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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77814 ***
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Ideal Picture of Belly River Series Time, by Deckert of
+the American Museum of Natural History, New York.]
+
+
+
+
+                           HUNTING DINOSAURS
+
+                                  IN
+
+                  THE BAD LANDS OF THE RED DEER RIVER
+                            ALBERTA, CANADA
+
+
+                              A SEQUEL TO
+
+                      THE LIFE OF A FOSSIL HUNTER
+
+                                  BY
+
+                         CHARLES H. STERNBERG
+
+                            [Illustration]
+
+                   PUBLISHED BY CHARLES H. STERNBERG
+                           LAWRENCE, KANSAS
+                                 1917
+
+
+
+
+                        THE WORLD COMPANY PRESS
+                           LAWRENCE, KANSAS
+
+
+
+
+                            Copyright, 1917
+
+                                  BY
+
+                         CHARLES H. STERNBERG
+
+                        _Published, March 1917_
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+My Story, “The Life of a Fossil Hunter,” published by Henry Holt & Co.,
+New York, 1909, met with such a splendid reception that I am tempted
+to write a second volume, especially as I have since that publication
+with my three sons met with the most wonderful success among the
+dinosaurs of the Red Deer river, Alberta, Canada. Since 1912 we have
+been in the employment of the Geological Survey of Canada, collecting
+five car loads of the ancient inhabitants of Alberta. We have found
+many new genera of the duck-billed dinosaurs, those wonderful swimmers
+of the old lakes and bayous of the Cretaceous period, three new genera
+of horned dinosaurs, learning more about them than was ever known
+before, finding that instead of being covered with bony plates as has
+been supposed they had thin skins with small scales like mosaic-work;
+then, stranger still, the huge plated dinosaurs completely enveloped
+in an armor of bony plates, some large, and others small like chained
+armor, allowing motion to the body. In fact, we are building up a great
+exhibit of these strange creatures of the past. I propose to write
+in the same strain as in my other book, but will take my readers to
+entirely new scenes; to the richest Cretaceous fossil field in the
+world; will tell of our adventures and strenuous labor in the great
+gorge of the Red Deer river, 500 feet deep, and many miles in length;
+of the entire process of collecting, learned by experience through so
+many years of ceaseless effort; also the work of preparation in our
+laboratory. In 1917 it will be fifty years since I began collecting
+fossils, the rich results of the past few years are due to the
+splendid work done by my three sons of whom I am justly proud, and the
+assistance rendered me by the Geological Survey who have honored every
+requisition I have made upon them and the results have been far beyond
+my wildest dreams. No other Museum in the world, except the American
+in New York, can show such collections as we have made in the last few
+years. I would like to tell you the whole story. Those of you who have
+read my other volume and have sent me notes of appreciation I would
+like to tell you of how much assistance they have been to me, giving me
+fresh courage when I have been nearly discouraged. I will illustrate
+the new book with fifty original photographs showing the fossil beds,
+the skeletons, or huge heads in the rock, the manner of collecting, the
+work of preparation in the laboratory, and the finished specimen ready
+for exhibition. We have already mounted the first duck-billed dinosaur
+in Canada, it is thirty-two feet long. We secured eight skeletons of a
+new form with a hooded head.
+
+                                                      Faithfully yours,
+                                                  CHARLES H. STERNBERG.
+  _Lawrence, Kansas._
+
+
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+
+I wish to acknowledge the great kindness of Dr. L. Hussakof, at that
+time Curator of Reptiles in the American Museum of Natural History, New
+York for reading and correcting the first ten chapters of this book,
+and for his many kind words and deeds. When I offered to pay for the
+trouble he wrote me “all the pleasure of being helpful in an unselfish
+way would be gone if I received pay.” Dr. W. D. Matthews, Curator of
+Vertebrates in the same Museum also encouraged me greatly by hoping I
+would publish my ideal picture of “Ancient Giants” after reading the
+chapter I sent him under that title. All the rest I am responsible for,
+as I have had no assistance, and if I have published any thing that
+does not please my reader I hope they will overlook it.
