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+Project Gutenberg EBook, Historical Papers, by Whittier, Part 3,
+From Vol. VI., The Works of Whittier: Old Portraits and Modern Sketches
+#38 in our series by John Greenleaf Whittier
+
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+Title: Historical Papers, Part 3, From Volume VI.,
+       The Works of Whittier: Old Portraits and Modern Sketches
+
+
+Author: John Greenleaf Whittier
+
+Release Date: December 2005  [EBook #9593]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on October 25, 2003]
+
+
+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: ASCII
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, HISTORICAL PAPERS ***
+
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+                             HISTORICAL PAPERS
+
+                                   BY
+
+                          JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER
+
+
+
+CONTENTS:
+
+HISTORICAL PAPERS.
+     DANIEL O'CONNELL
+     ENGLAND UNDER JAMES II.
+     THE BORDER WAR OF 1708
+     THE GREAT IPSWICH FRIGHT
+     THE BOY CAPTIVES
+     THE BLACK MEN IN THE REVOLUTION AND WAR OF 1812
+     THE SCOTTISH REFORMERS
+     THE PILGRIMS OF PLYMOUTH
+     GOVERNOR ENDICOTT
+     JOHN WINTHROP
+
+
+
+
+                          HISTORICAL PAPERS
+
+
+DANIEL O'CONNELL.
+
+     In February, 1839, Henry Clay delivered a speech in the United
+     States Senate, which was intended to smooth away the difficulties
+     which his moderate opposition to the encroachments of slavery had
+     erected in his path to the presidency.  His calumniation of
+     O'Connell called out the following summary of the career of the
+     great Irish patriot.  It was published originally in the
+     Pennsylvania Freeman of Philadelphia, April 25, 1839.
+
+Perhaps the most unlucky portion of the unlucky speech of Henry Clay on
+the slavery question is that in which an attempt is made to hold up to
+scorn and contempt the great Liberator of Ireland.  We say an attempt,
+for who will say it has succeeded?  Who feels contempt for O'Connell?
+Surely not the slaveholder?  From Henry Clay, surrounded by his slave-
+gang at Ashland, to the most miserable and squalid slave-driver and small
+breeder of human cattle in Virginia and Maryland who can spell the name
+of O'Connell in his newspaper, these republican brokers in blood fear and
+hate the eloquent Irishman.  But their contempt, forsooth!  Talk of the
+sheep-stealer's contempt for the officer of justice who nails his ears to
+the pillory, or sets the branding iron on his forehead!
+
+After denouncing the abolitionists for gratuitously republishing the
+advertisements for runaway slaves, the Kentucky orator says:--
+
+"And like a notorious agitator upon another theatre, they would hunt down
+and proscribe from the pale of civilized society the inhabitants of that
+entire section.  Allow me, Mr. President, to say that whilst I recognize
+in the justly wounded feelings of the Minister of the United States at
+the Court of St. James much to excuse the notice which he was provoked to
+take of that agitator, in my humble opinion he would better have
+consulted the dignity of his station and of his country in treating him
+with contemptuous silence.  He would exclude us from European society, he
+who himself, can only obtain a contraband admission, and is received with
+scornful repugnance into it!  If he be no more desirous of our society
+than we are of his, he may rest assured that a state of perpetual non-
+intercourse will exist between us.  Yes, sir, I think the American
+Minister would best have pursued the dictates of true dignity by
+regarding the language of the member of the British House of Commons as
+the malignant ravings of the plunderer of his own country, and the
+libeller of a foreign and kindred people."
+
+The recoil of this attack "followed hard upon" the tones of
+congratulation and triumph of partisan editors at the consummate skill
+and dexterity with which their candidate for the presidency had absolved
+himself from the suspicion of abolitionism, and by a master-stroke of
+policy secured the confidence of the slaveholding section of the
+Union.  But the late Whig defeat in New York has put an end to these
+premature rejoicings.  "The speech of Mr. Clay in reference to the Irish
+agitator has been made use of against us with no small success," say the
+New York papers.  "They failed," says the Daily Evening Star, "to
+convince the Irish voters that Daniel O'Connell was the 'plunderer of his
+country,' or that there was an excuse for thus denouncing him."
+
+The defeat of the Whigs of New York and the cause of it have excited no
+small degree of alarm among the adherents of the Kentucky orator.  In
+this city, the delicate _Philadelphia Gazette_ comes magnanimously to the
+aid of Henry Clay,--
+
+               "A tom-tit twittering on an eagle's back."
+
+The learned editor gives it as his opinion that Daniel O'Connell is a
+"political beggar," a "disorganizing apostate;" talks in its pretty way
+of the man's "impudence" and "falsehoods" and "cowardice," etc.; and
+finally, with a modesty and gravity which we cannot but admire, assures
+us that "his weakness of mind is almost beyond calculation!"
+
+We have heard it rumored during the past week, among some of the self-
+constituted organs of the Clay party in this city, that at a late meeting
+in Chestnut Street a committee was appointed to collect, collate, and
+publish the correspondence between Andrew Stevenson and O'Connell, and so
+much of the latter's speeches and writings as relate to American slavery,
+for the purpose of convincing the countrymen of O'Connell of the justice,
+propriety, and, in view of the aggravated circumstances of the case,
+moderation and forbearance of Henry Clay when speaking of a man who has
+had the impudence to intermeddle with the "patriarchal institutions" of
+our country, and with the "domestic relations" of Kentucky and Virginia
+slave-traders.
+
+We wait impatiently for the fruits of the labors of this sagacious
+committee.  We should like to see those eloquent and thrilling appeals to
+the sense of shame and justice and honor of America republished.  We
+should like to see if any Irishman, not wholly recreant to the interests
+and welfare of the Green Island of his birth, will in consequence of this
+publication give his vote to the slanderer of Ireland's best and noblest
+champion.
+
+But who is Daniel O'Connell?  "A demagogue--a ruffian agitator!"  say the
+Tory journals of Great Britain, quaking meantime with awe and
+apprehension before the tremendous moral and political power which he is
+wielding,--a power at this instant mightier than that of any potentate of
+Europe.  "A blackguard"--a fellow who "obtains contraband admission into
+European society"--a "malignant libeller"--a "plunderer of his country"--
+a man whose "wind should be stopped," say the American slaveholders, and
+their apologists, Clay, Stevenson, Hamilton, and the Philadelphia
+Gazette, and the Democratic Whig Association.
+
+But who is Daniel O'Connell?  Ireland now does justice to him, the world
+will do so hereafter.  No individual of the present age has done more for
+human liberty.  His labors to effect the peaceable deliverance of his own
+oppressed countrymen, and to open to the nations of Europe a new and
+purer and holier pathway to freedom unstained with blood and unmoistened
+by tears, and his mighty instrumentality in the abolition of British
+colonial slavery, have left their impress upon the age.  They will be
+remembered and felt beneficially long after the miserable slanders of
+Tory envy and malignity at home, and the clamors of slaveholders abroad,
+detected in their guilt, and writhing in the gaze of Christendom, shall
+have perished forever,--when the Clays and Calhouns, the Peels and
+Wellingtons, the opponents of reform in Great Britain and the enemies of
+slave emancipation in the United States, shall be numbered with those who
+in all ages, to use the words of the eloquent Lamartine, have "sinned
+against the Holy Ghost in opposing the improvement of things,--in an
+egotistical and stupid attempt to draw back the moral and social world
+which God and nature are urging forward."
+
+The character and services of O'Connell have never been fully appreciated
+in this country.  Engrossed in our own peculiar interests, and in the
+plenitude of our self-esteem; believing that "we are the people, and that
+wisdom will perish with us," that all patriotism and liberality of
+feeling are confined to our own territory, we have not followed the
+untitled Barrister of Derrynane Abbey, step by step, through the
+development of one of the noblest experiments ever made for the cause
+of liberty and the welfare of man.
+
+The revolution which O'Connell has already partially effected in his
+native land, and which, from the evident signs of cooperation in England
+and Scotland, seems not far from its entire accomplishment, will form a
+new era in the history of the civilized world.  Heretofore the patriot
+has relied more upon physical than moral means for the regeneration of
+his country and its redemption from oppression.  His revolutions, however
+pure in principle, have ended in practical crime.  The great truth was
+yet to be learned that brute force is incompatible with a pure love of
+freedom, inasmuch as it is in itself an odious species of tyranny--the
+relic of an age of slavery and barbarism--the common argument of
+despotism--a game
+
+              "which, were their subjects wise,
+               Kings would not play at."
+
+But the revolution in which O'Connell is engaged, although directed
+against the oppression of centuries, relies with just confidence upon the
+united moral energies of the people: a moral victory of reason over
+prejudice, of justice over oppression; the triumph of intellectual energy
+where the brute appeal to arms had miserably failed; the vindication of
+man's eternal rights, not by the sword fleshed in human hearts, but by
+weapons tempered in the armory of Heaven with truth and mercy and love.
+
+Nor is it a visionary idea, or the untried theory of an enthusiast, this
+triumphant reliance upon moral and intellectual power for the reform of
+political abuses, for the overthrowing of tyranny and the pulling down of
+the strongholds of arbitrary power.  The emancipation of the Catholic of
+Great Britain from the thrall of a century, in 1829, prepared the way for
+the bloodless triumph of English reform in 1832.  The Catholic
+Association was the germ of those political unions which compelled, by
+their mighty yet peaceful influence, the King of England to yield
+submissively to the supremacy of the people.
+
+     [The celebrated Mr. Attwood has been called the "father of political
+     unions."  In a speech delivered by his brother, C. Attwood, Esq., at
+     the Sunderland Reform Meeting, September 10, 1832, I find the
+     following admission: "Gentlemen, the first political union was the
+     Roman Catholic Association of Ireland, and the true founder and
+     father of political unions is Daniel O'Connell."]
+
+Both of these remarkable events, these revolutions shaking nations to
+their centre, yet polluted with no blood and sullied by no crime, were
+effected by the salutary agitations of the public mind, first set in
+motion by the masterspirit of O'Connell, and spreading from around him to
+every portion of the British empire like the undulations from the
+disturbed centre of a lake.
+
+The Catholic question has been but imperfectly understood in this
+country.  Many have allowed their just disapprobation of the Catholic
+religion to degenerate into a most unwarrantable prejudice against its
+conscientious followers.  The cruel persecutions of the dissenters from
+the Romish Church, the massacre of St. Bartholomew's day, the horrors of
+the Inquisition, the crusades against the Albigenses and the simple
+dwellers of the Vaudois valleys, have been regarded as atrocities
+peculiar to the believers in papal infallibility, and the necessary
+consequences of their doctrines; and hence they have looked upon the
+constitutional agitation of the Irish Catholics for relief from grieveous
+disabilities and unjust distinctions as a struggle merely for supremacy
+or power.
+
+Strange, that the truth to which all history so strongly testifies should
+thus be overlooked,--the undeniable truth that religious bigotry and
+intolerance have been confined to no single sect; that the persecuted of
+one century have been the persecutors of another.  In our own country,
+it would be well for us to remember that at the very time when in New
+England the Catholic, the Quaker, and the Baptist were banished on pain
+of death, and where some even suffered that dreadful penalty, in Catholic
+Maryland, under the Catholic Lord Baltimore, perfect liberty of
+conscience was established, and Papist and Protestant went quietly
+through the same streets to their respective altars.
+
+At the commencement of O'Connell's labors for emancipation he found the
+people of Ireland divided into three great classes,--the Protestant or
+Church party, the Dissenters, and the Catholics: the Church party
+constituting about one tenth of the population, yet holding in possession
+the government and a great proportion of the landed property of Ireland,
+controlling church and state and law and revenue, the army, navy,
+magistracy, and corporations, the entire patronage of the country,
+holding their property and power by the favor of England, and
+consequently wholly devoted to her interest; the Dissenters, probably
+twice as numerous as the Church party, mostly engaged in trade and
+manufactures,--sustained by their own talents and industry, Irish in
+feeling, partaking in no small degree of the oppression of their Catholic
+brethren, and among the first to resist that oppression in 1782; the
+Catholics constituting at least two thirds of the whole population, and
+almost the entire peasantry of the country, forming a large proportion
+of the mercantile interest, yet nearly excluded from the possession of
+landed property by the tyrannous operation of the penal laws.  Justly has
+a celebrated Irish patriot (Theobald Wolfe Tone) spoken of these laws as
+"an execrable and infamous code, framed with the art and malice of demons
+to plunder and degrade and brutalize the Catholics of Ireland.  There was
+no disgrace, no injustice, no disqualification, moral, political, or
+religious, civil or military, which it has not heaped upon them."
+
+The following facts relative to the disabilities under which the
+Catholics of the United Kingdom labored previous to the emancipation of
+1829 will serve to show in some measure the oppressive operation of those
+laws which placed the foot of one tenth of the population of Ireland upon
+the necks of the remainder.
+
+A Catholic peer could not sit in the House of Peers, nor a Catholic
+commoner in the House of Commons.  A Catholic could not be Lord
+Chancellor, or Keeper, or Commissioner of the Great Seal; Master or
+Keeper of the Rolls; Justice of the King's Bench or of the Common Pleas;
+Baron of the Exchequer; Attorney or Solicitor General; King's Sergeant at
+Law; Member of the King's Council; Master in Chancery, nor Chairman of
+Sessions for the County of Dublin.  He could not be the Recorder of a
+city or town; an advocate in the spiritual courts; Sheriff of a county,
+city, or town; Sub-Sheriff; Lord Lieutenant, Lord Deputy, or other
+governor of Ireland; Lord High Treasurer; Governor of a county; Privy
+Councillor; Postmaster General; Chancellor of the Exchequer or Secretary
+of State; Vice Treasurer, Cashier of the Exchequer; Keeper of the Privy
+Seal or Auditor General; Provost or Fellow of Dublin University; nor Lord
+Mayor or Alderman of a corporate city or town. He could not be a member
+of a parish vestry, nor bequeath any sum of money or any lands for the
+maintenance of a clergyman, or for the support of a chapel or a school;
+and in corporate towns he was excluded from the grand juries.
+
+O'Connell commenced his labors for emancipation with the strong
+conviction that nothing short of the united exertions of the Irish people
+could overthrow the power of the existing government, and that a union of
+action could only be obtained by the establishment of something like
+equality between the different religious parties. Discarding all other
+than peaceful means for the accomplishment of his purpose, he placed
+himself and his followers beyond the cognizance of unjust and oppressive
+laws.  Wherever he poured the oil of his eloquence upon the maddened
+spirits of his wronged and insulted countrymen, the mercenary soldiery
+found no longer an excuse for violence; and calm, firm, and united, the
+Catholic Association remained secure in the moral strength of its pure
+and peaceful purpose, amid the bayonets of a Tory administration.  His
+influence was felt in all parts of the island.  Wherever an unlawful
+association existed, his great legal knowledge enabled him at once to
+detect its character, and, by urging its dissolution, to snatch its
+deluded members from the ready fangs of their enemies.  In his presence
+the Catholic and the Protestant shook hands together, and the wild Irish
+clansman forgot his feuds.  He taught the party in power, and who
+trembled at the dangers around them, that security and peace could only
+be obtained by justice and kindness.  He entreated his oppressed Catholic
+brethren to lay aside their weapons, and with pure hearts and naked hands
+to stand firmly together in the calm but determined energy of men, too
+humane for deeds of violence, yet too mighty for the patient endurance of
+wrong.
+
+The spirit of the olden time was awakened, of the day when Flood
+thundered and Curran lightened; the light which shone for a moment in the
+darkness of Ireland's century of wrong burned upwards clearly and
+steadily from all its ancient altars.  Shoulder to shoulder gathered
+around him the patriot spirits of his nation,--men unbribed by the golden
+spoils of governmental patronage Shiel with his ardent eloquence, O'Dwyer
+and Walsh, and Grattan and O'Connor, and Steel, the Protestant agitator,
+wearing around him the emblem of national reconciliation, of the reunion
+of Catholic and Protestant,--the sash of blended orange and green, soiled
+and defaced by his patriotic errands, stained with the smoke of cabins,
+and the night rains and rust of weapons, and the mountain mist, and the
+droppings of the wild woods of Clare.  He united in one mighty and
+resistless mass the broken and discordant factions, whose desultory
+struggles against tyranny had hitherto only added strength to its
+fetters, and infused into that mass his own lofty principles of action,
+until the solemn tones of expostulation and entreaty, bursting at once
+from the full heart of Ireland, were caught up by England and echoed back
+from Scotland, and the language of justice and humanity was wrung from
+the reluctant lips of the cold and remorseless oppressor of his native
+land, at once its disgrace and glory,--the conqueror of Napoleon; and, in
+the words of his own Curran, the chains of the Catholic fell from around
+him, and he stood forth redeemed and disenthralled by the irresistible
+genius of Universal Emancipation.
+
+On the passage of the bill for Catholic emancipation, O'Connell took his
+seat in the British Parliament.  The eyes of millions were upon him.
+Ireland--betrayed so often by those in whom she had placed her
+confidence; brooding in sorrowful remembrance over the noble names and
+brilliant reputations sullied by treachery and corruption, the long and
+dark catalogue of her recreant sons, who, allured by British gold and
+British patronage, had sacrificed on the altar of their ambition Irish
+pride and Irish independence, and lifted their parricidal arms against
+their sorrowing mother, "crownless and voiceless in her woe"--now hung
+with breathless eagerness over the ordeal to which her last great
+champion was subjected.
+
+The crisis in O'Connell's destiny had come.
+
+The glitter of the golden bribe was in his eye; the sound of titled
+magnificence was in his ear; the choice was before him to sit high among
+the honorable, the titled, and the powerful, or to take his humble seat
+in the hall of St. Stephen's as the Irish demagogue, the agitator, the
+Kerry representative.  He did not hesitate in his choice.  On the first
+occasion that offered he told the story of Ireland's wrongs, and demanded
+justice in the name of his suffering constituents.  He had put his hand
+to the plough of reform, and he could not relinquish his hold, for his
+heart was with it.
+
+Determined to give the Whig administration no excuse for neglecting the
+redress of Irish grievances, he entered heart and soul into the great
+measure of English reform, and his zeal, tact, and eloquence contributed
+not a little to its success.  Yet even his friends speak of his first
+efforts in the House of Commons as failures.  The Irish accent; the harsh
+avowal of purposes smacking of rebellion; the eccentricities and flowery
+luxuriance of an eloquence nursed in the fervid atmosphere of Ireland
+suddenly transplanted to the cold and commonplace one of St. Stephen's;
+the great and illiberal prejudices against him scarcely abated from what
+they were when, as the member from Clare, he was mobbed on his way to
+London, for a time opposed a barrier to the influence of his talents and
+patriotism.  But he triumphed at last: the mob-orator of Clare and Kerry,
+the declaimer in the Dublin Rooms of the Political and Trades' Union,
+became one of the most attractive and popular speakers of the British
+Parliament; one whose aid has been courted and whose rebuke has been
+feared by the ablest of England's representatives.  Amid the sneers of
+derision and the clamor of hate and prejudice he has triumphed,--on that
+very arena so fatal to Irish eloquence and Irish fame, where even Grattan
+failed to sustain himself, and the impetuous spirit of Flood was stricken
+down.
