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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/8827.txt b/8827.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38d60c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/8827.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1599 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Weymouth New Testament in Modern Speech, +Preface and Introductions, by R. F. Weymouth + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most +other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of +the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have +to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. + +Title: Weymouth New Testament in Modern Speech, Preface and Introductions + Third Edition 1913 + +Author: R. F. Weymouth + +Posting Date: March 14, 2015 [EBook #8827] +Release Date: September, 2005 +First Posted: August 25, 2003 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WEYMOUTH NEW TESTAMENT--PREFACE *** + + + + +Produced by Martin Ward + + + + + + + + + + Weymouth New Testament in Modern Speech + Preface and Introductions + + Third Edition 1913 + Public Domain--Copy Freely + +These files were produced by keying for use in the Online Bible. +Proofreading was performed by Earl Melton. The printed edition +used in creating this etext was the Kregal reprint of the Ernest +Hampden-Cook (1912) Third Edition, of the edition first published +in 1909 by J. Clarke, London. Kregal edition ISBN 0-8254-4025-4. + +Due to the plans to add the Weymouth footnotes, the footnote +markers have been left in the text and page break indicators. +Other special markings are words surrounded with "*" to indicate +emphasis, and phrases surrounded with "<>" to indicate bold OT +quotes. See WEYMOUTH.INT in WNTINT.ZIP for the introduction +to the text, and information on Weymouth's techniques. + +The most current corrected files can be found on: + + Bible Foundation BBS + 602-789-7040 (14.4 kbs) + +If any errors are found, please notify me at the above bbs, +or at: + + Mark Fuller + 1129 E. Loyola Dr. + Tempe, Az. 85282 + (602) 829-8542 + + +----------- Corrections to the printed page --------------------- + +Introduction says personal pronouns referring to Jesus, when spoken +by other than the author/narrator, are capitalized only when they +recognize His deity. The following oversights in the third edition +were corrected in subsequent editions. Therefore we feel justified +in correcting them in this computer version. + +Mt 22:16 Capitalized 'him'. Same person speaking as in v.15. + +Mt 27:54 Capitalized 'he'. + +Joh 21:20 Capitalized 'his' + +Heb 12:6 Capitalized last 'HE' (referring to God). + + +==== changes made to printed page. + +Lu 11:49 Added closing quote at end of verse as later editions do. + +Lu 13:6 come > came (changed in later editions) + +Ro 11:16 it > if (an obvious typesetting error corrected in later editions) + +1Co 11:6 out > cut (an obvious typesetting error corrected in later editions) + +Php 4:3 the Word 'book' in 'book of Life' was not capitalized in + various printings of the third edition, but it was in later + editions. So we have capitalized it here. + +2Ti 1:9 deserts > desserts (misspelling perpetuated in later editions) + + +==== no change made: + +Eph 6:17 did not capitalize 'word' as in Word of God. + + PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION + + The Translation of the New Testament here offered to +English-speaking Christians is a bona fide translation made +directly from the Greek, and is in no sense a revision. The plan +adopted has been the following. + + 1. An earnest endeavour has been made (based upon more +than sixty years' study of both the Greek and English languages, +besides much further familiarity gained by continual teaching) to +ascertain the exact meaning of every passage not only by the +light that Classical Greek throws on the langruage used, but also +by that which the Septuagint and the Hebrew Scriptures afford; +aid being sought too from Versions and Commentators ancient and +modern, and from the ample _et cetera_ of _apparatus grammaticus_ +and theological and Classical reviews and magazines--or rather, +by means of occasional excursions into this vast prairie. + + 2. The sense thus seeming to have been ascertained, the +next step has been to consider how it could be most accurately +and naturally exhibited in the English of the present day; in +other words, how we can with some approach to probability suppose +that the inspired writer himself would have expressed his +thoughts, had he been writing in our age and country. /1 + + 3. Lastly it has been evidently desirable to compare the +results thus attained with the renderings of other scholars, +especially of course witll the Authorized and Revised Versions. +But alas, the great majority of even "new translations," so +called, are, in reality, only Tyndale's immortal work a +little--often very litLle--modernized! + + 4. But in the endeavour to find in Twentieth Century +English a precise equivalent for a Greek word, phrase, or +sentence there are two dangers to be guarded against. There are a +Scylla and a Charybdis. On the one hand there is the English of +Society, on the other hand that of the utterly uneducated, each +of these _patois_ having also its own special, though expressive, +borderland which we name 'slang.' But all these salient angles +(as a professor of fortification might say) of our language are +forbidden ground to the reverent translator of Holy Scripture. + + 5. But again, a _modern_ translation--does this imply +that no words or phrases in any degree antiquated are to be +admitted? Not so, for great numbers of such words and phrases are +still in constant use. To be antiquated is not the same thing as +to be obsolete or even obsolescent, and without at least a tinge +of antiquity it is scarcely possible that there should be that +dignity of style that befits the sacred themes with which the +Evangelists and Apostles deal. + + 6. It is plain that this attempt to bring out the sense +of the Sacred Writings naturally as well as accurately in +present-day English does not permit, except to a limited extent, +the method of literal rendering--the _verbo verbum reddere_ at +which Horace shrugs his shoulders. Dr. Welldon, recently Bishop +of Calcutta, in the Preface (p. vii) to his masterly translation +of the _Nicomachean Ethics_ of Aristotle, writes, "I have +deliberately rejected the principle of trying to translate the +same Greek word by the same word in English, and where +circumstances seemed to call for it I have sometimes used two +English words to represent one word of the Greek;"--and he is +perfectly right. With a slavish literality delicate shades of +meaning cannot be reproduced, nor allowance be made for the +influence of interwoven thought, or of the writer's ever +shifting--not to say changing--point of view. An utterly ignorant +or utterly lazy man, if possessed of a little ingenuity, can with +the help of a dictionary and grammar give a word-for-word +rendering, whether intelligible or not, and print 'Translation' +on his title-page. On the other hand it is a melancholy spectacle +to see men of high ability and undoubted scholarship toil and +struggle at translation under a needless restriction to +literality, as in intellectual handcuffs and fetters, when they +might with advantage snap the bonds and fling them away, as Dr. +Welldon has done: more melancholy still, if they are at the same +time racking their brains to exhibit the result of their +labours---a splendid but idle philological _tour de force_ --in +what was English nearly 300 years before. + + 7. Obviously any literal translation cannot but carry +idioms of the earlier language into the later, where they will +very probably not be understood; /2 and more serious still is the +evil when, as in the Jewish Greek of the N T, the earlier +language of the two is itself composite and abounds in forms of +speech that belong to one earlier still. For the N.T. Greek, even +in the writings of Luke, contains a large number of Hebrew +idioms; and a literal rendering into English cannot but partially +veil, and in some degree distort, the true sense, even if it does +not totally obscure it (and that too where _perfect_ clearness +should be attained, if possible), by this admixture of Hebrew as +well as Greek forms of expression. + + 8. It follows that the reader who is bent upon getting a +literal rendering, such as he can commonly find in the R.V. or +(often a better one) in Darby's _New Testament_, should always be +on his guard against its strong tendency to mislead. + + 9. One point however can hardly be too emphatically +stated. It is not the present Translator's ambition to supplant +the Versions already in general use, to which their intrinsic +merit or long familiarity or both have caused all Christian minds +so lovingly to cling. His desire has rather been to furnish a +succinct and compressed running commentary (not doctrinal) to be +used sidc by side with its elder compeers. And yet there has been +something of a remoter hope. It can scarcely be doubted that some +day the attempt will be renewed to produce a satisfactory English +Bible--one in some respects perhaps (but assuredly with great and +important deviations) on the lines of the Revision of 1881, or +even altogether to supersede both the A.V. and the R.V.; and it +may be that the Translation here offered will contribute some +materials that may be built into that far grander edifice. + + 10. THE GREEK TEXT here followed is that given in the +Translator's _Resultant Greek Testament_. + + 11. Of the VARIOUS READINGS only those are here given +which seem the most important, and which affect the rendering +into English. They are in the footnotes, with V.L. (_varia +lectio_) prefixed. As to the chief modern critical editions full +details will be found in the _Resultant Greek Testament_, while +for the original authorities--MSS., Versions, Patristic +quotations--the reader must of necessity consult the great works +of Lachmann, Tregelles, Tischendorf, and others, or the numerous +monographs on separate Books. /3 In the margin of the R.V. a +distinction is made between readings supported by "a few ancient +authorities," "some ancient authorities," "many ancient +authorities," and so on. Such valuation is not attempted in this +work. + + 12. Considerable pains have been bestowed on the exact +rendering of the tenses of the Greek verb; for by inexactness in +this detail the true sense cannot but be missed. That the Greek +tenses do not coincide, and cannot be expected to coincide with +those of the English verb; that--except in narrative--the aorist +as a rule is _more_ exactly represented in English by our perfect +with "have" than by our simple past tense; and that in this +particular the A.V. is in scores of instances more correct than +the R.V.; the present Translator has contended (with arguments +which some of the best scholars in Britain and in America hold to +be "unanswerable" and "indisputable") in a pamphlet _On the +Rendering into English of the Greek Aorist and Perfect_. Even an +outline of the argument cannot be given in a Preface such as +this. + + 13. But he who would make a truly _English_ translation +of a foreign book must not only select the right nouns, +adjectives, and verbs, insert the suitable prepositions and +auxiliaries, and triumph (if he can) over the seductions and +blandishments of idioms with which he has been familiar from his +infancy, but which, though forcible or beautiful with other +surroundings, are for all that part and parcel of that other +language rather than of English: he has also to beware of +_connecting his sentences_ in an un-English fashion. + + Now a careful examination of a number of authors +(including Scottish, Irish, and American) yields some interesting +results. Taking at haphazard a passage from each of fifty-six +authors, and counting on after some full stop till fifty finite +verbs--i. e. verbs in the indicative, imperative, or subjunctive +mood--have been reached (each finite verb, as every schoolboy +knows, being the nucleus of one sentence or clause), it has been +found that the connecting links of the fifty-six times fifty +sentences are about one-third conjunctions, about one-third +adverbs or relative and interrogative pronouns, while in the case +of the remaining third there is what the grammarians call an +_asyndeton_--no formal grammatical connexion at all. But in the +writers of the N.T. nearly _two_-thirds of the connecting links +are conjunctions. It follows that in order to make the style of a +translation true idiomatic English many of these conjunctions +must be omitted, and for others adverbs, &c., must be +substituted. + + The two conjunctions _for_ and _therefore_ are discussed +at some length in two Appendices to the above-mentioned pamphlet +on the _Aorist_, to which the reader is referred. + + 14. The NOTES, with but few exceptions, are not of the +nature of a general commentary. Some, as already intimated, refer +to the readings here followed, but the great majority are in +vindication or explanation of the renderings given. Since the +completion of this new version nearly two years ago, ill-health +has incapacitated the Translator from undertaking even the +lightest work. He has therefore been obliged to entrust to other +hands the labour of critically examining and revising the +manuscript and of seeing it through the press. This arduous task +has been undertaken by Rev. Ernest Hampden-Cook, M.A., St. John's +College, Cambridge, of Sandhach, Cheshire, with some co-operation +from one of the Translator's sons; and the Translator is under +deep obligations to these two gentlemen for their kindness in the +matter. He has also most cordially to thank Mr. Hampden-Cook for +making the existence of the work known to various members of the +OLD MILLHILIANS' CLUB and other former pupils of the Translator, +who in a truly substantial manner have manifested a generous +determination to enable the volume to see the light. Very +grateful does the Translator feel to them for this signal mark of +their friendship. + + Mr. Hampden-Cook is responsible for the headings of the +paragraphs, and at my express desire has inserted some additional +notes. + + I have further to express my gratitude to Rev. Frank +Baliard, M.A., B.Sc., Lond., at present of Sharrow, Sheffield, +for some very valuable assistance which he has most kindly given +in connexion with the Introductions to the several books. + + I have also the pleasure of acknowledging the numerous +valuable and suggestive criticisms with which I have been +favoured on some parts of the work, by an old friend, Rev. Sydney +Thelwall, B.A., of Leamington, a clergyman of the Church of +England, whom I have known for many years as a painstaking and +accurate scholar, a well-read theologian. and a thoughtful and +devout student of Scripture. + + I am very thankful to Mr. H. L. Gethin. Mr. S. Hales, Mr. +J. A. Latham, and Rev. T. A. Seed, for the care with which they +have read the proof sheets. + + And now this Translation is humbly and prayerfully +commended to God's gracious blessing. + +R.F.W. + +/1. I am aware of what Proffessor Blackie has written on this +subject (_Aeschylus_, Pref. p. viii) but the problem endeavoured +to be solved in this Translation is as above stated. + +/2. A flagrant instance is the "having in a readiness" of 2 Cor. +10.6, A.V. althoglgh in Tyndale we find "and are redy to take +vengeaunce," and even Wiclif writes "and we han redi to venge." + +/3 Such as McClellan's Four Gospels; Westcott on John's Gospel, +John's Epistles, and _Hebrews_; Hackett on _Acts_, Lightfoot, and +also Ellicott, on various Epistles: Mayor on _James_; Edwards on +_I Corinthians_ and _Hebrews_; Sanday and Headlam on _Romans_. +Add to these Scrivener's very valuable _Introduction to the +Criticism of the N.T._ + + + PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION + + For the purposes of this edition the whole volume has +been re-set in new type, and, in the hope of increasing the +interest and attractiveness of the Translation, all conversations +have been spaced out in accordance with modern custom. A freer +use than before has been made of capital letters, and by means of +small, raised figures, prefixed to words in the text, an +indication has been griven whenever there is a footnote. +"Capernaum" and "Philadelphia" have been substituted for the less +familiar but more literal "Capharnahum" and "Philadelpheia." Many +errata have been corrected, and a very considerable number of +what seemed to be infelicities or slight inaccuracies in the +English have been removed. A few additional footnotes have been +inserted, and, for the most part, those for which the Editor is +responsible have now the letters ED. added to them. + + Sincere thanks are tendered to the many kind friends who +have expressed their appreciation of this Translation, or have +helped to make it better known, and to the many correspondents +who have sent criticisms of the previous editions, and made +useful suggestions for the improvement of the volume. + +E.H.C. + + ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES + +Aorist. Dr. Weymouth's Pamphlet on the Rendering of the Greek + Aorist and Perfect Tenses into English. + +A.V. Authorised English Version, 1611. + +Cp. Compare. + +ED. Notes for which the Editor is responsible, wholly or in part. + +I.E. That is. + +Lit. Literally. + +LXX. The Septuagint (Greek) Version of the Old Testament. + +n. Note. + +nn. Notes. + +N.T. New Testament. + +O.T. Old Testament. + +R.V. Revised English Version, 1881-85. + +S.H. Sanday and Headlam's Commentary on 'Romans.' + +V.L. Varia Lectio. An alternative reading found in some + Manuscripts of the New Testament. + +V.V. Verses. + + In accordance with modern English custom, _ITALICS_ are +used to indicate emphasis. [In the etext, surounded by **] + + Old Testament quotations are printed in small capitals. +[In the etext, surrounded by <>] + + During Christ's earthly ministry even His disciples did not always +recognize His super-human nature and dignity. Accordingly, in +the Gospels of this Translation, it is only when the Evangelists +themselves use of Him the words "He," "Him," "His," that these +are spelt with capital initial letters. + + The spelling of "me" and "my" with small initial letters, when +used by Christ Himself in the Gospels, is explained by the fact +that, before His Resurrection, He did not always emphasize His +own super-human nature and dignity. + + The Good News as Recorded by Matthew + + There are ample reasons for accepting the uniform +tradition which from earliest times has ascribed this Gospel to +Levi the son of Alphaeus, who seems to have changed his name to +'Matthew' on becoming a disciple of Jesus. Our information as to +his subsequent life is very scanty. After the feast which he made +for his old friends (Lu 5:29) his name only appears in the New +Testament in the list of the twelve Apostles. Early Christian +writers add little to our knowledge of him, but his life seems to +have been quiet and somewhat ascetic. He is also generally +represented as having died a natural death. Where his Gospel was +written, or where he himself laboured, we cannot say. + + Not a little controversy has arisen as to the form in +which this Gospel first appeared, that is, as to whether we have +in the Greek MSS. an original document or a translation from an +earlier Aramaic writing. Modern scholarship inclines to the view +that the book is not a translation, but was probably written in +Greek by Matthew himself, upon the basis of a previously issued +collection of "Logia" or discourses, to the existence of which +Papias, Irenaeus, Pantaenus, Origen, Eusebius and Jerome all +testify. + + The date of the Gospel, as we know it, is somewhat +uncertain, but the best critical estimates are included between +70 and 90, A.D. Perhaps, with Harnack, we may adopt 75, A.D. + + The book was evidently intended for Jewish converts, and +exhibits Jesus as the God-appointed Messiah and King, the +fulfiller of the Law and of the highest expectations of the +Jewish nation. This speciality of aim rather enhances than +diminishes its general value. Renan found reason for pronouncing +it "the most important book of Christendom-- the most important +book which has ever been written." Its aim is manifestly didactic +rather than chronological. + + The Good News as Recorded by Mark + + This Gospel is at once the briefest and earliest of the +four. Modern research confirms the ancient tradition that the +author was Barnabas's cousin, "John, whose other name was Mark," +who during Paul's first missionary tour "departed from them" at +Pamphylia, "and returned to Jerusalem" (see Ac 12:12,25; +15:37,39; Co 4:1O; 2Ti 4:11; Phm 1:24; 1Pe 5:13). His defection +appeared to Paul sufficiently serious to warrant an emphatic +refusal to take him with him on a second tour, but in after years +the breach was healed and we find Mark with Paul again when he +writes to Colossae, and he is also mentioned approvingly in the +second Letter to Timothy. + + Scholars are now almost unanimous in fixing the date of +this Gospel between 63 and 70, A. D. There is no valid reason for +questioning the usual view that it was written in Rome. Clement, +Eusebius, Jerome and Epiphanius, all assert that this was so. +That the book was mainly intended for Gentiles, and especially +Romans, seems probable from internal evidence. Latin forms not +occurring in other Gospels, together with explanations of Jewish +terms and customs, and the omission of all reference to the +Jewish Law, point in this direction. Its vividness of narration +and pictorial minuteness of observation bespeak the testimony of +an eye-witness, and the assertion of Papias, quoted by Eusebius, +that Mark was "the interpreter of Peter" is borne out by the +Gospel itself no less than by what we otherwise know of Mark and +Peter. + + In a real though not mechanical sense, this is "the +Gospel of Peter," and its admitted priority to the Gospels of +Matthew and Luke affords substantial reason for the assumption +that it is to some extent the source whence they derive their +narratives, although Papias distinctly affirms that Mark made no +attempt at giving a carefully arranged history such as that at +which Luke confessedly aimed. + + In spite of the witness of most uncial MSS. and the +valiant pleading of Dean Burgon and others, modern scholars are +well nigh unanimous in asserting that the last twelve verses of +this Gospel are an appendix. Yet less cannot honestly be said +than that they "must have been of very early date," and that they +embody "a true apostolic tradition which may have been written by +some companion or successor of the original author." In one +Armenian MS. they are attributed to Aristion. + + The Good News as Recorded by Luke + + Modern research has abundantly confirmed the ancient +tradition that the anonymous author of the third Gospel is none +other than "Luke the beloved physician" and the narrator of the +"Acts of the Apostles" (see. Col 4:14; 2Ti 4:11; Phm 1:24). Even +Renan acknowledges this, and the objections of a few extremists +appear to have been sufficiently answered. + + The date is not easy to settle. The main problem is +whether the book was written before or after the destruction of +Jerusalem in 70, A.D. Not a few scholars whose views merit great +respect still think that it preceded that event, but the majority +of critics believe otherwise. Three principal dates have been +suggested, 63, A.D., 80, A.D., 100, A.D. If we accept 80, A. D., +we shall be in substantial accord with Harnack, McGiffert, and +Plummer, who fairly represent the best consensus of scholarly +opinion. + + There is no evidence as to where this Gospel was +composed, although its general style suggests the influence of +some Hellenic centre. Its special characteristics are plain. It +is written in purer Greek than the other Gospels, and is +manifestly the most historic and artistic. It has also the widest +outlook, having obviously been compiled for Gentiles, and, +especially, for Greeks. The Author was evidently an educated man +and probably a physician, and was also a close observer. + + Eighteen of the parables and six of the miracles found +here are not recorded elsewhere. Those "portions of the Gospel +narrative which Luke alone has preserved for us, are among the +most beautiful treasures which we possess, and we owe them in a +great measure to his desire to make his collection as full as +possible." Luke's object was rather to write history than +construct an "apology" and for this reason his order is generally +chronological. + + This Gospel is often termed, and not without reason, "the +Gospel of Paul." Luke's close association with the great +Apostle--an association to which the record in the Acts and also +the Pauline Letters bear testimony--at once warrants and explains +the ancient assumption that we have here a writing as truly +coloured by the influence of Paul as that of Mark was by Peter. +This is especially the Gospel of gratuitous and universal +salvation. Its integrity has recently been placed beyond dispute. +Marcion's edition of it in 140, A.D., was a mutilation of the +original! + + The Good News as Recorded by John + + In spite of its rejection by Marcion and the Alogi, the +fourth Gospel was accepted by most Christians at the end of the +second century as having been written by the Apostle John. In the +present day the preponderating tendency among scholars favours +the traditional authorship. On the other hand the most recent +scrutiny asserts: "Although many critics see no adequate reason +for accepting the tradition which assigns the book to the Apostle +John, and there are several cogent reasons to the contrary, they +would hardly deny that nevertheless the volume is Johannine--in +the sense that any historical element throughout its pages may be +traced back directly or indirectly to that Apostle and his +school." + + As regards the date, no more definite period can be +indicated than that suggested by Harnack--between 80, A.D., and +110, A.D. But that it was written in Ephesus is practically +certain, and there is evidence that it was composed at the +request of Elders and believers belonging to the Churches of +Roman Asia. + + The special characteristics which render the book unique +in literature are unmistakable, but scarcely admit of brief +expression. It is manifestly supplementary to the other Gospels +and assumes that they are known and are true. The differences +between the fourth Gospel and the other three may be easily +exaggerated, but it must be acknowledged that they exist. They +relate, (1) to the ministry of Christ, and (2) to His person. As +to the former it is impossible to correlate all the references to +distinct events, for whilst the Synoptics appear to contemplate +little more than the life and work of a single year, from John's +standpoint there can scarcely have been less than three years +concerned. As to the person of Christ, it must be owned that +although the fourth Gospel makes no assertion which contradicts +the character of Teacher and Reformer attributed to Him by the +Synoptics, it presents to us a personage so enwrapped in mystery +and dignity as altogether to transcend ordinary human nature. +This transcendent Personality is indeed the avowed centre of the +whole record, and His portrayal is its avowed purpose. Yet whilst +the writer never clearly reveals to us who he himself is, it is +equally manifest that his own convictions constitute the matrix +in which the discourses and events are imbedded, and that there +is nothing in this matrix to render that which it contains unreal +or untrustworthy. + + The Acts of the Apostles + + The authorship of this book has been much discussed, but +it may now be affirmed with certainty that the writer of our +third Gospel is also the author of "the Acts," and that he speaks +from the standpoint of an eye-witness in the four we sections +(16:10-17; 20:5-15; 21:1-18; 27:1--28:16), and is known in Paul's +Letters as "Luke the beloved physician" (Col 4:14; 2Ti 4:11; Phm +1:24). The date necessarily depends upon that of the third +Gospel. If the latter was written before the destruction of +Jerusalem, then Luke's second work may well have been issued +between 66 and 70, A.D. But the tendency, in the present day, is +to date the Gospel somewhere between 75 and 85, A.D., after the +destruction of the city. In that case "the Acts" may be assigned +to any period between 80 and 90, A.D. The latter conclusion, +though by no means certain, is perhaps the more probable. + + The familiar title of the book is somewhat unfortunate, +for it is manifestly not the intention of the writer to describe +the doings of the Apostles generally, but rather just so much of +the labours of Peter and Paul--and especially the latter--as will +serve to illustrate the growth of the early Church, and at the +same time exhibit the emancipation of Christianity from its +primitive Judaic origin and environment. + + It is plain that the writer was contemporary with the +events he describes, and although his perfect ingenuousness +ceaselessly connects his narrative with history, in no case has +he been proved to be in error. The intricacy of the connexions +between this record and the Pauline Letters will