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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/9172-8.txt b/9172-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc00d98 --- /dev/null +++ b/9172-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,27770 @@ +Project Gutenberg's A Study of Association in Insanity, by Grace Helen Kent + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: A Study of Association in Insanity + +Author: Grace Helen Kent + +Release Date: October, 2005 [EBook #9172] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on September 10, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A STUDY OF ASSOCIATION IN INSANITY *** + + + + +Produced by Lee Dawei, Dave Maddock and Online Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +A STUDY OF ASSOCIATION IN INSANITY + +BY + +GRACE HELEN KENT, A.M. + +AND + +A.J. ROSANOFF, M.D. + +KINGS PARK STATE HOSPITAL, N.Y. + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS. + + +PART I. ASSOCIATION IN NORMAL SUBJECTS. + +§1. Method of Investigation + +§2. The Normal Standard + +§3. The Frequency Tables + +§4. Normal Associational Tendencies + +§5. Practical Considerations + +§6. An Empirical Principle of Normal Association + + +PART II. ASSOCIATION IN INSANE SUBJECTS. + +§1. General Survey of Pathological Material + + +§2. Classification of Reactions + +§3. Non-Specific Reactions; Doubtful Reactions + +§4. Individual Reactions; Explanation of Groups and Methods of + Application + + Normal Reactions + Pathological Reactions + Derivatives of Stimulus Words + Partial Dissociation + Non-Specific Reactions + Sound Reactions + Word Complements + Particles of Speech + Complete Dissociation + Perseveration + Neologisms + Unclassified Reactions + Normal Reactions + Circumstantial Reactions + Distraction + Incoherent Reactions + +§5. Order of Preference + +§6. Errors Involved in the Use of Arbitrary Objective Standards + +§7. Analysis of Pathological Material + Dementia Pręcox + Paranoic Conditions + Epilepsy + General Paresis + Manic-Depressive Insanity + Involutional Melancholia; Alcoholic Dementia; Senile Dementia + +§8. Pathological Reactions from Normal Subjects + +§9. Number of Different Words given as Reactions + +§10. Co-operation of the Subject + +§11. Summary + +Acknowledgments + +INDEX TO FREQUENCY TABLES AND APPENDIX + +THE FREQUENCY TABLES + +APPENDIX TO THE FREQUENCY TABLES + + + + +PART I. + +ASSOCIATION IN NORMAL SUBJECTS. + + +Among the most striking and commonly observed manifestations of +insanity are certain disorders of the flow of utterance which appear +to be dependent upon a derangement of the psychical processes commonly +termed association of ideas. These disorders have to some extent been +made the subject of psychological experimentation, and the object of +this investigation is to continue and extend the study of these +phenomena by an application of the experimental method known as the +association test. + + + +§ 1. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION. + + +In this investigation we have followed a modified form of the method +developed by Sommer,[1] the essential feature of which is the +statistical treatment of results obtained by uniform technique from a +large number of cases. + +[Footnote 1: Diagnostik der Geisteskrankheiten, p. 112.] + +The stimulus consists of a series of one hundred spoken words, to each +of which the subject is directed to react by the first word which it +makes him think of. In the selection of the stimulus words, sixty-six +of which were taken from the list suggested by Sommer, we have taken +care to avoid such words as are especially liable to call up personal +experiences, and have so arranged the words as to separate any two +which bear an obviously close relation to one another. After much +preliminary experimentation we adopted the following list of words: + +01 Table +02 Dark +03 Music +04 Sickness +05 Man +06 Deep +07 Soft +08 Eating +09 Mountain +10 House +11 Black +12 Mutton +13 Comfort +14 Hand +15 Short +16 Fruit +17 Butterfly +18 Smooth +19 Command +20 Chair +21 Sweet +22 Whistle +23 Woman +24 Cold +25 Slow +26 Wish +27 River +28 White +29 Beautiful +30 Window +31 Rough +32 Citizen +33 Foot +34 Spider +35 Needle +36 Red +37 Sleep +38 Anger +39 Carpet +40 Girl +41 High +42 Working +43 Sour +44 Earth +45 Trouble +46 Soldier +47 Cabbage +48 Hard +49 Eagle +50 Stomach + +No attempt is made to secure uniformity of external conditions for the +test; the aim has been rather to make it so simple as to render +strictly experimental conditions unnecessary. The test may be made in +any room that is reasonably free from distracting influences; the +subject is seated with his back toward the experimenter, so that he +cannot see the record; he is requested to respond to each stimulus +word by one word, the first word that occurs to him other than the +stimulus word itself, and on no account more than one word. If an +untrained subject reacts by a sentence or phrase, a compound word, or +a different grammatical form of the stimulus word, the reaction is +left unrecorded, and the stimulus word is repeated at the close of the +test. + +In this investigation no account is taken of the reaction time. The +reasons for this will be explained later. + +The general plan has been first to apply the test to normal persons, +so as to derive empirically a normal standard and to determine, if +possible, the nature and limits of normal variation; and then to apply +it to cases of various forms of insanity and to compare the results +with the normal standard, with a view to determining the nature of +pathological variation. + + + +§ 2. THE NORMAL STANDARD. + + +In order to establish a standard which should fairly represent at +least all the common types of association and which should show the +extent of such variation as might be due to differences in sex, +temperament, education, and environment, we have applied the test to +over one thousand normal subjects. + +Among these subjects were persons of both sexes and of ages ranging +from eight years to over eighty years, persons following different +occupations, possessing various degrees of mental capacity and +education, and living in widely separated localities. Many were from +Ireland, and some of these had but recently arrived in this country; +others were from different parts of Europe, but all were able to speak +English with at least fair fluency. Over two hundred of the subjects, +including a few university professors and other highly practiced +observers, were professional men and women or college students. About +five hundred were employed in one or another of the New York State +hospitals for the insane, either as nurses and attendants or as +workers at various trades; the majority of these were persons of +common school education, but the group includes also, on the one hand, +a considerable number of high school graduates; and on the other hand, +a few laborers who were almost or wholly illiterate. Nearly one +hundred and fifty of the subjects were boys and girls of high school +age, pupils of the Ethical Culture School, New York City. The +remaining subjects form a miscellaneous group, consisting largely of +clerks and farmers. + + + +§ 3. THE FREQUENCY TABLES. + + +From the records obtained from these normal subjects, including in all +100,000 reactions, we have compiled a series of tables, one for each +stimulus word, showing all the different reactions given by one +thousand subjects in response to that stimulus word, and the frequency +with which each reaction has occurred. [1] These tables will be found +at the end of this paper. + +[Footnote 1: A similar method of treating associations has been used +by Cattell (Mind, Vol. XII, p. 68; Vol. XIV, p. 230), and more +recently by Reinhold (Zeitschr. f. Psychol., Vol. LIV, p. 183), but +for other purposes.] + +With the exception of a few distinctive proper names, which are +indicated by initials, we have followed the plan of introducing each +word into the table exactly as it was found in the record. In the +arrangement of the words in each table, we have placed together all +the derivatives of a single root, regardless of the strict +alphabetical order.[1] + +[Footnote 1: It should be mentioned that we have discovered a few +errors in these tables. Some of these were made in compiling them from +the records, and were evidently due to the assistant's difficulty of +reading a strange handwriting. Other errors have been found in the +records themselves. Each of the stimulus words _butter_, _tobacco_ and +_king_ appears from the tables to have been repeated by a subject as a +reaction; such a reaction, had it occurred, would not have been +accepted, and it is plain that the experimenter wrote the stimulus +word in the space where the reaction word should have been written. +Still other errors were due to the experimenter's failure to speak +with sufficient distinctness when reading off the stimulus words; +thus, the reaction _barks_ in response to _dark_ indicates that the +stimulus word was probably understood as _dog_; and the reactions +_blue_ and _color_ in response to _bread_ indicate that the stimulus +word was understood as _red_.] + +The total number of different words elicited in response to any +stimulus word is limited, varying from two hundred and eighty words in +response to _anger_ to seventy-two words in response to _needle_. +Furthermore, for the great majority of subjects the limits are still +narrower; to take a striking instance, in response to _dark_ eight +hundred subjects gave one or another of the following seven words: +_light, night, black, color, room, bright, gloomy;_ while only two +hundred gave reactions other than these words; and only seventy +subjects, out of the total number of one thousand, gave reactions +which were not given by any other subject. + +If any record obtained by this method be examined by referring to the +frequency tables, the reactions contained in it will fall into two +classes: the _common_ reactions, those which are to be found in +the tables, and the _individual_ reactions, those which are not +to be found in the tables. For the sake of accuracy, any reaction word +which is not found in the table in its identical form, but which is a +grammatical variant of a word found there, may be classed as + +_doubtful_. + +The value of any reaction may be expressed by the figure representing +the percentage of subjects who gave it. Thus the reaction, +_table--chair_, which was given by two hundred and sixty-seven +out of the total of our one thousand subjects, possesses a value of +26.7 per cent. The significance of this value from the clinical +standpoint will be discussed later. + + + +§ 4. NORMAL ASSOCIATIONAL TENDENCIES + + +The normal subjects gave, on the average. 6.8 per cent of individual +reactions, 1.5 per cent of doubtful ones, and 91.7 cent of common +ones. The range of variation was rather wide, a considerable number of +subjects giving no individual reactions at all, while a few gave over +30 per cent.[1] + +[Footnote 1: In the study of the reactions furnished by our normal +subjects it was possible to analyze the record of any subject only by +removing it from the mass of material which forms our tables, and +using as the standard of comparison the reactions of the remaining 999 +subjects.] + +In order to determine the influence of age, sex, and education upon +the tendency to give reactions of various values, we have selected +three groups of subjects for special study: (1) one hundred persons of +collegiate or professional education; (2) one hundred persons of +common school education, employed in one of the State hospitals as +attendants, but not as trained nurses; and (3) seventy-eight children +under sixteen years of age. The reactions given by these subjects have +been classified according to frequency of occurrence into seven +groups: (a) individual reactions (value 0); (b) doubtful reactions +(value ±); (c) reactions given by one other person (value 0.1 per +cent); (d) those given by from two to five others (value 0.2--0.5 per +cent); (e) those given by from six to fifteen others (value 0.6-1.5 +per cent); (f) those given by from sixteen to one hundred others +(value 1.6--10.0 per cent); and (g) those given by more than one +hundred others (value over 10.0 per cent). The averages obtained from +these groups of subjects are shown in Table 1, and the figures for men +and women are given separately. + + +TABLE I + +Value of reaction 0 ± 0.1 0.2-0.5 0.6-1.5 1.6-10 >10 + Sex Number % % % % % % % + of cases + +Persons of M.. 60 9.2 1.8 5.2 9.7 11.0 27.8 85.5 + collegiate F... 40 9.5 1.8 8.0 9.8 11.7 28.0 83.4 + education Both 100 9.3 1.8 4.7 8.7 11.8 28.2 34.4 +Persons of M.. 50 5.8 1.6 8.6 8.3 10.2 81.6 88.7 + common school F.. 50 4.6 1.8 8.8 7.1 9.4 82.0 42.1 + education Both 100 5.2 1.4 3.5 7.7 9.8 81.8 40.4 +School children M... 33 5.9 0.8 4.2 8.7 10.0 28.6 88.5 + under 16 Jr. F.. 45 5.0 1.0 4.6 9.8 11.0 80.1 36.7 + years of age Both 78 5.7 1.4 4.6 9.8 11.2 29.4 87.4 +General average. Both.1000 6.8 1.5 + + +It will be observed that the proportion of individual reactions given +by the subjects of collegiate education is slightly above the general +average for all subjects, while that of each of the other classes is +below the general average. In view, however, of the wide limits of +variation, among the thousand subjects, these deviations from the +general average are no larger than might quite possibly occur by +chance, and the number of cases in each group is so small that the +conclusion that education tends to increase the number of individual +reactions would hardly be justified. + +It will be observed also that this comparative study does not show any +considerable differences corresponding to age or sex. + +With regard to the type of reaction, it is possible to select groups +of records which present more or less consistently one of the +following special tendencies: (1) the tendency to react by contrasts; +(2) the tendency to react by synonyms or other defining terms; and (3) +the tendency to react by qualifying or specifying terms. How clearly +the selected groups show these tendencies is indicated by Table +II. The majority of records, however, present no such tendency in a +consistent way; nor is there any evidence to show that these +tendencies, when they occur, are to be regarded as manifestations of +permanent mental characteristics, since they might quite possibly be +due to a more or less accidental and transient associational +direction. No further study has as yet been made of these tendencies, +for the reason that they do not appear to possess any pathological +significance. + + +TABLE II. + + Special group values. + _____________________________________ + Stimulus Reaction General Contrasting Defining Specifying + word. word. value. group 49 group 73 group 84 + | subjects subjects subjects + |----- % No. % No. % No. % + + chair........... 26.7 25 51.0 11 15.1 10 11.9 +1. Table....{ furniture....... 7.5 0 0 13 17.8 4 4.8 + round........... 1.0 1 2.0 0 0 4 4.5 + wood............ 7.6 2 4.1 9 12.3 10 11.9 + + cotton.......... 2.8 0 0 1 1.4 5 6.0 + easy............ 3.4 0 0 8 11.0 1 1.2 + feathers........ 2.4 0 0 1 1.4 5 6.0 +7. Soft.....{ hard............ 36.5 34 69.4 14 19.2 18 21.4 + silk............ 1.0 0 0 0 0 2 2.4 + sponge.......... 2.2 0 0 0 0 4 4.8 + + cloth........... 1.7 1 2.0 0 0 3 3.6 + color........... 12.9 0 0 20 27.4 6 7.1 +11. Black...{ dress........... 2.9 1 2.0 1 1.4 9 10.7 + ink............. 1.4 0 0 1 1.4 4 4.8 + white........... 33.9 31 63.3 17 23.3 18 21.4 + + desire.......... 19.7 7 14.3 21 28.8 10 11.9 +26. Wish....{ longing......... 1.9 1 2.0 6 8.2 2 2.4 + money........... 3.2 0 0 1 1.4 3 3.6 + + flowers......... 4.2 0 0 1 1.4 7 8.3 + girl............ 2.4 0 0 0 0 5 0.0 +29. Beau- homely.......... 2.7 3 6.1 0 0 0 0 + tiful..{ lovely.......... 6.4 2 4.1 7 9.6 2 2.4 + pleasing........ 1.6 0 0 3 4.1 0 0 + sky............. 1.6 0 0 0 0 3 3.6 + ugly............ 6.6 13 26.5 3 4.1 0 0 + + court........... 6.4 2 4.1 5 6.8 10 11.9 +56. Justice.{ injustice....... 2.6 6 12.2 1 1.4 0 0 + right........... 15.7 3 6.1 20 27.4 13 15.5 + + comfort......... 2.6 0 0 5 6.8 1 1.2 + disease......... 0.9 2 4.1 0 0 1 1.2 +59. Health..{ good............ 9.4 2 4.1 8 11.0 18 21.4 + sickness........ 15.3 23 46.9 6 8.2 1 1.2 + strength........ 11.2 2 4.1 12 16.4 4 4.8 + + arrow........... 1.3 0 0 0 0 2 2.4 + fast............ 22.2 0 0 25 34.2 15 17.9 + horse........... 2.8 1 2.0 1 1.4 6 7.1 +65. Swift...{ quick........... 11.7 1 2.0 22 30.1 2 2.4 + run............. 1.9 0 0 0 0 4 4.8 + runner.......... 1.3 0 0 0 0 1 1.2 + slow............ 19.0 30 61.2 2 2.7 4 4.8 + speed........... 2.9 1 2.0 5 6.8 0 0 + + disagreeable.... 1.0 0 0 2 2.7 0 0 + distasteful..... 1.0 0 0 4 5.5 0 0 + gall............ 4.2 0 0 2 2.7 8 9.5 +76. Bitter..{ medicine........ 3.7 0 0 0 0 3 3.6 + quinine......... 2.3 0 0 0 0 6 7.1 + sweet........... 30.5 31 63.3 8 11.0 12 14.3 + taste........... 6.6 1 2.0 17 23.3 3 3.6 + + bread........... 20.6 17 34.7 4 5.5 18 21.4 + + + eatable......... 1.2 0 0 9 12.3 0 0 +81. Butter..{ food............ 6.3 1 2.0 14 19.2 3 3.6 + sweet........... 1.2 0 0 0 0 3 3.6 + yellow.......... 8.0 0 0 0 0 18 21.4 + + gladness........ 4.4 0 0 7 9.6 1 1.2 + grief........... 1.8 4 8.2 0 0 0 0 +86. Joy.....{ pleasure........ 12.1 1 2.0 13 17.8 7 8.3 + sadness......... 1.3 2 4.1 0 0 0 0 + sorrow.......... 13.5 23 46.9 2 2.7 2 2.4 + + + +§ 5. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS. + + +This method is so simple that it requires but little training on the +part of the experimenter, and but little co-operation on the part of +the subject. It is not to be assumed that every reaction obtained by +it is a true and immediate association to the corresponding stimulus +word; but we have found it sufficient for the purpose of the test if +the subject can be induced to give, in response to each stimulus word, +any one word other than the stimulus word itself. No attempt is made +to determine the exact degree of co-operation in any case. + +In the early stages of this investigation the reaction time was +regularly recorded. The results showed remarkable variations, among +both normal and insane subjects. In a series of twenty-five tests, +made more recently upon normal subjects, ninety reactions occupied +more than ten seconds, and fifty-four of the stimulus words elicited a +ten-second response from at least one subject.[1] + +[Footnote 1: These tests were made by Dr. F. Lyman Wells, of the +McLean Hospital, Waverley, Mass., and he has kindly furnished these +data.] + +It is noteworthy that these extremely long intervals occur in +connection with reactions of widely differing values. That they are by +no means limited to individual reactions is shown in Table III. by a +group of selected reactions, all given by normal subjects. + + +TABLE III. + +Word combination Reaction time Value of + in seconds. reaction. +comfort--happiness 20 5.0% +short--long 11 27.9% +smooth--plane 16 2.3% +woman--lady 40 4.1% +hard--iron 12 2.4% +justice--judge 20 9.1% +memory--thought 20 8.1% +joy--pleasure 18 12.1% + + +It is apparent, even from a superficial examination of the material, +that the factors which cause variations of reaction time, both in the +normal state and in pathological states, are numerous and complex. + +It has been the purpose of this study to establish as far as possible +strictly objective criteria for distinguishing normal from abnormal +associations, and for this reason we have made no attempt to determine +by means of introspection the causes of variations of reaction time. + +It would seem that the importance and magnitude of the problem of +association time are such as to demand not merely a crude measurement +of the gross reaction time in a large number of cases, but rather a +special investigation by such exact methods as have been used by +Cattell [1] and others in the analysis of the complex reaction. It +would be impracticable for us to employ such methods in a study so +extensive as this. + +[Footnote 1: Mind, Vol. XI, 1886.] + +In view of these considerations we discontinued the recording of the +reaction time. + +If the association test is to be useful in the study of pathological +conditions, it is of great importance to have a reliable measure of +the associational value of a pair of ideas. Many attempts have been +made to modify and amplify the classical grouping of associations +according to similarity, contrast, contiguity, and sequence, so as to +make it serviceable in differentiating between normal and abnormal +associations. + +In this study we attempted to apply Aschaffenburg's [1] classification +of reactions, but without success. Our failure to utilize this system +of classification is assigned to the following considerations: (1) +Distinctions between associations according to logical relations are +extremely difficult to define; in many cases there is room for +difference of opinion as to the proper place for an association, and +thus the application of a logical scheme depends largely upon the +personal equation of the observer; that even experienced observers +cannot, in all cases, agree in placing an association is shown by +Aschaffenburg's criticisms of the opinions of other observers on this +point.[2] (2) Logical distinctions do not bring out clearly the +differences between the reactions of normal subjects and those of +insane subjects; logically, the reaction _bath--ink_, which was given +by a patient, might be placed in the class with the reaction +_bath--water_, although there is an obvious difference between the two +reactions. (3) Many of the reactions given by insane subjects possess +no obvious logical value whatever; but since any combination of ideas +may represent a relationship, either real or imagined, it would be +arbitrary to characterize such a reaction as incoherent. + +[Footnote 1: Experimentelle Studien uber Association. Psychologische +Arbeiten, Vol. I, p. 209; Vol. II, p. 1; Vol. IV, p. 235.] + +[Footnote 2: Loc. cit, Vol. 1, pp. 226-227.] + +The criterion of values which is used in this study is an empirical +one. As has already been explained (p. 8), every word contained in the +frequency tables possesses a value of at least 0.1 per cent, and other +words have a zero value. With the aid of our method the difficulty of +classifying the reactions quoted above is obviated, as it is necessary +only to refer to the table to find their proper values: the value of +the reaction _bath--water_ is 33.9 per cent, while that of the +reaction _bath--ink_ is 0. + +Logically the combination _health--wealth_ may be placed in any +one of four classes, as follows: + + + / intrinsic / causal dependence + health--wealth / \ coordination + \ + \ extrinsic / speech reminiscence + \ sound similarity + + +But since our table shows this association to have an empirical value +of 7.6 per cent, it becomes immaterial which of its logical relations +is to be considered the strongest. It is mainly important, from our +point of view, to separate reactions possessing an empirical value +from those whose value is zero. + + + +§ 6. AN EMPIRICAL PRINCIPLE OF NORMAL ASSOCIATION. + + +On a general survey of the whole mass of material which forms the +basis of the first part of this study, we are led to observe that +_the one tendency which appears to be almost universal among normal +persons is the tendency to give in response to any stimulus word one +or another of a small group of common reactions_. + +It appears from the pathological material now on hand that this +tendency is greatly weakened in some cases of mental disease. Many +patients have given more than 50 per cent of individual reactions. + +It should be mentioned that occasionally a presumably normal subject +has given a record very similar to those obtained from patients, in +respect to both the number and the nature of the individual reactions. +A few subjects who gave peculiar reactions were known to possess +significant eccentricities, and for this reason we excluded their +records from the thousand records which furnished the basis for the +frequency tables; we excluded also a few peculiar records obtained +from subjects of whom nothing was known, on the ground that such +records would serve only to make the tables more cumbersome, without +adding anything to their practical value. The total number of records +thus excluded was seventeen. + +It will be apparent to anyone who examines the frequency tables that +the reactions obtained from one thousand persons fall short of +exhausting the normal associational possibilities of these stimulus +words. The tables, however, have been found to be sufficiently +inclusive for the practical purpose which they were intended to +serve. Common reactions, whether given by a sane or an insane subject, +may, in the vast majority of instances, safely be regarded as +normal. As to individual reactions, they cannot all be regarded as +abnormal, but they include nearly all those reactions which are worthy +of special analysis in view of their possible pathological +significance. What can be said further of individual reactions, +whether normal or abnormal, will appear in the second part of this +contribution. + + + + +PART II. + +ASSOCIATION IN INSANE SUBJECTS. + + + +§ 1. GENERAL SURVEY OF PATHOLOGICAL MATERIAL. + + +The pathological material which forms the basis of the present part of +our study consists mainly of two hundred and forty-seven test records +obtained for the most part from patients at the Kings Park State +Hospital. + +The different groups from which the cases were selected, together with +the number from each group, are shown in Table I. + + +TABLE I. + +Dementia pręcox 108 cases. +Paranoic conditions 33 " +Epilepsy 24 " +General Paresis 32 " +Manic-depressive insanity 32 " +Involuntary melancholia 8 " +Alcoholic psychoses 6 " +Senile dementia 4 " + + +A comparison of our pathological with our normal material _en +masse_ reveals in the former evidence of a weakening of the normal +tendency to respond by common reactions. This is shown in Table II. + + +TABLE II. + + Common Doubtful Individual + reactions. reactions. reactions. +1,000 normal subject 91.7% 1.5% 6.8% + +247 insane subjects 70.7% 2.5% 26.8% + + +It seems evident from this that pathological significance attaches +mainly to individual reactions, so that our study resolves itself +largely into (1) an analysis and classification of individual +reactions and (2) an attempt to determine what relationship, if any, +exists between the different types of reactions and the different +clinical forms of mental disease. + + + +§ 2. CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIONS. + + +Those who have attempted to use the association test in the study of +insanity have felt the need of a practical classification of +reactions, and have at the same time encountered the difficulty of +establishing definite criteria for distinguishing the different groups +from one another. It is a comparatively simple matter to make these +distinctions in a general way and even to formulate a more or less +comprehensive theoretical classification, but there still remains much +difficulty in practice. We have made repeated attempts to utilize +various systems of classification which involve free play of personal +equation in their application. Although for us the matter is greatly +simplified by the elimination of all the common reactions with the aid +of the frequency tables, we have nevertheless met with no success. The +distinctions made by either of us have on no occasion fully satisfied, +at the second reading, either the one who made them or the other, +while a comparison of the distinctions made by each of us +independently has shown a disagreement to the extent of 20-35 per +cent. + +We sought, therefore, to formulate a classification in which the +various groups should be so defined as to obviate the interference of +personal equation in the work of applying it, hoping thus to achieve +greater accuracy. In this we can lay claim to only partial success; +for, in the first place, having satisfactorily defined a number of +groups, we found it necessary in the end to provide a special group +for unclassified reactions, into which falls more than one-third of +the total number of individual reactions; and, in the second place, in +at least two of our groups the play of personal equation has not been +entirely eliminated, so that there is still a possibility of error to +the extent of five per cent of individual reactions, which means +approximately one per cent of the total number of reactions. We have +found, however, that in spite of these shortcomings the classification +here proposed is more serviceable than others which, though more +comprehensive, are at the same time lacking in definiteness. + +Our classification consists of the following classes, groups and +subdivisions: + +I. _Common reactions._ + 1. Specific reactions. + 2. Non-specific reactions. + +II. _Doubtful reactions._ + +III. _Individual reactions._ + 1. Normal reactions. + 2. Pathological reactions: + A. Derivatives of stimulus words. + B. Partial dissociation: + (a) Non-specific reactions. + (b) Sound reactions: + a. Words. + b. Neologisms. + (c) Word complements. + (d) Particles of speech. + C. Complete dissociation: + (a) Perseveration: + a. Association to preceding stimulus. + b. Association to preceding reaction. + c. Repetition of preceding stimulus. + d. Repetition of previous stimulus. + e. Repetition of preceding reaction. + f. Repetition of previous reaction. + g. Reaction repeated five times (stereotypy). + (b) Neologisms without sound relation. + 3. Unclassified. + + + +§ 3. NON-SPECIFIC REACTIONS; DOUBTFUL REACTIONS. + + +*Non-specific Reactions.*--It has already been intimated that common +reactions are in the vast majority of instances to be regarded as +normal. From amongst them, however, a fairly definite group can be +separated out which seems to possess some pathological significance, +namely, the group which we have termed non-specific. + +In this group are placed words which are so widely applicable as to +serve as more or less appropriate reactions to almost any of our +stimulus words. That such reactions are in value inferior to the +remaining group of common reactions, which we have termed, in +contradistinction, _specific reactions_, is perhaps sufficiently +obvious; we shall speak later, however, of their occurrence in both +normal and insane cases. + +It is not always easy to judge whether or not a given reaction should +be classed as non-specific. A study of our material made with special +reference to this type of reactions has enabled us to select the +following list of words, any of which, occurring in response to any +stimulus word, is classed as a non-specific reaction: + +article, articles +bad +beautiful, beauty +fine +good, goodness +great +happiness, happy +large +man +necessary, necessity +nice + +object (noun) +people +person +pleasant, pleasantness, pleasing, pleasure +pretty +small +thinking, thought, thoughts +unnecessary +unpleasant +use, used, useful, usefulness, useless, uselessness, uses, using +woman +work + +It should be mentioned that some of these words occur as reactions to +one or several stimulus words with such frequency +(_citizen--man_, value 27.8 per cent; _health--good_, value +9.4 per cent) as to acquire in such instances a value as high as that +of strictly specific reactions. + +*Doubtful Reactions* have already been defined (p.40): any +reaction word which is not found in the table in its identical form, +but which is a grammatical variant or derivative of a word found +there, is placed in this group. + + + +§ 4. INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS; EXPLANATION OF GROUPS AND METHODS OF +APPLICATION. + + +*Normal Reactions.*--Inasmuch as the frequency tables do not exhaust all +normal possibilities of reaction, a certain number of reactions which +are essentially normal are to be found among the individual reactions. +In order to separate these from the pathological reactions, we have +compiled an appendix to the frequency tables, consisting mainly of +specific definitions of groups of words to be included under each +stimulus word in our list. This appendix will be found at the end of +this paper. + +A word of explanation is perhaps due as to the manner in which the +appendix has been compiled. It was developed in a purely empirical +way, the basis being such individual reactions, given by both normal +and insane subjects, as seemed in our judgment to be obviously normal. + +It must be acknowledged that the appendix falls short of all that +might be desired. In the first place, its use involves to some slight +extent the play of personal equation, and it therefore constitutes a +source of error; in the second place, it is in some respects too +inclusive while in other respects it is not sufficiently so. However, +the error due to personal equation is slight; the inclusion of certain +"far-fetched" or even frankly pathological reactions may be discounted +by bearing in mind that the general value of this group is not equal +to that of the group of common reactions; and the number of strictly +normal reactions which are not included is after all small. Our +experience has shown us that the appendix constitutes an important aid +in the analysis of individual reactions. + +*Pathological Reactions. Derivatives of Stimulus Words.*--We +place here any reaction which is a grammatical variant or derivative +of a stimulus word. The tendency to give such reactions seems to be +dependent upon a suspension or inhibition of the normal process by +which the stimulus word excites the production of a new concept, for +we have here not a production of a new concept but a mere change in +the form of the stimulus word. As examples of such reactions may be +mentioned: _eating--eatables_, _short--shortness_, +_sweet--sweetened_, _quiet--quietness_. + +*Partial Dissociation.*--We have employed the term dissociation +to indicate a rupture of that bond--whatever be its nature-which may +be supposed to exist normally between stimulus and reaction and which +causes normal persons to respond in the majority of instances by +common reactions. And we speak of partial dissociation where there is +still an obvious, though weak and superficial, connection. Under this +heading we can differentiate four types: + +*Non-specific Reactions* have already been defined; we +distinguish those in this class from those in the class of common +reactions by means of the frequency tables. + +*Sound Reactions.*--This type requires no explanation; the main +difficulty is to decide what degree of sound similarity between +stimulus and reaction should be deemed sufficient for placing a +reaction under this heading. The total number of different sounds +used in language articulation is, of course, small, so that any two +words are liable to present considerable chance similarity. Some +time ago we estimated the average degree of sound similarity between +stimulus words and reaction words in a series of one hundred +test records obtained from normal persons; we found that on +the average 14.53 per cent of the sounds of the stimulus words +were reproduced, in the same order, in the reaction word. Our +experience finally led us to adopt the following general rule: A +reaction is to be placed under this heading when fifty per cent of +the sounds of the shorter word of the pair are identical with sounds +of the longer word and are ranged in the same order. + +Among sound reactions we occasionally find *neologisms*; for these a +separate heading is provided. Possibly their occurrence may be taken +as an indication of an exaggerated tendency to respond by sound +reactions. + +*Word Compliments.*--Here we include any reaction which, added to the +stimulus word, forms a word, a proper name, or a compound word in +common use. + +*Particles of Speech.*--Under this heading we include articles, +numerals, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, adverbs of time, place and +degree, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. + +*Complete Dissociation.*--Here are included reactions which +appear to be entirely unrelated to the corresponding stimulus words; +in the case of such reactions the stimulus words seem to act, as +Aschaffenburg has pointed out, merely as signals for discharge. This +subdivision contains several types of reactions which seem to be +dependent upon the phenomenon of perseveration; it contains also the +rather important type of neologisms. + +The phenomenon of *preservation* occurs in cases in which one may +observe an abnormal immobility of attention. To react normally to a +series of stimulus words requires on the part of the subject, in the +first place, a certain alertness in order that he may grasp quickly +and clearly the meaning of each word, and, in the second place, a +prompt shifting of the mind from one reaction to the next. When such +mental mobility is lacking the subject is liable to react not by a +response adjusted to the stimulus word, but either by repeating a +previous stimulus or reaction, or by giving a word associated to the +preceding stimulus or reaction. + +The names of the different types of reactions included under the +heading of perseveration are sufficiently descriptive; we shall here +refer only to those which require further definition. + +*Association to Preceding Stimulus.