+
+How can I thank the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, and
+Deputy Minister, Mr. R. G. McConnell, who has allowed me to use the
+photographs taken by my sons George and Charlie, to illustrate my
+pages. The text would have been dull indeed without them. Neither
+can I express my thanks for his unfailing kindness to me while I was
+under his authority as a member of the Survey. All the photographs
+(except the Front Piece Figures 1, 2, and 3, which were sent to me
+by my old friend, Dr. Osborn, President of the American Museum of
+Natural History, New York. The picture of a _Portheus_, from the
+London Illustrated News, the Figure of a _Tylosaur_ by my son George
+F. Sternberg. The restoration of _Diplodocus carnegii_ by Mr. C. W.
+Gilmore of the U. S. National Museum, and the figures 43, 44, and 45
+taken last year by my son Levi) belong to the Survey. Mr. Clark in
+charge of the Division of Photography developed the photographs, and
+the Terre Haute Engraving Co. made the halftones. Neither can I forget
+the unvarying kindness of the former Deputy Minister, Dr. R. W. Brock
+who first employed me. For the great assistance he rendered me in
+field and shop. For his earnest assistance to help me build up a great
+collection of the Extinct Animals of Canada, at the Victoria Memorial
+Museum at Ottawa, Ontario. I hope these gentlemen and all others who
+have helped me to that end, will feel themselves included in this
+letter of thanks.
+
+                                                      Faithfully yours,
+                                                  CHARLES H. STERNBERG.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+     I. STORY OF A MONSTER FISH                      1
+
+    II. THE TEEMING EAST                            16
+
+   III. IN THE EDMONTON BEDS OF THE CRETACEOUS      33
+
+    IV. WE EXPLORE DEAD LODGE CANYON                49
+
+     V. HUNTING HORNED DINOSAURS                    78
+
+    VI. PLATED DINOSAURS                            90
+
+   VII. THE GREAT SPIKED DINOSAUR                  101
+
+  VIII. A TRIP TO THE JUDITH RIVER                 110
+
+    IX. ANOTHER STRANGE DINOSAUR                   120
+
+     X. IN THE MILK RIVER COUNTRY                  127
+
+    XI. THERE WERE GIANTS IN THOSE DAYS            134
+
+   XII. WHAT THE CRETACEOUS SEAS BROUGHT FORTH     156
+
+  XIII. THE WONDERS OF THE PERMIAN                 180
+
+   XIV. CONCLUSION                                 200
+
+  INDEX                                            225
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+_Front._ Ideal Picture of Belly River Series Time by Deckert, of the
+         American Museum of Natural History, New York.
+
+  Fig. 1. “Dinosaur Mummy” found by George
+  F. Sternberg                                                 4
+
+  Fig. 2. “Here the skin is preserved with its complex
+  arrangement of minute scales”                                5
+
+  Fig. 3. In 1909 Charles M. Sternberg discovered
+  this magnificent Triceratops                                 8
+
+  Fig. 4. Portheus molossus, Cope                              9
+
+  Fig. 5. Another skeleton George found, to add to
+  the trophies of his hunt                                     9
+
+  Fig. 6. Mr. C. W. Gilmore’s wax figure of his
+  ideal _Diplodocus carnegii_                                 20
+
+  Fig. 7. A huge _Titanotherium_                              21
+
+  Fig. 8. _Trachodon annectens_, Marsh                        26
+
+  Fig. 9. Traveling on Red Deer River, Alberta                27
+
+  Fig. 10. Steveville at the mouth of Berry Creek,
+  Alberta                                                     48
+
+  Fig. 11. Charlie’s carnivore as he found it                 49
+
+  Fig. 12. Preparing Charlie’s Carnivore                      52
+
+  Fig. 13. Loading Carnivore with triplex tackle              53
+
+  Fig. 14. Quarry after Carnivore was removed                 56
+
+  Fig. 15. Sternberg’s camp three miles below Steveville,
+  Alberta                                                     57
+
+  Fig. 16. Skeleton of Lambe’s _Stephanosaurus_               66
+
+  Fig. 17. Sections of _Stephanosaurus_ skeleton              67
+
+  Fig. 18. “I climbed the rugged buttes and ridges”           70
+
+  Fig. 19. Pillars cut from the solid rock                    71
+
+  Fig. 20. Outlying Butte over 300 feet high                  76
+
+  Fig. 21. Levi founded a crested dinosaur                    77
+
+  Fig. 22. Excavation after taking out Charlie’s
+  _Stephanosaurus_                                            82
+
+  Fig. 23. Charlie’s new _Trachodon_                          83
+
+  Fig. 24. Prepared skull of _Gryposaurus_, Lambe,
+  _Kritosaurus_, Brown                                        88
+
+  Fig. 25. The strata of clay thins out to nothing            89
+
+  Fig. 26. Discovery of George’s _Chasmosaurus_,
+  (_Ceratops_)                                                94
+
+  Fig. 27. George’s _Chasmosaurus_, lying in quarry           95
+
+  Fig. 28. Levi wrapping _Chasmosaurus_                      100
+
+  Fig. 29. _Chasmosaurus_ Quarry                             101
+
+  Fig. 30. George preparing his _Chasmosaurus_               104
+
+  Fig. 31. Skull of _Chasmosaurus_ restored by Weber         105
+
+  Fig. 32. Sternberg’s camp three miles below “Happy
+  Jack Ferry”                                                108
+
+  Fig. 33. _Styracosaurus_ in the bottom of gorge            109
+
+  Fig. 34. Top view of _Styracosaurus_, prepared by C.
