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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/9598.txt b/9598.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87e24c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/9598.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1357 @@ +Project Gutenberg EBook, Criticism, Part 4, From Vol. VII. +The Works of Whittier: The Conflict With Slavery, Politics and Reform +#43 in our series by John Greenleaf Whittier + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**EBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These EBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + + +Title: Criticism, Part 4, From Vol. VII, + The Works of Whittier: The Conflict With Slavery, Politics + and Reform, The Inner Life and Criticism + + +Author: John Greenleaf Whittier + +Release Date: December 2005 [EBook #9598] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on October 25, 2003] + + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, CRITICISM, BY WHITTIER *** + + + + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + + + + + + CRITICISM + + BY + + JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER + + + +CONTENTS: + + EVANGELINE + MIRTH AND MEDICINE + FAME AND GLORY + FANATICISM + THE POETRY OF THE NORTH + + + + + CRITICISM + + EVANGELINE + + A review of Mr. Longfellow's poem. + +EUREKA! Here, then, we have it at last,--an American poem, with the lack +of which British reviewers have so long reproached us. Selecting the +subject of all others best calculated for his purpose,--the expulsion of +the French settlers of Acadie from their quiet and pleasant homes around +the Basin of Minas, one of the most sadly romantic passages in the +history of the Colonies of the North,--the author has succeeded in +presenting a series of exquisite pictures of the striking and peculiar +features of life and nature in the New World. The range of these +delineations extends from Nova Scotia on the northeast to the spurs of +the Rocky Mountains on the west and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. +Nothing can be added to his pictures of quiet farm-life in Acadie, the +Indian summer of our northern latitudes, the scenery of the Ohio and +Mississippi Rivers, the bayous and cypress forests of the South, the +mocking-bird, the prairie, the Ozark hills, the Catholic missions, and +the wild Arabs of the West, roaming with the buffalo along the banks of +the Nebraska. The hexameter measure he has chosen has the advantage of a +prosaic freedom of expression, exceedingly well adapted to a descriptive +and narrative poem; yet we are constrained to think that the story of +Evangeline would have been quite as acceptable to the public taste had it +been told in the poetic prose of the author's Hyperion. + +In reading it and admiring its strange melody we were not without fears +that the success of Professor Longfellow in this novel experiment might +prove the occasion of calling out a host of awkward imitators, leading us +over weary wastes of hexameters, enlivened neither by dew, rain, nor +fields of offering. + +Apart from its Americanism, the poem has merits of a higher and universal +character. It is not merely a work of art; the pulse of humanity throbs +warmly through it. The portraits of Basil the blacksmith, the old +notary, Benedict Bellefontaine, and good Father Felician, fairly glow +with life. The beautiful Evangeline, loving and faithful unto death, is +a heroine worthy of any poet of the present century. + +The editor of the Boston Chronotype, in the course of an appreciative +review of this poem, urges with some force a single objection, which we +are induced to notice, as it is one not unlikely to present itself to the +minds of other readers:-- + +"We think Mr. Longfellow ought to have expressed a much deeper +indignation at the base, knavish, and heartless conduct of the English +and Colonial persecutors than he has done. He should have put far bolder +and deeper tints in the picture of suffering. One great, if not the +greatest, end of poetry is rhadamanthine justice. The poet should mete +out their deserts to all his heroes; honor to whom honor, and infamy to +whom infamy, is due. + +"It is true that the wrong in this case is in a great degree fathered +upon our own Massachusetts; and it maybe said that it is afoul bird that +pollutes its own nest. We deny the applicability of the rather musty +proverb. All the worse. Of not a more contemptible vice is what is +called American literature guilty than this of unmitigated self- +laudation. If we persevere in it, the stock will become altogether too +small for the business. It seems that no period of our history has been +exempt from materials for patriotic humiliation and national self- +reproach; and surely the present epoch is laying in a large store of that +sort. Had our poets always told us the truth of ourselves, perhaps it +would now be otherwise. National self-flattery and concealment of faults +must of course have their natural results." + +We must confess that we read the first part of Evangeline with something +of the feeling so forcibly expressed by Professor Wright. The natural +and honest indignation with which, many years ago, we read for the first +time that dark page of our Colonial history--the expulsion of the French +neutrals--was reawakened by the simple pathos of the poem; and we longed +to find an adequate expression of it in the burning language of the poet. +We marvelled that he who could so touch the heart by his description of +the sad suffering of the Acadian peasants should have permitted the +authors of that suffering to escape without censure. The outburst of the +stout Basil, in the church of Grand Pre, was, we are fain to acknowledge, +a great relief to us. But, before reaching the close of the volume, we +were quite reconciled to the author's forbearance. The design of the +poem is manifestly incompatible with stern "rhadamanthine justice" and +indignant denunciation of wrong. It is a simple story of quiet pastoral +happiness, of great sorrow and painful bereavement, and of the endurance +of a love which, hoping and seeking always, wanders evermore up and down +the wilderness of the world, baffled at every turn, yet still retaining +faith in God and in the object of its lifelong quest. It was no part of +the writer's object to investigate the merits of the question at issue +between the poor Acadians and their Puritan neighbors. Looking at the +materials before him with the eye of an artist simply, he has arranged +them to suit his idea of the beautiful and pathetic, leaving to some +future historian the duty of sitting in judgment upon the actors in the +atrocious outrage which furnished them. With this we are content. The +poem now has unity and sweetness which might have been destroyed by +attempting to avenge the wrongs