*--Here is placed any reaction +that is shown by the frequency tables to be related to the stimulus +preceding the one in question. Seeming or even obvious relationship, +if not established by reference to the frequency tables, is +disregarded. In the tables, however, the combination may not exist in +direct order but only in reverse order, in which case the reaction is +included here. The following examples may serve as illustrations: + +_thief--night_ +_lion--pocket-book_ + +_Lion--pocket-book_ is not found in the frequency tables, and is, +therefore, an individual reaction; _thief--pocket-book_, however, +is found there; _pocket-book_ is, therefore, classed in this case +as an association to preceding stimulus. + +_table--fork_ +_dark--mutton_ + +_Dark--mutton_ is not found in the frequency tables; +_table--mutton_ is also not found there in the direct order, but +is found in the reverse order, viz.: _mutton--table; mutton_ is, +therefore, classed in this case as an association to preceding +stimulus. + +*Association to Preceding Reaction.*--If either the reaction in +question or the preceding reaction happens to be one of the stimulus +words in our list, and a relationship between the two be found to +exist by reference to the frequency tables--whether in direct or in +reverse order--the reaction in question is classed as an association +to preceding reaction. This is illustrated by the following examples: + +_eating--table_ +_mountain--floor_ + +_Mountain--floor_ is an individual reaction; _table--floor_ + +is found in the frequency tables; _floor_ is, therefore, classed +as an association to preceding reaction. + +_beautiful--flowers_ +_window--red_ + +_Window--red_ is an individual reaction; _red--flowers_ is +found in the frequency tables; therefore, _red_ is classed as an +association to preceding reaction. + +In cases in which neither the reaction in question nor the preceding +reaction happens to be one of our stimulus words, but a relationship +between them may be judged to exist without considerable doubt, the +reaction in question is also classed here. Example: + +_priest--father_ +_ocean--mother_ + +_Ocean--mother_ is an individual reaction; neither the word +_father_ nor the word _mother_ is among our stimulus words; +but the association between the words _father_ and _mother_ +may be judged to exist without considerable doubt; therefore, in this +case _mother_ is classed as an association to preceding reaction. + +In such cases as this personal equation must necessarily come into +play; comparative uniformity of judgment may, however, be attained by +systematically excluding any reaction the relationship of which to the +preceding reaction is subject to any considerable doubt and by placing +any such reaction in the unclassified group. + +*Repetition of Previous Stimulus.*--Here we place any reaction +which is a repetition of any previous stimulus from amongst the ten +next preceding, at the same time placing *repetition of preceding +stimulus* under a separate heading. + +*Neologisms.*--Here we place the newly coined words, so commonly +given by the insane, excepting such as possess a sound relationship to +the stimulus word, for which, as already stated, a special place in +the classification has been provided. + +Neologisms might be divided into three types, as follows: (1) those +which arise from ignorance of language (_comfort--uncomfort, +short--diminiature_); (2) distortions of actual words, apparently +of pathological origin and not due to ignorance (_hungry--foodation, +thief--dissteal_); and (3) those which seem to be without any +meaning whatever (_scack, gehimper, hanrow, dicut_). It is, +however, impossible to draw clear-cut distinctions between these +types, and for this reason we have made no provision in our +classification for such division. + +*Unclassified Reactions.*--This group is important, in the first +place, because it is numerically a large one, and in the second place, +because it contains certain fairly definite types of reactions which +are placed here for the sole reason that we have not been able to find +strictly objective criteria for their differentiation from other +types. + +It has already been stated that the frequency tables, even together +with the appendix, fail to exhaust all normal possibilities of +association, so that a certain small number of perfectly normal +reactions must fall into the unclassified group. We submit the +following examples: + +_music--listen_ +_smooth--suave_ +_sour--curdled_ +_earth--mound_ + +Another type of reactions found in the unclassified group, though also +normal, yet not obviously so until explained by the subject, is +represented by those which originate from purely personal experiences, +such as the following, given by normal subjects: + +_blossom--T....._ +_hammer--J....._ + +The first of these reactions is explained by the subject's acquaintance +with a young lady, Miss T...., who has been nick-named "Blossom," and +the second is explained by the subject's having among her pupils at +school a boy by the name of J.... Hammer. + +It would be difficult to estimate the proportion of such reactions in +the unclassified group, but we have gained the general impression that +it is small. An attempt to place them in a separate group could be +made only with the aid of explanations from the subjects; such aid in +the case of insane subjects is generally unreliable. Moreover, to +class these reactions as strictly normal would perhaps be going too +far, since their general value is obviously inferior to that of the +common reactions; and in any case in which they are given in unusually +large numbers they must be regarded as manifestation of a tendency to +depart from the normal to the extent to which they displace common +reactions. The next type of reactions met with in the unclassified +group is characterized by a peculiarly superficial, or non-essential, +or purely _circumstantial_ relationship to the stimulus. Such +reactions, though occasionally given by normal subjects, are more +often given by insane ones, and seem to be somewhat characteristic of +states of mental deterioration which are clinically rather loosely +described as puerilism. We offer the following examples, given by +normal subjects: + +_music--town_ +_sickness--summer_ +_child--unknown_ +_house--enter_ + +Still another type of reactions to be considered in this connection +consists of words which are in no way related to the corresponding +stimulus words, but which arise from _distraction_ of the subject +by surrounding objects, sounds, and the like. In some cases the +experimenter may be able to judge from the direction of the subject's +gaze, from a listening attitude, and so on, that certain reactions are +due to distraction. In other cases, particularly in cases of normal +subjects, the fact that certain reactions are due to distraction may +be determined by questioning the subject on this point immediately +after making the test; In work with insane subjects, as we have +several times had occasion to point out, such aid is generally not +available. + +The group of unclassified reactions includes also one more type of +reactions which are of great importance both numerically and +otherwise. These are the *incoherent reactions*, that is to say, +reactions which are determined neither by the stimulus words, nor by +the agency of perseveration, nor by distraction. + +Although the occurrence of incoherent reactions is hardly subject to +doubt, yet in no instance is it possible to establish with certainty +that a given reaction is of this type, for in no instance can a +remote, or an imagined, or a merely symbolic relationship between +stimulus and reaction be positively excluded. Some, indeed, would +assert that some such relationship must necessarily exist in every +instance, at least in the domain of the subconscious. This +circumstance necessitates the placing of this type of reactions in the +unclassified group. + +In practice it may be found advisable in some cases to analyze the +unclassified reactions with a view to ascertaining to what extent each +of the various types is represented among them. But one here treads on +slippery ground, and one must be continually warned against the danger +of erroneous conclusions. + + + +§ 5. ORDER OF PREFERENCE. + + +After having developed the classification here proposed we found that +there was still considerable room for difference of opinion in the +placing of many reactions, owing to the circumstance that in many +cases a reaction presents features which render it assignable under +any one of two or more headings. To leave the matter of preference in +grouping: to be decided in each case according to the best judgment of +the experimenter would mean introducing again the play of personal +equation, and would thus court failure of all our efforts to +accomplish a standardization of the association test. Therefore, the +necessity of establishing a proper order of preference for guidance in +the application of the classification became to us quite apparent. + +In the arrangement of the order of preference we were guided mainly by +two principles, namely: (i) as between two groups of unequal +definition, the one which is more clearly defined and which, +therefore, leaves less play for personal equation is to be preferred; +(2) as between two groups of equal definition, the one which possesses +the greater pathological significance is to be preferred. In +accordance with these principles we have adopted the order of +preference shown in Table III., placing every reaction under the +highest heading on the list under which it may be properly classed. + + +TABLE III + +1. Non-specific (common). +2. Doubtful reactions. + INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS. +3. Sound reactions (neologisms). +4. Neologisms without sound relation. +5. Repetition of preceding reaction. +6. Reaction repeated five times. +7. Repetition of preceding stimulus. +8. Derivatives. +9. Non-specific reactions. +10. Sound reactions (words). +11. Word complements. +12. Particles of speech. +13. Association to preceding stimulus. +14. Association to preceding reaction (by frequency tables). +15. Repetition of previous reaction. +16. Repetition of previous stimulus. +17. Normal (by appendix). +18. Association to preceding reaction (without frequency tables). +19. Unclassified. + + + +§ 6. ERRORS INVOLVED IN THE USE OF ARBITRARY OBJECTIVE STANDARDS. + + +It may readily be seen that such definiteness and uniformity as this +classification possesses results from the introduction of more or less +arbitrary criteria for the differentiation of the various types of +reactions. The question might arise, To what extent do the +distinctions thus made correspond to reality? To consider, for +instance, our rule for the placing of sound reactions (50 per cent of +the sounds of the shorter word to be present, in the same order, in +the other word): when a given reaction (_man--minstrel_) is in +accordance with the rule assigned under the heading of sound +reactions, can it be assumed that sound similarity and not some other +relationship is the determining factor of the association in question? +Or when in, a given instance (_cabbage--cobweb_) the sound +similarity falls somewhat short of the standard required by the rule, +can it be assumed that sound similarity is not, after all, the +determining factor? + +Similar questions may, of course, arise in connection with other +subdivisions. + +It must, indeed, be conceded that objective methods can reveal but +indirectly and with uncertainty the inner mechanism which produces any +association and that in any given instance it would be impossible to +establish the correctness of grouping in accordance with such + +methods. However, to decide that question for any given reaction is +really not necessary in practice, since an error made through wrongly +placing one, two, or three reactions tinder any heading is of no +significance; the types acquire importance only when represented by +large numbers in a record under consideration; and when many reactions +fall tinder a single heading the likelihood of error, as affecting the +record as a whole, is by that fact alone greatly reduced. + +The whole question might more profitably be approached from another +point of view: To what extent are the distinctions of this +classification useful? An answer to this question can be found only in +the results. + + + +§ 7. ANALYSIS OF PATHOLOGICAL MATERIAL + + +We present in Table IV, the results of a statistical examination of +the records obtained from certain groups of normal subjects and from +some groups of insane subjects. + +The normal groups have been studied for the purpose of determining the +frequency and manner of occurrence among normal subjects of the +various of abnormal reactions. It seemed best for this purpose to +consider separately the records of those subjects who gave an +unusually large number of individual reactions. Fifty-three records +containing fifteen or more individual reactions were found after a +fairly diligent search among our normal test records. In the other +groups of subjects--persons of common school education, persons of +collegiate education, and children--we included no records containing +more than ten individual reactions. + +The more striking departures from average normal figures are indicated +in the table by the use of heavy type. + +This table reveals associational tendencies as occurring in connection +with the psychoses studied. A better insight into the nature of these +tendencies can be gained by a special analysis of the test of each +clinical group. + + +DEMENTIA PRĘCOX + +In this psychosis we find the number of individual reactions far +exceeding not only that of the normal but that of any other psychosis +which we studied. To a corresponding extent we find the number of the +highest type of normal reactions--the common specific +reactions--reduced. + + +TABLE IV. + +TYPES OF REACTION + A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA + +--+----+----+--+----+----+--+----+----+--+----+----+---+----+----+--+----+----+--+----+----+---+----+----+---+----+----+ +_Common reactions:_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Specific reactions................|90|89.8|....|90|89.7|....|91|89.4|....|72|71.4|....|631/2|58.9|....|82|71.3|....|71|63.7|....|78 |71.8|....|80 |71.2|....| + Non-specific reactions............| 4| 4.9|....| 4| 4.1|....| 5| 5.7|....| 3| 4.8|....| 3 | 4.2|....| 4| 4.8|....| 5| 6.0|....|41/2 | 5.3|....|31/2 | 4.6|....| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +_Doubtful reactions_................| 1| 1.1|....| 1| 0.6|....| 0| 0.7|....| 2| 2.3|....| 2 | 2.5|....| 2| 3.0|....| 3| 3.0|....| 2 | 2.2|....| 2 | 3.0|....| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +_Individual reactions:_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Normal reactions..................| 2| 1.8|41.8| 1| 1.8|35.8| 1| 1.6|42.0| 7| 7.3|33.4| 4 | 4.8|13.9| 3| 3.5|16.3|31/2| 3.4|12.6| 3 | 3.6|17.4|41/2 | 5.3|24.3| + Derivatives of stimulus words.....| 0|0.01| 0.3| 0|0.02| 0.3| 0| 0| 0 | 0|0.04| 0.2| 0 |0.16|0.46| 0|0.10|0.40| 0|0.04|0.15| 0 |0.09|0.45| 0 |0.09|0.43| + Non-specific Reactions............| 0| 0.1| 3.3| 0|0.1 | 1.2| 0|0.2 | 5.3| 0|0.4 | 2.0| 0 |0.6 |1.7 | 0|0.4 |1.7 | 0|0.5 |1.8 | 1 |0.5 |2.4 | 0 |0.3 |1.6 | + Sound reactions (words)...........| 0|0.08| 1.9| 0|0.05| 0.9| 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.11| 0.5| 0 |1.62|4.7 | 1|1.60|7.4 | 0|0.54|2.0 | 0 |0.22|1.0 | 1 |1.53|7.1 | + Sound reactions (neologisms)......| 0|0.01| 0.3| 0|0.02| 0.3| 0| 0 | 0 | 0| 0 | 0 | 0 |0.07|0.2 | 0|1.0 |4.7 | 0|0.17|0.6 | 0 |0.06|0.3 | 0 |0.03|0.1 | + Word complements..................| 0|0.01| 0.3| 0|0.03| 0.6| 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.08| 0.3| 0 |0.06|0.2 | 0|0.03|0.1 | 0| 0 | 0 | 0 |0.06|0.3 | 0 |0.10|0.9 | + Particles of speech...............| 0|0.09| 2.2| 0|0.06| 1.2| 0|0.06| 1.6| 0|0.68| 3.1| 0 |1.06|3.1 | 0|0.50|2.2 | 0|1.53|5.3 | 0 |1.22|5.3 | 0 |1.32|6.1 | + Association to preceding stimulus.| 0|0.06| 1.4| 0|0.06| 1.2| 0|0.04| 1.1| 0|0.49| 2.2| 0 |0.92|2.7 | 0|0.60|2.7 | 1|1.04|3.8 | 0 |0.75|3.6 | 0 |0.53|2.5 | + Association to preceding reaction.| 0| 0 | 0 | 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.04| 1.0| 0|0.09| 0.4| 1 |1.29|3.8 | 0|0.40|2.0 | 1|2.50|9.2 | 1 |3.69|17.7| 0 |0.37|1.7 | + Repetition of preceding stimulus..| 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.03| 0.6| 0| 0 | 0 | 0| 0 | 0 | 0 |0.06|0.2 | 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.08|0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + Repetition of previous stimulus...| 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.01| 0.3| 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.02| 0.1| 0 |0.12|0.4 | 0|0.10|0.4 | 0|0.29|1.1 | 0 |0.28|1.4 | 0 |0.22|1.0 | + Repetition of preceding reaction..| 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.03| 0.6| 0|0.02| 0.5| 0|0.08| 0.3| 0 |1.16|3.4 | 0|0.12|0.6 | 0|0.58|2.1 | 0 |2.28|10.9| 0 |0.73|3.6 | + Repetition of previous reaction...| 0|0.21| 4.7| 0|0.31| 6.3| 0|0.23| 5.8| 0|0.92| 4.2| 1 |2.72|7.9 | 1|1.51|7.1 | 3|3.46|12.7| 0 |0.87|4.2 | 0 |0.91|4.2 | + Reaction repeated five times......| 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.05| 0.9| 0|0.08| 2.1| 0|0.32| 1.5| 0 |1.52|4.4 | 0|1.21|5.5 | 0|4.58|16.8| 0 |1.28|6.1 | 0 |0.81|3.8 | + Neologisms without sound relation.| 0| 0 | 0 | 0| 0 | 0 | 0|0.02| 0.5| 0| 0 | 0 | 0 |1.90|5.5 | 0|0.81|3.7 | 0|0.58|2.1 | 0 |0.09|0.4 | 0 |0.31|1.5 | + Unclassified......................| 2| 1.8|43.4| 2|2.5 |50.3| 1|1.5 |39.4|11|11.1|51.2|11 |16.2|47.2| 5|9.3 |43.5| 6|7.7 |28.5| 5 |5.9 |28.4| 4 |8.6 |40.1| + +--+----+----+--+----+----+--+----+----+--+----+----+---+----+----+--+----+----+--+----+----+---+----+----+---+----+----+ + Total individual reactions | 4| 4.2|....| 5|5.1 |....| 9|3.9 |....|21|21.8|....|261/2|34.3|....|10|21.3|....|19|27.2|....|141/2|20.8|....|111/2|21.5|....| + +--+----+----+--+----+----+--+----+----+--+----+----+---+----+----+--+----+----+--+----+----+---+----+----+---+----+----+ + +86 normal subjects, common school education; records containing not +over 10 individual reactions. + + A. Median per cent of all reactions. + B. Average per cent of all reactions. + C. Average per cent of individual reactions. + +66 normal subjects, collegiate education; records containing not over +10 individual reactions. + + D. Median per cent of all reactions. + E. Average per cent of all reactions. + F. Average per cent of individual reactions. + +46 normal subjects, school children; records containing not over 10 +individual reactions. + + G. Median per cent of all reactions. + H. Average per cent of all reactions. + I. Average per cent of individual reactions. + +53 normal subjects; records containing not under 15 individual +reactions. + + J. Median per cent of all reactions. + K. Average per cent of all reactions. + L. Average per cent of individual reactions. + +108 cases of dementia pręcox. + + M. Median per cent of all reactions. + N. Average per cent of all reactions. + O. Average per cent of individual reactions. + +33 cases of paranoic conditions. + + P. Median per cent of all reactions. + Q. Average per cent of all reactions. + R. Average per cent of individual reactions. + +24 cases of epilepsy. + + S. Median per cent of all reactions. + T. Average per cent of all reactions. + U. Average per cent of individual reactions. + +32 cases of general paresis. + + V. Median per cent of all reactions. + W. Average per cent of all reactions. + X. Average per cent of individual reactions. + +32 cases of manic-depressive insanity. + + Y. Median per cent of all reactions. + Z. Average per cent of all reactions. + AA. Average per cent of individual reactions. + + +While almost every type of individual reactions shows here an increase +over the normal averages, the most striking increases are shown by the +table to be in the groups of unclassified reactions, neologisms, sound +reactions, and some types of perseveration. A further examination of +the individual test records shows that there is no uniformity of +associational tendencies in this clinical group, but that several +tendencies are more or less frequently met with either alone or in +various combinations. Yet some of these tendencies, when appearing at +all prominently, are so highly characteristic of dementia pręcox as to +be almost pathognomonic. Among these may be mentioned: (1) the +tendency to give _neologisms_, particularly those of the +senseless type; (2) the tendency to give unclassified reactions +largely of the _incoherent_ type; and (3) the tendency toward +_stereotypy_ manifested chiefly by abnormally frequent +repetitions of the same reaction. Fairly characteristic also is the +occasional tendency to give sound reactions. Again, occasionally one +encounters pronounced _perseveration_, and at least two of our +subjects gave a good many unclassified reactions obviously due to +_distraction_. + +It must be noted that not infrequently cases of dementia pręcox give +test records that cannot be distinguished from normal. It seems that +the pathological associational tendencies constitute merely a special +group of symptoms, some of which may be expected to be manifest in +cases which have reached a state of advanced mental deterioration, but +may not necessarily be present in the early stages of the disease. On +the other hand there is evidence to show that these tendencies may in +some cases appear among the earliest manifestations. This matter will +be referred to again. + +Thus the test records of dementia pręcox depart from the normal not +sharply but by a gradual shading off. We find similar gradual +transitions between dementia pręcox and other psychoses. For this +work we selected cases in which the diagnoses were established with +reasonable certainty. Whether or not in cases of doubtful clinical +classification this association test may be of aid in determining the +diagnosis, is a question that must for the present remain open. + +We submit herewith copies of test records. The numbers which appear +after the reactions indicate in each case the reaction type, in +accordance with Table III. (p. 27); common specific reactions are not +numbered. + + +CASE No. 4752.--H.J. Neologisms; some unclassified reactions, mostly +incoherent. + +Table--meadow.........19 +Dark--black........... +Music--sweet.......... +Sickness--dead........ 2 +Man--manion........... 3 +Deep--near............19 +Soft--sooner..........19 +Eating--formble....... 4 +Mountain--gair........ 4 +House--temble......... 4 +Black--benched........ 4 +Mutton--ranched....... 4 +Comfort--bumble....... 4 +Hand--semble.......... 4 +Short--simber......... 4 +Fruit--narrow.........13 +Butterfly--Ben........19 +Smooth--gum...........19 +Command--bramble......19 +Chair--low............ +Sweet--temper.........19 +Whistle--bensid....... 4 +Woman--hummery........ 4 +Cold--gunst........... 4 +Slow--bemper.......... 4 +Wish--tip.............19 +River--gumper......... 4 +White--Andes..........19 +Beautiful--giinper.... 4 +Window--hummer........ 4 +Rough--geep........... 4 +Citizen--humper....... 4 +Foot--zuper........... 4 +Spider--gumper........ 4 +Needle--himper........ 4 +Red--gumper........... 4 +Sleep--moop........... 4 +Anger--rumble.........19 +Carpet--slamper....... 4 +Girl--Mnker........... 4 +High--bumper.......... 4 +Working--gumpip....... 4 +Sour--imper........... 4 +Earth--gumper......... 4 +Trouble--humper....... 4 +Soldier--guipper...... 4 +Cabbage--phar......... 4 +Hard--her.............12 +Eagle--damnornott..... 4 +Stomach--dumper....... 4 +Stem--gumper.......... 4 +Lamp--huntenit........ 4 +Dream--hungnot........ 4 +Yellow--bampir........ 4 +Bread--gumper......... 4 +Justice--sidnerber.... 4 +Boy--eeper............ 4 +Light--huntznit....... 4 +Health--geeper........ 4 +Bible--himpier........ 4 +Memory--hummer........19 +Sheep--hunner......... 4 +Bath--bemnitper....... 4 +Cottage--gumper....... 4 +Swift--dumper......... 4 +Blue--dipper..........19 +Hungry--hummer........ 3 +Priest--rump..........19 +Ocean--himmer......... 4 +Head--hiniper......... 4 +Stove--gamper......... 4 +Long--humble..........19 +Religion--gumper...... 4 +Whiskey--numper....... 4 +Child--himmer......... 4 +Bitter--gehimper...... 3 +Hammer--gueep......... 4 +Thirsty--humper....... 4 +City--deeper..........19 +Square--bummer........ 4 +Butter--bimper........ 3 +Doctor--harner........ 4 +Loud--harner.......... 4 +Thief--himmer......... 4 +Lion--humor...........19 +Joy--gumpier.......... 4 +Bed--hoomer........... 4 +Heavy--doomer......... 4 +Tobacco--per..........12 +Baby--hoomer.......... 4 +Moon--gumper.......... 4 +Scissors--gumper...... 4 +Quiet--humper......... 4 +Green--gueet.......... 3 +Salt--rummer.......... 4 +Street--numper........ 4 +King--himper.......... 4 +Cheese--guinter....... 4 +Blossom--yunger....... 4 +Afraid--yunger........ 4 + + +CASE No. 5183.--G. D. Neologisms; numerous unclassified reactions, +mostly incoherent; some sound neologisms. + +Table--muss...........19 +Dark--gone............19 +Music--caffa.......... 4 +Sickness--monk........19 +Man--boy.............. +Deep--lesson..........19 +Soft--ness............ 4 +Eating--pie............ +Mountain--Gus.........19 +House--muss...........15 +Black--court..........19 +Mutton--beef.......... +Comfort--ness......... 4 +Hand--koy............. 4 +Short--ness........... 4 +Fruit--dalb........... 4 +Butterfly--flack...... 4 +Smooth--mess..........19 +Command--cork.........19 +Chair--ness........... 4 +Sweet--Bess...........17 +Whistle--toy.......... +Woman--girl........... +Cold--cork............15 +Slow--mass............19 +Wish--veil............ 4 +River--mouth..........17 +White--cast...........17 +Beautiful--ness....... 4 +Window--crow..........19 +Rough--ratter.........19 +Citizen--zide......... 4 +Foot--malloy.......... 4 +Spider--straw.........19 +Needle--cast..........15 +Red--Roman............19 +Sleep--scack.......... 4 +Anger--gois........... 4 +Carpet--noise.........13 +Girl--call............18 +High--hort............ 4 +Working--kaffir.......19 +Sour--romerscotters... 4 +Earth--bell...........19 +Trouble--tramine...... 4 +Soldier--gas..........19 +Cabbage--cor.......... 4 +Hard--kalbas.......... 4 +Eagle--bell...........15 +Stomach--chenic....... 4 +Stem--trackstar....... 3 +Lamp--loss............19 +Dream--melso.......... 4 +Yellow--ormondo....... 4 +Bread--life........... +Justice--quartz.......19 +Boy--nellan........... 4 +Light--cor............ 4 +Health--hallenbee..... 4 +Bible--book........... +Memory--bike..........19 +Sheep--armen.......... 4 +Bath--cor............. 4 +Cottage--callan....... 4 +Swift--swar........... 3 +Blue--blacksen........ 4 +Hungry--scatterbuck... 4 +Priest--canon.........17 +Ocean--men............19 +Head--will............19 +Stove--somen.......... 4 +Long--lass............19 +Religion--cor......... 4 +Whiskey--hanrow....... 4 +Child--vand........... 4 +Bitter--bike..........15 +Hammer--hemmel........ 3 +Thirsty--cass......... 4 +City--cor............. 4 +Square--malice........19 +Butter--back..........19 +Doctor--ness.......... 4 +Loud--arman........... 4 +Thief--cast...........15 +Lion--loss............15 +Joy--kaffir...........15 +Bed--banrow........... 4 +Heavy--cast...........15 +Tobacco--colrow....... 4 +Baby--boil............19 +Moon--padoc........... 4 +Scissors--kantow...... 4 +Quiet--kilroe......... 4 +Green--graft..........10 +Salt--semen...........19 +Street--pess.......... 4 +King--guess...........19 +Cheese--tiffer........ 4 +Blossom--cad..........19 +Afraid--mellows.......19 + + +CASE No. 1500.--D.V. Considerable number of neologisms; stereotypy +manifested partly in a tendency toward frequent repetition of certain +reactions but mainly in a persistent tendency to make use of the +grammatical form of present participle, giving rise to numerous +doubtful reactions. + +Table--stand.......... +Dark--lonesome........ +Music--playing........ +Sickness--disease..... +Man--hiding...........19 +Deep--unreckless...... 4 +Soft--beginning.......19 +Eating--plenty........ +Mountain--high........ +House--standing....... 6 +Black--grivelling..... 4 +Mutton--plenty........15 +Comfort--laying.......19 +Hand--disease.........15 +Short--writing........13 +Fruit--coming.........19 +Butterfly--flying..... +Smooth--glimming...... 4 +Command--master....... +Chair--standing....... 6 +Sweet--sugar.......... +Whistle--blowing...... +Woman--loving......... +Cold--cellar..........19 +Slow--coming..........15 +Wish--dreaming........ 2 +River--divided........19 +White--wall........... +Beautiful--pleasant... 1 +Window--breaking...... 2 +Rough--tumble......... +Citizen--gentleman.... +Foot--sweating........19 +Spider--biting........ 2 +Needle--stinging...... 2 +Red--coloring......... +Sleep--dreaming....... +Anger--widing......... 4 +Carpet--cleaning...... +Girl--pretty.......... 1 +High--degrace......... 4 +Working--nobody.......19 +Sour--holling......... 4 +Earth--disgrace.......19 +Trouble--plenty....... +Soldier--shooting.....13 +Cabbage--welldebell... 4 +Hard--earning......... 4 +Eagle--setting........19 +Stomach--degrivel..... 4 +Stem--biting..........19 +Lamp--burning......... +Dream--walking........19 +Yellow--blowing.......15 +Bread--making......... +Justice--unpossible... 4 +Boy--growing.......... 2 +Light--stand.......... 6 +Health--raising.......19 +Bible--teaching....... 2 +Memory--together......12 +Sheep--weeding........19 +Bath--held............19 +Cottage--standing..... 2 +Swift--incuriossable.. 4 +Blue--smooven......... 4 +Hungry--uncareless.... 4 +Priest--going.........19 +Ocean--moving......... 2 +Head--setting.........15 +Stove--warm........... +Long--slowly.......... 2 +Religion--everything..19 +Whiskey--burning...... +Child--born........... +Bitter--taking........19 +Hammer--hitting....... 2 +Thirsty--drinking..... +City--welldebell...... 4 +Square--taking........15 +Butter--soft.......... +Doctor--instrument....19 +Loud--speaking........ 2 +Thief--gitting........ 4 +Lion--scared..........17 +Joy--playing.......... 2 +Bed--laying........... 2 +Heavy--raisen......... 4 +Tobacco--eating.......19 +Baby--born............ +Moon--shining......... +Scissors--cutting..... + +Quiet--hitting........15 +Green--landed.........19 +Salt--throwing........19 +Street--walking....... +King--tension.........19 +Cheese--eating........ +Blossom--growing...... 2 +Afraid--nobody........ + + +CASE No. 5138.--C.J. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent. + +Table--tablecloth..... +Dark--forward.........19 +Music--instrument..... +Sickness--fluid.......19 +Man--hemale........... 4 +Deep--steep........... +Soft--hard............ +Eating--mountain......19 +Mountain--raven.......19 +House--shutter........17 +Black--blue........... +Mutton--beef.......... +Comfort--discomfort... +Hand--wrist........... +Short--tall........... +Fruit--vegetable...... +Butterfly--bee........ +Smooth--rough......... +Command--orders....... +Chair--sofa........... +Sweet--sour........... +Whistle--fife......... +Woman--girl........... +Cold--warm............ +Slow--faster.......... 2 +Wish--not............. 2 +River--neck...........17 +White--blue........... +Beautiful--homely..... +Window--sill.......... +Rough--paint..........19 +Citizen--pedestrian...19 +Foot--rose............19 +Spider--towel.........19 +Needle--lifter........19 +Red--dove.............19 +Sleep--coat...........13 +Anger--smile..........19 +Carpet--gas...........19 +Girl--kite............19 +High--cow.............19 +Working--candy........19 +Sour--peach...........17 +Earth--balloon........19 +Trouble--grass........13 +Soldier--brass........17 +Cabbage--flea.........19 +Hard--cat.............19 +Eagle--negro..........10 +Stomach--winter.......19 +Stem--leaf............ +Lamp--cloth...........19 +Dream--slumber........ +Yellow--pink.......... +Bread--glass..........19 +Justice--coal.........19 +Boy--maid............. +Light--shine.......... +Health--pale..........17 +Bible--leaf........... +Memory--grief.........19 +Sheep--giraffe........19 +Bath--soap............ +Cottage--scene........19 +Swift--slow........... +Blue--piece...........19 +Hungry--food.......... +Priest--minister...... +Ocean--waves.......... +Head--black........... +Stove--lid............ +Long--short........... +Religion--Christian... +Whiskey--malt......... +Child--baby........... +Bitter--sweet......... +Hammer--nail.......... +Thirsty--water........ +City--steeple.........19 +Square--marble........19 +Butter--bread......... +Doctor--aster.........19 +Loud--fog.............19 +Thief--Mary...........19 +Lion--tiger........... +Joy--glad............. +Bed--sheet............ +Heavy--light.......... +Tobacco--smoke........ +Baby--powder.......... +Moon--sky............. +Scissors--handle...... +Quiet--sing...........19 +Green--pink........... +Salt--chimney.........19 +Street--block......... +King--crown........... +Cheese--tea...........17 +Blossom--leaves....... +Afraid--frighten...... + + +CASE No. 17979.--R.T. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent. + +Table--full...........19 +Dark--coldness........ 2 +Music--aeronaut.......19 +Sickness--better...... +Man--extension........19 +Deep--electrician.....19 +Soft--harden.......... 2 +Eating--stomach....... +Mountain--Lord........19 +House--roof........... +Black--darkness....... +Mutton--working.......19 +Comfort--ahead........12 +Hand--mercury.........19 +Short--have...........12 +Fruit--flavor.........19 +Butterfly--plant......13 +Smooth--level......... +Command--obedient..... +Chair--rest........... +Sweet--polish.........19 +Whistle--note......... +Woman--comfort........ +Cold--pleasant........ 1 +Slow--move............ +Wish--wealth.......... +River--shell..........19 +White--change.........19 +Beautiful--sat........19 +Window--temperature...39 +Rough--shell..........15 +Citizen--soldier...... +Foot--travel.......... +Spider--web........... +Needle--point......... +Red--temperature......15 +Sleep--rest........... +Anger--temper......... +Carpet--court.........10 +Girl--birth...........10 +High--dirt............19 +Working--ease......... +Sour--bait............ 4 +Earth--vexation.......19 +Trouble--business..... +Soldier--obedient..... 2 +Cabbage--fell.........19 +Hard--solid........... +Eagle--government.....19 +Stomach--chest........ +Stem--wish............19 +Lamp--brilliancy......17 +Dream--unso........... 4 +Yellow--color......... +Bread--crust.......... +Justice--truth........ +Boy--obedient......... +Light--heart.......... 2 +Health--feeling....... +Bible--scripture...... +Memory--saying........19 +Sheep--wool........... +Bath--get.............19 +Cottage--morrell...... 4 +Swift--good........... 1 +Blue--look............19 +Hungry--have..........12 +Priest--scripture.....15 +Ocean--supply.........19 +Head--manager.........17 +Stove--shake..........19 +Long--journey......... +Religion--thought..... 1 +Whiskey--lusk......... 4 +Child--wish...........15 +Bitter--enmalseladiga. 4 +Hammer--efface........19 +Thirsty--want......... +City--comforts........15 +Square--crown.........19 +Butter--flavor........15 +Doctor--dram..........19 +Loud--temper..........15 +Thief--catched........ 2 +Lion--crown...........15 +Joy--pleasure......... 1 +Bed--comforts......... +Heavy--thoughts....... 1 +Tobacco--changes......15 +Baby--pleasure........ 1 +Moon--brilliancy...... 2 +Scissors--edge........ +Quiet--baptism........19 +Green--autumn.........19 +Salt--gather..........19 +Street--thoroughfare.. +King--crown........... +Cheese--flavor........15 +Blossom--wood.........17 +Afraid--downhearted...17 + + +CASE No. 3307.--G.F. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent; slight +tendency to respond by sound reactions. + +Table--desk........... +Dark--blue............ +Music--stars..........13 +Sickness--trees.......19 +Man--menace...........10 +Deep--soap............19 +Soft--excited.........19 +Eating--spelling......10 +Mountain--marbles.....19 +House--train..........19 +Black--bed............19 +Mutton--button........10 +Comfort--steak........13 +Hand--flexible........19 +Short--umbrella.......17 +Fruit--blanket........19 +Butterfly--grass...... +Smooth--sheet.........19 +Command--carpet.......19 +Chair--store..........19 +Sweet--flower......... +Whistle--linen........19 +Woman--water..........19 +Cold--coal............ +Slow--ferry...........17 +Wish--sample..........19 +River--shades.........19 +Whiter--blue.......... +Beautiful--suspender..19 +Window--wood.......... +Rough--chisel.........19 +Citizen--ruler........ +Foot--snake...........19 +Spider--fly........... +Needle--bird..........13 +Red--green............ +Sleep--opening........19 +Anger--angry.......... +Carpet--stitching.....19 +Girl--madam...........17 +High--ceiling......... +Working--easy......... +Sour--warm............19 +Earth--heaven......... +Trouble--astonished...19 +Soldier--man.......... 1 +Cabbage--carrot....... +Hard--softness........ 