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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Sunday under Three Heads, by Charles Dickens
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+
+Title: Sunday under Three Heads
+
+
+Author: Charles Dickens
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 4, 2015  [eBook #922]
+[This file was first posted on May 29, 1997]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS***
+
+
+Transcribed from the 1905 Chapman & Hall edition (_The Works of Charles
+Dickens_, volume 28) by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org
+
+                          [Picture: Book cover]
+
+
+
+
+
+                         SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS
+
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                            By CHARLES DICKENS
+
+                                * * * * *
+
+                       LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LD.
+                    NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
+                                   1905
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+
+                          To The Right Reverend
+                           THE BISHOP OF LONDON
+
+MY LORD,
+
+You were among the first, some years ago, to expatiate on the vicious
+addiction of the lower classes of society to Sunday excursions; and were
+thus instrumental in calling forth occasional demonstrations of those
+extreme opinions on the subject, which are very generally received with
+derision, if not with contempt.
+
+
+
+Your elevated station, my Lord, affords you countless opportunities of
+increasing the comforts and pleasures of the humbler classes of
+society—not by the expenditure of the smallest portion of your princely
+income, but by merely sanctioning with the influence of your example,
+their harmless pastimes, and innocent recreations.
+
+
+
+That your Lordship would ever have contemplated Sunday recreations with
+so much horror, if you had been at all acquainted with the wants and
+necessities of the people who indulged in them, I cannot imagine
+possible.  That a Prelate of your elevated rank has the faintest
+conception of the extent of those wants, and the nature of those
+necessities, I do not believe.
+
+
+
+For these reasons, I venture to address this little Pamphlet to your
+Lordship’s consideration.  I am quite conscious that the outlines I have
+drawn, afford but a very imperfect description of the feelings they are
+intended to illustrate; but I claim for them one merit—their truth and
+freedom from exaggeration.  I may have fallen short of the mark, but I
+have never overshot it: and while I have pointed out what appears to me,
+to be injustice on the part of others, I hope I have carefully abstained
+from committing it myself.
+
+
+
+I am,
+         My Lord,
+
+                      Your Lordship’s most obedient,
+
+                                                           Humble Servant,
+                                                           TIMOTHY SPARKS.
+
+_June_, 1836.
+
+
+
+
+I
+AS IT IS
+
+
+THERE are few things from which I derive greater pleasure, than walking
+through some of the principal streets of London on a fine Sunday, in
+summer, and watching the cheerful faces of the lively groups with which
+they are thronged.  There is something, to my eyes at least, exceedingly
+pleasing in the general desire evinced by the humbler classes of society,
+to appear neat and clean on this their only holiday.  There are many
+grave old persons, I know, who shake their heads with an air of profound
+wisdom, and tell you that poor people dress too well now-a-days; that
+when they were children, folks knew their stations in life better; that
+you may depend upon it, no good will come of this sort of thing in the
+end,—and so forth: but I fancy I can discern in the fine bonnet of the
+working-man’s wife, or the feather-bedizened hat of his child, no
+inconsiderable evidence of good feeling on the part of the man himself,
+and an affectionate desire to expend the few shillings he can spare from
+his week’s wages, in improving the appearance and adding to the happiness
+of those who are nearest and dearest to him.  This may be a very heinous
+and unbecoming degree of vanity, perhaps, and the money might possibly be
+applied to better uses; it must not be forgotten, however, that it might
+very easily be devoted to worse: and if two or three faces can be
+rendered happy and contented, by a trifling improvement of outward
+appearance, I cannot help thinking that the object is very cheaply
+purchased, even at the expense of a smart gown, or a gaudy riband.  There
+is a great deal of very unnecessary cant about the over-dressing of the
+common people.  There is not a manufacturer or tradesman in existence,
+who would not employ a man who takes a reasonable degree of pride in the
+appearance of himself and those about him, in preference to a sullen,
+slovenly fellow, who works doggedly on, regardless of his own clothing
+and that of his wife and children, and seeming to take pleasure or pride
+in nothing.
+
+
+
+The pampered aristocrat, whose life is one continued round of licentious
+pleasures and sensual gratifications; or the gloomy enthusiast, who
+detests the cheerful amusements he can never enjoy, and envies the
+healthy feelings he can never know, and who would put down the one and
+suppress the other, until he made the minds of his fellow-beings as
+besotted and distorted as his own;—neither of these men can by
+possibility form an adequate notion of what Sunday really is to those
+whose lives are spent in sedentary or laborious occupations, and who are
+accustomed to look forward to it through their whole existence, as their
+only day of rest from toil, and innocent enjoyment.
+
+
+
+The sun that rises over the quiet streets of London on a bright Sunday
+morning, shines till his setting, on gay and happy faces.  Here and
+there, so early as six o’clock, a young man and woman in their best
+attire, may be seen hurrying along on their way to the house of some
+acquaintance, who is included in their scheme of pleasure for the day;
+from whence, after stopping to take “a bit of breakfast,” they sally
+forth, accompanied by several old people, and a whole crowd of young
+ones, bearing large hand-baskets full of provisions, and Belcher
+handkerchiefs done up in bundles, with the neck of a bottle sticking out
+at the top, and closely-packed apples bulging out at the sides,—and away
+they hurry along the streets leading to the steam-packet wharfs, which
+are already plentifully sprinkled with parties bound for the same
+destination.  Their good humour and delight know no bounds—for it is a
+delightful morning, all blue over head, and nothing like a cloud in the
+whole sky; and even the air of the river at London Bridge is something to
+them, shut up as they have been, all the week, in close streets and
+heated rooms.  There are dozens of steamers to all sorts of
+places—Gravesend, Greenwich, and Richmond; and such numbers of people,
+that when you have once sat down on the deck, it is all but a moral
+impossibility to get up again—to say nothing of walking about, which is
+entirely out of the question.  Away they go, joking and laughing, and
+eating and drinking, and admiring everything they see, and pleased with
+everything they hear, to climb Windmill Hill, and catch a glimpse of the
+rich corn-fields and beautiful orchards of Kent; or to stroll among the
+fine old trees of Greenwich Park, and survey the wonders of Shooter’s
+Hill and Lady James’s Folly; or to glide past the beautiful meadows of
+Twickenham and Richmond, and to gaze with a delight which only people
+like them can know, on every lovely object in the fair prospect around.
+Boat follows boat, and coach succeeds coach, for the next three hours;
+but all are filled, and all with the same kind of people—neat and clean,
+cheerful and contented.
+
+
+
+They reach their places of destination, and the taverns are crowded; but
+there is no drunkenness or brawling, for the class of men who commit the
+enormity of making Sunday excursions, take their families with them: and
+this in itself would be a check upon them, even if they were inclined to
+dissipation, which they really are not.  Boisterous their mirth may be,
+for they have all the excitement of feeling that fresh air and green
+fields can impart to the dwellers in crowded cities, but it is innocent
+and harmless.  The glass is circulated, and the joke goes round; but the
+one is free from excess, and the other from offence; and nothing but good
+humour and hilarity prevail.
+
+
+
+In streets like Holborn and Tottenham Court Road, which form the central
+market of a large neighbourhood, inhabited by a vast number of mechanics
+and poor people, a few shops are open at an early hour of the morning;
+and a very poor man, with a thin and sickly woman by his side, may be
+seen with their little basket in hand, purchasing the scanty quantity of
+necessaries they can afford, which the time at which the man receives his
+wages, or his having a good deal of work to do, or the woman’s having
+been out charing till a late hour, prevented their procuring over-night.
+The coffee-shops too, at which clerks and young men employed in
+counting-houses can procure their breakfasts, are also open.  This class
+comprises, in a place like London, an enormous number of people, whose
+limited means prevent their engaging for their lodgings any other
+apartment than a bedroom, and who have consequently no alternative but to
+take their breakfasts at a coffee-shop, or go without it altogether.  All
+these places, however, are quickly closed; and by the time the church
+bells begin to ring, all appearance of traffic has ceased.  And then,
+what are the signs of immorality that meet the eye?  Churches are well
+filled, and Dissenters’ chapels are crowded to suffocation.  There is no
+preaching to empty benches, while the drunken and dissolute populace run
+riot in the streets.
+
+
+
+Here is a fashionable church, where the service commences at a late hour,
+for the accommodation of such members of the congregation—and they are
+not a few—as may happen to have lingered at the Opera far into the
+morning of the Sabbath; an excellent contrivance for poising the balance
+between God and Mammon, and illustrating the ease with which a man’s
+duties to both, may be accommodated and adjusted.  How the carriages
+rattle up, and deposit their richly-dressed burdens beneath the lofty
+portico!  The powdered footmen glide along the aisle, place the
+richly-bound prayer-books on the pew desks, slam the doors, and hurry
+away, leaving the fashionable members of the congregation to inspect each
+other through their glasses, and to dazzle and glitter in the eyes of the
+few shabby people in the free seats.  The organ peals forth, the hired
+singers commence a short hymn, and the congregation condescendingly rise,
+stare about them, and converse in whispers.  The clergyman enters the
+reading-desk,—a young man of noble family and elegant demeanour,
+notorious at Cambridge for his knowledge of horse-flesh and dancers, and
+celebrated at Eton for his hopeless stupidity.  The service commences.
+Mark the soft voice in which he reads, and the impressive manner in which
+he applies his white hand, studded with brilliants, to his perfumed hair.
+Observe the graceful emphasis with which he offers up the prayers for the
+King, the Royal Family, and all the Nobility; and the nonchalance with
+which he hurries over the more uncomfortable portions of the service, the
+seventh commandment for instance, with a studied regard for the taste and
+feeling of his auditors, only to be equalled by that displayed by the
+sleek divine who succeeds him, who murmurs, in a voice kept down by rich
+feeding, most comfortable doctrines for exactly twelve minutes, and then
+arrives at the anxiously expected ‘Now to God,’ which is the signal for
+the dismissal of the congregation.  The organ is again heard; those who
+have been asleep wake up, and those who have kept awake, smile and seem
+greatly relieved; bows and congratulations are exchanged, the livery
+servants are all bustle and commotion, bang go the steps, up jump the
+footmen, and off rattle the carriages: the inmates discoursing on the
+dresses of the congregation, and congratulating themselves on having set
+so excellent an example to the community in general, and
+Sunday-pleasurers in particular.
+
+
+
+Enter a less orthodox place of religious worship, and observe the
+contrast.  A small close chapel with a white-washed wall, and plain deal
+pews and pulpit, contains a closely-packed congregation, as different in
+dress, as they are opposed in manner, to that we have just quitted.  The
+hymn is sung—not by paid singers, but by the whole assembly at the
+loudest pitch of their voices, unaccompanied by any musical instrument,
+the words being given out, two lines at a time, by the clerk.  There is
+something in the sonorous quavering of the harsh voices, in the lank and
+hollow faces of the men, and the sour solemnity of the women, which
+bespeaks this a strong-hold of intolerant zeal and ignorant enthusiasm.
+The preacher enters the pulpit.  He is a coarse, hard-faced man of
+forbidding aspect, clad in rusty black, and bearing in his hand a small
+plain Bible from which he selects some passage for his text, while the
+hymn is concluding.  The congregation fall upon their knees, and are
+hushed into profound stillness as he delivers an extempore prayer, in
+which he calls upon the Sacred Founder of the Christian faith to bless
+his ministry, in terms of disgusting and impious familiarity not to be
+described.  He begins his oration in a drawling tone, and his hearers
+listen with silent attention.  He grows warmer as he proceeds with his
+subject, and his gesticulation becomes proportionately violent.  He
+clenches his fists, beats the book upon the desk before him, and swings
+his arms wildly about his head.  The congregation murmur their
+acquiescence in his doctrines: and a short groan, occasionally bears
+testimony to the moving nature of his eloquence.  Encouraged by these
+symptoms of approval, and working himself up to a pitch of enthusiasm
+amounting almost to frenzy, he denounces sabbath-breakers with the direst
+vengeance of offended Heaven.  He stretches his body half out of the
+pulpit, thrusts forth his arms with frantic gestures, and blasphemously
+calls upon The Deity to visit with eternal torments, those who turn aside
+from the word, as interpreted and preached by—himself.  A low moaning is
+heard, the women rock their bodies to and fro, and wring their hands; the
+preacher’s fervour increases, the perspiration starts upon his brow, his
+face is flushed, and he clenches his hands convulsively, as he draws a
+hideous and appalling picture of the horrors preparing for the wicked in
+a future state.  A great excitement is visible among his hearers, a
+scream is heard, and some young girl falls senseless on the floor.  There
+is a momentary rustle, but it is only for a moment—all eyes are turned
+towards the preacher.  He pauses, passes his handkerchief across his
+face, and looks complacently round.  His voice resumes its natural tone,
+as with mock humility he offers up a thanksgiving for having been
+successful in his efforts, and having been permitted to rescue one sinner
+from the path of evil.  He sinks back into his seat, exhausted with the
+violence of his ravings; the girl is removed, a hymn is sung, a petition
+for some measure for securing the better observance of the Sabbath, which
+has been prepared by the good man, is read; and his worshipping admirers
+struggle who shall be the first to sign it.
+
+
+
+But the morning service has concluded, and the streets are again crowded
+with people.  Long rows of cleanly-dressed charity children, preceded by
+a portly beadle and a withered schoolmaster, are returning to their
+welcome dinner; and it is evident, from the number of men with beer-trays
+who are running from house to house, that no inconsiderable portion of
+the population are about to take theirs at this early hour.  The bakers’
+shops in the humbler suburbs especially, are filled with men, women, and
+children, each anxiously waiting for the Sunday dinner.  Look at the
+group of children who surround that working man who has just emerged from
+the baker’s shop at the corner of the street, with the reeking dish, in
+which a diminutive joint of mutton simmers above a vast heap of
+half-browned potatoes.  How the young rogues clap their hands, and dance
+round their father, for very joy at the prospect of the feast: and how
+anxiously the youngest and chubbiest of the lot, lingers on tiptoe by his
+side, trying to get a peep into the interior of the dish.  They turn up
+the street, and the chubby-faced boy trots on as fast as his little legs
+will carry him, to herald the approach of the dinner to ‘Mother’ who is
+standing with a baby in her arms on the doorstep, and who seems almost as
+pleased with the whole scene as the children themselves; whereupon ‘baby’
+not precisely understanding the importance of the business in hand, but
+clearly perceiving that it is something unusually lively, kicks and crows
+most lustily, to the unspeakable delight of all the children and both the
+parents: and the dinner is borne into the house amidst a shouting of
+small voices, and jumping of fat legs, which would fill Sir Andrew Agnew
+with astonishment; as well it might, seeing that Baronets, generally
+speaking, eat pretty comfortable dinners all the week through, and cannot
+be expected to understand what people feel, who only have a meat dinner
+on one day out of every seven.
+
+
+
+The bakings being all duly consigned to their respective owners, and the
+beer-man having gone his rounds, the church bells ring for afternoon
+service, the shops are again closed, and the streets are more than ever
+thronged with people; some who have not been to church in the morning,
+going to it now; others who have been to church, going out for a walk;
+and others—let us admit the full measure of their guilt—going for a walk,
+who have not been to church at all.  I am afraid the smart servant of all
+work, who has been loitering at the corner of the square for the last ten
+minutes, is one of the latter class.  She is evidently waiting for
+somebody, and though she may have made up her mind to go to church with
+him one of these mornings, I don’t think they have any such intention on
+this particular afternoon.  Here he is, at last.  The white trousers,
+blue coat, and yellow waistcoat—and more especially that cock of the
+hat—indicate, as surely as inanimate objects can, that Chalk Farm and not
+the parish church, is their destination.  The girl colours up, and puts
+out her hand with a very awkward affectation of indifference.  He gives
+it a gallant squeeze, and away they walk, arm in arm, the girl just
+looking back towards her ‘place’ with an air of conscious
+self-importance, and nodding to her fellow-servant who has gone up to the
+two-pair-of-stairs window, to take a full view of ‘Mary’s young man,’
+which being communicated to William, he takes off his hat to the
+fellow-servant: a proceeding which affords unmitigated satisfaction to
+all parties, and impels the fellow-servant to inform Miss Emily
+confidentially, in the course of the evening, ‘that the young man as Mary
+keeps company with, is one of the most genteelest young men as ever she
+see.’
+
+
+
+The two young people who have just crossed the road, and are following
+this happy couple down the street, are a fair specimen of another class
+of Sunday—pleasurers.  There is a dapper smartness, struggling through
+very limited means, about the young man, which induces one to set him
+down at once as a junior clerk to a tradesman or attorney.  The girl no
+one could possibly mistake.  You may tell a young woman in the employment
+of a large dress-maker, at any time, by a certain neatness of cheap
+finery and humble following of fashion, which pervade her whole attire;
+but unfortunately there are other tokens not to be misunderstood—the pale
+face with its hectic bloom, the slight distortion of form which no
+artifice of dress can wholly conceal, the unhealthy stoop, and the short
+cough—the effects of hard work and close application to a sedentary
+employment, upon a tender frame.  They turn towards the fields.  The
+girl’s countenance brightens, and an unwonted glow rises in her face.
+They are going to Hampstead or Highgate, to spend their holiday afternoon
+in some place where they can see the sky, the fields, and trees, and
+breathe for an hour or two the pure air, which so seldom plays upon that
+poor girl’s form, or exhilarates her spirits.
+
+
+
+I would to God, that the iron-hearted man who would deprive such people
+as these of their only pleasures, could feel the sinking of heart and
+soul, the wasting exhaustion of mind and body, the utter prostration of
+present strength and future hope, attendant upon that incessant toil
+which lasts from day to day, and from month to month; that toil which is
+too often protracted until the silence of midnight, and resumed with the
+first stir of morning.  How marvellously would his ardent zeal for other
+men’s souls, diminish after a short probation, and how enlightened and
+comprehensive would his views of the real object and meaning of the
+institution of the Sabbath become!
+
+
+
+The afternoon is far advanced—the parks and public drives are crowded.
+Carriages, gigs, phaetons, stanhopes, and vehicles of every description,
+glide smoothly on.  The promenades are filled with loungers on foot, and
+the road is thronged with loungers on horseback.  Persons of every class
+are crowded together, here, in one dense mass.  The plebeian, who takes
+his pleasure on no day but Sunday, jostles the patrician, who takes his,
+from year’s end to year’s end.  You look in vain for any outward signs of
+profligacy or debauchery.  You see nothing before you but a vast number
+of people, the denizens of a large and crowded city, in the needful and
+rational enjoyment of air and exercise.
+
+
+
+It grows dusk.  The roads leading from the different places of suburban
+resort, are crowded with people on their return home, and the sound of
+merry voices rings through the gradually darkening fields.  The evening
+is hot and sultry.  The rich man throws open the sashes of his spacious
+dining-room, and quaffs his iced wine in splendid luxury.  The poor man,
+who has no room to take his meals in, but the close apartment to which he
+and his family have been confined throughout the week, sits in the
+tea-garden of some famous tavern, and drinks his beer in content and
+comfort.  The fields and roads are gradually deserted, the crowd once
+more pour into the streets, and disperse to their several homes; and by
+midnight all is silent and quiet, save where a few stragglers linger
+beneath the window of some great man’s house, to listen to the strains of
+music from within: or stop to gaze upon the splendid carriages which are
+waiting to convey the guests from the dinner-party of an Earl.
+
+
+
+There is a darker side to this picture, on which, so far from its being
+any part of my purpose to conceal it, I wish to lay particular stress.
+In some parts of London, and in many of the manufacturing towns of
+England, drunkenness and profligacy in their most disgusting forms,
+exhibit in the open streets on Sunday, a sad and a degrading spectacle.
+We need go no farther than St. Giles’s, or Drury Lane, for sights and
+scenes of a most repulsive nature.  Women with scarcely the articles of
+apparel which common decency requires, with forms bloated by disease, and
+faces rendered hideous by habitual drunkenness—men reeling and staggering
+along—children in rags and filth—whole streets of squalid and miserable
+appearance, whose inhabitants are lounging in the public road, fighting,
+screaming, and swearing—these are the common objects which present
+themselves in, these are the well-known characteristics of, that portion
+of London to which I have just referred.
+
+
+
+And why is it, that all well-disposed persons are shocked, and public
+decency scandalised, by such exhibitions?
+
+
+
+These people are poor—that is notorious.  It may be said that they spend
+in liquor, money with which they might purchase necessaries, and there is
+no denying the fact; but let it be remembered that even if they applied
+every farthing of their earnings in the best possible way, they would
+still be very—very poor.  Their dwellings are necessarily uncomfortable,
+and to a certain degree unhealthy.  Cleanliness might do much, but they
+are too crowded together, the streets are too narrow, and the rooms too
+small, to admit of their ever being rendered desirable habitations.  They
+work very hard all the week.  We know that the effect of prolonged and
+arduous labour, is to produce, when a period of rest does arrive, a
+sensation of lassitude which it requires the application of some stimulus
+to overcome.  What stimulus have they?  Sunday comes, and with it a
+cessation of labour.  How are they to employ the day, or what inducement
+have they to employ it, in recruiting their stock of health?  They see
+little parties, on pleasure excursions, passing through the streets; but
+they cannot imitate their example, for they have not the means.  They may
+walk, to be sure, but it is exactly the inducement to walk that they
+require.  If every one of these men knew, that by taking the trouble to
+walk two or three miles he would be enabled to share in a good game of
+cricket, or some athletic sport, I very much question whether any of them
+would remain at home.
+
+
+
+But you hold out no inducement, you offer no relief from listlessness,
+you provide nothing to amuse his mind, you afford him no means of
+exercising his body.  Unwashed and unshaven, he saunters moodily about,
+weary and dejected.  In lieu of the wholesome stimulus he might derive
+from nature, you drive him to the pernicious excitement to be gained from
+art.  He flies to the gin-shop as his only resource; and when, reduced to
+a worse level than the lowest brute in the scale of creation, he lies
+wallowing in the kennel, your saintly lawgivers lift up their hands to
+heaven, and exclaim for a law which shall convert the day intended for
+rest and cheerfulness, into one of universal gloom, bigotry, and
+persecution.
+
+
+
+
+II
+AS SABBATH BILLS WOULD MAKE IT
+
+
+THE provisions of the bill introduced into the House of Commons by Sir
+Andrew Agnew, and thrown out by that House on the motion for the second
+reading, on the 18th of May in the present year, by a majority of 32, may
+very fairly be taken as a test of the length to which the fanatics, of
+which the honourable Baronet is the distinguished leader, are prepared to
+go.  No test can be fairer; because while on the one hand this measure
+may be supposed to exhibit all that improvement which mature reflection
+and long deliberation may have suggested, so on the other it may very
+reasonably be inferred, that if it be quite as severe in its provisions,
+and to the full as partial in its operation, as those which have preceded
+it and experienced a similar fate, the disease under which the honourable
+Baronet and his friends labour, is perfectly hopeless, and beyond the
+reach of cure.
+
+
+
+The proposed enactments of the bill are briefly these:—All work is
+prohibited on the Lord’s day, under heavy penalties, increasing with
+every repetition of the offence.  There are penalties for keeping shops
+open—penalties for drunkenness—penalties for keeping open houses of
+entertainment—penalties for being present at any public meeting or
+assembly—penalties for letting carriages, and penalties for hiring
+them—penalties for travelling in steam-boats, and penalties for taking
+passengers—penalties on vessels commencing their voyage on
+Sunday—penalties on the owners of cattle who suffer them to be driven on
+the Lord’s day—penalties on constables who refuse to act, and penalties
+for resisting them when they do.  In addition to these trifles, the
+constables are invested with arbitrary, vexatious, and most extensive
+powers; and all this in a bill which sets out with a hypocritical and
+canting declaration that ‘nothing is more acceptable to God than the
+_true and sincere_ worship of Him according to His holy will, and that it
+is the bounden duty of Parliament to promote the observance of the Lord’s
+day, by protecting every class of society against being required to
+sacrifice their comfort, health, religious privileges, and conscience,
+for the convenience, enjoyment, or supposed advantage of any other class
+on the Lord’s day’!  The idea of making a man truly moral through the
+ministry of constables, and sincerely religious under the influence of
+penalties, is worthy of the mind which could form such a mass of
+monstrous absurdity as this bill is composed of.
+
+
+
+The House of Commons threw the measure out certainly, and by so doing
+retrieved the disgrace—so far as it could be retrieved—of placing among
+the printed papers of Parliament, such an egregious specimen of
+legislative folly; but there was a degree of delicacy and forbearance
+about the debate that took place, which I cannot help thinking as
+unnecessary and uncalled for, as it is unusual in Parliamentary
+discussions.  If it had been the first time of Sir Andrew Agnew’s
+attempting to palm such a measure upon the country, we might well
+understand, and duly appreciate, the delicate and compassionate feeling
+due to the supposed weakness and imbecility of the man, which prevented
+his proposition being exposed in its true colours, and induced this Hon.
+Member to bear testimony to his excellent motives, and that Noble Lord to
+regret that he could not—although he had tried to do so—adopt any portion
+of the bill.  But when these attempts have been repeated, again and
+again; when Sir Andrew Agnew has renewed them session after session, and
+when it has become palpably evident to the whole House that
+
+    His impudence of proof in every trial,
+    Kens no polite, and heeds no plain denial—
+
+it really becomes high time to speak of him and his legislation, as they
+appear to deserve, without that gloss of politeness, which is all very
+well in an ordinary case, but rather out of place when the liberties and
+comforts of a whole people are at stake.
+
+
+
+In the first place, it is by no means the worst characteristic of this
+bill, that it is a bill of blunders: it is, from beginning to end, a
+piece of deliberate cruelty, and crafty injustice.  If the rich composed
+the whole population of this country, not a single comfort of one single
+man would be affected by it.  It is directed exclusively, and without the
+exception of a solitary instance, against the amusements and recreations
+of the poor.  This was the bait held out by the Hon. Baronet to a body of
+men, who cannot be supposed to have any very strong sympathies in common
+with the poor, because they cannot understand their sufferings or their
+struggles.  This is the bait, which will in time prevail, unless public
+attention is awakened, and public feeling exerted, to prevent it.
+
+
+
+Take the very first clause, the provision that no man shall be allowed to
+work on Sunday—‘That no person, upon the Lord’s day, shall do, or hire,
+or employ any person to do any manner of labour, or any work of his or
+her ordinary calling.’  What class of persons does this affect?  The rich
+man?  No.  Menial servants, both male and female, are specially exempted
+from the operation of the bill.  ‘Menial servants’ are among the poor
+people.  The bill has no regard for them.  The Baronet’s dinner must be
+cooked on Sunday, the Bishop’s horses must be groomed, and the Peer’s
+carriage must be driven.  So the menial servants are put utterly beyond
+the pale of grace;—unless indeed, they are to go to heaven through the
+sanctity of their masters, and possibly they might think even that,
+rather an uncertain passport.
+
+
+
+There is a penalty for keeping open, houses of entertainment.  Now,
+suppose the bill had passed, and that half-a-dozen adventurous licensed
+victuallers, relying upon the excitement of public feeling on the
+subject, and the consequent difficulty of conviction (this is by no means
+an improbable supposition), had determined to keep their houses and
+gardens open, through the whole Sunday afternoon, in defiance of the law.
+Every act of hiring or working, every act of buying or selling, or
+delivering, or causing anything to be bought or sold, is specifically
+made a separate offence—mark the effect.  A party, a man and his wife and
+children, enter a tea-garden, and the informer stations himself in the
+next box, from whence he can see and hear everything that passes.
+‘Waiter!’ says the father.  ‘Yes.  Sir.’  ‘Pint of the best ale!’  ‘Yes,
+Sir.’  Away runs the waiter to the bar, and gets the ale from the
+landlord.  Out comes the informer’s note-book—penalty on the father for
+hiring, on the waiter for delivering, and on the landlord for selling, on
+the Lord’s day.  But it does not stop here.  The waiter delivers the ale,
+and darts off, little suspecting the penalties in store for him.
+‘Hollo,’ cries the father, ‘waiter!’  ‘Yes, Sir.’  ‘Just get this little
+boy a biscuit, will you?’  ‘Yes, Sir.’  Off runs the waiter again, and
+down goes another case of hiring, another case of delivering, and another
+case of selling; and so it would go on _ad infinitum_, the sum and
+substance of the matter being, that every time a man or woman cried
+‘Waiter!’ on Sunday, he or she would be fined not less than forty
+shillings, nor more than a hundred; and every time a waiter replied,
+‘Yes, Sir,’ he and his master would be fined in the same amount: with the
+addition of a new sort of window duty on the landlord, to wit, a tax of
+twenty shillings an hour for every hour beyond the first one, during
+which he should have his shutters down on the Sabbath.