it so vividly depicts. It is a psalm of +love and forgiveness: the gentleness and peace of Christian meekness and +forbearance breathe through it. Not a word of censure is directly +applied to the marauding workers of the mighty sorrow which it describes +just as it would a calamity from the elements,--a visitation of God. The +reader, however, cannot fail to award justice to the wrong-doers. The +unresisting acquiescence of the Acadians only deepens his detestation of +the cupidity and religious bigotry of their spoilers. Even in the +language of the good Father Felician, beseeching his flock to submit to +the strong hand which had been laid upon them, we see and feel the +magnitude of the crime to be forgiven:-- + + "Lo, where the crucified Christ from his cross is gazing upon you! + See in those sorrowful eyes what meekness and holy compassion! + Hark! how those lips still repeat the prayer, O Father, forgive + them! + Let us repeat that prayer in the hour when the wicked assail us; + Let us repeat it now, and say, O Father, forgive them!" + +How does this simple prayer of the Acadians contrast with the "deep +damnation of their taking off!" + +The true history of the Puritans of New England is yet to be written. +Somewhere midway between the caricatures of the Church party and the +self-laudations of their own writers the point may doubtless be found +from whence an impartial estimate of their character may be formed. They +had noble qualities: the firmness and energy which they displayed in the +colonization of New England must always command admiration. We would not +rob them, were it in our power to do so, of one jot or tittle of their +rightful honor. But, with all the lights which we at present possess, we +cannot allow their claim of saintship without some degree of +qualification. How they seemed to their Dutch neighbors at New +Netherlands, and their French ones at Nova Scotia, and to the poor +Indians, hunted from their fisheries and game-grounds, we can very well +conjecture. It may be safely taken for granted that their gospel claim +to the inheritance of the earth was not a little questionable to the +Catholic fleeing for his life from their jurisdiction, to the banished +Baptist shaking off the dust of his feet against them, and to the +martyred Quaker denouncing woe and judgment upon them from the steps of +the gallows. Most of them were, beyond a doubt, pious and sincere; but +we are constrained to believe that among them were those who wore the +livery of heaven from purely selfish motives, in a community where +church-membership was an indispensable requisite, the only open sesame +before which the doors of honor and distinction swung wide to needy or +ambitious aspirants. Mere adventurers, men of desperate fortunes, +bankrupts in character and purse, contrived to make gain of godliness +under the church and state government of New England, put on the austere +exterior of sanctity, quoted Scripture, anathematized heretics, whipped +Quakers, exterminated Indians, burned and spoiled the villages of their +Catholic neighbors, and hewed down their graven images and "houses of +Rimmon." It is curious to observe how a fierce religious zeal against +heathen and idolaters went hand in hand with the old Anglo-Saxon love of +land and plunder. Every crusade undertaken against the Papists of the +French colonies had its Puritan Peter the Hermit to summon the saints to +the wars of the Lord. At the siege of Louisburg, ten years before the +onslaught upon the Acadian settlers, one minister marched with the +Colonial troops, axe in hand, to hew down the images in the French +churches; while another officiated in the double capacity of drummer and +chaplain,--a "drum ecclesiastic," as Hudibras has it. + +At the late celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims in New York, the +orator of the day labored at great length to show that the charge of +intolerance, as urged against the colonists of New England, is unfounded +in fact. The banishment of the Catholics was very sagaciously passed +over in silence, inasmuch as the Catholic Bishop of New York was one of +the invited guests, and (hear it, shade of Cotton Mather!) one of the +regular toasts was a compliment to the Pope. The expulsion of Roger +Williams was excused and partially justified; while the whipping, ear- +cropping, tongue-boring, and hanging of the Quakers was defended, as the +only effectual method of dealing with such devil-driven heretics, as +Mather calls them. The orator, in the new-born zeal of his amateur +Puritanism, stigmatizes the persecuted class as "fanatics and ranters, +foaming forth their mad opinions;" compares them to the Mormons and the +crazy followers of Mathias; and cites an instance of a poor enthusiast, +named Eccles, who, far gone in the "tailor's melancholy," took it into +his head that he must enter into a steeple-house pulpit and stitch +breeches "in singing time,"--a circumstance, by the way, which took place +in Old England,--as a justification of the atrocious laws of the +Massachusetts Colony. We have not the slightest disposition to deny the +fanaticism and folly of some few professed Quakers in that day; and had +the Puritans treated them as the Pope did one of their number whom he +found crazily holding forth in the church of St. Peter, and consigned +them to the care of physicians as religious monomaniacs, no sane man +could have blamed them. Every sect, in its origin, and especially in its +time of persecution, has had its fanatics. The early Christians, if we +may credit the admissions of their own writers or attach the slightest +credence to the statements of pagan authors, were by no means exempt from +reproach and scandal in this respect. Were the Puritans themselves the +men to cast stones at the Quakers and Baptists? Had they not, in the +view at least of the Established Church, turned all England upside down +with their fanaticisms and extravagances of doctrine and conduct? How +look they as depicted in the sermons of Dr. South, in the sarcastic pages +of Hudibras, and the coarse caricatures of the clerical wits of the times +of the second Charles? With their own backs scored and their ears +cropped for the crime of denying the divine authority of church and state +in England, were they the men to whip Baptists and hang Quakers for doing +the same thing in Massachusetts? + +Of all that is noble and true in the Puritan character we are sincere +admirers. The generous and self-denying apostleship of Eliot is, of +itself, a beautiful page in their history. The physical daring and +hardihood with which, amidst the times of savage warfare, they laid the +foundations of mighty states, and subdued the rugged soil, and made the +wilderness blossom; their steadfast adherence to their religious +principles, even when the Restoration had made apostasy easy and +profitable; and the vigilance and firmness with which, under all +circumstances, they held fast their chartered liberties and extorted new +rights and privileges from the reluctant home government,--justly entitle +them to the grateful remembrance of a generation now reaping the fruits +of their toils and sacrifices. But, in expressing our gratitude to the +founders of New England, we should not forget what is due to truth and +justice; nor, for the sake of vindicating them from the charge of that +religious intolerance which, at the time, they shared with nearly all +Christendom, undertake to defend, in the light of the nineteenth century, +opinions and practices hostile to the benignant spirit of the gospel and +subversive of the inherent rights of man. + + + + + + MIRTH AND MEDICINE + + A review of Poems by Oliver Wendell Holmes. + +IF any of our readers (and at times we fear it is the case with all) need +amusement and the wholesome alterative of a hearty laugh, we commend +them, not to Dr. Holmes the physician, but to Dr. Holmes the scholar, the +wit, and the humorist; not to the scientific medical professor's +barbarous Latin, but to his poetical prescriptions, given in choice old +Saxon. We have tried them, and are ready to give the Doctor certificates +of their efficacy. + +Looking at the matter from the point of theory only, we should say that a +physician could not be otherwise than melancholy. A merry doctor! Why, +one might as well talk of a laughing death's-head,--the cachinnation of a +monk's _memento mori_. This life of ours is sorrowful enough at its best +estate; the brightest phase of it is "sicklied o'er with the pale cast" +of the future or the past. But it is the special vocation of the doctor +to look only upon the shadow; to turn away from the house of feasting and +go down to that of mourning; to breathe day after day the atmosphere of +wretchedness; to grow familiar with suffering; to look upon humanity +disrobed of its pride and glory, robbed of all its fictitious ornaments, +--weak, helpless, naked,--and undergoing the last fearful metempsychosis +from its erect and godlike image, the living temple of an enshrined +divinity, to the loathsome clod and the inanimate dust. Of what ghastly +secrets of moral and physical disease is he the depositary! There is woe +before him and behind him; he is hand and glove with misery by +prescription,--the ex officio gauger of the ills that flesh is heir to. +He has no home, unless it be at the bedside of the querulous, the +splenetic, the sick, and the dying. He sits down to carve his turkey, +and is summoned off to a post-mortem examination of another sort. All +the diseases which Milton's imagination embodied in the lazar-house dog +his footsteps and pluck at his doorbell. Hurrying from one place to +another at their beck, he knows nothing of the quiet comfort of the +"sleek-headed men who sleep o' nights." His wife, if he has one, has an +undoubted right to advertise him as a deserter of "bed and board." His +ideas of beauty, the imaginations of his brain, and the affections of his +heart are regulated and modified by the irrepressible associations of his +luckless profession. Woman as well as man is to him of the earth, +earthy. He sees incipient disease where the uninitiated see only +delicacy. A smile reminds him of his dental operations; a blushing cheek +of his hectic patients; pensive melancholy is dyspepsia; sentimentalism, +nervousness. Tell him of lovelorn hearts, of the "worm I' the bud," of +the mental impalement upon Cupid's arrow, like that of a giaour upon the +spear of a janizary, and he can only think of lack of exercise, of +tightlacing, and slippers in winter. Sheridan seems to have understood +all this, if we may judge from the lament of his Doctor, in St. +Patrick's Day, over his deceased helpmate. "Poor dear Dolly," says he. +"I shall never see her like again; such an arm for a bandage! veins that +seemed to invite the lancet! Then her skin,--smooth and white as a +gallipot; her mouth as round and not larger than that of a penny vial; +and her teeth,--none of your sturdy fixtures,--ache as they would, it was +only a small pull, and out they came. I believe I have drawn half a +score of her dear pearls. [Weeps.] But what avails her beauty? She has +gone, and left no little babe to hang like a label on papa's neck!" + +So much for speculation and theory. In practice it is not so bad after +all. The grave-digger in Hamlet has his jokes and grim jests. We have +known many a jovial sexton; and we have heard clergymen laugh heartily at +small provocation close on the heel of a cool calculation that the great +majority of their fellow-creatures were certain of going straight to +perdition. Why, then, should not even the doctor have his fun? Nay, is +it not his duty to be merry, by main force if necessary? Solomon, who, +from his great knowledge of herbs, must have been no mean practitioner +for his day, tells us that "a merry heart doeth good like a medicine;" +and universal experience has confirmed the truth of his maxim. Hence it +is, doubtless, that we have so many anecdotes of facetious doctors, +distributing their pills and jokes together, shaking at the same time the +contents of their vials and the sides of their patients. It is merely +professional, a trick of the practice, unquestionably, in most cases; but +sometimes it is a "natural gift," like that of the "bonesetters," and +"scrofula strokers," and "cancer curers," who carry on a sort of guerilla +war with human maladies. Such we know to be the case with Dr. Holmes. +He was born for the "laughter cure," as certainly as Priessnitz was for +the "water cure," and has been quite as successful in his way, while his +prescriptions are infinitely more agreeable. + +The volume now before us gives, in addition to the poems and lyrics +contained in the two previous editions, some hundred or more pages of the +later productions of the author, in the sprightly vein, and marked by the +brilliant fancy and felicitous diction for which the former were +noteworthy. His longest and most elaborate poem, _Urania_, is perhaps +the best specimen of his powers. Its general tone is playful and +humorous; but there are passages of great tenderness and pathos. Witness +the following, from a description of the city churchgoers. The whole +compass of our literature has few passages to equal its melody and +beauty. + + "Down the chill street, which winds in gloomiest shade, + What marks betray yon solitary maid? + The cheek's red rose, that speaks of balmier air, + The Celtic blackness of her braided hair; + The gilded missal in her kerchief tied; + Poor Nora, exile from Killarney's side! + Sister in toil, though born of colder skies, + That left their azure in her downcast eyes, + See pallid Margaret, Labor's patient child, + Scarce weaned from home, a nursling of the