All go in at one +lousie creek.”</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>This “lousie creek,” in short, is a little river at Swoul, +which our late famous atlas-maker calls a good harbour for ships, and +rendezvous of the royal navy; but that by-the-bye; the author, it seems, +knew no better.</p> +<p>From Dunwich we came to Southwold, the town above-named: this is +a small port town upon the coast, at the mouth of a little river called +the Blith. I found no business the people here were employed in +but the fishery, as above, for herrings and sprats, which they cure +by the help of smoke, as they do at Yarmouth.</p> +<p>There is but one church in this town, but it is a very large one +and well built, as most of the churches in this county are, and of impenetrable +flint; indeed, there is no occasion for its being so large, for staying +there one Sabbath day, I was surprised to see an extraordinary large +church, capable of receiving five or six thousand people, and but twenty-seven +in it besides the parson and the clerk; but at the same time the meeting-house +of the Dissenters was full to the very doors, having, as I guessed, +from six to eight hundred people in it.</p> +<p>This town is made famous for a very great engagement at sea, in the +year 1672, between the English and Dutch fleets, in the bay opposite +to the town, in which, not to be partial to ourselves, the English fleet +was worsted; and the brave Montague, Earl of Sandwich, Admiral under +the Duke of York, lost his life. The ship <i>Royal Prince</i>, +carrying one hundred guns, in which he was, and which was under him, +commanded by Sir Edward Spragg, was burnt, and several other ships lost, +and about six hundred seamen; part of those killed in the fight were, +as I was told, brought on shore here and buried in the churchyard of +this town, as others also were at Ipswich.</p> +<p>At this town in particular, and so at all the towns on this coast, +from Orfordness to Yarmouth, is the ordinary place where our summer +friends the swallows first land when they come to visit us; and here +they may be said to embark for their return, when they go back into +warmer climates; and as I think the following remark, though of so trifling +a circumstance, may be both instructing as well as diverting, it may +be very proper in this place. The case is this; I was some years +before at this place, at the latter end of the year, viz., about the +beginning of October, and lodging in a house that looked into the churchyard, +I observed in the evening, an unusual multitude of birds sitting on +the leads of the church. Curiosity led me to go nearer to see +what they were, and I found they were all swallows; that there was such +an infinite number that they covered the whole roof of the church, and +of several houses near, and perhaps might of more houses which I did +not see. This led me to inquire of a grave gentleman whom I saw +near me, what the meaning was of such a prodigious multitude of swallows +sitting there. “Oh, sir,” says he, turning towards +the sea, “you may see the reason; the wind is off sea.” +I did not seem fully informed by that expression, so he goes on, “I +perceive, sir,” says he, “you are a stranger to it; you +must then understand first, that this is the season of the year when +the swallows, their food here failing, begin to leave us, and return +to the country, wherever it be, from whence I suppose they came; and +this being the nearest to the coast of Holland, they come here to embark” +(this he said smiling a little); “and now, sir,” says he, +“the weather being too calm or the wind contrary, they are waiting +for a gale, for they are all wind-bound.”</p> +<p>This was more evident to me, when in the morning I found the wind +had come about to the north-west in the night, and there was not one +swallow to be seen of near a million, which I believe was there the +night before.</p> +<p>How those creatures know that this part of the Island of Great Britain +is the way to their home, or the way that they are to go; that this +very point is the nearest cut over, or even that the nearest cut is +best for them, that we must leave to the naturalists to determine, who +insist upon it that brutes cannot think.</p> +<p>Certain it is that the swallows neither come hither for warm weather +nor retire from cold; the thing is of quite another nature. They, +like the shoals of fish in the sea, pursue their prey; they are a voracious +creature, they feed flying; their food is found in the air, viz., the +insects, of which in our summer evenings, in damp and moist places, +the air is full. They come hither in the summer because our air +is fuller of fogs and damps than in other countries, and for that reason +feeds great quantities of insects. If the air be hot and dry the +gnats die of themselves, and even the swallows will be found famished +for want, and fall down dead out of the air, their food being taken +from them. In like manner, when cold weather comes in the insects +all die, and then of necessity the swallows quit us, and follow their +food wherever they go. This they do in the manner I have mentioned +above, for sometimes they are seen to go off in vast flights like a +cloud. And sometimes again, when the wind grows fair, they go +away a few and a few as they come, not staying at all upon the coast.</p> +<p>Note.—This passing and re-passing of the swallows is observed +nowhere so much, that I have heard of, or in but few other places, except +on this eastern coast, namely, from above Harwich to the east point +of Norfolk, called Winterton Ness, North, which is all right against +Holland. We know nothing of them any farther north, the passage +of the sea being, as I suppose, too broad from Flamborough Head and +the shore of Holderness in Yorkshire, etc.</p> +<p>I find very little remarkable on this side of Suffolk, but what is +on the sea-shore as above. The inland country is that which they +properly call High Suffolk, and is full of rich feeding grounds and +large farms, mostly employed in dairies for making the Suffolk butter +and cheese, of which I have spoken already. Among these rich grounds +stand some market towns, though not of very considerable note; such +as Framlingham, where was once a royal castle, to which Queen Mary retired +when the Northumberland faction, in behalf of the Lady Jane, endeavoured +to supplant her. And it was this part of Suffolk where the Gospellers, +as they were then called, preferred their loyalty to their religion, +and complimented the Popish line at expense of their share of the Reformation. +But they paid dear for it, and their successors have learned better +politics since.</p> +<p>In these parts are also several good market towns, some in this county +and some in the other, as Beccles, Bungay, Harlston, etc., all on the +edge of the River Waveney, which parts here the counties of Suffolk +and Norfolk. And here in a bye-place, and out of common remark, +lies the ancient town of Hoxon, famous for being the place where St. +Edmund was martyred, for whom so many cells and shrines have been set +up and monasteries built, and in honour of whom the famous monastery +of St. Edmundsbury, above mentioned, was founded, which most people +erroneously think was the place where the said murder was committed.</p> +<p>Besides the towns mentioned above, there are Halesworth, Saxmundham, +Debenham, Aye, or Eye, all standing in this eastern side of Suffolk, +in which, as I have said, the whole country is employed in dairies or +in feeding of cattle.</p> +<p>This part of England is also remarkable for being the first where +the feeding and fattening of cattle, both sheep as well as black cattle, +with turnips, was first practised in England, which is made a very great +part of the improvement of their lands to this day, and from whence +the practice is spread over most of the east and south parts of England +to the great enriching of the farmers and increase of fat cattle. +And though some have objected against the goodness of the flesh thus +fed with turnips, and have fancied it would taste of the root, yet upon +experience it is found that at market there is no difference, nor can +they that buy single out one joint of mutton from another by the taste. +So that the complaint which our nice palates at first made begins to +cease of itself, and a very great quantity of beef and mutton also is +brought every year and every week to London from this side of England, +and much more than was formerly known to be fed there.</p> +<p>I cannot omit, however little it may seem, that this county of Suffolk +is particularly famous for furnishing the City of London and all the +counties round with turkeys, and that it is thought there are more turkeys +bred in this county and the part of Norfolk that adjoins to it than +in all the rest of England, especially for sale, though this may be +reckoned, as I say above, but a trifling thing to take notice of in +these remarks; yet, as I have hinted, that I shall observe how London +is in general supplied with all its provisions from the whole body of +the nation, and how every part of the island is engaged in some degree +or other of that supply. On this account I could not omit it, +nor will it be found so inconsiderable an article as some may imagine, +if this be true, which I received an account of from a person living +on the place, viz., that they have counted three hundred droves of turkeys +(for they drive them all in droves on foot) pass in one season over +Stratford Bridge on the River Stour, which parts Suffolk from Essex, +about six miles from Colchester, on the road from Ipswich to London. +These droves, as they say, generally contain from three hundred to a +thousand each drove; so that one may suppose them to contain five hundred +one with another, which is one hundred and fifty thousand in all; and +yet this is one of the least passages, the numbers which travel by Newmarket +Heath and the open country and the forest, and also the numbers that +come by Sudbury and Clare being many more.</p> +<p>For the further supplies of the markets of London with poultry, of +which these countries particularly abound, they have within these few +years found it practicable to make the geese travel on foot too, as +well as the turkeys, and a prodigious number are brought up to London +in droves from the farthest parts of Norfolk; even from the fen country +about Lynn, Downham, Wisbech, and the Washes; as also from all the east +side of Norfolk and Suffolk, of whom it is very frequent now to meet +droves with a thousand, sometimes two thousand in a drove. They +begin to drive them generally in August, by which time the harvest is +almost over, and the geese may feed in the stubbles as they go. +Thus they hold on to the end of October, when the roads begin to be +too stiff and deep for their broad feet and short legs to march in.</p> +<p>Besides these methods of driving these creatures on foot, they have +of late also invented a new method of carriage, being carts formed on +purpose, with four stories or stages to put the creatures in one above +another, by which invention one cart will carry a very great number; +and for the smoother going they drive with two horses abreast, like +a coach, so quartering the road for the ease of the gentry that thus +ride. Changing horses, they travel night and day, so that they +bring the fowls seventy, eighty, or, one hundred miles in two days and +one night. The horses in this new-fashioned voiture go two abreast, +as above, but no perch below, as in a coach, but they are fastened together +by a piece of wood lying crosswise upon their necks, by which they are +kept even and together, and the driver sits on the top of the cart like +as in the public carriages for the army, etc.