+  H. Sternberg                                               112
+
+  Fig. 35. Charlie’s _Centrosaurus_ in the rock              113
+
+  Fig. 36. Putting Irons on crest of _Centrosaurus_          120
+
+  Fig. 37. George at work on C. H. Sternberg’s
+  _Centrosaurus_, (_Monoclonius_)                            121
+
+  Fig. 38. _Centrosaurus_, discovered by Charles H.
+  Sternberg                                                  130
+
+  Fig. 39. Limb of _Gorgosaurus_, mounted by C. M.
+  Sternberg                                                  131
+
+  Fig. 40. Quarry of George’s Plated Dinosaur                140
+
+  Fig. 41. Packing up a Loveland Ferry 1915                  141
+
+  Fig. 42. Badlands of the Red Deer River below
+  Steveville                                                 150
+
+  Fig. 43. Badlands near Steveville. Photograph by
+  Levi Sternberg                                             151
+
+  Fig. 44. Badlands near Steveville. Notice cross
+  bedding                                                    160
+
+  Fig. 45. Quarry with skeleton of _Corythosaurus_
+  lost at sea 1916                                           161
+
+  Fig. 46. Charlie letting his plated dinosaur down
+  150 feet                                                   170
+
+  Fig. 47. Hauling out fossil                                171
+
+  Fig. 48. Urn-like Mass of Rock                             180
+
+  Fig. 49. Egyptian Sphynx-like rock                         181
+
+  Fig. 50. Dog Cr. Montana. Notice effects of vulcanism      190
+
+  Fig. 51. Badlands near Cow Island, Montana                 191
+
+  Fig. 52. Badlands of the Missouri River                    200
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+STORY OF A MONSTER FISH
+
+
+When I wrote the preface to “The Life of a Fossil Hunter,” I little
+thought of the wonderful discoveries and remarkable changes that
+awaited me during the seven years that were to follow. Now, in a
+reminiscent mood, I sit down to tell the readers of my autobiography,
+the story of the last seven years spent in the fossil fields, or in the
+laboratory preparing for study, the material that I have collected.
+
+Two seasons my sons and I collected in the Kansas Chalk, the Lance Beds
+of the old Converse County that is now named Niobrara County, Wyoming,
+and in the Oligocene, of the same County. Strange to say, however,
+five years have been spent in the Dominion of Canada, where, with the
+assistance of my three sons, I helped build up a great collection of
+the Dinosaurs of the Red Deer River, Alberta, under the direction of
+the Geological Survey of Canada. The present year of 1916, with the
+help of my youngest son Levi, I have been engaged in the same service
+for the British Museum of Natural History. As my readers will bear
+witness, in the past, I have seen my choicest treasures for forty years
+leave my hands forever, to add to the glories of museums I shall in all
+probability never see. When the opportunity came, however, so suddenly
+and unexpectedly--the opportunity of a life time--to crown my last
+days with a monument that only time’s ravages or the vandal hand of
+man can efface, in that growing Dominion of the North that promises to
+be one of the great countries in the boundless Western Hemisphere, it
+seemed to me like a call from heaven. Though the ties of a lifetime,
+nearly, that bound me to many a dear friend at Lawrence, Kansas, must
+be severed. Though I must leave the protecting folds of my father’s
+flag and mine, and I must live under a flag that has waved a thousand
+years--under a Monarch, in fact--I, a republican of republicans! Think
+of it! After three years residence in the beautiful city of Ottawa, the
+capital of all the broad expanse North of the international line, after
+four seasons of work among buried dinosaurs and three winters spent in
+the laboratory of the Victoria Memorial Museum of Ottawa, I am free to
+confess I would not have known so far as personal liberty is concerned
+that I was all this time in the employ of his Royal Majesty George
+the Fifth of England and ruler of the British Empire. I have learned,
+I believe, that a man is as much a man amidst the snows of the Lady
+of the North, under the Union Jack, as under my own beloved Stars and
+Stripes. Our hopes, our ideals, our aims are much the same.
