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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/9148-8.txt b/9148-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..00305af --- /dev/null +++ b/9148-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11650 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Principal Navigations, Voyages, +Traffiques, and Discoveries of The English Nation, v. 7, by Richard Hakluyt +#10 in our series by Richard Hakluyt + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, + and Discoveries of The English Nation, v. 7 + England's Naval Exploits Against Spain + +Author: Richard Hakluyt + +Release Date: October, 2005 [EBook #9148] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on September 8, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRINCIPAL NAVIGATIONS, V7 *** + + + + +Produced by Karl Hagen and the Online Distributed Proofing Team. This +file was produced from images generously made available by the +Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions. + + + + +** Transcriber's Notes ** + +The printed edition from which this e-text has been produced retains the +spelling and abbreviations of Hakluyt's 16th-century original. In this +version, the spelling has been retained, but the following manuscript +abbreviations have been silently expanded: + +- vowels with macrons = vowel + 'n' or 'm' +- q; = -que (in the Latin) +- y[e] = the; y[t] = that; w[t] = with + +This edition contains footnotes and two types of sidenotes. Most footnotes +are added by the editor. They follow modern (19th-century) spelling +conventions. Those that don't are Hakluyt's (and are not always +systematically marked as such by the editor). The sidenotes are Hakluyt's +own. Summarizing sidenotes are labelled [Sidenote: ] and placed before the +sentence to which they apply. Sidenotes that are keyed with a symbol are +labeled [Marginal note: ] and placed at the point of the symbol, except in +poetry, where they are placed at a convenient point. Additional notes on +corrections, etc. are signed 'KTH' + +** End Transcriber's Notes ** + + + + + +THE PRINCIPAL + +Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, + +AND + +Discoveries + +of + +THE ENGLISH NATION. + +Collected by + +RICHARD HAKLUYT, Preacher. + +AND + +Edited by + +EDMUND GOLDSMID, F.R.H.S. + +VOL. VII. + +ENGLAND'S NAVAL EXPLOITS AGAINST SPAIN. + + + + +ENGLAND'S NAVAL EXPLOITS AGAINST SPAIN + +A voyage to the Azores with two pinases, the one called the Serpent, and + the other the Mary Sparke of Plimouth, both of them belonging to Sir + Walter Raleigh, written by John Euesham Gentleman, wherein were taken the + gouernour, of the Isle of Sainct Michael, and Pedro Sarmiento gouernour + of the Straits of Magalanes, in the yeere 1586. + +[Sidenote: The gouernour of S. Michael taken prisoner.] The 10. of June +1586. we departed from Plimouth with two Pinases, the one named the +Serpent, of the burden of 35. Tunnes and the other the Mary Sparke of +Plimouth of the burthen of 50. Tuns, both of them belonging to sir Walter +Raleigh knight; and directing our course towards the coast of Spaine, and +from thence towards the Isles of the Azores, we tooke a small barke laden +with Sumacke and other commodities, wherein was the gouernour of S. +Michaels Island, being a Portugal, having other Portugals and Spaniards +with him. And from thence we sailed to the Island of Graciosa, to the +Westward of the Island of Tercera, where we discried a saile, and bearing +with her wee found her to be a Spaniard: But at the first not greatly +respecting whom we tooke, so that we might haue enriched ourselves, which +was the cause of this our trauaile, and for that we would not bee knowen of +what nation we were, wee displayed a white silke ensigne in our maine +toppe, which they seeing, made accompt that we had bene some of the king of +Spaines Armadas, lying in wait for English men of war: but when we came +within shot of her, we tooke downe our white flagge, and spread abroad the +Crosse of S. George, which when they saw, it made them to flie as fast as +they might, but all their haste was in vaine, for our shippes were swifter +of saile then they, which they fearing, did presently cast their ordinance +and small shot with many letters, and the draft of the Straights of Magelan +into the Sea, [Sidenote: Pedro Sarmiento the governour of the Straights of +Magellan taken prisoner.] and thereupon immediately we tooke her, wherein +wee also tooke a gentleman of Spaine, named Pedro Sarmiento, gouernour of +the Straights of Magelan, which said Pedro we brought into England with us, +and presented him to our soueraigne Lady the Queene. + +[Sidenote: A ship laden with fish taken and released againe.] After this, +lying off and about the Islands, wee descried another saile, and bearing +after her, we spent the maine maste of our Admirall, but yet in the night +our Viceadmirall tooke her, being laden with fish from Cape Blanke, the +which shippe wee let goe againe for want of men to bring her home. The next +day we descried two other sailes, the one a shippe and the other a Carauel, +to whom we gaue chase, which they seeing, with all speede made in vnder the +Isle of Graciosa, to a certaine Fort there for their succour, where they +came to an anker, and hauing the winde of vs, we could not hurt them with +our ships, but we hauing a small boate which we called a light horseman, +wherein my selfe was, being a Musqueter, and foure more with Caliuers, and +foure that rowed, came neere vnto the shore against the winde, which when +they saw vs come towards them they carried a great part of their +marchandize on land, whither also the men of both vessels went and landed, +[Sidenote: One of the ships taken and sent away with 2. persons.] and as +soon as we came within Musquet shot, they began to shoote at vs with great +ordinance and small shot, and we likewise at them, and in the ende we +boorded one wherein was no man left, so we cut her cables, hoysed her +sailes, and sent her away with two of our men, [Sidenote: The Caravel is +taken.] and the other 7. of vs passed more neere vnto the shoare, and +boorded the Carauel, which did ride within a stones cast from the shoare, +and so neere the land that the people did cast stones at vs, but yet in +despight of them all we tooke her, and one onely Negro therein: and cutting +her cables in the hawse, we hoysed her sailes and being becalmed vnder the +land we were constrained to rowe her out with our boate, the Fort still +shooting at vs, and the people on land with Musquets and caliuers, to the +number of 150. or thereabout: and we answered them with the small force wee +had; in the time of which our shooting, the shot of my Musquet being a +crossebarre-shot happened to strike the gunner of the fort to death, euen +as he was giuing leuell to one of his great pieces, and thus we parted from +them without any losse or hurt on our side. [Sidenote: The prises sent +home.] And now, hauing taken these fiue sailes of shippes, we did as +before, turne away the shippe with the fish, without hurting them, and from +one of the other shippes we tooke her maine Maste to serue our Admirals +turne, and so sent her away putting into her all the Spaniards and +Portugals (sauing that gentleman Pedro Sarmiento, with three other of the +principal men and two Negroes) leauing them all within sight of land, with +bread and water sufficient for 10. dayes if neede were. + +Thus setting our course for England, being off the Islands in the height of +41 degrees, or there about, one of our men being in the toppe discried a +saile, then 10. saile, then 15. whereupon it was concluded to sende home +those prizes we had, and so left in both our Pinasses not aboue 60. men. +[Sidenote: Two Carracks, 10. Gallions, 12. small ships.] Thus wee returned +againe to the Fleete we had discried, where wee found 24. saile of shippes, +whereof two of them were Caracks, the one of 1200. and the other of a 1000. +tunnes, and 10. Gallions, the rest were small shippes and Carauels all +laden with Treasure, spices, and sugars with which 24. shippes we with two +small Pinasses did fight, and kept company the space of 32. houres, +continually fighting with them and they with vs, but the two Caracks kept +still betwixt the Fleete and vs, that wee could not take any one of them, +so wanting powder, wee were forced to giue them ouer against our willes, +for that wee were all wholly bent to the gaining of some of them, but +necessitie compelling vs, and that onely for want of powder, without losse +of any of our men, (which was a thing to be wondered at considering the +inequalitie of number) at length we gaue them ouer. [Sidenote: The 2. +pinasses returne for England.] Thus we againe set our course for England, +and so came to Plimouth within 6. houres after our prizes, which we sent +away 40. houres before vs, where wee were receiued with triumphant ioy, not +onely with great Ordinance then shot off, but with the willing hearts of +all the people of the Towne, and of the Countrey thereabout; and we not +sparing our Ordinance (with the powder wee had left) to requite and answere +them againe. And from thence wee brought our prizes to Southampton, where +sir Walter Ralegh being our owner, rewarded vs with our shares. + +Our prizes were laden with sugars, Elephants teeth, waxe, hides, rice, +brasill, and Cuser, as by the testimonie of Iohn Euesham himselfe, Captaine +Whiddon, Thomas Rainford, Beniamin Wood, William Cooper Master, William +Cornish Master, Thomas Drake Corporall, Iohn Ladd gunner, William Warefield +gunner, Richard Moone, Iohn Drew, Richard Cooper of Harwich, William Beares +of Ratcliffe, Iohn Row of Saltash, and many others, may appeare. + + * * * * * + +A briefe relation of the notable seruice performed by Sir Francis Drake + vpon the Spanish Fleete prepared in the Road of Cadiz: and of his + destroying of 100. saile of barks; Passing from thence all along the + coast to Cape Sacre, where also hee tooke certaine Forts: and so to the + mouth of the Riuer of Lisbon, and thence crossing ouer to the Isle of + Sant Michael, supprized a mighty Carack called the Sant Philip comming + out of the East India, which was the first of that kinde that euer was + seene in England: Performed in the yeere 1587. + +Her Maiestie being informed of a mightie preparation by Sea begunne in +Spaine for the inuasion of England, by good aduise of her graue and prudent +Counsell thought it expedient to preuent the same. Whereupon she caused a +Fleete of some 30. sailes to be rigged and furnished with all things +necessary. Ouer that Fleete she appointed Generall sir Francis Drake (of +whose manifold former good seruices she had sufficient proofe) to whom she +caused 4. ships of her Nauie royall to be deliuered, to wit, The +Bonauenture wherein himselfe went as Generall; the Lion vnder the conduct +of Master William Borough Controller of the Nauie; the Dread-nought vnder +the command of M. Thomas Venner; and the Rainebow, captaine whereof was M. +Henry Bellingham: vnto which 4 ships two of her pinasses were appointed as +hand-maids. There were also added vnto this Fleet certaine tall ships of +the Citie of London, of whose especiall good seruice the General made +particular mention in his priuate Letters directed to her Maiestie. This +Fleete set saile from the sound of Plimouth in the moneth of April towards +the coast of Spaine. + +The 16. of the said moneth we mette in the latitude of 40. degrees with two +ships of Middleborough, which came from Cadiz; by which we vnderstood that +there was great store of warlike prouision at Cadiz and thereabout ready to +come for Lisbon. Vpon this information our Generall with al speed possible, +bending himselfe thither to cut off their said forces and prouisions, vpon +the 19. of April entered with his Fleet into the Harbor of Cadiz: where at +our first entring we were assailed ouer against the Towne by sixe Gallies, +which notwithstanding in short time retired vnder their fortresse. + +There were in the Road 60. ships and diuers other small vessels vnder the +fortresse: there fled about 20. French ships to Port Real, and some small +Spanish vessels that might passe the sholdes. At our first comming in we +sunke with our shot a ship of Raguza of a 1000. tunnes, furnished with 40. +pieces of brasse and very richly laden. There came two Gallies more from S. +Mary port, and two from Porto Reale, which shot freely at vs, but +altogether in vaine: for they went away with the blowes well beaten for +their paines. + +Before night we had taken 30. of the said ships, and became Masters of the +Road, in despight of the Gallies, which were glad to retire them vnder the +Fort: in the number of which ships there was one new ship of an +extraordinary hugenesse in burthen aboue 1200. tunnes, belonging to the +Marquesse of Santa Cruz being at that instant high Admirall of Spaine. Fiue +of them were great ships of Biskay, whereof 4. we fired, as they were +taking in the Kings prouision of victuals for the furnishing of his Fleet +at Lisbon: the fift being a ship about 1000. tunnes in burthen, laden with +Iron spikes, nailes, yron hoopes, horse-shooes, and other like necessaries +bound for the West Indies we fired in like maner. Also we tooke a ship of +250. tunnes laden with wines for the Kings prouision, which wee caried out +to the Sea with vs, and there discharged the said wines for our owne store, +and afterward set her on fire. Moreouer we tooke 3. Flyboats of 300. tunnes +a piece laden with biscuit, whereof one was halfe vnladen by vs in the +Harborow, and there fired, and the other two we tooke in our company to the +Sea. Likewise there were fired by vs ten other ships which were laden with +wine, raisins, figs, oiles, wheat, and such like. To conclude, the whole +number of ships and barkes (as we suppose) then burnt, suncke, and brought +away with vs, amounted to 30. at the least, being (in our iudgement) about +10000. tunnes of shipping. + +There were in sight of vs at Porto Real about 40. ships, besides those that +fled from Cadiz. + +We found little ease during our aboad there, by reason of their continuall +shooting from the Gallies, the fortresses, and from the shoare: where +continually at places conuenient they planted new ordinance to offend vs +with: besides the inconuenience which wee suffered from their ships, which, +when they could defend no longer, they set on fire to come among vs. +Whereupon when the flood came wee were not a little troubled to defend vs +from their terrible fire, which neuerthelesse was a pleasant sight for vs +to beholde, because we were thereby eased of a great labour, which lay vpon +vs day and night, in discharging the victuals, and other prouisions of the +enemie. Thus by the assistance of the almightie, and the inuincible courage +and industrie of our Generall, this strange and happy enterprize was +atchieued in one day and two nights, to the great astonishment of the King +of Spaine, which bread such a corrasiue in the heart of the Marques of +Santa Cruz high Admiral of Spaine, that he neuer enioyed good day after, +but within fewe moneths (as may iustly be supposed) died of extreame griefe +and sorrow. + +Thus hauing performed this notable seruice, we came out of the Road of +Cadiz on the Friday morning the 21. of the said moneth of April, with very +small losse not worth the mentioning. + +After our departure ten of the Gallies that were in the Road came out, as +it were in disdaine of vs, to make some pastime with their ordinance, at +which time the wind skanted vpon vs, whereupon we cast about againe, and +stood in with the shoare, and came to an anker within a league of the +towne: where the said Gallies, for all their former bragging, at length +suffred vs to ride quietly. + +We now haue had experience of Gally-fight: wherein I can assure you, that +onely these 4. of her Maiesties ships will make no accompt of 20. Gallies, +if they may be alone, and not busied to guard others. There were neuer +Gallies that had better place and fitter opportunitie for their aduantage +to fight with ships: but they were still forced to retire, wee riding in a +narrow gut, the place yeelding no better, and driuen to maintaine the same, +vntill wee had discharged and fired the shippes, which could not +conueniently be done but vpon the flood, at which time they might driue +cleare off vs. Thus being victualed with bread and wine at the enemies cost +for diuers moneths (besides the prouisions that we brought from home) our +Generall dispatched Captaine Crosse into England with his letters, giuing +him further in charge to declare vnto her Maiestie all the particularities +of this our first enterprize. + +After whose departure wee shaped our course toward Cape Sacre, and in the +way thither wee tooke at seuerall times of ships, barkes, and Carauels well +neere an hundred, laden with hoopes, gally-oares, pipe-staues, and other +prouisions of the king of Spaine, for the furnishing of his forces intended +against England, al which we burned, hauing dealt fauourably with the men +and sent them on shoare. We also spoiled and consumed all the fisher-boats +and nets thereabouts, to their great hinderance: and (as we suppose) to the +vtter ouerthrow of the rich fishing of their Tunies for the same yere. At +length we came to the aforesaid Cape Sacre, where we went on land; and the +better to enioy the benefite of the place, and to ride in the harborow at +our pleasure, we assailed the same castle, and three other strong holds, +which we tooke some by force and some by surrender. + +Thence we came before the hauen of Lisbon ankering nere vnto Cascais, where +the Marques, of Santa Cruz was with his Gallies, who seeing vs chase his +ships a shoare, and take and cary away his barks and Carauels, was content +to suffer vs there quietly to tary, and likewise to depart, and neuer +charged vs with one canon-shot. And when our Generall sent him worde that +hee was there ready to exchange certaine bullets with him, the marques +refused his chalenge, sending him word, that he was not then ready for him, +nor had any such Commission from his King. + +[Sidenote: The Carack called the Sanct Philip taken.] Our Generall thus +refused by the Marques, and seeing no more good to be done in this place, +thought it conuenient to spend no longer time vpon this coast: and +therefore with consent of the chiefe of his Company he shaped his course +toward the Isles of the Açores, and passing towards the Isle of Saint +Michael, within 20. or 30. leagues thereof, it was his good fortune to +meete with a Portugale Carak called Sant Philip, being the same shippe +which in the voyage outward had carried the 3. Princes of Iapan, that were +in Europe, into the Indies. This Carak without any great resistance he +tooke, bestowing the people thereof in certaine vessels well furnished with +victuals, and sending them courteously home into their Countrey: and this +was the first Carak that euer was then comming foorth of the East Indies; +which the Portugals tooke for an euil signe, because the ship bare the +Kings owne name. + +The riches of this prize seemed so great vnto the whole Company (as in +trueth it was) that they assured themselues euery man to haue a sufficient +reward for his trauel: and thereupon they all resolued to returne home for +England: which they happily did, and arriued in Plimouth the same Sommer +with their whole Fleete and this rich booty, to their owne profite and due +commendation, and to the great admiration of the whole kingdome. + +And here by the way it is to be noted, that the taking of this Carak +wrought two extraordinary effects in England: first, that it taught others, +that Caracks were no such bugs but that they might be taken (as since +indeed it hath fallen out in the taking of the Madre de Dios, and fyreing +and sinking of others) and secondly in acquainting the English Nation more +generally with the particularities of the exceeding riches and wealth of +the East Indies: whereby themselues and their neighbours of Holland haue +bene incouraged, being men as skilfull in Nauigation and of no lesse +courage then the Portugals to share with them in the East Indies: where +their strength is nothing so great as heretofore hath bene supposed. + + * * * * * + +A true discourse written (as is thought) by Colonel Antonie Winkfield + emploied in the voiage to Spaine and Portugall, 1589. sent to his + particular friend, and by him published for the better satisfaction of + all such as hauing bene seduced by particular report, haue entred into + conceits tending to the discredite of the enterprise and Actors of the + same. + +Although the desire of aduancing my reputation caused me to withstand the +many perswasions you vsed to hold me at home, and the pursuite of honorable +actions drew me (contrary to your expectation) to neglect that aduise, +which in loue I know you gaue me: yet in respect of the many assurances you +haue yeelded mee of your kindest friendship, I cannot suspect that you will +either loue or esteeme me the lesse, at this my returne: and therefore I +wil not omit any occasion which may make me appeare thankfull, or discharge +any part of that duetie I owe you; which now is none other then to offer +you a true discourse how these warres of Spaine and Portugall haue passed +since our going out of England the 18 of Aprill, till our returne which was +the first of Iuly. Wherein I wil (vnder your fauourable pardon) for your +further satisfaction, as well make relation of those reasons which +confirmed me in my purpose of going abroad, as of these accidents which +haue happened during our aboad there; thereby hoping to perswade you that +no light fansie did drawe me from the fruition of your dearest friendship, +but an earnest desire by following the warres to make my selfe more woorthy +of the same. + +Hauing therefore determinately purposed to put on this habite of a +souldier, I grew doubtfull whether to employ my time in the wars of the low +Countries, which are in auxiliarie maner maintained by her maiestie, or to +folow the fortune of this voiage, which was an aduenture of her and many +honorable personages, in reuenge of vnsupportable wrongs offered vnto the +estate of our countrey by the Castilian king: in arguing whereof, I find +that by how much the chalenger is reputed before the defendant, by so much +is the iourney to be preferred before those defensiue wars. For had the +duke of Parma his turne bene to defend, as it was his good fortune to +inuade: from whence could haue proceeded that glorious honor which these +late warres haue laid vpon him, or what could haue bene said more of him, +then of a Respondent (though neuer so valiant) in a priuate Duell: Euen, +that he hath done no more then by his honor he was tied vnto. For the gaine +of one towne or any small defeat giueth more renoume to the Assailant, then +the defence of a countrey, or the withstanding of twentie encounters can +yeeld any man who is bound by his place to guard the same: whereof as well +the particulars of our age, especially in the Spaniard, as the reports of +former histories may assure us, which haue still laied the fame of all +warres vpon the Inuader. And do not ours in these dayes liue obscured in +Flanders, either not hauing wherewithall to manage any warre, or not +putting on armes, but to defend themselues when the enemie shall procure +them? Whereas in this short time of our aduenture, we haue won a towne by +escalade, battered and assaulted another, ouerthrowen a mightie princes +power in the field, landed our armie in 3 seueral places of his kingdom, +marched 7 dayes in the heart of his country, lien three nights in the +suburbs of his principall citie, beaten his forces into the gates thereof, +and possessed two of his frontier forts, as shall in discourse thereof more +particularly appeare: whereby I conclude, that going with an Inuader, and +in such an action as euery day giueth new experience, I haue much to vaunt +of, that my fortune did rather cary me thither then into the wars of +Flanders. Notwithstanding the vehement perswasions you vsed with me to the +contrary, the grounds whereof sithence you receiued them from others, you +must giue me leaue to acquaint you with the error you were led into by +them, who labouring to bring the world into an opinion that it stood more +with the safetie of our estate to bend all our forces against the prince of +Parma, then to folow this action by looking into the true effects of this +journey, will iudicially conuince themselues of mistaking the matter. For, +may the conquest of these countries against the prince of Parma be thought +more easie for vs alone now, then the defence of them was 11 yeeres ago, +with the men and money of the Queene of England? the power of the Monsieur +of France? the assistance of the principal states of Germanie? and the +nobilitie of their owne country? Could not an armie of more then 20000 +horse, and almost 30000 foot, beat Don Iohn de Austria out of the countrey, +who was possessed of a very few frontier townes? and shall it now be laid +vpon her maiesties shoulders to remoue so mightie an enemie, who hath left +vs but 3 whole parts of 17 vnconquered? It is not a iourney of a few +moneths, nor an auxiliarie warre of fewe yeeres that can damnifie the king +of Spaine in those places where we shall meet at euery 8 or 10 miles end +with a towne, which will cost more the winning then will yeerely pay 4 or 5 +thousand mens wages, where all the countrey is quartered by riuers which +haue no passage vnfortified, and where most of the best souldiers of +Christendom that be on our aduerse party be in pension. But our armie, +which hath not cost her maiestie much aboue the third part of one yeres +expenses in the Low countries, hath already spoiled a great part of the +prouision he had made at the Groine of all sortes, for a new voyage into +England; burnt 3 of his ships, whereof one was the second in the last yeres +expedition called S. Iuan de Colorado, taken from him aboue 150 pieces of +good artillerie; cut off more then 60 hulks and 20 French ships wel manned +fit and readie to serue him for men of war against vs, laden for his store +with corne, victuals, masts, cables, and other marchandizes; slaine and +taken the principal men of war he had in Galitia; made Don Pedro Enriques +de Gusman, Conde de Fuentes, Generall of his forces in Portugall, +shamefully run at Peniche; laid along of his best Commanders in Lisbon; and +by these few aduentures discouered how easily her maiestie may without any +great aduenture in short time pull the Tirant of the world vpon his knees, +as wel by the disquieting his vsurpation of Portugall as without +difficultie in keeping the commoditie of his Indies from him, by sending an +army so accomplished, as may not be subiect to those extremities which we +haue endured: except he draw, for those defences, his forces out of the Low +countries and disfurnish his garisons of Naples and Milan, which with +safetie of those places he may not do. And yet by this meane he shall +rather be enforced therevnto, then by any force that can be vsed there +against him: wherefore I directly conclude that this proceeding is the most +safe and necessary way to be held against him, and therefore more importing +then the war in the Low countries. Yet hath the iourney (I know) bene much +misliked by some, who either thinking too worthily of the Spaniards valure, +too indifferently of his purposes against vs, or too vnworthily of them +that vndertooke this iourney against him, did thinke it a thing dangerous +to encounter the Spaniard at his owne home, a thing needlesse to proceed by +inuasion against him, a thing of too great moment for two subjects of their +qualitie to vndertake: And therefore did not so aduance the beginnings as +though they hoped for any good successe therof. + +The chances of wars be things most vncertaine: for what people soeuer +vndertake them, they are in deed as chastisements appointed by God for the +one side or the other. For which purpose it hath pleased him to giue some +victories to the Spaniards of late yeeres against some whom he had in +purpose to ruine. But if we consider what wars they be that haue made their +name so terrible, we shal find them to haue bin none other then against the +barbarous Moores, the naked Indians, and the vnarmed Netherlanders, whose +yeelding rather to the name then act of the Spaniards, hath put them into +such a conceit of their mightines, as they haue considerately vndertaken +the conquest of our monarchie, consisting of a people vnited and always +held sufficiently warlike: against whom what successe their inuincible army +had the last yeere, as our very children can witness, so I doubt not but +this voiage hath sufficiently made knowen what they are euen vpon their +owne dunghill, which, had it bene set out in such sort as it was agreed +vpon by their first demaund, it might haue made our nation the most +glorious people of the world. For hath not the want of 8 of the 12 pieces +of artillerie, which were promised vnto the Aduenture, lost her maiestie +the possession of the Groine and many other places, as hereafter shall +appeare, whose defensible rampires were greater then our batterie (such as +it was) cold force: and therefore were left vnattempted? + +It was also resolued to haue sent 600 English horses of the Low countries, +whereof we had not one, notwithstanding the great charges expended in their +transportation hither: and that may the army assembled at Puente de Burgos +thanke God of, as well as the forces of Portugall, who foreran vs 6 daies +together: Did we not want 7 of the l3 old Companies, which we should haue +had from thence; foure of the 10 Dutch Companies; and 6 of their men of war +for the sea, from the Hollanders: which I may iustly say we wanted, in that +we might haue had so many good souldiers, so many good ships, and so many +able bodies more then we had? + +Did there not vpon the first thinking of the iourney diuers gallant +Courtiers put in their names for aduenturers to the summe of 10000 li. who +seeing it went forward in good earnest, aduised themselues better, and laid +the want of so much money vpon the iourney? + +Was there not moreouer a rounde summe of the aduenture spent in leuying, +furnishing, and maintaining 3 moneths 1500 men for the seruice of Berghen, +with which Companies the Mutinies of Ostend were suppressed, a seruice of +no smal moment? + +What misery the detracting of the time of our setting out, which should +haue bene the 1 of February, did lay vpon vs, too many can witnes: and what +extremitie the want of that moneths victuals which we did eat, during the +moneth we lay at Plimouth for a wind, might haue driuen vs vnto, no man can +doubt of, that knoweth what men do liue by, had not God giuen vs in the +ende a more prosperous wind and shorter passage into Galitia then hath bene +often seen, where our owne force and fortune reuictualled vs largely: of +which crosse windes, that held vs two dayes after our going out, the +Generals being wearie, thrust to Sea in the same, wisely chusing rather to +attend the change thereof there, then by being in harborough to lose any +part of the better, when it should come by hauing their men on shore: in +which two dayes 25 of our companies shipped in part of the fleet were +scattered from vs, either not being able or willing to double Vshant. + +These burdens layed vpon our Generals before their going out, they haue +patiently endured, and I thinke they haue thereby much enlarged their +honour: for hauing done thus much with the want of our artillery, 600 +horse, 3000 foot, and 20000 li. of their aduenture, and one moneths +victuals of their proportion, what may be conjectured they would haue done +with their ful complement? + +For the losse of our men at sea, since we can lay it on none but the will +of God, what can be said more, then that it is his pleasure to turne all +those impediments to the honor of them against whom they were intended: and +he will still shew himselfe the Lord of hosts in doing great things by +them, whom many haue sought to obscure: who if they had let the action fall +at the height thereof in respect of those defects, which were such +especially for the seruice at land, as would haue made a mighty subiect +stoope vnder them, I do not see how any man could iustly haue layd any +reproch vpon him who commanded the same, but rather haue lamented the +iniquity of this time, wherein men whom forren countries haue for their +conduct in seruice worthily esteemed of, should not only in their owne +countrey not be seconded in their honorable endeuors, but mightily hindred, +euen to the impairing of their owne estates, which most willingly they haue +aduentured for the good of their countries: whose worth I will not value by +my report, lest I should seem guiltie of flattery (which my soule +abhorreth) and yet come short in the true measure of their praise. Onely +for your instruction against them who had almost seduced you from the true +opinion you hold of such men, you shall vnderstand that Generall Norris +from his booke was trained vp in the wars of the Admiral of France, and in +very yong yeeres had charge of men vnder the erle of Essex in Ireland: +which with what commendations he then discharged, I leaue to the report of +them who obserued those seruices. Vpon the breach betwixt Don Iohn and the +States, he was made Colonel generall of all the English forces there +present, or to come, which he continued 2 yeeres: he was then made Marshal +of the field vnder Conte Hohenlo: and after that, General of the army in +Frisland: at his comming home in the time of Monsieurs gouernment in +Flanders, he was made lord President of Munster in Ireland, which he yet +holdeth, from whence within one yere he was sent for, and sent Generall of +the English forces which her maiestie then lent to the Low countries, which +he held til the erle of Leicesters going ouer. And he was made Marshall of +the field in England, the enemy being vpon our coast, and when it was +expected the crowne of England should haue bene tried by battel. Al which +places of commandement which neuer any Englishman successiuely attained +vnto in forren wars, and the high places her maiestie had thought him +woorthy of, may suffice to perswade you, that he was not altogether +vnlikely to discharge that which he vndertooke. + +What fame general Drake hath gotten by his iourney about the world, by his +aduentures to the west Indies, and the scourges he hath laid vpon the +Spanish nation, I leaue to the Southerne parts to speake of, and refer you +to The Booke extant in our own language treating of the same, and beseech +you considering the waighty matters they haue in all the course of their +liues with wonderfull reputation managed, that you wil esteeme them not wel +informed of their proceedings, that thinke them insufficient to passe +through that which they vndertooke, especially hauing gone thus far in the +view of the world, through so many incombrances, and disappointed of those +agreements which led them the rather to vndertake the seruice. But it may +be you wil thinke me herein either to much opinionated of the voiage, or +conceited of the Commanders, that labouring thus earnestly to aduance the +opinion of them both, haue not so much as touched any part of the +misorders, weaknes and wants that haue bene amongst vs, whereof they that +returned did plentifully report. True it is, I haue conceiued a great +opinion of the iourney, and do thinke honorably of the Commanders: for we +find in greatest antiquities, that many Commanders haue bene receiued home +with triumph for lesse merite, and that our owne countrey hath honored men +heretofore with admiration for aduentures vnequal to this: it might +therefore in those daies haue seemed superfluous to extend any mans +commendations by particular remembrances, for that then all men were ready +to giue enery man his due. But I hold it most necessary in these daies, +sithence euery vertue findeth her direct opposite, and actions woorthy of +all memory are in danger to be enuiously obscured, to denounce the prayses +of the action, and actors to the ful, but yet no further then with +sinceritie of trueth, and not without grieuing at the iniury of this time, +wherein is enforced a necessitie of Apologies for those men and matters, +which all former times were accustomed to entertaine with the greatest +applause that might be. But to answere the reports which haue bene giuen +out in reproach of the actors and action by such as were in the same: let +no man thinke otherwise, but that they, who fearing the casuall accidents +of war had any purpose of returning, did first aduise of some occasion that +should moue them thereunto: and hauing found any whatsoever did thinke it +sufficiently iust, in respect of the earnest desire they had to seeke out +matter that might colour their coming home. + +Of these there were some, who hauing noted the late Flemish warres did +finde that many yong men haue gone ouer and safely returned souldiers +within fewe moneths, in hauing learned some wordes of Arte vsed in the +warres, and thought after that good example to spend like time amongst vs: +which being expired they beganne to quarrell at the great mortalitie that +was amongst vs. + +The neglect of discipline in the Armie, for that men were suffered to be +drunke with the plentie of wines. + +The scarsitie of Surgions. + +The want of carriages for the hurt and sicke: and the penurie of victuals +in the Campe: + +Thereupon diuining that there would be no good done: And that therefore +they could be content to lose their time, and aduenture to returne home +againe. + +These men haue either conceiued well of their owne wits (who by obseruing +the passages of the warre were become sufficient souldiers in these fewe +weeks, and did long to be at home, where their discourses might be wondred +at) or missing of their Portegues and Milrayes [Footnote: Coins current in +Spain and Portugal.] which they dreamed on in Portugall, would rather +returne to their former maner of life, then attend the ende of the iourney. +For seeing that one hazard brought another; and that though one escaped the +bullet this day it might light vpon him to morow, the next day, or any day; +and that the warre was not confined to any one place, but that euery place +brought foorth new enemies, they were glad to see some of the poore +souldiers fal sicke, that fearing to be infected by them they might iustly +desire to go home. + +[Sidenote: Answere to the first.] The sicknesse I confesse was great, +because any is too much. But hath it bene greater then is ordinary among +Englishmen at their first entrance into the warres, whithersoeuer they goe +to want the fulnesse of their flesh pots? Haue not ours decayed at all +times in France, with eating yong fruits and drinking newe wines? haue they +not abundantly perished in the Low countreys with cold, and rawnesse of the +aire, euen in their garrisons? Haue there not more died in London in sixe +moneths of the plague, then double our Armie being at the strongest? And +could the Spanish armie the last yeere (who had all prouisions that could +be thought on for an Armie, and tooke the fittest season, in the yeere for +our Climate) auoyd sicknes among their souldiers? May it then be thought +that ours could escape there, where they found inordinate heat of weather, +and hot wines to distemper them withall? + +But can it be, that we haue lost so many as the common sort perswade +themselues wee haue? It hath bene prooued by strickt examinations of our +musters, that we were neuer in our fulnesse before our going from Plimouth +11000. souldiers, nor aboue 2500. Marriners. It is also euident that there +returned aboue 6000. of all sorts, as appeareth by the seuerall paiments +made to them since our comming home. And I haue truely shewed you that of +these numbers very neere 3000. forsooke the Armie at the Sea, whereof some +passed into France and the rest returned home. So as we neuer being 13000. +in all, and hauing brought home aboue 6000. with vs, you may see how the +world hath bene seduced, in belieuing that we haue lost 16000. men by +sicknes. + +[Sidenote: Answere to the second.] To them that haue made question of the +gouernment of the warres (little knowing what appertained thereunto in that +there were so many drunkards amongst vs) I answere that in their gouernment +of shires and parishes, yea in their very housholdes, themselues can hardly +bridle their vassals from that vice. For we see it is a thing almost +impossible, at any your Faires or publique assemblies to finde any quarter +thereof sober, or in your Townes any Ale-poles vnfrequented: And we obserue +that though any man hauing any disordered persons in their houses, do locke +vp their drincke and set Butlers vpon it, that they will yet either by +indirect meanes steale themselues drunke from their Masters tables, or +runne abroad to seeke it. If then at home in the eyes of your Iustices, +Maiors, Preachers, and Masters, and where they pay for euery pot they take, +they cannot be kept from their liquor: doe they thinke that those base +disordered persons whom themselves sent vnto vs, as liuing at home without +rule, who hearing of wine doe long for it as a daintie that their purses +could neuer reach to in England, and having it there without mony euen in +their houses where they lie and hold their guard, can be kept from being +drunk; and once drunke, held in any order or tune, except we had for euery +drunkard an officer to attend him? But who be they that haue runne into +these disorders? Euen our newest men, our yongest men, and our idelest men, +and for the most part our slouenly prest men, whom the Justices, (who haue +alwayes thought vnwoorthily of any warre) haue sent out as the scumme and +dregs of their countrey. And those were they, who distempering themselues +with these hote wines, haue brought in that sicknesse, which hath infected +honester men then themselues. But I hope, as in other places the recouerie +of their diseases doeth acquaint their bodies with the aire of the +countries where they be, so the remainder of these which haue either +recouered, or past without sicknesse will proue most fit for Martiall +seruices. + +[Sidenote: Answere to the third.] If we haue wanted Surgeons, may not this +rather be laid vpon the captaines (who are to prouide for their seuerall +Companies) then vpon the Generals, whose care hath bene more generall. And +how may it be thought that euery captaine, vpon whom most of the charges of +raising their Companies was laid as an aduenture, could prouide themselues +of all things expedient for a war, which was alwaies wont to be maintained +by the purse of the prince. But admit euery Captaine had his Surgeon: yet +were the want of curing neuer the lesse: for our English Surgeons (for the +most part) be vnexperienced in hurts that come by shot; because England +hath not knowen wars but of late, from whose ignorance proceeded this +discomfort, which I hope wil warne those that hereafter go to the wars to +make preparation of such as may better preserue mens liues by their skill. + +[Sidenote: Answere to the fourth.] From whence the want of cariages did +proceed, you may conjecture in that we marched through a countrey neither +plentifull of such prouisions, nor willing to part from any thing: yet this +I can assure you, that no man of worth was left either hurt or sicke in any +place vnprouided for. And that the General commanded all the mules and +asses that were laden with any baggage to be vnburdened and taken that vse: +and the earle of Essex and he for money hired men to cary men vpon pikes. +And the earle (whose true vertue and nobilitie, as it doeth in all other +his actions appeare, so did it very much in this) threw down his own +stuffe, I meane apparel and necessaries which he had there, from his owne +cariages, and let them be left by the way, to put hurt and sicke men vpon +them. Of whose honourable deseruings I shall not need here to make any +particular discourse, for that many of his actions do hereafter giue me +occasion to obserue the same. + +[Sidenote: Answere to the fift.] And the great complaint that these men +make for the want of victuals may well proceed from their not knowing the +wants of the war; for if to feed vpon good bieues, muttons and goats, be to +want, they haue endured great scarcitie at land, wherunto they neuer +wanted, two daies together, wine to mixe with their water, nor bread to eat +with their meat (in some quantitie) except it were such as had vowed rather +to starue then to stir out of their places for food: of whom we had too +many, who if their time had serued for it, might haue seen in many campes +in the most plentifull countries of the world for victuals, men daily die +with want of bread and drinke in not hauing money to buy, nor the countrey +yeelding any good or healthful water in any place; whereas both Spaine and +Portugall do in euery place affoord the best water that may be, and much +more healthful then any wine for our drinking. + +And although some haue most injuriously exclaimed against the smal +prouisions of victuals for the sea, rather grounding the same vpon an euill +that might haue fallen, then any that did light vpon vs: yet know you this, +that there is no man so forgetfull, that will say they wanted before they +came to the Groine, that whosoeuer made not very large prouisions for +himselfe and his company at the Groine, was very improuident, where was +plentiful store of wine, biefe, and fish, and no man of place prohibited to +lay in the same into their ships, wherewith some did so furnish themselues, +as they did not onely in the journey supplie the wants, of such as were +lesse provident then they, but in their returne home made a round +commoditie of the remainder thereof. And that at Cascais there came in such +store of prouisions into the Fleet out of England, as no man that would +haue vsed his diligence could haue wanted his due proportion thereof, as +might appeare by the remainder that was returned to Plimmouth, and the +plentifull sale thereof made out of the marchants ships after their comming +into the Thames. + +But least I should seeme vnto you too studious in confuting idle opinions, +or answering friuolous questions, I wil adresse me to the true report of +those actions that haue passed therein: wherein I protest, I will neither +hide any thing that hath hapned against vs, nor attribute more to any man +or matter, then the iust occasions thereof lead me vnto: wherein it shall +appeare that there hath bene nothing left vndone by the Generals which was +before our going out vndertaken by them, but that there hath bene much more +done then was at the first required by Don Antonio, who should haue reaped +the fruit of our aduenture. + +[Sidenote: Our men land within a mile of the Groine the 20 of April.] After +6 daies sailing from the coast of England, and the 5 after we had the wind +good being the 20 of April in the euening, we landed in a baie more then an +English mile from the Groine, in our long boats and pinnasses without any +impeachment: from whence we presently marched toward the towne, within one +halfe mile we were encountred by the enemie who being charged by ours, +retired into their gates. For that night our armie lay in the villages, +houses and mils next adioining, and very neere round about the towne, into +the which the Galeon named S. Iohn (which was the second of the last yeeres +Fleet agaynst England) one hulke, two smaller ships and two Gallies which +were found in the road, did beate vpon vs and vpon our Companies as they +passed too and fro that night and the next morning. Generall Norris hauing +that morning before day viewed the Towne, found the same defended on the +land side (for it standeth vpon the necke of an Iland) with a wall vpon a +dry ditch; whereupon he resolued to trie in two places what might bee done +against it by escalade, and in the meane time aduised for the landing of +some artillery to beat vpon the ships and gallies, that they might not +annoy vs: which being put in execution, vpon the planting of the first +piece the gallies abandoned the road, and betooke them to Feroll, not farre +from thence: and the Armada being beaten with the artillery and musketers +that were placed vpon the next shore, left her playing vpon vs. The rest of +the day was spent in preparing the companies, and other prouisions ready +for the surprise of the base towne which was effected in this sort. + +There were appointed to be landed 1200 men vnder the conduct of Colonell +Huntley, and Captaine Fenner the Viceadmirall, on that side next fronting +vs by water in long boats and pinnesses, wherein were placed many pieces ol +artillery to beat vpon the tonne in their aproch: at the corner of the wall +which defended the other water side, were appointed Captaine Richard +Wingfield Lieutenant Colonell to Generall Norris, and Captaine Sampson +Lieutenant Colonell to Generall Drake to enter at low water with 500 men if +they found it passable, but if not, to betake them to the escalade, for +they had also ladders with them: at the other corner of the wall which +joyned to that side that was attempted by water, were appointed Colonell +Vmpton, and Colonell Bret with 300 men to enter by escalade. All the +companies which should enter by boat being imbarked before the low water, +and hauing giuen the alarme, Captaine Wingfield and Captaine Sampson +betooke them to the escalade, for they had in commandement to charge all at +one instant. The boats landed without any great difficulty: yet had they +some men hurt in the landing. Colonell Bret and Colonell Vmpton entred +their quarter without encounter, not finding any defence made against them: +for Captaine Hinder being one of them that entred by water, at his first +entry, with some of his owne company whom he trusted well, betooke himselfe +to that part of the wall, which be cleared before that they offered to +enter, and so still scoured the wall till hee came on the backe of them who +mainteined the fight against Captaine Wingfield and Captaine Sampson; who +were twise beaten from their ladders, and found very good resistance, till +the enemies perceiuing ours entred in two places at their backs, were +driuen to abandon the same. The reason why that place was longer defended +then the other, is (as Don Iuan de Luna who commanded the same affirmeth) +that the enemy that day had resolued in councell how to make their +defences, if they were approched: and therein concluded, that, if we +attempted it by water, it was not able to be held, and therefore vpon the +discouery of our boats, they of the high towne should make a signall by +fire from thence, that all the lowe towne might make their retreat thither: +but they (whether troubled with the sudden terror we brought vpon them, or +forgetting their decree) omitted the fire, which made them guard that place +til we were entred on euery side. + +Then the towne being entred in three seuerall places with an huge cry, the +inhabitants betooke them to the high towne: which they might with lesse +perill doe, for that ours being strangers here, knew not the way to cut +them off. The rest that were not put to the sword in fury, fled to the +rocks in the Iland, and others hid themselues in chambers and sellers, +which were euery day found out in great numbers. + +Amongst those Don Iuan de Luna, a man of very good commandement, hauing +hidden himselfe in a house, did the next morning yeeld himselfe. + +There was also taken that night a commissary of victuals called Iuan de +Vera, who confessed that there were in the Groine at our entry 500 +souldiours being in seuen companies which returned very weake (as appeareth +by the small numbers of them) from the iourney of England, namely: + +Vnder Don Iuan de Luna. + +Don Diego Barran, a bastard sonne of the Marques of Santa Cruz; his company + was that night in the Galeon. + +Don Antonio de Herera then at Madrid. + +Don Pedro de Manriques brother to the Earle of Paxides. + +Don Ieronimo de Mourray of the Order of S. Iuan, with some of the towne + were in the fort. + +Don Gomez de Caramasal then at Madrid. + +Captaine Manço Caucaso de Socas. + +Also there came in that day of our landing from Retanzas the companies of + Don Iohn de Mosalle, and Don Pedro Poure de Leon. + +Also he saith that there was order giuen for baking of 300000 of biscuit, + some in Batansas, some in Ribadeo, and the rest there. + +There were then in the towne 2000 pipes of wine, and 150 in the + ships. + +That there were lately come vnto the Marques of Seralba 300000 + ducats. + +That there were 1000 iarres of oile. + +A great quantity of beanes, peaze, wheat, and fish. + +That there were 3000 quintals of beefe. + +And that not twenty dayes before, there came in three barks laden with + match and harquebuzes. + +Some others also found fauour to be taken prisoners, but the rest falling +into the hands of the common souldiers, had their throats cut, to the +number of 500, as I coniecture, first and last, after we had entred the +towne; and in the entry thereof there was found euery celler full of wine, +whereon our men, by inordinate drinking, both grew themselues for the +present senselesse of the danger of the shot of the towne, which hurt many +of them being drunke, and tooke the first ground of their sicknesse; for of +such was our first and chiefest mortality. There was also abundant store of +victuals, salt, and all kinde of prouision for shipping and the warre: +which was confessed by the sayd Commissary of victuals there, to be the +beginning of a magasin of all sorts of prouision for a new voyage into +England: whereby you may conjecture what the spoile thereof hath aduantaged +vs, and prejudiced the king of Spaine. + +The next morning about eight of the clocke the enemies abandoned their +ships. And hauing ouercharged the artillery of the gallion, left her on +fire, which burnt in terrible sort two dayes together, the fire and +ouercharging of the pieces being so great, as of fifty that were in her, +there were not aboue sixteene taken out whole; the rest with ouercharge of +the powder being broken, and molten with heat of the fire, were taken out +in broken pieces into diuers shippes. The same day was the cloister on the +South side of the towne entred by vs, which ioyned very neere to the wall +of the towne, out of the chambers and other places whereof we beat into the +same with our musquetiers. + +The next day in the afternoone there came downe some 2000 men, gathered +together out of the countrey, euen to the gates of the towne, as resolutely +(ledde by what spirit I know not) as though they would haue entred the +same: but at the first defence made by ours that had the guard there, +wherein were slaine about eighteene of theirs, they tooke them to their +heeles in the same disorder they made their approch, and with greater speed +then ours were able to follow: notwithstanding we followed after them more +then a mile. The second day Colonell Huntley was sent into the countrey +with three or foure hundred men, who brought home very great store of kine +and sheepe for our reliefe. + +The third day in the night the Generall had in purpose to take a long +munition-house builded vpon their wall, opening towards vs, which would +haue giuen vs great aduantage against them; but they knowing the commodity +thereof for vs, burnt it in the beginning of the euening; which put him to +a new councell: for he had likewise brought some artillery to that side of +the towne. During this time there happened a very great fire in the lower +end of the towne; which, had it not bene by the care of the Generals +heedily sene vnto, and the fury thereof preuented by pulling downe many +houses which were most in danger, as next vnto them, had burnt all the +prouisions we found there, to our woonderfull hinderance. + +The fourth day were planted vnder the gard of the cloister two demy-canons, +and two coluerings against the towne, defended or gabbioned with a crosse +wall, thorow the which our battery lay; the first and second fire whereof +shooke all the wall downe, so as all the ordinance lay open to the enemy, +by reason whereof some of the Canoniers were shot and some slaine. The +Lieutenant also of the ordinance, M. Spencer, was slaine fast by Sir Edward +Norris, Master thereof: whose valour being accompanied with an honourable +care of defending that trust committed vnto him, neuer left that place, +till he receiued direction from the Generall his brother to cease the +battery, which he presently did, leauing a gard vpon the same for that day; +and in the night following made so good defence for the place of the +battery, as after there were very few or none annoyed therein. That day +Captaine Goodwin had in commandement from the Generall, that when the +assault should be giuen to the towne, he should make a proffer of an +escalade on the other side, where he held his guard: but he (mistaking the +signall that should haue bene giuen) attempted the same long before the +assault, and was shot in the mouth. The same day the Generall hauing +planted his ordinance ready to batter, caused the towne to be summoned; in +which summons they of the towne shot at our Drum; immediatly after that +there was one hanged ouer the wall, and a parle desired; wherein they gaue +vs to vnderstand, that the man hanged was he that shot at the Drum before: +wherein also they intreated to haue faire warres, with promise of the same +on their parts. The rest of the parle was spent in talking of Don Iuan de +Luna, and some other prisoners, and somewhat of the rendring of the towne, +but not much, for they listened not greatly thereunto. + +Generall Norris hauing by his skilfull view of the towne (which is almost +all seated vpon a rocke) found one place thereof mineable, did presently +set workemen in hand withall; who after three dayes labour (and the seuenth +after we were entred the base towne) had bedded their powder, but indeede +not farre enough into the wall. Against which time the breach made by the +canon being thought assaultable, and companies appointed as well to enter +the same, as that which was expected should be blowen vp by the mine: +namely, to that of the canon, Captaine Richard Wingfield, and Captaine +Philpot who lead the Generals foot-companie, with whom also Captaine Yorke +went, whose principall commandment was ouer the horsemen. And to that of +the Myne, Captaine Iohn Sampson, and Captaine Anthonie Wingfield Lieutenant +Colonell to the Master of the Ordinance, with certaine selected out of +diuers Regiments. All these companies being in armes, and the assault +intended to be giuen in al places at an instant, fire was put to the traine +of the mine; but by reason the powder brake out backewards in a place where +the caue was made too high, there could be nothing done in either place for +that day. During this time Captaine Hinder was sent with some chosen out of +euery company into the countrey for prouisions, whereof he brought in good +store, and returned without losse. + +The next day Captaine Anthony Sampson was sent out with some 500 to fetch +in prouisions for the army, who was encountred by them of the countrey, but +he put them to flight, and returned with good spoile. The same night the +miners were set to worke againe, who by the second day after had wrought +very well into the foundation of the wall. Against which time the companies +aforesayd being in readinesse for both places (Generall Drake on the other +side, with two or three hundred men in pinnesses, making proffer to attempt +a strong fort vpon an Iland before the towne, where he left more then +thirty men) fire was giuen to the traine of the mine, which blew vp halfe +the tower vnder which the powder was planted. The assailants hauing in +charge vpon the effecting of the mine presently to giue the assault, +performed it accordingly; but too soone: for hauing entred the top of the +breach, the other halfe of the tower, which with the first force of the +powder was onely shaken and made loose, fell vpon our men: vnder which were +buried about twenty or thirty, then being vnder that part of the tower. +This so amazed our men that stood in the breach, not knowing from whence +that terror came, as they forsooke their Commanders, and left them among +the ruines of the mine. The two Ensignes of Generall Drake and Captaine +Anthony Wingfield were shot in the breach, but their colours were rescued: +the Generals by Captaine Sampsons Lieutenant, and Captaine Wingfields by +himselfe. Amongst them that the wall fell vpon, was Captaine Sydenham +pitifully lost; who hauing three or foure great stones vpon his lower +parts, was held so fast, as neither himselfe could stirre, nor any +reasonable company recouer him. Notwithstanding the next day being found to +be aliue, there was ten or twelue lost in attempting to relieue him. + +The breach made by the canon was woonderfully well assaulted by them that +had the charge thereof, who brought their men to the push of the pike at +the top of the breach. And being ready to enter, the loose earth (which was +indeed but the rubbish of the outside of the wall) with the weight of them +that were thereon slipped outwards from vnder their feet. Whereby did +appeare halfe the wall vnbattered. For let no man thinke that culuerin or +demy-canon can sufficiently batter a defensible rampire: and of those +pieces which we had; the better of the demy-canons at the second shot brake +in her carriages, so as the battery was of lesse force, being but of three +pieces. + +In our retreat (which was from both breaches thorow a narrow lane) were +many of our men hurt: and Captaine Dolphin, who serued very well that day, +was hurt in the very breach. The failing of this attempt, in the opinion of +all the beholders, and of such as were of best judgement, was the fall of +the mine; which had doubtlesse succeeded, the rather, because the approch +was vnlooked for by the enemy in that place, and therefore not so much +defence made there as in the other; which made the Generall grow to a new +resolution: for finding that two dayes battery had so little beaten their +wall, and that he had no better preparation to batter withall: he knew in +his experience, there was no good to be done that way; which I thinke he +first put in proofe, to trie if by that terror he could get the vpper +towne, hauing no other way to put it in hazzard so speedily, and which in +my conscience had obtained the towne, had not the defendants bene in as +great perill of their liues by the displeasure of their king in giuing it +vp, as by the bullet or sword in defending the same. For that day before +the assault, in the view of our army, they burnt a cloister within the +towne, and many other houses adioyning to the castle, to make it more +defensible: whereby it appeared how little opinion themselues had of +holding it against vs, had not God (who would not haue vs suddenly made +proud) layed that misfortune vpon vs. + +Hereby it may appeare, that the foure canons, and other pieces of battery +promised to the iourney, and not performed, might haue made her Maiesty +mistresse of the Groine: for though the mine were infortunate, yet if the +other breach had bene such as the earth would haue held our men thereon, I +doe not thinke but they had entred it thorowly at the first assault giuen: +which had bene more then I haue heard of in our age. And being as it was, +is no more then the Prince of Parma hath in winning of all his townes +endured, who neuer entred any place at the first assault, nor aboue three +by assault. + +The next day the Generall hearing by a prisoner that was brought in, that +the Conde de Andrada had assembled an armie of eight thousand at Puente de +Burgos, sixe miles from thence in the way to Petance, which was but the +beginning of an armie: in that there was a greater leauie readie to come +thither vnder the Conde de Altemira, either in purpose to relieue the +Groine, or to encampe themselues neere the place of our embarking, there to +hinder the same; for to that purpose had the marquesse of Seralba written +to them both the first night of our landing, as the Commissarie taken then +confessed, or at the least to stop our further entrance into the countrey, +(for during this time, there were many incursions made of three or foure +hundred at a time, who burnt, spoyled, and brought in victuals plentifully) +the General, I say, hearing of this armie, had in purpose the next day +following to visite them, agaynst whom hee caried but nine Regiments: in +the vantgard were the Regiment of Sir Roger Williams, Sir Edward Norris, +and Colonell Sidney: in the Battaile, that of the Generall, of Colonell +Lane, and Colonel Medkerk: and in the Rereward, Sir Henrie Norris, Colonell +Huntley, and Colonell Brets Regiments; leauing the other fiue Regiments +with Generall Drake, for the guard of the Cloister and Artillerie. About +ten of the clocke the next day, being the sixt of May, halfe a mile from +the campe, we discouering the enemy, Sir Edward Norris, who commanded the +vantgard in chiefe, appointed his Lieutenant Colonell Captaine Anthonie +Wingfield to command the shot of the same, who diuided them into three +troups; the one he appointed to Captaine Middleton to be conducted in a way +on the left hand: another to Captaine Erington to take the way on the right +hand, and the body of them (which were Musquetiers) Captaine Wingfield +tooke himselfe, keeping the direct way of the march. But the way taken by +Captaine Middleton met a little before with the way held by Captaine +Wingfield, so as be giuing the first charge vpon the enemy, was in the +instant seconded by Captaine Wingfield, who beat them from place to place +(they hauing very good places of defence, and crosse walles which they +might haue held long) till they betooke them to their bridge, which is ouer +a creeke comming out of the Sea, builded of stone vpon arches. On the foot +of the further side whereof, lay the Campe of the enemy very strongly +entrenched, who with our shot beaten to the further end of the bridge, Sir +Edward Norris marching in the point, of the pikes, without stay passed to +the bridge, accompanied with Colonell Sidney, Captaine Hinder, Captaine +Fulford, and diuers others, who found the way cleare ouer the same, but +through an incredible volley of shot; for that the shot of their army +flanked vpon both sides of the bridge, the further end whereof was +barricaded with barrels: but they who should haue guarded the same, seeing +the proud approch we made, forsooke the defence of the barricade, where Sir +Edward entred, and charging the first defendant with his pike, with very +earnestnesse in ouerthrusting, fell, and was grieuously hurt at the sword +in the head, but was most honourably rescued by the Generall his brother, +accompanied with Colonell Sidney, and some other gentlemen: Captaine Hinder +also hauing his Caske shot off, had fiue wounds in the head and face at the +sword: and Captaine Fulford was shot into the left arme at the same +encounter: yet were they so thorowly seconded by the Generall, who thrust +himselfe so neere to giue encouragement to the attempt (which was of +woonderfull difficulty) as their brauest men that defended that place being +ouerthrowen, their whole army fell presently into rout, of whom our men had +the chase three miles in foure sundry wayes, which they betooke themselues +vnto. [Sidenote: The notable ouerthrow giuen to the Spaniards at Puente de +Burgos.] There was taken the Standard with the Kings armes, and borne +before the Generall. How many two thousand men (for of so many consisted +our vantgard) might kill in pursuit of foure sundry parties, so many you +may imagine fell before vs that day. And to make the number more great, our +men hauing giuen ouer the execution, and returning to their standes, found +many hidden in the Vineyards and hedges, which they dispatched. Also +Colonell Medkerk was sent with his regiment three miles further to a +Cloister, which he burnt and spoiled, wherein he found two hundred more, +and put them to the sword. There were slaine in this fight on our side +onely Captaine Cooper and one priuate souldier; Captaine Barton was also +hurt vpon the bridge in the eye. But had you seene the strong baricades +they had made on either side of the bridge, and how strongly they lay +encamped thereabouts, you would haue thought it a rare resolution of ours +to giue so braue a charge vpon an army so strongly lodged. After the furie +of the execution, the Generall sent the vantgard one way, and the battell +another, to burne and spoile; so as you might haue seene the countrey more +then three miles compasse on fire. There was found very good store of +munition and victuals in the Campe, some plate and rich apparell, which the +better sort left behinde, they were so hotly pursued. Our sailers also +landed in an Iland next adioyning to our ships, where they burnt and +spoiled all they found. Thus we returned to the Groine, bringing small +comfort to the enemy within the same, who shot many times at vs as we +marched out; but not once in our comming backe againe. + +The next day was spent in shipping our artillery landed for the battery, +and of the rest taken at the Groine, which had it bene such as might haue +giuen vs any assurance of a better battery, or had there bene no other +purpose of our iourney but that, I thinke the Generall would haue spent +some more time in the siege of the place. + +The last two nights, there were that vndertooke to fire the higher towne in +one place, where the houses were builded vpon the wall by the water side: +but they within suspecting as much, made so good defence against vs, as +they preuented the same. In our departure there was fire put into euery +house of the low towne, insomuch as I may iustly say, there was not one +house left standing in the base towne, or the cloister. + +The next day being the eight of May, we embarked our army without losse of +a man, which (had we not beaten the enemy at Puente de Burgos) had bene +impossible to haue done; for that without doubt they would haue attempted +something against vs in our imbarking: as appeared by the report of the +Commissary aforesayd, who confessed, that the first night of our landing +the Marques of Seralba writ to the Conde de Altemira, the Conde de Andrada, +and to Terneis de Santisso, to bring all the forces against vs that they +could possible raise, thinking no way so good to assure that place, as to +bring an army thither, where withall they might either besiege vs in their +base towne, if we should get it, or to lie betweene vs and our place of +imbarking, to fight with us vpon the aduantage; for they had aboue 15000 +souldiers vnder their commandements. + +After we had put from thence, we had the winde so contrary, as we could not +vnder nine dayes recouer the Burlings: in which passage on the thirteenth +day the Earle of Essex, and with him M. Walter Deuereux his brother (a +Gentleman of woonderfull great hope) Sir Roger Williams Colonell generall +of the footmen, Sir Philip Butler, who hath alwayes bene most inward with +him, and Sir Edward Wingfield, came into the fleet. The Earle hauing put +himselfe into the iourney against the opinion of the world, and as it +seemed to the hazzard of his great fortune, though to the great aduancement +of his reputation, (for as the honourable cariage of himselfe towards all +men doth make him highly esteemed at home; so did his exceeding +forwardnesse in all seruices make him to bee woondered at amongst vs) who, +I say, put off in the same winde from Falmouth, that we left Plimmouth in, +where he lay, because he would auoid the importunity of messengers that +were dayly sent for his returne, and some other causes more secret to +himselfe, not knowing (as it seemed) what place the Generals purposed to +land in, had bene as farre as Cadiz in Andaluzia, and lay vp and downe +about the South Cape, where he tooke some ships laden with corne, and +brought them vnto the fleet. Also in his returne from thence to meet with +our fleet, he fell with the Ilands of Bayon; and on that side of the riuer +which Cannas standeth vpon, he, with Sir Roger Williams, and those +Gentlemen that were with him went on shore, with some men out of the ship +he was in, whom the enemy, that held guard vpon that coast, would not +abide, but fled vp into the countrey. + +The 16 day we landed at Peniche in Portugall, vnder the shot of the castle, +and aboue the waste in water, more then a mile from the towne, wherein many +were in perill of drowning, by reason the winde was great, and the sea went +high, which ouerthrew one boat, wherein fiue and twenty of Captaine +Dolphins men perished. The enemy being fiue companies of Spaniards vnder +the commandement of the Conde de Fuentes, sallied out of the towne against +vs, and in our landing made their approch close by the water side. But the +Earle of Essex with Sir Roger Williams, and his brother, hauing landed +sufficient number to make two troups, left one to holde the way by the +water side, and led the other ouer the Sandhils; which the enemy seeing, +drew theirs likewise further into the land; not, as we coniectured, to +encounter vs, but indeed to make their speedy passage away: +notwithstanding, they did it in such sort, as being charged by ours which +were sent out by the Colonell generall vnder Captaine Iackson, they stood +the same euen to the push of the pike: in which charge and at the push, +Captaine Robert Piew was slaine. The enemy being fled further then we had +reason to follow them, all our companies were drawen to the towne; which +being vnfortified in any place, we found vndefended by any man against vs. +And therefore the Generall caused the castle to be summoned that night; +which being abandoned by him that commanded it, a Portugall named Antonio +de Aurid, being possessed thereof, desired but to be assured that Don +Antonio was landed, whereupon he would deliuer the same; which he honestly +performed. [Sidenote: Peniche taken.] There was taken out of the castle +some hundred shot and pikes, which Don Emanuel furnished his Portugals +withall, and twenty barrels of powder: so as possessing both the towne and +the castle, we rested there one day: wherein some Friers and other poore +men came vnto their new king, promising in the name of their countrey next +adioyning, that within two dayes he should haue a good supply of horse and +foote for his assistance. That day we remained there, the Generals company +of horses were vnshipped. + +The Generals there fully resolued, that the armie should march ouer land to +Lisbone vnder the conduct of Generall Norris; and that Generall Drake +should meete him in the riuer therof with the Fleete; and there should be +one Company of foote left in the garde of the Castle, and sixe in the +ships: also that the sicke and hurt should remaine there with prouisions +for their cures. The Generall, to trie the euent of the matter by +expedition, the next day beganne to march in this sort: his owne Regiment, +and the Regiment of Sir Roger Williams, Sir Henrie Norris, Colonell Lane, +and Colonell Medkerk, in the vantgard: Generall Drake, Colonell Deuereux, +Sir Edward Norris, and Colonell Sidneis in the battel: Sir Iames Hales, Sir +Edward Wingfield, Colonell Vmptons, Colonell Huntlies, and Colonell Brets +in the arrereward. By