</p> +<p>In this manner they hurry away the creatures alive, and infinite +numbers are thus carried to London every year. This method is +also particular for the carrying young turkeys or turkey poults in their +season, which are valuable, and yield a good price at market; as also +for live chickens in the dear seasons, of all which a very great number +are brought in this manner to London, and more prodigiously out of this +country than any other part of England, which is the reason of my speaking +of it here.</p> +<p>In this part, which we call High Suffolk, there are not so many families +of gentry or nobility placed as in the other side of the country. +But it is observed that though their seats are not so frequent here, +their estates are; and the pleasure of West Suffolk is much of it supported +by the wealth of High Suffolk, for the richness of the lands and application +of the people to all kinds of improvement is scarce credible; also the +farmers are so very considerable and their farms and dairies so large +that it is very frequent for a farmer to have £1,000 stock upon +his farm in cows only.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<h2>NORFOLK</h2> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>From High Suffolk I passed the Waveney into Norfolk, near Schole +Inn. In my passage I saw at Redgrave (the seat of the family) +a most exquisite monument of Sir John Holt, Knight, late Lord Chief +Justice of the King’s Bench several years, and one of the most +eminent lawyers of his time. One of the heirs of the family is +now building a fine seat about a mile on the south side of Ipswich, +near the road.</p> +<p>The epitaph or inscription on this monument is as follows:-</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>M. S.<br />D. Johannis Holt, Equitis Aur.<br />Totius Anglioe in +Banco Regis<br />per 21 Annos continuos<br />Capitalis Justitiarii<br />Gulielmo +Regi Annoequr Reginae<br />Consiliarii perpetui:<br />Libertatis ac +Legum Anglicarum<br />Assertoris, Vindicis, Custodis,<br />Vigilis Acris +& intrepidi,<br />Rolandus Frater Uncius & Hoeres<br />Optime +de se Merito<br />posuit,<br />Die Martis Vto. 1709. Sublatus +est<br />ex Oculis nostris<br />Natus 30 Decembris, Anno 1642.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>When we come into Norfolk, we see a face of diligence spread over +the whole country; the vast manufactures carried on (in chief) by the +Norwich weavers employs all the country round in spinning yarn for them; +besides many thousand packs of yarn which they receive from other countries, +even from as far as Yorkshire and Westmoreland, of which I shall speak +in its place.</p> +<p>This side of Norfolk is very populous, and thronged with great and +spacious market-towns, more and larger than any other part of England +so far from London, except Devonshire, and the West Riding of Yorkshire; +for example, between the frontiers of Suffolk and the city of Norwich +on this side, which is not above 22 miles in breadth, are the following +market-towns, viz.:-</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>Thetford, Hingham, Harleston,<br />Diss, West Dereham, E. Dereham,<br />Harling, +Attleborough, Watton,<br />Bucknam, Windham, Loddon, etc.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>Most of these towns are very populous and large; but that which is +most remarkable is, that the whole country round them is so interspersed +with villages, and those villages so large, and so full of people, that +they are equal to market-towns in other countries; in a word, they render +this eastern part of Norfolk exceeding full of inhabitants.</p> +<p>An eminent weaver of Norwich gave me a scheme of their trade on this +occasion, by which, calculating from the number of looms at that time +employed in the city of Norwich only, besides those employed in other +towns in the same county, he made it appear very plain, that there were +120,000 people employed in the woollen and silk and wool manufactures +of that city only; not that the people all lived in the city, though +Norwich is a very large and populous city too: but, I say, they were +employed for spinning the yarn used for such goods as were all made +in that city. This account is curious enough, and very exact, +but it is too long for the compass of this work.</p> +<p>This shows the wonderful extent of the Norwich manufacture, or stuff-weaving +trade, by which so many thousands of families are maintained. +Their trade, indeed, felt a very sensible decay, and the cries of the +poor began to be very loud, when the wearing of painted calicoes was +grown to such a height in England, as was seen about two or three years +ago; but an Act of Parliament having been obtained, though not without +great struggle, in the years 1720 and 1721, for prohibiting the use +and wearing of calicoes, the stuff trade revived incredibly; and as +I passed this part of the country in the year 1723, the manufacturers +assured me that there was not, in all the eastern and middle part of +Norfolk, any hand unemployed, if they would work; and that the very +children, after four or five years of age, could every one earn their +own bread. But I return to speak of the villages and towns in +the rest of the county; I shall come to the city of Norwich by itself.</p> +<p>This throng of villages continues through all the east part of the +country, which is of the greatest extent, and where the manufacture +is chiefly carried on. If any part of it be waste and thin of +inhabitants, it is the west part, drawing a line from about Brand, or +Brandon, south, to Walsinghan, north. This part of the country +indeed is full of open plains, and somewhat sandy and barren, and feeds +great flocks of good sheep; but put it all together, the county of Norfolk +has the most people in the least tract of land of any county in England, +except about London, and Exon, and the West Riding of Yorkshire, as +above.</p> +<p>Add to this, that there is no single county in England, except as +above, that can boast of three towns so populous, so rich, and so famous +for trade and navigation, as in this county. By these three towns, +I mean the city of Norwich, the towns of Yarmouth and Lynn. Besides +that, it has several other seaports of very good trade, as Wisbech, +Wells, Burnham, Clye, etc.</p> +<p>Norwich is the capital of all the county, and the centre of all the +trade and manufactures which I have just mentioned; an ancient, large, +rich, and populous city. If a stranger was only to ride through +or view the city of Norwich for a day, he would have much more reason +to think there was a town without inhabitants, than there is really +to say so of Ipswich; but on the contrary if he was to view the city, +either on a Sabbath-day, or on any public occasion, he would wonder +where all the people could dwell, the multitude is so great. But +the case is this: the inhabitants being all busy at their manufactures, +dwell in their garrets at their looms, and in their combing shops (so +they call them), twisting-mills, and other work-houses, almost all the +works they are employed in being done within doors. There are +in this city thirty-two parishes besides the cathedral, and a great +many meeting-houses of Dissenters of all denominations. The public +edifices are chiefly the castle, ancient and decayed, and now for many +years past made use of for a gaol. The Duke of Norfolk’s +house was formerly kept well, and the gardens preserved for the pleasure +and diversion of the citizens, but since feeling too sensibly the sinking +circumstances of that once glorious family, who were the first peers +and hereditary earl-marshals of England.</p> +<p>The walls of this city are reckoned three miles in circumference, +taking in more ground than the City of London, but much of that ground +lying open in pasture-fields and gardens; nor does it seem to be, like +some ancient places, a decayed, declining town, and that the walls mark +out its ancient dimensions; for we do not see room to suppose that it +was ever larger or more populous than it is now. But the walls +seem to be placed as if they expected that the city would in time increase +sufficiently to fill them up with buildings.</p> +<p>The cathedral of this city is a fine fabric, and the spire steeple +very high and beautiful. It is not ancient, the bishop’s +see having been first at Thetford, from whence it was not translated +hither till the twelfth century. Yet the church has so many antiquities +in it, that our late great scholar and physician, Sir Thomas Brown, +thought it worth his while to write a whole book to collect the monuments +and inscriptions in this church, to which I refer the reader.</p> +<p>The River Yare runs through this city, and is navigable thus far +without the help of any art (that is to say, without locks or stops), +and being increased by other waters, passes afterwards through a long +tract of the richest meadows, and the largest, take them all together, +that are anywhere in England, lying for thirty miles in length, from +this city to Yarmouth, including the return of the said meadows on the +bank of the Waveney south, and on the River Thyrn north.</p> +<p>Here is one thing indeed strange in itself, and more so, in that +history seems to be quite ignorant of the occasion of it. The +River Waveney is a considerable river, and of a deep and full channel, +navigable for large barges as high as Beccles; it runs for a course +of about fifty miles, between the two counties of Suffolk and Norfolk, +as a boundary to both; and pushing on, though with a gentle stream, +towards the sea, no one would doubt, but, that when they see the river +growing broader and deeper, and going directly towards the sea, even +to the edge of the beach—that is to say, within a mile of the +main ocean—no stranger, I say, but would expect to see its entrance +into the sea at that place, and a noble harbour for ships at the mouth +of it; when on a sudden, the land rising high by the seaside, crosses +the head of the river, like a dam, checks the whole course of it, and +it returns, bending its course west, for two miles, or thereabouts; +and then turning north, through another long course of meadows (joining +to those just now mentioned) seeks out the River Yare, that it may join +its water with hers, and find their way to the sea together</p> +<p>Some of our historians tell a long, fabulous story of this river +being once open, and a famous harbour for ships belonging to a town +of Lowestoft adjoining; but that the town of Yarmouth envying the prosperity +of the said town of Lowestoft, made war upon them; and that after many +bloody battles, as well by sea as by land, they came at last to a decisive +action at sea with their respective fleets, and the victory fell to +the Yarmouth men, the Lowestoft fleet being overthrown and utterly destroyed; +and that upon this victory, the Yarmouth men either actually did stop +up the mouth of the said river, or obliged the vanquished Lowestoft +men to do it themselves, and bound them never to attempt to open it +again.</p> +<p>I believe my share of this story, and I recommend no more of it to +the reader; adding, that I see no authority for the relation, neither +do the relators agree either in the time of it, or in the particulars +of the fact; that is to say, in whose reign, or under what government +all this happened; in what year, and the like; so I satisfy myself with +transcribing the matter of fact, and then leave it as I find it.</p> +<p>In this vast tract of meadows are fed a prodigious number of black +cattle which are said to be fed up for the fattest beef, though not +the largest in England; and the quantity is so great, as that they not +only supply the city of Norwich, the town of Yarmouth, and county adjacent, +but send great quantities of them weekly in all the winter season to +London.</p> +<p>And this in particular is worthy remark, that the gross of all the +Scots cattle which come yearly into England are brought hither, being +brought to a small village lying north of the city of Norwich, called +St. Faith’s, where the Norfolk graziers go and buy them.