+
+No subject in which Ireland was not directly interested has received a
+greater share of O'Connell's attention than that of the abolition of
+colonial slavery.  Utterly detesting tyranny of all kinds, he poured
+forth his eloquent soul in stern reprobation of a system full at once of
+pride and misery and oppression, and darkened with blood.  His speech on
+the motion of Thomas Fowell Buxton for the immediate emancipation of the
+slaves gave a new tone to the discussion of the question.  He entered
+into no petty pecuniary details; no miserable computation of the
+shillings and pence vested in beings fashioned in the image of God.  He
+did not talk of the expediency of continuing the evil because it had
+grown monstrous.  To use his own words, he considered "slavery a crime to
+be abolished; not merely an evil to be palliated."  He left Sir Robert
+Peel and the Tories to eulogize the characters and defend the interests
+of the planters, in common with those of a tithe-reaping priesthood,
+building their houses by oppression and their chambers by wrong, and
+spoke of the negro's interest, the negro's claim to justice; demanding
+sympathy for the plundered as well as the plunderers, for the slave as
+well as his master.  He trampled as dust under his feet the blasphemy
+that obedience to the law of eternal justice is a principle to be
+acknowledged in theory only, because unsafe in practice.  He would,
+he said, enter into no compromise with slavery.  He cared not what cast
+or creed or color it might assume, whether personal or political,
+intellectual or spiritual; he was for its total, immediate abolition.  He
+was for justice,--justice in the name of humanity and according to the
+righteous law of the living God.
+
+Ardently admiring our free institutions, and constantly pointing to our
+glorious political exaltation as an incentive to the perseverance of his
+own countrymen in their struggle against oppression, he has yet omitted
+no opportunity of rebuking our inexcusable slave system.  An enthusiastic
+admirer of Jefferson, he has often regretted that his practice should
+have so illy accorded with his noble sentiments on the subject of
+slavery, which so fully coincided with his own.  In truth, wherever man
+has been oppressed by his fellow-man, O'Connell's sympathy has been
+directed: to Italy, chained above the very grave of her ancient
+liberties; to the republics of Southern America; to Greece, dashing the
+foot of the indolent Ottoman from her neck; to France and Belgium; and
+last, not least, to Poland, driven from her cherished nationality, and
+dragged, like his own Ireland, bleeding and violated, to the deadly
+embrace of her oppressor.  American slavery but shares in his common
+denunciation of all tyranny; its victims but partake of his common pity
+for the oppressed and persecuted and the trodden down.
+
+In this hasty and imperfect sketch we cannot enter into the details of
+that cruel disregard of Irish rights which was manifested by a Reformed
+Parliament, convoked, to use the language of William IV., "to ascertain
+the sense of the people."  It is perhaps enough to say that O'Connell's
+indignant refusal to receive as full justice the measure of reform meted
+out to Ireland was fully justified by the facts of the case.  The Irish
+Reform Bill gave Ireland, with one third of the entire population of the
+United Kingdoms, only one sixth of the Parliamentary delegation.  It
+diminished instead of increasing the number of voters; in the towns and
+cities it created a high and aristocratic franchise; in many boroughs it
+established so narrow a basis of franchise as to render them liable to
+corruption and abuse as the rotten boroughs of the old system.  It threw
+no new power into the hands of the people; and with no little justice has
+O'Connell himself termed it an act to restore to power the Orange
+ascendancy in Ireland, and to enable a faction to trample with impunity
+on the friends of reform and constitutional freedom. [Letters to the
+Reformers of Great Britain, No. 1.]
+
+In May, 1832, O'Connell commenced the publication of his celebrated
+_Letters to the Reformers of Great Britain_.  Like Tallien, before the
+French convention, he "rent away the veil" which Hume and Atwood had only
+partially lifted.  He held up before the people of Great Britain the new
+indignities which had been added to the long catalogue of Ireland's
+wrongs; he appealed to their justice, their honor, their duty, for
+redress, and cast down before the Whig administration the gauntlet of his
+country's defiance and scorn.  There is a fine burst of indignant Irish
+feeling in the concluding paragraphs of his fourth letter:--
+
+"I have demonstrated the contumelious injuries inflicted upon us by this
+Reform Bill.  My letters are long before the public.  They have been
+unrefuted, uncontradicted in any of their details.  And with this case of
+atrocious injustice to Ireland placed before the reformers of Great
+Britain, what assistance, what sympathy, do we receive?  Why, I have got
+some half dozen drivelling letters from political unions and political
+characters, asking me whether I advise them to petition or bestir
+themselves in our behalf!
+
+"Reformers of Great Britain! I do not ask you either to petition or be
+silent.  I do not ask you to petition or to do any other act in favor of
+the Irish.  You will consult your own feelings of justice and generosity,
+unprovoked by any advice or entreaty of mine.
+
+"For my own part, I never despaired of Ireland; I do not, I will not,
+I cannot, despair of my beloved country.  She has, in my view, obtained
+freedom of conscience for others, as well as for herself.  She has shaken
+off the incubus of tithes while silly legislation was dealing out its
+folly and its falsehoods.  She can, and she will, obtain for herself
+justice and constitutional freedom; and although she may sigh at British
+neglect and ingratitude, there is no sound of despair in that sigh, nor
+any want of moral energy on her part to attain her own rights by
+peaceable and legal means."
+
+The tithe system, unutterably odious and full of all injustice, had
+prepared the way for this expression of feeling on the part of the
+people.  Ireland had never, in any period of her history, bowed her neck
+peaceably to the ecclesiastical yoke.  From the Canon of Cashel, prepared
+by English deputies in the twelfth century, decreeing for the first time
+that tithes should be paid in Ireland, down to the present moment, the
+Church in her borders has relied solely upon the strong arm of the law,
+and literally reaped its tithes with the sword.  The decree of the Dublin
+Synod, under Archbishop Comyn, in 1185, could only be enforced within the
+pale of the English settlement.  The attempts of Henry VIII. also failed.
+Without the pale all endeavors to collect tithes were met by stern
+opposition.  And although from the time of William III. the tithe system
+has been established in Ireland, yet at no period has it been regarded
+otherwise than as a system of legalized robbery by seven eighths of the
+people.  An examination of this system cannot fail to excite our wonder,
+not that it has been thus regarded, but that it has been so long endured
+by any people on the face of the earth, least of all by Irishmen.  Tithes
+to the amount of L1,000,000 are annually wrung from impoverished Ireland,
+in support of a clergy who can only number about one sixteenth of her
+population as their hearers; and wrung, too, in an undue proportion, from
+the Catholic counties. [See Dr. Doyle's Evidence before Hon. E. G.
+Stanley.]  In the southern and middle counties, almost entirely inhabited
+by the Catholic peasantry, every thing they possess is subject to the
+tithe: the cow is seized in the hovel, the potato in the barrel, the coat
+even on the poor man's back. [Speech of T. Reynolds, Esq., at an anti-
+tithe meeting.]  The revenues of five of the dignitaries of the Irish
+Church Establishment are as follows: the Primacy L140,000; Derry
+L120,000; Kilmore L100,000; Clogher L100,000; Waterford L70,000.  Compare
+these enormous sums with that paid by Scotland for the maintenance of the
+Church, namely L270,000.  Yet that Church has 2,000,000 souls under its
+care, while that of Ireland has not above 500,000.  Nor are these
+princely livings expended in Ireland by their possessors.  The bishoprics
+of Cloyne and Meath have been long held by absentees,--by men who know no
+more of their flocks than the non-resident owner of a West India
+plantation did of the miserable negroes, the fruits of whose thankless
+labor were annually transmitted to him.  Out of 1289 benefited clergymen
+in Ireland, between five and six hundred are non-residents, spending in
+Bath and London, or in making the fashionable tour of the Continent, the
+wealth forced from the Catholic peasant and the Protestant dissenter by
+the bayonets of the military.  Scorching and terrible was the sarcasm of
+Grattan applied to these locusts of the Church: "A beastly and pompous
+priesthood, political potentates and Christian pastors, full of false
+zeal, full of worldly pride, and full of gluttony, empty of the true
+religion, to their flocks oppressive, to their inferior clergy brutal, to
+their king abject, and to their God impudent and familiar,--they stand on
+the altar as a stepping-stone to the throne, glorying in the ear of
+princes, whom they poison with crooked principles and heated advice; a
+faction against their king when they are not his slaves,--ever the dirt
+under his feet or a poniard to his heart."
+
+For the evils of absenteeism, the non-residence of the wealthy
+landholders, draining from a starving country the very necessaries of
+life, a remedy is sought in a repeal of the union, and the provisions of
+a domestic parliament.  In O'Connell's view, a restoration of such a
+parliament can alone afford that adequate protection to the national
+industry so loudly demanded by thousands of unemployed laborers, starving
+amid the ruins of deserted manufactories.  During the brief period of
+partial Irish liberty which followed the pacific revolution of '82, the
+manufactures of the country revived and flourished; and the smile of
+contented industry was visible all over the land.  In 1797 there were
+15,000 silk-weavers in the city of Dublin alone.  There are now but 400.
+Such is the practical effect of the Union, of that suicidal act of the
+Irish Parliament which yielded up in a moment of treachery and terror the
+dearest interests of the country to the legislation of an English
+Parliament and the tender mercies of Castlereagh,--of that Castlereagh
+who, when accused by Grattan of spending L15,000 in purchasing votes for
+the Union, replied with the rare audacity of high-handed iniquity, "We
+did spend L15,000, and we would have spent L15,000,000 if necessary to
+carry the Union; "that Castlereagh who, when 707,000 Irishmen petitioned
+against the Union and 300,000 for it, maintained that the latter
+constituted the majority!  Well has it been said that the deep vengeance
+which Ireland owed him was inflicted by the great criminal upon himself.
+The nation which he sold and plundered saw him make with his own hand the
+fearful retribution.  The great body of the Irish people never assented
+to the Union.  The following extract from a speech of Earl (then Mr.)
+Grey, in 1800, upon the Union question, will show what means were made
+use of to drag Ireland, while yet mourning over her slaughtered children,
+to the marriage altar with England: "If the Parliament of Ireland had
+been left to itself, untempted and unawed, it would without hesitation
+have rejected the resolutions.  Out of the 300 members, 120 strenuously
+opposed the measure, 162 voted for it: of these, 116 were placemen; some
+of them were English generals on the staff, without a foot of ground in
+Ireland, and completely dependent on government."  "Let us reflect upon
+the arts made use of since the last session of the Irish Parliament to
+pack a majority, for Union, in the House of Commons.  All persons holding
+offices under government, if they hesitated to vote as directed, were
+stripped of all their employments.  A bill framed for preserving the
+purity of Parliament was likewise abused, and no less than 63 seats were
+vacated by their holders having received nominal offices."
+
+The signs of the times are most favorable to the success of the Irish
+Liberator.  The tremendous power of the English political unions is
+beginning to develop itself in favor of Ireland.  A deep sympathy is
+evinced for her sufferings, and a general determination to espouse her
+cause.  Brute force cannot put down the peaceable and legal agitation of
+the question of her rights and interests.  The spirit of the age forbids
+it.  The agitation will go on, for it is spreading among men who, to use
+the words of the eloquent Shiel, while looking out upon the ocean, and
+gazing upon the shore, which Nature has guarded with so many of her
+bulwarks, can hear the language of Repeal muttered in the dashing of the
+very waves which separate them from Great Britain by a barrier of God's
+own creation.  Another bloodless victory, we trust, awaits O'Connell,--a
+victory worthy of his heart and intellect, unstained by one drop of human
+blood, unmoistened by a solitary tear.
+
+Ireland will be redeemed and disenthralled, not perhaps by a repeal of
+the Union, but by the accomplishment of such a thorough reform in the
+government and policy of Great Britain as shall render a repeal
+unnecessary and impolitic.
+
+The sentiments of O'Connell in regard to the means of effecting his
+object of political reform are distinctly impressed upon all his appeals
+to the people.  In his letter of December, 1832, to the Dublin Trades
+Union, he says: "The Repealers must not have our cause stained with
+blood.  Far indeed from it.  We can, and ought to, carry the repeal only
+in the total absence of offence against the laws of man or crime in the
+sight of God.  The best revolution which was ever effected could not be
+worth one drop of human blood."  In his speech at the public dinner given
+him by--the citizens of Cork, we find a yet more earnest avowal of
+pacific principles.  "It may be stated," said he, "to countervail our
+efforts, that this struggle will involve the destruction of life and
+property; that it will overturn the framework of civil society, and give
+an undue and fearful influence to one rank to the ruin of all others.
+These are awful considerations, truly, if risked.  I am one of those who
+have always believed that any political change is too dearly purchased by
+a single drop of blood, and who think that any political superstructure
+based upon other opinion is like the sand-supported fabric,--beautiful in
+the brief hour of sunshine, but the moment one drop of rain touches the
+arid basis melting away in wreck and ruin!  I am an accountable being; I
+have a soul and a God to answer to, in another and better world, for my
+thoughts and actions in this.  I disclaim here any act of mine which
+would sport with the lives of my fellow-creatures, any amelioration of
+our social condition which must be purchased by their blood.  And here,
+in the face of God and of our common country, I protest that if I did not
+sincerely and firmly believe that the amelioration I desire could be
+effected without violence, without any change in the relative scale of
+ranks in the present social condition of Ireland, except that change
+which all must desire, making each better than it was before, and
+cementing all in one solid irresistible mass, I would at once give up the
+struggle which I have always kept with tyranny.  I would withdraw from
+the contest which I have hitherto waged with those who would perpetuate
+our thraldom.  I would not for one moment dare to venture for that which
+in costing one human life would cost infinitely too dear.  But it will
+cost no such price.  Have we not had within my memory two great political
+revolutions?  And had we them not without bloodshed or violence to the
+social compact?  Have we not arrived at a period when physical force and
+military power yield to moral and intellectual energy.  Has not the time
+of 'Cedant arma togae' come for us and the other nations of the earth?"
+
+Let us trust that the prediction of O'Connell will be verified; that
+reason and intellect are destined, under God, to do that for the nations
+of the earth which the physical force of centuries and the red sacrifice
+of a thousand battle-fields have failed to accomplish.  Glorious beyond
+all others will be the day when "nation shall no more rise up against
+nation;" when, as a necessary consequence of the universal acknowledgment
+of the rights of man, it shall no longer be in the power of an individual
+to drag millions into strife, for the unholy gratification of personal
+prejudice and passion.  The reformed governments of Great Britain and
+France, resting, as they do, upon a popular basis, are already tending to
+this consummation, for the people have suffered too much from the warlike
+ambition of their former masters not to have learned that the gains of
+peaceful industry are better than the wages of human butchery.
+
+Among the great names of Ireland--alike conspicuous, yet widely
+dissimilar--stand Wellington and O'Connell.  The one smote down the
+modern Alexander upon Waterloo's field of death, but the page of his
+reputation is dim with the tears of the widow and the orphan, and dark
+with the stain of blood.  The other, armed only with the weapons of truth
+and reason, has triumphed over the oppression of centuries, and opened a
+peaceful pathway to the Temple of Freedom, through which its Goddess may
+be seen, no longer propitiated with human sacrifices, like some foul idol
+of the East, but clothed in Christian attributes, and smiling in the
+beauty of holiness upon the pure hearts and peaceful hands of its
+votaries.  The bloodless victories of the latter have all the sublimity
+with none of the criminality which attaches itself to the triumphs of the
+former.  To thunder high truths in the deafened ear of nations, to rouse
+the better spirit of the age, to soothe the malignant passions of.
+assembled and maddened men, to throw open the temple doors of justice to
+the abused, enslaved, and persecuted, to unravel the mysteries of guilt,
+and hold up the workers of iniquity in the severe light of truth stripped
+of their disguise and covered with the confusion of their own vileness,--
+these are victories more glorious than any which have ever reddened the
+earth with carnage:--
+
+         "They ask a spirit of more exalted pitch,
+          And courage tempered with a holier fire."
+
+Of the more recent efforts of O'Connell we need not speak, for no one can
+read the English periodicals and papers without perceiving that O'Connell
+is, at this moment, the leading politician, the master mind of the
+British empire.  Attempts have been made to prejudice the American mind
+against him by a republication on this side of the water of the false and
+foul slanders of his Tory enemies, in reference to what is called the
+"O'Connell rent," a sum placed annually in his hands by a grateful
+people, and which he has devoted scrupulously to the great object of
+Ireland's political redemption.  He has acquired no riches by his
+political efforts his heart and soul and mind and strength have been
+directed to his suffering country and the cause of universal freedom.
+For this he has deservedly a place in the heart and affections of every
+son of Ireland.  One million of ransomed slaves in the British
+dependencies will teach their children to repeat the name of O'Connell
+with that of Wilberforce and Clarkson.  And when the stain and caste of
+slavery shall have passed from our own country, he will be regarded as
+our friend and benefactor, whose faithful rebukes and warnings and
+eloquent appeals to our pride of character, borne to us across the
+Atlantic, touched the guilty sensitiveness of the national conscience,
+and through shame prepared the way for repentance.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ENGLAND UNDER JAMES II.
+
+     A review of the first two volumes of Macaulay's _History of England
+     from the Accession of James II_.
+
+In accordance with the labor-saving spirit of the age, we have in these
+volumes an admirable example of history made easy.  Had they been
+published in his time, they might have found favor in the eyes of the
+poet Gray, who declared that his ideal of happiness was "to lie on a sofa
+and read eternal new romances."
+
+The style is that which lends such a charm to the author's essays,--
+brilliant, epigrammatic, vigorous.  Indeed, herein lies the fault of the
+work, when viewed as a mere detail of historical facts.  Its sparkling
+rhetoric is not the safest medium of truth to the simple-minded inquirer.