+
+I will hurry over the first two years spent in the fossil fields of
+the United States after Henry Holt and Company published “The Life
+of a Fossil Hunter.” In 1910 we went to Wyoming. On Schneider Creek
+my second son, Charles M., made the discovery of the most remarkable
+duck-billed dinosaur the world has ever seen. The _Trachodon_ I
+described in the last Chapter of “The Life of a Fossil Hunter” was the
+best one that had been discovered up to that time. Professor R. S. Lull
+of Yale University in speaking of the specimen George F. Sternberg had
+found in 1908 says in his paper, “On Ten Years Progress in Dinosaurs,”
+page 210 Proceedings of the Paleontological Society, 1912: “Impressions
+of the skin of this animal (_Trachodon_ or duck-billed dinosaur), were
+already known from material in Washington, and from the fragment of a
+tail collected by Barnum Brown. It remained for the veteran collector
+Charles H. Sternberg however, in 1908, in Converse County, to bring
+to light by the aid of his three sons the most marvelously preserved
+dinosaur known to (Fig. 1) science. Here the skin is preserved with
+its complex arrangement of minute scales (Fig. 2) entirely bereft of
+defensive armor. Together with portions of the muscles, as well as the
+entire skeleton, with the exception of the hind feet and tail. This
+specimen was purchased of Mr. Sternberg by the American Museum and is
+now on exhibition.”
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1.--DINOSAUR “MUMMY.” Found by George F. Sternberg.
+Page 3.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2.--Here the skin is preserved with its complex
+arrangement of minute scales. Page 3, 25.]
+
+In 1909 Charles M. Sternberg discovered the magnificent skull of a
+_Triceratops_, also sold to the American Museum, and mounted there.
+This is the best skull of this species known, with the notable
+exception of the Utterback specimen at Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.
+Charlie’s specimen was found on Seven Mile creek, two and a half miles
+northeast of the McKeon Sheep Ranch. The skull was over five feet long.
+The horns 33½ inches in length. The crest itself on weathering out was
+badly shattered, the fragments having fallen from a perpendicular cliff
+into a sandy ravine and becoming buried in the sand. Though we spent
+much time in sifting the sand through our fingers, Dr. Osborn sent us
+back the next year, when George and Levi Sternberg sifted tons of sand
+and secured enough additional fragments to enable the preparators at
+the American Museum to mount the skull in fine condition as is shown in
+photograph reproduced here. (Fig. 3.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3.--1909 Charles M. Sternberg discovered the
+magnificent skull of _Triceratops_ photographed by Anderson. Page 4.]
+
+In 1910 Charlie was again remarkably successful. He found near the
+head of South Schneider Creek, a finer specimen even than the famous
+one mentioned by Professor Lull. How he found the specimen is well
+worth the telling. He discovered a large part of the tail sticking out
+of a rounded mass of sandstone; another section was in the ditch below.