that time our army was thus marshalled, Generall +Drake, although hee were to passe by Sea, yet to make knowen the honourable +desire he bad of taking equall part of all fortunes with vs, stood vpon the +ascent of an hill, by the which our battalions must of necessity march and +with a pleasing kindnesse tooke his leaue seuerally of the Commanders of +euery regiment, wishing vs all most happy successe in our iourney ouer the +land, with a constant promise that he would, if the injury of the weather +did not hinder him, meet vs in the riuer of Lisbon with our fleet. The want +of cariages the first day was such, as they were enforced to cary their +munition vpon mens backs, which was the next day remedied. + +In this march captaine Crispe the Prouost Marshall caused one who (contrary +to the Proclamation published at our arriuall in Portugall) had broken vp +an house for pillage, to be hanged, with the cause of his death vpon his +brest, in the place where the act was committed: which good example +prouidently giuen in the beginning of our march, caused the commandement to +be more respectiuely regarded all the iourney after, by them whom feare of +punishment doeth onely holde within compasse. The campe lodged that night +at Lorinha: the next day we had intelligence all the way, that the enemy +had made head of horse and foot against vs at Torres Vedras, which we +thought they would haue held: but comming thither the second day of our +march, not two houres before our vantgard came in, they left the towne and +the castle to the possession of Don Antonio. + +There began the greatest want we had of victuals, especially of bread, vpon +a commandement giuen from the Generall, that no man should spoile the +countrey, or take any thing from any Portugall: which was more respectiuely +obserued, then I thinke would haue bene in our owne countrey, amongst our +owne friends and kindred: but the countrey (contrary to promise) wholly +neglected the prouision of victuals for vs, whereby we were driuen for that +time into a great scarsity. Which mooued the Colonell generall to call all +the Colonels together, and with them to aduise for some better course for +our people: who thought it best, first to aduertise the king what necessity +we were in, before we should of our selues alter the first institution of +abstinence. The Colonell generall hauing acquainted the Generall herewith, +with his very good allowance thereof, went to the king: who after some +expostulations vsed, tooke the more carefull order for our men, and after +that our army was more plentifully relieued. + +The third day we lodged our army in three sundry villages, the one +battalion lying in Exarama de los Caualleros, another in Exarama do Obispo, +and the third in San Sebastian. + +Captaine Yorke who commanded the Generals horse company, in this march made +triall of the valour of the horsemen of the enemy; who by one of his +Corporals charged with eight horses thorow 40 of them, and himselfe thorow +more than 200 with forty horses: who would abide him no longer then they +could make way from him. + +The next day we marched to Lores, and had diuers intelligences that the +enemy would tary vs there: for the Cardinall had made publique promise to +them of Lisbon, that he would fight with vs in that place, which he might +haue done aduantageously; for we had a bridge to passe ouer in the same +place: but before our comming he dislodged, notwithstanding it appeared +vnto vs that he had in purpose to encampe there; for we found the ground +staked out where their trenches should haue bene made: and their horsemen +with some few shot shewed themselues vpon an hill at our comming into that +village; whom Sir Henry Norris (whose regiment had the point of the +vantgard) thought to draw vnto some fight, and therefore marched without +sound of drumme, and somewhat faster then ordinary, thereby to get neere +them, before he were discouered, for he was shadowed from them by an hil +that was betweene him and them: but before he could draw his companies any +thing neere, they retired. + +General Drakes regiment that night, for the commodity of good lodging, drew +themselues into a village, more than one English mile from thence, and +neere the enemy: who not daring to do any thing against vs in foure dayes +before, tooke that occasion, and in the next morning fell downe vpon that +regiment, crying, Viua el Rey Don Antonio, which was a generall salutation +thorow all the Countrey, as they came: whom our yoong shouldiers (though it +were vpon their guard, and before the watch was discharged) began to +entertaine kindly, but hauing got within their guard, they fell to cut +their throats: but the alarme being taken inwards, the officers of the two +next Companies, whose Captaines (Captaine Sydnam and Captaine Young) were +lately dead at the Groine, brought downe their colours and pikes vpon them +in so resolute manner, as they presently draue them to retire with losse: +they killed of ours at their first entrance foarteene, and hurt sixe or +seuen. + +The next day we lodged at Aluelana within three miles of Lisbon, where many +of our souldiers drinking in two places of standing waters by the way were +poisoned, and thereon presently; died. Some do think it came rather by +eating hony, which they found in the houses plentifully. But whether it +were by water or by hony, the poor men were poisoned. + +That night the Earle of Essex, and Sir Rodger Williams went out about +eleuen of the clock with 1000 men to lie in ambuscade neere the town, and +hauing layed the same very neere, sent some to giue the alarme vnto the +enemy: which was well performed by them that had the charge thereof, but +the enemy refused to issue after them, so as the Earle returned assone as +it was light without doing any thing, though he had in purpose, and was +ready to haue giuen an honourable charge on them. + +The 25 of May in the evening we came to the suburbs of Lisbon at the very +entrance whereof Sir Rodger Williams calling Captaine Anthony Wingfield +with him, tooke thirty shot or thereabouts, and first scowred all the +streets till they came very neere the town; where they found none but old +folks and beggars, crying, Viua el Rey Don Antonio, and the houses shut vp: +for they had caried much of their wealth into the towne, and had fired some +houses by the water side, full of corne and other prouisions of victuals, +least we should be benefited thereby, but yet left behinde them great +riches in many houses. + +The foure regiments that had the vantgard that day, which were Colonell +Deuereux, Sir Edward Norris, Colonell Sidneys, and Generall Drakes (whom I +name as they marched) the Colonell generall caused to hold guard in the +neerest street of the Suburbs: the battell and arreward stood in armes all +the night in the field neere to Alcantara. Before morning Captaine +Wingfield, by direction from the Colonell generall Sir Roger Williams, held +guard with Sir Edward Norris his regiment in three places very neere the +town wall, and so held the same till the other regiments came in the +morning. About midnight they within the towne burnt all their houses that +stood upon their wall either within or without, least we possessing them, +might thereby greatly haue annoyed the towne. + +The next morning Sir Roger Williams attempted (but not without peril) to +take a church called S. Antonio, which ioyned to the wall of the towne, and +would haue bene a very euill neighbor to the towne: but the enemy hauing +more easie entry into it then we gained it before vs. The rest of that +morning was spent in quartering the battell and arrereward in the Suburbs +called Bona Vista, and in placing Musquetiers in houses, to front their +shot vpon the wall, who from the same scowred the great streets very +dangerously. + +By this time our men being thorowly weary with our six days march, and the +last nights watch, were desirous of rest; whereof the enemy being +aduertised, about one or two of the clocke sallied out of the towne, and +made their approach in three seuerall streets vpon vs, but chiefly in +Colonell Brets quarter: who (as most of the army was) being at rest, with +as much speed as he could, drew his men to armes, and made head against +them so thorowly, as himselfe was slaine in the place, Captaine Carsey shot +thorow the thigh, of which hurt he died within foure dayes after, Captaine +Carre slaine presently, and Captaine Caue hurt (but not mortally) who were +all of his regiment. + +This resistance made aswell here, as in other quarters where Colonell Lane +and Colonell Medkerk commanded, put them to a sudden foule retreat; +insomuch, as the Earle of Essex had the chase of them euen to the gates of +the towne, wherein they left behinde them many of their best Commanders: +their troupe of horsemen also came out, but being charged by Captaine +Yorke, withdrew themselues again. Many of them also left the streets, and +betooke them to houses which they found open: for the Sergeant maior +Captaine Wilson slew with his owne hands three or foure, and caused them +that were with him to kill many others. Their losse I can assure you did +triple ours, as well in quality as in quantity. + +During our march to this place, Generall Drake with the whole fleet was +come into Cascais, and possessed the towne without any resistance: many of +the inhabitants at their discouery of our nauy, fledde with their baggage +into the mountaines, and left the towne for any man that would possesse it, +till Generall Drake sent vnto them by a Portugall Pilot which he had on +boord, to offer them all peaceable kindnesse, so farre foorth as they would +accept of their King, and minister necessaries to all the army he had +brought; which offer they ioyfully imbraced, and presently sent two chiefe +men of their towne, to signifie their loyalty to Don Antonio, and their +honest affections to our people. Whereupon the Generall landed his +companies not farre from the Cloister called San Domingo, but not without +perill of the shot of the castle, which being guarded by 65 Spaniards, held +still against him. + +As our fleet were casting ancre when the camne first into that road, there +was a small ship of Brasil that came from thence, which bare with them, and +seemed by striking her sailes, as though she would also haue ancred: but +taking her fittest occasion hoised againe, and would haue passed vp the +riuer, but the Generall presently discerning her purpose, sent out a +pinnesse or two after her, which forced her in such sort, as she ran +herselfe upon the Rocks: all the men escaped out of her, and the lading +(being many chests of sugar) was made nothing woorth, by the salt water. In +his going thither also, he tooke ships of the port of Portugall, which were +sent from thence, with fifteene other from Pedro Vermendes Xantes Sergeant +maior of the same place, laden with men and victuals to Lisbon: the rest +that escaped put into Setuuel. + +The next day it pleased Generall Norris to call all the Colonels together, +and to aduise with them, whether it were more expedient to tary there to +attend the forces of the Portugall horse and foot, whereof the King had +made promise, and to march some conueuient number to Cascais to fetch our +artillery and munition, which was all at our ships, sauing that which for +the necessity of the seruice was brought along with vs: whereunto, some +caried away with the vaine hope of Don Antonio, that most part of the towne +stood for vs, held it best to make our abode there, and to send some 3000 +for our artillery; promising to themselues, that the enemy being wel beaten +the day before, would make no more sallies: some others (whose vnbeliefe +was very strong of any hope from the Portugall) perswaded rather to march +wholly away, then to be any longer carried away with the opinion of things, +whereof there was so little appearance. The Generall not willing to leaue +any occasion of blotte to be layed vpon him for his speedy going from +thence, nor to lose any more time by attending the hopes of Don Antonio; +tolde them that though the expedition of Portugall were not the onely +purpose of their iourney, but an aduenture therein (which if it succeeded +prosperously, might make them sufficiently rich, and woonderfull +honourable) and that they had done so much already in triall thereof, as +what end soeuer happened, could nothing impaire their credits: yet in +regard of the Kings last promise, that he should haue that night 3000 men +armed of his owne Countrey, he would not for that night dislodge. And if +they came thereby to make him so strong, that he might send the like number +for his munition, he would resolue to trie his fortune for the towne. But +if they came not, he found it not conuenient to diuide his forces, by +sending any to Cascais, and keeping a remainder behinde, sithence he saw +them the day before so boldly sally vpon his whole army, and knew that they +were stronger of Souldiours armed within the towne, then he was without: +and that before our returne could be from Cascais, they expected more +supplies from all places, of Souldiours: for the Duke of Bragança, and Don +Francisco de Toledo were looked for with great reliefe. Whereupon his +conclusion was, that if the 3000 promised came not that night, to march +wholly away the next morning. + +It may be here demanded, why a matter of so great moment should be so +slenderly regarded, as that the Generall should march with such an army +against such an enemy, before he knew either the fulnesse of his owne +strength, or certaine meanes how he should abide the place when he should +come to it. Wherein I pray you remember the Decrees made in the Councell at +Peniche, and confirmed by publique protestation the first day of our march, +that our nauy should meet vs in the riuer of Lisbon, in the which was the +store of all our prouisions, and so the meane of our tariance in that +place, which came not, though we continued till we had no munition left to +entertaine a very small fight. We are also to consider, that the King of +Portugall (whether carried away with imagination by the aduertisements he +receiued from the Portugals, or willing by any promise to bring such an +army into his Countrey, thereby to put his fortune once more in triall) +assured the Generall, that vpon his first landing, there would be a reuolt +of his subiects: whereof there was some hope giuen at our first entry to +Peniche, by the maner of the yeelding of that towne and fort, which made +the Generall thinke it most conuenient speedily to march to the principall +place, thereby to giue courage to the rest of the Countrey. The Friers also +and the poore people that came vnto him, promised, that within two dayes +the gentlemen and others of the Countrey would come plentifully in: within +which two dayes came many more Priests, and some very few gentlemen on +horsebacke; but not til we came to Torres Vedras: where they that noted the +course of things how they passed, might somewhat discouer the weaknesse of +that people. There they tooke two dayes more: and at the end thereof +referred him till our comming to Lisbon, with assurance, that so soone as +our army should be seene there, all the inhabitants would be for the King +and fall vpon the Spaniards. + +After two nights tariance at Lisbon, the King, as you haue heard, promised +a supply of 3000 foot, and some horse: but all his appointments being +expired, euen to the last of a night, all his horse could not make a cornet +of 40, nor his foot furnish two ensignes fully, although they caried three, +or foure colours: and these were altogether such as thought to inrich +themselues by the ruine of their neighbours: for they committed more +disorders in euery place where we came by spoile, then any of our owne. + +The Generall, as you see, hauing done more then before his comming out of +England was required by the King, and giuen credit to his many promises, +euen to the breach of the last, he desisted not to perswade him to stay yet +nine dayes longer: in which time he might haue engaged himselfe further, +then with any honour he could come out of againe, by attempting a towne +fortified, wherein were more men armed against vs, then we had to oppugne +them withall, our artillery and munition being fifteene miles from vs, and +our men then declining; for there was the first shew of any great +sickenesse amongst them. Whereby it seemeth, that either his prelacy did +much abuse him in perswading him to hopes, whereof after two or three dayes +he saw no semblance: or he like a silly louer, who promiseth himselfe fauor +by importuning a coy mistresse, thought by our long being before his towne, +that in the end taking pity on him, they would let him in. + +What end the Friers had by following him with such deuotion, I know not, +but sure I am, the Laity did respite their homage till they might see which +way the victory would sway; fearing to shew themselues apparently vnto him, +least the Spaniard should after our departure (if we preuailed not) call +them to account: yet sent they vnder hand messages to him of obedience, +thereby to saue their owne, if he became King; but indeed very well +contented to see the Spaniards and vs try by blowes, who should carry away +the crowne. For they be of so base a mould, as they can very wel subiect +themselues to any gouernment, where they may liue free from blowes, and +haue liberty to become rich, being loth to endure hazzard either of life or +goods. For durst they haue put on any minds thorowly to reuolt, they had +three woonderfull good occasions offered them during our being there. + +Themselues did in generall confesse, that there were not aboue 5000 +Spaniards in that part of the Countrey, of which number the halfe were out +of the towne till the last day of our march: during which time, how easily +they might haue preuailed against the rest, any man may conceiue. But vpon +our approch they tooke them all in, and combined themselues in generall to +the Cardinall. + +The next day after our comming thither, when the sally was made vpon vs by +their most resolute Spaniards, how easily might they haue kept them out, or +haue giuen vs the gate which was held for their retreat, if they had had +any thought thereof? + +And two dayes after our comming to Cascais, when 6000 Spaniards and +Portugals came against vs as farre as S. Iulians by land, as you shal +presently heare (all which time I thinke there were not many Spaniards left +in the towne) they had a more fit occasion to shew their deuotion to the +King, then any could be offered by our tarying there. And they could not +doubt, that if they had shut them out, but that we would haue fought with +them vpon that aduantage, hauing sought them in Galitia vpon disaduantage +to beat them: and hauing taken so much paines to seeke them at their owne +houses, whereof we gaue sufficient testimony in the same accident. But I +thinke the feare of the Spaniard had taken so deepe impression within them, +as they durst not attempt any thing against them vpon any hazzard. + +For, what ciuill countrey hath euer suffered themselues to be conquered so +few men as they were; to be depriued of their naturall King, and to be +tyrannized ouer thus long, but they? And what countrey, liuing in slauery +vnder a stranger whom they naturally hate, hauing an army in the field to +fight for them and their liberty, would lie still with the yoke vpon their +necks, attending if any strangers would vnburthen them, without so much as +rousing themselues vnder it, but they? They will promise much in speeches, +for they be great talkers, whom the Generall had no reason to distrust +without triall, and therefore marched on into their countrey: but they +performed little in action, whereof we could haue had no proofe without +this thorow triall. Wherein he hath discouered their weaknesse, and +honorably performed more then could be in reason expected of him: which had +he not done, would not these maligners, who seeke occasions of slander, +haue reported him to be suspicious of a people, of whose infidelity he had +no testimony: and to be fearefull without cause, if he had refused to giue +credit to their promises without any aduenture? Let no friuolous +questionist therefore further enquire why he marched so many dayes to +Lisbon, and taried there so small a while. + +The next morning, seeing no performance of promise kept, he gaue order for +our marching away; himselfe, the Earle of Essex, and Sir Roger Williams +remaining with the stand that was made in the high street, till the whole +army was drawen into the field, and marched out of the towne, appointing +Captaine Richard wingfield, and Captaine Anthony Wingfield in the +arrereward of them with the shot; thinking that the enemy (as it was most +likely) would haue issued out vpon our rising; but they were otherwise +aduised. When we were come into the field, euery battalion fell into that +order which by course appertained vnto them, and so marched that night vnto +Cascais. Had we marched thorow this Countrey as enemies, our Souldiours had +beene well supplied in all their wants: but had we made enemies of the +Suburbs of Lisbon, we had beene the richest army that euer went out of +England: for besides the particular wealth of euery house, there were many +Warehouses by the water side full of all sorts of rich marchandizes. + +In our march that day the gallies which had somewhat, but not much, annoyed +vs at Lisbon, (for that our way lay along the riuer) attended vs till we +were past S. Iulians, bestowing many shot amongst vs, but did no harme at +all, sauing that they strooke off a gentlemans legend, and killed the +Sergeant majors moile vnder him. The horsemen also followed vs afarre off, +and cut off as many sicke men as were not able to holde in marche, nor we +had cariage for. + +After we had bene two dayes at Cascais, we had intelligence by a Frier, +that the enemy was marching strongly towards vs, and then came as farre as +S. Iulian: which newes was so welcome to the Earle of Essex and the +Generals, as they offered euery one of them to giue the messenger an +hundred crownes if they found them in the place; for the Generall desiring +nothing more then to fight with them in field roome, dispatched that night +a messenger with a trumpet, by whom he writ a cartell to the Generall of +their army, wherein he gaue them the lie, in that it was by them reported +that we dislodged from Lisbon in disorder and feare of them (which indeed +was most false) for that it was fiue of the clocke in the morning before we +fell into armes, and then went in such sort, as they had no courage to +follow out vpon vs. Also he challenged him therein, to meet him the next +morning with his whole army, if he durst attend his comming, and there to +try out the iustnesse of their quarrel by battell: by whom also the Earle +of Essex (who preferring the honor of the cause, which was his countreys, +before his owne safety) sent a particular cartel, offering himselfe against +any of theirs, if they had any of his quality; or if they would not admit +of that; sixe, eight, or tenne, or as many as they would appoint, should +meet so many of theirs in the head of our battell to trie their fortunes +with them; and that they should haue assurance of their returne and +honourable intreaty. + +The Generall accordingly made all his army ready by three of the clocke in +the morning and marched euen to the place where they had encamped, but they +were dislodged in the night in great disorder, being taken with a sudden +feare that we had bene come vpon them, as the Generall was the next day +certainely informed: so as the Trumpet followed them to Lisbon, but could +not get other answere to either of his letters, but threatening to be +hanged, for daring to bring such a message. Howbeit the Generall had caused +to be written vpon the backside of their passport, that if they did offer +any violence vnto the messengers, he would hang the best prisoners he had +of theirs: which made them to aduise better of the matter, and to returne +them home; but without answere. + +After our army came to Cascais, and the castle summoned, the Castellan +thereof granted, that vpon fiue or sixe shot of the canon he would deliuer +the same, but not without sight thereof. The Generall thinking that his +distresse within had bene such for want of men or victuals as he could not +holde it many dayes, because he saw it otherwise defensible enough, +determined rather to make him yeeld to that necessity then to bring the +cannon, and therefore onely set a gard vpon the same, lest any supply of +those things which he wanted should be brought vnto them. But he still +standing vpon those conditions, the Generall about two dayes before he +determined to goe to Sea, brought three or foure pieces of battery against +it: vpon the first fire whereof he surrendered, and compounded to go away +with his baggage and armies; he had one canon, two culuerings, one +basiliske, and three or foure other field pieces, threescore and fiue +Souldiours, very good store of munition and victualles enough in the +Castle: insomuch as he might haue held the same longer then the Generall +had in purpose to tarry there. One company of footmen was put into the +guard thereof, till the artillery was taken out, and our army embarked; +which without hauing that fort, we could not without great peril haue done. +When we were ready to set saile (one halfe of the fort being by order from +the Generall blowen vp by mine) the company was drawne away. + +During the time we lay in the road, our fleet began the second of Iune, and +so continued sixe dayes after to fetch in some hulks to the number of +threescore, of Dansik, Stetin, Rostock, Lubeck and Hamburgh, laden with +Spanish goods, and as it seemed for the kings prouision, and going for +Lisbon: their principall lading was Corne, Masts, Cables, Copper, and waxe: +amongst which were some of great burthen woonderful well builded for +sailing, which had no great lading in them, and therefore it was thought +that they were brought for the kings prouision, to reinforce his decayed +nauy: whereof there was the greater likelyhood, in that the owner of the +greatest of them which caried two misnes, was knowen to be very inward with +the Cardinall, who rather then he would be taken with his ships, committed +himself vnto his small boat, wherein he recouered S. Sebastians: into the +which our men, that before were in flieboats, were shipped, and the +flieboats sent home with an offer of corne, to the value of their hire. But +the winde being good for them for Rochel, they chuse rather to lose their +corne then the winde, and so departed. The Generall also sent his horses +with them, and from thence shipped them into England. + +The third of Iune, Colonell Deuereux and Colonell Sidney, being both very +sicke, departed for England, who in the whole iourney had shewed themselues +very forward to all seruices, and in their departure very vnwilling to +leave vs: that day we imbarked all our army, but lay in the road vntill the +eight thereof. + +The sixt day the Earle of Essex, vpon receit of letters from her Maiesty, +by them that brought in the victuals, presently departed towards England, +with whom Sir Roger Williams was very desirous to go, but found the +Generalls very vnwilling he should do so, in that he bare the next place +vnto them, and if they should miscarry, was to command the army. And the +same day there came vnto vs two small barks that brought tidings of some +other shippes come out of England with victuals, which were passed vpwards +to the Cape: for meeting with whom, the second day after we set saile for +that place, in purpose after our meeting with them to go with the Iles of +Açores, the second day, which was the ninth, we met with them comming backe +againe towards vs, whose prouision little answered our expectation. +Notwithstanding we resolued to continue our course for the Ilands. + +About this time was the Marchant Royall, with three or foure other ships, +sent to Peniche, to fetch away the companies that were left there; but +Captaine Barton hauing receiued letters from the Generals that were sent +ouerland, was departed before not being able by reason of the enemies +speedy marching thither either to bring away the artillery, or all his men, +according to the direction those letters gaue him; for he was no sooner +gone than the enemy possessed both town and castle, and shot at our ships +as they came into the road. + +At this time also was the Ambassador from the Emperor of Marocco, called +Reys Hamet Bencasamp, returned, and with him M. Ciprian, a gentleman of +good place and desert, was sent from Don Antonio, and Captaine Ousley from +the Generals to the Emperor. + +The next morning the nine gallies which were sent not fiue dayes before out +of Andaluzia for the strengthening of the riuer of Lisbon (which being +ioyned with the other twelue that were there before, though we lay hard by +them at S. Iulians, durst neuer make any attempt against vs) vpon our +departure from thence returning home, and in the morning being a very dead +calme, in the dawning thereof, fell in the winde of our fleet, in the +vttermost part whereof they assailed one stragling barke of Plimmouth, of +the which Captaine Cauerly being Captaine of the land company, with his +Lieutenant, the Master and some of the Mariners abandoned the ship, and +betooke them to ship-boats, whereof one, in which the Master and Captaine +were, was ouerrunne with the gallies, and they drowned. There were also two +hulks stragled farre from the strength of the other ships, which were so +calmed, as neither they could get to vs, or we to them, though all the +great shippes towed with their boats to haue releiued them, but could not +be recouered; in one of which was Captaine Minshaw with his company, who +fought with them to the last, yea after his ship was on fire, which whether +it was fired by himselfe or by them we could not well discerne, but might +easily iudge by his long and good fight, that the enemy could not but +sustaine much loose: who setting also vpon one other hulke wherein was but +a Lieutenant, were by the valour of the Lieutenant put off although they +had first beaten her with their artillery, and attempted to boord her. And +seeing also another hulke a league off, a sterne off vs, they made towards +her; but finding that she made ready to fight with them, they durst not +further attempt her: whereby it seemed, their losse being great in other +fights, they were loth to proceed any further. + +From that day till the 19 of Iune, our direction from the Generall was, +that if the wind were Northerly, we should plie for the Açores; but if +Southerly, for the Iles of Bayon. We lay with contrary windes, about that +place and the Rocke, till the Southerly winde preuailing carried vs to +Bayon: part of our ships to the number of 25, in a great winde which was +two dayes before, hauing lost the Admirals and the fleet, according to +their direction, fell in the morning of that day with Bayon, among whom was +Sir Henry Norris in the Ayde; who had in purpose (if the Admirals had not +come in) with some 500 men out of them all to haue landed, and attempted +the taking of Vigo. The rest of the fleet held with Generall Drake, who +though he were two dayes before put vpon those Ilands, cast off againe to +sea for the Açores: but remembering how vnprouided he was for iourney and +seeing that he had lost company of his great ships, returned for Bayon, and +came in there that night in the euening where he passed vp the riuer more +than a mile aboue Vigo. + +[Sidenote: Vigo taken.] The next morning we landed as many as were able to +fight, which were not in the whole aboue 2000 men (for in the 17 dayes we +continued on boord we had cast many of our men ouerboord) with which number +the Colonell generall marched to the towne of Vigo, neere the which when he +approched, he sent Captaine Anthony Wingfield with a troupe of shot to +enter one side of the same, who found vpon euery streets end a strong +barricade, but altogether abandoned; for hauing entered the towne, he found +but one man therein, but might see them making way before him to Bayon. On +the other side of the towne entred Generall Drake with Captaine Richard +Wingfield, whose approch on that side (I thinke) made them leaue the places +they had so artificially made for defence: there were also certaine shippes +sent with the Vice-admirall to lie close before the towne to beat vpon the +same with their artillery. + +In the afternoone were sent 300 vnder the conduct of Captaine Petuin and +Captaine Henry Poure, to burne another village betwixt that and Bayon, +called Borsis, and as much of the country as the day would giue them leaue +to do; which was a very pleasant rich valley: but they burnt it all, houses +and corne, as did others on the other side of the towne, both that and the +next day, so as the countrey was spoiled seuen or eight miles in length. +There was found great store of wine in the towne, but not any thing els: +for the other dayes warning of the shippes that came first in, gaue them a +respit to cary all away. + +[Sidenote: Vigo burned.] The next morning by breake of the day the Colonell +generall (who in the absence of the Generalls that were on boord their +ships, commanded that night on shore) caused all our companies to be drawen +out of the towne, and sent in two troups to put fire in euery house of the +same: which done, we imbarked againe. + +This day there were certaine Mariners which (without any direction) put +themselues on shore, on the contrary side of the riuer from vs for pillage; +who were beaten by the enemy from their boats, and punished by the Generals +for their offer, in going without allowance. + +The reasons why we attempted nothing against Bayon were before shewed to be +want of artillery, and may now be alledged to be the small number of our +men: who should haue gone against so strong a plade, manned with very good +souldiers, as was shewed by Iuan de Vera taken at the Groine, who confessed +that there were sixe hundred olde Souldiers in garrison there of Flanders, +and the Tercios of Naples, lately also returned out of the iourney of +England, + +Vnder the leading of + +Capitan Puebla, +Christofero Vasques de Viralta a souldier of Flanders. +Don Pedro Camascho, del tercio de Napoles. +Don Francisco de Cespedes. +Cap. Iuan de Solo, del tercio de Naples. +Don Diego de Cassaua. +Cap. Sauban. + +Also he sayth there be 18 pieces of brasse, and foure of yron, lately layed +vpon the walles of the towne, besides them that were there before. + +The same day the Generals seeing what weake estate our army was drawn into +by sicknesse, determined to man and victuall twenty of the best ships for +the Ilands of Açores with Generall Drake, to see if he could meet with the +Indian fleet, and Generall Norris to returne home with the rest: And for +the shifting of men and victualles accordingly, purposed the next morning +to fall downe to the Ilands of Bayon againe, and to remaine there that day. +But Generall Drake, according to their apointment, being vnder saile neuer +strooke at the Ilands, but put straight to sea; whom all the fleet followed +sauing three and thirty, which being in the riuer further then he, and at +the entrance out of the same, finding the winde and tide too hard against +them, were inforced to cast ancre there for that night; amongst whom, by +good fortune, was the Foresight, and in her Sir Edward Norris. And the +night folowing, Generall Norris being driuen from the rest of the Fleet by +a great storme, (for all that day was the greatest storme we had all the +time we were out) came againe into the Ilands, but not without great +perill, he being forced to trust to a Spanish Fisherman (who was taken two +dayes before at sea) to bring him in. + +The next morning he called a council of as many as he found there, holding +the purpose he had concluded with sir Francis Drake the day before, and +directed all their courses for England, tarrying there all that day to +water and helpe such with victuall, as were left in wonderfull distresse by +hauing the victuals that came last, caried away the day before to sea. + +[Sidenote: Their returne to Plimmouth.] The next day he set saile, and the +l0 day after, which was the 2 of Iuly came into Plimmouth, where he found +sir Francis Drake and all the Queens ships, with many of the others but not +all; for the Fleet was dispersed into other harbors, some led by a desire +of returning from whence they came, and some being possessed of the hulks +sought other Ports from their Generals eie, where they might make their +priuate commoditie of them, as they haue done to their great aduantage. + +Presently vpon their arriual there, the Generals dissolued all the armie +sauing 8 companies which are yet held together, giuing euery souldier fiue +shillings in money, and the armies hee bare to make money of, which was +more then could by any means be due vnto them: for they were not in seruice +three moneths, in which time they had their victuals, which no man would +value at lesse then halfe their pay, for such is the allowance in her +maiesties ships to her mariners, so as there remained but 10 shillings a +moneth more to be paid, for which there was not any priuate man but had +apparel and furniture to his owne vse, so as euery common souldier +discharged, receiued more in money, victuals, apparel and furniture, then +his pay did amount vnto. + +Notwithstanding, there be euen in the same place where those things haue +passed, that either do not or will not conceiue the souldiers estate, by +comparing their pouertie and the shortness of the time together, but lay +some iniuries vpon the Generals and the action. Where, and by the way, but +especially here in London, I find there haue bene some false prophets gone +before vs, telling strange tales. For as our countrey doeth bring foorth +many gallant men, who desirous of honour doe put themselues into the +actions thereof, so doeth it many more dull spirited, who though their +thoughts reach not so high as others, yet doe they listen how other mens +acts doe passe, and either beleeuing what any man will report vnto them, +are willingly caried away into errors, or tied to some greater mans faith, +become secretaries against a noted trueth. The one sort of these doe take +their opinions from the high way side, or at the furthest go no further +then Pauls to enquire what hath bene done in this voiage; where if they +meet with any, whose capacitie before their going out could not make them +liue, nor their valour maintaine their reputation, and who went onely for +spoile, complaining on the hardnesse and misery thereof, they thinke they +are bound to giue credite to these honest men who were parties therein, and +in very charitie become of their opinions. The others to make good the +faction they had entred into, if they see any of those malecontents (as +euery iourney yeeldeth some) doe runne vnto them like tempting spirits to +confirme them in their humour, with assurance that they foresaw before our +going out what would become thereof. + +Be ye not therefore too credulous in beleeuing euery report: for you see +there haue bene many more beholders of these things that haue passed, then +actors in the same; who by their experience, not hauing the knowledge of +the ordinary wants of the warre, haue thought, that to lie hard, not to +haue their meat well dressed, to drinke sometimes water, to watch much, or +to see men die and be slaine, was a miserable thing; and not hauing so +giuen their mindes to the seruice, as they are any thing instructed +thereby, doe for want of better matter discourse ordinarily of these +things: whereas the iourney (if they had with that iudgement seene into it, +which their places required) hath giuen them far more honorable purpose and +argument of discourse. + +[Sidenote: A worthy question dilated.] These mens discontentments and +mislikings before our comming home haue made mee labour thus much to +instruct you in the certaintie of euery thing, because I would not +willingly haue you miscaried in the indgements of them, wherein you shall +giue me leaue somewhat to dilate vpon a question, which I onely touched in +the beginning of my letter, namely, whether it bee more expedient for our +estate to maintain an offensiue war against the king of Spaine in the Low +countries, or as in this iourney, to offend him in his neerer territories, +seeing the grounds of arguing thereof are taken from the experience which +the actions of this iourney haue giuen vs. + +There is no good subiect that will make question, whether it be behoofeful +for vs to hold friendship with these neighbours of ours or no, as well in +respect of the infinite proportion of their shipping, which must stand +either with vs or against vs; as of the commoditie of their harbors, +especially that of Vlishing, by the fauour whereof our Nauie may +continually keepe the Narrow seas, and which would harbour a greater Fleete +agaynst vs, then the Spaniard shall need to annoy vs withall, who being now +distressed by our common enemie, I thinke it most expedient for our safetie +to defend them, and if it may be, to giue them a reentrie into that they +haue of late yeeres lost vnto him. The one without doubt her maiestie may +do without difficultie, and in so honorable sort as he shal neuer be able +to dispossesse her or them of any the townes they now hold. But if any man +thinke that the Spaniard may be expelled from thence more speedily or +conueniently by keeping an armie there, then by sending one against him +into his owne countrey: let him foresee of how many men and continuall +supplies that armie must consist, and what intollerable expenses it +requireth. And let him thinke by the example of the duke of Alua, when the +prince of Orenge had his great armie agaynst him; and of Don Iuan, when the +States had their mightie assembly against him; how this wise enemie, with +whom we are to deale, may but by prolonging to fight with vs, leaue vs +occasions enough for our armie within few moneths to mutine and breake; or +by keeping him in his townes leaue vs a spoyled field: where though our +prouision may bee such of our owne as we starue ['staure' in source +text--KTH] not, yet is our weaknesse in any strange country such, as with +sicknes and miserie we shal be dissolued. And let him not forget what a +continual burthen we hereby lay vpon vs, in that to repossesse those +countreys which have been lately lost, wil be a warre of longer continuance +then we shall be able to endure. + +In the very action whereof, what should hinder the king of Spaine to bring +his forces home vnto vs? For it is certaine he hath long since set downe in +councell, that there is no way for him wholy to recouer those Low +countries, but by bringing the warre vpon England it selfe, which hath +alwayes assisted them against him: and that being determined, and whereunto +he hath bene vehemently urged by the last yeeres losse he sustained vpon +our coasts, and the great dishonor this iourney hath laid vpon him; no +doubt if we shall giue him respite to doe it, but he will mightily advance +his purpose, for he is richly able thereunto, and wonderfull desirous of +reuenge. + +To encounter wherewith, I wish euen in true and honest zeale to my +Countrey, that we were all perswaded that there is no such assured meanes +for the safetie of our estate, as to busy him with a well furnished armie +in Spaine, which hath so many goodly Bayes open, as we may land without +impeachment as many men as shall be needfull for such an inuasion. And +hauing an armie of 20000 roially furnished there, we shall not need to take +much care for their payment: for shal not Lisbon be thought able to make so +few men rich, when the Suburbs thereof were found so abounding in riches, +as had we made enemie of them, they had largely enriched vs all? Which with +what small losse it may be won, is not here to shew; but why it was not won +by vs, I haue herein shewed you. Or is not the spoyle of Siuil sufficient +to pay more then shall bee needful to bee sent against it, whose defence +(as that of Lisbone) is onely force of men, of whom how many may for the +present be raised, is not to be esteemed, because wee haue discouered what +kind of men they be, euen such as will neuer abide ours in field, nor dare +withstand any resolute attempt of ours agaynst them: for during the time we +were in many places of their countrey, they cannot say that euer they made +20 of our men turne their faces from them. And be there not many other +places of lesse difficultie to spoyle, able to satisfie our forces? + +But admit, that if vpon this alarme that we haue giuen him, he tendering +his naturall and neerest soile before his further remooued off gouernments, +do draw his forces of old souldiers out of the Low countreys for his owne +defence, is not the victory then won by drawing and holding them from +thence, for the which we should haue kept an armie there at a charge by +many partes greater then this, and not stirred them? + +Admit further our armie be impeached from landing there, yet by keeping the +Sea and possessing his principall roades, are we not in possibilitie to +meet with his Indian merchants, and very like to preuent him of his +prouisions comming out of the East countreys; without the which, neither +the subiect of Lisbon is long able to liue, nor the king able to maintaine +his Nauie? For though the countrey of Portugall doe some yeeres find +themselues corne, yet are they neuer able to victuall the least part of +that Citie. And albeit the king of Spaine be the richest prince in +Christendome, yet can he neither draw cables, hewe masts, nor make pouder +out of his mettals, but is to be supplied of them all from thence. Of whom +(some will hold opinion) it is no reason to make prize, because they bee +not our enemies: and that our disagreeance with them will impeach the trade +of our marchants, and so impouerish our countrey, of whose mind I can +hardly be drawen to be: For if my enemie fighting with me doe breake his +sword, so as I thereby haue the aduantage against him; what shall I thinke +of him that putteth a new sword into his hand to kill me withall? And may +it not bee thought more fitting for vs in these times to loose our trades +of Cloth, then by suffering these mischiefes, to put in hazard whether we +shall haue a countrey left to make cloth in or no? And yet though neither +Hamburgh, Embden, nor Stode doe receiue our cloth, the necessary vse +thereof in all places is such, as they will find means to take it from vs +with our sufficient commoditie. + +And admit (which were impossible) that we damnifie him neither at sea nor +land (for vnlesse it be with a much more mightie armie then ours, he shall +neuer be able to withstand vs) yet shall we by holding him at his home, +free our selues from the warre at our owne wals; the benefit whereof let +them consider that best can iudge, and haue obserued the difference of +inuading, and being inuaded; the one giuing courage to the souldier, in +that it doeth set before him commoditie and reputation; the other a +fearefull terror to the countrey-man, who if by chance he play the man yet +is he neuer the richer: and who knowing many holes to hide himselfe in, +will trie them all before he put his life in perill by fighting: whereas +the Inuader casteth vp his account before hee goeth out, and being abroad +must fight to make himselfe way, as not knowing what place or strength to +trust vnto. I will not say what I obserued in our countrey-men when the +enemy offred to assaile vs here: but I wish that all England knew what +terror we gaue to the same people that frighted vs, by visiting them at +their owne houses. + +Were not Alexanders fortunes great against the mightie Darius, onely in +that his Macedonians thirsted after the wealth of Persia, and were bound to +fight it out to the last man, because the last man knew no safer way to +saue himselfe then by fighting? Whereas the Persians either trusting to +continue stil masters of their wealth by yeelding to the Inuader, began to +practise against their owne king: or hauing more inward hopes, did hide +themselues euen to the last, to see what course the Conquerour would take +in his Conquest. And did not the aduise of Scipio, though mightily impugned +at the first, prooue very sound and honourable to his countrey? Who seeing +the Romans wonderfully amazed at the neerenesse of their enemies Forces, +and the losses they daily sustained by them, gaue counsell rather by way of +diuersion to cary an army into Afrike, and there to assaile, then by a +defensiue warre at home to remaine subiect to the common spoiles of an +assailing enemie. Which being put in execution drew the enemie from the +gates of Rome, and Scipio returned home with triumph: albeit his beginnings +at the first were not so fortunate against them, as ours haue bene in this +smal time against the Spaniard. The good successe whereof may encourage vs +to take armes resolutely against him. And I beseech God it may stirre vp +all men that are particularly interested therein, to bethinke themselues +how small a matter will assure them of their safetie, by holding the +Spaniard at a Baie, so farre off: whereas, if we giue him leaue quietly to +hatch and bring foorth his preparations, it will be with danger to vs all. + +He taketh not armes against vs by any pretense of title to the crowne of +this realme, nor led altogether with an ambicious desire to command our +countrey, but with hatred towrrds our whole Nation and religion. Her +maiesties Scepter is already giuen by Bull to another, the honours of our +Nobilitie are bestowed for rewards vpon his attendants, our Clergie, our +Gentlemen, our Lawyers, yea all the men of what conditon soeuer are offered +for spoyle vnto the common souldier. Let euery man therefore, in defence of +the liberty and plentie he hath of long enjoyed, offer a voluntarie +contribution of the smallest part of their store for the assurance of the +rest. It were not much for euery Iustice of peace, who by his blew coat +proteceth the properest and most seuiceable men at euery muster from the +warres, to contribute the charge that one of these idle men doe put him to +for one yeere: nor for the Lawyer, who riseth by the dissensions of his +neighbours, to take but one yeeres gifts (which they call fees) out of his +coffers. What would it hinder euery officer of the Exchequer, and other of +her Maiesties courts, who without checks doe suddenly grow to great wealth, +honestly to bring foorth the mysticall commoditie of one yeeres profits? Or +the Clergie, who looke precisely for the Tenths of euery mans increase, +simply to bring forth the Tenth of one yeeres gathering, and in +thankfulnesse to her Maiestie (who hath continued for all our safeties a +most chargeable warre both at land & sea) bestow the same for her honor & +their own assurance, vpon an army which may make this bloody enemy so to +know himselfe and her Maiesties power, as he shall bethinke him what it is +to mooue a stirring people? Who, though they haue receiued some small +checke by the sicknesse of this last iourney, yet doubt I not, but if it +were knowen, that the like voyage were to bee supported by a generalitie, +(that might and would beare the charge of a more ample prouision) but there +would of all sortes most willingly put themselues into the same: some +caried with an honourable desire to be in action, and some in loue of such +would affectionately folow their fortunes; some in thirsting to reuenge the +death and hurts of their brethren, kinred, and friends: and some in hope of +the plentifull spoyles to be found in those countreys, hauing bene there +already and returned poore, would desire to goe againe, with an expectation +to make amends for the last: and all, in hatred of that cowardly proud +Nation, and in contemplation of the true honour of our owne, would with +courage take armes to hazard their liues agaynst them, whom euery good +Englishman is in nature bound to hate as an implacable enemie to England, +thirsting after our blood, and labouring to ruine our land, with hope to +bring vs vnder the yoke of perpetuall slauerie. + +Against them is true honour to be gotten, for that we shall no sooner set +foot in their land, but that euery step we tread will yeeld vs new occasion +of action, which I wish the gallantrie of our Countrey rather to regard +then to folow those soft vnprofitable pleasures wherein they now consume +their time and patrimonie. And in two or three townes of Spaine is the +wealth of all Europe gathered together, which are the Magasins of the +fruits and profits of the East and West Indies, whereunto I wish our yong +able men, who (against the libertie they are borne vnto) terme themselues +seruing men, rather to bend their desires and affections, then to attend +their double liuerie and 40 shillings by the yeere wages, and the reuersion +of the old Copy-hold, for carying a dish to their masters table. But let me +here reprehend my selfe and craue pardon for entring into a matter of such +state and consequence, the care whereof is already laid vpon a most graue +and honorable counsell, who will in their wisdoms foresee the dangers that +may be threatned agaynst vs. And why do I labour to disquiet the securitie +of these happy gentlemen, and the trade of those honest seruing men, by +perswading them to the warres when I see the profession thereof so +slenderly esteemed? For though all our hope of peace be frustrate, and our +quarels determinable by the sword: though our enemie hath by his owne +forces, and his pensionaries industry, confined the united Prouinces into a +narow roume, and almost disunited the same: if he be now in a good way to +harbor himselfe, in the principall hauens of France, from whence he may +front vs at pleasure: yea though we are to hope for nothing but a bloodie +warre, nor can trust to any helpe but Armes; yet how far the common sort +are from reuerencing or regarding any persons of condition, was too +apparant in the returne of this our iourney, wherein the base and common +souldier hath bene tollerated to speake against the Captaine, and the +souldier and Captaine against the Generals, and wherein mechanicall and men +of base condicion doe dare to censure the doings of them, of whose acts +they are not woorthy to talke. + +The ancient graue degree of the Prelacie is vpheld, though Martin raile +neuer so much, and the Lawyer is after the old maner worshipped, whosoeuer +inueigh against him. But the ancient English honour is taken from our men +of war, and their profession in disgrace, though neuer so necessary. Either +we commit idolatry to Neptune, and will put him alone stil to fight for vs +as he did the last yeere, or we be inchanted with some diuelish opinions, +that trauell nothing more then to diminish the reputation of them, vpon +whose shoulders the burden of our defence against the enemie must lie when +occasion shall be offred. For whensoeuer he shall set foote vpon our land, +it is neither the preaching of the Clergie that can turne him out againe, +nor the pleading of any Lawyers that can remoue him out of possession: no, +then they will honour them whom now they thinke not on, and then must those +men stand betweene them and their perils, who are now thought vnwoorthy of +any estimation. + +May the burning of one towne (which cost the king then being six times as +much as this hath done her maiestie, wherein were lost seuen times as many +men as in any one seruice of this iourney, and taried not the tenth part of +our time in the enemies Countrey) be by our elders so highly reputed and +sounded out by the historie of the Realme: and can our voyage be so meanly +esteemed, wherein we burned both townes and Countreys without the losse of +fortie men in any such attempt? + +Did our kings in former times reward some with the greatest titles of +honour for ouerthrowing a number of poore Scots, who, after one battell +lost, were neuer able to reenforce themselues against him; and shall they +in this time who have ouerthrowen our mightie enemie in battell, and taken +his roiall Standerd in the field, besieged the marquesse of Saralba 15 +dayes together, that should haue bene the Generall of the Armie against vs, +brought away so much of his artillerie (as I haue before declared) be +vnwoorthily esteemed of? + +It is possible that some in some times should receiue their reward for +looking vpon an enemie, and ours in this time not receiue so much as thanks +for hauing beaten an enemie at handie strokes? + +But is it true that no man shall bee a prophet in his Countrey: and for my +owne part I will lay aside my Armes till that profession shal haue more +reputation, and liue with my friends in the countrey, attending either some +more fortunate time to vse them, or some other good occasion to make me +forget them. + +But what? shall the blind opinion of this monster, a beast of many heads, +(for so hath the generaltie of old bene termed) cause me to neglect the +profession from whence I chalenge some reputation, or diminish my loue to +my countrey, which hitherto hath nourished me? No, it was for her sake I +first tooke armes, and for her sake I will handle them so long as I shall +be able to vse them: not regarding how some men in private conuenticles do +measure mens estimations by their owne humors; nor how euery popular person +doeth giue sentence on euery mans actions by the worst accidents. But +attending the gracious aspect of our dread Soueraigne, who neuer yet left +vertue vnrewarded: and depending vpon the iustice of her most rare and +graue aduisors, who by their heedie looking into euery mans worth, do giue +encouragement to the vertuous to exceed others in vertue: and assuring you +that there shall neuer any thing happen more pleasing vnto me, then that I +may once againe bee a partie in some honorable journey against the Spaniard +in his owne countrey, I will cease my complaint: and with them that deserue +beyond me, patiently endure the vnaduised censure of our malicious +reproouers. + +If I haue seemed in the beginning hereof troublesome vnto you, in the +discouering of those impediments, and answering the slanders which by the +vulgar malicious and mutinous sort are laid as blemishes vpon the iourney, +and reprochse vpon the Generals (hauing indeed proceeded from other heads:) +let the necessitie of conseruing the reputation of the action in generall, +and the honors of our Generals in particular, bee my sufficient excuse: the +one hauing by the vertue of the other made our countrey more dreaded and +renowmed, then any act that euer England vndertooke before. Or if you haue +thought my perswasible discourse long in the latter end; let the +affectionate desire of my countreys good be therein answerable for me. And +such as it is I pray you accept it, as only recommended to your selfe, and +not to be deliuered to the publique view of the world, lest any man take +offence thereat: which some particular men may seeme iustly to do, in that +hauing deserued very well, I should not herein giue them their due +considerations: whereas my purpose in this priuate discourse hath bene +onely to gratifie you with a touch of those principall matters that haue +passed, wherein I haue onely taken notes of those men who either commaunded +euery seruice, or were of chiefest marke: if therefore you shall impart the +same to one, and he to another, and so it passe through my hands, I know +not what constructions would be made thereof to my preiudice; for that the +Hares eares may happily be taken for hornes. Howbeit I hold it very +necessary (I must confesse) that there should be some true manifestation +made of these things: but be it far from me to be the author thereof, as +very vnfit to deliuer my censure of any matter in publique, and most +vnwilling to haue my weaknesse discouered in priuate. And so I doe leaue +you to the happy successe of your accustomed good exercises, earnestly +wishing that there may be some better acceptance made of the fruits of your +studies, then there hath bene of our hazards in the wars. From London the +30 of August 1589. + + * * * * * + +The escape of the Primrose a tall ship of London, from before the towne of + Bilbao in Biscay: which ship the Corrigidor of the same Prouince, + accompanied with 97 Spaniards, offered violently to arrest, and was + defeated of his purpose, and brought prisoner into England. + +Whereunto is added the Kings Commission for a generall imbargment or arrest + of all English, Netherlandish, and Easterlings ships, written in + Barcelona the 19 of May 1585. + +It is not vnknowen vnto the world what danger our English shippes haue +lately escaped, how sharpely they haue beene intreated, and howe hardly +they haue beene assaulted: so that the valiancie of those that mannaged +them is worthy remembrance. And therefore in respect of the couragious +attempt and valiant enterprise of the ship called the Primrose of London, +which hath obteined renowne, I haue taken in hande to publish the trueth +thereof, to the intent that it may be generally knowen to the rest of the +English ships, that by the good example of this the rest may in time of +extremitie aduenture to doe the like: to the honor of the Realme, and the +perpetuall remembrance of themselues: The maner whereof was at followeth. + +Vppon Wednesday being the sixe and twentieth day of May 1585, the shippe +called the Primrose being of one hundred and fiftie tunnes, lying without +the bay of Bilbao, hauing beene there two dayes, there came a Spanish +pinnesse to them, wherein was the Corrigidor and sixe others with him: +these came aboord the Primrose, seeming to be Marchantes of Biscay, or such +like, bringing Cherries with them, and spake very friendly to the Maister +of the ship, whose name was Foster, and he in courteous wise, bad them +welcome, making them the best cheere that he could with beere, beefe, and +bisket, wherewith that ship was well furnished: and while they were thus in +banquetting with the Maister, foure of the seuen departed in the sayd +Pinnesse, and went backe againe to Bilbao: the other three stayed, and were +very pleasant for the time. But Master Foster misdoubting some danger +secretly gaue speech that he was doubtfull of these men what their intent +was; neuerthelesse he sayd nothing, nor seemed in any outward wise to +mistrust them at all. Foorthwith there came a ship-boate wherein were +seuentie persons being Marchants and such like of Biscay: and besides this +boate, there came also the Pinnesse which before had brought the other +three, in which Pinnesse there came foure and twentie, as the Spaniards +themselues since confessed. These made towards the Primrose, and being come +thither, there came aboord the Corrigidor with three or foure of his men: +but Master Foster seeing this great multitude desired that there might no +more come aboord, but that the rest should stay in their boates, which was +granted: neuerthelesse they tooke small heede of these wordes; for on a +suddaine they came foorth of the boate, entring the shippe, euery Spaniarde +taking him to his Rapier which they brought in the boate, with other +weapons, and a drumme wherewith to triumph ouer them. Thus did the +Spaniards enter the shippe, plunging in fiercely vpon them, some planting +themselues vnder the decke, some entring the Cabbens, and the multitude +attending their pray. Then the Corrigidor hauing an officer with him which +bore a white wand in his hand, sayd to the master of the ship: Yeeld your +selfe, for you are the kings prisoner: whereat the Maister sayd to his men, +We are betrayed. Then some of them set daggers to his breast, and seemed in +furious manner as though they would haue slaine him, meaning nothing lesse +then to doe any such act, for all that they sought was to bring him and his +men safe aliue to shore. Whereat the Maister was amazed, and his men +greatly discomfited to see themselues readie to be conueyed euen to the +slaughter: notwithstanding some of them respecting the daunger of the +Maister, and seeing how with themselues there was no way but present death +if they were once landed among the Spaniards, they resolued themselues +eyther to defend the Maister, and generally to shunne that daunger, or else +to die and be buried in the middest of the sea, rather then to suffer +themselues to come into the tormentors hands: and therefore in very bold +and manly sort some tooke them to their iauelings, lances, bore-speares, +and shot, which they had set in readinesse before, and hauing fiue +Calieuers readie charged, which was all the small shot they had, those that +were vnder the hatches or the grate did shoote vp at the Spaniards that +were ouer their heads, which shot so amazed the Spaniards on the suddaine, +as they could hardly tell which way to escape the daunger, fearing this +their small shot to be of greater number then it was: others in very +manlike sort dealt about among them, shewing themselues of that courage +with bore-speares and lances, that they dismayed at euery stroke two or +three Spaniards. Then some of them desired the Maister to commaund his men +to cease and holde their handes, but hee answered that such was the courage +of the English Nation in defence of their owne liues, that they would slay +them and him also: and therefore it lay not in him to doe it. Now did their +blood runne about the ship in great quantitie, some of them being shot in +betweene the legges, the bullets issuing foorth at their breasts, some cut +in the head, some thrust into the bodie, and many of them very sore +wounded, so that they came not so fast in on the one side, but now they +tumbled as fast ouer boord on both sides with their weapons in their +handes, some falling into the sea, and some getting into their boates, +making haste towardes the Citie. And this is to be noted, that although +they came very thicke thither, there returned but a small companie of them, +neither is it knowen as yet how many of them were slaine or drowned, onely +one English man was then slaine, whose name was Iohn Tristram, and sixe +other hurt. It was great pitie to behold how the Spaniards lay swimming in +the sea, and were not able to saue their liues. Foure of them taking hold +of the shippe were for pities sake taken vp againe by Maister Foster and +his men, not knowing what they were: all the Spaniards bosomes were stuft +with paper, to defend them from the shot, and these foure hauing some +wounds were dressed by the surgion of the shippe. One of them was the +Corrigidor himselfe, who is gouernour of a hundred Townes and Cities in +Spaine, his liuing by his office being better then sixe hundred pound +yerely. This skirmish happened in the euening about sixe of the clocke, +after they had laden twenty Tunne of goods and better out of the sayd ship: +which goods were deliuered by two of the same ship, whose names were Iohn +Burrell and Iohn Brodbanke, who being on shore were apprehended and stayed. + +[Sidenote: The Corrigidor of Bilbao taken and brought to London.] After +this valiant enterprise of eight and twentie English men against 97 +Spaniards, they saw it was in vaine for them to stay, and therefore set vp +sayles, and by Gods prouidence auoyded all daunger, brought home the rest +of their goods, and came thence with all expedition: and (God be thanked) +arriued safely in England neere London on Wednesday being the 8 day of Iune +1585. In which their returne to England the Spaniards that they brought +with them offered fiue hundred crownes to be set on shore in any place: +which, seeing the Maister would not doe, they were content to be ruled by +him and his companie, and craued mercie at their hands. And after Master +Foster demaunded why they came in such sort to betray and destroy them, the +Corrigidor answered, that it was not done onely of themselues, but by the +commandement of the king himselfe; and calling for his hose which were wet, +did plucke foorth the kings Commission, by which he was authorized to doe +all that he did: the Copie whereof followeth, being translated out of +Spanish. + + +The Spanish kings commision for the generall imbargment or arrest of the + English, &c. + +Licentiat de Escober, my Corigidor of my Signorie of Biskay, I haue caused +a great fleete to be put in readinesse in the hauen of Lisbone, and the +riuer of Siuill. There is required for the Souldiers, armour, victuals, and +munition, that are to be imployed in the same great store of shipping of +all series against the time of seruice, and to the end there may be choise +made of the best, vpon knowledge of their burden and goodnesse; I doe +therefore require of you, that presently vpon the arriuall of this carrier, +and with as much dissimulation as may be (that the matter may not be knowen +vntill it be put into execution) you take order for the staying and +arresting (with great foresight) of all the shipping that may be found vpon +the coast, and in the portes of the sayd Signorie, excepting none of +Holand, Zeland, Easterland, Germanie, England, and other Prouinces that are +in rebellion against mee, sauing those of France which being litle, and of +small burden and weake, are thought vnfit to serue the turne. And the stay +being thus made, you shall haue a speciall care that such marchandize as +the sayd shippes or hulkes haue brought, whether they be all or part +vnladen, may bee taken out, and that the armour, munition, tackels, sayles, +and victuals may be safely bestowed, as also that it may be well foreseene, +that none of the shippes or men escape away. Which things being thus +executed, you shall aduertise me by an expresse messenger, of your +proceeding therein: And send me a plaine and distinct declaration of the +number of shippes that you shall haue so stayed in that coast and partes, +whence euery one of them is, which belong to my Rebels, what burden and +goods there are, and what number of men is in euery of them, and what +quantitie they haue of armour, ordinance, munition, victuals, tacklings and +other necessaries, to the end that vpon sight hereof, hauing made choise of +such as shall be fit for the seruice, we may further direct you what ye +shall do. In the meane time you shall presently see this my commandment put +in execution, and if there come thither any more ships, you shall also +cause them to be stayed and arrested after the same order, vsing therein +such care and diligence, as may answere the trust that I repose in you, +wherein you shall doe me great seruice. Dated at Barcelona the 29 of May, +1585. + +And thus haue you heard the trueth and manner thereof, wherein is to be +noted the great courage of the maister, and the louing hearts of the +seruants to saue their master from the daunger of death: yea, and the care +which the master had to saue so much of the owners goods as hee might, +although by the same the greatest is his owne losse in that he may neuer +trauell to those parts any more without the losse of his owne life, nor yet +any of his seruantes: for if hereafter they should, being knowen they are +like to taste of the sharpe torments which are there accustomed in their +Holy-house. And as for their terming English shippes to be in rebellion +against them, it is sufficiently knowen by themselues, and their owne +consciences can not denie it, but that with loue, vnitie, and concord, our +shippes haue euer beene fauoruable vnto them, and as willing to pleasure +their King, as his subiectes any way willing to pleasure English +passengers. + + * * * * * + +The voiage of the right honorable George Erle of Cumberland to the Azores, + &c. Written by the excellent Mathematician and Enginier master Edward + Wright. + +The right honorable the Erle of Cumberland hauing at his owne charges +prepared his small Fleet of foure Sailes onely, viz. The Victorie one of +the Queenes ships royall; the Meg and Margaret small ships, (one of which +also he was forced soone after to send home againe, finding her not able to +endure the Sea) and a small Carauell, and hauing assembled together about +400 men (or fewer) of gentlemen, souldiers, and saylers, embarked himself +and them, and set saile from the Sound of Plimmouth in Deuonshire, the 18 +day of Iune 1589, being accompanied with these captaines and gentlemen +which hereafter folow. + +Captaine Christopher Lister a man of great resolution, captaine Edward +Carelesse, _aliàs_ Wright, who in sir Francis Drakes West Indian voyage to +S. Domingo and Carthagena, was captaine of the Hope. Captaine Boswell, M. +Meruin, M. Henry Long, M. Partridge, M. Norton, M. William Mounson captaine +of the Meg, and his viceadmirall, now sir William Mounson, M. Pigeon +captaine of the Carauell. + +About 3 dayes after our departure from Plimmouth we met with 3 French +ships, whereof one was of Newhauen, another of S. Malos, and so finding +them to be Leaguers and lawful Prises, we tooke them and sent two of them +for England with all their loding, which was fish for the most part from +New-found-land, sauing that there was part thereof distributed amongst our +small Fleet, as we could find Stowage for the same: and in the third, all +their men were sent home into France. The same day and the day folowing we +met with some other ships, whom (when after some conference had with them, +we perceiued plainly to bee of Roterodam and Emden, bound for Rochell) we +dismissed. + +The 28 and 29 dayes we met diuers of our English ships, returning from the +Portugall voiage which my lord relieued with victuals. The 13 day of Iuly +being Sonday in the morning, we espied 11 ships without sight of the coast +of Spaine, in the height of 39 degrees, whom wee presently prepared for, +and prouided to meet them, hauing first set forth Captaine Mounson in the +Meg, before vs, to descry whence they were. The Meg approching neere, there +passed some shot betwixt them, whereby, as also by their Admiral and +Vice-admirall putting foorth their flags, we perceiued that some fight was +likely to follow. Having therefore fitted our selues for them, we made what +hast we could towards them with regard alwayes to get the wind of them, and +about 10 or 11 of the clocke, we came vp to them with the Victory. But +after some few shot and some litle fight passed betwixt vs, they yeelded +themselues, and the masters of them all came aboord vs, shewing their +seueral Pasports from the cities of Hamburg and Lubeck, from Breme, +Pomerania and Calice. + +They had in them certaine bags of Pepper and Synamon, which they confessed +to be the goods of the Iew in Lisbon, which should haue bene carried by +them into their countrey to his Factor there, and so finding it by their +owne confession to be lawful Prise, the same was soone after taken and +diuided amongst our whole company, the value wherof was esteemed to be +about 4500 pounds, at two shillings the pound. + +The 17 day the foresaid ships were dismissed, but 7 of their men that were +willing to go along with vs for sailers, we tooke to help vs, and so held +on our course for the Azores. + +The 1 of August being Friday in the morning, we had sight of the Iland of +S. Michael, being one of the Eastermost of the Azores toward which we +sailed all that day, and at night hauing put foorth a Spanish flag in our +main-top, that so they might the lesse suspect vs, we approched neere to +the chiefe towne and road of that Iland, where we espied 