2 +Eagle--parrot......... +Stomach--mind.........19 +Stem--stable..........10 +Lamp--oil............. +Dream--awake.......... +Yellow--darkness...... 2 +Bread--rough..........19 +Justice--male.........19 +Boy--buoy.............10 +Light--standing.......19 +Health--very..........12 +Bible--ashamed........19 +Memory--staring.......19 +Sheep--stock.......... +Bath--sponge.......... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--mouse..........19 +Blue--fall............19 +Hungry--appetite...... +Priest--pastor........ +Ocean--waves.......... +Head--hat............. +Stove--blackening..... 2 +Long--garden..........19 +Religion--goodness.... 1 +Whiskey--Kummell......17 +Child--woman.......... 1 +Bitter--coughing......19 +Hammer--sofa..........19 +Thirsty--pillow.......18 +City--united..........19 +Square--oblong........ +Butter--lard.......... +Doctor--physician..... +Loud--easy............ +Thief--burglar........ +Lion--tiger........... +Joy--healthy.......... 2 +Bed--thread...........10 +Heavy--gloves.........17 +Tobacco--cigar........ +Baby--hood............11 +Moon--stars........... +Scissors--knife....... +Quiet--recollect......17 +Green--ring...........19 +Salt--pencil..........19 +Street--bushes........19 +King--Germany.........17 +Cheese--rice..........17 +Blossom--pepper.......19 +Afraid--allspice......18 + + +CASE NO. 971.--O.M. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent. + +Table--vote...........19 +Dark--plenty..........19 +Music--health.........19 +Sickness--fright...... +Man--manager..........10 +Deep--slow............19 +Soft--pepper..........19 +Eating--vanity........19 +Mountains--slept......19 +House--courage........19 +Black--funeral........ +Mutton--age...........19 +Comfort--slide........19 +Hand--credit..........19 + +Short--Simpson........17 +Fruit--physician......19 +Butterfly--torment....19 +Smooth--button........17 +Command--scarf........19 +Chair--rage...........19 +Sweet--cider..........17 +Whistle--lace.........19 +Woman--debt...........19 +Cold--powderly........ 4 +Slow--telephone.......19 +Wish--regret..........17 +River--herald.........19 +White--black.......... +Beautiful--jolly......19 +Window--pane.......... +Rough--duty...........19 +Citizen--ward.........17 +Foot--minister........19 +Spider--handsome......19 +Needle--pin........... +Red--white............ +Sleep--apple..........13 +Anger--sour...........19 +Carpet--wood.......... +Girl--boy............. +High--low............. +Working--height.......13 +Sour--pitcher.........19 +Earth--clam...........19 +Trouble--necessity.... 9 +Soldier--marine....... +Cabbage--watermelon...17 +Hard--cracker.........17 +Eagle--bright.........19 +Stomach--back......... +Stem--stimulant.......10 +Lamp--hair............19 +Dream--knees..........19 +Yellow--amen..........12 +Bread--general........19 +Justice--no........... 2 +Boy--grass............19 +Light--thought........ 9 +Health--depression....17 +Bible--judger......... 4 +Memory--stomach.......19 +Sheep--crusade........19 +Bath--labor...........19 +Cottage--cotton.......10 +Swift--depth..........19 +Blue--crimson.........17 +Hungry--alloyed.......19 +Priest--politicians...17 +Ocean--sea............ +Head--cranium......... +Stove--soft...........19 +Long--biles........... 4 +Religion--bunion......10 +Whiskey--vinegar......17 +Child--edge...........19 +Bitter--born..........10 +Hammer--wood.......... +Thirsty--cradle.......19 +City--flames..........19 +Square--eating........19 +Butter--dirt..........19 +Doctor--malefactor....19 +Loud--quinine.........19 +Thief--joy............19 +Lion--sage............19 +Joy--thorn............19 +Bed--draper...........19 +Heavy--close..........19 +Tobacco--weed......... +Baby--stop............19 +Moon--starch..........19 +Scissors--crepe.......17 +Quiet--bustle.........19 +Green--color.......... +Salt--throw...........19 +Street--ferment.......19 +King--jaunce.......... 4 +Cheese--tepid.........19 +Blossom--woman........ 9 +Afraid--shame.........17 + + +CASE No. 01665.--E.H. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent. + +Table--cent...........19 +Dark--sweet...........19 +Music--delighted...... 2 +Sickness--pop.........19 +Man--change...........19 +Deep--pass............19 +Soft--drop............19 +Eating--fair..........19 +Mountains--heavy......19 +House--fate...........19 +Black--right..........19 +Mutton--with..........12 +Comfort--indeed.......12 +Hand--span............10 +Short--stop........... +Fruit--dip............19 +Butterfly--home.......19 +Smooth--days..........19 +Command--stop.........15 +Chair--pledge.........19 +Sweet--right..........15 +Whistle--home.........15 +Woman--Louisa.........17 +Cold--chair...........16 +Slow--aid.............19 +Wish--book............ 2 +River--shoes..........19 +White--ouch...........12 +Beautiful--not........12 +Window--papers........19 +Rough--lettuce........19 +Citizen--money........17 +Foot--stand........... +Spider--socks.........19 +Needle--drops.........15 +Red--glass............17 +Sleep--suits..........19 +Anger--suits.......... 5 +Carpet--hat...........19 +Girl--president.......19 +High--pass............19 +Working--knock.......19 +Sour--cake............19 +Earth--home........... +Trouble--news.........17 +Soldier--name.........19 +Cabbage--rule.........19 +Hard--rope............19 +Eagle--in.............12 +Stomach--potato.......17 +Stem--pick............ +Lamp--berry...........18 +Dream--book........... +Yellow--lettuce.......19 +Bread--chews..........17 +Justice--night........15 +Boy--bat..............17 +Light--rasp...........19 +Health--off...........12 +Bible--comforter...... 2 +Memory--candy.........19 +Sheep--eat............ +Bath--sweet...........19 +Cottage--walk.........19 +Swift--reason.........19 +Blue--dot.............19 +Hungry--swift.........16 +Priest--birth.........19 +Ocean--stop...........15 +Head--strap...........19 +Stove--pot............17 +Long--name............ +Religion--day.........13 +Whiskey--take.........19 +Child--jaw............17 +Bitter--licorice......17 +Hammer--sound......... +Thirsty--cards........19 +City--dice............18 +Square--muff..........19 +Butter--stick.........19 +Doctor--perfect.......19 +Loud--walk............15 +Thief--jail........... +Lion--cow............. +Joy--nail.............19 +Bed--new..............19 +Heavy--down...........12 +Tobacco--prize........19 +Baby--new.............15 +Moon--new............. +Scissors--teach.......19 +Quiet--man............ 1 +Green--water..........17 +Salt--money...........19 +Street--right.........15 +King--girl............19 +Cheese--house.........19 +Blossom--work......... 1 +Afraid--jars..........19 + + +CASE M.F. (from Hudson River State Hospital).--Unclassified reactions, +mostly incoherent. + +Table--heat...........19 +Dark--succeed.........19 +Music--benefit........19 +Sickness--steep.......19 +Man--dicut............ 4 +Deep--rectify.........19 +Soft--bed............. +Eating--dozy..........19 +Mountain--tulu........ 4 +House--sails..........19 +Black--sunrise........19 +Mutton--tuition.......19 +Comfort--blasphemous..19 +Hand--doing........... +Short--pest...........19 +Fruit--charm..........19 +Butterfly--doctor.....19 +Smooth--border........19 +Command--right........ +Chair--distill........19 +Sweet--noticed........19 +Whistle--stead........19 +Woman--splice.........19 +Cold--strap...........19 +Slow--chief...........19 +Wish--shame...........19 +River--word...........19 +White--color.......... +Beautiful--better.....19 +Window--dull..........19 +Rough--bright.........18 +Citizen--chum.........19 +Foot--relax...........19 +Spider--float.........19 +Needle--action........19 +Red--stout............19 +Sleep--lazy...........17 +Anger--anguish........ +Carpet--knowledge.....19 +Girl--first...........10 +High--hand............19 +Working--power........17 +Sour--mud.............19 +Earth--sky............ +Trouble--sorrow....... +Soldier--manhood...... 2 +Cabbage--righteous....19 +Hard--beaten..........17 +Eagle--dog............19 +Stomach--paste........19 +Stem--dust............10 +Lamp--fall............19 +Dream--idle...........17 +Yellow--zone..........19 +Bread--pan............17 +Justice--tricks.......17 +Boy--barrel...........19 +Light--powers.........15 +Health--kindness......19 +Bible--story.......... +Memory--pillow........19 +Sheep--veil...........19 +Bath--ink.............19 +Cottage--paper........19 +Swift--arrow.......... +Blue--cold............ +Hungry--dyes..........19 +Priest--cloak.........19 +Ocean--pilot..........17 +Head--tin.............19 +Stove--plate..........17 +Long--trouble.........19 +Religion--soap........19 +Whiskey--starch.......18 +Child--night..........19 +Bitter--contentment...19 + +Hammer--shortness.....19 +Thirsty--knife........19 +City--mind............19 +Square--truth......... 2 +Butter--biscuit....... +Doctor--piles.........17 +Loud--distrust........19 +Thief--babies.........19 +Lion--hair............ +Joy--eyesight.........19 + +Bed--dievos........... 4 +Heavy--determined.....19 +Tobacco--health.......19 +Baby--wood............19 +Moon--heat............15 +Scissors--squeeze.....19 +Quiet--tears..........19 +Green--fall...........15 +Salt--soft............10 +Street--wait..........19 +King--inches..........19 +Cheese--doctor........15 +Blossom--fades........19 +Afraid--hearts........ 2 + + +CASE No. 01552.--E.J.D. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent. + +Table--unicorn..........19 +Dark--African...........17 +Music--love............. +Sickness--slumber.......17 +Man--minstrel...........10 +Deep--river............. +Soft--highwayman........19 +Eating--England.........19 +Mountain--pleasure...... 1 +House--Christianity.....19 +Black--directory........19 +Mutton--capers..........19 +Comfort--mankind........12 +Hand--surface...........19 +Short--court............10 +Fruit--pleasure......... +Butterfly--dispatcher...19 +Smooth--navigation......19 +Command--administration. 9 +Chair--time.............19 +Sweet--office...........13 +Whistle--foreign........19 +Woman--usefulness....... +Cold--frigid............ +Slow--vocation..........19 +Wish--longing........... +River--tributary........17 +White--island........... +Beautiful--unseen.......19 +Window--frugal..........19 +Rough--nautical.........19 +Citizen--pedestrian.....19 +Foot--laugh.............19 +Spider--jungle..........19 +Needle--man............. 9 +Red--monde.............. 4 +Sleep--resustication.... 4 +Anger--uncared..........19 +Carpet--foreign.........15 +Girl--celt..............19 +High--wine..............10 +Working--prayer.........19 +Sour--flower............10 +Earth--tariff...........19 +Trouble--ledger.........19 +Soldier--work........... +Cabbage--ancient........19 +Hard--provender.........19 +Eagle--school...........19 +Stomach--bowels......... +Stem--tide.............. +Lamp--scientific........19 +Dream--somno.............4 +Yellow--pain............19 +Bread--populous.........19 +Justice--thwart.........19 +Boy--globe..............19 +Light--female...........13 +Health--linen...........19 +Bible--divine...........17 +Memory--current.........19 +Sheep--water............ +Bath--rain..............18 +Cottage--journal........19 +Swift--yacht............17 +Blue--novel.............19 +Hungry--viand........... 2 +Priest--pedestrian......15 +Ocean--commotion........10 +Head--sugar.............19 +Stove--writer...........19 +Long--mingle............19 +Religion--tent.......... +Whiskey--copulency...... 4 +Child--editor...........19 +Bitter--backward........19 +Hammer--youth...........19 +Thirsty--salt...........17 +City--gentler...........19 +Square--angelus.........19 +Butter--pastry..........17 +Doctor--veterinary......17 +Loud--muslin............19 +Chief--grocer...........19 +Lion--trip..............19 +Joy--penance............17 +Bed--granite............19 +Heavy--note.............19 +Tobacco--vanese......... 4 +Baby--school............15 +Moon--element...........19 +Scissors--elderly.......19 +Quiet--trinity..........19 +Green--commissioner.....19 +Salt--strength..........19 +Street--voyager.........19 +King--sorrow............19 +Cheese--holiday.........19 +Blossom--parks..........19 +Afraid--stamina.........17 + + +CASE No. 667.--C.L. Pronounced stereotypy. Following note on test +record: "Many attempts were made to secure a reaction other than +'cat,' but usually without success; the reaction _cold--warm_ was +given spontaneously and with apparent interest; most reactions were +given only in response to much urging, or else mechanically, without +attention." + +Table--cat............ 6 +Dark--rat.............18 +Music--shoe...........19 +Sickness--cat......... 6 +Man--boy.............. +Deep--cat............. 6 +Soft--hat.............19 +Eating--cat........... 6 +Mountain--hit.........19 +House--gold...........19 +Black--woman.......... 9 +Mutton--get...........19 +Comfort--cousin.......19 +Hand--Jesus...........19 +Short--hat............15 +Fruit--hand...........16 +Butterfly--going......19 +Smooth--hat...........15 +Command--boy.......... +Chair--hat............15 +Sweet--cat............ 6 +Whistle--boy.......... +Woman--cat............ +Cold--warm............ +Slow--button..........19 +Wish--cat............. 6 +River--cat............ 5 +White--rat............15 +Beautiful--good....... 1 +Window--wheel.........19 +Rough--good........... 9 +Citizen--candy........19 +Foot--cat............. 6 +Spider--dog...........19 +Needle--cat........... 6 +Red--button...........15 +Sleep--cat............ 6 +Anger--go.............15 +Carpet--cat........... 6 +Girl--in..............12 +High--little..........19 +Working--cold.........19 +Sour--cat............. 6 +Earth--tag............19 +Trouble--cat.......... 6 +Soldier--cat.......... 5 +Cabbage--cat.......... 5 +Hard--cat............. 5 +Eagle--cat............ 5 +Stomach--cat.......... +Stem--hat.............15 +Lamp--cat............. 6 +Dream--cat............ 5 +Yellow--cat........... +Bread--cat............ 5 +Justice--cat.......... 5 +Boy--cat.............. 5 +Light--cat............ 5 +Health--cat........... 5 +Bible--cat............ 5 +Memory--cat........... 5 +Sheep--cat............ 5 +Bath--cat............. 5 +Cottage--cat.......... 5 +Swift--cat............ +Blue--cat............. 5 +Hungry--cat........... 5 +Priest--cat........... 5 +Ocean--cat............ 5 +Head--cat............. 5 +Stove--cat............ 5 +Long--cat............. 5 +Religion--cat......... 5 +Whiskey--cat.......... 5 +Child--cat............ 5 +Bitter--cat........... 5 +Hammer--cat........... 5 +Thirsty--cat.......... 5 +City--cat............. 5 +Square--cat........... 5 +Butter--cat........... 5 +Doctor--cat........... 5 +Loud--cat............. 5 +Thief--cat............ 5 +Lion--cat............. +Joy--cat.............. 5 +Bed--cat.............. 5 +Heavy--cat............ 5 +Tobacco--cat.......... 5 +Baby--cat............. 5 +Moon--cat............. 5 +Scissors--cat......... 5 +Quiet--cat............ 5 +Green--cat............ 5 +Salt--cat............. 5 +Street--cat........... 5 +King--cat............. 5 +Cheese--cat........... 5 +Blossom--cat.......... 5 +Afraid--cat........... + + +CASE No. 6006.--E.T.S. Stereotypy + +Table--eat............ +Dark--unkindness......19 +Music--beautiful...... 1 +Sickness--suffering... +Man--good............. 1 +Deep--unkindness......15 +Soft--unkindness...... 5 +Eating--digesting..... + +Mountain--low......... +House--small.......... 1 +Black--darkness....... +Mutton--good.......... 1 +Comfort--home......... +Hand--useful.......... 1 +Short--useful......... 5 +Fruit--healthy........ +Butterfly--beautiful.. 1 +Smooth--unkindness....15 +Command--great........ 9 +Chair--useful......... 1 +Sweet--healthy........15 +Whistle--beautiful.... 6 +Woman--good........... 1 +Cold--unhealthy.......19 +Slow--good............ 6 +Wish--always..........12 +River--needed......... 6 +White--pretty......... 1 + +Beautiful--trees...... +Window--needed........ 6 +Rough--unneeded....... 4 +Citizen--needed....... 6 +Foot--needed.......... 2 +Spider--needed........ 5 +Needle--needed........ 5 +Red--beautiful........ 2 +Sleep--beautiful...... 1 +Anger--needed......... 6 +Carpet--needed........ 5 +Girl--needed.......... 5 +High--height.......... +Working--needed....... 6 +Sour--needed.......... 5 +Earth--needed......... 5 +Trouble--trust........10 +Soldier--needed....... 6 +Cabbage--needed....... 5 +Hard--trouble......... +Eagle--beautiful...... 6 +Stomach--trouble...... +Stem--shoot...........10 +Lamp--light........... +Dream--pleasant....... 1 +Yellow--pretty........ 1 +Bread--good........... 1 +Justice--needed....... 6 +Boy--needed........... 5 +Light--Pretty......... 6 +Health--needed........ +Bible--needed......... 5 +Memory--needed........ 2 +Sheep--needed......... 5 +Bath--needed.......... 5 +Cottage--needed....... 5 +Swift--needed......... 5 +Blue--pretty.......... 1 +Hungry--food.......... +Priest--Father........ + +Ocean--fresh..........19 +Head--unhealthy.......15 +Stove--warmth......... +Long--length.......... +Religion--needed...... 2 +Whiskey--needed....... 5 +Child--needed......... +Bitter--needed........ 5 +Hammer--needed........ 5 +Thirsty--water........ +City--pretty.......... 6 +Square--honest........ +Butter--good.......... 1 +Doctor--needed........ +Loud--needed.......... 5 +Thieft--trust......... +Lion--love............19 +Joy--laughter......... +Bed--comfortable...... +Heavy--sleepiness..... 2 +Tobacco--needed....... 6 +Baby--needed.......... 5 +Moon--needed.......... 5 +Scissors--needed...... 5 +Quiet--pleasure....... 1 +Green--me.............18 +Salt--needed.......... +Street--needed........ 5 +King--needed.......... 5 +Cheese--needed........ 5 +Blossom--needed....... 5 +Afraid--nervous....... + + + +CASE No. 2292.--C.M. Perseveration: numerous instances of association +to preceding reaction; unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent. + +Table--tree...........19 +Dark--night........... +Music--instrument..... +Sickness--smoke.......19 +Man--woman............ 1 +Deep--water........... +Soft--tide............18 +Eating--potato........ +Mountain--milk........13 +House--clay...........17 +Black--polish.........17 +Mutton--goat.......... +Comfort--cream........10 +Hand--hay.............19 +Short--meat...........19 +Fruit--pears.......... +Butterfly--flower..... +Smooth--smell.........10 +Command--drink........19 +Chair--wine...........18 +Sweet--honey.......... +Whistle--wind......... +Woman--whiskey........19 + +Cold--fire............ +Slow--speed........... +Wish--go.............. +River--boat........... +White--stem...........13 +Beautiful--cloak......17 +Window--drift.........19 +Rough--storm.......... +Citizen--citron.......10 +Foot--feed............19 +Spider--web........... +Needle--thread........ +Red--sew..............13 +Sleep--rest........... +Anger--health.........13 +Carpet--carrots.......10 +Girl--eat.............19 +High--horse...........19 +Working--hay..........15 +Sour--cut.............19 +Earth--machine........19 +Trouble--repair.......18 +Soldier--mow..........19 +Cabbage--plant........ +Hard--seed............18 +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--egg..........17 +Stem--join............ +Lamp--oil............. +Dream--burn...........13 +Yellow--gas...........18 +Bread--flour.......... +Justices--drink.......19 +Boy--girl............. +Light--man............ 9 +Health--woman......... 1 +Bible--baby...........10 +Memory--want..........19 +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--water........... +Cottage--hay..........15 +Swift--corn...........18 +Blue--eat.............18 +Hungry--ham...........17 +Priest--pickle........18 +Ocean--turnip.........18 +Head--hair............ +Stove--coal........... +Long--wood............13 +Religion--lemon.......10 +Whiskey--wheat........17 +Child--rye............18 +Bitter--medicine...... +Hammer--nail.......... +Thirsty--beer......... +City--cake............19 +Square--pie...........18 +Butter--cream......... +Doctor--herb..........19 +Loud--duck............19 +Thief--feathers.......18 +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--peace............ +Bed--sleep............ +Heavy--rest...........13 +Tobacco--chew......... +Baby--chair...........19 +Moon--sun............. +Scissors--cut......... +Quiet--hair...........18 +Green--grapes......... +Salt--bag.............19 +Street--stone......... +King--cement..........18 +Cheese--money.........19 +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--fast..........19 + + +CASE No. 17880.--E.D. Numerous repetitions of reactions previously +given; unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent; neologisms. + +Table--eating......... +Dark--night........... +Music--piano.......... +Sickness--stoppery.... 4 +Man--manly............ +Deep--knowing......... 6 +Soft--undoable........ 4 +Eating--oblong........19 +Mountain--guide.......19 +House--residing....... 2 +Black--dress.......... +Mutton--aiding........19 +Comfort--escorted..... 6 +Hand--escorted........ 5 +Short--unescorted.....18 +Fruit--eating......... +Butterfly--interfere..19 +Smooth--knowing....... 6 +Command--unerrorer.... 4 +Chair--seated......... +Sweet--durable........19 +Whistle--treated......19 +Woman--help........... 2 +Cold--stoppery........ 4 +Slow--unknowing....... 4 +Wish--treated.........15 +River--boats.......... +White--treasurer......19 +Beautiful--form....... +Window--outlook....... +Rough--unescorted.....15 +Citizen--residing..... 2 +Foot--travel.......... +Spider--stoppery...... 4 +Needle--clothing...... 2 +Red--color............ +Sleep--stoppery....... 4 +Anger--unguarded......17 +Carpet--residence.....15 +Girl--help............ 6 +High--escorted........ 6 +Working--man.......... 1 +Sour--form............15 +Earth--platformer..... 4 +Trouble--unguarded....15 +Soldier--sentinel..... 2 +Cabbage--dinners...... 2 +Hard--escorted........ 6 +Eagle--newspaper......17 +Stomach--health....... +Stem--winding......... +Lamp--reading......... +Dream--guarded........19 +Yellow--aged..........19 +Bread--knowing........ 6 +Justice--bar..........17 +Boy--help............. 6 +Light--advice.........19 +Health--doableness.... 4 +Bible--church......... +Memory--knowing....... 2 +Sheep--aided..........15 +Bath--stoppery........ 4 +Cottage--seashore..... +Swift--business.......17 +Blue--help............ 6 +Hungry--unadded....... 4 +Priest--Rome..........19 +Ocean--help........... 6 +Head--knowing......... 2 +Stove--cooking........ +Long--bank............19 +Religion--church...... +Whiskey--drink........ +Child--help........... 6 +Bitter--error.........16 +Hammer--builder....... 2 +Thirsty--drink........ +City--building........ +Square--unerrorer..... 4 +Butter--eating........ +Doctor--destroyer.....10 +Loud--notoriety.......17 +Thief--error..........15 +Lion--lord............19 +Joy--escorted......... 6 +Bed--unescorted.......15 +Heavy--unescorted..... 5 +Tobacco--chewing...... +Baby--help............ 6 +Moon--knowing......... 6 +Scissors--tailor...... +Quiet--form...........15 +Green--moneyed........19 +Salt--eating.......... +Street--city.......... +King--adds............19 +Cheese--eating........ +Blossom--escorted..... 6 +Afraid--unguarded.....15 + + +CASE No. 6065.--A.F. Unclassified reactions, mostly incoherent; +perseveration: instances of association to preceding reaction and to +preceding stimulus. + +Table--stove..........19 +Dark--clear...........19 +Music--calm...........19 +Sickness--exact.......19 +Man--particular.......18 +Deep--personal........18 +Soft--frank...........19 +Eating--determined....19 +Mountain--idea........19 +House--street......... +Black--water.......... +Mutton--ground........19 +Comfort--country......18 +Hand--fire............19 +Short--straight.......10 +Fruit--flowers........ +Butterfly--horn.......19 +Smooth--farm..........19 +Command--forbidden.... 2 +Chair--bed............ +Sweet--sugar.......... +Whistle--noise........ +Woman--boy............ +Cold--house...........13 +Slow--store...........14 +Wish--work............19 +River--sound..........17 +White--blue........... +Beautiful--fair....... +Window--door.......... +Rough--glass..........13 +Citizen--dress........19 +Foot--exact...........15 +Spider--fly........... +Needle--pins.......... +Red--person........... 9 +Sleep--nervous........17 +Anger--determined.....15 +Carpet--floor......... +Girl--man............. 1 +High--fruit...........19 +Working--wear.........10 +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--early..........10 +Trouble--state........19 +Soldier--girl.........18 +Cabbage--woman........ 9 +Hard--heart........... +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--friend.......19 +Stem--tree............ +Lamp--couch...........19 +Dream--desk...........19 +Yellow--table......... +Bread--chair..........14 +Justice--truth........ +Boy--honor............13 +Light--tails..........19 +Health--care.......... +Bible--book........... +Memory--remembrance... +Sheep--free...........19 +Bath--court...........19 +Cottage--pitcher......19 +Swift--strong......... +Blue--delicate........18 +Hungry--bread......... +Priest--church........ +Ocean--ship........... +Head--height.......... 2 +Stove--people......... 9 +Long--heart...........15 +Religion--Catholic.... +Whiskey--Brooklyn.....19 +Child--New York.......18 +Bitter--frost.........19 +Hammer--summer........10 +Thirsty--fall.........18 +City--autumn..........18 +Square--winter........18 +Butter--daily.........19 +Doctor--midnight......19 +Loud--forenoon........18 +Thief--afternoon......18 +Lion--evening.........18 +Joy--sorrow........... +Bed--obstinate........19 +Heavy--indifferent....19 +Tobacco--pipe......... +Baby--mother.......... +Moon--daughter........18 +Scissors--son.........18 +Quiet--sister.........18 +Queen--brother........18 +Salt--forward.........19 +Street--proper........19 +King--vulgar..........18 +Cheese--personal......15 +Blossom--tree......... +Afraid--fear.......... + + +CASE No. 17188.--G.B. Sound reactions; unclassified reactions, mostly +incoherent + +Table--tablet.........10 +Dark--dot.............10 +Music--Lizzie.........19 +Sickness--Josh........17 +Man--McMahon..........10 +Deep--deaf (deef).....10 +Soft--sulphur.........10 +Eating--itching.......10 +Mountain--mouth.......10 +House--horse..........10 +Black--back...........10 +Mutton--button........10 +Comfort--community....10 +Hand--hat.............10 +Short--shore..........10 +Fruit--Freehoff.......10 +Butterfly--busty...... 3 +Smooth--small......... 1 +Command--Cummings.....10 +Chair--cherries.......10 +Sweet--sweeten........ 8 +Whistle--Walters......19 +Woman--wayman.........10 +Cold--laboratory......19 +Slow--slaw............10 +Wish--wishbone........ +River--Ontario........17 +White--William........19 +Beautiful--bureau.....10 +Window--Weldon........10 +Rough--saw............17 +Citizen--Sendow.......17 +Foot--hoof............17 +Spider--web........... +Needle--shoe..........19 +Red--book............. +Sleep--sitting........19 +Anger--Freeman........19 +Carpet--longing.......19 +Girl--gone............19 +High--law.............19 +Working--back.........15 +Sour--clock...........19 +Earth--flower......... +Trouble--sensibility..17 +Soldier--sodder.......10 +Cabbage--Cabot........10 +Hard--done............ 2 +Eagle--time...........19 +Stomach--mat..........19 +Stem--water........... +Lamp--florist.........19 +Dream--Conners........19 +Yellow--flower........ +Bread--water.......... +Justice--Gaynor.......17 +Boy--passion..........19 +Light--life........... +Health--wealth........ +Bible--gone...........15 +Memory--Hans..........19 +Sheep--pasture........ +Bath--Rogan...........19 +Cottage--house........ +Swift--swim...........10 +Blue--Thompson........19 +Hungry--memory........18 +Priest--golden........18 +Green--hat............15 +Head--broom...........19 +Stove--fan............19 +Long--time............ +Religion--Yukon.......19 +Whiskey--Freeman......15 +Child--Hopkins........17 +Bitter--brown.........19 +Hammer--hands.........19 +Thirsty--thirty.......10 +City--sure............19 +Square--squire........10 +Butter--Tam O'Shanter.10 +Doctor--Dorsan........10 +Loud--law.............15 +Thief--child..........19 +Lion--dirty...........19 +Joy--commerce.........19 +Bed--strike...........19 +Heavy--Walden.........19 +Tobacco--Alice........19 +Baby--water...........15 +Moon--handsome........19 +Scissors--comet.......19 +Quiet--tiger..........19 +Green--tree........... +Salt--salary..........10 +Street--prunes........19 +King--kind............19 +Cheese--handsome......15 +Blossom--pretty....... 1 +Afraid--Africa........10 + + + +CASE No. 6238.--M.H. Sound reactions; unclassified reactions, mostly +incoherent. + +Table--token..........19 +Dark--dye.............17 +Music--meat...........10 +Sickness--sorrow...... +Man--mother...........17 +Jeep--dark............ +Soft--silk............ +Eating--elephant......19 +Mountain--many........10 +House--home........... +Black--brown.......... +Mutton--men...........10 +Comfort--cat..........10 +Hand--hat.............10 +Short--shift..........10 +Fruit--free...........10 +Butterfly--baby.......19 +Smooth--soft.......... +Command--cat..........10 +Chair--comfort........ +Sweet--sugar.......... +Whistle--wine.........19 +Woman--when...........10 +Cold--cat.............15 +Slow--short........... +Wish--when............12 +River--Rhine.......... +White--when...........10 +Beautiful--baby....... +Window--wide.......... +Rough--red............19 +Citizen--company......19 +Foot--feeling.........19 +Spider--speck.........10 +Needle--nothing.......18 +Red--rose............. +Sleep--should.........12 +Anger--after..........10 +Carpet--cat...........10 +Girl--God.............19 +High--heaven.......... +Working--will......... 2 +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--eaten..........14 +Trouble--tea..........10 +Soldier--sailor....... +Cabbage--cobweb.......19 +Hard--haven't.........12 +Eagle--eaten..........15 +Stomach--sat..........10 +Stem--should..........12 +Lamp--little..........19 +Dream--did............12 +Yellow--you...........10 +Bread--butter......... +Justice--Jesus........10 +Boy--baby............. +Light--love...........14 +Health--heaven........ +Bible--bitch..........19 +Memory--man........... 1 +Sheep--shepherd....... +Bath--both............10 +Cottage--cat..........10 +Swift--said...........19 +Blue--bad............. 9 +Hungry--haven't.......12 +Priest--Pope.......... +Ocean--open...........10 +Head--heart........... +Stove--steel.......... +Long--little..........15 +Religion--right....... +Whiskey--when.........12 +Child--chimney........19 +Bitter--both..........19 +Hammer--heart.........15 +Thirsty--think........ 9 +City--church..........17 +Square--swift.........19 +Butter--bread......... +Doctor--debtor........10 +Loud--loaf............19 +Thief--theatre........10 +Lion--liar............10 +Joy--jam..............19 +Bed--broom............19 +Heavy--hard........... +Tobacco--Tom..........19 +Baby--brother.........17 +Moon--men............. 2 +Scissors--shift.......10 +Quiet--quilt..........10 +Green--grass.......... +Salt--said............19 +Street--Stevens.......10 +King--kite............19 +Cheese--cat...........15 +Blossom--bad.......... 9 +Afraid--anger......... + + +CASE No. 12720.--J.B. Unclassified reactions, many of which are +probably due to distraction; some stereotypy. Note on test record +states: "Influenced by sensory impressions, but gave good attention to +each stimulus word. Had some difficulty in limiting his response to +one word, but made all possible effort to comply with every +request. On one occasion he was asked to react with his eyes closed, +but was unable, under the unnatural conditions, to respond with one +word." + +Table--floor.......... +Dark--light........... +Music--shoe...........19 +Sickness--well........ +Man--boy.............. +Deep--sea............. +Soft--soap............ +Eating--tea...........17 +Mountain--forest......17 +House--horse..........10 +Black--sill...........19 +Mutton--tablecloth....17 +Comfort--black........16 +Hand--fingers......... +Short--wrist..........13 +Fruit--soup...........17 +Butterfly--grape......13 +Smooth--coat.......... +Command--vest.........18 +Chair--pillow.........19 +Sweet--brick..........19 +Whistle--knuckles.....19 +Woman--wall...........19 +Cold--eating..........19 +Slow--swift........... +Wish--knob............19 +River--pad............19 +White--book...........19 +Beautiful--shadow..... 6 +Window--stockings.....19 +Bough--stand..........19 +Citizen--blue.........19 +Foot--brass...........19 +Spider--shoelace......19 +Needle--name..........19 +Red--sunlight.........19 +Sleep--flag...........18 +Anger--slant..........19 +Carpet--rip...........19 +Girl--lady............ +High--stripe..........19 +Working--steam........17 +Sour--handkerchief....19 +Earth--ground......... +Trouble--insect.......19 +Soldier--army......... +Cabbage--sill.........15 +Hard--washstand.......19 +Eagle--blue...........15 +Stomach--tap..........19 +Stem--sill............15 +Lamp--back............19 +Dream--shadow......... 2 +Yellow--blanket.......19 +Bread--horizontal.....19 +Justice--ink..........19 +Boy--taste............19 +Light--yellow......... +Health--book..........19 +Bible--Joseph.........17 +Memory--Joe...........18 +Sheep--pillow.........19 +Bath--Mott............19 +Cottage--globe........19 +Swift--continue.......19 +Blue--notice..........19 +Hungry--Josephine.....19 +Priest--sixteen.......12 +Ocean--flag...........15 +Head--cabbage......... +Stove--rivet..........17 +Long--floor...........19 +Religion--priest...... +Whiskey--tin..........19 +Child--shadow......... 6 +Bitter--black.........15 +Hammer--buttons.......15 +Thirsty--shadow....... 6 +City--back............15 +Square--oval.......... +Butter--table......... +Doctor--doorway.......10 +Loud--shadow.......... 6 +Thief--butter.........16 +Lion--difference......19 +Joy--ink..............15 +Bed--butter...........15 +Heavy--shadow......... 6 +Tobacco--wood.........13 +Baby--wall............15 +Moon--lightning.......17 +Scissors--book........15 +Quiet--yellow.........15 +Green--sole...........19 +Salt--ink.............15 +Street--sides.........19 +King--stripes.........19 +Cheese--butter........ +Blossom--trees........ +Afraid--boy........... + + +CASE No. 5374.--J.F. Perseveration; some stereotypy; sound reactions; +unclassified reactions many of which are probably due to distraction. +Note on test record states: "Understood what was expected, but could +not be induced to give much attention to the stimulus words; sat +facing a window, and showed a strong tendency to merely name objects +in sight. Reaction time very short, in some cases so short that it is +doubtful if he recognized the stimulus word at all." + +Table--God............19 +Dark--angel...........18 +Music--bird........... +Sickness--woman....... 9 +Man--male............. +Deep--dove............19 +Soft--dog.............19 +Eating--horse.........18 +Mountain--mule........18 +House--dog............ +Black--rabbit.........18 +Mutton--hen...........18 +Comfort--dog..........15 +Hand--clock........... +Short--myself......... +Fruit--post...........19 +Butterfly--bricks.....19 +Smooth--glass......... +Command--sand.........10 +Chair--leaf...........19 +Sweet--wood...........19 +Whistle--earth........19 +Woman--grass..........14 +Cold--mustard.........19 +Slow--kale............19 +Wish--lampsquob....... 4 +River--ten............12 +White--rock...........17 +Beautiful--water......17 +Window--scene......... +Rough--been...........12 +Citizen--house........13 +Foot--stable.......... 2 +Spider--horse.........13 +Needle--pin........... +Red--cushion..........18 +Sleep--black..........13 +Anger--white..........14 +Carpet--vingency...... 4 +Girl--noodles.........19 +High--macaroni........18 +Working--tomatoes.....18 +Sour--asparagus.......18 +Earth--oakry.......... 4 +Trouble--peas.........19 +Soldier--beans........18 +Cabbage--greens....... +Hard--cow.............19 +Eagle--robin.......... +Stomach--hawk.........13 +Stem--fishes..........19 +Lamp--whale...........18 +Dream--shark..........18 +Yellow--crabs.........18 +Bread--red............10 +Justice--jam..........19 +Boy--be............... 2 +Light--girl...........13 +Health--filth.........10 +Bible--book........... +Memory--bad........... 1 +Sheep--dat............ 4 +Bath--oval............19 +Cottage--nurse........19 +Swift--begin..........19 +Blue--joy.............19 +Hungry--wonder........10 +Priest--apostle.......17 +Ocean--preacher.......13 +Head--dead............10 +Stove--store..........10 +Long--lone............10 +Religion--world.......19 +Whiskey--whisper......10 +Child--gule........... 4 +Bitter--Rugby.........19 +Hammer--ball..........18 +Thirsty--sun..........19 +City--Christ..........10 +Square--Jesus.........18 +Butter--Joe...........19 +Doctor--John..........17 +Loud--Luke............18 +Thief--St. Matthew....18 +Lion--lie.............10 +Joy--George...........10 +Bed--Beth.............10 +Heavy--tither......... 4 +Tobacco--iron.........13 +Baby--blade...........10 +Moon--stars........... +Scissors--sun.........13 +Quiet--wired..........10 +Green--mean...........10 +Salt--Lou.............19 +Street--vault.........19 +King--sepulchre.......18 +Cheese--Presbyterian..19 +Blossom--Baptist......18 +Afraid--Methodist.....18 + + +CASE No. 1431.--A.L. Sound reactions; particles; unclassified +reactions, mostly incoherent. + +Table--ammitting...... 