+A discriminating and able critic has done the author no injustice in
+saying that, in attempting to give effect and vividness to his thoughts
+and diction, he is often overstrained and extravagant, and that his
+epigrammatic style seems better fitted for the glitter of paradox than
+the sober guise of truth.  The intelligent and well-informed reader of
+the volume before us will find himself at times compelled to reverse the
+decisions of the author, and deliver some unfortunate personage, sect, or
+class from the pillory of his rhetoric and the merciless pelting of his
+ridicule.  There is a want of the repose and quiet which we look for in
+a narrative of events long passed away; we rise from the perusal of the
+book pleased and excited, but with not so clear a conception of the
+actual realities of which it treats as would be desirable.  We cannot
+help feeling that the author has been somewhat over-scrupulous in
+avoiding the dulness of plain detail, and the dryness of dates, names,
+and statistics.  The freedom, flowing diction, and sweeping generality of
+the reviewer and essayist are maintained throughout; and, with one
+remarkable exception, the _History of England_ might be divided into
+papers of magazine length, and published, without any violence to
+propriety, as a continuation of the author's labors in that department of
+literature in which he confessedly stands without a rival,--historical
+review.
+
+That exception is, however, no unimportant one.  In our view, it is the
+crowning excellence of the first volume,--its distinctive feature and
+principal attraction.  We refer to the third chapter of the volume, from
+page 260 to page 398,--the description of the condition of England at the
+period of the accession of James II.  We know of nothing like it in the
+entire range of historical literature.  The veil is lifted up from the
+England of a century and a half ago; its geographical, industrial,
+social, and moral condition is revealed; and, as the panorama passes
+before us of lonely heaths, fortified farm-houses, bands of robbers,
+rude country squires doling out the odds and ends of their coarse fare
+to clerical dependents,--rough roads, serviceable only for horseback
+travelling,--towns with unlighted streets, reeking with filth and offal,
+--and prisons, damp, loathsome, infected with disease, and swarming with
+vermin,--we are filled with wonder at the contrast which it presents to
+the England of our day.  We no longer sigh for "the good old days."  The
+most confirmed grumbler is compelled to admit that, bad as things now
+are, they were far worse a few generations back.  Macaulay, in this
+elaborate and carefully prepared chapter, has done a good service to
+humanity in disabusing well-intentioned ignorance of the melancholy
+notion that the world is growing worse, and in putting to silence the
+cant of blind, unreasoning conservatism.
+
+In 1685 the entire population of England our author estimates at from
+five millions to five millions five hundred thousand.  Of the eight
+hundred thousand families at that period, one half had animal food twice
+a week.  The other half ate it not at all, or at most not oftener than
+once a week.  Wheaten, loaves were only seen at the tables of the
+comparatively wealthy.  Rye, barley, and oats were the food of the vast
+majority.  The average wages of workingmen was at least one half less
+than is paid in England for the same service at the present day.  One
+fifth of the people were paupers, or recipients of parish relief.
+Clothing and bedding were scarce and dear.  Education was almost unknown
+to the vast majority.  The houses and shops were not numbered in the
+cities, for porters, coachmen, and errand-runners could not read.  The
+shopkeeper distinguished his place of business by painted signs and
+graven images.  Oxford and Cambridge Universities were little better than
+modern grammar and Latin school in a provincial village.  The country
+magistrate used on the bench language too coarse, brutal, and vulgar for
+a modern tap-room.  Fine gentlemen in London vied with each other in the
+lowest ribaldry and the grossest profanity.  The poets of the time, from
+Dryden to Durfey, ministered to the popular licentiousness.  The most
+shameless indecency polluted their pages.  The theatre and the brothel
+were in strict unison.  The Church winked at the vice which opposed
+itself to the austere morality or hypocrisy of Puritanism.  The superior
+clergy, with a few noble exceptions, were self-seekers and courtiers; the
+inferior were idle, ignorant hangerson upon blaspheming squires and
+knights of the shire.  The domestic chaplain, of all men living, held the
+most unenviable position.  "If he was permitted to dine with the family,
+he was expected to content himself with the plainest fare.  He might fill
+himself with the corned beef and carrots; but as soon as the tarts and
+cheese-cakes made their appearance he quitted his seat, and stood aloof
+till he was summoned to return thanks for the repast, from a great part
+of which he had been excluded."
+
+Beyond the Trent the country seems at this period to have been in a state
+of barbarism.  The parishes kept bloodhounds for the purpose of hunting
+freebooters.  The farm-houses were fortified and guarded.  So dangerous
+was the country that persons about travelling thither made their wills.
+Judges and lawyers only ventured therein, escorted by a strong guard of
+armed men.
+
+The natural resources of the island were undeveloped.  The tin mines of
+Cornwall, which two thousand years before attracted the ships of the
+merchant princes of Tyre beyond the Pillars of Hercules, were indeed
+worked to a considerable extent; but the copper mines, which now yield
+annually fifteen thousand tons, were entirely neglected.  Rock salt was
+known to exist, but was not used to any considerable extent; and only a
+partial supply of salt by evaporation was obtained.  The coal and iron of
+England are at this time the stable foundations of her industrial and
+commercial greatness.  But in 1685 the great part of the iron used was
+imported.  Only about ten thousand tons were annually cast.  Now eight
+hundred thousand is the average annual production.  Equally great has
+been the increase in coal mining.  "Coal," says Macaulay, "though very
+little used in any species of manufacture, was already the ordinary fuel
+in some districts which were fortunate enough to possess large beds, and
+in the capital, which could easily be supplied by water carriage.  It
+seems reasonable to believe that at least one half of the quantity then
+extracted from the pits was consumed in London.  The, consumption of
+London seemed to the writers of that age enormous, and was often
+mentioned by them as a proof of the greatness of the imperial city.  They
+scarcely hoped to be believed when they affirmed that two hundred and
+eighty thousand chaldrons--that is to say, about three hundred and fifty
+thousand tons-were, in the last year of the reign of Charles II., brought
+to the Thames.  At present near three millions and a half of tons are
+required yearly by the metropolis; and the whole annual produce cannot,
+on the most moderate computation, be estimated at less than twenty
+millions of tons."
+
+After thus passing in survey the England of our ancestors five or six
+generations back, the author closes his chapter with some eloquent
+remarks upon the progress of society.  Contrasting the hardness and
+coarseness of the age of which he treats with the softer and more humane
+features of our own, he says: "Nowhere could be found that sensitive and
+restless compassion which has in our time extended powerful protection to
+the factory child, the Hindoo widow, to the negro slave; which pries into
+the stores and water-casks of every emigrant ship; which winces at every
+lash laid on the back of a drunken soldier; which will not suffer the
+thief in the hulks to be ill fed or overworked; and which has repeatedly
+endeavored to save the life even of the murderer.  The more we study the
+annals of the past, the more shall we rejoice that we live in a merciful
+age, in an age in which cruelty is abhorred, and in which pain, even when
+deserved, is inflicted reluctantly and from a sense of duty.  Every
+class, doubtless, has gained largely by this great moral change; but the
+class which has gained most is the poorest, the most dependent, and the
+most defenceless."
+
+The history itself properly commences at the close of this chapter.
+Opening with the deathscene of the dissolute Charles II., it presents a
+series of brilliant pictures of the events succeeding: The miserable fate
+of Oates and Dangerfield, the perjured inventors of the Popish Plot; the
+trial of Baxter by the infamous Jeffreys; the ill-starred attempt of the
+Duke of Monmouth; the battle of Sedgemoor, and the dreadful atrocities of
+the king's soldiers, and the horrible perversion of justice by the king's
+chief judge in the "Bloody Assizes;" the barbarous hunting of the Scotch
+Dissenters by Claverbouse; the melancholy fate of the brave and noble
+Duke of Argyle,--are described with graphic power unknown to Smollett or
+Hume.  Personal portraits are sketched with a bold freedom which at times
+startles us.  The "old familiar faces," as we have seen them through the
+dust of a century and a half, start before us with lifelike distinctness
+of outline and coloring.  Some of them disappoint us; like the ghost of
+Hamlet's father, they come in a "questionable shape."  Thus, for
+instance, in his sketch of William Penn, the historian takes issue with
+the world on his character, and labors through many pages of disingenuous
+innuendoes and distortion of facts to transform the saint of history into
+a pliant courtier.
+
+The second volume details the follies and misfortunes, the decline and
+fall, of the last of the Stuarts.  All the art of the author's splendid
+rhetoric is employed in awakening, by turns, the indignation and contempt
+of the reader in contemplating the character of the wrong-headed king.
+In portraying that character, he has brought into exercise all those
+powers of invective and merciless ridicule which give such a savage
+relish to his delineation of Barrere.  To preserve the consistency of
+this character, he denies the king any credit for whatever was really
+beneficent and praiseworthy in his government.  He holds up the royal
+delinquent in only two lights: the one representing him as a tyrant
+towards his people; the other as the abject slave of foreign priests,--
+a man at once hateful and ludicrous, of whom it is difficult to speak
+without an execration or a sneer.
+
+The events which preceded the revolution of 1688; the undisguised
+adherence of the king to the Church of Rome; the partial toleration of
+the despised Quakers and Anabaptists; the gradual relaxation of the
+severity of the penal laws against Papists and Dissenters, preparing the
+way for the royal proclamation of entire liberty of conscience throughout
+the British realm, allowing the crop-eared Puritan and the Papist priest
+to build conventicles and mass houses under the very eaves of the palaces
+of Oxford and Canterbury; the mining and countermining of Jesuits and
+prelates, are detailed with impartial minuteness.  The secret springs of
+the great movements of the time are laid bare; the mean and paltry
+instrumentalities are seen at work in the under world of corruption,
+prejudice, and falsehood.  No one, save a blind, unreasoning partisan of
+Catholicism or Episcopacy, can contemplate this chapter in English
+history without a feeling of disgust.  However it may have been overruled
+for good by that Providence which takes the wise in their own craftiness,
+the revolution of 1688, in itself considered, affords just as little
+cause for self-congratulation on the part of Protestants as the
+substitution of the supremacy of the crowned Bluebeard, Henry VIII., for
+that of the Pope, in the English Church.  It had little in common with
+the revolution of 1642.  The field of its action was the closet of
+selfish intrigue,--the stalls of discontented prelates,--the chambers of
+the wanton and adulteress,--the confessional of a weak prince, whose
+mind, originally narrow, had been cramped closer still by the strait-
+jacket of religious bigotry and superstition.  The age of nobility and
+heroism had well-nigh passed away.  The pious fervor, the self-denial,
+and the strict morality of the Puritanism of the days of Cromwell, and
+the blunt honesty and chivalrous loyalty of the Cavaliers, had both
+measurably given place to the corrupting influences of the licentious and
+infidel court of Charles II.; and to the arrogance, intolerance, and
+shameless self-seeking of a prelacy which, in its day of triumph and
+revenge, had more than justified the terrible denunciations and scathing
+gibes of Milton.
+
+Both Catholic and Protestant writers have misrepresented James II.  He
+deserves neither the execrations of the one nor the eulogies of the
+other.  The candid historian must admit that he was, after all, a better
+man than his brother Charles II.  He was a sincere and bigoted Catholic,
+and was undoubtedly honest in the declaration, which he made in that
+unlucky letter which Burnet ferreted out on the Continent, that he was
+prepared to make large steps to build up the Catholic Church in England,
+and, if necessary, to become a martyr in her cause.  He was proud,
+austere, and self-willed.  In the treatment of his enemies he partook of
+the cruel temper of his time.  He was at once ascetic and sensual,
+alternating between the hair-shirt of penance and the embraces of
+Catharine Sedley.  His situation was one of the most difficult and
+embarrassing which can be conceived of.  He was at once a bigoted Papist
+and a Protestant pope.  He hated the French domination to which his
+brother had submitted; yet his pride as sovereign was subordinated to his
+allegiance to Rome and a superstitious veneration for the wily priests
+with which Louis XIV. surrounded him.  As the head of Anglican heretics,
+he was compelled to submit to conditions galling alike to the sovereign
+and the man.  He found, on his accession, the terrible penal laws against
+the Papists in full force; the hangman's knife was yet warm with its
+ghastly butcher-work of quartering and disembowelling suspected Jesuits
+and victims of the lie of Titus Oates; the Tower of London had scarcely
+ceased to echo the groans of Catholic confessors stretched on the rack by
+Protestant inquisitors.  He was torn by conflicting interests and
+spiritual and political contradictions.  The prelates of the Established
+Church must share the responsibility of many of the worst acts of the
+early part of his reign.  Oxford sent up its lawned deputations to mingle
+the voice of adulation with the groans of tortured Covenanters, and
+fawning ecclesiastics burned the incense of irreverent flattery under the
+nostrils of the Lord's anointed, while the blessed air of England was
+tainted by the carcasses of the ill-fated followers of Monmouth, rotting
+on a thousand gibbets.  While Jeffreys was threatening Baxter and his
+Presbyterian friends with the pillory and whipping-post; while Quakers
+and Baptists were only spared from extermination as game preserves for
+the sport of clerical hunters; while the prisons were thronged with the
+heads of some fifteen thousand beggared families, and Dissenters of every
+name and degree were chased from one hiding-place to another, like David
+among the cliffs of Ziph and the rocks of the wild goats,--the
+thanksgivings and congratulations of prelacy arose in an unbroken strain
+of laudation from all the episcopal palaces of England.  What mattered it
+to men, in whose hearts, to use the language of John Milton, "the sour
+leaven of human traditions, mixed with the poisonous dregs of hypocrisy,
+lay basking in the sunny warmth of wealth and promotion, hatching
+Antichrist," that the privileges of Englishmen and the rights secured by
+the great charter were violated and trodden under foot, so long as
+usurpation enured to their own benefit?  But when King James issued his
+Declaration of Indulgence, and stretched his prerogative on the side of
+tolerance and charity, the zeal of the prelates for preserving the
+integrity of the British constitution and the limiting of the royal power
+flamed up into rebellion.  They forswore themselves without scruple: the
+disciples of Laud, the asserters of kingly infallibility and divine
+right, talked of usurped power and English rights in the strain of the
+very schismatics whom they had persecuted to the death.  There is no
+reason to believe that James supposed that, in issuing his declaration
+suspending the penal laws, he had transcended the rightful prerogative of
+his throne.  The power which he exercised had been used by his
+predecessors for far less worthy purposes, and with the approbation of
+many of the very men who now opposed him.  His ostensible object,
+expressed in language which even those who condemn his policy cannot but
+admire, was a laudable and noble one.  "We trust," said he, "that it will
+not be vain that we have resolved to use our utmost endeavors to
+establish liberty of conscience on such just and equal foundations as
+will render it unalterable, and secure to all people the free exercise of
+their religion, by which future ages may reap the benefit of what is so
+undoubtedly the general good of the whole kingdom."  Whatever may have
+been the motive of this declaration,--even admitting the suspicions of
+his enemies to have been true, that he advocated universal toleration as
+the only means of restoring Roman Catholics to all the rights and
+privileges of which the penal laws deprived them,--it would seem that
+there could have been no very serious objection on the part of real
+friends of religious toleration to the taking of him at his word and
+placing Englishmen of every sect on an equality before the law.  The
+Catholics were in a very small minority, scarcely at that time as
+numerous as the Quakers and Anabaptists.  The army, the navy, and nine
+tenths of the people of England were Protestants.  Real danger,
+therefore, from a simple act of justice towards their Catholic fellow-
+citizens, the people of England had no ground for apprehending.  But the
+great truth, which is even now but imperfectly recognized throughout
+Christendom, that religious opinions rest between man and his Maker, and
+not between man and the magistrate, and that the domain of conscience is
+sacred, was almost unknown to the statesmen and schoolmen of the
+seventeenth century.  Milton--ultra liberal as he was--excepted the
+Catholics from his plan of toleration.  Locke, yielding to the prejudices
+of the time, took the same ground.  The enlightened latitudinarian
+ministers of the Established Church--men whose talents and Christian
+charity redeem in some measure the character of that Church in the day of
+its greatest power and basest apostasy--stopped short of universal
+toleration.  The Presbyterians excluded Quakers, Baptists, and Papists
+from the pale of their charity.  With the single exception of the sect of
+which William Penn was a conspicuous member, the idea of complete and
+impartial toleration was novel and unwelcome to all sects and classes of
+the English people.  Hence it was that the very men whose liberties and
+estates had been secured by the declaration, and who were thereby
+permitted to hold their meetings in peace and quietness, used their newly
+acquired freedom in denouncing the king, because the same key which had
+opened their prison doors had also liberated the Papists and the Quakers.
+Baxter's severe and painful spirit could not rejoice in an act which had,
+indeed, restored him to personal freedom, but which had, in his view,
+also offended Heaven, and strengthened the powers of Antichrist by
+extending the same favor to Jesuits and Ranters.  Bunyan disliked the
+Quakers next to the Papists; and it greatly lessened his satisfaction at
+his release from Bedford jail that it had been brought about by the
+influence of the former at the court of a Catholic prince.  Dissenters
+forgot the wrongs and persecutions which they had experienced at the
+hands of the prelacy, and joined the bishops in opposition to the
+declaration.  They almost magnified into Christian confessors the
+prelates who remonstrated against the indulgence, and actually plotted
+against the king for restoring them to liberty of person and conscience.
+The nightmare fear of Popery overcame their love of religious liberty;
+and they meekly offered their necks to the yoke of prelacy as the only
+security against the heavier one of Papist supremacy.  In a far different
+manner the cleareyed and plain-spoken John Milton met the claims and
+demands of the hierarchy in his time.  "They entreat us," said he, "that
+we be not weary of the insupportable grievances that our shoulders have
+hitherto cracked under; they beseech us that we think them fit to be our
+justices of peace, our lords, our highest officers of state.  They pray
+us that it would please us to let them still haul us and wrong us with
+their bandogs and pursuivants; and that it would please the Parliament
+that they may yet have the whipping, fleecing, and flaying of us in their
+diabolical courts, to tear the flesh from our bones, and into our wide
+wounds, instead of balm, to pour in the oil of tartar, vitriol, and
+mercury.  Surely a right, reasonable, innocent, and soft-hearted
+petition!  O the relenting bowels of the fathers!"
+
+Considering the prominent part acted by William Penn in the reign of
+James II., and his active and influential support of the obnoxious
+declaration which precipitated the revolution of 1688, it could hardly
+have been otherwise than that his character should suffer from the
+unworthy suspicions and prejudices of his contemporaries.  His views of
+religious toleration were too far in advance of the age to be received
+with favor.  They were of necessity misunderstood and misrepresented.
+All his life he had been urging them with the earnestness of one whose
+convictions were the result, not so much of human reason as of what he
+regarded as divine illumination.  What the council of James yielded upon
+grounds of state policy he defended on those of religious obligation.
+He had suffered in person and estate for the exercise of his religion.
+He had travelled over Holland and Germany, pleading with those in
+authority for universal toleration and charity.  On a sudden, on the
+accession of James, the friend of himself and his family, he found
+himself the most influential untitled citizen in the British realm.