</p> +<p>These Scots runts, so they call them, coming out of the cold and +barren mountains of the Highlands in Scotland, feed so eagerly on the +rich pasture in these marshes, that they thrive in an unusual manner, +and grow monstrously fat; and the beef is so delicious for taste, that +the inhabitants prefer them to the English cattle, which are much larger +and fairer to look at; and they may very well do so. Some have +told me, and I believe with good judgment, that there are above forty +thousand of these Scots cattle fed in this county every year, and most +of them in the said marshes between Norwich, Beccles, and Yarmouth.</p> +<p>Yarmouth is an ancient town, much older than Norwich; and at present, +though not standing on so much ground, yet better built; much more complete; +for number of inhabitants, not much inferior; and for wealth, trade, +and advantage of its situation, infinitely superior to Norwich.</p> +<p>It is placed on a peninsula between the River Yare and the sea; the +two last lying parallel to one another, and the town in the middle. +The river lies on the west side of the town, and being grown very large +and deep, by a conflux of all the rivers on this side the county, forms +the haven; and the town facing to the west also, and open to the river, +makes the finest quay in England, if not in Europe, not inferior even +to that of Marseilles itself.</p> +<p>The ships ride here so close, and, as it were, keeping up one another, +with their headfasts on shore, that for half a mile together they go +across the stream with their bowsprits over the land, their bows, or +heads touching the very wharf; so that one may walk from ship to ship +as on a floating bridge, all along by the shore-side. The quay +reaching from the drawbridge almost to the south gate, is so spacious +and wide, that in some places it is near one hundred yards from the +houses to the wharf. In this pleasant and agreeable range of houses +are some very magnificent buildings, and among the rest, the Custom +House and Town Hall, and some merchant’s houses, which look like +little palaces rather than the dwelling-houses of private men.</p> +<p>The greatest defect of this beautiful town seems to be that, though +it is very rich and increasing in wealth and trade, and consequently +in people, there is not room to enlarge the town by building, which +would be certainly done much more than it is, but that the river on +the land side prescribes them, except at the north end without the gate; +and even there the land is not very agreeable. But had they had +a larger space within the gates there would before now have been many +spacious streets of noble fine buildings erected, as we see is done +in some other thriving towns in England, as at Liverpool, Manchester, +Bristol, Frome, etc.</p> +<p>The quay and the harbour of this town during the fishing fair, as +they call it, which is every Michaelmas, one sees the land covered with +people, and the river with barques and boats, busy day and night landing +and carrying of the herrings, which they catch here in such prodigious +quantities, that it is incredible. I happened to be there during +their fishing fair, when I told in one tide 110 barques and fishing +vessels coming up the river all laden with herrings, and all taken the +night before; and this was besides what was brought on shore on the +Dean (that is the seaside of the town) by open boats, which they call +cobles, and which often bring in two or three last of fish at a time. +The barques often bring in ten last a piece.</p> +<p>This fishing fair begins on Michaelmas Day, and lasts all the month +of October, by which time the herrings draw off to sea, shoot their +spawn, and are no more fit for the merchant’s business—at +least, not those that are taken thereabouts.</p> +<p>The quantity of herrings that are caught in this season are diversely +accounted for. Some have said that the towns of Yarmouth and Lowestoft +only have taken 40,000 last in a season. I will not venture to +confirm that report; but this I have heard the merchants themselves +say, viz., that they have cured—that is to say, hanged and dried +in the smoke—40,000 barrels of merchantable red herrings in one +season, which is in itself (though far short of the other) yet a very +considerable article; and it is to be added that this is besides all +the herrings consumed in the country towns of both those populous counties +for thirty miles from the sea, whither very great quantities are carried +every tide during the whole season.</p> +<p>But this is only one branch of the great trade carried on in this +town. Another part of this commerce is in the exporting these +herrings after they are cured; and for this their merchants have a great +trade to Genoa, Leghorn, Naples, Messina, and Venice; as also to Spain +and Portugal, also exporting with their herring very great quantities +of worsted stuffs, and stuffs made of silk and worsted, camblets, etc., +the manufactures of the neighbouring city of Norwich and of the places +adjacent.</p> +<p>Besides this, they carry on a very considerable trade with Holland, +whose opposite neighbours they are; and a vast quantity of woollen manufactures +they export to the Dutch every year. Also they have a fishing +trade to the North Seas for white fish, which from the place are called +the North Sea cod.</p> +<p>They have also a considerable trade to Norway and to the Baltic, +from whence they bring back deals and fir timber, oaken plank, balks, +spars, oars, pitch, tar, hemp, flax, spruce canvas, and sail-cloth, +with all manner of naval stores, which they generally have a consumption +for in their own port, where they build a very great number of ships +every year, besides refitting and repairing the old.</p> +<p>Add to this the coal trade between Newcastle and the river of Thames, +in which they are so improved of late years that they have now a greater +share of it than any other town in England, and have quite worked the +Ipswich men out of it who had formerly the chief share of the colliery +in their hands.</p> +<p>For the carrying on all these trades they must have a very great +number of ships, either of their own or employed by them: and it may +in some measure be judged of by this that in the year 1697, I had an +account from the town register that there was then 1,123 sail of ships +using the sea and belonged to the town, besides such ships as the merchants +of Yarmouth might be concerned in, and be part owners of, belonging +to any other ports.</p> +<p>To all this I must add, without compliment to the town or to the +people, that the merchants, and even the generality of traders of Yarmouth, +have a very good reputation in trade as well abroad as at home for men +of fair and honourable dealing, punctual and just in their performing +their engagements and in discharging commissions; and their seamen, +as well masters as mariners, are justly esteemed among the ablest and +most expert navigators in England.</p> +<p>This town, however populous and large, was ever contained in one +parish, and had but one church; but within these two years they have +built another very fine church near the south end of the town. +The old church is dedicated to St. Nicholas, and was built by that famous +Bishop of Norwich, William Herbert, who flourished in the reign of William +II., and Henry I., William of Malmesbury, calls him <i>Vir Pecuniosus</i>; +he might have called him <i>Vir Pecuniosissimus</i>, considering the +times he lived in, and the works of charity and munificence which he +has left as witnesses of his immense riches; for he built the Cathedral +Church, the Priory for sixty monks, the Bishop’s Palace, and the +parish church of St. Leonard, all in Norwich; this great church at Yarmouth, +the Church of St. Margaret at Lynn, and of St. Mary at Elmham. +He removed the episcopal see from Thetford to Norwich, and instituted +the Cluniack Monks at Thetford, and gave them or built them a house. +This old church is very large, and has a high spire, which is a useful +sea-mark.</p> +<p>Here is one of the finest market-places and the best served with +provisions in England, London excepted; and the inhabitants are so multiplied +in a few years that they seem to want room in their town rather than +people to fill it, as I have observed above.</p> +<p>The streets are all exactly straight from north to south, with lanes +or alleys, which they call rows, crossing them in straight lines also +from east to west, so that it is the most regular built town in England, +and seems to have been built all at once; or that the dimensions of +the houses and extent of the streets were laid out by consent.</p> +<p>They have particular privileges in this town and a jurisdiction by +which they can try, condemn, and execute in especial cases without waiting +for a warrant from above; and this they exerted once very smartly in +executing a captain of one of the king’s ships of war in the reign +of King Charles II. for a murder committed in the street, the circumstance +of which did indeed call for justice; but some thought they would not +have ventured to exert their powers as they did. However, I never +heard that the Government resented it or blamed them for it.</p> +<p>It is also a very well-governed town, and I have nowhere in England +observed the Sabbath day so exactly kept, or the breach so continually +punished, as in this place, which I name to their honour.</p> +<p>Among all these regularities it is no wonder if we do not find abundance +of revelling, or that there is little encouragement to assemblies, plays, +and gaming meetings at Yarmouth as in some other places; and yet I do +not see that the ladies here come behind any of the neighbouring counties, +either in beauty, breeding, or behaviour; to which may be added too, +not at all to their disadvantage, that they generally go beyond them +in fortunes.</p> +<p>From Yarmouth I resolved to pursue my first design, viz., to view +the seaside on this coast, which is particularly famous for being one +of the most dangerous and most fatal to the sailors in all England—I +may say in all Britain—and the more so because of the great number +of ships which are continually going and coming this way in their passage +between London and all the northern coasts of Great Britain. Matters +of antiquity are not my inquiry, but principally observations on the +present state of things, and, if possible, to give such accounts of +things worthy of recording as have never been observed before; and this +leads me the more directly to mention the commerce and the navigation +when I come to towns upon the coast as what few writers have yet meddled +with.</p> +<p>The reason of the dangers of this particular coast are found in the +situation of the county and in the course of ships sailing this way, +which I shall describe as well as I can thus:- The shore from the mouth +of the River of Thames to Yarmouth Roads lies in a straight line from +SSE. <i>to</i> NNW., the land being on the W. or larboard side.</p> +<p>From Wintertonness, which is the utmost northerly point of land in +the county of Norfolk, and about four miles beyond Yarmouth, the shore +falls off for nearly sixty miles to the west, as far as Lynn and Boston, +till the shore of Lincolnshire tends north again for about sixty miles +more as far as the Humber, whence the coast of Yorkshire, or Holderness, +which is the east riding, shoots out again into the sea, to the Spurn +and to Flamborough Head, as far east, almost, as the shore of Norfolk +had given back at Winterton, making a very deep gulf or bay between +those two points of Winterton and the Spurn Head; so that the ships +going north are obliged to stretch away to sea from Wintertonness, and +leaving the sight of land in that deep bay which I have mentioned, that +reaches to Lynn and the shore of Lincolnshire, they go, I say, N. or +still NNW. to meet the shore of Holderness, which I said runs out into +the sea again at the Spurn; and the first land they make or desire to +make, is called as above, Flamborough Head, so that Wintertonness and +Flamborough Head are the two extremes of this course, there is, as I +said, the Spurn Head indeed between; but as it lies too far in towards +the Humber, they keep out to the north to avoid coming near it.