+
+
+
+With one exception, there are perhaps no clauses in the whole bill, so
+strongly illustrative of its partial operation, and the intention of its
+framer, as those which relate to travelling on Sunday.  Penalties of ten,
+twenty, and thirty pounds, are mercilessly imposed upon coach proprietors
+who shall run their coaches on the Sabbath; one, two, and ten pounds upon
+those who hire, or let to hire, horses and carriages upon the Lord’s day,
+but not one syllable about those who have no necessity to hire, because
+they have carriages and horses of their own; not one word of a penalty on
+liveried coachmen and footmen.  The whole of the saintly venom is
+directed against the hired cabriolet, the humble fly, or the rumbling
+hackney-coach, which enables a man of the poorer class to escape for a
+few hours from the smoke and dirt, in the midst of which he has been
+confined throughout the week: while the escutcheoned carriage and the
+dashing cab, may whirl their wealthy owners to Sunday feasts and private
+oratorios, setting constables, informers, and penalties, at defiance.
+Again, in the description of the places of public resort which it is
+rendered criminal to attend on Sunday, there are no words comprising a
+very fashionable promenade.  Public discussions, public debates, public
+lectures and speeches, are cautiously guarded against; for it is by their
+means that the people become enlightened enough to deride the last
+efforts of bigotry and superstition.  There is a stringent provision for
+punishing the poor man who spends an hour in a news-room, but there is
+nothing to prevent the rich one from lounging away the day in the
+Zoological Gardens.
+
+
+
+There is, in four words, a mock proviso, which affects to forbid
+travelling ‘with any animal’ on the Lord’s day.  This, however, is
+revoked, as relates to the rich man, by a subsequent provision.  We have
+then a penalty of not less than fifty, nor more than one hundred pounds,
+upon any person participating in the control, or having the command of
+any vessel which shall commence her voyage on the Lord’s day, should the
+wind prove favourable.  The next time this bill is brought forward (which
+will no doubt be at an early period of the next session of Parliament)
+perhaps it will be better to amend this clause by declaring, that from
+and after the passing of the act, it shall be deemed unlawful for the
+wind to blow at all upon the Sabbath.  It would remove a great deal of
+temptation from the owners and captains of vessels.
+
+
+
+The reader is now in possession of the principal enacting clauses of Sir
+Andrew Agnew’s bill, with the exception of one, for preventing the
+killing or taking of ‘_fish_, _or other wild animals_,’ and the ordinary
+provisions which are inserted for form’s sake in all acts of Parliament.
+I now beg his attention to the clauses of exemption.
+
+
+
+They are two in number.  The first exempts menial servants from any rest,
+and all poor men from any recreation: outlaws a milkman after nine
+o’clock in the morning, and makes eating-houses lawful for only two hours
+in the afternoon; permits a medical man to use his carriage on Sunday,
+and declares that a clergyman may either use his own, or hire one.
+
+
+
+The second is artful, cunning, and designing; shielding the rich man from
+the possibility of being entrapped, and affecting at the same time, to
+have a tender and scrupulous regard, for the interests of the whole
+community.  It declares, ‘that nothing in this act contained, shall
+extend to works of piety, charity, or necessity.’
+
+
+
+What is meant by the word ‘necessity’ in this clause?  Simply this—that
+the rich man shall be at liberty to make use of all the splendid luxuries
+he has collected around him, on any day in the week, because habit and
+custom have rendered them ‘necessary’ to his easy existence; but that the
+poor man who saves his money to provide some little pleasure for himself
+and family at lengthened intervals, shall not be permitted to enjoy it.
+It is not ‘necessary’ to him:—Heaven knows, he very often goes long
+enough without it.  This is the plain English of the clause.  The
+carriage and pair of horses, the coachman, the footman, the helper, and
+the groom, are ‘necessary’ on Sundays, as on other days, to the bishop
+and the nobleman; but the hackney-coach, the hired gig, or the taxed
+cart, cannot possibly be ‘necessary’ to the working-man on Sunday, for he
+has it not at other times.  The sumptuous dinner and the rich wines, are
+‘necessaries’ to a great man in his own mansion: but the pint of beer and
+the plate of meat, degrade the national character in an eating-house.
+
+
+
+Such is the bill for promoting the true and sincere worship of God
+according to his Holy Will, and for protecting every class of society
+against being required to sacrifice their health and comfort on the
+Sabbath.  Instances in which its operation would be as unjust as it would
+be absurd, might be multiplied to an endless amount; but it is sufficient
+to place its leading provisions before the reader.  In doing so, I have
+purposely abstained from drawing upon the imagination for possible cases;
+the provisions to which I have referred, stand in so many words upon the
+bill as printed by order of the House of Commons; and they can neither be
+disowned, nor explained away.
+
+
+
+Let us suppose such a bill as this, to have actually passed both branches
+of the legislature; to have received the royal assent; and to have come
+into operation.  Imagine its effect in a great city like London.
+
+
+
+Sunday comes, and brings with it a day of general gloom and austerity.
+The man who has been toiling hard all the week, has been looking towards
+the Sabbath, not as to a day of rest from labour, and healthy recreation,
+but as one of grievous tyranny and grinding oppression.  The day which
+his Maker intended as a blessing, man has converted into a curse.
+Instead of being hailed by him as his period of relaxation, he finds it
+remarkable only as depriving him of every comfort and enjoyment.  He has
+many children about him, all sent into the world at an early age, to
+struggle for a livelihood; one is kept in a warehouse all day, with an
+interval of rest too short to enable him to reach home, another walks
+four or five miles to his employment at the docks, a third earns a few
+shillings weekly, as an errand boy, or office messenger; and the
+employment of the man himself, detains him at some distance from his home
+from morning till night.  Sunday is the only day on which they could all
+meet together, and enjoy a homely meal in social comfort; and now they
+sit down to a cold and cheerless dinner: the pious guardians of the man’s
+salvation having, in their regard for the welfare of his precious soul,
+shut up the bakers’ shops.  The fire blazes high in the kitchen chimney
+of these well-fed hypocrites, and the rich steams of the savoury dinner
+scent the air.  What care they to be told that this class of men have
+neither a place to cook in—nor means to bear the expense, if they had?
+
+
+
+Look into your churches—diminished congregations, and scanty attendance.
+People have grown sullen and obstinate, and are becoming disgusted with
+the faith which condemns them to such a day as this, once in every seven.
+And as you cannot make people religious by Act of Parliament, or force
+them to church by constables, they display their feeling by staying away.
+
+
+
+Turn into the streets, and mark the rigid gloom that reigns over
+everything around.  The roads are empty, the fields are deserted, the
+houses of entertainment are closed.  Groups of filthy and
+discontented-looking men, are idling about at the street corners, or
+sleeping in the sun; but there are no decently-dressed people of the
+poorer class, passing to and fro.  Where should they walk to?  It would
+take them an hour, at least, to get into the fields, and when they
+reached them, they could procure neither bite nor sup, without the
+informer and the penalty.  Now and then, a carriage rolls smoothly on, or
+a well-mounted horseman, followed by a liveried attendant, canters by;
+but with these exceptions, all is as melancholy and quiet as if a
+pestilence had fallen on the city.
+
+
+
+Bend your steps through the narrow and thickly-inhabited streets, and
+observe the sallow faces of the men and women who are lounging at the
+doors, or lolling from the windows.  Regard well the closeness of these
+crowded rooms, and the noisome exhalations that rise from the drains and
+kennels; and then laud the triumph of religion and morality, which
+condemns people to drag their lives out in such stews as these, and makes
+it criminal for them to eat or drink in the fresh air, or under the clear
+sky.  Here and there, from some half-opened window, the loud shout of
+drunken revelry strikes upon the ear, and the noise of oaths and
+quarrelling—the effect of the close and heated atmosphere—is heard on all
+sides.  See how the men all rush to join the crowd that are making their
+way down the street, and how loud the execrations of the mob become as
+they draw nearer.  They have assembled round a little knot of constables,
+who have seized the stock-in-trade, heinously exposed on Sunday, of some
+miserable walking-stick seller, who follows clamouring for his property.
+The dispute grows warmer and fiercer, until at last some of the more
+furious among the crowd, rush forward to restore the goods to their
+owner.  A general conflict takes place; the sticks of the constables are
+exercised in all directions; fresh assistance is procured; and half a
+dozen of the assailants are conveyed to the station-house, struggling,
+bleeding, and cursing.  The case is taken to the police-office on the
+following morning; and after a frightful amount of perjury on both sides,
+the men are sent to prison for resisting the officers, their families to
+the workhouse to keep them from starving: and there they both remain for
+a month afterwards, glorious trophies of the sanctified enforcement of
+the Christian Sabbath.  Add to such scenes as these, the profligacy,
+idleness, drunkenness, and vice, that will be committed to an extent
+which no man can foresee, on Monday, as an atonement for the restraint of
+the preceding day; and you have a very faint and imperfect picture of the
+religious effects of this Sunday legislation, supposing it could ever be
+forced upon the people.
+
+
+
+But let those who advocate the cause of fanaticism, reflect well upon the
+probable issue of their endeavours.  They may by perseverance, succeed
+with Parliament.  Let them ponder on the probability of succeeding with
+the people.  You may deny the concession of a political question for a
+time, and a nation will bear it patiently.  Strike home to the comforts
+of every man’s fireside—tamper with every man’s freedom and liberty—and
+one month, one week, may rouse a feeling abroad, which a king would
+gladly yield his crown to quell, and a peer would resign his coronet to
+allay.
+
+
+
+It is the custom to affect a deference for the motives of those who
+advocate these measures, and a respect for the feelings by which they are
+actuated.  They do not deserve it.  If they legislate in ignorance, they
+are criminal and dishonest; if they do so with their eyes open, they
+commit wilful injustice; in either case, they bring religion into
+contempt.  But they do NOT legislate in ignorance.  Public prints, and
+public men, have pointed out to them again and again, the consequences of
+their proceedings.  If they persist in thrusting themselves forward, let
+those consequences rest upon their own heads, and let them be content to
+stand upon their own merits.
+
+
+
+It may be asked, what motives can actuate a man who has so little regard
+for the comfort of his fellow-beings, so little respect for their wants
+and necessities, and so distorted a notion of the beneficence of his
+Creator.  I reply, an envious, heartless, ill-conditioned dislike to
+seeing those whom fortune has placed below him, cheerful and happy—an
+intolerant confidence in his own high worthiness before God, and a lofty
+impression of the demerits of others—pride, selfish pride, as
+inconsistent with the spirit of Christianity itself, as opposed to the
+example of its Founder upon earth.
+
+
+
+To these may be added another class of men—the stern and gloomy
+enthusiasts, who would make earth a hell, and religion a torment: men
+who, having wasted the earlier part of their lives in dissipation and
+depravity, find themselves when scarcely past its meridian, steeped to
+the neck in vice, and shunned like a loathsome disease.  Abandoned by the
+world, having nothing to fall back upon, nothing to remember but time
+mis-spent, and energies misdirected, they turn their eyes and not their
+thoughts to Heaven, and delude themselves into the impious belief, that
+in denouncing the lightness of heart of which they cannot partake, and
+the rational pleasures from which they never derived enjoyment, they are
+more than remedying the sins of their old career, and—like the founders
+of monasteries and builders of churches, in ruder days—establishing a
+good set claim upon their Maker.
+
+
+
+
+III
+AS IT MIGHT BE MADE
+
+
+THE supporters of Sabbath Bills, and more especially the extreme class of
+Dissenters, lay great stress upon the declarations occasionally made by
+criminals from the condemned cell or the scaffold, that to
+Sabbath-breaking they attribute their first deviation from the path of
+rectitude; and they point to these statements, as an incontestable proof
+of the evil consequences which await a departure from that strict and
+rigid observance of the Sabbath, which they uphold.  I cannot help
+thinking that in this, as in almost every other respect connected with
+the subject, there is a considerable degree of cant, and a very great
+deal of wilful blindness.  If a man be viciously disposed—and with very
+few exceptions, not a man dies by the executioner’s hands, who has not
+been in one way or other a most abandoned and profligate character for
+many years—if a man be viciously disposed, there is no doubt that he will
+turn his Sunday to bad account, that he will take advantage of it, to
+dissipate with other bad characters as vile as himself; and that in this
+way, he may trace his first yielding to temptation, possibly his first
+commission of crime, to an infringement of the Sabbath.  But this would
+be an argument against any holiday at all.  If his holiday had been
+Wednesday instead of Sunday, and he had devoted it to the same improper
+uses, it would have been productive of the same results.  It is too much
+to judge of the character of a whole people, by the confessions of the
+very worst members of society.  It is not fair, to cry down things which
+are harmless in themselves, because evil-disposed men may turn them to
+bad account.  Who ever thought of deprecating the teaching poor people to
+write, because some porter in a warehouse had committed forgery?  Or into
+what man’s head did it ever enter, to prevent the crowding of churches,
+because it afforded a temptation for the picking of pockets?
+
+
+
+When the Book of Sports, for allowing the peasantry of England to divert
+themselves with certain games in the open air, on Sundays, after evening
+service, was published by Charles the First, it is needless to say the
+English people were comparatively rude and uncivilised.  And yet it is
+extraordinary to how few excesses it gave rise, even in that day, when
+men’s minds were not enlightened, or their passions moderated, by the
+influence of education and refinement.  That some excesses were committed
+through its means, in the remoter parts of the country, and that it was
+discontinued in those places, in consequence, cannot be denied: but
+generally speaking, there is no proof whatever on record, of its having
+had any tendency to increase crime, or to lower the character of the
+people.
+
+
+
+The Puritans of that time, were as much opposed to harmless recreations
+and healthful amusements as those of the present day, and it is amusing
+to observe that each in their generation, advance precisely the same
+description of arguments.  In the British Museum, there is a curious
+pamphlet got up by the Agnews of Charles’s time, entitled ‘A Divine
+Tragedie lately acted, or a Collection of sundry memorable examples of
+God’s Judgements upon Sabbath Breakers, and other like Libertines in
+their unlawful Sports, happening within the realme of England, in the
+compass only of two yeares last past, since the Booke (of Sports) was
+published, worthy to be knowne and considered of all men, especially such
+who are guilty of the sinne, or archpatrons thereof.’  This amusing
+document, contains some fifty or sixty veritable accounts of balls of
+fire that fell into churchyards and upset the sporters, and sporters that
+quarrelled, and upset one another, and so forth: and among them is one
+anecdote containing an example of a rather different kind, which I cannot
+resist the temptation of quoting, as strongly illustrative of the fact,
+that this blinking of the question has not even the recommendation of
+novelty.
+
+
+
+‘A woman about Northampton, the same day that she heard the booke for
+sports read, went immediately, and having 3. pence in her purse, hired a
+fellow to goe to the next towne to fetch a Minstrell, who coming, she
+with others fell a dauncing, which continued within night; at which time
+shee was got with child, which at the birth shee murthering, was detected
+and apprehended, and being converted before the justice, shee confessed
+it, and withal told the occasion of it, saying it was her falling to
+sport on the Sabbath, upon the reading of the Booke, so as for this
+treble sinfull act, her presumptuous profaning of the Sabbath, wh.
+brought her adultory and that murther.  Shee was according to the Law
+both of God and man, put to death.  Much sinne and misery followeth upon
+Sabbath-breaking.’
+
+
+
+It is needless to say, that if the young lady near Northampton had
+‘fallen to sport’ of such a dangerous description, on any other day but
+Sunday, the first result would probably have been the same: it never
+having been distinctly shown that Sunday is more favourable to the
+propagation of the human race than any other day in the week.  The second
+result—the murder of the child—does not speak very highly for the
+amiability of her natural disposition; and the whole story, supposing it
+to have had any foundation at all, is about as much chargeable upon the
+Book of Sports, as upon the Book of Kings.  Such ‘sports’ have taken
+place in Dissenting Chapels before now; but religion has never been
+blamed in consequence; nor has it been proposed to shut up the chapels on
+that account.
+
+
+
+The question, then, very fairly arises, whether we have any reason to
+suppose that allowing games in the open air on Sundays, or even providing
+the means of amusement for the humbler classes of society on that day,
+would be hurtful and injurious to the character and morals of the people.
+
+
+
+I was travelling in the west of England a summer or two back, and was
+induced by the beauty of the scenery, and the seclusion of the spot, to
+remain for the night in a small village, distant about seventy miles from
+London.  The next morning was Sunday; and I walked out, towards the
+church.  Groups of people—the whole population of the little hamlet
+apparently—were hastening in the same direction.  Cheerful and
+good-humoured congratulations were heard on all sides, as neighbours
+overtook each other, and walked on in company.  Occasionally I passed an
+aged couple, whose married daughter and her husband were loitering by the
+side of the old people, accommodating their rate of walking to their
+feeble pace, while a little knot of children hurried on before; stout
+young labourers in clean round frocks; and buxom girls with healthy,
+laughing faces, were plentifully sprinkled about in couples, and the
+whole scene was one of quiet and tranquil contentment, irresistibly
+captivating.  The morning was bright and pleasant, the hedges were green
+and blooming, and a thousand delicious scents were wafted on the air,
+from the wild flowers which blossomed on either side of the footpath.
+The little church was one of those venerable simple buildings which
+abound in the English counties; half overgrown with moss and ivy, and
+standing in the centre of a little plot of ground, which, but for the
+green mounds with which it was studded, might have passed for a lovely
+meadow.  I fancied that the old clanking bell which was now summoning the
+congregation together, would seem less terrible when it rung out the
+knell of a departed soul, than I had ever deemed possible before—that the
+sound would tell only of a welcome to calmness and rest, amidst the most
+peaceful and tranquil scene in nature.
+
+
+
+I followed into the church—a low-roofed building with small arched
+windows, through which the sun’s rays streamed upon a plain tablet on the
+opposite wall, which had once recorded names, now as undistinguishable on
+its worn surface, as were the bones beneath, from the dust into which
+they had resolved.  The impressive service of the Church of England was
+spoken—not merely _read_—by a grey-headed minister, and the responses
+delivered by his auditors, with an air of sincere devotion as far removed
+from affectation or display, as from coldness or indifference.  The
+psalms were accompanied by a few instrumental performers, who were
+stationed in a small gallery extending across the church at the lower
+end, over the door: and the voices were led by the clerk, who, it was
+evident, derived no slight pride and gratification from this portion of
+the service.  The discourse was plain, unpretending, and well adapted to
+the comprehension of the hearers.  At the conclusion of the service, the
+villagers waited in the churchyard, to salute the clergyman as he passed;
+and two or three, I observed, stepped aside, as if communicating some
+little difficulty, and asking his advice.  This, to guess from the homely
+bows, and other rustic expressions of gratitude, the old gentleman
+readily conceded.  He seemed intimately acquainted with the circumstances
+of all his parishioners; for I heard him inquire after one man’s youngest
+child, another man’s wife, and so forth; and that he was fond of his
+joke, I discovered from overhearing him ask a stout, fresh-coloured young
+fellow, with a very pretty bashful-looking girl on his arm, ‘when those
+banns were to be put up?’—an inquiry which made the young fellow more
+fresh-coloured, and the girl more bashful, and which, strange to say,
+caused a great many other girls who were standing round, to colour up
+also, and look anywhere but in the faces of their male companions.
+
+
+
+As I approached this spot in the evening about half an hour before
+sunset, I was surprised to hear the hum of voices, and occasionally a
+shout of merriment from the meadow beyond the churchyard; which I found,
+when I reached the stile, to be occasioned by a very animated game of
+cricket, in which the boys and young men of the place were engaged, while
+the females and old people were scattered about: some seated on the grass
+watching the progress of the game, and others sauntering about in groups
+of two or three, gathering little nosegays of wild roses and hedge
+flowers.  I could not but take notice of one old man in particular, with
+a bright-eyed grand-daughter by his side, who was giving a sunburnt young
+fellow some instructions in the game, which he received with an air of
+profound deference, but with an occasional glance at the girl, which
+induced me to think that his attention was rather distracted from the old
+gentleman’s narration of the fruits of his experience.  When it was his
+turn at the wicket, too, there was a glance towards the pair every now
+and then, which the old grandfather very complacently considered as an
+appeal to his judgment of a particular hit, but which a certain blush in
+the girl’s face, and a downcast look of the bright eye, led me to believe
+was intended for somebody else than the old man,—and understood by
+somebody else, too, or I am much mistaken.
+
+
+
+I was in the very height of the pleasure which the contemplation of this
+scene afforded me, when I saw the old clergyman making his way towards
+us.  I trembled for an angry interruption to the sport, and was almost on
+the point of crying out, to warn the cricketers of his approach; he was
+so close upon me, however, that I could do nothing but remain still, and
+anticipate the reproof that was preparing.  What was my agreeable
+surprise to see the old gentleman standing at the stile, with his hands
+in his pockets, surveying the whole scene with evident satisfaction!  And
+how dull I must have been, not to have known till my friend the
+grandfather (who, by-the-bye, said he had been a wonderful cricketer in
+his time) told me, that it was the clergyman himself who had established
+the whole thing: that it was his field they played in; and that it was he
+who had purchased stumps, bats, ball, and all!
+
+
+
+It is such scenes as this, I would see near London, on a Sunday evening.
+It is such men as this, who would do more in one year to make people
+properly religious, cheerful, and contented, than all the legislation of
+a century could ever accomplish.
+
+
+
+It will be said—it has been very often—that it would be matter of perfect
+impossibility to make amusements and exercises succeed in large towns,
+which may be very well adapted to a country population.  Here, again, we
+are called upon to yield to bare assertions on matters of belief and
+opinion, as if they were established and undoubted facts.  That there is
+a wide difference between the two cases, no one will be prepared to
+dispute; that the difference is such as to prevent the application of the
+same principle to both, no reasonable man, I think, will be disposed to
+maintain.  The great majority of the people who make holiday on Sunday
+now, are industrious, orderly, and well-behaved persons.  It is not
+unreasonable to suppose that they would be no more inclined to an abuse
+of pleasures provided for them, than they are to an abuse of the
+pleasures they provide for themselves; and if any people, for want of
+something better to do, resort to criminal practices on the Sabbath as at
+present observed, no better remedy for the evil can be imagined, than
+giving them the opportunity of doing something which will amuse them, and
+hurt nobody else.
+
+
+
+The propriety of opening the British Museum to respectable people on
+Sunday, has lately been the subject of some discussion.  I think it would
+puzzle the most austere of the Sunday legislators to assign any valid
+reason for opposing so sensible a proposition.  The Museum contains rich
+specimens from all the vast museums and repositories of Nature, and rare
+and curious fragments of the mighty works of art, in bygone ages: all
+calculated to awaken contemplation and inquiry, and to tend to the
+enlightenment and improvement of the people.  But attendants would be
+necessary, and a few men would be employed upon the Sabbath.  They
+certainly would; but how many?  Why, if the British Museum, and the
+National Gallery, and the Gallery of Practical Science, and every other
+exhibition in London, from which knowledge is to be derived and
+information gained, were to be thrown open on a Sunday afternoon, not
+fifty people would be required to preside over the whole: and it would
+take treble the number to enforce a Sabbath bill in any three populous
+parishes.
+
+
+
+I should like to see some large field, or open piece of ground, in every
+outskirt of London, exhibiting each Sunday evening on a larger scale, the
+scene of the little country meadow.  I should like to see the time
+arrive, when a man’s attendance to his religious duties might be left to
+that religious feeling which most men possess in a greater or less
+degree, but which was never forced into the breast of any man by menace
+or restraint.  I should like to see the time when Sunday might be looked
+forward to, as a recognised day of relaxation and enjoyment, and when
+every man might feel, what few men do now, that religion is not
+incompatible with rational pleasure and needful recreation.
+
+
+
+How different a picture would the streets and public places then present!
+The museums, and repositories of scientific and useful inventions, would
+be crowded with ingenious mechanics and industrious artisans, all anxious
+for information, and all unable to procure it at any other time.  The
+spacious saloons would be swarming with practical men: humble in
+appearance, but destined, perhaps, to become the greatest inventors and
+philosophers of their age.  The labourers who now lounge away the day in
+idleness and intoxication, would be seen hurrying along, with cheerful
+faces and clean attire, not to the close and smoky atmosphere of the
+public-house but to the fresh and airy fields.  Fancy the pleasant scene.
+Throngs of people, pouring out from the lanes and alleys of the
+metropolis, to various places of common resort at some short distance
+from the town, to join in the refreshing sports and exercises of the
+day—the children gambolling in crowds upon the grass, the mothers looking
+on, and enjoying themselves the little game they seem only to direct;
+other parties strolling along some pleasant walks, or reposing in the
+shade of the stately trees; others again intent upon their different
+amusements.  Nothing should be heard on all sides, but the sharp stroke
+of the bat as it sent the ball skimming along the ground, the clear ring
+of the quoit, as it struck upon the iron peg: the noisy murmur of many
+voices, and the loud shout of mirth and delight, which would awaken the
+echoes far and wide, till the fields rung with it.  The day would pass
+away, in a series of enjoyments which would awaken no painful reflections
+when night arrived; for they would be calculated to bring with them, only
+health and contentment.  The young would lose that dread of religion,
+which the sour austerity of its professors too often inculcates in
+youthful bosoms; and the old would find less difficulty in persuading
+them to respect its observances.  The drunken and dissipated, deprived of
+any excuse for their misconduct, would no longer excite pity but disgust.
+Above all, the more ignorant and humble class of men, who now partake of
+many of the bitters of life, and taste but few of its sweets, would
+naturally feel attachment and respect for that code of morality, which,
+regarding the many hardships of their station, strove to alleviate its
+rigours, and endeavoured to soften its asperity.
+
+
+
+This is what Sunday might be made, and what it might be made without
+impiety or profanation.  The wise and beneficent Creator who places men
+upon earth, requires that they shall perform the duties of that station
+of life to which they are called, and He can never intend that the more a
+man strives to discharge those duties, the more he shall be debarred from
+happiness and enjoyment.  Let those who have six days in the week for all
+the world’s pleasures, appropriate the seventh to fasting and gloom,
+either for their own sins or those of other people, if they like to
+bewail them; but let those who employ their six days in a worthier
+manner, devote their seventh to a different purpose.  Let divines set the
+example of true morality: preach it to their flocks in the morning, and
+dismiss them to enjoy true rest in the afternoon; and let them select for
+their text, and let Sunday legislators take for their motto, the words
+which fell from the lips of that Master, whose precepts they misconstrue,
+and whose lessons they pervert—‘The Sabbath was made for man, and not man
+to serve the Sabbath.’