be best +estimated from a study of Paley's _Horae Paulinae_. We know +nothing definite as to the place where the Acts was written, nor +the sources whence the information for the earlier portion of the +narrative was obtained. But it may be truthfully affirmed that +from the modern critical ordeal the work emerges as a definite +whole, and rather confirmed than weakened in regard to its +general authenticity. + + Paul's Letter to the Romans + + The four books of the New Testament known as the Letters +to the Romans, Corinthians, and Galatians, are allowed by +practically all critics, including some of the most +"destructive," to be genuine productions of the Apostle Paul. +Opinions vary as to the order of their composition. The latest +research tends to put 'Galatians' first, and 'Romans' last, in +the period between 53 and 58 A. D. The date generally assigned to +the Roman Letter is 58 A.D., but recently Harnack, McGiffert, +Clemen and others have shown cause for putting it some four years +earlier. The chronology of the period is necessarily very +complicated. It must suffice, therefore, to regard this Letter as +having been written, at either of these dates, from Corinth, +where Paul was staying in the course of his third missionary +tour. He was hoping to go to Rome, by way of Jerusalem, and then +proceed to Spain (15:24; Ac 24:21). + + The object of this Letter was to prepare the Christians +in Rome for his visit, and make a clear statement of the new +doctrines which he taught. It is probable that the crisis in +Galatia, to which the Letter sent thither bears witness, had +driven the Apostle's thoughts in the direction of the subject of +Justification, and he was apparently much troubled by the +persistence of Jewish unbelief. Hence the present Letter has been +well termed "the Gospel according to Paul." + + We know really nothing about the Christians then in Rome +beyond what we find here. It is, however, fairly certain that +reports concerning the Saviour would be taken to that city by +proselytes, both before and after the events described in Acts 2, +and we know that there was a large Jewish population there +amongst whom the seed would be sown. Some critics have thought +"that a note addressed to Ephesus lies embedded in the 16th +chapter," because, they say, it is "inconceivable that Paul could +have intimately known so many individuals in a Church like that +in Rome to which he was personally a stranger." But this is by no +means demonstrated, nor is there evidence that the Church there +was founded by any other Apostle. + + Paul's First Letter to the Corinthians + + The genuineness of the two Letters to the Corinthians has +never been seriously disputed. The first was written by the +Apostle Paul, probably in the early spring of 56 A.D., just +before he left Ephesus for Troas in the course of his third +missionary tour (Ac 19). The Church in Corinth had been founded +by him during his previous tour (Ac 18). After some hesitation he +had been induced to preach in Corinth, and in spite of the +opposition of the Jews such great success attended his efforts +that he remained there for more than eighteen months. The furious +attack upon him which was frustrated by Gallio gave impetus to +the new cause, so that when the Apostle left, there was a +comparatively strong Church there, consisting mostly of Greeks, +but including not a few Jews also. The dangers, however, arising +out of the temperament and circumstances of the Corinthians soon +manifested themselves. The city was the capital of Roman Greece, +a wealthy commercial centre, and the home of a restless, +superficial intellectualism. Exuberant verbosity, selfish +display, excesses at the Lord's table, unseemly behaviour of +women at meetings for worship, and also abuse of spiritual gifts, +were complicated by heathen influences and the corrupting customs +of idolatry. Hence the Apostle's pleas, rebukes, and +exhortations. Most noteworthy of all is his forceful treatment of +the subject of the Resurrection of Christ; and this only a +quarter of a century after the event. Of the Letter mentioned in +5:9 we know nothing. + + Paul's Second Letter to the Corinthians + + The second Letter to the Corinthians was probably written +in the autumn of 56 A.D., the first Letter to them having been +sent in the spring of that year. But there are other letters of +which we have no clear account. One, lost to us, evidently +preceded the first Letter (1Co 5:9). In our "second" Letter we +find mention (2:2,4) of a severe communication which could not +but give pain. Can this have been our "first" to the Corinthians? +Some think not, in which case there must have been an +"intermediate" letter. This some students find in 2Co 10 1-8:1O. +If so, there must have been four letters. Some have thought that +in 2Co 6:14-7:1, and 8, 9, yet another is embedded, making +possibly five in all. The reader must form his own conclusions, +inasmuch as the evidence is almost entirely internal. On the +whole it would seem that our first Letter, conveyed by Titus, had +produced a good effect in the Corinthian Church, but that this +wore off, and that Titus returned to the Apostle in Ephesus with +such disquieting news that a visit of Paul just then to Corinth +would have been very embarrassing, alike for the Church and the +Apostle. Hence, instead of going, he writes a "painful" letter +and sends it by the same messenger, proceeding himself to Troas +and thence to Macedonia, where, in great tension of spirit, he +awaits the return of Titus. At last there comes a reassuring +account, the relief derived from which is so great that our +second Letter is written, with the double purpose of comforting +those who had been so sharply rebuked and of preventing the +recurrence of the evils which had called forth the remonstrance. +In this way both the tenderness and the severity of the present +Letter may be explained. + + Paul's Letter to the Galatians + + There is no question as to the genuineness of this +Pauline Letter, but unlike most other writings of the Apostle it +was addressed to "Churches" rather than to a single community. + + Formerly it was not easy to decide the precise meaning of +the term "Galatia." Opinions differed on the subject. The "North +Galatian theory," contended for by some German scholars, +maintained that the Letter was addressed to the Churches of +Ancyra, Tavium, Pessinus and possibly to those in other cities. +The "South Galatian theory," which now holds the field in +English-speaking countries, is to the effect that the +congregations intended were those of Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, +Derbe and Lystra; and this is strongly supported by the unique +resemblance between this Letter and Paul's sermon in Pisidian +Antioch (Ac 13:14-41). In any case the population was very mixed, +consisting of Phrygians, Greeks, Romans, Gauls and Jews. + + The date of the Letter cannot be exactly fixed. The +periods assigned by recent scholarship vary from 46 A.D. to 58 +A.D., but the medium estimate of 53 A.D., adopted by Harnack and +Ramsay, satisfies all the requirements of the case. + + The Apostle certainly visited Galatia during his second +missionary tour, perhaps about 51 A. D., and, although suffering +from illness, was received with enthusiasm. After a short stay he +departed cherishing a joyful confidence as to his converts there. +But when, less than three years afterwards, he came again, he +found that the leaven of Judaism had produced a definite +apostasy, insomuch that both the freedom of individual believers +and his own Apostolic authority were in danger. + + Even his personal presence (Ac 18:23) did not end the +difficulty. Hence, possibly during his journey between Macedonia +and Achaia, he sent this Letter. Its rugged and incoherent style +shows that it was dictated under great stress of feeling, and the +doctrine of justification by faith is stated more emphatically +than in any other of his writings. But his earnest insistence +upon the "fruit borne by the Spirit" proves that his ideal of +practical holiness was rather strengthened than impaired by his +plea for Faith as the mainspring of Christian life. + + Paul's Letter to the Ephesians + + This appears to have been a kind of circular Letter to +the Churches in Roman Asia, and was not addressed exclusively to +the Church in Ephesus. + + Ephesus was a well-known seaport and the principal city +in Roman Asia. It was famous alike for its wonderful temple, +containing the shrine of Artemis, and for its vast theatre, which +was capable of accommodating 50,000 persons. + + Paul was forbidden at first to preach in Roman Asia (Ac +16:6), but he afterwards visited Ephesus in company with +Priscilla and Aquila (Ac 18:19). About three years later (Ac +19:1) he came again and remained for some time--probably from 54 +to 57 A. D.--preaching and arguing in the school of Tyrannus, +until driven away through the tumult raised by Demetrius. He then +went to Jerusalem, by way of Miletus, but was arrested in the +uproar created by the Jews and was taken first to Caesarea (Ac +23:23), and thence to Rome (Ac 28:16). This was probably in the +spring of 61 A.D. + + Late in 62 or early in 63 A.D., this Letter was written, +together with the companion Letters to the Colossians and +Philemon. + + Paul's Letter to the Philippians + + This Letter was written shortly before that to the +Ephesians, probably late in 61 or early in 62 A.D. Epaphroditus +had been sent to Rome to assure the Apostle, in his imprisonment, +of the tender and practical sympathy of the Philippian disciples +(Php 2:25; 4:15,16). The messenger, however, fell ill upon his +arrival, and only on his recovery could Paul, as in this Letter, +express his appreciation of the thoughtful love of the +Philippians. + + The Apostle appears to have visited the city three times. +In 52 A.D. it was the place of his first preaching in Europe (Ac +16:12); but he came again in 57 and in 58 A.D. (Ac 20:2,6), on +the last occasion spending the Passover season there. + + Two special traits in the Macedonian character are +recognized by the Apostle in this Letter; the position and +influence of women, and the financial liberality of the +Philippians. It is remarkable that a Church displaying such +characteristics, and existing in a Roman "colonia," should have +lived, as this one did, "without a history, and have perished +without a memorial." + + Paul's Letter to the Colossians + + This Letter belongs to the same group as those to the +Ephesians and Philemon, and was probably written from Rome about +63 A. D. Colossae was a town in Phrygia (Roman Asia), on the +river Lycus, and was destroyed by an earthquake in the seventh +year of Nero's reign. The Church there was not founded by Paul +himself (Col 2:1), but by Epaphras (Col 1:7; 4:12), and this +Letter arose out of a visit which Epaphras paid to the Apostle, +for the purpose of discussing with him the development, at +Colossae, of certain strange doctrines which may possibly have +been a kind of early Gnosticism. Paul here writes to support the +authority and confirm the teaching of Epaphras. + + Paul's First Letter to the Thessalonians + + During his second missionary tour (Ac 17), Paul came to +Thessalonica and preached the Good News there with no little +success. The city--which had had its name given it by Cassander, +after his wife, the sister of Alexander the Great--was the most +populous in Macedonia, besides being a "free city" and the seat +of the Roman pro-consular administration. Its modern name is +Saloniki. + + Very soon the unbelieving Jews stirred up the mob against +Paul and Silas, and dragged Jason before the magistrates. Hence +the brethren sent the missionaries away by night to Beroea, being +alarmed for their safety. As the Apostle was naturally anxious +about the persecuted flock which he had been obliged to leave +behind, he made two attempts to return to them, but these being +frustrated (1Th 2:18), he then sent Timothy, from Athens, to +inquire after their welfare and encourage them. + + The report brought back was on the whole satisfactory, +but left occasion for the self-defence, the warnings and the +exhortations of this Letter, which was then sent from Corinth, +probably in 53 A.D. + + Paul's Second Letter to the Thessalonians + + This Letter was written from Corinth not long after the +preceding one, and probably in the year 54 A.D. Its occasion was +the reception of tidings from Thessalonica which showed that +there had been a measure of misapprehension of the Apostle's +teaching in regard to the Return of the Lord Jesus, and also that +there was a definitely disorderly section in the Church there, +capable of doing great harm. + + Hence Paul writes to correct the error into which his +converts had fallen, and at the same time he uses strong language +as to the treatment to be dealt out to those members of the +Church who were given to idleness and insubordination. + + Paul's First Letter to Timothy + + There has never been any real doubt among Christian +people as to the authorship of the three "pastoral" Letters. But +definite objections to their genuineness have been made in recent +times upon the ground of such internal evidence as their style, +the indications they present of advanced organization, their +historic standpoint and their references to developed heresy. + + Says one scholar, "While there is probably nothing in +them to which the Apostle would have objected, they must be +regarded on account of their style as the product of one who had +been taught by Paul and now desired to convey certain teachings +under cover of his name. The date need not be later than 80 A.D." + + Yet a thorough examination of the matter does not support +such objections. It is certain that the three Letters stand or +fall together, and there is no sufficient reason for dismissing +the ancient conclusion that they are all the genuine work of +Paul, and belong to the last years of his life, 66-67 A.D. + + This first Letter was probably written from Macedonia. + + Paul's Second Letter to Timothy + + The marks of genuineness in this Letter are very +pronounced. For instance, the thanksgiving, the long list of +proper names--twenty-three in number--the personal details and +the manifest tone of sincerity and earnestness. Hence it is +accepted as Paul's even by some who reject the former Letter and +that addressed to Titus. But it is inseparable from the others, +and was probably written from Rome during the Apostle's second +imprisonment. It is his last Letter known to us, and its apparent +date is 67 A.D. + + Paul's Letter to Titus + + This Letter was probably written from Ephesus in 67 A.D. +Titus, who was a Greek by birth, is