3 ships riding at +anker and some other vessels: all which we determined to take in the darke +of the night, and accordingly attempted about 10 or 11 of the clocke, +sending our boats well manned to cut their cables and hausers, and let them +driue into the sea. Our men comming to them, found the one of those +greatest ships was the Falcon of London being there vnder a Scottish Pilot +who bare the name of her as his own. [Sidenote: 3 ships forcibly towed our +of harbour.] But 3 other smal ships that lay neere vnder the castle there, +our men let loose and towed them away vnto vs, most of the Spaniards that +were in them leaping ouer-boord and swimming to shore with lowd and +lamentable outcries, which they of the towne hearing were in an vprore, and +answered with the like crying. The castle discharged some great shot at our +boats, but shooting without marke by reason of the darknesse they did vs no +hurt. The Scots likewise discharged 3 great pieces into the aire to make +the Spaniards thinke they were their friends and our enemies, and shortly +after the Scottish master, and some other with him, came aboord to my lord +doing their dutie, and offering their seruice, &c. These 3 ships were +fraught with wine and Sallet-oile from Siuil. + +The same day our Carauel chased a Spanish Carauel to shore at S. Michael, +which caried letters thither, by which we learned that the Caraks were +departed from Tercera 8 dayes before. + +The 7 of August we had sight of a litle ship which wee chased towards +Tercera with our pinasse (the weather being calme) and towards euening we +ouertooke her, there were in her 30 tunnes of good Madera wine, certaine +woollen cloth, silke, taffata, &c. The 14 of August we came to the Iland of +Flores, where we determined to take in some fresh water and fresh victuals, +such as the Iland did affoord. So we manned our boats with some 120 men and +rowed towards the shore; whereto when we approched the inhabitants that +were assembled at the landing place, put foorth a flag of truce, whereupon +we also did the like. + +When we came to them, my Lord gaue them to vnderstand by his Portugall +interpreter, that he was a friend to their king Don Antonio, and came not +any way to iniury them, but that he meant onely to haue some fresh water +and fresh victuals of them, by way of exchange for some prouision that he +had, as oile, wine, or pepper, to which they presently agreed willingly, +and sent some of their company for beeues and sheepe, and we in the meane +season marched Southward about a mile to Villa de Santa Cruz, from whence +all the inhabitants yong and old were departed, and not any thing of value +left. We demanding of them what was the cause hereof, they answered, Feare; +as their vsuall maner was when any ships came neere their coast. + +We found that part of the Iland to be full of great rockie barren hils and +mountains, litle inhabited by reason that it is molested with ships of war +which might partly appeare by this towne of Santa Cruz (being one of their +chiefe townes) which was all ruinous, and (as it were) but the reliques of +the ancient towne which had bene burnt about two yeeres before by certaine +English ships of war, as the inhabitants there reported. + +At euening as we were in rowing towards the Victory, an huge fish pursued +vs for the space of well nigh of two miles together, distant for the most +part from the boats sterne not a speares length, and sometimes so neere +that the boat stroke vpon him, the tips of whose finnes about the ghils +(appearing oft times aboue the water) were by estimation 4 or 5 yards +asunder, and his iawes gaping a yard and a halfe wide, which put vs in +feare of ouerturning the pinnasse, but God be thanked (rowing as hard as we +could) we escaped. + +When we were about Flores a litle ship called the Drake, brought vs word +that the Caraks were at Tercera, of which newes we were very glad, and sped +vs thitherward with all the speed we could: and by the way we came to Fayal +road the seuen and twentieth day of August after sunne set, where we espied +certaine shippes ryding at anker, to whom we sent in our Skiffe with +Captaine Lister and Captaine Monson in her to discouer the roaders: and +least any daunger should happen to our boate, we sent in likewise the +Sawsie Iack and the small Carauell; but the wind being off the shoare, the +shippes were not able to fet it so nigh as the Spaniards ride, which +neuerthelesse the boate did, and clapped a shippe aboord of two hundred and +fiftie tunnes, which caried in her fourteene cast peeces, and continued +fight alone with her for the space of one houre vntill the comming vp of +other boates to the reskue of her, which were sent from the shippes, and +then a fresh boording her againe one boate in the quarter, another in the +hause, we entred her on the one side, and all the Spaniards lept ouerboord +on the other, saue Iuan de Palma the Captaine of her and two or three more, +and thus we became possessors of her. This shippe was mored to the Castle +which shot at vs all this while: the onely hurt which we receiued of all +this shot was this, that the master of our Carauell had the calfe of his +legge shot away. This shippe was laden with Sugar, Ginger, and hides lately +come from S. Iuan de Puerto Rico; after we had towed her cleare off the +castle, we rowed in againe with our boats, and fetched out fiue small ships +more, one laden with hides, another with Elephants teeth, graines, +coco-nuts, and goates skins come from Guinie, another with woad, and two +with dogge-fish, which two last we let driue into the sea making none +account of them. The other foure we sent for England the 30 of August. + +At the taking of these Prizes were consorted with vs some other small men +of warre, as Maister Iohn Dauis with his shippe, Pinnesse, and Boate, +Captaine Markesburie with his ship, whose owner was Sir Walter Ralegh, the +Barke of Lime, which was also consorted with vs before. + +[Sidenote: An eescape of 8 Englishmen from Tercera.] The last of August in +the morning we came in sight of Tercera, being about some nine or ten +leagues from shoare, where we espied comming toward vs, a small boat vnder +saile, which seemed somewhat strange vnto vs, being so farre from lande, +and no shippe in sight, to which they might belong; but comming neere, they +put vs out of doubt, shewing they were English men (eight in number) that +had lately bene prisoners in Tercera, and finding opportunitie to escape at +that time, with that small boat committed themselues to the sea, vnder Gods +prouidence, hauing no other yard for their maine saile, but two pipe staues +tyed together by the endes, and no more prouision of victuals, then they +could bring in their pockets and bosomes. Hauing taken them all into the +Victorie, they gaue vs certaine intelligence, that the Carackes were +departed from thence about a weeke before. + +Thus beeing without any further hope of those Caraks, we resolued to +returne for Fayall, with intent to surprize the towne, but vntill the ninth +of September, we had either the winde so contrary, or the weather so calme, +that in all that time, we made scarce nine or ten leagues way, lingring vp +and downe not farre from Pico. + +The tenth of September being Wednesday in the afternoone, wee came again to +Fayal roade. Whereupon immediatly my Lord sent Captaine Lister, with one of +Graciosa (whom Capatine Munson had before taken) and some others, towards +Fayal, whom certaine of the Inhabitants met in a boat, and came with +Captaine Lister to my Lord, to whom hee gaue this choice: either to suffer +him quietly to enter into the platforme there without resistance, where he +and his companie would remaine a space without offering any iniurie to +them, that they (the Inhabitants) might come vnto him and compound for the +ransome of the Towne; or else to stand to the hazard of the warre. + +With these words they returned to the towne: but the keepers of the +platforme answered, that it was against their oath and allegeance to king +Philip to giue ouer without fight. Whereupon my Lord commanded the boates +of euery ship, to be presently manned, and soone after landed his men on +the sandie shoare, vnder the side of an hill, about halfe a league to the +Northwards from the platforme: vpon the toppe of which hill certaine +horsemen and footmen shewed themselues, and other two companies also +appeared, with ensignes displayed, the one before the towne vpon the shore +by the sea side, which marched towards our landing place, as though they +would encounter vs; the other in a valley to the Southwards of the +platforme, as if they would haue come to helpe the Townesmen: during which +time they in the platforme also played vpon vs with great Ordinance. +[Sidenote: The taking of the towne and platforme of Fayal.] Notwithstanding +my L. (hauing set his men in order) marched along the sea shore, vpon the +sands, betwixt the sea and the towne towards the platforme for the space of +a mile or more, and then the shore growing rockie, and permitting no +further progresse without much difficultie, he entred into the towne and +passed through the street without resistance, vnto the platforme; for those +companies before mentioned at my Lo. approching, were soone dispersed, and +suddenly vanished. + +Likewise they of the platforme, being all fled at my Lordes comming +thither, left him and his company to scale the walles, to enter and take +possession without resistance. + +In the meane time our shippes ceased not to batter the foresaid Towne and +Platforme with great shotte, till such time as we saw the Red-Crosse of +England flourishing vpon the Forefront thereof. + +[Sidenote: A description of the towne of Faial.] This Fayal is the +principal towne in all that is land, and is situate directly ouer against +the high and mighty mountaine Pico, lying towards the West Northwest from +that mountaine, being deuided therefrom by a narrow Sea, which at that +place is by estimation about some two or three leagues in bredth betweene +the Isles of Fayal and Pico. + +The towne conteyned some three hundred housholds, their houses were faire +and strongly builded of lime and stone, and double couered with hollow +tyles much like our roofe tyles, but that they are lesse at the one end +then at the other. + +Euery house almost had a cisteme or well in a garden on the backe side: in +which gardens grew vines (with ripe clusters of grapes) making pleasant +shadowes, and Tabacco nowe commonly knowen and vsed in England, wherewith +their women there dye their faces reddish, to make them seeme fresh and +young: Pepper Indian and common; figge-trees bearing both white and red +figges: Peach trees not growing very tall: Orenges, Limons, Quinces, +Potato-roots, &c. Sweete wood (Cedar I thinke) is there very common, euen +for building and firing. + +My Lord hauing possessed himselfe of the towne and platforme, and being +carefull of the preseruation of the towne, gaue commandement, that no +mariner or souldier should enter into any house, to make any spoyle +thereof. But especially he was carefull that the Churches and houses of +religion there should be kept inuiolate, which was accordingly performed, +through his appointment of guarders and keepers for those places: but the +rest of the towne eyther for want of the former inhibition, or for desire +of spoyle and prey, was rifled, and ransacked by the souldiers and +mariners, who scarcely left any house vnsearched, out of which they tooke +such things as liked them, as chestes of sweete wood, chaires, cloth, +couerlets, hangings, bedding, apparell: and further ranged into the +countrey, where some of them also were hurt by the inhabitants. The Friery +there conteyning and maintayning thirty Franciscan Friars (among whom we +could not finde any one able to speake true Latine) was builded by a Fryer +of Angra in Tercera of the same order, about the yeare of our Lord one +thousand fiue hundred and sixe. The tables in the hall had seates for the +one side onely, and were alwayes couered, as readie at all times for dinner +or supper. + +From Wednesday in the afternoone, at which time we entred the towne, til +Saturday night, we continued there, vntill the Inhabitants had agreed and +payed for the ransome of the towne, two thousand duckats, most part whereof +was Church-plate. + +We found in the platfonne eight and fiftie yron peeces of Ordinance, +whereof three and twentie (as I remember) or more were readie mounted vpon +their carriages, betweene Barricadoes, vpon a platforme towardes the +sea-side, all which Ordinance we tooke, and set the platforme on fire, and +so departed: My Lord hauing inuited to dinner in the Victorie, on the +Sunday following, so many of the Inhabitants as would willingly come (saue +onely Diego Gomes the Gouernour, who came but once onely to parle about the +ransome) onely foure came and were well entertained, and solemnely +dismissed with sound of drumme and trumpets, and a peale of Ordinance: to +whom my Lord deliuered his letter subscribed with his owne hand, importing +a request ['repuest' in source text--KTH] to all other Englishmen to +abstaine from any further molesting them, saue onely for fresh water, and +victuals necessary for their intended voyage. During our abode here (viz. +the 11 of September) two men came out of Pico which had beene prisoners +there: Also at Fayal we set at libertie a prisoner translated from S. Iago +who was cousin to a seruant of Don Anthonio king of Portugall in England: +These prisoners we deteyned with vs. + +On Munday we sent our boates ashore for fresh water, which (by reason of +the raine that fell the former night) came plentifully running downe the +hilles, and would otherwise haue beene hard to be gotten there. On Tuesday +likewise hauing not yet suffiently serued our turnes, we sent againe for +fresh water, which was then not so easie to be gotten as the day before, by +reason of a great winde: which in the afternoone increased also in such +sort, that we thought it not safe to ride so neere the land; whereupon we +weyed anker and so departed Northwest and by west, alongst the coast of +Fayal Island. Some of the Inhabitants comming aboord to vs this day, tolde +vs that always about that time of the yeere such windes West Southwest blew +on that coast. + +This day, as we sayled neere Saint Georges Island, a huge fish lying still +a litle vnder water, or rather euen therewith, appeared hard by a head of +vs, the sea breaking vpon his backe, which was blacke coloured, in such +sort as deeming at the first it had beene a rocke, and the ship stemming +directly with him, we were put in a sudden feare for the time: till soone +after we saw him moue out of the way. + +The 16 of September in the nigh it lightened much, whereupon there followed +great winds and raine which continued the 17 18 19-20 and 21 of the same. +The 23 of September we came againe into Faial road to weigh an anker which +(for haste and feare of foule weather) wee had left there before, where we +went on shore to see the towne, the people (as we thought) hauing now +setled themselues there againe, but notwithstanding many of them through +too much distrustfulnesse, departed and prepared to depart with their +packets at the first sight of vs: vntill such time as they were assured by +my Lord, that our comming was not any way to iniury them, but especially to +haue fresh water, and some other things needeful for vs, contenting them +for the same. + +So then we viewed the Towne quietly, and bought such things as we desired +for our money as if we had bene in England. And they helped to fill vs in +fresh water, receiuing for their paines such satisfaction as contented +them. + +The 25 day we were forced againe to depart from thence, before we had +sufficiently watered, by reason of a great tempest that suddenly arose in +the night, in so much, that my Lord himselfe soone after midnight raysed +our men out of itheir Cabines to wey anker, himselfe also together with +them haling at the Capsten, and after chearing them vp with wine. + +The next day we sent our Carauel and the Sawsie-Iack to the road of Saint +Michael, to see what they could espie: we following after them vpon the 27 +day, plying to and fro, came within sight of S. Michael, but by contrary +windes the 28 29 and 30 dayes wee were driuen to leewarde, and could not +get neere the Island. + +The first of October wee sayled alongst Tercera, and euen against Brasill +(a promontorie neere to Angra the strongest Towne in that Island) wee +espied some boates comming to the Towne, and made out towardes them: but +being neere to the lande they ranne to shoare and escaped vs. + +In the afternoone we came neere to Graciosa, whereupon my Lord foorthwith +sent Captain Lister to the Ilanders, to let them vnderstand that his desire +was onely to haue water and wine of them, and some fresh victuals, and not +any further to trouble them. They answered they could giue no resolute +answere to this demande, vntill the Gouernors of the Iland had consulted +therevpon, and therefore desired him to send againe to them the next day. + +Vpon the second day of October eariy in the morning, we sent forth our long +boat and Pinnesse, with emptie Caske, and about some fiftie or sixty men +together with the Margaret, and Captaine Dauis his shippe: for we now +wanted all the rest of our consortes. But when our men would haue landed, +the Ilanders shot at them, and would not suffer them. And troupes of men +appeared vpon land, with ensignes displayed to resist vs: So our boates +rowed alongst the shoare, to finde some place where they might land, not +with too much disaduantage: our shippes and they still shooting at the +Ilanders: but no place could be founde where they might land without great +perill of loosing many of their liues, and so were constrayned to retire +without receiuing any answere, as was promised the day before. We had three +men hurt in this conflict, whilest our boates were together in consulting +what was best to be done: two of them were stroken with a great shot (which +the Ilanders drew from place to place with Oxen) wherewith the one lost his +hand, and the other his life within two or three dayes after: the third was +shot into his necke with a small shot, without any great hurt. + +With these newes our company returned backe againe at night, whereupon +preparation was made to goe to them againe the next day: but the daye was +farre spent before we could come neere them with our ship: neither could we +finde any good ground to anker in, where we might lye to batter the Towne, +and further we could finde no landing place, without great danger to loose +many men: which might turne not only to the ouerthrow of our voiage, but +also put the Queenes ship in great perill for want of men to bring her +home. Therefore my Lord thought it best to write to them to this efiect: +That he could not a litle maruell at their inhumanitie and crueltie which +they had shewed towards his men, seeing they were sent by him vnto them in +peaceable manner to receiue their answere which they had promised to giue +the day before: and that were it not for Don Antonio their lawful king his +sake, he could not put vp so great iniury at their hands, without iust +reuengement vpon them: notwithstanding for Don Antonio his sake, whose +friend he was, he was yet content to send to them once againe for their +answere: At night Captaine Lister returned with this answere from them. +That their Gunner shot off one of their pieces, which was charged with +pouder onely, and was stopped; which our men thinking it had bin shot at +them, shot againe, and so beganne the fight: and that the next morning they +would send my Lord a resolute answere to his demaunde, for as yet they +could not knowe their Gouernours minde herein. The next morning there came +vnto vs a boate from the shoare with a flagge of truce, wherein were three +of the chiefe men of the Island, who agreed with my Lorde that hee should +haue of them sixtie buttes of wine, and fresh victuals to refresh himselfe +and his companie withall: but as for fresh water, they could not satisfie +our neede therein, hauing themselues little or none, sauing such as they +saued in vessels or cistrnes when it rayned, and that they had rather giue +vs two tunnes of wine then one of water: but they requested that our +souldiers might not come on shoare, for they themselues would bring all +they had promised to the water-side, which request was graunted, we keeping +one of them aboord with vs, untill their promise was performed, and the +other we sent to shoare with our emptie Caske, and some of our men to helpe +to fill, and bring them away with such other prouision as was promised: so +the Margaret, Captaine Dauis his shippe, and another of Weymouth stayed +ryding at anker before the Towne, to take in our prouision. This shippe of +Weymouth came to vs the day before, and had taken a rich Prize (as it was +reported) worth sixteene thousand pound, which brought vs newes that the +West-Indian Fleete was not yet come, but would come very shortly. But we +with the Victorie put off to sea, and vpon Saturday the fourth of October, +we tooke a French shippe of Saint Malo (a citie of the vnholy league) loden +with fish from Newfoundland: which had beene in so great a tempest, that +she was constrayned to cut her mayne mast ouerboord for her safetie, and +was now comming to Graciosa, to repaire her selfe. But so hardly it befell +her, that she did not onely not repaire her former losses, but lost all +that remayned vnto vs. The chiefe of our men we tooke into our ship, and +sent some of our men, mariners, and souldiers into her to bring her into +England. + +Vpon the Sunday following at night, all our promised prouision was brought +vnto vs from Gratiosa: and we friendly dismissed the Ilanders with a peale +of Ordinance. + +Vpon Munday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, we plyed to and fro about those +Islandes, being very rough weather. And vpon Thursday at night, being +driuen some three or foure leagues from Tercera, we saw fifteene saile of +the West-Indian Fleete comming into the Hauen at Angra in Tercera. But the +winde was such, that for the space of foure dayes after, though wee lay as +close by the winde as was possible, yet we could not come neere them. In +this time we lost our late French Prize, not being able to lie so neere the +winde as we, and heard no more of her till we came to England where shee +safely arrriued. Vpon Munday we came very neere the Hauens month, being +minded to haue runne in amongst them, and to haue fetched out some of them +if it had beene possible: But in the end this enterprise was deemed too +daungerous, considering the strength of the place where they rode, being +haled and towed in neerer the towne, at the first sight of our approching, +and lying vnder the protection of the Castle of Brasil, on the one side +(hauing in it fiue and twentie peeces of Ordinance) and a fort on the other +side wherein were 13 or 14 great brasse pieces. Besides, when we came neere +land the winde prooued too scant for vs to attempt any such enterprise. + +Vpon Tuesday the fourteenth of October we sent our boate to the roade to +sound the depth, to see if there were any ankoring place for vs, where we +might lie without shot of the Castle and Fort, and within shot of some of +those shippes, that we might either make them come out to vs, or sinke them +where they lay. Our boate returned hauing found out such a place as we +desired, but the winde would not suffer vs to come neere it, and againe if +we could haue ankered there, it was thought likely that they would rather +runne themselues a ground to saue their liues and liberties, and some of +their goods, then come foorth to loose their liberties and goods to vs +their enemies. So we shot at them to see if we could reach them, but it +fell farre short. And thus we departed, thinking it not probable that they +would come foorth so long as we watched for them before the hauens mouth, +or within sight of them. For the space of fiue dayes after we put off to +sea, and lay without sight of them, and sent a pinnesse to lie out of sight +close by the shore, to bring vs word if they should come foorth. After a +while the Pinnesse returned and told vs that those shippes in the Hauen had +taken downe their sayles, and let downe their toppe mastes: so that wee +supposed they would neuer come foorth, till they perceiued vs to bee quite +gone. + +Wherefore vpon the 20 of October, hearing that there were certaine Scottish +ships at Saint Michael, we sayled thither, and found there one Scottish +roader, and two or three more at Villa Franca, the next road a league or +two from the towne of S. Michael, to the Eastwards: of whom we had for our +reliefe some small quantitie of wine (viz. some fiue or sixe buttes of them +all) and some fresh water, but nothing sufficient to serue our turne. + +Vpon Tuesday the one and twentieth of October, we sent our long boate to +shore for fresh water at a brooke a little to the Westwards from Villa +Franca. + +But the Inhabitants espying vs came downe with two Ensignes displayed, and +about some hundred and fiftie men armed, to withstand our landing. So our +men hailing spent all their pouder vpon them in attempting to land, and not +being able to preuaile at so great oddes, returned frustrate. + +From thence we departed towards Saint Maries Iland, minding to water there, +and then to goe for the coast of Spaine. For we had intelligence that it +was a place of no great force, and that we might water there very well: +therefore vpon Friday following, my Lord sent Captaine Lister, and Captaine +Amias Preston now Sir Amias Preston (who not long before came to vs out of +his owne shippe, and she loosing vs in the night, hee was forced to tarry +still with vs) with our long boate and Pinnesse, and some sixtie or +seuentie shotte in them, with a friendly letter to the Ilanders, that they +would grant vs leaue to water, and we would no further trouble them. + +So we departed from the Victorie for the Iland, about nine of the clocke in +the afternoone, and rowed freshly vntill about 3 a clocke afternoone. At +which time our men being something weary with rowing, and being within a +league or two of the shore, and 4 or 5 leagues from the Victorie, they +espied (to their refreshing), two shippes ryding at anker hard vnder the +the towns, whereupon hauing shifted some 6 or 7 of our men into Captaine +Dauis his boate, being too much pestered in our owne, and retayning with vs +some 20 shot in the pinnesse, we made way towardes them with all the speede +we could. + +By the way as we rowed we saw boates passing betwixt the roaders and the +shore, and men in their shirtes swimming and wading to shoare, who as we +perceiued afterwardes, were labouring to set those shippes fast on ground, +and the Inhabitants as busily preparing themselues for the defence of those +roaders, their Iland, and themselues. When we came neere them, Captaine +Lister commaunded the Trumpets to be sounded, but prohibited any shot to be +discharged at them, vntill they had direction from him: But some of the +companie, either not well perceiuing or regarding what he sayd, immediately +vpon the sound of the Trumpets discharged their pieces at the Islanders; +which for the most part lay in trenches and fortefied places vnseene, to +their owne best aduantage: who immediatly shot likewise at vs, both with +small and great shot, without danger to themselues: Notwithstanding +Captaine Lister earnestly hastened forward the Saylers that rowed, who +beganne to shrinke at that shot, flying so fast about their eares, and +himselfe first entring one of the shippes that lay a litle further from +shoare then the other, we spedily followed after him into her, still plying +them with our shot And hauing cut in sunder her Cables and Hausers, towed +her away with our Pinnesse. In the meane time Captaine Dauis his boate +ouertooke vs and entred into the other shippe, which also (as the former) +was forsaken by all her men: but they were constrayned to leaue her and to +come againe into their boate (whilest shot and stones from shoare flew fast +amongst them) finding her to sticke so fast a grounde, that they could not +stire her: which the Townesmen also perceiuing, and seeing that they were +fewe in number, and vs (busied about the other ship) not comming to ayde +them, were preparing to haue come and taken them. But they returned vnto +vs, and so together we came away towards the Victory, towing after vs the +Prize that we had now taken, which was lately come from Brasil, loden with +Sugar. + +In this fight we had two men slaine and 16 wounded: and as for them, it is +like they had little hurt, lying for the most part behind stone walles, +which were builded one aboue another hard by the sea side, vpon the end of +the hill whereupon the Towne stoode betwixt two vallies. Vpon the toppe of +the hill lay their great Ordinance (such as they had) wherewith they shot +leaden bullets, whereof one pierced through our Prizes side, and lay still +in the shippe without doing any more harme. + +The next day we went againe for water to the same Iland, but not knowing +before the inconuenience and disuaduantage of the place where we attempted +to land, we returned frustrate. + +The same night the 25 of October we departed for S. Georges Iland for fresh +water, whither we came on Munday following October 27, and hauing espied +where a spout of water came running downe: the pinnesse and long boate were +presently manned and sent vnder the conduct of Captaine Preston, and +Captaine Munson, by whom my Lord sent a letter to the Ilanders as before, +to grant vs leaue to water onely, and we would no further trouble them: +notwithstanding our men comming on shoare found some of the poore Ilanders, +which for feare of vs hid themselues amongst the rockes. + +And on Wednesday following our boats returned with fresh water, whereof +they brought only sixe tunnes for the Victorie, alleaging they could get no +more, thinking (as it was supposed) that my Lord hauing no more prouision +of water and wine, but onely 12 tunnes, would not goe for the coast of +Spaine, but straight for the coast of England, as many of our men greatly +desired: notwithstanding my Lord was vnwilling so to doe, and was minded +the next day to haue taken in more water: but through roughnesse of the +seas and winde, and vnwillingnesse of his men it was not done. Yet his Hon. +purposed not to returne with so much prouision vnspent, and his voyage (as +he thought) not yet performed in such sort as mought giue some reasonable +contentment or satisfaction to himselfe and others. + +Therefore because no more water could now conueniently be gotten, and being +vncertaine when it could be gotten, and the time of our staying aboord also +vncertaine, the matter being referred to the choyse of the whole companie, +whither they would tarrie longer, till wee might be more sufficiently +prouided of fresh water, or goe by the coast of Spaine for England, with +halfe so much allowance of drinke as before, they willingly agreed that +euery mease should bee allowed at one meale but halfe so much drinke as +they were accustomed (except them that were sicke or wounded) and so to goe +for England, taking the coast of Spaine in our way, to see if we could that +way make vp our voyage. + +Vpon Saturday Octob. 31 we sent the Margaret (because she leaked much) +directly for England, together with the Prize of Brasile which we tooke at +S. Marie, and in them some of our hurt and wounded men or otherwise sicke +were sent home as they desired for England: but Captaine Monson was taken +out of the Megge into the Victorie. + +So we held on our course for the coast of Spaine with a faire winde and a +large which before we seldome had. And vpon Twesday following being the 4 +of Nouemb. we espied a saile right before vs, which we chased till about +three a clocke in the afternoone, at which time we ouertaking her, she +stroke sayle, and being demaunded who was her owner and from whence she +was, they answered, a Portugall, and from Pernanbucke in Brasile. She was a +ship of some 110 tuns burden, fraighted with 410 chestes of Sugar, and 50 +Kintals, of Brasill-wood, euery Kintall contayning one hundred pound +weight: we tooke her in latitude nine and twentie degrees, about two +hundred leagues from Lisbone westwards: Captaine Preston was presently sent +vnto her, who brought the principall of her men aboord the Victorie, and +certaine of our men, mariners and souldiers were sent aboord her. The +Portugals of this Prize told vs that they saw another ship before them that +day about noone. Hauing therefore dispatched all things about the Prize +aforesaid and left our long boat with Captaine Dauis, taking his lesser +boat with vs, we made way after this other ship with all the sayles we +could beare, holding on our course due East, and giuing order to Captaine +Dauis his ship and the Prize that they should follow vs due East, and that +if they had sight of vs the morning following they should follow vs still: +if not they should goe for England. + +The next morning we espied not the sayle which we chased, +and Captaine Dauis his ship and the Prize were behinde vs out of +sight: but the next Thursday the sixt of Nouember (being in +latitude 38 degrees 30 minutes, and about sixtie leagues from +Lisbone westwards) early in the morning Captaine Preston +descried a sayle some two or three leagues a head of vs, after +which we presently hastened our chase, and ouertooke her about +eight or nine of the clocke before noone. She came lately from +Saint Michaels roade, hauing beene before at Brasill loden with +Sugar and Brasile. Hauing sent our boat to them to bring some +of the chiefe of their men aboord the Victorie, in the meane time +whilest they were in comming to vs one out of the maine toppe +espied another saile a head some three or foure leagues from vs. +So immediately vpon the returne of our boate, hauing sent her +backe againe with some of our men aboord the prize, we pursued +speedily this new chase, with all the sayles we could packe on, and +about two a clocke in the afternoone ouertooke her: she had made +prouision to fight with vs, hauing hanged the sides of the shippe so +thicke with hides (wherewith especially she was loden) that musket +shot could not haue pearced them: but yer we had discharged +two great peeces of our Ordinance at her, she stroke sayle, and +approching neerer, we asking of whence they were, they answered +from the West-Indies, from Mexico, and Saint Iohn de Lowe +(truely called Vlhua.) This ship was of some three or foure +hundred tunnes, and had in her seuen hundred hides worth tenne +shillings a peece: sixe chests of Cochinell, euery chest houlding +one hundred pound weight, and euery pound worth sixe and +twenty shillings and eight pence, and certaine chests of Sugar +and China dishes, with some plate and siluer. + +The Captaine of her was an Italian, and by his behauiour seemed to be a +graue, wise, and ciuill man: he had put an aduenture in this shippe fiue +and twentie thousand Duckats, Wee tooke him with certaine other of her +chiefest men (which were Spaniards) into the Victorie: and Captaine Lister +with so manie other of the chiefest of our Mariners, souldiers, and saylers +as were thought sufficient, to the number of 20. or thereabouts, were sent +into her. In the meane time (we staying) our other prizes which followed +after, came vp to vs. And nowe wee had our hands full and with ioy shaped +our course for England, for so it was thought meetest, hauing now so many +Portugals, Spaniards and Frenchmen amongst vs, that if we should haue taken +any more prizes afterwards, wee had not bene well able to haue manned them +without endangering our selues. So about six of the clocke in the +afternoone (when our other prize had ouertaken vs) wee set saile for +England. But our prizes not being able to beare vs company without sparing +them many of our sailes, which caused our ship to route and wallow, in such +sort that it was not onely very troublesome to vs, but, as it was thought, +would also haue put the maine Maste in danger of falling ouerboord: hauing +acquainted them with these inconueniences, we gaue them direction to keepe +their courses together, folowing vs, and so to come to Portsmouth. We tooke +this last prize in the latitude of 39. degrees, and about 46. leagues to +the Westwards from the Rocke. + +She was one of those 16. ships which we saw going into the hauen at Angra +in Tercera, October 8. Some of the men that we tooke out of her tolde vs, +that whilest wee were plying vp and downe before that hauen, as before was +shewed, expecting the comming foorth of those shippes, three of the +greatest and best of them, at the appointment of the Gouernour of Tercera +were vnloden of their treasure and marchandize. And in euery of them were +put three hundred Souldiers, which were appointed to haue come to lay the +Victory aboord in the night, and take her: but when this should haue bene +done the Victory was gone out of their sight. + +Now we went meerily before the winde with all the sailes we could beare, +insomuch that in the space of 24. houres, we sailed neere 47. leagues, that +is seuenscore English miles, betwixt Friday at noone and Saturday at noone +(notwithstanding the shippe was very foule, and much growne with long being +at Sea) which caused some of our company to make accompt they would see +what running at Tilt there should bee at Whitehall vpon the Queenes day. +Others were imagining what a Christmas they would keepe in England with +their shares of the prizes we had taken. But so it befell, that we kept a +colde Christmas with the Bishop and his clearks (rockes that lye to the +Westwards from Sylly, and the Westerne parts of England:) For soone after +the wind scanting came about to the Eastwards (the worst part of the +heauens for vs, from which the winde could blow) in such sort, that we +could not fetch any part of England. And hereupon also our allowance of +drinke, which was scant ynough before, was yet more scanted, because of the +scarcitie thereof in the shippe. So that now a man was allowed but halfe a +pinte at a meale, and that many times colde water, and scarce sweete. +Notwithstanding this was an happie estate in comparison of that which +followed: For from halfe a pinte we came to a quarter, and that lasted not +long either, so that by reason of this great scarsitie of drinke, and +contrarietie of winde, we thought to put into Ireland, there to relieue our +wants. But when wee came neere thither, lying at hull all night (tarrying +for the daylight of the next morning, whereby we might the safelyer bring +our ship into some conuenient harbour there) we were driuen so farre to +lee-ward, that we could fetch no part of Ireland, so as with heauie hearts +and sad cheare, wee were constreined to returne backe againe, and expect +till it should please God to send vs a faire winde either for England or +Ireland. In the meane time we were allowed euery man three or foure spoones +full of vineger to drinke at a meale: for other drinke we had none, sauing +onely at two or three meales, when we had in stead hereof as much wine, +which was wringed out of Winelees that remained. With this hard fare (for +by reason of our great want of drinke, wee durst eate but very litle) wee +continued for the space of a fortnight or thereabouts: Sauing that now and +then wee feasted for it in the meane time: And that was when there fell any +haile or raine: the haile-stones wee gathered vp and did eate them more +pleasantly then if they had bene the sweetest Comfits in the world; The +raine drops were so carefully saued, that so neere as wee coulde, not one +was lost in all our shippe. Some hanged vp sheetes tied with cordes by the +foure corners, and a weight in the midst that the water might runne downe +thither, and so be receiued into some vessel set or hanged vnderneth: Some +that wanted sheetes, hanged vp napkins, and cloutes, and watched them till +they were thorow wet, then wringing and sucking out the water. And that +water which fell downe and washed away the filth and soiling of the shippe, +trod vnder foote, as bad as running downe the kennell many times when it +raineth, was not lost. I warrant you, but watched and attended carefully +(yea sometimes with strife and contention) at euery scupper hole, and other +place where it ranne downe, with dishes, pots, cannes, and Iarres, whereof +some dranke hearty draughts, euen as it was, mud and all, without tarrying +to clense or settle it: Others. cleansed it first but not often, for it was +so thicke and went so slowly thorow, that they might ill endure to tary so +long, and were loth to loose too much of such precious stuffe: some licked +with their tongues (like dogges) the boards vnder feete, the sides, railes, +and Masts of the shippe: others that were more ingenious, fastened girdles +or ropes about the Mastes, dawbing tallow betwixt them and the Maste (that +the raine might not runne downe betweene) in such sort, that those ropes or +girdles hanging lower on the one side then of the other, a spout of leather +was fastened to the lowest part of them, that all the raine drops that came +running downe the Maste, might meete together at that place, and there be +receiued. + +Hee that got a canne of water by these meanes was spoken of, sued to, and +enuied as a rich man. Quàm pulchrum digito monstrari et dicier hic est? +Some of the poore Spaniards that we had taken (who notwithstanding had the +same allowance that our owne men had) would come and craue of vs, for the +loue of God, but so much water as they could holde in the hollow of their +hand: and they had it, notwithstanding our great extremitie, to teach them +some humanitie instead of their accustomed barbaritie, both to vs and other +nations heretofore. They put also bullets of lead into their mouthes to +slake their thirst. + +Now in euery corner of the shippe were heard the lamentable cries of sicke +and wounded men sounding wofully in our eares crying out and pitifully +complaining for want of drinke, being ready to die, yea many dying for +lacke thereof, so as by reason of this great extremite we lost many more +men, then wee had done all the voyage before: hauing before this time bene +so well and sufficiently prouided for, that we liued in maner as well and +healthfully, and died as few as if we had bene in England, whereas now +lightly euery day some were cast ouerboord. + +But the second day of December 1589. was a festiuall day with vs, for then +it rained a good pace, and wee saued some pretie store of raine water +(though we were well wet for it, and that at midnight) and filled our skins +full besides: notwithstanding it were muddie and bitter with washing the +shippe, but (with some sugar which we had to sweeten it withall) it went +merrily downe, yet remembred we and wished for with all our hearts, many a +Conduit, pumpe, spring, and streame of cleare sweete running water in +England: And how miserable wee had accompted some poore soules whom we had +seene driuen for thirst to drinke thereof, and how happy we would now haue +thought our selues if we might haue had our fills of the same: yet should +we haue fared the better with this our poore feasting, if we might haue had +our meat and drinke (such and so much as it was) stand quietly before vs: +but beside all the former extremities, wee were so tossed and turmoiled +with such horrible stormie and tempestuous weather, that euery man had best +holde fast his Canne, cup, and dish in his hands, yea and himselfe too, +many times, by the ropes, railes, or sides of the ship or else he should +soone finde all vnder feet. + +Herewith our maine saile was torne from the yarde and blowne ouerboord +quite away into the sea without recouery, and our other sailes so rent and +torne (from side to side some of them) that hardly any of them escaped +hole. The raging waues and foming surges of the sea came rowling like +mountaines one after another, and ouerraked the waste of the shippe like a +mightie riuer running ouer it, whereas in faire weather it was neere 20. +foote aboue the water, that nowe wee might cry out with the princely +Prophet Psalme 107. vers. 26. They mount vp to heauen, and descend to the +deepe, so that their soule melteth away for trouble: they reele too and +fro, and stagger like a drunken man, and all their cunning is gone. With +this extremitie of foule weather the ship was so tossed and shaken, that by +the craking noise it made, and by the leaking which was now much more than +ordinary, wee were in great feare it would haue shaken in sunder, so that +now also we had iust cause to pray a litle otherwise than the Poet, though +marring the verse, yet mending the meaning. + + Deus maris et Coeli, quid enim nisi vota supersunt, + Soluere quassatae parcito membra ratis. + +Notwithstanding it pleased God of his great goodnesse to deliuer vs out of +this great danger. Then forthwith a new maine saile was made and fastened +to the yard, and the rest repaired as time and place would suffer: which we +had no sooner done, but yet againe wee were troubled with as great an +extremitie as before so that againe we were like to haue lost our new maine +saile, had not Master William Antony the Master of the ship himselfe (when +none else would or durst) ventured with danger of drowning by creeping +along vpon the maine yarde (which was let downe close to the railes) to +gather it up out of the sea, and to fasten it thereto, being in the meane +while oft-times ducked ouer head and eares into the sea. + +These stormes were so terrible, that there were some in our company which +confessed they had gone to seas for the space of 20. yeeres, and had neuer +seene the like, and vowed that if euer they returned safe home, they would +neuer come to sea againe. + +The last of Nouember at night we met with an English ship, out of which +(because it was too late that night) it was agreed that we should haue had +the next morning two or three Tunnes of wine, which, as they said, was al +the prouision of drink they had, saue only a But or two, which they must +needs reserue for their owne vse: but after that, we heard of them no more, +till they were set on ground vpon the coast of Ireland, where it appeared +that they might haue spared vs much more then they pretended they could, so +as they might wel haue relieued our great necessities, and haue had +sufficient for themselues besides, to bring them into England. + +The first of December at night we spake with another English ship, and had +some beere out of her, but not sufficient to cary vs into England, so that +wee were constrained to put into Ireland, the winde so seruing. + +The next day we came to an anker, not far from the S. Kelmes vnder the land +and winde, where we were somewhat more quiet, but (that being no safe +harbour to ride in) the next morning wee went about to weigh anker, but +hauing some of our men hurt at the Capsten, wee were faine to giue ouer and +leaue it behinde, holding on our course to Ventrie hauen, where wee safely +arriued the same day, that place being a very safe and conuenient harbor +for vs, that now wee might sing as we had iust cause, They that go downe to +the sea, &c. + +So soone as we had ankered here my Lord went foorthwith to shoare, and +brought presently fresh water and fresh victuals, as Muttons, pigges, +hennes, &c. to refresh his company withall. Notwithstanding himselfe had +lately bene very weake, and tasted of the same extremitie that his Company +did: For in the time of our former want, hauing a little fresh water left +him remaining in a pot, in the night it was broken, and the water drunke +and dried vp. Soone after the sicke and wounded men were carried to the +next principall Towne, called Dingenacush, being about three miles distant +from the foresaide hauen, where our shippe roade, to the Eastwards, that +there they might be the better refreshed, and had the Chirurgians dayly to +attend vpon them. Here we wel refreshed our selues whilest the Irish harpe +sounded sweetely in our eares, and here we, who for the former extremities +were in maner halfe dead, had our liues (as it were) restored vnto vs +againe. + +This Dingenacush is the chiefe Towne in al that part of Ireland, it +consisteth but of one maine streete, from whence some smaller doe proceede +on either side. It hath had gates (as it seemeth) in times past at either +ende to open and shut as a Towne of warre, and a Castle also. The houses +are very strongly built with thicke stone walles, and narrow windowes like +vnto Castles: for as they confessed, in time of trouble, by reason of the +wilde Irish or otherwise, they vsed their houses for their defence as +Castles. The castle and all the houses in the Towne, saue foure, were won, +burnt, and ruinated by the Erle of Desmond. + +These foure houses fortified themselues against him, and withstood him and +all his power perforce, so as he could not winne them. + +There remaineth yet a thicke stone wall that passeth ouerthwart the midst +of the streete which was a part of their fortification. Notwithstanding +whilest they thus defended themselues, as some of them yet aliue confessed, +they were driuen to as great extremities as the Iewes, besieged by Titus +the Romane Emperour, insomuch that they were constrained to eat dead mens +carcases for hunger. The towne is nowe againe somewhat repaired, but in +effect there remaine but the ruines of the former Towne. Commonly they haue +no chimnies in their houses, excepting them of the better sort, so that the +smoake was very troublsom to vs, while we continued there; Their fewell is +turfes, which they haue very good, and whinnes or furres. There groweth +little wood thereabouts, which maketh building chargeable there: as also +want of lime (as they reported) which they are faine to fetch from farre, +when they haue neede thereof. But of stones there is store ynough, so that +with them they commonly make their hedges to part ech mans ground from +other: and the ground seemeth to be nothing else within but rockes and +stones; Yet it is very fruitfull and plentifull of grasse and graine, as +may appeare by the abundance of kine and cattell there: insomuch that we +had good muttons (though somewhat lesse then ours in England) for two +shillings or fiue groates a piece, good pigges and hennes for 3 pence a +piece. + +The greatest want is industrious, paineful, and husbandly inhabitants to +till and trimme the ground: for the common sort, if they can prouide +sufficient to serue from hand to mouth, take no further care. + +Of money (as it seemeth) there is very store amongst them, which perhaps +was the cause that made them double and triple the prizes of many things we +bought of them, more then they were before our comming thither. + +Good land was here to be had for foure pence the Acre yeerely rent. +[Sidenote: Mines in Ireland.] There are Mines of Alome, Tinne, brasse, and +yron. Stones wee sawe there as cleare as Christall, naturally squared like +Diamonds. + +That part of the Countrey is al full of great mountaines and hills, from +whence came running downe the pleasant streames of sweete fresh running +water. The natural hardnesse of the Nation appeareth in this, that their +small children runne vsually in the middest of Winter vp and downe the +streetes bare-foote and bare-legged, with no other apparell (many times) +saue onely a mantle to couer their nakednesse. + +The chiefe Officer of their Towne they call their Soueraigne, who hath the +same office and authoritie among them that our Maiors haue with vs in +England, and hath his Sergeants to attend vpon him, and beare the Mace +before him as our Maiors. + +We were first intertained at the Soueraignes house, which was one of those +4. that withstood the Erle of Desmond in his rebellion. They haue the same +forme of Common prayer word word in Latin, that we haue here in England. +Vpon the Sunday the Soueraigne commeth into the Church with his Sergeant +before him, and the Sheriffe and others of the Towne accompany him, and +there they kneele downe euery man by himselfe priuately to make his +prayers. After this they rise and go out of the Church againe to drinke, +which being done, they returne againe into the Church, and then the +Minister beginneth prayers. + +Their maner of baptizing differeth something from ours: part of the seruice +belonging therto is repeated in Latin, and part in Irish. The minister +taketh the child in his hands, and first dippeth it backwards, and then +forwards, ouer heads and eares into the cold water in the midst of Winter, +whereby also may appeare their naturall hardnesse, (as before was +specified.) They had neither Bell, drum, nor trumpet, to call the +Parishioners together, but they expect till their Soueraigne come, and then +they that haue any deuotion follow him. + +They make their bread all in cakes, and, for the tenth part, the bakers +bake for all the towne. + +We had of them some 10. or 11. Tunnes of beere for the Victory, but it +proued like a present purgation to them that tooke it, so that we chose +rather to drinke water then it. + +The 20 of December we loosed from hence, hauing well prouided ourselues of +fresh, water, and other things necessary, being accompanied with sir Edw. +Dennie, his Lady, and two yong sonnes. + +This day in the morning my Lord going ashoare to despatch away speedily +some fresh water that remained for the Victory, the winde being very faire +for vs, brought vs newes that their were 60. Spanish prizes taken and +brought to England. For two or three dayes wee had a faire winde, but +afterwards it scanted so, that (as I said before) we were faine to keepe a +cold Christmas with The Bishop and his clearkes. + +[Sidenote: Captaine Lister drowned.] After this we met with an English +ship, that brought vs ioyful newes of 91. Spanish prizes that were come to +England: and sorrowfull newes withall, that the last and best prize we +tooke, had suffered shipwracke at a place vpon the coast of Cornwal which +the Cornish men cals Als Efferne, that is, Helcliffe, and that Captaine +Lister and all the men in the ship were drowned, saue 5. or 6. the one +halfe English, the other Spanish that saued themselues with swimming; but +notwithstanding much of the goods were saued, and reserued for vs, by sir +Francis Godolphin and the worshipful gentlemen of the Countrey there. My +Lord was very sorry for Captaine Listers death, wishing that he had lost +his voyage to haue saued his life. + +The 29. of December we met with another shippe, that tolde vs the same +newes, and that sir Martin Frobisher, and Captaine Reymond had taken the +Admirall and Vice-Admirall of the Fleet that we espied going to Terçera +hauen. But the Admirall was sunke with much leaking, neere to the Idy +Stone, a rocke that lieth ouer against Plimouth sound, and the men were +saued. + +This ship also certified vs that Captaine Prestons ship had taken a prize +loden with siluer. My Lord entred presently into this ship, and went to +Falmouth, and we held on our course for Plimouth. At night we came neere to +the Ram-head (the next Cape Westwards from Plimouth sound) but we were +afraid to double it in the night, misdoubting the scantnesse of the winde. +So we stood off to Sea halfe the night, and towards morning had the winde +more large, and made too little spare thereof, that partly for this cause, +and partly through mistaking of the land, wee were driuen so much to +lee-wards, that we could not double that Cape: Therefore we returned backe +againe, and came into Falmouth hauen, where wee strucke on ground in 17. +foote water: but it was a low ebbe, and ready againe to flowe, and the +ground soft, so as no hurt was done. Here with gladnesse wee set foote +againe vpon the English ground (long desired) and refreshed ourselues with +keeping part of Christmas vpon our natiue soile. + + * * * * * + +The valiant fight performed by 10. Merchants ships of London, against 12. + Spanish gallies in the Straights of Gibraltar, the 24. of April 1590. + +It is not long since sundry valiant ships appertaining to the Marchants of +London, were fraighted and rigged forth, some for Venice, some for +Constantinople, and some to sundry other places of trafique, among whom +these ensuing met within the Straights of Gibraltar, as they were taking +their course homewards, having before escaped all other danger. [Sidenote: +February 1590] The first whereof was the Salomon appertaining to M. +Alderman Barnam of London, and M. Bond, and M. Twyd of Harwich: which went +foorth the first day of February last. The second was the Margaret and Iohn +belonging to M. Wats of London: The thirde was the Minion: The fourth was +the Ascension. The fifth was the Centurion of Master Cordal: the sixt the +Violet: the seuenth the Samuel; the eight the Crescent: the ninth the +Elizabeth: and the 10. was the Richard belonging to M. Duffield. All these +ships being of notable and approued seruice comming neere to the mouth of +the Straights hard by the coast of Barbary, descried twelue tall Gallies +brauely furnished and strongly prouided with men and munition, ready to +seaze vpon these English ships: which being perceiued by the Captaines and +Masters thereof, wee made speedy preparation for the defence of our selues, +still waiting all the night long for the approching of the enemie. In the +morning early being the Tuesday in Easter weeke, and the 24 of April 1590 +according to our vsual customes, we said Seruice and made our prayers vnto +Almightie God, beseeching him to saue vs from the hands of such tyrants as +the Spaniards, whom we iustly imagined to be, and whom we knew and had +found to be our most mortall enemies vpon the Sea. And hauing finished our +prayers, and set ourselues in a readinesse, we perceiued them to come +towards vs, and that they were indeede the Spanish Gallies that lay vnder +the conduct of Andre Doria, who is Vice-roy for the King of Spaine in the +Straights of Gibraltar, and a notable knowne enemie to all Englishmen. So +when they came somewhat neerer vnto vs, they waued vs a maine for the King +of Spaine, and wee waued them a maine for the Queene of England, at which +time it pleased Almightie God greatly to encourage vs all in such sort, as +that the neerer they came the lesse we feared their great multitudes and +huge number of men, which were planted in those Gallies to the number of +two or three hundred men in ech Gallie. And it was thus concluded among vs, +that the foure first and tallest ships should be placed hindmost, and the +weaker and smallest ships formost, and so it was performed, every man being +ready to take part of such successe as it should please God to send. + +And the first encounter the Gallies came vpon vs very fiercely, yet God so +strengthened vs, that if they had bene ten times more, we had not feared +them at all. Whereupon the Salomon being a hot shippe, and hauing sundry +cast pieces in her, gaue the first shotte in such a sowre sort, as that it +shared away so many men as sate on the one side of a Gallie, and pierced +her through in such maner, as that she was readie to sinke, which made them +to assault vs the more fiercely. [Sidenote: A fight of sixe houres long.] +Whereupon the rest of our shippes, especially the foure chiefest, namely, +the Margaret and Iohn, the Minion, and the Ascension followed, and gaue a +hot charge vpon them, and they at vs, where began a hot and fierce battaile +with great valiancie the one against the other, and so continued for the +space of sixe houres. [Sidenote: A faint hearted Fleming.] About the +beginning of this our fight there came two Flemings to our Fleet, who +seeing the force of the Gallies to be so great, the one of them presently +yeelded, strooke his sailes, and was taken by the Gallies, whereas if they +would haue offered themselues to haue fought in our behalfe and their owne +defence, they needed not to haue bene taken so cowardly as they were to +their cost. The other Fleming being also ready to performe the like piece +of seruice began to vaile his sailes, and intended to haue yeelded +immediatly. But the Trumpetter in that shippe plucked foorth his faulchion +and stepped to the Pilote at the helme, and vowed that if he did not +speedily put off to the English Fleete, and so take part with them, he +would presently kill him: which the Pilote for feare of death did, and so +by that meanes they were defended from present death, and from the tyrannie +of those Spaniards, which doubtlesse they should haue found at their +handes. + +Thus we continued in fight sixe houres and somewhat more, wherein God gaue +vs the vpper hand, and we escaped the hands of so many enemies, who were +constrained to flie into harbour and shroude themselues from vs, and with +speed to seeke for their owne safetie. This was the handie worke of God, +who defended vs all from danger in such sort, as that there was not one man +of vs slaine. And in all this fierce assault made vpon vs by the Spanish +power, wee sustained no hurt or damage at all more then this, that the +shrouds and backe-stay of the Salomon, who gaue the first and last shot, +and galled the enemie shrewdly all the time of the battell, were cleane +stricken off. + +The battel being ceased, we were constrained for want of wind to stay and +waft vp and downe, and then went backe againe to Tition in Barbary, which +is sixe leagues off from Gibraltar, and when we came thither we found the +people wonderous fauourable to vs, who being but Moores and heathen people +shewed vs where to haue fresh water and al other necessaries for vs. And +there we had such good intertainment, as if we had bene in any place of +England. + +The gouernour was one that fauoured vs greatly, whom wee in respect of his +great friendship presented with giftes and such commodities as we had in +our custodie, which he wonderfully wel accepted of: and here we stayed +foure dayes. + +After the battell was ceased, which was on Easter Tuesday, we +stayed for want of winde before Gibraltar, vntill the next morning, +where we were becalmed, and therefore looked euery houre when +they would haue sent foorth some fresh supply against vs, but +they were farre vnable to doe it, for all their Gallies were so sore +battered, that they durst not come foorth of the harbour, by reason +of our hot resistance which they so lately before had receiued. +Yet were they greatly vrged thereunto by the Gouernour of the +said Towne of Gibraltar. + +At our being at Tition in Barbary, there we heard report of the hurt that +wee had done to the Gallies, for at our comming from them wee could not +well discerne any thing at all by reason of the smoake which the powder had +made: there we heard that we had almost spoiled those twelue Gallies by +shooting them cleane through, that two of them were ready to sinke, and +that wee had slaine of their men such great abundance, as that they were +not able to furnish forth any more Gallies at all for that yeere. + +Thus after we came from Tition, we assayed to depart the Straight three +seuerall times, but could not passe, yet, God be thanked, the fourth time +wee came safely away, and so sailed with a pleasant winde vntil wee came +vpon the coast of England, which was in the beginning of the moneth of Iuly +1590. + + * * * * * + +The valiant fight performed in the Straight of Gibraltar, by the Centurion + of London, against the fiue Spanish Gallies, in the moneth of April 1591. + +In the moneth of Nouember 1590, there were sundry shippes appertaining to +seuerall Marchants of London, which were rigged and fraught foorth with +marchandize, for sundry places within the Straight of Gibraltar: who, +together hauing winde and weather, which ofttime fell out very vncertaine, +arriued safely in short space, at such places as they desired. Among whom +was the Centurion of London, a very tall shippe of burden, yet but weakely +manned, as appeareth by this discourse following. + +This aforesaid shippe called The Centurion safely arriued at Marseils, +where after they had deliuered their goods, they stayed about the space of +fiue weekes, and better, and then tooke in lading, intending to returne to +England. + +Now when the Centurion was ready to come away from Marseils, there were +sundry other shippes of smaller burden which entreated the Master thereof, +(whose name is Robert Bradshaw, dwelling at Lime-house) to stay a day or +two for them, vntill they were in a readinesse to depart with them, thereby +perswading them, that it would be farre better for them to stay and goe +together in respect of their assistance, then to depart of themselues +without company, and so happily for want of aide fall into the hands of +their enemies in the Spanish Gallies. Vpon which reasonable perswasion, +notwithstanding that this shippe was of such sufficiencie as they might +hazard her in the danger of the Sea, yet they stayed for those litle +shippes; according to their request, who together did put to Sea from +Marseils, and vowed in generall not to flie one from another, if they +should happen to meete with any Spanish Gallies. + +These small shippes, accompanied with the Centurion, sayling along the +coast of Spaine, were ypon Easter day in the Straight of Gibraltar suddenly +becalmed, where immediatly they saw sundry Gallies make towards them, in +very valiant and couragious sort: the chiefe Leaders and souldiers in those +Gallies brauely apparelled in silke coates, with their siluer whistles +about their neckes, and great plumes of feathers in their hattes, who with +their Caliuers shot at the Centurion so fast as they might: so that by 10. +of the clocke and somewhat before, they had boorded the Centurion, who +before their comming had prepared for them, and intended to giue them so +soure a welcome as they might. And thereupon hauing prepared their close +fights, and all things in a readinesse, they called vpon God, on whom onely +they trusted: and hauing made their prayers, and cheered vp one another to +fight so long as life endured, they beganne to discharge their great +Ordinance vpon the Gallies, but the little shippes durst not come forward, +but lay aloofe, while fiue Gallies had boorded them, yea and with their +grapling irons made their Gallies fast to the said shippe called the +Centurion. + +The Gallies were grapled to the Centurion in this maner, two lay on one +side and two on another, and the Admirall lay full in the stern, which +galled and battered the Centurion so sore, that her maine Maste was greatly +weakened, her sailes filled with many holes, and the Mizzen and sterne made +almost vnseruiceable. + +During which time there was a sore and deadly fight on both sides, in which +the Trumpet of the Centurion sounded foorth the deadly points of warre, and +encouraged them to fight manfully against their aduersaries: on the +contrary part, there was no warlike Musicke in the Spanish Gallies, but +onely their whistles of siluer, which they sounded foorth to their owne +contentment: in which fight many a Spaniard was turned into the Sea, and +they in multitudes came crauling and hung vpon the side of the shippe, +intending to haue entred into the same, but such was the courage of the +Englishmen, that so fast as the Spaniards did come to enter, they gaue them +such entertainment, that some of them were glad to tumble aliue into the +Sea, being remedilesse for euer to get vp aliue. In the Centurion there +were in all, of men and boyes, fourtie and eight, who together fought most +valiantly, and so galled the enemie, that many a braue and lustie Spaniard +lost his life in that place. + +The Centurion was fired seuerall times, with wilde fire and other +prouision, which the Spaniards, threw in for that purpose: yet, God be +thanked, by the great and diligent foresight of the Master it did no harme +at all. + +In euery of the Gallies there were about 200. souldiers: who together with +the shot, spoiled, rent, and battered the Centurion very sore, shot through +her maine Maste, and slew 4. of the men in the said shippe, the one of them +being the Masters mate. + +Ten other persons were hurt, by meanes of splinters which the Spaniards +shotte: yea, in the ende when their prouision was almost spent, they were +constrained to shoote at them hammers, and the chaines from their slaues, +and yet God bee thanked, they receiued no more domage: but by spoyling and +ouer-wearying of the Spaniards, the Englishmen constrained them to +vngrapple themselues, and get them going: and sure if there had bene any +other fresh shippe or succour to haue relieued and assisted the Centurion, +they had slaine, suncke, or taken all those Gallies and their Souldiers. + +The Dolphin lay a loofe off and durst not come neere, while the other two +small shippes fledde away, so that one of the Gallies went from the +Centurion and set vpon the Dolphin, which shippe immediatly was set on fire +with their owne powder, whereby both men and shippe perished: but whether +it was with their good wills or no, that was not knowen vnto the Centurion, +but sure, if it had come forward, and bene an aide vnto the Centurion, it +is to bee supposed that it had not perished. + +Fiue houres and a halfe this fight continued, in which time both were glad +to depart onely to breath themselues, but when the Spaniards were gone, +they neuer durst returne to fight, yet the next day sixe other Gallies came +and looked at them, but durst not at any hand meddle with them. + +Thus God deliuered them from the handes of their enemies, and gaue them the +victorie: For which they heartily praised him, and not long after safely +arriued in London. + +[Symbol: fist] There were present at this fight Master Iohn Hawes Marchaht, + and sundry other of good accompt. + + * * * * * + +A report of the trueth of the fight about the Iles of Açores, the last of + August 1591, betwixt the Reuenge one of her Maiesties shippes, and an + Armada of the king of Spaine; penned by the honourable Sir Walter Ralegh + knight. + +Because the rumours are diuersely spred, as well in England as in the Lowe +countries and elsewhere, of this late encounter betweene her Maiesties +ships and the Armada of Spaine; and that the Spaniards according to their +vsuall maner fill the world with their vaine-glorious vaunts, making great +apparance of victories, when on the contrary, themselues are most commonly +and shamefully beaten and dishonoured; thereby hoping to possesse the +ignorant multitude by anticipating and forerunning false reports: It is +agreeable with all good reason, for manifestation of the truth, to ouercome +falshood and vntrueth; that the beginning, continuance and successe of this +late honourable encounter of Sir Richard Greenuil, and other her Maiesties +Captaines, with the Armada of Spaine; should be truely set downe and +published without partialitie or false imaginations. And it is no marueile +that the Spaniard should seeke by false and slanderous pamphlets, aduisoes +and Letters, to couer their owne losse, and to derogate from others their +due honors, especially in this fight being performed far off: seeing they +were not ashamed in the yeere 1588. when they purposed the inuasion of this +land, to publish in sundry languages in print, great victories in wordes, +which they pleaded to haue obteined against this Realme; and spred the same +in a most false sort ouer all parts of France, Italy, and elsewhere. When +shortly after it was happily manifested in very deed to al Nations, how +their Nauy which they termed inuincible, consisting of 140. saile of +shippes, not onely of their owne kingdome, but strengthened with the +greatest Argosies, Portugal Caracks, Florentines, and huge hulks of other +Countreis, were by 30. of her Majesties owne ships of war, and a few of our +owne Marchants, by the wise, valiant, and aduantagious conduct of the L. +Charles Howard high Admirall of England, beaten and shuffled together; euen +from the Lizard in Cornwall first to Portland, where they shamefully left +Don Pedro de Valdes, with his mighty ship; from Portland to Cales, where +they lost Hugo de Moncado, with the Gallies of which he was Captaine, and +from Cales, driuen with squibs from their anchors, were chased out of the +sight of England, round about Scotland and Ireland. Where for the sympathie +of their barbarous religion, hoping to finde succour and assistance, a +great part of them were crusht against the rocks, and those other that +landed, being very many in number, were notwithstanding broken, slaine, and +taken, and so sent from village to village coupled in halters, to be +shipped into England. Where her Maiestie of her Princely and inuincible +disposition, disdaining to put them to death, and scorning either to +retaine or entertaine them: they were all sent backe againe to their +countreys, to witnes and recount the worthy achieuements of their +inuincible and dreadfull Nauy: Of which the number of Souldiers, the +fearefull burthen of their shippes, the commanders names of euery squadron, +with all other their magasines of prouisions, were put in print, as an Army +and Nauy vnresistable, and disdaining preuention. With all which so great +and terrible an ostentation, they did not in all their sailing round about +England, so much as sinke or take one shippe, Barke, Pinnesse, or Cockbote +of ours: or euer burnt so much as one sheepecote of this land. When as on +the contrarie, Sir Francis Drake, with onely 800. souldiers not long +before, landed in their Indies, and forced Sant-Iago, Santo Domingo, +Cartagena, and the forts of Florida. + +And after that, Sir Iohn Norris marched from Peniche in Portugall, with a +handfull of souldiers, to the gates of Lisbone, being aboue 40 English +miles. Where the Earle of Essex himselfe and other valiant Gentlemen braued +the Citie of Lisbone, encamped at the very gates; from whence, after many +dayes abode, finding neither promised partie, nor provision to batter; they +made retrait by land, in despight of all their Garrisons, both of horse and +foote. In this sort I haue a little digressed from my first purpose, onely +by the necessarie comparison of theirs and our actions: the one couetous of +honour without vaunt of ostentation; the other so greedy to purchase the +opinion of their owne affaires, and by false rumors to resist the blasts of +their owne dishonours, as they, will not onely not blush to spread all +manner of vntruthes: but euen for the least aduantage, be it but for the +taking of one poore aduenturer of the English, will celebrate the victory +with bonefires in euery towne, alwayes spending more in faggots, then the +purchass was worth they obtained. When as we neuer thought it worth the +consumption of two billets, when we haue taken eight or ten of their Indian +shippes at one time, and twentie of the Brasill fleete. Such is the +difference betweene true valure, and ostentation: and betweene honorable +actions, and friuolous vaineglorious vaunts. But now to returne to my +purpose. + +The L. Thomas Howard with sixe of her Maiesties shippes, sixe victuallers +of London, the Barke Ralegh, and two or three other Pinnases riding at +anker neere vnto Flores, one of the Westerly Ilands of the Azores, the last +of August in the afternoone, had intelligence by one Captaine Middleton of +the approch of the Spanish Armada. Which Middteton being in a very good +sailer had kept them company three dayes before, of good purpose, both