</p> +<p>In like manner the ships which come from the north, leave the shore +at Flamborough Head, and stretch away SSE. for Yarmouth Roads; and they +first land they make is Wintertonness (as above). Now, the danger +of the place is this: if the ships coming from the north are taken with +a hard gale of wind from the SE., or from any point between NE. and +SE., so that they cannot, as the seamen call it, weather Wintertonness, +they are thereby kept within that deep bay; and if the wind blows hard, +are often in danger of running on shore upon the rocks about Cromer, +on the north coast of Norfolk, or stranding upon the flat shore between +Cromer and Wells; all the relief they have, is good ground tackle to +ride it out, which is very hard to do there, the sea coming very high +upon them; or if they cannot ride it out then, to run into the bottom +of the great bay I mentioned, to Lynn or Boston, which is a very difficult +and desperate push: so that sometimes in this distress whole fleets +have been lost here altogether.</p> +<p>The like is the danger to ships going northward, if after passing +by Winterton they are taken short with a north-east wind, and cannot +put back into the Roads, which very often happens, then they are driven +upon the same coast, and embayed just as the latter. The danger +on the north part of this bay is not the same, because if ships going +or coming should be taken short on this side Flamborough, there is the +river Humber open to them, and several good roads to have recourse to, +as Burlington Bay, Grimsby Road, and the Spurn Head, and others, where +they ride under shelter.</p> +<p>The dangers of this place being thus considered, it is no wonder, +that upon the shore beyond Yarmouth there are no less than four lighthouses +kept flaming every night, besides the lights at Castor, north of the +town, and at Goulston S., all of which are to direct the sailors to +keep a good offing in case of bad weather, and to prevent their running +into Cromer Bay, which the seamen call the devil’s throat.</p> +<p>As I went by land from Yarmouth northward, along the shore towards +Cromer aforesaid, and was not then fully master of the reason of these +things, I was surprised to see, in all the way from Winterton, that +the farmers and country people had scarce a barn, or a shed, or a stable, +nay, not the pales of their yards and gardens, not a hogstye, not a +necessary house, but what was built of old planks, beams, wales, and +timbers, etc., the wrecks of ships, and ruins of mariners’ and +merchants’ fortunes; and in some places were whole yards filled +and piled up very high with the same stuff laid up, as I supposed to +sell for the like building purposes, as there should he occasion.</p> +<p>About the year 1692 (I think it was that year) there was a melancholy +example of what I have said of this place: a fleet of 200 sail of light +colliers (so they call the ships bound northward empty to fetch coals +from Newcastle to London) went out of Yarmouth Roads with a fair wind, +to pursue their voyage, and were taken short with a storm of wind at +NE. after they were past Wintertonness, a few leagues; some of them, +whose masters were a little more wary than the rest, or perhaps, who +made a better judgment of things, or who were not so far out as the +rest, tacked, and put back in time, and got safe into the roads; but +the rest pushing on in hopes to keep out to sea, and weather it, were +by the violence of the storm driven back, when they were too far embayed +to weather Wintertonness as above, and so were forced to run west, everyone +shifting for themselves as well as they could; some run away for Lynn +Deeps, but few of them (the night being so dark) could find their way +in there; some, but very few, rode it out at a distance; the rest, being +above 140 sail, were all driven on shore and dashed to pieces, and very +few of the people on board were saved: at the very same unhappy juncture, +a fleet of laden ships were coming from the north, and being just crossing +the same bay, were forcibly driven into it, not able to weather the +Ness, and so were involved in the same ruin as the light fleet was; +also some coasting vessels laden with corn from Lynn and Wells, and +bound for Holland, were with the same unhappy luck just come out to +begin their voyage, and some of them lay at anchor; these also met with +the same misfortune, so that, in the whole, above 200 sail of ships, +and above a thousand people, perished in the disaster of that one miserable +night, very few escaping.</p> +<p>Cromer is a market town close to the shore of this dangerous coast. +I know nothing it is famous for (besides it being thus the terror of +the sailors) except good lobsters, which are taken on that coast in +great numbers and carried to Norwich, and in such quantities sometimes +too as to be conveyed by sea to London.</p> +<p>Farther within the land, and between this place and Norwich, are +several good market towns, and innumerable villages, all diligently +applying to the woollen manufacture, and the country is exceedingly +fruitful and fertile, as well in corn as in pastures; particularly, +which was very pleasant to see, the pheasants were in such great plenty +as to be seen in the stubbles like cocks and hens—a testimony +though, by the way, that the county had more tradesmen than gentlemen +in it; indeed, this part is so entirely given up to industry, that what +with the seafaring men on the one side, and the manufactures on the +other, we saw no idle hands here, but every man busy on the main affair +of life, that is to say, getting money; some of the principal of these +towns are:- Alsham, North Walsham, South Walsham, Worsted, Caston, Reepham, +Holt, Saxthorp, St. Faith’s, Blikling, and many others. +Near the last, Sir John Hobart, of an ancient family in this county, +has a noble seat, but old built. This is that St. Faith’s, +where the drovers bring their black cattle to sell to the Norfolk graziers, +as is observed above.</p> +<p>From Cromer we ride on the strand or open shore to Weyburn Hope, +the shore so flat that in some places the tide ebbs out near two miles. +From Weyburn west lies Clye, where there are large salt-works and very +good salt made, which is sold all over the county, and sometimes sent +to Holland and to the Baltic. From Clye we go to Masham and to +Wells, all towns on the coast, in each whereof there is a very considerable +trade carried on with Holland for corn, which that part of the county +is very full of. I say nothing of the great trade driven here +from Holland, back again to England, because I take it to be a trade +carried on with much less honesty than advantage, especially while the +clandestine trade, or the art of smuggling was so much in practice: +what it is now, is not to my present purpose.</p> +<p>Near this town lie The Seven Burnhams, as they are called, that is +to say, seven small towns, all called by the same name, and each employed +in the same trade of carrying corn to Holland, and bringing back,—etc.</p> +<p>From hence we turn to the south-west to Castle Rising, an old decayed +borough town, with perhaps not ten families in it, which yet (to the +scandal of our prescription right) sends two members to the British +Parliament, being as many as the City of Norwich itself or any town +in the kingdom, London excepted, can do.</p> +<p>On our left we see Walsingham, an ancient town, famous for the old +ruins of a monastery of note there, and the Shrine of our Lady, as noted +as that of St. Thomas-à-Becket at Canterbury, and for little +else.</p> +<p>Near this place are the seats of the two allied families of the Lord +Viscount Townsend and Robert Walpole, Esq.; the latter at this time +one of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury and Minister of State, +and the former one of the principal Secretaries of State to King George, +of which again.</p> +<p>From hence we went to Lynn, another rich and populous thriving port-town. +It stands on more ground than the town of Yarmouth, and has, I think, +parishes, yet I cannot allow that it has more people than Yarmouth, +if so many. It is a beautiful, well built, and well situated town, +at the mouth of the River Ouse, and has this particular attending it, +which gives it a vast advantage in trade; namely, that there is the +greatest extent of inland navigation here of any port in England, London +excepted. The reason whereof is this, that there are more navigable +rivers empty themselves here into the sea, including the washes, which +are branches of the same port, than at any one mouth of waters in England, +except the Thames and the Humber. By these navigable rivers, the +merchants of Lynn supply about six counties wholly, and three counties +in part, with their goods, especially wine and coals, viz., by the little +Ouse, they send their goods to Brandon and Thetford, by the Lake to +Mildenhall, Barton Mills, and St. Edmundsbury; by the River Grant to +Cambridge, by the great Ouse itself to Ely, to St. Ives, to St. Neots, +to Barford Bridge, and to Bedford; by the River Nyne to Peterborough; +by the drains and washes to Wisbeach, to Spalding, Market Deeping, and +Stamford; besides the several counties, into which these goods are carried +by land-carriage, from the places, where the navigation of those rivers +end; which has given rise to this observation on the town of Lynn, that +they bring in more coals than any sea-port between London and Newcastle; +and import more wines than any port in England, except London and Bristol; +their trade to Norway and to the Baltic Sea is also great in proportion, +and of late years they have extended their trade farther to the southward.</p> +<p>Here are more gentry, and consequently is more gaiety in this town +than in Yarmouth, or even in Norwich itself—the place abounding +in very good company.</p> +<p>The situation of this town renders it capable of being made very +strong, and in the late wars it was so; a line of fortification being +drawn round it at a distance from the walls; the ruins, or rather remains +of which works appear very fair to this day; nor would it be a hard +matter to restore the bastions, with the ravelins, and counterscarp, +upon any sudden emergency, to a good state of defence: and that in a +little time, a sufficient number of workmen being employed, especially +because they are able to fill all their ditches with water from the +sea, in such a manner as that it cannot be drawn off.</p> +<p>There is in the market-place of this town a very fine statue of King +William on horseback, erected at the charge of the town. The Ouse +is mighty large and deep, close to the very town itself, and ships of +good burthen may come up to the quay; but there is no bridge, the stream +being too strong and the bottom moorish and unsound; nor, for the same +reason, is the anchorage computed the best in the world; but there are +good roads farther down.</p> +<p>They pass over here in boats into the fen country, and over the famous +washes into Lincolnshire, but the passage is very dangerous and uneasy, +and where passengers often miscarry and are lost; but then it is usually +on their venturing at improper times, and without the guides, which +if they would be persuaded not to do, they would very rarely fail of +going or coming safe.