+I was at the time camped on the other side of the Cheyenne River, and
+it took me nearly all day to return with Charlie who came after me in
+our one horse buggy. It was a bitter cold evening when we reached the
+locality, and in order to sleep, we built a big fire of dead cottonwood
+limbs, and when we were ready to leave the fire for bed, we raked off
+the coals and rolled out our bed on the warm earth beneath. We were
+under a sheltering bank that protected us from the wind. The next day
+the wind again blew a gale, and we stood on the bluff and swung our
+picks all day in our effort to get down to the floor on which the
+skeleton lay stretched out at full length. Our eyes were soon filled
+with the sand we loosened with our picks; but our enthusiasm knew no
+bounds, and that evening, I believe, the other boys, George and Levi
+arrived with the outfit, pitched a tent and cooked us a good meal under
+cover. It was a big undertaking however, to get that dinosaur out of
+the quarry and haul it to the railway at Edgemont, South Dakota, 75
+miles away. It took us two months and a half of tireless effort. The
+skeleton had evidently sunk after death in quick sand, since the front
+limbs were lifted up along the sides of the body and reversed, showing
+the perfectly preserved webs that covered them. The head, and the neck
+were stretched to their full length, while the hind feet pointed
+downward. The animal lay on the ventral surface with the abdominal
+wall spread out. The skull was four feet long. Trunk and head 12 feet
+and 2 inches and the tail 5 feet and 6 inches. The entire body was
+covered with skin, not clinging to the bones as in the American Museum
+specimen George found in 1908, but covered as if with round muscles,
+the sand having taken the place occupied by the original flesh. Owing
+to the great size of the specimen, and as I was determined to save
+every particle of the skin, the sections we took up were very heavy,
+especially those composing the trunk, one of which weighed about 3,500
+pounds. It took considerable skill and the combined strength of the
+four of us to handle these huge masses of rock and bone, especially as
+we had no tackle. We learned, however, that with a couple of cottonwood
+poles for levers and blocks of the same for fulcrums, we could hoist a
+section up, and then while the boys held it a few inches above ground
+I would shovel sand under it and tamp it with my shovel handle. Of
+course when they loosened their hold to take a new bite, it sank deeply
+into the sand again, but still we found we had gained an inch or two.
+Working thus all day we not only raised a section weighing 3,500 pounds
+four feet in the air, but moved it several feet to one side so we could
+run the wagon under it and load. I then came to the conclusion that
+if four men with nothing but poles, blocks, and sand, could move and
+handle such a heavy mass that the ancient Egyptians, with millions of
+laborers and endless tons of sand, could with nothing more than such
+simple tools have erected the pyramids.
+
+The specimen when boxed weighed nearly 10,000 pounds. I sent it to
+Dr. Dreverman of the Senckenberg Museum at Frankfort on the Main. I
+shall never forget the effort I made to induce him to give up the
+specimen, or take another in its stead. A day or two after I received
+his acceptance of my offer, I received an offer from Dr. Brock of the
+Victoria Memorial Museum. He wished me to mount the specimen in Ottawa,
+and offered me double the price I was to receive from Senckenberg for
+the unmounted specimen. But it crossed the Atlantic. The last message I
+had of it, before this awful war cut off all communications, was that
+the head had been prepared and it was the best of which there was any
+record.
+
+These two specimens which my party of three sons and my self have added
+to science, prove conclusively that the duck-billed saurians were
+great swimmers. My readers will remember that I was coming to this
+view slowly. In describing the splendid specimen George had found in
+1908, on page 276 of “The Life of a Fossil Hunter,” I said “I have no
+doubt that the animal with lungs expanded to their full capacity often
+swam across streams of water.” I was reluctantly giving up Marsh’s and
+Cope’s ideas; they believed these dinosaurs lived on land, feeding off
+the tender foliage of trees; and I remarked, “The animal could use the
+front limbs as clumsy hands to hold down branches of trees from which
+to crop the tender foliage, or banners of moss.” When I wrote those
+lines I had but a single specimen to draw my conclusions from, and even
+this not yet prepared, and I had little knowledge of its habitat.
+
+Now after eight years in the cemeteries of the duck-billed dinosaurs,
+with the discovery by my party of several new genera, as well as a
+careful study of their environment: as recorded in the rocks in which
+they lie buried, and eight months each year in the laboratory cleaning,
+mending, preparing and mounting them--my vision has broadened; I have
+indeed been forced by incontestible evidence to give up my old ideas
+in regard to their habits and surroundings. In fact Paleontology, like
+all human science--or rather scientific theories, for the actual facts
+of science never change--progresses. Evidence to prove certain views
+seemed conclusive to the old paleontologist; but better collections,
+trained students and further knowledge prove these views inadequate
+today. Entirely different views are held now, as in the case of the
+duck-bills, for instance. These lived in the water instead of on land,
+and consequently they had thin skin and strong paddles, or rather
+webbed feet.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4.--I discovered five skeletons of the tarpon-like
+fish, _Portheus molossus_, _Cope_. Page 4.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5.--Another skeleton George found to add to the
+trophies after big game. Page 13.]