+He had free access to the royal ear.  Asking nothing for himself or his
+relatives, he demanded only that the good people of England should be no
+longer despoiled of liberty and estate for their religious opinions.
+James, as a Catholic, had in some sort a common interest with his
+dissenting subjects, and the declaration was for their common relief.
+Penn, conscious of the rectitude of his own motives and thoroughly
+convinced of the Christian duty of toleration, welcomed that declaration
+as the precursor of the golden age of liberty and love and good-will to
+men.  He was not the man to distrust the motives of an act so fully in
+accordance with his lifelong aspirations and prayers.  He was charitable
+to a fault: his faith in his fellow-men was often stronger than a clearer
+insight of their characters would have justified.  He saw the errors of
+the king, and deplored them; he denounced Jeffreys as a butcher who had
+been let loose by the priests; and pitied the king, who was, he thought,
+swayed by evil counsels.  He remonstrated against the interference of the
+king with Magdalen College; and reproved and rebuked the hopes and aims
+of the more zealous and hot-headed Catholics, advising them to be content
+with simple toleration.  But the constitution of his mind fitted him
+rather for the commendation of the good than the denunciation of the bad.
+He had little in common with the bold and austere spirit of the Puritan
+reformers.  He disliked their violence and harshness; while, on the other
+hand, he was attracted and pleased by the gentle disposition and mild
+counsels of Locke, and Tillotson, and the latitudinarians of the English
+Church.  He was the intimate personal and political friend of Algernon
+Sydney; sympathized with his republican theories, and shared his
+abhorrence of tyranny, civil and ecclesiastical.  He found in him a man
+after his own heart,--genial, generous, and loving; faithful to duty and
+the instincts of humanity; a true Christian gentleman.  His sense of
+gratitude was strong, and his personal friendships sometimes clouded his
+judgment.  In giving his support to the measures of James in behalf of
+liberty of conscience, it must be admitted that he acted in consistency
+with his principles and professions.  To have taken ground against them,
+he must have given the lie to his declarations from his youth upward.  He
+could not disown and deny his own favorite doctrine because it came from
+the lips of a Catholic king and his Jesuit advisers; and in thus rising
+above the prejudices of his time, and appealing to the reason and
+humanity of the people of England in favor of a cordial indorsement on
+the part of Parliament of the principles of the declaration, he believed
+that he was subserving the best interests of his beloved country and
+fulfilling the solemn obligations of religious duty.  The downfall of
+James exposed Penn to peril and obloquy.  Perjured informers endeavored
+to swear away his life; and, although nothing could be proved against him
+beyond the fact that he had steadily supported the great measure of
+toleration, he was compelled to live secluded in his private lodgings in
+London for two or three years, with a proclamation for his arrest hanging
+over his head.  At length, the principal informer against him having been
+found guilty of perjury, the government warrant was withdrawn; and Lords
+Sidney, Rochester, and Somers, and the Duke of Buckingham, publicly bore
+testimony that nothing had been urged against him save by impostors, and
+that "they had known him, some of them, for thirty years, and had never
+known him to do an ill thing, but many good offices."  It is a matter of
+regret that one professing to hold the impartial pen of history should
+have given the sanction of his authority to the slanderous and false
+imputations of such a man as Burnet, who has never been regarded as an
+authentic chronicler.  The pantheon of history should not be lightly
+disturbed.  A good man's character is the world's common legacy; and
+humanity is not so rich in models of purity and goodness as to be able to
+sacrifice such a reputation as that of William Penn to the point of an
+antithesis or the effect of a paradox.
+
+     Gilbert Burnet, in liberality as a politician and tolerance as a
+     Churchman, was far in advance of his order and time.  It is true
+     that he shut out the Catholics from the pale of his charity and
+     barely tolerated the Dissenters.  The idea of entire religious
+     liberty and equality shocked even his moderate degree of
+     sensitiveness.  He met Penn at the court of the Prince of Orange,
+     and, after a long and fruitless effort to convince the Dissenter
+     that the penal laws against the Catholics should be enforced, and
+     allegiance to the Established Church continue the condition of
+     qualification for offices of trust and honor, and that he and his
+     friends should rest contented with simple toleration, he became
+     irritated by the inflexible adherence of Penn to the principle of
+     entire religious freedom.  One of the most worthy sons of the
+     Episcopal Church, Thomas Clarkson, alluding to this discussion, says
+     "Burnet never mentioned him (Penn) afterwards but coldly or
+     sneeringly, or in a way to lower him in the estimation of the
+     reader, whenever he had occasion to speak of him in his History of
+     his Own Times."
+
+     He was a man of strong prejudices; he lived in the midst of
+     revolutions, plots, and intrigues; he saw much of the worst side of
+     human nature; and he candidly admits, in the preface to his great
+     work, that he was inclined to think generally the worst of men and
+     parties, and that the reader should make allowance for this
+     inclination, although he had honestly tried to give the truth.  Dr.
+     King, of Oxford, in his Anecdotes of his Own Times, p. 185, says:
+     "I knew Burnet: he was a furious party-man, and easily imposed upon
+     by any lying spirit of his faction; but he was a better pastor than
+     any man who is now seated on the bishops' bench."  The Tory writers
+     --Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, and others--have undoubtedly exaggerated
+     the defects of Burnet's narrative; while, on the other hand, his
+     Whig commentators have excused them on the ground of his avowed and
+     fierce partisanship.  Dr. Johnson, in his blunt way, says: "I do not
+     believe Burnet intentionally lied; but he was so much prejudiced
+     that he took no pains to find out the truth."  On the contrary, Sir
+     James Mackintosh, in the Edinburgh Review, speaks of the Bishop as
+     an honest writer, seldom substantially erroneous, though often
+     inaccurate in points of detail; and Macaulay, who has quite too
+     closely followed him in his history, defends him as at least quite
+     as accurate as his contemporary writers, and says that, "in his
+     moral character, as in his intellectual, great blemishes were more
+     than compensated by great excellences."
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BORDER WAR OF 1708.
+
+The picturesque site of the now large village of Haverhill, on the
+Merrimac River, was occupied a century and a half ago by some thirty
+dwellings, scattered at unequal distances along the two principal roads,
+one of which, running parallel with the river, intersected the other,
+which ascended the hill northwardly and lost itself in the dark woods.
+The log huts of the first settlers had at that time given place to
+comparatively spacious and commodious habitations, framed and covered
+with sawed boards, and cloven clapboards, or shingles.  They were, many
+of them, two stories in front, with the roof sloping off behind to a
+single one; the windows few and small, and frequently so fitted as to be
+opened with difficulty, and affording but a scanty supply of light and
+air.  Two or three of the best constructed were occupied as garrisons,
+where, in addition to the family, small companies of soldiers were
+quartered.  On the high grounds rising from the river stood the mansions
+of the well-defined aristocracy of the little settlement,--larger and
+more imposing, with projecting upper stories and carved cornices.  On the
+front of one of these, over the elaborately wrought entablature of the
+doorway, might be seen the armorial bearings of the honored family of
+Saltonstall.  Its hospitable door was now closed; no guests filled its
+spacious hall or partook of the rich delicacies of its ample larder.
+Death had been there; its venerable and respected occupant had just been
+borne by his peers in rank and station to the neighboring graveyard.
+Learned, affable, intrepid, a sturdy asserter of the rights and liberties
+of the Province, and so far in advance of his time as to refuse to yield
+to the terrible witchcraft delusion, vacating his seat on the bench and
+openly expressing his disapprobation of the violent and sanguinary
+proceedings of the court, wise in council and prompt in action,--not his
+own townsmen alone, but the people of the entire Province, had reason to
+mourn the loss of Nathaniel Saltonstall.
+
+Four years before the events of which we are about to speak, the Indian
+allies of the French in Canada suddenly made their appearance in the
+westerly part of the settlement.  At the close of a midwinter day six
+savages rushed into the open gate of a garrison-house owned by one
+Bradley, who appears to have been absent at the time.  A sentinel,
+stationed in the house, discharged his musket, killing the foremost
+Indian, and was himself instantly shot down.  The mistress of the house,
+a spirited young woman, was making soap in a large kettle over the fire.
+--She seized her ladle and dashed the boiling liquid in the faces of the
+assailants, scalding one of them severely, and was only captured after
+such a resistance as can scarcely be conceived of by the delicately
+framed and tenderly nurtured occupants of the places of our great-
+grandmothers.  After plundering the house, the Indians started on their
+long winter march for Canada.  Tradition says that some thirteen persons,
+probably women and children, were killed outright at the garrison.
+Goodwife Bradley and four others were spared as prisoners.  The ground
+was covered with deep snow, and the captives were compelled to carry
+heavy burdens of their plundered household-stuffs; while for many days in
+succession they had no other sustenance than bits of hide, ground-nuts,
+the bark of trees, and the roots of wild onions, and lilies.  In this
+situation, in the cold, wintry forest, and unattended, the unhappy young
+woman gave birth to a child.  Its cries irritated the savages, who
+cruelly treated it and threatened its life.  To the entreaties of the
+mother they replied, that they would spare it on the condition that it
+should be baptized after their fashion.  She gave the little innocent
+into their hands, when with mock solemnity they made the sign of the
+cross upon its forehead, by gashing it with their knives, and afterwards
+barbarously put it to death before the eyes of its mother, seeming to
+regard the whole matter as an excellent piece of sport.  Nothing so
+strongly excited the risibilities of these grim barbarians as the tears
+and cries of their victims, extorted by physical or mental agony.
+Capricious alike in their cruelties and their kindnesses, they treated
+some of their captives with forbearance and consideration and tormented
+others apparently without cause.  One man, on his way to Canada, was
+killed because they did not like his looks, "he was so sour;" another,
+because he was "old and good for nothing."  One of their own number, who
+was suffering greatly from the effects of the scalding soap, was derided
+and mocked as a "fool who had let a squaw whip him;" while on the other
+hand the energy and spirit manifested by Goodwife Bradley in her defence
+was a constant theme of admiration, and gained her so much respect among
+her captors as to protect her from personal injury or insult.  On her
+arrival in Canada she was sold to a French farmer, by whom she was kindly
+treated.
+
+In the mean time her husband made every exertion in his power to
+ascertain her fate, and early in the next year learned that she was a
+slave in Canada.  He immediately set off through the wilderness on foot,
+accompanied only by his dog, who drew a small sled, upon which he carried
+some provisions for his sustenance, and a bag of snuff, which the
+Governor of the Province gave him as a present to the Governor of Canada.
+After encountering almost incredible hardships and dangers with a
+perseverance which shows how well he appreciated the good qualities of
+his stolen helpmate, he reached Montreal and betook himself to the
+Governor's residence.  Travel-worn, ragged, and wasted with cold and
+hunger, he was ushered into the presence of M. Vaudreuil.  The courtly
+Frenchman civilly received the gift of the bag of snuff, listened to the
+poor fellow's story, and put him in a way to redeem his wife without
+difficulty.  The joy of the latter on seeing her husband in the strange
+land of her captivity may well be imagined.  They returned by water,
+landing at Boston early in the summer.
+
+There is a tradition that this was not the goodwife's first experience of
+Indian captivity.  The late Dr. Abiel Abbott, in his manuscript of Judith
+Whiting's _Recollections of the Indian Wars_, states that she had
+previously been a prisoner, probably before her marriage.  After her
+return she lived quietly at the garrison-house until the summer of the
+next year.  One bright moonlit-night a party of Indians were seen
+silently and cautiously approaching.  The only occupants of the garrison
+at that time were Bradley, his wife and children, and a servant.  The
+three adults armed themselves with muskets, and prepared to defend
+themselves.  Goodwife Bradley, supposing the Indians had come with the
+intention of again capturing her, encouraged her husband to fight to the
+last, declaring that she had rather die on her own hearth than fall into
+their hands.  The Indians rushed upon the garrison, and assailed the
+thick oaken door, which they forced partly open, when a well-aimed shot
+from Goodwife Bradley laid the foremost dead on the threshold.  The loss
+of their leader so disheartened them that they made a hasty retreat.
+
+The year 1707 passed away without any attack upon the exposed frontier
+settlement.  A feeling of comparative security succeeded to the almost
+sleepless anxiety and terror of the inhabitants; and they were beginning
+to congratulate each other upon the termination of their long and bitter
+trials.  But the end was not yet.
+
+Early in the spring of 1708, the principal tribes of Indians in alliance
+with the French held a great council, and agreed to furnish three hundred
+warriors for an expedition to the English frontier.
+
+They were joined by one hundred French Canadians and several volunteers,
+consisting of officers of the French army, and younger sons of the
+nobility, adventurous and unscrupulous.  The Sieur de Chaillons, and
+Hertel de Rouville, distinguished as a partisan in former expeditions,
+cruel and unsparing as his Indian allies, commanded the French troops;
+the Indians, marshalled under their several chiefs, obeyed the general
+orders of La Perriere.  A Catholic priest accompanied them.  De Ronville,
+with the French troops and a portion of the Indians, took the route by
+the River St. Francois about the middle of summer.  La Perriere, with the
+French Mohawks, crossed Lake Champlain.  The place of rendezvous was Lake
+Nickisipigue.  On the way a Huron accidentally killed one of his
+companions; whereupon the tribe insisted on halting and holding a
+council.  It was gravely decided that this accident was an evil omen, and
+that the expedition would prove disastrous; and, in spite of the
+endeavors of the French officers, the whole band deserted.  Next the
+Mohawks became dissatisfied, and refused to proceed.  To the entreaties
+and promises of their French allies they replied that an infectious
+disease had broken out among them, and that, if they remained, it would
+spread through the whole army.  The French partisans were not deceived by
+a falsehood so transparent; but they were in no condition to enforce
+obedience; and, with bitter execrations and reproaches, they saw the
+Mohawks turn back on their warpath.  The diminished army pressed on to
+Nickisipigue, in the expectation of meeting, agreeably to their promise,
+the Norridgewock and Penobscot Indians.  They found the place deserted,
+and, after waiting for some days, were forced to the conclusion that the
+Eastern tribes had broken their pledge of cooperation.  Under these
+circumstances a council was held; and the original design of the
+expedition, namely, the destruction of the whole line of frontier towns,
+beginning with Portsmouth, was abandoned.  They had still a sufficient
+force for the surprise of a single settlement; and Haverhill, on the
+Merrimac, was selected for conquest.
+
+In the mean time, intelligence of the expedition, greatly exaggerated in
+point of numbers and object, had reached Boston, and Governor Dudley had
+despatched troops to the more exposed out posts of the Provinces of
+Massachusetts and New Hampshire.  Forty men, under the command of Major
+Turner and Captains Price and Gardner, were stationed at Haverhill in the
+different garrison-houses.  At first a good degree of vigilance was
+manifested; but, as days and weeks passed without any alarm, the
+inhabitants relapsed into their old habits; and some even began to
+believe that the rumored descent of the Indians was only a pretext for
+quartering upon them two-score of lazy, rollicking soldiers, who
+certainly seemed more expert in making love to their daughters, and
+drinking their best ale and cider, than in patrolling the woods or
+putting the garrisons into a defensible state.  The grain and hay harvest
+ended without disturbance; the men worked in their fields, and the women
+pursued their household avocations, without any very serious apprehension
+of danger.
+
+Among the inhabitants of the village was an eccentric, ne'er-do-well
+fellow, named Keezar, who led a wandering, unsettled life, oscillating,
+like a crazy pendulum, between Haverhill and Amesbury.  He had a
+smattering of a variety of trades, was a famous wrestler, and for a mug
+of ale would leap over an ox-cart with the unspilled beverage in his
+hand.  On one occasion, when at supper, his wife complained that she had
+no tin dishes; and, as there were none to be obtained nearer than Boston,
+he started on foot in the evening, travelled through the woods to the
+city, and returned with his ware by sunrise the next morning, passing
+over a distance of between sixty and seventy miles.  The tradition of his
+strange habits, feats of strength, and wicked practical jokes is still
+common in his native town.  On the morning of the 29th of the eighth
+month he was engaged in taking home his horse, which, according to his
+custom, he had turned into his neighbor's rich clover field the evening
+previous.  By the gray light of dawn he saw a long file of men marching
+silently towards the town.  He hurried back to the village and gave the
+alarm by firing a gun.  Previous to this, however, a young man belonging
+to a neighboring town, who had been spending the night with a young woman
+of the village, had met the advance of the war-party, and, turning back
+in extreme terror and confusion, thought only of the safety of his
+betrothed, and passed silently through a considerable part of the village
+to her dwelling.  After he had effectually concealed her he ran out to
+give the alarm.  But it was too late.  Keezar's gun was answered by the
+terrific yells, whistling, and whooping of the Indians.  House after
+house was assailed and captured.  Men, women, and children were
+massacred.  The minister of the town was killed by a shot through his
+door.  Two of his children were saved by the courage and sagacity of his
+negro slave Hagar.  She carried them into the cellar and covered them
+with tubs, and then crouched behind a barrel of meat just in time to
+escape the vigilant eyes of the enemy, who entered the cellar and
+plundered it.  She saw them pass and repass the tubs under which the
+children lay and take meat from the very barrel which concealed herself.
+Three soldiers were quartered in the house; but they made no defence, and
+were killed while begging for quarter.
+
+The wife of Thomas Hartshorne, after her husband and three sons had
+fallen, took her younger children into the cellar, leaving an infant on a
+bed in the garret, fearful that its cries would betray her place of
+concealment if she took it with her.  The Indians entered the garret and
+tossed the child out of the window upon a pile of clapboards, where it
+was afterwards found stunned and insensible.  It recovered, nevertheless,
+and became a man of remarkable strength and stature; and it used to be a
+standing joke with his friends that he had been stinted by the Indians
+when they threw him out of the window.  Goodwife Swan, armed with a long
+spit, successfully defended her door against two Indians.  While the
+massacre went on, the priest who accompanied the expedition, with some of
+the French officers, went into the meeting-house, the walls of which were
+afterwards found written over with chalk.  At sunrise, Major Turner, with
+a portion of his soldiers, entered the village; and the enemy made a
+rapid retreat, carrying with them seventeen, prisoners.  They were
+pursued and overtaken just as they were entering the woods; and a severe
+skirmish took place, in which the rescue of some of the prisoners was
+effected.  Thirty of the enemy were left dead on the field, including the
+infamous Hertel de Rouville.  On the part of the villagers, Captains Ayer
+and Wainwright and Lieutenant Johnson, with thirteen others, were killed.