wild, + Where white Katahdin o'er the horizon shines, + And broad Penobscot dashes through the pines; + Still, as she hastes, her careful fingers hold + The unfailing hymn-book in its cambric fold: + Six days at Drudgery's heavy wheel she stands, + The seventh sweet morning folds her weary hands. + Yes, child of suffering, thou mayst well be sure + He who ordained the Sabbath loved the poor." + +This is but one of many passages, showing that the author is capable of +moving the heart as well as of tickling the fancy. There is no straining +for effect; simple, natural thoughts are expressed in simple and +perfectly transparent language. + +_Terpsichore_, read at an annual dinner of the Phi Beta Kappa Society at +Cambridge, sparkles throughout with keen wit, quaint conceits, and satire +so good-natured that the subjects of it can enjoy it as heartily as their +neighbors. Witness this thrust at our German-English writers:-- + + "Essays so dark, Champollion might despair + To guess what mummy of a thought was there, + Where our poor English, striped with foreign phrase, Looks like a + zebra in a parson's chaise." + +Or this at our transcendental friends:-- + + "Deluded infants! will they never know + Some doubts must darken o'er the world below + Though all the Platos of the nursery trail + Their clouds of glory at the go-cart's tail?" + +The lines _On Lending a Punch-Bowl_ are highly characteristic. Nobody +but Holmes could have conjured up so many rare fancies in connection with +such a matter. Hear him:-- + +"This ancient silver bowl of mine, it tells of good old times, +Of joyous days, and jolly nights, and merry Christmas chimes; +They were a free and jovial race, but honest, brave, and true, +That dipped their ladle in the punch when this old bowl was new. + +"A Spanish galleon brought the bar; so runs the ancient tale; +'T was hammered by an Antwerp smith, whose arm was like a flail; +And now and then between the strokes, for fear his strength should fail, +He wiped his brow, and quaffed a cup of good old Flemish ale. + +"'T was purchased by an English squire to please his loving dame, +Who saw the cherubs, and conceived a longing for the same; +And oft as on the ancient stock another twig was found, +'T was filled with candle spiced and hot and handed smoking round. + +"But, changing hands, it reached at length a Puritan divine, +Who used to follow Timothy, and take a little wine, +But hated punch and prelacy; and so it was, perhaps, +He went to Leyden, where he found conventicles and schnaps. + +"And then, of course, you know what's next,--it left the Dutchman's shore +With those that in the Mayflower came,--a hundred souls and more,-- +Along with all the furniture, to fill their new abodes,-- +To judge by what is still on hand, at least a hundred loads. + +"'T was on a dreary winter's eve, the night was closing dim, +When brave Miles Standish took the bowl, and filled it to the brim; +The little Captain stood and stirred the posset with his sword, +And all his sturdy men-at-arms were ranged about the board. + +"He poured the fiery Hollands in,--the man that never feared,-- +He took a long and solemn draught, and wiped his yellow beard; +And one by one the musketeers--the men that fought and prayed-- +All drank as 't were their mother's milk, and not a man afraid. + +"That night, affrighted from his nest, the screaming eagle flew, +He heard the Pequot's ringing whoop, the soldier's wild halloo; +And there the sachem learned the rule he taught to kith and kin, +'Run from the white man when you find he smells of Hollands gin!'" + + +In his _Nux Postcoenatica_ he gives us his reflections on being invited +to a dinner-party, where he was expected to "set the table in a roar" by +reading funny verses. He submits it to the judgment and common sense of +the importunate bearer of the invitation, that this dinner-going, ballad- +making, mirth-provoking habit is not likely to benefit his reputation as +a medical professor. + +"Besides, my prospects. Don't you know that people won't employ +A man that wrongs his manliness by laughing like a boy, +And suspect the azure blossom that unfolds upon a shoot, +As if Wisdom's oldpotato could not flourish at its root? + +"It's a very fine reflection, when you're etching out a smile +On a copperplate of faces that would stretch into a mile. +That, what with sneers from enemies and cheapening shrugs from friends, +It will cost you all the earnings that a month of labor lends." + + +There are, as might be expected, some commonplace pieces in the volume,-- +a few failures in the line of humor. The _Spectre Pig_, the _Dorchester +Giant_, the _Height of the Ridiculous_, and one or two others might be +omitted in the next edition without detriment. They would do well enough +for an amateur humorist, but are scarcely worthy of one who stands at the +head of the profession. + +It was said of James Smith, of the Rejected Addresses, that "if he had +not been a witty man, he would have been a great man." Hood's humor and +drollery kept in the background the pathos and beauty of his sober +productions; and Dr. Holmes, we suspect, might have ranked higher among a +large class of readers than he now does had he never written his _Ballad +of the Oysterman_, his _Comet_, and his _September Gale_. Such lyrics as +_La Grisette_, the _Puritan's Vision_, and that unique compound of humor +and pathos, _The Last Leaf_; show that he possesses the power of touching +the deeper chords of the heart and of calling forth tears as well as +smiles. Who does not feel the power of this simple picture of the old +man in the last-mentioned poem? + + "But now he walks the streets, + And he looks at all he meets + Sad and wan, + And he shakes his feeble head, + That it seems as if he said, + 'They are gone.' + + "The mossy marbles rest + On the lips that he has prest + In their bloom, + And the names he loved to hear + Have been carved for many a year + On the tomb." + +Dr. Holmes has been likened to Thomas Hood; but there is little in common +between them save the power of combining fancy and sentiment with +grotesque drollery and humor. Hood, under all his whims and oddities, +conceals the vehement intensity of a reformer. The iron of the world's +wrongs had entered into his soul; there is an undertone of sorrow in his +lyrics; his sarcasm, directed against oppression and bigotry, at times +betrays the earnestness of one whose own withers have been wrung. Holmes +writes simply for the amusement of himself and his readers; he deals only +with the vanity, the foibles, and the minor faults of mankind, good +naturedly and almost sympathizingly suggesting excuses for the folly +which he tosses about on the horns of his ridicule. In this respect he +differs widely from his fellow-townsman, Russell Lowell, whose keen wit +and scathing sarcasm, in the famous Biglow Papers, and the notes of +Parson Wilbur, strike at the great evils of society and deal with the +rank offences of church and state. Hosea Biglow, in his way, is as +earnest a preacher as Habakkuk Mucklewrath or Obadiah Bind-their-kings- +in-chains-and-their-nobles-in-fetters-of-iron. His verse smacks of the +old Puritan flavor. Holmes has a gentler mission. His careless, genial +humor reminds us of James Smith in his _Rejected Addresses_ and of Horace +in _London_. Long may he live to make broader the face of our care- +ridden generation, and to realize for himself the truth of the wise man's +declaration that a "merry heart is a continual feast." + + + + + + FAME AND GLORY. + +Notice of an Address before the Literary Society of Amherst College, by +Charles Sumner. + +THE learned and eloquent author of the pamphlet lying before us with the +above title belongs to a class, happily on the increase in our country, +who venture to do homage to unpopular truths in defiance of the social +and political tyranny of opinion which has made so many of our statesmen, +orators, and divines the mere playthings and shuttlecocks of popular +impulses for evil far oftener than for good. His first production, the +_True Grandeur of Nations_, written for the anniversary of American +Independence, was not more remarkable for its evidences of a highly +cultivated taste and wide historical research than for its inculcation of +a high morality,--the demand for practical Christianity in nations as +well as individuals. It burned no incense under the nostrils of an +already inflated and vain people. It gratified them by no rhetorical +falsehoods about "the land of the free and the home of the brave." It +did not apostrophize military heroes, nor strut "red wat shod" over the +plains of battle, nor call up, like another Ezekiel, from the valley of +vision the dry bones thereof. It uttered none of the precious scoundrel +cant, so much in vogue after the annexation of Texas was determined upon, +about the destiny of the United States to enter in and possess the lands +of all whose destiny it is to live next us, and to plant everywhere the +"peculiar institutions" of a peculiarly Christian and chosen people, the +landstealing propensity of whose progressive republicanism is declared to +be in accordance with the will and by the grace of God, and who, like the +Scotch freebooter,-- + + "Pattering an Ave Mary + When he rode on a border forray,"-- + +while trampling on the rights of a sister republic, and re-creating +slavery where that republic had abolished it, talk piously of "the +designs of Providence" and the Anglo-Saxon instrumentalities thereof in +"extending the area of freedom." On the contrary, the author portrayed +the evils of war and proved its incompatibility with Christianity,-- +contrasting with its ghastly triumphs the mild victories of peace and +love. Our true mission, he taught, was not to act over in the New World +the barbarous game which has desolated the Old; but to offer to the +nations of the earth, warring and discordant, oppressed and oppressing, +the beautiful example of a free and happy people studying the things +which make for peace,--Democracy and Christianity walking hand in hand, +blessing and being blessed. + +His next public effort, an Address before the Literary Society of his +Alma Mater, was in the same vein. He improved the occasion of the recent +death of four distinguished members of that fraternity to delineate his +beautiful ideal of the jurist, the scholar, the artist, and the +philanthropist, aided by the models furnished by the lives of such men as +Pickering, Story, Allston, and Channing. Here, also, he makes greatness +to consist of goodness: war and slavery and all their offspring of evil +are surveyed in the light of the morality of the New Testament. He looks +hopefully forward to the coming of that day when the sword shall devour +no longer, when labor shall grind no longer in the prison-house, and the +peace and freedom of a realized and acted-out Christianity shall +overspread the earth, and the golden age predicted by the seers and poets +alike of Paganism and Christianity shall become a reality. + +The Address now before us, with the same general object in view, is more +direct and practical. We can scarcely conceive of a discourse better +adapted to prepare the young American, just issuing from his collegiate +retirement, for the duties and responsibilities of citizenship. It +treats the desire of fame and honor as one native to the human heart, +felt to a certain extent by all as a part of our common being,--a motive, +although by no means the most exalted, of human conduct; and the lesson +it would inculcate is, that no true and permanent fame can be founded +except in labors which promote the happiness of mankind. To use the +language of Dr. South, "God is the fountain of honor; the conduit by +which He conveys it to the sons of men are virtuous and generous +practices." The author presents the beautiful examples of St. Pierre, +Milton, Howard, and Clarkson,--men whose fame rests on the firm +foundation of goodness,--for the study and imitation of the young +candidate for that true glory which belongs to those who live, not for +themselves, but for their race. "Neither present fame, nor war, nor +power, nor wealth, nor knowledge alone shall secure an entrance to the +true and noble Valhalla. There shall be gathered only those who have +toiled each in his vocation for the welfare of others." "Justice and +benevolence are higher than knowledge and power It is by His goodness +that God is most truly known; so also is the great man. When Moses said +to the Lord, Show me Thy glory, the Lord said, I will make all my +goodness pass before thee." + +We copy the closing paragraph of the Address, the inspiring sentiment of +which will find a response in all generous and hopeful hearts:-- + +"Let us reverse the very poles of the worship of past ages. Men have +thus far bowed down before stocks, stones, insects, crocodiles, golden +calves,--graven images, often of cunning workmanship, wrought with +Phidian skill, of ivory, of ebony, of marble, but all false gods. Let +them worship in future the true God, our Father, as He is in heaven and +in the beneficent labors of His children on earth. Then farewell to the +siren song of a worldly ambition! Farewell to the vain desire of mere +literary success or oratorical display! Farewell to the distempered +longings for office! Farewell to the dismal, blood-red phantom of +martial renown! Fame and glory may then continue, as in times past, the +reflection of public opinion; but of an opinion sure and steadfast, +without change or fickleness, enlightened by those two sons of Christian +truth,--love to God and love to man. From the serene illumination of +these duties all the forms of selfishness shall retreat like evil spirits +at the dawn of day. Then