+
+I also discovered a wonderful deposit of figs a few rods from the
+_Trachodon_ quarry. They fell in sand among teeth and bones of reptiles
+and fishes, as well as the impressions of rushes and other aquatic
+plants, and shell fishes. The sand packed solidly around them, and
+when they decayed their form was firmly molded in the sand. The cavity
+thus formed was filled with sand, and an exact cast of the figs was
+produced. Until then, less than a dozen fossil figs were known to me. I
+also discovered five beautiful palmetto palm leaves 18 inches in width,
+showing that the country at the time they grew was like the everglades
+of Florida, ridges between great marshes, through the center of which
+ran sluggish streams almost at a level with the near by ocean. The
+water was beyond tidewater, however, it was sweet.
+
+In 1910 I found three _Triceratops_ skulls and George one. Two of them
+went to the Senckenberg Museum to make a couple of mounted skulls for
+exhibition. We also secured much _Trachodon_ material in addition to
+that already mentioned, a large part of a skeleton going to the British
+Museum of Natural History. George also found the most perfect specimen
+of a _Trachodon_ tail I had seen up to that time. I sent it to Dr.
+Marcelin Boule for the Paris Museum of Natural History.
+
+During the winter of 1911 we were preparing a huge skull, some seven
+feet long, of _Triceratops_ for the Victoria Memorial Museum. Later,
+in the spring I was away, and Charlie was at work on it. One evening
+he had left the shop to go home when a Kansas cyclone struck the
+building and shoved one of the brick walls in as easily as if the
+building had been a house of cards. The weight of the brick falling on
+the skull not only crushed it so badly that it could not be restored
+and had to be thrown away, but it drove the heavy tailor’s table it
+was on through the floor. Mr. Constant the owner of the building saw
+the storm coming and ran upstairs to shut the west window. But before
+he could reach it the wall fell in and he had to run for his life up
+the falling floor, and fortunately reached the steps and got out of
+the building safely. Though the loss of so valuable a specimen that
+had cost me much time and labor was bitter indeed, the thought that my
+son had so narrowly escaped with his life made me more reconciled to
+the loss. I have, as already related, both seen, and been in cyclones,
+but this was the first one that ever destroyed such a valuable fossil
+for me. In the same building, but farther towards the east, we had a
+great fish (_Portheus_), skeleton 14 feet long. But when the floor from
+above fell in, the rafters covered it in such a way that it was not
+injured, and though covered with lath and plaster, it came out without
+a scratch, and is now mounted in the Victoria Memorial Museum. Our
+camp was visited by George’s wife and babies in 1910. We were camped
+on the Cheyenne River, and it was a great comfort and pleasure to
+have a woman in camp, and we soon noticed a change in the culinary
+department. It seemed like home to have a daughter and grandchildren
+in this desert land, and when we came in from a hard day’s work in the
+fossil beds they helped make us forget our labor and our care. These
+records of work in the Laramie, or rather as they are now called, the
+Lance beds (from Lance Creek in the immediate vicinity), show plainly
+that persistent, untiring efforts in a field (that was supposed to be
+exhausted by other explorers), by trained collectors, will meet with
+good results. Thirteen _Triceratops_ skulls, I believe, were recorded
+by Hatcher, who with others spent years here. We not only secured six
+_Triceratops_ skulls, but, what was worth far more, the nearly entire
+skeletons of two trachodonts wrapped in their skins, giving science an
+entirely new conception of these dinosaurs.
+
+In 1911, I sent George to western Kansas with a party to collect in
+the Chalk and with wonderful results; for though I had secured four
+skeletons of the famous Tarpon-like fish of the Cretaceous, named
+_Portheus molossus_ by Cope, he succeeded in finding the most complete
+skeleton known to science, now mounted in the British Museum of
+Natural History, in London. Mr. Pycraft, has pictured it in the London
+Illustrated News for March 1, 1913. “The giant to which I refer now”
+(he says), “has been dead a very long while, a million years or so
+[over 5,000,000 C. H. S.]. It remains in a most extraordinary state
+of preservation--will be found in the Geological Gallery. Measuring
+just fourteen feet in length, it must have weighed between four and
+five hundred pounds [a thousand likely C. H. S.]. It was obtained
+from the chalk of Kansas, and has quite a remarkable history. It was
+found by Professor Sternberg who has achieved a world-wide fame for
+his discovery of fossil fish and his quite amazing skill in digging
+his finds from the rock in which they are embedded. The specimen was
+found [by George F. Sternberg], exposed at the surface of the ground,
+and was much the worse for wear-and-tear of wind and rain and sun. But
+Professor Sternberg was equal to the occasion. For just as there are
+two sides to every question, so there are two sides to every fossil.