+The intense heat of the weather made it necessary to bury the dead on the
+same day.  They were laid side by side in a long trench in the burial-
+ground.  The body of the venerated and lamented minister, with those of
+his wife and child, sleep in another part of the burial-ground, where may
+still be seen a rude monument with its almost llegible inscription:--
+
+"_Clauditur hoc tumulo corpus Reverendi pii doctique viri D. Benjamin
+Rolfe, ecclesiae Christi quae est in Haverhill pastoris fidelissimi; qui
+domi suae ab hostibus barbare trucidatus.  A laboribus suis requievit
+mane diei sacrae quietis, Aug. XXIX, anno Dom. MDCCVIII.  AEtatis suae
+XLVI_."
+
+Of the prisoners taken, some escaped during the skirmish, and two or
+three were sent back by the French officers, with a message to the
+English soldiers, that, if they pursued the party on their retreat to
+Canada, the other prisoners should be put to death.  One of them, a
+soldier stationed in Captain Wainwright's garrison, on his return four
+years after, published an account of his captivity.  He was compelled to
+carry a heavy pack, and was led by an Indian by a cord round his neck.
+The whole party suffered terribly from hunger.  On reaching Canada the
+Indians shaved one side of his head, and greased the other, and painted
+his face.  At a fort nine miles from Montreal a council was held in order
+to decide his fate; and he had the unenviable privilege of listening to a
+protracted discussion upon the expediency of burning him.  The fire was
+already kindled, and the poor fellow was preparing to meet his doom with
+firmness, when it was announced to him that his life was spared.  This
+result of the council by no means satisfied the women and boys, who had
+anticipated rare sport in the roasting of a white man and a heretic.  One
+squaw assailed him with a knife and cut off one of his fingers; another
+beat him with a pole.  The Indians spent the night in dancing and
+singing, compelling their prisoner to go round the ring with them.  In
+the morning one of their orators made a long speech to him, and formally
+delivered him over to an old squaw, who took him to her wigwam and
+treated him kindly.  Two or three of the young women who were carried
+away captive married Frenchmen in Canada and never returned.  Instances
+of this kind were by no means rare during the Indian wars.  The simple
+manners, gayety, and social habits of the French colonists among whom the
+captives were dispersed seem to have been peculiarly fascinating to the
+daughters of the grave and severe Puritans.
+
+At the beginning of the present century, Judith Whiting was the solitary
+survivor of all who witnessed the inroad of the French and Indians in
+1708.  She was eight years of age at the time of the attack, and her
+memory of it to the last was distinct and vivid.  Upon her old brain,
+from whence a great portion of the records of the intervening years had
+been obliterated, that terrible picture, traced with fire and blood,
+retained its sharp outlines and baleful colors.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE GREAT IPSWICH FRIGHT.
+
+               "The Frere into the dark gazed forth;
+               The sounds went onward towards the north
+               The murmur of tongues, the tramp and tread
+               Of a mighty army to battle led."
+                                       BALLAD OF THE CID.
+
+
+
+Life's tragedy and comedy are never far apart.  The ludicrous and the
+sublime, the grotesque and the pathetic, jostle each other on the stage;
+the jester, with his cap and bells, struts alongside of the hero; the
+lord mayor's pageant loses itself in the mob around Punch and Judy; the
+pomp and circumstance of war become mirth-provoking in a militia muster;
+and the majesty of the law is ridiculous in the mock dignity of a
+justice's court.  The laughing philosopher of old looked on one side of
+life and his weeping contemporary on the other; but he who has an eye to
+both must often experience that contrariety of feeling which Sterne
+compares to "the contest in the moist eyelids of an April morning,
+whether to laugh or cry."
+
+The circumstance we are about to relate, may serve as an illustration of
+the way in which the woof of comedy interweaves with the warp of tragedy.
+It occurred in the early stages of the American Revolution, and is part
+and parcel of its history in the northeastern section of Massachusetts.
+
+About midway between Salem and the ancient town of Newburyport, the
+traveller on the Eastern Railroad sees on the right, between him and the
+sea, a tall church-spire, rising above a semicircle of brown roofs and
+venerable elms; to which a long scalloping range of hills, sweeping off
+to the seaside, forms a green background.  This is Ipswich, the ancient
+Agawam; one of those steady, conservative villages, of which a few are
+still left in New England, wherein a contemporary of Cotton Mather and
+Governor Endicott, were he permitted to revisit the scenes of his painful
+probation, would scarcely feel himself a stranger.  Law and Gospel,
+embodied in an orthodox steeple and a court-house, occupy the steep,
+rocky eminence in its midst; below runs the small river under its
+picturesque stone bridge; and beyond is the famous female seminary, where
+Andover theological students are wont to take unto themselves wives of
+the daughters of the Puritans.  An air of comfort and quiet broods over
+the whole town.  Yellow moss clings to the seaward sides of the roofs;
+one's eyes are not endangered by the intense glare of painted shingles
+and clapboards.  The smoke of hospitable kitchens curls up through the
+overshadowing elms from huge-throated chimneys, whose hearth-stones have
+been worn by the feet of many generations.  The tavern was once renowned
+throughout New England, and it is still a creditable hostelry.  During
+court time it is crowded with jocose lawyers, anxious clients, sleepy
+jurors, and miscellaneous hangers on; disinterested gentlemen, who have
+no particular business of their own in court, but who regularly attend
+its sessions, weighing evidence, deciding upon the merits of a lawyer's
+plea or a judge's charge, getting up extempore trials upon the piazza or
+in the bar-room of cases still involved in the glorious uncertainty of
+the law in the court-house, proffering gratuitous legal advice to
+irascible plaintiffs and desponding defendants, and in various other ways
+seeing that the Commonwealth receives no detriment.  In the autumn old
+sportsmen make the tavern their headquarters while scouring the marshes
+for sea-birds; and slim young gentlemen from the city return thither with
+empty game-bags, as guiltless in respect to the snipes and wagtails as
+Winkle was in the matter of the rooks, after his shooting excursion at
+Dingle Dell.  Twice, nay, three times, a year, since third parties have
+been in fashion, the delegates of the political churches assemble in
+Ipswich to pass patriotic resolutions, and designate the candidates whom
+the good people of Essex County, with implicit faith in the wisdom of the
+selection, are expected to vote for.  For the rest there are pleasant
+walks and drives around the picturesque village.  The people are noted
+for their hospitality; in summer the sea-wind blows cool over its healthy
+hills, and, take it for all in all, there is not a better preserved or
+pleasanter specimen of a Puritan town remaining in the ancient
+Commonwealth.
+
+The 21st of April, 1775, witnessed an awful commotion in the little
+village of Ipswich.  Old men, and boys, (the middle-aged had marched to
+Lexington some days before) and all the women in the place who were not
+bedridden or sick, came rushing as with one accord to the green in front
+of the meeting-house.  A rumor, which no one attempted to trace or
+authenticate, spread from lip to lip that the British regulars had landed
+on the coast and were marching upon the town.  A scene of indescribable
+terror and confusion followed.  Defence was out of the question, as the
+young and able-bodied men of the entire region round about had marched to
+Cambridge and Lexington.  The news of the battle at the latter place,
+exaggerated in all its details, had been just received; terrible stories
+of the atrocities committed by the dreaded "regulars" had been related;
+and it was believed that nothing short of a general extermination of the
+patriots--men, women, and children--was contemplated by the British
+commander.--Almost simultaneously the people of Beverly, a village a few
+miles distant, were smitten with the same terror.  How the rumor was
+communicated no one could tell.  It was there believed that the enemy had
+fallen upon Ipswich, and massacred the inhabitants without regard to age
+or sex.
+
+It was about the middle of the afternoon of this day that the people of
+Newbury, ten miles farther north, assembled in an informal meeting, at
+the town-house to hear accounts from the Lexington fight, and to consider
+what action was necessary in consequence of that event.  Parson Carey was
+about opening the meeting with prayer when hurried hoof-beats sounded up
+the street, and a messenger, loose-haired and panting for breath, rushed
+up the staircase.  "Turn out, turn out, for God's sake," he cried, "or
+you will be all killed!  The regulars are marching onus; they are at
+Ipswich now, cutting and slashing all before them!"  Universal
+consternation was the immediate result of this fearful announcement;
+Parson Carey's prayer died on his lips; the congregation dispersed over
+the town, carrying to every house the tidings that the regulars had come.
+Men on horseback went galloping up and down the streets, shouting the
+alarm.  Women and children echoed it from every corner.  The panic became
+irresistible, uncontrollable.  Cries were heard that the dreaded invaders
+had reached Oldtown Bridge, a little distance from the village, and that
+they were killing all whom they encountered.  Flight was resolved upon.
+All the horses and vehicles in the town were put in requisition; men,
+women, and children hurried as for life towards the north.  Some threw
+their silver and pewter ware and other valuables into wells.  Large
+numbers crossed the Merrimac, and spent the night in the deserted houses
+of Salisbury, whose inhabitants, stricken by the strange terror, had fled
+into New Hampshire, to take up their lodgings in dwellings also abandoned
+by their owners.  A few individuals refused to fly with the multitude;
+some, unable to move by reason of sickness, were left behind by their
+relatives.  One old gentleman, whose excessive corpulence rendered
+retreat on his part impossible, made a virtue of necessity; and, seating
+himself in his doorway with his loaded king's arm, upbraided his more
+nimble neighbors, advising them to do as he did, and "stop and shoot the
+devils."  Many ludicrous instances of the intensity of the terror might
+be related.  One man got his family into a boat to go to Ram Island for
+safety.  He imagined he was pursued by the enemy through the dusk of the
+evening, and was annoyed by the crying of an infant in the after part of
+the boat.  "Do throw that squalling brat overboard," he called to his
+wife, "or we shall be all discovered and killed!"  A poor woman ran four
+or five miles up the river, and stopped to take breath and nurse her
+child, when she found to her great horror that she had brought off the
+cat instead of the baby!
+
+All through that memorable night the terror swept onward towards the
+north with a speed which seems almost miraculous, producing everywhere
+the same results.  At midnight a horseman, clad only in shirt and
+breeches, dashed by our grandfather's door, in Haverhill, twenty miles up
+the river.  "Turn out!  Get a musket!  Turn out!" he shouted; "the
+regulars are landing on Plum Island!"  "I'm glad of it," responded the
+old gentleman from his chamber window; "I wish they were all there, and
+obliged to stay there."  When it is understood that Plum Island is little
+more than a naked sand-ridge, the benevolence of this wish can be readily
+appreciated.
+
+All the boats on the river were constantly employed for several hours in
+conveying across the terrified fugitives.  Through "the dead waste and
+middle of the night" they fled over the border into New Hampshire.  Some
+feared to take the frequented roads, and wandered over wooded hills and
+through swamps where the snows of the late winter had scarcely melted.
+They heard the tramp and outcry of those behind them, and fancied that
+the sounds were made by pursuing enemies.  Fast as they fled, the terror,
+by some unaccountable means, outstripped them.  They found houses
+deserted and streets strewn with household stuffs, abandoned in the hurry
+of escape.  Towards morning, however, the tide partially turned.  Grown
+men began to feel ashamed of their fears.  The old Anglo-Saxon hardihood
+paused and looked the terror in its face.  Single or in small parties,
+armed with such weapons as they found at hand,--among which long poles,
+sharpened and charred at the end, were conspicuous,--they began to
+retrace their steps.  In the mean time such of the good people of Ipswich
+as were unable or unwilling to leave their homes became convinced that
+the terrible rumor which had nearly depopulated their settlement was
+unfounded.
+
+Among those who had there awaited the onslaught of the regulars was a
+young man from Exeter, New Hampshire.  Becoming satisfied that the whole
+matter was a delusion, he mounted his horse and followed after the
+retreating multitude, undeceiving all whom he overtook.  Late at night
+he reached Newburyport, greatly to the relief of its sleepless
+inhabitants, and hurried across the river, proclaiming as he rode the
+welcome tidings.  The sun rose upon haggard and jaded fugitives, worn
+with excitement and fatigue, slowly returning homeward, their
+satisfaction at the absence of danger somewhat moderated by an unpleasant
+consciousness of the ludicrous scenes of their premature night flitting.
+
+Any inference which might be drawn from the foregoing narrative
+derogatory to the character of the people of New England at that day, on
+the score of courage, would be essentially erroneous.  It is true, they
+were not the men to court danger or rashly throw away their lives for the
+mere glory of the sacrifice.  They had always a prudent and wholesome
+regard to their own comfort and safety; they justly looked upon sound
+heads and limbs as better than broken ones; life was to them too serious
+and important, and their hard-gained property too valuable, to be lightly
+hazarded.  They never attempted to cheat themselves by under-estimating
+the difficulty to be encountered, or shutting their eyes to its probable
+consequences.  Cautious, wary, schooled in the subtle strategy of Indian
+warfare, where self-preservation is by no means a secondary object, they
+had little in common with the reckless enthusiasm of their French allies,
+or the stolid indifference of the fighting machines of the British
+regular army.  When danger could no longer be avoided, they met it with
+firmness and iron endurance, but with a very vivid appreciation of its
+magnitude.  Indeed, it must be admitted by all who are familiar with the
+history of our fathers that the element of fear held an important place
+among their characteristics.  It exaggerated all the dangers of their
+earthly pilgrimage, and peopled the future with shapes of evil.  Their
+fear of Satan invested him with some of the attributes of Omnipotence,
+and almost reached the point of reverence.  The slightest shock of an
+earthquake filled all hearts with terror.  Stout men trembled by their
+hearths with dread of some paralytic old woman supposed to be a witch.
+And when they believed themselves called upon to grapple with these
+terrors and endure the afflictions of their allotment, they brought to
+the trial a capability of suffering undiminished by the chloroform of
+modern philosophy.  They were heroic in endurance.  Panics like the one
+we have described might bow and sway them like reeds in the wind; but
+they stood up like the oaks of their own forests beneath the thunder and
+the hail of actual calamity.
+
+It was certainly lucky for the good people of Essex County that no wicked
+wag of a Tory undertook to immortalize in rhyme their ridiculous hegira,
+as Judge Hopkinson did the famous Battle of the Kegs in Philadelphia.
+Like the more recent Madawaska war in Maine, the great Chepatchet
+demonstration in Rhode Island, and the "Sauk fuss" of Wisconsin, it
+remains to this day "unsyllabled, unsung;" and the fast-fading memory of
+age alone preserves the unwritten history of the great Ipswich fright.
+
+
+
+
+
+POPE NIGHT.
+
+               "Lay up the fagots neat and trim;
+               Pile 'em up higher;
+               Set 'em afire!
+               The Pope roasts us, and we 'll roast him!"
+                                     Old Song.
+
+The recent attempt of the Romish Church to reestablish its hierarchy in
+Great Britain, with the new cardinal, Dr. Wiseman, at its head, seems to
+have revived an old popular custom, a grim piece of Protestant sport,
+which, since the days of Lord George Gordon and the "No Popery" mob, had
+very generally fallen into disuse.  On the 5th of the eleventh month of
+this present year all England was traversed by processions and lighted up
+with bonfires, in commemoration of the detection of the "gunpowder plot"
+of Guy Fawkes and the Papists in 1605.  Popes, bishops, and cardinals, in
+straw and pasteboard, were paraded through the streets and burned amid
+the shouts of the populace, a great portion of whom would have doubtless
+been quite as ready to do the same pleasant little office for the Bishop
+of Exeter or his Grace of Canterbury, if they could have carted about and
+burned in effigy a Protestant hierarchy as safely as a Catholic one.
+
+In this country, where every sect takes its own way, undisturbed by legal
+restrictions, each ecclesiastical tub balancing itself as it best may on
+its own bottom, and where bishops Catholic and bishops Episcopal, bishops
+Methodist and bishops Mormon, jostle each other in our thoroughfares, it
+is not to be expected that we should trouble ourselves with the matter at
+issue between the rival hierarchies on the other side of the water.  It
+is a very pretty quarrel, however, and good must come out of it, as it
+cannot fail to attract popular attention to the shallowness of the
+spiritual pretensions of both parties, and lead to the conclusion that a
+hierarchy of any sort has very little in common with the fishermen and
+tent-makers of the New Testament.
+
+Pope Night--the anniversary of the discovery of the Papal incendiary Guy
+Fawkes, booted and spurred, ready to touch fire to his powder-train under
+the Parliament House--was celebrated by the early settlers of New
+England, and doubtless afforded a good deal of relief to the younger
+plants of grace in the Puritan vineyard.  In those solemn old days, the
+recurrence of the powder-plot anniversary, with its processions, hideous
+images of the Pope and Guy Fawkes, its liberal potations of strong
+waters, and its blazing bonfires reddening the wild November hills, must
+have been looked forward to with no slight degree of pleasure.  For one
+night, at least, the cramped and smothered fun and mischief of the
+younger generation were permitted to revel in the wild extravagance
+of a Roman saturnalia or the Christmas holidays of a slave plantation.
+Bigotry--frowning upon the May-pole, with its flower wreaths and sportive
+revellers, and counting the steps of the dancers as so many steps towards
+perdition--recognized in the grim farce of Guy Fawkes's anniversary
+something of its own lineaments, smiled complacently upon the riotous
+young actors, and opened its close purse to furnish tar-barrels to roast
+the Pope, and strong water to moisten the throats of his noisy judges and
+executioners.
+
+Up to the time of the Revolution the powder plot was duly commemorated
+throughout New England.  At that period the celebration of it was
+discountenanced, and in many places prohibited, on the ground that it was
+insulting to our Catholic allies from France.  In Coffin's History of
+Newbury it is stated that, in 1774, the town authorities of Newburyport
+ordered "that no effigies be carried about or exhibited only in the
+daytime."  The last public celebration in that town was in the following
+year.  Long before the close of the last century the exhibitions of Pope
+Night had entirely ceased throughout the country, with, as far as we can
+learn, a solitary exception.  The stranger who chances to be travelling
+on the road between Newburyport and Haverhill, on the night of the 5th of
+November, may well fancy that an invasion is threatened from the sea, or
+that an insurrection is going on inland; for from all the high hills
+overlooking the river tall fires are seen blazing redly against the cold,
+dark, autumnal sky, surrounded by groups of young men and boys busily
+engaged in urging them with fresh fuel into intenser activity.  To feed
+these bonfires, everything combustible which could be begged or stolen
+from the neighboring villages, farm-houses, and fences is put in
+requisition.  Old tar-tubs, purloined from the shipbuilders of the
+river-side, and flour and lard barrels from the village-traders, are
+stored away for days, and perhaps weeks, in the woods or in the rain-
+gullies of the hills, in preparation for Pope Night.  From the earliest
+settlement of the towns of Amesbury and Salisbury, the night of the
+powder plot has been thus celebrated, with unbroken regularity, down to
+the present time.  The event which it once commemorated is probably now
+unknown to most of the juvenile actors.  The symbol lives on from
+generation to generation after the significance is lost; and we have seen
+the children of our Catholic neighbors as busy as their Protestant
+playmates in collecting, "by hook or by crook," the materials for Pope-
+Night bonfires.  We remember, on one occasion, walking out with a gifted
+and learned Catholic friend to witness the fine effect of the
+illumination on the hills, and his hearty appreciation of its picturesque
+and wild beauty,--the busy groups in the strong relief of the fires, and
+the play and corruscation of the changeful lights on the bare, brown
+hills, naked trees, and autumn clouds.