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS***
+
+
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+
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Sunday under Three Heads, by Charles Dickens
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+
+Title: Sunday under Three Heads
+
+
+Author: Charles Dickens
+
+
+
+Release Date: January 4, 2015  [eBook #922]
+[This file was first posted on May 29, 1997]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS***
+</pre>
+<p>Transcribed from the 1905 Chapman &amp; Hall edition (<i>The
+Works of Charles Dickens</i>, volume 28) by David Price, email
+ccx074@pglaf.org</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/coverb.jpg">
+<img alt=
+"Book cover"
+title=
+"Book cover"
+ src="images/covers.jpg" />
+</a></p>
+<h1>SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS</h1>
+
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center">By CHARLES DICKENS</p>
+
+<div class="gapspace">&nbsp;</div>
+<p style="text-align: center">LONDON: CHAPMAN &amp; HALL, LD.<br
+/>
+NEW YORK: CHARLES SCRIBNER&rsquo;S SONS<br />
+1905</p>
+<h2>DEDICATION</h2>
+<p style="text-align: center"><b>To The Right Reverend</b><br />
+THE BISHOP OF LONDON</p>
+<p><span class="smcap">My Lord</span>,</p>
+<p>You were among the first, some years ago, to expatiate on the
+vicious addiction of the lower classes of society to Sunday
+excursions; and were thus instrumental in calling forth
+occasional demonstrations of those extreme opinions on the
+subject, which are very generally received with derision, if not
+with contempt.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Your elevated station, my Lord, affords you countless
+opportunities of increasing the comforts and pleasures of the
+humbler classes of society&mdash;not by the expenditure of the
+smallest portion of your princely income, but by merely
+sanctioning with the influence of your example, their harmless
+pastimes, and innocent recreations.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>That your Lordship would ever have contemplated Sunday
+recreations with so much horror, if you had been at all
+acquainted with the wants and necessities of the people who
+indulged in them, I cannot imagine possible.&nbsp; That a Prelate
+of your elevated rank has the faintest conception of the extent
+of those wants, and the nature of those necessities, I do not
+believe.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>For these reasons, I venture to address this little Pamphlet
+to your Lordship&rsquo;s consideration.&nbsp; I am quite
+conscious that the outlines I have drawn, afford but a very
+imperfect description of the feelings they are intended to
+illustrate; but I claim for them one merit&mdash;their truth and
+freedom from exaggeration.&nbsp; I may have fallen short of the
+mark, but I have never overshot it: and while I have pointed out
+what appears to me, to be injustice on the part of others, I hope
+I have carefully abstained from committing it myself.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>I am,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; My Lord,</p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Your Lordship&rsquo;s most
+obedient,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">Humble Servant,<br />
+TIMOTHY SPARKS.</p>
+<p><i>June</i>, 1836.</p>
+<h2>I<br />
+AS IT IS</h2>
+<p><span class="smcap">There</span> are few things from which I
+derive greater pleasure, than walking through some of the
+principal streets of London on a fine Sunday, in summer, and
+watching the cheerful faces of the lively groups with which they
+are thronged.&nbsp; There is something, to my eyes at least,
+exceedingly pleasing in the general desire evinced by the humbler
+classes of society, to appear neat and clean on this their only
+holiday.&nbsp; There are many grave old persons, I know, who
+shake their heads with an air of profound wisdom, and tell you
+that poor people dress too well now-a-days; that when they were
+children, folks knew their stations in life better; that you may
+depend upon it, no good will come of this sort of thing in the
+end,&mdash;and so forth: but I fancy I can discern in the fine
+bonnet of the working-man&rsquo;s wife, or the feather-bedizened
+hat of his child, no inconsiderable evidence of good feeling on
+the part of the man himself, and an affectionate desire to expend
+the few shillings he can spare from his week&rsquo;s wages, in
+improving the appearance and adding to the happiness of those who
+are nearest and dearest to him.&nbsp; This may be a very heinous
+and unbecoming degree of vanity, perhaps, and the money might
+possibly be applied to better uses; it must not be forgotten,
+however, that it might very easily be devoted to worse: and if
+two or three faces can be rendered happy and contented, by a
+trifling improvement of outward appearance, I cannot help
+thinking that the object is very cheaply purchased, even at the
+expense of a smart gown, or a gaudy riband.&nbsp; There is a
+great deal of very unnecessary cant about the over-dressing of
+the common people.&nbsp; There is not a manufacturer or tradesman
+in existence, who would not employ a man who takes a reasonable
+degree of pride in the appearance of himself and those about him,
+in preference to a sullen, slovenly fellow, who works doggedly
+on, regardless of his own clothing and that of his wife and
+children, and seeming to take pleasure or pride in nothing.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The pampered aristocrat, whose life is one continued round of
+licentious pleasures and sensual gratifications; or the gloomy
+enthusiast, who detests the cheerful amusements he can never
+enjoy, and envies the healthy feelings he can never know, and who
+would put down the one and suppress the other, until he made the
+minds of his fellow-beings as besotted and distorted as his
+own;&mdash;neither of these men can by possibility form an
+adequate notion of what Sunday really is to those whose lives are
+spent in sedentary or laborious occupations, and who are
+accustomed to look forward to it through their whole existence,
+as their only day of rest from toil, and innocent enjoyment.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The sun that rises over the quiet streets of London on a
+bright Sunday morning, shines till his setting, on gay and happy
+faces.&nbsp; Here and there, so early as six o&rsquo;clock, a
+young man and woman in their best attire, may be seen hurrying
+along on their way to the house of some acquaintance, who is
+included in their scheme of pleasure for the day; from whence,
+after stopping to take &ldquo;a bit of breakfast,&rdquo; they
+sally forth, accompanied by several old people, and a whole crowd
+of young ones, bearing large hand-baskets full of provisions, and
+Belcher handkerchiefs done up in bundles, with the neck of a
+bottle sticking out at the top, and closely-packed apples bulging
+out at the sides,&mdash;and away they hurry along the streets
+leading to the steam-packet wharfs, which are already plentifully
+sprinkled with parties bound for the same destination.&nbsp;
+Their good humour and delight know no bounds&mdash;for it is a
+delightful morning, all blue over head, and nothing like a cloud
+in the whole sky; and even the air of the river at London Bridge
+is something to them, shut up as they have been, all the week, in
+close streets and heated rooms.&nbsp; There are dozens of
+steamers to all sorts of places&mdash;Gravesend, Greenwich, and
+Richmond; and such numbers of people, that when you have once sat
+down on the deck, it is all but a moral impossibility to get up
+again&mdash;to say nothing of walking about, which is entirely
+out of the question.&nbsp; Away they go, joking and laughing, and
+eating and drinking, and admiring everything they see, and
+pleased with everything they hear, to climb Windmill Hill, and
+catch a glimpse of the rich corn-fields and beautiful orchards of
+Kent; or to stroll among the fine old trees of Greenwich Park,
+and survey the wonders of Shooter&rsquo;s Hill and Lady
+James&rsquo;s Folly; or to glide past the beautiful meadows of
+Twickenham and Richmond, and to gaze with a delight which only
+people like them can know, on every lovely object in the fair
+prospect around.&nbsp; Boat follows boat, and coach succeeds
+coach, for the next three hours; but all are filled, and all with
+the same kind of people&mdash;neat and clean, cheerful and
+contented.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>They reach their places of destination, and the taverns are
+crowded; but there is no drunkenness or brawling, for the class
+of men who commit the enormity of making Sunday excursions, take
+their families with them: and this in itself would be a check
+upon them, even if they were inclined to dissipation, which they
+really are not.&nbsp; Boisterous their mirth may be, for they
+have all the excitement of feeling that fresh air and green
+fields can impart to the dwellers in crowded cities, but it is
+innocent and harmless.&nbsp; The glass is circulated, and the
+joke goes round; but the one is free from excess, and the other
+from offence; and nothing but good humour and hilarity
+prevail.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>In streets like Holborn and Tottenham Court Road, which form
+the central market of a large neighbourhood, inhabited by a vast
+number of mechanics and poor people, a few shops are open at an
+early hour of the morning; and a very poor man, with a thin and
+sickly woman by his side, may be seen with their little basket in
+hand, purchasing the scanty quantity of necessaries they can
+afford, which the time at which the man receives his wages, or
+his having a good deal of work to do, or the woman&rsquo;s having
+been out charing till a late hour, prevented their procuring
+over-night.&nbsp; The coffee-shops too, at which clerks and young
+men employed in counting-houses can procure their breakfasts, are
+also open.&nbsp; This class comprises, in a place like London, an
+enormous number of people, whose limited means prevent their
+engaging for their lodgings any other apartment than a bedroom,
+and who have consequently no alternative but to take their
+breakfasts at a coffee-shop, or go without it altogether.&nbsp;
+All these places, however, are quickly closed; and by the time
+the church bells begin to ring, all appearance of traffic has
+ceased.&nbsp; And then, what are the signs of immorality that
+meet the eye?&nbsp; Churches are well filled, and
+Dissenters&rsquo; chapels are crowded to suffocation.&nbsp; There
+is no preaching to empty benches, while the drunken and dissolute
+populace run riot in the streets.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Here is a fashionable church, where the service commences at a
+late hour, for the accommodation of such members of the
+congregation&mdash;and they are not a few&mdash;as may happen to
+have lingered at the Opera far into the morning of the Sabbath;
+an excellent contrivance for poising the balance between God and
+Mammon, and illustrating the ease with which a man&rsquo;s duties
+to both, may be accommodated and adjusted.&nbsp; How the
+carriages rattle up, and deposit their richly-dressed burdens
+beneath the lofty portico!&nbsp; The powdered footmen glide along
+the aisle, place the richly-bound prayer-books on the pew desks,
+slam the doors, and hurry away, leaving the fashionable members
+of the congregation to inspect each other through their glasses,
+and to dazzle and glitter in the eyes of the few shabby people in
+the free seats.&nbsp; The organ peals forth, the hired singers
+commence a short hymn, and the congregation condescendingly rise,
+stare about them, and converse in whispers.&nbsp; The clergyman
+enters the reading-desk,&mdash;a young man of noble family and
+elegant demeanour, notorious at Cambridge for his knowledge of
+horse-flesh and dancers, and celebrated at Eton for his hopeless
+stupidity.&nbsp; The service commences.&nbsp; Mark the soft voice
+in which he reads, and the impressive manner in which he applies
+his white hand, studded with brilliants, to his perfumed
+hair.&nbsp; Observe the graceful emphasis with which he offers up
+the prayers for the King, the Royal Family, and all the Nobility;
+and the nonchalance with which he hurries over the more
+uncomfortable portions of the service, the seventh commandment
+for instance, with a studied regard for the taste and feeling of
+his auditors, only to be equalled by that displayed by the sleek
+divine who succeeds him, who murmurs, in a voice kept down by
+rich feeding, most comfortable doctrines for exactly twelve
+minutes, and then arrives at the anxiously expected &lsquo;Now to
+God,&rsquo; which is the signal for the dismissal of the
+congregation.&nbsp; The organ is again heard; those who have been
+asleep wake up, and those who have kept awake, smile and seem
+greatly relieved; bows and congratulations are exchanged, the
+livery servants are all bustle and commotion, bang go the steps,
+up jump the footmen, and off rattle the carriages: the inmates
+discoursing on the dresses of the congregation, and
+congratulating themselves on having set so excellent an example
+to the community in general, and Sunday-pleasurers in
+particular.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Enter a less orthodox place of religious worship, and observe
+the contrast.&nbsp; A small close chapel with a white-washed
+wall, and plain deal pews and pulpit, contains a closely-packed
+congregation, as different in dress, as they are opposed in
+manner, to that we have just quitted.&nbsp; The hymn is
+sung&mdash;not by paid singers, but by the whole assembly at the
+loudest pitch of their voices, unaccompanied by any musical
+instrument, the words being given out, two lines at a time, by
+the clerk.&nbsp; There is something in the sonorous quavering of
+the harsh voices, in the lank and hollow faces of the men, and
+the sour solemnity of the women, which bespeaks this a
+strong-hold of intolerant zeal and ignorant enthusiasm.&nbsp; The
+preacher enters the pulpit.&nbsp; He is a coarse, hard-faced man
+of forbidding aspect, clad in rusty black, and bearing in his
+hand a small plain Bible from which he selects some passage for
+his text, while the hymn is concluding.&nbsp; The congregation
+fall upon their knees, and are hushed into profound stillness as
+he delivers an extempore prayer, in which he calls upon the
+Sacred Founder of the Christian faith to bless his ministry, in
+terms of disgusting and impious familiarity not to be
+described.&nbsp; He begins his oration in a drawling tone, and
+his hearers listen with silent attention.&nbsp; He grows warmer
+as he proceeds with his subject, and his gesticulation becomes
+proportionately violent.&nbsp; He clenches his fists, beats the
+book upon the desk before him, and swings his arms wildly about
+his head.&nbsp; The congregation murmur their acquiescence in his
+doctrines: and a short groan, occasionally bears testimony to the
+moving nature of his eloquence.&nbsp; Encouraged by these
+symptoms of approval, and working himself up to a pitch of
+enthusiasm amounting almost to frenzy, he denounces
+sabbath-breakers with the direst vengeance of offended
+Heaven.&nbsp; He stretches his body half out of the pulpit,
+thrusts forth his arms with frantic gestures, and blasphemously
+calls upon The Deity to visit with eternal torments, those who
+turn aside from the word, as interpreted and preached
+by&mdash;himself.&nbsp; A low moaning is heard, the women rock
+their bodies to and fro, and wring their hands; the
+preacher&rsquo;s fervour increases, the perspiration starts upon
+his brow, his face is flushed, and he clenches his hands
+convulsively, as he draws a hideous and appalling picture of the
+horrors preparing for the wicked in a future state.&nbsp; A great
+excitement is visible among his hearers, a scream is heard, and
+some young girl falls senseless on the floor.&nbsp; There is a
+momentary rustle, but it is only for a moment&mdash;all eyes are
+turned towards the preacher.&nbsp; He pauses, passes his
+handkerchief across his face, and looks complacently round.&nbsp;
+His voice resumes its natural tone, as with mock humility he
+offers up a thanksgiving for having been successful in his
+efforts, and having been permitted to rescue one sinner from the
+path of evil.&nbsp; He sinks back into his seat, exhausted with
+the violence of his ravings; the girl is removed, a hymn is sung,
+a petition for some measure for securing the better observance of
+the Sabbath, which has been prepared by the good man, is read;
+and his worshipping admirers struggle who shall be the first to
+sign it.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>But the morning service has concluded, and the streets are
+again crowded with people.&nbsp; Long rows of cleanly-dressed
+charity children, preceded by a portly beadle and a withered
+schoolmaster, are returning to their welcome dinner; and it is
+evident, from the number of men with beer-trays who are running
+from house to house, that no inconsiderable portion of the
+population are about to take theirs at this early hour.&nbsp; The
+bakers&rsquo; shops in the humbler suburbs especially, are filled
+with men, women, and children, each anxiously waiting for the
+Sunday dinner.&nbsp; Look at the group of children who surround
+that working man who has just emerged from the baker&rsquo;s shop
+at the corner of the street, with the reeking dish, in which a
+diminutive joint of mutton simmers above a vast heap of
+half-browned potatoes.&nbsp; How the young rogues clap their
+hands, and dance round their father, for very joy at the prospect
+of the feast: and how anxiously the youngest and chubbiest of the
+lot, lingers on tiptoe by his side, trying to get a peep into the
+interior of the dish.&nbsp; They turn up the street, and the
+chubby-faced boy trots on as fast as his little legs will carry
+him, to herald the approach of the dinner to &lsquo;Mother&rsquo;
+who is standing with a baby in her arms on the doorstep, and who
+seems almost as pleased with the whole scene as the children
+themselves; whereupon &lsquo;baby&rsquo; not precisely
+understanding the importance of the business in hand, but clearly
+perceiving that it is something unusually lively, kicks and crows
+most lustily, to the unspeakable delight of all the children and
+both the parents: and the dinner is borne into the house amidst a
+shouting of small voices, and jumping of fat legs, which would
+fill Sir Andrew Agnew with astonishment; as well it might, seeing
+that Baronets, generally speaking, eat pretty comfortable dinners
+all the week through, and cannot be expected to understand what
+people feel, who only have a meat dinner on one day out of every
+seven.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The bakings being all duly consigned to their respective
+owners, and the beer-man having gone his rounds, the church bells
+ring for afternoon service, the shops are again closed, and the
+streets are more than ever thronged with people; some who have
+not been to church in the morning, going to it now; others who
+have been to church, going out for a walk; and others&mdash;let
+us admit the full measure of their guilt&mdash;going for a walk,
+who have not been to church at all.&nbsp; I am afraid the smart
+servant of all work, who has been loitering at the corner of the
+square for the last ten minutes, is one of the latter
+class.&nbsp; She is evidently waiting for somebody, and though
+she may have made up her mind to go to church with him one of
+these mornings, I don&rsquo;t think they have any such intention
+on this particular afternoon.&nbsp; Here he is, at last.&nbsp;
+The white trousers, blue coat, and yellow waistcoat&mdash;and
+more especially that cock of the hat&mdash;indicate, as surely as
+inanimate objects can, that Chalk Farm and not the parish church,
+is their destination.&nbsp; The girl colours up, and puts out her
+hand with a very awkward affectation of indifference.&nbsp; He
+gives it a gallant squeeze, and away they walk, arm in arm, the
+girl just looking back towards her &lsquo;place&rsquo; with an
+air of conscious self-importance, and nodding to her
+fellow-servant who has gone up to the two-pair-of-stairs window,
+to take a full view of &lsquo;Mary&rsquo;s young man,&rsquo;
+which being communicated to William, he takes off his hat to the
+fellow-servant: a proceeding which affords unmitigated
+satisfaction to all parties, and impels the fellow-servant to
+inform Miss Emily confidentially, in the course of the evening,
+&lsquo;that the young man as Mary keeps company with, is one of
+the most genteelest young men as ever she see.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The two young people who have just crossed the road, and are
+following this happy couple down the street, are a fair specimen
+of another class of Sunday&mdash;pleasurers.&nbsp; There is a
+dapper smartness, struggling through very limited means, about
+the young man, which induces one to set him down at once as a
+junior clerk to a tradesman or attorney.&nbsp; The girl no one
+could possibly mistake.&nbsp; You may tell a young woman in the
+employment of a large dress-maker, at any time, by a certain
+neatness of cheap finery and humble following of fashion, which
+pervade her whole attire; but unfortunately there are other
+tokens not to be misunderstood&mdash;the pale face with its
+hectic bloom, the slight distortion of form which no artifice of
+dress can wholly conceal, the unhealthy stoop, and the short
+cough&mdash;the effects of hard work and close application to a
+sedentary employment, upon a tender frame.&nbsp; They turn
+towards the fields.&nbsp; The girl&rsquo;s countenance brightens,
+and an unwonted glow rises in her face.&nbsp; They are going to
+Hampstead or Highgate, to spend their holiday afternoon in some
+place where they can see the sky, the fields, and trees, and
+breathe for an hour or two the pure air, which so seldom plays
+upon that poor girl&rsquo;s form, or exhilarates her spirits.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>I would to God, that the iron-hearted man who would deprive
+such people as these of their only pleasures, could feel the
+sinking of heart and soul, the wasting exhaustion of mind and
+body, the utter prostration of present strength and future hope,
+attendant upon that incessant toil which lasts from day to day,
+and from month to month; that toil which is too often protracted
+until the silence of midnight, and resumed with the first stir of
+morning.&nbsp; How marvellously would his ardent zeal for other
+men&rsquo;s souls, diminish after a short probation, and how
+enlightened and comprehensive would his views of the real object
+and meaning of the institution of the Sabbath become!</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The afternoon is far advanced&mdash;the parks and public
+drives are crowded.&nbsp; Carriages, gigs, phaetons, stanhopes,
+and vehicles of every description, glide smoothly on.&nbsp; The
+promenades are filled with loungers on foot, and the road is
+thronged with loungers on horseback.&nbsp; Persons of every class
+are crowded together, here, in one dense mass.&nbsp; The
+plebeian, who takes his pleasure on no day but Sunday, jostles
+the patrician, who takes his, from year&rsquo;s end to
+year&rsquo;s end.&nbsp; You look in vain for any outward signs of
+profligacy or debauchery.&nbsp; You see nothing before you but a
+vast number of people, the denizens of a large and crowded city,
+in the needful and rational enjoyment of air and exercise.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>It grows dusk.&nbsp; The roads leading from the different
+places of suburban resort, are crowded with people on their
+return home, and the sound of merry voices rings through the
+gradually darkening fields.&nbsp; The evening is hot and
+sultry.&nbsp; The rich man throws open the sashes of his spacious
+dining-room, and quaffs his iced wine in splendid luxury.&nbsp;
+The poor man, who has no room to take his meals in, but the close
+apartment to which he and his family have been confined
+throughout the week, sits in the tea-garden of some famous
+tavern, and drinks his beer in content and comfort.&nbsp; The
+fields and roads are gradually deserted, the crowd once more pour
+into the streets, and disperse to their several homes; and by
+midnight all is silent and quiet, save where a few stragglers
+linger beneath the window of some great man&rsquo;s house, to
+listen to the strains of music from within: or stop to gaze upon
+the splendid carriages which are waiting to convey the guests
+from the dinner-party of an Earl.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>There is a darker side to this picture, on which, so far from
+its being any part of my purpose to conceal it, I wish to lay
+particular stress.&nbsp; In some parts of London, and in many of
+the manufacturing towns of England, drunkenness and profligacy in
+their most disgusting forms, exhibit in the open streets on
+Sunday, a sad and a degrading spectacle.&nbsp; We need go no
+farther than St. Giles&rsquo;s, or Drury Lane, for sights and
+scenes of a most repulsive nature.&nbsp; Women with scarcely the
+articles of apparel which common decency requires, with forms
+bloated by disease, and faces rendered hideous by habitual
+drunkenness&mdash;men reeling and staggering along&mdash;children
+in rags and filth&mdash;whole streets of squalid and miserable
+appearance, whose inhabitants are lounging in the public road,
+fighting, screaming, and swearing&mdash;these are the common
+objects which present themselves in, these are the well-known
+characteristics of, that portion of London to which I have just
+referred.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>And why is it, that all well-disposed persons are shocked, and
+public decency scandalised, by such exhibitions?</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>These people are poor&mdash;that is notorious.&nbsp; It may be
+said that they spend in liquor, money with which they might
+purchase necessaries, and there is no denying the fact; but let
+it be remembered that even if they applied every farthing of
+their earnings in the best possible way, they would still be
+very&mdash;very poor.&nbsp; Their dwellings are necessarily
+uncomfortable, and to a certain degree unhealthy.&nbsp;
+Cleanliness might do much, but they are too crowded together, the
+streets are too narrow, and the rooms too small, to admit of
+their ever being rendered desirable habitations.&nbsp; They work
+very hard all the week.&nbsp; We know that the effect of
+prolonged and arduous labour, is to produce, when a period of
+rest does arrive, a sensation of lassitude which it requires the
+application of some stimulus to overcome.&nbsp; What stimulus
+have they?&nbsp; Sunday comes, and with it a cessation of
+labour.&nbsp; How are they to employ the day, or what inducement
+have they to employ it, in recruiting their stock of
+health?&nbsp; They see little parties, on pleasure excursions,
+passing through the streets; but they cannot imitate their
+example, for they have not the means.&nbsp; They may walk, to be
+sure, but it is exactly the inducement to walk that they
+require.&nbsp; If every one of these men knew, that by taking the
+trouble to walk two or three miles he would be enabled to share
+in a good game of cricket, or some athletic sport, I very much
+question whether any of them would remain at home.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>But you hold out no inducement, you offer no relief from
+listlessness, you provide nothing to amuse his mind, you afford
+him no means of exercising his body.&nbsp; Unwashed and unshaven,
+he saunters moodily about, weary and dejected.&nbsp; In lieu of
+the wholesome stimulus he might derive from nature, you drive him
+to the pernicious excitement to be gained from art.&nbsp; He
+flies to the gin-shop as his only resource; and when, reduced to
+a worse level than the lowest brute in the scale of creation, he
+lies wallowing in the kennel, your saintly lawgivers lift up
+their hands to heaven, and exclaim for a law which shall convert
+the day intended for rest and cheerfulness, into one of universal
+gloom, bigotry, and persecution.</p>
+<h2>II<br />
+AS SABBATH BILLS WOULD MAKE IT</h2>
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> provisions of the bill
+introduced into the House of Commons by Sir Andrew Agnew, and
+thrown out by that House on the motion for the second reading, on
+the 18th of May in the present year, by a majority of 32, may
+very fairly be taken as a test of the length to which the
+fanatics, of which the honourable Baronet is the distinguished
+leader, are prepared to go.&nbsp; No test can be fairer; because
+while on the one hand this measure may be supposed to exhibit all
+that improvement which mature reflection and long deliberation
+may have suggested, so on the other it may very reasonably be
+inferred, that if it be quite as severe in its provisions, and to
+the full as partial in its operation, as those which have
+preceded it and experienced a similar fate, the disease under
+which the honourable Baronet and his friends labour, is perfectly
+hopeless, and beyond the reach of cure.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The proposed enactments of the bill are briefly
+these:&mdash;All work is prohibited on the Lord&rsquo;s day,
+under heavy penalties, increasing with every repetition of the
+offence.&nbsp; There are penalties for keeping shops
+open&mdash;penalties for drunkenness&mdash;penalties for keeping
+open houses of entertainment&mdash;penalties for being present at
+any public meeting or assembly&mdash;penalties for letting
+carriages, and penalties for hiring them&mdash;penalties for
+travelling in steam-boats, and penalties for taking
+passengers&mdash;penalties on vessels commencing their voyage on
+Sunday&mdash;penalties on the owners of cattle who suffer them to
+be driven on the Lord&rsquo;s day&mdash;penalties on constables
+who refuse to act, and penalties for resisting them when they
+do.&nbsp; In addition to these trifles, the constables are
+invested with arbitrary, vexatious, and most extensive powers;
+and all this in a bill which sets out with a hypocritical and
+canting declaration that &lsquo;nothing is more acceptable to God
+than the <i>true and sincere</i> worship of Him according to His
+holy will, and that it is the bounden duty of Parliament to
+promote the observance of the Lord&rsquo;s day, by protecting
+every class of society against being required to sacrifice their
+comfort, health, religious privileges, and conscience, for the
+convenience, enjoyment, or supposed advantage of any other class
+on the Lord&rsquo;s day&rsquo;!&nbsp; The idea of making a man
+truly moral through the ministry of constables, and sincerely
+religious under the influence of penalties, is worthy of the mind
+which could form such a mass of monstrous absurdity as this bill
+is composed of.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The House of Commons threw the measure out certainly, and by
+so doing retrieved the disgrace&mdash;so far as it could be
+retrieved&mdash;of placing among the printed papers of
+Parliament, such an egregious specimen of legislative folly; but
+there was a degree of delicacy and forbearance about the debate
+that took place, which I cannot help thinking as unnecessary and
+uncalled for, as it is unusual in Parliamentary
+discussions.&nbsp; If it had been the first time of Sir Andrew
+Agnew&rsquo;s attempting to palm such a measure upon the country,
+we might well understand, and duly appreciate, the delicate and
+compassionate feeling due to the supposed weakness and imbecility
+of the man, which prevented his proposition being exposed in its
+true colours, and induced this Hon. Member to bear testimony to
+his excellent motives, and that Noble Lord to regret that he
+could not&mdash;although he had tried to do so&mdash;adopt any
+portion of the bill.&nbsp; But when these attempts have been
+repeated, again and again; when Sir Andrew Agnew has renewed them
+session after session, and when it has become palpably evident to
+the whole House that</p>
+<blockquote><p>His impudence of proof in every trial,<br />
+Kens no polite, and heeds no plain denial&mdash;</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>it really becomes high time to speak of him and his
+legislation, as they appear to deserve, without that gloss of
+politeness, which is all very well in an ordinary case, but
+rather out of place when the liberties and comforts of a whole
+people are at stake.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>In the first place, it is by no means the worst characteristic
+of this bill, that it is a bill of blunders: it is, from
+beginning to end, a piece of deliberate cruelty, and crafty
+injustice.&nbsp; If the rich composed the whole population of
+this country, not a single comfort of one single man would be
+affected by it.&nbsp; It is directed exclusively, and without the
+exception of a solitary instance, against the amusements and
+recreations of the poor.&nbsp; This was the bait held out by the
+Hon. Baronet to a body of men, who cannot be supposed to have any
+very strong sympathies in common with the poor, because they
+cannot understand their sufferings or their struggles.&nbsp; This
+is the bait, which will in time prevail, unless public attention
+is awakened, and public feeling exerted, to prevent it.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Take the very first clause, the provision that no man shall be
+allowed to work on Sunday&mdash;&lsquo;That no person, upon the
+Lord&rsquo;s day, shall do, or hire, or employ any person to do
+any manner of labour, or any work of his or her ordinary
+calling.&rsquo;&nbsp; What class of persons does this
+affect?&nbsp; The rich man?&nbsp; No.&nbsp; Menial servants, both
+male and female, are specially exempted from the operation of the
+bill.&nbsp; &lsquo;Menial servants&rsquo; are among the poor
+people.&nbsp; The bill has no regard for them.&nbsp; The
+Baronet&rsquo;s dinner must be cooked on Sunday, the
+Bishop&rsquo;s horses must be groomed, and the Peer&rsquo;s
+carriage must be driven.&nbsp; So the menial servants are put
+utterly beyond the pale of grace;&mdash;unless indeed, they are
+to go to heaven through the sanctity of their masters, and
+possibly they might think even that, rather an uncertain
+passport.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>There is a penalty for keeping open, houses of
+entertainment.&nbsp; Now, suppose the bill had passed, and that
+half-a-dozen adventurous licensed victuallers, relying upon the
+excitement of public feeling on the subject, and the consequent
+difficulty of conviction (this is by no means an improbable
+supposition), had determined to keep their houses and gardens
+open, through the whole Sunday afternoon, in defiance of the
+law.&nbsp; Every act of hiring or working, every act of buying or
+selling, or delivering, or causing anything to be bought or sold,
+is specifically made a separate offence&mdash;mark the
+effect.&nbsp; A party, a man and his wife and children, enter a
+tea-garden, and the informer stations himself in the next box,
+from whence he can see and hear everything that passes.&nbsp;
+&lsquo;Waiter!&rsquo; says the father.&nbsp; &lsquo;Yes.&nbsp;
+Sir.&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;Pint of the best ale!&rsquo;&nbsp;
+&lsquo;Yes, Sir.&rsquo;&nbsp; Away runs the waiter to the bar,
+and gets the ale from the landlord.&nbsp; Out comes the
+informer&rsquo;s note-book&mdash;penalty on the father for
+hiring, on the waiter for delivering, and on the landlord for
+selling, on the Lord&rsquo;s day.&nbsp; But it does not stop
+here.&nbsp; The waiter delivers the ale, and darts off, little
+suspecting the penalties in store for him.&nbsp;
+&lsquo;Hollo,&rsquo; cries the father,
+&lsquo;waiter!&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;Yes, Sir.&rsquo;&nbsp;
+&lsquo;Just get this little boy a biscuit, will you?&rsquo;&nbsp;