shall the happiness of the poor and lowly and +the education of the ignorant have uncounted friends. The cause of those +who are in prison shall find fresh voices; the majesty of peace other +vindicators; the sufferings of the slave new and gushing floods of +sympathy. Then, at last, shall the brotherhood of man stand confessed; +ever filling the souls of all with a more generous life; ever prompting +to deeds of beneficence; conquering the heathen prejudices of country, +color, and race; guiding the judgment of the historian; animating the +verse of the poet and the eloquence of the orator; ennobling human +thought and conduct; and inspiring those good works by which alone we may +attain to the heights of true glory. Good works! Such even now is the +heavenly ladder on which angels are ascending and descending, while weary +humanity, on pillows of storfe, slumbers heavily at its feet." + +We know how easy it is to sneer at such anticipations of a better future +as baseless and visionary. The shrewd but narrow-eyed man of the world +laughs at the suggestion that there car: be any stronger motive than +selfishness, any higher morality than that of the broker's board. The +man who relies for salvation from the consequences of an evil and selfish +life upon the verbal orthodoxy of a creed presents the depravity and +weakness of human nature as insuperable obstacles in the way of the +general amelioration of the condition of a world lying in wickedness. He +counts it heretical and dangerous to act upon the supposition that the +same human nature which, in his own case and that of his associates, can +confront all perils, overcome all obstacles, and outstrip the whirlwind +in the pursuit of gain,--which makes the strong elements its servants, +taming and subjugating the very lightnings of heaven to work out its own +purposes of self-aggrandizement,--must necessarily, and by an ordination +of Providence, become weak as water, when engaged in works of love and +goodwill, looking for the coming of a better day for humanity, with faith +in the promises of the Gospel, and relying upon Him, who, in calling man +to the great task-field of duty, has not mocked him with the mournful +necessity of laboring in vain. We have been pained more than words can +express to see young, generous hearts, yearning with strong desires to +consecrate themselves to the cause of their fellow-men, checked and +chilled by the ridicule of worldly-wise conservatism, and the solemn +rebukes of practical infidelity in the guise of a piety which professes +to love the unseen Father, while disregarding the claims of His visible +children. Visionary! Were not the good St. Pierre, and Fenelon, and +Howard, and Clarkson visionaries also? + +What was John Woolman, to the wise and prudent of his day, but an amiable +enthusiast? What, to those of our own, is such an angel of mercy as +Dorothea Dix? Who will not, in view of the labors of such +philanthropists, adopt the language of Jonathan Edwards: "If these things +be enthusiasms and the fruits of a distempered brain, let my brain be +evermore possessed with this happy distemper"? + +It must, however, be confessed that there is a cant of philanthropy too +general and abstract for any practical purpose,--a morbid +sentimentalism,--which contents itself with whining over real or +imaginary present evil, and predicting a better state somewhere in the +future, but really doing nothing to remove the one or hasten the coming +of the other. To its view the present condition of things is all wrong; +no green hillock or twig rises over the waste deluge; the heaven above is +utterly dark and starless: yet, somehow, out of this darkness which may +be felt, the light is to burst forth miraculously; wrong, sin, pain, and +sorrow are to be banished from the renovated world, and earth become a +vast epicurean garden or Mahometan heaven. + + "The land, unploughed, shall yield her crop; + Pure honey from the oak shall drop; + The fountain shall run milk; + The thistle shall the lily bear; + And every bramble roses wear, + And every worm make silk." + + [Ben Jenson's Golden Age Restored.] + +There are, in short, perfectionist reformers as well as religionists, who +wait to see the salvation which it is the task of humanity itself to work +out, and who look down from a region of ineffable self-complacence on +their dusty and toiling brethren who are resolutely doing whatsoever +their hands find to do for the removal of the evils around them. + +The emblem of practical Christianity is the Samaritan stooping over the +wounded Jew. No fastidious hand can lift from the dust fallen humanity +and bind up its unsightly gashes. Sentimental lamentation over evil and +suffering may be indulged in until it becomes a sort of melancholy +luxury, like the "weeping for Thammuz" by the apostate daughters of +Jerusalem. Our faith in a better day for the race is strong; but we feel +quite sure it will come in spite of such abstract reformers, and not by +reason of them. The evils which possess humanity are of a kind which go +not out by their delicate appliances. + +The author of the Address under consideration is not of this class. He +has boldly, and at no small cost, grappled with the great social and +political wrong of our country,--chattel slavery. Looking, as we have +seen, hopefully to the future, he is nevertheless one of those who can +respond to the words of a true poet and true man:-- + + "He is a coward who would borrow + A charm against the present sorrow + From the vague future's promise of delight + As life's alarums nearer roll, + The ancestral buckler calls, + Self-clanging, from the walls + In the high temple of the soul!" + + [James Russell Lowell.] + + + + + + FANATICISM. + +THERE are occasionally deeds committed almost too horrible and revolting +for publication. The tongue falters in giving them utterance; the pen +trembles that records them. Such is the ghastly horror of a late tragedy +in Edgecomb, in the State of Maine. A respectable and thriving citizen +and his wife had been for some years very unprofitably engaged in +brooding over the mysteries of the Apocalypse, and in speculations upon +the personal coming of Christ and the temporal reign of the saints on +earth,--a sort of Mahometan paradise, which has as little warrant in +Scripture as in reason. Their minds of necessity became unsettled; they +meditated self-destruction; and, as it appears by a paper left behind in +the handwriting of both, came to an agreement that the husband should +first kill his wife and their four children, and then put an end to his +own existence. This was literally executed,--the miserable man striking +off the heads of his wife and children with his axe, and then cutting his +own throat. + +Alas for man when he turns from the light of reason and from the simple +and clearly defined duties of the