</p> +<p>From Lynn I bent my course to Downham, where is an ugly wooden bridge +over the Ouse; from whence we passed the fen country to Wisbeach, but +saw nothing that way to tempt our curiosity but deep roads, innumerable +drains and dykes of water, all navigable, and a rich soil, the land +bearing a vast quantity of good hemp, but a base unwholesome air; so +we came back to Ely, whose cathedral, standing in a level flat country, +is seen far and wide, and of which town, when the minster, so they call +it, is described, everything remarkable is said that there is room to +say. And of the minster, this is the most remarkable thing that +I could hear it, namely, that some of it is so ancient, totters so much +with every gust of wind, looks so like a decay, and seems so near it, +that whenever it does fall, all that it is likely will be thought strange +in it will be that it did not fall a hundred years sooner.</p> +<p>From hence we came over the Ouse, and in a few miles to Newmarket. +In our way, near Snaybell, we saw a noble seat of the late Admiral Russell, +now Earl of Orford, a name made famous by the glorious victory obtained +under his command over the French fleet and the burning their ships +at La Hogue—a victory equal in glory to, and infinitely more glorious +to the English nation in particular, than that at Blenheim, and, above +all, more to the particular advantage of the confederacy, because it +so broke the heart of the naval power of France that they have not fully +recovered it to this day. But of this victory it must be said +it was owing to the haughty, rash, and insolent orders given by the +King of France to his admiral, viz., to fight the confederate fleet +wherever he found them, without leaving room for him to use due caution +if he found them too strong, which pride of France was doubtless a fate +upon them, and gave a cheap victory to the confederates, the French +coming down rashly, and with the most impolitic bravery, with about +five-and-forty sail to attack between seventy and eighty sail, by which +means they met their ruin. Whereas, had their own fleet been joined, +it might have cost more blood to have mastered them if it had been done +at all.</p> +<p>The situation of this house is low, and on the edge of the fen country, +but the building is very fine, the avenues noble, and the gardens perfectly +finished. The apartments also are rich, and I see nothing wanting +but a family and heirs to sustain the glory and inheritance of the illustrious +ancestor who raised it—<i>sed caret pedibus</i>; these are wanting.</p> +<p>Being come to Newmarket in the month of October, I had the opportunity +to see the horse races and a great concourse of the nobility and gentry, +as well from London as from all parts of England, but they were all +so intent, so eager, so busy upon the sharping part of the sport—their +wagers and bets—that to me they seemed just as so many horse-coursers +in Smithfield, descending (the greatest of them) from their high dignity +and quality to picking one another’s pockets, and biting one another +as much as possible, and that with such eagerness as that it might be +said they acted without respect to faith, honour, or good manners.</p> +<p>There was Mr. Frampton the oldest, and, as some say, the cunningest +jockey in England; one day he lost one thousand guineas, the next he +won two thousand; and so alternately he made as light of throwing away +five hundred or one thousand pounds at a time as other men do of their +pocket-money, and as perfectly calm, cheerful, and unconcerned when +he had lost one thousand pounds as when he had won it. On the +other side there was Sir R Fagg, of Sussex, of whom fame says he has +the most in him and the least to show for it (relating to jockeyship) +of any man there, yet he often carried the prize. His horses, +they said, were all cheats, how honest soever their master was, for +he scarce ever produced a horse but he looked like what he was not, +and was what nobody could expect him to be. If he was as light +as the wind, and could fly like a meteor, he was sure to look as clumsy, +and as dirty, and as much like a cart-horse as all the cunning of his +master and the grooms could make him, and just in this manner he beat +some of the greatest gamesters in the field.</p> +<p>I was so sick of the jockeying part that I left the crowd about the +posts and pleased myself with observing the horses: how the creatures +yielded to all the arts and managements of their masters; how they took +their airings in sport, and played with the daily heats which they ran +over the course before the grand day. But how, as knowing the +difference equally with their riders, would they exert their utmost +strength at the time of the race itself! And that to such an extremity +that one or two of them died in the stable when they came to be rubbed +after the first heat.</p> +<p>Here I fancied myself in the Circus Maximus at Rome seeing the ancient +games and the racings of the chariots and horsemen, and in this warmth +of my imagination I pleased and diverted myself more and in a more noble +manner than I could possibly do in the crowds of gentlemen at the weighing +and starting-posts and at their coming in, or at their meetings at the +coffee-houses and gaming-tables after the races were over, where there +was little or nothing to be seen but what was the subject of just reproach +to them and reproof from every wise man that looked upon them.</p> +<p>N.B.—Pray take it with you, as you go, you see no ladies at +Newmarket, except a few of the neighbouring gentlemen’s families, +who come in their coaches on any particular day to see a race, and so +go home again directly.</p> +<p>As I was pleasing myself with what was to be seen here, I went in +the intervals of the sport to see the fine seats of the gentlemen in +the neighbouring county, for this part of Suffolk, being an open champaign +country and a healthy air, is formed for pleasure and all kinds of country +diversion, Nature, as it were, inviting the gentlemen to visit her where +she was fully prepared to receive them, in conformity to which kind +summons they came, for the country is, as it were, covered with fine +palaces of the nobility and pleasant seats of the gentlemen.</p> +<p>The Earl of Orford’s house I have mentioned already; the next +is Euston Hall, the seat of the Duke of Grafton. It lies in the +open country towards the side of Norfolk, not far from Thetford, a place +capable of all that is pleasant and delightful in Nature, and improved +by art to every extreme that Nature is able to produce.</p> +<p>From thence I went to Rushbrook, formerly the seat of the noble family +of Jermyns, lately Lord Dover, and now of the house of Davers. +Here Nature, for the time I was there, drooped and veiled all the beauties +of which she once boasted, the family being in tears and the house shut +up, Sir Robert Davers, the head thereof, and knight of the shire for +the county of Suffolk, and who had married the eldest daughter of the +late Lord Dover, being just dead, and the corpse lying there in its +funeral form of ceremony, not yet buried. Yet all looked lovely +in their sorrow, and a numerous issue promising and grown up intimated +that the family of Davers would still flourish, and that the beauties +of Rushbrook, the mansion of the family, were not formed with so much +art in vain or to die with the present possessor.</p> +<p>After this we saw Brently, the seat of the Earl of Dysert, and the +ancient palace of my Lord Cornwallis, with several others of exquisite +situation, and adorned with the beauties both of art and Nature, so +that I think any traveller from abroad, who would desire to see how +the English gentry live, and what pleasures they enjoy, should come +into Suffolk and Cambridgeshire, and take but a light circuit among +the country seats of the gentlemen on this side only, and they would +be soon convinced that not France, no, not Italy itself, can outdo them +in proportion to the climate they lived in.</p> +<p>I had still the county of Cambridge to visit to complete this tour +of the eastern part of England, and of that I come now to speak.</p> +<p>We enter Cambridgeshire out of Suffolk, with all the advantage in +the world; the county beginning upon those pleasant and agreeable plains +called Newmarket Heath, where passing the Devil’s Ditch, which +has nothing worth notice but its name, and that but fabulous too, from +the hills called Gogmagog, we see a rich and pleasant vale westward, +covered with corn-fields, gentlemen’s seats, villages, and at +a distance, to crown all the rest, that ancient and truly famous town +and university of Cambridge, capital of the county, and receiving its +name from, if not, as some say, giving name to it; for if it be true +that the town takes its name of Cambridge from its bridge over the river +Cam, then certainly the shire or county, upon the division of England +into counties, had its name from the town, and Cambridgeshire signifies +no more or less than the county of which Cambridge is the capital town.</p> +<p>As my business is not to lay out the geographical situation of places, +I say nothing of the buttings and boundings of this county. It +lies on the edge of the great level, called by the people here the Fen +Country; and great part, if not all, the Isle of Ely lies in this county +and Norfolk. The rest of Cambridgeshire is almost wholly a corn +country, and of that corn five parts in six of all they sow is barley, +which is generally sold to Ware and Royston, and other great malting +towns in Hertfordshire, and is the fund from whence that vast quantity +of malt, called Hertfordshire malt, is made, which is esteemed the best +in England. As Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk are taken up in manufactures, +and famed for industry, this county has no manufacture at all; nor are +the poor, except the husbandmen, famed for anything so much as idleness +and sloth, to their scandal be it spoken. What the reason of it +is I know not.</p> +<p>It is scarce possible to talk of anything in Cambridgeshire but Cambridge +itself; whether it be that the county has so little worth speaking of +in it, or, that the town has so much, that I leave to others; however, +as I am making modern observations, not writing history, I shall look +into the county, as well as into the colleges, for what I have to say.</p> +<p>As I said, I first had a view of Cambridge from Gogmagog hills; I +am to add that there appears on the mountain that goes by this name, +an ancient camp or fortification, that lies on the top of the hill, +with a double, or rather treble, rampart and ditch, which most of our +writers say was neither Roman nor Saxon, but British. I am to +add that King James II. caused a spacious stable to be built in the +area of this camp for his running homes, and made old Mr. Frampton, +whom I mentioned above, master or inspector of them. The stables +remain still there, though they are not often made use of. As +we descended westward we saw the Fen country on our right, almost all +covered with water like a sea, the Michaelmas rains having been very +great that year, they had sent down great floods of water from the upland +countries, and those fens being, as may be very properly said, the sink +of no less than thirteen counties—that is to say, that all the +water, or most part of the water, of thirteen counties falls into them; +they are often thus overflowed. The rivers which thus empty themselves +into these fens, and which thus carry off the water, are the Cam or +Grant, the Great Ouse and Little Ouse, the Nene, the Welland, and the +river which runs from Bury to Milden Hall. The counties which +these rivers drain, as above, are as follows:-</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>Lincoln, Warwick, Norfolk,<br />* Cambridge, Oxford, Suffolk,<br />* +Huntingdon, Leicester, Essex,<br />* Bedford, * Northampton<br />Buckingham, +* Rutland.</p> +<p>Those marked with (*) empty all their waters this way, the rest but +in part.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>In a word, all the water of the middle part of England which does +not run into the Thames or the Trent, comes down into these fens.