mentioned in eleven other +places in the Pauline Letters and always with marked approval +(2Co 2:13; 7:6,13,14; 8:6,16,23; 12:18; Ga 2:1,3; 2Ti 4:10). He +was often a trusted messenger to the Churches, his last errand +being to Dalmatia. Tradition confirms the inference commonly +drawn from this Letter that he was long the Bishop of the Church +in Crete, and regards Candia as having been his birthplace. + + Paul's Letter to Philemon + + This Letter (63 A.D.) was written as the result of Paul's +deep interest in Onesimus, a slave who had fled from Colossae to +Rome to get free from Philemon his master (Col 4:9). + + "A Phrygian slave was one of the lowest known types to be +found in the Roman world, displaying all the worst features of +character which the servile condition developed. Onesimus had +proved no exception. He ran away from his master, and, as Paul +thought probable (verses 18,19), not without helping himself to a +share of his master's possessions. By the help of what he had +stolen, and by the cleverness which afterwards made him so +helpful to Paul, he made his way to Rome, naturally drawn to the +great centre, and prompted both by a desire to hide himself and +by a youthful yearning to see the utmost the world could show of +glory and of vice. + + "But whether feeling his loneliness, or wearied with a +life of vice, or impoverished and reduced to want, or seized with +a fear of detection, he made his way to Paul, or unbosomed +himself to some Asiatic he saw on the street. And as he stepped +out of the coarse debauchery and profanity of the crowded resorts +of the metropolis into the room hallowed by the presence of Paul, +he saw the foulness of the one life and the beauty of the other, +and was persuaded to accept the gospel he had so often heard in +his master's house. + + "How long he remained with Paul does not appear, but it +was long enough to impress on the Apostle's mind that this slave +was no common man. Paul had devoted and active friends by him, +but this slave, trained to watch his master's wants and to +execute promptly all that was entrusted to him, became almost +indispensable to the Apostle. But to retain him, he feels, would +be to steal him, or at any rate to deprive Philemon of the +pleasure of voluntarily sending him to minister to him (verse +14). He therefore sends him back with this Letter, so exquisitely +worded that it cannot but have secured the forgiveness and +cordial reception of Onesimus" (Marcus Dods, D.D., _New Testament +Introduction_). + + The Letter to the Hebrews + + As regards the date of this Letter, the only sure +conclusion appears to be that it was before 70 A.D. The book +itself claims to have been written at the end of the Jewish Age +(1:2; 9:26), whilst the earthly temple was still in existence +(9:8), and it is inconceivable that such an overwhelming comment +upon the writer's whole position as that afforded by the +destruction of Jerusalem would have been overlooked, had it been +available. Hence 67-68 A.D. may with probability be alleged as +the time of composition. The only fact clear as to the author is +that he was not the Apostle Paul. The early Fathers did not +attribute the book to Paul, nor was it until the seventh century +that the tendency to do this, derived from Jerome, swelled into +an ecclesiastical practice. From the book itself we see that the +author must have been a Jew and a Hellenist, familiar with Philo +as well as with the Old Testament, a friend of Timothy and +well-known to many of those whom he addressed, and not an Apostle +but decidedly acquainted with Apostolic thoughts; and that he not +only wrote before the destruction of Jerusalem but apparently +himself was never in Palestine. The name of Barnabas, and also +that of Priscilla, has been suggested, but in reality all these +distinctive marks appear to be found only in Apollos. So that +with Luther, and not a few modern scholars, we must either +attribute it to him or give up the quest. + + There has never been any question as to the canonicity of +this Letter, nor can there be any doubt as to its perennial value +to the Church of Christ. Where it was written cannot be decided. +"The brethren from Italy" (13:24) proves nothing. Nor is it +possible to decide to whom it was sent. "The Hebrews," to whom it +was addressed, may have been resident in Jerusalem, Alexandria, +Ephesus, or Rome. The most remarkable feature of the Letter is +manifestly its references to the old Covenant. Here there is a +mingling of reverence and iconoclasm. The unquestionably divine +origin of the Jewish dispensation is made use of for laying +emphasis upon the infinitely superior glory of the Christian +order. Thus an _a fortiori_ argument pervades the whole --if the +shadow was divine, how much more must the substance be! "The +language of the Epistle, both in vocabulary and style, is purer +and more vigorous than that of any other book of the New +Testament" (Westcott). + + James's Letter + + Four persons bearing the name of 'James' are mentioned in +the New Testament. + +(1) The Apostle, the son of Zabdi. + +(2) The Apostle, the son of Alphaeus. + +(3) The son of Mary the wife of Clopas. + +(4) The Lord's brother, mentioned as such along with Joses, Simon +and Judah, and prominent in the Acts (12:17; 15:13; 21:18). + + The last-named was also known as 'James the Just' and is +represented by tradition as having led an ascetic life, which +ended in martyrdom. He was undoubtedly Bishop, or President, of +the Church in Jerusalem and in all probability this Letter was +written by him from that city. + + There has been some difference of opinion as to the date +of the book. The majority of scholars insist that both the +internal and external evidence point to its having been written +between 44 and 50 A. D., before the earliest of Paul's Letters. +But, on the other hand, the solemn emphasis which the author lays +upon the immediateness of the Lord's Return (5:7,8,9) may be +regarded as a moral proof of a date very much nearer the winding +up of the Mosaic dispensation in 70 A. D. + + The Letter may have been a Jewish one, addressed to the +Christian converts from Judaism who were scattered abroad, within +or beyond the limits of the Roman Empire. Luther deemed it "an +Epistle of straw," by reason of its insistence upon the vital +importance of 'works.' But its practical ideal assumes the same +basis of Christian faith as is found in the Letters of Paul. The +opening references to severe trial seem to show that the +persecution begun by Herod Agrippa had already been repeated +elsewhere. If the later date of the book be admitted, the +persecution must then, of course, have been that under Nero. + + Peter's First Letter + + The state of things described in this Letter answers to +what we find in the first Letter to Timothy, and points to the +same period. The "fiery trial" referred to is probably the +persecution which, begun by Nero, in 64 A.D., in order to divert +attention from himself, was continued throughout the Roman +Empire. + + The Letter seems to be primarily addressed to those who +regarded Peter as the Apostle to the Jews, although it is +manifest that he did not think of these alone. The fact that it +is "full of Pauline thought and Pauline language," is accounted +for by the well-grounded supposition that Peter arrived in Rome +shortly before Paul was released. So that this Letter, probably +written about 65-66 A.D., was definitely intended to set before +the Churches of Roman Asia "the inspiring vision of the two +Apostles working and planning together in the capital." + + This would be at once the clearest lesson the Churches +could have concerning their unity, and a great encouragement to +those then undergoing tribulation and persecution on behalf of +Christ. + + Peter's Second Letter + + It is impossible to speak with any certainty as to either +the date or the authorship of this Letter. From the beginning +there have been doubts as to its genuineness and canonicity, and +these are represented to-day in the differing judgements of +critics equally able and sincere. + + It has, however, unquestionably had a place in the canon +of the New Testament since the Council of Laodicea in 372 A.D., +and there is certainly no such decisive evidence against it as to +warrant our omitting it from the New Testament. + + It would appear that the writer, whoever he was, had seen +the Letter from Jude, and bore it in mind in this his plea for +such character and conduct on the part of believers as were +worthy of their faith and would prepare them for the Coming of +the Lord. The whole Letter constitutes an earnest appeal for +practical holiness. + + John's First Letter + + That this Letter was the actual work of the Apostle John, +the son of Zabdi, has been abundantly testified from the very +earliest times. + + Some modern critics have doubted it, on the ground of +internal evidence. But a calm survey of the whole case does not +bear out their objections. Dr. Salmon well says that no +explanation of the origin of the Epistle fits the facts so well +as the one which has always prevailed. It seems to have been +addressed to the Church at large, with perhaps special reference +to the Churches in Roman Asia. + + The connexion between this Letter and the fourth Gospel +is "intimate and organic. The Gospel is objective and the Epistle +subjective. The Gospel suggests principles of conduct which the +Epistle lays down explicitly. The Epistle implies facts which the +Gospel states as historically true." + + This Letter appears to have been written from Ephesus, +and critics have usually assigned 95 A. D., or some other year +equally late in the Apostolic age, as the probable date of its +composition. On the other hand the internal evidence points to a +date immediately preceding the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 +A.D. See 2:8 (last clause); 2:18; 4:3; and note the expectation +of a speedy Coming of Christ (2:28; 3:2)--an expectation which +seems almost to have ceased in the early Church after that date. + + John's Second Letter + + Although we are unable to fix the exact date of this +Letter or the place at which it was written, there is sufficient +evidence, both external and internal, to warrant our acceptance +of it as a genuine work of the Apostle John. + + Some have thought that the "lady" addressed stands for an +unknown Church, but upon careful consideration it appears more +reasonable and natural to regard the Letter as having been a +private one. It is impossible to discover the name of the +individual to whom it was sent, but both this and the following +Letter may be taken as "precious specimens of the private +correspondence of the beloved Apostle." + + John's Third Letter + + There can be no doubt that this Letter was addressed to +an individual person. We cannot affix to it a definite date, or +place, but the most natural supposition--which there is nothing +to contradict--is that it came from the Apostle in Ephesus, about +the same time as the preceding Letter. + + The special mention of Diotrephes and his behaviour +points indeed to a somewhat advanced development in the Church to +which Galus belonged, but such characters are all too possible at +any juncture to afford in this instance any guarantee of a later +date. + + In this, as in the preceding Letters, the writer's great +concern is that transcendental truth should be embodied in +practical holiness. + + Jude's Letter + + Of the time and place of the composition of this Letter +we know nothing beyond what may be inferred from its contents. +These seem to show that it was written in Palestine, and the +absence of any reference to so striking an event as the +destruction of Jerusalem points to a date earlier than 70 A. D. + + It has, however, been thought that such a rebuke of error +and licentiousness as that which this Letter contains can only +apply to the forms of Gnosticism known to have existed in the +first quarter of the second century. But there is no reason to +doubt that the author was the man he asserts he was, the brother +of James, the head of the Church in Jerusalem. He was, therefore, +not an Apostle but one of the Lord's brothers. + + The abiding value of the Letter consists in its severe +condemnation of merely professional Christianity, and its +remarkably beautiful doxology. + + The Revelation of John + + The Apocalypse was written either in 67, or in 96, A.D. +An oft-quoted statement of Irenaeus that it, or its author-- +there is no word inserted to indicate which of the two he +meant--"was seen" about the end of the reign of Domitian, is +regarded by many as a conclusive proof of the later date. On the +other hand, the "internal evidence"--the evidence, that is, +furnished by the contents of the book itself--appears to point +even more unmistakably to the earlier date. E.g-., in 11:1,2,8, +the Holy City and the earthly Temple are spoken of as being still +in existence, and as about to be trodden under foot by the +Gentiles. + + The language of the book has also a bearing upon the +problem of its date. Although other explanations have been +suggested, the many Hebrew idioms that it contains as compared +with the much purer Greek of the fourth Gospel-- which was +probably by the same author--seem to indicate that it was written +long before that Gospel, at a time when the Apostle had as yet +only an imperfect acquaintance with the Greek language. + + Dr. Stuart Russell, in his work _The Parousia_, has +contended for the belief that the fall of Jerusalem and Judaism +in 70 A.D. marked a stupendous epoch in the unseen world, a +personal--although unrecorded--return of the Saviour to the earth +then taking place (cp. Ac 7:55; 9:7; 1Co 9:1), accompanied by a +spiritual judgement of bygone generations, a resurrection from +Hades to Heaven of the faithful of past ages, and an ingathering +of saints then on earth into the Father's House of many mansions +(Mt 24:31; Joh 14:3; 1Th 4:17; 2Th 2:1). + + If this belief ever obtains general acceptance the +earlier date of the Apocalypse will also be regarded as fully +established. For it will then be seen that the book describes +beforehand events which took place in 70 A.D. and the years +immediately preceding, partly on earth and partly in the +spiritual world, and is mainly concerned with the downfall of the +earthly Jerusalem and the setting up of Christ's heavenly +Kingdom--the new Jerusalem. And its many mysterious symbols will +be seen to have been a cipher of which the first Christians held +the key, but which hid its meaning from their enemies. + + Many scholars, however, regard the book as a document of +Nero's time carefully incorporated in one written about 90 A.D.: +"a Jewish Apocalypse in a Christian framework;" both perhaps +being by the same author.