to +discouer their forces the more, as also to giue aduise to my L. Thomas of +their approch. Hee had no sooner deliuered the newes but the fleete was in +sight: many of our shippes companies were on shore in the Ilande; some +providing ballast for their ships; others filling of water and refreshing +themselues from the land with such things as they could either for money, +or by force recouer. By reason whereof our ships being all pestered and +romaging euery thing out of order, very light for want of balast, and that +which was most to our disadvantage, the one halfe part of the men of euery +shippe sicke, and vtterly vnseruiceable: for in the Reuenge there were +ninety diseased: in the Bonauenture not so many in health as could handle +her maine saile. For had not twenty men beene taken out of a Barque of sir +George Careys, his being commaunded to be sunke, and those appointed to +her, she had hardly euer recouered England. The rest, for the most parte, +were in little better state. The names of her Maiesties shippes were these +as followeth, the Defiance, which was Admiral, the Reuenge Vice-admirall, +the Bonauenture commaunded by Captaine Crosse, the Lion by George Fenner, +the Foresight by M. Thomas Vauasour, and the Crane by Duffild. The +Foresight and the Crane being but smal ships; only the other were of the +middle size; the rest, besides the Barke Ralegh, commanded by Captaine +Thin, were victuallers, and of small force or none. The Spanish Fleet +hauing shrouded their approch by reason of the Island; were now so soone at +hand, as our shippes had scarce time to way their anchors, but some of them +were driuen to let slippe their Cables and set saile. Sir Richard Grinuile +was the last that wayed, to recouer the men that were vpon the Island, +which otherwise had bene lost. The L. Thomas with the rest very hardly +recouered the winde, which Sir Richard Grinuile not being able to doe, was +perswaded by the Master and others to cut his maine sayle, and cast about, +and to trust to the sayling of the ship; for the squadron of Siuil were on +his weather bow. But Sir Richard vtterly refused to turne from the enemie, +alleaging that hee would rather choose to die, then to dishonour himselfe, +his countrey, and her Maiesties shippe, perswading his companie that hee +would passe through the two squadrons, in despight of them, and enforce +those of Siuil to giue him way. Which hee performed vpon divers of the +formost, who, as the Mariners terme it, sprang their luffe, and fell vnder +the lee of the Reuenge. But the other course had beene the better, and +might right well haue bene answered in so great an impossibility of +preuailing. Notwithstanding out of the greatnesse of his minde, he could +not be perswaded. In the meane while as hee attended those which were +nearest him, the great San Philip being in the winde of him, and comming +towards him, becalmed his sailes in such sort, as the shippe could neither +make way, nor feele the helme: so huge and high carged [Footnote: From the +French, _carguer_ to furl.] was the Spanish ship, being of a thousand and +fiue hundreth tuns. Who after layd the Reuenge aboord. When he was thus +bereft of his sailes, the ships that were vnder his lee luffing vp, also +layd him aboord: of which the next was the Admiral of the Biscaines, a very +mighty and puissant shippe commanded by Brittandona. The sayd Philip +carried three tire of ordinance on a side, and eleuen pieces in euery tire. +She shot eight forth right out of her chase, besides those of her sterne +ports. + +After the Reuenge was entangled with this Philip, foure other boorded her: +two on her larbood, and two on her starboord. The fight thus beginning at +three of the clock in the afternoone, continued very terrible all that +euening. But the great San Philip hauing receiued the lower tire of the +Reuenge, discharged with crosse bar-shot, shifted her selfe with all +diligence from her sides, vtterly misliking her first entertainement. Some +say that the shippe foundred, but we cannot report it for truth, vnlesse we +were assured. The Spanish ships were filled with companies of souldiers, in +some two hundred besides the mariners; in some fiue, in others eight +hundreth. In ours there were none at all besides the mariners; but the +seruants of the commanders and some few voluntary gentlemen onely. After +many interchanged volies of great ordinance and small shot, the Spaniards +deliberated to enter the Reuenge, and made diuers attempts, hoping to force +her by the multitudes of her armed souldiers and Musketters, but were still +repulsed againe and againe, and at all times beaten backe into their owne +ships, or into the seas. In the beginning of the fight, the George Noble of +London hauing receiued some shot thorow her by the Armadas, fell vnder the +lee of the Reuenge, and asked Sir Richard what he would command him, being +but one of the victuallers, and of small force: Sir Richard bid him saue +himselfe, and leaue him to his fortune. After the fight had thus, without +intermission, continued while the day lasted and some houres of the night, +many of our men slaine and hurte, and one of the great Gallions of the +Armada, and the Admirall of the Hulkes both sunke, and in many other of the +Spanish shippes great slaughter was made. Some write that Sir Richard was +very dangerously hurt almost in the beginning of the fight, and lay +speechlesse for a time ere hee recovered. But two of the Reuenges owne +company, brought home in a ship of Lime from the Ilandes, examined by some +of the Lordes, and others, affirmed that hee was neuer so wounded as that +hee forsooke the vpper decke, till an houre before midnight; and then being +shot into the bodie with a Musket as hee was a dressing, was againe shot +into the head, and withall his Chirurgion wounded to death. This agreeth +also with an examination taken by sir Francis Godolphin, of foure other +mariners of the same shippe being returned, which examination, the said sir +Francis sent vnto master William Killegrue, of her Maiesties priuy Chamber. + +But to returne to the fight, the Spanish ships which attempted to bord the +Reuenge, as they were wounded and beaten off, so alwayes others came in +their places, she hauing neuer lesse then two mighty Gallions by her sides, +and aboard her: So that ere the morning, from three of the clocke the day +before, there had fifteene seuerall Armadas assayled her; and all so ill +approued their entertainment, as they were by the breake of day, far more +willing to harken to a composition, then hastily to make any more assaults +or entries. But as the day encreased, so our men decreased: and as the +light grew more and more, by so much more grewe our discomforts. For none +appeared in sight but enemies, sauing one small ship called the Pilgrim, +commaunded by Iacob Whiddon, who houered all night to see the successe: but +in the morning bearing with the Reuenge, was hunted like a hare amongst +many rauenous houndes, but escaped. + +All the powder of the Reuenge to the last barrell was now spent, all her +pikes broken, fortie of her best men slaine, and the most part of the rest +hurt. In the beginning of the fight shee had but one hundreth free from +sicknes, and fourescore and ten sicke, laid in hold vpon the Ballast. A +small troup to man such a ship, and a weake garrison to resist so mighty an +army. By those hundred al was susteined, the voleis, boordings, and +entrings of fifteen ships of warre, besides those which beat her at large. +On the contrary, the Spanish were always supplied with souldiers brought +from euery squadron: all maner of Armes and powder at will. Vnto ours there +remained no comfort at all, no hope, no supply either of ships, men, or +weapons; the Mastes all beaten ouer board, all her tackle cut asunder, her +vpper worke altogether rased, and in effect euened shee was with the water, +but the very foundation or bottome of a ship, nothing being left ouer head +either for flight or defence. [Sidenote: The Spanish 53 saile.] Sir Richard +finding himselfe in this distress, and vnable any longer to make +resistance, hauing endured in this fifteene houres fight, the assault of +fifteene seuerall Armadas, all by turnes aboord him, and by estimation +eight hundred shotte of great Artillerie, besides many assaults and +entries; and that himselfe and the shippe must needes be possessed by the +enemy, who were now all cast in a ring round about him (The Reuenge not +able to moue one way or the other, but as she was moued with the waues and +billow of the sea) commanded the Master gunner, whom hee knew to be a most +resolute man, to split and sinke the shippe; that thereby nothing might +remaine of glory or victory to the Spaniards: seeing in so many houres +fight, and with so great a Nauie they were not able to take her, hauing had +fifteene houres time, aboue ten thousand men, and fiftie and three saile of +men of warre to performe it withall: and perswaded the company, or as many +as hee could induce, to yeelde themselues vnto God, and to the mercie of +none else; but as they had, like valiant resolute men, repulsed so many +enemies, they should not nowe shorten the honour of their Nation, by +prolonging their owne liues for a few houres, or a fewe dayes. The Master +gunner readily condescended and diuers others; but the Captaine and the +Master were of another opinion, and besought Sir Richard to haue care of +them: alleaging that the Spaniard would be as ready to entertaine a +composition, as they were willing to offer the same: and that there being +diuers sufficient and valiant men yet liuing, and whose wounds were not +mortal, they might do their Countrey and prince acceptable seruice +hereafter. And whereas Sir Richard had alleaged that the Spaniards should +neuer glory to haue taken one shippe of her Maiestie, seeing they had so +long and so notably defended themselues; they answered, that the shippe had +sixe foote water in holde, three shot vnder water, which were so weakely +stopped, as with the working of the sea, she must needs sinke, and was +besides so crusht and brused, as shee could neuer be remoued out of the +place. + +And as the matter was thus in dispute, and Sir Richard refusing to hearken +to any of those reasons: the Master of the Reuenge (while the Captaine +wanne vnto him the greater party) was conuoyd aboord the Generall Don +Alfonso Baçan: Who (finding none ouer hastie to enter the Reuenge againe, +doubting least Sir Richard would haue blowne them vp and himselfe, and +perceiuing by report of the Master of the Reuenge his dangerous +disposition) yeelded that all their liues should be saued, the company sent +for England, and the better sort to pay such reasonable ransome as their +estate would beare, and in the meane season to be free from Gally or +imprisonment. To this he so much the rather condescended as wel, as I haue +said, for feare of further losse and mischiefe to themselues, as also for +the desire he had to recouer Sir Richard Greenuil; whom for his notable +valure he seemed greatly to honour and admire. + +When this answere was returned, and that safetie of life was promised, the +common sort being now at the ende of their perill, the most drew backe from +Sir Richard and the Master gunner, being no hard matter to disswade men +from death to life. The Master gunner finding himselfe and Sir Richard thus +preuented and mastered by the greater number, would haue slaine himselfe +with a sword, had he not bene by force with-held and locked into his +Cabben. Then the Generall sent many boates aboord the Reuenge, and diuers +of our men fearing Sir Richards disposition, stole away aboord the Generall +and other shippes. Sir Richard thus ouermatched, was sent vnto by Alfonso +Baçan to remooue out of the Reuenge, the shippe being marueilous vnsauorie, +filled with blood and bodies of dead, and wounded men like a slaughter +house. Sir Richard answered that hee might doe with his body what he list, +for hee esteemed it not, and as he was carried out of the shippe hee +swounded, and reuiuing againe desired the company to pray for him. The +Generall vsed Sir Richard with all humanitie, and left nothing vnattempted +that tended to his recouery, highly commending his valour and worthinesse, +and greatly bewailing the danger wherein he was, being vnto them a rare +spectacle, and a resolution seldome approoued, to see one shippe turne +toward so many enemies, to endure the charge and boording of so many huge +Armadas, and to resist and repell the assaults and entries of so many +souldiers. All which and more is confirmed by a Spanish Captaine of the +same Armada, and a present actor in the fight, who being seuered from the +rest in a storme, was by the Lion of London a small ship taken, and is now +prisoner in London. + +The generall commander of the Armada, was Don Alphonso Baçan, brother to +the Marques of Santa Cruz. The admiral of the Biscaine squadron, was +Britandona. Of the squadron of Siuil, the Marques of Arumburch. The Hulkes +and Flybotes were commanded by Luis Coutinho. There were slaine and drowned +in this fight, well neere one thousand of the enemies, and two speciall +commanders Don Luis de sant Iohn, and Don George de Prunaria de Mallaga, as +the Spanish captaine confesseth, besides diuers others of speciall account, +whereof as yet report is not made. + +The Admirall of the Hulkes and the Ascension of Siuil were both sunke by +the side of the Reuenge; one other recouered the rode of Saint Michael, and +sunke also there; a fourth ranne her self with the shore to saue her men. +Sir Richard died as it is sayd, the second or third day aboord the +Generall, and was by them greatly bewailed. What became of his body, +whether it were buried in the sea or on the land we know not: the comfort +that remayneth to his friends is, that hee hath ended his life honourably +in respect of the reputation wonne to his nation and countrey, and of the +same to his posteritie, and that being dead, he hath not outliued his owne +honour. + +For the rest of her Maiesties ships that entred not so farre into the fight +as the Reuenge, the reasons and causes were these. There were of them but +sixe in all, whereof two but small ships; the Reuenge ingaged past +recouery: The Iland of Flores was on the one side, 53 saile of the Spanish, +diuided into squadrons on the other, all as full filled with souldiers as +they could containe: Almost the one halfe of our men sicke and not able to +serue: the ships growne foule, vnroomaged, and scarcely able to beare any +saile for want of ballast, hauing bene sixe moneths at the sea before. If +all the rest had entred, all had bene lost: for the very hugenes of the +Spanish fleete, if no other violence had beene offered, would haue crusht +them betweene them into shiuers. Of which the dishonour and losse to the +Queene had bene farre greater then the spoyle or harme that the enemie +could any way haue receiued. Notwithstanding it is very true, that the Lord +Thomas would haue entred betweene the squadrons, but the rest would not +condescend; and the master of his owne ship offred to leape into the sea, +rather then to conduct that her Maiesties ship and the rest to bee a pray +to the enemie, where there was no hope nor possibilitie either of defence +or victory. Which also in my opinion had ill sorted or answered the +discretion and trust of a Generall, to commit himselfe and his charge to an +assured destruction, without hope or any likelyhood of preuailing: thereby +to diminish the strength of her Maiesties Nauy, and to enrich the pride and +glory of the enemie. The Foresight of the Queenes commaunded by M. Thomas +Vauisor performed a very great fight, and stayed two houres as neere the +Reuenge as the weather would permit him, not forsaking the fight, till he +was like to be encompassed by the squadrons, and with great difficultie +cleared himselfe. The rest gaue diuers voleis of shot, and entred as farre +as the place permitted, and their owne necessities, to keepe the weather +gage of the enemie, vntill they were parted by night. A fewe dayes after +the fight was ended, and the English prisoners dispersed into the Spanish +and Indie ships, there arose so great a storme from the West and Northwest; +that all the fleete was dispersed, as well the Indian fleete which were +then come vnto them, as the rest of the Armada that attended their arriual, +of which 14. saile together with the Reuenge, and in her 200. Spaniards, +were cast away vpon the Isle of S. Michael. So it pleased them to honor the +buriall of that renowmed ship the Reuenge, not suffering her to perish +alone, for the great honour she atchieued in her life time. On the rest of +the Ilandes there were cast away in this storme, 15 or 16 more of the ships +of warre: and of an hundred and odde saile of the Indie fleete, expected +this yeere in Spaine, what in this tempest, and what before in the bay of +Mexico, and about the Bermudas, there were 70 and odde consumed and lost, +with those taken by our shippes of London, besides one very rich Indian +ship, which set herselfe on fire, beeing boarded by the Pilgrim, and fiue +other taken by master Wats his ships of London, between the Hauana and Cape +S. Antonio. The fourth of this moneth of Nouember we receiued letters from +the Tercera, affirming that there are 3000 bodies of men remaining in that +Iland, saued out of the perished ships: and that by the Spaniards owne +confession, there are 10000 cast away in this storme, besides those that +are perished betweene the Ilands and the maine. Thus it hath pleased God to +fight for vs and to defend the iustice of our cause, against the ambicious +and bloody pretenses of the Spaniard, who seeking to deuoure all nations, +are themselues deuoured. A manifest testimony how iniust and displeasing, +their attempts are in the sight of God, who hath pleased to witnes by the +successe of their affaires, his mislike of their bloody and iniurious +designes, purposed and practised against all Christian princes, ouer whom +they seeke vnlawfull and vngodly rule and Empery. + +One day or two before this wracke happened to the Spanish fleete, when as +some of our prisoners desired to be set on shore vpon the Ilandes, hoping +to be from thence transported into England, which libertie was formerly by +the Generall promised: One Morice Fitz Iohn, sonne of olde Iohn of Desmond, +a notable traytour, cousin german to the late Earle of Desmond, was sent to +the English from shippe to shippe, to perswade them to serue the King of +Spaine. The arguments hee vsed to induce them were these. The increase of +pay which he promised to be trebled: aduancement to the better sort: and +the exercise of the true Catholique Religion, and safetie of their soules +to all. For the first, euen the beggerly and vnnaturall behauiour of those +English and Irish rebels, that serued the King in that present action, was +sufficient to answere that first argument of rich pay. For so poore and +beggerly they were, as for want of apparell they stripped their poore +Countrey men prisoners out of their ragged garments, worne to nothing by +sixe months seruice, and spared not to despoyle them euen of their bloody +shirtes, from their wounded bodies, and the very shooes from their feete; A +notable testimonie of their rich entertainment and great wages. The second +reason was hope of aduancement if they serued well, and would continue +faithfull to the King. But what man can be so blockishly ignorant euer to +expect place or honour from a forraine King, hauing no other argument or +perswasion then his owne disloyaltie; to be vnnatural to his owne Countrey +that bred him; to his parents that begat him, and rebellious to his true +Prince, to whose obedience he is bound by oath, by nature, and by Religion? +No, they are onely assured to be employed in all desperate enterprises, to +bee helde in scorne and disdaine euer among those whom they serue. And that +euer traitour was either trusted or aduanced I could neuer yet reade, +neither can I at this time remember any example. And no man coulde haue +lesse becommed the place of an Orator for such a purpose, then this Morice +of Desmond. For the Erle his cosen being one of the greatest subiects in +that kingdom of Ireland, hauing almost whole Countreis in his possession; +so many goodly Manners, castles, and lordships; the Count Palatine of +Kerry, fiue hundred gentlemen of his owne name and family to follow him, +besides others (all which he possessed in peace for three or foure hundred +yeeres) was in lesse then three yeeres after his adhering to the Spaniards +and rebellion, beaten from all his holdes, not so many as ten gentlemen of +his name left liuing, himselfe taken and beheaded by a souldier of his owne +nation, and his land giuen by a Parliament to her Maiestie, and possessed +by the English: His other cosen Sir Iohn of Desmond taken by Master Iohn +Zouch, and his body hanged ouer the gates of his natiue Citie to be +deuoured by rauens: the thirde brother Sir Iames hanged, drawne, and +quartered in the same place. If hee had withall vaunted of his successe of +his owne house, no doubt the argument would haue mooued much, and wrought +great effect: which because, hee for that present forgot, I thought it good +to remember in his behalfe. For matter of Religion it would require a +particular volume, if I should set downe how irreligiously they couer their +greedy and ambicious pretenses, with that veile of pietie. But sure I am, +that there is no kingdome or commonwealth in all Europe, but if they be +reformed, they then inuade it for religion sake: if it bee, as they terme +Catholique, they pretend title; as if the Kings of Castile were the +naturall heires of all the world: and so betweene both, no kingdome is +vnsought. Where they dare not with their owne forces to inuade, they basely +entertaine the traitours and vagabonds of all Nations: seeking by those and +by their runnagate Iesuits to winne parts, and haue by that meane ruined +many Noble houses and others in this lande, and haue extinguished both +their liues and families. What good, honour, or fortune euer man yet by +them atchieued, is yet vnheard of, or vnwritten. And if our English Papists +doe but looke into Portugall, against which they haue no pretense of +Religion, how the Nobilitie are put to death, imprisoned, their rich men +made a praye, and all sorts of people captiued; they shall finde that the +obedience euen of the Turke is easie and a libertie, in respect of the +slauerie and tyrannie of Spaine. What haue they done in Sicill, in Naples, +Millaine, and in the Low countreis; who hath there bene spared for Religion +at all: And it commeth to my remembrance of a certaine Burger of Antwerpe, +whose house being entred by a company of Spanish souldiers, when they first +sacked the Citie, hee besought them to spare him and his goods, being a +good Catholique, and one of their owne partie and faction. The Spaniards +answered, that they knew him to be of a good conscience for himselfe, but +his money, plate, iewels, and goods were all hereticall, and therefore good +prize. So they abused and tormented the foolish Fleming, who hoped that an +Agnus Dei had bene a sufficient target against all force of that holy and +charitable nation. Neither haue they at any time as they protest inuaded +the kingdomes of the Indies and Peru, and elsewhere, but onely led +thereunto, rather to reduce the people to Christianitie, then for either +gold or Emperie. When as in one onely Island called Hispaniola, they haue +wasted thirtie hundred thousand of the naturall people, besides many +millions else in other places of the Indies: a poore and harmelesse people +created of God, and might haue bene wonne to his knowledge, as many of them +were, and almost as many as euer were perswaded thereunto. The storie +whereof is at large written by a Bishop of their owne nation called +Bartholomew de las Casas, and translated into English and many other +languages, intituled The Spanish cruelties. Who would therefore repose +trust in such a nation of ravenous strangers, and especially in those +Spaniards which more greedily thirst after English blood, then after the +liues of any other people of Europe, for the many ouerthrowes and +dishonours they haue receiued at our hands, whose weakeness wee haue +discouered to the world, and whose forces at home, abroad, in Europe, in +India, by sea and land, wee haue euen with handfulles of men and shippes, +ouerthrowen and dishonoured. Let not therefore any English man, of what +religion soeuer, haue other opinion of the Spaniards, but that those whom +hee seeketh to winne of our Nation, he esteemeth base and trayterous, +vnworthy persons, or vnconstant fooles: and that he vseth his pretense of +religion, for no other purpose but to bewitch vs from the obedience of our +naturall Prince, thereby hoping in time to bring vs to slauery and +subiection, and then none shall be vnto them so odious, and disdayned as +the traitours themselues, who haue solde their Countrey to a stranger, and +forsaken their faith and obedience contrarie to nature and religion; and +contrarie to that humane and generall honour, not onely of Christians, but +of heathen and irreligious nations, who haue alwayes sustayned what labour +soeuer, and embraced euen death it selfe, for their countrey, Prince, or +common wealth. To conclude, it hath euer to this day pleased God to prosper +and defend her Maiestie, to breake the purposes of malicious enemies, of +forsworne traytors, and of iniust practises and inuasions. She hath euer +beene honoured of the worthiest kings, serued by faithfull subiects, and +shall by the fauour of God, resist, repell, and confound all whatsoeuer +attempts against her sacred person or kingdome. In the meane time let the +Spaniard and traytour vaunt of their successe, and wee her true and +obedient vassals guided by the shining light of her virtues, shall alwayes +loue her, serue her, and obey her to the end of our liues. [Footnote: The +most complete collection of contemporary documents relating to this +interesting episode, is to be found in "_The Last Fight of the Revenge_", +privately printed, Edinburgh, 1886 (GOLDSMID'S BIBLIOTHECA CURIOSA.)] + + * * * * * + +A particular note of the Indian fleet, expected to haue come into Spaine + this present yeere of 1591. with the number of shippes that are perished + of the same: according to the examination of certaine Spaniards lately + taken and brought into England by the ships of London. + +The fleete of Noua Hispania, at their first gathering together and setting +foorth, were two and fiftie sailes. The Admirall was of sixe hundred +tunnes, and the Vice Admirall of the same burthen. Foure or fiue of the +shippes were of nine hundred and 1000 tunnes a piece, some fiue hundred, +and some foure hundred and the least of two hundred tuns. Of this fleet 19 +were cast away, and in them 2600 men by estimation, which was done along +the coast of Noua Hispania, so that of the same fleet there came to the +Hauana but 33 sailes. + +The fleete of Terra Firma were, at their first departure from Spaine, +fiftie sailes, which were bound for Nombre de Dios, where they did +discharge their lading, and thence returned to Cartagena, for their healths +sake, vntill the time the treasure was readie they should take in, at the +said Nombre de Dios. But before this fleete departed, some were gone by one +or two at a time, so that onely 23 sayles of this fieete arriued in the +Hauana. + +At the Hauana there met + +33 sailes of Noua Hispania. +23 sailes of Terra Firma. +12 sailes of San Domingo. +9 sailes of the Hunduras. + +The whole 77 shippes, ioyned and set sailes all together at the Hauana, the +17 of Iuly, according to our account, and kept together vntill they came +into the height of thirtie fiue degrees, which was about the tenth of +August, where they found the winde at Southwest chaunged suddenly to the +North, so that the sea comming out of the Southwest, and the wind very +violent at North, they were put all into great extremitie, and then first +lost the Generall of their fleete, with 500 men in her; and within three or +foure dayes after, an other storme rising, there were fiue or sixe other of +the biggest shippes cast away with all their men, together with their +Vice-Admirall. + +And in the height of 38. degrees, about the end of August, grew another +great storme, in which all the fleet sauing 48. sailes were cast away: +which 48. sailes kept together, vntill they came in sight of the Ilands of +Coruo and Flores, about the fift or sixt of September, at which time a +great storme separated them: of which number fifteene or sixteene were +after seene by these Spanyards to ride at anchor vnder the Tercera; and +twelue or foureteene more to beare with the Island of S. Michael; what +became of them after that these Spaniards were taken cannot yet be +certified; their opinion as, that very few of thee fleet are escaped, but +are either drowned or taken. And it is other waies of late certified, that +of this whole fleete that should haue come into Spaine this yeere, being +one hundred twentie and three sayle, there are arriued as yet but fiue and +twentie. This note was taken out of the examination of certaine Spaniardes, +that were brought into England by sixe of the ships of London, which tooke +seuen of the aboue named Indian Fleete, neere the Islands of the Açores. + + * * * * * + +A report of Master Robert Flicke directed to Master Thomas Bromley, Master + Richard Staper, and Master Cordall concerning the successe of a part of + the London supplies sent to my Lord Thomas Howard to the Isles of the + Azores, 1591. + +Worshipfull, my heartie commendations vnto you premised: By my last of the +twelfth of August from this place I aduertised you particularly of the +accidents of our Fleete vntill then. It remayneth now to relate our +endeuours in accomplishing the order receiued for the ioyning with my Lorde +Thomas Howard, together with the successe wee haue had. Our departure from +hence was the seuenteenth of August, the winde not seruing before. The next +day following I caused a Flagge of Counsell to be put foorth, whereupon the +Captaines and Masters of euery shippe came aboord, and I acquainted them +with my Commission, firmed by the Right honourable the Lordes of her +Maiesties Counsell, and with all the aduertisements of Sir Edward Denny, of +my Lordes determination to remaine threescore leagues to the West of Fayal, +spreading North and South betwixt thirtie seuen and a halfe or thirty eight +and a halfe degrees. And not finding him in this heighth to repaire to the +Isles of Flores and Coruo, where a Pinnesse of purpose should stay our +comming vntill the last of August, with intent after that day to repaire to +the coast of Spaine, about the heigth of The Rocke, some twentte or thirtie +leagues off the shoare. The which being aduisedly considered of hauing +regard vnto the shortnesse of time, by reason of our long abode in this +place, and the vncertainety of the weather to fauour vs, it was generally +holden for the best and securest way to meete with my Lorde, to beare with +the heigth of The Rocke, without making any stay vpon the coast, and so +directly for the Islands which was accordingly fully agreed and performed. +The 28 day wee had sight of the Burlings, and the 29 being thwart of +Peniche, the winde seruing vs, without any stay we directed our course West +for the Islands. The 30 day we met with Captaine Royden in the Red-Rose, +sometime called the Golden Dragon, separated from my Lorde of Cumberland in +a storme: who certified vs of 50 sayles of the Spanish kings Armadas to be +gone for the Ilands, but could not informe vs any newes of my Lord Thomas +Howard, otherwise then vpon presumption to remaine about the Islandes, and +so wee continued our course the winde standing with vs. + +The 4 of September we recouered Tercera, and ranged along all the Islands, +both on the South and North sides the space of foure dayes: during which +time it was not our hap to meete with any shipping, whereby either to +vnderstand of my Lord, or of the Indian Fleete: hereupon we directed our +course to the West from Fayal, according to the instructions of Sir Edward +Denny. The 11 day in the plying to the Westwards we descried a sayle out of +our maine toppe, and in the afternoone betweene two and three of the clocke +hauing raysed her hull, the weather became calme, so that the ship could +not fetch her. I sent off my Skiffe throughly manned, furnished with shot +and swords, The Cherubin, and the Margaret and Iohn doing the like. Vpon +this the sayle stood off againe, and the night approching, our boates lost +her and so returned. In this our pursute after the sayle the Centurion +being left a sterne, the next morning wee missed her, and spent that day in +plying vp and down seeking her. And for as much as euery of the ships had +receiued order, that, if by extremity of weather or any other mischance +they should be seuered from our Fleete, they should meete and ioyne at +Flores, we, according to the instructions of Sir Edward Denny, proceeded to +the finding of my Lord Thomas Howard, being in the heigth appointed and not +able to holde the same by reason of extreme tempestes which forced vs to +the Isles of Flores and Coruo, which we made the 14 day in the morning, and +there also ioyned againe with the Centurion, whose company before we had +lost: who declared vnto vs that the 12 day, being the same day they lost +vs, they met with fiue and forty sailes of the Indian Fleete. The same +night, vpon these newes we came to an anker betweene Flores and Coruo, and +the morow following at the breake of day, a flagge of Counsell being put +out, the Captaines and Masters came abord me: where, for the desire to +vnderstand some tidings of my Lord, as also the supplying of our want of +water, it was thought good to send our boats furnished on shore, vnder the +conduct of Captaine Brothus, and then it was also ordered after our +departure thence to range along the Southsides of the Islands to the end we +might either vnderstand of my Lord, or else light on the Indian fleete; and +in the missing of our purpose to direct our course for Cape Sant Vincente. + +The boates, according to the foresayd determination, being sent on shoare, +it chaunced that the Costely ryding vttermost in the roade, did weigh to +bring her selfe more neere among vs for the succour of the boates sent off, +and in opening the land discouered two sayles, which we in the roade could +not perceiue: whereupon shee gaue vs a warning piece, which caused vs to +waue off our boates backe, and before they could recouer our shippes, the +discryed ships appeared vnto vs, towardes the which we made with all haste, +and in a very happie hour, as it pleased God. [Sidenote: A violent storm.] +In that wee had not so soone cleared the lande, and spoken with one of +them, which was a Barke of Bristoll, who had also sought my Lorde in the +heigths appointed and could not finde him, but a violent storme arose, in +such manner, as if we had remained in the roade, we had beene in daunger of +perishing: and the same extremely continued during the space of threescore +houres. In which storme I was separated from our Fleete, except the +Cherubin and the Costely, which kept company with mee. And so sayling among +the Ilands, I viewed the roade of Fayal, and finding no Roaders there, went +directly for the Isle Tercera. + +The nineteenth day in the morning comming vnto the same with intent to edge +into the Road, a tempest arose and scanted the winde, that we could not +sease it: from the which being driuen we fell among certaine of the Indian +Fleete, which the sayde storme dispersed, and put them from the road: +whereupon my selfe with the other two ships in companie gaue seuerall +chases, and thereby lost the company each of other. + +[Sidenote: A Portugall Prize taken.] In following our chase aboue noone we +made her to strike and yeelde, being a Portugall, laden with hides, +salsa-perilla and Anile. At this very instant we espied another, and taking +our Prise with vs followed her, and somewhat before night obtayned her, +named the Conception, Francisco Spinola being Captaine, which was laden +with hides, Cochonillio, and certaine raw silke. And for that the seas were +so growen, as neither with boate nor shippe they were to bee boorded, we +kept them till fit opportunitie. [Sidenote: A rich West-Indian Prize +taken.] The same night a litle before day there happened another into our +company, supposing vs by our two prizes to be of their Fleete, which we +vntill the morning dissembled. + +The 20 day in the morning, the sayle being shot somewhat a head of vs, +hauing a speciall care for the safe keeping of the two former, we purposed +to cause our Prizes to put out more sayle thereby to keep them neere in +giuing chase to the other: vnto the which the Master would not hearken nor +be perswaded, but that they would follow vs: by the which his wilfulnesse +by such time as we had caused the other to yeelde, and sent men aboord, the +Conception, Francisco Spinola Captaine being brought a sterne, and hauing +gotten the winde of vs, stood off with all her sayles bearing, so as we +were forced to make a new chase of her: and had not the winde enlarged vpon +vs we had lost her. In the pursute before we recouered her and brought our +selues againe in company of our other Prizes, the whole day was spent, and +by this meanes we lost the oportunitie of that day, the weather fitly +seruing to boord the Portugall Prize, which was in great distresse, and +made request to take them being readie to sinke, and, as we well perceiued, +they ceased not to pumpe day and night: the which ship to all our +iudgements the same night perished in the sea. + +The one and twentie day the Conception, whereof Francisco Spinola was +Captaine, being also in a leake, and the same still increasing +notwithstanding the continuall pumping, in such sort as not to be kept +along aboue water, I tooke and discharged out of her two and forty chestes +of Cochonillio and silkes, and so left her with 11 foote water in holde and +her furniture and 4700 hides, vnto the seas. + +The other prize which we haue brought into the harborough is named Nostra +Sennora de los remedios, whereof Francisco Aluares is Captaine, laden with +16 chests of Cochonillio, certaine fardels of raw silke, and about 4000 +hides. Vpon the discharge of the goods your worships shall be particularly +aduertised thereof. + +In the boording of the prizes the disorder of the company was such, as that +they letted not presently besides the rifling of the Spaniards to breake +open the chests and to purloyne such money as was in them: notwithstanding +that it was ordered at convenient leasure to haue gone on boord my selfe, +and therein the presence of three or foure witnesses to haue taken a iust +account thereof, and the same to haue put in safe keeping, according to the +effects of articles receiued in this behalfe. + +And whereas there were also certaine summes of money taken from the company +which they had thus purloyned and embeseled, and the same with some other +parcels brought aboord my ship, amounting vnto 2129 pezoes and a halfe, the +company as pillage due vnto them demanded to haue the same shared, which I +refused, and openly at the maine maste read the articles firmed by my Lord +Treasurer and my Lord Admirall, whereby we ought to be directed, and that +it was not in mee any way to dispose thereof, vntill the same were finally +determined at home. Hereupon they mutinied and at last grew into such +furie, as that they would haue it or els breake downe the cabbine, which +they were also readie to put into practise, whereby I was forced to yeeld, +least the Spaniards which we had abord being many perceiuing the same, +might haue had fit opportunitie to rise against vs, which, after their +brawles were appeased, they sought to haue put into execution. + +By the last aduise from Castile the Generall of the kings Armada which is +lately come to sea hath receiued commaundement to ioyne his Fleete with +those of the Indies, and for to stay altogether at Tercera vntill the 15 of +October: for that 6 pataches with 7 or 8 millions of the kings treasure +will come by that time, or els they stay their comming from Hauana vntill +Ianuary next, or the kings further pleasure therein to be knowen. These +pataches are said to be of 300 tuns the piece, and to cary 30 pieces of +brasse, and also of saile reported to haue the aduantage of any shipping. + +There perished of the Indies Fleete sunke in the sea before there comming +to Flores 11 sailes, whereof the General was one, and not one man saued. +And it is by the Spaniards themselues presupposed that the stormes which we +had at Flores and at Tercera haue deuoured many more of them, whereof in +part we were eye witnesses. And so what by the seas and our men of warre I +presume that of 75 sailes that came from Hauana, halfe of them will neuer +arriue in Spaine. + +The 11 day of October at night we came to anker in the sound of Plimouth, +and the next morning with our Prize came into Cattewater: for which God be +thanked: for that a vehement storme arose, and with such fury increased, as +that the Prize was forced to cut ouer her maine maste: otherwise with the +violence of the storme, her ground tackle being bad, she had driuen on +shore: which was the most cause that moued me to put in here; intending now +here to discharge the goods without further aduenture, and haue certified +thus much vnto my Lord Admirall, and therewith also desired to vnderstande +the direction of the Lords of the Counsell together with yours, insomuch as +my Lord Thomas Howard is not returned. How the rest of our consorts which +were seperated from vs by weather haue sped, or what Prizes they haue +taken, whereof there is much hope by reason of the scattering of the West +Indian Fleete, as yet we are able to say nothing. And thus expecting your +answere, and for all other matters referring me vnto the bearer Captaine +Furtho, I end. Plymouth the 24 of October 1591. + +Your worships louing friend + +Robert Flicke. + + * * * * * + +A large testimony of Iohn Huighen van Linschoten Hollander, concerning the + worthy exploits atchieued by the right honourable the Earle of + Cumberland, By Sir Martine Frobisher, Sir Richard Greenuile, and diuers + other English Captaines, about the Isles of the Açores, and vpon the + coasts of Spaine and Portugall, in the yeeres 1589, 1590, 1591, &c. + recorded in his excellent discourse of voiages to the East and West + Indies, cap. 96. 97. and 99. + +The 22 of Iuly 1589 about Euening, being by the Ilands of Flores and Coruo, +we perceiued 3 ships that made towards vs, which came from vnder the land, +which put vs in great feare: for they came close by our Admirall, and shot +diuers times at him, and at another ship of our companie, whereby we +perceiued them to be Englishmen, for they bare an English flagge vpon their +maine tops, but none of them shewed to be aboue 60 tunnes in greatnes. +About Euening they followed after vs, and all night bore lanternes with +candles burning in them at their sternes, although the Moone shined. The +same night passing hard by the Island of Fayal, the next day being betweene +the Island of S. George that lay on our right hand, and the small Island +called Graciosa on our left hand, we espied the 3 English ships still +following vs that tooke counsell together, whereof one sailed backwards, +thinking that some other ship had come after vs without company, and for a +time was out of sight, but it was not long before it came again to the +other two, wherwith they tooke counsel and came all, 3 together against our +ship, because we lay in the lee of al our ships, and had the Island of S. +George on the one side in stead of a sconce, thinking to deale so with vs, +that in the end we should be constrained to run vpon the shore, whereof we +wanted not much, and in that manner with their flagges openly displayed, +came lustily towardes vs, sounding their Trumpets, and sayled at the least +three times about vs, beating vs with Musket and Caliuer, and some great +pieces, and did vs no hurt in the body of our shippe, but spoyled all our +sayles and ropes, and to conclude, wee were so plagued by them, that no man +durst put foorth his head, and when wee shot off a peece, wee had at the +least an houres worke to lade it againe, whereby we had so great a noise +and crie in the shippe, as if we had all bene cast away, whereat the +English men themselues beganne to mocke vs, and with a thousand iesting +words called vnto vs. In the meane time the other shippes hoised all their +sayles, and did the best they could to saile to the Island of Tercera, not +looking once behinde them to helpe vs, doubting they should come too late +thither, not caring for vs, but thinking themselues to haue done +sufficiently so they saued their owne stakes, whereby it may easily be +seene what company they keepe one with the other, and what order is among +them. In the ende the English men perceiuing small aduantage against vs, +(little knowing in what case and feare we were, as also because wee were +not farre from Tercera) left vs, which made vs not a litle to reioyce, as +thinking our selues to bee risen from death to life, although wee were not +well assured, neyther yet voyde of feare till we lay in the road before +Tercera, and vnder the safetie of the Portingales fort, and that we might +get thither in good time wee made all the sailes we could: on the other +side we were in great doubt, because we knew not what they did in the +Island, nor whether they were our friends or enemies, and we doubted so +much the more, because we found no men of warre nor any Caruels of aduise +from Portingal, as wee made our accounts to doe, that might conuoy vs from +thence, or giue vs aduise, as in that countrey ordinarily they vse to do: +and because the English men had bene so victorious in those parts, it made +vs suspect that it went not well with Spaine: they of the Island of Tercera +were in no lesse fear then we, for seeing our fleete, they thought vs to +bee Englishmen, and that wee came to ouerrun the Island, because the 3. +Englishmen had bound vp their flags, and came in company with vs: for the +which cause the Iland sent out two Caruels that lay there with aduise from +the king, for the Indians ships that should come thither. Those Caruels +came to view vs, and perceiuing what we were, made after vs, whereupon the +English ships left vs, and made towardes them, because the Caruels thought +them to be friends, and shunned them not, as supposing them to bee of our +company, but we shot foure or fiue times and made signes vnto them that +they should make towards the Island, which they presently did. The +Englishmen perceiuing that, did put forwards into the sea, and so the +Caruels borded vs telling vs that the men of the Island were all in armes, +as hauing receiued aduise from Portugall, that Sir Frances Drake was in +readinesse, and would come vnto those Islands. They likewise brought vs +newes of the ouerthrow of the Spanish fleet before England, and that the +English men had bene before the gates of Lisbon; wereupon the king gaue vs +commandement that we should put into the Island of Tercera, and there lie +vnder the safety of the Castle vntill we receiued further aduise what we +should do, or whether we should saile: for that they thought it too +dangerous for vs to go to Lisbon. Those newes put our fleet in great feare, +and made vs looke vpon eche other not knowing what to say, as being +dangerous for them to put into the road, because it lieth open to the sea: +so that the Indian ships, although they had expresse commandement from the +king, yet they durst not anker there, but onely vsed to come thither, and +to lie to and fro, sending their boates on land to fetch such necessaries +as they wanted, without ankering: but being by necessitie compelled +thereunto, as also by the kings commandement, and for that we vnderstood +the Erle of Cumberland not to bee farre from those Islands with certaine +ships of warre, we made necessitie a vertue, and entring the road, ankered +close vnder the Castle, staying for aduise and order from the king, to +performe our voyage, it being then the 24. of Iuly, and S. Iames day. + +The day before the Erle of Cumberland with 6. or 7. ships of war, sailed by +the Island of Tercera, and to their great good fortune passed out of sight, +so that they dispatched themselues in all haste, and for the more +securitie, tooke with them 4. hundred Spaniards of those that lay in +Garrison in the Island, and with them they sayled towards Lisbon, hauing a +good wind: so that within 11 daies after they arriued in the riuer of +Lisbon with great gladnes and triumph: for if they had stayed but one day +longer before they had entred the riuer, they had all beene taken by +Captaine Drake, who with 40 ships came before Cascais at the same time that +the Indian ships cast anker in the riuer of Lisbon, being garded thither by +diuers Gallies. + +While I remained in Tercera, the Erle of Cumberland came to S. Marie, to +take in fresh water, and some other victuals: but the inhabitants would not +suffer him to haue it, but wounded both himselfe and diuers of his men, +whereby they were forced to depart without hauing any thing there. + +The Erle of Cumberland while I lay in Tercera, came vnto the Isle of +Graciosa, where himselfe in person, with seuen or eight in his company went +on land, asking certaine beasts, hens, and other victuals, with wine and +fresh water, which they willingly gaue him, and therewith he departed from +thence, without doing them any hurt: for the which the inhabitants thanked +him, and commended him for his courtesie, and keeping of his promise. + +The same time that the Erle of Cumberland was in the Island of Graciosa, he +came likewise to Fayall, where at the first time that he came, they beganne +to resist him, but by reason of some controuersie among them, they let him +land, where he razed the Castle to the ground, and sunke all their +Ordinance in the sea, taking with him certaine Carauels and ships that lay +in the road, with prouision of all things that he wanted: and therewith +departed againe to sea. Whereupon the king caused the principall actors +therein to be punished, and sent a company of souldiers thither againe, +which went out of Tercera, with all kinde of warlike munition, and great +shot, making the fortresse vp againe, the better to defend the Island, +trusting no more in the Portugales. + +The 99 Chapter. + +The ninth of October 1589. there arriued in Tercera fourteene ships that +came from the Spanish Indies, laden with Cochinile, Hides, Golde, Siluer, +Pearles, and other rich wares. They were fiftie in companie, when they +departed out of the Hauen of Hauana, whereof, in their comming out of the +Channell, eleuen sunke in the same Channell by foule weather, the rest by a +storme were scattered and separated one from the other. The next day there +came another ship of the same companie, that sailed close vnder the Island, +so to get into the Roade: where she met with an English ship that had not +aboue three cast peeces, and the Spaniards 12. They fought a long time +together, which we being in the Island might stand and behold: wherevpon +the Gouernour of Tercera sent two boates of Musketiers to helpe the shippe: +but before they could come at her, the English ship had shot her vnder +water, and we saw her sinke into the Sea with all her sayles vp, and not +any thing seene of her aboue the water. The Englishmen with their boate +saued the Captaine and about thirtie others with him, but not one +penie-worth of the goods, and yet in the shippe there was at the least to +the value of two hundred thousand Duckats in Golde, Siluer and Pearles, the +rest of the men were drowned which might be about fiftie persons, among the +which were some Fryers and women, which the Englishmen would not saue. +Those that they had saued they set on land: and then they sayled away. The +seuen and twentieth of the same moneth, the sayd foureteene ships hauing +refreshed themselues in the Island departed from Tercera toward Siuill, and +comming vpon the coast of Spaine they were taken by the English ships that +lay there to watch for them, two onely excepted which escaped away, and the +rest were wholly caried into England. + +About the same time the Erle of Cumberland with one of the Queenes ships, +and fiue or sixe more, kept about those Islands and came oftentimes so +close vnder the Island, and to the Road of Angra, that the people on land +might easily tell all his men that he had aboord, and knewe such as walked +on the Hatches: they of the Island not once shooting at them, although they +might easily haue done it, for they were within Musket shot both of the +towne and fort. In these places he continued for the space of two moneths, +and sayled round about the Islands, and landed in Graciosa and Fayal, as in +the description of those Islands I haue alreadie declared. Here he tooke +diuers ships and Carauels, which he sent into England: so that those of the +Island durst not once put foorth their heads. At the same time about three +or foure dayes after the Erle of Cumberland had beene in the Island of +Fayal, and was departed from thence, there arriued in the said Island of +Fayal sixe Indian shippes, whose General was one Iuan Doriues: and there +they discharged in the Iland 4 millions of golde and siluer. And hauing +with all speede refreshed their ships, fearing the comming of the +Englishmen they set sayle, and arriued safely in S. Lucar, not meeting with +the enemie, to the great good lucke of the Spaniards and hard fortune of +the Englishmen: for that within lesse then two dayes after the golde and +siluer was laden againe into the Spanish ships, the Erle of Cumberland +sayled againe by that Island: so that it appeared that God would not let +them haue it, for if they had once had sight thereof, without doubt it had +bene theirs, as the Spaniards themselues confessed. + +In the moneth of Nouember there arriued in Tercera two great shippes, which +were the Admirall and Viceadmirall of the Fleete laden with siluer, who +with stormie weather were separated from the Fleete, and had beene in great +torment and distresse, and readie to sinke: for they were forced to vse all +their Pumps: so that they wished a thousand times to haue met with the +Englishmen to whom they would willingly haue giuen their siluer and all +that euer they brought with them onely to saue their liues. And although +the Erle of Cumberland lay still about those Islands, yet they met not with +him, so that after much paine and labour they got into the Road before +Angra, where with all speede they vnladed and discharged aboue fiue +millions of siluer, all in pieces of 8 or 10 pound great: so that the whole +Kay lay couered with plates and chests of siluer, full of Ryales of eight, +most wonderfull to behold, (each million being ten hundred thousand +duckats,) besides pearles, gold and other stones, which were not registred. +The Admirall and chiefe commander of those ships and Fleete called Aluaro +Flores de Quiniones was sicke of the Neapolitan disease, and was brought to +land, whereof not long after he died in Siuillia. He brought with him the +Kings broad seale and full authoritie to be Generall and chiefe commander +vpon the Seas, and of all Fleetes or ships, and of all places and Islands, +or lands wheresoeuer he came: wherevpon the Gouernour of Tercera did him +great honour, and betweene them it was concluded, perceiuing the weaknesse +of their ships, and the danger of the Englishmen, that they would send the +shippes, emptie with souldiers to conuey them, either to Siuill or Lisbon, +where they could first arriue, with aduise vnto his Maiestie of all that +had passed, and that he would giue order to fetch the siluer with good and +safe conuoy. Wherevpon the said Aluero Flores stayed there, vnder colour of +keeping the siluer, but specially because of his disease, and for that they +were affraide of the Englishmen. This Aluaro Flores had alone for his owne +part aboue 50000 Duckats in pearles which he shewed vnto vs, and sought to +sell them or barter them with vs for spices or bils of exchange. The said +two ships set saile with 3 or 4 hundred men, as well souldiers as others +that came with them out of India, and being at sea had a storme, wherewith +the Admirall burst and sunke in the sea, and not one man saued. The +Vice-Admirall cut downe her mast, and ranne the ship on ground hard by +Setuuel, where it burst in pieces, some of the men sauing them selues by +swimming, that brought the newes, but the rest were drowned. + +In the same moneth there came two great ships out of the Spanish Indies, +and being within halfe a mile of the Road of Tercera, they met with an +English ship, which, after they had fought long together, tooke them both. +About 7 or 8 moneths before, there had beene an English shippe in Tercera, +that vnder the name of a Frenchman came to traffike in the Island, there to +lade woad, and being discouered was both ship and goods confiscated to the +kings vse, and all the men kept prisoners: yet went they vp and downe the +streetes to get their liuings, by labouring like slaues, being in deede as +safe in that Island, as if they had beene in prison. But in the ende vpon a +Sunday, all the Saylers went downe behinde the hils called Bresil: where +they found a Fisher-boat, whereinto they got and rowed into the sea to the +Erle of Cumberlands shippes, which to their great fortune chanced at that +time to come by the Island, and ankered with his ships about halfe a mile +from the Road of Angra, hard by two small Islands, which lie about a bases +shot from the Island and are full of Goats, Deere and Sheepe, belonging to +the inhabitants of the Island of Tercera. Those Saylers knew it well, and +thereupon they rowed vnto them with their boates, and lying at anker that +day, they fetched as many Goates and sheepe as they had neede of: which +those of the towne and of the Island well saw and beheld, yet durst not +once goe foorth: so there remained no more on land but the Master and the +Marchant of the said English ship. This Master had a brother in lawe +dwelling in England, who hauing newes of his brothers imprisonment in +Tercera, got licence of the Queene of England to set forth a ship, +therewith to see if he could recouer his losses of the Spaniards by taking +some of them, and so to redeeme his brother that lay prisoner in Tercera, +and he it was that tooke the two Spanish ships before the Towne, the Master +of the ship aforesaid standing on the shore by me, and looking vpon them, +for he was my great acquaintance. The ships being taken that were worth 300 +thousand duckats, he sent al the men on land sauing onely two of the +principall Gentlemen, which he kept aboord thereby to ransome his brother: +and sent the Pilot of one of the Indian ships that were taken, with a +letter to the Gouernor of Tercera; wherein he wrote that he should deliuer +him his brother, and he would send the 2 Gentlemen on land: if not, he +would saile with them into England, as indeed he did, because the Gouernour +would not doe it, saying that the Gentlemen might make that suite to the +king of Spaine himselfe. This Spanish Pilot we bid to supper with vs, and +the Englishmen likewise, where he shewed vs all the manner of their fight, +much commending the order and maner of the Englishmens fighting, as also +their courteous vsing of him: but in the end the English Pilot likewise +stole away in a French ship, without paying any ransome as yet. + +In the moneth of Ianuarie 1590 there arriued one ship alone in Tercera, +that came from the Spanish Indies, and brought newes that there was a +Fleete of a hundred shippes which put out from the Firme land of the +Spanish Indies, and by a storme were driuen vpon the coast called Florida, +where they were all cast away, she hauing onely escaped, wherein there were +great riches, and many men lost, as it may well be thought: so that they +made their account, that of 220 ships that for certaine were knowen to haue +put out of Noua Spagna, S. Domingo, Hauana, Capo verde, Brasilia, Guinea, +&c. in the yeere 1589. to saile for Spaine and Portugall, there were not +aboue 14 or 15 of them arriued there in safetie, all the rest being either +drowned, burst or taken. + +In the same moneth of Ianuarie there arriued in Tercera 15 or 16 ships that +came from Siuil, which were most Flieboats of the Low countries, and some +Britons that were arrested in Spaine: these came full of souldiers, and +well appointed with munition, to lade the siluer that lay in Tercera, and +to fetch Aluares de Flores by the kings commandement into Spaine. And +because that time of the yeere there are alwayes stormes about those +Ilands, therefore they durst not enter into the road of Tercera, for that +as then it blew so great a storme that some of their ships that had ankred +were forced to cut downe their mastes, and were in danger to be lost: and +among the rest a ship of Biscaie ran against the land and was striken in +pieces, but all the men saued themselues. The other ships were forced to +keepe the sea and seperate themselues one from the other, where wind and +weather would driue them vntill the 15 of March for that in all that time +they could not haue one day of faire weather to anker in, whereby they +endured much miserie, cursing both the siluer and the Iland. This storme +being past, they chanced to meet with a small English ship of about 40 +tunnes in bignesse, which by reason of the great wind could not beare all +her sailes: so they set vpon her and tooke her, and with the English flag +in their Admirals sterne, they came as proudly into the hauen as if they +had conquered all the realme of England: but as the Admirall that bare the +English flag vpon her sterne was entring into the road, there came by +chance two English ships by the Iland that paied her so well for her +paines, that they were forced to cry Misericordia, and without all doubt +had taken her, if she had bene but a mile further in sea: but because she +got vnder the Fortresse, which also began to shoot at the Englishmen, they +were forced to leaue her, and to put further into the sea, hauing slaine +fiue or sixe of the Spaniards. The Englishmen that were taken in the small +shippe were put vnder hatches, and coupled in bolts, and after they had +bene prisoners 3 or 4 dayes, there was a Spanish Ensigne bearer in the ship +that had a brother slaine in the Fleet that came for England, who as then +minding to reuenge his death, and withall to shew his manhood on the +English captiues that were in the English ship, which they had taken, as is +aforesayd, tooke a poiniard in his hand and went downe vnder the hatches, +where finding the poore Englishmen sitting in boltes, with the same +poiniard he stabbed sixe of them to the heart: which two others of them +perceiuing, clasped each other about the middle, because they would not be +murthered by him, and threw themselues into the sea and there were drowned. +This acte was of all the Spaniards much disliked and very ill taken, so +that they caried the Spaniard prisoner vnto Lisbon, where being arriued, +the king of Spaine willed he should be sent into England, that the Queene +of England might vse him as she thought good: which sentence his friends by +intreatie got to be reuersed, notwithstanding he commanded he should +without all fauour be beheaded: but vpon a good Friday the Cardinall going +to masse, all the captaines and Commanders made so great intreaty for him, +that in the end they got his pardon. This I thought good to note, that men +might vnderstand the bloody and dishonest minds of the Spaniards when they +haue men vnder their subiection. + +The same two English ships which folowed the Spanish Admirall till he had +got the Fort of Tercera, as I sayd before, put into the sea, where they met +with another Spanish ship being of the same Fleet, that had likewise bene +scattred by the storme and was onely missing, for the rest lay in the road. +This small ship the Englishmen tooke, and sent all the men on shore, not +hurting any of them: but if they had knowen what had bene done vnto the +foresayd English captiues I belieue they would soone haue reuenged +themselues, as afterward many an innocent soule paied for it. This ship +thus taken by the Englishmen, was the same that was taken and confiscated +in the Iland of Tercera by the Englishmen that got out of the Iland in a +fisher boat (as I said before) and was sold vnto the Spaniards that as then +came from the Indies, wherewith they sayled to S. Lucar, where it was also +arrested by the duke, and appointed to go in company to fetch the siluer in +Tercera, because it was a ship that sailed well, but among the Spaniards +Fleet it was the meanest of the company. By this means it was taken from +the Spaniards and caried into England, and the owners had it againe when +they least thought of it. + +The 19 of March the aforesayd ships being 19 in number, set saile, hauing +laden the kings siluer, and receiued in Aluaro Flores de Quiniones, with +his company and good prouision of necessaries, munition and souldiers that +were fully resolued (as they made shew) to fight valiantly to the last man +before they would yeeld or lose their riches: and although they set their +course for S. Lucar, the wind draue them vnto Lisbon, which (as it seemed) +was willing by his force to helpe them, and to bring them thither in +safetie, although Aluaro de Flores, both against the wind and weather would +perforce haue sailed to Saint Lucar, but being constrained by the wind and +importunitie of the sailers that protested they would require their losses +and damages of him, he was content to saile to Lisbon: from whence the +siluer was by land caried vnto Siuil. At Cape S. Vincent there lay a Fleet +of 20 English ships to watch for the Armada, so that if they had put into +S. Lucar, they had fallen right into their hands, which if the wind had +serued they had done. And therefore they may say that the wind hath lent +them a happy voiage: for if the Englishmen had met with them, they had +surely bene in great danger, and possibly but few of them had escaped, by +reason of the feare wherewith they were possessed, because fortune of +rather God was wholy against them: which is a sufficient cause to make the +Spaniards out of heart, and to the contrary to giue the Englishmen more +courage, and to make them bolder for that they are victorious, stout and +valiant: and seeing all their enterprises do take so good effect, that +thereby they are become lords and masters of the sea, and need care for no +man, as it wel appeareth by this briefe discourse. + +The 7 of August 1590. a nauie of English ships was seene before Tercera, +being 20 in number, and 5 of them the Queenes ships: their Generall was one +Martin Frobisher, as we after had intelligence. They came purposely to +watch for the Fleet of the Spanish Indies, and for the Indian ships, and +the ships of the countreys in the West: which put the Ilanders in great +feare, specially those of Fayal, for that the Englishmen sent a trumpet to +the Gouernour to aske certaine wine, flesh, and other victuals for their +money and good friendship. They of Fayal did not onely refuse to giue eare +vnto them, but with a shot killed their messenger or trumpeter: which the +Englishmen tooke in euil part, sending them word that they were best to +looke to themselues and stand vpon their guard, for they ment to come and +visite them whether they would or no. The Gouernour made them answere that +he was there in the behalfe of his maiestie of Spaine, and that he would +doe his best to keepe them out, as he was bound: but nothing was done, +although they of Fayal were in no little feare, sending to Tercera for +aide, from whence they had certaine barkes with ponder and munition for +warre, with some bisket and other necessary prouision. + +The 30 of August we receiued very certaine newes out of Portugal, that +there were 80 ships put out of the Groine laden with victuals, munition, +money and souldiers, to goe for Britaine to aide the Catholiques and +Leaguers of France against the king of Nauarre. At the same time two +Netherland hulkes comming out of Portugall to Tercera being halfe the Seas +ouer, met with 4 of the Queenes ships, their Generall being sir Iohn +Hawkins, that staied them, but let them go againe without doing them any +harme. The Netherlanders reported, that each of the Queenes ships had 80 +pieces of Ordinance, and that captaine Drake lay with 40 ships in the +English chanell watching for the armie of the Groine: and likewise that +there lay at the Cape S. Vincent ten other English ships, that if any ships +escaped from the Ilands, they might take them. These tidings put the +Ilanders in great feare, least if they failed of the Spanish fleete and got +nothing by them, that then they would fall vpon the Ilands, because they +would not returne emptie home, whereupon they held streit watch, sending +aduise vnto the king what newes they heard. + +The first of September there came to the Iland of S. Michael a Portugall +ship out of the hauen of Phernambuck in Brasile, which brought newes that +the Admirall of the Portugall Fleet that came from India, hauing missed the +Iland of S. Helena, was of necessitie constrained to put into Phernambuck, +although the king had expresly vnder a great penaltie forbidden him so to +doe, because of the wormes that there doe spoile the ships. The same shippe +wherein Bernardin Ribero was Admirall the yeere before 1589. sailed out of +Lisbon into the Indies, with 5 ships in her company, whereof but 4 got into +India, the 5 was neuer heard of, so that it was thought to be cast away: +the other foure returned safe againe into Portugall, though the Admiral was +much spoiled, because he met with two English ships that fought long with +him, and slew many of his men, but yet he escaped from them. + +The 5 of the same moneth there arriued in Tercera a carauel of the Iland of +Coruo, and brought with her 50 men that had bin spoiled by the Englishmen +who had set them on shore in the Iland of Coruo, being taken out of a ship +that came from the Spanish Indies, they brought tidings that the Englishmen +had taken 4 more of the Indian ships, and a carauel with the king of +Spaines letters of aduise for the ships comming out of the Portugal Indies, +and that with those which they had taken, they were at the least 40 English +ships together, so that not one bark escaped them, but fel into their +hands, and that therefore the Portugall ships comming out of India durst +not put into the Ilands, but tooke their course vnder 40 and 42 degrees, +and from thence sailed to Lisbon, shunning likewise the cape S. Vincent, +otherwise they could not haue had a prosperous iourney of it, for that as +then the sea was ful of English ships. [Sidenote: Great hauock of +Spaniards.] Whereupon the king aduised the fleete lying in Hauana in the +Spanish Indies ready to come for Spaine, that they should stay there all +that yeere till the next yeere, because of the great danger they might fal +into by the Englishmen, which was no smal charge, and hinderance to the +fleet, for that the ships that lie there do consume themselues, and in a +manner eat vp one another, by reason of the great number of people, +together with the scarcitie of al things, so that many ships chose rather +one by one to aduenture themselues alone to get home, then to stay there: +all which fell into the Englishmen hands, whereof diuers of the men were +brought into Tercera, for that a whole day we could see nothing els, but +spoiled men set on shore, some out of one ship, some out of another, that +pitie it was to see all of them cursing the Englishmen and their owne +fortunes, with those that had bene the causes to prouoke the Englishmen to +fight, and complaining of the small remedie and order taken therein by the +king of Spaines officers. + +The 19 of the same moneth there came to Tercera a Carauel of Lisbon, with +one of the kings officers, to cause the goods that were saued out of the +ship which came from Malacca (for the which we staied there) to be laden +and sent to Lisbon. And at the same time there put out of the Groine one +Don Alonso de Baçan, with 40 great ships of warre to come vnto the Ilands, +there to watch for the fleet of the Spanish and Portugall Indies, and the +goods of the Malacca ship being laden, they were to convoy them all +together into the riuer of Lisbon: but being certaine daies at sea, alwaies +hauing a contrary wind, they could not get vnto the Ilands, onely two of +them that were scattred from the fleet, arriued at Tercera, and not finding +the fleet, they presently returned to seeke them: in the meane time the +king changed his mind, and caused the fleet to stay in India, as I said +before: and therefore hee sent worde vnto Don Alonso de Bassan, that hee +should returne againe to the Groine, which he presently did (without doing +any thing, nor once approching neer the Ilands, sauing onely the two +foresayd ships, for he well knew that the Englishmen lay by the Iland of +Coruo, but he would not visit them): and so he returned to the hauen the +Groine, whereby our goods that came from Malacca were yet to ship, and +trussed vp againe, and forced to stay a more fortunate time with patience +perforce. + +The 23 of October there arriued in Tercera a Carauel with aduise out of +Portugall, that of 5 ships which in the yere 1590 were laden in Lisbon for +the Indies, 4 of them were turned againe to Portin. After they had bene 4 +moneths abroad, and that the Admirall, wherein the Viceroy called Mathias +d'Albukerk sailed, had onely gotten to India, as afterward newes thereof +was brought ouer-land, hauing bin at the least 11 moneths at sea and neuer +saw land, and came in great misery to Malacca. In this ship there died by +the way 280 men, according to a note by himselfe made, and sent to the +Cardinal at Lisbon, with the names and surnames of euery man, together with +a description of his voiage, and the misery they had endured, which was +onely done, because he would not lose the gouernment of India: and for that +cause he had sworne either to lose his life, or to arriue in India, as in, +deed he did afterwards, but to the great danger, losse and hinderance of +his companie, that were forced to buy it with their liues, and onely for +want of prouision, as it may wel be thought: for he knew full well that if +he had returned backe againe into Portugal as the other ships did, he +should haue bin cassiered from his Indian regiment, because the people +began already to murmure at him for his proud and lofty mind. And among +other things that shewed his pride the more, behind aboue the gallery of +his ship he caused Fortune to be painted, and his own picture with a staffe +standing by her, as it were threatning Fortune, with this posie, Quero que +vencas, that is, I wil haue thee to ouercome: which being read by the +Cardinal and other gentlemen (that to honor him brought him aboord his +ship) it was thought to be a point of exceeding folly: but it is no strange +matter among the Portugals: for they aboue all others must of force let the +foole peepe out of their sleeues, specially when they are in authority, for +that I knew the said Mathias d'Albukerk in India, being a souldier and a +captaine, where he was esteemed and accounted for one of the best of them, +and much honoured, and beloued of all men, as behauing himselfe curteously +to euery man, whereby they all desired that he might be Viceroy. But when +he once had receiued his patent with full power and authoritie from the +king to be Viceroy, he changed so much from his former behauiour, that by +reason of his pride, they all began to feare and curse him, and that before +hee departed out of Lisbon, as it is often seene in many men that are +aduanced vnto state and dignitie. + +The 20 of Ianuarie 1591. there was newes brought out of Portugall into +Tercera, that the Englishmen had taken a ship that the king had sent into +the Portugall Indies, with aduise to the Viceroy for the returning againe +of the 4 ships that should haue gone to India, and because the ships were +come backe againe, that ship was stuffed and laded as full of goods as +possible it might be, hauing likewise in ready money 500 thousand duckets +in roials of 8, besides other wares. It departed from Lisbon in the moneth +of Nouember 1590. and met with the Englishmen, with whom for a time it +fought, but in the end it was taken and caried into England with men and +all, yet when they came there, the men were set at libertie, and returned +into Lisbon, where the captaine was committed prisoner; but he excused +himselfe and was released, with whom I spake my selfe, and he made this +report vnto me. At the same time also they tooke a ship that came from the +Mine laden with gold, and 2 ships laden with pepper and spices that were to +saile into Italy, the pepper onely that was in them, being worth 170 +thousand duckets: all these ships were caried into England, and made good +prise. + +In the moneth of Iuly 1591. there hapned an earthquake in the Iland of S. +Michael, which continued from the 26 of Iuly, to the 12 of August, in which +time no man durst stay within his house but fled into the fields, fasting +and praying with great sorow, for that many of their houses fel down, and a +towne called Villa Franca, was almost cleane razed to the ground, all the +cloisters and houses shaken to the earth, and therein some people slaine. +The land in some places rose vp, and the cliffs remooued from one place to +another, and some hils were defaced and made euen with the ground. The +earthquake was so strong, that the ships which lay in the road and on the +sea, shaked as if the world would haue turned round: there sprang also a +fountaine out of the earth, for whence for the space of 4 daies, there +flowed a most cleare water, and after that it ceased. At the same time they +heard such thunder and noise vnder the earth, as if all the deuils in hell +had bin assembled together in that place, wherewith many died for feare. +The Iland of Tercera shooke 4 times together, so that it seemed to turne +about, but there hapned no misfortune vnto it. Earthquakes are common in +those Ilands, for about 20 yeres past there hapned another earthquake, +wherein a high hill that lieth by the same towne of Villa Franca, fell +halfe downe, and couered all the towne with earth, and killed many men. The +25 of August the kings Armada comming out of Ferol arriued in Tercera being +in all 30 ships, Biskaines, Portugals and Spaniards, and 10 Dutch flieboats +that were arrested in Lisbon to serue the king, besides other small ships +and pataxos, that came to serue as messengers from place to place, and to +discouer the seas. This nauie came to stay for, and conuoy the ships that +should come from the Spanish Indies, and the flieboats were appointed in +their returne home, to take in the goods that were saued in the lost ship +that came from Malacca, and to conuoy them to Lisbon. + +The 13 of September the said Armada arriued at the Iland of Coruo, where +the Englishmen with about 16 ships as then lay, staying for the Spanish +fleet, whereof some or the most part were come, and there the English were +in good hope to haue taken them. But when they perceiued the kings army to +be strong, the Admiral being the lord Thomas Howard, commanded his Fleet +not to fal vpon them, nor any of them once to separate their ships from +him, vnlesse he gaue commission so to do: notwithstanding the viceadmirall +sir Richard Greenuil being in the ship called the Reuenge, went into the +Spanish fleet, and shot among them doing them great hurt, and thinking the +rest of the company would haue folowed, which they did not, but left him +there, and sailed away: the cause why could not be knowen. Which the +Spaniards perceiuing, with 7 or 8 ships they boorded her, but she withstood +them all, fighting with them at the least 12 houres together and sunke two +of them, one being a new double Flieboat of 600 tunnes, and Admiral of the +Flieboats, the other a Biscain; but in the end by reason of the number that +came vpon her, she was taken, but to their great losse: for they had lost +in fighting and by drowning aboue 400 men, and of the English were slaine +about 100, Sir Richard Greenuil himselfe being wounded in his braine, +whereof afterwards he died. He was caried into the ship called S. Paul, +wherein was the Admirall of the fleet Don Alonso de Baçan: there his wounds +were drest by the Spanish surgeons, but Don Alonso himselfe would neither +see him nor speake with him: all the rest of the Captaines and gentlemen +went to visite him, and to comfort him in his hard fortune wondering at his +courage and stout heart, for that he shewed not any signe of faintnes nor +changing of colour; but feeling the houre of death to approch, he spake +these words in Spanish, and said: Here die I Richard Greenuil with a ioyful +and quiet mind, for that I haue ended my life as a true souldier ought to +do, that hath fought for his countrey, Queene, religion and honor, whereby +my soule most ioyfull departeth out of this body, and shal alwayes leaue +behind it an euerlasting fame of a valiant and true souldier that hath done +his dutie as he was bound to doe. When he had finished these or such other +like words, he gaue vp the Ghost, with great and stout courage, and no man +could perceiue any true signe of heauines in him. + +This sir Rich. Greenuil was a great and a rich gentleman in England, and +had great yeerely reuenues of his owne inheritance, but he was a man very +vnquiet in his mind, and greatly affected to war; insomuch as of his owne +priuate motion he offred his seruice to the Queene: he had performed many +valiant acts, and was greatly feared in these Ilands, and knowen of euery +man, but of nature very seuere, so that his owne people hated him for his +fiercenesse, and spake very hardly of him: for when they first entred into +the fleet or Armada, they had their great saile in a readinesse, and might +possibly enough haue sailed away, for it was one of the best ships for +saile in England, and the master perceiuing that the other ships had left +them, and folowed not after, commanded the great saile to be cut that they +might make away: but sir Rich. Greenuil threatned both him and al the rest +that were in the ship, that if any man laid hand vpon it, he would cause +him to be hanged, and so by that occasion they were compelled to fight and +in the end were taken. He was of so hard a complexion, that as he continued +among the Spanish captains while they were at dinner or supper with him, he +would carouse 3 or 4 glasses of wine, and in a brauerie take the glasses +betweene his teeth and crash them in pieces and swalow them downe, so that +oftentimes the blood ran out of his mouth without any harme at all vnto +him: and this was told me by diuers credible persons that many times stood +and beheld him. The Englishmen that were left in the ship, as the captaine +of the souldiers, the master and others were dispersed into diuers of the +Spanish ships that had taken them, where there had almost a new fight +arisen between the Biscains and the Portugals: while each of them would +haue the honour to haue first boorded her, so that there grew a great noise +and quarel among them, one taking the chiefe ensigne, and the other the +flag, and the captaine and euery one held his owne. The ships that had +boorded her were altogether out of order, and broken, and many of their men +hurt, whereby they were compelled to come into the Island of Tercera, there +to repaire themselues: where being arriued, I and my chamberfelow, to heare +some newes, went aboord one of the ships being a great Biscain, and one of +the 12 Apostles, whose captaine was called Bartandono, that had bin General +of the Biscains in the fleet that went for England. He seeing vs called vs +up into the gallery, where with great curtesie he receiued vs, being as +then set at dinner with the English captaine that sate by him, and had on a +sute of blacke veluet, but he could not tell vs any thing, for that he +could speake no other language but English and Latine, which Bartandano +also could a litle speake. The English captaine got licence of the +gouernour that he might come on land with his weapon by his side, and was +in our lodging with the Englishman that was kept prisoner in the Iland, +being of that ship whereof the sailers got away, as I said before. The +gouernour of Tercera bade him to dinner, and shewed him great curtesie. The +master likewise with licence of Bartandono came on land and was in our +lodging, and had at the least 10 or 12 wounds, as well in his head as on +his body, whereof after that being at sea betweene Lisbon and the Ilands he +died. The captaine wrote a letter, wherein he declared all the maner of the +fight, and left it with the English marchant that lay in our lodging, to +send it to the lord Admiral of England. This English captaine comming vnto +Lisbon, was there wel receiued and not any hurt done vnto him, but with +good conuoy sent vnto Setuuel, and from thence sailed into England with all +the rest of the Englishmen that were taken prisoners. + +The Spanish armie staied at the Iland of Coruo til the last of September, +to assemble the rest of the fleet together, which in the ende were to the +number of 140 sailes of ships partly comming from India, and partly of the +army, and being altogether readie to saile to Tercera in good company, +there suddenly rose so hard and cruell a storme, that those of the Ilands +did affirme, that in mans memorie there was neuer any such seen or heard +off before: for it seemed the sea would haue swalowed vp the Ilands, the +water mounting higher then the cliffs, which are so high that it amaseth a +man to behold them: but the sea reached aboue them, and liuing fishes were +throwen vpon the land. This storme continued not only a day or two with one +wind, but 7 or 8 dayes continually, the wind turning round about in al +places of the compasse, at the lest twise or thrise during that time, and +all alike, with a continuall storme and tempest most terrible to behold, +euen to vs that were on shore, much more then to such as were at sea: so +that onely on the coasts and cliffes of the Iland of Tercera, there were +aboue 12 ships cast away, and not onely vpon the one side, but round about +it in euery corner, whereby nothing els was heard but complaining, crying, +lamenting and telling, here is a ship broken in pieces against the cliffes, +and there another, and all the men drowned: so that for the space of 20 +dayes after the storme, they did nothing els but fish for dead men that +continually came driuing on the shore. [Sidenote: The wracke of the +Reuenge.] Among the rest was the English ship called the Reuenge, that was +cast away vpon a cliffe neere to the Iland of Tercera, where it brake in an +hundred pieces and sunke to the ground, hauing in her 70 men Galegos, +Biscains, and others, with some of the captiue Englishmen, whereof but one +was saued that got vp vpon the cliffes aliue, and had his body and head all +wounded, and he being on shore brought vs the newes desiring to be shriuen, +and thereupon presently died. The Reuenge had in her diuers faire brasse +pieces that were all sunke in the sea, which they of the Iland were in good +hope to waigh vp againe the next Sommer after. Among these ships that were +cast away about Tercera, was likewise a Flie-boat, one of those that had +bin arrested in Portugall to serue the king, called the white Doue, the +master of her was one Cornelius Martenson of Schiedam in Holland, and there +were in her 100 souldiers, as in euery one of the rest there were. He being +ouer-ruled by the captaine that he could not be master of his owne, sayling +here and there at the mercy of God, as the storme droue him, in the end +came within the sight of the Iland of Tercera, which the Spaniards +perceiuing thought all their safety onely to consist in putting into the +road, compelling the Master and the Pilot to make towards the Iland, +although the master refused to doe it, saying, that they were most sure +there to be cast away and vtterly spoyled: but the captaine called him +drunkard and Heretique, and striking him with a staffe, commaunded him to +doe as he would haue him. The Master, seeing this and being compelled to +doe it, sayd: well then my Masters, seeing that it is the desire of you all +to bee cast away, I can but lose one life, and therewith desperately he +sayled towards the shore, and was on that side of the Iland, where there +was nothing els but hard stones and rocks, as high as mountaines, most +terrible to beholde, where some of the inhabitants stood with long ropes +and corke bound at the ende thereof, to throw them downe, vnto the men, +that they might lay holde vpon them and saue their liues: but few of them +got so neere, most of them being cast away, and smitten in pieces before +they could get to the wall. The ship sailing in this maner (as I sayd +before) towards the Iland, and approching to the shore, the master being an +olde man, and full of yeeres, called his sonne that was in the ship with +him, and hauing imbraced one another, and taken their last farewell, the +good olde father willed his sonne not to take care for him, but seeke to +saue himselfe; for (sayd he) sonne thou art yong, and mayest haue some hope +to saue thy life, but as for me it is no great matter (I am olde) what +become of me, and therewith ech of these shedding many teares, as euery +louing father and kinde childe may well consider, the ship fell vpon the +cliffes, and brake in pieces, the father on the one side, the sonne on the +other side falling into the sea, ech laying holde vpon that which came next +to hand, but to no purpose; for the sea was so high and furious, that they +were all drowned, and onely foureteene or fifteene saued themselues by +swimming, with their legs and armes halfe broken and out of ioynt, among +which was the Masters sonne, and foure other Dutch boyes: the rest of the +Spaniards and Sailers, with the Captaine and Master, were drowned. Whose +heart would not melt with teares to beholde so grieuous a sight, specially +considering with himselfe that the greatest cause thereof was the +beastliness and insolency of the Spaniards, as in this onely example may +well be seene? Whereby may be considered how the other shippes sped, as we +ourselues did in part beholde, and by the men that were saued did heare +more at large, as also some others of our countreymen that as then were in +the like danger can well witnesse. + +On the other Ilands the losse was no lesse then in Tercera: for on the +Iland of Saint George there were two ships cast away: on the Iland of Pico +two ships: on the Iland of Gratiosa three ships: and besides those there +came euery where round about diuers pieces of broken ships, and other +things fleeting towards the Ilands, wherewith the sea was all couered most +pitifull to beholde. On the Iland of S. Michael there were foure ships cast +away, and betweene Tercera and S. Michael three more were sunke, which were +seene and heard to cry out; whereof not one man was saued. [Sidenote: About +100 Spanish and Portugall ships drowned.] The rest put into the sea without +masts, all torne and rent: so that of the whole fleet and armada, being 140 +ships in all, there were but 32 or 33 arriued in Spaine and Portugall, yea, +and those few with so great misery, paine and labour, that not two of them +arriued there together, but this day one, and tomorrow another, next day +the third, and so one after the other to the number aforesayd. All the rest +were cast away vpon the Ilands, and ouerwhelmed in the Sea, whereby may be +considered what great losse and hindrance they receiued at that time: for +by many mens iudgments it was esteemed to be much more then was lost by +their army that came for England: and it may well be thought, and presumed, +that it was no other but a iust plague purposely sent by God vpon the +Spaniards, and that it might truely be sayd, the taking of the Reuenge was +iustly reuenged vpon them, and not by the might or force of man, but by the +power of God, as some of them openly sayd in the Ile of Tercera, that they +beleeued verily God would consume them, and that he tooke part with the +Lutherans and heretiks: saying further that so soone as they had throwen +the dead body of the Viceadmirall Sir Richard Greenfield ouerboord, they +verily thought that as he had a diuellish faith and religion, and therefore +the diuels loued him, so he presently sunke into the bottome of the sea, +and downe into hell, where he raised vp all the diuels to the reuenge of +his death: and that they brought so great stormes and torments vpon the +Spaniards, because they onely maintained the Catholike and Romish religion. +Such and the like blasphemies against God, they ceased not openly to vtter, +without being reprooued of any man therein, nor for their false opinions: +but the most part of them rather sayd and affirmed, that of trueth it must +needs be so. + +As one of those Indian fleets put out of Noua Spagna, there were 35 of them +by storme and tempest cast away and drowned in the Sea, being 50 in all; so +that but 15 escaped. Of the fleet that came from Santo Domingo there were +14 cast away, comming out of the chanell of Hauana, whereof the Admirall +and Viceadmirall were two of them: and from Terra Firma in India there came +two ships laden with golde and siluer, that were taken by the Englishmen: +and before the Spanish army came to Coruo, the Englishmen at times had +taken at the least 20 ships, that came from S. Domingo, India, Brasilia, +&c. and were all sent into England. + + * * * * * + +The miraculous victory atchieved by the English Fleete, under the discreet + and happy conduct of the right honourable, right prudent, and valiant + lord, the L. Charles Howard, L. high Admirall of England, &c. Vpon the + Spanish huge Armada sent in the yeere 1588. for the invasion of England, + together with the wofull and miserable success of the said Armada + afterward, upon the Coasts of Norway, of the Scottish Westerne Isles, of + Ireland, Spain, France, and of England, &c. Recorded in Latine by Emanuel + van Meteran, in the 15. Booke of his history of the Low Countreys. + +Hauing in part declared the strange and wonderfull euents of the yeere +eightie eight, which hath bene so long time foretold by ancient prophesies; +we will now make relation of the most notable and great enterprise of all +others which were in the foresaid yeere atchieued, in order as it was done. +Which exploit (although in very deed it was not performed in any part of +the low Countreys) was intended for their ruine and destruction. And it was +the expedition which the Spanish king, hauing a long time determined the +same in his minde, and hauing consulted thereabout with the Pope, set +foorth and vndertooke against England and the low Countreys. To the end +that he might subdue the Realme of England, and reduce it vnto his +catholique Religion, and by that meanes might be sufficiently reuenged for +the disgrace, contempt and dishonour, which hee (hauing 34. yeeres before +enforced them to the Popes obedience) had endured of the English nation, +and for diuers other iniuries which had taken deepe impression in his +thoughts. And also for that hee deemed this to bee the most readie and +direct course, whereby hee might recouer his heredetarie possession of the +lowe Countreys, hauing restrained the inhabitants from sayling vpon the +coast of England. Which verily, vpon most weighty arguments and euident +reasons, was thought would vndoubtedly haue come to passe, considering the +great aboundance and store of all things necessary wherewith those men were +furnished, which had the managing of that action committed vnto them. But +now let vs describe the matter more particularly. + +[Sidenote: The preparation of the Spanish King to subdue England and the +lowe Countreys.] The Spanish King hauing with small fruite and commoditie, +for aboue twentie yeeres together, waged warre against the Netherlanders, +after deliberation with his counsellers thereabout, thought it most +conuenient to assault them once againe by Sea, which had bene attempted +sundry times heretofore, but not with forces sufficient. Vnto the which +expedition it stoode him nowe in hand to ioyne great puissance, as hauing +the English people his professed enemies; whose Island is so situate, that +it may either greatly helpe or hinder all such as saile into those parts. +For which cause hee thought good first of all to inuade England, being +perswaded by his Secretary Escouedo, and by diuers other well experienced +Spaniards and Dutchmen, and by many English fugitiues, that the conquest of +that Island was lesse difficult then the conquest of Holland and Zeland. +Moreouer the Spaniards were of opinion, that it would bee farre more +behouefull for their King to conquere England and the lowe Countreys all at +once, then to be constrained continually to maintaine a warlike Nauie to +defend his East and West Indie Fleetes, from the English Drake, and from +such like valiant enemies. + +And for the same purpose the king Catholique had giuen commandement long +before in Italie and Spaine, that a great quantitie of timber should be +felled for the building of shippes; and had besides made great preparation +of things and furniture requisite for such an expedition; as namely in +founding of brasen Ordinance, in storing vp of corne and victuals, in +trayning of men to vse warlike weapons, in leauying and mustering of +souldiers: insomuch that about the beginning of the yeere 1588. he had +finished such a mightie Nauie, and brought it into Lisbon hauen, as neuer +the like had before that time sailed vpon the Ocean sea. + +A very large and particular description of this Nauie was put in print and +published by the Spaniards; wherein were set downe the number, names, and +burthens of the shippes, the number of Mariners and souldiers throughout +the whole Fleete; likewise the quantitie of their Ordinance, of their +armour, of bullets, of match, of gun-poulder, of victuals, and of all their +Nauall furniture was in the saide description particularized. Vnto all +these were added the names of the Gouernours, Captaines, Noblemen and +gentlemen voluntaries, of whom there was so great a multitude, that scarce +was there any family of accompt, or any one principall man throughout all +Spaine, that had not a brother, sonne or kinseman in that Fleete: who all +of them were in good hope to purchase vnto themselues in that Nauie (as +they termed it) inuincible endlesse glory and renowne, and to possesse +themselues of great Seigniories and riches in England, and in the lowe +Countreys. But because the said description was translated and published +out of Spanish into diuers other languages, we will here onely make an +abridgment or briefe rehearsall thereof. + +[Sidenote: The number and qualitie of the ships in the Spanish Fleete, with +the souldiers, Mariners, and pieces of Ordinance.] Portugal furnished and +set foorth vnder the conduct of the duke of Medina Sidonia generall of the +Fleete, ten Galeons, two Zabraes, 1300. Mariners, 3300. souldiers, 300. +great pieces, with all requisite furniture. + +Biscay, vnder the conduct of Iohn Martines de Ricalde Admiral of the whole +Fletee, set forth tenne Galeons, 4. Pataches, 700. mariners, 2000. +souldiers, 250. great pieces, &c. + +Guipusco, vnder the conduct of Michael de Oquendo, tenne Galeons, 4 +Pataches, 700. mariners, 2000. souldiers, 310. great pieces. + +Italy with the Leuant Islands, vnder Martine de Vertendona, 10. Galeons, +800. mariners, 2000. souldiers, 310. great pieces, &c. + +Castile, vnder Diego Flores de Valdez, 14. Galeons, two Pataches, 1700. +mariners, 2400. souldiers, and 380. great pieces, &c. + +Andaluzia, vnder the conduct of Petro de Valdez, 10. Galeons, one Patache, +800. mariners, 2400. souldiers, 280. great pieces, &c. + +Item, vnder the conduct of Iohn Lopez de Medina, 23. great Flemish hulkes, +with 700. mariners, 3200. souldiers, and 400. great pieces. + +Item, vnder Hugo de Moncada, foure Galliasses containing 1200. +gally-slaues, 460. mariners, 870. souldiers, 200. great pieces, &c. + +Item, vnder Diego de Mandrana, foure Gallies of Portugall, with 888. +gally-slaues, 360. mariners, 20 great pieces, and other requisite +furniture. + +Item, vnder Anthonie de Mendoza, 22. Pataches and Zabraes, with 574. +mariners, 488. souldiers, and 193. great pieces. + +Besides, the ships aforementioned there were 20 carauels rowed with oares, +being appointed to performe necessary seruices vnto the greater ships: +insomuch that all the ships appertayning to this Nauie amounted vnto the +summe of 150. eche one being sufficiently prouided of furniture and +victuals, + +The number of mariners in the saide Fleete were aboue 8000. of slaues 2088. +of souldiers 20000. (besides noblemen and gentlemen voluntaries) of great +cast pieces 2650. The foresaid ships were of an huge and incredible +capacitie and receipt. For the whole Fleete was large ynough to containe +the burthen of 60 thousand tunnes. + +[Sidenote: A description of the Galeons.] The Galeons were 64. in number, +being of an huge bignesse, and very stately built, being of marueilous +force also, and so high that they resembled great castles, most fit to +defend themselues and to withstand any assault, but in giuing any other +ships the encounter farre inferiour vnto the English and Dutch ships, which +can with great dexteritie wield and turn themselues at all assayes. The +vpperworke of the said Galeons was of thicknesse and strength sufficient to +beare off musket-shot. The lower worke and the timbers thereof were out of +measure strong, being framed of plankes and ribs foure or fiue foote in +thicknesse, insomuch that no bullets could pierce them, but such as were +discharged hard at hand: which afterward prooued true, for a great number +of bullets were founde to sticke fast within the massie substance of those +thicke plankes. Great and well pitched Cables were twined about the masts +of their shippes, to strengthen them against the battery of shot. + +[Sidenote: A description of the Galliasses.] The Galliasses were of such +bignesse, that they contained within them chambers, chapels, turrets, +pulpits, and other commodities of great houses. The Galliasses were rowed +with great oares, there being in eche one of them 300. slaues for the same +purpose, and were able to do great seruice with the force of their +Ordinance. All these together with the residue aforenamed were furnished +and beautified with trumpets, streamers, banners, warlike ensignes, and +other such like ornaments. + +[Sidenote: The great Ordinance, bullets, gunpoulder, and other furniture.] +Their pieces of brasen ordinance were 1600. and of yron a 1000. + +The bullets thereto belonging were 120. thousand. + +Item of gun-poulder 5600. quintals. Of matche 1200. quintals. + +Of muskets and kaleiuers 7000. Of haleberts and partisans 10000. + +Moreouer they had great store of canons, double-canons, culuerings and +field-pieces for land seruices. + +[Sidenote: Their prouision of victuals and other things necessary.] +Likewise they were prouided of all instruments necessary on land to +conueigh and transport their furniture from place to place; as namely of +carts, wheeles, wagons, &C. Also they had spades, mattocks and baskets to +set pioners on worke. They had in like sort great store of mules and +horses, and whatsoeuer else was requisite for a land-armie. They were so +well stored of biscuit, that for the space of halfe a yeere, they might +allow eche person in the whole Fleete half a quintall euery moneth; whereof +the whole summe amounteth vnto an hundred thousand quintals. + +Likewise of wine they had 147. thousand pipes, sufficient also for halfe a +yeeres expedition. Of bacon 6500. quintals. Of cheese three thousand +quintals. Besides fish, rise, beanes, pease, oile, vineger, &c. + +Moreouer they had 12000. pipes of fresh water, and all other necessary +prouision, as namely candles, lanternes, lampes, sailes, hempe, ox-hides +and lead to stop holes that should be made with the battery of gunshot. To +be short, they brought all things expedient either for a Fleete by sea, or +for an armie by land. + +This Nauie (as Diego Pimentelli afterward confessed) was esteemed by the +King himselfe to containe 32000. persons, and to cost him euery day 30. +thousand ducates. + +[Sidenote: A Spanish terza consisteth of 3200. souldiers.] There were in +the said Nauie fiue terzaes of Spaniards, (which terzaes the Frenchmen call +Regiments) vnder the commaund of fiue gouernours termed by the Spaniards, +Masters of the field, and amongst the rest there were many olde and expert +souldiers chosen out of the garisons of Sicilie, Naples, and Terçera. Their +Captaines or Colonels were Diego Pimentelli, Don Francisco de Toledo, Don +Alonço de Luçon, Don Nicolas de Isla, Don Augustin de Mexia; who had eche +of them 32. companies vnder their conduct. Besides the which companies +there were many bands also of Castilians and Portugals, euery one of which +had their peculiar gouernours, captaines, officers, colours and weapons. + +It was not lawfull for any man, vnder grieuous penaltie, to cary any women +or harlots in the Fleete: for which cause the women hired certaine shippes, +wherein they sailed after the Nauie: some of the which being driuen by +tempest arriued vpon the coast of France. + +The generall of this mightie Nauie, was Don Alonso Perez de Guzman duke of +Medina Sidonia, Lord of S. Lucar, and knight of the golden Fleece: by +reason that the Marques of santa Cruz appointed for the same dignitie, +deceased before the time. + +Iohn Martines de Ricalde was Admirall of the Fleete. + +Francis Bouadilla was chiefe Marshall: who all of them had their officers +fit and requisite for the guiding and managing of such a multitude. +Likewise Martin Alorcon was appointed Vicar generall of the Inquisition, +being accompanied with more then a hundreth Monkes, to wit, Iesuites, +Capuchines, and friers mendicant. Besides whom also there were Phisitians, +Chirurgians, Apothecaries, and whatsoever else perteined vnto the +hospitall. + +Ouer and besides the forenamed gouernours and officers being men of chiefe +note, there were 124. very noble and worthy Gentlemen, which went +voluntarily of their owne costs and charges, to the ende they might see +fashions, learne experience, and attaine vnto glory. Amongst whom was the +prince of Ascoli, Alonzo de Leiua, the marques de Pennafiel, the marques de +Ganes, the marques de Barlango, count de Paredes, count de Yeluas, and +diuers other marqueses and earles of the honourable families of Mendoza, of +Toledo, of Pachieco, of Cordoua, of Guzman, of Manricques, and a great +number of others. + +[Sidenote: The preparation of the Duke of Parma to aide the Spaniards.] +While the Spaniards were furnishing this their Nauuie, the Duke of Parma, +at the direction of king Philip, made great preparation in the low +Countreys, to giue ayd and assistance vnto the Spaniards; building ships +for the same purpose, and sending for Pilots and shipwrights out of Italy. + +In Flanders hee caused certaine deepe chanels to be made, and among the +rest the chanell of Yper commonly called Yper-lee, employing some thousands +of workemen about that seruice: to the end that by the said chanel he might +transport ships from Antwerp and Ghendt to Bruges, where hee had assembled +aboue a hundreth small ships called hoyes being well stored with victuals, +which hoyes hee was determined to haue brought into the sea by the way of +Sluys, or else to haue conueyed them by the saide Yper-lee being now of +greater depth, into any port of Flanders whatsoeuer. + +In the riuer of Waten he caused 70. ships with flat bottomes to be built, +euery one of which should serue to cary 30. horses, hauing eche of them +bridges likewise for the horses to come on boord, or to goe foorth on land. +Of the same fashion he had prouided 200. other vessels at Nieuport, but not +so great. And at Dunkerk hee procured 28. ships of warre, such as were +there to be had, and caused a sufficient number of Mariners to be leuied at +Hamburgh, Breme, Emden, and at other places. Hee put in the ballast of the +said ships, great store of beames of thicke plankes, being hollow and beset +with yron pikes beneath, but on eche side full of claspes and hookes, to +ioyne them together. + +Hee had likewise at Greueling prouided 20. thousand of caske, which in a +short space might be compact and ioyned together with nailes and cords, and +reduced into the forme of a bridge. To be short, whatsoeuer things were +requisite for the making of bridges, and for the barring and stopping vp of +hauens mouthes with stakes, posts, and other meanes, he commanded to be +made ready. Moreouer not farre from Neiuport hauen, he had caused a great +pile of wooden fagots to be layd, and other furniture to be brought for the +rearing vp of a mount. The most part of his ships conteined two ouens a +piece to bake bread in, with a great number of sadles, bridles, and such +other like apparell for horses. They had horses likewise, which after their +landing should serue to conuey, and draw engines, field-pieces, and other +warlike prouisions. + +Neere vnto Neiuport he had assembled an armie, ouer the which he had +ordained Camillo de Monte to be Camp-master. This army consisted of 30. +bands or ensignes of Italians, of tenne bands of Wallons, eight of Scots, +and eight of Burgundians, all which together amount vnto 56. bands, euery +band containing a hundreth persons. Neare vnto Dixmund there were mustered +80. bands of Dutch men, sixtie of Spaniards, sixe of high Germans, and +seuen bands of English fugitiues, vnder the conduct of sir William Stanley +an English knight. + +In the suburbes of Cortreight there were 4000. horsemen together with their +horses in a readinesse: and at Waten 900. horses, with the troupe of the +Marques Del Gwasto Captaine generall of the horsemen. + +Vnto this famous expedition and presupposed victorie, many potentates, +princes, and honourable personages hied themselues: out of Spaine the +prince of Melito called the duke of Pastrana and taken to be the sonne of +one Ruygomes de Silua, but in very deed accompted among the number of king +Philips base sonnes. Also the Marques of Burgraue, one of the sonnes of +Archiduke Ferdinand and Philippa Welsera. Vespasian Gonsaga of the family +of Mantua, being for chiualry a man of great renowne, and heretofore +Vice-roy in Spaine. Item Iohn Medices base sonne vnto the duke of Florence. +And Amadas of Sauoy, the duke of Sauoy his base sonne, with many others of +inferiour degrees. + +[Sidenote: The Popes furtherance to the conquest of England, and of the low +countries.] Likewise Pope Sixtus quintus for the setting forth of the +foresaid expedition, as they vse to do against Turkes and infidels, +published a Cruzado, with most ample indulgences which were printed in +great numbers. These vaine buls the English and Dutchmen deriding, sayd +that the deuill at all passages lay in ambush like a thiefe, no whit +regarding such letters of safe conduct. Some there be which affirme that +the Pope had bestowed the realme of England with the title of Defensor +fidei, vpon the king of Spaine, giuing him charge to inuade it vpon this +condition, that he should enioy the conquered realm, as a vassal and +tributarie, in that regard, vnto the sea of Rome. To this purpose the said +Pope proffered a million of gold, the one halfe thereof to be paied in +readie money, and the other halfe when the realme of England or any famous +port thereof were subdued. And for the greater furtherance of the whole +businesse, he dispatched one D. Allen an English man (whom he had made +Cardinall for the same ende and purpose) into the Low countries, vnto whom +he committed the administration of all matters ecclesiasticall throughout +England. This Allen being enraged against his owne natiue countrey, caused +the Popes bull to be translated into English, meaning vpon the arriual of +the Spanish fleete to haue it so published in England. By which Bull the +excommunications of the two former Popes were confirmed, and the Queenes +most sacred Maiestie was by them most vniustly depriued of all princely +titles and dignities, her subjects being enioyned to performe obedience +vnto the duke of Parma, and vnto the Popes Legate. + +But that all matters might be performed with greater secrecie, and that the +whole expedition might seeme rather to be intended against the Low +countries, then against England, and that the English people might be +perswaded that all was but bare words and threatnings, and that nought +would come to effect, there was a solemne meeting appointed at Borborch in +Flanders for a treatie of peace betweene her matestie and the Spanish king. + +[Sidenote: A treatie of peace, to the end that Englad and the vnited +prouinces might be secure of inuasion.] Against which treatie the vnited +prouinces making open protestation, vsed all meanes possible to hinder it, +alleaging that it was more requisite to consult how the enemie now pressing +vpon them might be repelled from off their frontiers. Howbeit some there +were in England that greatly vrged and prosecuted this league, saying, that +it would be very commodious vnto the state of the realme, as well in regard +of traffique and nauigation, as for the auoiding of great expenses to +maintaine the warres, affirming also, that at the same time peace might +easily and vpon reasonable conditions be obtained of the Spaniard. Others +thought by this meanes to diuert some other way, or to keepe backe the nauy +now comming vpon them, and so to escape the danger of that tempest. +Howsoeuer it was, the duke of Parma by these wiles enchanted and dazeled +the eyes of many English and Dutch men that were desirous of peace: +whereupon it came to passe, that England and the vnited prouinces prepared +in deed some defence to withstand that dreadfull expedition and huge +Armada, but nothing in comparison of the great danger which was to be +feared, albeit the constant report of the whole expedition had continued +rife among them for a long time before. Howbeit they gaue eare vnto the +relation of certaine that sayd, that this nauie was prouided to conduct and +waft ouer the Indian Fleets: which seemed the more probable because the +Spaniards were deemed not to be men of so small discretion as to aduenture +those huge and monstrous ships vpon the shallow and dangerous chanel of +England. + +[Sidenote: Her maiesties warlike preparation by sea.] At length when as the +French king about the end of May signified vnto her Maiestie in plaine +termes that she should stand vpon her guard, because he was now most +certainly enformed, that there was so dangerous an inuasion imminent vpon +her realme, that he feared much least all her land and sea-forces would be +sufficient to withstand it, &c. then began the Queens Maiestie more +carefully to gather her forces together, and to furnish her own ships of +warre, and the principall ships of her subiects with souldiers, weapons, +and other necessary prouision. The greatest and strongest ships of the +whole nauy she sent vnto Plimmouth vnder the conduct of the right honorable +Lord Charles Howard, lord high Admirall of England, &c. Vnder whom the +renoumed Knight Sir Francis Drake was appointed Vice-admiral. The number of +these ships was about an hundreth. The lesser ships being 30. or 40. in +number, and vnder the conduct of the lord Henry Seimer were commanded to +lie between Douer and Caleis. + +[Sidenote: Her Maiesties land-forces.] On land likewise throughout the +whole realme, souldiers were mustered and trained in all places, and were +committed vnto the most resolute and faithfull captaines. And whereas it +was commonly giuen out that the Spaniard hauing once vnited himselfe vnto +the duke of Parma, meant to inuade by the riuer of Thames, there was at +Tilburie in Essex ouer-against Grauesend, a mightie army encamped, and on +both sides of the riuer fortifications were erected, according to the +prescription of Frederike Genebelli, an Italian enginier. Likewise there +were certaine ships brought to make a bridge, though it were very late +first. Vnto the sayd army came in proper person the Queens most roiall +Maiestie, representing Tomyris that Scythian warlike princesse, or rather +diuine Pallas her selfe. Also there were other such armies leuied in +England. + +The principall catholique Recussants (least they should stirre vp any +tumult in the time of the Spanish inuasion) were sent to remaine at +certaine conuenient places, as namely in the Isle of Ely and at Wisbich. +And some of them were sent vnto other places, to wit, vnto sundry bishops +and noblemen, where they were kept from endangering the state of the common +wealth, and of her sacred Maiestie, who of her most gracious clemencie gaue +expresse commandement that they should be intreated with all humanity and +friendship. + +[Sidenote: The preparation of the united prouinces.] The Prouinces of +Holland and Zeland, &c. giuing credite vnto their intelligence out of +Spain, made preparation to defend themselues: but because the Spanish ships +were described vnto them to be so huge, they relied partly vpon the shallow +and dangerous seas all along their costs. Wherfore they stood most in doubt +of the duke of Parma his small and flat-bottomed ships. Howbeit they had +all their ships of warre to the number of 90. and aboue, in a readinesse +for all assayes: the greater part whereof were of a small burthen, as being +more meete to saile vpon their riuers and shallow seas: and with these +ships they besieged all the hauens in Flanders, beginning at the mouth of +Scheld, or from the towne of Lillo, and holding on to Greueling and almost +vnto Caleis, and fortified all their sea-townes with strong garrisons. + +Against the Spanish fleets arriual, they had provided 25. or 30. good +ships, committing the gouernment of them vnto Admirall Lonck, whom they +commanded to ioine himselfe vnto the lord Henry Seymer, lying betweene +Douer and Cales. And when as the foresaid ships (whereof the greater part +besieged the hauen of Dunkerke) were driuen by tempest into Zeland, Iustin, +of Nassau the Admiral of Zeland supplied that squadron with 35. ships being +of no great burthen, but excellently furnished with gunnes, mariners and +souldiers in great abundance, and especially with 1200. braue Musquetiers, +hauing bene accustomed vnto seafights, and being chosen out of all their +companies for the same purpose: and so the said Iustin of Nassau kept such +diligent ward in that Station that the duke of Parma could not issue foorth +with his nauy into the sea but of any part of Flanders. + +[Sidenote: The Spanish fleete set saile vpon the 19. of May.] In the meaane +while the Spanish Armada set saile out of the hauen of Lisbon vpon the 19. +of May, An. Dom. 1588 vnder the conduct of the duke of Medina Sidonia, +directing their course for the Baie of Corunna, alias the Groine in +Gallicia, where they tooke in souldiers and warlike prouision, this port +being in Spaine the neerest vnto England. As they were sailing along, there +arose such a mightie tempest, that the whole Fleete was dispersed, so that +when the duke was returned vnto his company, he could not escry aboue 80. +ships in all, whereunto the residue by litle and litle ioyned themselues, +except eight which had their mastes blowen ouer-boord. One of the foure +gallies of Portingal escaped very hardly, retiring her selfe, into the +hauen. The other three were vpon the coast of Baion in France, by the +assistance and courage of one Dauid Gwin an English captiue (whom the +French and Turkish slaues aided in the same enterprise) vtterly disabled +and vanquished: one of the three being first ouercome, which conquered the +two other, with the slaughter of their gouernours and souldiers, and among +the rest of Don Diego de Mandrana with sundry others: and so these slaues +arriuing in France with the three Gallies, set themselues at liberty. + +[Sidenote: They set saile from the Groine vpon the 11. of Iuly. The +Spaniards come within kenning of England. Captain Fleming.] The nauy hauing +refreshed themselues at the Groine, and receiuing daily commandement from +the king to hasten their iourney, hoised vp sailes the 11. day of July, and +so holding on their course, till the 19. of the same moneth, they came then +vnto the mouth of the narow seas or English chanel. From whence (striking +their sailes in the meane season) they dispatched certaine of their smal +ships vnto the duke of Parma. At the same time the Spanish Fleete was +escried by an English pinasse, captaine whereof was M. Thomas Fleming, +after they had bene aduertised of the Spaniards expedition by their scoutes +and espials, which hauing ranged along the coast of Spaine, were lately +returned home into Plimmouth for a new supply of victuals and other +necessaries, who considering the foresayd tempest, were of opinion that the +nauy being of late dispersed and tossed vp and downe the maine Ocean, was +by no means able to performe their intended voiage. + +Moreouer, the L. Charles Howard L. high admiral of England had receiued +letters from the court, signifying vnto him that her Maiestie was +aduertised that the Spanish Fleete would not come foorth, nor was to be any +longer expected for, and therefore, that vpon her Maiesties commandement he +must send backe foure of her tallest and strongest ships vnto Chatham. + +[Sidenote: The L. Admirals short warning upon the 19. of Iuly.] The lord +high Admiral of England being thus on the sudden, namely vpon the 19. of +July about foure of the clocke in the afternoone, enformed by the pinasse +of captaine Fleming aforesaid, of the Spaniards approch, with all speed and +diligence possible he warped his ships, and caused his mariners and +souldiers (the greater part of whom was absent for the cause aforesayd) to +come on boord, and that with great trouble and drfficultie, insomuch that +the lord Admiral himselfe was faine to lie without in the road with sixe +ships onely all that night, after the which many others came foorth of the +hauen. [Sidenote: The 20. of Iuly.] The very next day being the 20. of Iuly +about high noone, was the Spanish Fleete escried by the English, which with +a Southwest wind came sailing along, and passed by Plimmouth: in which +regard (according to the iudgement of many skilful nauigators) they greatly +ouershot themselues, whereas it had bene more commodious for them to haue +staied themselues there, considering that the Englishmen being as yet +vnprouided, greatly relied vpon their owne forces, and knew not the estate +of the Spanish nauy. Moreouer, this was the most conuenient port of all +others, where they might with greater securitie haue bene aduertised of the +English forces, and how the commons of the land stood affected, and might +haue stirred vp some mutinie, so that hither they should haue bent all +their puissance, and from hence the duke of Parma might more easily haue +conueied his ships. + +But this they were prohibited to doe by the king and his counsell, and were +expressely commanded to vnite themselues vnto the souldiers and ships of +the said duke of Parma, and so to bring their purpose to effect. Which was +thought to be the most easie and direct course, for that they imagined that +the English and Dutch men would be vtterly daunted and dismaied thereat, +and would each man of them retire vnto his owne Prouince and Porte for the +defence thereof, and transporting the armie of the duke vnder the +protection of their huge nauy, they might inuade England. + +It is reported that the chiefe commanders in the nauy, and those which were +more skilfull in nauigation, to wit, Iohn Martines de Ricalde, Diego Flores +de Valdez, and diuers others found fault that they were bound vnto so +strict directions and instructions, because that in such a case many +particular accidents ought to concurre and to be respected at one and the +same instant, that is to say, the opportunitie of the wind, weather, time, +tide, and ebbe, wherein they might saile from Flanders to England. +Oftentimes also the darkenesse and light, the situation of places, the +depths and shoulds were to be considered: all which especially depended +vpon the conuenience of the windes, and were by so much the more dangerous. + +But it seemeth that they were enioined by their commission to ancre neere +vnto, or about Caleis, whither the duke of Parma with his ships and all his +warrelike prouision was to resort, and while the English and Spanish great +ships were in the midst of their conflict, to passe by, and to land his +souldiers vpon the Downes. + +The Spanish captiues reported that they were determined first to haue +entred the riuer of Thames, and thereupon to haue passed with small ships +vp to London, supposing that they might easily winne that rich and +flourishing Citie being but meanely fortified and inhabited with Citizens +not accustomed to the warres, who durst not withstand their first +encounter, hoping moreouer to finde many rebels against her Maiestie and +popish catholiques, or some fauourers of the Scottish queene (which was not +long before most iustly beheaded) who might be instruments of sedition. + +Thus often aduertising the duke of Parrna of their approch, the 20. of Iuly +they passed by Plimmouth, which the English ships pursuing and getting the +wind of them, gaue them the chase and the encounter, and so both Fleets +frankly exchanged their bullets. + +[Sidenote: The 21. of Iuly.] The day following which was the 21. of Iuly, +the English ships approched within musquet shot of the Spanish: at what +time the lorde Charles Howard most hotly and valiantly discharged his +Ordinance vpon the Spanish Vice-admirall. The Spaniards then well +perceiuing the nimblenesse of the English ships in discharging vpon the +enimie on all sides, gathered themselues close into the forme of an halfe +moone, and slackened their sailes, least they should outgoe any of their +companie. And while they were proceeding on in this maner, one of their +great Galliasses was so furiously battered with shot, that the whole nauy +was faine to come vp rounder together for the safegard thereof: whereby it +came to passe that the principall Galleon of Siuill (wherein Don Pedro de +Valdez, Vasques de Silua, Alonzo de Sayas, and other noble men were +embarqued) falling foule of another shippe, had her fore-mast broken, and +by that meanes was not able to keepe way with the Spanish Fleete, neither +would the sayde Fleete stay to succour it, but left the distressed Galeon +behind. The lord Admirall of England when he saw this ship of Valdez, and +thought she had bene voyd of Mariners and Souldiers, taking with him as +many shippes as he could, passed by it, that he might not loose sight of +the Spanish Fleet that night. For sir Francis Drake (who was +notwithstanding appointed to beare out his lanterne that night) was giuing +of chase vnto fiue great Hulkes which had separated themselues from the +Spanish Fleete: but finding them to be Easterlings, he dismissed them. The +lord Admirall all that night following the Spanish lanterne in stead of the +English, found himselfe in the morning to be in the midst of his enimies +Fleete, but when he perceiued it, he cleanly conueyed himselfe out of that +great danger. + +[Sidenote: The 22. of Iuly.] The day folowing, which was the two and +twentie of Iuly, Sir Francis Drake espied Valdez his shippe, whereunto hee +sent foorth his pinasse, and being aduertised that Valdez himselfe was +there, and 450. persons with him, he sent him word that he should yeeld +himselfe. Valdez for his honors sake caused certaine conditions to be +propounded vnto Drake: who answered Valdez that he was not now at laisure +to make any long parle, but if he would yeeld himselfe, he should find him +friendly and tractable: howbeit if he had resolued to die in fight, he +should prooue Drake to be no dastard. + +[Sidenote: Don Pedro de Valdez with his ship and company taken.] Vpon which +answere Valdez and his company vnderstanding that they were fallen into the +hands of fortunate Drake, being mooued with the renoume and celebritie of +his name, with one consent yeelded themselues, and found him very +fauourable vnto them. Then Valdez with 40. or 50. noblemen and gentlemen +pertaining vnto him, came on boord sir Francis Drakes ship. The residue of +his ship were caried vnto Plimmouth, where they were detained a yere and an +halfe for their ransome. + +Valdez comming vnto Drake and humbly kissing his hand protested vnto him, +that he and they had resolued to die in battell, had they not by good +fortune fallen into his power, whom they knew to be right curteous and +gentle, and whom they had heard by generall report to bee most favourable +vnto his vanquished foe: insomuch that he sayd it was to bee doubted +whether his enimies had more cause to admire and loue him for his great, +valiant, and prosperous exploites, or to dread him for his singular +felicitie and wisedom, which euer attended vpon him in the warres, and by +the which hee had attained vnto so great honour. With that Drake embraced +him and gaue him very honourable entertainement, feeding him at his owne +table, and lodging him in his cabbin. + +Here Valdez began to recount vnto Drake the forces of all the Spanish +Fleet, and how foure mightie Gallies were separated by tempest from them, +and also how they were determined first to haue put into Plimmouth hauen, +not expecting to bee repelled thence by the English ships which they +thought could by no meanes withstand their impregnable forces, perswading +themselues that by means of their huge Fleete, they were become lords and +commaunders of the maine Ocean. For which cause they marueled much how the +English men in their small ships durst approch within musket shot of the +Spaniards mightie wooden castles, gathering the wind of them with many +other such like attempts. + +Immediately after, Valdez and his company, being a man of principal +authoritie in the Spanish Fleete, and being descended of one and the same +familie with that Valdez, which in the yeere 1574 besieged Leiden in +Holland, were sent captiues into England. There were in the sayd ship 55. +thousand duckates in ready money of the Spanish kings gold, which the +souldiers merily shared among themselues. + +[Sidenote: A great Biscaine ship taken by the English.] The same day was +set on fire one of their greatest shippes, being Admirall of the squadron +of Guipusco, and being the shippe of Michael de Oquendo Vice-admirall of +the whole Fleete, which contained great store of gunnepowder and other +warrelike prouision. The vpper part onely of this shippe was burnt, and an +the persons therein contained (except a very few) were consumed with fire. +And thereupon it was taken by the English, and brought into England with a +number of miserable burnt and skorched Spaniards. Howbeit the gunpowder (to +the great admiration of all men) remained whole and vnconsumed. + +In the meane season the lord Admirall of England in his ship called the +Arke-royall, all that night pursued the Spaniards so neere, that in the +morning hee was almost left alone in the enimies Fleete, and it was foure +of the clocke at afternoone before the residue of the English Fleet could +ouertake him. + +At the same time Hugo de Moncada gouernour of the foure Galliasses, made +humble sute vnto the Duke of Medina that he might be licenced to encounter +the Admirall of England: which libertie the duke thought not good to permit +vnto him, because hee was loth to exceed the limites of his commission and +charge. + +[Sidenote: The 23. of Iuly.] Vpon Tuesday which was the three and twentie +of Iuly, the nauie being come ouer against Portland, the wind began to +turne Northerly, insomuch that the Spaniards had a fortunate and fit gale +to inuade the English. But the Englishmen hauing lesser and nimbler Ships, +recouered againe the vantage of the winde from the Spaniards, whereat the +Spaniards seemed to bee more incensed to fight then before. But when the +English Fleete had continually and without intermission from morning to +night, beaten and battered them with all their shot both great and small: +the Spaniardes vniting themselves, gathered their whole Fleete close +together into a roundell, so that it was apparant that they ment not as yet +to inuade others, but onely to defend themselues and to make hast vnto the +place prescribed vnto them, which was neere vnto Dunkerk, that they might +ioine forces with the Duke of Parma, who was determined to haue proceeded +secretly with his small shippes vnder the shadow and protection of the +great ones, and so had intended circumspectly to performe the whole +expedition. + +This was the most furious and bloodie skirmish of all, in which the lord +Admirall of England continued fighting amidst his enimies Fleete, and +seeing one of his Captaines afarre off, hee spake vnto him in these wordes: +Oh George what doest thou? Wilt thou nowe frustrate my hope and opinion +conceiued of thee? Wilt thou forsake me nowe? With which wordes hee being +enflamed, approched foorthwith, encountered the enemie, and did the part of +a most valiant Captaine. His name was George Fenner, a man that had bene +conuersant in many Sea-fights. + +[Sidenote: A great Venetian ship and other small ships taken by the +English.] In this conflict there was a certaine great Venetian ship with +other small ships surprised and taken by the English. + +The English nauie in the meane while increased, whereunto out of all Hauens +of the Realme resorted ships and men: for they all with one accord came +flocking thither as vnto a set field, where immortall fame and glory was to +be attained, and faithfult seruice to bee performed vnto their prince and +countrey. + +In which number there were many great and honourable personages, as namely, +the Erles of Oxford, of Northumberland, of Cumberland, &c. with many +Knights and Gentlemen: to wit, Sir Thomas Cecill, Sir Robert Cecill, Sir +Walter Raleigh, Sir William Hatton, Sir Horatio Palauacini, Sir Henry +Brooke, Sir Robert Carew, Sir Charles Blunt, Master Ambrose Willoughbie, +Master Henry Nowell, Master Thomas Gerard, Master Henry Dudley, Master +Edward Darcie, Master Arthur Gorge, Master Thomas Woodhouse, Master William +Haruie, &c. And so it came to passe that the number of the English shippes +amounted vnto an hundreth: which when they were come before Douer, were +increased to an hundred and thirtie, being notwithstanding of no +proportionable bignesse to encounter with the Spaniards, except two or +three and twentie of the Queehes greater shippes, which onely, by reason of +their presence, bred an opinion in the Spaniardes mindes concerning the +power of the English Fleet: the mariners and souldiers whereof were +esteemed to be twelue thousand. + +[Sidenote: The 24 of Iuly.] The foure and twentie of Iuly when as the sea +was calme, and no winde stirring, the fight was onely betweene the foure +great Galleasses and the English shippes, which being rowed with Oares, had +great vauntage of the sayd English shippes, which notwithstanding for all +that would not bee forced to yeeld, but discharged their chaine-shot to cut +assunder the Cables and Cordage of the Galliasses, with many other such +Stratagemes. They were nowe constrained to send their men on land for a +newe supplie of Gunne-powder, whereof they were in great skarcitie, by +reason they had so frankely spent the greater part in the former conflicts. + +The same day, a Counsell being assembled, it was decreed that the English +Fleete should be diuided into foure squadrons: the principall whereof was +committed vnto the lord Admirall: the second to Sir Francis Drake: the +third, to Captaine Hawkins: the fourth, to Captaine Frobisher. + +The Spaniards in their sailing obserued very diligent and good order, +sayling three and foure, and sometimes more ships in a ranke, and folowing +close vp one after another, and the stronger and greater ships protecting +the lesser. + +[Sidenote: The 25. of Iuly.] The fiue and twenty of Iuly when the +Spaniardes were come ouer-gainst the Isle of Wight, the lord Admirall of +England being accompanied with his best ships, (namely the Lion, Captaine +whereof was the lord Thomas Howard: The Elizabeth Ionas vnder the +commandement of Sir Robert Southwel sonne in lawe vnto the lord Admirall: +the Beare vnder the lord Sheffield nephew vnto the lord Admirall: the +Victorie vnder Captaine Barker: and the Galeon Leicester vnder the +forenamed Captaine George Fenner) with great valour and dreadfull +thundering of shot, encountered the Spanish Admirall being in the very +midst of all his Fleet. Which when the Spaniard perceiued, being assisted +with his strongest ships, he came foorth and entered a terrible combate +with the English: for they bestowed each on other the broad sides, and +mutually discharged all their Ordinance, being within one hundred, or an +hundred and twentie yards one of another. + +At length the Spaniardes hoised vp their sayles, and againe gathered +themselues vp close into the forme of a roundel. In the meane while +Captaine Frobisher had engaged himselfe into a most dangerous conflict. +Whereupon the lord Admirall comming to succour him, found that hee had +valiantly and discreetly behaued himselfe, and that hee had wisely and in +good time giuen ouer the fight, because that after so great a batterie he +had sustained no damage. + +[Sidenote: The 26. of Iuly.] For which cause the day following, being the +sixe and twentie of Iuly, the lord Admirall rewarded him with the order of +knighthood, together with the lord Thomas Howard, the lord Sheffield, M. +Iohn Hawkins and others. + +The same day the lord Admirall receiued intelligence from Newhauen in +France, by certaine of his Pinasses, that all things were quiet in France, +and that there was no preparation of sending aide vnto the Spaniards, which +was greatly feared from the Guisian faction, and from the Leaguers: but +there was a false rumour spread all about, that the Spaniards had conquered +England. + +[Sidenote: The 27. of Iuly. The Spaniards ancre before Caleis.] The seven +and twentie of Iuly, the Spaniards about the sunne-setting were come +ouer-against Douer, and rode at ancre within the sight of Caleis, intending +to hold on for Dunkerk, expecting there to ioyne with the Duke of Parma +his, forces, without which they were able to doe litle or nothing. + +Likewise the English Fleete following vp hard vpon them, ancred just by +them within culuering-shot. And here the lord Henry Seymer vnited himselfe +vnto the lord Admiral with his fleete of 30. ships which road before the +mouth of Thames. + +As the Spanish nauie therefore lay at ancre, the Duke of Medina sent +certaine messengers vnto the duke of Parma, with whom vpon that occasion +many Noblemen and Gentleman went to refresh themselues on land: and amongst +the rest the prince of Ascoli, being accounted the kings base sonne, and a +very proper and towardly yong gentleman, to his great good, went on shore, +who was by so much the more fortunate, in that hee had not opportunitie to +returne on boord the same ship, out of which he was departed, because that +in returning home it was cast away vpon the Irish coast, with all the +persons contained therein. + +The duke of Parma being aduertised of the Spanish Fleetes arriual vpon the +coast of England, made all the haste hee could to bee present himselfe in +this expedition for the performance of his charge: vainely perswading +himselfe that nowe by the meanes of Cardinall Allen, hee should be crowned +king of England, and for that cause hee had resigned the government of the +Lowe countries vnto Count Mansfeld the elder. [Sidenote: The 28. of Iuly.] +And having made his vowes vnto S. Mary of Hall in Henault (whom he went to +visite for his blind deuotions sake) he returned toward Bruges the 28. of +Iuly. + +[Sidenote: The 29. of Iuly.] The next day trauelling to Dunkerk hee heard +the thundering Ordinance of either Fleet: and the same euening being come +to Dixmud, hee was giuen to vnderstand the hard successe of the Spanish +Fleete. + +[Sidenote: The 30. of Iuly.] Vpon Tuesday which was the thirtieth of Iuly, +about high noone, hee came to Dunkerk, when as all the Spanish Fleete was +now passed by: neither durst any of his ships in the meane space come +foorth to assist the sayd Spanish Fleete for feare of fiue and thirtie +warrelike ships of Holland and Zeland, which there kept watch and warde +vnder the conduct of the Admirall Iustin of Nassau. + +The foresayd fiue and thirtie shippes were furnished with most cunning +mariners and olde expert souldiers, amongst the which were twelue hundred +Musketiers, whom the States had chosen out of all their garisons, and whom +they knew to haue bene heretofore experienced in sea-fights. + +This nauie was giuen especially in charge not to suffer any shippe to come +out of the Hauen, not to permit any Zabraes, Pataches, or other small +vessels of the Spanish Fleete (which were more likely to aide the +Dunkerkers) to enter thereinto, for the greater ships were not to be feared +by reason of the shallow sea in that place. Howbeit the prince of Parma his +forces being as yet vnreadie, were not come on boord his shippes, onely the +English Fugitiues being seuen hundred in number vnder the conduct of Sir +William Stanley, came in fit time to haue bene embarked, because they hoped +to giue the first assault against England. The residue shewed themselues +vnwilling and loath to depart, because they sawe but a few mariners, who +were by constraint drawne into this expedition, and also because they had +very bare prouision of bread, drinke, and other necessary victuals. + +Moreouer, the shippes of Holland and Zeland stood continually in their +sight, threatening shot and powder, and many inconueniences vnto them: for +feare of which shippes the Mariners and Sea-men secretly withdrew +themselues both day and night, lest that the duke of Parma his souldiers +should compell them, by maine force to goe on boord, and to breake through +the Hollanders Fleete, which all of them iudged to bee impossible by reason +of the straightnesse of the Hauen. + +[Sidenote: The Spaniards vaine opinion concerning their own fleet.] But it +seemeth that the Duke of Parma and the Spaniards grounded vpon a vaine and +presumptuous expectation, that all the ships of England and of the Low +countreys would at the first sight of the Spanish and Dunkerk Nauie haue +betaken themselues to flight, yeelding them sea roome, and endeuouring only +to defend themselues, their hauens, and sea coasts from inuasion. Wherefore +their intent and purpose was, that the Duke of Parma in his small and +flat-bottomed shippes, should as it were vnder the shadow and wings of the +Spanish fleet, conuey ouer all his troupes, armour, and warlike prouision, +and with their forces so vnited, should inuade England; or while the +English fleet were busied in fight against the Spanish, should enter vpon +any part of the coast, which he thought to be most conuenient. Which +inuasion (as the captiues afterward confessed) the Duke of Parma thought +first to haue attempted by the riuer of Thames; vpon the bankes whereof +hauing at his first arriuall landed twenty or thirty thousand of his +principall souldiers, he supposed that he might easily haue woonne the +Citie of London; both because his small shippes should haue followed and +assisted his land-forces, and also for that the Citie it-selfe was but +meanely fortified and easie to ouercome, by reason of the Citizens +delicacie and discontinuance from the warres, who with continuall and +constant labour might be vanquished, if they yeelded not at the first +assault. They were in good hope also to haue mette with some rebels against +her Maiestie, and such as were discontented with the present state, as +Papists and others. Likewise they looked for ayde from the fauorers of the +Scottish Queene, who was not long before put to death; all which they +thought would haue stirred vp seditions and factions. + +Whenas therefore the Spanish fleet rode at anker before Caleis, to the end +they might consult with the Duke of Parma what was best to be done +according to the Kings commandement, and the present estate of their +affairs, and had now (as we will afterward declare) purposed vpon the +second of August being Friday, with one power and consent to haue put their +intended businesse in practise; the L. Admirall of England being admonished +by her Maiesties letters from the Court, thought it most expedient either +to driue the Spanish fleet from that place, or at leastwise to giue them +the encounter: [Sidenote: The 28 of Iuly.] and for that cause (according to +her Maiesties prescription) he tooke forthwith eight of his woorst and +basest ships which came next to hand, and disburthening them of all things +which seemed to be of any value, filled them with gun-powder, pitch, +brimstone, and with other combustible and firy matter; and charging all +their ordinance with powder, bullets, and stones, he sent the sayd ships +vpon the 28 of Iuly being Sunday, about two of the clocke after midnight, +with the winde and tide against the Spanish fleet: which when they had +proceeded a good space, being forsaken of the Pilots, and set on fire, +were, directly carried vpon the King of Spaines Nauie: which fire in the +dead of the night put the Spaniards into such a perplexity and horrour (for +they feared lest they were like vnto those terrible ships, which Frederick +Ienebelli three yeeres before, at the siege of Antwerpe, had furnished with +gun-powder, stones, and dreadfull engines, for the dissolution of the Duke +of Parma his bridge, built vpon the riuer of Scheld) that cutting their +cables whereon their ankers were fastened, and hoising vp their sailes, +they betooke themselues very confusedly vnto the maine sea. + +[Sidenote: The galliasse of Hugo de Moncado cast vpon the showlds before +Caleis.] In this sudden confusion, the principall and greatest of the foure +galliasses falling fowle of another ship, lost her rudder: for which cause +when she conld not be guided any longer, she was by the force of the tide +cast into a certaine showld vpon the shore of Caleis, where she was +immediately assaulted by diuers English pinasses, hoyes, and drumblers. + +[Sidenote: M. Amias Preston valiantly boordeth the galliasse.] And as they +lay battering of her with their ordinance, and durst not boord her, the L. +Admirall sent thither his long boat with an hundreth choise souldiers vnder +the command of Captaine Amias Preston. Vpon whose approch their fellowes +being more emboldened, did offer to boord the galliasse: against whom the +gouernour thereof and Captaine of all the foure galliasses, Hugo de +Moncada, stoutly opposed himselfe, fighting by so much the more valiantly, +in that he hoped presently to be succoured by the Duke of Parma. In the +meane season, Moncada, after he had endured the conflict a good while, +being hitte on the head with a bullet, fell downe starke dead, and a great +number of Spaniards also were slaine in his company. The greater part of +the residue leaping ouer-boord into the sea, to saue themselues by +swimming, were most of them drowned. Howbeit there escaped among others Don +Anthonio de Manriques, a principall officer in the Spanish fleet (called by +them their Veador generall) together with a few Spaniards besides: which +Anthonio was the first man that carried certaine newes of the successe of +their fleet into Spaine. + +This huge and monstrous galliasse, wherein were contained three hundred +slaues to lug at the oares, and foure hundred souldiers, was in the space +of three houres rifled in the same place; and there were found amongst +diuers other commodities 50000 ducats of the Spanish kings treasure. At +length when the slaues were released out of the fetters, the English men +would haue set the sayd ship on fire, which Monsieur Gourdon the gouernor +of Caleis, for feare of the damage which might thereupon ensue to the Towne +and Hauen, would not permit them to do, but draue them from thence with his +great ordinance. + +[Sidenote: The great fight before Greueling the 29 of Iuly.] Vpon the 29 of +Iuly in the morning, the Spanish Fleet after the foresayd tumult, hauing +arranged themselues againe into order, were, within sight of Greueling, +most brauely and furiously encountered by the English; where they once +againe got the winde of the Spaniards: who suffered themselues to be +depriued of the commodity of the place in Calais rode, and of the aduantage +of the winde neere vnto Dunkerk, rather then they would change their array +or separate their forces now conioyned and vnited together, standing onely +vpon their defence. + +And albeit there were many excellent and warlike ships in the English +fleet, yet scarse were there 22 or 23 among them all which matched 90 of +the Spanish ships in bignesse, or could conueniently assault them. +Wherefore the English shippes vsing their prerogatiue of nimble stirrage, +whereby they could turne and wield themselues with the winde which way they +listed, came often times very neere vpon the Spaniards, and charged them so +sore, that now and then they were but a pikes length asunder: and so +continually giuing them one broad side after another, they discharged all +their shot both great and small vpon them, spending one whole day from +morning till night in that violent kinde of conflict, vntill such time as +powder and bullets failed them. In regard of which want they thought it +conuenient not to pursue the Spaniards any longer, because they had many +great vantages of the English, namely for the extraordinary bignesse of +their ships, and also for that they were so neerely conioyned, and kept in +so good array, that they could by no meanes be fought withall one to one. +The English thought therefore, that they had right well acquited +themselues, in chasing the Spaniards first from Caleis, and then from +Dunkerk, and by that meanes to haue hindered them from ioyning with the +Duke of Parma his forces, and getting the winde of them, to haue driuen +them from their owne coasts. + +The Spaniards that day sustained great losse and damage hauing many of +their shippes shot thorow and thorow, and they discharged likewise great +store of ordinance against the English; who indeed sustained some +hinderance, but not comparable to the Spaniards losse: for they lost not +any one shippe