+&lsquo;Yes, Sir.&rsquo;&nbsp; Off runs the waiter again, and down
+goes another case of hiring, another case of delivering, and
+another case of selling; and so it would go on <i>ad
+infinitum</i>, the sum and substance of the matter being, that
+every time a man or woman cried &lsquo;Waiter!&rsquo; on Sunday,
+he or she would be fined not less than forty shillings, nor more
+than a hundred; and every time a waiter replied, &lsquo;Yes,
+Sir,&rsquo; he and his master would be fined in the same amount:
+with the addition of a new sort of window duty on the landlord,
+to wit, a tax of twenty shillings an hour for every hour beyond
+the first one, during which he should have his shutters down on
+the Sabbath.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>With one exception, there are perhaps no clauses in the whole
+bill, so strongly illustrative of its partial operation, and the
+intention of its framer, as those which relate to travelling on
+Sunday.&nbsp; Penalties of ten, twenty, and thirty pounds, are
+mercilessly imposed upon coach proprietors who shall run their
+coaches on the Sabbath; one, two, and ten pounds upon those who
+hire, or let to hire, horses and carriages upon the Lord&rsquo;s
+day, but not one syllable about those who have no necessity to
+hire, because they have carriages and horses of their own; not
+one word of a penalty on liveried coachmen and footmen.&nbsp; The
+whole of the saintly venom is directed against the hired
+cabriolet, the humble fly, or the rumbling hackney-coach, which
+enables a man of the poorer class to escape for a few hours from
+the smoke and dirt, in the midst of which he has been confined
+throughout the week: while the escutcheoned carriage and the
+dashing cab, may whirl their wealthy owners to Sunday feasts and
+private oratorios, setting constables, informers, and penalties,
+at defiance.&nbsp; Again, in the description of the places of
+public resort which it is rendered criminal to attend on Sunday,
+there are no words comprising a very fashionable promenade.&nbsp;
+Public discussions, public debates, public lectures and speeches,
+are cautiously guarded against; for it is by their means that the
+people become enlightened enough to deride the last efforts of
+bigotry and superstition.&nbsp; There is a stringent provision
+for punishing the poor man who spends an hour in a news-room, but
+there is nothing to prevent the rich one from lounging away the
+day in the Zoological Gardens.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>There is, in four words, a mock proviso, which affects to
+forbid travelling &lsquo;with any animal&rsquo; on the
+Lord&rsquo;s day.&nbsp; This, however, is revoked, as relates to
+the rich man, by a subsequent provision.&nbsp; We have then a
+penalty of not less than fifty, nor more than one hundred pounds,
+upon any person participating in the control, or having the
+command of any vessel which shall commence her voyage on the
+Lord&rsquo;s day, should the wind prove favourable.&nbsp; The
+next time this bill is brought forward (which will no doubt be at
+an early period of the next session of Parliament) perhaps it
+will be better to amend this clause by declaring, that from and
+after the passing of the act, it shall be deemed unlawful for the
+wind to blow at all upon the Sabbath.&nbsp; It would remove a
+great deal of temptation from the owners and captains of
+vessels.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The reader is now in possession of the principal enacting
+clauses of Sir Andrew Agnew&rsquo;s bill, with the exception of
+one, for preventing the killing or taking of &lsquo;<i>fish</i>,
+<i>or other wild animals</i>,&rsquo; and the ordinary provisions
+which are inserted for form&rsquo;s sake in all acts of
+Parliament.&nbsp; I now beg his attention to the clauses of
+exemption.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>They are two in number.&nbsp; The first exempts menial
+servants from any rest, and all poor men from any recreation:
+outlaws a milkman after nine o&rsquo;clock in the morning, and
+makes eating-houses lawful for only two hours in the afternoon;
+permits a medical man to use his carriage on Sunday, and declares
+that a clergyman may either use his own, or hire one.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The second is artful, cunning, and designing; shielding the
+rich man from the possibility of being entrapped, and affecting
+at the same time, to have a tender and scrupulous regard, for the
+interests of the whole community.&nbsp; It declares, &lsquo;that
+nothing in this act contained, shall extend to works of piety,
+charity, or necessity.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>What is meant by the word &lsquo;necessity&rsquo; in this
+clause?&nbsp; Simply this&mdash;that the rich man shall be at
+liberty to make use of all the splendid luxuries he has collected
+around him, on any day in the week, because habit and custom have
+rendered them &lsquo;necessary&rsquo; to his easy existence; but
+that the poor man who saves his money to provide some little
+pleasure for himself and family at lengthened intervals, shall
+not be permitted to enjoy it.&nbsp; It is not
+&lsquo;necessary&rsquo; to him:&mdash;Heaven knows, he very often
+goes long enough without it.&nbsp; This is the plain English of
+the clause.&nbsp; The carriage and pair of horses, the coachman,
+the footman, the helper, and the groom, are
+&lsquo;necessary&rsquo; on Sundays, as on other days, to the
+bishop and the nobleman; but the hackney-coach, the hired gig, or
+the taxed cart, cannot possibly be &lsquo;necessary&rsquo; to the
+working-man on Sunday, for he has it not at other times.&nbsp;
+The sumptuous dinner and the rich wines, are
+&lsquo;necessaries&rsquo; to a great man in his own mansion: but
+the pint of beer and the plate of meat, degrade the national
+character in an eating-house.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Such is the bill for promoting the true and sincere worship of
+God according to his Holy Will, and for protecting every class of
+society against being required to sacrifice their health and
+comfort on the Sabbath.&nbsp; Instances in which its operation
+would be as unjust as it would be absurd, might be multiplied to
+an endless amount; but it is sufficient to place its leading
+provisions before the reader.&nbsp; In doing so, I have purposely
+abstained from drawing upon the imagination for possible cases;
+the provisions to which I have referred, stand in so many words
+upon the bill as printed by order of the House of Commons; and
+they can neither be disowned, nor explained away.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Let us suppose such a bill as this, to have actually passed
+both branches of the legislature; to have received the royal
+assent; and to have come into operation.&nbsp; Imagine its effect
+in a great city like London.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Sunday comes, and brings with it a day of general gloom and
+austerity.&nbsp; The man who has been toiling hard all the week,
+has been looking towards the Sabbath, not as to a day of rest
+from labour, and healthy recreation, but as one of grievous
+tyranny and grinding oppression.&nbsp; The day which his Maker
+intended as a blessing, man has converted into a curse.&nbsp;
+Instead of being hailed by him as his period of relaxation, he
+finds it remarkable only as depriving him of every comfort and
+enjoyment.&nbsp; He has many children about him, all sent into
+the world at an early age, to struggle for a livelihood; one is
+kept in a warehouse all day, with an interval of rest too short
+to enable him to reach home, another walks four or five miles to
+his employment at the docks, a third earns a few shillings
+weekly, as an errand boy, or office messenger; and the employment
+of the man himself, detains him at some distance from his home
+from morning till night.&nbsp; Sunday is the only day on which
+they could all meet together, and enjoy a homely meal in social
+comfort; and now they sit down to a cold and cheerless dinner:
+the pious guardians of the man&rsquo;s salvation having, in their
+regard for the welfare of his precious soul, shut up the
+bakers&rsquo; shops.&nbsp; The fire blazes high in the kitchen
+chimney of these well-fed hypocrites, and the rich steams of the
+savoury dinner scent the air.&nbsp; What care they to be told
+that this class of men have neither a place to cook in&mdash;nor
+means to bear the expense, if they had?</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Look into your churches&mdash;diminished congregations, and
+scanty attendance.&nbsp; People have grown sullen and obstinate,
+and are becoming disgusted with the faith which condemns them to
+such a day as this, once in every seven.&nbsp; And as you cannot
+make people religious by Act of Parliament, or force them to
+church by constables, they display their feeling by staying
+away.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Turn into the streets, and mark the rigid gloom that reigns
+over everything around.&nbsp; The roads are empty, the fields are
+deserted, the houses of entertainment are closed.&nbsp; Groups of
+filthy and discontented-looking men, are idling about at the
+street corners, or sleeping in the sun; but there are no
+decently-dressed people of the poorer class, passing to and
+fro.&nbsp; Where should they walk to?&nbsp; It would take them an
+hour, at least, to get into the fields, and when they reached
+them, they could procure neither bite nor sup, without the
+informer and the penalty.&nbsp; Now and then, a carriage rolls
+smoothly on, or a well-mounted horseman, followed by a liveried
+attendant, canters by; but with these exceptions, all is as
+melancholy and quiet as if a pestilence had fallen on the
+city.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Bend your steps through the narrow and thickly-inhabited
+streets, and observe the sallow faces of the men and women who
+are lounging at the doors, or lolling from the windows.&nbsp;
+Regard well the closeness of these crowded rooms, and the noisome
+exhalations that rise from the drains and kennels; and then laud
+the triumph of religion and morality, which condemns people to
+drag their lives out in such stews as these, and makes it
+criminal for them to eat or drink in the fresh air, or under the
+clear sky.&nbsp; Here and there, from some half-opened window,
+the loud shout of drunken revelry strikes upon the ear, and the
+noise of oaths and quarrelling&mdash;the effect of the close and
+heated atmosphere&mdash;is heard on all sides.&nbsp; See how the
+men all rush to join the crowd that are making their way down the
+street, and how loud the execrations of the mob become as they
+draw nearer.&nbsp; They have assembled round a little knot of
+constables, who have seized the stock-in-trade, heinously exposed
+on Sunday, of some miserable walking-stick seller, who follows
+clamouring for his property.&nbsp; The dispute grows warmer and
+fiercer, until at last some of the more furious among the crowd,
+rush forward to restore the goods to their owner.&nbsp; A general
+conflict takes place; the sticks of the constables are exercised
+in all directions; fresh assistance is procured; and half a dozen
+of the assailants are conveyed to the station-house, struggling,
+bleeding, and cursing.&nbsp; The case is taken to the
+police-office on the following morning; and after a frightful
+amount of perjury on both sides, the men are sent to prison for
+resisting the officers, their families to the workhouse to keep
+them from starving: and there they both remain for a month
+afterwards, glorious trophies of the sanctified enforcement of
+the Christian Sabbath.&nbsp; Add to such scenes as these, the
+profligacy, idleness, drunkenness, and vice, that will be
+committed to an extent which no man can foresee, on Monday, as an
+atonement for the restraint of the preceding day; and you have a
+very faint and imperfect picture of the religious effects of this
+Sunday legislation, supposing it could ever be forced upon the
+people.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>But let those who advocate the cause of fanaticism, reflect
+well upon the probable issue of their endeavours.&nbsp; They may
+by perseverance, succeed with Parliament.&nbsp; Let them ponder
+on the probability of succeeding with the people.&nbsp; You may
+deny the concession of a political question for a time, and a
+nation will bear it patiently.&nbsp; Strike home to the comforts
+of every man&rsquo;s fireside&mdash;tamper with every man&rsquo;s
+freedom and liberty&mdash;and one month, one week, may rouse a
+feeling abroad, which a king would gladly yield his crown to
+quell, and a peer would resign his coronet to allay.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>It is the custom to affect a deference for the motives of
+those who advocate these measures, and a respect for the feelings
+by which they are actuated.&nbsp; They do not deserve it.&nbsp;
+If they legislate in ignorance, they are criminal and dishonest;
+if they do so with their eyes open, they commit wilful injustice;
+in either case, they bring religion into contempt.&nbsp; But they
+do <span class="GutSmall">NOT</span> legislate in
+ignorance.&nbsp; Public prints, and public men, have pointed out
+to them again and again, the consequences of their
+proceedings.&nbsp; If they persist in thrusting themselves
+forward, let those consequences rest upon their own heads, and
+let them be content to stand upon their own merits.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>It may be asked, what motives can actuate a man who has so
+little regard for the comfort of his fellow-beings, so little
+respect for their wants and necessities, and so distorted a
+notion of the beneficence of his Creator.&nbsp; I reply, an
+envious, heartless, ill-conditioned dislike to seeing those whom
+fortune has placed below him, cheerful and happy&mdash;an
+intolerant confidence in his own high worthiness before God, and
+a lofty impression of the demerits of others&mdash;pride, selfish
+pride, as inconsistent with the spirit of Christianity itself, as
+opposed to the example of its Founder upon earth.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>To these may be added another class of men&mdash;the stern and
+gloomy enthusiasts, who would make earth a hell, and religion a
+torment: men who, having wasted the earlier part of their lives
+in dissipation and depravity, find themselves when scarcely past
+its meridian, steeped to the neck in vice, and shunned like a
+loathsome disease.&nbsp; Abandoned by the world, having nothing
+to fall back upon, nothing to remember but time mis-spent, and
+energies misdirected, they turn their eyes and not their thoughts
+to Heaven, and delude themselves into the impious belief, that in
+denouncing the lightness of heart of which they cannot partake,
+and the rational pleasures from which they never derived
+enjoyment, they are more than remedying the sins of their old
+career, and&mdash;like the founders of monasteries and builders
+of churches, in ruder days&mdash;establishing a good set claim
+upon their Maker.</p>
+<h2>III<br />
+AS IT MIGHT BE MADE</h2>
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> supporters of Sabbath Bills,
+and more especially the extreme class of Dissenters, lay great
+stress upon the declarations occasionally made by criminals from
+the condemned cell or the scaffold, that to Sabbath-breaking they
+attribute their first deviation from the path of rectitude; and
+they point to these statements, as an incontestable proof of the
+evil consequences which await a departure from that strict and
+rigid observance of the Sabbath, which they uphold.&nbsp; I
+cannot help thinking that in this, as in almost every other
+respect connected with the subject, there is a considerable
+degree of cant, and a very great deal of wilful blindness.&nbsp;
+If a man be viciously disposed&mdash;and with very few
+exceptions, not a man dies by the executioner&rsquo;s hands, who
+has not been in one way or other a most abandoned and profligate
+character for many years&mdash;if a man be viciously disposed,
+there is no doubt that he will turn his Sunday to bad account,
+that he will take advantage of it, to dissipate with other bad
+characters as vile as himself; and that in this way, he may trace
+his first yielding to temptation, possibly his first commission
+of crime, to an infringement of the Sabbath.&nbsp; But this would
+be an argument against any holiday at all.&nbsp; If his holiday
+had been Wednesday instead of Sunday, and he had devoted it to
+the same improper uses, it would have been productive of the same
+results.&nbsp; It is too much to judge of the character of a
+whole people, by the confessions of the very worst members of
+society.&nbsp; It is not fair, to cry down things which are
+harmless in themselves, because evil-disposed men may turn them
+to bad account.&nbsp; Who ever thought of deprecating the
+teaching poor people to write, because some porter in a warehouse
+had committed forgery?&nbsp; Or into what man&rsquo;s head did it
+ever enter, to prevent the crowding of churches, because it
+afforded a temptation for the picking of pockets?</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>When the Book of Sports, for allowing the peasantry of England
+to divert themselves with certain games in the open air, on
+Sundays, after evening service, was published by Charles the
+First, it is needless to say the English people were
+comparatively rude and uncivilised.&nbsp; And yet it is
+extraordinary to how few excesses it gave rise, even in that day,
+when men&rsquo;s minds were not enlightened, or their passions
+moderated, by the influence of education and refinement.&nbsp;
+That some excesses were committed through its means, in the
+remoter parts of the country, and that it was discontinued in
+those places, in consequence, cannot be denied: but generally
+speaking, there is no proof whatever on record, of its having had
+any tendency to increase crime, or to lower the character of the
+people.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The Puritans of that time, were as much opposed to harmless
+recreations and healthful amusements as those of the present day,
+and it is amusing to observe that each in their generation,
+advance precisely the same description of arguments.&nbsp; In the
+British Museum, there is a curious pamphlet got up by the Agnews
+of Charles&rsquo;s time, entitled &lsquo;A Divine Tragedie lately
+acted, or a Collection of sundry memorable examples of
+God&rsquo;s Judgements upon Sabbath Breakers, and other like
+Libertines in their unlawful Sports, happening within the realme
+of England, in the compass only of two yeares last past, since
+the Booke (of Sports) was published, worthy to be knowne and
+considered of all men, especially such who are guilty of the
+sinne, or archpatrons thereof.&rsquo;&nbsp; This amusing
+document, contains some fifty or sixty veritable accounts of
+balls of fire that fell into churchyards and upset the sporters,
+and sporters that quarrelled, and upset one another, and so
+forth: and among them is one anecdote containing an example of a
+rather different kind, which I cannot resist the temptation of
+quoting, as strongly illustrative of the fact, that this blinking
+of the question has not even the recommendation of novelty.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&lsquo;A woman about Northampton, the same day that she heard
+the booke for sports read, went immediately, and having 3. pence
+in her purse, hired a fellow to goe to the next towne to fetch a
+Minstrell, who coming, she with others fell a dauncing, which
+continued within night; at which time shee was got with child,
+which at the birth shee murthering, was detected and apprehended,
+and being converted before the justice, shee confessed it, and
+withal told the occasion of it, saying it was her falling to
+sport on the Sabbath, upon the reading of the Booke, so as for
+this treble sinfull act, her presumptuous profaning of the
+Sabbath, wh. brought her adultory and that murther.&nbsp; Shee
+was according to the Law both of God and man, put to death.&nbsp;
+Much sinne and misery followeth upon Sabbath-breaking.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>It is needless to say, that if the young lady near Northampton
+had &lsquo;fallen to sport&rsquo; of such a dangerous
+description, on any other day but Sunday, the first result would
+probably have been the same: it never having been distinctly
+shown that Sunday is more favourable to the propagation of the
+human race than any other day in the week.&nbsp; The second
+result&mdash;the murder of the child&mdash;does not speak very
+highly for the amiability of her natural disposition; and the
+whole story, supposing it to have had any foundation at all, is
+about as much chargeable upon the Book of Sports, as upon the
+Book of Kings.&nbsp; Such &lsquo;sports&rsquo; have taken place
+in Dissenting Chapels before now; but religion has never been
+blamed in consequence; nor has it been proposed to shut up the
+chapels on that account.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The question, then, very fairly arises, whether we have any
+reason to suppose that allowing games in the open air on Sundays,
+or even providing the means of amusement for the humbler classes
+of society on that day, would be hurtful and injurious to the
+character and morals of the people.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>I was travelling in the west of England a summer or two back,
+and was induced by the beauty of the scenery, and the seclusion
+of the spot, to remain for the night in a small village, distant
+about seventy miles from London.&nbsp; The next morning was
+Sunday; and I walked out, towards the church.&nbsp; Groups of
+people&mdash;the whole population of the little hamlet
+apparently&mdash;were hastening in the same direction.&nbsp;
+Cheerful and good-humoured congratulations were heard on all
+sides, as neighbours overtook each other, and walked on in
+company.&nbsp; Occasionally I passed an aged couple, whose
+married daughter and her husband were loitering by the side of
+the old people, accommodating their rate of walking to their
+feeble pace, while a little knot of children hurried on before;
+stout young labourers in clean round frocks; and buxom girls with
+healthy, laughing faces, were plentifully sprinkled about in
+couples, and the whole scene was one of quiet and tranquil
+contentment, irresistibly captivating.&nbsp; The morning was
+bright and pleasant, the hedges were green and blooming, and a
+thousand delicious scents were wafted on the air, from the wild
+flowers which blossomed on either side of the footpath.&nbsp; The
+little church was one of those venerable simple buildings which
+abound in the English counties; half overgrown with moss and ivy,
+and standing in the centre of a little plot of ground, which, but
+for the green mounds with which it was studded, might have passed
+for a lovely meadow.&nbsp; I fancied that the old clanking bell
+which was now summoning the congregation together, would seem
+less terrible when it rung out the knell of a departed soul, than
+I had ever deemed possible before&mdash;that the sound would tell
+only of a welcome to calmness and rest, amidst the most peaceful
+and tranquil scene in nature.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>I followed into the church&mdash;a low-roofed building with
+small arched windows, through which the sun&rsquo;s rays streamed
+upon a plain tablet on the opposite wall, which had once recorded
+names, now as undistinguishable on its worn surface, as were the
+bones beneath, from the dust into which they had resolved.&nbsp;
+The impressive service of the Church of England was
+spoken&mdash;not merely <i>read</i>&mdash;by a grey-headed
+minister, and the responses delivered by his auditors, with an
+air of sincere devotion as far removed from affectation or
+display, as from coldness or indifference.&nbsp; The psalms were
+accompanied by a few instrumental performers, who were stationed
+in a small gallery extending across the church at the lower end,
+over the door: and the voices were led by the clerk, who, it was
+evident, derived no slight pride and gratification from this
+portion of the service.&nbsp; The discourse was plain,
+unpretending, and well adapted to the comprehension of the
+hearers.&nbsp; At the conclusion of the service, the villagers
+waited in the churchyard, to salute the clergyman as he passed;
+and two or three, I observed, stepped aside, as if communicating
+some little difficulty, and asking his advice.&nbsp; This, to
+guess from the homely bows, and other rustic expressions of
+gratitude, the old gentleman readily conceded.&nbsp; He seemed
+intimately acquainted with the circumstances of all his
+parishioners; for I heard him inquire after one man&rsquo;s
+youngest child, another man&rsquo;s wife, and so forth; and that
+he was fond of his joke, I discovered from overhearing him ask a
+stout, fresh-coloured young fellow, with a very pretty
+bashful-looking girl on his arm, &lsquo;when those banns were to
+be put up?&rsquo;&mdash;an inquiry which made the young fellow
+more fresh-coloured, and the girl more bashful, and which,
+strange to say, caused a great many other girls who were standing
+round, to colour up also, and look anywhere but in the faces of
+their male companions.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>As I approached this spot in the evening about half an hour
+before sunset, I was surprised to hear the hum of voices, and
+occasionally a shout of merriment from the meadow beyond the
+churchyard; which I found, when I reached the stile, to be
+occasioned by a very animated game of cricket, in which the boys
+and young men of the place were engaged, while the females and
+old people were scattered about: some seated on the grass
+watching the progress of the game, and others sauntering about in
+groups of two or three, gathering little nosegays of wild roses
+and hedge flowers.&nbsp; I could not but take notice of one old
+man in particular, with a bright-eyed grand-daughter by his side,
+who was giving a sunburnt young fellow some instructions in the
+game, which he received with an air of profound deference, but
+with an occasional glance at the girl, which induced me to think
+that his attention was rather distracted from the old
+gentleman&rsquo;s narration of the fruits of his
+experience.&nbsp; When it was his turn at the wicket, too, there
+was a glance towards the pair every now and then, which the old
+grandfather very complacently considered as an appeal to his
+judgment of a particular hit, but which a certain blush in the
+girl&rsquo;s face, and a downcast look of the bright eye, led me
+to believe was intended for somebody else than the old
+man,&mdash;and understood by somebody else, too, or I am much
+mistaken.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>I was in the very height of the pleasure which the
+contemplation of this scene afforded me, when I saw the old
+clergyman making his way towards us.&nbsp; I trembled for an
+angry interruption to the sport, and was almost on the point of
+crying out, to warn the cricketers of his approach; he was so
+close upon me, however, that I could do nothing but remain still,
+and anticipate the reproof that was preparing.&nbsp; What was my
+agreeable surprise to see the old gentleman standing at the
+stile, with his hands in his pockets, surveying the whole scene
+with evident satisfaction!&nbsp; And how dull I must have been,
+not to have known till my friend the grandfather (who,
+by-the-bye, said he had been a wonderful cricketer in his time)
+told me, that it was the clergyman himself who had established
+the whole thing: that it was his field they played in; and that
+it was he who had purchased stumps, bats, ball, and all!</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>It is such scenes as this, I would see near London, on a
+Sunday evening.&nbsp; It is such men as this, who would do more
+in one year to make people properly religious, cheerful, and
+contented, than all the legislation of a century could ever
+accomplish.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>It will be said&mdash;it has been very often&mdash;that it
+would be matter of perfect impossibility to make amusements and
+exercises succeed in large towns, which may be very well adapted
+to a country population.&nbsp; Here, again, we are called upon to
+yield to bare assertions on matters of belief and opinion, as if
+they were established and undoubted facts.&nbsp; That there is a
+wide difference between the two cases, no one will be prepared to
+dispute; that the difference is such as to prevent the
+application of the same principle to both, no reasonable man, I
+think, will be disposed to maintain.&nbsp; The great majority of
+the people who make holiday on Sunday now, are industrious,
+orderly, and well-behaved persons.&nbsp; It is not unreasonable
+to suppose that they would be no more inclined to an abuse of
+pleasures provided for them, than they are to an abuse of the
+pleasures they provide for themselves; and if any people, for
+want of something better to do, resort to criminal practices on
+the Sabbath as at present observed, no better remedy for the evil
+can be imagined, than giving them the opportunity of doing
+something which will amuse them, and hurt nobody else.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>The propriety of opening the British Museum to respectable
+people on Sunday, has lately been the subject of some
+discussion.&nbsp; I think it would puzzle the most austere of the
+Sunday legislators to assign any valid reason for opposing so
+sensible a proposition.&nbsp; The Museum contains rich specimens
+from all the vast museums and repositories of Nature, and rare
+and curious fragments of the mighty works of art, in bygone ages:
+all calculated to awaken contemplation and inquiry, and to tend
+to the enlightenment and improvement of the people.&nbsp; But
+attendants would be necessary, and a few men would be employed
+upon the Sabbath.&nbsp; They certainly would; but how many?&nbsp;
+Why, if the British Museum, and the National Gallery, and the
+Gallery of Practical Science, and every other exhibition in
+London, from which knowledge is to be derived and information
+gained, were to be thrown open on a Sunday afternoon, not fifty
+people would be required to preside over the whole: and it would
+take treble the number to enforce a Sabbath bill in any three
+populous parishes.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>I should like to see some large field, or open piece of
+ground, in every outskirt of London, exhibiting each Sunday
+evening on a larger scale, the scene of the little country
+meadow.&nbsp; I should like to see the time arrive, when a
+man&rsquo;s attendance to his religious duties might be left to
+that religious feeling which most men possess in a greater or
+less degree, but which was never forced into the breast of any
+man by menace or restraint.&nbsp; I should like to see the time
+when Sunday might be looked forward to, as a recognised day of
+relaxation and enjoyment, and when every man might feel, what few
+men do now, that religion is not incompatible with rational
+pleasure and needful recreation.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>How different a picture would the streets and public places
+then present!&nbsp; The museums, and repositories of scientific
+and useful inventions, would be crowded with ingenious mechanics
+and industrious artisans, all anxious for information, and all
+unable to procure it at any other time.&nbsp; The spacious
+saloons would be swarming with practical men: humble in
+appearance, but destined, perhaps, to become the greatest
+inventors and philosophers of their age.&nbsp; The labourers who
+now lounge away the day in idleness and intoxication, would be
+seen hurrying along, with cheerful faces and clean attire, not to
+the close and smoky atmosphere of the public-house but to the
+fresh and airy fields.&nbsp; Fancy the pleasant scene.&nbsp;
+Throngs of people, pouring out from the lanes and alleys of the
+metropolis, to various places of common resort at some short
+distance from the town, to join in the refreshing sports and
+exercises of the day&mdash;the children gambolling in crowds upon
+the grass, the mothers looking on, and enjoying themselves the
+little game they seem only to direct; other parties strolling
+along some pleasant walks, or reposing in the shade of the
+stately trees; others again intent upon their different
+amusements.&nbsp; Nothing should be heard on all sides, but the
+sharp stroke of the bat as it sent the ball skimming along the
+ground, the clear ring of the quoit, as it struck upon the iron
+peg: the noisy murmur of many voices, and the loud shout of mirth
+and delight, which would awaken the echoes far and wide, till the
+fields rung with it.&nbsp; The day would pass away, in a series
+of enjoyments which would awaken no painful reflections when
+night arrived; for they would be calculated to bring with them,
+only health and contentment.&nbsp; The young would lose that
+dread of religion, which the sour austerity of its professors too
+often inculcates in youthful bosoms; and the old would find less
+difficulty in persuading them to respect its observances.&nbsp;
+The drunken and dissipated, deprived of any excuse for their
+misconduct, would no longer excite pity but disgust.&nbsp; Above
+all, the more ignorant and humble class of men, who now partake
+of many of the bitters of life, and taste but few of its sweets,
+would naturally feel attachment and respect for that code of
+morality, which, regarding the many hardships of their station,
+strove to alleviate its rigours, and endeavoured to soften its
+asperity.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>This is what Sunday might be made, and what it might be made
+without impiety or profanation.&nbsp; The wise and beneficent
+Creator who places men upon earth, requires that they shall
+perform the duties of that station of life to which they are
+called, and He can never intend that the more a man strives to
+discharge those duties, the more he shall be debarred from
+happiness and enjoyment.&nbsp; Let those who have six days in the
+week for all the world&rsquo;s pleasures, appropriate the seventh
+to fasting and gloom, either for their own sins or those of other
+people, if they like to bewail them; but let those who employ
+their six days in a worthier manner, devote their seventh to a
+different purpose.&nbsp; Let divines set the example of true
+morality: preach it to their flocks in the morning, and dismiss
+them to enjoy true rest in the afternoon; and let them select for
+their text, and let Sunday legislators take for their motto, the
+words which fell from the lips of that Master, whose precepts
+they misconstrue, and whose lessons they pervert&mdash;&lsquo;The
+Sabbath was made for man, and not man to serve the
+Sabbath.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS***</p>
+<pre>
+
+
+***** This file should be named 922-h.htm or 922-h.zip******
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sunday Under Three Heads, by Charles Dickens
+(#27 in our series by Charles Dickens)
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+Title: Sunday Under Three Heads
+
+Author: Charles Dickens
+
+Release Date: May, 1997  [EBook #922]
+[This file was first posted on May 29, 1997]
+[Most recently updated: May 20, 2003]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS ***
+
+
+
+
+Transcribed by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk
+
+
+
+
+SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+
+
+To The Right Reverend
+THE BISHOP OF LONDON
+
+MY LORD,
+
+You were among the first, some years ago, to expatiate on the
+vicious addiction of the lower classes of society to Sunday
+excursions; and were thus instrumental in calling forth occasional
+demonstrations of those extreme opinions on the subject, which are
+very generally received with derision, if not with contempt.