--EDITOR. + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Weymouth New Testament in Modern +Speech, Preface and Introductions, by R. F. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Weymouth New Testament in Modern Speech, Preface and Introductions +Third Edition 1913 + +Author: R F Weymouth + +Release Date: September, 2005 [EBook #8827] +[This file was first posted on August 25, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, Weymouth New Testament in Modern Speech, Preface and Introductions *** + + +Produced by Martin.Ward@durham.ac.uk + + + Weymouth New Testament in Modern Speech + Third Edition 1913 + Public Domain--Copy Freely + +These files were produced by keying for use in the Online Bible. +Proofreading was performed by Earl Melton. The printed edition +used in creating this etext was the Kregal reprint of the Ernest +Hampden-Cook (1912) Third Edition, of the edition first published +in 1909 by J. Clarke, London. Kregal edition ISBN 0-8254-4025-4. + +Due to the plans to add the Weymouth footnotes, the footnote +markers have been left in the text and page break indicators. +Other special markings are words surrounded with "*" to indicate +emphasis, and phrases surrounded with "<>" to indicate bold OT +qoutes. See WEYMOUTH.INT in WNTINT.ZIP for the introduction +to the text, and information on Weymouth's techniques. + +The most current corrected files can be found on: + + Bible Foundation BBS + 602-789-7040 (14.4 kbs) + +If any errors are found, please notify me at the above bbs, +or at: + + Mark Fuller + 1129 E. Loyola Dr. + Tempe, Az. 85282 + (602) 829-8542 + + +----------- Corrections to the printed page --------------------- + +Introduction says personal pronouns referring to Jesus, when spoken +by other than the author/narrator, are capitalized only when they +recognize His deity. The following oversights in the third edition +were corrected in subsequent editions. Therefore we feel justified +in correcting them in this computer version. + +Mt 22:16 Capitalized 'him'. Same person speaking as in v.15. +Mt 27:54 Capitalized 'he'. +Joh 21:20 Capitalized 'his' +Heb 12:6 Capitalized last 'HE' (referring to God). + + +==== changes made to printed page. + +Lu 11:49 Added closing quote at end of verse as later editions do. +Lu 13:6 come > came (changed in later editions) +Ro 11:16 it > if (an obvious typesetting error corrected in later editions) +1Co 11:6 out > cut (an obvious typesetting error corrected in later editions) +Php 4:3 the Word 'book' in 'book of Life' was not capitalized in + various printings of the third edition, but it was in later + editions. So we have capitalized it here. + +2Ti 1:9 deserts > desserts (misspelling perpetuated in later editions) + + +==== no change made: + +Eph 6:17 did not capitalize 'word' as in Word of God. + + PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION + + The Translation of the New Testament here offered to +English-speaking Christians is a bona fide translation made +directly from the Greek, and is in no sense a revision. The plan +adopted has been the following. + + 1. An earnest endeavour has been made (based upon more +than sixty years' study of both the Greek and English languages, +besides much further familiarity gained by continual teaching) to +ascertain the exact meaning of every passage not only by the +light that Classical Greek throws on the langruage used, but also +by that which the Septuagint and the Hebrew Scriptures afford; +aid being sought too from Versions and Commentators ancient and +modern, and from the ample _et cetera_ of _apparatus grammaticus_ +and theological and Classical reviews and magazines--or rather, +by means of occasional excursions into this vast prairie. + + 2. The sense thus seeming to have been ascertained, the +next step has been to consider how it could be most accurately +and naturally exhibited in the English of the present day; in +other words, how we can with some approach to probability suppose +that the inspired writer himself would have expressed his +thoughts, had he been writing in our age and country. /1 + + 3. Lastly it has been evidently desirable to compare the +results thus attained with the renderings of other scholars, +especially of course witll the Authorized and Revised Versions. +But alas, the great majority of even "new translations," so +called, are, in reality, only Tyndale's immortal work a +little--often very litLle--modernized! + + 4. But in the endeavour to find in Twentieth Century +English a precise equivalent for a Greek word, phrase, or +sentence there are two dangers to be guarded against. There are a +Scylla and a Charybdis. On the one hand there is the English of +Society, on the other hand that of the utterly uneducated, each +of these _patois_ having also its own special, though expressive, +borderland which we name 'slang.' But all these salient angles +(as a professor of fortification might say) of our language are +forbidden ground to the reverent translator of Holy Scripture. + + 5. But again, a _modern_ translation--does this imply +that no words or phrases in any degree antiquated are to be +admitted? Not so, for great numbers of such words and phrases are +still in constant use. To be antiquated is not the same thing as +to be obsolete or even obsolescent, and without at least a tinge +of antiquity it is scarcely possible that there should be that +dignity of style that befits the sacred themes with which the +Evangelists and Apostles deal. + + 6. It is plain that this attempt to bring out the sense +of the Sacred Writings naturally as well as accurately in +present-day English does not permit, except to a limited extent, +the method of literal rendering--the _verbo verbum reddere_ at +which Horace shrugs his shoulders. Dr. Welldon, recently Bishop +of Calcutta, in the Preface (p. vii) to his masterly translation +of the _Nicomachean Ethics_ of Aristotle, writes, "I have +deliberately rejected the principle of trying to translate the +same Greek word by the same word in English, and where +circumstances seemed to call for it I have sometimes used two +English words to represent one word of the Greek;"--and he is +perfectly right. With a slavish literality delicate shades of +meaning cannot be reproduced, nor allowance be made for the +influence of interwoven thought, or of the writer's ever +shifting--not to say changing--point of view. An utterly ignorant +or utterly lazy man, if possessed of a little ingenuity, can with +the help of a dictionary and grammar give a word-for-word +rendering, whether intelligible or not, and print 'Translation' +on his title-page. On the other hand it is a melancholy spectacle +to see men of high ability and undoubted scholarship toil and +struggle at translation under a needless restriction to +literality, as in intellectual handcuffs and fetters, when they +might with advantage snap the bonds and fling them away, as Dr. +Welldon has done: more melancholy still, if they are at the same +time racking their brains to exhibit the result of their +labours---a splendid but idle philological _tour de force_ --in +what was English nearly 300 years before. + + 7. Obviously any literal translation cannot but carry +idioms of the earlier language into the later, where they will +very probably not be understood; /2 and more serious still is the +evil when, as in the Jewish Greek of the N T, the earlier +language of the two is itself composite and abounds in forms of +speech that belong to one earlier still. For the N.T. Greek, even +in the writings of Luke, contains a large number of Hebrew +idioms; and a literal rendering into English cannot but partially +veil, and in some degree distort, the true sense, even if it does +not totally obscure it (and that too where _perfect_ clearness +should be attained, if possible), by this admixture of Hebrew as +well as Greek forms of expression. + + 8. It follows that the reader who is bent upon getting a +literal rendering, such as he can commonly find in the R.V. or +(often a better one) in Darby's _New Testament_, should always be +on his guard against its strong tendency to mislead. + + 9. One point however can hardly be too emphatically +stated. It is not the present Translator's ambition to supplant +the Versions already in general use, to which their intrinsic +merit or long familiarity or both have caused all Christian minds +so lovingly to cling. His desire has rather been to furnish a +succinct and compressed running commentary (not doctrinal) to be +used sidc by side with its elder compeers. And yet there has been +something of a remoter hope. It can scarcely be doubted that some +day the attempt will be renewed to produce a satisfactory English +Bible--one in some respects perhaps (but assuredly with great and +important deviations) on the lines of the Revision of 1881, or +even altogether to supersede both the A.V. and the R.V.; and it +may be that the Translation here offered will contribute some +materials that may be built into that far grander edifice. + + 10. THE GREEK TEXT here followed is that given in the +Translator's _Resultant Greek Testament_. + + 11. Of the VARIOUS READINGS only those are here given +which seem the most important, and which affect the rendering +into English. They are in the footnotes, with V.L. (_varia +lectio_) prefixed. As to the chief modern critical editions full +details will be found in the _Resultant Greek Testament_, while +for the original authorities--MSS., Versions, Patristic +quotations--the reader must of necessity consult the great works +of Lachmann, Tregelles, Tischendorf, and others, or the numerous +monographs on separate Books. /3 In the margin of the R.V. a +distinction is made between readings supported by "a few ancient +authorities," "some ancient authorities," "many ancient +authorities," and so on. Such valuation is not attempted in this +work. + + 12. Considerable pains have been bestowed on the exact +rendering of the tenses of the Greek verb; for by inexactness in +this detail the true sense cannot but be missed. That the Greek +tenses do not coincide, and cannot be expected to coincide with +those of the English verb; that--except in narrative--the aorist +as a rule is _more_ exactly represented in English by our perfect +with "have" than by our simple past tense; and that in this +particular the A.V. is in scores of instances more correct than +the R.V.; the present Translator has contended (with arguments +which some of the best scholars in Britain and in America hold to +be "unanswerable" and "indisputable") in a pamphlet _On the +Rendering into English of the Greek Aorist and Perfect_. Even an +outline of the argument cannot be given in a Preface such as +this. + + 13. But he who would make a truly _English_ translation +of a foreign book must not only select the right nouns, +adjectives, and verbs, insert the suitable prepositions and +auxiliaries, and triumph (if he can) over the seductions and +blandishments of idioms with which he has been familiar from his +infancy, but which, though forcible or beautiful with other +surroundings, are for all that part and parcel of that other +language rather than of English: he has also to beware of +_connecting his sentences_ in an un-English fashion. + + Now a careful examination of a number of authors +(including Scottish, Irish, and American) yields some interesting +results. Taking at haphazard a passage from each of fifty-six +authors, and counting on after some full stop till fifty finite +verbs--i. e. verbs in the indicative, imperative, or subjunctive +mood--have been reached (each finite verb, as every schoolboy +knows, being the nucleus of one sentence or clause), it has been +found that the connecting links of the fifty-six times fifty +sentences are about one-third conjunctions, about one-third +adverbs or relative and interrogative pronouns, while in the case +of the remaining third there is what the grammarians call an +_asyndeton_--no formal grammatical connexion at all. But in the +writers of the N.T. nearly _two_-thirds of the connecting links +are conjunctions. It follows that in order to make the style of a +translation true idiomatic English many of these conjunctions +must be omitted, and for others adverbs, &c., must be +substituted. + + The two conjunctions _for_ and _therefore_ are discussed +at some length in two Appendices to the above-mentioned pamphlet +on the _Aorist_, to which the reader is referred. + + 14. The NOTES, with but few exceptions, are not of the +nature of a general commentary. Some, as already intimated, refer +to the readings here followed, but the great majority are in +vindication or explanation of the renderings given. Since the +completion of this new version nearly two years ago, ill-health +has incapacitated the Translator from undertaking even the +lightest work. He has therefore been obliged to entrust to other +hands the labour of critically examining and revising the +manuscript and of seeing it through the press. This arduous task +has been undertaken by Rev. Ernest Hampden-Cook, M.A., St. John's +College, Cambridge, of Sandhach, Cheshire, with some co-operation +from one of the Translator's sons; and the Translator is under +deep obligations to these two gentlemen for their kindness in the +matter. He has also most cordially to thank Mr. Hampden-Cook for +making the existence of the work known to various members of the +OLD MILLHILIANS' CLUB and other former pupils of the Translator, +who in a truly substantial manner have manifested a generous +determination to enable the volume to see the light. Very +grateful does the Translator feel to them for this signal mark of +their friendship. + + Mr. Hampden-Cook is responsible for the headings of the +paragraphs, and at my express desire has inserted some additional +notes. + + I have further to express my gratitude to Rev. Frank +Baliard, M.A., B.Sc., Lond., at present of Sharrow, Sheffield, +for some very valuable assistance which he has most kindly given +in connexion with the Introductions to the several books. + + I have also the pleasure of acknowledging the numerous +valuable and suggestive criticisms with which I have been +favoured on some parts of the work, by an old friend, Rev. Sydney +Thelwall, B.A., of Leamington, a clergyman of the Church of +England, whom I have known for many years as a painstaking and +accurate scholar, a well-read theologian. and a thoughtful and +devout student of Scripture. + + I am very thankful to Mr. H. L. Gethin. Mr. S. Hales, Mr. +J. A. Latham, and Rev. T. A. Seed, for the care with which they +have read the proof sheets. + + And now this Translation is humbly and prayerfully +commended to God's