</p> +<p>In these fens are abundance of those admirable pieces of art called +decoys that is to say, places so adapted for the harbour and shelter +of wild fowl, and then furnished with a breed of those they call decoy +ducks, who are taught to allure and entice their kind to the places +they belong to, that it is incredible what quantities of wild fowl of +all sorts, duck, mallard, teal, widgeon, &c., they take in those +decoys every week during the season; it may, indeed, be guessed at a +little by this, that there is a decoy not far from Ely which pays to +the landlord, Sir Thomas Hare, £500 a year rent, besides the charge +of maintaining a great number of servants for the management; and from +which decoy alone, they assured me at St. Ives (a town on the Ouse, +where the fowl they took was always brought to be sent to London) that +they generally sent up three thousand couple a week.</p> +<p>There are more of these about Peterborough, who send the fowl up +twice a week in waggon-loads at a time, whose waggons before the late +Act of Parliament to regulate carriers I have seen drawn by ten and +twelve horses a-piece, they were laden so heavy.</p> +<p>As these fens appear covered with water, so I observed, too, that +they generally at this latter part of the year appear also covered with +fogs, so that when the downs and higher grounds of the adjacent country +were gilded with the beams of the sun, the Isle of Ely looked as if +wrapped up in blankets, and nothing to be seen but now and then the +lantern or cupola of Ely Minster.</p> +<p>One could hardly see this from the hills and not pity the many thousands +of families that were bound to or confined in those fogs, and had no +other breath to draw than what must be mixed with those vapours, and +that steam which so universally overspreads the country. But notwithstanding +this, the people, especially those that are used to it, live unconcerned, +and as healthy as other folks, except now and then an ague, which they +make light of, and there are great numbers of very ancient people among +them.</p> +<p>I now draw near to Cambridge, to which I fancy I look as if I was +afraid to come, having made so many circumlocutions beforehand; but +I must yet make another digression before I enter the town (for in my +way, and as I came in from Newmarket, about the beginning of September), +I cannot omit, that I came necessarily through Stourbridge Fair, which +was then in its height.</p> +<p>If it is a diversion worthy a book to treat of trifles, such as the +gaiety of Bury Fair, it cannot be very unpleasant, especially to the +trading part of the world, to say something of this fair, which is not +only the greatest in the whole nation, but in the world; nor, if I may +believe those who have seen the mall, is the fair at Leipzig in Saxony, +the mart at Frankfort-on-the-Main, or the fairs at Nuremberg, or Augsburg, +any way to compare to this fair at Stourbridge.</p> +<p>It is kept in a large corn-field, near Casterton, extending from +the side of the river Cam, towards the road, for about half a mile square.</p> +<p>If the husbandmen who rent the land, do not get their corn off before +a certain day in August, the fair-keepers may trample it under foot +and spoil it to build their booths, or tents, for all the fair is kept +in tents and booths. On the other hand, to balance that severity, +if the fair-keepers have not done their business of the fair, and removed +and cleared the field by another certain day in September, the ploughmen +may come in again, with plough and cart, and overthrow all, and trample +into the dirt; and as for the filth, dung, straw, etc. necessarily left +by the fair-keepers, the quantity of which is very great, it is the +farmers’ fees, and makes them full amends for the trampling, riding, +and carting upon, and hardening the ground.</p> +<p>It is impossible to describe all the parts and circumstances of this +fair exactly; the shops are placed in rows like streets, whereof one +is called Cheapside; and here, as in several other streets, are all +sorts of trades, who sell by retail, and who come principally from London +with their goods; scarce any trades are omitted—goldsmiths, toyshops, +brasiers, turners, milliners, haberdashers, hatters, mercers, drapers, +pewterers, china-warehouses, and in a word all trades that can be named +in London; with coffee-houses, taverns, brandy-shops, and eating-houses, +innumerable, and all in tents, and booths, as above.</p> +<p>This great street reaches from the road, which as I said goes from +Cambridge to Newmarket, turning short out of it to the right towards +the river, and holds in a line near half a mile quite down to the river-side: +in another street parallel with the road are like rows of booths, but +larger, and more intermingled with wholesale dealers; and one side, +passing out of this last street to the left hand, is a formal great +square, formed by the largest booths, built in that form, and which +they call the Duddery; whence the name is derived, and what its signification +is, I could never yet learn, though I made all possible search into +it. The area of this square is about 80 to 100 yards, where the +dealers have room before every booth to take down, and open their packs, +and to bring in waggons to load and unload.</p> +<p>This place is separated, and peculiar to the wholesale dealers in +the woollen manufacture. Here the booths or tents are of a vast +extent, have different apartments, and the quantities of goods they +bring are so great, that the insides of them look like another Blackwell +Hall, being as vast warehouses piled up with goods to the top. +In this Duddery, as I have been informed, there have been sold one hundred +thousand pounds worth of woollen manufactures in less than a week’s +time, besides the prodigious trade carried on here, by wholesale men, +from London, and all parts of England, who transact their business wholly +in their pocket-books, and meeting their chapmen from all parts, make +up their accounts, receive money chiefly in bills, and take orders: +These they say exceed by far the sales of goods actually brought to +the fair, and delivered in kind; it being frequent for the London wholesale +men to carry back orders from their dealers for ten thousand pounds’ +worth of goods a man, and some much more. This especially respects +those people, who deal in heavy goods, as wholesale grocers, salters, +brasiers, iron-merchants, wine-merchants, and the like; but does not +exclude the dealers in woollen manufactures, and especially in mercery +goods of all sorts, the dealers in which generally manage their business +in this manner.</p> +<p>Here are clothiers from Halifax, Leeds, Wakefield and Huddersfield +in Yorkshire, and from Rochdale, Bury, etc., in Lancashire, with vast +quantities of Yorkshire cloths, kerseys, pennistons, cottons, etc., +with all sorts of Manchester ware, fustiains, and things made of cotton +wool; of which the quantity is so great, that they told me there were +near a thousand horse-packs of such goods from that side of the country, +and these took up a side and half of the Duddery at least; also a part +of a street of booths were taken up with upholsterer’s ware, such +as tickings, sackings, kidderminster stuffs, blankets, rugs, quilts, +etc.</p> +<p>In the Duddery I saw one warehouse, or booth with six apartments +in it, all belonging to a dealer in Norwich stuffs only, and who, they +said, had there above twenty thousand pounds value in those goods, and +no other.</p> +<p>Western goods had their share here also, and several booths were +filled as full with serges, duroys, druggets, shalloons, cantaloons, +Devonshire kerseys, etc., from Exeter, Taunton, Bristol, and other parts +west, and some from London also.</p> +<p>But all this is still outdone at least in show, by two articles, +which are the peculiars of this fair, and do not begin till the other +part of the fair, that is to say for the woollen manufacture begins +to draw to a close. These are the wool and the hops; as for the +hops, there is scarce any price fixed for hops in England, till they +know how they sell at Stourbridge fair; the quantity that appears in +the fair is indeed prodigious, and they, as it were, possess a large +part of the field on which the fair is kept to themselves; they are +brought directly from Chelmsford in Essex, from Canterbury and Maidstone +in Kent, and from Farnham in Surrey, besides what are brought from London, +the growth of those and other places.</p> +<p>Enquiring why this fair should be thus, of all other places in England, +the centre of that trade; and so great a quantity of so bulky a commodity +be carried thither so far; I was answered by one thoroughly acquainted +with that matter thus: the hops, said he, for this part of England, +grow principally in the two counties of Surrey and Kent, with an exception +only to the town of Chelmsford in Essex, and there are very few planted +anywhere else.</p> +<p>There are indeed in the west of England some quantities growing: +as at Wilton, near Salisbury; at Hereford and Broomsgrove, near Wales, +and the like; but the quantity is inconsiderable, and the places remote, +so that none of them come to London.</p> +<p>As to the north of England, they formerly used but few hops there, +their drink being chiefly pale smooth ale, which required no hops, and +consequently they planted no hops in all that part of England, north +of the Trent; nor did I ever see one acre of hop-ground planted beyond +Trent in my observation; but as for some years past, they not only brew +great quantities of beer in the north, but also use hops in the brewing +their ale much more than they did before; so they all come south of +Trent to buy their hops; and here being quantities brought, it is great +part of their back carriage into Yorkshire, and Northamptonshire, Derbyshire, +Lancashire, and all these counties; nay, of late, since the Union, even +to Scotland itself; for I must not omit here also to mention, that the +river Grant, or Cam, which runs close by the north-west side of the +fair in its way from Cambridge to Ely, is navigable, and that by this +means, all heavy goods are brought even to the fair-field, by water +carriage from London and other parts; first to the port of Lynn, and +then in barges up the Ouse, from the Ouse into the Cam, and so, as I +say, to the very edge of the fair.</p> +<p>In like manner great quantities of heavy goods, and the hops among +the rest, are sent from the fair to Lynn by water, and shipped there +for the Humber, to Hull, York, etc., and for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and +by Newcastle, even to Scotland itself. Now as there is still no +planting of hops in the north, though a great consumption, and the consumption +increasing daily, this, says my friend, is one reason why at Stourbridge +fair there is so great a demand for the hops. He added, that besides +this, there were very few hops, if any worth naming, growing in all +the counties even on this side Trent, which were above forty miles from +London; those counties depending on Stourbridge fair for their supply, +so the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, +Lincoln, Leicester, Rutland, and even to Stafford, Warwick, and Worcestershire, +bought most if not all of their hops at Stourbridge fair.</p> +<p>These are the reasons why so great a quantity of hops are seen at +this fair, as that it is incredible, considering, too, how remote from +this fair the growth of them is as above.</p> +<p>This is likewise a testimony of the prodigious resort of the trading +people of all parts of England to this fair; the quantity of hops that +have been sold at one of these fairs is diversely reported, and some +affirm it to be so great, that I dare not copy after them; but without +doubt it is a surprising account, especially in a cheap year.