or person of account. For very diligent inquisition being +made, the English men all that time wherein the Spanish Nauie sayled vpon +their seas, are not found to haue wanted aboue one hundreth of their +people: albeit Sir Francis Drakes shippe was pierced with shot aboue forty +times, and his very cabben was twise shot thorow, and about the conclusion +of the fight, the bedde of a certaine gentleman lying weary thereupon, was +taken quite from vnder him with the force of a bullet. Likewise, as the +Earle of Northumberland and Sir Charles Blunt were at dinner vpon a time, +the bullet of a demi-culuering brake thorow the middest of their cabbin, +touched their feet, and strooke downe two of the standers by, with many +such accidents befalling the English shippes, which it were tedious to +rehearse. Whereupon it is most apparant, that God miraculously preserued +the English nation. For the L. Admirall wrote vnto her Maiestie that in all +humane reason, and according to the iudgement of all men (euery +circumstance being duly considered) the English men were not of any such +force, whereby they might, without a miracle, dare once to approch within +sight of the Spanish Fleet: insomuch that they freely ascribed all the +honour of their victory vnto God, who had confounded the enemy, and had +brought his counsels to none effect. + +[Sidenote: Three Spanish shippes suncke in the fight.] The same day the +Spanish ships were so battered with English shot, that that very night and +the day following, two or three of them suncke right downe: and among the +rest a certaine great ship of Biscay, which Captaine Crosse assaulted, +which perished euen in the time of the conflict, so that very few therein +escaped drowning; who reported that the gouernours of the same shippe slew +one another vpon the occasion following: one of them which would haue +yeelded the shippe was suddenly slaine; the brother of the slaine party in +reuenge of his death slew the murtherer, and in the meane while the ship +suncke. + +[Sidenote: Two galeons taken and caried into Zealand.] The same night two +Portugall galeons of the burthen of seuen or eight hundreth tunnes a piece, +to wit the Saint Philip and the Saint Matthew, were forsaken of the Spanish +Fleet, for they were so torne with shotte that the water entered into them +on all sides. In the galeon of Saint Philip was Francis de Toledo, brother +vnto the Count de Orgas, being Colonell ouer two and thirty bands: besides +other gentlemen; who seeing their mast broken with shotte, they shaped +their course, as well as they could, for the coast of Flanders: whither +when they could not attaine, the principall men in the ship committing +themseluds to their skiffe, arriued at the next towne, which was Ostend; +and the ship it selfe being left behinde with the residue of their company, +was taken by the Vlishingers. + +In the other galeon, called the S. Matthew, was embarked Don Diego +Pimentelli another camp-master and colonell of 32 bands, being brother vnto +the marques of Tamnares, with many other gentlemen and captaines. Their +ship was not very great, but exceeding strong, for of a great number of +bullets which had batterd her, there were scarse 20 wherewith she was +pierced or hurt: her vpper worke was of force sufficient to beare off a +musket shot: this shippe was shot thorow and pierced in the fight before +Greueling; insomuch that the leakage of the water could not be stopped: +whereupon the duke of Medina sent his great skiffe vnto the gouernour +thereof, that he might saue himselfe and the principal persons that were in +his ship: which he, vpon a hault courage, refused to do: wherefore the Duke +charged him to saile next vnto himselfe: which the night following he could +not performe, by reason of the great abundance of water which entered his +ship on all sides; for the auoiding wherof, and to saue his ship from +sincking, he caused 50 men continually to labor at the pumpe, though it +were to small purpose. And seeing himselfe thus forsaken and separated from +his admirall, he endeuored what he could to attaine vnto the coast of +Flanders: where, being espied by 4 or 5 men of warre, which had their +station assigned them vpon the same coast, he was admonished to yeeld +himselfe vnto them. Which he refusing to do, was strongly assaulted by them +altogether, and his ship being pierced with many bullets, was brought into +farre worse case then before, and 40 of his souldiers were slaine. By which +extremity he was enforced at length to yeeld himselfe vnto Peter +Banderduess and other captaines, which brought him and his ship into +Zeland; and that other ship also last before mentioned: which both of them, +immediatly after the greater and better part of their goods were vnladen, +suncke right downe. + +For the memory of this exploit, the fbresayd captaine Banderduess caused +the banner of one of these shippes to be set vp in the great Church of +Leiden in Holland, which is of so great a length, that being fastened to +the very roofe, it reached downe to the ground. + +[Sidenote: A small shippe cast away about Blankenberg.] About the same time +another small ship being by necessity dtiuen vpon the coast of Flanders, +about Blankenberg, was cast away vpon the sands, the people therein being +saued. Thus almighty God would haue the Spaniards huge ships to be +presented, not onely to the view of the English, but also of the Zelanders; +that at the sight of them they might acknowledge of what small ability they +had beene to resist such impregnable forces, had not God endued them with +courage, prouidence, and fortitude, yea, and fought for them in many places +with his owne arme. + +The 29. of Iuly the Spanish fleet being encountered by the English (as is +aforesayd) and lying close together vnder their fighting sailes, with a +Southwest winde sailed past Dunkerk, the English ships still following the +chase. [Sidenote: The dishonourable flight of the Spanish nauy; and the +prudent aduice of the L. Admirall.] Of whom the day following when the +Spaniards had got sea roome, they cut their maine sailes; whereby they +sufficiently declared that they meant no longer to fight but to flie. For +which cause the L. Admirall of England dispatched the L. Henrie Seymer with +his squadron of small ships vnto the coast of Flanders where, with the +helpe of the Dutch ships, he might stop the prince of Parma his passage, if +perhaps he should attempt to issue forth with his army. And he himselfe in +the meane space pursued the Spanish fleet vntil the second of August, +because he thought they had set saile for Scotland. And albeit he followed +them very neere, yet did he not assault them any more, for want of powder +and bullets. But vpon the fourth of August, the winde arising, when as the +Spaniards had spread all their sailes, betaking themselues wholly to +flight, and leauing Scotland on the left hand, trended toward Norway, +(whereby they sufficiently declared that their whole intent was to saue +themselnes by flight, attempting for that purpose, with their battered and +crazed ships, the most dangerous nauigation of the Northren seas) the +English seeing that they were now proceeded vnto the latitude of 57 +degrees, and being vnwilling to participate that danger whereinto the +Spaniards plunged themselues, and because they wanted things necessary, and +especially powder and shot, returned backe for England; leauing behinde +them certaine pinasses onely, which they enioyned to follow the Spaniards +aloofe, and to obserue their course. [Sidenote: The English returne home +from the pursute of the Spaniards the 4 of August.] And so it came to passe +that the fourth of August with great danger and industry, the English +arriued at Harwich: for they had bene tossed vp and downe with a mighty +tempest for the space of two or three dayes together, which it is likely +did great hurt vnto the Spanish fleet, being (as I sayd before) so maimed +and battered. The English now going on shore, prouided themselues +foorthwith of victuals, gunnepowder, and other things expedient, that they +might be ready at all assayes to entertaine the Spanish fleet, if it +chanced any more to returne. But being afterward more certainely informed +of the Spaniards course, they thought it best to leaue them vnto those +boisterous and vncouth Northren seas, and not there to hunt after them. + +[Sidenote: The Spaniards consult to saile round about Scotland and Ireland, +and so to returne home.] The Spaniards seeing now that they wanted foure or +fiue thousand of their people and hauing diuers maimed and sicke persons, +and likewise hauing lost 10 or 12 of their principall ships, they consulted +among themselues, what they were best to doe, being now escaped out of the +hands of the English, because their victuals failed them in like sort, that +they began also to want cables, cordage, ankers, masts, sailes, and other +naual furniture, and vtterly despaired of the Duke of Parma his assistance +(who verily hoping and vndoubtedly expecting the returne of the Spanish +Fleet, was continually occupied about his great preparation, commanding +abundance of ankers to be made, and other necessary furniture for a Nauy to +be prouided) they thought it good at length, so soone as the winde should +serue them, to fetch a compasse about Scotland and Ireland, and so to +returne for Spaine. + +For they well vnderstood, that commandement was giuen thorowout all +Scotland, that they should not haue any succour or assistance there. +Neither yet could they in Norway supply their wants. Wherefore, hauing +taken certaine Scotish and other fisherboats, they brought the men on boord +their ships, to the end they might be their guides and Pilots. Fearing also +least their fresh water should faile them, they cast all their horses and +mules ouerboord: and so touching no where vpon the coast of Scotland, but +being carried with a fresh gale betweene the Orcades and Faar-Isles, they +proceeded farre North, euen vnto 61 degrees of latitude, being distant from +any land at the least 40. leagues. Heere the Duke of Medina generall of the +Fleet commanded all his followers to shape their course for Biscay: and he +himselfe with twenty or fiue and twenty of his ships which were best +prouided of fresh water and other necessaries, holding on his course ouer +the maine Ocean, returned safely home. The residue of his ships being about +forty in number, and committed vnto his Vice-admirall, fell neerer with the +coast of Ireland, intending their course for Cape Clare, because they hoped +there to get fresh water, and to refresh themseiues on land. [Sidenote: The +shippe-wracke of the Spaniardes vpon the Irish coast.] But after they were +driuen with many contrary windes, at length, vpon the second of September, +they were cast by a tempest arising from the Southwest vpon diuers parts of +Ireland, where many of their ships perished. And amongst others, the shippe +of Michael de Oquendo, which was one of the great Galliasses: and two great +ships of Venice also, namely, la Raita and Belahzara, with other 36 or 38 +ships more, which perished in sundry tempests, together with most of the +persons contained in them. + +Likewise some of the Spanish ships were the second time carried with a +strong West winde into the channell of England, whereof some were taken by +the English vpon their coast, and others by the men of Rochel vpon the +coast of France. + +Moreouer, there arriued at Neuhauen, in Normandy, being by tempest inforced +so to doe, one of the foure great Galliasses, where they found the ships +with the Spanish women which followed the Fleet at their setting forth. +[Sidenote: Of 134 ships of the Spanish fleet, there returned home but 53.] +Two ships also, were cast away vpon the coast of Norway, one of them being +of a great burthen; howbeit all the persons in the sayd great ship were +saued: insomuch that of 134 ships, which set saile out of Portugall, there +returned home 53 onely small and great: namely of the foure galliasses but +one, and but one of the foure gallies. Of the 91 great galleons and hulks +there were missing 58. and 33 returned: of the pataches and zabraes 17 were +missing, and 18 returned home. In briefe, there were missing 81 ships, in +which number were galliasses, gallies, galeons, and other vessels, both +great and small. And amongst the 53 ships remaining, those also are +reckoned which returned home before they came into the English chanell. Two +galeons of those which were returned, were by misfortune burnt as they rode +in the hauen; and such like mishaps did many others vndergo. Of 30000 +persons which went in this expedition, there perished (according to the +number and proportion of the ships) the greater and better part; and many +of them which came home, by reason of the toiles and inconueniences which +they sustained in this voyage, died not long after their arriuall. The Duke +of Medina immediatly vpon his returne was deposed from his authority, +commanded to his priuate house, and forbidden to repaire vnto the Court; +where he could hardly satisfie or yeeld a reason vnto his malicious enemies +and backbiters. Many honourable personages and men of great renowne +deceased soone after their returne; as namely Iohn Martines de Ricalde, +with diuers others. A great part also of the Spanish Nobility and Gentry +employed in this expedition perished either by fight, diseases, or drowning +before their arriuall; and among the rest Thomas Perenot of Granduell a +Dutchman, being earle of Cantebroi, and sonne vnto Cardinall Granduell his +brother. + +Vpon the coast of Zeland Don Diego de Pimentell, brother vnto the Marques +de Tamnares, and kinseman vnto the earle of Beneuentum and Calua, and +Colonell ouer 32 bands with many other in the same ship was taken and +detained as prisoner in Zeland. + +Into England (as we sayd before) Don Pedro de Valdez, a man of singular +experience, and greatly honoured in his countrey, was led captiue, being +accompanied with Don Vasquez de Silua, Don Alonzo de Sayas, and others. + +Likewise vpon the Scottish Westerne Isles of Lewis, and Ila, and about Cape +Cantyre vpon the maine land, there were cast away certaine Spanish shippes, +out of which were saued diuers Captaines and Gentlemen, and almost foure +hundred souldiers, who for the most part, after their shipwracke, were +brought vnto Edenborough in Scotland, and being miserably needy and naked, +were there clothed at the liberality of the King and the Marchants, and +afterward were secretly shipped for Spaine; but the Scottish fleet wherein +they passed touching at Yarmouth on the coast of Norfolke, were there +stayed for a time vntill the Councels pleasure was knowen; who in regard of +their manifolde miseries, though they were enemies, wincked at their +passage. + +Vpon the Irish coast many of their Noblemen and Gentlemen were drowned; and +diuers slaine by the barbarous and wilde Irish. Howbeit there was brought +prisoner out of Ireland, Don Alonzo de Luçon, Colonell of two and thirty +bandes, commonly called a terza of Naples; together with Rodorigo de Lasso, +and two others of the family of Cordoua, who were committed vnto the +custodie of Sir Horatio Palauicini, that Monsieur de Teligny the sonne of +Monsieur de Noüe (who being taken in fight neere Antwerpe, was detained +prisoner in the Castle of Turney) might be ransomed for them by way of +exchange. To conclude, there was no famous nor woorthy family in all +Spaine, which in this expedition lost not a sonne, a brother, or a +kinseman. + +[Sidenote: New coines stamped for the memory of the Spaniards ouerthrow.] +For the perpetuall memorie of this matter, the Zelanders caused newe coine +of Siluer and brasse to be stamped: which on the one side contained the +armes of Zeland, with this inscription: GLORY TO GOD ONELY: and on the +other side, the pictures of certeine great ships, with these words: THE +SPANISH FLEET: and in the circumference about the ships: IT CAME, WENT, AND +WAS. Anno 1588. That is to say, the Spanish fleet came, went, and was +vanquished this yere; for which, glory be giuen to God onely. + +Likewise they coined another kinde of money; vpon the one side whereof was +represented a ship fleeing and a ship sincking: on the other side foure men +making prayers and giuing thanks vnto God vpon their knees; with this +sentence: Man purposeth; God disposeth. 1588. Also, for the lasting memory +of the same matter, they haue stamped in Holland diuers such like coines, +according to the custome of the ancient Romans. + +[Sidenote: The people of England and of the vnited prouinces, pray, fast, +and giue thanks vnto God.] While this woonderfull and puissant Nauie was +sayling along the English coastes, and all men did now plainely see and +heare that which before they would not be perswaded of, all people +thorowout England prostrated themselues with humble prayers and +supplications vnto God: but especially the outlandish Churches (who had +greatest cause to feare, and against whom by name, the Spaniards had +threatened most grievous torments) enioyned to their people continuall +fastings and supplications, that they might turne away Gods wrath and fury +now imminent vpon them for their sinnes: knowing right well, that prayer +was the onely refuge against all enemies, calamities, and necessities, and +that it was the onely solace and reliefe for mankinde, being visited with +affliction and misery. Likewise such solemne dayes of supplication were +obserued thorowout the vnited Prouinces. + +Also a while after the Spanish Fleet was departed, there was in England, by +the commandement of her Maiestie, and in the vnited Prouinces, by the +direction of the States, a solemne festiuall day publikely appointed, +wherein all persons were enioyned to resort vnto the Church, and there to +render thanks and praises vnto God: and the Preachers were commanded to +exhort the people thereunto. The foresayd solemnity was obserued vpon the +29 of Nouember; which day was wholly spent in fasting, prayer, and giuing +of thanks. + +Likewise, the Queenes Maiestie herselfe, imitating the ancient Romans, rode +into London in triumph, in regard of her owne and her subjects glorious +deliuerance. For being attended vpon very solemnely by all the principall +estates and officers of her Realme, she was carried thorow her sayd City of +London in a tryumphant chariot, and in robes of triumph, from her Palace +vnto the Cathedrall Church of Saint Paul, out of the which the ensignes and +colours of the vanquished Spaniards hung displayed. And all the Citizens of +London in their Liueries stood on either side the street, by their seuerall +Companies, with their ensignes and banners: and the streets were hanged on +both sides with Blew cloth, which, together with the foresayd banners, +yeelded a very stately and gallant prospect. Her Maiestie being entered +into the Church, together with her Clergie and Nobles gaue thanks vnto God, +and caused a publike Sermon to be preached before her at Pauls crosse; +wherein none other argument was handled, but that praise, honour, and glory +might be rendered vnto God, and that Gods name might be extolled by +thanksgiuing. And with her owne princely voice she most Christianly +exhorted the people to doe the same: whereupon the people with a loud +acclamation wished her a most long and happy life, to the confusion of her +foes. + +Thus the magnificent, huge, and mighty fleet of the Spaniards (which +themselues termed in all places inuincible) such as sayled not vpon the +Ocean see many hundreth yeeres before, in the yeere 1588 vanished into +smoake; to the great confusion and discouragement of the authors thereof. +In regard of which her Maiesties happy successe all her neighbours and +friends congratulated with her, and many verses were penned to the honour +of her Maiesty by learned men, whereof some which came to our hands we will +here annexe. + + * * * * * + +AD SERENISSIMAM ELIZABETHAM ANGLIÆ REGINAM. + +THEODOR. BEZA. + +Strauerat innumeris Hispanus nauibus æquor, + Regnis iuncturus sceptra Britanna suis. +Tanti huius, rogitas, quæ motus causa? superbos + Impulit Ambitio, vexit Auaritia. +Quàm bene te ambitio mersit vanissima ventus? + Et tumidos tumidæ vos superastis aquæ +Quàm bene totius raptores orbis auaros, + Hausit inexhausti iusta vorago maris! +At tu, cui venti, cui totum militat æquor, + Regina, ô mundi totius vna, decus, +Sic regnare Deo perge, ambitione remota, + Prodiga sic opibus perge iuuare pios, +Vt te Angli longum, longum Anglis ipsa fruaris, + Quàm dilecta bonis, tam metuenda malis. + + +The same in English. + +The Spanish Fleet did flote in narrow Seas, +And bend her ships against the English shore, +With so great rage as nothing could appease, +And with such strength as neuer seene before: + And all to ioyne the kingdome of that land + Vnto the kingdomes that he had in hand. + +Now if you aske what set this king on fire, +To practise warre when he of peace did treat, +It was his Pride, and neuer quencht desire, +To spoile that Islands wealth, by peace made great: + His Pride which farre aboue the heauens did swell + And his desire as vnsuffic'd as hell. + +But well haue windes his proud blasts ouerblowen, +And swelling waues alayd his swelling heart, +Well hath the Sea with greedie gulfs vnknowen, +Deuoured the deuourer to his smart: + And made his ships a pray vnto the sand, + That meant to pray vpon anothers land. + +And now, O Queene, aboue all others blest, +For whom both windes and waues are prest to fight, +So rule your owne, so succour friends opprest, +(As farre from pride, so ready to do right) + That England you, you England long enioy, + No lesse your friends delight, then foes annoy. + + * * * * * + +A briefe and true report of the Honorable voyage vnto Cadiz, 1596. of the + ouerthrow of the kings Fleet, and of the winning, sacking, and burning of + the Citie, with all other accidents of moment, thereunto appertaining. + +After that the two most Noble and Renowmed Lords Generals: The L. Robert +Earle of Essex, and the L. Charles Howard L. High Admirall of England, were +come vnto Plymmouth (which was about the beginning of May last, 1596.) +being there accompanied with diuers other Noble Peeres, as the Earle of +Sussex, the L. Thomas Howard, the L. Harbert, the L. Warden Sir Walter +Raleigh: the L. Marshall Sir Francis Vere: the L. Burk, Don Christopher +young Prince of Portingall, young Count Lodouick of Nassaw, and the +Admirall of the Hollanders, Sir Iohn Vanderfoord: besides many other most +worthy Knights and Gentlemen of great woorth attending vpon this most +honorable Action: It pleased them, there to make their abode for the time +of that moneth, aswell for the new furnishing and reuictualing of her +Maiesties Royall Nauie: as also for the expecting of some other ships, +which were to come from diuers places of the Realme, and were as yet +wanting: making that place as it should seeme the Rendezuous for all the +whole Fleete, there to complete the full number of al such companies both +for sea and land: as was in their noble and deepe wisedomes thought meete +and agreed vpon. + +All the time of this their abode there, there was a most zealous and +diligent care had for the holy seruice of God dayly and reuerently to be +frequented: and also for other good and ciuill orders of militarie +discipline to be obserued, to the exceeding great comfort and reioycing of +all the hearts of the godly and well disposed. + +And for that it might the better appeare, that there was small hope of +pardon to be expected of the offenders, if they did at any time neglect +their duties, about due obseruation of matters of importance: Their orders, +lawes, and decrees being once published: about the 8. or 9. of the same +moneth, there were two offenders executed a little without the towne, in a +very fayre pleasant greene, called the Ho: the one for beginning of a +muteny in his company, the other for running away from his Colours. + +And about the same time in the Dutch Regiment, an other for murthering of +one of his companions, about a quarrell betweene themselues, rising as it +was supposed, vpon their drinke, was by order of Martiall law, presently +tyed to the partie so murthered, and foorthwith both of them so cast into +the sea. + +Moreouer, about the 28. of the same moneth, a certaine Lieutenant (whose +name I will forbeare) was by sound of Drumme publikely in all the streetes +disgraced, or rather after a sort disgraded, and cashierd for bearing any +farther Office at that time, for the taking of money by way of corruption, +of certaine prest souldiers in the Countrey, and for placing of others in +their roomes, more vnfit for seruice, and of lesse sufficiency and +abilitie. This seuere executing of iustice at the very first did breed such +a deepe terror in the hearts of the whole armie, that it seemed to cut off +all occasion of the like disorder for euer afterwards to be attempted. + +And here before their departure from Plymmouth, it pleased their Lordships +to publish in print, and make knowen to all the world, especially to such +as whom it concerned, and that both in the Latine, French, Dutch, English +and Spanish tongue, what were the true, iust and vrgent causes, that at +this time prouoked her Maiestie, to vndertake the preparing and setting +forth of this so great a Nauie, annexing thereunto a full declaration, what +was good will and pleasure should be done and performed of all them that +ment not to incurre their owne priuate present daungers, or else were +willing to auoyde her Maiesties future indignation and displeasure. + +Likewise now, at the same instant, their owne most prouident and godly +decrees, which they had deuised for the honest cariage of euery particular +person in their degrees and vocation, were made knowen to all men, and +published in sundry writings, with diuers great punishments, set downe and +appointed for the wilfull offenders and brekers of the same. + +Thus then, all things being in very good order and well appointed, the most +holy name of our Omnipotent God being most religiously and deuoutly called +vpon, and his blessed and sacred Communion being diuers times most +reuerently and publikely celebrated: These two most noble personages, with +all their honorable Associats, and most famous worthy Knights, Gentlemen, +Captaines, Leaders, and very willing and expert Souldiers, and Mariners, +being furnished with 150. good sayle of shippe or thereabout: In the name +of the most High and euerliuing God, and with all true and faithful +obedience, to her sacred Maiesty, to the infinite good and tranquillitie of +our Countrey, and to the perpetuall glory, and triumphant renowne of the +eternall memory of their honorable names to all posterity, the first day of +Iune embarked themselues, weighed Ancre, and hoysed vp sayle, and put to +sea onward their iourney from the Sownds of Plymmouth. + +The winde, at the first setting foorth, seemed very fauourable: but yet in +the euening growing very scant, and all that night falling more and more +against vs, and we hailing sayled no further then to a certaine place +called Dodman Head: we were constrained the next day, to make our returne +to the road of Plymmonth againe, and there in the Sownds to lie at ancre +for that night. + +About this time, and in this very place, by good fortune there came to my +handes a prayer in English, touching this present Action, and made by her +Maiestie, as it was voyced: The prayer seemed to me to be most excellent, +aswell for the matter as also for the manner, and therefore for certaine +diuers good motiues which then presently came to my minde, and whereof +hereafter in his more conuenient time and place, I will make farther +mention, I presumed at that very instant to translate it into Latine. + +The Prayer is thus. + +Most Omnipotent maker and guide of all our worlds masse, that onely +searchest and fadomest the bottome of all our hearts conceits, and in them +seest the true originals of all our actions intended: thou that by thy +foresight doest truely discerne how no malice of Reuenge, nor quittance of +iniury, nor desire of bloodshed, nor greedinesse of lucre hath bred the +resolution of our now set out Army, but a heedfull care, and wary watch, +that no neglect of foes, nor ouer-suretie of harme might breed either +daunger to vs, or glory to them: these being the grounds wherewith thou +doest enspire the mind, we humbly beseech thee with bended knees, prosper +the worke, and with best forewindes guide the iourney, speed the victory, +and make the returne the aduancement of thy glory, the tryumph of their +fame, and surety to the Realme, with the least losse of the English blood. +To these deuout petitions Lord giue thou thy blessed grant. + +My homely translation, is thus. + +Svmmè præpotens Deus, immensæ huius totius nostri mundi molis fabricator et +Rector, qui solus perscrutaris intimos cordis nostri sensus, et ad fundum +vsque nostrarum cogitationem explorando penetras, ac in eis, quid verè, et +ex ammo cogitemus, et quæ sint actionum nostrarum rationes, ac fundamenta, +cognoscis: Tu, qui ea, quæ in te est, ab omni æternitate præscientia, +vides, quòd nec aliqua viciscendi malitiosa cupiditas, nec iniuriarum +referendarum desiderium, nec sanguinis effundendi sitis, nec alicuius +lucri, quæstusue auiditas ad istam classem præparandam, et emittendam nos +commouerit: sed potiùs, quòd prouida quædam cura, solérsque vigilantia huc +nos impulerit: ne vel inimicorum nostrorum neglectus, vel status nostri +firmitaris nimium secura cogitatio, aut illis gloriam et honorem, aut nobis +damnum et periculum pariat: Cum, inquam, hæc sint nostri, quicquid +attentatur, negotii fundamenta: cumque tu hunc nobis animum, mentémque +inieceris, vt istud aggrederemur: curuatis genibus a te humillimè petimus, +vt velis hoc nostrum incoeptum secundissimè fortunare, totum iter +prosperrimis flatibus dirigere, celerem et expeditiam victoriam nobis +concedere, reditúmque talem nostris militibus elargiri, qualis et nomini +tuo incrementum gloriæ, et illis famæ, laudisque triumphum, et Regno nostro +firmam tranquillitatem possit apportare: idque cum minimo Anglorum +sanguinis dispendio. His nostris religiosis petitionibus concede, Domine, +sacrosanctum et annuentem voluntatem tuam. + +After that we had anchored at Plymmouth that night, as I haue said, the +third of Iune very early in the morning, hauing a reasonable fresh gale of +winde, we set sayle, and kept our course againe, and the ninth of the same +moneth comming something neere to the North cape, in a maner in the same +altitude, or not much differing, which was about xliii. degrees, and +something more, yet bearing so, as it was impossible to bee descried from +the land: There it pleased the Lords to call a select Councell, which was +alwayes done by hanging out of a flagge of the armes of England, and +shooting off of a great warning peece. On this select or priuie Councell +were no moe than these: The two Lords Generall, the Lord Thomas Howard, the +Lorde Warden Sir Walter Raleigh, the Lord Martiall Sir Francis Vere, Sir +George Cary master of the Ordinance, Sir Coniers Clifford, and Sir Anthony +Ashley, Clarke of the sayde Councell. And when it pleased the Lords +Generall to call a common Counsell (as often times they did vpon weightie +matters best knowen to their honours) then they would cause an other kinde +of flagge to be hanged put, which was the Redcrosse of S. George, and was +verie easie to be discerned from the other that appertained onely to the +select Counsell, and so often as this flagge of Saint George was hanged +out, then came all the Masters and Captaines of all the ships, whose +opinions were to be demaunded, in such matters as appertayned vnto this +sayd select Counsell: It was presently concluded, that our course in +sayling should foorthwith be altered, and that we should beare more into +the West, for some purposes to them best knowen. + +At that very instant many letters of instructions were addressed and sent +to euery particular Master and Captaine of the Ships: What the contentes of +those letters of instructions were it was not as yet knowne vnto any, +neither was it held meet to be enquired or knowen of any of vs. But vnder +the titles and superscriptions of euery mans particuler letter these wordes +were endorsed. Open not these letters on pain of your liues, vnles we +chance to be scattered by tempest, and in that case open them, and execute +the contents thereof: but if by mishap you fall into your enemies hand, +then in any case cast them into the sea, sealed as they are. It should +seeme that these letters did conteine in them the principall place and +meaning of this entended action, which was hitherto by their deepe +foresights kept so secret, as no man to my knowledge either did, or coulde +so much as suspect it, more then themselues, who had the onely managing +thereof. A conceite in my iudgement of greatest moment in the world, to +effect any matter of importance. I meane, to entertaine those two vertues, +Fidem, et Taciturnitatem: so much commended by the old writers. And if +there was euer any great designement, in this our age, and memorie, +discreetly, faithfully, and closely caried, I assure my selfe it was this, +and though it were but in respect to that poynt onely: yet for such +faithfull secrecie, it deserueth immortall praise. + +All this while, our ships, God be thanked, kept in a most excellent good +order, being diuided into fiue squadrons: that is to say, The Earle of +Essex, the Lord Admirall, the Lord Thomas Howard, the Lord Warden Sir +Walter Raleigh, and the Admirall of the Hollanders. All which squadrons, +albeit they did euery day separate themselues of purpose, by the distance +of certaine leagues, as well to looke out for such shippes as were happily +vnder sayle, as also for the better procuring of sea-roome: yet alwayes +commonly eyther that day, or the next day, towarde euening, they came all +together, with friendly salutations and gratulations one to an other: which +they terme by the name of Hayling: a ceremonie done solemnly, and in very +good order, with sound of Trumpets and noyse of cheerefull voyces: and in +such sort performed as was no small encouragement one to the other, beside +a true report of all such accidents, as had happened in their squadrons. + +Hitherto, as I sayde, our iourney was most prosperous, and all our shippes +in very good plight, more then that the Mary Rose, by some mischance, +either sprang or spent her fore-yarde, and two dayes after Sir Robert +Crosse had in a maner the like mischance. + +Nowe being thus betweene the North cape, and cape S. Vincent, and yet +keeping, such a course a loofe, that by no meanes, those from the shoare +might be able to descrie vs: The tenth of Iune, a French Barke, and a +Fleming comming from the coast of Barbarie were brought in by some of our +companie: but they were both of them very honourably and well vsed by the +Lords Generall: and so after a fewe dayes tarrying, were peaceably sent +away, after that they had conferred with them about such matters, as was +thought good in their honorable wisedomes. + +The twelfth of the same moneth, Sir Richard Leuison Knight, assisted with +Sir Christopher Blunt, fought with three Hamburgers, and in that fight +slewe two of them, and hurt eleuen, and in the end brought them all three +in: and this was the very first hansell and maydenhead (as it were) of any +matter of importance, or exployt worthy obseruation that was done in the +way outward of this honorable voyage, and was so well perfourmed of those +most worthy Gentlemen, as euery man highly commended them for their great +valure, and discretion, and no lesse reioyced at this their fortunate +succcsse. + +The next day after, Sir Richard Weston meeting with a Flemming, who refused +to vale his foretoppe, with the like good courage and resolution, attempted +to bring him in. The fight continued very hot betweene them, for a good +space: in the end the Swan, wherein the sayd Sir Richard was, had her +forebeake strooken off: and having spent before in fight the one side of +her tire of Ordinance, while she prepared to cast about, and to bestow on +him the other side, in the meane time the Fleming taking this opportunity, +did get almost halfe a league from him: and so for that time made his +escape. And yet the next day after, the sayd Flemming being in a maner got +to the very mouth of the Riuer vp to Lisbone, was taken, and brought in by +M. Dorrell, being Captaine of the Iohn and Francis of London. Thus by +diuiding their squadrons, and spreading the whole sea ouer a mighty way, +there could not so much as the least pinke passe but she was espied and +brought in. + +The 13. 14. and 15. dayes, certaine littte stragling Carauels were taken by +certaine of the Fleete, and in one of them a young beggarly Fryer vtterly +vnlearned, with a great packet of letters for Lisbon: the poore wretches +were maruellously well vsed by the Lords Generall, and that Carauel, and +the like still as they were taken were commaunded to giue their attendance, +and their Honours did vnderstand what they might of these poore men, of the +estate of Spaine for that present. + +About this time and in this place it was, that first in all my life time I +did see the flying fishes, who when they are hardly pinched and chased by +the Bonitoes and other great fishes, then to auoyde the daunger, they +presently mount vp, and forsake the water, and betake themselues to the +benefite of their winges and make their flight, which commonly is not aboue +fiue or sixe score, or there about, and then they are constrayned to fall +downe into the water againe, and it is the Mariners opinion that they can +fly no longer then their wings be wet. The fish it selfe is about the +bignesse of a Mackrell or a great white Hearing, and much of that colour +and making, with two large wings shaped of nature very cunningly, and with +great delight to behold, in all the world much like to our Gentlewomens +dutch Fans, that, are made either of paper, parchment, or silke, or other +stuffe, which will with certaine pleights easily runne and fold themselues +together. One of these flying fishes was presented to my L. Admirall by a +fisher man, and newly taken in his L. returne from Cadiz, and then I [had] +good leisure and opportunitie to view it. ['had' missing in source +text--KTH] + +The 18. day early in the morning wee tooke an Irish man, and he came +directly from Cadiz, hauing beene there but the day before at twelue of the +clocke at high noone. This man being examined, told truely that there was +now great store of shipping at Cadiz, and with them xviii. or xix. gallies +in a readinesse, and that among those ships there were diuers of the kings +best: and namely, that the Philip of Spaine was amongst them, but what +their intent was, hee could not tell. This man was commanded also to giue +his attendance. + +The 20. of Iune being Sunday, we came before Cadiz very early in the +morning, and in all this time as yet, the whole Nauy had not lost either by +sicknesse or by any other maner of wayes sixe men to my knowledge: as for +the Dutch company, I am not able precisely to say what happened there, for +that they were no part of our charge to be looked vnto, but were a regiment +entire of themselues, and by themselues to be prouided for, either for +their diet, or for the preservation of their healths by phisicke. + +Thus then I say, being all in good plight and strong, the 20. of Iune wee +came to Cadiz, and there very earely in the morning presented our selues +before the Towne, ryding about a league or something lesse, from it. The +sea at that instant went maruelous high, and the winde was exceeding large. +Notwithstanding, a Councell being called, our Lords Generall foorthwith +attempted with all expedition to land some certaine companies of their men +at the West side of the Towne, by certaine long boats, light horsemen, +pynnesses, and barges made for the purpose, but could not compasse it, and +in the attempting thereof; they chanced to sinke one of their Barges, with +some foure score good souldiers well appointed in her, and yet by good hap +and great care the men were all saued excepting viii. And therefore they +were constrayned to put off their landing till an other more convenient +time. + +That morning very timely, there, lighted a very faire doue vpon the maine +yard of the L. Admirals ship, and there she sate very quietly for the space +of 3. or 4. houres, being nothing dismayed all that while, euery man gazed +and looked much vpon her, and spake their minds and opinions, yet all +concluding by no meanes to disquiet her: I for my part, tooke it for a very +good omen and boading, as in trueth (God be thanked) there fell out nothing +in the end to the contrary. And as at our very first comming to Cadiz this +chanced, so likewise on the very last day of our departing from the same +towne, another Doue presented her selfe in the selfe same order into the +same ship, and presently grew wonderfull tame and familiar to vs all, and +did so still keepe vs company, euen till our arriuall here in England. + +We no sooner presented our selues, but presently a goodly sort of tall +Spanish ships came out of the mouth of the Bay of Cadiz, the Gallies +accompanying them in such good order, and so placed as all of them might +well succour each other, and therewithall kept themselues very close to +their towne, the castle, and the forts, for their better guard and defence, +abiding there still, and expecting our farther determination. All that day +passed, being very rough and boysterous, and litle or nothing could be +done, more then that about the euening there passed some friendly and kinde +salutations sent one from the other in warlike maner, by discharging +certain great peeces, but to my knowledge no hurt done at all, or else very +litle. + +A carefull and diligent watch was had all that night thoroughout the whole +armie, and on monday morning being the 21. day, the winde and weather being +become moderate and fauourable, betweene fiue and sixe of the clocke in the +morning, our ships in the name of almightie God, and in defence of the +honour of England, without any farther delay, with all speed, courage, and +alacritie, did set vpon the Spanish ships, being then vnder sayle, and +making out of the mouth of the Bay of Cadiz, vp toward Puente de Suaço on +Grenada side, being in number lix. tall ships, with xix. or xx. Gallies +attending vpon them, sorted in such good order, and reasonable distance as +they might still annoy vs, and alwayes relieue themselues interchangeably: +hauing likewise the Castle, Forts, and Towne, continually to assist them +and theirs, and alwayes readie to play vpon vs and ours. + +In most mens opinions it seemed that the enemy had a wonderful aduantage of +vs, all circumstances being well weighed, but especially the straightnesse +of the place, and the naturall forme and situation of the Bay it selfe, +being rightly considered. For albeit the very Bay it selfe is very large +and exceeding beautifull, so that from Cadiz to Port S. Mary, is some vi. +or vii. English miles ouer or there abouts, yet be there many rockes, +shelues, sands and shallowes in it, so that the very chanell and place for +sea roome, is not aboue 2. or 3. miles, yea and in some places not so much, +for the ships of any great burthen, to make way in, but that they must +either be set on ground or else constrained to run fowle one on another. +All this notwithstanding, with great and inuincible courage, the Lords +generall presently set vpon them, and sorting out some such conuenient +ships, as to their honorable wisedomes seemed fittest for that times +seruice, they were driuen to take some other course then before had beene +by them entended. Wherefore vpon a graue consultation had by a select +Counsell, what great dangers might ensue vpon so mightie a disaduantage as +appeared in all probability, if it were not by good and sound iudgement +preuented, and therewithall in their singular wisedomes foreseeing that +some great stratageme might be practised by the enemy, either by +fire-worke, or some other subtill politike deuise, for the hazarding of her +Maiesties ships of honor in so narrow a place, thus with al expedition they +concluded that the Viceadmirall, the L. Thomas Howard, that most noble L. +Howard (whose exceeding great magnanimity, courage, and wisedome, ioyned +with such an honorable kind of sweet courtesie, bountie, and liberalitie, +as is not able by me and my weakenes to be expressed, hath wonne him all +the faithfull louing hearts of as many as euer haue had any maner of +dealing with him) This L. Thomas, I say, in the Non Pareille for that time, +and the Reare Admirall Sir Walter Raleigh (a man of maruellous worth and +regard, for many his exceeding singular great vertues, right fortitude and +great resolutenes in all matters of importance) in the Warspight associated +with diuers most famous worthy knights, namely, Sir Francis Vere the L. +Martiall in the Rainbow, Sir George Cary M. of the Ordinance, in the Mary +rose, Sir Robert Southwell in the Lyon, gentlemen for all laudable good +vertues, and for perfect courage and discretion in all military actions, of +as great praise and good desert as any gentlemen of their degree whosoeuer, +hauing with them some of the shippes of London and some of the Dutch +squadron of reasonable burthen, should leade the dance, and giue the onset, +and that the two most noble Lords generall with some others of their +companies, should in their conuenient time and order, second the maine +battell. The fight being begunne and growen very hot, the L. Generall the +Earle of Essex, (whose infinite princely vertues with triumphant fame +deserue to be immortalized) being on Port S. Mary side, vpon a sudden and +vnlooked for of others, thrust himselfe among the formost into the maine +battell. The other most honorable L. Generall (whose singular vertues in +all respects are of such an excellencie and perfection as neither can my +praise in any part increase them, nor any mans enuy any whit blemish or +diminish them) vnderstanding, the most noble Earle to be in fight among +them, and perceiuing by the M. of his ship, the Arke Royall, that lacke of +water, it was not possible, that he might put any neerer, without farther +delay, called presently for his Pynnesse, and in the same Pynnesse put +himselfe, and his honorable son L. William Howard that now is, aboord the +Honor de la mer, and there remained in the fight till the battell was +ended. The fight was very terrible, and most hideous to the beholder by the +continuall discharging of those roaring thundering great peeces, on all +sides, and so continued doubtful till about one or two of the clocke in the +afternoone: about which time the Philip, whom in very truth, they had all +most fancie vnto, began to yeeld and giue ouer, her men that remained aliue +shifting for themselues as they were able, and swimming, and running a +shoare with all the hast that they could possibly, and therewithall, at the +very same instant themselues fired their ship, and so left her, and +presently thereupon a great Argosie, with an other mighty great ship, fired +themselues in the like maner. Immediately hereupon, the residue of the +ships ran themselues on ground, as farre from vs as they could, and therby +purchased their owne safety, or rather breathing space for the time. Of +them all two faire ships only were boorded and taken by our men with most +part of their furniture in them, the one called S. Matthy, a ship by +estimation of some xii. hundred tunne, and the other S. Andrew, being a +shippe of not much lesser burthen. The Gallies, seeing this suddaine great +victorious ouerthrow, made all the hast they could toward the Bridge called +Puente de Suaço, and there shrowded themselues in such sort as our shippes +could not by any meanes possible come nigh them for lacke of water. + +The Spanish ships in all were lix. and as is sayd, all tall ships and very +richly furnished and well appointed, whereof some of them were bound for +the Indies, and other freighted and furnished for Lisbon, as themselues +affirme; and had we not come that very time that we did, (which for my +part, I do not attribute so much vnto meere chance, as to some secret deepe +insight and foreknowledge of the two most worthy Lords generall, who no +doubt spared for no cost or labour for true intelligence) we had certainely +mist of them all. + +Of what great wealth and riches these ships were, that I leaue to other +mens iudgement and report, but sure I am that themselues offered two +millions and a halfe of ducats for the redemption of the goods and riches +that were in them: which offer of theirs, albeit it was accepted of the +Lords Generall, and should haue beene receiued, yet we were defeated of it, +as hereafter shall be more at large declared. + +What maner of fight this was, and with what courage performed, and with +what terror to the beholder continued, where so many thundering tearing +peeces were for so long a time discharged, I leaue it to the Reader to +thinke and imagine. Yet such was the great mercy and goodnes of our liuing +God, that in all this cruell terrible fight, in the end, there were not +either slaine or hurt by any maner of meanes (excepting one mischance that +happened, wherof I will by and by make mention) many aboue the number of +100. of our men: notwithstanding diuers of our shippes were many times shot +thorow and thorow: yea and some of them no lesse then two and twentie +times, as I was enformed by credible report of the Captaines and Masters +themselues. I knowe not of any other hurt done, sauing onely that Sir +Robert Southwell, who alwayes shewed himselfe a most valiant resolute +knight in all this action, making a litle too much haste with his Pinnesse +to boord the Philip, had there his said Pinnesse burnt with the Philip at +the same instant, and yet by good care and diligence his men were saued. + +One other mischance (as I said) there happened, and it was thus: One of the +Flemings flieboats, who had, in all the conflict before, caried himselfe +very well and valiantly, about ten of the clocke while the fight continued +sharpest, chanced by great negligence and misfortune, to be fired and +blowen vp by his owne powder, who could not haue any fewer in him, then one +hundred fighting men by all supposall, and so in the very twinckling of an +eye, both shippe and men were all cast away, excepting vii. or viii. which +by very good fortune, and great care and diligence of some of the other +ships were saued. + +Immediatly vpon this notable victory without any farther stay in all the +world, the Lord generall the Earle of Essex put to shore and landed about +3000. shot, and pikemen: of the which number the one halfe was presently +dispatched to the bridge Puente de Suaço, vnder the conduct of three most +famous worth; knights. Sir Christopher Blunt, Sir Coniers Clifford, and Sir +Thomas Gerard: with the other halfe, being about fifteene hundred, the most +noble Earle of Essex himselfe, being accompanied with diuers other +honorable Lords, namely the Earle of Sussex, the Lord Harbert, the Lord +Burt, Count Lodouick of Nassaw, the Lord Martiall Sir Francis Vere, with +many other worthy Knights, and men of great regard, who all in that dayes +seruice did most valiantly behaue themselues, with all expedition possible +marched on foote toward the towne of Cadiz, which was about three English +miles march. That time of the day was very hot and faint and the way was +all of dry deepe slyding sand in a maner, and beside that, very vneuen, and +by that meanes so tiresome and painefull as might be. The enemie hauing +reasonable companie both of horse and footemen, stoode in a readinesse some +good distance without the towne to welcome vs, and to encounter the Lorde +Generall. But the most famous Earle with his valiant Troupes, rather +running in deede in good order, then marching, hastened on with such +vnspeakeable courage and celeritie, as within one houres space and lesse, +the horsemen were all discomfited and put to flight, their leader being +strooken downe at the very first encounter, whereat the footemen being +wonderfully dismayed and astonished at the vnexspected manner of the +Englishmens kinde of such fierce and resolute fight retyred themselues with +all the speede possible that they could, to recouer themselues into the +Towne againe, which being done by them, with farre swifter legges then +manly courage, our men were enforcd to skale the walles: which thing in +very deede, although it was not without great danger and difficulty to be +perfourmed: Yet such was the inuincible resolution, and the wonderfull +dexterity of the English, that in one halfe houre or thereabout, the enemie +was repulsed, and the towne wall possessed, by the noble Earle himselfe, +being in all this action, either the uery first man or else in a maner +ioyned with the first. + +The towne walles being then possessed, and the English Ensigne being there +displayed vpon them, with all speede possible they proceeded on to march +through the towne, making still their waie with sworde and shot as well as +they could, being still fought withall at euery turne. + +Immediately vpon this most famous entrie, the noble Earle, (according to +their resolutions, as I take it, put downe before) was seconded by the +noble L. Admirall in person, who was accompanied, with the noble L. Thomas +Howard, the most worthy gentleman his sonne, now L. Howard, Sir Robert +Southwell, Sir Richard Leuison, and with diuers other gentlemen, his L. +followers of good account: his colours being aduanced by that valiant +resolute gentleman, (a man beautified with many excellent rare gifts, of +good learning and vnderstanding) S. Edward Hobby Knight. And thus he +likewise marching with al possible speede on foote, notwithstanding his L. +many yeres, the Intolerable heate, for the time, and the ouertiring tedious +deepe sands, with other many impediments: Yet in good time, ioyned himselfe +with the Earle and his companies, and gaue them the strongest, and best +assistance that he could. + +Thus then the two Lords Generall with their companies being ioyned +together, and proceeding so farre as the market place, there they were +hotly encountered, where and at what time, that worthy famous knight Sir +Iohn Winkfield, being sore wounded before on the thigh, at the very entry +of the towne, and yet for all that no whit respecting himselfe being caried +away, with the care he had to encourage and direct his company, was with +the shot of a musket in the head, most vnfortunately slaine. + +And thus before eight of the clocke that night were these two most noble +Lords General, Masters of the market place, the forts, and the whole Towne +and all, onely the Castle as yet holding out, and from time to time as they +could, still annoying them, with seuen battering pieces. By this time night +began to grow on, and a kind of peace or intermission was obtained by them +of the Castle: to whome the Lords Generall had signified: that vnlesse +before the next day in the morning they would absolutely render themselues, +they should looke for no mercy, but should euery one be put to the sword: +vpon which message they tooke deliberation that night: but in the morning +before breake of day, they hanged out their flag of truce, and so without +any further composition did yeeld themselues absolutely to their mercy, and +deliuered vp the Castle. + +And yet notwithstanding all this, in the night time while they had this +respite to pause, and deliberate about the peacemaking, there were diuers +great and suddaine alarms giuen: which did breed some great outrages and +disorder in the towne. At euery which alarme, the two Lordes Generall +shewed themselues maruelous ready and forward, insomuch that at the very +first alarme, skant wel furnished with any more defence then their shirts, +hose, and dublets, and those too altogether in a maner vntied, they were +abroad in the streets themselues, to see the vttermost of it. But for that +it is not as yet very well knowen (or at the least not well knowen vnto me) +either wherfore, or by whom these alarmes were attempted: I am therefore to +intreat, that a bare report, that such a thing was done, may suffice. + +These things being done, and this surrender being made, present +proclamation was published, that the fury now being past, all men should +surcease from all maner of blood and cruell dealing, and that there should +no kind of violence or hard vsage be offered to any, either man, woman or +child, vpon paine of death: And so permitting the spoyle of so much of the +towne as was by them thought meete, to the common souldiers for some +certaine dayes, they were continually in counsell about other graue +directions, best knowen to their honourable wisedomes. + +This honourable and mercifull Edict I am sure was streightly and +religiously obserued of the English: But how well it was kept by the Dutch, +I will nether affirme, nor yet denie. For I perceiue betweene them and the +Spaniards, there is in implicable hartburning, and therefore as soone as +the Dutch squadron was espied in the fight, immediatly thereupon both they +of Siuil and S. Lucar and also some, of some other places, did not onely +arrest all such Dutch ships, as delt with them friendly by the way of +traffick and Marchandise, and so confiscated their goods, but also +imprisoned the Marchants and Owners of the same, and, as the report goeth, +did intreat many of them with extreame cruelty thereupon. + +In the meane while the very next day being the two and twenty day of Iune, +all the Spanish shippes which were left on ground in the Bay of Cadiz, +where the great ouerthrowe had beene but the day before, were by the +Spaniards themselues there set on fire, and so from that time forward they +neuer left burning of them, till euery one of them, goods and all, as farre +as wee know were burnt and consumed. This their doing was much maruelled at +of vs, and so much the more, for that, as I sayd before, there had bene +made some offer for the redemption and sauing of the goods, and it was not +to them vnknowen that this their offer was not misliked, but in all +probabilitie should haue bene accepted. The common opinion was, that this +was done either by the appointment of the Duke de Medina Sidonia, or els by +expresse commandement from the higher powers. + +Not long after the same time (three dayes as I remember) the gallies that +were runne on ground, did quitte themselues also out of that place, and by +the bridge of the Iland called Puente de Suaço, made their way round about +the same Iland, and so by putting themselues to the maine sea, escaped to a +towne called Rotta, not farre off, but something vp towards the Towne of +Saint Lucars, and there purchased their safety by that meanes. + +Thus was this notable victorie, as well by sea as by land, both begunne and +in effect perfourmed, within the compasse, in a maner, of foureteene +houres: A thing in trueth so strange and admirable, as in my iudgement will +rather bee wondered at then beleeued of posteritie. And if euer any notable +exploit in any age was comparable to Cæsars Veni, Vidi, Vici, certainely in +my poore opinion it was this. + +Here it is to be wished (and perchance of some too it is looked for) that +euery mans particular worthy acte in this dayes seruice, with the parties +names also, should be put downe, that thereby both they and their good +deserts might be registered to all posteritie: and for my part I would it +were so, and wish I were able to doe it. But for that I confesse it is a +matter that passeth my power, yea, and for that I thinke it also a thing +impossible to be precisely perfourmed by any other, I am to craue pardon +for that I rather leaue it out altogether, then presume to doe it maymedly: +and in this point I referre the Reader onely to the Mappe that is set +foorth of this iourney, where it is in some parte conueniently touched and +specified. + +The Towne of it selfe was a very beautifull towne, and a large, as being +the chiefe See of the Bishop there, and hauing a goodly Cathedrall Church +in it, with a right goodly Abbey, a Nunnery, and an exceeding fine College +of the Jesuites, and was by naturall situation, as also by very good +fortification, very strong, and tenable enough in all mens opinions of the +better judgement. Their building was all of a kind of hard stone, euen from +the very foundation to the top, and euery house was in a manner a kinde of +a fort or Castle, altogether flat-roofed in the toppe, after the Turkish +manner, so that many men together, and that at ease, might walke thereon: +hauing vpon the house top, great heapes of weighty stoanes piled vp in such +good order, as they were ready to be throwen downe by euery woman most +easily vpon such as passed by, and the streetes for the most part so +exceeding narrow, (I thinke to auoide the intollerable great heat of the +Sunne) as but two men or three at the most together, can in any reasonable +sorte march thorough them, no streete being broader commonly then I suppose +Watling streete in London to be. + +The towne is altogether without glasse, excepting the Churches, yet with +faire comely windowes, and with faire grates of iron to them, and haue very +large folding leaues of wainscot or the like. It hath very fewe Chimnies in +it, or almost none at all: it may be some one chimney in some one or other +of the lower out roomes of lest account, seruing for some necessary vses, +either to wash in, or the like, or els nowe and then perchance for the +dressing of a dish of meate, hauing, as it should seeme vnto me, alwayes a +greater care and respect how to keepe themselues from all kind of great +heat, then how to prouide for any store of great roste. It had in it by +report of them that should best know it, some foure thousand and moe, of +very good able fighting men, and sixe hundred horsemen at the least. No +question but that they were well furnished of all things appertaining +thereunto, especially so many good ships lying there, and being so well +stored with all manner of munition, shot, and powder, as they were. + +Whether they had knowledge of our comming or no, I can say nothing to it: +Themselues giue it out that they vnderstood not of it, but onely by a +Carauel the Friday at euening before we came. But whether they knew it or +no, thus much I dare boldly affirme, that if the English had bene possessed +of that or the like Towne, and had bene but halfe so well prouided as they +were, they would haue defended it for one two moneths at the least, against +any power whatsoeuer in at Christendome. But surely GOD is a mighty GOD, +and hath a wonderfull secret stroke in all matters, especially of weight +and moment. Whether their hearts were killed at the mighty ouerthrow by +sea, or whether they were amased at the inuincible courage of the English, +which was more then ordinary, caring no more for either small shot or +great, then in a maner for so many hailestones, or whether the remorse of a +guilty conscience toward the English nation, for their dishonourable and +diuelish practices, against her Sacred Maiestie, and the Realme, (a matter +that easily begetteth a faint heart in a guilty minde) or what other thing +there was in it I know not, but be it spoken to their perpetuall shame and +infamie, there was neuer thing more resolutely perfourmed, of the +couragious English, nor more shamefully lost of the bragging Spaniard. + +Of what wealth this towne should be, I am not able to resolue the asker: +for I confesse that for mine owne part, I had not so much good lucke, as to +be partaker so much as of one pennie, or penny worth. Howbeit my ill +fortune maketh that towne neuer a whit the poorer. But as it should appear +by the great pillage by the common souldiers, and some mariners too, and by +the goodly furnitures; that were defaced by the baser people, and thereby +vtterly lost and spoyled, as not woorth the carying away, and by the ouer +great plenty of Wine, Oyle, Almonds, Oliues, Raisins, Spices, and other +rich grocery wares, that by the intemperate disorder of some of the rasher +sort were knockt out, and lay trampled vnder feete, in euery common high +way, it should appeare that it was of some very mighty great wealth to the +first owners, though perchance, not of any such great commoditie to the +last subduers, for that I iudge that the better part was most ryotously and +intemperately spent and consumed. A disorder in mine opinion very much to +be lamented, and if it might be by any good meanes remedied, in my conceit, +it were a most honourable deuice. + +The Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday following, the Lords Generall spent in +counsell, about the disposing of all matters, aswell touching the towne and +prisoners, as also concerning all other matters, thought meete of them in +their honourable wisedomes, and in all that meane while did shew such +honourable bounty and mercy, as is not able to be expressed. For not onely +the liues of euery one were spared, but also there was an especial care +had, that al the Religious, as wel men as women, should be well and +fauourably intreated, whom freely without any maner of ransome or other +molestation, they caused to be safely transported ouer to Port Saint Marie, +a towne in a maner as fayre as Cadiz: but at that time, as the case did +stand, certainly knowen to be of no wealth in the world, and it was some +sixe or seuen miles distant ouer against Cadiz, in a maner as Paules is +against Southwarke, on the other side of the Bay, in a part of Andaluzia, +subiect to the territory of the Duke de Medina Sidonio. + +Moreouer, at the same instant they did appoint that worthy knight Sir Amias +Preston, and some others in some conuenient Barkes, to transport ouer to +the sayd Towne safely and in good order, a hundred or moe of the better +sort of ancient gentlewomen, and marchants wiues, who were suffered to put +vpon themselues, some of them two, yea, some three sutes of apparell, with +some conuenient quantitie of many Iewels, Chaines, and other ornaments +belonging to their estate and degree. Such was the heroicall liberality, +and exceeding great clemencie of those most honourable Lords Generall, +thereby, as it should seeme vnto mee, beating downe that false surmised +opinion, which hath bene hitherto commonly spread abroad, and setled among +the Spaniards: which is, That the English doe trouble them and their +countries, more for their golde, riches and pearle &c. then for any other +iust occasion. Whereas by these their honourable dealings it is manifest to +all the world, that it is onely in respect of a iust reuenge for the +manifolde iniuries, and most dishonourable practises that haue bene from +time to time attempted by them against vs and our nation, and also in the +defence of the true honour of England: which they haue sought, and daylie +doe seeke, by so many sinister and reprochfull deuices, so much as in them +lieth, to deface. + +Vpon Saturday being the 26. Sir Iohn Winkfield knight was buried, in +honourable and warlike manner, so farre foorth us the circumstances of that +time and place could permit. At whose funerals the Nauie discharged a great +part of their Ordinance, in such order, as was thought meete and conuenient +by the Lords Generals commandement. + +The twenty seuenth day being Sunday, in the Abbey the diuine seruice was +had, and a learned Sermon was made there by one Master Hopkins, the right +honourable Earle of Essex his Preacher, a man of good learning and sweete +vtterance, and euen there the same day, something before the sermon was +made, these worthie Gentlemen following were knighted by the Lords General. +And here I am to signifie by the way that two of these were knighted three +or foure dayes before, and some three or foure moe were knighted after that +time, vpon certaine occasions: but yet I holde it beste (and I trust +without offence) to recite their names in this place altogether. + + +The names of such noble men and gentlemen, as were knighted at Cadiz in + Iune 1596 by the two most honourable Lordes Generall. + +June 21. Sir Samuel Bagnol. Sir Alexander Clifford. +22. Sir Arthur Sauage. Sir Maurice Barkley. +27. The Earle of Sussex. Sir Charles Blunt + The Lord Harbert. Sir George Gifford. + The Lord Burk. Sir Robert Crosse. + Count Ludowick. Sir Iames Escudamor. + Sir William Howard. Sir Vrias Leigh. + Sir George D'Eureux. Sir Iohn Leigh, alias Lee. + Sir Henry Neuel. Sir Richard Weston. + Sir Edmund Rich. Sir Richard Wainman. + Sir Richard Leuen. Sir Iames Wootton. + Sir Peter Egomort. Sir Richard Ruddal. + Sir Anthonie Ashley. Sir Robert Mansfield. + Sir Henry Leonard. Sir William Mounson. + Sir Richard Leuison. Sir Iohn Bowles. + Sir Horatio Vere. Sir Edward Bowes. + Sir Arthur Throchmorton. Sir Humfrey Druel. + Sir Miles Corbet Sir Amias Preston. + Sir Edward Conway. Sir Robert Remington. + Sir Oliuer Lambert Sir Iohn Buck. + Sir Anthony Cooke. Sir Iohn Morgan. + Sir Iohn Townesend. Sir Iohn Aldridg. + Sir Christopher Heydon. Sir Iohn Asshindon. + Sir Francis Popham. Sir Matthew Browne. + Sir Philip Woodhouse. Sir Iohn Acton. + Sir Thomas Gates. Sir Iohn Gylbert. + Sir Gilly Mericke. Sir William Haruie. + Sir Thomas Smith. Sir Iohn Gray. + Sir William Pooley. Don Christ. prince of Portingall. + Sir Thomas Palmer. Sir Iohn Vanderfoord, + Sir Iohn Stafford. Admirall of the Hollanders. + Sir Robert Louel. Sir Robert Duley. 8. August. + +[_In the preceding List, the last name should undoubtedly be Sir Robert +Dudey._] + +I am not curious in placing these gentlemen, but put them downe at a +venture. Only I haue obserued, as neere as I could, the iust day and time +when they were created. And I trust where the place of it selfe is so +worthy and equall, there the bare naming and placing of the parties, shal +brede no offence, or make a disparity. The two gentlemen that were last +knighted receiued their knighthood in the way of our returne from Cadiz: +the one of them vpon the sea, not farre from the Bay of the Groyne, at what +time our ships stood vpon their staies for a space while certaine Pinnasses +were sent to descrie what shipping was at the Groine: The other at +Plimmouth in the open streete, when the Lords Generall came from the +Sermon. The one a man of long seruice, and good desert among the Dutch: the +other of so many good parts of a worthy gentleman, as the like are seldome +seene to concurre in any. + +I spake in the beginning of her Majesties praier, which I presumed (though +vnworthy) to translate into Latine: and nowe at this very time there was +some opportunity offered, for to make some vse of that translation. For +nowe being in Cadiz, attending vpon my most honourable good Lord, I talked +with certaine of the Religious men, such as I found learned, whereof indeed +there were some, though not very many. I talked also with the Bishop of +Cusco there, a graue aged comely man, and being of late chosen to that +Bishopricke, he was as then to have gone to the Indies had not we then +taken him prisoner, and so stayed his iourney for that time. With these men +euer as occasion did serue, I did seeke nowe and then to spende some +speech, and to entertaine time withall, I would breake with them of this +our victorie, and of the iniuries and bad dealings of their Prince and +Countrey offered to her Maiestie, whereby shee was prouoked, and in a +manner drawn to this action: though otherwise of her own most excellent +princely good nature, she was altogether giuen to peace, and quietnes. And +alwayes in some part of our conferences, I would shew them a copie of her +Maiesties praier in Latine, which I had alwayes of purpose ready about me; +whereby it might the better appeare vnto them, how vnwillingly, and vpon +how great and vrgent occasions her Maiesty was, as it were enforced to +vndertake this action: and therewithall I did vse now and then to bestow +vpon them a copy of the same in writing. They seemed in all outward shew to +allow of my speeches, and to praise her Maiesties good inclination; and +earnestly to wish that there might be a firme concord and peace againe. + +It pleased the Lords general to deale exceeding fauourably with this said +Bishop of Cusco: for it was their good pleasure to giue him his free +passage without any ransome, and therewithal to let him to vnderstand, that +they came not to deale with Church-men, or vnarmed men, or with men of +peace, weaklings and children, neither was it any part of their meaning to +make such a voyage for gold, siluer, or any other their wealth and riches, +&c. But that, their only comming was to meet with their dishonorable +practises, and manifold iniuries, and to deale with men of warre and +valour, for the defence of the true honour of England: and to let them to +vnderstand, that whensoeuer they attempted any base-conceited and +dishonorable practise to their soueraigne Queene, their Mistresse, that it +should be reuenged to the vttermost, &c. + +In this meane space, while the Lords general continued at Cadiz, there came +to them certain poore wretched Turks, to the number of 38, that had bin a +long time gally-slaues, and either at the very time of the fight by sea, or +els immediately thereupon, taking the opportunity, did then make their +escape, and did swim to land: yeelding themselues to the mercy of their +most honorable Lordships. It pleased them with all speed to apparel them, +and to furnish them with money, and all other necessaries, and to bestow on +them a barke, and a Pilot, to see them freely and safely conueied into +Barbary, willing them to let the countrey vnderstand what was done, and +what they had seene. Whereby I doubt not, but as her Maiesty is a most +admirable Prince already, ouer all Europe, all Africk, and Asia, and +throughout Christendome: so the whole worlde hereafter shall haue iust +cause to admire her infinitely Princely vertues, and thereby bee prouoked +to confesse, that as she hath bin mightily protected from time to time, by +the powerful hand of the almighty, so vndoubtedly, that she is to be iudged +and accounted of vs, to be his most sacred handmaide, and chosen vessel. +And therefore, whatsoever wicked designement shalbe conspired and plotted +against her Maiesty hereafter, shalbe thought to be conspired, plotted, and +intended against the almighty himselfe: and for that cause, as I trust, +shalbe by the infinite goodnes and mercy of that almighty, mightily +frustrate and ouerthrowen. + +The 28. day being Munday, the L. Admirall came aboord the Arke againe, +minding there to remaine for a space, as indeed he did, and vpon the aduise +of his Physition, to deale something in Physicke, for that his L. found his +body something out of frame. At that time it pleased his L. to write +certain letters to the Duke of Medina Sidonia, for the deliuerance of +English captiues, who were remaining in the gallies. For by this time, it +was reported, that the said Duke was come downe in person with some power, +and that he was either at Port S. Mary, or els at Rotta, or thereabout. His +L. did endite the letters himselfe, but his pleasure was, they should be +turned into Latine by another: and so to be sent (as indeed they were) in +the latine tongue vnto the Duke. + + +A copie of the Lord Admirals letters to the Duke of Medina Sidonia. + +Illustrissimo Principi Duci de Medina Sidonia. + +Illustrissime Princeps, ex nonnullis quibusdam Hispanis intelligimus, +Excellentiam vestram iam nunc esse apud portam S. Mariæ. Et quoniam in anno +Domini 1588. id nobis tunc muneris assignatum erat à sereniss. nostra +Regina domina mea, vt contra vos, vestrásque copias, Ego solus pro eo +tempore Generalis essem constitutus: Idcircò non opinamur vobis ignotum +esse, quàm mite quoddam, et humanum bellandi genus, tum hîc iam in hoc ipso +tempore, aduersus huius loci populum atque incolas vsurpauerimus: tum etiam +sæpius antehac quâm humaniter, benignèque eos omnes tractauerimus, quos ex +vestris iure belli captiuos acceperimus. Ex quorum numero quàm multa milia +etiam gratis, nullo accepto pretio, libertate donauerimus, id putamus +omnibus esse testatius, quàm vt à quoquam denegetur. Quocirca, neque vllo +modo nobis in mentem venire potest, vt dubitemus, quin parem etiam in vobis +humanitatem aduersus nostros captiuos simus reperturi. Cum igitur nobis +compertum iam sit, habere vos in vestris galeris, ex Reginæ nostræ +serenissimæ Dominæ meæ subditis vnum et quinquaginta captiuos: non equidem +dubitamus, quin eos omnes sitis relaxaturi, et ad nos missuri: ea lege, ac +conditione, vt totidem ex vestris hîc captíuis eiusdem loci atque ordinis, +melioris etiam fortassis notæ, ac conditionis, homuncios, ad os vicissim +remittamus. Id quod nos facturos data fide spondemus, quàm primùm nostros +captiuos ex vestris manibus acceperimus. Hac in re si nostro desiderio ac +voluntati parùm satisfactum erit, aliud profectò tunc posthac belli genus +ingrediemur, aliúmque bellandi morem cogemur, etiam inuiti, et contra +voluntatem prosequi. Ex Regia Anglicana classe apud Cadiz vltimo Iunij, +stilo antiquo. 