gracious blessing. + +R.F.W. + +/1. I am aware of what Proffessor Blackie has written on this +subject (_Aeschylus_, Pref. p. viii) but the problem endeavoured +to be solved in this Translation is as above stated. + +/2. A flagrant instance is the "having in a readiness" of 2 Cor. +10.6, A.V. althoglgh in Tyndale we find "and are redy to take +vengeaunce," and even Wiclif writes "and we han redi to venge." + +/3 Such as McClellan's Four Gospels; Westcott on John's Gospel, +John's Epistles, and _Hebrews_; Hackett on _Acts_, Lightfoot, and +also Ellicott, on various Epistles: Mayor on _James_; Edwards on +_I Corinthians_ and _Hebrews_; Sanday and Headlam on _Romans_. +Add to these Scrivener's very valuable _Introduction to the +Criticism of the N.T._ + + + PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION + + For the purposes of this edition the whole volume has +been re-set in new type, and, in the hope of increasing the +interest and attractiveness of the Translation, all conversations +have been spaced out in accordance with modern custom. A freer +use than before has been made of capital letters, and by means of +small, raised figures, prefixed to words in the text, an +indication has been griven whenever there is a footnote. +"Capernaum" and "Philadelphia" have been substituted for the less +familiar but more literal "Capharnahum" and "Philadelpheia." Many +errata have been corrected, and a very considerable number of +what seemed to be infelicities or slight inaccuracies in the +English have been removed. A few additional footnotes have been +inserted, and, for the most part, those for which the Editor is +responsible have now the letters ED. added to them. + + Sincere thanks are tendered to the many kind friends who +have expressed their appreciation of this Translation, or have +helped to make it better known, and to the many correspondents +who have sent criticisms of the previous editions, and made +useful suggestions for the improvement of the volume. + +E.H.C. + + ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES + +Aorist. Dr. Weymouth's Pamphlet on the Rendering of the Greek + Aorist and Perfect Tenses into English. +A.V. Authorised English Version, 1611. +Cp. Compare. +ED. Notes for which the Editor is responsible, wholly or in part. +I.E. That is. +Lit. Literally. +LXX. The Septuagint (Greek) Version of the Old Testament. +n. Note. +nn. Notes. +N.T. New Testament. +O.T. Old Testament. +R.V. Revised English Version, 1881-85. +S.H. Sanday and Headlam's Commentary on 'Romans.' +V.L. Varia Lectio. An alternative reading found in some + Manuscripts of the New Testament. +V.V. Verses. + + In accordance with modern English custom, _ITALICS_ are +used to indicate emphasis. [In the etext, surounded by **] + + Old Testament quotations are printed in small capitals. +[In the etext, surrounded by <>] + + During Christ's earthly ministry even His disciples did not always +recognize His super-human nature and dignity. Accordingly, in +the Gospels of this Translation, it is only when the Evangelists +themselves use of Him the words "He," "Him," "His," that these +are spelt with capital initial letters. + + The spelling of "me" and "my" with small initial letters, when +used by Christ Himself in the Gospels, is explained by the fact +that, before His Resurrection, He did not always emphasize His +own super-human nature and dignity. + + The Good News as Recorded by Matthew + + There are ample reasons for accepting the uniform +tradition which from earliest times has ascribed this Gospel to +Levi the son of Alphaeus, who seems to have changed his name to +'Matthew' on becoming a disciple of Jesus. Our information as to +his subsequent life is very scanty. After the feast which he made +for his old friends (Lu 5:29) his name only appears in the New +Testament in the list of the twelve Apostles. Early Christian +writers add little to our knowledge of him, but his life seems to +have been quiet and somewhat ascetic. He is also generally +represented as having died a natural death. Where his Gospel was +written, or where he himself laboured, we cannot say. + + Not a little controversy has arisen as to the form in +which this Gospel first appeared, that is, as to whether we have +in the Greek MSS. an original document or a translation from an +earlier Aramaic writing. Modern scholarship inclines to the view +that the book is not a translation, but was probably written in +Greek by Matthew himself, upon the basis of a previously issued +collection of "Logia" or discourses, to the existence of which +Papias, Irenaeus, Pantaenus, Origen, Eusebius and Jerome all +testify. + + The date of the Gospel, as we know it, is somewhat +uncertain, but the best critical estimates are included between +70 and 90, A.D. Perhaps, with Harnack, we may adopt 75, A.D. + + The book was evidently intended for Jewish converts, and +exhibits Jesus as the God-appointed Messiah and King, the +fulfiller of the Law and of the highest expectations of the +Jewish nation. This speciality of aim rather enhances than +diminishes its general value. Renan found reason for pronouncing +it "the most important book of Christendom-- the most important +book which has ever been written." Its aim is manifestly didactic +rather than chronological. + + The Good News as Recorded by Mark + + This Gospel is at once the briefest and earliest of the +four. Modern research confirms the ancient tradition that the +author was Barnabas's cousin, "John, whose other name was Mark," +who during Paul's first missionary tour "departed from them" at +Pamphylia, "and returned to Jerusalem" (see Ac 12:12,25; +15:37,39; Co 4:1O; 2Ti 4:11; Phm 1:24; 1Pe 5:13). His defection +appeared to Paul sufficiently serious to warrant an emphatic +refusal to take him with him on a second tour, but in after years +the breach was healed and we find Mark with Paul again when he +writes to Colossae, and he is also mentioned approvingly in the +second Letter to Timothy. + + Scholars are now almost unanimous in fixing the date of +this Gospel between 63 and 70, A. D. There is no valid reason for +questioning the usual view that it was written in Rome. Clement, +Eusebius, Jerome and Epiphanius, all assert that this was so. +That the book was mainly intended for Gentiles, and especially +Romans, seems probable from internal evidence. Latin forms not +occurring in other Gospels, together with explanations of Jewish +terms and customs, and the omission of all reference to the +Jewish Law, point in this direction. Its vividness of narration +and pictorial minuteness of observation bespeak the testimony of +an eye-witness, and the assertion of Papias, quoted by Eusebius, +that Mark was "the interpreter of Peter" is borne out by the +Gospel itself no less than by what we otherwise know of Mark and +Peter. + + In a real though not mechanical sense, this is "the +Gospel of Peter," and its admitted priority to the Gospels of +Matthew and Luke affords substantial reason for the assumption +that it is to some extent the source whence they derive their +narratives, although Papias distinctly affirms that Mark made no +attempt at giving a carefully arranged history such as that at +which Luke confessedly aimed. + + In spite of the witness of most uncial MSS. and the +valiant pleading of Dean Burgon and others, modern scholars are +well nigh unanimous in asserting that the last twelve verses of +this Gospel are an appendix. Yet less cannot honestly be said +than that they "must have been of very early date," and that they +embody "a true apostolic tradition which may have been written by +some companion or successor of the original author." In one +Armenian MS. they are attributed to Aristion. + + The Good News as Recorded by Luke + + Modern research has abundantly confirmed the ancient +tradition that the anonymous author of the third Gospel is none +other than "Luke the beloved physician" and the narrator of the +"Acts of the Apostles" (see. Col 4:14; 2Ti 4:11; Phm 1:24). Even +Renan acknowledges this, and the objections of a few extremists +appear to have been sufficiently answered. + + The date is not easy to settle. The main problem is +whether the book was written before or after the destruction of +Jerusalem in 70, A.D. Not a few scholars whose views merit great +respect still think that it preceded that event, but the majority +of critics believe otherwise. Three principal dates have been +suggested, 63, A.D., 80, A.D., 100, A.D. If we accept 80, A. D., +we shall be in substantial accord with Harnack, McGiffert, and +Plummer, who fairly represent the best consensus of scholarly +opinion. + + There is no evidence as to where this Gospel was +composed, although its general style suggests the influence of +some Hellenic centre. Its special characteristics are plain. It +is written in purer Greek than the other Gospels, and is +manifestly the most historic and artistic. It has also the widest +outlook, having obviously been compiled for Gentiles, and, +especially, for Greeks. The Author was evidently an educated man +and probably a physician, and was also a close observer. + + Eighteen of the parables and six of the miracles found +here are not recorded elsewhere. Those "portions of the Gospel +narrative which Luke alone has preserved for us, are among the +most beautiful treasures which we possess, and we owe them in a +great measure to his desire to make his collection as full as +possible." Luke's object was rather to write history than +construct an "apology" and for this reason his order is generally +chronological. + + This Gospel is often termed, and not without reason, "the +Gospel of Paul." Luke's close association with the great +Apostle--an association to which the record in the Acts and also +the Pauline Letters bear testimony--at once warrants and explains +the ancient assumption that we have here a writing as truly +coloured by the influence of Paul as that of Mark was by Peter. +This is especially the Gospel of gratuitous and universal +salvation. Its integrity has recently been placed beyond dispute. +Marcion's edition of it in 140, A.D., was a mutilation of the +original! + + The Good News as Recorded by John + + In spite of its rejection by Marcion and the Alogi, the +fourth Gospel was accepted by most Christians at the end of the +second century as having been written by the Apostle John. In the +present day the preponderating tendency among scholars favours +the traditional authorship. On the other hand the most recent +scrutiny asserts: "Although many critics see no adequate reason +for accepting the tradition which assigns the book to the Apostle +John, and there are several cogent reasons to the contrary, they +would hardly deny that nevertheless the volume is Johannine--in +the sense that any historical element throughout its pages may be +traced back directly or indirectly to that Apostle and his +school." + + As regards the date, no more definite period can be +indicated than that suggested by Harnack--between 80, A.D., and +110, A.D. But that it was written in Ephesus is practically +certain, and there is evidence that it was composed at the +request of Elders and believers belonging to the Churches of +Roman Asia. + + The special characteristics which render the book unique +in literature are unmistakable, but scarcely admit of brief +expression. It is manifestly supplementary to the other Gospels +and assumes that they are known and are true. The differences +between the fourth Gospel and the other three may be easily +exaggerated, but it must be acknowledged that they exist. They +relate, (1) to the ministry of Christ, and (2) to His person. As +to the former it is impossible to correlate all the references to +distinct events, for whilst the Synoptics appear to contemplate +little more than the life and work of a single year, from John's +standpoint there can scarcely have been less than three years +concerned. As to the person of Christ, it must be owned that +although the fourth Gospel makes no assertion which contradicts +the character of Teacher and Reformer attributed to Him by the +Synoptics, it presents to us a personage so enwrapped in mystery +and dignity as altogether to transcend ordinary human nature. +This transcendent Personality is indeed the avowed centre of the +whole record, and His portrayal is its avowed purpose. Yet whilst +the writer never clearly reveals to us who he himself is, it is +equally manifest that his own convictions constitute the matrix +in which the discourses and events are imbedded, and that there +is nothing in this matrix to render that which it contains unreal +or untrustworthy. + + The Acts of the Apostles + + The authorship of this book has been much discussed, but +it may now be affirmed with certainty that the writer of our +third Gospel is also the author of "the Acts," and that he speaks +from the standpoint of an eye-witness in the four we sections +(16:10-17; 20:5-15; 21:1-18; 27:1--28:16), and is known in Paul's +Letters as "Luke the beloved physician" (Col 4:14; 2Ti 4:11; Phm +1:24). The date necessarily depends upon that of the third +Gospel. If the latter was written before the destruction of +Jerusalem, then Luke's second work may well have been issued +between 66 and 70, A.D. But the tendency, in the present day, is +to date the Gospel somewhere between 75 and 85, A.D., after the +destruction of the city. In that case "the Acts" may be assigned +to any period between 80 and 90, A.D. The latter conclusion, +though by no means certain, is perhaps the more probable. + + The familiar title of the book is somewhat unfortunate, +for it is manifestly not the intention of the writer to describe +the doings of the Apostles generally, but rather just so much of +the labours of Peter and Paul--and especially the latter--as will +serve to illustrate the growth of the early Church, and at the +same time exhibit the emancipation of Christianity from its +primitive Judaic origin and environment. + + It is plain that the writer was contemporary with the +events he describes, and although his perfect ingenuousness +ceaselessly connects his narrative with history, in no case has +he been proved to be in error. The intricacy of the connexions +between this record and the Pauline Letters will be best +estimated from a study of Paley's _Horae Paulinae_. We know +nothing definite as to the place where the Acts was written, nor +the sources whence the information for the earlier portion of the +narrative was obtained. But it may be truthfully affirmed that +from the modern critical ordeal the work emerges as a definite +whole, and rather confirmed than weakened in regard to its +general authenticity. + + Paul's Letter to the Romans + + The four books of the New Testament known