present life, and undertakes to pry +into the mysteries of the future, bewildering himself with uncertain and +vague prophecies, Oriental imagery, and obscure Hebrew texts! Simple, +cheerful faith in God as our great and good Father, and love of His +children as our brethren, acted out in all relations and duties, is +certainly best for this world, and we believe also the best preparation +for that to come. Once possessed by the falsity that God's design is +that man should be wretched and gloomy here in order to obtain rest and +happiness hereafter; that the mental agonies and bodily tortures of His +creatures are pleasant to Him; that, after bestowing upon us reason for +our guidance, He makes it of no avail by interposing contradictory +revelations and arbitrary commands,--there is nothing to prevent one of a +melancholic and excitable temperament from excesses so horrible as almost +to justify the old belief in demoniac obsession. + +Charles Brockden Brown, a writer whose merits have not yet been +sufficiently acknowledged, has given a powerful and philosophical +analysis of this morbid state of mind--this diseased conscientiousness, +obeying the mad suggestions of a disordered brain as the injunctions of +Divinity--in his remarkable story of Wieland. The hero of this strange +and solemn romance, inheriting a melancholy and superstitious mental +constitution, becomes in middle age the victim of a deep, and tranquil +because deep, fanaticism. A demon in human form, perceiving his state of +mind, wantonly experiments upon it, deepening and intensifying it by a +fearful series of illusions of sight and sound. Tricks of jugglery and +ventriloquism seem to his feverish fancies miracles and omens--the eye +and the voice of the Almighty piercing the atmosphere of supernatural +mystery in which he has long dwelt. He believes that he is called upon +to sacrifice the beloved wife of his bosom as a testimony of the entire +subjugation of his carnal reason and earthly affections to the Divine +will. In the entire range of English literature there is no more +thrilling passage than that which describes the execution of this baleful +suggestion. The coloring of the picture is an intermingling of the +lights of heaven and hell,--soft shades of tenderest pity and warm tints +of unextinguishable love contrasting with the terrible outlines of an +insane and cruel purpose, traced with the blood of murder. The masters +of the old Greek tragedy have scarcely exceeded the sublime horror of +this scene from the American novelist. The murderer confronted with his +gentle and loving victim in her chamber; her anxious solicitude for his +health and quiet; her affectionate caress of welcome; his own relentings +and natural shrinking from his dreadful purpose; and the terrible +strength which he supposes is lent him of Heaven, by which he puts down +the promptings and yearnings of his human heart, and is enabled to +execute the mandate of an inexorable Being,--are described with an +intensity which almost stops the heart of the reader. When the deed is +done a frightful conflict of passions takes place, which can only be told +in the words of the author:-- + +"I lifted the corpse in my arms and laid it on the bed. I gazed upon it +with delight. Such was my elation that I even broke out into laughter. +I clapped my hands, and exclaimed, 'It is done! My sacred duty is +fulfilled! To that I have sacrificed, O God, Thy last and best gift, my +wife!' + +"For a while I thus soared above frailty. I imagined I had set myself +forever beyond the reach of selfishness. But my imaginations were false. +This rapture quickly subsided. I looked again at my wife. My joyous +ebullitions vanished. I asked myself who it was whom I saw. Methought +it could not be my Catharine; it could not be the woman who had lodged +for years in my heart; who had slept nightly in my bosom; who had borne +in her womb and fostered at her breast the beings who called me father; +whom I had watched over with delight and cherished with a fondness ever +new and perpetually growing. It could not be the same! + +"The breath of heaven that sustained me was withdrawn, and I sunk into +mere man. I leaped from the floor; I dashed my head against the wall; I +uttered screams of horror; I panted after torment and pain. Eternal fire +and the bickerings of hell, compared with what I felt, were music and a +bed of roses. + +"I thank my God that this was transient; that He designed once more to +raise me aloft. I thought upon what I had done as a sacrifice to duty, +and was calm. My wife was dead; but I reflected that, although this +source of human consolation was closed, others were still open. If the +transports of the husband were no more, the feelings of +the father had still scope for exercise. When remembrance of their +mother should excite too keen a pang, I would look upon my children and +be comforted. + +"While I revolved these things new warmth flowed in upon my heart. I was +wrong. These feelings were the growth of selfishness. Of this I was not +aware; and, to dispel the mist that obscured my perceptions, a new light +and a new mandate were necessary. + +"From these thoughts I was recalled by a ray which was shot into the +room. A voice spoke like that I had before heard: 'Thou hast done well; +but all is not done--the sacrifice is incomplete--thy children must be +offered--they must perish with their mother!'" + +The misguided man obeys the voice; his children are destroyed in their +bloom and innocent beauty. He is arrested, tried for murder, and +acquitted as insane. The light breaks in upon him at last; he discovers +the imposture which has controlled him; and, made desperate by the full +consciousness of his folly and crime, ends the terrible drama by suicide. + +Wieland is not a pleasant book. In one respect it resembles the modern +tale of Wuthering Heights: it has great strength and power, but no +beauty. Unlike that, however, it has an important and salutary moral. It +is a warning to all who tamper with the mind and rashly experiment upon +its religious element. As such, its perusal by the sectarian zealots of +all classes would perhaps be quite as profitable as much of their present +studies. + + + + + + THE POETRY OF THE NORTH. + +THE Democratic Review not long since contained a singularly wild and +spirited poem, entitled the Norseman's Ride, in which the writer appears +to have very happily blended the boldness and sublimity of the heathen +saga with the grace and artistic skill of the literature of civilization. +The poetry of the Northmen, like their lives, was bold, defiant, and full +of a rude, untamed energy. It was inspired by exhibitions of power +rather than of beauty. Its heroes were beastly revellers or cruel and +ferocious plunderers; its heroines unsexed hoidens, playing the ugliest +tricks with their lovers, and