1596. + +Carolus Howard. + +These letters were sent by a Spaniard, and an answere was brought from the +Duke with al conuenient speed, and as it should seeme by the L. Admirals +next answere returned to him in writing, which immediately hereafter +foloweth, the Duke de Medina Sidonia his letters were honorable, and with +good regard. + + +A Copie of my L. Admirals second letter to the Duke of Medina Sidonia. + +Illustrissimo Principi Duci de Medina Sidonia. + +Illustrissime Princeps, literas ab excellentia vestra hodiè accepimus: quæ +verò nostra sit ad illas responsio, nobiles isti viri, qui vestras literas +ad nos pertulerunt: pleniùs declarabunt. Hoc interim cupimus esse penitùs +persuasum Excellentiæ vestræ; nos sedulò operam daturos, vt in omni +honorificæ benignitatis humanitatisque genere, expectationi vestræ omni ex +parte respondeamus. Quod ad Anglicos nostros captiuos attinet, quos ab +Excellentia vestra huc ad nos crastino die missum iri expectamus, in ea re +pollicemur Excellentiæ vestræ, quòd plenius à nobis vestræ voluntati +satisfactum erit: et quòd pro illis captiuis tales nos captiuos vobis +remittemus, quales tum ab ipso Dom. Mendoza, tum ab alijs illustrib. viris, +qui à Dom. Porta Carero in illorum ad nos fauorem mittebantur, communi cum +consensu erant ab ipsis approbati. Si verò quis alius iam captiuus est vel +posthac futurus erit in nostra potestate, pro cuius redemptione nondum +plenè conuentum est et stipulatum de certo pretio persoluendo: concedimus +Excellentiæ vestræ, vt in hoc etiam casu vos, vestro pro arbitrio, de illis +quicquid velitis, imperetis. Ex Regia classe Anglicana, apud Cadiz, 3. die +Iulij stylo antique. 1596. + +Carolus Howard. + +The next day after, being the 4. of Iuly, the L. L. generall caused the +towne of Cadiz to be set on fire, and rased and defaced so much as they +could, the faire cathedral Church, and the religious houses only being +spared, and left vnblemished. And with the town al such prouision for +shipping, and other things, as were seruiceable for the K. vse, and yet +were not either so conuenient for vs to be caried away, or els such as we +stood no whit at all in need of, were likewise at the same instant consumed +with fire. And presently therupon, their Lordships, with as conuenient, +speed as they could, and the whole army in such good order and leisure, as +they thought best, came aboord. + +The next day being the 5. of Iuly, the L. L. generall with all the armie +being vnder saile and now making for England, and but as yet passing the +very mouth of the Bay of Cadiz, a galley full of English prisoners, with a +flag of truce, met vs from Rotta, sent by the D. of Medina Sidonia, and +sent as it should seeme, one day later then his promise: but yet their flag +being either not big enough, or not wel placed in the galley, or not wel +discerned of our men, or by what other mischance I know not: but thus it +was: by one of our smallest ships that sailed formost, assoone as the said +galley came within gunshot, there was a great peece discharged vpon her, +and at that instant there was one man slaine outright, and 2. other +grieuously hurt. The error being espied and perceiued, our ship gaue ouer +immediatly from any farther shooting. Assoone as the galley came neere vs, +my L. Admirall caused a gracious salutation to be sounded with his +trumpets, and willed the captains forthwith to come aboord his ship: which +they did, and then he feasted them with a very fine and honorable banket, +as the time and place might serve. And then by them vnderstanding of that +unfortunate mischance that had hapned by the shot of the said ship, he was +very sory for the same, and yet such was the merciful prouidence of +almighty God, that euen in this mischance also, he did hold his holy hand +ouer the English. And al the harme that was done did light onely vpon the +poore Turk, and the Spaniard himselfe. When this Lorde had well banqueted +them, hee presently called for his barge, and did accompany the said galley +to the Lorde general the Earle of Essex, who then did ride with his ship a +good distance off: and there they being in like maner most honorably +receiued, and intertained, the Spanish gentlemen deliuered vp their +prisoners the English captiues, of whom some had bin there 6 yere, some 8, +or ten: yea, and some 22. yeere, and vpward, and some of them but lately +taken in S. Francis Drakes last voiage to the Indies. The number of the +prisoners deliuered were but 39, and no mo, and were brought in, and +deliuered by Don Antonio de Corolla and his brother, and, by Don Pedro de +Cordua, and certaine others. If you demaund why, of one and fiftie +Captiues, there were no moe deliuered then was, I presuppose, (and I thinke +it true to) that at that time the residue were farther off in some remote +places of Spaine bestowed, and so by that meanes, not able at this time to +bee in a readinesse, but yet like enough that there is some good order +taken for them hereafter, to be redeemed, and sent ouer into England. + +If any man presume here so farre, as to enquire how it chanced, that the +Lords generall rested so long at Cadiz, and went no farther, and why Port +S. Mary being so faire a towne, and so neere to them, was forborne? and why +Sheres aliàs Xeres? And why Rotta and the like? And why this or that was +done? And why that or this left vndone? I will not answere him with our +common English prouerbe, as I might, which is: That one foole may aske moe +questions in one houre, then ten discrete men can wel answere in fiue +dayes. + +But that graue auncient writer, Cornelius Tacitus, hath a wise, briefe, +pithy saying, and it is this: "Nemo tentauit inquirere in columnas +Herculis, sanctiúsque ac reuerentius habitum est de factis Deorum credere, +quàm scire." Which saying, in my fancy, fitteth marueilous well for this +purpose: and so much the rather, for that this Cadiz is that very place, +(at least by the common opinion) where those said pillers of Hercules were +thought to be placed: and, as some say, remaine as yet not farre off to be +seene. But to let that passe, the saying beareth this discrete meaning in +it, albeit in a prety kind of mystical maner vttered: That it befitteth not +inferiour persons to be curious, or too inquisitiue after Princes actions, +neither yet to be so sawcy and so malapert, as to seeke to diue into their +secrets, but rather alwayes to haue a right reuerend conceite and opinion +of them, and their doings: and thereon so resting our inward thoughts, to +seek to go no further, but so to remaine ready alwaies to arme our selues +with dutiful minds, and willing obedience, to perform and put in execution +that which in their deepe insight and heroicall designements, they shall +for our good, and the care of the common wealth determine vpon. + +This, and much lesse to, might suffice to satisfie any honest minded man. +But yet if any will needs desire to be a little farther satisfied, albeit +it neede not, yet then, this much I dare say and affirme, that vpon my +knowledge, the chiefest cause why Port Saint Mary, and the rest were left +vntouched, was this: For that it was most certainly knowen, that they were +townes not woorth the saluting of such a royal companie, in which there was +no maner of wealth in the world left, more then bare houses of stone, and +standing walles, and might well haue serued rather as a stale, perchance, +to haue entrapped, then as a meanes to haue enriched. And it had bin more +then a suspicion of follie, for such an army as this, to haue sought to +fight with the aire, and to haue laboured with great paine and charges, +yea, and with some euident danger too, to haue ouerthrowen that, which +could very litle or nothing haue profited, being destroyed: and yet nowe, +can doe as little harme being left, as it is, vntouched. + +And thus much for our iourney to Cadiz: for the accidents that happened by +the way, for the winning, spoiling, and burning of the saide towne, for the +ouerthrowe of the Spanish Fleet there, and for al other by-matters that +happened, as appendances to the same, both in the time of our abode there, +as also at the very last houre of our comming from thence. + +As for our returne home, and our entrance into a part of Portingal by the +way, with the taking, spoyling, and burning of the towne of Faraon there, +and marching into the Spanish confines therabouts, &c. I minde to leaue it +to some other, whose chance was to be present at the action, as myselfe was +not, and shalbe of more sufficient ability to performe it. + + * * * * * + +The Most Honourable Tragedie of Sir Richard Grinuile, Knight. 1595. + [Footnote: At London, printed by I. Roberts, for Richard Smith, 1595. + (Written by Gervase Markham--KTH).] + +That time of yeare when the inamored Sunne +Clad in the richest roabes of liuing fiers, +Courted the Virgin signe, great Nature Nunne, +Which barrains earth of al what earth desires +Euen in the month that from _Augustus_ wonne, +His sacred name which vnto heauen aspires, + And on the last of his ten trebled days, + When wearie labour new refresh assayes. + +Then when the earth out-brau'd the beautious Morne, +Boasting his cornie Mantle stird with aire, +Which like a golden Ocean did adorne, +His cold drie carcasse, featurelesse, vnfaire, +Holding the naked shearers scithe in scorne, +Or ought that might his borrowed pride empaire, + The soule of vertue seeing earth so ritch, + With his deare presence gilds the sea as mitch. + +The sea, which then was heauie, sad, and still, +Dull, vnapplyed to sportiue wantonnesse, +As if her first-borne _Venus_ had beene ill, +Or _Neptune_ seene the _Sonne_ his loue possesse, +Or greater cares, that greatest comforts kill, +Had crowned with griefe, the worlds wet wildernesse, + Such was the still-foot _Thetis_ silent paine, + Whose flowing teares, ebbing fell backe againe. + +_Thetis_, the mother of the pleasant springs, +Grandam of all the Riuers in the world, +To whom earths veins their moistning tribut brings, +Now with a mad disturbed passion hurld, +About her caue (the worlds great treasure) flings: +And with wreath'd armes, and long wet hairs uncurld, + Within her selfe laments a losse vnlost, + And mones her wrongs, before her ioyes be crost + +Thus whilst churning sorrowe ceaz'd her hart, +_Grinuile_ (ô melt my spyrit in that name,) +As sings the Swan her funerall depart, +And waues her wings the ensignes of her fame, +So he, with vertue sweetning bitter smart, +Which from the seas long toyling seruice came: + For why, sixe Moones, and so oft times the Sunne + Was past, and had one halfe the signes ore-runne, + +Ere he the earth, our common Mother saw; +Now earlie greets black _Flores_ banefull Ile, +(_Flores_, from whence afflictions selfe doth draw +The true memorialls of a weeping stile;) +And with _Caisters_ Querristers[1] which straw +Descant, that might Death of his darts beguile, + He tunes saluting notes, sweeter then long, + All which are made his last liues funerall song. + +Skillesse in deaths great Parliament he cals +His fellow mat's, and minions to his fame, +Shewes them long lookt for land, and how it brauls, +Repulsing backe the billowes as they came, +Much he triumphes, and passed griefe for-stals +With present ioy (sorrow lights pleasures flame:) + And whilst his hopes of _Happy-Fortune_ sings, + _Misfortune_ by, controls them with her wings. + +Desir'd reliefe, and euer welcome rest, +The elements that forme the wearie man, +Began to hold a counsaile in his brest, +Painting his wants by sicknes pale and wan; +With other griefes, that others force opprest, +Aduising stay, (as what is but they can,) + Whilst he that fate to come, and past, nere feard, + Concludes to stay till strength decayd repaird. + +Then casts he Anchor hulling on the maine, +And all his shyps poore Citizens recounts, +And hundred iust were free from sicknes paine, +Fourscore and ten death their redress accounts; +So that of all both sicke and sound vnslaine, +Vnto two hundred wanting ten amounts. + A slender armie for so great a guide, + But vertue is vnknowne till it be tride. + +Those whom their harts enabled to attempt, +He puts a shoare to make supplie for neede; +Those whom long sicknes taught of death contempt, +He visits, and from _Ioues_ great Booke doth reede +The balme which mortall poysen doth exempt; +Those whom new breathing health like sucklings feed, + Hie to the sands, and sporting on the same, + Finde libertie, the liues best liuing flame. + +Looke how a troope of Winter-prisoned Dames, +Pent in th' inclosure of the walled townes, +Welcoms the Spring, Vsher to Somer flames, +Making their Pastimes in the flowrie downes, +Whose beauteous Arras[2] wrought in natures frames, +Through eyes admire, the hart with wonder crownes, + So the wood-walled citizens at sea, + Welcome both Spring and Sommer in a day. + +The warring byllowes, seas artillerie, +With long held siege, had bruz'd their beaten keele, +Which to repaire the most, most busied be, +Lab'ring to cure, what want in labours feele; +All pleas'd with toyle, clothing extremitie +In Hopes best robes, that hang on Fortunes wheele + But men are men, in ignorance of Fate, + To alter chaunce, exceedeth humaine state. + +For when the Sun, towred in heauens head, +Downe from the siluer mountaine of the skye, +Bent his bright Chariot on the glassie bed, +Faire christall, guilded with his glorious eye, +Fearing some usurpation in his stead, +Or least his Loue should too-long daliance spy + Tweene him and _Virgo_, whose attractiue face, + Had newly made him leaue the _Lyons_ chase. + +In that same myd-daies hower came sayling in, +A thought-swift-flying Pynnase, taught by winde, +T' outstrip in flight Times euer flying wing; +And being come where vertue was inshrinde, +First vaild his plumes, and wheeling in a ring, +With Goat-like dauncing, stays where _Grinuile_ shynd, + The whyle his great Commaunder calls the name, + Which is ador'd of all that speakes the same. + +The great Commaunder of this little Barke, +Which like an Eglet armes the Eagles side, +Was _Midleton_, the ayme of Honors marke, +That more had prou'd then danger durst haue tride, +Now seeing all good fortunes sun-shine darke, +Thrise calls Sir _Richard_, who as oft replyde, + Bidding him speake, and ring his newes aloude, + Ill, not apald, nor good could make him proude. + +O then (quoth Midleton) thou soule of all +What euer boasts in magnanimitie, +Thou, whom pure Vertue her best part doth call, +Better then valure, stronger then dietie, +Whom men adore, and all the gods exhall +Into the bookes of endlesse memorie, + I bring thee tidings of a deadly fray, + Begun in Heauen, to end vpon the Sea. + +The glorious Senate of the Skyes was set, +And all the gods were royaliz'd in state, +When _Happy-fortune_ and _Ill-fortune_ met, +Striuing who first should enter Heauen's gate, +The one made mad the others fame to let, +Neither but stirr'd with rage to wonder at, + Confusedly, as water floods doe passe + Their common bounds, such their rude entrance was. + +The gods disturb'd, admire their strange aproch, +Censuring their angers by their gloing eyes, +_Ill-fortune_ was attended by _Reproch_, +_Good-fortune, Fame_, and _Vertue_ stellesies;[3] +One sweares the other doth her right incroch, +Which is the elder house, none can deuise: + The gods diuide, yet in the end agree + The Fates shall iudge each others pedigree. + +_Good-Fortune_, drawes from heauen her hye descent, +Making hie _Ioue_ the roote of her large tree; +She showes from him how many god-heads went, +_Archangells, Angells_, heauen's posteritie: +From thence, she shows the glorious thrid she lent, +To _Monarks, Emperours_, and _Kyngs_ in fee, + Annexing as Colatteralls to her line, + _Honour, Vertue, Valure_, and _Endles-time_. + +Naithlesse, _Ill-fortune_ will be elder borne, +She saith, she springs from _Saturne, Ioues_ wronged Sier, +And heauen, and earth, and hell her coate haue borne, +Fresh bleeding harts, within a field of fier; +All that the world admires, she makes her scorne, +Who farthest seemes, is to _Ill-fortune_ nier, + And that iust proofe may her great praise commend, + All that _Best-chaunce_ begins, _Ill-chaunce_ doth ende. + +Thus they, dispute, guilding their tongues report +With instances, and argumental sawes, +_Ill-fortune_, bids let all the worlde resort, +And show within their Chronicles and lawes, +The man whose liue-line neuer did consort, +With sharpe affliction, deaths first grounded cause, + Then will she yeeld, else, is shee victor still. + Worlds good is rare, perpetuall is their ill. + +Euen as the racket takes the balls rebound; +So doth _Good-fortune_ catch _Ill-fortunes_ proofe, +Saying, she wil her in herselfe confound, +Making her darts, Agents for her behoofe; +Bow but thine eies (quoth she) whence ha'ts abound, +And I will show thee vnder heauens roofe + Th' vnconquered man whom no mischance importunes. + Crown of my kingdom, deaths man to misfortune. + +At this, the casments of the skye broke ope, +Discouering all what's girdled in her frame, +Whilst _Happy-fortune_ through her eyes large scope +Like a Cosmographer comments on the same; +Three parts with praise she past and future hope, +Then to the fourth, the Westerne world she came, + And there, with her eyes festrawe paints a storie, + Stranger than strange, more glorified than glorie. + +See (sayd _Faire-fortune_, to her soule shapt _Foe_) +How on the scourge that beates against the Ile +Of _Flores_, whence they curst oblations growe, +A winde-taught capring ship which ayre beguiles, +(Making poore _Cephalus_ for-lorne with woe, +Curse arte, which made arte framed saile such smiles) + Richlie imbrodred with the Iems of warre, + In thy dispight commaunds a lucky starrye. + +In that faire vessel liues my garlands flower. +_Grinuile_, my harts immortall arterie; +Of him thy deitie had neuer power, +Nor hath hee had of griefe one simpathie; +Successe attends him, all good hap doth shower +A golden raine of perpetuitie + Into his bossome, whete mine Empire stands, + Murdring the Agents of thy blacke commands. + +Say, and say true, (for what but thou wilt say,) +That euer _Grinuils_ fortunes came before thee, +Of euer prostrate at thine Altars lay, +Or with one wreath of Cipresse did adore thee? +Proue one blacke storme in all his Sommers day, +Whose threatening clouds compeld him to implore thee. + Then wil I staine my milkwhite vaile with weeping, + And as thine handmaide dye in sorrowes keeping. + +As wounds the lightning, yet preserues the skinne, +So did these words split _Lucklesse-fortunes_ hart, +Her smiling _Superficies_, lockt within +A deepe exulcerated festring smart; +Heere shee perceiu'd her first disgrace begin, +And wordlesse from the heauens takes her depart. + Yet as she flewe her wings in flying cri'd + On _Grinuile_ shall my fame and power be tride. + +At her departure all the heauens were glad. +Triumphing in _Ill-fortunes_ banishment, +_Apollo_ set new _Anthems_ as _Ioue_ bad, +Which spheare tunes made more then most excellent; +No light in heauen but with new fier was clad, +Making next _Ioue, Good-fortune_ president, + Enrowling in the Bookes of destenie, + This memorable famous victorie. + +Only the _Fat's_ su'd for her backe repeale, +(For they _Ill-fortune_ lou'd exceeding well) +Many her deedes and Tropheis they reueale, +And all her liues blacke legend, weeping tell; +Yet all they speake, cannot in heauen preuaile, +Which seene, in spight they follow her to hell, + And there inhoused with their mother _Night_, + All foure deuise, how heauen and earth to spight. + +Hence sprang the loues of _Ioue_, the _Sonnes_ exile, +The shame of _Mars_ and _Venus_ in a net; +_Iunos_ forsaken bed; Saturns compile +Of frantike discontentment, which beset +All heauen with armes; _Diana_ hence had while +To court her sleeping boy; whilst _Thetis_ let + _Phoebus_ imbrace her in her _Neptunes_ stead, + Who made complaints, breach of his bridall bed: + +Yet not content with these disparagments, +Much greater mischiefes issues from their minds, +_Grinuile_, thy mountaine honour it augments +Within their breasts, a Meteor like the winds, +Which thrall'd in earth, a reeling issue rents +With violent motion; and their wills combinds + To belch their hat's, vow'd murdrers of thy fame, + Which to effect, thus they begin the same. + +Fast to _Iberia_ flies vntoward chaunce, +_Iberia_, which we vulgar Christen _Spaine_, +Vpon whose Sunne-burnt continent doth daunce +Westerne _Ducallidon_, the greatest maine, +Thither shee packs, _Error_ doth their aduance +Her coale-blacke standerd in the hands of paine; + And as escapt from rauishment or bale, + With false teares, thus shee tunes a falser tale. + +Great Empire (said shee) blessed in thy birth, +Beautious created for-head of this round, +That with thy smiles first lent to heauen mirth, +And bout thy temples all perfections woond, +Lodgd in th' immagin'd corners of the earth; +Thou whom our centers Monarchesse art crownd, + Attend my suite, baptisd in mournefull teares, + Who but ere while triumphed on the spheares. + +Nor for my selfe more then thine owne decay +Which blindfold pleasure clouds as they arise, +Be gracious, and retort the domefull daye +Which thee and me to shame would sacrifice. +Loe, on the great west-walling boisterous sea, +Which doth imbrace thy gold-enclosing eyes, + Of many sailes one man, of one poor Ile, + That will my fame, and all thy faire defile. + +His numberlesse great infinits of fame, +Haue shut against me heauens great christall dore, +The clouds, which once my feets dust had to name, +Hang ore my forhead, threatning euermore +Death to my praise; life to my infant shame, +Whilst I with sighes mediate a new restore. + And in my selfe behold my pleasures past, + Swimming amongst the ioyes I cannot tast. + +Th' ambrosian Nectar-filled banqueting, +No more shall I communicate, or see, +Triumphes in heauen, _Ioues_ masks, and reuelling, +Are cleene exempt, both from my ioyes and me. +The reason, for my loue to thee I bring, +Trimming the locks with Iems of dietie, + Making the gods a dread a fatall day, + Worse then the Giants warre or Centaurs fray. + +Poore goddesse, rob'd of all eternall power, +Whose broken Statues, and down razed Fan's, +Neuer warm'd altars, euer forgotten hower +Where any memorie of praise is tane, +Witnes my fall from great _Olympus_ tower; +Prostrate, implore blame for receiued bane, + And dyre reuenge gainst heauens impietie, + Which els in shame will make thee follow mee. + +Behold these robes, maps of my fortunes world, +Torne, and distaind with eye-scornd beggerie; +These rags deuide the Zones, wherein is hurld +My liues distemprate, hote cold miserie; +These teares are points, the scale these hairs vncurld, +My hands the compasse, woe the emperie: + And these my plaints, true and auriculer, + Are to my Globe the perpendiculer. + +Looke how I am, such art thou like to be +If armes preuent not heauens intendiment, +_Grinuile_, which now surfeits with dignitie, +Burd'ning the Sea with my disparagement; +Chiding the wanton winds if greedelie +They kisse his sailes; or els too slowlie vent, + Like _Ioue_, which bad the day be and it was, + So bids he Conquest warre; she brings to passe. + +The sole incouragement he giues his power, +Is Prophet-like presaging of thy death, +Courage he cries, euen in the dying hower, +And with his words, recalls departing breath; +O (sayes he to his Mat's) you are my glories tower, +Impregnable, wall'd with vnuanquisht faith, + You are the hands and agents of my trust, + I but the hart reuoluing what we must. + +Liue Saints, til we haue ript the wombe of _Spayne_, +And wounded _Error_ in the armes of hell, +Crushing the triple Myter in disdaine, +Which on the seauenfold mounted Witch doth dwel, +Angells rewards for such dissignes remaine, +And on heauens face men shall your stories tell; + At this they shoute; as eager of the pray, + As Ants in winter of a sunne-shine day. + +Thus like triumphant _Cæsar_ drawne in Rome, +By winged _Valure_, and vnconquered _Chaunce_, +He plowes the Sea (ô were it made his tombe) +Whilst _Happy-fortune_ pypes unto his daunce. +Yet may thy power alternat heauens doome, +So pleaseth thee thy forward will t'aduance, + And cheare the sinews of thy mighty arme, + Whose out-strecht force shall quell his proud alarme. + +Then giue newe fuell to his honours fier, +Least slight regard wealth-winning _Error_ slay, +And so old _Saturns_ happie world retyer, +Making _Trueths_ dungion brighter than the day; +Was neuer woe could wound thy kingdom nyer, +Or of thy borrowed beautie make display, + Because this vow in heauens booke doth remaine, + That _Errors_ death shall consumate thy raigne. + +Now, for my god-heads remnant liues in thee, +Whose lost successe breeds mine eternall end, +Take for thine ayde, afflicting _Miserie_, +_Woe_, mine attendant, and _Dispayre_ my freend, +All three my greatest great _Triumuerie_, +Blood bath'd _Carnifici_, which will protend + A murdring desolation to that will, + Which me in thee, and thee in mee would kill. + +Here, with her fixed Comet-blazing eyes, +The damned _Augurs_ of vntimely death, +Shee ends her tale, whilst from her harts caue flyes +A storme of winds, no gentle sighing breath, +All which, like euill spirits in disguise, +Enter _Iberias_ eares, and to her sayth, + That all the substance of this damned storie, + Was zealous true, coyned for her _Spanish_ glorie. + +Sworne to beleeue, for ill, in ill assies, +_Spayne_ then enamour'd with the _Romane_ trull, +Calls all her forces, more then Atomies, +And tells _Ill-fortunes_ storie to the full; +Many Parenthises shee doth deuise, +And frost-relenting words doth choycely cull, + Bewitching those whom oft shee had deceiued, + With such like Hemlock as her selfe receiued. + +The first and greatest one, commaunding all, +The soule of mischiefes old created mother, +Was _Don Alphonso Bassan_, proud in brall, +The Marques _Sancta Cruces_ onely brother; +Him shee coniures by typ's emperiall, +And all that falshoods seeming trueth could couer, + To vndertake this hie (she termed it) act, + Which craues a curse of all that reads the fact. + +Her selfe (shee said) and all the flowers of _Spayne_, +Should vnder his, as heauens Ensigne warre: +Thus from her harts foule dunghill flyes amaine +Grosse vapours, metamorphosd to a starre; +Her words in fumes like prodogies retaine +His hart, by her tongues witchcraft bound so farre, + And what shee will, that will hee vnder-take, + Be it to warre with heauen for her sake. + +The seeming Nectar of her poysoning speech, +So well shee saw surprise his licoras sence, +That for to reare her ill beyonds ills reach, +With selfe-like tropes, decks self-like eloquence, +Making in _Britain Dona_ such a breach, +That her arm'd wits, conqu'ring his best wits sence, + He vowes with _Bassan_ to defende the broile, + Which men of praise, and earth of fame shal spoile. + +To him shee giues the _Biscaynnoys_ for guard, +Mechanicall Artificers for death, +And those which of affliction neuer hard, +She tempers with the hammer of her breath: +To euery act shee giues huge lyp-reward, +Lauish of oathes, as falshood of her faith; + And for the ground of her pretended right, + T'is hate, which enuies vertue in a Knight. + +These two to her fast bound in vassailage, +Vnto the Marques _Arumburch_ shee flyes, +Him shee prouokes, him shee finds apt to rage, +Imprisoning Pitties teares in flintie eyes; +To him the power of _Siuill_ for a gage +Shee doth bequeath; bidding his prowesse ryse, + And clense his Countries face from widowes tears, + To which he posts, like lightning from the sphears. + +Lastly, to make vp mischiefes perfect square, +To _Luis Cutino_ shee takes her flight, +Him shee commaunds, he to her homage sware +To guide a Nauie to this damned fight, +Of Hulks and Fly-boats such as durst to dare. +Shee giues him soueraine rule, and publique right, + And then vniting all foure powers in one, + Sends them to sea, to calme _Misfortunes_ mone. + +And now behold (diuine for valiancie) +Like flying Castells sayle they to this strand, +Fiftie three saile, strong in artillarie; +Best men of warre knowne in the _Spanish_ land; +Fifteene Armados, Kings of soueraigntie, +Which led the lesser with a mightie hand: + And these in foure battalions hither flie, + With whom three dayes I sailed in companie. + +Then gentle _Grinuile, Thetis_ parramoure, +Dearer than _Venus_, Daughter of the flood, +Set sailes to wind, let not neglect deuoure +Thy gracious fortunes and thine Angell goode, +Cut through the maine, compell thy keele to scoure, +No man his ill too timelie hath with-stoode + And when _Best-chaunce_ shal haue repaird thy fortune, + Time for this flight may iust reuenge importune. + +Here _Midelton_ did end the passing peale +Which gaue the warning to a dismall end, +And as his words last knell began to faile, +This damned Nauie did a glimmering send, +By which _Sir Richard_ might their power reueale, +Which seeming conquerlesse did conquests lend; + At whose appearance _Midelton_ did cry, + See where they come, for fame and pitty flie. + +This certaine story, of too certaine ill, +Did not extinguish, but gaue honour fier, +Th'amazing prodigie, (bane of my quill,) +Bred not astonishment, but a strong desier, +By which this heauen-adopted Knights strong will, +Then hiest height of Fame, flew much more hier: + And from the boundlesse greatnes of his minde, + Sends back this answer through his lyps refin'd. + +Thanks hardie _Midelton_ for thy dilate, +Perswasiue presage to auoyde my death, +But if thou wed my fortunes with my state, +This sauing health shall suffocate my breath, +To flye from them that holds my God in hate, +My Mistres, Countrey, me, and my sworne fayth, + Were to pull of the load from _Typhons_ back, + And crush my selfe, with shame and seruille wrack. + +Nor if my hart degenerate should yeeld, +To entertaine an amorus thought of life, +And so transport mine honour to the field, +Where seeming valure dies by cowards knife, +Yet zeale and conscience shall new forces build, +And others soules, with my soule holdeth strife; + For halfe my men, and all that draw sound breath, + Are gone on shore, for foode to conquer death. + +If I forsake them, certaine is their end, +If I obtaine them, doubtfull is our fall, +Vpon my flight, shame and their sacks depend, +Vpon my stay, hope of good hap doth call, +Equall to me, the meanest I commend; +Nor will I loose, but by the losse of all: + They are the sinewes of my life and fame, + Dismembred bodies perish cripple-lame. + +This sayd, he sends a cock-boate to the shore, +To summon backe his men vnto their ship, +Who com'd a board, began with some vprore +To way their Anchors, and with care to dip +Their hie reuolues in doubt, and euermore, +To paint deaths visage with a trembling lip, + Till he that was all fearelesse, and feare slew, + With Nectard words from them all dangers drew. + +When _Midelton_ saw _Grinuills_ hie reuolue, +Past hope, past thought, past reach of all aspire, +Once more to moue him flie he doth resolue, +And to that purpose tips his tongue with fier; +Fier of sweete words, that easelie might dissolue +And moisten flint, though steeld in stiffe attire, + Had not desier of wonder praise, and fame, + Extinkt the sparks, and still keepe dead the flame. + +Greater, and better then inarked he, +Which in the worlds huge deluge did suruiue, +O let thy wings of magnanimitie, +Not vainlie flatter, _Honour_ to acchiue, +Gainst all conceit impossibilitie, +By which thou murderst _Vertue_, keepe aliue, + Nor in thy seeking of diuinitie, + Kill not heauens fame by base mortalitie. + +O _Grinuile_ thou hast red Philosophy +Nature and Arte hath made thee excellent, +And what thou read'st, hath grafted this in thee, +That to attempt hie dangers euident +Without constraint or neede, is infamie, +And honor turnes to rashhes in th'euent: + And who so darrs, not caring how he darrs, + Sells vertues name, to purchase foolish starrs. + +Deere Knight, thou art not forst to hazard fame, +Heauens haue lent thee meanes to scape thine ill, +If thou abide, as true as is thy name, +So truly shall thy fault, thy death fulfill: +And as to loue the life for vertues flame, +Is the iust act of a true noble will, + So to contemne it, and her helps exclude, + Is baseness, rashness, and no _Fortitude_. + +He that compard mans bodie to an hoast, +Sayd that the hands were scouts, discouering harmes, +The feete were horsemen, thundring on the coast, +The brest, and stomacke, footmen, huge in swarmes. +But for the head, in soueraigntie did boast, +It Captayne was, director of alarms, + Whose rashness, if it hazarded an ill, + Not hee alone but all the hoast did spill. + +Rash _Isadas_, the _Lacedemon_ Lord, +That naked fought against the _Theban_ power, +Although they crown'd his valure by accord, +Yet was hee find for rashness in that hower: +And those which most his carelesse praise affoard, +Did most condemne what follie did deuoure; + For in attempting, prowesse is not ment, + But wiselie doing what we doe attempt. + +Then sith t'is valure to abandon fight, +And base to darre, where no hope is to winne, +(Renowned man, of all renowne the light) +Hoyst vp thy sailes, delay attrackts thy sinne, +Flie from ill-boding starres with all thy might, +Vnto thy hart let praise and pittie in. + This sayd, and more desirous much to crie, + Sir _Richard_ stayd him, with this rich replie. + +Captayne, I praise thy warlike eloquence, +And sober Axioms of Philosophie, +But now's no time for schoole points difference, +When Deaths blacke Ensigne threatens miserie; +Yet for thy words sound of such consequence. +Making flight praise, and fight pale obloquie, + Once ere I die, Ile clense my wits from rust, + And proue my flying base, my stay most iust. + +Whence shall I flie? from refuge of my fame, +From whom? euen from my Countreis mortall foe, +Whither? but to the dungeon of my shame, +Why shall I flie? for feare of happie woe, +What end of flight? to saue vile life by blame, +Who ist that flies? _Grinuile_? Captayne no, + T'is _England_ flies, faire Ile of happines, + And true diuine _Elizas_ holynes. + +Shall then my life regard taynt that choice faire? +First will I perrish in this liquid round, +Neuer shall Sunne-burnt _Spanyards_ tongue endeare +_Iberian_ eares with what shall me confound, +The life I haue, I for my Mistris beare, +Curst were that life, should it her scepter wound, + And trebble cursed be that damned thought, + Which in my minde hath any fayntnes wrought. + +Now, for Philosophie defends thy theame, +Euen selfe Philosophie shall arme my stile, +Rich buskin'd _Seneca_, that did declaime, +And first in _Rome_ our tragicke pompe compile, +Saith, _Fortitude_ is that which in extreme +And certaine hazard all base feares exile: + It guides, saith he, the noble minde from farre, + Through frost, and fier, to conquer honors warre. + +Honie-tongd _Tullie_, Mermaid of our eares, +Affirmes no force, can force true _Fortitude_, +It with our bodies, no communion beares, +The soule and spyrit, sole doth it include; +It is that part of honestie which reares +The hart to heauen, and euer doth obtrude + Faint feare, and doubt, still taking his delight + In perrills, which exceed all perrills might. + +_Patience, Perseuerance, Greatnes_, and _Strong Trust_, +These pages are to _Fortitude_ their King, +_Patience_ that suffers, and esteemeth iust, +What euer woe, for vertue fortunes bring; +_Perseuerance_, holds constant what we must, +_Greatnes_, that still effects the greatest thing. + And armed _Trust_, which neuer can dispaire, + But hopes good hap; how euer fatall deare. + +The Roman _Sergius_, hauing lost his hand, +Slew with one hand foure in a single fight, +A thing all reason euer did with-stand. +But that bright _Fortitude_ spred forth her light +_Pompey_, by storme held from _th' Italyan_ land, +And all his sailors quaking in his sight, + First hoisted saile, and cry'd amidst the strife, + There's neede I goe, no neede to saue my life. + +_Agis_ that guilt the _Lacedemon_ streete, +Intending one day battaile with his foes, +By counsaile was repeld, as thing vnmeete, +The enemie beeing ten to one in shoes; +But he reply'd, Tis needful that his feete +Which many leads, should leade to many bloes: + And one being good, an Armie is for ten + Foes to religion, and known naughty men. + +To him that told _Dienecus_, his foes +Couer'd the Sun with darts and armed speares, +Hee made reply, Thy newes is ioy in woes, +Wee'le in the shadow fight, and conquer feares. +And from the _Polands_ words my humor floes, +I care for naught but falling of the Spheares. + Thunder affrights the Infants in the schooles, + And threatnings are the conquerors of fooles. + +As these, my case is not so desperate, +And yet, then these, my darre shall be no lesse: +If this in them, for fame was wondred at, +Then this in mee, shall my desiers expresse; +Neuer shall _Greece_, nor _Rome_, nor Heathen state, +With shining honor, _Albions_ shine depresse, + Though their great circuits yeelds their acts large bounds, + Yet shall they neuer darr for deeper wounds. + +And thus resolu'd, deere _Midelton_ depart, +Seeke for thy safetie in some better soyle, +Thy stay will be no succour in my smart, +Thy losse will make them boast of better spoyle. +And be assur'd before my last breath part, +Ile make the Sunne, for pittie backe recoyle. + And clothe the sea within a scarlet pale, + Iudge of their death which shall my life exhale. + +This ship which now intombs my iealous soule, +Honestlie enuious of aspiring laude, +Is cald _Reuenge_, the scourge which doth controule, +The recreants that _Errors_ right applaud, +Shall like her selfe, by name and fame enroule +My spyrits acts, by no _Misfortune_ aw'd, + Within eternall Bookes of happie deeds, + Vpon whose notes, immortall Vertue reeds, + +Say, if I perish, t'was mine honours will, +My Countries loue, religion, and my Queene, +And if that enuie glorie in mine ill, +Say that I dyed, conqu'ring, vnconquered seene. +Say fiftie three strong shyps could not fulfill, +Gainst one poore mayden vessell their foule teene, + But that in spight of death, or miserie, + She fought, and foyled, and scapt captiuitie. + +Replie not _Midelton_, mine eares are clos'd, +Hie in heauen's for-head are my vowes ingrau'd, +I see the banefull Nauie nowt disclosed, +Begon betime, Fate hath thy fortune sau'd; +To me good starres were neuer yet opposed, +Glorie hath crownd me when I glorie crau'd, + Farwel, and say how euer be my chaunce, + My death at honours wedding learnt to daunce. + +This sayd, away sailes Midelton with speede, +Sad, heauie, dull, and most disconsolate, +Shedding stout manlie teares at valures deed, +Greeuing the ruine of so great estate; +But _Grinuile_, whose hope euer did exceede, +Making all death in daungers fortunate, + Gan to prouide to quell this great vprore, + Then which the like was neuer heard before. + +His fights set vp; and all things fit prepard, +Low on the ballast did he couch his sick, +Being fourscoore ten, in Deaths pale mantle snar'd,[4] +Whose want to war did most their strong harts prick. +The hundred, whose more sounder breaths declard, +Their soules to enter Deaths gates should not stick, + Hee with diuine words of immortall glorie, + Makes them the wondred actors of this storie. + +Nothing he left vnsaid that tongue could say, +To breede contempt of death, or hate of thrall, +Honours reward, fame for a famous day, +Wonder of eares, that men halfe gods shall call: +And contrarie, a hopelesse certaine way, +Into a Tyrants damned fists to fall, + Where all defame, base thoughts, and infamie, + Shall crowne with shame their heads eternally. + +In this great thunder of his valiant speech, +From whence the eares-eyes honors lightning felt, +The _Spanish_ Nauie came within the reach +Of Cannon shot, which equallie was delt +On eyther side, each other to impeach; +Whose volleys made the pittying skyes to melt, + Yet with their noyse, in _Grinuiles_ heart did frame, + Greater desier, to conquer greater fame. + +And now the sunne was past his middle way, +Leaning more louely to his Lemans bed, +And the noones third hower had attacht the day, +When fiftie three gainst one were basely led; +All harts were fierd; and now the deadlie fray, +Began tumultuouslie to ouer-spread. + The sea with fier, the Element with smoake + Which gods, and monsters from their sleep awoake. + +In foure great battailes marcht the _Spanish_ hoast, +The first of _Siuill_, led in two great squares, +Both which with courage, more then can be most, +Sir _Richard_ forst to giue him way with cares; +And as the Sea-men terme it in our coast, +They sprang their luffe, and vnder lee declares, + Their manie forces feebled by this one, + Whose thoughts, saue him, are rightly due to none. + +And now he stands amidst the thickest throngs, +Walld round with wooden Castels on the waue, +Fiftie three Tygers greedie in their wrongs, +Besiedge the princelie Lion in his caue: +Nothing sees _Grinuile_ which to hope belongs, +All things are fled that any hap could saue; + Bright day is darkned by incurtaind night, + And nothing visits them but Canons light. + +Then vp to heauen he lifts his loftie hart, +And cryes, old _Salon_, I am happy made. +All earthlie thoughts cleane from his spirits part, +_Vertue_ and _Valure_ all his sences lade, +His foes too fewe, too strong he holds his part, +Now doth he wish for millions to inuade, + For beeing conqueror he would conquer all, + Or conquered, with immortall honour fall. + +Neuer fell hayle thicker then bullets flew, +Neuer show'rd drops faster than showring blowes, +Liu'd all the _Woorthees_, all yet neuer knew +So great resolue in so great certaine woes; +Had _Fame_ told _Cæsar_ what of this was true, +His Senate-murdred spirite would haue rose, + And with faire honors enuie wondred then, + Cursing mortalitie in mightie men. + +Whilst thus affliction turmoyld in this brall, +And _Grinuile_ still imployed his Actor death, +The great _San-philip_, which all _Spayne_ did call +Th' vnuanquisht ship, _Iberias_ soule and faith, +Whose mountaine hugenes more was tearmed then tall, +Being twice a thousand tuns as rumour saith, + Came rushing in, becalming _Grinuiles_ sailes, + Whose courage grew, the more his fortunes failes. + +Hotlie on eyther side was lightning sent, +And steeled thunder bolts dinge men to hell, +Vnweldie _Phillip_, backt with millions lent, +Worse cracks of thunder then on _Phaeton_ fell, +That with the dayes fier fiered the Element; +And why? because within her ribs did dwell, + More store of shot and great artillarie, + Then might haue seru'd the worlds great victorie. + +Three tire of Cannon lodg'd on eyther side, +And in each tire, eleuen stronglie lay, +Eyght in her chase, that shot forth right did bide, +And in her sterne, twice eight that howerlie play; +Shee lesse great shot, in infinets did hide, +All which were Agents for a dismall day. + But poore _Reuenge_, lesse rich, and not so great, + Aunswered her cuffe for cuffe, and threat for threat. + +Anon they graple eyther to the other, +And doth the ban-dogge with the Martins skinne; +And then the wombe of _Phillip_ did vncouer, +Eight hundred Souldiers, which the fight beginne: +These board Sir _Richard_, and with thronging smother +The daye, the ayre, the time, and neuer linne, + But by their entrance did instruct eight more, + To doe the like, on each side foure and foure. + +Thus in one moment was our Knight assaild, +With one huge _Argosie_, and eight great ships, +But all in vaine, their powers naught prevaild, +For the _Reuenge_, her Canon loud-dogs slips, +Whose bruzing teeth, so much the _Phillip_ quaild, +That foundring in the greedie maine, he dips + His damned bodie in his watrie tombe, + Wrapt with dishonour in the Oceans wombe. + +The other eight, fighting, were likewise foild, +And driuen perforce vnto a vile retraite, +None durst abide, but all with shame recoild, +Whilst _Valures_ selfe, set _Grinuile_ in her seate; +Onely _Don Luis Saint Iohn_, seeing spoild, +His Countries honour by this strange defaite, + Single encountred _Grinuile_ in the fight, + Who quicklie sent his soule to endlesse night. + +_George de Prunaria_, a Spanish Knight, +Euer held valiant in dispight of fate, +Seconded _Luis_, and with mortall might, +Writ on Sir _Richards_ target souldiers hate, +Till _Grinuile_ wakned with his loud rung fight, +Dispatcht his soules course vnto _Plutos_ gate: + And after these two, sent in post all those + Which came within his mercie or his blowes. + +By this, the sunne had spread his golden locks, +Vpon the pale green carpet of the sea, +And opned wide the scarlet dore which locks +The easefull euening from the labouring day; +Now Night began to leape from iron Rocks, +And whip her rustie wagon through the way, + Whilst all the _Spanish_ host stoode maz'd in sight, + None darring to assayle a second fight. + +When _Don Alfonso_, Generall of the warre, +Saw all his Nauie with one ship controld, +He toare his hayre, and loudlie cryd from farre, +For honour _Spanyards_, and for shame be bold; +Awaken Vertue, say her slumbers marre +_Iberias_ auncient valure, and infold + Her wondred puissance, and her glorious deeds, + In cowards habit, and ignoble weeds. + +Fie, that the spyrit of a single man, +Should contradict innumerable wills, +Fie, that infinitiues of forces can, +Nor may effect what one conceit fulfills; +Woe to the wombe, ceaselesse the teats I ban, +That cherrisht life, which all our liues ioyes kills; + Woe to our selues, our fortunes, and our minds, + Agast and scarrd, with whistling of the winds. + +See how he triumphes in dispight of death, +_Promethean_ like, laden with liuing fier, +And in his glorie spits disdainfull breath, +Loathing the baseness of our backe retire; +Euen now me thinke in our disgrace he saith, +Foes to your fames, why make you Fate a lyer, + When heauen and she haue giuen into your hand, + What all the world can neuer back demand? + +Say that the God of _Warre_; Father of Chiualrie, +The _Worthies_, _Heroes_, all fam'd Conquerours, +_Centaurs_, _Gyants_, victorious _Victorie_, +Were all this _Grinuils_ hart-sworne paramours. +Yet should we fightlesse let our shyps force flie: +Well might we crush his keele with rocklike powers, + And him with them ore-whelme into the maine, + Courage then harts, fetch honour backe againe. + +Heere shame, the fretting canker of the mind, +That fiers the face with fuell from the hart, +Fearing his weapons weakenes, eft assigned +To desperate hardines his confounding dart, +And now the _Spanyards_ made through words stone blind, +Desperate by shame, ashamd dispaire should part, + Like damned scritchowles, chimes to dead mens hours, + Make vowes to fight, till fight all liues deuours. + +And now the tragicke sceane of death begins, +Acts of the night, deeds of the ouglie darke, +When Furies brands gaue light to furious sins, +And gastlie silence gaping wounds did marke; +Sing sadlie then my Muse (teares pittie wins) +Yet mount thy wings beyond the mornings Larke, + And wanting thunder, with thy lightnings might, + Split cares that heares the dole of this sad night. + +The fier of _Spaynes_ pride, quencht by _Grinuils_ sword, +_Alfonso_ rekindles with his tong, +And sets a batelesse edge, ground by his word +Vpon their blunt harts feebled by the strong, +Loe animated now, they all accord, +To die, or ende deaths conflict held so long; + And thus resolud, too greedelie assay + His death, like hounds that hold the Hart at bay. + +Blacker then night, more terrible then hell, +Louder then thunder, sharper then _Phoebus_ steele, +Vnder whose wounds the ouglie _Python_ fell, +Were bullets mantles, clowding the haplesse keele, +The slaughtered cryes, the words the cannons tell, +And those which make euen rocky Mountaines reele, + And thicker then in sunne are Atomies, + Flew bullets, fier, and slaughtered dead mens cries. + +At this remorsles Dirgie for the dead, +The siluer Moone, dread Soueraigne of the Deepe, +That with the floods fills vp her horned head +And by her waine the wayning ebbs doth keepe: +Taught by the Fat's how destenie was led, +Bidds all the starres pull in their beames and weepe: + For twas vnfit, chast hallowed eyes should see + Honour confounded by impietie. + +Then to the night she giues all soueraigne power, +Th'eternall mourner for the dayes diuorce, +Who drowned in her owne harts killing shower, +Viewes others torments with a sad remorse. +This flintie Princesse, ayme cryes to the hower, +On which to looke, kinde eies no force could force. + And yet the sight her dull hart so offended, + That from her sight a fogge dewe descended. + +Now on our Knight, raines yron, sword, and fiers, +Iron wrapt in smoke, sword bath'd in smoking blood, +Fiers, furies king, in blood and smoke aspires +The consumation of all liuing good, +Yet _Grinuile_, with like Agents like expires +His foemen's darts, and euermore withstood + Th'assaults of death, and ruins of the warre, + Hoping the splendour of some luckie starre. + +On eyther side him, still two _Gallions_ lay, +Which with continuall boardings nurst the fight, +Two great _Armados_, howrelie ploy'd their way, +And by assaulte, made knowne repellesse might. +Those which could not come neere vnto the fray, +Aloose dicharg'd their volleys gainst our Knight. + And when that one shrunk back, beat with disgrace, + An other instantly supply'd the place. + +So that their resting, restlesse him containd, +And theyr supplies, deny'd him to supply: +The _Hydra_ of their mightines ordaind +New spoile for death, when old did wounded lie: +But hee, _Herculian_-like one state retaind, +One to triumph, or one for all to die. + Heauen had onelie lent him but one hart, + That hart one thought, that thought no feare of smart. + +And now the night grew neere her middle line, +Youthfully lustie in her strongest age, +When one of _Spaynes_ great _Gallions_ did repine, +That one should many vnto death ingage, +And therefore with her force, halfe held diuine, +At once euaporates her mortall rage, + Till powerfull _Grinuille_, yeelding power a toombe + Splyt her, & sunck her in the salt waves wombe. + +When _Cutino_, the Hulks great Admirall, +Saw that huge Vessel drencht within the surge, +Enuie and shame tyered vpon his gall, +And for reuenge a thousand meanes doth vrge; +But _Grinuile_, perfect in destructions fall, +His mischiefes with like miseries doth scourge, + And renting with a shot his wooden tower, + Made _Neptunes_ liquid armes his all deuouer. + +These two ore-whelm'd, _Siuills Ascension_ came, +A famous ship, well man'd and strongly drest, +_Vindicta_ from her Cannons mouthes doth flame, +And more then any, our dread Knight oppresst: +Much hurt shee did, many shee wounded lame, +And _Valurs_ selfe, her valiant acts confest. + Yet in the end, (for warre of none takes keepe) + _Grinuile_ sunck her within the watry deepe. + +An other great _Armado_, brusd and beat, +Sunck neere _S. Michaels_ road, with thought to scape, +And one that by her men more choicely set, +Beeing craz'd and widow'd of her comly shape, +Ran gainst the shore, to pay _Ill-chaunce_ her debt, +Who desolate for desolations gape: + Yet these confounded, were not mist at all. + For new supplies made new the aged brall. + +This while on _Grinuile_ ceazed no amaze. +No wonder, dread, nor base astonishment, +But true resolue, and valurs sacred blaze, +The crowne of heauen, and starrie ornament +Deck't his diuine part, and from thence did raze +Affects of earth, or earth's intendiment. + And in this broyle, as cheerefull was his fight, + As _Ioues_, embracing _Danae_ by night. + +Looke how a wanton Bridegroome in the morne, +Busilie labours to make glad the day, +And at the noone, with wings of courage borne, +Recourts his bride with dauncing and with play, +Vntil the night which holds meane bliss in scorne, +By action kills imaginations sway, + And then, euen then, gluts and confounds his thought, + With all the sweets, conceit or Nature wrought, + +Euen so our Knight the bridegroome vnto _Fame_, +Toild in his battailes morning with vnrest, +At noone triumph'd and daunst, and made his game, +That vertue by no death could be deprest; +But when the night of his loues longings came, +Euen then his intellectuall soule confest + All other ioyes imaginarie were + Honour vnconquerd, heauen and earth held deare. + +The bellowing shotte which wakened dead mens swounds, +As _Dorian_ musick, sweetned his cares, +Ryuers of blood, issuing from fountaine wounds, +Hee pytties, but augments not with his teares, +The flaming fier which mercilesse abounds, +Hee not so much as masking torches feares, + The dolefull Eccho of the soules halfe dying, + Quicken his courage in their banefull crying. + +When foule _Misfortune_ houering on a Rock, +(The stonie girdle of the _Florean_ Ile,) +Had seene this conflict, and the fearfull shock, +Which all the _Spanish_ mischiefes did compile, +And saw how conquest licklie was to mock +The hope of _Spayne_, and fauster her exile, + Immortall shee, came downe herselfe to fight, + And doe what else no mortall creature might. + +And as she flew the midnights waking starre, +Sad _Cassiopea_ with a heauie cheare, +Pusht forth her forehead, to make known from farre, +What time the dryrie dole of earth drew neare, +But when shee saw _Misfortune_ arm'd in warre, +With teares she blinds her eyes, and clouds the ayre, + And asks the Gods, why _Fortune_ fights with man? + They say, to doe, what else no creature can. + +O why should such immortall enuie dwell, +In the enclosures of eternall mould? +Let Gods with Gods, and men with men retell, +Vnequall warres t'vnequall shame is sould; +But for this damned deede came shee from hell, +And _Ioue_ is sworne, to doe what dest'nie would, + Weepe then my pen, the tell-tale of our woe, + And curse the fount from whence our sorrows flow. + +Now, now, _Misfortune_ fronts our Knight in armes, +And casts her venome through the _Spanysh_ hoast, +Shee salues the dead, and all the lyuing warmes +With vitall enuie, brought from _Plutos_ coast; +Yet all in vaine, all works not _Grinuils_ harmes; +Which seene, shee smiles, and yet with rage imbost[5] + Saith to her selfe, since men are all too weake, + Behold a goddesse shall thy lifes twine breake. + +With that shee takes a Musket in her hand, +Raft from a dying Souldiour newlie slaine, +And ayming where th' vnconquered Knight did stand, +Dischargd it through his bodie, and in twaine +Deuids the euer holie nuptiall band, +Which twixt his soule, and worlds part shold remaine, + Had not his hart, stronger then _Fortunes_ will, + Held life perforce to scorne _Misfortunes_ ill. + +The bubling wound from whence his blood distild, +Mourn'd to let fall the hallowed drops to ground, +And like a iealous loue by riuall illd, +Sucks in the sacred moisture through the wound; +But he, which felt deaths fatall doome fulfilld, +Grew fiercer valiant, and did all confound, + Was not a _Spanyard_ durst abord him rest, + After he felt his deaths wound in his brest. + +Hundreds on hundreds, dead on the maymed fall, +Maymed on sounde, sound in them selues lye slaine, +Blest was the first that to his ship could crall, +For wounded, he wounds multituds againe; +No sacrifice, but sacrifice of all, +Could stay his swords oblations vnto paine, + Nor in _Phillipie_, fell for _Cæsars_ death, + Soules thicker then for _Grinuils_ wasting breath. + +The _Nemian_ Lyon, _Aramanthian_ Bore, +The _Hircanian_ Tyger, nor the _Cholcean_ Bulls, +Neuer extended rage with such vprore, +Nor in their brests mad monstrous furie lulls; +Now might they learne, that euer learnt before, +Wrath at our Knight, which all wrath disanulls, + For slauish death, his hands commaunded more, + Then Lyon, Tyger, Bull, or angrie Bore. + +Had _Pompey_ in _Pharsalia_ held his thought, +_Cæsar_ had neuer wept vpon his head, +Had _Anthonie_ at _Actiome_ like him fought, +_Augustus_ teares had neuer drowned him dead, +Had braue _Renaldo_, _Grinuiles_ puissance bought, +_Angelica_ from France had neuer fled, + Nor madded _Rowland_ with inconstancie, + But rather slayne him wanting victorie. + +Before a storme flewe neuer Doues so fast, +As _Spanyards_ from the furie of his fist, +The stout _Reuenge_, about whose forlorne wast, +Whilome so many in their moods persist, +Now all alone, none but the scourge imbrast, +Her foes from handie combats cleane desist; + Yet still incirkling her within their powers, + From farre sent shot, as thick as winters showers. + +_Anger_, _and Enuie_, enemies to _Life_, +Strong smouldering _Heate_ and noisom stink of _Smoke_, +With over-labouring _Toyle_, _Deaths_ ouglie wife, +These all accord with _Grinuiles_ wounded stroke, +To end his liues date by their ciuell strife, +And him vnto a blessed state inyoke, + But he repelld them whilst repell he might, + Till feinting power, was tane from power to fight + +Then downe he sat, and beat his manlie brest, +Not mourning death, but want of meanes to die; +Those which suruiu'd coragiouslie be blest, +Making them gods for god-like victorie; +Not full twice twentie soules aliue did rest, +Of which the most were mangled cruellie, + Yet still, whilst words could speake, or signes could show, + From death he maks eternall life to grow. + +The Maister-gunner, which beheld his eyes +Dart fier gainst death triumphant in his face, +Came to sustaine him, and with courage cryes, +How fares my Knight? worlds glory, martiall grace? +Thine honour, former honours ouer-flyes, +And vnto _Heauen_ and _Vertue_ bids the bace; + Cheere then thy soule, and if deaths wounding pain it, + _Abram's_ faire bosome lyes to entertaine it. + +Maister, he sayes, euen heers the opned dore, +Through which my spirit bridgroome like must ride, +(And then he bar'd his wounded brest all gore) +To court the blessed virgine Lambe his bride, +Whose innocence the worlds afflictions bore, +Streaming diuine blood from his sliced side, + And to that heauen my soule with courage flyes, + Because vnconquered, conquering it dyes. + +But yet, replyed the Maister once againe, +Great vertue of our vertues, strive with fate, +Yeeld not a minute vnto death, retaine +Life like thy glory, made to wonder at. +This wounds recouerie well may entertaine +A double triumph to thy conquering state, + And make thee liue immortall Angell blest, + Pleaseth thee suffer it be searcht and drest. + +Descend then gentle _Grinvile_ downe below, +Into my Cabin for a breathing space, +In thee there let thy Surgion stanch our woe, +Giuing recuer to thee, our wounded case, +Our breaths, from thy breaths fountaine gently flow, +If it be dried, our currents loose their grace: + Then both for vs, and thee, and for the best, + Descend, to haue thy wound bound vp and drest. + +Maister, reply'd the Knight, since last the sunne +Lookt from the hiest period of the sky, +Giuing a signall of the dayes mid noone, +Vnto this hower of midnight, valiantly, +From off this vpper deck I haue not runne, +But fought, and freed, and welcomd victorie, + Then now to giue new couert to mine head, + Were to reuiue our foes halfe conquered. + +Thus with contrarie arguments they warre, +Diuers in their opinions and their speech, +One seeking means, th' other a will to darre; +Yet both one end, and one desire reach: +Both to keepe honour liuing, plyant are, +Hee by his fame, and he by skilfull leach, + At length, the Maister winnes, and hath procurd + The Knight discend, to have his woundings curd. + +Downe when he was, and had display'd the port +Through which his life was martching vp to heauen, +Albe the mortall taint all cuers retort, +Yet was his Surgion not of hope bereuen, +But giues him valiant speech of lifes resort, +Saves, longer dayes his longer fame shall euen, + And for the meanes of his recouerie, + He finds both arte and possibilitie. + +_Misfortune_ hearing this presage of life, +(For what but chimes within immortall eares) +Within her selfe kindles a home-bred strife, +And for those words the Surgions doomes day swears. +With that, her charg'd peece (_Atropos_ keene knife,) +Againe she takes, and leueld with dispairs, + Sent a shrill bullet through the Surgions head, + Which thence, through _Grinuils_ temples like was led. + +Downe fell the Surgion, hope and helpe was reft, +His death gaue manumition to his soule, +_Misfortune_ smyld, and euen then shee left +The mournfull Ocean, mourner for this dole; +Away shee flyes, for all was now bereft, +Both hopes and helpe, for life to win deaths gole; + Yet _Grinuile_ vnamaz'd with constant faith, + Laughing dispisd the second stroke of death. + +What foole (saith he) ads to the Sea a drop, +Lends _Etna_ sparks, or angry stormes his wind? +Who burnes the root when lightning fiers the top? +Who vnto hell, can worse then hell combind? +Pale hungry Death, thy greedy longings stop, +Hope of long life is banefull to my mind: + Yet hate not life, but loath captiuitie, + Where rests no trust to purchase victorie. + +Then vp he came with feeble pace againe, +Strength from his blood, blood from his wounds descending, +Saies, here I liu'd, and here wil I sustaine, +The worst of Deaths worst, by my fame defending, +And then he fell to warre with might and maine, +Valure on death most valiantly depending, + And thus continued aye coragiously, + Vntil the day chast shadowes from the sky. + +But when the mornings dewie locks drunk vp +A mistie moysture from the Oceans face, +Then might he see the source of sorrowes cup, +Plainly prefigured in that hatefull place; +And all the miseries that mortals sup +From their great Grandsire _Adams_ band, disgrace; + For all that did incircle him, was his foe, + And that incircled, modell of true woe. + +His masts were broken, and his tackle torne, +His vpper worke hew'd downe into the Sea, +Naught of his ship aboue the sourge was borne, +But euen leueld with the Ocean lay, +Onely the ships foundation (yet that worne) +Remaind a trophey in that mighty fray; + Nothing at all aboue the head remained, + Either for couert, or that force maintained. + +Powder for shot, was spent and wasted cleane, +Scarce seene a corne to charge a peece withall, +All her pykes broken, halfe of his best men slaine, +The rest sore wounded, on Deaths Agents call, +On th'other side, her foe in ranks remains, +Displaying multitudes, and store of all + What euer might auaile for victorie, + Had they not wanted harts true valiancie. + +When _Grinuile_ saw his desperate drierie case, +Meerely dispoyled of all success-full thought, +Hee calls before him all within the place, +The Maister, Maister-gunner, and them taught +Rules of true hardiment to purchase grace; +Showes them the end their trauailes toile had bought, + How sweet it is, swift _Fame_ to ouer-goe, + How vile to diue in captiue ouerthrow. + +Gallants (he saith) since three a clock last noone, +Vntill this morning, fifteene howers by course, +We haue maintaind stoute warre, and still vndoone +Our foes assaults, and driue them to the worse, +Fifteene _Armados_ boardings haue not wonne +Content or ease, but beene repeld by force, + Eight hundred Cannon shot against her side, + Haue not our harts in coward colours died. + +Not fifteene thousand men araungd in fight, +And fifteene howers lent them to atchiue, +With fifty three great ships of boundlesse might, +Haue had or meanes or prowesse to contriue +The fall of one, which mayden vertue dight, +Kept in despight of _Spanish_ force aliue. + Then list to mee you imps of memorie, + Borne to assume to immortalitie. + +Sith loosing, we vnlost keepe strong our praise, +And make our glories, gaynours by our ends, +Let not the hope of howers (for tedious dayes +Vnto our lines no longer circuite lends) +Confound our wondred actions and assayes, +Whereon the sweete of mortal eares depends, + But as we liue by wills victorious, + So let vs die victours of them and vs. + +Wee that haue mercilesse cut Mercies wings, +And muffeld pittie in deaths mistie vale, +Let vs implore no mercie; pittyings, +But from our God, deere fauour to exhale +Our soules to heauen, where all the Angells rings +Renowne of vs, and our deepe tragick tale; + Let us that cannot liue, yet liue to dye, + Vnthrald by men, fit tropheys for the skye. + +And thus resolu'd since other meane is reft, +Sweet Maister-gunner, split our keele in twaine, +We cannot liue, whom hope of life hath left, +Dying, our deaths more glorious liues retain, +Let not our ship, of shame and foile bereft, +Vnto our foe-men for a prize remaine; + Sinke her, and sinking with the _Greeke_ wee'le cry, + Best not to be, or beeing soone to dye. + +Scarce had his words tane wings from his deere tong, +But the stout Maister-gunner, euer rich +In heauenlie valure and repulsing wrong, +Proud that his hands by action might inritch +His name and nation with a worthie song, +Tow'rd his hart higher then Eagles pitch, + And instantlie indeuours to effect + _Grinuils_ desier, by ending Deaths defect. + +But th' other Maister, and the other Mat's, +Disented from the honour of their minds, +And humbly praid the Knight to rue their stat's, +Whom miserie to no such mischiefe binds; +To him th' aleadge great reasons, and dilat's +Their foes amazements, whom their valures blinds, + And maks more eager t'entertaine a truce, + Then they to offer words for warres excuse. + +They show him diuers gallant men of might, +Whose wounds not mortall, hope gaue of recuer, +For their saks sue they to diuorce this night +Of desperate chaunce, calld vnto Deaths black lure, +Their lengthened liues, their countries care might right, +And to their Prince they might good hopes assure. + Then quod the Captaine, (deare Knight) do not spill, + The liues whom gods and Fat's seeke not to kill. + +And where thou sayst the _Spanyards_ shall not braue +T' haue tane one ship due to our virgin Queene, +O knowe, that they, nor all the world can saue, +This wounded Barke, whose like no age hath seene, +Sixe foote shee leaks in hold, three shot beneath the waue, +All whose repaire so insufficient beene, + That when the Sea shall angrie worke begin, + She cannot chuse but sinke and dye therein. + +Besides, the wounds and brusings which she beares, +Are such, so manie, so incurable, +As to remoue her from this place of feares. +No force, no wit, no meane, nor man is able; +Then since that peace prostrate to vs repaires, +Vnlesse our selues, our selues make miserable, + _Herculeen_ Knight, for pittie, pittie lend, + No fame consists in wilfull desperat end. + +These words with emphasis and action spent, +Mou'd not Sir _Richard_, but inrag'd him more, +To bow or yeeld, his heart would neare relent, +He still impugns all thought of lifes restore; +The Maister-gunner euer doth consent +To act his wish, swearing, in beds of gore + Death is most louelie, sweete and amiable, + But captiu'd life for foulenes admirable. + +The Captayne, seeing words could take no place, +Turnes backe from them vnto the liuing few, +Expounds what pittie is, what victors grace; +Bids them them selues, them selues in kindnes rew, +Peace if they please, will kindlie them imbrace, +And they may liue, from whom warres glory grew; + But if they will to desperate end consent, + Their guilty soules too late shall mourne repent. + +The sillie men, who sought but liuing ioyes, +Cryes to the Captaine for an honord truce, +Life they desire, yet no life that destroyes +Their wonne renownes, but such as might excuse +Their woes, their wounds, and al what els anoyes +Beautie of laude, for other they refuse; + All which the Captaine swears they shal obtaine, + Because their foes, in doubtfull states remaine. + +O when Sir _Richard_ saw them start aside, +More chaynd to life then to a glorius graue, +And those whom hee so oft in dangers tryde, +Now trembling seeke their hatefull liues to saue. +Sorrow and rage, shame, and his honors pride, +Choking his soule, madly compeld him raue, + Vntil his rage with vigor did confound + His heauie hart; and left him in a swound. + +The Maister-gunner, likewise seeing Fate +Bridle his fortune, and his will to die, +With his sharpe sword sought to set ope the gate, +By which his soule might from his bodie flie, +Had not his freends perforce preseru'd his state, +And lockt him in his Cabbin safe to lie, + Whilst others swarm'd where haplesse _Grinuile_ lay, + By cryes recalling life, late runne away. + +In this too restlesse turmoile of vnrest, +The poore _Reuenges_ Maister stole awaye, +And to the _Spanish_ Admirall adrest +The dolefull tidings of this mournfull day, +(The _Spanish_ Admirall who then oprest, +Houering with doubt, not daring t'end the fray,) + And pleads for truce, with souldier-like submission + Anexing to his words a straight condition. + +_Alfonso_, willing to giue end to armes, +For well he knew _Grinuile_ would neuer yeild, +Able his power stoode like vnnumbred swarmes, +Yet daring not on stricter tearmes to build, +He offers all what may alay their harmes +Safetie of liues, nor any thrall to weild, + Free from the Gallie, prisonment, or paine, + And safe returne vnto their soyle againe + +To this he yeelds, as well for his own sake, +Whom desperate hazard might indamage sore, +As for desier the famous Knight to take, +Whom in his hart he seemed to deplore, +And for his valure halfe a God did make, +Extolling him all other men before, + Admiring with an honourable hart, + His valure, wisdome, and his Souldiours Art. + +With peacefull newes the Maister backe returns, +And rings it in the liuing remnants eares, +They all reioyce, but _Grinuile_ deadly mourns, +He frets, he sighs, he sorrowes and despaires, +Hee cryes, this truce, their fame and blisse adiourns, +He rents his locks, and all his garments teares, + He vowes his hands shall rent the ship in twaine + Rather then he will _Spanish_ yoke sustaine. + +The few reseru'd, that life esteem'd too well, +Knowing his words were warrants for his deede, +Vnkindly left him in that monstrous hell, +And fled vnto _Alfonso_ with greate speede, +To him their Chieftaines mightines they tell, +And how much valure on his soule doth feede, + That if preuention, not his actions dim, + Twill be too late to saue the shyp or him. + +_Bassan_ made proude, vnconquering t'ouer-come, +Swore the brave Knight nor ship he would not lose, +Should all the world in a petition come: +And therefore of his gallants, fortie chose +To board Sir _Richard_, charging them be dombe +From threatning words, from anger, and from bloes, + But with all kindnes, honor, and admire + To bring him thence, to further _Fames_ desire. + +Sooner they boarded not the crazed Barke, +But they beheld where speechlesse _Grinuile_ lay, +All smeard in blood, and clouded in the darke, +Contagious curtaine of Deaths tragick day; +They wept for pittie, and yet silent marke +Whether his lungs sent liuing breath away, + Which when they sawe in ayrie blasts to flie, + They striu'd who first should stanch his misery. + +Anon came life, and lift his eye-lids vp, +Whilst they with teares denounce their Generals wil, +Whose honord mind sought to retort the cup +Of deaths sad poyson, well instruckt to kill; +Tells him what fame and grace his eyes might sup +From _Bassans_ kindnes, and his Surgions skill, + Both how he lou'd him, and admir'd his fame, + To which he sought to lend a liuing flame. + +Aye mee (quoth _Grinuile_) simple men, I know +My bodie to your Generall is a pray, +Take it, and as you please my lyms bestow, +For I respect it not, tis earth and clay: +But for my minde that mightier much doth grow, +To heauen it shall, despight of _Spanish_ sway. + He swounded, and did neuer speake againe. + This said, orecome with anguish and with paine, + +They took him vp, and to theyr Generall brought +His mangled carkasse, but vnmaimed minde, +Three dayes hee breath'd, yet neuer spake he ought, +Albe his foes were humble, sad, and kinde; +The fourth came downe the Lambe that all souls bot, +And his pure part, from worser parts refind, + Bearing his spirite vp to the loftie skyes, + Leauing his body, wonder to wonders eyes. + +When _Bassan_ saw the Angell-spirite fled, +Which lent a mortall frame immortall thought, +With pittie, griefe, and admiration led, +He mournfully complaind what Fat's had wrought. +Woe me (he cryes) but now aliue, now dead, +But now inuincible, now captiue brought: +In this, vniust are Fat's, and Death declared, +That mighty ones, no more than meane are spared. +You powers of heauen, rayne honour on his hearse, +And tune the Cherubins to sing his fame, +Let Infants in the last age him rehearse, +And let no more, honour be Honor's name: +Let him that will obtaine immortall vearse, +Conquer the stile of _Grinuile_ to the same, +For till that fire shall all the world consume, +Shall neuer name, with _Grinuile_ name presume. +Rest then deere soule, in thine all-resting peace, +And take my teares for tropheys to thy tombe, +Let thy lost blood, thy vnlost fame increase, +Make kingly eares thy praises second wombe: +That when all tongues to all reports surcease, +Yet shall thy deeds, out-liue the day of doome, + For even Angels, in the heasens shall sing, + _Grinuile_ vnconquered died, still conquering. + _O ælinam_. + +Footnotes: + +1: Choristers. + +2: Hangings, so called from having first been made at Arras. + +3: Constellations. + +4: Entangled. + +5: Blown by being hunted. + "But being then _imbost_, the stately deer + When he hath gotten ground," &c. + --_Drayton's Polyolbian_, xiii, p. 917. + + * * * * * + +A true report of a worthy fight, performed in the voyage from Turkie, by + fiue ships of London, against 11. Gallies, and two frigats of the King of + Spaines, at Pantalarea within the Streights. Anno, 1586. Written by + Philip Iones. + +The Marchants of London, being of the incorporation of the Turkey trade, +hauing receiued intelligencies, and aduertisements, from time to time, that +the King of Spaine grudging at the prosperitie of this kingdome, had not +onely of late arrested al English