as the Letters +to the Romans, Corinthians, and Galatians, are allowed by +practically all critics, including some of the most +"destructive," to be genuine productions of the Apostle Paul. +Opinions vary as to the order of their composition. The latest +research tends to put 'Galatians' first, and 'Romans' last, in +the period between 53 and 58 A. D. The date generally assigned to +the Roman Letter is 58 A.D., but recently Harnack, McGiffert, +Clemen and others have shown cause for putting it some four years +earlier. The chronology of the period is necessarily very +complicated. It must suffice, therefore, to regard this Letter as +having been written, at either of these dates, from Corinth, +where Paul was staying in the course of his third missionary +tour. He was hoping to go to Rome, by way of Jerusalem, and then +proceed to Spain (15:24; Ac 24:21). + + The object of this Letter was to prepare the Christians +in Rome for his visit, and make a clear statement of the new +doctrines which he taught. It is probable that the crisis in +Galatia, to which the Letter sent thither bears witness, had +driven the Apostle's thoughts in the direction of the subject of +Justification, and he was apparently much troubled by the +persistence of Jewish unbelief. Hence the present Letter has been +well termed "the Gospel according to Paul." + + We know really nothing about the Christians then in Rome +beyond what we find here. It is, however, fairly certain that +reports concerning the Saviour would be taken to that city by +proselytes, both before and after the events described in Acts 2, +and we know that there was a large Jewish population there +amongst whom the seed would be sown. Some critics have thought +"that a note addressed to Ephesus lies embedded in the 16th +chapter," because, they say, it is "inconceivable that Paul could +have intimately known so many individuals in a Church like that +in Rome to which he was personally a stranger." But this is by no +means demonstrated, nor is there evidence that the Church there +was founded by any other Apostle. + + Paul's First Letter to the Corinthians + + The genuineness of the two Letters to the Corinthians has +never been seriously disputed. The first was written by the +Apostle Paul, probably in the early spring of 56 A.D., just +before he left Ephesus for Troas in the course of his third +missionary tour (Ac 19). The Church in Corinth had been founded +by him during his previous tour (Ac 18). After some hesitation he +had been induced to preach in Corinth, and in spite of the +opposition of the Jews such great success attended his efforts +that he remained there for more than eighteen months. The furious +attack upon him which was frustrated by Gallio gave impetus to +the new cause, so that when the Apostle left, there was a +comparatively strong Church there, consisting mostly of Greeks, +but including not a few Jews also. The dangers, however, arising +out of the temperament and circumstances of the Corinthians soon +manifested themselves. The city was the capital of Roman Greece, +a wealthy commercial centre, and the home of a restless, +superficial intellectualism. Exuberant verbosity, selfish +display, excesses at the Lord's table, unseemly behaviour of +women at meetings for worship, and also abuse of spiritual gifts, +were complicated by heathen influences and the corrupting customs +of idolatry. Hence the Apostle's pleas, rebukes, and +exhortations. Most noteworthy of all is his forceful treatment of +the subject of the Resurrection of Christ; and this only a +quarter of a century after the event. Of the Letter mentioned in +5:9 we know nothing. + + Paul's Second Letter to the Corinthians + + The second Letter to the Corinthians was probably written +in the autumn of 56 A.D., the first Letter to them having been +sent in the spring of that year. But there are other letters of +which we have no clear account. One, lost to us, evidently +preceded the first Letter (1Co 5:9). In our "second" Letter we +find mention (2:2,4) of a severe communication which could not +but give pain. Can this have been our "first" to the Corinthians? +Some think not, in which case there must have been an +"intermediate" letter. This some students find in 2Co 10 1-8:1O. +If so, there must have been four letters. Some have thought that +in 2Co 6:14-7:1, and 8, 9, yet another is embedded, making +possibly five in all. The reader must form his own conclusions, +inasmuch as the evidence is almost entirely internal. On the +whole it would seem that our first Letter, conveyed by Titus, had +produced a good effect in the Corinthian Church, but that this +wore off, and that Titus returned to the Apostle in Ephesus with +such disquieting news that a visit of Paul just then to Corinth +would have been very embarrassing, alike for the Church and the +Apostle. Hence, instead of going, he writes a "painful" letter +and sends it by the same messenger, proceeding himself to Troas +and thence to Macedonia, where, in great tension of spirit, he +awaits the return of Titus. At last there comes a reassuring +account, the relief derived from which is so great that our +second Letter is written, with the double purpose of comforting +those who had been so sharply rebuked and of preventing the +recurrence of the evils which had called forth the remonstrance. +In this way both the tenderness and the severity of the present +Letter may be explained. + + Paul's Letter to the Galatians + + There is no question as to the genuineness of this +Pauline Letter, but unlike most other writings of the Apostle it +was addressed to "Churches" rather than to a single community. + + Formerly it was not easy to decide the precise meaning of +the term "Galatia." Opinions differed on the subject. The "North +Galatian theory," contended for by some German scholars, +maintained that the Letter was addressed to the Churches of +Ancyra, Tavium, Pessinus and possibly to those in other cities. +The "South Galatian theory," which now holds the field in +English-speaking countries, is to the effect that the +congregations intended were those of Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, +Derbe and Lystra; and this is strongly supported by the unique +resemblance between this Letter and Paul's sermon in Pisidian +Antioch (Ac 13:14-41). In any case the population was very mixed, +consisting of Phrygians, Greeks, Romans, Gauls and Jews. + + The date of the Letter cannot be exactly fixed. The +periods assigned by recent scholarship vary from 46 A.D. to 58 +A.D., but the medium estimate of 53 A.D., adopted by Harnack and +Ramsay, satisfies all the requirements of the case. + + The Apostle certainly visited Galatia during his second +missionary tour, perhaps about 51 A. D., and, although suffering +from illness, was received with enthusiasm. After a short stay he +departed cherishing a joyful confidence as to his converts there. +But when, less than three years afterwards, he came again, he +found that the leaven of Judaism had produced a definite +apostasy, insomuch that both the freedom of individual believers +and his own Apostolic authority were in danger. + + Even his personal presence (Ac 18:23) did not end the +difficulty. Hence, possibly during his journey between Macedonia +and Achaia, he sent this Letter. Its rugged and incoherent style +shows that it was dictated under great stress of feeling, and the +doctrine of justification by faith is stated more emphatically +than in any other of his writings. But his earnest insistence +upon the "fruit borne by the Spirit" proves that his ideal of +practical holiness was rather strengthened than impaired by his +plea for Faith as the mainspring of Christian life. + + Paul's Letter to the Ephesians + + This appears to have been a kind of circular Letter to +the Churches in Roman Asia, and was not addressed exclusively to +the Church in Ephesus. + + Ephesus was a well-known seaport and the principal city +in Roman Asia. It was famous alike for its wonderful temple, +containing the shrine of Artemis, and for its vast theatre, which +was capable of accommodating 50,000 persons. + + Paul was forbidden at first to preach in Roman Asia (Ac +16:6), but he afterwards visited Ephesus in company with +Priscilla and Aquila (Ac 18:19). About three years later (Ac +19:1) he came again and remained for some time--probably from 54 +to 57 A. D.--preaching and arguing in the school of Tyrannus, +until driven away through the tumult raised by Demetrius. He then +went to Jerusalem, by way of Miletus, but was arrested in the +uproar created by the Jews and was taken first to Caesarea (Ac +23:23), and thence to Rome (Ac 28:16). This was probably in the +spring of 61 A.D. + + Late in 62 or early in 63 A.D., this Letter was written, +together with the companion Letters to the Colossians and +Philemon. + + Paul's Letter to the Philippians + + This Letter was written shortly before that to the +Ephesians, probably late in 61 or early in 62 A.D. Epaphroditus +had been sent to Rome to assure the Apostle, in his imprisonment, +of the tender and practical sympathy of the Philippian disciples +(Php 2:25; 4:15,16). The messenger, however, fell ill upon his +arrival, and only on his recovery could Paul, as in this Letter, +express his appreciation of the thoughtful love of the +Philippians. + + The Apostle appears to have visited the city three times. +In 52 A.D. it was the place of his first preaching in Europe (Ac +16:12); but he came again in 57 and in 58 A.D. (Ac 20:2,6), on +the last occasion spending the Passover season there. + + Two special traits in the Macedonian character are +recognized by the Apostle in this Letter; the position and +influence of women, and the financial liberality of the +Philippians. It is remarkable that a Church displaying such +characteristics, and existing in a Roman "colonia," should have +lived, as this one did, "without a history, and have perished +without a memorial." + + Paul's Letter to the Colossians + + This Letter belongs to the same group as those to the +Ephesians and Philemon, and was probably written from Rome about +63 A. D. Colossae was a town in Phrygia (Roman Asia), on the +river Lycus, and was destroyed by an earthquake in the seventh +year of Nero's reign. The Church there was not founded by Paul +himself (Col 2:1), but by Epaphras (Col 1:7; 4:12), and this +Letter arose out of a visit which Epaphras paid to the Apostle, +for the purpose of discussing with him the development, at +Colossae, of certain strange doctrines which may possibly have +been a kind of early Gnosticism. Paul here writes to support the +authority and confirm the teaching of Epaphras. + + Paul's First Letter to the Thessalonians + + During his second missionary tour (Ac 17), Paul came to +Thessalonica and preached the Good News there with no little +success. The city--which had had its name given it by Cassander, +after his wife, the sister of Alexander the Great--was the most +populous in Macedonia, besides being a "free city" and the seat +of the Roman pro-consular administration. Its modern name is +Saloniki. + + Very soon the unbelieving Jews stirred up the mob against +Paul and Silas, and dragged Jason before the magistrates. Hence +the brethren sent the missionaries away by night to Beroea, being +alarmed for their safety. As the Apostle was naturally anxious +about the persecuted flock which he had been obliged to leave +behind, he made two attempts to return to them, but these being +frustrated (1Th 2:18), he then sent Timothy, from Athens, to +inquire after their welfare and encourage them. + + The report brought back was on the whole satisfactory, +but left occasion for the self-defence, the warnings and the +exhortations of this Letter, which was then sent from Corinth, +probably in 53 A.D. + + Paul's Second Letter to the Thessalonians + + This Letter was written from Corinth not long after the +preceding one, and probably in the year 54 A.D. Its occasion was +the reception of tidings from Thessalonica which showed that +there had been a measure of misapprehension of the Apostle's +teaching in regard to the Return of the Lord Jesus, and also that +there was a definitely disorderly section in the Church there, +capable of doing great harm. + + Hence Paul writes to correct the error into which his +converts had fallen, and at the same time he uses strong language +as to the treatment to be dealt out to those members of the +Church who were given to idleness and insubordination. + + Paul's First Letter to Timothy + + There has never been any real doubt among Christian +people as to the authorship of the three "pastoral" Letters. But +definite objections to their genuineness have been made in recent +times upon the ground of such internal evidence as their style, +the indications they present of advanced organization, their +historic standpoint and their references to developed heresy. + + Says one scholar, "While there is probably nothing in +them to which the Apostle would have objected, they must be +regarded on account of their style as the product of one who had +been taught by Paul and now desired to convey certain teachings +under cover of his name. The date need not be later than 80 A.D." + + Yet a thorough examination of the matter does not support +such objections. It is certain that the three Letters stand or +fall together, and there is no sufficient reason for dismissing +the ancient conclusion that they are all the genuine work of +Paul, and belong to the last years of his life, 66-67 A.D. + + This first Letter was probably written from Macedonia. + + Paul's Second Letter to Timothy + + The marks of genuineness in this Letter are very +pronounced. For instance, the thanksgiving, the long list of +proper names--twenty-three in number--the personal details and +the manifest tone of sincerity and earnestness. Hence it is +accepted as Paul's even by some who reject the former Letter and +that addressed to Titus. But it is inseparable from the others, +and was probably written from Rome during the Apostle's second +imprisonment. It is his last Letter known to us, and its apparent +date is 67 A.D. + + Paul's Letter to Titus + + This Letter was probably written from Ephesus in 67 A.D. +Titus, who was a Greek by birth, is mentioned in eleven other +places in the Pauline Letters and always with marked approval +(2Co 2:13; 7:6,13,14; 8:6,16,23; 12:18; Ga 2:1,3; 2Ti 4:10). He +was often a trusted messenger to the Churches, his last errand +being to Dalmatia. Tradition confirms the inference commonly +drawn from this Letter that he was long the Bishop of the Church +in Crete, and regards Candia as having been his birthplace. + + Paul's Letter to Philemon + + This Letter (63 A.D.) was written as the result of