4 +Dark--cat............. +Music--hello..........12 +Sickness--spelling....19 +Man--then.............12 +Deep--heap............10 +Soft--deep............ 7 +Eating--people........ 1 +Mountain--striking....19 +House--pat............19 +Black--and............12 +Mutton--it............12 +Comfort--herself......12 +Hand--self............19 +Short--length......... +Fruit--long...........13 +Butterfly--quick......19 +Smooth--edges.........19 +Command--first........17 +Chair--exact..........19 +Sweet--nicest......... 2 +Whistle--thistle......10 +Woman--pins...........19 +Cold--waving..........19 +Slow--swift........... +Wish--choice..........17 +River--never..........10 +White--black.......... +Beautiful--much.......19 +Window--such..........19 +Rough--exact..........15 +Citizen--just......... +Foot--root............10 +Spider--diving........19 +Needle--Hercules......19 +Red--green............ +Sleep--deep........... +Anger--grief.......... +Carpet--cheap.........19 +Girl--ink.............19 +High--I...............10 +Working--loafing...... +Sour--hour............10 +Earth--hurt...........10 +Trouble--bubble.......10 +Soldier--yes..........12 +Cabbage--garbage......10 +Hard--hitting.........17 +Eagle--fitting........19 +Stomach--pitting......19 +Stem--condemned.......10 +Lamp--stamp...........10 +Dream--stained........19 +Yellow--purple........ +Bread--pimple.........19 +Justice--suit.........17 +Boy--ahoy.............12 +Light--night.......... +Health--wealth........ +Bible--indeed.........12 +Memory--remembering... +Sheep--cow............ +Bath--sponge.......... +Cottage--people....... 1 +Swift--left...........10 +Blue--shift...........19 +Hungry--property......19 +Priest--judge......... 2 +Ocean--river.......... +Head--sea.............13 +Stove--Venus..........19 +Long--hog.............19 +Religion--pigeon......10 +Whiskey--gin.......... +Child--thing..........19 +Bitter--better........10 +Hammer--happy......... 9 +Thirsty--whiskey......17 +City--fitting.........10 +Square--round......... +Butter--shut..........10 +Doctor--exercise......19 +Loud--accounts........10 +Thief--endless........19 +Lion--tiger........... +Joy--fast.............19 +Bed--grass............19 +Heavy--heaving........10 +Tobacco--queen........19 +Baby--water...........19 +Moon--room............19 +Scissors--pants.......17 +Quiet--razor..........13 +Green--steel..........18 +Salt--sharp........... +Street--fence.........19 +King--bring...........10 +Cheese--eggs.......... +Blossom--see..........19 +Afraid--awaiting......19 + + +CASE No. 6251.--C.D. Some stereotypy; particles; unclassified +reactions, mostly incoherent. + +Table--doctor.........19 +Dark--nigger..........17 +Music--violin......... +Sickness--whores......19 +Man--Mulcane..........17 +Deep--deaf............19 +Soft--hearing.........18 +Eating--pillow........13 +Mountain--sight.......19 +House--pure...........19 +Black--nigger......... +Mutton--plenty........ 6 +Comfort--middle.......19 +Hand--left............17 +Short--one............12 +Fruit--up.............12 +Butterfly--bird....... +Smooth--never......... 6 +Command--commodore....10 +Chair--seat........... +Sweet--sugar.......... +Whistle--highest......19 +Woman--Constance......17 +Cold--temperature..... +Slow--walk............ +Wish--wishbone........ +River--love...........19 +White--Dr. White......17 +Beautiful--pretty..... 1 +Window--dove..........19 +Rough--fine........... 1 +Citizen--United States +Foot--left............15 +Spider--web........... +Needle--ether.........19 +Red--pot.............. +Sleep--wake........... +Anger--mad............ +Carpet--pretty........ 1 +Girl--boy............. +High--Heidel..........10 +Working--never........ +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--bride..........19 +Trouble--mischief..... +Soldier--war.......... +Cabbage--head......... +Hard--never........... 6 +Eagle--fly............ +Stomach--go...........19 +Stem--study...........10 +Lamp--light........... +Dream--behave.........19 +Yellow--false.........19 +Bread--plenty......... 6 +Justice--just......... +Boy--come.............19 +Light--Davie..........19 +Health--wealth........ +Bible--Constance......15 +Memory--fine.......... 1 +Sheep--plenty......... 6 +Bath--bother..........10 +Cottage--mansion...... +Swift--hurry.......... +Blue--flowers......... 2 +Hungry--never......... +Priest--highest....... 2 +Ocean--land........... +Head--millionaire.....19 +Stove--twenty-five....12 +Long--thirty-four.....12 +Religion--churches.... +Whiskey--plenty....... 6 +Child--baby........... +Bitter--sorrow........ +Hammer--court.........19 +Thirsty--blood........11 +City--this............12 +Square--I.............12 +Butter--plenty........ 6 +Doctor--millionaire...15 +Loud--tell............17 +Thief--rich...........19 +Lion--west............19 +Joy--ever.............12 +Bed--Constance........15 +Heavy--fine........... 9 +Tobacco--back.........10 +Baby--millionaire.....15 +Moon--always..........12 +Scissors--large....... 9 +Quiet--stay...........19 +Green--flowers........ +Salt--perfume.........18 +Street--floor.........19 +King--Haaken..........19 +Cheese--kiss..........19 +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--never......... + + +CASE No. 17607.--P.D. Test record somewhat approaching the normal: 24 +individual reactions, of which 16 are unclassified, mostly "far +fetched" and not strictly incoherent. Patient is a well-marked case of +dementia pręcox but only moderately deteriorated; works well at the +hospital. + +Table--oak.............. +Dark--brown............. +Music--falsetto.........17 +Sickness--typhoid....... +Man--gender.............19 +Deep--feet..............19 +Soft--feeling........... +Eating--partaking.......19 +Mountain--hunter........19 +House--dwelling......... +Black--color............ +Mutton--sheep........... +Comfort--coziness....... 2 +Hand--anatomy........... +Short--stature.......... +Fruit--apples........... +Butterfly--insect....... +Smooth--plain........... +Command--order.......... +Chair--furniture........ +Sweet--sugar............ +Whistle--steam.......... +Woman--sex.............. +Cold--degree............ +Slow--speedless......... +Wish--expression........ +River--Amazon........... +White--pulp.............17 +Beautiful--description.. +Window--opaque..........19 +Rough--uncouth.......... +Citizen--qualification..19 +Foot--anatomy........... +Spider--bug............. +Needle--steel........... +Red--color.............. +Sleep--slumber.......... +Anger--aroused.......... +Carpet--texture......... 2 +Girl--female............ +High--up................ +Working--doing.......... +Sour--lemon............. +Earth--dirt............. +Trouble--distress....... +Soldier--uniform........ +Cabbage--crop...........19 +Hard--metal............. +Eagle--bird............. +Stomach--anatomy........ +Stem--pipe.............. +Lamp--glass............. +Dream--atmosphere.......19 +Yellow--color........... +Bread--flour............ +Justice--equality....... +Boy--male............... +Light--sun.............. +Health--color........... +Bible--nonsense.........19 +Memory--retentiveness... 2 +Sheep--quadruped........ +Bath--water............. +Cottage--stories........19 +Swift--speed............ +Blue--navy.............. +Hungry--appetite........ +Priest--uniform.........15 +Ocean--Atlantic......... +Head--stature...........15 +Stove--iron............. +Long--inches............17 +Religion--creed......... +Whiskey--hops........... +Child--neuter...........19 +Bitter--horehound.......17 +Hammer--steel........... +Thirsty--degree.........15 +City--population........ +Square--sides........... +Butter--cream........... +Doctor--physician....... +Loud--noise............. +Thief--characterization.19 +Lion--menagerie......... +Joy--openness...........19 +Bed--furniture.......... +Heavy--weight........... +Tobacco--plant.......... +Baby--egg...............19 +Moon--astronomy......... +Scissors--blades........ +Quiet--noiseless........ +Green--Paris............11 +Salt--crystal...........17 +Street--lane............ +King--usurper...........19 +Cheese--milk............ +Blossom--bud............ +Afraid--scared.......... + + +CASE No. 5537.--J.H. Test record approaching the normal: 21 +individual reactions, 8 classed as normal, 1 non-specific, 12 +unclassified, mostly "far fetched" but not strictly incoherent. +Well-marked dementia pręcox, but of recent origin and but slight +deterioration. + +Table--eat............ +Dark--night........... +Music--pleasure....... 1 +Sickness--suffering... +Man--farmer...........17 +Deep--low............. +Soft--hard............ +Eating--life.......... +Mountain--earth....... +House--dwelling....... +Black--color.......... +Mutton--food.......... +Comfort--rest......... +Hand--limb............ +Short--small.......... 1 +Fruit--nourishing..... +Butterfly--flower..... + +Smooth--straight...... +Command--obey......... +Chair--furniture...... +Sweet--palate......... 8 +Whistle--noise........ +Woman--marriage....... +Cold--indisposed......17 +Slow--weary...........19 +Wish--work............ 9 +River--tug............ +White--sheets......... 2 +Beautiful--rare.......19 +Window--ventilation... +Rough--uneven......... +Citizen--public.......17 +Foot--walk............ +Spider--web........... +Needle--sew........... +Red--marine........... 1 +Sleep--repose......... +Anger--assault........17 +Carpet--cloth......... +Girl--sister.......... +High--above........... +Working--labor........ +Sour--bitter.......... +Earth--farm........... +Trouble--fight........ +Soldier--duty......... +Cabbage--vegetable.... +Hard--stone........... +Eagle--large.......... 1 +Stomach--body......... +Stem--leaf............ +Lamp--light........... +Dream--unconsciousness +Yellow--flag.......... +Bread--hunger......... +Justice--freedom...... +Boy--school........... +Light--electricity.... +Health--business......19 +Bible--religion....... +Memory--brain......... +Sheep--pasture........ +Bath--clean........... +Cottage--property.....17 +Swift--current........ +Blue--uniform.........17 +Hungry--appetite...... +Priest--church........ +Ocean--commerce.......19 +Head--thought......... 1 +Stove--iron........... +Long--distance........ +Religion--belief...... +Whiskey--alcohol...... +Child--parent......... +Bitter--taste......... +Hammer--trade.........19 +Thirsty--beverage..... +City--position........19 +Square--block......... +Butter--yellow........ +Doctor--profession.... +Loud--fiddle..........17 +Thief--police......... +Lion--Africa.......... +Joy--sensation........ +Bed--rest............. +Heavy--burden......... +Tobacco--store........19 +Baby--care............ +Moon--atmosphere...... +Scissors--dressmaker.. +Quiet--lonesome....... +Green--color.......... +Salt--house...........19 +Street--neighborhood..17 +King--beast...........19 +Cheese--merchant......19 +Blossom--flowers...... +Afraid--train.........10 + + +CASE No. 6190.--L.L. Test record not distinguishable from normal. +Case of recent onset, with little, if any deterioration. + +Table--chair.......... +Dark--light........... +Music--note........... +Sickness--health...... +Man--woman............ 1 +Deep--shallow......... +Soft--hard............ +Eating--breakfast..... +Mountain--rock........ +House--chimney........ +Black--white.......... +Mutton--animal........ +Comfort--chair........ +Hand--foot............ +Short--long........... +Fruit--ripe........... +Butterfly--fields..... +Smooth--hard.......... +Command--army......... +Chair--straw..........19 +Sweet--bitter......... +Whistle--engine....... +Woman--man............ 1 +Cold--hot............. +Slow--fast............ +Wish--desire.......... +River--brook.......... +White--black.......... +Beautiful--girl....... +Window--glass......... +Rough--smooth......... +Citizen--city......... +Foot--ankle........... +Spider--web........... +Needle--cotton........ +Red--brick............ +Sleep--night.......... +Anger--joy............ +Carpet--cloth......... +Girl--mouth...........17 +High--low............. +Working--idle......... +Sour--vinegar......... +Earth--round.......... +Trouble--sickness..... +Soldier--gun.......... +Cabbage--garden....... +Hard--rock............ +Eagle--fly............ +Stomach--man.......... 1 +Stem--watch........... +Lamp--oil............. +Dream--sleep.......... +Yellow--sunflower..... +Bread--butter......... +Justice--peace........ +Boy--girl............. +Light--window......... +Health--man........... 1 +Bible--God............ +Memory--mind.......... +Sheep--pasture........ +Bath--water........... +Cottage--trees........ +Swift--engine......... +Blue--sky............. +Hungry--bread......... +Priest--church........ +Ocean--ships.......... +Head--mind............ +Stove--chimney........ +Long--wind............19 +Religion--God......... +Whiskey--alcohol...... +Child--mother......... +Bitter--fruit......... +Hammer--nails......... +Thirsty--water........ +City--cars............ +Square--angles........ +Butter--cow........... +Doctor--sickness...... +Loud--noise........... +Thief--sinner......... 2 +Lion--jungle.......... +Joy--gladness......... +Bed--pillow........... +Heavy--iron........... +Tobacco--leaf......... +Baby--mother.......... +Moon--stars........... +Scissors--thread...... +Quiet--room........... +Green--grass.......... +Salt--ocean........... +Street--men...........15 +King--queen........... +Cheese--butter........ +Blossom--bud.......... +Afraid--coward........ + + +CASE No. 1278.--B.B. Test record not distinguishable from normal. +Case of several years standing, but showing almost complete remission +of all symptoms. + +Table--chair.......... +Dark--day............. +Music--instrument..... +Sickness--health...... +Man--woman............ 1 +Deep--thoughts........ 1 +Soft--apple........... +Eating--food.......... +Mountain--rock........ +House--building....... +Black--dark........... +Mutton--meat.......... +Comfort--home......... +Hand--from............12 +Short--stout.......... +Fruit--eating......... +Butterfly--bird....... +Smooth--glossy........ +Command--general...... +Chair--floor.......... +Sweet--taste.......... +Whistle--tune......... +Woman--man............ 1 +Cold--chilly.......... +Slow--fast............ +Wish--something....... +River--water.......... +White--black.......... +Beautiful--pretty..... +Window--pane.......... +Rough--ugly........... +Citizen--papers....... +Foot--shoe............ +Spider--bug........... +Needle--thread........ +Red--white............ +Sleep--slumber........ +Anger--kindness....... +Carpet--mat........... +Girl--boy............. +High--short........... +Working--idle......... +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--land........... +Trouble--sorrow....... +Soldier--hero......... +Cabbage--turnip....... +Hard--soft............ +Eagle--owl............ +Stomach--head......... +Stem--pipe............ +Lamp--cover...........19 +Dream--sleep.......... +Yellow--brown......... +Bread--biscuit........ +Justice--peaceful..... 2 +Boy--girl............. +Light--dark........... +Health--well.......... +Bible--book........... +Memory--lost.......... 2 +Sheep--animal......... +Bath--wash............ +Cottage--house........ +Swift--movements...... 2 +Blue--red............. +Hungry--thirst........ +Priest--minister...... +Ocean--sea............ +Head--body............ +Stove--iron........... +Long--length.......... +Religion--too.........12 +Whiskey--drink........ +Child--baby........... +Bitter--taste......... +Hammer--nails......... +Thirsty--drink........ +City--town............ +Square--man........... 1 +Butter--bread......... +Doctor--patient....... +Loud--howl............17 +Thief--steal.......... +Lion--bear............ +Joy--happiness........ 1 +Bed--blanket.......... +Heavy--weight......... +Tobacco--smoke........ +Baby--cradle.......... +Moon--sun............. +Scissors--thimble..... +Quiet--stillness...... +Green--plaid..........17 +Salt--pepper.......... +Street--sidewalk...... +King--queen........... +Cheese--crackers...... +Blossom--leaf......... +Afraid--frightened.... + + +PARANOIC CONDITIONS. + +The clinical group of psychoses included under the designation +paranoic conditions is far from being homogeneous. We have here cases +that are more or less closely allied to the paranoid form of dementia +pręcox, other cases that are apparently dependent upon involutional +changes (Kraepelin's _praeseniler Beeinträchtigungswah_), still +other cases that are characterized by absence or at least delay of +mental deterioration, etc. + +In some of these cases disturbance of the flow of utterance is not +observed, and the test records obtained from them present no striking +abnormalities. Distinctly pathological records are obtained mainly +from those cases which clinically resemble dementia pręcox; in these +records the nature of the pathological reactions would seem to +indicate that the diagnosis of dementia pręcox would be more +justifiable than that of paranoic condition. + +The following test records will serve to illustrate the types of +reactions met with in this group of psychoses: + + +CASE No. 3039.--F.A. Normal record. + +Table--purpose........19 +Dark--obscure......... +Music--pleasant....... 1 +Sickness--confinement.17 +Man--twenty-one.......12 +Deep--down............ +Soft--smooth.......... +Eating--nourishment... +Mountain--high........ +House--living......... +Black--dark........... +Mutton--eating........ +Comfort--pleasant..... 1 +Hand--limb............ +Short--low............ +Fruit--eat............ +Butterfly--miller..... +Smooth--soft.......... +Command--obey......... +Chair--sitting........ +Sweet--tasting........ +Whistle--noise........ +Woman--female......... +Cold--unpleasant...... 1 +Slow--easy............ +Wish--want............ +River--water.......... +White--colorless...... +Beautiful--handsome... +Window--glass......... +Rough--unpleasant..... 1 +Citizen--vote......... +Foot--limb............ +Spider--insect........ +Needle--sewing........ +Red--color............ +Sleep--bed............ +Anger--cross.......... +Carpet--floor......... +Girl--young........... +High--up.............. +Working--labor........ +Sour--unpleasant...... 1 +Earth--dirt........... +Trouble--worriment.... +Soldier--fight........ +Cabbage--vegetable.... +Hard--tough........... +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--anatomy...... + +Stem--growth.......... +Lamp--burn............ +Dream--restlessness... +Yellow--color......... +Bread--eat............ +Justice--right........ +Boy--young............ +Light--see............ +Health--well.......... +Bible--religion....... +Memory--thoughtful.... +Sheep--animal......... +Bath--wash............ +Cottage--house........ +Swift--fast........... +Blue--color........... +Hungry--appetite...... +Priest--Christian.....17 +Ocean--large.......... +Head--trunk........... +Stove--fire........... +Long--distance........ +Religion--Christianity +Whiskey--drinkable.... +Child--young.......... +Bitter--bad........... +Hammer--knock......... +Thirsty--dry.......... +City--government...... +Square--block......... +Butter--eat........... +Doctor--cure.......... +Loud--noisy........... +Thief--steal.......... +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--pleasant......... +Bed--laying........... +Heavy--weighty........ +Tobacco--smoking...... +Baby--new-born........ +Moon--planet.......... +Scissors--cutting..... +Quiet--easy........... +Green--color.......... +Salt--preservative.... +Street--lane.......... +King--monarch......... +Cheese--eatable....... +Blossom--budding...... +Afraid--fear.......... + + +CASE No. 5803.--D.E.D. Slight tendency to give sound reactions. + +Table--tree...........19 +Dark--bright.......... +Music--song........... +Sickness--health...... +Man--woman............ 1 +Deep--shallow......... +Soft--hard............ +Eating--digesting..... +Mountain--hill........ +House--horse..........10 +Black--red............ +Mutton--tallow........ +Comfort--wealth....... +Hand--arm............. +Short--long........... +Fruit--plate..........17 +Butterfly--net........ +Smooth--surface....... +Command--obey......... +Chair--table.......... +Sweet--sour........... +Whistle--call......... +Woman--lady........... +Cold--lukewarm........19 +Slow--not.............12 +Wish--receive......... +River--lake........... +White--black.......... +Beautiful--graceful... +Window--door.......... +Rough--smooth......... +Citizen--city......... +Foot--leg............. +Spider--soap..........10 +Needle--pin........... +Red--yellow........... +Sleep--slumber........ +Anger--amiable........ +Carpet--mat........... +Girl--boy............. +High--hill............ +Working--playing...... +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--land........... +Trouble--tranquillity.10 +Soldier--boy.......... +Cabbage--plant........ +Hard--easy............ +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--bowels....... +Stem--head............ +Lamp--chimney......... +Dream--myth...........17 +Yellow--blue.......... +Bread--biscuit........ +Justice--balance......17 +Boy--girl............. +Light--gray...........17 +Health--wealth........ +Bible--prayerbook..... +Memory--understanding. +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--swim............ +Cottage--house........ +Swift--slow........... +Blue--yellow.......... +Hungry--eat........... +Priest--bishop........ +Ocean--river.......... +Head--neck............ +Stove--covers......... +Long--short........... +Religion--optional.... +Whiskey--wine......... +Child--baby........... +Bitter--sweet......... +Hammer--gimlet........ +Thirsty--drink........ +City--town............ +Square--compass....... +Butter--butterfly..... +Doctor--lawyer........ +Loud--lord............ +Thief--beggar......... +Lion--lioness......... +Joy--sorrow........... +Bed--couch............ +Heavy--light.......... +Tobacco--cigarette.... +Baby--child........... +Moon--stars........... +Scissors--knife....... +Quiet--quilt.......... +Green--envy........... +Salt--sewing.......... +Street--lane.......... +King--queen........... +Cheese--cracker....... +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--courageous.... + + +CASE No. 2133.--M.F. Unclassified reactions, mostly "far fetched" or +incoherent; perseveration. + +Table--eat............ +Dark--night........... +Music--sing........... +Sickness--sadness..... +Man--home............. +Deep--light........... +Soft--sleep...........13 +Eating--drink......... +Mountain--hills....... +House--home........... +Black--stove..........17 +Mutton--lamb.......... +Comfort--pleasure..... 1 +Hand--write........... +Short--short-cake.....10 +Fruit--grapes......... +Butterfly--butter..... +Smooth--ironing....... +Command--correct......19 +Chair--see............19 +Sweet--apples......... +Whistle--happiness.... 1 +Woman--girl........... +Cold--warm............ +Slow--fast............ +Wish--like............ +River--water.......... +White--blue........... +Beautiful--red........13 +Window--light......... +Rough--easy........... +Citizen--spring.......19 +Foot--run............. +Spider--fly........... +Needle--Carrie........19 +Red--pink............. +Sleep--awake.......... +Anger--jolly..........19 +Carpet--curtains...... +Girl--yellow..........19 +High--green...........14 +Working--bed..........19 +Sour--dishes..........19 +Earth--grapes.........13 +Trouble--work......... 1 +Soldier--sing.........15 +Cabbage--potatoes..... +Hard--sewing..........17 +Eagle--daisy..........19 +Stomach--flowers......18 +Stem--vine............ +Lamp--flatiron........19 +Dream--sleep.......... +Yellow--awake.........13 +Bread--children....... +Justice--dresses......14 +Boy--mother........... +Light--dark........... +Health--wealth........ +Bible--commands....... 2 +Memory--black.........13 +Sheep--chickens.......17 +Bath--carpet..........19 +Cottage--worsted......14 +Swift--silk...........18 +Blue--cotton..........18 +Hungry--chair.........19 +Priest--church........ +Ocean--spring.........15 +Head--canary..........19 +Stove--board.......... +Long--dishes..........18 +Religion--piano.......19 +Whiskey--home.........15 +Child--baby........... +Bitter--shoes.........19 +Hammer--tacks......... +Thirsty--longing...... +City--Flushing........17 +Square--store.........10 +Butter--butcher.......10 +Doctor--hat...........19 +Loud--chair...........15 +Thief--picture........19 +Lion--house...........13 +Joy--gladness......... +Bed--sleep............ +Heavy--sick........... 2 +Tobacco--album........19 +Baby--basket..........17 +Moon--stars........... +Scissors--knife....... +Quiet--spoon..........18 +Green--scar...........19 +Salt--pepper.......... +Street--sugar.........18 +King--blacking........19 +Cheese--meat.......... +Blossom--flowers...... +Afraid--red...........18 + + +CASE No. 4569.--L.K. Marked stereotypy; unclassified reactions, +mostly incoherent. + +Table--fruit..........17 +Dark--light........... +Music--pleasure....... 1 +Sickness--illness..... +Man--parent........... 6 +Deep--verse...........19 +Soft--fruit........... +Eating--illness.......15 +Mountain--parent...... 6 +House--privilege......19 +Black--colors......... 2 +Mutton--parent........ 6 +Comfort--family.......18 +Hand--comfort......... 7 +Short--parent......... 6 +Fruit--parent......... 5 +Butterfly--insect..... +Smooth--surface....... +Command--privilege....15 +Chair--house.......... +Sweet--dairy..........19 +Whistle--nature.......19 +Woman--parent......... 6 +Cold--house........... 6 +Slow--light...........15 +Wish--desire.......... +River--house.......... 6 +White--suspicion......19 +Beautiful--house...... 6 +Window--light......... +Rough--surface........ +Citizen--parent....... 6 +Foot--house........... +Spider--insect........ +Needle--house......... 6 +Red--colors........... +Sleep--God............ 6 +Anger--God............ 5 +Carpet--house......... +Girl--God............. 6 +High--house........... +Working--parent....... 6 +Sour--desire..........15 +Earth--God............ 6 +Trouble--God.......... 5 +Soldier--house........ 6 +Cabbage--desire.......15 +Hard--vegetable....... +Eagle--animal......... +Stomach--doctor....... +Stem--growth.......... +Lamp--house........... +Dream--God............ 6 +Yellow--color......... +Bread--God............ 6 +Justice--fright.......19 +Boy--parent........... 6 +Light--God............ 6 +Health--God........... 5 +Bible--teachings...... +Memory--teaching...... 2 +Sheep--God............ 6 +Bath--cleanness....... +Cottage--home......... +Swift--fear...........19 +Blue--color........... +Hungry--appetite...... +Priest--servant....... +Ocean--God............ 6 +Head--servant......... 6 +Stove--house.......... +Long--God............. 6 +Religion--servant..... 6 +Whiskey--doctor.......15 +Child--house.......... 6 +Bitter--taste......... +Hammer--household.....19 +Thirsty--drink........ +City--God............. 6 +Square--touch.........19 +Butter--taste......... +Doctor--servant....... 6 +Loud--thought......... 9 +Thief--slave..........19 +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--pleasure......... 1 +Bed--household........15 +Heavy--weight......... +Tobacco--doctor.......15 +Baby--care............ +Moon--heavens......... +Scissors--household...15 +Quiet--nerve..........19 +Green--substance......19 +Salt--taste........... +Street--heavens.......15 +King--servant......... 6 +Cheese--taste......... +Blossom--sight........ +Afraid--fear.......... + + +CASE No. 6164.--L.E. Remarkably persistent tendency to give sound +reactions; numerous sound neologisms; no reactions given in response +to some of the stimulus words on the ground that she had "no word to +match." + +Table--witchhazel.....10 +Dark--frog............19 +Music--lessons........ 2 +Sickness--badness..... 2 +Man--wife............. +Deep--seef............ 4 +Soft--shoft........... 3 +Eating--feeding....... +Mountain--sounding....10 +House--shmouse........ 3 +Black--fake...........19 +Mutton--shutton....... 3 +Comfort--somfort...... 3 +Hand--land............10 +Short--court..........10 +Fruit--shrewd.........10 +Butterfly--shuddergy.. 3 +Smooth--slude......... 3 +Command--noman........ 3 +Chair--sash...........19 +Sweet--leaf...........19 +Whistle--noshissel.... 3 +Woman--lemon..........19 +Cold--shoal...........10 +Slow--snow............10 +Wish--dish............ +River--liberty........10 +White--size...........10 +Beautiful--........... +Window--Hilda.........19 +Rough--shoff.......... 3 +Citizen--shiffizen.... 3 +Foot--shoot...........10 +Spider--shider........ 3 +Needle--dreedle....... 3 +Red--shred............10 +Sleep--seef........... 3 +Anger--............... +Carpet--shloppet...... 3 +Girl--shirl........... 3 +High--fie.............10 +Working--shlirking.... 3 +Sour--bower...........10 +Earth--world.......... +Trouble--shuttle......19 +Soldier--polster...... 3 +Cabbage--sheffies..... 4 +Hard--shward.......... 3 +Eagle--............... +Stomach--............. +Stem--lamp............19 +Lamp--sant............ 4 +Dream--leam........... 3 +Yellow--cherry........19 +Bread--dread..........10 +Justice--chestnuts....10 +Boy--................. +Light--shwife......... 3 +Health--felt.......... 2 +Bible--............... +Memory--.............. +Sheep--sheet..........10 +Bath--scab............19 +Cottage--foppach...... 3 +Swift--shift..........10 +Blue--shoe............10 +Hungry--angry......... +Priest--sheaf.........19 +Ocean--notion.........10 +Head--shred...........10 +Stove--shove.......... 3 +Long--song............10 +Religion--switching...19 +Whiskey--chiston...... 4 +Child--kile........... 3 +Bitter--shitter....... 3 +Hammer--lemon.........13 +Thirsty--flrsten...... 3 +City--................ +Square--birds.........19 +Butter--shudder.......10 +Doctor--shoctor....... 3 +Loud--souse...........10 +Thief--sheaf..........10 +Lion--Zion............10 +Joy--bloy............. 3 +Bed--wading...........19 +Heavy--shleavy........ 3 +Tobacco--confecker.... 4 +Baby--savey........... 3 +Moon--shoon........... 3 +Scissors--............ +Quiet--shiet.......... 3 +Green--sheel.......... 4 +Salt--shawlt.......... 3 +Street--freet......... 3 +King--sing............10 +Cheese--seefs......... 4 +Blossom--pleasant..... 9 +Afraid--shraid........ 3 + + +CASE No. 3606.--F.W. Neologisms; some particles; many unclassified +reactions, mostly incoherent. + +Table--pleasure....... 9 +Dark--air.............19 +Music--walking........19 +Sickness--gloves......19 +Man--fields...........19 +Deep--courtesy........19 +Soft--spoons..........19 +Eating--oranges....... +Mountain--ice.........17 +House--paintings...... 2 +Black--blue........... +Mutton--hemisphere....19 +Comfort--flowers......19 +Hand--sawdust.........19 +Short--peanuts........19 +Fruit--autoharp.......19 +Butterfly--disease....19 +Smooth--ice........... +Command--botheration..19 +Chair--tea............19 +Sweet--arrangement....19 +Whistle--steadfast....19 +Woman--flowers........15 +Cold--grandeur........19 +Slow--present.........19 +Wish--mania...........19 +River--courtesy.......15 +White--ink............17 +Beautiful--flowers.... +Window--air........... +Rough--enjoyment......19 +Citizen--queer........19 +Foot--hatred..........19 +Spider--carousy....... 4 +Needle--pleasant...... 9 +Red--permit...........19 +Sleep--indeed.........12 +Anger--benevolence....19 +Carpet--disorder......19 +Girl--caterer.........19 +High--aside...........10 +Working--among........12 +Sour--destroy.........19 +Earth--confusion......19 +Trouble--frivolous....19 +Soldier--air..........15 +Cabbage--temptation...19 +Hard--among...........12 +Eagle--quality........19 +Stomach--debasteaur... 4 +Stem--counteract......19 +Lamp--testament.......19 +Dream--connexus....... 4 +Yellow--division......19 +Bread--atherey........ 4 +Justice--anger........19 +Boy--quality..........15 +Light--among..........12 +Health--frivolous.....15 +Bible--permit.........15 +Memory--usual.........19 +Sheep--astray......... +Bath--conscientious...19 +Cottage--texalous..... 4 +Swift--patience.......19 +Blue--community.......19 +Hungry--confusion.....15 +Priest--second........19 +Ocean--apology........19 +Head--trinity.........19 +Stove--compartment....19 +Long--terminal........19 +Religion--abundant....19 +Whiskey--approvement.. 4 +Child--anger..........15 +Bitter--courageous....19 +Hammer--correction....19 +Thirsty--afterwards...12 +City--cataract........19 +Square--plenty........19 +Butter--accost........19 +Doctor--southern......19 +Loud--triangular......19 +Thief--cannery........19 +Lion--practice........19 +Joy--summons..........19 +Bed--avron............ 4 +Heavy--olenthegolis... 4 +Tobacco--abundant.....15 +Baby--parenthus....... 4 +Moon--otherwise.......12 +Scissors--cartridge...19 +Quiet--outside........12 +Green--abounty........ 4 +Salt--calonry......... 4 +Street--abyss.........19 +King--cavenry......... 4 +Cheese--perplex.......19 +Blossom--cartridge....15 +Afraid--stubborn......19 + + +EPILEPSY. + +Most of the cases of epilepsy in our collection show advanced dementia +and in some the clinical history would indicate also original mental +inferiority, that is to say, imbecility or feeble-mindedness. + +In these cases the dominant characteristic, so far as shown in the +test records, seems to be a narrowing of the mental horizon manifested +firstly by a tendency to repeat many times one or another word, and +secondly by an abnormally pronounced tendency to make use of +non-specific reactions or particles of speech. Occasionally other +abnormalities are noted, such as perseveration or distraction. + +We submit here copies of some test records. + + +CASE No. 5410.--W.T.K. Repetition of words previously given; +nonspecific reactions. + +Table--article........ 1 +Dark--light........... +Music--tone........... +Sickness--ill......... +Man--person........... 1 +Deep--distant......... 2 +Soft--condition....... 6 +Eating--chew.......... +Mountain--high........ +House--abode.......... +Black--color.......... +Mutton--meat.......... +Comfort--peace........ +Hand--limb............ +Short--distance....... +Fruit--result......... +Butterfly--animal..... +Smooth--plain......... +Command--order........ +Chair--seat........... +Sweet--pleasant....... 1 +Whistle--sound........ +Woman--female......... +Cold--chilly.......... +Slow--pace............ +Wish--desire.......... +River--body........... +White--clear.......... +Beautiful--grand...... +Window--place.........13 +Rough--unsmooth....... 4 +Citizen--member....... +Foot--member.......... +Spider--animal........ +Needle--article....... 1 +Bed--color............ +Sleep--rest........... +Anger--condition...... 6 +Carpet--covering...... +Girl--female.......... +High--distance........ +Working--occupation... +Sour--condition....... 6 +Earth--planet......... +Trouble--condition.... 6 +Soldier--member....... 6 +Cabbage--vegetable.... +Hard--condition....... 6 +Eagle--animal......... +Stomach--member....... +Stem--branch.......... +Lamp--article......... 1 +Dream--thinking....... 1 +Yellow--shade......... +Bread--article........ 6 +Justice--position.....19 +Boy--male............. +Light--clear.......... +Health--condition..... +Bible--book........... +Memory--condition..... 6 +Sheep--animal......... +Bath--position........15 +Cottage--house........ +Swift--fast........... +Blue--color........... +Hungry--condition..... 6 +Priest--office........ +Ocean--body........... +Head--member.......... +Stove--article........ 1 +Long--distance........ +Religion--profession.. +Whiskey--liquid....... +Child--person......... 1 +Bitter--condition..... 6 +Hammer--article....... 1 +Thirsty--condition.... 6 +City--place........... +Square--honest........ +Butter--article....... 6 +Doctor--profession.... +Loud--sound........... +Thief--position.......15 +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--pleasant......... 1 +Bed--article.......... 6 +Heavy--weight......... +Tobacco--plant........ +Baby--person.......... 1 +Moon--planet.......... +Scissors--article..... 1 +Quiet--peaceful....... +Green--shade.......... +Salt--article......... 1 +Street--place......... +King--ruler........... +Cheese--article....... 6 +Blossom--plant........ +Afraid--fear.......... + + +CASE No. 2208.--J.A. Repetition of words previously given; +non-specific reactions. + +Table--wood........... +Dark--chairs..........13 +Music--wood...........14 +Sickness--dropsy......17 +Man--body............. +Deep--well............ +Soft--lady............19 +Eating--man........... 6 +Mountain--hills....... +House--barns.......... 2 +Black--horse.......... +Mutton--sheep......... +Comfort--poison.......19 +Hand--man............. 1 +Short--people......... 1 +Fruit--trees.......... +Butterfly--tree....... +Smooth--people........ 6 +Command--general...... +Chair--hands..........16 +Sweet--fruit.......... +Whistle--man.......... 1 +Woman--people......... 1 +Cold--ice............. +Slow--people.......... 6 +Wish--dead............19 +River--lakes.......... +White--foam...........17 +Beautiful--man........ 1 +Window--glass......... +Rough--people......... 6 +Citizen--man.......... 1 +Foot--people.......... 6 +Spider--barn..........15 +Needle--clothes....... +Red--blood............ +Sleep--bed............ +Anger--angry.......... +Carpet--stores........19 +Girl--ladies.......... 2 +High--mountain........ +Working--people....... 6 +Sour--fruit........... +Earth--clay........... +Trouble--bad.......... 1 +Soldier--man.......... 1 +Cabbage--field........ +Hard--case............19 +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--man.......... 1 +Stem--pipe............ +Lamp--fire............ +Dream--bad............ 1 +Yellow--chair.........15 +Bread--rye............ +Justice--right........ +Boy--bad.............. 1 +Light--ship...........19 +Health--pig...........19 +Bible--man............ 6 +Memory--mind.......... +Sheep--mutton......... +Bath--water........... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--ship...........15 +Blue--lines...........17 +Hungry--people........ 6 +Priest--man........... 1 +Ocean--deep........... +Head--bad............. 9 +Stove--wood........... +Long--trees........... 2 +Religion--form........19 +Whiskey--apples.......17 +Child--people......... 1 +Bitter--apples........ +Hammer--axe........... +Thirsty--drink........ +City--towns........... + +Square--measurement... +Butter--cows.......... +Doctor--person........ 1 +Loud--people.......... 1 +Thief--person......... 1 +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--person........... 9 +Bed--man.............. 6 +Heavy--mountain....... +Tobacco--growing...... +Baby--person.......... 1 +Moon--people.......... 6 +Scissors--cutting..... +Quiet--mind........... +Green--cloud..........19 +Salt--planting........13 +Street--walk.......... +King--human...........19 +Cheese--milk.......... +Blossom--flowers...... +Afraid--human.........15 + + +CASE No. 01218.--E.M. Repetition of words previously given; +non-specific reactions. + +Table--tablecloth..... +Dark--dog............. +Music--figure.........17 +Sickness--drink.......17 +Man--people........... 1 +Deep--pull............19 +Soft--light........... +Eating--think......... 1 +Mountain--well........13 +House--plumber........17 +Black--horse.......... +Mutton--park..........19 +Comfort--nice......... 1 +Hand--use............. 1 +Short--long........... +Fruit--figs........... +Butterfly--cloth......19 +Smooth--nice.......... 1 +Command--pleasant..... 6 +Chair--wash...........19 +Sweet--sour........... +Whistle--mug..........19 +Woman--pear...........19 +Cold--warm............ +Slow--quickness....... +Wish--nice............ 1 +River--pleasant....... 1 +White--use............ 6 +Beautiful--comfort....19 +Window--looks......... 2 +Rough--pleasant....... 6 +Citizen--comfort......15 +Foot--help............ +Spider--wake..........19 +Needle--use........... 1 +Red--look.............15 +Sleep--good........... 1 +Anger--no.............12 +Carpet--make..........19 +Girl--happy........... 9 +High--nice............ 6 +Working--pleasant..... 1 +Sour--bag.............19 +Earth--ground......... +Trouble--good......... 6 +Soldier--clothes...... +Cabbage--eat.......... +Hard--good............ 1 +Eagle--pleasant....... 6 +Stomach--hurt......... +Stem--use............. 1 +Lamp--lighted......... +Dream--pleasant....... 1 +Yellow--wake..........15 +Bread--making......... +Justice--help......... +Boy--pleasant......... 6 +Light--big............19 +Health--nice.......... 6 +Bible--use............ 1 +Memory--no............12 +Sheep--pleasant....... 1 +Bath--good............ 6 +Cottage--useful....... +Swift--quick.......... +Blue--good............ 1 +Hungry--sour..........15 +Priest--good.......... 1 +Ocean--useful......... 6 +Head--nice............ 6 +Stove--lighted........ 2 +Long--lake............19 +Religion--pleasant.... 6 +Whiskey--use.......... 6 +Child--help........... 6 +Bitter--sour.......... +Hammer--stick.........19 +Thirsty--drink........ +City--handy...........19 +Square--pleasant...... 6 +Butter--useful........ 1 +Doctor--help.......... +Loud--make............15 +Thief--punish......... 2 +Lion--bad............. 9 +Joy--happy............ 1 +Bed--pleasant......... 1 +Heavy--light.......... +Tobacco--pleasant..... 1 +Baby--help............ 6 +Moon--sun............. +Scissors--pleasant.... 6 +Quiet--sleep.......... +Green--beans..........10 +Salt--handy...........15 +Street--make..........15 +King--nice............ 6 +Cheese--good.......... 1 +Blossom--pleasant..... 1 +Afraid--will..........19 + + +CASE No. 4989.--C.H. Repetition of words previously given; +non-specific reactions; particles. + +Table--work........... 1 +Dark--true............19 +Music--pleasant....... 1 +Sickness--well........ +Man--absent...........19 +Deep--together........12 +Soft--plenty.......... 6 +Eating--good.......... 1 +Mountain--together....12 +House--one............12 +Black--America........19 +Mutton--vegetable..... 2 +Comfort--sleep........ +Hand--nothing.........19 +Short--never..........12 +Fruit--vegetable...... +Butterfly--bird....... +Smooth--large......... 9 +Command--willing...... +Chair--good........... 6 +Sweet--always......... 6 +Whistle--music........ +Woman--one............12 +Cold--medium.......... 6 +Slow--quick........... +Wish--hope............ +River--lake........... +White--always......... 6 +Beautiful--medium..... 6 +Window--open.......... +Rough--smooth......... +Citizen--American..... +Foot--two............. +Spider--butterfly..... +Needle--steel......... +Red--color............ +Sleep--plenty......... +Anger--never.......... +Carpet--floor......... +Girl--five............12 +High--medium.......... +Working--always....... +Sour--never........... 6 +Earth--cultivate......17 +Trouble--none......... +Soldier--willing......15 +Cabbage--vegetable.... +Hard--seldom..........12 +Eagle--American....... +Stomach--no...........12 +Stem--one.............12 +Lamp--burning......... +Dream--always......... 6 +Yellow--sometimes.....12 +Bread--soft........... +Justice--always....... +Boy--two..............12 +Light--plenty......... +Health--plenty........ +Bible--Catholic.......17 +Memory--good.......... 1 +Sheep--wool........... +Bath--good............ 1 +Cottage--plenty....... 6 +Swift--medium......... 6 +Blue--never........... 6 +Hungry--seldom........ 6 +Priest--good.......... 1 +Ocean--three..........12 +Head--good............ 1 +Stove--burning........ +Long--medium.......... +Religion--willing.....15 +Whiskey--some.........19 +Child--good........... 1 +Bitter--never......... 6 +Hammer--tool.......... +Thirsty--seldom....... 6 +City--New York........ +Square--always........ 6 +Better--good.......... 1 +Doctor--good.......... 1 +Loud--medium.......... 6 +Thief--none........... +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--plenty........... 6 +Bed--good............. 1 +Heavy--medium......... 6 +Tobacco--yes..........12 +Baby--more............19 +Moon--bright.......... +Scissors--sharp....... +Quiet--plenty......... 6 +Green--good........... 6 +Salt--little..........19 +Street--lots..........18 +King--none............ +Cheese--seldom........ 6 +Blossom--always....... 6 +Afraid--sometimes.....15 + + +CASE No. 4847.--C.C. Distraction + +Table--eat............ +Dark--lock............10 +Music--fiddle......... +Sickness--doctors..... 2 +Man--woman............ 1 +Deep--water........... +Soft--snow............ +Eating--oats..........17 +Mountain--spray.......19 +House--building....... +Black--red............15 +Mutton--meat.......... 9 +Comfort--red..........15 +Hand--people.......... 9 +Short--world..........19 +Fruit--age............18 +Butterfly--bird....... +Smooth--eggs..........18 +Command--cake.........19 +Chair--world..........15 +Sweet--cherries....... +Whistle--peaches......18 +Woman--children....... +Cold--summer..........17 +Slow--brother.........19 +Wish--pear............19 +River--orange.........18 +White--black.......... +Beautiful--red........13 +Window--door.......... +Rough--table.......... +Citizen--couch........19 +Foot--arm............. +Spider--fly........... +Needle--scissors......17 +Red--blue............. +Sleep--pink...........13 +Anger--box............19 +Carpet--rug........... +Girl--boy............. +High--play............ +Working--cup..........19 +Sour--bread...........17 +Earth--picture........19 +Trouble--soap.........19 +Soldier--towel........18 +Cabbage--turnip....... +Hard--tree............ +Eagle--clock..........19 +Stomach--eat.......... +Stem--soap............15 +Lamp--oil............. +Dream--glass..........13 + +Yellow--bottle........18 +Bread--soap...........15 +Justice--pencil.......19 +Boy--picture..........15 +Light--darkness....... +Health--washstand.....19 +Bible--book........... +Memory--saucer........19 +Sheep--chair..........19 +Bath--bureau..........14 + +Cottage--pan..........19 +Swift--towel..........15 +Blue--wash............ 2 +Hungry--eat........... +Priest--church........ +Ocean--beans..........19 +Head--prunes..........18 +Stove--cook........... +Long--fig.............19 +Religion--church...... +Whiskey--tea..........17 +Child--people......... 1 +Bitter--stomach.......19 +Hammer--tack.......... +Thirsty--peach........15 +City--box.............15 +Square--soap..........15 +Butter--lard.......... +Doctor--sick.......... +Loud--head............19 +Thief--cup............15 +Lion--bottle..........15 +Joy--pitcher..........19 +Bed--sheet............ +Heavy--blanket........13 +Tobacco--mustard......19 +Baby--pepper..........18 +Moon--heater..........19 +Scissors--string...... +Quiet--lace...........19 +Green--red............ +Salt--soda............17 +Street--soldier.......19 +King--box.............15 +Cheese--cake.......... +Blossom--shell........19 +Afraid--blotter.......19 + + +CASE No. 3597.--L.T. Some neologisms, all possessing obvious meaning. + +Table--stand.......... +Dark--light........... +Music--instrument..... +Sickness--health...... +Man--female........... +Deep--detableness..... 4 +Soft--hard............ +Eating--starving...... +Mountain--isthmus.....17 +House--building....... +Black--white.......... +Mutton--beef.......... +Comfort--patient...... +Hand--leg............. +Short--long........... +Fruit--vegetable...... +Butterfly--spider..... +Smooth--coarse........ +Command--thought...... 1 +Chair--utensil........19 +Sweet--sour........... +Whistle--trumpet...... +Woman--man............ 1 +Cold--warm............ +Slow--quick........... +Wish--command......... +River--lake........... +White--black.......... +Beautiful--pretty..... 1 +Window--door.......... +Rough--straight....... +Citizen--tramp........19 +Foot--arm............. +Spider--fly........... +Needle--pin........... +Red--blue............. +Sleep--awake.......... +Anger--patient........ 2 +Carpet--rug........... +Girl--servant......... +High--low............. +Working--laziness..... +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--hemisphere..... +Trouble--goodness..... 9 +Soldier--merchant.....17 +Cabbage--pumpkin......17 +Hard--tight........... +Eagle--hawk........... +Stomach--abdomen...... +Stem--leaf............ +Lamp--lantern......... +Dream--nightmare...... +Yellow--lavender......17 +Bread--pastry......... +Justice--badness...... 2 +Boy--child............ +Light--darkness....... +Health--sickness...... +Bible--testament...... +Memory--remember...... +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--dirtiness....... 2 +Cottage--building..... +Swift--quickly........ +Blue--redness......... 2 +Hungry--starving...... +Priest--minister...... +Ocean--sea............ +Head--topness......... 4 +Stove--cooking........ +Long--shorter......... 2 +Religion--wickedness.. +Whiskey--medicine..... +Child--daughter....... +Bitter--sweetness..... 2 +Hammer--pickaxe.......17 +Thirsty--drinkness.... 4 +City--village......... +Square--strightness... 2 +Butter--syrup.........17 +Doctor--queen.........19 +Loud--low............. +Thief--burglar........ +Lion--tiger........... +Joy--enjoyable........ 2 +Bed--bedstead......... +Heavy--lightness...... +Tobacco--sweetness.... 2 +Baby--infant.......... +Moon--sun............. +Scissors--shears...... +Quite--noiseness...... 4 +Green--greenbill...... 3 +Salt--sugar........... +Street--island........19 +King--nephew..........19 +Cheese--curdness...... 4 +Blossom--bud.......... +Afraid--knowledgeable. 4 + + +GENERAL PARESIS. + +Cases presenting no considerable dementia or confusion and cases in a +state of remission are apt to give normal test records. As we proceed +from the records of such cases to those of cases showing mental +deterioration we observe a gradual reduction in the values of +reactions, contraction of the mental horizon,[1] and the appearance of +the phenomenon of perseveration. We submit the following test records +for illustration: + +[Footnote 1: What we mean by contraction of the mental horizon has +already been described in connection with epilepsy, page 47.] + +CASE No. 4047.--C.A.F. Almost complete remission of all mental +symptoms. Normal record. + +Table--dish........... +Dark--light........... +Music--sound.......... +Sickness--disease..... +Man--woman............ 1 +Deep--fathomless...... +Soft--sweet........... +Eating--food.......... +Mountain--high........ +House--barn........... +Black--color.......... +Mutton--meat.......... +Comfort--ease......... +Hand--foot............ +Short--long........... +Fruit--sweet.......... +Butterfly--moth....... +Smooth--rough......... +Command--order........ +Chair--leg............ +Sweet--pleasant....... 1 +Whistle--sound........ +Woman--female......... +Cold--ice............. +Slow--languid.........17 +Wish--desire.......... +River--long........... +White--color.......... +Beautiful--fair....... +Window--glass......... +Rough--smooth......... +Citizen--voter........ +Foot--toe............. +Spider--fly........... +Needle--sharp......... +Red--color............ +Sleep--slumber........ +Anger--rage........... +Carpet--sweep......... +Girl--maiden.......... +High--lofty........... +Working--toiling...... +Sour--distasteful..... +Earth--ground......... +Trouble--sorrow....... +Soldier--fighter...... +Cabbage--leaf......... +Hard--easy............ +Eagle--fly............ +Stomach--food......... +Stem--petal........... +Lamp--light........... +Dream--slumber........ +Yellow--color......... +Bread--eat............ +Justice--judgment..... +Boy--youth............ +Light--lamp........... +Health--nature........17 +Bible--holy........... +Memory--remember...... +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--water........... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--fast........... +Blue--color........... +Hungry--famished...... +Priest--holy.......... +Ocean--sea............ +Head--top............. +Stove--fire........... +Long--short........... +Religion--holy........ +Whiskey--drink........ +Child--infant......... +Bitter--sour.......... +Hammer--knock......... +Thirsty--drink........ +City--town............ +Square--round......... +Butter--eat........... +Doctor--physician..... +Loud--knock........... +Thief--steal.......... +Lion--tiger........... +Joy--happiness........ 1 +Bed--sleep............ +Heavy--weigh.......... +Tobacco--smoke........ +Baby--child........... +Moon--stars........... +Scissors--cut......... +Quiet--soft........... +Green--color.......... +Salt--food............ +Street--lane.......... +King--queen........... +Cheese--eat........... +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--fear.......... + + +CASE No. 6660.--F.F. Repetition of words previously given; +non-specific reactions; unclassified reactions some of which are +"circumstantial" (see page 25). + +Table--bureau.........19 +Dark--boats........... 2 +Music--piano.......... +Sickness--doctor...... +Man--sober............19 +Deep--cellar.......... +Soft--easy............ +Eating--chewing....... +Mountain--climb....... +House--tenants........ 2 +Black--color.......... +Mutton--meat.......... +Comfort--easy......... +Hand--use............. 1 +Short--stump.......... 2 +Fruit--nice........... 1 +Butterfly--like....... 6 +Smooth--clean......... +Command--faithful.....17 +Chair--easy........... +Sweet--like........... 6 +Whistle--good......... 6 +Woman--like........... 6 +Cold--medicine........ +Slow--I...............12 +Wish--like............ +River--boats.......... +White--sheet.......... +Beautiful--flowers.... +Window--red...........14 +Rough--streets........ 2 +Citizen--honest....... +Foot--walking......... +Spider--kill..........10 +Needle--sew........... +Red--nice............. 6 +Sleep--rest........... +Anger--cross.......... +Carpet--good.......... 6 +Girl--nice............ 1 +High--good............ 1 +Working--well.........19 +Sour--bitter.......... +Earth--property.......19 +Trouble--fighting..... +Soldier--good......... 1 +Cabbage--eat.......... +Hard--sorry...........19 +Eagle--good........... 6 +Stomach--good......... 1 +Stem--fair............19 +Lamp--use............. 1 +Dream--now............12 +Yellow--color......... +Bread--good........... 1 +Justice--fine......... 1 +Boy--good............. 1 +Light--good........... 1 +Health--right.........19 +Bible--home........... +Memory--good.......... 1 +Sheep--like........... 6 +Bath--good............ 1 +Cottage--fine......... 1 +Swift--go............. +Blue--nice............ 6 +Hungry--bad........... 1 +Priest--Father........ +Ocean--boats.......... +Head--brains.......... +Stove--heat........... +Long--streets......... +Religion--Catholic.... +Whiskey--bad.......... 1 +Child--good........... 1 +Bitter--sorrow........ +Hammer--use........... 1 +Thirsty--drink........ +City--Brooklyn........ +Squares--park......... 2 +Butter--ice...........19 +Doctor--cure.......... +Loud--holler.......... +Thief--no............. 2 +Lion--no.............. 6 +Joy--hope............. +Bed--rest............. +Heavy--loud........... +Tobacco--good......... 1 +Baby--good............ 1 +Moon--light........... +Scissors--use......... 1 +Quiet--good........... 1 +Green--nice........... 6 +Salt--use............. 1 +Street--nice.......... 1 +King--right...........19 +Cheese--nice.......... 1 +Blossom--grow......... +Afraid--no............ + + +CASE No. 618.--R.N. Numerous particles of speech; some unclassified +reaction, chiefly "circumstantial" (see page 25). + +Table--eat............ +Dark--cloudy.......... +Music--fond...........19 +Sickness--well........ +Man--human............ +Deep--ocean........... +Soft--fine............ 1 +Eating--yes........... 6 +Mountain--yes......... 5 +House--yes............ 5 +Black--yes............ 5 +Mutton--yes........... 5 +Comfort--yes.......... 5 +Hand--finger.......... +Short--yes............ 6 +Fruit--yes............ 5 +Butterfly--yes........ 5 +Smooth--even.......... +Command--obey......... +Chair--settle.........17 +Sweet--bitter......... +Whistle--can't........19 +Woman--lady........... +Cold--ice............. +Slow--fast............ +Wish--give............ +River--enjoyment......19 +White--black.......... +Beautiful--yes........ 6 +Window--pane.......... +Rough--smooth......... +Citizen--yes.......... 6 +Foot--one.............12 +Spider--yes........... 6 +Needle--sewing........ +Red--blue............. +Sleep--nap............17 +Anger--willing........19 +Carpet--yes........... 6 +Girl--nature..........19 +High--low............. +Working--artist.......17 +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--world.......... +Trouble--peaceful..... + +Soldier--no...........12 +Cabbage--vegetable.... +Hard--soft............ +Eagle--American....... +Stomach--condition.... +Stem--post............17 +Lamp--light........... +Dream--thinking....... 1 +Yellow--green......... +Bread--loaf........... +Justice--yes.......... +Boy--human............ +Light--heaven......... +Health--wealth........ +Bible--yes............ 6 +Memory--yes........... 5 +Sheep--animal......... +Bath--yes............. 6 +Cottage--yes.......... 5 +Swift--fast........... +Blue--gray............ +Hungry--no............ +Priest--yes........... 6 +Ocean--water.......... +Head--human........... +Stove--coal........... +Long--short........... +Religion--yes......... 6 +Whiskey--no...........12 +Child--baby........... +Bitter--sweet......... +Hammer--pincher.......17 +Thirsty--drinking..... +City--population...... +Square--circle........ +Butter--lard.......... +Doctor--physician..... +Loud--low............. +Thief--penalty........17 +Lion--liar............10 +Joy--welcome..........17 +Bed--sleep............ +Heavy--light.......... +Tobacco--yes.......... 6 +Baby--human........... +Moon--natural.........15 +Scissors--no..........12 +Quiet--yes............ 6 +Green--shade.......... +Salt--eat............. +Street--town.......... +King--ruler........... +Cheese--eat........... +Blossom--blooming..... +Afraid--scared........ + + +CASE No. 6518.--C.Z. Perseveration shown by numerous instances of +association to preceding reaction. + +Table--horse..........19 +Dark--wren............10 +Music--lark...........18 +Sickness--cold........ +Man--woman............ 1 +Deep--sea............. +Soft--hard............ +Eating--drinking...... +Mountain--fountain.... +House--barn........... +Black--stable.........13 +Mutton--cow........... +Comfort--horse........18 +Hand--lamb............ +Short--calf........... +Fruit--apples......... +Butterfly--oranges.... 2 +Smooth--peaches.......18 +Command--plums........18 +Chair--bench.......... +sweet--sugar.......... +Whistle--drum.........17 +Woman--man............ 1 +Cold--hot............. +Slow--fast............ +Wish--who.............12 +River--water.......... +White--blue........... +Beautiful--splendid... +Window--sashes........ 2 +Rough--ready.......... +Citizen--Brooklyn..... +Foot--shoe............ +Spider--web........... +Needle--pin........... +Red--blue............. +Sleep--awake.......... +Anger--bad............ 1 +Carpet--sweeper....... +Girl--boy............. +High--low............. +Working--playing...... +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--ground......... +Trouble--wheelbarrow..19 +Soldier--Mexican......17 +Cabbage--potatoes..... +Hard--beets...........18 +Eagle--carrots........18 +Stomach--peas.........18 +Stem--peas............ 5 +Lamp--burning......... +Dream--happy.......... 1 +Yellow--blue.......... +Bread--green..........12 +Justice--freedom...... +Boy--girl............. +Light--burning........ +Health--strength...... +Bible--prayerbook..... +Memory--thoughts...... 1 +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--water........... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--whist..........10 +Blue--red............. +Hungry--eating........ +Priest--Father........ +Ocean--mother.........18 +Head--brother.........18 +Stove--sister.........18 +Long--freedom.........15 +Religion--smart.......19 +Whiskey--wine......... +Child--lamb...........19 +Bitter--goat..........18 +Hammer--nails......... +Thirsty--dry.......... +City--talking.........19 +Square--inches........ +Butter--cheese........ +Doctor--bread.........13 +Loud--oranges.........15 +Thief--almonds........18 +Lion--apples..........18 +Joy--grapes...........18 +Bed--peaches..........18 +Heavy--cranberries....18 +Tobacco--grapes.......18 +Baby--watermelon......18 +Moon--muskmelons......18 +Scissors--citrons.....10 +Quiet--squashes.......18 +Green--pumpkins.......18 +Salt--cucumbers.......18 +Street--tomatoes......18 +Kings--pears..........18 +Cheese--apples........18 +Blossom--cherries..... +Afraid--gooseberries..18 + + +CASE No. 5329.--B.W. Perseveration; record almost entirely made up of +instances of association to preceding reaction. + +Table--San Francisco...19 +Dark--comprehensible...19 +Music--sinking......... +Sickness--Brooklyn.....19 +Man--woman............. 1 +Deep--amazing..........19 +Soft--pleasant......... 9 +Eating--digesting...... +Mountain--gulf.........17 +House--peninsula.......18 +Black--Constantinople..18 +Mutton--Bermuda........18 +Comfort--Los Angeles...18 +Hand--Cuba.............18 +Short--cities..........18 +Fruit--Iowa............18 +Butterfly--England.....18 +Smooth--Russia.........18 +Command--Turkey........18 +Chair--Manila..........18 +Sweet--Porto Rico......18 +Whistle--Washington....18 +Woman--Cincinnati......18 +Cold--Pittsburg........18 +Slow--Philadelphia..... +Wish--Milwaukee........18 +River--St. Louis.......18 +White--Japan...........18 +Beautiful--China.......18 +Window--Berlin.........18 +Rough--Glasgow.........18 +Citizen--London........18 +Foot--Dublin...........18 +Spider--Sacramento.....18 +Needle--Texas..........18 +Red--North Carolina....18 +Sleep--Florida.........18 +Anger--Seattle.........18 +Carpet--Nevada.........18 +Girl--Iowa.............15 +High--Virginia.........18 +Working--Louisiana.....18 +Sour--Hawaii...........18 +Earth--Connecticut.....18 +Trouble--Rhode Island..18 +Soldier--Vermont.......18 +Cabbage--Massachusetts.18 +Hard--Hudson...........18 +Eagle--East River......18 +Stomach--Staten Island.18 +Stem--Kings Park.......18 +Lamp--Fort Lee.........18 +Dream--Long Island.....18 +Yellow--Greenport......18 +Bread--Southold........18 +Justice--Northport.....18 +Boy--New Jersey........18 +Light--Rome............18 +Health--Italy..........18 +Bible--Episcopal.......17 +Memory--Methodist......18 +Sheep--Congregational..18 +Bath--Baptist..........18 +Cottage--minister......18 +Swift--physician.......18 +Blue--horse............18 +Hungry--cow............18 +Priest--Catholics....... +Ocean--lake............. +Head--bay...............13 +Stove--sound............18 +Long--Island............ +Religion--Boston........18 +Whiskey--Harvard........18 +Child--Yale.............18 +Bitter--Columbia........18 +Hammer--library.........18 +Thirsty--Carnegie.......18 +City--Rockefeller.......18 +Square--Harriman........18 +Butter--Leggitt.........18 +Doctor--Lincoln.........18 +Loud--Roosevelt.........18 +Thief--Taft.............18 +Lion--Gaynor............18 +Joy--Slocum.............18 +Bed--Grant..............18 +Heavy--McClellan........18 +Tobacco--Spain..........19 +Baby--New London........18 +Moon--Newburgh..........18 +Scissors--Troy..........18 +Quiet--Schenectady......18 +Green--Lake George......18 +Salt--Vienna............18 +Street--Alsace Lorraine.18 +King--Garfield..........17 +Cheese--McKinley........18 +Blossom--Bryan..........18 +Afraid--Blaine..........18 + + +MANIC-DEPRESSIVE INSANITY. + +In this disorder the departures from the normal seem to be less +pronounced than in the psychoses considered above. The number of +individual reactions is in most cases not greatly above the normal +average; and, so far as their character is concerned, we find that +many of them are classed as normal, in accordance with the appendix to +the frequency tables; among the unclassified reactions, which are +quite frequent here, we find mostly either obviously normal ones, or +some of the type to which we have already referred as "far-fetched," +while others among them are "circumstantial" (see p. 25); further we +find that most of the remaining individual reactions fall into the +general group of partial dissociation: non-specific reactions, sound +reactions, word complements, and particles. + +In some cases the only abnormality that is found is that of an undue +tendency to respond by non-specific reactions, most of them being +common and there being no excessive number of individual reactions. It +would seem legitimate to assume that this tendency is here to be +regarded as a manifestation of the phenomenon which is clinically +described as _dearth of ideas_. It is significant that this +tendency is observed not only in depressive phases of the psychosis, +but also in manic phases and even in the normal intervals of recurrent +cases or after apparent recovery in acute cases; this will be seen +from some of the test records which are here reproduced. + +Occasionally cases are met with which give a large number of +unclassified reactions, seemingly incoherent. There can be no doubt +that at least some of these cases are clinically perfectly typical +ones of manic-depressive insanity, yet the test records strongly +resemble, in some respects, those of dementia pręcox. + +Since clinically the distinction between typical cases of these +psychoses can be so clearly made on the basis of the disorders of the +flow of thought respectively characterizing them, it could hardly be +assumed that the associational disturbances in these two groups of +cases are truly related, although there may be an apparent +resemblance; it must be acknowledged that we are here confronted with +one of the most serious shortcomings of the association test, or at +least of the present method of applying it. + + +CASE No. 5236.--M.B. Depressive attack. Normal record. + +Table--eat............ +Dark--night........... +Music--play........... +Sickness--death....... +Man--health...........13 +Deep--depth........... +Soft--hard............ +Eating--chewing....... +Mountain--high........ +House--living......... +Black--color.......... +Mutton--sheep......... +Comfort--kind......... 2 +Hand--body............ +Short--small.......... 1 +Fruit--garden......... +Butterfly--spring..... +Smooth--rough......... +Command--obey......... +Chair--sit............ +Sweet--apple.......... +Whistle--music........ +Woman--land........... +Cold--chilly.......... +Slow--easy............ +Wish--want............ +River--water.......... +White--color.......... +Beautiful--grand...... +Window--light......... +Rough--smooth......... +Citizen--man.......... 1 +Foot--body............ +Spider--animal........ +Needle--sew........... +Red--color............ +Sleep--rest........... +Anger--badness........ 2 +Carpet--floor......... +Girl--young........... +High--low............. +Working--busy......... +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--live........... +Trouble--grief........ +Soldier--army......... +Cabbage--garden....... +Hard--stone........... +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--body......... +Stem--plant........... +Lamp--light........... +Dream--sleep.......... +Yellow--color......... +Bread--eat............ +Justice--kind......... 2 +Boy--young............ +Light--day............ +Health--strength...... +Bible--Christ......... +Memory--think......... 1 +Sheep--mutton......... +Bath--clean........... +Cottage--live......... +Swift--run............ +Blue--color........... +Hungry--food.......... +Priest--clergy........ +Ocean--water.......... +Head--body............ +Stove--fire........... +Long--tall............ +Religion--teaching.... +Whiskey--drink........ +Child--young.......... +Bitter--sweet......... +Hammer--nail.......... +Thirsty--drink........ +City--town............ +Square--four.......... +Butter--eat........... +Doctor--medicine...... +Loud--noise........... +Thief--steal.......... +Lion--beast........... +Joy--kind............. 6 +Bed--sleep............ +Heavy--weight......... +Tobacco--smoke........ +Baby--mother.......... +Moon--light........... +Scissors--cut......... +Quiet--kind........... 6 +Green--grass.......... +Salt--table........... +Street--walk.......... +King--government...... +Cheese--eat........... +Blossom--tree......... +Afraid--coward........ + + +CASE No. 6120.--M.L. Maniacal attack. Fifteen individual reactions, +of which 11 are classed as normal in accordance with the appendix to +the frequency tables. + +Table--chair............ +Dark--light............. +Music--chorus...........17 +Sickness--health........ +Man--woman.............. 1 +Deep--around............ +Soft--light............. +Eating--food............ +Mountain--valley........ +House--flat.............17 +Black--white............ +Mutton--beef............ +Comfort--disease........ +Hand--legs.............. +Short--tall............. +Fruit--grapes........... +Butterfly--birds........ +Smooth--rough........... + +Command--president......17 +Chair--assemblyman......18 +Sweet--bitter........... +Whistle--birds.......... +Woman--man.............. 1 +Cold--warm.............. +Slow--fast.............. +Wish--well.............. +River--mountain......... +White--red.............. +Beautiful--heaven....... +Window--door............ +Rough--smooth........... +Citizen--naturalization. +Foot--hand.............. +Spider--bug............. +Needle--doctor..........19 +Red--white.............. +Sleep--well............. +Anger--passion.......... +Carpet--cloth........... +Girl--boy............... +High--low............... +Working--pleasure....... 1 +Sour--sweet............. +Earth--heaven........... +Trouble--anger.......... +Soldier--mine...........12 +Cabbage--steak..........17 + +Hard--soft.............. +Eagle--parrot........... +Stomach--pelvis.........17 +Stem--flowers........... +Lamp--light............. +Dream--empty............17 +Yellow--black........... +Bread--brown............ +Justice--done........... +Boy--baby............... +Light--heaven........... +Health--wealth.......... +Bible--love............. +Memory--remembrance..... +Sheep--goat............. +Bath--water............. +Cottage--house.......... +Swift--slow............. +Blue--green............. +Hungry--I............... +Priest--minister........ +Ocean--sea.............. +Head--neck.............. +Stove--electricity......17 +Long--broad............. +Religion--Presbyterian.. +Whiskey--medicinal...... 2 +Child--boy.............. +Bitter--sweet........... +Hammer--saw............. +Thirsty--water.......... +City--Middletown........17 +Square--Madison......... +Butter--bread........... +Doctor--love............15 +Loud--soft.............. +Thief--burglar.......... +Lion--animal............ +Joy--ecstasy............ +Bed--couch.............. +Heavy--lead............. +Tobacco--smoke.......... +Baby--boy............... +Moon--stars............. +Scissors--cotton........17 +Quiet--noisy............ +Green--yellow........... +Salt--pepper............ +Street--Dean............17 +King--God...............17 +Cheese--Roquefort....... +Blossom--apple.......... +Afraid--never........... + + +CASE No. 6367.--J.N. Depressive attack. Only two individual +reactions, both classed as normal; undue tendency to give non-specific +reactions. + +Table--cup............17 +Dark--light........... +Music--song........... +Sickness--pain........ +Man--child............ +Deep--high............ +Soft--hard............ +Eating--tasting....... +Mountain--valley...... +House--room........... +Black--white.......... +Mutton--lamb.......... +Comfort--peace........ +Hand--foot............ +Short--long........... +Fruit--apple.......... +Butterfly--moth....... +Smooth--rough......... +Command--obey......... +Chair--table.......... +Sweet--sour........... +Whistle--song......... +Woman--love........... +Cold--warm............ +Slow--fast............ +Wish--well............ +River--water.......... +White--black.......... +Beautiful--grand...... +Window--glass......... +Rough--smooth......... +Citizen--man.......... 1 +Foot--hand............ +Spider--fly........... +Needle--thread........ +Red--blue............. +Sleep--rest........... +Anger--passion........ +Carpet--rug........... +Girl--child........... +High--low............. +Working--labor........ +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--ground......... +Trouble--overcome.....17 +Soldier--brave........ +Cabbage--lettuce...... +Hard--soft............ +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--heart........ +Stem--tree............ +Lamp--light........... +Dream--sleep.......... +Yellow--red........... +Bread--roll........... +Justice--peace........ +Boy--child............ +Light--sun............ +Health--wealth........ +Bible--good........... 1 +Memory--good.......... 1 +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--water........... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--fast........... +Blue--white........... +Hungry--eat........... +Priest--man........... 1 +Ocean--water.......... +Head--arm............. +Stove--warm........... +Long--short........... +Religion--good........ 1 +Whiskey--none......... +Child--good........... 1 +Bitter--sour.......... +Hammer--noise......... +Thirsty--water........ +City--country......... +Square--round......... +Butter--salt.......... +Doctor--good.......... 1 +Loud--noise........... +Thief--man............ 1 +Lion--beast........... +Joy--good............. 1 +Bed--good............. 1 +Heavy--weight......... +Tobacco--smoke........ +Baby--child........... +Moon--sun............. +Scissors--knife....... +Quiet--rest........... +Green--red............ +Salt--water........... +Street--city.......... +King--man............. 1 +Cheese--butter........ +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--fear.......... + + +CASE No. 5162.--W.H. Recurrent attacks, mixed in character; at time +of test patient was in a normal interval. 5 individual reactions, of +which 1 is classed as normal, 1 as a derivative, 2 as non-specific, +and 1 as a sound reaction; undue tendency to give non-specific +(common) reactions. + +Table--comfort........ +Dark--darknew......... 8 +Music--pleasure....... 1 +Sickness--sorrow...... +Map--manners..........10 +Deep--thought......... 1 +Soft--comfort......... +Eating--pleasure...... 1 +Mountain--height...... +House--comfort........ +Black--darkness....... +Mutton--eating........ +Comfort--pleasure..... 1 +Hand--useful.......... 1 +Short--stumpy......... +Fruit--eating......... +Butterfly--handsome... +Smooth--plane......... +Command--ordering..... +Chair--easy........... +Sweet--candy.......... +Whistle--noise........ +Woman--love........... +Cold--freezing........ +Slow--laziness........ +Wish--good............ 1 +River--water.......... +White--clearness...... 2 +Beautiful--handsome... +Window--scene......... +Rough--harshness...... +Citizen--voting....... +Foot--stepping........ +Spider--poison........ +Needle--sharpness..... +Red--blood............ +Sleep--comfort........ +Anger--passion........ +Carpet--walking....... +Girl--lovely.......... +High--height.......... +Working--business..... +Sour--tart............ +Earth--planting....... +Trouble--Sorrow....... +Soldier--fighting..... +Cabbage--eating....... +Hard--harshness....... 2 +Eagle--flying......... +Stomach--eating....... +Stem--vine............ +Lamp--lighting........ 2 +Dream--pleasure....... 1 +Yellow--color......... +Bread--eating......... +Justice--suing........17 +Boy--children......... +Light--seeing......... +Health--pleasure...... 1 +Bible--thinking....... 9 +Memory--recollections. +Sheep--wool........... +Bath--pleasure........ 1 +Cottage--living....... +Swift--quickness...... +Blue--sky............. + +Hungry--pleasure...... 9 +Priest--holiness...... +Ocean--sailing........ +Head--thinking........ 1 +Stove--warmth......... +Long--length.......... +Religion--holiness.... +Whiskey--badness...... 2 +Child--pleasure....... 1 +Bitter--sourness...... +Hammer--pounding...... +Thirsty--drinking..... +City--town............ +Square--measure....... +Butter--greasy........ +Doctor--medicine...... +Loud--hearing......... 2 +Thief--stealing....... +Lion--fierceness...... +Joy--pleasure......... 1 +Bed--sleeping......... +Heavy--solid.......... +Tobacco--pleasure..... 1 +Baby--loveliness...... +Moon--bright.......... +Scissors--sharpness.... +Quiet--pleasure....... 1 +Green--color.......... +Salt--taste........... +Street--walking....... +King--majestic......... +Cheese--eating........ +Blossom--handsome..... +Afraid--fear.......... + + +CASE No. 6279.--A.F. Maniacal attack; at time of test patient had +improved, though not recovered. Non-specific reactions; particles. +(Patient does not speak English with perfect fluency.) + +Table--board.......... +Dark--night........... +Music--piano.......... +Sickness--appendicitis +Man--husband.......... +Deep--hole............ +Soft--hard............ +Eating--vegetable..... +Mountain--country..... +House--comfort........ +Black--cotton.........17 +Mutton--lamb.......... +Comfort--rest......... +Hand--arm............. +Short--Journey........ +Fruit--apples......... +Butterfly--love.......13 +Smooth--nice.......... 1 +Command--order........ +Chair--down...........12 +Sweet--sugar.......... +Whistle--blow......... +Woman--good........... 1 +Cold--ice............. +Slow--lazy............ +Wish--home............ +River--boat........... +White--milk........... +Beautiful--flowers.... +Window--corner........ +Rough--man............ 1 +Citizen--not..........12 +Foot--short........... +Spider--don't.........12 +Needle--steel......... +Red--rose............. +Sleep--well........... +Anger--not............ +Carpet--beauty........ 1 +Girl--love............ +High--reason..........19 +Working--dress........19 +Sour--vinegar......... +Earth--ground......... +Trouble--much......... +Soldier--blue......... +Cabbage--sour......... +Hard--no..............12 +Eagle--paper.......... +Stomach--well.........17 +Stem--flower.......... +Lamp--light........... +Dream--awful..........19 +Yellow--flower........ +Bread--rye............ +Justice--court........ +Boy--little........... +Light--room........... +Health--love..........15 +Bible--no............. +Memory--good.......... 1 +Sheep--lot............19 +Bath--cold............ +Cottage--little....... +swift--kick...........17 +Blue--no..............12 +Hungry--no............ +Priest--love..........15 +Ocean--Grove.......... +Head--black........... +Stove--shine..........19 +Long--square.......... +Religion--no.......... +Whiskey--champagne....17 +Child--my............. 2 +Bitter--pepper........ +Hammer--knock......... +Thirsty--no...........12 +City--New York........ +Square--table......... +Butter--good.......... 1 +Doctor--S.............17 +Loud--talk............ +Thief--night.......... +Lion--yes.............12 +Joy--good............. 1 +Bed--comfort.......... +Heavy--Iron........... +Tobacco--strong....... +Baby--love............ +Moon--shine........... +Scissors--cut........ +Quiet--well........... +Green--bow............17 +Salt--hitter.......... +Street--Hinsdale......17 +King--Franz Joseph....17 +Cheese--Swiss......... +Blossom--nice......... 1 +Afraid--no............ + + +CASE No. 4578.--E.M. Circular insanity of over twenty years' standing; +at time of test patient was in a manic phase. Non-specific reactions; +doubtful reactions; neologisms, all possessing obvious meaning. + +Table--using.......... 1 +Dark--unbright........ 4 +Music--songs.......... +Sickness--catching....17 +Man--masculine........ +Deep--high............ +Soft--chew............19 +Eating--sometimes.....12 +Mountain--highlands... +House--live........... +Black--color.......... +Mutton--meat.......... +Comfort--easy......... +Hand--body............ +Short--unlongly....... 4 +Fruit--plants......... +Butterfly--insects.... +Smooth--feeling....... +Command--do........... +Chair--use............ 1 +Sweet--taste.......... +Whistle--act.......... +Woman--female......... +Cold--acting.......... 2 +Slow--gradually.......17 +Wish--desire.......... +River--water.......... +White--color.......... +Beautiful--niceness... 2 +Window--built.........19 +Rough--treatment......17 +Citizen--country...... +Foot--body............ +Spider--insect........ +Needle--article....... 1 +Red--color............ +Sleep--tiredness...... 4 +Anger--scolding....... +Carpet--article....... 1 +Girl--female.......... +High--low............. +Working--do........... +Sour--tasting......... +Earth--surface........ +Trouble--worriment.... +Soldier--man.......... 1 +Cabbage--vegetable.... +Hard--difficult....... +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--body......... +Stem--article......... 6 +Lamp--article......... 1 +Dream--untruly........ 4 +Yellow--color......... +Bread--food........... +Justice--unfairly..... 2 +Boy--masculine........ +Light--easy........... +Health--sickness...... +Bible--commandments... +Memory--remember...... +Sheep--animal......... +Bath--cleanness....... +Cottage--country...... +Swift--quickly........ +Blue--color........... +Hungry--food.......... +Priest--masculine.....15 +Ocean--water.......... +Head--body............ +Stove--article........ 1 +Long--shortly......... 2 +Religion--Bible....... +Whiskey--drinking..... +Child--disremembering. 4 +Bitter--taste......... +Hammer--using......... 1 +Thirsty--drinking..... +City--acting..........15 +Square--measuring..... 2 +Butter--food.......... +Doctor--helping....... 2 +Loud--hearing......... 2 +Thief--untrue.........15 +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--gladness......... +Bed--lying............ +Heavy--unlightly...... 4 +Tobacco--using........ 1 +Baby--borning......... 4 +Moon--sending.........19 +Scissors--using....... 1 +Quiet--acting......... 2 +Green--color.......... +Salt--food............ +Street--walking....... +King--person.......... 1 +Cheese--food.......... +Blossom--plant........ +Afraid--frightened.... + + +CASE No. 5878.--A.B. Maniacal attack. 48 individual reactions, of +which 18 are classed as normal, 10 are sound reactions (2 sound +neologisms), 1 word complement, 8 particles, and 11 unclassified +reactions most of which are either obviously normal or "far fetched" +but not strictly incoherent. + +Table--mahogany....... +Dark--green........... +Music--masonic........10 +Sickness--seasickness.10 +Man--maternity........10 +Deep--well............ +Soft--silk............ +Eating--cleanliness...19 +Mountain--Gibraltar...17 +House--bungalow....... +Black--light.......... +Mutton--lamb.......... +Comfort--linen........17 +Hand--left............17 +Short--shorthand......10 +Fruit--pears.......... +Butterfly--canary.....17 +Smooth--linen.........17 +Command--pilot........17 +Chair--round.......... +Sweet--sugar.......... +Whistle--mother.......19 +Woman--twenty-one.....12 +Cold--ice............. +Slow--music........... +Wish--girl............ +River--Hudson......... +White--plaster........17 +Beautiful--nature..... +Window--St. Patrick's.17 +Rough--blankets.......19 +Citizen--twenty-one...12 +Foot--six.............12 +Spider--fly........... +Needle--tailor........ +Red--Herald...........19 +Sleep--seven..........12 +Anger--Angoria........ 3 +Carpet--green......... +Girl--eighteen........12 +High--school..........11 +Working--ten..........12 +Sour--kraut........... +Earth--round.......... +Trouble--son..........19 +Soldier--navy......... +Cabbage--curly........19 +Hard--stone........... +Eagle--almanac........17 +Stomach--stomjack..... 3 +Stem--maple...........17 +Lamp--New.....York....19 +Dream--husband........19 +Yellow--cards.........17 +Bread--rye............ +Justice--liberty...... +Boy--Joe.............. +Light--white.......... +Health--death.........10 +Bible--holy........... +Memory--seven.........12 +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--cleanliness..... +Cottage--gray.........17 +Swift--ball........... +Blue--balloon.........10 +Hungry--yes...........12 +Priest--doctor........ +Ocean--Niagara........17 +Head--rest............ +Stove--stationary.....10 +Long--poems...........19 +Religion--Catholic.... +Whiskey--Hunter....... +Child--Jesus..........17 +Bitter--gall.......... +Hammer--steel......... +Thirsty--water........ +City--New York........ +Square--Union......... +Butter--sweet......... +Doctor--S.............17 +Loud--discreet........19 +Thief--night.......... +Lion--Bostock......... 2 +Joy--Joy Line.........10 +Bed--Ostermoor........17 +Heavy--iron........... +Tobacco--Durham....... +Baby--Rose............17 +Moon--half............ +Scissors--steel....... +Quiet--nursing........19 +Green--grass.......... +Salt--rock............ +Street--Liberty.......17 +King--Alphonso........ +Cheese--Swiss......... +Blossom--apple........ +Afraid--dark.......... + + +CASE No. 6511.--U.B. Maniacal attack. Persistent use of particles +_oh, me, I, none,_ etc. + +Table--none........... 6 +Dark--red............. +Music--stock..........19 +Sickness--rose........19 +Man--Frank............17 +Deep--blue............ +Soft--pillow.......... +Eating--no............12 +Mountain--oyster......11 +House--mercy..........19 +Black--mother.........19 +Mutton--me............ 6 +Comfort--home......... +Hand--mother..........15 +Short--me............. 6 +Fruit--me............. 5 +Butterfly--it.........12 +Smooth--oh............12 +Command--none......... 6 +Chair--none........... 5 +Sweet--for............12 +Whistle--bird......... +Woman--I.............. 6 +Cold--I............... 5 +Slow--me.............. +Wish--none............ 2 +River--are............12 +White--wife...........10 +Beautiful--Alma.......17 +Window--Stephen.......19 +Rough--Rudolphia......10 +Citizen--father.......17 +Foot--Anthon..........19 +Spider--reverend......19 +Needle--pine..........17 + +Red--brother..........19 +Sleep--Adam...........19 +Anger--I.............. 6 +Carpet--home.......... +Girl--Agatha..........17 +High--niece...........13 +Working--I............ 6 +Sour--I............... 5 +Earth--I.............. 5 +Trouble--I............ 5 +Soldier--father.......15 +Cabbage--hail.........19 +Hard--me..............12 +Eagle--I.............. 6 +Stomach--I............ 5 +Stem--life............ +Lamp--Lambert.........10 +Dream--I.............. 6 +Yellow--I............. 5 +Bread--I.............. 5 +Justice--I............ 5 +Boy--just.............13 +Light--picture........19 +Health--cook..........19 +Bible--beads..........17 +Memory--Dick..........19 +Sheep--to.............12 +Bath--none............ +Cottage--home......... +Swift--lazy........... +Blue--Nell............19 +Hungry--I............. +Priest--I............. 5 +Ocean--I.............. 5 +Head--home............ 6 +Stove--home........... +Long--short........... +Religion--none........ +Whiskey--none......... +Child--Sylvester......17 +Bitter--I............. 6 +Hammer--my............12 +Thirsty--no........... 6 +City--no.............. 5 +Square--Ben...........19 +Butter--I............. 6 +Doctor--I............. 5 +Loud--bell............ +Thief--iron...........19 +Lion--I............... 6 +Joy--I................ 5 +Bed--I................ 5 +Heavy--I.............. 5 +Tobacco--I............ 5 +Baby--I............... 5 +Moon--will............12 +Scissors--beads.......15 +Quiet--nerves.........19 +Green--I.............. 6 +Salt--I............... 5 +Street--Peter.........17 +King--I............... 6 +Cheese--I............. 5 +Blossom--I............ 5 +Afraid--no............ + + +CASE No. 4427.--A.R. Maniacal attack. Unusual number of doubtful +reactions; 46 individual reactions of which 9 are classed as normal; +29 are unclassified, some seemingly incoherent. + +Table--Chicago........19 +Dark--Montreal........18 +Music--Mississippi....18 +Sickness--flowers.....19 +Man--ocean............19 +Deep--medicines.......19 +Soft--accidental......19 +Eating--vaccination...19 +Mountain--evergreens..17 +House--caves..........19 +Black--station........19 +Mutton--operations....19 +Comfort--money........ +Hand--bandages........10 +Short--soldiers.......19 +Fruit--dictionary.....19 +Butterfly--storehouse.19 +Smooth--vegetables....18 +Command--Bible........ +Chair--histories......14 +Sweet--farewells......19 +Whistle--ammunition...19 +Woman--foreign........19 +Cold--armory..........19 +Slow--St. Petersburg..19 +Wish--wealth.......... +River--revenue........10 +White--purity......... +Beautiful--colonial...19 +Window--shutters...... +Rough--planes......... 2 +Citizen--naturalization +Foot--carriage........19 +Spider--remedies......19 +Needle--canoe.........19 +Red--refreshments.....10 +Sleep--restfulness.... 2 +Anger--usefulness..... 9 +Carpet--coach.........19 +Girl--finery..........19 +High--fortifications..19 +Working--materials....19 +Sour--pickles......... +Earth--gravitation.... 2 +Trouble--graphophone..19 +Soldier--guns......... +Cabbage--children.....19 +Hard--inheritance.....19 +Eagle--feathers....... +Stomach--envelope.....19 +Stem--roots........... +Lamp--oil............. +Dream--fairies........17 +Yellow--lemons........ 2 +Bread--jams...........17 +Justice--repentance...17 +Boy--clothes.......... +Light--lanterns.......17 +Health--joys.......... 2 +Bible--heaven......... +Memory--head.......... +Sheep--pastures....... +Bath--cleanliness..... +Cottage--home......... +Swift--rapids......... 2 +Blue--truth........... +Hungry--appetite...... +Priest--saintliness...17 +Ocean--ships.......... +Head--intelligence.... +Stove--woods.......... 2 +Long--trains.......... 2 +Religion--godliness... 2 +Whiskey--drunkenness.. +Child--joyfulness..... 2 +Bitter--olives........ +Hammer--nuts.......... +Thirsty--water........ +City--shopping........ +Square--monuments..... 2 +Butter--crackers......17 +Doctor--medicines..... +Loud--music........... +Thief--detectives..... 2 +Lion--cages........... 2 +Joy--home............. +Bed--restfulness...... 2 +Heavy--expressage.....17 +Tobacco--cigars....... +Baby--carriage........ +Moon--light........... +Scissors--goods....... +Quiet--peacefulness... +Green--vegetables..... +Salt--water........... +Street--stones........ +King--crown........... +Cheese--knife......... +Blossom--plants....... 2 +Afraid--enemies.......17 + + +CASE No. 6457.--C.G. Depressive attack. 36 individual reactions of +which 9 are classed as normal and 20 as unclassified; among the latter +several seem to be incoherent + +Table--fish...........17 +Dark--boat............ +Music--water..........18 +Sickness--tank........18 +Man--horse............ +Deep--ocean........... +Soft--egg............. +Eating--beans.........17 +Mountain--grass....... +House--roof........... +Black--bath...........10 +Mutton--butcher....... +Comfort--cigar........17 +Hand--shoes...........19 +Short--baseball.......19 +Fruit--orange......... +Butterfly--elephant...19 +Smooth--glass......... +Command--general...... +Chair--kitchen........17 +Sweet--cake...........17 +Whistle--bird......... +Woman--door...........19 +Cold--ice............. +Slow--cat.............19 +Wish--bed.............19 +River--trout..........17 +White--paint.......... +Beautiful--monkey.....19 +Window--bars.......... +Rough--rowdy.......... +Citizen--policeman.... +Foot--fine............ 9 +Spider--insect........ +Needle--sewing........ +Red--man.............. 9 +Sleep--pond...........19 +Anger--hatred......... +Carpet--tacks......... +Girl--floor...........13 +High--mountain........ +Working--dog..........19 +Sour--milk............ +Earth--mud............ +Trouble--radiator.....19 +Soldier--cannon....... +Cabbage--vegetable.... +Hard--wood............ +Eagle--quick..........19 +Stomach--flesh........ +Stem--pipe............ +Lamp--burn............ +Dream--thinking....... 1 +Yellow--mice..........19 +Bread--baker.......... +Justice--equality..... +Boy--young............ +Light--green..........17 +Health--art...........19 +Bible--preacher....... +Memory--return........19 +Sheep--fold........... +Bath--water........... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--fleeting....... 2 +Blue--dark............ +Hungry--thirst........ +Priest--elephant......15 +Ocean--briny..........19 +Head--hard............ +Stove--black.......... +Long--grass........... +Religion--thinking.... 1 +Whiskey--Kentucky..... +Child--carriage....... +Bitter--pickles....... +Hammer--nails......... +Thirsty--wanting...... +City--New York........ +Square--base..........17 +Butter--cow........... +Doctor--carriage...... +Loud--hall............19 +Thief--prison......... +Lion--cage............ +Joy--automobile....... +Bed--iron............. +Heavy--lead........... +Tobacco--weed......... +Baby--rocker.......... +Moon--sky............. +Scissors--laundry.....19 +Quiet--peaceful....... +Green--engine.........19 +Salt--grocer..........19 +Street--Lincoln.......17 +King--Spain........... +Cheese--baker.........19 +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--going......... 2 + + +INVOLUTIONAL MELANCHOLIA; ALCOHOLIC DEMENTIA; SENILE DEMENTIA. + +There are so few cases of these psychoses in our series that we can +say but little concerning their associational disorders. + +In Table V. we show all the types of reactions given by each subject. + +We have not observed in our cases of _involutional melancholia_ any +undue tendency to give individual reactions. The records are either +perfectly normal or slightly abnormal in that they show an increase of +the non-specific (common) reactions. In this respect they resemble +strongly the records obtained from some cases of manic-depressive +insanity. This similarity is of interest in connection with other +evidence, recently brought to light, [1] showing that involutional +melancholia is closely related to manic-depressive insanity, if not +identical with it. + +[Footnote 1: G. L. Dreyfus. Die Melancholic ein Zustandsbild des +manisch-depressiven Irreseins. 1907.] + + +TABLE V. + +-----------------------+-----------------+-----------+ + | Involutional | Alcoholic | Senile | + | Melancholia | Dementia | Dementia | + +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ + | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0| | | | | | + | 6| 4| 5| 6| 6| 6| 4| 5| 5| 6| 5| 6| 1| 6| 6| 5| 6| 5| + Case No.--| 2| 8| 7| 4| 3| 0| 8| 6| 2| 3| 9| 4| 0| 4| 4| 8| 5| 7| +TYPES OF REACTION | 0| 1| 1| 8| 6| 7| 1| 3| 9| 6| 6| 6| 0| 1| 7| 3| 3| 8| + | 7| 8| 9| 0| 8| 7| 2| 5| 8| 9| 7| 9| 9| 8| 1| 7| 3| 8| + +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ +_Common reactions:_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Specific reactions................|86|92|79|92|83|86|83|78|90|79|75|77|80|46|72|71|82|77| + Non-specific reactions............|13| 2|12| 1| 9| 4| 6| 6| 3|11|10| 8| 3| 8|16| 8|..| 3| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +_Doubtful reactions_................| 1| 2| 4| 1| 1| 2| 2| 3| 1| 2| 5| 3| 3| 7|..| 6|..|..| + | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +_Individual reactions:_ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | + Normal reactions..................|..| 2| 1| 4|..| 3| 1| 6| 5| 4| 3| 4| 3|14| 2| 4| 8| 3| + Derivatives of stimulus words.....|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1| 1|..| + Non-specific Reactions............|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1| 2|..|..| + Sound reactions (words)...........|..|..|..| 1|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| + Sound reactions (neologisms)......|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| + Word complements..................|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| + Particles of speech...............|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1| 1|..|..|..|..|..| 5| 1| 2|..| 1| + Association to preceding stimulus.|..|..|..|..| 1|..| 1|..|..|..| 2|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..| + Association to preceding reaction.|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 3| + Repetition of preceding stimulus..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1| + Repetition of previous stimulus...|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..| + Repetition of preceding reaction..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| 1|..|..|..| 2| + Repetition of previous reaction...|..|..|..|..| 1|..| 1|..| 1|..|..|..| 2| 1| 2| 3| 1| 2| + Reaction repeated five times......|..|..|..|..| 4|..|..|..|..| 2| 2| 4|..| 4|..|..|..| 3| + Neologisms without sound relation.|..|..|..|..|..| 1| 1|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..|..| + Unclassified......................|..| 2| 4|..| 1| 3| 1| 6|..| 2| 3| 4| 8|14| 6| 2| 8| 5| + +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+ + Total individual reactions 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 6 8 10 12 14 39 12 15 18 20 + + +CASE No. 4818.--S.M. Normal record. + +Table--wood............. +Dark--black............. +Music--noise............ +Sickness--illness....... +Man--being.............. +Deep--depth............. +Soft--mushy............. +Eating--devouring....... +Mountain--hill.......... +House--residence........ +Black--color............ +Mutton--meat............ +Comfort--luxury......... +Hand--body.............. +Short--abrupt...........19 +Fruit--oranges.......... +Butterfly--insect....... +Smooth--even............ +Command--order.......... +Chair--article.......... 1 +Sweet--taste............ +Whistle--noise.......... +Woman--sex.............. +Cold--temperature....... +Slow--dull.............. +Wish--desire............ +River--water............ +White--color............ +Beautiful--sky.......... +Window--glass........... +Rough--uneven........... +Citizen--representative.17 +Foot--end...............19 +Spider--insect.......... +Needle--instrument...... +Red--color.............. +Sleep--repose........... +Anger--temper........... +Carpet--rug............. +Girl--sex............... +High--elevation......... +Working--employment..... +Sour--bitter............ +Earth--clay............. +Trouble--anxiety........ +Soldier--military....... +Cabbage--vegetable...... +Hard--substance......... +Eagle--bird............. +Stomach--body........... +Stem--flower............ +Lamp--light............. +Dream--imagination...... +Yellow--color........... +Bread--wheat............ +Justice--credit.........17 +Boy--child.............. +Light--sun.............. +Health--condition....... +Bible--book............. +Memory--remembrance..... +Sheep--lamb............. +Bath--bathing........... +Cottage--house.......... +Swift--rapid............ +Blue--color............. +Hungry--desire.......... +Priest--minister........ +Ocean--water............ +Head--body.............. +Stove--fire............. +Long--distance.......... +Religion--creed......... +Whiskey--liquor......... +Child--infant........... +Bitter--sour............ +Hammer--tool............ +Thirsty--dry............ +City--town.............. +Square--block........... +Butter--food............ +Doctor--physician....... +Loud--noisy............. +Thief--burglar.......... +Lion--animal............ +Joy--happiness.......... 1 +Bed--cot................ +Heavy--weight........... +Tobacco--weed........... +Baby--infant............ +Moon--light............. +Scissors--instrument.... +Quiet--noiseless........ +Green--color............ +Salt--seasoning......... +Street--block........... +King--ruler............. +Cheese--food............ +Blossom--flower......... +Afraid--fear............ + + +CASE No. 6207.--T.S. No individual reactions; 13 non-specific +reactions. + +Table--furniture...... +Dark--color........... +Music--fiddle......... +Sickness--bed......... +Man--person........... 1 +Deep--water........... +Soft--pliable......... +Eating--cake.......... +Mountain--high........ +House--bricks......... +Black--color.......... +Mutton--meat.......... +Comfort--easy......... +Hand--limb............ +Short--small.......... 1 +Fruit--vegetable...... +Butterfly--insect..... +Smooth--level......... +Command--control...... +Chair--sit............ +Sweet--nice........... 1 +Whistle--noise........ +Woman--person......... 1 +Cold--atmosphere...... +Slow--easy............ +Wish--something....... +River--stream......... +White--color.......... +Beautiful--nice....... 1 +Window--glass......... +Rough--unpleasant..... 1 +Citizen--person....... 1 +Foot--limb............ +Spider--insect........ +Needle--instrument.... +Red--color............ +Sleep--bed............ +Anger--irritable...... +Carpet--rug........... +Girl--person.......... 1 +High--elevation....... +Working--try.......... 2 +Sour--bitter.......... +Earth--sand........... +Trouble--anxiety...... +Soldier--person....... 1 +Cabbage--plant........ +Hard--stone........... +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--person....... 1 +Stem--apple........... +Lamp--light........... +Dream--sleep.......... +Yellow--color......... +Bread--flour.......... +Justice--Equal........ +Boy--child............ +Light--gas............ +Health--doctor........ +Bible--Scripture...... +Memory--thought....... 1 +Sheep--animal......... +Bath--water........... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--quick.......... +Blue--color........... +Hungry--want.......... +Priest--preach........ +Ocean--water.......... +Head--person.......... 1 +Stove--heat........... +Long--length.......... +Religion--belief...... +Whiskey--drink........ +Child--person......... 1 +Bitter--sour.......... +Hammer--tool.......... +Thirsty--dry.......... +City--place........... +Square--shape......... +Butter--eat........... +Doctor--physician..... +Loud--hear............ +Thief--steal.......... +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--glad............. +Bed--sleep............ +Heavy--weight......... +Tobacco--plant........ +Baby--child........... +Moon--light........... +Scissors--tool........ +Quiet--rest........... +Green--color.......... +Salt--spice........... +Street--place......... +King--ruler........... +Cheese--eat........... +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--hide.......... + + +CASE No. 5719.--A.W.S. 5 individual reactions; 12 non-specific +reactions. + +Table--stand.......... +Dark--color........... +Music--happy.......... 1 +Sickness--ill......... +Man--human............ +Deep--thought......... 1 +Soft--touch........... +Eating--appetite...... +Mountain--ground...... +House--shelter........ +Black--color.......... +Mutton--lamb.......... +Comfort--warm......... +Hand--touch........... +Short--small.......... 1 +Fruit--taste.......... +Butterfly--beauty..... 1 +Smooth--level......... +Command--obey......... +Chair--rest........... +Sweet--good........... +Whistle--noise........ +Woman--female......... +Cold--chilled......... 2 +Slow--move............ +Wish--think........... 1 +River--water.......... +White--color.......... +Beautiful--nice....... 1 +Window--glass......... +Rough--push........... +Citizen--man.......... 1 +Foot--body............ +Spider--insect........ +Needle--pointed....... +Red--blood............ +Sleep--rest........... +Anger--riled.......... +Carpet--covering...... +Girl--child........... +High--air............. +Working--ambitious.... +Sour--taste........... +Earth--ground......... +Trouble--thought...... 1 +Soldier--command...... +Cabbage--vegetable.... +Hard--blow............17 +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--body......... +Stem--pipe............ +Lamp--light........... +Dream--thought........ 1 +Yellow--purple........ +Bread--food........... +Justice--law.......... +Boy--male............. +Light--lamp........... +Health--soul..........19 +Bible--Scriptures..... +Memory--thought....... 1 +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--cleanness....... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--quick.......... +Blue--color........... +Hungry--appetite...... +Priest--scholar....... 2 +Ocean--water.......... +Head--brains.......... +Stove--heat........... +Long--measurement..... 2 +Religion--good........ 1 +Whiskey--alcohol...... +Child--baby........... +Bitter--taste......... +Hammer--knock......... +Thirsty--water........ +City--New York........ +Square--box........... +Butter--milk.......... +Doctor--help.......... +Loud--noise........... +Thief--burglar........ +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--well.............19 +Bed--rest............. +Heavy--load........... +Tobacco--nicotine..... +Baby--joy............. +Moon--light........... +Scissors--cutting..... +Quiet--rest........... +Green--color.......... +Salt--sand............19 +Street--crossing...... 2 +King--ruler........... +Cheese--luxury........19 +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--fright........ + + +CASE No. 5635. J.D. 13 individual reactions, of which 6 are classed +as normal, 1 particle, 6 unclassified, mostly obviously normal. + +Table--eating......... +Dark--night........... +Music--amusement...... +Sickness--distress.... +Man--working.......... +Deep--sorrow.......... +Soft--easy............ +Eating--supper........17 +Mountain--pleasure.... 1 +House--home........... +Black--grief..........19 +Mutton--butchers...... 2 +Comfort--home......... +Hand--shake........... +Short--baseball.......19 +Fruit--eating......... +Butterfly--field...... +Smooth--soft.......... +Command--oblige.......17 +Chair--seat........... +Sweet--flowers........ +Whistle--fire......... +Woman--home........... +Cold--winter.......... +Slow--easy............ +Wish--home............ +River--dock...........17 +Whiter--day........... +Beautiful--handsome... +Window--glass......... +Rough--wagon..........19 +Citizen--voter........ +Foot--walking......... +Spider--web........... +Needle--sticking......19 +Red--danger........... +Sleep--rest........... +Anger--right..........19 +Carpet--house......... +Girl--out.............12 +High--air............. +Working--labor........ +Sour--bitter.......... +Earth--ground......... +Trouble--worry........ +Soldier--man.......... 1 +Cabbage--farmer....... 2 +Hard--bath............19 +Eagle--birds.......... +Stomach--body......... +Stem--pipe............ +Lamp--burn............ +Dream--thinking....... 1 +Yellow--color......... +Bread--eating......... +Justice--peace........ +Boy--soldier..........17 +Light--day............ +Health--happy......... 1 +Bible--books.......... +Memory--good.......... 1 +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--washing......... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--quick.......... +Blue--color........... +Hungry--eating........ +Priest--church........ +Ocean--bathing........ +Head--mind............ +Stove--fire........... +Long--hours........... +Religion--church...... +Whiskey--drinking..... +Child--home........... +Bitter--sour.......... +Hammer--working....... +Thirsty--dry.......... +City--New York........ +Square--block......... +Butter--cow........... +Doctor--hospital...... +Loud--speaking........ 2 +Thief--sentence.......17 +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--pleasure......... 1 +Bed--sleeping......... +Heavy--weight......... +Tobacco--smoking...... +Baby--home............ +Moon--night........... +Scissors--cutting..... +Quiet--alone.......... +Green--color.......... +Salt--eating.......... +Street--walking....... +King--William.........17 +Cheese--milk.......... +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--fright........ + + +Our cases of _alcoholic_ dementia are clinically without +evidences of disturbance of flow of thought. The dementia consists +mainly in impairment or loss of the power of retention, with resulting +amnesia for recent occurrences, and temporal disorientation. The +records are either normal or show but slight departures from normal. + + +CASE No. 6369.--J.S. Slight deterioration. + +Table--eat............ +Dark--night........... +Music--enjoyment...... +Sickness--sadness..... +Man--work............. 1 +Deep--hole............ +Soft--feathers........ +Eating--appetite...... +Mountain--hill........ +House--live........... +Black--dark........... +Mutton--eat........... +Comfort--pleasant..... 1 +Hand--work............ 1 +Short--story.......... +Fruit--eat............ +Butterfly--annoyance.. 6 +Smooth--iron.......... +Command--officer...... +Chair--sit............ +Sweet--nice........... 1 +Whistle--pleasure..... 1 +Woman--pleasure....... 1 +Cold--annoyance....... 6 +Slow--car............. +Wish--like............ +River--water.......... +White--sack...........17 +Beautiful--house......17 +Window--look.......... +Rough--unpleasant..... 1 +Citizen--man.......... 1 +Foot--walk............ +Spider--annoyance..... +Needle--sticking......19 +Red--color............ +Sleep--happy.......... 1 +Anger--annoyance...... +Carpet--walk.......... +Girl--school.......... +High--skies........... +Working--labor........ +Sour--lemon........... +Earth--walk........... +Trouble--annoyance.... +Soldier--army......... +Cabbage--eat.......... +Hard--stone........... +Eagle--fly............ +Stomach--victuals.....17 +Stem--pipe............ +Lamp--burn............ +Dream--sleep.......... +Yellow--orange........ +Bread--eat............ +Justice--person....... 1 +Boy--school........... +Light--see............ +Health--comfort....... +Bible--read........... +Memory--recollection.. +Sheep--eat............ +Bath--cleanness....... +Cottage--live......... +Swift--go............. +Blue--color........... +Hungry--eat........... +Priest--confession.... +Ocean--vessels........ 2 +Head--knowledge....... +Stove--burn........... +Long--time............ +Religion--faith....... +Whiskey--drink........ +Child--infant......... +Bitter--unkind........17 +Hammer--nail.......... +Thirsty--dry.......... +City--inhabitants..... + +Square--brick......... +Butter--eat........... +Doctor--cure.......... +Loud--noise........... +Thief--steal.......... +Lion--animal.......... +Joy--happiness........ 1 +Bed--lay.............. +Heavy--feeling........ 2 +Tobacco--chew......... +Baby--nurse........... +Moon--bright.......... +Scissors--cut......... +Quiet--ease........... +Green--flower......... +Salt--taste........... +Street--walking....... +King--control.........19 +Cheese--eat........... +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--nervousness... + + + +CASE No. 6418.--J.R. Marked deterioration. + +Table--mahogany....... +Dark--dawn............17 +Music--harp...........17 +Sickness--none........ 6 +Man--white............19 +Deep--unfathomable.... 2 +Soft--silken.......... 2 +Eating--good.......... 1 +Mountain--high........ +House--place.......... +Black--color.......... +Mutton--cooked........17 +Comfort--rest......... +Hand--clasp...........19 +Short--small.......... 1 +Fruit--apples......... +Butterfly--buttercups. 2 +Smooth--iron.......... +Command--home.........19 +Chair--ebony..........19 +Sweet--potatoes.......17 +Whistle--song......... +Woman--pretty......... 1 +Cold--depressed.......19 +Slow--process.........17 +Wish--home............ +River--Mississippi.... +White--wings..........17 +Beautiful--palace.....19 +Window--clear......... +Rough--no.............12 +Citizen--patriot...... +Foot--heath...........19 +Spider--none.......... 5 +Needle--darning....... +Red--apples........... +Sleep--plenty......... +Anger--mistake........17 +Carpet--floor......... +Girl--pretty.......... 1 +High--ordinary........19 +Working--eight........12 +Sour--nonsense........19 +Earth--fruits......... 2 +Trouble--little....... +Soldier--patriot...... +Cabbage--garden....... +Hard--wood............ +Eagle--high........... + +Stomach--leave........19 +Stem--stalk........... +Lamp--kerosene........ +Dream--happy.......... 1 +Yellow--aster.........17 +Bread--white.......... +Justice--right........ +Boy--white............15 +Light--white.......... +Health--good.......... 1 +Bible--puzzled........19 +Memory--bad........... 1 +Sheep--cheviot........17 +Bath--marble..........17 +Cottage--story........17 +Swift--fast........... +Blue--waist...........17 +Hungry--not........... 2 +Priest--confessor..... +Ocean--Pacific........17 +Head--oval............19 +Stove--polish......... +Long--forever.........12 +Religion--Protestant.. +Whiskey--none......... +Child--none........... 5 +Bitter--sweet......... +Hammer--no............12 +Thirsty--no........... 5 +City--New York........ +Square--compass....... +Butter--sweet......... +Doctor--cure.......... +Loud--quietly......... 2 +Thief--jail........... +Lion--brave,.......... +Joy--peacefulness..... 2 +Bed--good............. 1 +Heavy--no............. +Tobacco--yes..........12 +Baby--none............ 6 +Moon--shines.......... +Scissors--uncut....... 