+
+In addition to the bonfires on the hills, there was formerly a procession
+in the streets, bearing grotesque images of the Pope, his cardinals and
+friars; and behind them Satan himself, a monster with huge ox-horns on
+his head, and a long tail, brandishing his pitchfork and goading them
+onward.  The Pope was generally furnished with a movable head, which
+could be turned round, thrown back, or made to bow, like that of a china-
+ware mandarin.  An aged inhabitant of the neighborhood has furnished us
+with some fragments of the songs sung on such occasions, probably the
+same which our British ancestors trolled forth around their bonfires two
+centuries ago:--
+
+                    "The fifth of November,
+                    As you well remember,
+                    Was gunpowder treason and plot;
+                    And where is the reason
+                    That gunpowder treason
+                    Should ever be forgot?"
+
+          "When James the First the sceptre swayed,
+          This hellish powder plot was laid;
+          They placed the powder down below,
+          All for Old England's overthrow.
+          Lucky the man, and happy the day,
+          That caught Guy Fawkes in the middle of his play!"
+
+          "Hark! our bell goes jink, jink, jink;
+          Pray, madam, pray, sir, give us something to drink;
+          Pray, madam, pray, sir, if you'll something give,
+          We'll burn the dog, and not let him live.
+          We'll burn the dog without his head,
+          And then you'll say the dog is dead."
+
+               "Look here! from Rome The Pope has come,
+               That fiery serpent dire;
+               Here's the Pope that we have got,
+               The old promoter of the plot;
+               We'll stick a pitchfork in his back,
+               And throw him in the fire!"
+
+There is a slight savor of a Smithfield roasting about these lines, such
+as regaled the senses of the Virgin Queen or Bloody Mary, which entirely
+reconciles us to their disuse at the present time.
+
+It should be the fervent prayer of all good men that the evil spirit of
+religious hatred and intolerance, which on the one hand prompted the
+gunpowder plot, and which on the other has ever since made it the
+occasion of reproach and persecution of an entire sect of professing
+Christians, may be no longer perpetuated.  In the matter of exclusiveness
+and intolerance, none of the older sects can safely reproach each other;
+and it becomes all to hope and labor for the coming of that day when the
+hymns of Cowper and the Confessions of Augustine, the humane philosophy
+of Channing and the devout meditations of Thomas a Kempis, the simple
+essays of Woolman and the glowing periods of Bossuet, shall be regarded
+as the offspring of one spirit and one faith,--lights of a common altar,
+and precious stones in the temple of the one universal Church.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BOY CAPTIVES.
+
+AN INCIDENT OF THE INDIAN WAR OF 1695.
+
+The township of Haverhill, even as late as the close of the seventeenth
+century, was a frontier settlement, occupying an advanced position in the
+great wilderness, which, unbroken by the clearing of a white man,
+extended from the Merrimac River to the French villages on the St.
+Francois.  A tract of twelve miles on the river and three or four
+northwardly was occupied by scattered settlers, while in the centre of
+the town a compact village had grown up.  In the immediate vicinity there
+were but few Indians, and these generally peaceful and inoffensive.  On
+the breaking out of the Narragansett war, the inhabitants had erected
+fortifications and taken other measures for defence; but, with the
+possible exception of one man who was found slain in the woods in 1676,
+none of the inhabitants were molested; and it was not until about the
+year 1689 that the safety of the settlement was seriously threatened.
+Three persons were killed in that year.  In 1690 six garrisons were
+established in different parts of the town, with a small company of
+soldiers attached to each.  Two of these houses are still standing.  They
+were built of brick, two stories high, with a single outside door, so
+small and narrow that but one person could enter at a time; the windows
+few, and only about two and a half feet long by eighteen inches with
+thick diamond glass secured with lead, and crossed inside with bars of
+iron.  The basement had but two rooms, and the chamber was entered by a
+ladder instead of stairs; so that the inmates, if driven thither, could
+cut off communication with the rooms below.  Many private houses were
+strengthened and fortified.  We remember one familiar to our boyhood,--
+a venerable old building of wood, with brick between the weather boards
+and ceiling, with a massive balustrade over the door, constructed of oak
+timber and plank, with holes through the latter for firing upon
+assailants.  The door opened upon a stone-paved hall, or entry, leading
+into the huge single room of the basement, which was lighted by two small
+windows, the ceiling black with the smoke of a century and a half; a huge
+fireplace, calculated for eight-feet wood, occupying one entire side;
+while, overhead, suspended from the timbers, or on shelves fastened to
+them, were household stores, farming utensils, fishing-rods, guns,
+bunches of herbs gathered perhaps a century ago, strings of dried apples
+and pumpkins, links of mottled sausages, spareribs, and flitches of
+bacon; the firelight of an evening dimly revealing the checked woollen
+coverlet of the bed in one far-off corner, while in another "the pewter
+plates on the dresser Caught and reflected the flame as shields of armies
+the sunshine."
+
+Tradition has preserved many incidents of life in the garrisons.  In
+times of unusual peril the settlers generally resorted at night to the
+fortified houses, taking thither their flocks and herds and such
+household valuables as were most likely to strike the fancy or minister
+to the comfort or vanity of the heathen marauders.  False alarms were
+frequent.  The smoke of a distant fire, the bark of a dog in the deep
+woods, a stump or bush taking in the uncertain light of stars and moon
+the appearance of a man, were sufficient to spread alarm through the
+entire settlement, and to cause the armed men of the garrison to pass
+whole nights in sleepless watching.  It is said that at Haselton's
+garrison-house the sentinel on duty saw, as he thought, an Indian inside
+of the paling which surrounded the building, and apparently seeking to
+gain an entrance.  He promptly raised his musket and fired at the
+intruder, alarming thereby the entire garrison.  The women and children
+left their beds, and the men seized their guns and commenced firing on
+the suspicious object; but it seemed to bear a charmed life, and remained
+unharmed.  As the morning dawned, however, the mystery was solved by the
+discovery of a black quilted petticoat hanging on the clothes-line,
+completely riddled with balls.
+
+As a matter of course, under circumstances of perpetual alarm and
+frequent peril, the duty of cultivating their fields, and gathering their
+harvests, and working at their mechanical avocations was dangerous and
+difficult to the settlers.  One instance will serve as an illustration.
+At the garrison-house of Thomas Dustin, the husband of the far-famed Mary
+Dustin, (who, while a captive of the Indians, and maddened by the murder
+of her infant child, killed and scalped, with the assistance of a young
+boy, the entire band of her captors, ten in number,) the business of
+brick-making was carried on.  The pits where the clay was found were only
+a few rods from the house; yet no man ventured to bring the clay to the
+yard within the enclosure without the attendance of a file of soldiers.
+An anecdote relating to this garrison has been handed down to the present
+tune.  Among its inmates were two young cousins, Joseph and Mary
+Whittaker; the latter a merry, handsome girl, relieving the tedium of
+garrison duty with her light-hearted mirthfulness, and
+
+               "Making a sunshine in that shady place."
+
+Joseph, in the intervals of his labors in the double capacity of brick-
+maker and man-at-arms, was assiduous in his attentions to his fair
+cousin, who was not inclined to encourage him.  Growing desperate, he
+threatened one evening to throw himself into the garrison well.  His
+threat only called forth the laughter of his mistress; and, bidding her
+farewell, he proceeded to put it in execution.  On reaching the well he
+stumbled over a log; whereupon, animated by a happy idea, he dropped the
+wood into the water instead of himself, and, hiding behind the curb,
+awaited the result.  Mary, who had been listening at the door, and who
+had not believed her lover capable of so rash an act, heard the sudden
+plunge of the wooden Joseph.  She ran to the well, and, leaning over the
+curb and peering down the dark opening, cried out, in tones of anguish
+and remorse, "O Joseph, if you're in the land of the living, I 'll have
+you!"  "I'll take ye at your word," answered Joseph, springing up from
+his hiding-place, and avenging himself for her coyness and coldness by a
+hearty embrace.
+
+Our own paternal ancestor, owing to religious scruples in the matter of
+taking arms even for defence of life and property, refused to leave his
+undefended house and enter the garrison.  The Indians frequently came to
+his house; and the family more than once in the night heard them
+whispering under the windows, and saw them put their copper faces to the
+glass to take a view of the apartments.  Strange as it may seen, they
+never offered any injury or insult to the inmates.
+
+In 1695 the township was many times molested by Indians, and several
+persons were killed and wounded.  Early in the fall a small party made
+their appearance in the northerly part of the town, where, finding two
+boys at work in an open field, they managed to surprise and capture them,
+and, without committing further violence, retreated through the woods to
+their homes on the shore of Lake Winnipesaukee.  Isaac Bradley, aged
+fifteen, was a small but active and vigorous boy; his companion in
+captivity, Joseph Whittaker, was only eleven, yet quite as large in size,
+and heavier in his movements.  After a hard and painful journey they
+arrived at the lake, and were placed in an Indian family, consisting of a
+man and squaw and two or three children.  Here they soon acquired a
+sufficient knowledge of the Indian tongue to enable them to learn from
+the conversation carried on in their presence that it was designed to
+take them to Canada in the spring.  This discovery was a painful one.
+Canada, the land of Papist priests and bloody Indians, was the especial
+terror of the New England settlers, and the anathema maranatha of Puritan
+pulpits.  Thither the Indians usually hurried their captives, where they
+compelled them to work in their villages or sold them to the French
+planters.  Escape from thence through a deep wilderness, and across lakes
+and mountains and almost impassable rivers, without food or guide, was
+regarded as an impossibility.  The poor boys, terrified by the prospect
+of being carried still farther from their home and friends, began to
+dream of escaping from their masters before they started for Canada.  It
+was now winter; it would have been little short of madness to have chosen
+for flight that season of bitter cold and deep snows.  Owing to exposure
+and want of proper food and clothing, Isaac, the eldest of the boys, was
+seized with a violent fever, from which he slowly recovered in the course
+of the winter.  His Indian mistress was as kind to him as her
+circumstances permitted,--procuring medicinal herbs and roots for her
+patient, and tenderly watching over him in the long winter nights.
+Spring came at length; the snows melted; and the ice was broken up on the
+lake.  The Indians began to make preparations for journeying to Canada;
+and Isaac, who had during his sickness devised a plan of escape, saw that
+the time of putting it in execution had come.  On the evening before he
+was to make the attempt he for the first time informed his younger
+companion of his design, and told him, if he intended to accompany him,
+he must be awake at the time appointed.  The boys lay down as usual in
+the wigwam, in the midst of the family.  Joseph soon fell asleep; but
+Isaac, fully sensible of the danger and difficulty of the enterprise
+before him, lay awake, watchful for his opportunity.  About midnight he
+rose, cautiously stepping over the sleeping forms of the family, and
+securing, as he went, his Indian master's flint, steel, and tinder, and a
+small quantity of dry moose-meat and cornbread.  He then carefully
+awakened his companion, who, starting up, forgetful of the cause of his
+disturbance, asked aloud, "What do you want?"  The savages began to stir;
+and Isaac, trembling with fear of detection, lay down again and pretended
+to be asleep.  After waiting a while he again rose, satisfied, from the
+heavy breathing of the Indians, that they were all sleeping; and fearing
+to awaken Joseph a second time, lest he should again hazard all by his
+thoughtlessness, he crept softly out of the wigwam.  He had proceeded but
+a few rods when he heard footsteps behind him; and, supposing himself
+pursued, he hurried into the woods, casting a glance backward.  What was
+his joy to see his young companion running after him!  They hastened on
+in a southerly direction as nearly as they could determine, hoping to
+reach their distant home.  When daylight appeared they found a large
+hollow log, into which they crept for concealment, wisely judging that
+they would be hotly pursued by their Indian captors.
+
+Their sagacity was by no means at fault.  The Indians, missing their
+prisoners in the morning, started off in pursuit with their dogs.  As the
+young boys lay in the log they could hear the whistle of the Indians and
+the barking of dogs upon their track.  It was a trying moment; and even
+the stout heart of the elder boy sank within him as the dogs came up to
+the log and set up a loud bark of discovery.  But his presence of mind
+saved him.  He spoke in a low tone to the dogs, who, recognizing his
+familiar voice, wagged their tails with delight and ceased barking.  He
+then threw to them the morsel of moose-meat he had taken from the wigwam.
+While the dogs were thus diverted the Indians made their appearance.  The
+boys heard the light, stealthy sound of their moccasins on the leaves.
+They passed close to the log; and the dogs, having devoured their moose-
+meat, trotted after their masters.  Through a crevice in the log the boys
+looked after them and saw them disappear in the thick woods.  They
+remained in their covert until night, when they started again on their
+long journey, taking a new route to avoid the Indians.  At daybreak they
+again concealed themselves, but travelled the next night and day without
+resting.  By this time they had consumed all the bread which they had
+taken, and were fainting from hunger and weariness.  Just at the close of
+the third day they were providentially enabled to kill a pigeon and a
+small tortoise, a part of which they ate raw, not daring to make a fire,
+which might attract the watchful eyes of savages.  On the sixth day they
+struck upon an old Indian path, and, following it until night, came
+suddenly upon a camp of the enemy.  Deep in the heart of the forest,
+under the shelter of a ridge of land heavily timbered, a great fire of
+logs and brushwood was burning; and around it the Indians sat, eating
+their moose-meat and smoking their pipes.
+
+The poor fugitives, starving, weary, and chilled by the cold spring
+blasts, gazed down upon the ample fire; and the savory meats which the
+squaws were cooking by it, but felt no temptation to purchase warmth and
+food by surrendering themselves to captivity.  Death in the forest seemed
+preferable.  They turned and fled back upon their track, expecting every
+moment to hear the yells of pursuers.  The morning found them seated on
+the bank of a small stream, their feet torn and bleeding, and their
+bodies emaciated.  The elder, as a last effort, made search for roots,
+and fortunately discovered a few ground-nuts, (glicine apios) which
+served to refresh in some degree himself and his still weaker companion.
+As they stood together by the stream, hesitating and almost despairing,
+it occurred to Isaac that the rivulet might lead to a larger stream of
+water, and that to the sea and the white settlements near it; and he
+resolved to follow it.  They again began their painful march; the day
+passed, and the night once more overtook them.  When the eighth morning
+dawned, the younger of the boys found himself unable to rise from his bed
+of leaves.  Isaac endeavored to encourage him, dug roots, and procured
+water for him; but the poor lad was utterly exhausted.  He had no longer
+heart or hope.  The elder boy laid him on leaves and dry grass at the
+foot of a tree, and with a heavy heart bade him farewell.  Alone he
+slowly and painfully proceeded down the stream, now greatly increased in
+size by tributary rivulets.  On the top of a hill, he climbed with
+difficulty into a tree, and saw in the distance what seemed to be a
+clearing and a newly raised frame building.  Hopeful and rejoicing, he
+turned back to his young companion, told him what he had seen, and, after
+chafing his limbs awhile, got him upon his feet.  Sometimes supporting
+him, and at others carrying him on his back, the heroic boy staggered
+towards the clearing.  On reaching it he found it deserted, and was
+obliged to continue his journey.  Towards night signs of civilization
+began to appear,--the heavy, continuous roar of water was heard; and,
+presently emerging from the forest, he saw a great river dashing in white
+foam down precipitous rocks, and on its bank the gray walls of a huge
+stone building, with flankers, palisades, and moat, over which the
+British flag was flying.  This was the famous Saco Fort, built by
+Governor Phips two years before, just below the falls of the Saco River.
+The soldiers of the garrison gave the poor fellows a kindly welcome.
+Joseph, who was scarcely alive, lay for a long time sick in the fort; but
+Isaac soon regained his strength, and set out for his home in Haverhill,
+which he had the good fortune to arrive at in safety.
+
+Amidst the stirring excitements of the present day, when every thrill of
+the electric wire conveys a new subject for thought or action to a
+generation as eager as the ancient Athenians for some new thing, simple
+legends of the past like that which we have transcribed have undoubtedly
+lost in a great degree their interest.  The lore of the fireside is
+becoming obsolete, and with the octogenarian few who still linger among
+us will perish the unwritten history of border life in New England.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BLACK MEN IN THE REVOLUTION AND WAR OF 1812.
+
+The return of the festival of our national independence has called our
+attention to a matter which has been very carefully kept out of sight by
+orators and toast-drinkers.  We allude to the participation of colored
+men in the great struggle for American freedom.  It is not in accordance
+with our taste or our principles to eulogize the shedders of blood even
+in a cause of acknowledged justice; but when we see a whole nation doing
+honor to the memories of one class of its defenders to the total neglect
+of another class, who had the misfortune to be of darker complexion, we
+cannot forego the satisfaction of inviting notice to certain historical
+facts which for the last half century have been quietly elbowed aside,
+as no more deserving of a place in patriotic recollection than the
+descendants of the men to whom the facts in question relate have to a
+place in a Fourth of July procession.
+
+Of the services and sufferings of the colored soldiers of the Revolution
+no attempt has, to our knowledge, been made to preserve a record.  They
+have had no historian.  With here and there an exception, they have all
+passed away; and only some faint tradition of their campaigns under
+Washington and Greene and Lafayette, and of their cruisings under Decatur
+and Barry, lingers among their, descendants.  Yet enough is known to show
+that the free colored men of the United States bore their full proportion
+of the sacrifices and trials of the Revolutionary War.