ships, bodies, and goods in Spaine, but +also maligning the quiet trafique which they vsed to and in the dominions, +and prouinces, vnder the obedience of the Great Turke, had giuen order to +the Captaines of his gallies in the Leuant, to hinder the passage of all +English ships, and to endeuour by their best meanes, to intercept, take, +and spoile them, their persons, and goods: they hereupon thought it their +best course to set out their flete for Turkie, in such strength and +abilitie for their defence, that the purpose of their Spanish enemie might +the better be preuented, and the voyage accomplished with greater securitie +to the men and shippes. For which cause, fiue tall, and stoute shippes, +appertaining to London, and intending onely a Marchants voyage, were +prouided and furnished with all things belonging to the Seas; the names +whereof were these: + +1. The Marchant Royal, a very braue and good shippe, and of great report. + +2. The Tobie. + +3. The Edward Bonauenture. + +4. The William and Iohn. + +5. The Susan. + +These fiue departing from the coast of England, in the moneth of Nouember +1585. kept together as one fleete, til they came as high as the Isle of +Sicilie, within the Leuant. And there, according to the order and direction +of the voyage, each shippe began to take leaue of the rest, and to separate +himselfe, setting his course for the particular port, whereunto hee was +bounde: one for Tripolie in Syria, another for Constantinople, the chiefe +Citie of the Turkes Empire, situated vpon the coast of Romania, called of +olde, Thracia, and the rest to those places, whereunto they were priuatly +appointed. But before they diuided themselues, they altogether consulted, +of and about a certaine and speciall place for their meeting againe after +the lading of their goods at their seuerall portes. And in conclusion, the +generall agreement was to meet at Zante, an Island neere to the maine +continent of the West part of Morea, well knowen of all the Pilots, and +thought to be the fittest place of their Rendeuous. Concerning which +meeting, it was also couenanted on eche side, and promised, that whatsoeuer +ship of these 5. should first arriue at Zante, should there stay and expect +the comming of the rest of the fleete, for the space of twentie dayes. This +being done, ech man made his best hast according as winde and wether woulde +serue him to fiulfill his course, and to dispatch his businesse: and no +neede was there to admonish or incourage any man, seeing no time was ill +spent, nor opportunitie omitted on any side, in the performance of ech mans +duetie, according to his place. + +It fell out that the Tobie which was bound for Constantinople had made such +good speede, and gotten such good weather, that she first of al the rest +came back to the appointed place of Zante, and not forgetting the former +conclusion, did there cast ancre, attending the arriuall of the rest of the +fleete, which accordingly (their busines first performed) failed not to +keepe their promise. The first next after the Tobie was the Royal Marchant, +which together with the William and Iohn came from Tripolie in Syria, and +arriued at Zante within the compasse of the foresaide time limitted. These +ships in token of the ioy on all parts concerned for their happy meeting, +spared not the discharging af their Ordinance, the sounding of drums and +trumpets, the spreading of Ensignes with other warlike and ioyfull +behaviours, expressing by these outward signes, the inward gladnesse of +their mindes, being all as ready to ioyne together in mutuall consent to +resist the cruel enemie, as now in sporting maner they made myrth and +pastyme among themselues. These three had not bene long in the hauen, but +the Edward Bonauenture also, together with the Susan her consort, were come +from Venice with their lading, the sight of whom increased the ioy of the +rest, and they no lesse glad of the presence of the others, saluted them in +most friendly and kinde sort, according to the maner of the Seas: and +whereas some of these ships stoode at that instant in some want of +victuals, they were all content to stay in the port, till the necessities +of ech shippe were supplied, and nothing wanted to set out for their +returne. + +In this port of Zante, the newes was fresh and currant, of two seuerall +armies and fleetes prouided by the king of Spaine, and lying in waite to +intercept them: the one consisting of 30. strong Gallies, so well appointed +in all respects for the warre, that no necessary thing wanted: and this +fleete houered about the Streights of Gibraltar. The other armie had in it +20. Gailies, whereof some were of Sicilie, and some of the island of Malta, +vnder the charge and gouernment of Iohn Andrea Dorea, a Captaine of name +seruing the king of Spaine. These two diuers and strong fleetes waited and +attended in the Seas for none, but the English shippes, and no doubt made +their accompt and sure reckoning that not a shippe should escape their +furie. And the opinion, also of the inhabitants of the Isle of Zante was, +that in respect of the number of Gallies in both these armies, hauing +receiued such straight commandement from the king, our ships and men being +but few, and little in comparison of them, it was a thing in humane reason +impossible, that wee should passe either without spoiling, if we resisted, +or without composition at the least, and acknowledgement of duetie to the +Spanish king. + +But it was neither the report of the attendance of these armies, nor the +opinions of the people, nor any thing else, that could daunt or dismay the +courages of our men, who grounding themselues upon the goodnesse of their +cause, and the promise of God, to bee deliuered from such as without reason +sought their destruction, carried resolute mindes, notwithstanding all +impediments to aduenture through the Seas, and to finish their Nauigations, +maugre the beards of the Spanish souldiers. But least they should seeme too +carelesse, and too secure of their estate, and by laying the whole and +entire burden of their safetie vpon Gods prouidence, should foolishly +presume altogether of his helpe, and neglect the meanes which was put into +their handes, they failed not to enter into counsell among themselues, and +to deliberate aduisedly for their best defence. And in the end with +generall consent, the Marchant Royall was appointed Admirall of the fleete, +and the Tobie Viceadmiral, by whose orders the rest promised to be +directed, and ech shippe vowed not to breake from another, whatsoeuer +extremitie should fall out, but to stand to it to the death, for the honour +of their Countrey, and the frustrating of the hope of the ambitious and +proud enemie. + +Thus in good order they left Zante and the Castle of Græcia, and committed +themselues againe to the Seas, and proceeded in their course and voyage in +quietnes, without sight of any enemie, till they came neere to Pantalarea, +an Island so called, betwixt Sicilie, and the coast of Africke: into sight +wherof they came the 13. day of Iuly 1586. And the same day in the morning +about 7. of the clocke they descried 13. sailes in number, which were of +the Gallies, lying in waite of purpose for them, in and about that place. +As soone as the English ships had spied them, they by and by according to a +common order, made themselues ready for a fight, layd out their Ordinance, +scoured, charged, and primed them, displayed their ensignes, and left +nothing vndone to arme themselues throughly. In the meane time, the Gallies +more and more approched the ships, and in their banners there appeared the +armes of the Isles of Sicilia, and Malta, being all as then in the seruice +and pay of the Spaniard. Immediatly, both the Admirals of the Gallies sent +from ech of them a frigate, to the Admiral of our English ships, which +being come neere them, the Sicilian frigat first hailed them, and demanded +of them whence they were? They answered that they were of England, the +armes whereof appeared in their colours. Whereupon the saide frigat +expostulated with them, and asked why they delayed to sende or come with +their Captaines and pursers to Don Pedro de Leiua their Geuerall, to +acknowledge their duty and obedience to him in the name of the Spanish +king, Lord of those seas? Our men replied and said, that they owed no such +duetie nor obedience to him, and therefore would acknowledge none, but +commanded the frigat to depart with that answere, and not to stay longer a +brabling, vpon her perill. With that away she went, and vp comes towards +them the other frigat of Malta, and shee in like sort hailed the Admiral, +and would needs know whence they were, and where they had bene. Our +Englishmen in the Admirall, not disdaining an answere, tolde them that they +were of England, Marchants of London, had bene at Turkie, and were now +returning home: and to be requited in this case, they also demaunded of the +frigat whence she and the rest of the gallies were: the messenger answered, +we are of Malta, and for mine owne part my name is Cauallero. These gallies +are in seruice and pay to the king of Spaine, vnder the conduct of Don +Pedro de Leiua a noble man of Spaine, who hath bene commanded hither by the +King with this present force and armie, of purpose to intercept you. You +shall therefore (quoth he) do well to repaire to him to know his pleasure, +he is a noble man of good behauiour and courtesie, and meanes you no ill. +The Captaine of the English Admiral, whose name was M. Edward Wilkinson, +replied and said. We purpose not at this time to make triall of Don Pedro +his courtesie, whereof we are suspitious and doubtful, and not without good +cause: vsing withall good words to the messenger, and willing him to come +aboord him, promising securitie and good vsage, that thereby he might the +better knowe the Spaniards minde: whereupon hee in deed left his frigat, +and came aboord him, whom hee intertained in friendly sort, and caused a +cuppe of wine to be drawne for him, which be tooke and beganne, with his +cap in his hand, and with reuerend termes to drinke to the health of the +Queene of England, speaking very honourably of her Maiestie, and giving +good speeches of the courteous vsage and interteinement that he himselfe +had receiued in London, at the time that the duke of Alenson, brother to +the late French king was last in England: and after he had well drunke, hee +tooke his leaue, speaking well of the sufficiencie and goodnesse of our +shippes, and especially of the Marchant Royal, which he confessed to haue +seene before, riding in the Thames neere London. He was no sooner come to +Don Pedro de Leiua the Spanish general, but he was sent off againe, and +returned to the English Admirall, saying that the pleasure of the Generall +was this, that either their Captaines, Masters and Pursers should come to +him with speed, or else hee would set vpon them, and either take them or +sinke them. The reply was made by M. Wilkinson aforesaid, that not a man +should come to him; and for the bragge and threat of Don Pedro, it was not +that Spanish brauado that should make them yeeld a iot to their hinderance, +but they were as ready to make resistance, as he to offer an iniurie. +Whereupon Cauallero the messenger left bragging, and began to persuade them +in quiet sort and with many wordes, but all his labour was to no purpose, +and as his threat did nothing terrifie them, so his perswasion did nothing +mooue them to doe that which hee required. At the last he intreated to haue +the Marchant of the Admirall caried by him as a messenger to the Generall, +so that he might be satisfied, and assured of their mindes by one of their +owne company. But M. Wilkinson would agree to no such thing, although +Richard Rowit the marchant himselfe seemed willing to bee imployed in that +message, and laboured by reasonable perswasions to induce M. Wilkinson to +graunt it, as hoping to be an occasion by his presence and discreet +answeres to satisfie the Generall, and thereby to saue the effusion of +Christian blood, if it should grow to a battel. And he seemed so much the +more willing to be sent, by how much deeper the othes and protestations of +this Cauallero were, that he would (as hee was a true knight and a +souldier) deliuer him backe againe in safetie to his company. Albeit, M. +Wilkinson, which by his long experience had receiued sufficient triall of +Spanish inconsistencie and periurie, wished him in no case to put his life +and libertie in hazard vpon a Spaniards othe. But at last, vpon much +intreatie, he yeelded to let him go to the General, thinking in deed, that +good speeches and answeres of reason would haue contented him, whereas +otherwise refusall to do so, might peraduenture haue prouoked the more +discontentment. + +M. Rowit therefore passing to the Spanish Generall, the rest of the Gallies +hauing espied him, thought in deed that the English were rather determined +to yeelde, then to fight, and therefore came flocking about the frigat, +euery man crying out, Que nueuas, que nueuas, Haue these Englishmen +yeelded? the frigate answered, Not so, they neither haue nor purpose to +yeeld, onely they haue sent a man of their company to speake with our +Generall: and being come to the Gallie wherein he was, he shewed himselfe +to M. Rowit in his armour, his guard of souldiers attending vpon him in +armour also, and began to speake very proudly in this sort: Thou +Englishman, from whence is your fleete, why stand ye aloofe off, knowe ye +not your duetie to the Catholique King, whose person I here represent? +Where are your billes of lading, your letters, pasports, and the chiefe of +your men? Thinke ye my attendance in these seas to be in vaine, or my +person to no purpose? Let al these things be done out of hand as I command, +vpon paine of my further displeasure and the spoyle of you all: These +wordes of the Spanish Generall were not so outragiously pronounced as they +were mildly answered by M. Rowit, who tolde him that they were al +Merchantmen, vsing trafique in honest sort, and seeking to passe quietly, +if they were not vrged further then reason. As for the king of Spaine, he +thought (for his part) that there was amitie betwixt him and his Souereigne +the Queene of England, so that neither he nor his officers should goe about +to offer any such injurie to English Marchants, who as they were farre from +giuing offence to any man, so they would be loath to take an abuse at the +handes of any, or sit downe to their losse, where their abilitie was able +to make defence. And as, touching his commandement aforesaide, for the +acknowledging of duetie, in such particular sort, he told him, that were +there was no duetie owing, there none should be performed, assuring him +that the whole company and shippes in generall stood resolutely vpon the +negatiue, and would not yeeld to any such vnreasonable demaund, joyned with +such imperious and absolute maner of commanding. Why then, said he, if they +wil neither come to yeeld, nor shew obedience to me in the name of any +king, I wil either sinke them or bring them to harbor, and so tell them +from me. With that the frigat came away with M. Rowit, and brought him +aboord the English Admiral againe according to promise: who was no sooner +entred in, but by and by defiance was sounded on both sides: the Spaniards +hewed off the noses of the Gallies, that nothing might hinder the leuell of +the shot, and the English on the other side courageously prepared +themselues to the combat, euery man according to his roome, bent to +performe his office with alacritie and diligence. In the meane time a +Cannon was discharged from the Admirall of the gallies, which being the +onset of the fight, was presently answered by the English Admirall with a +Culuering; so the skirmish began, and grew hot and terrible, there was no +powder nor shot spared: ech English ship matched it selfe in good order +against two Spanish Gallies, besides the inequalitie of the frigats on the +Spaniards side: and although our men performed their parts with singular +valure according to their strength, insomuch that the enemie as amased +therewith would oftentimes pause and stay, and consult what was best to be +done, yet they ceased not in the midst of their businesse to make prayer to +Almighty God the reuenger of al euils, and the giuer of victories, that it +would please him to assist them in that good quarell of theirs, in +defending themselues against so proud a tyrant, to teach their handes to +warre, and their fingers to fight, that the glory of the victory might +redound to his Name, and to the honor of true Religion which the insolent +enemie sought so much to ouerthrowe. Contrarily, the foolish Spaniardes +cried out according to their maner, not to God, but to our Lady (as they +terme the virgin Mary) saying O Lady helpe, O blessed Lady giue vs the +victory, and the honour thereof shalbe thine. Thus with blowes and prayers +on both sides the fight continued furious and sharpe, and doubtfull a long +time to which part the victorie would incline: til at the last the Admiral +of the Gallies of Sicilie began to warpe from the fight, and to holde vp +her side for feare of sinking, and after her went also two others in like +case, whom al the sort of them inclosed, labouring by all their meanes to +keep them aboue water, being ready by the force of English shot which they +had receiued to perish in the seas: and what slaughter was done among the +Spaniards themselues, the English were vncertaine, but by a probable +coniecture apparant afar off, they supposed their losse was so great that +they wanted men to continue the charging of their pieces: [Sidenote: A +fight of fiue houres.] whereupon with shame and dishonor, after 5. houres +spent in the battell, they withdrew themselues: and the English contented +in respect of their deepe lading, rather to continue their voyage then to +follow the chase, ceased from further blowes: with the losse onely of two +men slaine amongst them all, and another hurt in his arme, whom M. +Wilkinson with his good words and friendly promises did so comfort, that he +nothing esteemed the smart of his wound in respect of the honour of the +victory, and the shameful repulse of the enemy. + +Thus with duetiful thankes to the mercy of God for his gracious assistance +in that danger, the English ships proceeded in their Nauigation, and +comming as high as Alger, a port towne vpon the coast of Barbary, they fell +with it, of purpose to refresh themselues after their wearinesse, and to +take in such supply of fresh water and victuals, as they needed: they were +no sooner entred into the port, but immediatly the king thereof sent a +messenger to the ships to knowe what they were, with which messenger the +chiefe master of ech shippe repaired to the king, and acquainted him not +onely with the state of their ships in respect of marchandize, but with the +late fight which they had passed with the Spanish Gallies, reporting euery +particular circumstance in word as it fell out in action: whereof the said +king shewed himselfe marueilous glad, interteining them in the best sort, +and promising abundant reliefe of all their wants, making generall +proclamation in the city vpon paine of death, that no man of what degree or +state soeuer he were, should presume either to hinder them in their +affaires, or to offer them any maner of inurie in body or goods. By vertue +whereof they dispatched al things in excellent good sort, with al fauor and +peaceablenesse: only such prisoners and captiues of the Spaniards as were +in the Citie, seeing the good vsage which they receiued, and hearing also +what seruice they had performed against the foresaide Gallies, grudged +exceedingly against them, and sought as much as they could to practise some +mischiefe against them: and one amongst the rest seeing an Englishman alone +in a certaine lane of the Citie, came vpon him suddenly, and with his knife +thrust him in the side, yet made no such great wound, but that it was +easily recouered. The English company hearing of it, acquainted the king +with the fact, who immediatly sent both for the party that had receiued the +wound and the offender also, and caused an executioner in the presence of +himselfe and the English, to chastise the slaue euen to death, which was +performed to the ende that no man should presume to commit the like part, +or to doe any thing in contempt of his royal commandement. + +The English hauing receiued this good justice at the kings hands, and al +other things that they wanted, or could craue for the furnishing of their +shippes; tooke their leaue of him, and of the rest of their friends, that +were resident in Alger, and put out to Sea, looking to meete with the +second army of the Spanish king, which waited for them about the month of +the Straights of Gibraltar, which they were of necessitie to passe. But +comming neere to the said Straight, it pleased God to raise at that instant +a very darke and mistie fogge, so that one ship could not discerne another, +if it were 40. paces off: by meanes whereof; together with the notable +faire Easterne winds that then blewe most fit for their course, they passed +with great speed through the Straight, and might haue passed with that good +gale, had there bene 500. Gallies to withstand them, and the aire neuer so +cleare for euery ship to be seene. [Sidenote: The second Spanish fleete +lying in watie for the English.] But yet the Spanish Gallies had a sight of +them when they, were come within 3. English miles of the towne, and made +after them in all Pøssible haste, and although they saw that they were +farre out of their reach, yet in a vaine fury and foolish pride, they shot +off their Ordinance, and made a stirre in the Sea as if they had bene in +the midst of them, which vanitie of theirs ministred to our men notable +matter of pleasure and mirth, seeing men to fight with shadowes, and to +take so great paines to so small purpose. + +But thus it pleased God to deride, and delude all the forces of that proud +Spanish king, which, he had prouided of purpose to distressethe English, +who notwithstanding passed through both his Armies, in the one, little +hurt; and in the other nothing touched, to the glory of his immortall Name, +the honour of our Prince and Countrey, and the just commendation of ech +mans seruice performed in that voyage. + +END OF VOL. VII. + + + + +INDICES TO VOLS. V., VI., & VII. + +INDICES. + +_Where the same Document is given in Latin and English, the reference is to +the English Version._ + +_N.B._--The large print indicates that the _whole_ section refers to the +subject mentioned. + +VOL. V. + +AA (Sir J. de) +ABRAHAM BASSA +ACON or ACRE + --Taken + --History +ADAMS (T) +ADRIANOPLE +AGREEMENT, BETWEEN AMBASSADORS OF ENGLAND AND PRUSSIA, CONFIRMED BY RICHARD +II + --BETWEEN HENRY IV. AND CONRAD DE IUNGINGEN + --BETWEEN HENRY IV. AND HANS TOWNS + --BETWEEN HENRY IV. AND ULRICUS DE IUNGINGEN + --BETWEEN RICHARD I. AND PRINCE OF ACRE + --BETWEEN EDWARD IV. AND IOHN II. OF PORTUGAL +ALBERT, King of Sweden +ALBERT, Marquis of Brandenburg + --Biographical sketch +ALEPPO, A COMMANDMENT FOR +ALEXANDRIA, A COMMANDMENT TO THE CADI OF + --A COMMANDMENT TO THE BASSA OF +ALI BASSA, LETTER FROM QUEEN ELIZABETH +ALWEY (R.) +AMSTERDAM +ANDREW (S.) +APPIAN, quoted +ARTHUR, Duke of Brittany +ASCALON +AUCHER (Sir A.) +AUCHER (ship) +AUSTELL (Henry), HIS VOYAGE OVERLAND TO CONSTANTINOPLE + --HIS SAFE CONDUCT FROM THE SULTAN +AUSTEN (J.) +AUSTRIA + +BABA (cape) +BAIRAM (feast of) +BAKER (M.) +BAKER (P.) commits disorders in the Levant +BAKER (R.) HIS FIRST VOYAGE TO GUINEA + --HIS SECOND VOYAGE +BALDWIN, Emperor of Constantinople +BALIABADRAM, A COMMANDMENT FOR +BARANGI or VARANGI +BARRET (A.) +BARRET (W.) +BART (H.) +BARTENSTEIN (castle), built +BEDINGHAM (R,) +BEFFART (C., of Triers) +BELGRADE, taken by the Turks +BELYETERE (E.) +BERENGARIA (Queen) +BETTS (W.) +BLACK SEA +BODENHAM (R.), HIS VOYAGE TO CANDIA AND CHIO +BOULOGNE +BOURGH (Sir John) + --His death +BOWYER (Sir W.) +BRAMPTON (W.) +BRANDEBURG +BRANDON (J.) +BREMEN +BRENNUS +BRESLAU +BRILL +BRISTOL +BRITOMAR +BRITONS, IN ITALY AND GREECE +BROOKE (J.) +BROWNE (J), mentioned +BRUGES +BRUNDUSIUM +BRUNE (H.) +BRUNSBURG (castle), built +BRUNSWICK +BUSS OF ZEALAND (ship), taken +BUSSSHIP (ship), taken + +CABRERA or CAPRERA (island) +CADIZ +CALAIS +CAMDEN (W.), HIS. ACCOUNT OF THE BRITONS IN ITALY AND GREECE + --quoted +CAMPEN +CAMPION (G.), HIS DISCOURSE OF THE TRADE OF CHIO +CANDIA +CARUMUSALINI +CASIMIR. King of Poland, wages war against Knights of Jerusalem + --Defeated + --Obtains Marienburg by treason + --Concludes peace +CASTELIN (E.) +CAT (G.) +CAUMBRIGGE (R.) +CEPHALONIA +CERIGO (island) +CHAMBERLAIN (E.) +CHAMPION (meaning of) +CHANCELLOR (Richard) +CHARLES V. (of Spain), knights Peter Read + --mentioned +CHARTER GRANTED BY SULTAN TO ENGLISH + --GRANTED BY QUEEN ELIZABETH TO THE LEVANT COMPANY + --FROM PETER OF MOLDAVIA +CHESTER (Sir W.) +CHIO + --A DISCOURSE OF ITS TRADE + --VOYAGE OF BODENHAM + --A COMMANDMENT FOR +CHRISTMIMMEL built +CLAIRVAUX (abbey of) +CLEMENTS (J.), sent to Levant +CLEYE +COG (ship), seized +COLCHESTER +COLE (P.) +COLEN, or COLOGNE +CONRAD, Duke of Massovia +CONRADUS LANDGRAVIUS +CONSTANTINE THE GREAT + --HIS TRAVELS +CONSTANTINOPLE +COOTE (J.) +CORNWAILE (T.) +COURTBUTTRESSOW +COVENTRY, Parliament held at +COWES +CRACOW +CRETE (island) +CROSSEBAIRE (N.) +CRUTZBURG (castle), built +CURTIS (T.) +CYPRUS + --DESCRIBED + --History + +DANTZIC +DANUBE +DASSELE (A. de) +DAWE (J.) +DELFT +DIERE (J.) +DOCKWRAY (Thomas) +DOGGER-SHIP, taken +DORDRECHT +DORIA (Juanette) +DORIA (Prince Pedro) +DOVER +DRAVER (M.) +DUCKET (I.) +DURHAM (S.) + +EGYPT, A COMMANDMENT FOR +EINSLEBEN +ELBE (river) +ELBING +ELIZABETH (Queen) + --LETTERS FROM MURAD KHAN + --LETTERS TO MURAD KHAN + --GRANTS CHARTER TO LEVANT COMPANY + --HER COMMISSION TO WILLIAM HAREBORNE TO BE AMBASSADOR IN TURKEY + --LETTER TO ALI BASSA + --LETTER FROM MUSTAPHA CHAUS + --LETTER FROM SINAN BASSA + --LETTER FROM THE SULTANA +ELLERICHSHAUSEN (C. ab) +ELLERICHSHAUSEN (L. ab) +EMDEN +ENGLISHMEN SENT TO CONSTANTINOPLE +ERIGENA (John), HIS TRAVELS +ESTURMY (W.), his account of his embassy to Prussia + --LETTER FROM WERNERUS DE TETTINGEN +EUSEBIUS, quoted +EUTROPIUS, quoted +EYMS (W.) + +FAMAGUSTA, SIEGE OF +FARDEL (meaning of) +FEN (H. ap) +FERMENIA or THERMIA (island) +FEUCHTUVANG (C. a) +FEUCHTUVANG (S. a) +FIELD (R.) +FINISTERRE (cape) +FLISPE (S.) +FLORUS, quoted +FORMENTERA (island) +FORREST (G.) +FOSTER (T.), HIS PASSPORT FROM EARL OF LEICESTER +FOWLER (T.) +FRIDAY (ship), taken +FROISSART, HIS ACCOUNT OF KING LYON'S VISIT TO ENGLAND +FUBBORNE (W.) + +GABARDS +GAGE, (Sir E.) +GAGE (G.) +GALIPOLI (straits of) +GALITA (island) +GARRARD (Sir W.) +GARRET (William) +GENOA +GIBRALTAR +GLEIDELL (J.) +GODEZERE (ship), taken by Hans Towns +GODFREY, Earl of Hohenloe +GODFREY (J.) +GOLDESMITH (C.) +GONSON (R.) +GONSON (W.) +GONSTON (B.) +GOODWINE (J.) +GOURNEY (M.), VOYAGE TO ALGIERS +GRAA (T.), Ambassador of England +GRAVESEND +GRAY (John) +GRAY (R.) +GREEK FIRE +GRESHAM (J.) +GRINDALL, Archbishop of Canterbury +GRIPESWOLD + +HACHENBERG (U.) Ambassador of Prussia +HAGUE (the) +HAKLUYT (R.), HIS ACCOUNT OF THE ANCIENT TRADE TO THE LEVANT + --LIST OF GOODS TO BE OBTAINED IN TURKEY + --MEMORANDUM OF WORK TO BE DONE IN TURKEY +HALBERSTADT +HAMBURG +HANS TOWNS + --AGREEMENT WITH HENRY IV. + --THEIR GRIEVANCES AGAINST ENGLAND +HAREBORNE (William), obtains safe conduct + --His first voyage + --COMMISSION TO BE AMBASSADOR + --VOYAGE IN THE SUSAN + --LETTER TO MUSTAPHA CHAUS + --HIS PETITION TO THE VICEROY OF MOREA + --HIS RETURN TO ENGLAND +HARWICH +HAWKIN DERLIN (ship), plundered +HAWKINS (Sir John) +HAWKWOOD (J.), HIS VICTORIES IN ITALY +HEILSBURG (castle), built +HEITH (W.) +HELDRINGEN (H. ab) +HELENA, HER TRAVELS + --mentioned +HELENA (ship), taken +HENRY (Emperor), his letter to Philip of France +HENRY, Earl of Plaen +HENRY IV., HIS LETTERS TO CONRAD DE IUNGINGEN + --THEIR AGREEMENT + --AGREEMENT WITH HANS TOWNS + --LETTER TO ULRICUS DE IUNGINGEN + --LETTERS FROM ULRICUS DE IUNGINGEN + --AGREEMENT WITH ULRICUS DE IUNGINGEN +HENRY VIII., HIS LETTER TO JOHN OF PORTUGAL +HERSTON (P.) +HICKMAN (A.) +HOLINSHED, HIS ACCOUNT OF THE EMBASSY FROM FERDINANDO TO HENRY VIII +HOLSTOCKE (W.) +HOLY CROSS (ship), voyage to Candia +HOOD (R.) +HORUSE (R.) +HOVEDEN (Roger de), bibliography +HUGHSON (J.) +HULL +HUNT (T.) + +IENA +INNSBRUCK +IPSWICH +ISAAC COMNENUS +ISABEL (ship), taken +IUNGINGEN (C. a), sends an embassy to Richard II. + --HIS LETTERS TO RICHARD II + --COMPOSITION BETWEEN HIM AND ENGLAND + --RECEIVES LETTERS FROM HENRY IV + --HIS LETTERS TO HENRY IV + --THEIR AGREEMENT +IUNGINGEN (Ulricus a) + --LETTER FROM HENRY IV + --LETTER TO HENRY IV + --AGREEMENT WITH HENRY IV + +JAROSLAW +JASSY or YAS +JENKINSON (A.) +JERUSALEM; voyage of Richard I, to +JERUSALEM (Knights of), CATALOGUE OF MASTERS + --Remove to Ptolemais + --Join the Dutch Knights in Prussia + --First war against Prussian infidels + --Second war against Prussia + --Prussians renounce Christianity + --Third war against Prussia + --Lose Acon + --Return to France + --Remove to Marienburg + --Defeated + --Battle against Wladislaus + --Prussians rebel against the Knights + --Apply to Casimir, King of Poland + --Commanded by Emperor Frederick to return to obedience + --Civil war + --Casimir defeated by the Knights + --Marienburg betrayed to Casimir + --Peace concluded + --Make a treaty with Richard II + --THEIR COMPOSITION WITH ENGLAND IN 1403 + --THEIR AGREEMENT WITH HENRY IV. IN 1405 +JOHN (of Portugal), letter from Henry VIII +JOHN BAPTIST (ship) +JOHN COMNENUS +JOPPA +JUSTINIAN + +KELHAM, his Norman Dictionary quoted +KERPEN (Otto, of) +KINGTON (J.), his account of his embassy to Prussia +KINSTUT, King of Lithuania + --Escape from prison +KNAPPENRODT (W. A.) +KRANTZIUS (A.), HIS ACCOUNT OF THE BURNING OF NORBERN +KUCHENMEISTER (M.) +KUNIGSBERG founded + +LAKENSWITHER (H.) +LAKINGLISH (J.) +LAMBERT (F.) +LAMBOLT (H.) +LANGSOUND +LEGHORN +LEICESTER, Earl of + --HIS PASSPORT TO THOMAS FOSTER +LEMAN (R.) +LEO AFRICANUS, quoted +LEOPOLD, Duke of Austria, takes Richard I. prisoner + --Sells him to Emperor +LESSON (O.) +LETIS (J.) +LEVANT, HAKLUYT'S ACCOUNT OF THE ANCIENT TRADE TO + --THE REVIVING OF THE TRADE TO THE +LEVANT COMPANY, CHARTER FROM MURAD KHAN + --FROM QUEEN ELIZABETH +LIBER-TRIADUM, quoted +LIGATE (J.) +LINCOLN (Bishop of), His letters to Conrad de Iungingen +LITTLE, (William), his works +LIVONIA +LOCKE (M.) +LOCKE (W.) +LODGE (Sir T.) +LONDON +LUBECK +LUDOLPHUS, Duke of Brunswick +LUDOLPHUS, surnamed King +LUTHER, born at Einsleben +LYDERPOLE (T.) +LYMASOL or LYMSZEN +LYNN +LYON, King of Armenia, HIS VOYAGE TO ENGLAND +LYONS + +MAGDEBURG +MAIN (river) +MALAGA +MALIM (W.), HIS ACCOUNT OF THE SIEGE OF FAMAGUSTA +MALLORCA (island) +MALMESBURY (abbey) +MALMESBURY (W. of), quoted +MALTA +MANUCHIO, HIS SAFE CONDUCT FROM THE SULTAN +MAONE +MARGARET, Queen of Denmark +MARGARET (ship), taken +MARIEBURG or MARIENBURG + --Taken by treason +MARLIN (ship) +MARMORA +MARPURG +MARSEILLES +MARTINE A GOLIN, His wonderful stratagem +MARTININGO (G.) +MATAPAN (cape) +MATTHEW GONSON (ship), VOYAGE TO CANDIA + --SECOND VOYAGE + --Mentioned +MAUSTROND +MEIDENBURG (Bulgrave of) +MERALL (Sir A. de), turns traitor +MERSH (T.) +MESSINA + --Taken by the English +MEYER (H.) +MICHAEL (ship), taken +MICONE (island) +MIDDEEBURG +MILO (island) +MINION (ship) +MITYLENE (island) + --A COMMANDMENT TO +MORAVIA +MOTTE (T.) +MOYLE, meaning of +MUNDE (W.) +MUNSTER, his history of the Dutch Knights of Jerusalem +MURAD KHAN, HIS LETTERS TO QUEEN ELIZABETH + --HIS LETTERS FROM QUEEN ELIZABETH + --GRANTS CHARTER TO LEVANT COMPANY +MUSTAPHA CHAUS, HIS LETTER TO QUEEN ELIZABETH + --LETTER FROM W. HAREBORNE + +NARES, quoted +NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE +NICHOLAS (ship), taken +NIESTER (river) +NISSA +NOIE (W.) +NORBERN, BURNT BY ROBBERS FROM THE HANS TOWNS +NOVIBAZAR +NORWICH +NUREMBERG + +ODOACER, King of Bohemia +OLMUDTZ +ORSELE (W. ab.) +ORWEL +OSBORNE (Sir E.), revives the trade to the Levant + --mentioned +OSTERNA (Boppo ab) +OSTRIGE (W.) +OTTO, Marquis of Brandeburg +OXNEY (W.) + +PALANDRIE +PALOS (cape) +PARIS (Matthew), quoted +PARSONS (R.) +PASSARO (cape) +PATRASSO--A COMMANDMENT TO +PEIRS (T.) +PERCY RELIQUES, quoted +PETER, Vayvode of Moldavia + --HIS CHARTER TO ENGLISH MERCHANTS +PETER (ship), taken +PHILIP (of France), his alliance with Richard I + --Returns to France + --LETTER FROM THE EMPEROR HENRY +PHILIPPOPOLI +PICKET (J.) +PIKERON (J.) +PLOKET (T.) +PLUMER (J.) +PLUMMER (T.) +PLYMOUTH +PONTE (N. de), death of +PORTO DE SAN PEDRO +POUND (W.) +PREST (J.) +PRIMROSE (ship) +PRIOUR (J.) +PROCOPIUS +PRUSSIA, privileges of English merchants in + --Esturmy and Kington sent as ambassadors +PRUSSIA (knights of), see Jerusalem (kinghts of) +PURSER (A.) + +RACKING, meaning of word +RAGUSA +RATCLIFFE (J.) +READ (Peter), HIS EPITAPH +REDEN (castle), built +RESIL (castle), built +REUSS (H.) +REVELL (R.) +RHODES + --SIEGE AND TAKING OF + --Blockaded + --Provisioned + --A brigantine sent to Candia + --General muster + --Letter from the Great Turk + --The Turks land on the Isle of Lango + --Besieged + --Assisted by Gabriel Martiningo + --Is taken + --A COMMANDMENT TO +RHONE (river) +RICHARD I., HIS VOYAGE INTO ASIA + --Alliance with Philip of France + --Taken prisoner by Duke of Austria + --EPITAPHS +RICHARD II., receives ambassadors from Conrad de Zolner +RICHTENBERG, (H. a) +RIGWEYS (R.) +ROBINES (R.) +RODE (A.) +ROME +RONDELL (L) +ROOS (William, Lord of) + --His letters to Conrad de Iungingen +ROSTOCK +ROTTERDAM +RUMNIE (J.) +RUSSDORFF (P. a) +RUSSE (L. van) + +SAFFRON WALDON +ST. JOHN (knights of), go to Cyprus and Rhodes +ST. VINCENT (cape) +SALT +SALTZA.(H. de) +SAMBORUS, son of Suandepolcus +SANDWICH +SAUGERSHUSEN (H. de) +SANTA MARIA (cape) +SANTA SOPHIA (Mosque of) +SAPIENTIA (island) +SARDINIA +SAVIOUR (ship) +SCHIEDAM +SCOF (E.) +SCUVENDEN (B. a) +SEBURGH (J.) +SELAW +SHERWOOD (W.) +SHIPPER (ship), plundered +SIBEL (W.), Ambassador of England +SIGISMUND (Emperor), assists the Knights of Jerusalem +SILISDEN (W.) +SINAN BASSA, HIS LETTER TO QUEEN ELIZABETH +SITHENCE (meaning) of +SMITH (T.) +SNYCOP (J.) +SOPHIA or SOFIA +SOUTHAMPTON +SPENSER, quoted +STAPER (R.), revives trade to Levant + --mentioned +STARKEY (J.) +STETTIN +STEYHARD (N.) +STOCKET (N.), Ambassador of England +STRABO, quoted +STRALSSUND +STURMY. See _Esturmy_ +SUANDEPOLCUS, Duke of Pomerania +SULTANA (of Turkey), LETTER TO QUEEN ELIZABETH +SUSAN (ship), Her voyage to Constantinople + +TAMASSUS. See _Famagusta_ +TANCRED, King of Sicily +TARIFFA +TELENSIN or FLEMCEN +TENEDOS (island) +TERRY (W.) +TETTINGEN (W. de), LETTER TO SIR W. ESTURMY +THEODORICUS, Earl of Aldenborg +THESTER (T.) +TIEFLEN (J. a) +TILBURY +TOBACCO, first introduced +TOOTOO, use of reduplication +TOPCLIFFE (J.) +TREATY. See _Agreement_ +TRENT +TREVESO +TRINITY (ship), seized +TRINITY FITZWILLIAMS (ship) +TRUCHSES (M.) +TUK (L.) +TUNIS, taken by Charles V +TURKEY, THE TRADE WITH +TUSIMER (H. a) +TUTTEBURIE. (J.) +TYRE + +URE (meaning of) + +VARNA +VENICE +VILLIERS (Philip de), Grand Master of Rhodes +VIRUMNIUS, quoted +VISTULA +VITALIANS +VITOLDUS. capt. of Tartars +VLADISLAUS, fights the Knights of Jerusalem + +WALCHERN island +WALENROD (C.) +WALKER, meaning of old word +WALPODE (S.), Ambassador of Prussia +WALPOT (H. of) +WALRODE (C. de), Ambassador of Prussia +WALSINGHAM, quoted +WALTERS (J.) +WALTHAM +WARTESLAUS, son of Suandepolcus +WATERDEN (T.) +WESENHAM (J.) +WEST-STOWE +WIGHT (J.), sent to the Levant +WIGHT (R.) +WILFORD (N.) +WILFORD (W.) +WILLIAM (The Pilgrim), his travels +WILLIAMSON (J.), HIS VOVAGE TO CANDIA +WINTER (W.) +WISEDOME (J.) +WISMER +WISSENBURG (Castle), built +WITTENBURG +WIVETON +WOOD, pilot +WYMAN (H,) + +YARMOUTH +YARMOUTH (Isle of Wight) +YLGENBURG, built +YORK + +ZANTE +ZARA +ZEMBRA +ZEPISWICH. See _Ipswich._ +ZOLNER (C. of Rotenstein), sends ambassadors to Richard II. + --THEIR SPEECH +ZUYUERSEE + + + + +VOL. VI + +ABYDOS, a city of Egypt +ACRIDOPHAGI, live on locusts + --Their extraordinary death +ADRIMACHIDE, their manners +AFRICA, DESCRIBED + --Its limits + --Its original inhabitants + --Agricultural produce + --Its Fauna + --Its state in 1659 +AGATHIRSIANS, their manners +ALEXANDER, mentioned +ALEXANDRIA, a city of Egypt +ALFRED, sends alms to India +ALKAIR. See _Cairo_ +ALKORAN. See _Koran_ +ALLEGONA, a town of Grand Canary, taken and sacked +ALLEGRANIA (island) +ALURED, bishop of Worcester, his voyage to Constantinople and Syria +AMAZONS, their manners +AMERICA, an island +APHRES, their mariners +APSLEY (W.), Bookseller +ARABIA, its limits + --Manners of the inhabitants + --Their marriage customs + --Produce + --Contracts + --Spices + --Serpents + --Monarchs + --Precious metals + --Arms + --First adopts Mahometanism +ARAXIS (river) +ARGIPPIANS, their manners +ARITONE, quoted +ARMENIANS, mentioned +ARUNDEL (Earl of), Dedication of Fardel of Facions to +ASIA, its limits + --DESCRIBED + --Derivation of the name +ASTROLOGY in Egypt +ASSYRIA, DESCRIBED + --Boundaries + --Produce + --Boats + --Dress + --Marriage customs + --Medicine + --Burial customs + --Magi or Chaldei +ATLANTES, their manners +AXIAMA + +BABYLON, a city-of Egypt +BABYLONIA. See _Assyria._ +BAILEY (N.) quoted +BALE, quoted +BALLARD (W.), in service of Nicolas Thorne +BEROALD (P.), quoted +BEROSUS, quoted +BETANCOURT (J.), obtains the title of King of the Canaries +BIBLIOTHECA CURIOSA, quoted +BLACKNESS +BLANCO (cape) +BLOMME (de) +BOCCHORIS, the Pharaoh of Moses +BOCCHORIDES, a lawgiver of Egypt +BOEMUS (J.), mentioned +BONA ESPERANCA (cape) +BORROWING on parents' corpse +BRACAMONT (R. de), Admiral of France, mentioned +BRILL +BROKAGE (meaning of) +BUDINES, their manners +BURROUGHS, mentioned +BYNON (Captain) + +CAIRO, a city of Egypt +CALAIS +CALIFORNIA +CALLACUT (cape) +CAMPION (Caspar), his letters to Lock and Winter +CANARIA. See _Grand Canary._ +CANARY ISLANDS, THE ANCIENT TRADE OF THE ENGLISH TO + --Exports from + --DESCRIBED BY THOMAS NICOLS + --Ancient inhabitants + --CONQUEST OF + --mentioned +CANARY WINE +CANNIBALISM +CANTON +CASELIN (E.), mentioned +CASPII, mentioned +CATER (Captain) +CAVE-DWELLINGS, in Grand Canary +CECIL (Sir Robert), Dedication to +CESARIAN (island) +CHAIRUS. See _Cairo_ +CHALDEI. See _Assyria_ +CHILI +CHRISTIANITY, ITS HISTORY +CHRISTOPHER (The), Sails for Santa Cruz +CHURCH, HISTORY AND DOCTRINES OF THE +CLAUDIANS, not circumcised +CLOINYNG (meaning of) +CLOPER (W. D.) +CLUVERIUS, his description of Africa +COLUMBUS (Christopher), mentioned +CONQUEST of the Grand Canaries +CRANMER, his answer to Bishop Gardiner, quoted +CREMATION +CYNECI, their manners +CYNNAMI, their manners +CYRUS, mentioned + +DALIDAE, a city of Panchaia +DAMASCUS, attacked by Mahomet +DAMIETTA (siege of), mentioned +DANIEL (S.), quoted +DARIEN (isthmus of) +DARIUS, mentioned +DARTMOUTH +DAVIS (J.), HIS WORLDES HYDROGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION + --His preface + --His first voyage + --His second voyage + --His third voyage + --His Seamen's Secreats +DAWSON (T.), printer +DELIVER, meaning of word +DERBY (Earl of), his journey +DERRICKSON (Captain), killed +DESERT, or DESERTAS +DESOLATION (coast) +DIODORUS SICULUS, quoted +DIOSPOLIS +DOEST (P. Van) +DOG-HEADED MEN +DOVER +DRAKE (Sir Francis) +DRAYTON, his Polyolbion quoted + +EARTH (THE DIVISIONS AND LIMITS OF THE) +EDGAR (Prince), his voyage +EDWARD (Prince), mentioned +EGYPT, DESCRIBED + --Manners of the inhabitants + --Their double alphabet + --Dress + --Religion + --Food + --Memento Mori + --Learning + --Monarch + --Funeral ceremonies + --Political divisions + --Finance + --Astrology + --Divisions into classes + --Laws + --Marriage customs + --Education + --Medicine + --Sacred Animals + --Curious borrowing transactions +ESPECIO (E. de) +ESSENES or ESSEIS, their peculiarities +ETHIOPIA, DESCRIBED + --ITS INHABITANTS + --Government + --Dress + --Animals + --Agricultural produce + --Precious stones + --Burial + --Religion + --Election of King + --Clergy + --Army + --Laws + --Punishment of adultery + --Banquets +EXACONTHALITUS, a rare stone +EXETER + +FAMAGUSTA, invaded by Mustapha Basha +FARDLE OF FACIONS, REPRINTED, Preface +FELLES, meaning of +FERRO. See _Hierro_ +FINISTERRE (Cape) +FITCH (Ralph), his voyage to China, mentioned +FITZROY (Oliver), son of King John +FLETCHER, his Purple Island, quoted +FLORENTIUS WIGORNIENSIS, quoted +FLORIDA, discovered + --Voyages, of Ribault, Laudonniere, and Gourges + --printed by Hakluyt +FLUSHING, mentioned +FORTEVENTURA, DESCRIBED, mentioned +FOUCHAl. See _Fienchal_ +FOXE, quoted +FREDERICK. (Cæsar), mentioned +FROWARD (cape) + +GALDER, a city of Grand Canary +GALVANO, HIS ACCOUNT OF MACHAM'S DISCOVERY OF MADEIRA +GAMING forbidden on the Canary Fleet +GARACHICO, a town of Teneriffe +GASCOYNE, his Steel Glass quoted +GEERBRANSTON (J.) +GEORGIANS, mentioned +GHELEINSON (C.) +GIMNOSOPHIST. E +GLANVILLE (R.), Earl of Chester, goes to siege of Damietta +GOLDEN ASS, mentioned +GOMERA, DESCRIBED, THE TAKING OF +GOURGES, his voyage to Florida +GOWBIN, meaning of word +GRACIOSA, mentioned, taken +GRAND CANARY, DESCRIBED + --Derivation of the name + --Original inhabitants + --Principal of the Canary Isles + --Its produce + --Its position + --Visited by the Dutch fleet + --taken +GREENLAND, visited by Davis +GRIPHONES +GROIN (The) +GUANCHES +GUIA, a city of Grand Canary +GUIDALES, their manners + +HAKLUYT (R.), in possession of Thorne's account of the Canaries +HAREBORNE (William), mentioned +HARIOT (Thomas), mentioned +HARLAC, Chief Justice of France, mentioned +HARMAN (Captain) +HAWKINS (Sir John) +HELIOPOLIS, a city of Egypt +HENRY II, his vow +HENRY III, of Castille, mentioned +HERODOTUS, quoted +HESPERA, an island +HEYWOOD (T.), quoted +HICKMAN (A.), mentioned +HIEROGLYPHICS +HIERO, DESCRIBED +HIGINIUS, quoted +HILL (J.), plants a vineyard in Hieros +HOCK-MONDAY, The festival explained +HOLLINSHED, quoted +HUGHES (R.), quoted +HYRACIDA, a city of Panchaia + +ICELAND +ICHTHIOPHAGI, a race of fish eaters +IDIOTES, their drink +ILOPHAGI, a tree-inhabiting race +IMAUS (mountain) +INDIA, DESCRIBKD + --Its boundaries + --Rivers + --Climate + --Produce + --Fauna + --Precious stones + --Its inhabitants long-lived + --Dress + --Manners + --Burial ceremonies + --Religious ceremonies + --Castes + --Laws + --Fakirs + --Brahmins + --Suttee + --Curious marriage custom + --Fabulous stories + --Money +INDIES (West), A BRIEF DECLARATION OF THE ADMIRALS DEPARTING TOWARDS THE +INGULPHUS, abbot of Croiland, his journey +ISSEDONNES, eat the dead + +JACOBITES +JAPAN +JENKINSON, mentioned +JOHN, mentioned +JOHN II. of Castille, mentioned +JOHN OF HOLLAND, his travels +JOSEPHUS, quoted, his history of the Jews +JUBA, said to have brought dogs from the Canaries +JUDEA. See _Palestine_ + +KATHERINE, regent of Castille, mentioned +KLOYER (Captain) +KORAN, given by Mahomet + +LAGUNA (lake) +LANCASTER (James), his voyage to the Straits of Malacca +LANCEROT (island), See _Lauzarota_ +LAUDONNIERE, his voyage to Florida +LAUZAROTA, DESCRIBED +LAROTAVA, a town of Teneriffe +LE MAIRE, his voyage to the Canaries +LEONARDSON (Captain) +LICOURICELY (meaning of) +LIME +LIRCEI, their manners +LISBON +LOCKE (T.), mentioned +LOPEZ (Francis), mentioned +LUZOM (island) + +MACAO, possesses a printing press in 1590 +MACES, their manners +MACHAM'S DISCOVERY OF MADEIRA + --Elopes with an Englishwoman + --Lands in Machico bay + --builds a chapel to bury her in + --Makes a boat and escapes to Africa + --The story confirmed by modern investigations +MACHICO, a town of Madeira +MACHLIES, their manners +MADEIRA, DISCOVERKD BY MACHAN + --Derivation of the name + --DESCRIBKD + --Its produce +MAGELLAN (straits of) +MAGI. See _Assyria_ +MAHOMET, Either Arabian or Persian + --giveth the Koran + --Assisted by Sergius + --His religion + --Attacks Damascus +MALACCA (cape) +MALIAPOR, burying place of St. Thomas +MALMESBURV (William of), quoted +MAN, HIS ORIGIN + --False opinions as to + --Performs woman's work +MANILLA +MARIES, their manners +MAROUINES +MARTYR (Peter), mentioned +MASSAGETES, their habits + --Eat their old men +MAURICE (Prince) +MECCA +MEDEA, DESCRIBED + --Its boundaries + --Manners of the inhabitants +MEGASTHENES, quoted +MEINT (meaning of) +MELA (Pomponius), quoted +MELANCHLENI +MEMPHIS. See _Cairo_ +MENDOZA (A. de) +MEOTIS (lake) +MERCHATES +MERMAID (ship), deserts Davis +MEROE, capital of Ethiopia +METRETES +MEXICO +MIDUALL. (Thomas), factor to Nicolas Thome +MOLUCCA (islands) +MOLYNEUX (E.), his map +MONGOLLS, a tribe of Tartary +MONSTERS +MOSES, mentioned +MOY LAMBERT (ship) +MUSTAPHA BASHA, his invasion of Nicosia and Famagusta + +NARES, quoted +NASAMONES, their manners +NEPOS (C.), quoted +NESTORIANS +NEURIENS, their manners +NEWBERY (John), his voyage to China +NICOLS (Thomas), HIS DESCRIPTION OF THE CANARY ISLES +NICOSIA invaded by Mustapha Basha +NILE, its overflow +NOBLE, value of a +NORTH CAPE +NORTH EAST PASSAGE, Davis's hydrographical objection against +NORTH WEST PASSAGE, proved to exist + --Benefits to be derived by England from +NOVA ZEMLA + +OB (river) +OCEAN cannot freeze +OCEANIDA, a city of Pauchira +ONLIVE, a curious form of ALIVE +OPHYOPHAGI, a race of snake eaters +ORANGE (ship) +ORCHELL, a kind of moss used for dyeing, exported from the Canary Isles +OROSIUS, quoted +ORTEGAL (Cape) +OSBORNE (Sir Edward), mentioned + +PALESTINE, DESCRIBED + --Its boundaries + --Laws of its inhabitants +PALASSA, DESCRIBED +PANCHAIA, DESCRIBED + --Manners of its inhabitants +PAPYRUS, used for paper +PARTHIA, DESCRIBED + --Its boundaries + --History + --Manners of the inhabitants +PAULUS VENETUS, mentioned +PERSEPOLIS, Capitol of Persia +PERSIA, DESCRIBED + --Its boundaries + --Manners of the inhabitants +PERU +PETER IV, king of Aragon +PHARISEES, their peculiarities +PHILIPPINE (islands) +PICO DETEITHE. _See Peak of Teneriffe_ +PIJE (Captain) +PLINY, quoted +PLOMPES (meaning of) +PLYMOUTH +POENI, DESCRIBED + --Eat lice + --Curious marriage custom + --Manner of taking an oath + --Their food +POLE, the place of greatest dignity +POLICRITUS, quoted +POMPEIUS (Trogus), quoted +POPILINIERE, mentioned +POSES (meaning of word) +PRESTER JOHN +PRINTING, in use at Macao in 1590 +PTOLEMY, quoted + +QUIT (Captain) shipwrecked + +RAMUSIUS (J. B.), mentioned +RHODES (siege of) +RIALEIO, a town of Teneriffe +RIBAULT, his voyage to Florida +RICHARD, Earl of Cornwall, mentioned +RICHARD I., his voyage to Palestine +ROBERT (Curthose), his voyage +ROBIN HOOD, mentioned +ROTTERDAM, mentioned +ROVERS (meaning of) +ROWKE (meaning of) +ROXENT (cape) +RYZOPHAGI, their manners + +SABA, a city of Arabia +SABELLICUS, quoted +SADDUCEES, their doctrines +ST. AUGUSTIN, quoted +ST. AUGUSTIN (cape) +ST. LUCARS +ST. NICHOLAS +ST. VINCENT (cape) +SALLUST, quoted +SALVAGES (island) +SANDRIDGE +SANDERSON (W.) + --Publishes a globe +SAN LUCAR, mentioned +SANTA CRUX, chief town in Teneriffe +SANTA MARIA (cape) +SARACENS, a tribe of Arabians + --Unite with the Turks +SCYTHIA, DESCRIBED + --History + --Manners + --Skinning of Enemies + --Religion + --Contracts + --Burial rites +SEGONIUS (M.), quoted +SERETENES, their habits +SERGIUS (Monk), assists Mahomet +SEVILLE +SHAKESPEARE, quoted +SIGETMUS, Bishop of Sherborne, mentioned +SKULLS, used as drinking cups +SNARL, the derivation +SNYTE, meaning of the word +SOLINUS, quoted +SOOTE, meaning of word +SPACHEFORD, (Thomas), traded with Canary Islands in 1526 +SPENCER, His Faerie Queene, quoted + --His Shepherd's Kalendar, quoted +SPERMATOPHAGI, a vegetarian race +SPICES +STAPER, (R.), mentioned +STEVENS, (Thomas), his travels +STRABO, quoted +SUGAR, manufacture of +SUGAR CANES, planting and growth of +SWIFT, mentioned + +TABIN (promontory) +TACITUS (Cornelius), quoted +TALE OF A TUB, an old proverb +TANAIS (river) +TARTARY, DESCRIBED + --Its boundaries + --Climate + --Military organisation + --History + --Habits of inhabitants + --Religion + --Food + --Dress + --Burials + --Government +TAUROSCHITHIANS, their manners + --Sacrifice shipwrecked mariners +TAURUS (Mount) +TELDE, a city of Grand Canary +TENERIFFE, visited by the Christopher + --DESCRIBED + --Its position + --mentioned +TENERIFFE (Peak of) +TEXELL +THEBES, a city of Egypt +THEUET (A.), his "new found world Antarctikc" criticized +THORNE (Nicolas), HIS ACCOUNT OF THE TRADE WITH THE CANARIES +THUNESSON (H.) +TISON (Thomas), the West India correspondent of N. Thrne +TRITONIS, a river of Africa +TROGLODITES, their manners +TROUGHES (meaning of) +TUNIS, invaded by Henry, Earl of Derby +TURKEY, DESCRIBED + --Boundaries + --Manners of inhabitants + --Military organisation + --Dwellings + --Dress + --Food and drink + --Education + --Laws + --Relation of the sexes + +USHANT (cape) +VASQUEZ (F.) +VAYGATS +VENUS, curious worship of +VERDE (cape) +VERDE (cape), islands of +VIVERO, a town of Spain + +WALSINGHAM (Sir F.) +WAN, its meaning +WATREMAN (W.), HIS FARDLE OF FACIONS +WHOTE (meaning of) +WIGHT (Isle of) +WILLOUGHBY (Sir Hugh), mentioned +WOMEN trained to war + --Perform man's work + --How to dispose of plain women in marriage + --Form a bodyguard to kings of India +WOOD (meaning of) +WORLDES HYDROGRGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. by J. DAVIS +ZABIQUES, their manners +ZWARTEKEYS, (J. C.), killed + + + + +VOL. VII. + +ALEXANDER (The Great) +ALGIERS +ALLEN (I), sent to the low countries +ALTEMIRA (Conde de) +ALVA (Duke of) +ALVELANA +ANDRADA (Conde de) +ANGRA +ANJOU (Duke of) +ANTONIO (Don, of Portugal) +ANTONY (W.) +ARK ROYAL (ship) +ARMADA (THE GREAT) + --Its officers + --Description of its ships + --Preparations by the Duke of Parma, furthered by the Pope + --Treaty of alliance between England and the Netherlands + --England's preparations + --Commanders appointed + --An army collected at Tilbury + --Sails from Lisbon + --Enters English channel + --Advances up channel + --Anchors before Calais + --Attacked by fire ships + --Battle off Gravelines + --Determines to sail round Scotland + --Visits Orkneys + --Shipwrecked on the coast of Ireland + --Disastrous return to Spain + --Wrecks in the Hebrides + --Commemorative coins struck + --Public rejoicings +ASCENSION (ship) +ASHLEY (Sir A.) +AYDE (ship) +AZORES, A VOYAGE TO THE + --Mentioned + --VOYAGE OF GEORGE, EARL OF CUMBERLAND, TO THE + --FIGHT ABOUT, BETWEEN THE REVENGE AND THE SPANISH FLEET + --EXPERIENCE AN EARTHQUAKE + +BARNAM (Alderman) +BARTON (Captain), wounded +BASSAN (Don A.) +BAYONN (islands of) +BEARES (W) +BELLINGHAM (H) +BENCASAMP (Beys Hamet), Ambassador from Morocco +BERGHEN +BERMUDAS +BEZA (Theo.), his verses to Queen Elizabeth +BIBLIOTHECA CURIOSA +BILBOA +BISHOP AND CLERKS +BLANCO (cape) +BLANKENBERG +BLUNT (Sir C.) +BONAVENTURE (ship) +BOND (M.) +BOROUGH (William) +BORSIS, burnt +BOSWELL (Capt.) +BOVADILLA (F) +BRAGANZA (Duke of) +BRASILL (promontory) +BRET (Colonel) + --Killed +BRITANDONA (Admiral) +BRODBANKE (J.), taken prisoner +BROMLEY (T.) +BROOKE (Sir H.) +BURLINGS (The) +BURRELL (J.) taken prisoner +BUTLER (Sir Philip) + +CADIZ, EXPEDITION OF SIR F. DRAKE AGAINST THE SPANISH FLEET + --mentioned + --THE HONORABLE VOYAGE TO +CALAIS +CARELESS (Capt. F) +CAREW (Sir R.) +CAREY (Sir George) +CARRE (Captain), killed +CARSEY (Captain), mortally wounded +CARTHEGENA +CASCAIS +CATHOLICS, sent to Ely and Wisbeach +CAVE (Captain) + wounded +CAVERLY (Captain) +CECIL (Sir Robert) +CECIL (Sir Thomas) +CENTURION (ship) + --ITS FIGHT AGAINST 5 SPANISH GALLIES +CHATHAM +CHERUBIM (ship) +CIPRIAN (M.) ambassador from Don Antonio +CLEAR (cape) +CLIFFORD (Sir C.) +COMMISSION OF THE KING OF SPAIN FOR THE GENERAL ARREST OF THE ENGLISH +CONCEPTION (ship) +COOPER (Captain), killed +COOPER (R.) +COOPER (W.) +CORDALL (M.) +CORNISH (W.) +CORUNNA +CORVO (island) +COSTELY (ship) +CRANE (ship) +CRESCENT (ship) +CRISPE (Captain) +CROSSE (Captain), sent to England + --mentioned +CUMBERLAND (George, Earl of), VOYAGES TO THE AZORES + --mentioned +DARCIE (E.) +DARIUS, mentioned +DAVIS (John) +DEFIANCE (ship) +DENNY (Sir Edward) +DESMOND (Earl of) +DESMOND (Sir James), hanged +DESMOND (Sir John) +DESMOND (Morice of) +DEVEREUX (Walter) +DOLPHIN (Captain), wounded + --mentioned +DOLPHIN (ship) +DRAKE (Sir Francis), AN ACCOUNT OF HIS EXPEDITION TO THE BAY OF CADIZ + --His travels + --Second in command against Cadiz + --Mentioned +DRAKE (T.) +DRAKE (ship) +DREADNOUGHT (ship) +DREW (J.) +DUDLEY (H.) +DUDLEY (Sir R.) +DUFFIELD (M.) +DUNKERK + +EARTHQUAKE +EDDYSTONE +EDWARD BONAVENTURE (ship) +ELIZABETH (Queen) visits the army at Tilbury + --Enters London in triumph after defeat of Armada + --Congratulations to + --Her prayer +ELIZABETH (ship) +EMDEN +EMMANUEL (Don, of Portugal) +ERINGTON (Captain) +ESSEX (Earl of) + --Joins the fleet + --Forms an ambush + --mentioned +ESCOVEDO, Secretary to King of Spain +EVESHAM (J.), HIS ACCOUNT OF THE VOYAGE TO THE AZORES +EXARAMA DE LOS CAVALLEROS +EXARAMA DE OBISPO + +FAIR ISLE +FALCON (ship) +FALMOUTH +FAYAL + --Taken +FENNER (captain) + ==rebuked + +FIGHT, BETWEEN TEN SHIPS OF LONDON AND TEN SPANISH GALLIES IN THE STRAITS + OF GIBRALTAR + --BETWEEN THE CENTURION AND FIVE SPANISH GALLIES + --Between five ships of London and eleven gallies +FLEMING (captain) +FLICKE (R.), HIS REPORT AS TO SUPPLIES TO LORD THOMAS HOWARD +FLORES (A.) +FLORES (island) +FLORIDA +FLUSHING +FORESIGHT (ship) +FOSTER, captain of the Primrose +FRANCISCO (Don, de Toledo) +FROBISHER (Sir Martin) +FULFORD (captain) +FURTHO (captain) + +GALEONS (description of) +GALLIASSES (description of) +GENEBELLI (F.), fortifies the Thames +GEORGE NOBLE (ship) +GIBRALTAR +GODOLPHIN (Sir Francis) +GOLDSMID (E.), his Bibliotheca Curiosa quoted +GRACIOSA (island) +GRAVELINES (battle off) +GRENVILLE (Sir Richard), his fight in the Revenge + --THE MOST HONORABLE TRAGEDY OF +GROIN (The) +GUZMAN (Don P. E. de) +GWIN (D.), conquers three Spanish ships + +HALES (Sir J.) +HAMBURG +HATTON (Sir William) +HAVANA +HAWES (John) +HAWKINS (Sir John) +HELCLIFFE +HERBERT (Lord) +HINDER (captain) +HISPANIOLA, devastated +HOHENLOE (Count) +HONDURAS +HOPE (ship) +HOPKINS, preacher to Earl of Essex +HOWARD (Lord Charles) + --Appointed Lord High Admiral + --Mentioned + --HIS LETTER TO THE DUKE OF MEDINA SIDONIA +HOWARD (Lord Thomas) +HUNTLEY (colonel) + +ILA (island) + +JACKSON (Captain) +JOHN (Don, of Austria) +JONES (Philip), REPORT OF FIGHT BETWEEN FIVE SHIPS OF LONDON AND ELEVEN + GALLIES +JUAN (S. de Colorado) + +KILLIGREW (W.) +KNIGHTHOOD conferred on Englishmen at Cadiz +LADD (J.) +LANE (Colonel) +LA ROCHELLE +LAS CASAS, his account of the West Indies, quoted +LEICESTER (Earl of) +LEIVA (Don P. de) +LEVISON (Sir R.) +LEWIS (island) +LINSCHOTEN (J. H. van), HIS ACCOUNT OF THE EXPLOITS OF THE ENGLISH AGAINST + THE SPANIARDS +LION (ship) +LISBON +LISTER (Capt. C) + --His death +LIZARD (The) +LONDON + --Plague of + --mentioned +LONG (H.) +LORES +LUBECK +LUNA (Don Juan de) +LYME +MADRE DE DIOS (ship), taken +MALACCA +MANDRANA (D. de) +MARCHANT ROYAL (ship) +MARGARET (ship) +MARGARET AND JOHN (ship) +MARKESBURY (captain) +MARY ROSE (ship) +MARY SPARKE (ship), voyage to the Azores +MEDINA (J. L. de) +MEDINA SIDONIA (Duke of), commands the Armada + --LETTER FROM LORD CHARLES HOWARD +MEDKERK (colonel) +MEG (ship) +MENDOZA (A. de) +MERVIN +METERAN (E. van), HIS ACCOUNT OF THE DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA +MEXICO (bay of) +MIDDLEBOROUGH +MIDDLETON (captain) +MINION (ship) +MINSHAW (captain) +MONCADO (H. de) + --Wrecked +MOONE (R.) +MOUNSON (Sir W.) + +NETHERLANDS, their treaty with England against Spain +NEWHAVEN +NOMBRE DE DIOS +NORRIS (General) +NORRIS (Sir Edward) +NORRIS (Sir Henry) +NORTH CAPE +NORTON (M.) +NOVA, HISPANIA, note of fleet from +NOWELL (H.) + +OQUENDO (M. de) + --taken +ORANGE (Prince of) +ORCADES. See _Orkney_ +ORKNEYS +OSTEND, Mutiny suppressed at +OUSLEY (Captain), Ambassador from General Norris + +PALAVICINI (Sir H.) +PARMA (Duke of) + --His preparations in support of the Armada +PARTRIDGE (M.) +PENICHE + --Taken + --Mentioned +PERNAMBUCO +PETUIN (captain) +PHILPOT (captain) +PICO. See _Teneriffe_ +PIEW (Captain R.), killed +PIGEON (M.) +PILGRIM (ship) +PIMENTELLI (D.), quoted +PLYMOUTH +PORTLAND +PORT REAL +PORT ST. MARY +PORTSMOUTH +PORTUGAL, VOYAGE TO +POURE (Captain Henry) +PRESTON (Sir Amyas) +PRIMROSE, THE ESCAPE OF THE, FROM BILBAO +PUENTE DE BURGOS + +RAGUZA +RAINBOW (ship) +RAINFORD (T.) +RALEIGH (Sir Walter), sends two ships to the Azores + --mentioned + --HIS ACCOUNT OF THE FIGHT OF THE REVENGE +RALEIGH (ship) +RAM HEAD +RED ROSE (ship) +REVENGE (ship), HER FIGHT WITH THE SPANISH NAVY +REYMOND (Capt.) +RICALDE (J. M. de) +RICHARD (ship) +ROTTERDAM +ROW (J.) +ROWIT (M.) +ROYDEN (Captain) + +ST. GEORGE (island) +ST. HELENA +SAINT JOHN (ship) +ST. MALO +ST. MARIE (island) +ST. MICHAEL'S +ST. VINCENT (cape) +SALOMON (ship) +SAMPSON (Captain A.) +SAMPSON (Captain J.) +SAMUEL (ship) +SAN ANTONIO attacked +SAN DOMINGO +SAN DOMINGO (cloister of) +SAN JULIANS +SAN LUCAR (island) +SAN PHILIP (ship), taken +SAN PHILIP (ship) +SAN SEBASTIAN +SANTA CRUZ (Marquis of) +SANT IAGO +SARMIENTO (P.), Governor of Straits of Magellan +SAUCY JACK (ship) +SCIPIO, mentioned +SERALTA (Marquis of) +SERPENT (ship), voyage to the Azores +SETUVAL +SEYMOUR (Lord Henry) +SIDNEY (Colonel) +SIXTUS (Pope), furthers the Armada +SPAIN, THE VOYAGE TO, BY COLONEL ANTHONY WINKFIELD +SPENCER (lieutenant), killed +STAPER (R.) +SUSAN (ship) +SUSSEX (Earl of) +SYDENHAM (Capt.), killed + +TENERIFFE +TERCERA (island) +TERZA, explained + --Captains of +THIN (capt.) +TILBURY, army collected at +TITION +TOBACCO, mentioned +TOBY (ship) +TORRES VEDRAS +TRISTRAM (J.), killed +TWID + +UMPTON (Colonel) +USHANT + +VALDEZ (D. F. de) +VALDEZ (Don P. de) + --Taken +VANDERFOORD (Sir J.) +VAVASOUR (Thomas) +VENNER (T.) +VERA (J. de), taken +VERDE (cape islands) +VERE (Sir F.) +VERTENDONA (M. de) +VICTORY (ship) +VIGO, taken + --burnt +VILLA FRANCA (St. Michael's) +VIOLET (ship) + +WAREFIELD (W.) +WATTS (M.) +WESTON (Sir R.) +WEYMOUTH +WHIDDON (captain) +WHITE DOVE (ship) +WILKINSON (E.) +WILLIAM AND JOHN (ship) +WILLIAMS (Sir Roger) +WILSON (captain) +WINGFIELD (Sir Edward) +WINGFIELD (Captain R.) +WINKFIELD (Sir J.), buried +WINKFIELD (Anthony), HIS ACCOUNT OF THE VOYAGE TO SPAIN AND PORTUGAL + --Mentioned +WOOD (B.) +WRIGHT (E.), HIS ACCOUNT OF THE VOYAGE OF GEORGE, EARL OF CUMBERLAND, TO + THE AZORES +YARMOUTH +YORK (Captain) +YOUNG (Captain), killed + +ZANTE +ZOUCH (John) + + +END OF INDEX. + + + + +CONTENTS OF VOLS. V., VI., & VII. + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + +VOL. V. + +I. A Catalogue of the Great Masters of the Order of the Dutch Knights, + commonly called the Hospitalaries of Ierusalem: and what great + exploites euery of the saide Masters hath achieued, etc. + +II. The Oration or speech of the ambassadours sent from Conradus de Zoluer + master generall of the land of Prussia, vnto Richard the Second, King + of England, etc. + +III. An agreement made by the ambassadours of England and Prussia, + confirmed by King Richard the Second + +IV. The letters of Conradus de Iungingen, master generall of Prussia, + written vnto Richard the Second, King of England, in the yeere 1398, + for the renouncing of a league and composition concluded betweene + England and Prussia, in regard of manifold injuries offered vnto the + Prussians + +V. A briefe relation of William Esturmy, and Iohn Kington concerning their + ambassages into Prussia, and the Hanstownes + +VI. Compositions and Ordinances concluded between the messengers of Frater + Conradus de Iungingen master generall of Prussia: and the Chancelor and + treasurer of the realme of England 1403 + +VII. The letters of the chancelor and treasurer of England, vnto Frater + Conradus de Iungingen, master generall of Prussia 1403 + +VIII. The letters of King Henry the 4. vnto Conradus de Iungingen the + master general of Prussia, for mutual conuersation and intercourse of + traffique to continue between the marchants of England and of Prussia, + for a certeine terme of time + +IX. The answer of Conradus thereto + +X. An agreement made betweene King Henry the fourth and Conradus de + Iungingen + +XI. An agreement made betweene King Henry the fourth and the common + societie of the Marchants of the Hans + +XII. A letter of Henry the fourth vnto Frater Conradus de Iungingen + +XIII. Letter from Frater Wernerus de Tettingen to Sir William Sturmy + +XIV. The letters of Henry the 4. King of England vnto Vlricus de Iungingen, + 1408 + +XV. The answer of Vlricus de Iungingen thereto + +XVI. The letters of King Henry the 4. to Frater Vlricus + +XVII. A new concord concluded between King Henry the 4. and Vlricus de + Iungingen + +XVIII. That the Brittons were in Italie and Greece with the Cimbrians and + Gaules, before the Incarnation of Christ. (Camden) + +XIX. The Trauaile of Helena + +XX. The life and trauailes of Alexander the great, Emperour and King of + Britaine + +XXI. Certaine Englishmen sent to Constantinople by the French King to + Iustinian the Emperour, about the yeere of Christ, 500. (Procopius) + +XXII. The life and trauailes of Iohn Erigena + +XXIII. Englishmen were the guard of the Emperours of Constantinople in the + reign of Iohn the sonne of Alexius Comnenus + +XXIV. The woorthy voiage of Richard the first, K. of England into Asia, for + the recouerie of Ierusalem out of the hands of the Saracens. (Iohn + Foxe) + +XXV. Epitaphium Richardi primi regis Anglorum apud Fontem Ebraldi + +XXVI. Epitaphium eiusdem vbi viscera eius requiescunt + +XXVII. The Trauailes of Gulielmus Peregrinus + +XXVIII. The comming of the Emperour of Constantinople called Baldwin into + England in the yere 1247 + +XXIX. Confirmatio treugarum inter regem Angliae Eduardum quartum, et + Ioannem secundum Regem Portugalliae, 1482 + +XXX. The voyage of Matthew Gourney against the Moores of Algier in Barbarie + and Spaine. (Camden) + +XXXI. The comming of Lyon King of Armenia into England in the yere 1386 + +XXXII. How the King of Armenia returned out of England + +XXXIII. The memorable victories in diuers parts of Italie of Iohn Hawkwood + Englishman in the reign of Richard the second + +XXXIV. The comming of the Emperor of Constantinople into England, 1400 + +XXXV. A briefe relation of the siege and taking of the Citie of Rhodes, by + Sultan Soliman the great Turke, translated out of French into English + at the motion of the Reuerend Lord Thomas Dockwray, great Prior of the + order of Ierusalem in England, in the yeere 1524 + + _Sub-section_ 1 The occasions why the great Turke came to besiege + the Citie of Rhodes + + 2 How the great Turke caused the passages to be kept, that none + should beare tidings of his hoste to Rhodes + + 3 How the lord great master consulted with the lordes for prouision + of the towne + + 4 Of the prouision for vitailes and ordinance of warre + + 5 How a Brigantine was sent to Candie for wine, and of diuers ships + that came to helpe the towne + + 6 How the corne was shorne downe halfe ripe and brought into the + towne for feare of the Turkes hoste + + 7 How the great master caused generall musters to be made, and sent a + vessell to the Turkes nauie, of whom he receiued a letter + + 8 The copie of the letter that the great Turke sent to the lord great + master, and to the people of the Rhodes + + 9 How the Turkes came to land in the Isle of Lango, and were driuen + to their ships againe by the Prior of S. Giles + + 10 How part of the nauie and armie of the great Turke came before the + citie of Rhodes + + 11 The number and names of the vessels that came to besiege Rhodes + + 12 How the lord great Master made his petition before the image of S. + Iohn and offered him the Keyes of the towne + + 13 How the women slaues would haue set fire to the towne + + 14 How the Turkes layd their artillerie about the towne, and of the + maner and quantitie of their pieces and gunshot + + 15 How the captaine Gabriel Martiningo came to the succor of Rhodes, + and all the slaues were in danger to be slaine + + 16 How the great Turke arriued in person before Rhodes + + 17 Of the marueilous mounts that the Turks made afore the towne, and + how the Captaines were ordered in the trenches + + 18 Of the politike repaires and defences that the ingenious Captaine + Gabriel Martiningo made within the towne against the breaches in + the walles + + 19 Of the mines that the Turks made: and how they ouerthrew part of + the bulwarke of England + + 20 How the Turks assailed the bulwarke of England, and how they were + driven away + + 21 How Sir Iohn Brough Turcoplier of England was slaine at an assault + of the English bulwarke + + 22 Of the terrible mine of the posterne of Auuergne + + 23 How the bulwarke of Spaine was lost and woone again + + 24 How the great Turke for anger that he could not get the towne, + would have put his chiefe captaine to death, and how they made 11 + mines vnder the bulwarke of England + + 25 How the Turks were minded to haue gone their way, and of the + traitours within the towne, and of many great assaults + + 26 How the enemies assailed the posternes of Prouence and Italy, and + how they were driven away + + 27 How the treason of Sir Andrew de Merall was knowen, and of the + maruellous assaults that the Turks made + + 28 How the Turks got the plaine ground of Spaine + + 29 How a Geneuois came to the gate of the towne for to speake for a + treaty and deliuerance of the same + + 30 How the great Turke sent two of his men to the towne, to haue it by + intreating. And how the lord great master sent two knights to him, + to know his assurance + + 31 How the Ambassadours of Rhodes spake with the great Turke, and what + answere they had + + 32 How one of the Ambassadours made answere of his message, and how + the Commons would not agree to yeeld the towne + + 33 How the lord great master sent two ambassadors for the Commons to + the great Turke + + 34 How the Turks began the assault, and how the Commons agreed to + yeeld the towne + + 35 An answere to such as will make question for the deliuererance of + the citie of Rhodes + + 36 How the citie of Rhodes was yeelded to the great Turke, and of the + euill behauiour of certaine Turkes + + 37 Lenuoy of the Translator + +XXXVI. An Ambassage from Don Ferdinando, brother to the Emperor Charles V. + vnto King Henry the VIII., in the yeere 1527, desiring his aide against + Solyman the great Turke + +XXXVII. The antiquitie of the trade with English ships into the Leuant + +XXXVIII. A letter of Henry the VIII. to John, King of Portugall + +XXXIX. A voyage made with the shippes called the Holy Crosse and the Mathew + Gonson, to the isles of Candia and Chio, about the yeere 1534 + +XL. Another voyage to the isles of Candia and Chio, made by the shippe the + Mathew Gonson about the yeere 1535 + +XLI. The Epitaph of the valiant Esquire M. Peter Read in the South ile of + Saint Peters Church in Norwich + +XLII. A discourse of the trade of Chio, in the yeere 1569, made by Master + Campion + +XLIII. The first voyage of Robert Baker to Guinie with the Minion and + Primrose, set out in October 1562 + +XLIV. The second voyage to Guinie set out in the moneth of November 1563 + +XLV. The voyage of M. Roger Badenham with the great barke Aucher to Candia + and Chio, in the yeere 1550 + +XLVI. Another discourse of the trade to Chio in the yeere 1569 made by + Caspar Campion + +XLVII. The true report of the siege and taking of Famagusta, a citie in + Cyprus 1571, Englished out of Italian by William Malim + +XLVIII. A briefe description of the iland of Cyprus + + _Sub-section_ 1 In Turchas precatio + +XLIX. The true report of all the successe of Famagusta, made by the Earle + Nestor Martiningo, vnto the renowmed prince the Duke of Venice + + _Sub-section_ 1 The first assault + + 2 The second assault + + 3 The third assault + + 4 The fourth assault + + 5 The fift assault + + 6 The sixt and last assault + + 7 The captaines of the Christians slaine in Famagusta + + 8 The names of Christians made slaues + + 9 The Fortifiers + + 10 Turkish Captains at Famagusta + +L. The renuing and increasing of an ancient and commodious trade in the + Levant + +LI. The letters sent from Murad Can to Elizabeth + +LII. The answer of her Maiestie to the aforesaid letters + +LIII. The Charter of the priuileges granted to the English, dated in Iune + 1500 + +LIV. Her Maiesties letter to the Turke, 1581 + +LV. The letters patent graunted by Her Maiestie to Sir Edward Osborne and + other Marchants of London for their trade into the dominions of the + great Turke, 1581 + +LVI. The Queenes Commission to Master William Hareborne, to be her + Maiesties ambassadour in the partes of Turkie, 1582 + +LVII. The Queenes letters to the great Turke, 1582 + +LVIII. A letter of the Queenes Maiestie to Ali Bassa, the Turkes High + Admirall + +LIX. A briefe remembrance of things to be indeuoured at Constantinople, + &c., touching our clothing and our dying, drawen by M. Richard Hakluyt + of the Middle Temple, 1582 + +LX. Remembrance for Master S., &c. + +LXI. The voyage of the Susan of London to Constantinople + +LXII. A letter of Mustapha Chaus to the Queene + +LXIII. A letter of M. Harborne to Mustapha + +LXIV. A petition exhibited to the viceroy for reformation of sundry + iniuries offered our nation in Morea + +LXV. A commandement to Patrasso in Morea + +LXVI. A commandement for Chio + +LXVII. A commandement for Baliabadram + +LXVIII. A commandement for Egypt + +LXIX. A commandement to the Cadie of Alexandria + +LXX. A commandement to the Bassa of Alexandria + +LXXI. A commandement to the Cadies of Metelin and Rhodes + +LXXII. A commandement for Aleppo + +LXXIII. The voyage of Master Henry Austell to Constantinople + + _Sub-section_ 1 The Turkes Passport for Captaine Austell + +LXXIV. A Passport of the Earle of Leicester for Thomas Foster to + Constantinople + +LXXV. The returne of Master William Hareborne from Constantinople ouerland + to London, 1588 + +LXXVI. The priuilege of Peter the prince of Moldauia graunted to the + English Marchants + +LXXVII. The letters of Sinan Bassa to Queene Elizabeth + +LXXVIII. A letter written by the Empresse, wife of the Grand Signior Murad + Can to the Queene, 1594 + + +VOL. VI. + +I. Dedication to the First Edition (of Vol. II., 1599) + +II. The voyage of Macham on Englishman, wherein he the first of any man + discovered...Madeira,...written by Antonio Galuano + +III. A briefe note concerning an ancient trade of the English marchants to + the Canarie Ilands, &c. + +IV. A Description of...the Ilands of Canaria,...composed by Thomas Nicols, + &c. + +V. The Fardle of Facions, conteining the aunciente Maners, Customs, and + Lawes, of the Peoples enhabiting...Affricke and Asia (1555) + + (_a_) To the Righte Honourable the Erle of Arundel, &c. + (_b_) The Preface of the Authour + + _The First Parte._ + + _Chapitre_ 1. The true opinion of the deuine, concernyng the + beginnyng of man + + 2 The false opinion of the Philosophre concernyng the beginnyng of + man + + 3 The deuision and limites of the Earthe + + 4 Of Ethiope, and the auncient maners of that nation + + 5 Of Aegipte, and the auncient maners of that people + + 6 Of the Poeni and thother peoples of Aphrique + + _The Seconde Parte_ + + _Chapitre_ 1 Of Asie and the peoples most famous therein + + 2 Of Panchaia, and the maners of the Panqueis + + 3 Of Assiria and Babilonia, and the maners of those peoples + + 4 Iewry, and of the life, maners, and Lawes of the Iewes + + 5 Of Media, and the maners of the Medes + + 6 Of Parthia, and the maner of the Parthians + + 7 Of Persia, and the maners and ordinaunces of the Persians + + 8 Of Ynde, and the vncouth trades and maners of life of the people + therein + + 9 Of Scithia, and their sterne maners + + 10 Of Tartarie, and the maners and power of the Tartarians + + 11 Of Turcquie, and of the maners, lawes, and ordenaunces of the + Turcques + + 12 Of the Christians, of their firste commyng vp, their ceremonies and + ordenaunces + +VI. The Conquest of the Grand Canaries, &c. + +VII. The Summary or briefe declaration of the Admirals departing towardes + the West Indies + +VIII. The Worldes Hydrographical Discription,...published by J. Dauis of + Sandrudg by Dartmouth...anno 1595, May 27 + + _Sub-section_ 1 To the Righte Honorable Lordes of Her Maiesties Most + Honorable Priuie Counsayle + + 2 The World's Hydrographical Obiections against al northerly + Discoueries + + 3 To proue a passage by the norwest, etc. + + 4 By experience of Trauellers to proue this passage + + 5 To proue the premisses by the attemptes of our owne countrymen, + besides others + + 6 By late experience to proue that America is an Iland, etc. + + 7 That the Ayre in colde regions is tollerable + + 8 That vnder the Pole is the place of greatest dignitie + + 9 What benefites would growe vnto Englande by this passage being + discouered + + +VOL. VII. + +I. A voyage to the Azores with the Serpent and Mary Sparke, belonging to + Sir W. Raleigh, written by John Evesham + +II. A briefe Relation of the notable service performed by Sir Francis Drake + vpon the Spanish Fleete prepared in the Road of Cadiz...in the yeere + 1587 + +III. A True discourse written...by Colonel Antonie Winkfield emploied in + the voiage to Spaine and Portugall, 1589 + +IV. The Escape of the Primrose from...Bilbao in Biscay + +V. The Spanish King's Commission for the generall arrest of the English + +VI. The voiage of George, Earl of Cumberland to the Azores, written by + Edward Wright + +VII. The valiant fight performed by 10 merchants ships of London against 12 + gallies in the Straights of Gibraltar the 24. of April 1590 + +VIII. The valiant Fight performed in the Straight of Gibraltar between the + Centurion of London against five Spanish Gallies in April 1591 + +IX. A report of the trueth of the Fight about the Iles of Açores...betwixt + the Revenge...and an Armada of the King of Spaine; penned by the + honourable Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight + +X. A particular note of the Indian Fleet, expected to have come into Spaine + this present yeere of 1591 + +XI. A report of master Robert Flicke...concerning the successe of a part of + the London supplies sent to my Lord Thomas Howard in the Azores + +XII. A large Testimony of John Huighen van Linschotten concerning the + worthy exploits of the Earl of Cumberland, &c. + +XIII. The miraculous victory achieved by the English Fleete under the Lord + Charles Howard upon the Spanish Huge Armada in the yeere 1588 + +XIV. Ad Serenissimam Elizabetham, Angliae Reginam, Theodor. Beza + +XV. A briefe and true report of the Honorable voyage unto Cadiz, 1596 + +XVI A copie of the Lord Admirals letters to the Duke of Medina Sidonia + +XVII. The Most Honourable Tragedie of Sir Richard Grinuile, 1595 + +XVIII. A True report of a worthy fight betweene five ships of London and 11 + gallies, written by Philip Jones + +XIX. Indices: viz.:-- + Volume V. + Volume VI. + Volume VII. + +XX. Contents: viz.:-- + Volume V. + Volume VI. + Volume VII. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Principal Navigations, Voyages, +Traffiques, and Discoveries of The English Nation, v. 7, by Richard Hakluyt + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRINCIPAL NAVIGATIONS, V7 *** + +This file should be named 9148-8.txt or 9148-8.zip + +Produced by Karl Hagen and the Online Distributed Proofing Team. This +file was produced from images generously made available by the +Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions. + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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