2 +Quiet--peaceful....... +Green--grass.......... +Salt--water........... +Street--Queen.........17 +King--unknown.........19 +Cheese--Stilton.......17 +Blossom--cherry....... +Afraid--not........... + + + +We reproduce in full the record obtained from one of our cases of +_senile dementia._ + + +CASE No. 5788.--E.S. + +Table--cat............ 6 +Dark--night........... +Music--cat............ 2 +Sickness--cat......... 6 +Man--mouse............18 +Deep--well............ +Soft--sack............19 +Eating--well.......... +Mountain--hill........ +House--castle......... +Black--dog............ +Mutton--sheep......... +Comfort--lamb.........13 +Hand--chicken.........18 +Short--light..........19 +Fruit--apple.......... +Butterfly--fly........ +Smooth--iron.......... +Command--obey......... +Chair--stool.......... +Sweet--sugar.......... +Whistle--lump.........18 +Woman--man............ 1 +Cold--shiver.......... +Slow--cold............ 7 +Wish--push............19 +River--pond........... +White--cat............ +Beautiful--cat........ 6 +Window--glass......... +Rough--fight..........19 +Citizen--tough........ +Foot--shoe............ +Spider--clock.........19 +Needle--pin........... +Red--white............ +Sleep--eyes........... +Anger--mad............ +Carpet--cloth......... +Girl--boy............. +High--low............. +Working--sewing....... +Sour--sweet........... +Earth--clay........... +Trouble--child........13 +Soldier--man.......... 1 +Cabbage--spinach...... +Hard--cat............. 6 +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--belly........ +Stem--pike............17 +Lamp--globe........... +Dream--eyes........... +Yellow--flower........ +Bread--flour.......... +Justice--fight........ +Boy--cat.............. 6 +Light--lamp........... +Health--cough.........17 +Bible--book........... +Memory--mind.......... +Sheep--lamb........... +Bath--water........... +Cottage--house........ +Swift--quick.......... +Blue--color........... +Hungry--eat........... +Priest--clergyman..... +Ocean--river.......... +Head--life............ +Stove--fire........... +Long--short........... +Religion--Catholic.... +Whiskey--drink........ +Child--boy............ +Bitter--sweet......... +Hammer--noise......... +Thirsty--drink........ +City--New York........ +Square--Marion........17 +Butter--cow........... +Doctor--W.............17 +Loud--noise........... +Thief--steals......... +Lion--heart........... +Joy--happy............ 1 +Bed--mattress......... +Heavy--lead........... +Tobacco--smoke........ +Baby--boy............. +Moon--shine........... +Scissors--cut......... +Quiet--noisy.......... +Green--color.......... +Salt--bitter.......... +Street--place......... +King--rule............ +Cheese--taste......... +Blossom--flower....... +Afraid--trouble....... + + + +§8. PATHOLOGICAL REACTIONS FROM NORMAL SUBJECTS. + +Mental disorders do not always so manifest themselves as to +incapacitate the subject for his work or to necessitate his +sequestration in a hospital for the insane. It is, therefore, not +surprising that in applying the association test to over a thousand +subjects selected at random we have obtained a small number of test +records which show various types of abnormal reactions. Among the +subjects who furnished such records some are described as eccentric, +taciturn, or dull, while others are apparently normal but come of +neuropathic stock. A few of them are persons wholly unknown to us. + +We reproduce in full from the normal series, containing abnormal +reactions. + + +CONSECUTIVE No. 746.--State hospital attendant Efficient in his work +but is generally regarded to have married very foolishly. Sound +reactions; numerous unclassified reactions. + +Table--brought........19 +Dark--some............19 +Music--leaf...........19 +Sickness--water.......19 +Man--book.............19 +Deep--desk............19 +Soft--ground.......... +Eating--bark..........19 +Mountain--tree........ +House--paper..........19 +Black--light.......... +Mutton--horse.........13 +Comfort--hat..........19 +Hand--sick............13 +Short--swallow........19 +Fruit--mass...........19 +Butterfly--leaf.......15 +Smooth--wing..........13 +Command--man.......... 1 +Chair--left...........19 +Sweet--sick........... 2 +Whistle--whirl........10 +Woman--where..........12 +Cold--coal............ +Slow--some............15 +Wish--whirl...........15 +River--rice...........19 +White--waist.......... +Beautiful--brought....15 +Window--women.........10 +Rough--row............19 +Citizen--sir..........10 +Foot--fall............19 +Spider--spice.........10 +Needle--knee..........10 +Red--roam.............19 +Sleep--sorrow.........19 +Anger--August.........19 +Carpet--covered....... 2 +Girl--great........... 9 +High--his.............12 +Working--map..........19 +Sour--slur............10 +Earth--eat............19 +Trouble--through......12 +Soldier--solder.......10 +Cabbage--cart.........19 +Hard--him.............12 +Eagle--earth..........13 +Stomach--stall........10 +Stem--stair...........10 +Lamp--left............19 +Dream--dread.......... +Yellow--waist.........15 +Bread--book...........15 +Justice--gem..........19 +Boy--bird.............19 +Light--left...........10 +Health--heart.........17 +Bible--base...........19 +Memory--moth..........19 +Sheep--shrill.........19 +Bath--bend............19 + +Cottage--cart.........10 +Swift--swell..........10 +Blue--beard...........11 +Hungry--heart.........15 +Priest--path..........19 +Ocean--oar............10 +Head--him.............12 +Stove--still..........10 +Long--left............15 +Religion--rest........19 +Whiskey--whirl........15 +Child--charge.........19 +Bitter--bought........10 +Hammer--hemp..........10 +Thirsty--Thursday.....10 +City--salt............10 +Square--squirrel......10 +Butter--bread......... +Doctor--daisy.........19 +Loud--lark............19 +Thief--twist..........19 +Lion--lesson..........10 +Joy--jar..............19 +Bed--beard............10 +Heavy--health.........10 +Tobacco--toboggan.....10 +Baby--bird............15 +Moon--mill............19 +Scissors--setters.....10 +Quiet--quart..........10 +Green--great.......... 9 +Salt--sorrow..........10 +Street--stem..........10 +King--cart............15 +Cheese--chart.........19 +Blossom--bed..........19 +Afraid--frill.........10 + + + +CONSECUTIVE No. 220--Laundryman in State hospital. Nothing abnormal +has ever been observed in his case. Numerous perseverations. + +Table--house.......... +Dark--range...........19 +Music--eats........... +Sickness--dog.........18 +Man--barn.............19 +Deep--hollow.......... +Soft--apple........... +Eating--cranberry.....17 +Mountain--water.......17 +House--pig............19 +Black--rats...........18 +Mutton--mice.......... 2 +Comfort--sheep........13 +Hand--lamb............14 +Short--birds..........19 +Fruit--peach.......... +Butterfly--pears......18 +Smooth--grapes........18 +Command--nut..........18 +Chair--bureau......... +Sweet--broom..........19 +Whistle--violin.......19 +Woman--man............ 1 +Cold--child...........10 +Slow--infant..........14 +Wish--night...........19 +River--dark...........14 +White--steamboat......17 +Beautiful--tugboat....18 +Window--yacht.........18 +Rough--ferry..........18 +Citizen--water........13 +Foot--egg.............19 +Spider--fly........... +Needle--thread........ +Red--spool............18 +Sleep--machine........18 +Anger--picture........19 +Carpet--bed...........17 +Girl--bureau..........18 +High--oilcloth........18 +Working--pen..........19 +Sour--ink.............18 +Earth--paper..........18 +Trouble--chair........19 +Soldier--table........14 +Cabbage--beet......... +Hard--cauliflower.....13 +Eagle--potatoes.......18 +Stomach--beans........17 +Stem--plum............17 +Lamp--wick............ +Dream--oil............13 +Yellow--stick.........19 +Bread--stone..........18 +Justice--dirt.........18 +Boy--street........... +Light--match.......... +Health--sickness...... +Bible--book........... +Memory--leaf..........13 +Sheep--wool........... +Bath--water........... +Cottage--people....... 1 +Swift--fast........... +Blue--residence.......19 +Hungry--beef..........17 +Priest--clergyman..... +Ocean--rice...........19 +Head--eyes............ +Stove--nose...........18 +Long--mouth...........18 +Religion--legs........18 +Whiskey--arms.........18 +Child--elbows.........18 +Bitter--day...........19 +Hammer--nails......... +Thirsty--saw..........13 +City--plane...........18 +Square--chisel........18 +Butter--file..........18 +Doctor--duck..........10 +Loud--goose...........18 +Thief--robber......... +Lion--tiger........... +Joy--bear.............13 +Bed--leopard..........18 +Heavy--tiger..........15 +Tobacco--smoke........ +Baby--pipe............13 +Moon--star............ +Scissors--sharp....... +Quiet--noisy.......... +Green--blue........... +Salt--yellow..........13 +Street--green.........14 +King--purple..........14 +Cheese--axe...........19 +Blossom--handle.......19 +Afraid--barn..........19 + + + +CONSECUTIVE No. 255.--State hospital attendant. Efficient, but +unusually taciturn and seclusive. Sound reactions. + +Table--linen.......... +Dark--sunshine........17 +Music--song........... +Sickness--Saturday....19 +Man--manager..........10 +Deep--dark............ +Soft--sorrowful.......10 +Eating--eighty........10 +Mountain--miner.......19 +House--heart..........19 +Black--blue........... +Mutton--mountain......10 +Comfort--company......17 +Hand--happy...........10 +Short--slow...........17 +Fruit--froth..........10 +Butterfly--butter.....10 +Smooth--smoke.........10 +Command--company...... +Chair--chap...........10 +Sweet--slow...........15 +Whistle--whip.........10 +Woman--worried........19 +Cold--cow.............10 +Slow--slap............10 +Wish--water........... +River--rubbed.........19 +White--wash........... +Beautiful--bounty.....10 +Window--light......... +Rough--roguish........19 +Citizen--sight-seeing.19 +Foot--fool............10 +Spider--span..........10 +Needle--work.......... 1 +Red--robe.............19 +Sleep--soap...........10 +Anger--angel..........19 +Carpet--carriage......19 +Girl--guide...........19 +High--heart...........10 +Working--worthy.......10 +Sour--satchel.........19 +Earth--early..........10 +Trouble--trout........19 +Soldier--socket.......19 +Cabbage--currant......17 +Hard--harmful.........10 +Eagle--early..........15 +Stomach--stable.......19 +Stem--stand...........10 +Lamp--light........... +Dream--drunk..........10 +Yellow--lustre........19 +Bread--brand..........10 +Justice--judgment..... +Boy--butter...........15 +Light--love...........19 +Health--help..........10 +Bible--book........... +Memory--mental........ +Sheep--shop...........10 +Bath--bandage.........10 +Cottage--cot..........10 +Swift--swan...........10 +Blue--black...........10 +Hungry--height........19 +Priest--house......... +Ocean--apple..........19 +Head--heart........... +Stove--strap..........10 +Long--love............15 +Religion--belief...... +Whiskey--whisk broom..10 +Child--chap...........10 +Bitter--butter........10 +Hammer--habit.........19 +Thirsty--thirty.......10 +City--soap............15 +Square--squirrel......10 +Butter--bank..........19 +Doctor--dentist....... +Loud--laugh........... +Thief--thump..........19 +Lion--lump............19 +Joy--jump.............19 +Bed--bank.............15 +Heavy--happy..........10 +Tobacco--tub..........19 +Baby--bundle.......... +Moon--mantle..........10 +Scissors--Saturday....15 +Quiet--quarter........10 +Green--drought........19 +Salt--Saturday........10 +Street--straight...... +King--cattle..........19 +Cheese--captain.......19 +Blossom--bandage......15 +Afraid--flattered.....10 + + +CONSECUTIVE No. 442.--Nothing abnormal has ever been suspected in the +case of this subject; mother eccentric; sister insane. Sound +reactions. + +Table--stable......... +Dark--dreary.......... +Music--joy............ +Sickness--silliness...10 +Man--manner...........10 +Deep--dreary..........15 +Soft--sooth...........19 +Eating--evening.......10 +Mountain--morning.....18 +House--help...........19 +Black--dark........... +Mutton--mitten........10 +Comfort--come.........10 +Hand--handsome........10 +Short--small.......... 1 +Fruit--first..........10 +Butterfly--butter.....10 +Smooth--sooth.........10 +Command--come......... +Chair--air............10 +Sweet--good........... 1 +Whistle--music........ +Woman--wonder.........19 +Cold--freezing........ +Slow--snow............10 +Wish--wind............10 +River--riffle......... 3 +White--wait...........10 +Beautiful--handsome... +Window--light......... +Rough--harsh.......... +Citizen--city......... +Foot--walk............ +Spider--creep......... +Needle--needless......10 +Red--color............ +Sleep--sleet..........10 +Anger--rough.......... +Carpet--carpenter.....10 +Girl--going...........19 +High--air............. +Working--toiling...... +Sour--shower..........10 +Earth--eating.........19 +Trouble--loneliness...17 +Soldier--solid........10 +Cabbage--carrying.....19 +Hard--hardly.......... 8 +Eagle--eating.........10 +Stomach--starch.......10 +Stem--step............ 2 +Lamp--glass........... +Dream--dreary......... +Yellow--yonder........12 +Bread--bed............10 +Justice--juice........10 +Boy--ball............. +Light--likeness.......10 +Health--help..........10 +Bible--book........... +Memory--memorial...... 2 +Sheep--sleep.......... +Bath--battle..........10 +Cottage--cotton.......10 +Swift--fast........... +Blue--blind...........10 +Hungry--hurry.........10 +Priest--prince........10 +Ocean--over...........12 +Head--large........... 1 +Stove--stone..........10 +Long--heavy...........19 +Religion--goodness.... 1 +Whiskey--strong....... +Child--small.......... 1 +Bitter--butter........10 +Hammer--hard.......... +Thirsty--thrifty......10 +City--seeing..........10 +Square--squirrel......10 +Butter--bitter........10 +Doctor--dark..........10 +Loud--noisy........... +Thief--stealing....... +Lion--eating.......... +Joy--joyous........... 8 +Bed--sleep............ +Heavy--weightful...... 4 +Tobacco--cocoa........10 +Baby--boys............ 2 +Moon--moo............. 3 +Scissors--successors..10 +Quiet--easy........... +Green--grass.......... +Salt--simmer..........19 +Street--steep.........10 +King--kingdom......... +Cheese--squeeze.......10 +Blossom--blooming..... +Afraid--Africa........10 + + +CONSECUTIVE No. 3l4.--School teacher. Efficient; described as very +silent. Unclassified reactions, due mostly to distraction. + +Table--cat............19 +Dark--no..............12 +Music--will...........19 +Sickness--chair.......19 +Man--table............ 6 +Deep--floor...........14 +Soft--paper........... 6 +Eating--wood..........19 +Mountain--chair.......15 +House--Window......... +Black--wall........... +Mutton--sky...........19 +Comfort--air..........18 +Hand--table........... +Short--paper.......... 6 +Fruit--sweeping.......19 +Butterfly--room.......18 +Smooth--working....... 2 +Command--stone........19 +Chair--machine........19 +Sweet--radiator.......19 +Whistle--clock........19 +Woman--cane...........19 +Cold--flower..........19 +Slow--cord............19 +Wish--marriage........ 2 +River--chimney........19 +White--wheel..........19 +Beautiful--cane.......15 +Window--pot...........19 +Rough--grass..........19 +Citizen--paper........ +Foot--closet..........19 +Spider--awning........19 +Needle--good.......... 9 +Red--bad.............. 9 +Sleep--hinge..........19 +Anger--will...........15 +Carpet--paper......... 6 +Girl--chair...........15 +High--table........... 6 +Working--cane.........15 +Sour--floor...........15 +Earth--ceiling........18 +Trouble--chain........19 +Soldier--desk.........19 +Cabbage--paper........ +Hard--table........... +Eagle--flower.........15 +Stomach--match........19 +Stem--match........... +Lamp--table........... +Dream--chair..........14 +Yellow--cane..........18 +Bread--flour.......... +Justice--peace........ +Boy--window...........15 +Light--wall...........18 +Health--floor.........18 +Bible--house..........18 +Memory--paper......... 6 +Sheep--dress..........19 +Bath--clothes.........18 +Cottage--earth........19 +Swift--sky............18 +Blue--trees...........19 +Hungry--leaves........18 +Priest--bark..........18 +Ocean--boat........... +Head--hat............. +Stove--ashes..........17 +Long--short........... +Religion--peace....... +Whiskey--bottle....... +Child--dress.......... +Bitter--sour.......... +Hammer--teeth.........19 +Thirsty--dry.......... +City--good............ 1 +Square--wood.......... +Butter--best..........10 +Doctor--shoes.........19 +Loud--music........... +Thief--notes.......... 2 +Lion--strings.........19 +Joy--happy............ 1 +Bed--wish.............13 +Heavy--lead........... +Tobacco--plant........ +Baby--good............ 1 +Moon--paper........... 6 +Scissors--straw.......19 +Quiet--hoop...........19 +Green--rope...........19 +Salt--dish............ +Street--dirt.......... +King--bucket..........19 +Cheese--plate......... +Blossom--plant........ +Afraid--sweeping......15 + + +CONSECUTIVE No. 216.--State hospital attendant. Incompetent, dull. +Numerous non-specific reactions. + +Table--rolling........19 +Dark--swim............19 +Music--playing........ +Sickness--riding......19 +Man--walk............. +Deep--singing.........19 +Soft--light........... +Eating--sleep......... +Mountain--low......... +House--small.......... 1 +Black--dark........... +Mutton--lean..........19 +Comfort--good......... 1 +Hand--small........... 1 +Short--small.......... 1 +Fruit--taste.......... +Butterfly--beautiful.. 1 +Smooth--long.......... 6 +Command--immediate.... 2 +Chair--small.......... 6 +Sweet--clear..........19 +Whistle--long......... +Woman--small.......... 1 +Cold--long............ 6 +Slow--write........... 2 +Wish--quick...........10 +River--long........... +White--clean.......... +Beautiful--nice....... 1 +Window--big...........19 +Rough--bad............ 1 +Citizen--short........19 +Foot--small........... 1 +Spider--small......... 1 +Needle--small......... 1 +Red--dark............. +Sleep--easy........... +Anger--bad............ 1 +Carpet--small......... 1 +Girl--short...........15 +High--long............ +Working--good......... 1 +Sour--bad............. 1 +Earth--large.......... 1 +Trouble--bad.......... 1 +Soldier--good......... 1 +Cabbage--small........ 6 +Hard--apples.......... +Eagle--small.......... 6 +Stomach--good......... 1 +Stem--short........... +Lamp--bright.......... +Dream--good........... 1 +Yellow--light......... +Bread--good........... 1 +Justice--good......... 1 +Boy--small............ 1 +Light--clear.......... +Health--good.......... 1 +Bible--true........... +Memory--good.......... 1 +Sheep--many........... +Bath--good............ 1 +Cottage--large........ 1 +Swift--fast........... +Blue--dark............ +Hungry--long.......... 6 +Priest--true..........19 +Ocean--wide........... +Head--large........... 1 +Stove--black.......... +Long--wide............ +Religion--good........ 1 +Whiskey--strong....... +Child--small.......... 1 +Bitter--bad........... 1 +Hammer--small......... 1 +Thirsty--bad.......... 1 +City--big............. +Square--long.......... +Butter--good.......... 1 +Doctor--good.......... 1 +Loud--hearty..........19 +Thief--bad............ 1 +Lion--bad............. 5 +Joy--happy............ 1 +Bed--easy............. +Heavy--stone.......... +Tobacco--strong....... +Baby--small........... 1 +Moon--large........... 1 +Scissors--sharp....... +Quiet--baby........... +Green--dark........... +Salt--strong..........10 +Street--wide.......... +King--high............ +Cheese--good.......... 1 +Blossom--apples....... +Afraid--he............12 + + +CONSECUTIVE No. 318.--School boy. Non-specific reactions. + +Table--board.......... +Dark--night........... +Music--sound.......... +Sickness--pleasantness 9 +Man--people........... 1 +Deep--river........... +Soft--cat............. 2 +Eating--pleasantness.. 1 +Mountain--high........ +House--home........... +Black--dark........... +Mutton--good.......... 1 +Comfort--pleasure..... 1 +Hand--foot............ +Short--little......... +Fruit--good........... 1 +Butterfly--pretty..... 1 +Smooth--soft.......... +Command--go........... +Chair--sit............ +Sweet--good........... 1 +Whistle--noise........ +Woman--pretty......... 1 +Cold--bad............. 1 +Slow--quick........... +Wish--good............ 1 +River--deep........... +White--snow........... +Beautiful--pretty..... 1 +Window--look.......... +Rough--even........... +Citizen--good......... 1 +Foot--hand............ +Spider--bite.......... +Needle--sharp......... +Red--crimson.......... +Sleep--wake........... +Anger--mad............ +Carpet--floor......... + +Girl--good............ 1 +High--tall............ +Working--sleep........ +Sour--bad............. 1 +Earth--ground......... +Trouble--bad.......... 1 +Soldier--good......... 1 +Cabbage--bad.......... 6 +Hard--soft............ +Eagle--bird........... +Stomach--ache......... +Stem--slender......... +Lamp--light........... +Dream--good........... 1 +Yellow--pretty........ 1 +Bread--good........... 1 +Justice--good......... 1 +Boy--fun.............. +Light--see............ +Health--happiness..... 1 +Bible--good........... 1 +Memory--good.......... 1 +Sheep--pretty......... 1 +Bath--good............ 1 +Cottage--pretty....... 1 +Swift--quick.......... +Blue--yellow.......... +Hungry--eat........... +Priest--good.......... +Ocean--big............ +Head--little..........15 +Stove--hot............ +Long--distance........ +Religion--good........ 1 +Whiskey--bad.......... 1 +Child--cute........... +Bitter--good.......... 1 +Hammer--hard.......... +Thirsty--hard......... 5 +City--good............ 6 +Square--round......... +Butter--soft.......... +Doctor--good.......... 1 +Loud--noisy........... +Thief--good........... 6 +Lion--big............. +Joy--good............. 1 +Bed--comfortable...... +Heavy--light.......... +Tobacco--bad.......... 1 +Baby--pretty.......... 1 +Moon--cute............13 +Scissors--sharp....... +Quiet--loud........... +Green--pretty......... 1 +Salt--good............ 1 +Street--narrow........ +King--good............ 6 +Cheese--good.......... 1 +Blossom--pretty....... 1 +Afraid--scared........ + + +CONSECUTIVE NO. 234.--School boy. Non-specific reactions. + +Table--chair.......... +Dark--cold............ +Music--sweet.......... +Sickness--hard........ +Man--wise.............19 +Deep--dark............ +Soft--sweet........... +Eating--drinking...... +Mountain--snow........ +House--great.......... 9 +Black--horse.......... +Mutton--good.......... 1 +Comfort--health....... +Hand--foot............ +Short--fat............ +Fruit--good........... 1 +Butterfly--pretty..... +Smooth--hard.......... +Command--general...... +Chair--soft........... +Sweet--good........... 1 +Whistle--loud......... +Woman--large.......... 1 +Cold--dreary.......... +Slow--hard............ +Wish--fairy........... +River--large.......... 1 +White--snow........... +Beautiful--woman...... 1 +Window--large......... 1 +Rough--hard........... +Citizen--good......... 1 +Foot--small........... 1 +Spider--ugly.......... +Needle--thick......... +Red--cow..............17 +Sleep--dreams......... +Anger--very...........12 +Carpet--pretty........ 1 +Girl--small........... 1 +High--tree............ +Working--hard......... +Sour--bitter.......... +Earth--great.......... 1 +Trouble--hard......... +Soldier--brave........ +Cabbage--good......... 1 +Hard--stone........... +Eagle--great.......... 9 +Stomach--weak......... +Stem--watch........... +Lamp--pretty.......... 9 +Dream--sweet.......... +Yellow--buttercup..... +Bread--flour.......... +Justice--man.......... 1 +Boy--gun.............. +Light--bright......... +Health--care.......... 2 +Bible--holy........... +Memory--poor.......... +Sheep--pretty......... 1 +Bath--nice............ 1 +Cottage--low.......... +Swift--stream......... +Blue--bluebird........ 2 +Hungry--tired......... +Priest--church........ +Ocean--water.......... +Head--large........... 1 +Stove--fire........... +Long--snake........... +Religion--Jesus....... +Whiskey--temperance... +Child--healthy........19 +Bitter--apple......... +Hammer--nail.......... +Thirsty--water........ +City--houses.......... +Square--desk.......... +Butter--yellow........ +Doctor--medicine...... +Loud--harse........... +Thief--wicked......... +Lion--fierce.......... +Joy--happiness........ 1 +Bed--rest............. +Heavy--stone.......... +Tobacco--dirty........ +Baby--small........... 1 +Moon--sky............. +Scissors--sharp....... +Quiet--lonely......... +Green--sour........... +Salt--cows............19 +Street--people........ 1 +King--rich............19 +Cheese--yellow........ +Blossom--pretty....... 1 +Afraid--fear.......... + + +CONSECUTIVE No. 809.--Lawyer. 28 individual reactions, of which 14 are +classed as normal; 10 are unclassified, most of which are also +obviously normal. + +Table--chair............. +Dark--candle............ 17 +Music--girl.............. +Sickness--doctor......... +Man--woman............... 1 +Deep--swimming...........19 +Soft--hand............... +Eating--Reisenweber......17 +Mountain--Kipling........19 +House--mortgage..........17 +Black--spectrum..........19 +Mutton--pig.............. +Comfort--chair........... +Hand--ring............... +Short--tall.............. +Fruit--banana............ +Butterfly--color......... +Smooth--sphere...........17 +Command--soldier......... +Chair--teacher...........10 +Sweet--apple............. +Whistle--policeman....... +Woman--hat............... +Cold--thermometer........19 +Slow--invalid............ +Wish--million............ +River--Hudson............ +White--Broadway..........19 +Beautiful--girl.......... +Window--school........... +Rough--ball..............19 +Citizen--justice......... +Foot--shoe............... +Spider--insect........... +Needle--tailor...........17 +Red--flannel............. +Sleep--potassium bromide.17 +Anger--teacher........... +Carpet--tack............. +Girl--belt...............17 +High--pole............... +Working--laborer......... +Sour--apple.............. +Earth--Columbus.......... +Trouble--lawyer..........19 +Soldier--gun............. +Cabbage--plantation...... 2 +Hard--brick.............. +Eagle--feathers.......... +Stomach--juice...........17 +Stem--leaf............... +Lamp--light.............. +Dream--pillow............17 +Yellow--lemon............ +Bread--crust............. +Justice--judge........... +Boy--pants............... +Light--gas............... +Health--medicine......... +Bible--Jacob.............17 +Memory--brain............ +Sheep--wool.............. +Bath--soap............... +Cottage--rod.............19 +Swift--ball.............. +Blue--sky................ +Hungry--I................ +Priest--surplice......... +Ocean--ship.............. +Head--hair............... +Stove--shovel............17 +Long--pole............... +Religion--Abraham........19 +Whiskey--Kentucky........17 +Child--baby.............. +Bitter--pepper........... +Hammer--nail............. +Thirsty--lemonade........ +City--Manhattan..........17 +Square--Washington....... +Butter--salt............. +Doctor--nurse............ +Loud--hammer............. +Thief--jewelry........... +Lion--Androcles..........18 +Joy--automobile.......... +Bed--shoes...............15 +Heavy--Flannigan.........19 +Tobacco--pipe............ +Baby--wife............... +Moon--man................ 1 +Scissors--cut............ +Quiet--demure............ +Green--eyes.............. +Salt--cellar............. +Street--Wall.............17 +King--Edward............. +Cheese--Roquefort........ +Blossom--field........... +Afraid--burglar.......... + + + +§ 9. NUMBER OF DIFFERENT WORDS GIVEN AS REACTIONS. + + +It has been suggested by Fuhrmann [1] that the number of different +words given in response to one hundred selected stimulus words may be +used as "a fairly reliable measure of the intelligence and degree of +education of a patient." The test according to Fuhrmann is applied +twice in every case, the interval between the two sittings being at +least four weeks. "In very intelligent and well educated persons every +100 stimulus words almost always evokes in the first test 95-100 +different associations; in the less intelligent and in the +feeble-minded the same associations are more frequently repeated. In +the second test with the same stimulus words--which is really much +more important than the first, since even persons or inferior +intelligence may reach higher numbers in the first test--the +difference in the wealth of the stock of representations becomes +plainly evident: the man of intelligence will not need to draw on the +associations which he gave in the first test, but will produce new +ones; the feeble-minded subject will, on the contrary, repeat to a +greater or lesser extent the associations of the first test." "In +general the associational capacity of an adult person may be taken to +be from 80 per cent to 90 per cent. Should the number sink below 70 +per cent the suspicion of a pathological condition must then arise; +and the higher the subject's degree of education the stronger is this +suspicion. In the case of an associational capacity of 60 per cent or +less no doubt of its pathological significance can remain any longer." + +[Footnote 1: Diagnostik und Prognostik der Geisteskrankheiten, +p. 93. Leipzig, 1903.] + +Our results are not strictly comparable with Fuhrmann's, because we +have obtained but one test record from each subject; it may be said, +however, that the results of a single test in each case do not show +any considerable differences, corresponding to education or age, in +the variety of responses. Further, dementing psychoses, with the +exception of epilepsy, show on the whole no diminution in the number +of different reactions, although in individual cases this number falls +considerably below the general average; and in such cases the +diminution may be dependent upon stereotypy or perseveration, and not +necessarily upon reduction in the stock of representations. + +It would appear from our results that pathological mental states are +apt to manifest themselves by a tendency to give reactions belonging +to types of inferior values rather than by diminished variety of +responses. + +We show in Table VI. the numbers of different responses given by our +groups of normal and insane subjects, expressed in figures giving for +each group the median and the average. + + +TABLE VI. + + Med. Av. +86 normal subjects, common school education; records + containing not over 10 individual reactions........ 85 84.5 +66 normal subjects, collegiate education; records + containing not over 10 individual reactions........ 87 86.5 +48 normal subjects, school children; records + containing not over 10 individual reactions........ 87 84.9 +53 normal subjects; records containing not under 15 + individual reactions............................... 90 88.7 +108 cases of dementia pręcox............................. 87 84.8 +33 cases of paranoic conditions......................... 89 86.5 +24 cases of epilepsy.................................... 781/2 75.8 +32 cases of general paresis............................. 841/2 82.4 +32 cases of manic-depressive insanity................... 87 85.4 + + + +§ 10. CO-OPERATION OF THE SUBJECT. + + +In our work with insane subjects we encountered many cases in which we +were unable to obtain satisfactory test records owing to lack of +proper co-operation. Some subjects seemed to be either too confused or +too demented to be capable of understanding and following the +instructions given them. Others were for one reason or another +unwilling to co-operate. It is important to distinguish inability from +unwillingness to co-operate, since the former indicates in itself an +abnormal state of the mind, while the latter is quite often shown by +normal persons. + +A subject may co-operate to the extent of giving a single word in +response to each stimulus word, and yet fail to co-operate in some +other particulars. + +He may, instead of giving the first word suggested to him by the +stimulus, suppress the first word more or less systematically, and +give some other word which may seem to him more appropriate. This +probably occurs very often, but does not seem to render the results +less serviceable for our purpose. + +Further, a subject may react by words related not to the stimulus +words, but to each other, thus simulating perseveration; or he may +react by naming objects within reach of the senses, thus appearing to +be distracted; or he may give only sound reactions. + +There is, in fact, no type of pathological reactions which a normal +person may not be able to produce more or less readily at will, though +in the case of incoherent reactions considerable mental effort may be +required, and the end may be attained only by regularly rejecting the +first and some subsequent words which are suggested by the stimulus. + +In view of these considerations we are led to conclude that the +association test, as applied by our method, could not be relied upon +as a means of detecting simulation of insanity in malingerers, +criminals, and the like. + + + +§ 11. SUMMARY. + + +The normal range of reaction in response to any of our stimulus words +is largely confined within narrow limits. + +The frequency tables compiled from test records given by one +thousand normal subjects comprise over ninety per cent of the +normal range in the average case. + +With the aid of the frequency tables and the appendix normal +reactions, with a very few exceptions, can be sharply distinguished +from pathological ones. + +The separation of pathological reactions from normal ones simplifies +the task of their analysis, and makes possible the application of a +classification based on objective criteria. + +By the application of the association test, according to the method +here proposed, no sharp distinction can be drawn between mental health +and mental disease; a large collection of material shows a gradual and +not an abrupt transition from the normal state to pathological states. + +In dementia pręcox, some paranoic conditions, manic-depressive +insanity, general paresis, and epileptic dementia the test reveals +some characteristic, though not pathognomonic, associational +tendencies. + + + +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. + + +It is with pleasure that we acknowledge our indebtedness to the many +persons who have assisted us in collecting the data for this work. + +About two hundred tests upon normal subjects were made for us by the +following persons: Dr. Frederic Lyman Wells, Dr. Jennie A. Dean, Miss +Lillian Rosanoff, and Miss Madeleine Wehle. + +Dr. O. M. Dewing, the late superintendent of the Long Island State +Hospital, and Dr. Chas. W. Pilgrim, superintendent of the Hudson River +State Hospital, have assisted the work by kindly permitting the test +to be made upon employees of these institutions, and we are especially +indebted to Dr. F. W. Parsons for personal assistance in securing the +co-operation of many subjects. + +Professor R. S. Woodworth, of Columbia University, extended to us the +courtesy of the Psychological Laboratory during several weeks of the +summer session of 1909, and gave us much assistance in obtaining +interviews with students; we received assistance also from several of +the instructors of Teachers' College, especially Mr. Wm. H. Noyes. + +We are indebted to Mr. F.C. Lewis and Mr. W.E. Stark, of the Ethical +Culture School, New York, for permitting us to make the test upon the +pupils of that school. + +In the work of compiling the tables we have been assisted by Dr. N. +W. Bartram, Dr. Jennie A. Dean, Mrs. H. M. Kent, and others. + +We wish, finally, to express our thanks to Dr. Wm. Austin Macy, +superintendent of this hospital, to whom we are indebted for the +opportunity of undertaking this work. + + + +THE FREQUENCY TABLES. + + +1. TABLE + +accommodation 1 +article 3 +articles 1 + +basket 1 +bench 9 +board 14 +book 7 +books 5 +boy 1 +bread 1 +breakfast 2 +broad 2 +brown 1 +butter 1 + +cards 2 +celery 1 +center 1 +chair 267 +chairs 7 +chemical 1 +cloth 57 +cockroaches 1 +comfort 1 +cover 17 +cutlery 1 + +desk 11 +dine 2 +dining 4 +dinner 26 +dish 5 +dishes 40 +dissection 1 +dog 1 + +eat 63 +eatables 1 +eating 34 + +ferns 1 +fźte 1 +flat 5 +floor 7 +food 29 +fork 1 +form 1 +furniture 75 + +glass 1 + +hard 9 +hat 1 +home 2 +house 3 + +ink 1 + +kitchen 1 + +lamp 1 +large 4 +leaf 1 +leaves 1 +library 1 +leg 13 +legs 10 +linen 2 +long 1 +low 2 + +Mabel 1 +mahogany 2 +mat 1 +meal 6 +meals 4 +meat 2 +mess 1 + +nails 2 +napkin 1 +number 1 + +oak 1 +object 1 +old 1 +operating 1 +ornament 2 + +parlor 1 +pitcher 1 +plate 4 +plates 1 +plateau 1 +polished 1 + +refreshments 1 +rest 3 +room 3 +round 10 + +school 1 +serviceable 1 +set 2 +shiny 1 +sit 3 +sitting 2 +slab 1 +smooth 1 +soup 1 +spiritualism 1 +spoon 6 +spread 2 +square 9 +stable 1 +stand 36 +stool 3 +straight 1 +strong 1 +supper 1 + +tablecloth 1 +tea 1 +timber 1 +top 2 +typewriter 1 + +use 2 +useful 3 +utensil 1 + +victuals 2 + +wagon 1 +whist 1 +white 1 +wire 1 +wood 76 +wooden 1 +work 2 +working 1 +write 2 +writing 6 + + +2. DARK + +afraid 6 + +baby 1 +bad 1 +barks 1 +black 76 +blackness 2 +blank 1 +blind 2 +blindness 2 +blue 5 +board 1 +boat 1 +bright 15 +brightness 4 +brown 4 + +candle 1 +cart 1 +cat 2 +cell 1 +cellar 6 +close 1 +closet 1 +cloud 2 +clouds 2 +cloudy 3 +cold 2 +color 28 +colored 1 +colorless 1 +coon 1 +curly 1 + +day 1 +daylight 1 +dead 1 +denseness 1 +dim 3 +dimness 3 +dingy 2 +dismal 3 +dog 1 +door 1 +dreary 1 +dress 4 +dungeon 5 +dusk 1 +dusky 1 + +evening 4 +eye 1 +eyes 2 + +fair 2 +fear 6 +fearful 1 +fearsome 1 +fright 2 + +ghost 1 +ghosts 1 +gloom 6 +gloomy 11 +gray 1 +green 1 +ground 1 + +hair 5 +hall 1 +hell 1 +hole 1 +horse 3 +house 2 + +illumination 1 +invisible 2 + +lamp 1 +lantern 1 +light 427 +lonely 1 +lonesome 1 +lonesomeness 1 + +mahogany 1 +man 4 +mice 1 +midnight 1 +moon 6 +moonlight 1 +mysterious 1 + +nice 1 +night 221 + +oblivion 1 +obscure 1 + +parlor 1 +prison 1 + +red 5 +rest 3 +room 22 + +scare 1 +shades 1 +shadow 2 +shadows 1 +sky 1 +sleep 1 +sleeping 1 +space 1 +starry 1 +stars 2 +stillness 1 +storm 1 +stumbling 1 +subject 1 +sunlight 1 + +thunder 1 +tree 1 +twilight 1 + +unseen 1 + +walk 1 +weather 3 +white 9 +woods 1 + + + +3. MUSIC + +accordion 1 +air 3 +amuse 1 +amusement 10 +art 7 +attention 1 +attraction 1 + +band 6 +bassviol 1 +beautiful 7 +beauty 2 +Beethoven 7 +bell 1 +bird 1 +birds 1 +book 1 +books 2 +box 2 +brightness 1 + +captivating 1 +cats 1 +charm 1 +charms 1 +charming 2 +cheerful 2 +cheerfulness 2 +Chopin 1 +chord 1 +chords 1 +clarinette 1 +classic 1 +classical 2 +composer 2 +company 1 +concert 2 +conductor 1 + +dance 17 +dances 1 +dancing 15 +delight 1 +delightful 2 +discord 3 +drama 1 + +ear 3 +ecstasy 1 +elevating 1 +enchantment 1 +enjoyable 1 +enjoyed 1 +enjoyment 13 +entertaining 5 +entertainment 3 +entrancing 1 + +feeling 1 +fiddle 1 +fine 2 +flowers 1 +flute 1 +fun 1 + +gaiety 2 +gay 1 +genius 1 +girl 2 +gladness 1 +Goethe 1 +good 3 +guitar 1 + +hall 2 +happiness 5 +happy 2 +harmonious 1 +harmony 45 +hear 1 +heaven 2 +hurdygurdy 1 +hymn 1 + +idealism 1 +instrument 21 +instruments 5 +instrumental 1 + +jolly 1 +joy 11 +joyful 1 + +lesson 1 +light 1 +line 1 +liveliness 1 +lonely 1 +loud 1 +love 2 + + +man 1 +meditation 1 +melody 24 +Mendelsohn 1 +Merry Widow 1 +Mozart 1 +Mr. B. 1 +Mrs. E. 1 +musician 3 +mute 1 + +nice 6 +nocturne 1 +noise 16 +noisy 1 +note 2 +notes 17 + +opera 5 +orchestra 5 +organ 6 + +paper 2 +pastime 1 +piano 180 +pianola 2 +pitch 1 +play 7 +playing 8 +pleasant 10 +pleasantness 1 +pleasing 5 +pleasure 31 +poem 1 +poetry 4 +practice 1 +pretty 4 +pupils 1 + +quiet 1 + +rack 1 +racket 1 +rhyme 1 +roll 2 +room 1 + +sadness 2 +scale 1 +Schubert 2 +score 1 +sheet 5 +sheets 1 +sing 12 +singer 1 +singing 48 +soft 1 +softness 1 +solemn 1 +song 68 +songs 6 +soothing 2 +sound 95 +sounds 2 +stool 2 +strain 1 +strains 2 +string 1 +study 2 +sweet 47 +sweetness 6 +symphony 4 + +talent 2 +teacher 6 +teaching 1 +thought 1 +time 2 +tone 3 +town 1 +tune 2 + +violin 21 +voice 2 + +Wagner 3 +wavy 1 +window 1 +words 1 +worship 1 + +Yankee Doodle 1 + + +4. 