</p> +<p>The next article brought thither is wool, and this of several sorts, +but principally fleece wool, out of Lincolnshire, where the longest +staple is found; the sheep of those countries being of the largest breed.</p> +<p>The buyers of this wool are chiefly indeed the manufacturers of Norfolk +and Suffolk and Essex, and it is a prodigious quantity they buy.</p> +<p>Here I saw what I have not observed in any other county of England, +namely, a pocket of wool. This seems to be first called so in +mockery, this pocket being so big, that it loads a whole waggon, and +reaches beyond the most extreme parts of it hanging over both before +and behind, and these ordinarily weigh a ton or twenty-five hundredweight +of wool, all in one bag.</p> +<p>The quantity of wool only, which has been sold at this place at one +fair, has been said to amount to fifty or sixty thousand pounds in value, +some say a great deal more.</p> +<p>By these articles a stranger may make some guess at the immense trade +carried on at this place; what prodigious quantities of goods are bought +and sold here, and what a confluence of people are seen here from all +parts of England.</p> +<p>I might go on here to speak of several other sorts of English manufactures +which are brought hither to be sold; as all sorts of wrought-iron and +brass-ware from Birmingham; edged tools, knives, etc., from Sheffield; +glass wares and stockings from Nottingham and Leicester; and an infinite +throng of other things of smaller value every morning.</p> +<p>To attend this fair, and the prodigious conflux of people which come +to it, there are sometimes no less than fifty hackney coaches which +come from London, and ply night and morning to carry the people to and +from Cambridge; for there the gross of the people lodge; nay, which +is still more strange, there are wherries brought from London on waggons +to ply upon the little river Cam, and to row people up and down from +the town, and from the fair as occasion presents.</p> +<p>It is not to be wondered at, if the town of Cambridge cannot receive, +or entertain the numbers of people that come to this fair; not Cambridge +only, but all the towns round are full; nay, the very barns and stables +are turned into inns, and made as fit as they can to lodge the meaner +sort of people: as for the people in the fair, they all universally +eat, drink, and sleep in their booths and tents; and the said booths +are so intermingled with taverns, coffee-houses, drinking-houses, eating-houses, +cook-shops, etc., and all in tents too; and so many butchers and higglers +from all the neighbouring counties come into the fair every morning +with beef, mutton, fowls, butter, bread, cheese, eggs, and such things, +and go with them from tent to tent, from door to door, that there is +no want of any provisions of any kind, either dressed or undressed.</p> +<p>In a word, the fair is like a well-fortified city, and there is the +least disorder and confusion I believe, that can be seen anywhere with +so great a concourse of people.</p> +<p>Towards the latter end of the fair, and when the great hurry of wholesale +business begins to be over, the gentry come in from all parts of the +county round; and though they come for their diversion, yet it is not +a little money they lay out, which generally falls to the share of the +retailers, such as toy-shops, goldsmiths, braziers, ironmongers, turners, +milliners, mercers, etc., and some loose coins they reserve for the +puppet shows, drolls, rope-dancers, and such like, of which there is +no want, though not considerable like the rest. The last day of +the fair is the horse-fair, where the whole is closed with both horse +and foot races, to divert the meaner sort of people only, for nothing +considerable is offered of that kind. Thus ends the whole fair, +and in less than a week more, there is scarce any sign left that there +has been such a thing there, except by the heaps of dung and straw and +other rubbish which is left behind, trod into the earth, and which is +as good as a summer’s fallow for dunging the land; and as I have +said above, pays the husbandman well for the use of it.</p> +<p>I should have mentioned that here is a court of justice always open, +and held every day in a shed built on purpose in the fair; this is for +keeping the peace, and deciding controversies in matters deriving from +the business of the fair. The magistrates of the town of Cambridge +are judges in this court, as being in their jurisdiction, or they holding +it by special privilege: here they determine matters in a summary way, +as is practised in those we call Pye Powder Courts in other places, +or as a Court of Conscience; and they have a final authority without +appeal.</p> +<p>I come now to the town and university of Cambridge; I say the town +and university, for though they are blended together in the situation, +and the colleges, halls, and houses for literature are promiscuously +scattered up and down among the other parts, and some even among the +meanest of the other buildings, as Magdalene College over the bridge +is in particular; yet they are all incorporated together by the name +of the university, and are governed apart and distinct from the town +which they are so intermixed with.</p> +<p>As their authority is distinct from the town, so are their privileges, +customs, and government; they choose representatives, or members of +Parliament for themselves, and the town does the like for themselves, +also apart.</p> +<p>The town is governed by a mayor and aldermen; the university by a +chancellor, and vice-chancellor, etc. Though their dwellings are +mixed, and seem a little confused, their authority is not so; in some +cases the vice-chancellor may concern himself in the town, as in searching +houses for the scholars at improper hours, removing scandalous women, +and the like.</p> +<p>But as the colleges are many, and the gentlemen entertained in them +are a very great number, the trade of the town very much depends upon +them, and the tradesmen may justly be said to get their bread by the +colleges; and this is the surest hold the university may be said to +have of the townsmen, and by which they secure the dependence of the +town upon them, and consequently their submission.</p> +<p>I remember some years ago a brewer, who being very rich and popular +in the town, and one of their magistrates, had in several things so +much opposed the university, and insulted their vice-chancellor, or +other heads of houses, that in short the university having no other +way to exert themselves, and show their resentment, they made a bye-law +or order among themselves, that for the future they would not trade +with him; and that none of the colleges, halls, etc., would take any +more beer of him; and what followed? The man indeed braved it +out a while, but when he found he could not obtain a revocation of the +order, he was fain to leave off his brewhouse, and if I remember right, +quitted the town.</p> +<p>Thus I say, interest gives them authority; and there are abundance +of reasons why the town should not disoblige the university, as there +are some also on the other hand, why the university should not differ +to any extremity with the town; nor, such is their prudence, do they +let any disputes between them run up to any extremities if they can +avoid it. As for society; to any man who is a lover of learning, +or of learned men, here is the most agreeable under heaven; nor is there +any want of mirth and good company of other kinds; but it is to the +honour of the university to say, that the governors so well understand +their office, and the governed their duty, that here is very little +encouragement given to those seminaries of crime, the assemblies, which +are so much boasted of in other places.</p> +<p>Again, as dancing, gaming, intriguing are the three principal articles +which recommend those assemblies; and that generally the time for carrying +on affairs of this kind is the night, and sometimes all night, a time +as unseasonable as scandalous; add to this, that the orders of the university +admit no such excesses; I therefore say, as this is the case, it is +to the honour of the whole body of the university that no encouragement +is given to them here.</p> +<p>As to the antiquity of the university in this town, the originals +and founders of the several colleges, their revenues, laws, government, +and governors, they are so effectually and so largely treated of by +other authors, and are so foreign to the familiar design of these letters, +that I refer my readers to Mr. Camden’s “Britannia” +and the author of the “Antiquities of Cambridge,” and other +such learned writers, by whom they may be fully informed.</p> +<p>The present Vice-Chancellor is Dr. Snape, formerly Master of Eaton +School near Windsor, and famous for his dispute with, and evident advantage +over, the late Bishop of Bangor in the time of his government; the dispute +between the University and the Master of Trinity College has been brought +to a head so as to employ the pens of the learned on both sides, but +at last prosecuted in a judicial way so as to deprive Dr. Bentley of +all his dignities and offices in the university; but the doctor flying +to the royal protection, the university is under a writ of mandamus, +to show cause why they do not restore the doctor again, to which it +seems they demur, and that demur has not, that we hear, been argued, +at least when these sheets were sent to the press. What will be +the issue time must show.</p> +<p>From Cambridge the road lies north-west on the edge of the fens to +Huntingdon, where it joins the great north road. On this side +it is all an agreeable corn country as above, adorned with several seats +of gentlemen; but the chief is the noble house, seat, or mansion of +Wimple or Wimple Hall, formerly built at a vast expense by the late +Earl of Radnor, adorned with all the natural beauties of situation, +and to which was added all the most exquisite contrivances which the +best heads could invent to make it artificially as well as naturally +pleasant.</p> +<p>However, the fate of the Radnor family so directing, it was bought +with the whole estate about it by the late Duke of Newcastle, in a partition +of whose immense estate it fell to the Right Honourable the Lord Harley, +son and heir-apparent of the present Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, in +right of the Lady Harriet Cavendish, only daughter of the said Duke +of Newcastle, who is married to his lordship, and brought him this estate +and many other, sufficient to denominate her the richest heiress in +Great Britain.</p> +<p>Here his lordship resides, and has already so recommended himself +to this county as to be by a great majority chosen Knight of the Shire +for the county of Cambridge.</p> +<p>From Cambridge, my design obliging me, and the direct road in part +concurring, I came back through the west part of the county of Essex, +and at Saffron Walden I saw the ruins of the once largest and most magnificent +pile in all this part of England—viz., Audley End—built +by, and decaying with, the noble Dukes and Earls of Suffolk.</p> +<p>A little north of this part of the country rises the River Stour, +which for a course of fifty miles or more parts the two counties of +Suffolk and Essex, passing through or near Haveril, Clare, Cavendish, +Halsted, Sudbury, Bowers, Nayland, Stretford, Dedham, Manningtree, and +into the sea at Harwich, assisting by its waters to make one of the +best harbours for shipping that is in Great Britain—I mean Orwell +Haven or Harwich, of which I have spoken largely already.</p> +<p>As we came on this side we saw at a distance Braintree and Bocking, +two towns, large, rich, and populous, and made so originally by the +bay trade, of which I have spoken at large at Colchester, and which +flourishes still among them.