+
+The late Governor Eustis, of Massachusetts,--the pride and boast of the
+democracy of the East, himself an active participant in the war, and
+therefore a most competent witness,--Governor Morrill, of New Hampshire,
+Judge Hemphill, of Pennsylvania, and other members of Congress, in the
+debate on the question of admitting Missouri as a slave State into the
+Union, bore emphatic testimony to the efficiency and heroism of the black
+troops.  Hon. Calvin Goddard, of Connecticut, states that in the little
+circle of his residence he was instrumental in securing, under the act of
+1818, the pensions of nineteen colored soldiers.  "I cannot," he says,
+"refrain from mentioning one aged black man, Primus Babcock, who proudly
+presented to me an honorable discharge from service during the war, dated
+at the close of it, wholly in the handwriting of George Washington; nor
+can I forget the expression of his feelings when informed, after his
+discharge had been sent to the War Department, that it could not be
+returned.  At his request it was written for, as he seemed inclined to
+spurn the pension and reclaim the discharge."  There is a touching
+anecdote related of Baron Stenben on the occasion of the disbandment of
+the American army.  A black soldier, with his wounds unhealed, utterly
+destitute, stood on the wharf just as a vessel bound for his distant home
+was getting under way.  The poor fellow gazed at the vessel with tears in
+his eyes, and gave himself up to despair.  The warm-hearted foreigner
+witnessed his emotion, and, inquiring into the cause of it, took his last
+dollar from his purse and gave it to him, with tears of sympathy
+trickling down his cheeks.  Overwhelmed with gratitude, the poor wounded
+soldier hailed the sloop and was received on board.  As it moved out from
+the wharf, he cried back to his noble friend on shore, "God Almighty
+bless you, Master Baron!"
+
+"In Rhode Island," says Governor Eustis in his able speech against
+slavery in Missouri, 12th of twelfth month, 1820, "the blacks formed an
+entire regiment, and they discharged their duty with zeal and fidelity.
+The gallant defence of Red Bank, in which the black regiment bore a part,
+is among the proofs of their valor."  In this contest it will be
+recollected that four hundred men met and repulsed, after a terrible and
+sanguinary struggle, fifteen hundred Hessian troops, headed by Count
+Donop.  The glory of the defence of Red Bank, which has been pronounced
+one of the most heroic actions of the war, belongs in reality to black
+men; yet who now hears them spoken of in connection with it?  Among the
+traits which distinguished the black regiment was devotion to their
+officers.  In the attack made upon the American lines near Croton River
+on the 13th of the fifth month, 1781, Colonel Greene, the commander of
+the regiment, was cut down and mortally wounded; but the sabres of the
+enemy only reached him through the bodies of his faithful guard of
+blacks, who hovered over him to protect him, every one of whom was
+killed.  The late Dr. Harris, of Dunbarton, New Hampshire, a
+Revolutionary veteran, stated, in a speech at Francistown, New Hampshire,
+some years ago, that on one occasion the regiment to which he was
+attached was commanded to defend an important position, which the enemy
+thrice assailed, and from which they were as often repulsed.  "There
+was," said the venerable speaker, "a regiment of blacks in the same
+situation,--a regiment of negroes fighting for our liberty and
+independence, not a white man among them but the officers,--in the same
+dangerous and responsible position.  Had they been unfaithful or given
+way before the enemy, all would have been lost.  Three times in
+succession were they attacked with most desperate fury by well-
+disciplined and veteran troops; and three times did they successfully
+repel the assault, and thus preserve an army.  They fought thus through
+the war.  They were brave and hardy troops."
+
+In the debate in the New York Convention of 1821 for amending the
+Constitution of the State, on the question of extending the right of
+suffrage to the blacks, Dr. Clarke, the delegate from Delaware County,
+and other members, made honorable mention of the services of the colored
+troops in the Revolutionary army.
+
+The late James Forten, of Philadelphia, well known as a colored man of
+wealth, intelligence, and philanthropy, enlisted in the American navy
+under Captain Decatur, of the Royal Louis, was taken prisoner during his
+second cruise, and, with nineteen other colored men, confined on board
+the horrible Jersey prison-ship; All the vessels in the American service
+at that period were partly manned by blacks.  The old citizens of
+Philadelphia to this day remember the fact that, when the troops of the
+North marched through the city, one or more colored companies were
+attached to nearly all the regiments.
+
+Governor Eustis, in the speech before quoted, states that the free
+colored soldiers entered the ranks with the whites.  The time of those
+who were slaves was purchased of their masters, and they were induced to
+enter the service in consequence of a law of Congress by which, on
+condition of their serving in the ranks during the war, they were made
+freemen.  This hope of liberty inspired them with courage to oppose their
+breasts to the Hessian bayonet at Red Bank, and enabled them to endure
+with fortitude the cold and famine of Valley Forge.  The anecdote of the
+slave of General Sullivan, of New Hampshire, is well known.  When his
+master told him that they were on the point of starting for the army, to
+fight for liberty, he shrewdly suggested that it would be a great
+satisfaction to know that he was indeed going to fight for his liberty.
+Struck with the reasonableness and justice of this suggestion, General
+Sullivan at once gave him his freedom.
+
+The late Tristam Burgess, of Rhode Island, in a speech in Congress, first
+month, 1828, said "At the commencement of the Revolutionary War, Rhode
+Island had a number of slaves.  A regiment of them were enlisted into the
+Continental service, and no braver men met the enemy in battle; but not
+one of them was permitted to be a soldier until he had first been made a
+freeman."
+
+The celebrated Charles Pinckney, of South Carolina, in his speech on the
+Missouri question, and in defence of the slave representation of the
+South, made the following admissions:--
+
+"They (the colored people) were in numerous instances the pioneers, and
+in all the laborers, of our armies.  To their hands were owing the
+greatest part of the fortifications raised for the protection of the
+country.  Fort Moultrie gave, at an early period of the inexperienced and
+untried valor of our citizens, immortality to the American arms; and in
+the Northern States numerous bodies of them were enrolled, and fought
+side by side with the whites at the battles of the Revolution."
+
+Let us now look forward thirty or forty years, to the last war with Great
+Britain, and see whether the whites enjoyed a monopoly of patriotism at
+that time.
+
+Martindale, of New York, in Congress, 22d of first month, 1828, said:
+"Slaves, or negroes who had been slaves, were enlisted as soldiers in the
+war of the Revolution; and I myself saw a battalion of them, as fine,
+martial-looking men as I ever saw, attached to the Northern army in the
+last war, on its march from Plattsburg to Sackett's Harbor."
+
+Hon. Charles Miner, of Pennsylvania, in Congress, second month, 7th,
+1828, said: "The African race make excellent soldiers.  Large numbers of
+them were with Perry, and helped to gain the brilliant victory of Lake
+Erie.  A whole battalion of them were distinguished for their orderly
+appearance."
+
+Dr. Clarke, in the convention which revised the Constitution of New York
+in 1821, speaking of the colored inhabitants of the State, said:--
+
+"In your late war they contributed largely towards some of your most
+splendid victories.  On Lakes Erie and Champlain, where your fleets
+triumphed over a foe superior in numbers and engines of death, they were
+manned in a large proportion with men of color.  And in this very house,
+in the fall of 1814, a bill passed, receiving the approbation of all the
+branches of your government, authorizing the governor to accept the
+services of a corps of two thousand free people of color.  Sir, these
+were times which tried men's souls.  In these times it was no sporting
+matter to bear arms.  These were times when a man who shouldered his
+musket did not know but he bared his bosom to receive a death-wound from
+the enemy ere he laid it aside; and in these times these people were
+found as ready and as willing to volunteer in your service as any other.
+They were not compelled to go; they were not drafted.  No; your pride had
+placed them beyond your compulsory power.  But there was no necessity for
+its exercise; they were volunteers,--yes, sir, volunteers to defend that
+very country from the inroads and ravages of a ruthless and vindictive
+foe which had treated them with insult, degradation, and slavery."
+
+On the capture of Washington by the British forces, it was judged
+expedient to fortify, without delay, the principal towns and cities
+exposed to similar attacks.  The Vigilance Committee of Philadelphia
+waited upon three of the principal colored citizens, namely, James
+Forten, Bishop Allen, and Absalom Jones, soliciting the aid of the people
+of color in erecting suitable defences for the city.  Accordingly,
+twenty-five hundred colored then assembled in the State-House yard, and
+from thence marched to Gray's Ferry, where they labored for two days
+almost without intermission.  Their labors were so faithful and efficient
+that a vote of thanks was tendered them by the committee.  A battalion of
+colored troops was at the same time organized in the city under an
+officer of the United States army; and they were on the point of marching
+to the frontier when peace was proclaimed.
+
+General Jackson's proclamations to the free colored inhabitants of
+Louisiana are well known.  In his first, inviting them to take up arms,
+he said:--
+
+"As sons of freedom, you are now called on to defend our most inestimable
+blessings.  As Americans, your country looks with confidence to her
+adopted children for a valorous support.  As fathers, husbands, and
+brothers, you are summoned to rally round the standard of the eagle, to
+defend all which is dear in existence."
+
+The second proclamation is one of the highest compliments ever paid by a
+military chief to his soldiers:--
+
+"TO THE FREE PEOPLE OF COLOR.
+
+"Soldiers! when on the banks of the Mobile I called you to take up arms,
+inviting you to partake the perils and glory of your white fellow-
+citizens, I expected much from you; for I was not ignorant that you
+possessed qualities most formidable to an invading enemy.  I knew with
+what fortitude you could endure hunger, and thirst, and all the fatigues
+of a campaign.  I knew well how you loved your native country, and that
+you, as well as ourselves, had to defend what man holds most dear,--his
+parents, wife, children, and property.  You have done more than I
+expected.  In addition to the previous qualities I before knew you to
+possess, I found among you a noble enthusiasm, which leads to the
+performance of great things.
+
+"Soldiers! the President of the United States shall hear how praiseworthy
+was your conduct in the hour of danger, and the Representatives of the
+American people will give you the praise your exploits entitle you to.
+Your general anticipates them in applauding your noble ardor."
+
+It will thus be seen that whatever honor belongs to the "heroes of the
+Revolution" and the volunteers in "the second war for independence" is to
+be divided between the white and the colored man.  We have dwelt upon
+this subject at length, not because it accords with our principles or
+feelings, for it is scarcely necessary for us to say that we are one of
+those who hold that
+
+                    "Peace hath her victories
+                    No less renowned than war,"
+
+and certainly far more desirable and useful; but because, in popular
+estimation, the patriotism which dares and does on the battle-field takes
+a higher place than the quiet exercise of the duties of peaceful
+citizenship; and we are willing that colored soldiers, with their
+descendants, should have the benefit, if possible, of a public sentiment
+which has so extravagantly lauded their white companions in arms.  If
+pulpits must be desecrated by eulogies of the patriotism of bloodshed, we
+see no reason why black defenders of their country in the war for liberty
+should not receive honorable mention as well as white invaders of a
+neighboring republic who have volunteered in a war for plunder and
+slavery extension.  For the latter class of "heroes" we have very little
+respect.  The patriotism of too many of them forcibly reminds us of Dr.
+Johnson's definition of that much-abused term "Patriotism, sir!  'T is
+the last refuge of a scoundrel."
+
+"What right, I demand," said an American orator some years ago, "have the
+children of Africa to a homestead in the white man's country?"  The
+answer will in part be found in the facts which we have presented.  Their
+right, like that of their white fellow-citizens, dates back to the dread
+arbitrament of battle.  Their bones whiten every stricken field of the
+Revolution; their feet tracked with blood the snows of Jersey; their toil
+built up every fortification south of the Potomac; they shared the famine
+and nakedness of Valley Forge and the pestilential horrors of the old
+Jersey prisonship.  Have they, then, no claim to an equal participation
+in the blessings which have grown out of the national independence for
+which they fought?  Is it just, is it magnanimous, is it safe, even, to
+starve the patriotism of such a people, to cast their hearts out of the
+treasury of the Republic, and to convert them, by political
+disfranchisement and social oppression, into enemies?
+
+
+
+
+
+THE SCOTTISH REFORMERS.
+
+     "The mills of God grind slowly, but they grind exceeding small;
+     Though with patience He stands waiting, with exactness grinds He
+     all."
+                         FRIEDRICH VON LOGAU.
+
+The great impulse of the French Revolution was not confined by
+geographical boundaries.  Flashing hope into the dark places of the
+earth, far down among the poor and long oppressed, or startling the
+oppressor in his guarded chambers like that mountain of fire which fell
+into the sea at the sound of the apocalyptic trumpet, it agitated the
+world.
+
+The arguments of Condorcet, the battle-words of Mirabeau, the fierce zeal
+of St. Just, the iron energy of Danton, the caustic wit of Camille
+Desmoulins, and the sweet eloquence of Vergniaud found echoes in all
+lands, and nowhere more readily than in Great Britain, the ancient foe
+and rival of France.  The celebrated Dr. Price, of London, and the still
+more distinguished Priestley, of Birmingham, spoke out boldly in defence
+of the great principles of the Revolution.  A London club of reformers,
+reckoning among its members such men as Sir William Jones, Earl Grey,
+Samuel Whitbread, and Sir James Mackintosh, was established for the
+purpose of disseminating liberal appeals and arguments throughout the
+United Kingdom.
+
+In Scotland an auxiliary society was formed, under the name of Friends of
+the People.  Thomas Muir, young in years, yet an elder in the Scottish
+kirk, a successful advocate at the bar, talented, affable, eloquent, and
+distinguished for the purity of his life and his enthusiasm in the cause
+of freedom, was its principal originator.  In the twelfth month of 1792 a
+convention of reformers was held at Edinburgh.  The government became
+alarmed, and a warrant was issued for the arrest of Muir.  He escaped to
+France; but soon after, venturing to return to his native land, was
+recognized and imprisoned.  He was tried upon the charge of lending books
+of republican tendency, and reading an address from Theobald Wolfe Tone
+and the United Irishmen before the society of which he was a member.  He
+defended himself in a long and eloquent address, which concluded in the
+following manly strain:--
+
+"What, then, has been my crime?  Not the lending to a relation a copy of
+Thomas Paine's works,--not the giving away to another a few numbers of an
+innocent and constitutional publication; but my crime is, for having
+dared to be, according to the measure of my feeble abilities, a strenuous
+and an active advocate for an equal representation of the people in the
+House of the people,--for having dared to accomplish a measure by legal
+means which was to diminish the weight of their taxes and to put an end
+to the profusion of their blood.  Gentlemen, from my infancy to this
+moment I have devoted myself to the cause of the people.  It is a good
+cause: it will ultimately prevail,--it will finally triumph."
+
+He was sentenced to transportation for fourteen years, and was removed to
+the Edinburgh jail, from thence to the hulks, and lastly to the
+transport-ship, containing eighty-three convicts, which conveyed him to
+Botany Bay.
+
+The next victim was Palmer, a learned and highly accomplished Unitarian
+minister in Dundee.  He was greatly beloved and respected as a polished
+gentleman and sincere friend of the people.  He was charged with
+circulating a republican tract, and was sentenced to seven years'
+transportation.
+
+But the Friends of the People were not quelled by this summary punishment
+of two of their devoted leaders.  In the tenth month, 1793, delegates
+were called together from various towns in Scotland, as well as from
+Birmingham, Sheffield, and other places in England.  Gerrald and Margarot
+were sent up by the London society.  After a brief sitting, the
+convention was dispersed by the public authorities.  Its sessions were
+opened and closed with prayer, and the speeches of its members manifested
+the pious enthusiasm of the old Cameronians and Parliament-men of the
+times of Cromwell.  Many of the dissenting clergy were present.  William
+Skirving, the most determined of the band, had been educated for the
+ministry, and was a sincerely religious man.  Joseph Gerrald was a young
+man of brilliant talents and exemplary character.  When the sheriff
+entered the hall to disperse the friends of liberty, Gerrald knelt in
+prayer.  His remarkable words were taken down by a reporter on the spot.
+There is nothing in modern history to compare with this supplication,
+unless it be that of Sir Henry Vane, a kindred martyr, at the foot of the
+scaffold, just before his execution.  It is the prayer of universal
+humanity, which God will yet hear and answer.
+
+"O thou Governor of the universe, we rejoice that, at all times and in
+all circumstances, we have liberty to approach Thy throne, and that we
+are assured that no sacrifice is more acceptable to Thee than that which
+is made for the relief of the oppressed.  In this moment of trial and
+persecution we pray that Thou wouldst be our defender, our counsellor,
+and our guide.  Oh, be Thou a pillar of fire to us, as Thou wast to our
+fathers of old, to enlighten and direct us; and to our enemies a pillar
+of cloud, and darkness, and confusion.
+
+"Thou art Thyself the great Patron of liberty.  Thy service is perfect
+freedom.  Prosper, we beseech Thee, every endeavor which we make to
+promote Thy cause; for we consider the cause of truth, or every cause
+which tends to promote the happiness of Thy creatures, as Thy cause.
+
+"O thou merciful Father of mankind, enable us, for Thy name's sake, to
+endure persecution with fortitude; and may we believe that all trials and
+tribulations of life which we endure shall work together for good to them
+that love Thee; and grant that the greater the evil, and the longer it
+may be continued, the greater good, in Thy holy and adorable providence,
+may be produced therefrom.  And this we beg, not for our own merits, but
+through the merits of Him who is hereafter to judge the world in
+righteousness and mercy."
+
+He ceased, and the sheriff, who had been temporarily overawed by the
+extraordinary scene, enforced the warrant, and the meeting was broken up.
+The delegates descended to the street in silence,--Arthur's Seat and
+Salisbury Crags glooming in the distance and night,--an immense and
+agitated multitude waiting around, over which tossed the flaring
+flambeaux of the sheriff's train.  Gerrald, who was already under arrest,
+as he descended, spoke aloud, "Behold the funeral torches of Liberty!"
+
+Skirving and several others were immediately arrested.  They were tried
+in the first month, 1794, and sentenced, as Muir and Palmer had
+previously been, to transportation.  Their conduct throughout was worthy
+of their great and holy cause.  Gerrald's defence was that of freedom
+rather than his own.  Forgetting himself, he spoke out manfully and
+earnestly for the poor, the oppressed, the overtaxed, and starving
+millions of his countrymen.  That some idea may be formed of this noble
+plea for liberty, I give an extract from the concluding paragraphs:--
+
+"True religion, like all free governments, appeals to the understanding
+for its support, and not to the sword.  All systems, whether civil or
+moral, can only be durable in proportion as they are founded on truth and
+calculated to promote the good of mankind.  This will account to us why
+governments suited to the great energies of man have always outlived the
+perishable things which despotism has erected.  Yes, this will account to
+us why the stream of Time, which is continually washing away the
+dissoluble fabrics of superstitions and impostures, passes without injury
+by the adamant of Christianity.
+
+"Those who are versed in the history of their country, in the history of
+the human race, must know that rigorous state prosecutions have always
+preceded the era of convulsion; and this era, I fear, will be accelerated
+by the folly and madness of our rulers.  If the people are discontented,
+the proper mode of quieting their discontent is, not by instituting
+rigorous and sanguinary prosecutions, but by redressing their wrongs and
+conciliating their affections.  Courts of justice, indeed, may be called
+in to the aid of ministerial vengeance; but if once the purity of their
+proceedings is suspected, they will cease to be objects of reverence to
+the nation; they will degenerate into empty and expensive pageantry, and
+become the partial instruments of vexatious oppression.  Whatever may
+become of me, my principles will last forever.  Individuals may perish;
+but truth is eternal.  The rude blasts of tyranny may blow from every
+quarter; but freedom is that hardy plant which will survive the tempest
+and strike an everlasting root into the most unfavorable soil.