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STOVE + +article 3 + +bake 1 +baking 1 +black 59 +blacking 4 +box 1 +breakfast 1 +bright 2 +burn 12 +burning 2 + +chair 1 +chimney 1 +coal 25 +comfort 2 +cook 24 +cooking 34 +cooks 1 +cover 3 + +dark 1 +dinner 1 +dirt 1 +dishes 1 + +fire 217 +fireplace 3 +flame 1 +food 3 +Franklin 1 +fry 1 +fuel 1 +furnace 6 +furniture 8 +furnitureness 1 + +gas 7 +German 1 +good 2 +grate 1 + +hard 2 +hardware 1 +heat 213 +heating 1 +heats 1 +heater 2 +heavy 2 +home 1 +hot 86 +house 2 +household 1 + +icebox 1 +implement 1 +instrument 2 +iron 51 +isinglass 1 + +kettle 4 +kitchen 11 + +lamp 3 +large 2 +legs 2 +lid 4 +lifter 3 +light 1 +long 1 + +metal 2 + +oil 1 +oven 1 + +painful 1 +pipe 18 +pipes 1 +poker 5 +polish 10 + +radiator 2 +range 19 +receptacle 1 +red 1 +room 2 +round 1 +rusty 1 + +shovel 1 +sink 1 +small 2 +smoke 1 +steel 3 +structure 1 + +teakettle 1 + +using 1 +utensil 2 + +warm 32 +warmth 42 +water 1 +winter 2 +wood 7 + +zinc 1 + + +72. 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KING + +Albert 1 +all 1 +Alphonso 3 +antiquity 1 +Arthur 1 +authority 4 + +bad 1 +boss 1 + +card 1 +cards 1 +chess 2 +chief 1 +command 3 +commanding 1 +commander 9 +conqueror 2 +country 13 +court 1 +courtier 1 +crown 63 +crowned 2 + +daughter 1 +diamonds 1 +dignity 1 +dislike 1 +dog 1 +duke 1 + +Edward 30 +emperor 11 +empire 3 +England 20 +ermine 1 + +family 1 +farce 1 +first 1 +fool 1 +foreign 1 +friend 1 + +garment 1 +George 2 +glory 1 +good 1 +govern 1 +government 4 +governor 6 +great 2 +greatness 1 + +Hamlet 1 +happy 1 +head 8 +helmet 1 +Henry 2 +high 2 +Holland 1 +honorable 1 +horrible 1 + +imperial 1 +inheritance 1 +Italy 1 + +John 1 +judgement 1 + +Kaiser 2 +king 1 +kingdom 5 + +large 1 +law 1 +leader 2 +lion 1 +lord 1 +Louis XVI. 1 +loyal 1 + +majestic 1 +majesty 8 +male 2 +man 43 +master 3 +mean 1 +Midas 1 +monarch 49 +monarchy 4 + +nation 1 +nobility 1 +noble 3 +nobleman 2 +none 1 + +officer 1 +old 1 + +palace 2 +person 6 +picture 1 +pompous 2 +Power 18 +powerful 4 +president 4 +princess 1 +Prussia 1 + +queen 354 + +regal 1 +regent 1 +reign 8 +rich 1 +Richard 1 +royal 2 +royalty 5 +rule 10 +rules 4 +ruler 162 + +saxony 1 +scepter 2 +slave 1 +somebody 1 +sovereign 8 +Spain 1 +stories 1 +subject 2 +supreme 1 + +throne 21 +title 1 +town 1 +tyrant 1 + + +98. CHEESE + +American 2 + +bacteria 1 +bad 2 +beer 2 +biscuit 1 +bitter 6 +box 2 +bread 56 +brick 1 +butter 136 +buttermilk 2 + +cake 8 +Camembert 2 +casein 1 +chalk 1 +cheesecloth 1 +churn 1 +cloth 4 +cold 1 +color 4 +corn 1 +cow 9 +cows 3 +cracker 1 +crackers 30 +cream 30 +creamery 1 +crust 1 +curd 9 +curds 3 +cut 2 +cutter 1 + +dairy 4 +delicatessen 2 +derby 1 +diet 2 +digestible 1 +digestion 1 +dinner 2 +dish 1 +dislike 4 +Dutch 1 + +eagle 1 +eat 67 +eating 29 +eaten 1 +eatable 19 +eatables 3 +edible 1 +eggs 2 + +factory 1 +fat 2 +feast 1 +fine 1 +fondness 1 +food 91 +fresh 2 +fromage de Brie 1 + +good 15 +green 5 +grocer 1 +grocery 1 + +ham 1 +hard 2 +head 1 +heap 1 +hole 2 +holes 2 +holey 2 +hoops 1 +hunger 1 +hungry 1 + +indigestion 1 + +jam 1 + +kind 1 +knife 4 + +Limburger 13 +lump 1 +lunch 2 + +macaroni 1 +maggot 1 +maggots 2 +meat 1 +mice 25 +microbes 1 +mild 1 +milk 106 +milky 1 +mixture 1 +moon 2 +mould 1 +mouldy 1 +mouse 13 +mustard 2 + +nice 1 +nourishment 1 +nutrition 1 + +odor 9 +odorous 1 + +pickles 1 +pie 6 +plain 1 +plate 1 +poor 1 +poultry 1 +price 1 +product 2 + +rarebit 4 +rat 8 +rats 7 +red 1 +resentment 1 +rich 1 +Roquefort 4 +rough 1 +round 2 + +sage 1 +salt 1 +sandwich 8 +sandwiches 2 +sauce 1 +scent 1 +Switzer 2 +sharp 3 +skippers 1 +smell 33 +smells 1 +soft 7 +solid 2 +sour 5 +strengthening 1 +strong 12 +sugar 1 +supper 5 +sweet 2 +Swiss 16 +Switzerland 1 + +taste 8 +tasty 1 +thin 1 + +vegetable 5 +vegetables 1 + +wafers 1 +white 3 +worms 1 + +yellow 32 + + + +99. BLOSSOM + +apple 50 +apples 4 +art 1 + +beautiful 10 +beauty 9 +beginning 1 +berries 1 +bloom 28 +blooming 7 +blow 1 +book 1 +bright 4 +bud 23 +buds 3 +bursting 1 +bush 1 +bushes 2 +buttercups 1 + +cherries 5 +cherry 4 +clematis 1 +clover 1 +color 5 +colors 1 +country 1 + +dainty 1 +daisy 2 +delicate 1 + +eat 1 + +fair 2 +falling 1 +falls 1 +field 3 +flower 467 +flowers 73 +foliage 1 +forth 2 +fragrance 6 +fragrant 4 +frail 1 +fruit 39 + +garden 2 +gin 1 +girl 1 +green 1 +grow 2 +growth 2 + +handsome 1 +happiness 1 +hepatica 1 + +leaf 3 +leaves 1 +lilacs 2 +lily 1 + +magnificent 1 +May 2 +mimosa 1 + +nice 1 + +odor 2 +orange 2 +orchard 2 + +pansies 1 +pansy 1 +peacefulness 1 +peach 4 +petal 1 +petals 1 +picking 1 +pink 7 +plant 13 +pleasure 1 +plum 1 +pour 1 +pretty 15 + +red 3 +rose 17 +roses 4 + +scent 1 +seeds 1 +shrubberies 1 +small 1 +smell 2 +soft 1 +spring 23 +sprout 1 +stem 1 +summer 4 +sun 1 +sweet 15 + +T. 1 +tree 40 +trees 17 + +vine 1 +violet 3 + +weeds 1 +white 8 + +yellow 2 +youth 1 + + + +100. AFRAID + +accidents 1 +action 1 +alarm 2 +always 2 +anger 3 +angry 2 +animal 2 +animals 2 +anxiety 1 +automobile 2 +awful 1 + +backwardness 1 +bad 2 +bashful 2 +battle 1 +bears 1 +blow 1 +bold 2 +boy 1 +brave 18 +bravery 1 +brother 1 +burglar 3 +burglars 2 + +careful 1 +cat 2 +cheerfulness 1 +child 8 +children 1 +cold 1 +comfort 1 +comforted 1 +company 1 +confidence 1 +conscience 1 +courage 11 +courageous 5 +cow 1 +cows 1 +coward 53 +cowardice 5 +cowardly 3 +crowd 1 +crying 1 + +danger 15 +dangerous 2 +dare 1 +dark 114 +darkness 16 +death 2 +deep 1 +depressed 1 +desire 1 +dislike 1 +do 1 +dog 1 +dogs 1 +don't 1 +doubt 1 +dread 7 +dreading 1 +dreadful 1 +dream 1 + +emotion 2 + +faith 2 +fear 197 +fearful 8 +fearless 8 +feeling 2 +fierce 1 +forward 1 +fright 9 +frighten 2 +frightened 48 +frightful 1 +frog 1 + +gallant 1 +ghost 4 +ghosts 2 +girl 1 +go 4 +goblins 1 +God 1 +guilty 1 + +happy 1 +harm 2 +heart 1 +heroism 1 +hide 1 +home 1 +hope 1 +horse 1 +hurt 1 + +insect 1 + +joy 1 +joyful 1 + +licked 1 +lightning 1 +lion 3 +loneliness 1 +lonely 3 +lonesome 5 +loss 1 + +man 3 +manner 1 +memory 1 +mild 1 +Miss K. 1 +mice 1 +mouse 2 + +need 1 +nerve 2 +nerves 1 +nervous 55 +nervousness 4 +never 3 +night 12 +no 3 +nobody 1 +noise 2 +noisy 1 +not 1 +nothing 5 + +obsession 1 +opposition 1 + +palpitation 1 +patient 1 +patients 1 +plucky 1 +police 1 + +quiet 1 + +rat 1 +rats 1 +retreat 1 +riot 1 +robbers 2 +rocks 1 +run 4 +running 1 + +scare 1 +scared 106 +scary 1 +scream 1 +sensitive 1 +shiver 1 +shrinking 2 +shudder 1 +shy 2 +sickness 1 +sleep 1 +soldier 1 +somebody 1 +sore 1 +sorrow 2 +sorry 1 +spirit 1 +spiritual 1 +startled 1 +startling 1 +stay 1 +stillness 1 +strong 1 +suddenness 1 +suffering 1 +sure 1 + +tempted 1 +terrified 1 +terror 9 +thief 3 +thought 1 +threaten 1 +thunder 1 +timid 55 +timidity 2 +to-night 1 +tremble 2 +trouble 1 +trust 1 + +unable 1 +uncertain 1 +uneasy 5 +unhappiness 1 +unknown 1 +unprotected 1 + +woman 1 +women 1 +worried 1 +worry 3 + + + +APPENDIX TO THE FREQUENCY TABLES + + + +General Rules + +1. Any word combination which is to be found in the frequency +tables, but only in the reverse order from that in which it occurs +in a test record under consideration, is to be classed as a normal +reaction. + +2. Any reaction word which is a synonym or an antonym of +the corresponding stimulus word is to be classed as normal. + + +1. TABLE + +Any food or meal. + +Any room or apartment + +Any article of table linen, china, silver, or furnishings. + +Word designating any special variety of tables. + +Any word pertaining to appetite. + + +2. DARK + +Any source of illumination. + +Any enclosure from which light is wholly or in a large measure +excluded. + +Word referring to physiological pigmentation of tissues exposed to +view. + +Any division of the diurnal cycle. + +Any color or coloring material. + +Anything which obscures light. + + +3. MUSIC + +Any musical instrument. + +Name of any composer or musician. + +Special or general name of any musical composition. + +Term designating rhythm, tempo, loudness, or pitch. + +Name of any dance. + +Term expressing subjective effect of music. + + +4. SICKNESS + +Term designating any disease, symptom, injury, or physiological +function. + +Any cause of disease. + +Any means or measure of treatment of disease. + +Any anatomical organ or region. + +Word denoting mode of termination, results, consequences, or indirect +effects of disease. + +Any term of prognostic import. + +Common or proper name of any person. + + +5. MAN + +Word denoting or implying age of a person. + +Any of the well-known male sexual characteristics. + +Occupation or profession more or less peculiarly masculine. + +Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization. + +Word pertaining to sexual relationships; any word denoting the +opposite sex. + +The proper name of any male person. + +Any article of male apparel. + + +6. DEEP + +Any vessel or container. + +Any natural or artificial body of water. + +Any depression of surface. + +Any object naturally situated or often artificially placed at a +comparatively great distance below the surface. + +Any act of progress from surface to depth. + + +7. SOFT + +Any article of food. + +Any fabric. + + +8. EATING + +Any article of table linen, china, or silver. + +Any organ of digestion; any function of nutrition. + +Any article of food; any meal. + +Any private or public eating place. + +Word denoting taste. + + +9. MOUNTAIN + +Name of any mountain, mountain range, or mountainous country. + +Word pertaining to shape, geological composition, fauna, or flora of +mountains or mountainous regions. + +Any term of physical geography. + + +10. HOUSES + +Any place of house location. + +Any part of a house. + +Any material used in the construction of a house. + +Any part of the process of construction of a house. + +Laborer or mechanic having to do with the construction of a house. + +Any commercial term pertaining to ownership, taxes, mortgages, sale, +renting, or occupancy of a house. + +Any article of furniture. + + +11. BLACK + +Any object or substance that is always or often black or dark in +color. + +Any color. + +Word denoting limitation or obscuration of light. + +Any word clearly related to the word Black used as a proper name. + + +12. MUTTON + +Any article of food; any meal. + +Any animal, or class or group of animals, whose meat is used for human +consumption as food. + +Any article of table linen, china, silver; any cooking utensil. + +Word designating any person engaged in the preparation of meats for +consumption. + +Word denoting any process employed in the preparation of meats for +consumption. + + +13. COMFORT + +Any agreeable or disagreeable subjective state. + +Any object, act, or condition that contributes to comfort or produces +discomfort. + + +14. HAND + +Any simple function of the hand; work requiring special manipulation. + +Word denoting skill or any degree of skill. + +Any part or any tissue of the body. + + +15. SHORT + +Any word involving the concept of duration. + +Common or proper name of any person. + +Any word denoting shape, relative or absolute dimension, or distance. + +Any object in which characteristically one dimension exceeds any +other. + + +16. FRUIT + +Any article of food; any meal. + +Any process employed in the cultivation of fruits or in their +preparation for consumption. + +Word designating any person engaged in the cultivation of fruits or in +their preparation for consumption. + +Any article of table linen, china, or silver. + + +17. BUTTERFLY + +Any bird, worm, or insect + +Any flower. + +Any color. + + +18. SMOOTH + +Any object possessing a smooth surface as a characteristic feature. + +Any fabric. + + +19. COMMAND + +Word denoting any means of influence of one mind upon another intended +to produce acquiescence. + +Word denoting or implying acquiescence or lack of it. + +Term applied to any commanding officer or to any person in authority. + + +20. CHAIR + +Any article of furniture. + +Any room or apartment + + +21. SWEET + +Any substance having a sweet taste. + +Common or proper name of a child' or woman. + + +22. WHISTLE + +Any instrument or any animal producing a shrill musical sound. + + + +33. WOMAN + +Word denoting or implying age of a person. + +Any of the well-known female sexual characteristics. + +Occupation or profession more or less peculiarly feminine. + +Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization. + +Word pertaining to sexual relationships; any word denoting the +opposite sex. + +Name of any female person. + +Any article of female apparel. + + +24. COLD + +Name of any location characterized by low temperature. + +Any illness or symptom which may be caused by exposure to cold. + +Any division of the annual cycle. + +Any food that is always or often served cold. + +Any means or measure of protection against cold. + +Any state of the natural elements causing a sensation of cold. + +Word denoting subjective characterization of or reaction to cold. + + +25. SLOW + +Any means or manner of locomotion. + +Any word involving the concept of rate of progress with reference +either to time or to intensity of action. + +Common or proper name of any person. + + +26. WISH + +Word implying fulfillment of a wish either by achievement or through +acquiescence. + +Word implying non-fulfillment of a wish. + +Word denoting any state of longing or anticipation. + +Word denoting any state free from longing or anticipation. + +Word denoting a prayer or request. + +Word denoting a state of happiness. + + +27. RIVER + +Any body of water. + +Any part of a river. + +Any plant or animal living in rivers. + +Any term of physical geography. + +Any vessel or contrivance for navigation. + + +28. WHITE + +Any object or substance that is always or often white or very light in +color. + +Any color. + +Any word clearly related to the word White used as a proper name. + + +29. BEAUTIFUL + +Any word denoting aesthetic pleasure. + +Name or any female person. + +Any product of the fine arts or of decorative handicraft. + +Any decorative plant or flower. + +Any article of attire. + +Natural scenery. + +Any division of the diurnal cycle. + + +30. WINDOW + +Any word pertaining to illumination. + +Word pertaining to movements of air. + +Any attachment to a window for the control of transmission of light or +air. + +Any building or apartment + + +31. ROUGH + +Any object or substance which is characteristically rough to the +touch. + +Word denoting or implying irregularity of surface. + +Any skin lesion which may impart to the skin the quality of roughness. + +Any word implying carelessness, lack of consideration, or crudeness; +any word used to designate action or conduct which may be +characterized as careless, inconsiderate, or crude. + + +32. CITIZEN + +Any word pertaining to political organization, or to factors either +favorable or unfavorable to it. + +Any term or proper name of political geography. + +Common or proper name of any male person. + + +33. FOOT + +Any means or manner of locomotion involving the use of the feet. + +Any part or any tissue of the animal body. + +Any article of foot-wear. + +Any way constructed or used for walking. + +Any unit of linear measure. + + + +34. SPIDER + +Word employed to designate subjective characterization of or reaction +to an object of dislike. + +Any insect. + +Word pertaining to the characteristic habits of spiders, with +reference either to location and construction of nest, or to manner of +catching prey. + + +35. NEEDLE + +Any material used in making clothes. + +Any special sewing operation; any occupation in which sewing +constitutes part of the work. + +Any special kind of needles. + +Any instrument which is used in connection with a needle in any +operation, or of which a needle forms a part. + + +36. RED + +Word which may be used to express subjective characterization of the +red color. + +Any object or substance which is always or often red in color. + +Anything which is by convention or common usage connected with the red +color. + +Any organ, tissue, or lesion, exposed to view, which may have a red +color imparted to it by the blood or by physiological pigment + +Any color or coloring material. + +Any word implying light through incandescence. + + +37. SLEEP + +Word denoting somnolence or a state of lowered consciousness; anything +which is a cause of somnolence or of lowered consciousness; anything +which induces a desire to sleep. + +Word denoting a state of active consciousness or a transition from +lowered to more active consciousness. + +Any division of the diurnal cycle. + +Any word more or less commonly used to characterize sleep in any way. + +Any article of bedding, bed-linen, or night-clothes. + +Any article of furniture used for sitting or lying. + + +38. ANGER + +Any affective state; any common demonstration of emotion. + +Any common cause or provocation of anger. + +Action or conduct caused by anger; word used to characterize such +action or conduct. + + +39. CARPET + +Any material of which carpets are made. + +Any article of house furniture, hangings, or decorations. + +Word denoting home, house, or any part of a house. + +Word pertaining to the manufacture or care of carpets, or denoting a +person engaged in the manufacture, sale, or care of carpets. + +Any country especially noted for the manufacture of carpets or rugs. + +Any color. + + +40. GIRL + +Word denoting or implying age of a person. + +Any of the well-known female sexual characteristics. + +Occupation or profession more or less peculiarly feminine. + +Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization. + +Word pertaining to sexual relationships; any word denoting the +opposite sex. + +Name of any female person. + +Any part of a person's body. + +Any article of female apparel. + + +41. HIGH + +Any word denoting or implying skill, training, achievement, or +position. + +Any word denoting or implying valuation. + +Any architectural structure. + +Any object of which the vertical dimension characteristically exceeds +any other. + +Any act of progress from a lower to a higher level. + +Name of any mountain or mountain range. + +Anything characteristically situated at a high level. + +Anything characteristically variable in height. + + +42. WORKING + +Any occupation, profession, art, or labor. + +Direct results or consequences of work. + +Any place of employment. + +Rest, recreation, inaction, or disinclination to work. + +Word denoting energy, material, capital, equipment. + + +43. SOUR + +Any substance or object which is always or often sour in taste. + +Any word denoting a taste or flavor quality. + + +44. EARTH + +Any substance which enters into the composition of soil. + +Word pertaining to the utilization or cultivation of natural +resources; any product of agriculture. + +Any term of physical geography, geology, mineralogy, meteorology, or +astronomy. + + +45. TROUBLE + +Any affective state. + +Any general cause of active emotional states. + +Any common manifestation of emotion. + +Word denoting or implying defeat. + +Word denoting or implying caution or lack of it. + +Any task. + + +46. SOLDIER + +Word pertaining to military organization. + +Word pertaining to any military operation. + +Word pertaining to military discipline or to military decoration. + +Any article of military or naval equipment or attire. + +Common or proper name of any male person. + +Name of any country. + +Word pertaining to political organization. + + +47. CABBAGE + +Any article of food; any meal. + +Any article of table linen, china, silver; any cooking utensil. + +Any process of cooking. + +Word used to designate any person engaged in the cultivation of +cabbages or in their preparation for consumption. + + +48. HARD + +Any solid article of food. + +Word denoting or implying impact. + +Any task or labor. + +Any substance which is hard or unyielding. + +Any agency or process by which a substance is solidified or hardened. + +Any article of furniture used for sitting or lying. + +Any trait of disposition characterized by lack of readiness to yield +or lack of consideration for others. + + +49. EAGLE + +Any bird. + +Any piece of currency. + +Anything in connection with which the word eagle is used in a symbolic +sense. + + +50. STOMACH + +Any anatomical organ or region. + +Any article of food; any meal. + +Word pertaining to ingestion and assimilation of food. + +Term denoting health or disease; any medicament. + + +51. STEM + +Any object which has a stem. + +Any part of a plant. + +Any object which is long, slender, and more or less rigid. + + +52. LAMP + +Any means or source of illumination. + +Word denoting or implying illumination. + + +53. DREAM + +Any product of imagination. + +Any psychical phenomenon; any part of the psychical organ. + +Word denoting or implying unreality or uselessness. + +Word denoting or implying mystery or occultism. + +Any division of the diurnal cycle. + +Any article of bedding, bed-linen or night-clothes. + +Any article of furniture used for sitting or lying. + +Any narcotic substance. + + +54. YELLOW + +Word which may be used to denote subjective characterization of the +yellow color. + +Any object or substance which is always or often yellow in color. + +Any color or coloring material. + + +55. BREAD + +Any article of food; any meal + +Any article of table linen, china, or silver; any cooking utensil. + +Any private or public eating place. + +Word pertaining to ingestion and assimilation of food. + +Any ceremony in connection with which bread is used. + + +56. JUSTICE + +Any word implying crime or tendency to crime, legal trial, retribution +or lack of it, or repentance. + +Any officer of the law. + +Word pertaining to judiciary organization. + +Word denoting any kind of ethical relationship. + +Any deity. + +The name of any justice or judge. + +Any function of a judicial authority. + +Any word denoting or implying equality. + + +57. BOY + +Word denoting or implying age of a person. + +Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization. + +Word pertaining to sexual relationships; any word denoting the +opposite sex. + +Common or proper name of any male person. + +Any part of a person's body. + +Any article of male apparel. + +Any common boys toy or game. + +Word pertaining to educational organization. + + +58. LIGHT + +Any source, apparatus, or means of illumination. + +Any color or coloring material. + +Word implying light through incandescence. + +Any term of optics; any optical phenomenon. + +Any object or substance which is characteristically light in weight. + + +59. HEALTH + +Any emotion; any common manifestation of emotion. + +Any disease or symptom. + +Word pertaining to prevention or treatment of disease. + +Word pertaining to any normal bodily function. + +Word pertaining to the preservation of health. + +Word denoting or implying a state of health. + +Any athletic sport or form of exercise. + +Any anatomical organ or region. + + +60. BIBLE + +Name of any personage mentioned in the Bible. + +Any religion or religious denomination. + +Any name or attribute employed in reference to the Deity. + +Any article or act of religious ritual. + +Word denoting or implying belief, disbelief, or doubt. + +Any term of theology. + + +61. MEMORY + +Word pertaining to operations, faculties, endowment, training, or condition of the mind. + +Word denoting any degree of accuracy. + +Word denoting the cranium; any part of the psychical organ. + +Word pertaining to the past. + +Any word implying transiency. + +Any subject of study involving the exercise of memory. + +Any method or means for the reinforcement of memory. + +Any of the senses. + +Word denoting retention. + + +62. SHEEP + +Any animal raised or hunted for clothing material, for food, or for +its services as a beast of burden. + +Any product manufactured from the skin or wool of sheep. + +Any of the more or less distinctive characteristics of sheep. + +Any food product derived from sheep. + + +63. BATH + +Word denoting or implying an effect of bathing on the body. + +Any body of water. + +Any kind of bath; any part of bath, lavatory, or toilet equipment. + +Any material of which a bathing equipment is largely made. + +Word denoting a state of partial or complete undress. + +Any beach or bathing resort. + +Any aquatic feat of gymnastics. + + +64. COTTAGE + +Word pertaining to landscape gardening. + +Any place of cottage location. + +Any part of a house; any color. + +Any material used in the construction of a cottage. + +Any laborer or mechanic having to do with the construction of a cottage. + +Any part of the process of construction of a cottage. + +Any commercial term pertaining to ownership, taxes, mortgages, sale, +renting, or occupancy of a cottage. + +Any article of furniture. + + +65. SWIFT + +Any means or manner of locomotion. + +Word denoting or implying motion or rate of motion. + +Any animal or familiar object characterized by rapid locomotion. + +Any word clearly related to the word Swift used as a proper name. + + +66. BLUE + +Word which may be used to express subjective characterization of the +blue color. + +Any object or substance which is always or often blue in color. + +Anything which is by convention or common usage connected with the +blue color. + +Any organ, tissue, or lesion, exposed to view, which may have a blue +color imparted to it by the blood or by physiological pigment. + +Any color or coloring material. + + +67. HUNGRY + +Any animal. + +Any article of food; any meal. + +Word denoting taste or flavor. + +Word denoting or implying privation or torture. + +Any article of table linen, china, or silver. + +Any private or public eating place. + +Any organ of digestion; any function of nutrition. + +Word designating any person engaged in the preparation or sale of +foods. + + +68. PRIEST + +Any religion or denomination. + +Any article or act of religious ritual. + +Any term of theology. + +Word denoting or implying sanctity. + +Word denoting or implying belief, disbelief, or doubt. + +Word pertaining to church organization. + +Proper name of any priest. + +Any article of clerical attire. + +Any profession more or less peculiarly masculine. + + +69. OCEAN + +Any body of water. + +Any plant or animal living in the ocean. + +Any term of physical geography. + +Any vessel or contrivance for navigation. + +Word pertaining to navigation; any nautical term. + +Common or proper name of any place bordering on the ocean. + +Any aquatic feat of gymnastics. + + +70. HEAD + +Any organization which has a person occupying the highest office. + +Word denoting or implying the highest office of any organization. + +Any intellectual faculty, quality, or operation. + +Any part of the head. + +Any pathological condition affecting the head. + + +71. STOVE + +Any part of a stove. + +Any kitchen utensil. + +Any artificial heating apparatus; any fuel. + +Any manner of cooking; any person engaged in cooking food. + +Any article of household furniture. + + +72. LONG + +Any word involving the concept of duration. + +Word denoting shape, relative or absolute dimension, or distance. + +Any object in which characteristically one dimension exceeds any +other. + + +73. RELIGION + +Any religion or denomination; the name of any race or nation. + +Any term of theology. + +Any branch of metaphysical philosophy. + + +74. WHISKEY + +Any beverage; the name of any brand of whiskey. + +Any material of which whiskey is made. + +Word denoting taste or flavor. + +Any occasion or ceremony commonly associated with the use of alcoholic +beverages. + +Word denoting a state of lowered consciousness. + +Any physiological or pathological effect of alcohol; also any well +known, indirect effect. + + +75. CHILD + +Word denoting or implying age of a person. + +Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization. + +Name of any person. + +Any part of a person's body. + +Any article of a child's apparel. + +Any common child's toy or game. + +Word pertaining to educational organization. + +Any word descriptive of the natural physical or mental make-up of a +child, or of the rate or degree of physical or mental development. + +Word pertaining to any custom or ceremony connected with the birth or +rearing of children. + +Any term of obstetrics. + +Any word clearly related to the word Child used as a proper name. + + +76. BITTER + +Any substance having a bitter, sour, sweet, or salt taste, or a +complex taste quality which may be characterized as strong. + +Word denoting a taste or flavor quality. + +Any organ of taste. + +Any word in connection with which the word bitter may be used in the +sense of poignant. + + +77. HAMMER + +Any tool or weapon. + +Any trade involving the use of a hammer. + + +78. THIRSTY + +Any beverage. + +Any animal. + +Word denoting taste or taste quality. + +Any part of the upper end of the digestive tract. + +Any drinking place; any container of a beverage. + +Any fruit; any dessert. + +Any food ingredient commonly known to excite thirst. + + +79. CITY + +Name of any division of political geography. + +Any architectural structure. + +Any part of a city. + +Word pertaining to the political organization of a city. + + +80. SQUARE + +The name of any city. + +The name of any square in a city or town. + +Any geometrical figure or part of one. + +Any object that is always or often square in shape. + +Any device used in the arts for measuring angles, arcs, or distances +between points. + +Any part of a carpenter's or draughtsman's square. + +Any trade involving the use of the square. + + +81. BUTTER + +Any article of food; any meal. + +Any article of table linen, china, or silver; any cooking utensil. + +Any process of cooking. + + +82. DOCTOR + +The name of any physician. + +Any medical speciality or practice. + +Any medical or surgical procedure. + +Any therapeutic remedy or method. + +Any organization for the treatment of disease. + +Name of any injury or disease. + + +83. LOUD + +Any sound or sound quality. + +Any part of the human vocal apparatus. + +Any act of vocalization. + +Any musical instrument. + +Any apparatus for making sound signals. + +Word denoting renown or commendation. + + +84. THIEF + +Word denoting crime or wrongdoing. + +Word denoting any circumstance propitious for theft. + +Any common measure for the prevention or punishment of crime. + +Any judicial, police, or penal authority. + +Any readily portable article of value. + +Word denoting renown. + + +85. LION + +Word denoting or implying fear. + +Any animal. + + +86. JOY + +Word denoting a state, quality, faculty, or function of the mind. + +Any common manifestation of emotion. + +Any occasion, act, or means of recreation or of pleasurable excitement. + + +87. BED + +Any article of bedding, bed linen, or night-clothes. + +Any article of furniture. + +Any living room, apartment, or building. + +Any part of a room. + +Any division of the diurnal cycle. + +Any material of which beds are made. + +Word pertaining to sleep or rest. + + +88. HEAVY + +Word denoting or implying weight or lightness. + +Any object or substance which characteristically possesses the quality +of either great weight or marked lightness. + +Any means of support or suspension. + +Any fabric; any article of clothing or bedding. + +Word denoting something to be carried or transferred. + +Any painful emotion. + +Word denoting a state of lowered consciousness. + + +89. TOBACCO + +The name of any brand or variety of tobacco. + +Term denoting any common quality of tobacco. + +Any physiological or pathological effect of tobacco. + +Any word which expresses subjective characterization of tobacco. + + +90. BABY + +Word denoting or implying age or size of a person. + +Word pertaining to familial relationships or domestic organization. + +Name of any person. + +Any part of a person's body. + +Any article of a child's apparel. + +Any common child's toy or game. + +Word pertaining to any custom or ceremony connected with the birth or +rearing of children. + +Any term of obstetrics. + + +91. MOON + +Any term of astronomy. + +Word denoting or implying illumination or obscuration of light. + +Any division of the diurnal cycle. + + +92. SCISSORS + +Any operation or handicraft involving the use of scissors. + +Any fabric; any article of clothing. + +Any metal of which scissors are made. + +Any tool for cutting, piercing, or sharpening. + +Any operation of cutting, piercing, or sharpening. + + +93. QUIET + +Any place where silence usually prevails or is enforced. + +Word denoting or implying a state of lowered psychical activity or of +psychical inhibition. + +Word denoting heightened psychical activity. + +Any word pertaining to the emotions. + + +94. GREEN + +Word which may be used to express subjective characterization of the +green color. + +Any object or substance which is always or often green in color. + +Anything which is by convention or common usage connected with the +green color. + +Any color or coloring material. + +Any plant, collection of plants, or part of a plant. + +Any word clearly related to the word Green used as a proper name. + + +95. SALT + +Any article of food that is usually seasoned with salt; any seasoning; any relish. + +Any article of table linen, china, or silver. + +Any process of cooking. + +Any term of chemistry. + + +96. STREET + +Name of any street or city. + +Any part of a street. + +Any building. + +Any manner or means of locomotion commonly employed in traveling +through streets. + + +97. KING + +Any name of the Deity. + +The proper or common name of any ruler of a nation or of a smaller +municipality. + +Any nation or country. + +Any title of nobility. + +Any word clearly related to the word King used as a proper name. + + +98. CHEESE + +Any article of food; any meal. + +Word denoting any variety of cheese. + +Word pertaining to taste, flavor, or odor. + +Word pertaining to appetite. + +Any article of table linen, china, or silver. + + +99. BLOSSOM + +Any plant, collection of plants, or part of a plant. + +Any term of botany. + +Any division of the annual cycle. + + +100. AFRAID + +Any affective state; any common demonstration of emotion. + +Any common object of fear. + +Word denoting or implying danger, courage; any means of defense or +protection against danger. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Study of Association in Insanity +by Grace Helen Kent + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A STUDY OF ASSOCIATION IN INSANITY *** + +This file should be named 9172-8.txt or 9172-8.zip + +Produced by Lee Dawei, Dave Maddock and Online Distributed Proofreaders + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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