repaying slights with bloody revenge,--very +dangerous and unsatisfactory companions for any other than the fire- +eating Vikings and redhanded, unwashed Berserkers. Significant of a +religion which reverenced the strong rather than the good, and which +regarded as meritorious the unrestrained indulgence of the passions, it +delighted to sing the praises of some coarse debauch or pitiless +slaughter. The voice of its scalds was often but the scream of the +carrion-bird, or the howl of the wolf, scenting human blood:-- + + "Unlike to human sounds it came; + Unmixed, unmelodized with breath; + But grinding through some scrannel frame, + Creaked from the bony lungs of Death." + +Its gods were brutal giant forces, patrons of war, robbery, and drunken +revelry; its heaven a vast cloud-built ale-house, where ghostly warriors +drank from the skulls of their victims; its hell a frozen horror of +desolation and darkness,--all that the gloomy Northern imagination could +superadd to the repulsive and frightful features of arctic scenery: +volcanoes spouting fire through craters rimmed with perpetual frost, +boiling caldrons flinging their fierce jets high into the air, and huge +jokuls, or ice-mountains, loosened and upheaved by volcanic agencies, +crawling slowly seaward, like misshapen monsters endowed with life,--a +region of misery unutterable, to be avoided only by diligence in robbery +and courage in murder. + +What a work had Christianity to perform upon such a people as the +Icelanders, for instance, of the tenth century!--to substitute in rude, +savage minds the idea of its benign and gentle Founder for that of the +Thor and Woden of Norse mythology; the forgiveness, charity, and humility +of the Gospel for the revenge, hatred, and pride inculcated by the Eddas. +And is it not one of the strongest proofs of the divine life and power of +that Gospel, that, under its influence, the hard and cruel Norse heart +has been so softened and humanized that at this moment one of the best +illustrations of the peaceful and gentle virtues which it inculcates is +afforded by the descendants of the sea-kings and robbers of the middle +centuries? No one can read the accounts which such travellers as Sir +George Mackenzie and Dr. Henderson have given us of the peaceful +disposition, social equality, hospitality, industry, intellectual +cultivation, morality, and habitual piety of the Icelanders, without a +grateful sense of the adaptation of Christianity to the wants of our +race, and of its ability to purify, elevate, and transform the worst +elements of human character. In Iceland Christianity has performed its +work of civilization, unobstructed by that commercial cupidity which has +caused nations more favored in respect to soil and climate to lapse into +an idolatry scarcely less debasing and cruel than that which preceded the +introduction of the Gospel. Trial by combat was abolished in 1001, and +the penalty of the imaginary crime of witchcraft was blotted from the +statutes of the island nearly half a century before it ceased to disgrace +those of Great Britain. So entire has been the change wrought in the +sanguinary and cruel Norse character that at the present day no Icelander +can be found who, for any reward, will undertake the office of +executioner. The scalds, who went forth to battle, cleaving the skulls +of their enemies with the same skilful hands which struck the harp at the +feast, have given place to Christian bards and teachers, who, like +Thorlakson, whom Dr. Henderson found toiling cheerfully with his beloved +parishioners in the hay-harvest of the brief arctic summer, combine with +the vigorous diction and robust thought of their predecessors the warm +and genial humanity of a religion of love and the graces and amenities of +a high civilization. + +But we have wandered somewhat aside from our purpose, which was simply to +introduce the following poem, which, in the boldness of its tone and +vigor of language, reminds us of the Sword Chant, the Wooing Song, and +other rhymed sagas of Motherwell. + + + THE NORSEMAN'S RIDE. + + BY BAYARD TAYLOR. + + The frosty fires of northern starlight + Gleamed on the glittering snow, + And through the forest's frozen branches + The shrieking winds did blow; + A floor of blue and icy marble + Kept Ocean's pulses still, + When, in the depths of dreary midnight, + Opened the burial hill. + + Then, while the low and creeping shudder + + Thrilled upward through the ground, + The Norseman came, as armed for battle, + In silence from his mound,-- + He who was mourned in solemn sorrow + By many a swordsman bold, + And harps that wailed along the ocean, + Struck by the scalds of old. + + Sudden a swift and silver shadow + Came up from out the gloom,-- + A charger that, with hoof impatient, + Stamped noiseless by the tomb. + "Ha! Surtur,!* let me hear thy tramping, + My fiery Northern steed, + That, sounding through the stormy forest, + Bade the bold Viking heed!" + + He mounted; like a northlight streaking + The sky with flaming bars, + They, on the winds so wildly shrieking, + Shot up before the stars. + "Is this thy mane, my fearless Surtur, + That streams against my breast? + + [*The name of the Scandinavian god of fire.] + + Is this thy neck, that curve of moonlight + Which Helva's hand caressed? + "No misty breathing strains thy nostril; + Thine eye shines blue and cold; + Yet mounting up our airy pathway + I see thy hoofs of gold. + Not lighter o'er the springing rainbow + Walhalla's gods repair + Than we in sweeping journey over + The bending bridge of air. + + "Far, far around star-gleams are sparkling + Amid the twilight space; + And Earth, that lay so cold and darkling, + Has veiled her dusky face. + Are those the Normes that beckon onward + As if to Odin's board, + Where by the hands of warriors nightly + The sparkling mead is poured? + + "'T is Skuld:* I her star-eye speaks the glory + That wraps the mighty soul, + When on its hinge of music opens + The gateway of the pole; + When Odin's warder leads the hero + To banquets never o'er, + And Freya's** glances fill the bosom + With sweetness evermore. + + "On! on! the northern lights are streaming + In brightness like the morn, + And pealing far amid the vastness + I hear the gyallarhorn *** + The heart of starry space is throbbing + With songs of minstrels old; + And now on high Walhalla's portal + Gleam Surtur's hoofs of gold." + +* The Norne of the future. + +** Freya, the Northern goddess of love. + +*** The horn blown by the watchers on the rainbow, the bridge over which +the gods pass in Northern mythology. + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, CRITICISM, BY WHITTIER *** +By John Greenleaf Whittier + +****** This file should be named 9598.txt or 9598.zip ******* + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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