+
+"Gentlemen, I am in your hands.  About my life I feel not the slightest
+anxiety: if it would promote the cause, I would cheerfully make the
+sacrifice; for if I perish on an occasion like the present, out of my
+ashes will arise a flame to consume the tyrants and oppressors of my
+country."
+
+Years have passed, and the generation which knew the persecuted reformers
+has given place to another.  And now, half a century after William
+Skirving, as he rose to receive his sentence, declared to his judges,
+"You may condemn us as felons, but your sentence shall yet be reversed by
+the people," the names of these men are once more familiar to British
+lips.  The sentence has been reversed; the prophecy of Skirving has
+become history.  On the 21st of the eighth month, 1853, the corner-stone
+of a monument to the memory of the Scottish martyrs--for which
+subscriptions had been received from such men as Lord Holland, the Dukes
+of Bedford and Norfolk; and the Earls of Essex and Leicester--was laid
+with imposing ceremonies in the beautiful burial-place of Calton Hill,
+Edinburgh, by the veteran reformer and tribune of the people, Joseph
+Hume, M. P.  After delivering an appropriate address, the aged radical
+closed the impressive scene by reading the prayer of Joseph Gerrald.  At
+the banquet which afterwards took place, and which was presided over by
+John Dunlop, Esq., addresses were made by the president and Dr. Ritchie,
+and by William Skirving, of Kirkaldy, son of the martyr.  The Complete
+Suffrage Association of Edinburgh, to the number of five hundred, walked
+in procession to Calton Hill, and in the open air proclaimed unmolested
+the very principles for which the martyrs of the past century had
+suffered.
+
+The account of this tribute to the memory of departed worth cannot fail
+to awaken in generous hearts emotions of gratitude towards Him who has
+thus signally vindicated His truth, showing that the triumph of the
+oppressor is but for a season, and that even in this world a lie cannot
+live forever.  Well and truly did George Fox say in his last days,
+
+                    "The truth is above all."
+
+Will it be said, however, that this tribute comes too late; that it
+cannot solace those brave hearts which, slowly broken by the long agony
+of colonial servitude, are now cold in strange graves?  It is, indeed, a
+striking illustration of the truth that he who would benefit his fellow-
+man must "walk by faith," sowing his seed in the morning, and in the
+evening withholding not his hand; knowing only this, that in God's good
+time the harvest shall spring up and ripen, if not for himself, yet for
+others, who, as they bind the full sheaves and gather in the heavy
+clusters, may perchance remember him with gratitude and set up stones of
+memorial on the fields of his toil and sacrifices.  We may regret that in
+this stage of the spirit's life the sincere and self-denying worker is
+not always permitted to partake of the fruits of his toil or receive the
+honors of a benefactor.  We hear his good evil spoken of, and his noblest
+sacrifices counted as naught; we see him not only assailed by the wicked,
+but discountenanced and shunned by the timidly good, followed on his hot
+and dusty pathway by the execrations of the hounding mob and the
+contemptuous pity of the worldly wise and prudent; and when at last the
+horizon of Time shuts down between him and ourselves, and the places
+which have known him know him no more forever, we are almost ready to say
+with the regal voluptuary of old,  This also is vanity and a great evil;
+"for what hath a man of all his labor and of the vexation of his heart
+wherein he hath labored under the sun?"  But is this the end?  Has God's
+universe no wider limits than the circle of the blue wall which shuts in
+our nestling-place?  Has life's infancy only been provided for, and
+beyond this poor nursery-chamber of Time is there no playground for the
+soul's youth, no broad fields for its manhood?  Perchance, could we but
+lift the curtains of the narrow pinfold wherein we dwell, we might see
+that our poor friend and brother whose fate we have thus deplored has by
+no means lost the reward of his labors, but that in new fields of duty he
+is cheered even by the tardy recognition of the value of his services in
+the old.  The continuity of life is never broken; the river flows onward
+and is lost to our sight, but under its new horizon it carries the same
+waters which it gathered under ours, and its unseen valleys are made glad
+by the offerings which are borne down to them from the past,--flowers,
+perchance, the germs of which its own waves had planted on the banks of
+Time.  Who shall say that the mournful and repentant love with which the
+benefactors of our race are at length regarded may not be to them, in
+their new condition of being, sweet and grateful as the perfume of long-
+forgotten flowers, or that our harvest-hymns of rejoicing may not reach
+the ears of those who in weakness and suffering scattered the seeds of
+blessing?
+
+The history of the Edinburgh reformers is no new one; it is that of all
+who seek to benefit their age by rebuking its popular crimes and exposing
+its cherished errors.  The truths which they told were not believed, and
+for that very reason were the more needed; for it is evermore the case
+that the right word when first uttered is an unpopular and denied one.
+Hence he who undertakes to tread the thorny pathway of reform--who,
+smitten with the love of truth and justice, or indignant in view of wrong
+and insolent oppression, is rashly inclined to throw himself at once into
+that great conflict which the Persian seer not untruly represented as a
+war between light and darkness--would do well to count the cost in the
+outset.  If he can live for Truth alone, and, cut off from the general
+sympathy, regard her service as its "own exceeding great reward;" if he
+can bear to be counted a fanatic and crazy visionary; if, in all good
+nature, he is ready to receive from the very objects of his solicitude
+abuse and obloquy in return for disinterested and self-sacrificing
+efforts for their welfare; if, with his purest motives misunderstood and
+his best actions perverted and distorted into crimes, he can still hold
+on his way and patiently abide the hour when "the whirligig of Time shall
+bring about its revenges;" if, on the whole, he is prepared to be looked
+upon as a sort of moral outlaw or social heretic, under good society's
+interdict of food and fire; and if he is well assured that he can,
+through all this, preserve his cheerfulness and faith in man,--let him
+gird up his loins and go forward in God's name.  He is fitted for his
+vocation; he has watched all night by his armor.  Whatever his trial may
+be, he is prepared; he may even be happily disappointed in respect to it;
+flowers of unexpected refreshing may overhang the hedges of his strait
+and narrow way; but it remains to be true that he who serves his
+contemporaries in faithfulness and sincerity must expect no wages from
+their gratitude; for, as has been well said, there is, after all, but one
+way of doing the world good, and unhappily that way the world does not
+like; for it consists in telling it the very thing which it does not wish
+to hear.
+
+Unhappily, in the case of the reformer, his most dangerous foes are those
+of his own household.  True, the world's garden has become a desert and
+needs renovation; but is his own little nook weedless?  Sin abounds
+without; but is his own heart pure?  While smiting down the giants and
+dragons which beset the outward world, are there no evil guests sitting
+by his own hearth-stone?  Ambition, envy, self-righteousness, impatience,
+dogmatism, and pride of opinion stand at his door-way ready to enter
+whenever he leaves it unguarded.  Then, too, there is no small danger of
+failing to discriminate between a rational philanthropy, with its
+adaptation of means to ends, and that spiritual knight-errantry which
+undertakes the championship of every novel project of reform, scouring
+the world in search of distressed schemes held in durance by common sense
+and vagaries happily spellbound by ridicule.  He must learn that,
+although the most needful truth may be unpopular, it does not follow that
+unpopularity is a proof of the truth of his doctrines or the expediency
+of his measures.  He must have the liberality to admit that it is barely
+possible for the public on some points to be right and himself wrong, and
+that the blessing invoked upon those who suffer for righteousness is not
+available to such as court persecution and invite contempt; for folly has
+its martyrs as well as wisdom; and he who has nothing better to show of
+himself than the scars and bruises which the popular foot has left upon
+him is not even sure of winning the honors of martyrdom as some
+compensation for the loss of dignity and self-respect involved in the
+exhibition of its pains.  To the reformer, in an especial manner, comes
+home the truth that whoso ruleth his own spirit is greater than he who
+taketh a city.  Patience, hope, charity, watchfulness unto prayer,--how
+needful are all these to his success!  Without them he is in danger of
+ingloriously giving up his contest with error and prejudice at the first
+repulse; or, with that spiteful philanthropy which we sometimes witness,
+taking a sick world by the nose, like a spoiled child, and endeavoring to
+force down its throat the long-rejected nostrums prepared for its relief.
+
+What then?  Shall we, in view of these things, call back young, generous
+spirits just entering upon the perilous pathway?  God forbid!  Welcome,
+thrice welcome, rather.  Let them go forward, not unwarned of the dangers
+nor unreminded of the pleasures which belong to the service of humanity.
+Great is the consciousness of right.  Sweet is the answer of a good
+conscience.  He who pays his whole-hearted homage to truth and duty, who
+swears his lifelong fealty on their altars, and rises up a Nazarite
+consecrated to their holy service, is not without his solace and
+enjoyment when, to the eyes of others, he seems the most lonely and
+miserable.  He breathes an atmosphere which the multitude know not of;
+"a serene heaven which they cannot discern rests over him, glorious in
+its purity and stillness."  Nor is he altogether without kindly human
+sympathies.  All generous and earnest hearts which are brought in contact
+with his own beat evenly with it.  All that is good, and truthful, and
+lovely in man, whenever and wherever it truly recognizes him, must sooner
+or later acknowledge his claim to love and reverence.  His faith
+overcomes all things.  The future unrolls itself before him, with its
+waving harvest-fields springing up from the seed he is scattering; and he
+looks forward to the close of life with the calm confidence of one who
+feels that he has not lived idle and useless, but with hopeful heart and
+strong arm has labored with God and Nature for the best.
+
+And not in vain.  In the economy of God, no effort, however small, put
+forth for the right cause, fails of its effect.  No voice, however
+feeble, lifted up for truth, ever dies amidst the confused noises of
+time.  Through discords of sin and sorrow, pain and wrong, it rises a
+deathless melody, whose notes of wailing are hereafter to be changed to
+those of triumph as they blend with the great harmony of a reconciled
+universe.  The language of a transatlantic reformer to his friends is
+then as true as it is hopeful and cheering: "Triumph is certain.  We have
+espoused no losing cause.  In the body we may not join our shout with the
+victors; but in spirit we may even now.  There is but an interval of time
+between us and the success at which we aim.  In all other respects the
+links of the chain are complete.  Identifying ourselves with immortal and
+immutable principles, we share both their immortality and immutability.
+The vow which unites us with truth makes futurity present with us.  Our
+being resolves itself into an everlasting now.  It is not so correct to
+say that we shall be victorious as that we are so.  When we will in
+unison with the supreme Mind, the characteristics of His will become, in
+some sort, those of ours.  What He has willed is virtually done.  It may
+take ages to unfold itself; but the germ of its whole history is wrapped
+up in His determination.  When we make His will ours, which we do when we
+aim at truth, that upon which we are resolved is done, decided, born.
+Life is in it.  It is; and the future is but the development of its
+being.  Ours, therefore, is a perpetual triumph.  Our deeds are, all of
+them, component elements of success." [Miall's Essays; Nonconformist,
+Vol. iv.]
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PILGRIMS OF PLYMOUTH.
+
+From a letter on the celebration of the 250th anniversary of the landing
+of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, December 22, 1870.
+
+No one can appreciate more highly than myself the noble qualities of the
+men and women of the Mayflower.  It is not of them that I, a descendant
+of the "sect called Quakers," have reason to complain in the matter of
+persecution.  A generation which came after them, with less piety and
+more bigotry, is especially responsible for the little unpleasantness
+referred to; and the sufferers from it scarcely need any present
+championship.  They certainly did not wait altogether for the revenges of
+posterity.  If they lost their ears, it is satisfactory to remember that
+they made those of their mutilators tingle with a rhetoric more sharp
+than polite.
+
+A worthy New England deacon once described a brother in the church as a
+very good man Godward, but rather hard man-ward.  It cannot be denied
+that some very satisfactory steps have been taken in the latter
+direction, at least, since the days of the Pilgrims.  Our age is tolerant
+of creed and dogma, broader in its sympathies, more keenly sensitive to
+temporal need, and, practically recognizing the brotherhood of the race,
+wherever a cry of suffering is heard its response is quick and generous.
+It has abolished slavery, and is lifting woman from world-old degradation
+to equality with man before the law.  Our criminal codes no longer embody
+the maxim of barbarism, "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth," but
+have regard not only for the safety of the community, but to the reform
+and well-being of the criminal.  All the more, however, for this amiable
+tenderness do we need the counterpoise of a strong sense of justice.
+With our sympathy for the wrong-doer we need the old Puritan and Quaker
+hatred of wrongdoing; with our just tolerance of men and opinions a
+righteous abhorrence of sin.  All the more for the sweet humanities and
+Christian liberalism which, in drawing men nearer to each other, are
+increasing the sum of social influences for good or evil, we need the
+bracing atmosphere, healthful, if austere, of the old moralities.
+Individual and social duties are quite as imperative now as when they
+were minutely specified in statute-books and enforced by penalties no
+longer admissible.  It is well that stocks, whipping-post, and ducking-
+stool are now only matters of tradition; but the honest reprobation of
+vice and crime which they symbolized should by no means perish with them.
+The true life of a nation is in its personal morality, and no excellence
+of constitution and laws can avail much if the people lack purity and
+integrity.  Culture, art, refinement, care for our own comfort and that
+of others, are all well, but truth, honor, reverence, and fidelity to
+duty are indispensable.
+
+The Pilgrims were right in affirming the paramount authority of the law
+of God.  If they erred in seeking that authoritative law, and passed over
+the Sermon on the Mount for the stern Hebraisms of Moses; if they
+hesitated in view of the largeness of Christian liberty; if they seemed
+unwilling to accept the sweetness and light of the good tidings, let us
+not forget that it was the mistake of men who feared more than they dared
+to hope, whose estimate of the exceeding awfulness of sin caused them to
+dwell upon God's vengeance rather than his compassion; and whose dread of
+evil was so great that, in shutting their hearts against it, they
+sometimes shut out the good.  It is well for us if we have learned to
+listen to the sweet persuasion of the Beatitudes; but there are crises in
+all lives which require also the emphatic "Thou shalt not" or the
+Decalogue which the founders wrote on the gate-posts of their
+commonwealth.
+
+Let us then be thankful for the assurances which the last few years have
+afforded us that:
+
+              "The Pilgrim spirit is not dead,
+               But walks in noon's broad light."
+
+We have seen it in the faith and trust which no circumstances could
+shake, in heroic self-sacrifice, in entire consecration to duty.  The
+fathers have lived in their sons.  Have we not all known the Winthrops
+and Brewsters, the Saltonstalls and Sewalls, of old times, in
+gubernatorial chairs, in legislative halls, around winter camp-fires, in
+the slow martyrdoms of prison and hospital?  The great struggle through
+which we have passed has taught us how much we owe to the men and women
+of the Plymouth Colony,--the noblest ancestry that ever a people looked
+back to with love and reverence.  Honor, then, to the Pilgrims! Let their
+memory be green forever!
+
+
+
+
+
+GOVERNOR ENDICOTT.
+
+I am sorry that I cannot respond in person to the invitation of the Essex
+Institute to its commemorative festival on the 18th.  I especially regret
+it, because, though a member of the Society of Friends, and, as such,
+regarding with abhorrence the severe persecution of the sect under the
+administration of Governor Endicott, I am not unmindful of the otherwise
+noble qualities and worthy record of the great Puritan, whose misfortune
+it was to live in an age which regarded religious toleration as a crime.
+He was the victim of the merciless logic of his creed.  He honestly
+thought that every convert to Quakerism became by virtue of that
+conversion a child of perdition; and, as the head of the Commonwealth,
+responsible for the spiritual as well as temporal welfare of its
+inhabitants, he felt it his duty to whip, banish, and hang heretics to
+save his people from perilous heresy.
+
+The extravagance of some of the early Quakers has been grossly
+exaggerated.  Their conduct will compare in this respect favorably with
+that of the first Anabaptists and Independents; but it must be admitted
+that many of them manifested a good deal of that wild enthusiasm which
+has always been the result of persecution and the denial of the rights of
+conscience and worship.  Their pertinacious defiance of laws enacted
+against them, and their fierce denunciations of priests and magistrates,
+must have been particularly aggravating to a man as proud and high
+tempered as John Endicott.  He had that free-tongued neighbor of his,
+Edward Wharton, smartly whipped at the cart-tail about once a month, but
+it may be questioned whether the governor's ears did not suffer as much
+under Wharton's biting sarcasm and "free speech" as the latter's back did
+from the magisterial whip.
+
+Time has proved that the Quakers had the best of the controversy; and
+their descendants can well afford to forget and forgive an error which
+the Puritan governor shared with the generation in which he lived.
+
+WEST OSSIPEE, N. H., 14th 9th Month, 1878.
+
+
+
+
+
+JOHN WINTHROP.
+
+On the anniversary of his landing at Salem.
+
+I see by the call of the Essex Institute that some probability is
+suggested that I may furnish a poem for the occasion of its meeting at
+The Willows on the 22d.  I would be glad to make the implied probability
+a fact, but I find it difficult to put my thoughts into metrical form,
+and there will be little need of it, as I understand a lady of Essex
+County, who adds to her modern culture and rare poetical gifts the best
+spirit of her Puritan ancestry, has lent the interest of her verse to the
+occasion.
+
+It was a happy thought of the Institute to select for its first meeting
+of the season the day and the place of the landing of the great and good
+governor, and permit me to say, as thy father's old friend, that its
+choice for orator, of the son of him whose genius, statesmanship, and
+eloquence honored the place of his birth, has been equally happy.  As I
+look over the list of the excellent worthies of the first emigrations, I
+find no one who, in all respects, occupies a nobler place in the early
+colonial history of Massachusetts than John Winthrop.  Like Vane and
+Milton, he was a gentleman as well as a Puritan, a cultured and
+enlightened statesman as well as a God-fearing Christian.  It was not
+under his long and wise chief magistracy that religious bigotry and
+intolerance hung and tortured their victims, and the terrible delusion of
+witchcraft darkened the sun at noonday over Essex.  If he had not quite
+reached the point where, to use the words of Sir Thomas More, he could
+"hear heresies talked and yet let the heretics alone," he was in charity
+and forbearance far in advance of his generation.
+
+I am sorry that I must miss an occasion of so much interest.  I hope you
+will not lack the presence of the distinguished citizen who inherits the
+best qualities of his honored ancestor, and who, as a statesman, scholar,
+and patriot, has added new lustre to the name of Winthrop.
+
+DANVERS, 6th Month, 19, 1880.
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, HISTORICAL PAPERS  ***
+By John Greenleaf Whittier
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