+
+Your elevated station, my Lord, affords you countless opportunities
+of increasing the comforts and pleasures of the humbler classes of
+society--not by the expenditure of the smallest portion of your
+princely income, but by merely sanctioning with the influence of
+your example, their harmless pastimes, and innocent recreations.
+
+That your Lordship would ever have contemplated Sunday recreations
+with so much horror, if you had been at all acquainted with the
+wants and necessities of the people who indulged in them, I cannot
+imagine possible.  That a Prelate of your elevated rank has the
+faintest conception of the extent of those wants, and the nature of
+those necessities, I do not believe.
+
+For these reasons, I venture to address this little Pamphlet to
+your Lordship's consideration.  I am quite conscious that the
+outlines I have drawn, afford but a very imperfect description of
+the feelings they are intended to illustrate; but I claim for them
+one merit--their truth and freedom from exaggeration.  I may have
+fallen short of the mark, but I have never overshot it:  and while
+I have pointed out what appears to me, to be injustice on the part
+of others, I hope I have carefully abstained from committing it
+myself.
+
+I am,
+My Lord,
+Your Lordship's most obedient,
+Humble Servant,
+TIMOTHY SPARKS.
+June, 1836.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I--AS IT IS
+
+
+
+There are few things from which I derive greater pleasure, than
+walking through some of the principal streets of London on a fine
+Sunday, in summer, and watching the cheerful faces of the lively
+groups with which they are thronged.  There is something, to my
+eyes at least, exceedingly pleasing in the general desire evinced
+by the humbler classes of society, to appear neat and clean on this
+their only holiday.  There are many grave old persons, I know, who
+shake their heads with an air of profound wisdom, and tell you that
+poor people dress too well now-a-days; that when they were
+children, folks knew their stations in life better; that you may
+depend upon it, no good will come of this sort of thing in the
+end,--and so forth:  but I fancy I can discern in the fine bonnet
+of the working-man's wife, or the feather-bedizened hat of his
+child, no inconsiderable evidence of good feeling on the part of
+the man himself, and an affectionate desire to expend the few
+shillings he can spare from his week's wages, in improving the
+appearance and adding to the happiness of those who are nearest and
+dearest to him.  This may be a very heinous and unbecoming degree
+of vanity, perhaps, and the money might possibly be applied to
+better uses; it must not be forgotten, however, that it might very
+easily be devoted to worse:  and if two or three faces can be
+rendered happy and contented, by a trifling improvement of outward
+appearance, I cannot help thinking that the object is very cheaply
+purchased, even at the expense of a smart gown, or a gaudy riband.
+There is a great deal of very unnecessary cant about the over-
+dressing of the common people.  There is not a manufacturer or
+tradesman in existence, who would not employ a man who takes a
+reasonable degree of pride in the appearance of himself and those
+about him, in preference to a sullen, slovenly fellow, who works
+doggedly on, regardless of his own clothing and that of his wife
+and children, and seeming to take pleasure or pride in nothing.
+
+The pampered aristocrat, whose life is one continued round of
+licentious pleasures and sensual gratifications; or the gloomy
+enthusiast, who detests the cheerful amusements he can never enjoy,
+and envies the healthy feelings he can never know, and who would
+put down the one and suppress the other, until he made the minds of
+his fellow-beings as besotted and distorted as his own;--neither of
+these men can by possibility form an adequate notion of what Sunday
+really is to those whose lives are spent in sedentary or laborious
+occupations, and who are accustomed to look forward to it through
+their whole existence, as their only day of rest from toil, and
+innocent enjoyment.
+
+The sun that rises over the quiet streets of London on a bright
+Sunday morning, shines till his setting, on gay and happy faces.
+Here and there, so early as six o'clock, a young man and woman in
+their best attire, may be seen hurrying along on their way to the
+house of some acquaintance, who is included in their scheme of
+pleasure for the day; from whence, after stopping to take "a bit of
+breakfast," they sally forth, accompanied by several old people,
+and a whole crowd of young ones, bearing large hand-baskets full of
+provisions, and Belcher handkerchiefs done up in bundles, with the
+neck of a bottle sticking out at the top, and closely-packed apples
+bulging out at the sides,--and away they hurry along the streets
+leading to the steam-packet wharfs, which are already plentifully
+sprinkled with parties bound for the same destination.  Their good
+humour and delight know no bounds--for it is a delightful morning,
+all blue over head, and nothing like a cloud in the whole sky; and
+even the air of the river at London Bridge is something to them,
+shut up as they have been, all the week, in close streets and
+heated rooms.  There are dozens of steamers to all sorts of places-
+-Gravesend, Greenwich, and Richmond; and such numbers of people,
+that when you have once sat down on the deck, it is all but a moral
+impossibility to get up again--to say nothing of walking about,
+which is entirely out of the question.  Away they go, joking and
+laughing, and eating and drinking, and admiring everything they
+see, and pleased with everything they hear, to climb Windmill Hill,
+and catch a glimpse of the rich corn-fields and beautiful orchards
+of Kent; or to stroll among the fine old trees of Greenwich Park,
+and survey the wonders of Shooter's Hill and Lady James's Folly; or
+to glide past the beautiful meadows of Twickenham and Richmond, and
+to gaze with a delight which only people like them can know, on
+every lovely object in the fair prospect around.  Boat follows
+boat, and coach succeeds coach, for the next three hours; but all
+are filled, and all with the same kind of people--neat and clean,
+cheerful and contented.
+
+They reach their places of destination, and the taverns are
+crowded; but there is no drunkenness or brawling, for the class of
+men who commit the enormity of making Sunday excursions, take their
+families with them:  and this in itself would be a check upon them,
+even if they were inclined to dissipation, which they really are
+not.  Boisterous their mirth may be, for they have all the
+excitement of feeling that fresh air and green fields can impart to
+the dwellers in crowded cities, but it is innocent and harmless.
+The glass is circulated, and the joke goes round; but the one is
+free from excess, and the other from offence; and nothing but good
+humour and hilarity prevail.
+
+In streets like Holborn and Tottenham Court Road, which form the
+central market of a large neighbourhood, inhabited by a vast number
+of mechanics and poor people, a few shops are open at an early hour
+of the morning; and a very poor man, with a thin and sickly woman
+by his side, may be seen with their little basket in hand,
+purchasing the scanty quantity of necessaries they can afford,
+which the time at which the man receives his wages, or his having a
+good deal of work to do, or the woman's having been out charing
+till a late hour, prevented their procuring over-night.  The
+coffee-shops too, at which clerks and young men employed in
+counting-houses can procure their breakfasts, are also open.  This
+class comprises, in a place like London, an enormous number of
+people, whose limited means prevent their engaging for their
+lodgings any other apartment than a bedroom, and who have
+consequently no alternative but to take their breakfasts at a
+coffee-shop, or go without it altogether.  All these places,
+however, are quickly closed; and by the time the church bells begin
+to ring, all appearance of traffic has ceased.  And then, what are
+the signs of immorality that meet the eye?  Churches are well
+filled, and Dissenters' chapels are crowded to suffocation.  There
+is no preaching to empty benches, while the drunken and dissolute
+populace run riot in the streets.
+
+Here is a fashionable church, where the service commences at a late
+hour, for the accommodation of such members of the congregation--
+and they are not a few--as may happen to have lingered at the Opera
+far into the morning of the Sabbath; an excellent contrivance for
+poising the balance between God and Mammon, and illustrating the
+ease with which a man's duties to both, may be accommodated and
+adjusted.  How the carriages rattle up, and deposit their richly-
+dressed burdens beneath the lofty portico!  The powdered footmen
+glide along the aisle, place the richly-bound prayer-books on the
+pew desks, slam the doors, and hurry away, leaving the fashionable
+members of the congregation to inspect each other through their
+glasses, and to dazzle and glitter in the eyes of the few shabby
+people in the free seats.  The organ peals forth, the hired singers
+commence a short hymn, and the congregation condescendingly rise,
+stare about them, and converse in whispers.  The clergyman enters
+the reading-desk,--a young man of noble family and elegant
+demeanour, notorious at Cambridge for his knowledge of horse-flesh
+and dancers, and celebrated at Eton for his hopeless stupidity.
+The service commences.  Mark the soft voice in which he reads, and
+the impressive manner in which he applies his white hand, studded
+with brilliants, to his perfumed hair.  Observe the graceful
+emphasis with which he offers up the prayers for the King, the
+Royal Family, and all the Nobility; and the nonchalance with which
+he hurries over the more uncomfortable portions of the service, the
+seventh commandment for instance, with a studied regard for the
+taste and feeling of his auditors, only to be equalled by that
+displayed by the sleek divine who succeeds him, who murmurs, in a
+voice kept down by rich feeding, most comfortable doctrines for
+exactly twelve minutes, and then arrives at the anxiously expected
+'Now to God,' which is the signal for the dismissal of the
+congregation.  The organ is again heard; those who have been asleep
+wake up, and those who have kept awake, smile and seem greatly
+relieved; bows and congratulations are exchanged, the livery
+servants are all bustle and commotion, bang go the steps, up jump
+the footmen, and off rattle the carriages:  the inmates discoursing
+on the dresses of the congregation, and congratulating themselves
+on having set so excellent an example to the community in general,
+and Sunday-pleasurers in particular.
+
+Enter a less orthodox place of religious worship, and observe the
+contrast.  A small close chapel with a white-washed wall, and plain
+deal pews and pulpit, contains a closely-packed congregation, as
+different in dress, as they are opposed in manner, to that we have
+just quitted.  The hymn is sung--not by paid singers, but by the
+whole assembly at the loudest pitch of their voices, unaccompanied
+by any musical instrument, the words being given out, two lines at
+a time, by the clerk.  There is something in the sonorous quavering
+of the harsh voices, in the lank and hollow faces of the men, and
+the sour solemnity of the women, which bespeaks this a strong-hold
+of intolerant zeal and ignorant enthusiasm.  The preacher enters
+the pulpit.  He is a coarse, hard-faced man of forbidding aspect,
+clad in rusty black, and bearing in his hand a small plain Bible
+from which he selects some passage for his text, while the hymn is
+concluding.  The congregation fall upon their knees, and are hushed
+into profound stillness as he delivers an extempore prayer, in
+which he calls upon the Sacred Founder of the Christian faith to
+bless his ministry, in terms of disgusting and impious familiarity
+not to be described.  He begins his oration in a drawling tone, and
+his hearers listen with silent attention.  He grows warmer as he
+proceeds with his subject, and his gesticulation becomes
+proportionately violent.  He clenches his fists, beats the book
+upon the desk before him, and swings his arms wildly about his
+head.  The congregation murmur their acquiescence in his doctrines:
+and a short groan, occasionally bears testimony to the moving
+nature of his eloquence.  Encouraged by these symptoms of approval,
+and working himself up to a pitch of enthusiasm amounting almost to
+frenzy, he denounces sabbath-breakers with the direst vengeance of
+offended Heaven.  He stretches his body half out of the pulpit,
+thrusts forth his arms with frantic gestures, and blasphemously
+calls upon The Deity to visit with eternal torments, those who turn
+aside from the word, as interpreted and preached by--himself.  A
+low moaning is heard, the women rock their bodies to and fro, and
+wring their hands; the preacher's fervour increases, the
+perspiration starts upon his brow, his face is flushed, and he
+clenches his hands convulsively, as he draws a hideous and
+appalling picture of the horrors preparing for the wicked in a
+future state.  A great excitement is visible among his hearers, a
+scream is heard, and some young girl falls senseless on the floor.
+There is a momentary rustle, but it is only for a moment--all eyes
+are turned towards the preacher.  He pauses, passes his
+handkerchief across his face, and looks complacently round.  His
+voice resumes its natural tone, as with mock humility he offers up
+a thanksgiving for having been successful in his efforts, and
+having been permitted to rescue one sinner from the path of evil.
+He sinks back into his seat, exhausted with the violence of his
+ravings; the girl is removed, a hymn is sung, a petition for some
+measure for securing the better observance of the Sabbath, which
+has been prepared by the good man, is read; and his worshipping
+admirers struggle who shall be the first to sign it.
+
+But the morning service has concluded, and the streets are again
+crowded with people.  Long rows of cleanly-dressed charity
+children, preceded by a portly beadle and a withered schoolmaster,
+are returning to their welcome dinner; and it is evident, from the
+number of men with beer-trays who are running from house to house,
+that no inconsiderable portion of the population are about to take
+theirs at this early hour.  The bakers' shops in the humbler
+suburbs especially, are filled with men, women, and children, each
+anxiously waiting for the Sunday dinner.  Look at the group of
+children who surround that working man who has just emerged from
+the baker's shop at the corner of the street, with the reeking
+dish, in which a diminutive joint of mutton simmers above a vast
+heap of half-browned potatoes.  How the young rogues clap their
+hands, and dance round their father, for very joy at the prospect
+of the feast:  and how anxiously the youngest and chubbiest of the
+lot, lingers on tiptoe by his side, trying to get a peep into the
+interior of the dish.  They turn up the street, and the chubby-
+faced boy trots on as fast as his little legs will carry him, to
+herald the approach of the dinner to 'Mother' who is standing with
+a baby in her arms on the doorstep, and who seems almost as pleased
+with the whole scene as the children themselves; whereupon 'baby'
+not precisely understanding the importance of the business in hand,
+but clearly perceiving that it is something unusually lively, kicks
+and crows most lustily, to the unspeakable delight of all the
+children and both the parents:  and the dinner is borne into the
+house amidst a shouting of small voices, and jumping of fat legs,
+which would fill Sir Andrew Agnew with astonishment; as well it
+might, seeing that Baronets, generally speaking, eat pretty
+comfortable dinners all the week through, and cannot be expected to
+understand what people feel, who only have a meat dinner on one day
+out of every seven.
+
+The bakings being all duly consigned to their respective owners,
+and the beer-man having gone his rounds, the church bells ring for
+afternoon service, the shops are again closed, and the streets are
+more than ever thronged with people; some who have not been to
+church in the morning, going to it now; others who have been to
+church, going out for a walk; and others--let us admit the full
+measure of their guilt--going for a walk, who have not been to
+church at all.  I am afraid the smart servant of all work, who has
+been loitering at the corner of the square for the last ten
+minutes, is one of the latter class.  She is evidently waiting for
+somebody, and though she may have made up her mind to go to church
+with him one of these mornings, I don't think they have any such
+intention on this particular afternoon.  Here he is, at last.  The
+white trousers, blue coat, and yellow waistcoat--and more
+especially that cock of the hat--indicate, as surely as inanimate
+objects can, that Chalk Farm and not the parish church, is their
+destination.  The girl colours up, and puts out her hand with a
+very awkward affectation of indifference.  He gives it a gallant
+squeeze, and away they walk, arm in arm, the girl just looking back
+towards her 'place' with an air of conscious self-importance, and
+nodding to her fellow-servant who has gone up to the two-pair-of-
+stairs window, to take a full view of 'Mary's young man,' which
+being communicated to William, he takes off his hat to the fellow-
+servant:  a proceeding which affords unmitigated satisfaction to
+all parties, and impels the fellow-servant to inform Miss Emily
+confidentially, in the course of the evening, 'that the young man
+as Mary keeps company with, is one of the most genteelest young men
+as ever she see.'
+
+The two young people who have just crossed the road, and are
+following this happy couple down the street, are a fair specimen of
+another class of Sunday--pleasurers.  There is a dapper smartness,
+struggling through very limited means, about the young man, which
+induces one to set him down at once as a junior clerk to a
+tradesman or attorney.  The girl no one could possibly mistake.
+You may tell a young woman in the employment of a large dress-
+maker, at any time, by a certain neatness of cheap finery and
+humble following of fashion, which pervade her whole attire; but
+unfortunately there are other tokens not to be misunderstood--the
+pale face with its hectic bloom, the slight distortion of form
+which no artifice of dress can wholly conceal, the unhealthy stoop,
+and the short cough--the effects of hard work and close application
+to a sedentary employment, upon a tender frame.  They turn towards
+the fields.  The girl's countenance brightens, and an unwonted glow
+rises in her face.  They are going to Hampstead or Highgate, to
+spend their holiday afternoon in some place where they can see the
+sky, the fields, and trees, and breathe for an hour or two the pure
+air, which so seldom plays upon that poor girl's form, or
+exhilarates her spirits.
+
+I would to God, that the iron-hearted man who would deprive such
+people as these of their only pleasures, could feel the sinking of
+heart and soul, the wasting exhaustion of mind and body, the utter
+prostration of present strength and future hope, attendant upon
+that incessant toil which lasts from day to day, and from month to
+month; that toil which is too often protracted until the silence of
+midnight, and resumed with the first stir of morning.  How
+marvellously would his ardent zeal for other men's souls, diminish
+after a short probation, and how enlightened and comprehensive
+would his views of the real object and meaning of the institution
+of the Sabbath become!
+
+The afternoon is far advanced--the parks and public drives are
+crowded.  Carriages, gigs, phaetons, stanhopes, and vehicles of
+every description, glide smoothly on.  The promenades are filled
+with loungers on foot, and the road is thronged with loungers on
+horseback.  Persons of every class are crowded together, here, in
+one dense mass.  The plebeian, who takes his pleasure on no day but
+Sunday, jostles the patrician, who takes his, from year's end to
+year's end.  You look in vain for any outward signs of profligacy
+or debauchery.  You see nothing before you but a vast number of
+people, the denizens of a large and crowded city, in the needful
+and rational enjoyment of air and exercise.
+
+It grows dusk.  The roads leading from the different places of
+suburban resort, are crowded with people on their return home, and
+the sound of merry voices rings through the gradually darkening
+fields.  The evening is hot and sultry.  The rich man throws open
+the sashes of his spacious dining-room, and quaffs his iced wine in
+splendid luxury.  The poor man, who has no room to take his meals
+in, but the close apartment to which he and his family have been
+confined throughout the week, sits in the tea-garden of some famous
+tavern, and drinks his beer in content and comfort.  The fields and
+roads are gradually deserted, the crowd once more pour into the
+streets, and disperse to their several homes; and by midnight all
+is silent and quiet, save where a few stragglers linger beneath the
+window of some great man's house, to listen to the strains of music
+from within:  or stop to gaze upon the splendid carriages which are
+waiting to convey the guests from the dinner-party of an Earl.
+
+There is a darker side to this picture, on which, so far from its
+being any part of my purpose to conceal it, I wish to lay
+particular stress.  In some parts of London, and in many of the
+manufacturing towns of England, drunkenness and profligacy in their
+most disgusting forms, exhibit in the open streets on Sunday, a sad
+and a degrading spectacle.  We need go no farther than St. Giles's,
+or Drury Lane, for sights and scenes of a most repulsive nature.
+Women with scarcely the articles of apparel which common decency
+requires, with forms bloated by disease, and faces rendered hideous
+by habitual drunkenness--men reeling and staggering along--children
+in rags and filth--whole streets of squalid and miserable
+appearance, whose inhabitants are lounging in the public road,
+fighting, screaming, and swearing--these are the common objects
+which present themselves in, these are the well-known
+characteristics of, that portion of London to which I have just
+referred.
+
+And why is it, that all well-disposed persons are shocked, and
+public decency scandalised, by such exhibitions?
+
+These people are poor--that is notorious.  It may be said that they
+spend in liquor, money with which they might purchase necessaries,
+and there is no denying the fact; but let it be remembered that
+even if they applied every farthing of their earnings in the best
+possible way, they would still be very--very poor.  Their dwellings
+are necessarily uncomfortable, and to a certain degree unhealthy.
+Cleanliness might do much, but they are too crowded together, the
+streets are too narrow, and the rooms too small, to admit of their
+ever being rendered desirable habitations.  They work very hard all
+the week.  We know that the effect of prolonged and arduous labour,
+is to produce, when a period of rest does arrive, a sensation of
+lassitude which it requires the application of some stimulus to
+overcome.  What stimulus have they?  Sunday comes, and with it a
+cessation of labour.  How are they to employ the day, or what
+inducement have they to employ it, in recruiting their stock of
+health?  They see little parties, on pleasure excursions, passing
+through the streets; but they cannot imitate their example, for
+they have not the means.  They may walk, to be sure, but it is
+exactly the inducement to walk that they require.  If every one of
+these men knew, that by taking the trouble to walk two or three
+miles he would be enabled to share in a good game of cricket, or
+some athletic sport, I very much question whether any of them would
+remain at home.
+
+But you hold out no inducement, you offer no relief from
+listlessness, you provide nothing to amuse his mind, you afford him
+no means of exercising his body.  Unwashed and unshaven, he
+saunters moodily about, weary and dejected.  In lieu of the
+wholesome stimulus he might derive from nature, you drive him to
+the pernicious excitement to be gained from art.  He flies to the
+gin-shop as his only resource; and when, reduced to a worse level
+than the lowest brute in the scale of creation, he lies wallowing
+in the kennel, your saintly lawgivers lift up their hands to
+heaven, and exclaim for a law which shall convert the day intended
+for rest and cheerfulness, into one of universal gloom, bigotry,
+and persecution.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II--AS SABBATH BILLS WOULD MAKE IT
+
+
+
+The provisions of the bill introduced into the House of Commons by
+Sir Andrew Agnew, and thrown out by that House on the motion for
+the second reading, on the 18th of May in the present year, by a
+majority of 32, may very fairly be taken as a test of the length to
+which the fanatics, of which the honourable Baronet is the
+distinguished leader, are prepared to go.  No test can be fairer;
+because while on the one hand this measure may be supposed to
+exhibit all that improvement which mature reflection and long
+deliberation may have suggested, so on the other it may very
+reasonably be inferred, that if it be quite as severe in its
+provisions, and to the full as partial in its operation, as those
+which have preceded it and experienced a similar fate, the disease
+under which the honourable Baronet and his friends labour, is
+perfectly hopeless, and beyond the reach of cure.
+
+The proposed enactments of the bill are briefly these:- All work is
+prohibited on the Lord's day, under heavy penalties, increasing
+with every repetition of the offence.  There are penalties for
+keeping shops open--penalties for drunkenness--penalties for
+keeping open houses of entertainment--penalties for being present
+at any public meeting or assembly--penalties for letting carriages,
+and penalties for hiring them--penalties for travelling in steam-
+boats, and penalties for taking passengers--penalties on vessels
+commencing their voyage on Sunday--penalties on the owners of
+cattle who suffer them to be driven on the Lord's day--penalties on
+constables who refuse to act, and penalties for resisting them when
+they do.  In addition to these trifles, the constables are invested
+with arbitrary, vexatious, and most extensive powers; and all this
+in a bill which sets out with a hypocritical and canting
+declaration that 'nothing is more acceptable to God than the TRUE
+AND SINCERE worship of Him according to His holy will, and that it
+is the bounden duty of Parliament to promote the observance of the
+Lord's day, by protecting every class of society against being
+required to sacrifice their comfort, health, religious privileges,
+and conscience, for the convenience, enjoyment, or supposed
+advantage of any other class on the Lord's day'!  The idea of
+making a man truly moral through the ministry of constables, and
+sincerely religious under the influence of penalties, is worthy of
+the mind which could form such a mass of monstrous absurdity as
+this bill is composed of.
+
+The House of Commons threw the measure out certainly, and by so
+doing retrieved the disgrace--so far as it could be retrieved--of
+placing among the printed papers of Parliament, such an egregious
+specimen of legislative folly; but there was a degree of delicacy
+and forbearance about the debate that took place, which I cannot
+help thinking as unnecessary and uncalled for, as it is unusual in
+Parliamentary discussions.  If it had been the first time of Sir
+Andrew Agnew's attempting to palm such a measure upon the country,
+we might well understand, and duly appreciate, the delicate and
+compassionate feeling due to the supposed weakness and imbecility
+of the man, which prevented his proposition being exposed in its
+true colours, and induced this Hon. Member to bear testimony to his
+excellent motives, and that Noble Lord to regret that he could not-
+-although he had tried to do so--adopt any portion of the bill.
+But when these attempts have been repeated, again and again; when
+Sir Andrew Agnew has renewed them session after session, and when
+it has become palpably evident to the whole House that
+
+
+His impudence of proof in every trial,
+Kens no polite, and heeds no plain denial -
+
+
+it really becomes high time to speak of him and his legislation, as
+they appear to deserve, without that gloss of politeness, which is
+all very well in an ordinary case, but rather out of place when the
+liberties and comforts of a whole people are at stake.
+
+In the first place, it is by no means the worst characteristic of
+this bill, that it is a bill of blunders:  it is, from beginning to
+end, a piece of deliberate cruelty, and crafty injustice.  If the
+rich composed the whole population of this country, not a single
+comfort of one single man would be affected by it.  It is directed
+exclusively, and without the exception of a solitary instance,
+against the amusements and recreations of the poor.  This was the
+bait held out by the Hon. Baronet to a body of men, who cannot be
+supposed to have any very strong sympathies in common with the
+poor, because they cannot understand their sufferings or their
+struggles.  This is the bait, which will in time prevail, unless
+public attention is awakened, and public feeling exerted, to
+prevent it.
+
+Take the very first clause, the provision that no man shall be
+allowed to work on Sunday--'That no person, upon the Lord's day,
+shall do, or hire, or employ any person to do any manner of labour,
+or any work of his or her ordinary calling.'  What class of persons
+does this affect?  The rich man?  No.  Menial servants, both male
+and female, are specially exempted from the operation of the bill.
+'Menial servants' are among the poor people.  The bill has no
+regard for them.  The Baronet's dinner must be cooked on Sunday,
+the Bishop's horses must be groomed, and the Peer's carriage must
+be driven.  So the menial servants are put utterly beyond the pale
+of grace;--unless indeed, they are to go to heaven through the
+sanctity of their masters, and possibly they might think even that,
+rather an uncertain passport.
+
+There is a penalty for keeping open, houses of entertainment.  Now,
+suppose the bill had passed, and that half-a-dozen adventurous
+licensed victuallers, relying upon the excitement of public feeling
+on the subject, and the consequent difficulty of conviction (this
+is by no means an improbable supposition), had determined to keep
+their houses and gardens open, through the whole Sunday afternoon,
+in defiance of the law.  Every act of hiring or working, every act
+of buying or selling, or delivering, or causing anything to be
+bought or sold, is specifically made a separate offence--mark the
+effect.  A party, a man and his wife and children, enter a tea-
+garden, and the informer stations himself in the next box, from
+whence he can see and hear everything that passes.  'Waiter!' says
+the father.  'Yes.  Sir.'  'Pint of the best ale!'  'Yes, Sir.'
+Away runs the waiter to the bar, and gets the ale from the
+landlord.  Out comes the informer's note-book--penalty on the
+father for hiring, on the waiter for delivering, and on the
+landlord for selling, on the Lord's day.  But it does not stop
+here.  The waiter delivers the ale, and darts off, little
+suspecting the penalties in store for him.  'Hollo,' cries the
+father, 'waiter!'  'Yes, Sir.'  'Just get this little boy a
+biscuit, will you?'  'Yes, Sir.'  Off runs the waiter again, and
+down goes another case of hiring, another case of delivering, and
+another case of selling; and so it would go on ad infinitum, the
+sum and substance of the matter being, that every time a man or
+woman cried 'Waiter!' on Sunday, he or she would be fined not less
+than forty shillings, nor more than a hundred; and every time a
+waiter replied, 'Yes, Sir,' he and his master would be fined in the
+same amount:  with the addition of a new sort of window duty on the
+landlord, to wit, a tax of twenty shillings an hour for every hour
+beyond the first one, during which he should have his shutters down
+on the Sabbath.