</p> +<p>The manor of Braintree I found descended by purchase to the name +of Olmeus, the son of a London merchant of the same name, making good +what I had observed before, of the great number of such who have purchased +estates in this county.</p> +<p>Near this town is Felsted, a small place, but noted for a free school +of an ancient foundation, for many years under the mastership of the +late Rev. Mr. Lydiat, and brought by him to the meridian of its reputation. +It is now supplied, and that very worthily, by the Rev. Mr. Hutchins.</p> +<p>Near to this is the Priory of Lees, a delicious seat of the late +Dukes of Manchester, but sold by the present Duke to the Duchess Dowager +of Bucks, his Grace the Duke of Manchester removing to his yet finer +seat of Kimbolton in Northamptonshire, the ancient mansion of the family. +From hence keeping the London Road I came to Chelmsford, mentioned before, +and Ingerstone, five miles west, which I mention again, because in the +parish church of this town are to be seen the ancient monuments of the +noble family of Petre, whose seat and large estate lie in the neighbourhood, +and whose whole family, by a constant series of beneficent actions to +the poor, and bounty upon all charitable occasions, have gained an affectionate +esteem through all that part of the country such as no prejudice of +religion could wear out, or perhaps ever may; and I must confess, I +think, need not, for good and great actions command our respect, let +the opinions of the persons be otherwise what they will.</p> +<p>From hence we crossed the country to the great forest, called Epping +Forest, reaching almost to London. The country on that side of +Essex is called the Roodings, I suppose, because there are no less than +ten towns almost together, called by the name of Roding, and is famous +for good land, good malt, and dirty roads; the latter indeed in the +winter are scarce passable for horse or man. In the midst of this +we see Chipping Onger, Hatfield Broad Oak, Epping, and many forest towns, +famed as I have said for husbandry and good malt, but of no other note. +On the south side of the county is Waltham Abbey; the ruins of the abbey +remain, and though antiquity is not my proper business, I could not +but observe that King Harold, slain in the great battle in Sussex against +William the Conqueror, lies buried here; his body being begged by his +mother, the Conqueror allowed it to be carried hither; but no monument +was, as I can find, built for him, only a flat gravestone, on which +was engraven <i>Harold</i> <i>Infelix.</i></p> +<p>From hence I came over the forest again—that is to say, over +the lower or western part of it, where it is spangled with fine villages, +and these villages filled with fine seats, most of them built by the +citizens of London, as I observed before, but the lustre of them seems +to be entirely swallowed up in the magnificent palace of the Lord Castlemain, +whose father, Sir Josiah Child, as it were, prepared it in his life +for the design of his son, though altogether unforeseen, by adding to +the advantage of its situation innumerable rows of trees, planted in +curious order for avenues and vistas to the house, all leading up to +the place where the old house stood, as to a centre.</p> +<p>In the place adjoining, his lordship, while he was yet Sir Richard +Child only, and some years before he began the foundation of his new +house, laid out the most delicious, as well as most spacious, pieces +of ground for gardens that is to be seen in all this part of England. +The greenhouse is an excellent building, fit to entertain a prince; +it is furnished with stoves and artificial places for heat from an apartment +in which is a bagnio and other conveniences, which render it both useful +and pleasant. And these gardens have been so the just admiration +of the world, that it has been the general diversion of the citizens +to go out to see them, till the crowds grew too great, and his lordship +was obliged to restrain his servants from showing them, except on one +or two days in a week only.</p> +<p>The house is built since these gardens have been finished. +The building is all of Portland stone in the front, which makes it look +extremely glorious and magnificent at a distance, it being the particular +property of that stone (except in the streets of London, where it is +tainted and tinged with the smoke of the city) to grow whiter and whiter +the longer it stands in the open air.</p> +<p>As the front of the house opens to a long row of trees, reaching +to the great road at Leightonstone, so the back face, or front (if that +be proper), respects the gardens, and, with an easy descent, lands you +upon the terrace, from whence is a most beautiful prospect to the river, +which is all formed into canals and openings to answer the views from +above and beyond the river; the walks and wildernesses go on to such +a distance, and in such a manner up the hill, as they before went down, +that the sight is lost in the woods adjoining, and it looks all like +one planted garden as far as the eye can see.</p> +<p>I shall cover as much as possible the melancholy part of a story +which touches too sensibly many, if not most, of the great and flourishing +families in England. Pity and matter of grief is it to think that +families, by estate able to appear in such a glorious posture as this, +should ever be vulnerable by so mean a disaster as that of stock-jobbing. +But the general infatuation of the day is a plea for it, so that men +are not now blamed on that account. South Sea was a general possession, +and if my Lord Castlemain was wounded by that arrow shot in the dark +it was a misfortune. But it is so much a happiness that it was +not a mortal wound, as it was to some men who once seemed as much out +of the reach of it. And that blow, be it what it will, is not +remembered for joy of the escape, for we see this noble family, by prudence +and management, rise out of all that cloud, if it may be allowed such +a name, and shining in the same full lustre as before.</p> +<p>This cannot be said of some other families in this county, whose +fine parks and new-built palaces are fallen under forfeitures and alienations +by the misfortunes of the times and by the ruin of their masters’ +fortunes in that South Sea deluge.</p> +<p>But I desire to throw a veil over these things as they come in my +way; it is enough that we write upon them, as was written upon King +Harold’s tomb at Waltham Abbey, <i>Infelix</i>, and let all the +rest sleep among things that are the fittest to be forgotten.</p> +<p>From my Lord Castlemain’s, house and the rest of the fine dwellings +on that side of the forest, for there are several very good houses at +Wanstead, only that they seem all swallowed up in the lustre of his +lordship’s palace, I say, from thence, I went south, towards the +great road over that part of the forest called the Flats, where we see +a very beautiful but retired and rural seat of Mr. Lethulier’s, +eldest son of the late Sir John Lethulier, of Lusum, in Kent, of whose +family I shall speak when I come on that side.</p> +<p>By this turn I came necessarily on to Stratford, where I set out. +And thus having finished my first circuit, I conclude my first letter, +and am,</p> +<p>Sir, your most humble and obedient servant.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div> +<h2>APPENDIX</h2> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div> +<p>Whoever travels, as I do, over England, and writes the account of +his observations, will, as I noted before, always leave something, altering +or undertaking by such a growing improving nation as this, or something +to discover in a nation where so much is hid, sufficient to employ the +pens of those that come after him, or to add by way of appendix to what +he has already observed.</p> +<p>This is my case with respect to the particulars which follow: (1) +Since these sheets were in the press, a noble palace of Mr. Walpole’s, +at present First Commissioner of the Treasury, Privy-counsellor, etc., +to King George, is, as it were, risen out of the ruins of the ancient +seat of the family of Walpole, at Houghton, about eight miles distant +from Lynn, and on the north coast of Norfolk, near the sea.</p> +<p>As the house is not yet finished, and when I passed by it was but +newly designed, it cannot be expected that I should be able to give +a particular description of what it will be. I can do little more +than mention that it appears already to be exceedingly magnificent, +and suitable to the genius of the great founder.</p> +<p>But a friend of mine, who lives in that county, has sent me the following +lines, which, as he says, are to be placed upon the building, whether +on the frieze of the cornice, or over the portico, or on what part of +the building, of that I am not as yet certain. The inscription +is as follows, viz.:-</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>“H. M. F.</p> +<p>“Fundamen ut essem Domûs<br />In Agro Natali Extruendae,<br />Robertus +ille Walpole<br />Quem nulla nesciet Posteritas:</p> +<p>Faxit Dues.</p> +<p>“Postquam Maturus Annis Dominus.<br />Diu Laetatus fuerit absolutâ<br />Incolumem +tueantur Incolames.<br />Ad Summam omnium Diem<br />Et nati natorum +et qui nascentur ab illis.</p> +<p>Hic me Posuit.”</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div> +<p>A second thing proper to be added here, by way of appendix, relates +to what I have mentioned of the Port of London, being bounded by the +Naze on the Essex shore, and the North Foreland on the Kentish shore, +which some people, guided by the present usage of the Custom House, +may pretend is not so, to answer such objectors. The true state +of that case stands thus:</p> +<p>“(1) The clause taken from the Act of Parliament establishing +the extent of the Port of London, and published in some of the books +of rates, is this:</p> +<p>“‘To prevent all future differences and disputes touching +the extent and limits of the Port of London, the said port is declared +to extend, and be accounted from the promontory or point called the +North Foreland in the Isle of Thanet, and from thence northward in a +right line to the point called the Naze, beyond the Gunfleet upon the +coast of Essex, and so continued westward throughout the river Thames, +and the several channels, streams, and rivers falling into it, to London +Bridge, saving the usual and known rights, liberties, and privileges +of the ports of Sandwich and Ipswich, and either of them, and the known +members thereof, and of the customers, comptrollers, searchers, and +their deputies, of and within the said ports of Sandwich and Ipswich +and the several creeks, harbours, and havens to them, or either of them, +respectively belonging, within the counties of Kent and Essex.’</p> +<p>“II. Notwithstanding what is above written, the Port +of London, as in use since the said order, is understood to reach no +farther than Gravesend in Kent and Tilbury Point in Essex, and the ports +of Rochester, Milton, and Faversham belong to the port of Sandwich.</p> +<p>“In like manner the ports of Harwich, Colchester, Wivenhoe, +Malden, Leigh, etc., are said to be members of the port of Ipswich.”</p> +<p>This observation may suffice for what is needful to be said upon +the same subject when I may come to speak of the port of Sandwich and +its members and their privileges with respect to Rochester, Milton, +Faversham, etc., in my circuit through the county of Kent.</p> +<div class="GutenbergBlankLines3"><br /><br /><br /></div> +<p>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, TOUR THROUGH THE EASTERN COUNTIES ***</p> +<pre> + +******This file should be named ttece10h.htm or ttece10h.zip****** +Corrected EDITIONS of our EBooks get a new NUMBER, ttece11h.htm +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, ttece10ah.htm + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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