Paul's +deep interest in Onesimus, a slave who had fled from Colossae to +Rome to get free from Philemon his master (Col 4:9). + + "A Phrygian slave was one of the lowest known types to be +found in the Roman world, displaying all the worst features of +character which the servile condition developed. Onesimus had +proved no exception. He ran away from his master, and, as Paul +thought probable (verses 18,19), not without helping himself to a +share of his master's possessions. By the help of what he had +stolen, and by the cleverness which afterwards made him so +helpful to Paul, he made his way to Rome, naturally drawn to the +great centre, and prompted both by a desire to hide himself and +by a youthful yearning to see the utmost the world could show of +glory and of vice. + + "But whether feeling his loneliness, or wearied with a +life of vice, or impoverished and reduced to want, or seized with +a fear of detection, he made his way to Paul, or unbosomed +himself to some Asiatic he saw on the street. And as he stepped +out of the coarse debauchery and profanity of the crowded resorts +of the metropolis into the room hallowed by the presence of Paul, +he saw the foulness of the one life and the beauty of the other, +and was persuaded to accept the gospel he had so often heard in +his master's house. + + "How long he remained with Paul does not appear, but it +was long enough to impress on the Apostle's mind that this slave +was no common man. Paul had devoted and active friends by him, +but this slave, trained to watch his master's wants and to +execute promptly all that was entrusted to him, became almost +indispensable to the Apostle. But to retain him, he feels, would +be to steal him, or at any rate to deprive Philemon of the +pleasure of voluntarily sending him to minister to him (verse +14). He therefore sends him back with this Letter, so exquisitely +worded that it cannot but have secured the forgiveness and +cordial reception of Onesimus" (Marcus Dods, D.D., _New Testament +Introduction_). + + The Letter to the Hebrews + + As regards the date of this Letter, the only sure +conclusion appears to be that it was before 70 A.D. The book +itself claims to have been written at the end of the Jewish Age +(1:2; 9:26), whilst the earthly temple was still in existence +(9:8), and it is inconceivable that such an overwhelming comment +upon the writer's whole position as that afforded by the +destruction of Jerusalem would have been overlooked, had it been +available. Hence 67-68 A.D. may with probability be alleged as +the time of composition. The only fact clear as to the author is +that he was not the Apostle Paul. The early Fathers did not +attribute the book to Paul, nor was it until the seventh century +that the tendency to do this, derived from Jerome, swelled into +an ecclesiastical practice. From the book itself we see that the +author must have been a Jew and a Hellenist, familiar with Philo +as well as with the Old Testament, a friend of Timothy and +well-known to many of those whom he addressed, and not an Apostle +but decidedly acquainted with Apostolic thoughts; and that he not +only wrote before the destruction of Jerusalem but apparently +himself was never in Palestine. The name of Barnabas, and also +that of Priscilla, has been suggested, but in reality all these +distinctive marks appear to be found only in Apollos. So that +with Luther, and not a few modern scholars, we must either +attribute it to him or give up the quest. + + There has never been any question as to the canonicity of +this Letter, nor can there be any doubt as to its perennial value +to the Church of Christ. Where it was written cannot be decided. +"The brethren from Italy" (13:24) proves nothing. Nor is it +possible to decide to whom it was sent. "The Hebrews," to whom it +was addressed, may have been resident in Jerusalem, Alexandria, +Ephesus, or Rome. The most remarkable feature of the Letter is +manifestly its references to the old Covenant. Here there is a +mingling of reverence and iconoclasm. The unquestionably divine +origin of the Jewish dispensation is made use of for laying +emphasis upon the infinitely superior glory of the Christian +order. Thus an _a fortiori_ argument pervades the whole --if the +shadow was divine, how much more must the substance be! "The +language of the Epistle, both in vocabulary and style, is purer +and more vigorous than that of any other book of the New +Testament" (Westcott). + + James's Letter + + Four persons bearing the name of 'James' are mentioned in +the New Testament. + +(1) The Apostle, the son of Zabdi. +(2) The Apostle, the son of Alphaeus. +(3) The son of Mary the wife of Clopas. +(4) The Lord's brother, mentioned as such along with Joses, Simon +and Judah, and prominent in the Acts (12:17; 15:13; 21:18). + + The last-named was also known as 'James the Just' and is +represented by tradition as having led an ascetic life, which +ended in martyrdom. He was undoubtedly Bishop, or President, of +the Church in Jerusalem and in all probability this Letter was +written by him from that city. + + There has been some difference of opinion as to the date +of the book. The majority of scholars insist that both the +internal and external evidence point to its having been written +between 44 and 50 A. D., before the earliest of Paul's Letters. +But, on the other hand, the solemn emphasis which the author lays +upon the immediateness of the Lord's Return (5:7,8,9) may be +regarded as a moral proof of a date very much nearer the winding +up of the Mosaic dispensation in 70 A. D. + + The Letter may have been a Jewish one, addressed to the +Christian converts from Judaism who were scattered abroad, within +or beyond the limits of the Roman Empire. Luther deemed it "an +Epistle of straw," by reason of its insistence upon the vital +importance of 'works.' But its practical ideal assumes the same +basis of Christian faith as is found in the Letters of Paul. The +opening references to severe trial seem to show that the +persecution begun by Herod Agrippa had already been repeated +elsewhere. If the later date of the book be admitted, the +persecution must then, of course, have been that under Nero. + + Peter's First Letter + + The state of things described in this Letter answers to +what we find in the first Letter to Timothy, and points to the +same period. The "fiery trial" referred to is probably the +persecution which, begun by Nero, in 64 A.D., in order to divert +attention from himself, was continued throughout the Roman +Empire. + + The Letter seems to be primarily addressed to those who +regarded Peter as the Apostle to the Jews, although it is +manifest that he did not think of these alone. The fact that it +is "full of Pauline thought and Pauline language," is accounted +for by the well-grounded supposition that Peter arrived in Rome +shortly before Paul was released. So that this Letter, probably +written about 65-66 A.D., was definitely intended to set before +the Churches of Roman Asia "the inspiring vision of the two +Apostles working and planning together in the capital." + + This would be at once the clearest lesson the Churches +could have concerning their unity, and a great encouragement to +those then undergoing tribulation and persecution on behalf of +Christ. + + Peter's Second Letter + + It is impossible to speak with any certainty as to either +the date or the authorship of this Letter. From the beginning +there have been doubts as to its genuineness and canonicity, and +these are represented to-day in the differing judgements of +critics equally able and sincere. + + It has, however, unquestionably had a place in the canon +of the New Testament since the Council of Laodicea in 372 A.D., +and there is certainly no such decisive evidence against it as to +warrant our omitting it from the New Testament. + + It would appear that the writer, whoever he was, had seen +the Letter from Jude, and bore it in mind in this his plea for +such character and conduct on the part of believers as were +worthy of their faith and would prepare them for the Coming of +the Lord. The whole Letter constitutes an earnest appeal for +practical holiness. + + John's First Letter + + That this Letter was the actual work of the Apostle John, +the son of Zabdi, has been abundantly testified from the very +earliest times. + + Some modern critics have doubted it, on the ground of +internal evidence. But a calm survey of the whole case does not +bear out their objections. Dr. Salmon well says that no +explanation of the origin of the Epistle fits the facts so well +as the one which has always prevailed. It seems to have been +addressed to the Church at large, with perhaps special reference +to the Churches in Roman Asia. + + The connexion between this Letter and the fourth Gospel +is "intimate and organic. The Gospel is objective and the Epistle +subjective. The Gospel suggests principles of conduct which the +Epistle lays down explicitly. The Epistle implies facts which the +Gospel states as historically true." + + This Letter appears to have been written from Ephesus, +and critics have usually assigned 95 A. D., or some other year +equally late in the Apostolic age, as the probable date of its +composition. On the other hand the internal evidence points to a +date immediately preceding the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 +A.D. See 2:8 (last clause); 2:18; 4:3; and note the expectation +of a speedy Coming of Christ (2:28; 3:2)--an expectation which +seems almost to have ceased in the early Church after that date. + + John's Second Letter + + Although we are unable to fix the exact date of this +Letter or the place at which it was written, there is sufficient +evidence, both external and internal, to warrant our acceptance +of it as a genuine work of the Apostle John. + + Some have thought that the "lady" addressed stands for an +unknown Church, but upon careful consideration it appears more +reasonable and natural to regard the Letter as having been a +private one. It is impossible to discover the name of the +individual to whom it was sent, but both this and the following +Letter may be taken as "precious specimens of the private +correspondence of the beloved Apostle." + + John's Third Letter + + There can be no doubt that this Letter was addressed to +an individual person. We cannot affix to it a definite date, or +place, but the most natural supposition--which there is nothing +to contradict--is that it came from the Apostle in Ephesus, about +the same time as the preceding Letter. + + The special mention of Diotrephes and his behaviour +points indeed to a somewhat advanced development in the Church to +which Galus belonged, but such characters are all too possible at +any juncture to afford in this instance any guarantee of a later +date. + + In this, as in the preceding Letters, the writer's great +concern is that transcendental truth should be embodied in +practical holiness. + + Jude's Letter + + Of the time and place of the composition of this Letter +we know nothing beyond what may be inferred from its contents. +These seem to show that it was written in Palestine, and the +absence of any reference to so striking an event as the +destruction of Jerusalem points to a date earlier than 70 A. D. + + It has, however, been thought that such a rebuke of error +and licentiousness as that which this Letter contains can only +apply to the forms of Gnosticism known to have existed in the +first quarter of the second century. But there is no reason to +doubt that the author was the man he asserts he was, the brother +of James, the head of the Church in Jerusalem. He was, therefore, +not an Apostle but one of the Lord's brothers. + + The abiding value of the Letter consists in its severe +condemnation of merely professional Christianity, and its +remarkably beautiful doxology. + + The Revelation of John + + The Apocalypse was written either in 67, or in 96, A.D. +An oft-quoted statement of Irenaeus that it, or its author-- +there is no word inserted to indicate which of the two he +meant--"was seen" about the end of the reign of Domitian, is +regarded by many as a conclusive proof of the later date. On the +other hand, the "internal evidence"--the evidence, that is, +furnished by the contents of the book itself--appears to point +even more unmistakably to the earlier date. E.g-., in 11:1,2,8, +the Holy City and the earthly Temple are spoken of as being still +in existence, and as about to be trodden under foot by the +Gentiles. + + The language of the book has also a bearing upon the +problem of its date. Although other explanations have been +suggested, the many Hebrew idioms that it contains as compared +with the much purer Greek of the fourth Gospel-- which was +probably by the same author--seem to indicate that it was written +long before that Gospel, at a time when the Apostle had as yet +only an imperfect acquaintance with the Greek language. + + Dr. Stuart Russell, in his work _The Parousia_, has +contended for the belief that the fall of Jerusalem and Judaism +in 70 A.D. marked a stupendous epoch in the unseen world, a +personal--although unrecorded--return of the Saviour to the earth +then taking place (cp. Ac 7:55; 9:7; 1Co 9:1), accompanied by a +spiritual judgement of bygone generations, a resurrection from +Hades to Heaven of the faithful of past ages, and an ingathering +of saints then on earth into the Father's House of many mansions +(Mt 24:31; Joh 14:3; 1Th 4:17; 2Th 2:1). + + If this belief ever obtains general acceptance the +earlier date of the Apocalypse will also be regarded as fully +established. For it will then be seen that the book describes +beforehand events which took place in 70 A.D. and the years +immediately preceding, partly on earth and partly in the +spiritual world, and is mainly concerned with the downfall of the +earthly Jerusalem and the setting up of Christ's heavenly +Kingdom--the new Jerusalem. And its many mysterious symbols will +be seen to have been a cipher of which the first Christians held +the key, but which hid its meaning from their enemies. + + Many scholars, however, regard the book as a document of +Nero's time carefully incorporated in one written about 90 A.D.: +"a Jewish Apocalypse in a Christian framework;" both perhaps +being by the same author.--EDITOR. + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, Weymouth New Testament in Modern Speech, Preface and Introductions *** + +This file should be named wnt0010.txt or wnt0010.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, wnt0011.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, wnt0010a.txt + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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