+
+With one exception, there are perhaps no clauses in the whole bill,
+so strongly illustrative of its partial operation, and the
+intention of its framer, as those which relate to travelling on
+Sunday.  Penalties of ten, twenty, and thirty pounds, are
+mercilessly imposed upon coach proprietors who shall run their
+coaches on the Sabbath; one, two, and ten pounds upon those who
+hire, or let to hire, horses and carriages upon the Lord's day, but
+not one syllable about those who have no necessity to hire, because
+they have carriages and horses of their own; not one word of a
+penalty on liveried coachmen and footmen.  The whole of the saintly
+venom is directed against the hired cabriolet, the humble fly, or
+the rumbling hackney-coach, which enables a man of the poorer class
+to escape for a few hours from the smoke and dirt, in the midst of
+which he has been confined throughout the week:  while the
+escutcheoned carriage and the dashing cab, may whirl their wealthy
+owners to Sunday feasts and private oratorios, setting constables,
+informers, and penalties, at defiance.  Again, in the description
+of the places of public resort which it is rendered criminal to
+attend on Sunday, there are no words comprising a very fashionable
+promenade.  Public discussions, public debates, public lectures and
+speeches, are cautiously guarded against; for it is by their means
+that the people become enlightened enough to deride the last
+efforts of bigotry and superstition.  There is a stringent
+provision for punishing the poor man who spends an hour in a news-
+room, but there is nothing to prevent the rich one from lounging
+away the day in the Zoological Gardens.
+
+There is, in four words, a mock proviso, which affects to forbid
+travelling 'with any animal' on the Lord's day.  This, however, is
+revoked, as relates to the rich man, by a subsequent provision.  We
+have then a penalty of not less than fifty, nor more than one
+hundred pounds, upon any person participating in the control, or
+having the command of any vessel which shall commence her voyage on
+the Lord's day, should the wind prove favourable.  The next time
+this bill is brought forward (which will no doubt be at an early
+period of the next session of Parliament) perhaps it will be better
+to amend this clause by declaring, that from and after the passing
+of the act, it shall be deemed unlawful for the wind to blow at all
+upon the Sabbath.  It would remove a great deal of temptation from
+the owners and captains of vessels.
+
+The reader is now in possession of the principal enacting clauses
+of Sir Andrew Agnew's bill, with the exception of one, for
+preventing the killing or taking of 'FISH, OR OTHER WILD ANIMALS,'
+and the ordinary provisions which are inserted for form's sake in
+all acts of Parliament.  I now beg his attention to the clauses of
+exemption.
+
+They are two in number.  The first exempts menial servants from any
+rest, and all poor men from any recreation:  outlaws a milkman
+after nine o'clock in the morning, and makes eating-houses lawful
+for only two hours in the afternoon; permits a medical man to use
+his carriage on Sunday, and declares that a clergyman may either
+use his own, or hire one.
+
+The second is artful, cunning, and designing; shielding the rich
+man from the possibility of being entrapped, and affecting at the
+same time, to have a tender and scrupulous regard, for the
+interests of the whole community.  It declares, 'that nothing in
+this act contained, shall extend to works of piety, charity, or
+necessity.'
+
+What is meant by the word 'necessity' in this clause?  Simply this-
+-that the rich man shall be at liberty to make use of all the
+splendid luxuries he has collected around him, on any day in the
+week, because habit and custom have rendered them 'necessary' to
+his easy existence; but that the poor man who saves his money to
+provide some little pleasure for himself and family at lengthened
+intervals, shall not be permitted to enjoy it.  It is not
+'necessary' to him:- Heaven knows, he very often goes long enough
+without it.  This is the plain English of the clause.  The carriage
+and pair of horses, the coachman, the footman, the helper, and the
+groom, are 'necessary' on Sundays, as on other days, to the bishop
+and the nobleman; but the hackney-coach, the hired gig, or the
+taxed cart, cannot possibly be 'necessary' to the working-man on
+Sunday, for he has it not at other times.  The sumptuous dinner and
+the rich wines, are 'necessaries' to a great man in his own
+mansion:  but the pint of beer and the plate of meat, degrade the
+national character in an eating-house.
+
+Such is the bill for promoting the true and sincere worship of God
+according to his Holy Will, and for protecting every class of
+society against being required to sacrifice their health and
+comfort on the Sabbath.  Instances in which its operation would be
+as unjust as it would be absurd, might be multiplied to an endless
+amount; but it is sufficient to place its leading provisions before
+the reader.  In doing so, I have purposely abstained from drawing
+upon the imagination for possible cases; the provisions to which I
+have referred, stand in so many words upon the bill as printed by
+order of the House of Commons; and they can neither be disowned,
+nor explained away.
+
+Let us suppose such a bill as this, to have actually passed both
+branches of the legislature; to have received the royal assent; and
+to have come into operation.  Imagine its effect in a great city
+like London.
+
+Sunday comes, and brings with it a day of general gloom and
+austerity.  The man who has been toiling hard all the week, has
+been looking towards the Sabbath, not as to a day of rest from
+labour, and healthy recreation, but as one of grievous tyranny and
+grinding oppression.  The day which his Maker intended as a
+blessing, man has converted into a curse.  Instead of being hailed
+by him as his period of relaxation, he finds it remarkable only as
+depriving him of every comfort and enjoyment.  He has many children
+about him, all sent into the world at an early age, to struggle for
+a livelihood; one is kept in a warehouse all day, with an interval
+of rest too short to enable him to reach home, another walks four
+or five miles to his employment at the docks, a third earns a few
+shillings weekly, as an errand boy, or office messenger; and the
+employment of the man himself, detains him at some distance from
+his home from morning till night.  Sunday is the only day on which
+they could all meet together, and enjoy a homely meal in social
+comfort; and now they sit down to a cold and cheerless dinner:  the
+pious guardians of the man's salvation having, in their regard for
+the welfare of his precious soul, shut up the bakers' shops.  The
+fire blazes high in the kitchen chimney of these well-fed
+hypocrites, and the rich steams of the savoury dinner scent the
+air.  What care they to be told that this class of men have neither
+a place to cook in--nor means to bear the expense, if they had?
+
+Look into your churches--diminished congregations, and scanty
+attendance.  People have grown sullen and obstinate, and are
+becoming disgusted with the faith which condemns them to such a day
+as this, once in every seven.  And as you cannot make people
+religious by Act of Parliament, or force them to church by
+constables, they display their feeling by staying away.
+
+Turn into the streets, and mark the rigid gloom that reigns over
+everything around.  The roads are empty, the fields are deserted,
+the houses of entertainment are closed.  Groups of filthy and
+discontented-looking men, are idling about at the street corners,
+or sleeping in the sun; but there are no decently-dressed people of
+the poorer class, passing to and fro.  Where should they walk to?
+It would take them an hour, at least, to get into the fields, and
+when they reached them, they could procure neither bite nor sup,
+without the informer and the penalty.  Now and then, a carriage
+rolls smoothly on, or a well-mounted horseman, followed by a
+liveried attendant, canters by; but with these exceptions, all is
+as melancholy and quiet as if a pestilence had fallen on the city.
+
+Bend your steps through the narrow and thickly-inhabited streets,
+and observe the sallow faces of the men and women who are lounging
+at the doors, or lolling from the windows.  Regard well the
+closeness of these crowded rooms, and the noisome exhalations that
+rise from the drains and kennels; and then laud the triumph of
+religion and morality, which condemns people to drag their lives
+out in such stews as these, and makes it criminal for them to eat
+or drink in the fresh air, or under the clear sky.  Here and there,
+from some half-opened window, the loud shout of drunken revelry
+strikes upon the ear, and the noise of oaths and quarrelling--the
+effect of the close and heated atmosphere--is heard on all sides.
+See how the men all rush to join the crowd that are making their
+way down the street, and how loud the execrations of the mob become
+as they draw nearer.  They have assembled round a little knot of
+constables, who have seized the stock-in-trade, heinously exposed
+on Sunday, of some miserable walking-stick seller, who follows
+clamouring for his property.  The dispute grows warmer and fiercer,
+until at last some of the more furious among the crowd, rush
+forward to restore the goods to their owner.  A general conflict
+takes place; the sticks of the constables are exercised in all
+directions; fresh assistance is procured; and half a dozen of the
+assailants are conveyed to the station-house, struggling, bleeding,
+and cursing.  The case is taken to the police-office on the
+following morning; and after a frightful amount of perjury on both
+sides, the men are sent to prison for resisting the officers, their
+families to the workhouse to keep them from starving:  and there
+they both remain for a month afterwards, glorious trophies of the
+sanctified enforcement of the Christian Sabbath.  Add to such
+scenes as these, the profligacy, idleness, drunkenness, and vice,
+that will be committed to an extent which no man can foresee, on
+Monday, as an atonement for the restraint of the preceding day; and
+you have a very faint and imperfect picture of the religious
+effects of this Sunday legislation, supposing it could ever be
+forced upon the people.
+
+But let those who advocate the cause of fanaticism, reflect well
+upon the probable issue of their endeavours.  They may by
+perseverance, succeed with Parliament.  Let them ponder on the
+probability of succeeding with the people.  You may deny the
+concession of a political question for a time, and a nation will
+bear it patiently.  Strike home to the comforts of every man's
+fireside--tamper with every man's freedom and liberty--and one
+month, one week, may rouse a feeling abroad, which a king would
+gladly yield his crown to quell, and a peer would resign his
+coronet to allay.
+
+It is the custom to affect a deference for the motives of those who
+advocate these measures, and a respect for the feelings by which
+they are actuated.  They do not deserve it.  If they legislate in
+ignorance, they are criminal and dishonest; if they do so with
+their eyes open, they commit wilful injustice; in either case, they
+bring religion into contempt.  But they do NOT legislate in
+ignorance.  Public prints, and public men, have pointed out to them
+again and again, the consequences of their proceedings.  If they
+persist in thrusting themselves forward, let those consequences
+rest upon their own heads, and let them be content to stand upon
+their own merits.
+
+It may be asked, what motives can actuate a man who has so little
+regard for the comfort of his fellow-beings, so little respect for
+their wants and necessities, and so distorted a notion of the
+beneficence of his Creator.  I reply, an envious, heartless, ill-
+conditioned dislike to seeing those whom fortune has placed below
+him, cheerful and happy--an intolerant confidence in his own high
+worthiness before God, and a lofty impression of the demerits of
+others--pride, selfish pride, as inconsistent with the spirit of
+Christianity itself, as opposed to the example of its Founder upon
+earth.
+
+To these may be added another class of men--the stern and gloomy
+enthusiasts, who would make earth a hell, and religion a torment:
+men who, having wasted the earlier part of their lives in
+dissipation and depravity, find themselves when scarcely past its
+meridian, steeped to the neck in vice, and shunned like a loathsome
+disease.  Abandoned by the world, having nothing to fall back upon,
+nothing to remember but time mis-spent, and energies misdirected,
+they turn their eyes and not their thoughts to Heaven, and delude
+themselves into the impious belief, that in denouncing the
+lightness of heart of which they cannot partake, and the rational
+pleasures from which they never derived enjoyment, they are more
+than remedying the sins of their old career, and--like the founders
+of monasteries and builders of churches, in ruder days--
+establishing a good set claim upon their Maker.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III--AS IT MIGHT BE MADE
+
+
+
+The supporters of Sabbath Bills, and more especially the extreme
+class of Dissenters, lay great stress upon the declarations
+occasionally made by criminals from the condemned cell or the
+scaffold, that to Sabbath-breaking they attribute their first
+deviation from the path of rectitude; and they point to these
+statements, as an incontestable proof of the evil consequences
+which await a departure from that strict and rigid observance of
+the Sabbath, which they uphold.  I cannot help thinking that in
+this, as in almost every other respect connected with the subject,
+there is a considerable degree of cant, and a very great deal of
+wilful blindness.  If a man be viciously disposed--and with very
+few exceptions, not a man dies by the executioner's hands, who has
+not been in one way or other a most abandoned and profligate
+character for many years--if a man be viciously disposed, there is
+no doubt that he will turn his Sunday to bad account, that he will
+take advantage of it, to dissipate with other bad characters as
+vile as himself; and that in this way, he may trace his first
+yielding to temptation, possibly his first commission of crime, to
+an infringement of the Sabbath.  But this would be an argument
+against any holiday at all.  If his holiday had been Wednesday
+instead of Sunday, and he had devoted it to the same improper uses,
+it would have been productive of the same results.  It is too much
+to judge of the character of a whole people, by the confessions of
+the very worst members of society.  It is not fair, to cry down
+things which are harmless in themselves, because evil-disposed men
+may turn them to bad account.  Who ever thought of deprecating the
+teaching poor people to write, because some porter in a warehouse
+had committed forgery?  Or into what man's head did it ever enter,
+to prevent the crowding of churches, because it afforded a
+temptation for the picking of pockets?
+
+When the Book of Sports, for allowing the peasantry of England to
+divert themselves with certain games in the open air, on Sundays,
+after evening service, was published by Charles the First, it is
+needless to say the English people were comparatively rude and
+uncivilised.  And yet it is extraordinary to how few excesses it
+gave rise, even in that day, when men's minds were not enlightened,
+or their passions moderated, by the influence of education and
+refinement.  That some excesses were committed through its means,
+in the remoter parts of the country, and that it was discontinued
+in those places, in consequence, cannot be denied:  but generally
+speaking, there is no proof whatever on record, of its having had
+any tendency to increase crime, or to lower the character of the
+people.
+
+The Puritans of that time, were as much opposed to harmless
+recreations and healthful amusements as those of the present day,
+and it is amusing to observe that each in their generation, advance
+precisely the same description of arguments.  In the British
+Museum, there is a curious pamphlet got up by the Agnews of
+Charles's time, entitled 'A Divine Tragedie lately acted, or a
+Collection of sundry memorable examples of God's Judgements upon
+Sabbath Breakers, and other like Libertines in their unlawful
+Sports, happening within the realme of England, in the compass only
+of two yeares last past, since the Booke (of Sports) was published,
+worthy to be knowne and considered of all men, especially such who
+are guilty of the sinne, or archpatrons thereof.'  This amusing
+document, contains some fifty or sixty veritable accounts of balls
+of fire that fell into churchyards and upset the sporters, and
+sporters that quarrelled, and upset one another, and so forth:  and
+among them is one anecdote containing an example of a rather
+different kind, which I cannot resist the temptation of quoting, as
+strongly illustrative of the fact, that this blinking of the
+question has not even the recommendation of novelty.
+
+'A woman about Northampton, the same day that she heard the booke
+for sports read, went immediately, and having 3. pence in her
+purse, hired a fellow to goe to the next towne to fetch a
+Minstrell, who coming, she with others fell a dauncing, which
+continued within night; at which time shee was got with child,
+which at the birth shee murthering, was detected and apprehended,
+and being converted before the justice, shee confessed it, and
+withal told the occasion of it, saying it was her falling to sport
+on the Sabbath, upon the reading of the Booke, so as for this
+treble sinfull act, her presumptuous profaning of the Sabbath, wh.
+brought her adultory and that murther.  Shee was according to the
+Law both of God and man, put to death.  Much sinne and misery
+followeth upon Sabbath-breaking.'
+
+It is needless to say, that if the young lady near Northampton had
+'fallen to sport' of such a dangerous description, on any other day
+but Sunday, the first result would probably have been the same:  it
+never having been distinctly shown that Sunday is more favourable
+to the propagation of the human race than any other day in the
+week.  The second result--the murder of the child--does not speak
+very highly for the amiability of her natural disposition; and the
+whole story, supposing it to have had any foundation at all, is
+about as much chargeable upon the Book of Sports, as upon the Book
+of Kings.  Such 'sports' have taken place in Dissenting Chapels
+before now; but religion has never been blamed in consequence; nor
+has it been proposed to shut up the chapels on that account.
+
+The question, then, very fairly arises, whether we have any reason
+to suppose that allowing games in the open air on Sundays, or even
+providing the means of amusement for the humbler classes of society
+on that day, would be hurtful and injurious to the character and
+morals of the people.
+
+I was travelling in the west of England a summer or two back, and
+was induced by the beauty of the scenery, and the seclusion of the
+spot, to remain for the night in a small village, distant about
+seventy miles from London.  The next morning was Sunday; and I
+walked out, towards the church.  Groups of people--the whole
+population of the little hamlet apparently--were hastening in the
+same direction.  Cheerful and good-humoured congratulations were
+heard on all sides, as neighbours overtook each other, and walked
+on in company.  Occasionally I passed an aged couple, whose married
+daughter and her husband were loitering by the side of the old
+people, accommodating their rate of walking to their feeble pace,
+while a little knot of children hurried on before; stout young
+labourers in clean round frocks; and buxom girls with healthy,
+laughing faces, were plentifully sprinkled about in couples, and
+the whole scene was one of quiet and tranquil contentment,
+irresistibly captivating.  The morning was bright and pleasant, the
+hedges were green and blooming, and a thousand delicious scents
+were wafted on the air, from the wild flowers which blossomed on
+either side of the footpath.  The little church was one of those
+venerable simple buildings which abound in the English counties;
+half overgrown with moss and ivy, and standing in the centre of a
+little plot of ground, which, but for the green mounds with which
+it was studded, might have passed for a lovely meadow.  I fancied
+that the old clanking bell which was now summoning the congregation
+together, would seem less terrible when it rung out the knell of a
+departed soul, than I had ever deemed possible before--that the
+sound would tell only of a welcome to calmness and rest, amidst the
+most peaceful and tranquil scene in nature.
+
+I followed into the church--a low-roofed building with small arched
+windows, through which the sun's rays streamed upon a plain tablet
+on the opposite wall, which had once recorded names, now as
+undistinguishable on its worn surface, as were the bones beneath,
+from the dust into which they had resolved.  The impressive service
+of the Church of England was spoken--not merely READ--by a grey-
+headed minister, and the responses delivered by his auditors, with
+an air of sincere devotion as far removed from affectation or
+display, as from coldness or indifference.  The psalms were
+accompanied by a few instrumental performers, who were stationed in
+a small gallery extending across the church at the lower end, over
+the door:  and the voices were led by the clerk, who, it was
+evident, derived no slight pride and gratification from this
+portion of the service.  The discourse was plain, unpretending, and
+well adapted to the comprehension of the hearers.  At the
+conclusion of the service, the villagers waited in the churchyard,
+to salute the clergyman as he passed; and two or three, I observed,
+stepped aside, as if communicating some little difficulty, and
+asking his advice.  This, to guess from the homely bows, and other
+rustic expressions of gratitude, the old gentleman readily
+conceded.  He seemed intimately acquainted with the circumstances
+of all his parishioners; for I heard him inquire after one man's
+youngest child, another man's wife, and so forth; and that he was
+fond of his joke, I discovered from overhearing him ask a stout,
+fresh-coloured young fellow, with a very pretty bashful-looking
+girl on his arm, 'when those banns were to be put up?'--an inquiry
+which made the young fellow more fresh-coloured, and the girl more
+bashful, and which, strange to say, caused a great many other girls
+who were standing round, to colour up also, and look anywhere but
+in the faces of their male companions.
+
+As I approached this spot in the evening about half an hour before
+sunset, I was surprised to hear the hum of voices, and occasionally
+a shout of merriment from the meadow beyond the churchyard; which I
+found, when I reached the stile, to be occasioned by a very
+animated game of cricket, in which the boys and young men of the
+place were engaged, while the females and old people were scattered
+about:  some seated on the grass watching the progress of the game,
+and others sauntering about in groups of two or three, gathering
+little nosegays of wild roses and hedge flowers.  I could not but
+take notice of one old man in particular, with a bright-eyed grand-
+daughter by his side, who was giving a sunburnt young fellow some
+instructions in the game, which he received with an air of profound
+deference, but with an occasional glance at the girl, which induced
+me to think that his attention was rather distracted from the old
+gentleman's narration of the fruits of his experience.  When it was
+his turn at the wicket, too, there was a glance towards the pair
+every now and then, which the old grandfather very complacently
+considered as an appeal to his judgment of a particular hit, but
+which a certain blush in the girl's face, and a downcast look of
+the bright eye, led me to believe was intended for somebody else
+than the old man,--and understood by somebody else, too, or I am
+much mistaken.
+
+I was in the very height of the pleasure which the contemplation of
+this scene afforded me, when I saw the old clergyman making his way
+towards us.  I trembled for an angry interruption to the sport, and
+was almost on the point of crying out, to warn the cricketers of
+his approach; he was so close upon me, however, that I could do
+nothing but remain still, and anticipate the reproof that was
+preparing.  What was my agreeable surprise to see the old gentleman
+standing at the stile, with his hands in his pockets, surveying the
+whole scene with evident satisfaction!  And how dull I must have
+been, not to have known till my friend the grandfather (who, by-
+the-bye, said he had been a wonderful cricketer in his time) told
+me, that it was the clergyman himself who had established the whole
+thing:  that it was his field they played in; and that it was he
+who had purchased stumps, bats, ball, and all!
+
+It is such scenes as this, I would see near London, on a Sunday
+evening.  It is such men as this, who would do more in one year to
+make people properly religious, cheerful, and contented, than all
+the legislation of a century could ever accomplish.
+
+It will be said--it has been very often--that it would be matter of
+perfect impossibility to make amusements and exercises succeed in
+large towns, which may be very well adapted to a country
+population.  Here, again, we are called upon to yield to bare
+assertions on matters of belief and opinion, as if they were
+established and undoubted facts.  That there is a wide difference
+between the two cases, no one will be prepared to dispute; that the
+difference is such as to prevent the application of the same
+principle to both, no reasonable man, I think, will be disposed to
+maintain.  The great majority of the people who make holiday on
+Sunday now, are industrious, orderly, and well-behaved persons.  It
+is not unreasonable to suppose that they would be no more inclined
+to an abuse of pleasures provided for them, than they are to an
+abuse of the pleasures they provide for themselves; and if any
+people, for want of something better to do, resort to criminal
+practices on the Sabbath as at present observed, no better remedy
+for the evil can be imagined, than giving them the opportunity of
+doing something which will amuse them, and hurt nobody else.
+
+The propriety of opening the British Museum to respectable people
+on Sunday, has lately been the subject of some discussion.  I think
+it would puzzle the most austere of the Sunday legislators to
+assign any valid reason for opposing so sensible a proposition.
+The Museum contains rich specimens from all the vast museums and
+repositories of Nature, and rare and curious fragments of the
+mighty works of art, in bygone ages:  all calculated to awaken
+contemplation and inquiry, and to tend to the enlightenment and
+improvement of the people.  But attendants would be necessary, and
+a few men would be employed upon the Sabbath.  They certainly
+would; but how many?  Why, if the British Museum, and the National
+Gallery, and the Gallery of Practical Science, and every other
+exhibition in London, from which knowledge is to be derived and
+information gained, were to be thrown open on a Sunday afternoon,
+not fifty people would be required to preside over the whole:  and
+it would take treble the number to enforce a Sabbath bill in any
+three populous parishes.
+
+I should like to see some large field, or open piece of ground, in
+every outskirt of London, exhibiting each Sunday evening on a
+larger scale, the scene of the little country meadow.  I should
+like to see the time arrive, when a man's attendance to his
+religious duties might be left to that religious feeling which most
+men possess in a greater or less degree, but which was never forced
+into the breast of any man by menace or restraint.  I should like
+to see the time when Sunday might be looked forward to, as a
+recognised day of relaxation and enjoyment, and when every man
+might feel, what few men do now, that religion is not incompatible
+with rational pleasure and needful recreation.
+
+How different a picture would the streets and public places then
+present!  The museums, and repositories of scientific and useful
+inventions, would be crowded with ingenious mechanics and
+industrious artisans, all anxious for information, and all unable
+to procure it at any other time.  The spacious saloons would be
+swarming with practical men:  humble in appearance, but destined,
+perhaps, to become the greatest inventors and philosophers of their
+age.  The labourers who now lounge away the day in idleness and
+intoxication, would be seen hurrying along, with cheerful faces and
+clean attire, not to the close and smoky atmosphere of the public-
+house but to the fresh and airy fields.  Fancy the pleasant scene.
+Throngs of people, pouring out from the lanes and alleys of the
+metropolis, to various places of common resort at some short
+distance from the town, to join in the refreshing sports and
+exercises of the day--the children gambolling in crowds upon the
+grass, the mothers looking on, and enjoying themselves the little
+game they seem only to direct; other parties strolling along some
+pleasant walks, or reposing in the shade of the stately trees;
+others again intent upon their different amusements.  Nothing
+should be heard on all sides, but the sharp stroke of the bat as it
+sent the ball skimming along the ground, the clear ring of the
+quoit, as it struck upon the iron peg:  the noisy murmur of many
+voices, and the loud shout of mirth and delight, which would awaken
+the echoes far and wide, till the fields rung with it.  The day
+would pass away, in a series of enjoyments which would awaken no
+painful reflections when night arrived; for they would be
+calculated to bring with them, only health and contentment.  The
+young would lose that dread of religion, which the sour austerity
+of its professors too often inculcates in youthful bosoms; and the
+old would find less difficulty in persuading them to respect its
+observances.  The drunken and dissipated, deprived of any excuse
+for their misconduct, would no longer excite pity but disgust.
+Above all, the more ignorant and humble class of men, who now
+partake of many of the bitters of life, and taste but few of its
+sweets, would naturally feel attachment and respect for that code
+of morality, which, regarding the many hardships of their station,
+strove to alleviate its rigours, and endeavoured to soften its
+asperity.
+
+This is what Sunday might be made, and what it might be made
+without impiety or profanation.  The wise and beneficent Creator
+who places men upon earth, requires that they shall perform the
+duties of that station of life to which they are called, and He can
+never intend that the more a man strives to discharge those duties,
+the more he shall be debarred from happiness and enjoyment.  Let
+those who have six days in the week for all the world's pleasures,
+appropriate the seventh to fasting and gloom, either for their own
+sins or those of other people, if they like to bewail them; but let
+those who employ their six days in a worthier manner, devote their
+seventh to a different purpose.  Let divines set the example of
+true morality:  preach it to their flocks in the morning, and
+dismiss them to enjoy true rest in the afternoon; and let them
+select for their text, and let Sunday legislators take for their
+motto, the words which fell from the lips of that Master, whose
+precepts they misconstrue, and whose lessons they pervert--'The
+Sabbath was made for man, and not man to serve the Sabbath.'
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS ***
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+<title>Sunday Under Three Heads</title>
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+<h2>
+<a href="#startoftext">Sunday Under Three Heads, by Charles Dickens</a>
+</h2>
+<pre>
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sunday Under Three Heads, by Charles Dickens
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+Title: Sunday Under Three Heads
+
+Author: Charles Dickens
+
+Release Date: May, 1997  [EBook #922]
+[This file was first posted on May 29, 1997]
+[Most recently updated: May 20, 2003]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+</pre>
+<p><a name="startoftext"></a></p>
+<p>Transcribed by David Price, email ccx074@coventry.ac.uk</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines3"><br /><br /><br /></div>
+<h1>SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS</h1>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines3"><br /><br /><br /></div>
+<h2>DEDICATION</h2>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div>
+<p>To The Right Reverend<br />THE BISHOP OF LONDON</p>
+<p>MY LORD,</p>
+<p>You were among the first, some years ago, to expatiate on the vicious
+addiction of the lower classes of society to Sunday excursions; and
+were thus instrumental in calling forth occasional demonstrations of
+those extreme opinions on the subject, which are very generally received
+with derision, if not with contempt.</p>
+<p>Your elevated station, my Lord, affords you countless opportunities
+of increasing the comforts and pleasures of the humbler classes of society&mdash;not
+by the expenditure of the smallest portion of your princely income,
+but by merely sanctioning with the influence of your example, their
+harmless pastimes, and innocent recreations.</p>
+<p>That your Lordship would ever have contemplated Sunday recreations
+with so much horror, if you had been at all acquainted with the wants
+and necessities of the people who indulged in them, I cannot imagine
+possible.&nbsp; That a Prelate of your elevated rank has the faintest
+conception of the extent of those wants, and the nature of those necessities,
+I do not believe.</p>
+<p>For these reasons, I venture to address this little Pamphlet to your
+Lordship&rsquo;s consideration.&nbsp; I am quite conscious that the
+outlines I have drawn, afford but a very imperfect description of the
+feelings they are intended to illustrate; but I claim for them one merit&mdash;their
+truth and freedom from exaggeration.&nbsp; I may have fallen short of
+the mark, but I have never overshot it: and while I have pointed out
+what appears to me, to be injustice on the part of others, I hope I
+have carefully abstained from committing it myself.</p>
+<p>I am,<br />My Lord,<br />Your Lordship&rsquo;s most obedient,<br />Humble
+Servant,<br />TIMOTHY SPARKS.<br /><i>June</i>, 1836.</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div>
+<h2>CHAPTER I&mdash;AS IT IS</h2>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div>
+<p>There are few things from which I derive greater pleasure, than walking
+through some of the principal streets of London on a fine Sunday, in
+summer, and watching the cheerful faces of the lively groups with which
+they are thronged.&nbsp; There is something, to my eyes at least, exceedingly
+pleasing in the general desire evinced by the humbler classes of society,
+to appear neat and clean on this their only holiday.&nbsp; There are
+many grave old persons, I know, who shake their heads with an air of
+profound wisdom, and tell you that poor people dress too well now-a-days;
+that when they were children, folks knew their stations in life better;
+that you may depend upon it, no good will come of this sort of thing
+in the end,&mdash;and so forth: but I fancy I can discern in the fine
+bonnet of the working-man&rsquo;s wife, or the feather-bedizened hat
+of his child, no inconsiderable evidence of good feeling on the part
+of the man himself, and an affectionate desire to expend the few shillings
+he can spare from his week&rsquo;s wages, in improving the appearance
+and adding to the happiness of those who are nearest and dearest to
+him.&nbsp; This may be a very heinous and unbecoming degree of vanity,
+perhaps, and the money might possibly be applied to better uses; it
+must not be forgotten, however, that it might very easily be devoted
+to worse: and if two or three faces can be rendered happy and contented,
+by a trifling improvement of outward appearance, I cannot help thinking
+that the object is very cheaply purchased, even at the expense of a
+smart gown, or a gaudy riband.&nbsp; There is a great deal of very unnecessary
+cant about the over-dressing of the common people.&nbsp; There is not
+a manufacturer or tradesman in existence, who would not employ a man
+who takes a reasonable degree of pride in the appearance of himself
+and those about him, in preference to a sullen, slovenly fellow, who
+works doggedly on, regardless of his own clothing and that of his wife
+and children, and seeming to take pleasure or pride in nothing.</p>
+<p>The pampered aristocrat, whose life is one continued round of licentious
+pleasures and sensual gratifications; or the gloomy enthusiast, who
+detests the cheerful amusements he can never enjoy, and envies the healthy
+feelings he can never know, and who would put down the one and suppress
+the other, until he made the minds of his fellow-beings as besotted
+and distorted as his own;&mdash;neither of these men can by possibility
+form an adequate notion of what Sunday really is to those whose lives
+are spent in sedentary or laborious occupations, and who are accustomed
+to look forward to it through their whole existence, as their only day
+of rest from toil, and innocent enjoyment.</p>
+<p>The sun that rises over the quiet streets of London on a bright Sunday
+morning, shines till his setting, on gay and happy faces.&nbsp; Here
+and there, so early as six o&rsquo;clock, a young man and woman in their
+best attire, may be seen hurrying along on their way to the house of
+some acquaintance, who is included in their scheme of pleasure for the
+day; from whence, after stopping to take &ldquo;a bit of breakfast,&rdquo;
+they sally forth, accompanied by several old people, and a whole crowd
+of young ones, bearing large hand-baskets full of provisions, and Belcher
+handkerchiefs done up in bundles, with the neck of a bottle sticking
+out at the top, and closely-packed apples bulging out at the sides,&mdash;and
+away they hurry along the streets leading to the steam-packet wharfs,
+which are already plentifully sprinkled with parties bound for the same
+destination.&nbsp; Their good humour and delight know no bounds&mdash;for
+it is a delightful morning, all blue over head, and nothing like a cloud
+in the whole sky; and even the air of the river at London Bridge is
+something to them, shut up as they have been, all the week, in close
+streets and heated rooms.&nbsp; There are dozens of steamers to all
+sorts of places&mdash;Gravesend, Greenwich, and Richmond; and such numbers
+of people, that when you have once sat down on the deck, it is all but
+a moral impossibility to get up again&mdash;to say nothing of walking
+about, which is entirely out of the question.&nbsp; Away they go, joking
+and laughing, and eating and drinking, and admiring everything they
+see, and pleased with everything they hear, to climb Windmill Hill,
+and catch a glimpse of the rich corn-fields and beautiful orchards of
+Kent; or to stroll among the fine old trees of Greenwich Park, and survey
+the wonders of Shooter&rsquo;s Hill and Lady James&rsquo;s Folly; or
+to glide past the beautiful meadows of Twickenham and Richmond, and
+to gaze with a delight which only people like them can know, on every
+lovely object in the fair prospect around.&nbsp; Boat follows boat,
+and coach succeeds coach, for the next three hours; but all are filled,
+and all with the same kind of people&mdash;neat and clean, cheerful
+and contented.</p>
+<p>They reach their places of destination, and the taverns are crowded;
+but there is no drunkenness or brawling, for the class of men who commit
+the enormity of making Sunday excursions, take their families with them:
+and this in itself would be a check upon them, even if they were inclined
+to dissipation, which they really are not.&nbsp; Boisterous their mirth
+may be, for they have all the excitement of feeling that fresh air and
+green fields can impart to the dwellers in crowded cities, but it is
+innocent and harmless.&nbsp; The glass is circulated, and the joke goes
+round; but the one is free from excess, and the other from offence;
+and nothing but good humour and hilarity prevail.</p>
+<p>In streets like Holborn and Tottenham Court Road, which form the
+central market of a large neighbourhood, inhabited by a vast number
+of mechanics and poor people, a few shops are open at an early hour
+of the morning; and a very poor man, with a thin and sickly woman by
+his side, may be seen with their little basket in hand, purchasing the
+scanty quantity of necessaries they can afford, which the time at which
+the man receives his wages, or his having a good deal of work to do,
+or the woman&rsquo;s having been out charing till a late hour, prevented
+their procuring over-night.&nbsp; The coffee-shops too, at which clerks
+and young men employed in counting-houses can procure their breakfasts,
+are also open.&nbsp; This class comprises, in a place like London, an
+enormous number of people, whose limited means prevent their engaging
+for their lodgings any other apartment than a bedroom, and who have
+consequently no alternative but to take their breakfasts at a coffee-shop,
+or go without it altogether.&nbsp; All these places, however, are quickly
+closed; and by the time the church bells begin to ring, all appearance
+of traffic has ceased.&nbsp; And then, what are the signs of immorality
+that meet the eye?&nbsp; Churches are well filled, and Dissenters&rsquo;
+chapels are crowded to suffocation.&nbsp; There is no preaching to empty
+benches, while the drunken and dissolute populace run riot in the streets.</p>
+<p>Here is a fashionable church, where the service commences at a late
+hour, for the accommodation of such members of the congregation&mdash;and
+they are not a few&mdash;as may happen to have lingered at the Opera
+far into the morning of the Sabbath; an excellent contrivance for poising
+the balance between God and Mammon, and illustrating the ease with which
+a man&rsquo;s duties to both, may be accommodated and adjusted.&nbsp;
+How the carriages rattle up, and deposit their richly-dressed burdens
+beneath the lofty portico!&nbsp; The powdered footmen glide along the
+aisle, place the richly-bound prayer-books on the pew desks, slam the
+doors, and hurry away, leaving the fashionable members of the congregation
+to inspect each other through their glasses, and to dazzle and glitter
+in the eyes of the few shabby people in the free seats.&nbsp; The organ
+peals forth, the hired singers commence a short hymn, and the congregation
+condescendingly rise, stare about them, and converse in whispers.&nbsp;
+The clergyman enters the reading-desk,&mdash;a young man of noble family
+and elegant demeanour, notorious at Cambridge for his knowledge of horse-flesh
+and dancers, and celebrated at Eton for his hopeless stupidity.&nbsp;
+The service commences.&nbsp; Mark the soft voice in which he reads,
+and the impressive manner in which he applies his white hand, studded
+with brilliants, to his perfumed hair.&nbsp; Observe the graceful emphasis
+with which he offers up the prayers for the King, the Royal Family,
+and all the Nobility; and the nonchalance with which he hurries over
+the more uncomfortable portions of the service, the seventh commandment
+for instance, with a studied regard for the taste and feeling of his
+auditors, only to be equalled by that displayed by the sleek divine
+who succeeds him, who murmurs, in a voice kept down by rich feeding,
+most comfortable doctrines for exactly twelve minutes, and then arrives
+at the anxiously expected &lsquo;Now to God,&rsquo; which is the signal
+for the dismissal of the congregation.&nbsp; The organ is again heard;
+those who have been asleep wake up, and those who have kept awake, smile
+and seem greatly relieved; bows and congratulations are exchanged, the
+livery servants are all bustle and commotion, bang go the steps, up
+jump the footmen, and off rattle the carriages: the inmates discoursing
+on the dresses of the congregation, and congratulating themselves on
+having set so excellent an example to the community in general, and
+Sunday-pleasurers in particular.</p>
+<p>Enter a less orthodox place of religious worship, and observe the
+contrast.&nbsp; A small close chapel with a white-washed wall, and plain
+deal pews and pulpit, contains a closely-packed congregation, as different
+in dress, as they are opposed in manner, to that we have just quitted.&nbsp;
+The hymn is sung&mdash;not by paid singers, but by the whole assembly
+at the loudest pitch of their voices, unaccompanied by any musical instrument,
+the words being given out, two lines at a time, by the clerk.&nbsp;
+There is something in the sonorous quavering of the harsh voices, in
+the lank and hollow faces of the men, and the sour solemnity of the
+women, which bespeaks this a strong-hold of intolerant zeal and ignorant
+enthusiasm.&nbsp; The preacher enters the pulpit.&nbsp; He is a coarse,
+hard-faced man of forbidding aspect, clad in rusty black, and bearing
+in his hand a small plain Bible from which he selects some passage for
+his text, while the hymn is concluding.&nbsp; The congregation fall
+upon their knees, and are hushed into profound stillness as he delivers
+an extempore prayer, in which he calls upon the Sacred Founder of the
+Christian faith to bless his ministry, in terms of disgusting and impious
+familiarity not to be described.&nbsp; He begins his oration in a drawling
+tone, and his hearers listen with silent attention.&nbsp; He grows warmer
+as he proceeds with his subject, and his gesticulation becomes proportionately
+violent.&nbsp; He clenches his fists, beats the book upon the desk before
+him, and swings his arms wildly about his head.&nbsp; The congregation
+murmur their acquiescence in his doctrines: and a short groan, occasionally
+bears testimony to the moving nature of his eloquence.&nbsp; Encouraged
+by these symptoms of approval, and working himself up to a pitch of
+enthusiasm amounting almost to frenzy, he denounces sabbath-breakers
+with the direst vengeance of offended Heaven.&nbsp; He stretches his
+body half out of the pulpit, thrusts forth his arms with frantic gestures,
+and blasphemously calls upon The Deity to visit with eternal torments,
+those who turn aside from the word, as interpreted and preached by&mdash;himself.&nbsp;
+A low moaning is heard, the women rock their bodies to and fro, and
+wring their hands; the preacher&rsquo;s fervour increases, the perspiration
+starts upon his brow, his face is flushed, and he clenches his hands
+convulsively, as he draws a hideous and appalling picture of the horrors
+preparing for the wicked in a future state.&nbsp; A great excitement
+is visible among his hearers, a scream is heard, and some young girl
+falls senseless on the floor.&nbsp; There is a momentary rustle, but
+it is only for a moment&mdash;all eyes are turned towards the preacher.&nbsp;
+He pauses, passes his handkerchief across his face, and looks complacently
+round.&nbsp; His voice resumes its natural tone, as with mock humility
+he offers up a thanksgiving for having been successful in his efforts,
+and having been permitted to rescue one sinner from the path of evil.&nbsp;
+He sinks back into his seat, exhausted with the violence of his ravings;
+the girl is removed, a hymn is sung, a petition for some measure for
+securing the better observance of the Sabbath, which has been prepared
+by the good man, is read; and his worshipping admirers struggle who
+shall be the first to sign it.</p>
+<p>But the morning service has concluded, and the streets are again
+crowded with people.&nbsp; Long rows of cleanly-dressed charity children,
+preceded by a portly beadle and a withered schoolmaster, are returning
+to their welcome dinner; and it is evident, from the number of men with
+beer-trays who are running from house to house, that no inconsiderable
+portion of the population are about to take theirs at this early hour.&nbsp;
+The bakers&rsquo; shops in the humbler suburbs especially, are filled
+with men, women, and children, each anxiously waiting for the Sunday
+dinner.&nbsp; Look at the group of children who surround that working
+man who has just emerged from the baker&rsquo;s shop at the corner of
+the street, with the reeking dish, in which a diminutive joint of mutton
+simmers above a vast heap of half-browned potatoes.&nbsp; How the young
+rogues clap their hands, and dance round their father, for very joy
+at the prospect of the feast: and how anxiously the youngest and chubbiest
+of the lot, lingers on tiptoe by his side, trying to get a peep into
+the interior of the dish.&nbsp; They turn up the street, and the chubby-faced
+boy trots on as fast as his little legs will carry him, to herald the
+approach of the dinner to &lsquo;Mother&rsquo; who is standing with
+a baby in her arms on the doorstep, and who seems almost as pleased
+with the whole scene as the children themselves; whereupon &lsquo;baby&rsquo;
+not precisely understanding the importance of the business in hand,
+but clearly perceiving that it is something unusually lively, kicks
+and crows most lustily, to the unspeakable delight of all the children
+and both the parents: and the dinner is borne into the house amidst
+a shouting of small voices, and jumping of fat legs, which would fill
+Sir Andrew Agnew with astonishment; as well it might, seeing that Baronets,
+generally speaking, eat pretty comfortable dinners all the week through,
+and cannot be expected to understand what people feel, who only have
+a meat dinner on one day out of every seven.</p>
+<p>The bakings being all duly consigned to their respective owners,
+and the beer-man having gone his rounds, the church bells ring for afternoon
+service, the shops are again closed, and the streets are more than ever
+thronged with people; some who have not been to church in the morning,
+going to it now; others who have been to church, going out for a walk;
+and others&mdash;let us admit the full measure of their guilt&mdash;going
+for a walk, who have not been to church at all.&nbsp; I am afraid the
+smart servant of all work, who has been loitering at the corner of the
+square for the last ten minutes, is one of the latter class.&nbsp; She
+is evidently waiting for somebody, and though she may have made up her
+mind to go to church with him one of these mornings, I don&rsquo;t think
+they have any such intention on this particular afternoon.&nbsp; Here
+he is, at last.&nbsp; The white trousers, blue coat, and yellow waistcoat&mdash;and
+more especially that cock of the hat&mdash;indicate, as surely as inanimate
+objects can, that Chalk Farm and not the parish church, is their destination.&nbsp;
+The girl colours up, and puts out her hand with a very awkward affectation
+of indifference.&nbsp; He gives it a gallant squeeze, and away they
+walk, arm in arm, the girl just looking back towards her &lsquo;place&rsquo;
+with an air of conscious self-importance, and nodding to her fellow-servant
+who has gone up to the two-pair-of-stairs window, to take a full view
+of &lsquo;Mary&rsquo;s young man,&rsquo; which being communicated to
+William, he takes off his hat to the fellow-servant: a proceeding which
+affords unmitigated satisfaction to all parties, and impels the fellow-servant
+to inform Miss Emily confidentially, in the course of the evening, &lsquo;that
+the young man as Mary keeps company with, is one of the most genteelest
+young men as ever she see.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>The two young people who have just crossed the road, and are following
+this happy couple down the street, are a fair specimen of another class
+of Sunday&mdash;pleasurers.&nbsp; There is a dapper smartness, struggling
+through very limited means, about the young man, which induces one to
+set him down at once as a junior clerk to a tradesman or attorney.&nbsp;
+The girl no one could possibly mistake.&nbsp; You may tell a young woman
+in the employment of a large dress-maker, at any time, by a certain
+neatness of cheap finery and humble following of fashion, which pervade
+her whole attire; but unfortunately there are other tokens not to be
+misunderstood&mdash;the pale face with its hectic bloom, the slight
+distortion of form which no artifice of dress can wholly conceal, the
+unhealthy stoop, and the short cough&mdash;the effects of hard work
+and close application to a sedentary employment, upon a tender frame.&nbsp;
+They turn towards the fields.&nbsp; The girl&rsquo;s countenance brightens,
+and an unwonted glow rises in her face.&nbsp; They are going to Hampstead
+or Highgate, to spend their holiday afternoon in some place where they
+can see the sky, the fields, and trees, and breathe for an hour or two
+the pure air, which so seldom plays upon that poor girl&rsquo;s form,
+or exhilarates her spirits.</p>
+<p>I would to God, that the iron-hearted man who would deprive such
+people as these of their only pleasures, could feel the sinking of heart
+and soul, the wasting exhaustion of mind and body, the utter prostration
+of present strength and future hope, attendant upon that incessant toil
+which lasts from day to day, and from month to month; that toil which
+is too often protracted until the silence of midnight, and resumed with
+the first stir of morning.&nbsp; How marvellously would his ardent zeal
+for other men&rsquo;s souls, diminish after a short probation, and how
+enlightened and comprehensive would his views of the real object and
+meaning of the institution of the Sabbath become!</p>
+<p>The afternoon is far advanced&mdash;the parks and public drives are
+crowded.&nbsp; Carriages, gigs, phaetons, stanhopes, and vehicles of
+every description, glide smoothly on.&nbsp; The promenades are filled
+with loungers on foot, and the road is thronged with loungers on horseback.&nbsp;
+Persons of every class are crowded together, here, in one dense mass.&nbsp;
+The plebeian, who takes his pleasure on no day but Sunday, jostles the
+patrician, who takes his, from year&rsquo;s end to year&rsquo;s end.&nbsp;
+You look in vain for any outward signs of profligacy or debauchery.&nbsp;
+You see nothing before you but a vast number of people, the denizens
+of a large and crowded city, in the needful and rational enjoyment of
+air and exercise.</p>
+<p>It grows dusk.&nbsp; The roads leading from the different places
+of suburban resort, are crowded with people on their return home, and
+the sound of merry voices rings through the gradually darkening fields.&nbsp;
+The evening is hot and sultry.&nbsp; The rich man throws open the sashes
+of his spacious dining-room, and quaffs his iced wine in splendid luxury.&nbsp;
+The poor man, who has no room to take his meals in, but the close apartment
+to which he and his family have been confined throughout the week, sits
+in the tea-garden of some famous tavern, and drinks his beer in content
+and comfort.&nbsp; The fields and roads are gradually deserted, the
+crowd once more pour into the streets, and disperse to their several
+homes; and by midnight all is silent and quiet, save where a few stragglers
+linger beneath the window of some great man&rsquo;s house, to listen
+to the strains of music from within: or stop to gaze upon the splendid
+carriages which are waiting to convey the guests from the dinner-party
+of an Earl.</p>
+<p>There is a darker side to this picture, on which, so far from its
+being any part of my purpose to conceal it, I wish to lay particular
+stress.&nbsp; In some parts of London, and in many of the manufacturing
+towns of England, drunkenness and profligacy in their most disgusting
+forms, exhibit in the open streets on Sunday, a sad and a degrading
+spectacle.&nbsp; We need go no farther than St. Giles&rsquo;s, or Drury
+Lane, for sights and scenes of a most repulsive nature.&nbsp; Women
+with scarcely the articles of apparel which common decency requires,
+with forms bloated by disease, and faces rendered hideous by habitual
+drunkenness&mdash;men reeling and staggering along&mdash;children in
+rags and filth&mdash;whole streets of squalid and miserable appearance,
+whose inhabitants are lounging in the public road, fighting, screaming,
+and swearing&mdash;these are the common objects which present themselves
+in, these are the well-known characteristics of, that portion of London
+to which I have just referred.</p>
+<p>And why is it, that all well-disposed persons are shocked, and public
+decency scandalised, by such exhibitions?</p>
+<p>These people are poor&mdash;that is notorious.&nbsp; It may be said
+that they spend in liquor, money with which they might purchase necessaries,
+and there is no denying the fact; but let it be remembered that even
+if they applied every farthing of their earnings in the best possible
+way, they would still be very&mdash;very poor.&nbsp; Their dwellings
+are necessarily uncomfortable, and to a certain degree unhealthy.&nbsp;
+Cleanliness might do much, but they are too crowded together, the streets
+are too narrow, and the rooms too small, to admit of their ever being
+rendered desirable habitations.&nbsp; They work very hard all the week.&nbsp;
+We know that the effect of prolonged and arduous labour, is to produce,
+when a period of rest does arrive, a sensation of lassitude which it
+requires the application of some stimulus to overcome.&nbsp; What stimulus
+have they?&nbsp; Sunday comes, and with it a cessation of labour.&nbsp;
+How are they to employ the day, or what inducement have they to employ
+it, in recruiting their stock of health?&nbsp; They see little parties,
+on pleasure excursions, passing through the streets; but they cannot
+imitate their example, for they have not the means.&nbsp; They may walk,
+to be sure, but it is exactly the inducement to walk that they require.&nbsp;
+If every one of these men knew, that by taking the trouble to walk two
+or three miles he would be enabled to share in a good game of cricket,
+or some athletic sport, I very much question whether any of them would
+remain at home.</p>
+<p>But you hold out no inducement, you offer no relief from listlessness,
+you provide nothing to amuse his mind, you afford him no means of exercising
+his body.&nbsp; Unwashed and unshaven, he saunters moodily about, weary
+and dejected.&nbsp; In lieu of the wholesome stimulus he might derive
+from nature, you drive him to the pernicious excitement to be gained
+from art.&nbsp; He flies to the gin-shop as his only resource; and when,
+reduced to a worse level than the lowest brute in the scale of creation,
+he lies wallowing in the kennel, your saintly lawgivers lift up their
+hands to heaven, and exclaim for a law which shall convert the day intended
+for rest and cheerfulness, into one of universal gloom, bigotry, and
+persecution.</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div>
+<h2>CHAPTER II&mdash;AS SABBATH BILLS WOULD MAKE IT</h2>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div>
+<p>The provisions of the bill introduced into the House of Commons by
+Sir Andrew Agnew, and thrown out by that House on the motion for the
+second reading, on the 18th of May in the present year, by a majority
+of 32, may very fairly be taken as a test of the length to which the
+fanatics, of which the honourable Baronet is the distinguished leader,
+are prepared to go.&nbsp; No test can be fairer; because while on the
+one hand this measure may be supposed to exhibit all that improvement
+which mature reflection and long deliberation may have suggested, so
+on the other it may very reasonably be inferred, that if it be quite
+as severe in its provisions, and to the full as partial in its operation,
+as those which have preceded it and experienced a similar fate, the
+disease under which the honourable Baronet and his friends labour, is
+perfectly hopeless, and beyond the reach of cure.</p>
+<p>The proposed enactments of the bill are briefly these:- All work
+is prohibited on the Lord&rsquo;s day, under heavy penalties, increasing
+with every repetition of the offence.&nbsp; There are penalties for
+keeping shops open&mdash;penalties for drunkenness&mdash;penalties for
+keeping open houses of entertainment&mdash;penalties for being present
+at any public meeting or assembly&mdash;penalties for letting carriages,
+and penalties for hiring them&mdash;penalties for travelling in steam-boats,
+and penalties for taking passengers&mdash;penalties on vessels commencing
+their voyage on Sunday&mdash;penalties on the owners of cattle who suffer
+them to be driven on the Lord&rsquo;s day&mdash;penalties on constables
+who refuse to act, and penalties for resisting them when they do.&nbsp;
+In addition to these trifles, the constables are invested with arbitrary,
+vexatious, and most extensive powers; and all this in a bill which sets
+out with a hypocritical and canting declaration that &lsquo;nothing
+is more acceptable to God than the <i>true</i> <i>and sincere</i> worship
+of Him according to His holy will, and that it is the bounden duty of
+Parliament to promote the observance of the Lord&rsquo;s day, by protecting
+every class of society against being required to sacrifice their comfort,
+health, religious privileges, and conscience, for the convenience, enjoyment,
+or supposed advantage of any other class on the Lord&rsquo;s day&rsquo;!&nbsp;
+The idea of making a man truly moral through the ministry of constables,
+and sincerely religious under the influence of penalties, is worthy
+of the mind which could form such a mass of monstrous absurdity as this
+bill is composed of.</p>
+<p>The House of Commons threw the measure out certainly, and by so doing
+retrieved the disgrace&mdash;so far as it could be retrieved&mdash;of
+placing among the printed papers of Parliament, such an egregious specimen
+of legislative folly; but there was a degree of delicacy and forbearance
+about the debate that took place, which I cannot help thinking as unnecessary
+and uncalled for, as it is unusual in Parliamentary discussions.&nbsp;
+If it had been the first time of Sir Andrew Agnew&rsquo;s attempting
+to palm such a measure upon the country, we might well understand, and
+duly appreciate, the delicate and compassionate feeling due to the supposed
+weakness and imbecility of the man, which prevented his proposition
+being exposed in its true colours, and induced this Hon. Member to bear
+testimony to his excellent motives, and that Noble Lord to regret that
+he could not&mdash;although he had tried to do so&mdash;adopt any portion
+of the bill.&nbsp; But when these attempts have been repeated, again
+and again; when Sir Andrew Agnew has renewed them session after session,
+and when it has become palpably evident to the whole House that</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>His impudence of proof in every trial,<br />Kens no polite, and heeds
+no plain denial -</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines1"><br /></div>
+<p>it really becomes high time to speak of him and his legislation,
+as they appear to deserve, without that gloss of politeness, which is
+all very well in an ordinary case, but rather out of place when the
+liberties and comforts of a whole people are at stake.</p>
+<p>In the first place, it is by no means the worst characteristic of
+this bill, that it is a bill of blunders: it is, from beginning to end,
+a piece of deliberate cruelty, and crafty injustice.&nbsp; If the rich
+composed the whole population of this country, not a single comfort
+of one single man would be affected by it.&nbsp; It is directed exclusively,
+and without the exception of a solitary instance, against the amusements
+and recreations of the poor.&nbsp; This was the bait held out by the
+Hon. Baronet to a body of men, who cannot be supposed to have any very
+strong sympathies in common with the poor, because they cannot understand
+their sufferings or their struggles.&nbsp; This is the bait, which will
+in time prevail, unless public attention is awakened, and public feeling
+exerted, to prevent it.</p>
+<p>Take the very first clause, the provision that no man shall be allowed
+to work on Sunday&mdash;&lsquo;That no person, upon the Lord&rsquo;s
+day, shall do, or hire, or employ any person to do any manner of labour,
+or any work of his or her ordinary calling.&rsquo;&nbsp; What class
+of persons does this affect?&nbsp; The rich man?&nbsp; No.&nbsp; Menial
+servants, both male and female, are specially exempted from the operation
+of the bill.&nbsp; &lsquo;Menial servants&rsquo; are among the poor
+people.&nbsp; The bill has no regard for them.&nbsp; The Baronet&rsquo;s
+dinner must be cooked on Sunday, the Bishop&rsquo;s horses must be groomed,
+and the Peer&rsquo;s carriage must be driven.&nbsp; So the menial servants
+are put utterly beyond the pale of grace;&mdash;unless indeed, they
+are to go to heaven through the sanctity of their masters, and possibly
+they might think even that, rather an uncertain passport.</p>
+<p>There is a penalty for keeping open, houses of entertainment.&nbsp;
+Now, suppose the bill had passed, and that half-a-dozen adventurous
+licensed victuallers, relying upon the excitement of public feeling
+on the subject, and the consequent difficulty of conviction (this is
+by no means an improbable supposition), had determined to keep their
+houses and gardens open, through the whole Sunday afternoon, in defiance
+of the law.&nbsp; Every act of hiring or working, every act of buying
+or selling, or delivering, or causing anything to be bought or sold,
+is specifically made a separate offence&mdash;mark the effect.&nbsp;
+A party, a man and his wife and children, enter a tea-garden, and the
+informer stations himself in the next box, from whence he can see and
+hear everything that passes.&nbsp; &lsquo;Waiter!&rsquo; says the father.&nbsp;
+&lsquo;Yes.&nbsp; Sir.&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;Pint of the best ale!&rsquo;&nbsp;
+&lsquo;Yes, Sir.&rsquo;&nbsp; Away runs the waiter to the bar, and gets
+the ale from the landlord.&nbsp; Out comes the informer&rsquo;s note-book&mdash;penalty
+on the father for hiring, on the waiter for delivering, and on the landlord
+for selling, on the Lord&rsquo;s day.&nbsp; But it does not stop here.&nbsp;
+The waiter delivers the ale, and darts off, little suspecting the penalties
+in store for him.&nbsp; &lsquo;Hollo,&rsquo; cries the father, &lsquo;waiter!&rsquo;&nbsp;
+&lsquo;Yes, Sir.&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;Just get this little boy a biscuit,
+will you?&rsquo;&nbsp; &lsquo;Yes, Sir.&rsquo;&nbsp; Off runs the waiter
+again, and down goes another case of hiring, another case of delivering,
+and another case of selling; and so it would go on <i>ad infinitum</i>,
+the sum and substance of the matter being, that every time a man or
+woman cried &lsquo;Waiter!&rsquo; on Sunday, he or she would be fined
+not less than forty shillings, nor more than a hundred; and every time
+a waiter replied, &lsquo;Yes, Sir,&rsquo; he and his master would be
+fined in the same amount: with the addition of a new sort of window
+duty on the landlord, to wit, a tax of twenty shillings an hour for
+every hour beyond the first one, during which he should have his shutters
+down on the Sabbath.</p>
+<p>With one exception, there are perhaps no clauses in the whole bill,
+so strongly illustrative of its partial operation, and the intention
+of its framer, as those which relate to travelling on Sunday.&nbsp;
+Penalties of ten, twenty, and thirty pounds, are mercilessly imposed
+upon coach proprietors who shall run their coaches on the Sabbath; one,
+two, and ten pounds upon those who hire, or let to hire, horses and
+carriages upon the Lord&rsquo;s day, but not one syllable about those
+who have no necessity to hire, because they have carriages and horses
+of their own; not one word of a penalty on liveried coachmen and footmen.&nbsp;
+The whole of the saintly venom is directed against the hired cabriolet,
+the humble fly, or the rumbling hackney-coach, which enables a man of
+the poorer class to escape for a few hours from the smoke and dirt,
+in the midst of which he has been confined throughout the week: while
+the escutcheoned carriage and the dashing cab, may whirl their wealthy
+owners to Sunday feasts and private oratorios, setting constables, informers,
+and penalties, at defiance.&nbsp; Again, in the description of the places
+of public resort which it is rendered criminal to attend on Sunday,
+there are no words comprising a very fashionable promenade.&nbsp; Public
+discussions, public debates, public lectures and speeches, are cautiously
+guarded against; for it is by their means that the people become enlightened
+enough to deride the last efforts of bigotry and superstition.&nbsp;
+There is a stringent provision for punishing the poor man who spends
+an hour in a news-room, but there is nothing to prevent the rich one
+from lounging away the day in the Zoological Gardens.</p>
+<p>There is, in four words, a mock proviso, which affects to forbid
+travelling &lsquo;with any animal&rsquo; on the Lord&rsquo;s day.&nbsp;
+This, however, is revoked, as relates to the rich man, by a subsequent
+provision.&nbsp; We have then a penalty of not less than fifty, nor
+more than one hundred pounds, upon any person participating in the control,
+or having the command of any vessel which shall commence her voyage
+on the Lord&rsquo;s day, should the wind prove favourable.&nbsp; The
+next time this bill is brought forward (which will no doubt be at an
+early period of the next session of Parliament) perhaps it will be better
+to amend this clause by declaring, that from and after the passing of
+the act, it shall be deemed unlawful for the wind to blow at all upon
+the Sabbath.&nbsp; It would remove a great deal of temptation from the
+owners and captains of vessels.</p>
+<p>The reader is now in possession of the principal enacting clauses
+of Sir Andrew Agnew&rsquo;s bill, with the exception of one, for preventing
+the killing or taking of &lsquo;<i>fish, or other wild animals</i>,&rsquo;
+and the ordinary provisions which are inserted for form&rsquo;s sake
+in all acts of Parliament.&nbsp; I now beg his attention to the clauses
+of exemption.</p>
+<p>They are two in number.&nbsp; The first exempts menial servants from
+any rest, and all poor men from any recreation: outlaws a milkman after
+nine o&rsquo;clock in the morning, and makes eating-houses lawful for
+only two hours in the afternoon; permits a medical man to use his carriage
+on Sunday, and declares that a clergyman may either use his own, or
+hire one.</p>
+<p>The second is artful, cunning, and designing; shielding the rich
+man from the possibility of being entrapped, and affecting at the same
+time, to have a tender and scrupulous regard, for the interests of the
+whole community.&nbsp; It declares, &lsquo;that nothing in this act
+contained, shall extend to works of piety, charity, or necessity.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>What is meant by the word &lsquo;necessity&rsquo; in this clause?&nbsp;
+Simply this&mdash;that the rich man shall be at liberty to make use
+of all the splendid luxuries he has collected around him, on any day
+in the week, because habit and custom have rendered them &lsquo;necessary&rsquo;
+to his easy existence; but that the poor man who saves his money to
+provide some little pleasure for himself and family at lengthened intervals,
+shall not be permitted to enjoy it.&nbsp; It is not &lsquo;necessary&rsquo;
+to him:- Heaven knows, he very often goes long enough without it.&nbsp;
+This is the plain English of the clause.&nbsp; The carriage and pair
+of horses, the coachman, the footman, the helper, and the groom, are
+&lsquo;necessary&rsquo; on Sundays, as on other days, to the bishop
+and the nobleman; but the hackney-coach, the hired gig, or the taxed
+cart, cannot possibly be &lsquo;necessary&rsquo; to the working-man
+on Sunday, for he has it not at other times.&nbsp; The sumptuous dinner
+and the rich wines, are &lsquo;necessaries&rsquo; to a great man in
+his own mansion: but the pint of beer and the plate of meat, degrade
+the national character in an eating-house.</p>
+<p>Such is the bill for promoting the true and sincere worship of God
+according to his Holy Will, and for protecting every class of society
+against being required to sacrifice their health and comfort on the
+Sabbath.&nbsp; Instances in which its operation would be as unjust as
+it would be absurd, might be multiplied to an endless amount; but it
+is sufficient to place its leading provisions before the reader.&nbsp;
+In doing so, I have purposely abstained from drawing upon the imagination
+for possible cases; the provisions to which I have referred, stand in
+so many words upon the bill as printed by order of the House of Commons;
+and they can neither be disowned, nor explained away.</p>
+<p>Let us suppose such a bill as this, to have actually passed both
+branches of the legislature; to have received the royal assent; and
+to have come into operation.&nbsp; Imagine its effect in a great city
+like London.</p>
+<p>Sunday comes, and brings with it a day of general gloom and austerity.&nbsp;
+The man who has been toiling hard all the week, has been looking towards
+the Sabbath, not as to a day of rest from labour, and healthy recreation,
+but as one of grievous tyranny and grinding oppression.&nbsp; The day
+which his Maker intended as a blessing, man has converted into a curse.&nbsp;
+Instead of being hailed by him as his period of relaxation, he finds
+it remarkable only as depriving him of every comfort and enjoyment.&nbsp;
+He has many children about him, all sent into the world at an early
+age, to struggle for a livelihood; one is kept in a warehouse all day,
+with an interval of rest too short to enable him to reach home, another
+walks four or five miles to his employment at the docks, a third earns
+a few shillings weekly, as an errand boy, or office messenger; and the
+employment of the man himself, detains him at some distance from his
+home from morning till night.&nbsp; Sunday is the only day on which
+they could all meet together, and enjoy a homely meal in social comfort;
+and now they sit down to a cold and cheerless dinner: the pious guardians
+of the man&rsquo;s salvation having, in their regard for the welfare
+of his precious soul, shut up the bakers&rsquo; shops.&nbsp; The fire
+blazes high in the kitchen chimney of these well-fed hypocrites, and
+the rich steams of the savoury dinner scent the air.&nbsp; What care
+they to be told that this class of men have neither a place to cook
+in&mdash;nor means to bear the expense, if they had?</p>
+<p>Look into your churches&mdash;diminished congregations, and scanty
+attendance.&nbsp; People have grown sullen and obstinate, and are becoming
+disgusted with the faith which condemns them to such a day as this,
+once in every seven.&nbsp; And as you cannot make people religious by
+Act of Parliament, or force them to church by constables, they display
+their feeling by staying away.</p>
+<p>Turn into the streets, and mark the rigid gloom that reigns over
+everything around.&nbsp; The roads are empty, the fields are deserted,
+the houses of entertainment are closed.&nbsp; Groups of filthy and discontented-looking
+men, are idling about at the street corners, or sleeping in the sun;
+but there are no decently-dressed people of the poorer class, passing
+to and fro.&nbsp; Where should they walk to?&nbsp; It would take them
+an hour, at least, to get into the fields, and when they reached them,
+they could procure neither bite nor sup, without the informer and the
+penalty.&nbsp; Now and then, a carriage rolls smoothly on, or a well-mounted
+horseman, followed by a liveried attendant, canters by; but with these
+exceptions, all is as melancholy and quiet as if a pestilence had fallen
+on the city.</p>
+<p>Bend your steps through the narrow and thickly-inhabited streets,
+and observe the sallow faces of the men and women who are lounging at
+the doors, or lolling from the windows.&nbsp; Regard well the closeness
+of these crowded rooms, and the noisome exhalations that rise from the
+drains and kennels; and then laud the triumph of religion and morality,
+which condemns people to drag their lives out in such stews as these,
+and makes it criminal for them to eat or drink in the fresh air, or
+under the clear sky.&nbsp; Here and there, from some half-opened window,
+the loud shout of drunken revelry strikes upon the ear, and the noise
+of oaths and quarrelling&mdash;the effect of the close and heated atmosphere&mdash;is
+heard on all sides.&nbsp; See how the men all rush to join the crowd
+that are making their way down the street, and how loud the execrations
+of the mob become as they draw nearer.&nbsp; They have assembled round
+a little knot of constables, who have seized the stock-in-trade, heinously
+exposed on Sunday, of some miserable walking-stick seller, who follows
+clamouring for his property.&nbsp; The dispute grows warmer and fiercer,
+until at last some of the more furious among the crowd, rush forward
+to restore the goods to their owner.&nbsp; A general conflict takes
+place; the sticks of the constables are exercised in all directions;
+fresh assistance is procured; and half a dozen of the assailants are
+conveyed to the station-house, struggling, bleeding, and cursing.&nbsp;
+The case is taken to the police-office on the following morning; and
+after a frightful amount of perjury on both sides, the men are sent
+to prison for resisting the officers, their families to the workhouse
+to keep them from starving: and there they both remain for a month afterwards,
+glorious trophies of the sanctified enforcement of the Christian Sabbath.&nbsp;
+Add to such scenes as these, the profligacy, idleness, drunkenness,
+and vice, that will be committed to an extent which no man can foresee,
+on Monday, as an atonement for the restraint of the preceding day; and
+you have a very faint and imperfect picture of the religious effects
+of this Sunday legislation, supposing it could ever be forced upon the
+people.</p>
+<p>But let those who advocate the cause of fanaticism, reflect well
+upon the probable issue of their endeavours.&nbsp; They may by perseverance,
+succeed with Parliament.&nbsp; Let them ponder on the probability of
+succeeding with the people.&nbsp; You may deny the concession of a political
+question for a time, and a nation will bear it patiently.&nbsp; Strike
+home to the comforts of every man&rsquo;s fireside&mdash;tamper with
+every man&rsquo;s freedom and liberty&mdash;and one month, one week,
+may rouse a feeling abroad, which a king would gladly yield his crown
+to quell, and a peer would resign his coronet to allay.</p>
+<p>It is the custom to affect a deference for the motives of those who
+advocate these measures, and a respect for the feelings by which they
+are actuated.&nbsp; They do not deserve it.&nbsp; If they legislate
+in ignorance, they are criminal and dishonest; if they do so with their
+eyes open, they commit wilful injustice; in either case, they bring
+religion into contempt.&nbsp; But they do NOT legislate in ignorance.&nbsp;
+Public prints, and public men, have pointed out to them again and again,
+the consequences of their proceedings.&nbsp; If they persist in thrusting
+themselves forward, let those consequences rest upon their own heads,
+and let them be content to stand upon their own merits.</p>
+<p>It may be asked, what motives can actuate a man who has so little
+regard for the comfort of his fellow-beings, so little respect for their
+wants and necessities, and so distorted a notion of the beneficence
+of his Creator.&nbsp; I reply, an envious, heartless, ill-conditioned
+dislike to seeing those whom fortune has placed below him, cheerful
+and happy&mdash;an intolerant confidence in his own high worthiness
+before God, and a lofty impression of the demerits of others&mdash;pride,
+selfish pride, as inconsistent with the spirit of Christianity itself,
+as opposed to the example of its Founder upon earth.</p>
+<p>To these may be added another class of men&mdash;the stern and gloomy
+enthusiasts, who would make earth a hell, and religion a torment: men
+who, having wasted the earlier part of their lives in dissipation and
+depravity, find themselves when scarcely past its meridian, steeped
+to the neck in vice, and shunned like a loathsome disease.&nbsp; Abandoned
+by the world, having nothing to fall back upon, nothing to remember
+but time mis-spent, and energies misdirected, they turn their eyes and
+not their thoughts to Heaven, and delude themselves into the impious
+belief, that in denouncing the lightness of heart of which they cannot
+partake, and the rational pleasures from which they never derived enjoyment,
+they are more than remedying the sins of their old career, and&mdash;like
+the founders of monasteries and builders of churches, in ruder days&mdash;establishing
+a good set claim upon their Maker.</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div>
+<h2>CHAPTER III&mdash;AS IT MIGHT BE MADE</h2>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines2"><br /><br /></div>
+<p>The supporters of Sabbath Bills, and more especially the extreme
+class of Dissenters, lay great stress upon the declarations occasionally
+made by criminals from the condemned cell or the scaffold, that to Sabbath-breaking
+they attribute their first deviation from the path of rectitude; and
+they point to these statements, as an incontestable proof of the evil
+consequences which await a departure from that strict and rigid observance
+of the Sabbath, which they uphold.&nbsp; I cannot help thinking that
+in this, as in almost every other respect connected with the subject,
+there is a considerable degree of cant, and a very great deal of wilful
+blindness.&nbsp; If a man be viciously disposed&mdash;and with very
+few exceptions, not a man dies by the executioner&rsquo;s hands, who
+has not been in one way or other a most abandoned and profligate character
+for many years&mdash;if a man be viciously disposed, there is no doubt
+that he will turn his Sunday to bad account, that he will take advantage
+of it, to dissipate with other bad characters as vile as himself; and
+that in this way, he may trace his first yielding to temptation, possibly
+his first commission of crime, to an infringement of the Sabbath.&nbsp;
+But this would be an argument against any holiday at all.&nbsp; If his
+holiday had been Wednesday instead of Sunday, and he had devoted it
+to the same improper uses, it would have been productive of the same
+results.&nbsp; It is too much to judge of the character of a whole people,
+by the confessions of the very worst members of society.&nbsp; It is
+not fair, to cry down things which are harmless in themselves, because
+evil-disposed men may turn them to bad account.&nbsp; Who ever thought
+of deprecating the teaching poor people to write, because some porter
+in a warehouse had committed forgery?&nbsp; Or into what man&rsquo;s
+head did it ever enter, to prevent the crowding of churches, because
+it afforded a temptation for the picking of pockets?</p>
+<p>When the Book of Sports, for allowing the peasantry of England to
+divert themselves with certain games in the open air, on Sundays, after
+evening service, was published by Charles the First, it is needless
+to say the English people were comparatively rude and uncivilised.&nbsp;
+And yet it is extraordinary to how few excesses it gave rise, even in
+that day, when men&rsquo;s minds were not enlightened, or their passions
+moderated, by the influence of education and refinement.&nbsp; That
+some excesses were committed through its means, in the remoter parts
+of the country, and that it was discontinued in those places, in consequence,
+cannot be denied: but generally speaking, there is no proof whatever
+on record, of its having had any tendency to increase crime, or to lower
+the character of the people.</p>
+<p>The Puritans of that time, were as much opposed to harmless recreations
+and healthful amusements as those of the present day, and it is amusing
+to observe that each in their generation, advance precisely the same
+description of arguments.&nbsp; In the British Museum, there is a curious
+pamphlet got up by the Agnews of Charles&rsquo;s time, entitled &lsquo;A
+Divine Tragedie lately acted, or a Collection of sundry memorable examples
+of God&rsquo;s Judgements upon Sabbath Breakers, and other like Libertines
+in their unlawful Sports, happening within the realme of England, in
+the compass only of two yeares last past, since the Booke (of Sports)
+was published, worthy to be knowne and considered of all men, especially
+such who are guilty of the sinne, or archpatrons thereof.&rsquo;&nbsp;
+This amusing document, contains some fifty or sixty veritable accounts
+of balls of fire that fell into churchyards and upset the sporters,
+and sporters that quarrelled, and upset one another, and so forth: and
+among them is one anecdote containing an example of a rather different
+kind, which I cannot resist the temptation of quoting, as strongly illustrative
+of the fact, that this blinking of the question has not even the recommendation
+of novelty.</p>
+<p>&lsquo;A woman about Northampton, the same day that she heard the
+booke for sports read, went immediately, and having 3. pence in her
+purse, hired a fellow to goe to the next towne to fetch a Minstrell,
+who coming, she with others fell a dauncing, which continued within
+night; at which time shee was got with child, which at the birth shee
+murthering, was detected and apprehended, and being converted before
+the justice, shee confessed it, and withal told the occasion of it,
+saying it was her falling to sport on the Sabbath, upon the reading
+of the Booke, so as for this treble sinfull act, her presumptuous profaning
+of the Sabbath, wh. brought her adultory and that murther.&nbsp; Shee
+was according to the Law both of God and man, put to death.&nbsp; Much
+sinne and misery followeth upon Sabbath-breaking.&rsquo;</p>
+<p>It is needless to say, that if the young lady near Northampton had
+&lsquo;fallen to sport&rsquo; of such a dangerous description, on any
+other day but Sunday, the first result would probably have been the
+same: it never having been distinctly shown that Sunday is more favourable
+to the propagation of the human race than any other day in the week.&nbsp;
+The second result&mdash;the murder of the child&mdash;does not speak
+very highly for the amiability of her natural disposition; and the whole
+story, supposing it to have had any foundation at all, is about as much
+chargeable upon the Book of Sports, as upon the Book of Kings.&nbsp;
+Such &lsquo;sports&rsquo; have taken place in Dissenting Chapels before
+now; but religion has never been blamed in consequence; nor has it been
+proposed to shut up the chapels on that account.</p>
+<p>The question, then, very fairly arises, whether we have any reason
+to suppose that allowing games in the open air on Sundays, or even providing
+the means of amusement for the humbler classes of society on that day,
+would be hurtful and injurious to the character and morals of the people.</p>
+<p>I was travelling in the west of England a summer or two back, and
+was induced by the beauty of the scenery, and the seclusion of the spot,
+to remain for the night in a small village, distant about seventy miles
+from London.&nbsp; The next morning was Sunday; and I walked out, towards
+the church.&nbsp; Groups of people&mdash;the whole population of the
+little hamlet apparently&mdash;were hastening in the same direction.&nbsp;
+Cheerful and good-humoured congratulations were heard on all sides,
+as neighbours overtook each other, and walked on in company.&nbsp; Occasionally
+I passed an aged couple, whose married daughter and her husband were
+loitering by the side of the old people, accommodating their rate of
+walking to their feeble pace, while a little knot of children hurried
+on before; stout young labourers in clean round frocks; and buxom girls
+with healthy, laughing faces, were plentifully sprinkled about in couples,
+and the whole scene was one of quiet and tranquil contentment, irresistibly
+captivating.&nbsp; The morning was bright and pleasant, the hedges were
+green and blooming, and a thousand delicious scents were wafted on the
+air, from the wild flowers which blossomed on either side of the footpath.&nbsp;
+The little church was one of those venerable simple buildings which
+abound in the English counties; half overgrown with moss and ivy, and
+standing in the centre of a little plot of ground, which, but for the
+green mounds with which it was studded, might have passed for a lovely
+meadow.&nbsp; I fancied that the old clanking bell which was now summoning
+the congregation together, would seem less terrible when it rung out
+the knell of a departed soul, than I had ever deemed possible before&mdash;that
+the sound would tell only of a welcome to calmness and rest, amidst
+the most peaceful and tranquil scene in nature.</p>
+<p>I followed into the church&mdash;a low-roofed building with small
+arched windows, through which the sun&rsquo;s rays streamed upon a plain
+tablet on the opposite wall, which had once recorded names, now as undistinguishable
+on its worn surface, as were the bones beneath, from the dust into which
+they had resolved.&nbsp; The impressive service of the Church of England
+was spoken&mdash;not merely <i>read&mdash;</i>by a grey-headed minister,
+and the responses delivered by his auditors, with an air of sincere
+devotion as far removed from affectation or display, as from coldness
+or indifference.&nbsp; The psalms were accompanied by a few instrumental
+performers, who were stationed in a small gallery extending across the
+church at the lower end, over the door: and the voices were led by the
+clerk, who, it was evident, derived no slight pride and gratification
+from this portion of the service.&nbsp; The discourse was plain, unpretending,
+and well adapted to the comprehension of the hearers.&nbsp; At the conclusion
+of the service, the villagers waited in the churchyard, to salute the
+clergyman as he passed; and two or three, I observed, stepped aside,
+as if communicating some little difficulty, and asking his advice.&nbsp;
+This, to guess from the homely bows, and other rustic expressions of
+gratitude, the old gentleman readily conceded.&nbsp; He seemed intimately
+acquainted with the circumstances of all his parishioners; for I heard
+him inquire after one man&rsquo;s youngest child, another man&rsquo;s
+wife, and so forth; and that he was fond of his joke, I discovered from
+overhearing him ask a stout, fresh-coloured young fellow, with a very
+pretty bashful-looking girl on his arm, &lsquo;when those banns were
+to be put up?&rsquo;&mdash;an inquiry which made the young fellow more
+fresh-coloured, and the girl more bashful, and which, strange to say,
+caused a great many other girls who were standing round, to colour up
+also, and look anywhere but in the faces of their male companions.</p>
+<p>As I approached this spot in the evening about half an hour before
+sunset, I was surprised to hear the hum of voices, and occasionally
+a shout of merriment from the meadow beyond the churchyard; which I
+found, when I reached the stile, to be occasioned by a very animated
+game of cricket, in which the boys and young men of the place were engaged,
+while the females and old people were scattered about: some seated on
+the grass watching the progress of the game, and others sauntering about
+in groups of two or three, gathering little nosegays of wild roses and
+hedge flowers.&nbsp; I could not but take notice of one old man in particular,
+with a bright-eyed grand-daughter by his side, who was giving a sunburnt
+young fellow some instructions in the game, which he received with an
+air of profound deference, but with an occasional glance at the girl,
+which induced me to think that his attention was rather distracted from
+the old gentleman&rsquo;s narration of the fruits of his experience.&nbsp;
+When it was his turn at the wicket, too, there was a glance towards
+the pair every now and then, which the old grandfather very complacently
+considered as an appeal to his judgment of a particular hit, but which
+a certain blush in the girl&rsquo;s face, and a downcast look of the
+bright eye, led me to believe was intended for somebody else than the
+old man,&mdash;and understood by somebody else, too, or I am much mistaken.</p>
+<p>I was in the very height of the pleasure which the contemplation
+of this scene afforded me, when I saw the old clergyman making his way
+towards us.&nbsp; I trembled for an angry interruption to the sport,
+and was almost on the point of crying out, to warn the cricketers of
+his approach; he was so close upon me, however, that I could do nothing
+but remain still, and anticipate the reproof that was preparing.&nbsp;
+What was my agreeable surprise to see the old gentleman standing at
+the stile, with his hands in his pockets, surveying the whole scene
+with evident satisfaction!&nbsp; And how dull I must have been, not
+to have known till my friend the grandfather (who, by-the-bye, said
+he had been a wonderful cricketer in his time) told me, that it was
+the clergyman himself who had established the whole thing: that it was
+his field they played in; and that it was he who had purchased stumps,
+bats, ball, and all!</p>
+<p>It is such scenes as this, I would see near London, on a Sunday evening.&nbsp;
+It is such men as this, who would do more in one year to make people
+properly religious, cheerful, and contented, than all the legislation
+of a century could ever accomplish.</p>
+<p>It will be said&mdash;it has been very often&mdash;that it would
+be matter of perfect impossibility to make amusements and exercises
+succeed in large towns, which may be very well adapted to a country
+population.&nbsp; Here, again, we are called upon to yield to bare assertions
+on matters of belief and opinion, as if they were established and undoubted
+facts.&nbsp; That there is a wide difference between the two cases,
+no one will be prepared to dispute; that the difference is such as to
+prevent the application of the same principle to both, no reasonable
+man, I think, will be disposed to maintain.&nbsp; The great majority
+of the people who make holiday on Sunday now, are industrious, orderly,
+and well-behaved persons.&nbsp; It is not unreasonable to suppose that
+they would be no more inclined to an abuse of pleasures provided for
+them, than they are to an abuse of the pleasures they provide for themselves;
+and if any people, for want of something better to do, resort to criminal
+practices on the Sabbath as at present observed, no better remedy for
+the evil can be imagined, than giving them the opportunity of doing
+something which will amuse them, and hurt nobody else.</p>
+<p>The propriety of opening the British Museum to respectable people
+on Sunday, has lately been the subject of some discussion.&nbsp; I think
+it would puzzle the most austere of the Sunday legislators to assign
+any valid reason for opposing so sensible a proposition.&nbsp; The Museum
+contains rich specimens from all the vast museums and repositories of
+Nature, and rare and curious fragments of the mighty works of art, in
+bygone ages: all calculated to awaken contemplation and inquiry, and
+to tend to the enlightenment and improvement of the people.&nbsp; But
+attendants would be necessary, and a few men would be employed upon
+the Sabbath.&nbsp; They certainly would; but how many?&nbsp; Why, if
+the British Museum, and the National Gallery, and the Gallery of Practical
+Science, and every other exhibition in London, from which knowledge
+is to be derived and information gained, were to be thrown open on a
+Sunday afternoon, not fifty people would be required to preside over
+the whole: and it would take treble the number to enforce a Sabbath
+bill in any three populous parishes.</p>
+<p>I should like to see some large field, or open piece of ground, in
+every outskirt of London, exhibiting each Sunday evening on a larger
+scale, the scene of the little country meadow.&nbsp; I should like to
+see the time arrive, when a man&rsquo;s attendance to his religious
+duties might be left to that religious feeling which most men possess
+in a greater or less degree, but which was never forced into the breast
+of any man by menace or restraint.&nbsp; I should like to see the time
+when Sunday might be looked forward to, as a recognised day of relaxation
+and enjoyment, and when every man might feel, what few men do now, that
+religion is not incompatible with rational pleasure and needful recreation.</p>
+<p>How different a picture would the streets and public places then
+present!&nbsp; The museums, and repositories of scientific and useful
+inventions, would be crowded with ingenious mechanics and industrious
+artisans, all anxious for information, and all unable to procure it
+at any other time.&nbsp; The spacious saloons would be swarming with
+practical men: humble in appearance, but destined, perhaps, to become
+the greatest inventors and philosophers of their age.&nbsp; The labourers
+who now lounge away the day in idleness and intoxication, would be seen
+hurrying along, with cheerful faces and clean attire, not to the close
+and smoky atmosphere of the public-house but to the fresh and airy fields.&nbsp;
+Fancy the pleasant scene.&nbsp; Throngs of people, pouring out from
+the lanes and alleys of the metropolis, to various places of common
+resort at some short distance from the town, to join in the refreshing
+sports and exercises of the day&mdash;the children gambolling in crowds
+upon the grass, the mothers looking on, and enjoying themselves the
+little game they seem only to direct; other parties strolling along
+some pleasant walks, or reposing in the shade of the stately trees;
+others again intent upon their different amusements.&nbsp; Nothing should
+be heard on all sides, but the sharp stroke of the bat as it sent the
+ball skimming along the ground, the clear ring of the quoit, as it struck
+upon the iron peg: the noisy murmur of many voices, and the loud shout
+of mirth and delight, which would awaken the echoes far and wide, till
+the fields rung with it.&nbsp; The day would pass away, in a series
+of enjoyments which would awaken no painful reflections when night arrived;
+for they would be calculated to bring with them, only health and contentment.&nbsp;
+The young would lose that dread of religion, which the sour austerity
+of its professors too often inculcates in youthful bosoms; and the old
+would find less difficulty in persuading them to respect its observances.&nbsp;
+The drunken and dissipated, deprived of any excuse for their misconduct,
+would no longer excite pity but disgust.&nbsp; Above all, the more ignorant
+and humble class of men, who now partake of many of the bitters of life,
+and taste but few of its sweets, would naturally feel attachment and
+respect for that code of morality, which, regarding the many hardships
+of their station, strove to alleviate its rigours, and endeavoured to
+soften its asperity.</p>
+<p>This is what Sunday might be made, and what it might be made without
+impiety or profanation.&nbsp; The wise and beneficent Creator who places
+men upon earth, requires that they shall perform the duties of that
+station of life to which they are called, and He can never intend that
+the more a man strives to discharge those duties, the more he shall
+be debarred from happiness and enjoyment.&nbsp; Let those who have six
+days in the week for all the world&rsquo;s pleasures, appropriate the
+seventh to fasting and gloom, either for their own sins or those of
+other people, if they like to bewail them; but let those who employ
+their six days in a worthier manner, devote their seventh to a different
+purpose.&nbsp; Let divines set the example of true morality: preach
+it to their flocks in the morning, and dismiss them to enjoy true rest
+in the afternoon; and let them select for their text, and let Sunday
+legislators take for their motto, the words which fell from the lips
+of that Master, whose precepts they misconstrue, and whose lessons they
+pervert&mdash;&lsquo;The Sabbath was made for man, and not man to serve
+the Sabbath.&rsquo;</p>
+<div class="GutenbergBlankLines3"><br /><br /><br /></div>
+<p>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, SUNDAY UNDER THREE HEADS ***</p>
+<pre>
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