+The resourceful discoverer determined to get at the other side of this
+very stale fish; for the exposed side was useless. Accordingly he
+covered it with a thick layer of plaster-of-Paris and when this was
+set he proceeded to dig out the fossil from the bed of chalk. This
+accomplished, he cut away the rock from the specimen, and eventually
+succeeded in exposing the whole fish.” [The underside at least C. H.
+S.] (Fig. 4.)
+
+I have quoted Mr. Pycraft at length as he has given the facts about as
+they occurred except only in giving me, instead of my son credit for
+the discovery. Why did this monster fish whose remains are not only
+abundant in the thousand feet of Kansas Chalk, but fragments of whose
+skeletons have been found in many parts of the world become extinct?
+From my long experience in the fossil beds I most surely believe that
+he had his day and disappeared, as has the Moa, and Great Auk, and
+many other species. I have collected redwood leaves and cones from the
+Dakota Group, Cretaceous, in Kansas, and in the Upper Cretaceous of
+Alberta, and Wyoming. Now however they range over a small territory
+along the Coast Range of California, and their days are numbered.
+
+Animals come on the stage of life, exist for a greater or lesser period
+as it may happen, and then disappear; and the old saw “that every dog
+has his day” is literally true of the past as of the present. Another
+fine skeleton George found, to add to the trophies of his hunt after
+big game, was a beautiful little _Tylosaur_, or ram-nosed mosasaur. It
+was twelve feet long only, but was very complete indeed. This also went
+to Senckenberg Museum. (Fig. 5.)
+
+In 1911, a young man I had employed, Mr. Jasperson of Lawrence,
+Kansas, found a fine skull of a _Triceratops_. Charlie prepared it in
+the same region since he had taken a homestead for a ranch, married,
+built himself a house, and spent the winter there, not only preparing
+the skull for the Paris Museum, but in cleaning the bones of a great
+_Titanotherium_, I had discovered near Seaman’s Old Ranch in the Seaman
+Hills. The fall of the same year, my sons, Charlie and Levi, and I with
+our assistant Mr. Jasperson, explored a new region in the Oligocene,
+on Plum Creek, 25 miles North East of Lusk, Wyoming, Niobrara County,
+a few miles south of the Lance Creek beds. We found an old river bed
+with its flood plain exposed on either side. It was wonderful indeed
+to gaze on the dry bed, that had been cemented together into solid
+conglomerate, of gravel sand, water-worn fossil wood and bones, while
+the old flood plains were as real, (though solidified now), as if
+they were flooded, but yesterday. This flood plain had been scarred,
+however, by ravine and canyon, ridge and bluff, that had bisected and
+thus exposed more of the contents than in the days high water covered
+it. Scattered everywhere was the richest harvest of fossil mammals I
+had ever seen, before or since. On the 11th of September, I secured
+the now famous skeleton of a huge _Titanotherium_, already mentioned.
+George and I mounted it the next winter in the Victoria Memorial
+Museum of the Geological Survey of Canada. The first great mammal to
+be mounted there. It stands 6 feet high at the hips, is 11 feet long
+to drop of the tail, 4 feet wide at the hips. Over the flood plain of
+the ancient river bed, that cut diagonally across the country, and in
+the Seaman Hills, we secured great numbers of Oreodons, a hog-like
+creature that once lived in great herds. I found myself fifty skulls,
+and the boys a hundred more.
+
+A large number of these specimens were purchased by the Survey and
+are preserved in the Museum at Ottawa. The Miocene (Oligocene) beds
+are extensively exposed. Sculptured by wind and sand, rain and frost,
+into great square towered buttes, or oblong ones topped with a thick
+rock that weathers into perpendicular escarpments 20 feet or more in
+height, making very pleasing scenery. Below the hard stratum, are
+several hundred feet of greyish marl, some beds with more clay than
+others, which weathered into small chunks of clay, that covered the
+rocks, or others again disintegrated into dust. Other strata contained
+considerable fine sand, greenish in color. The lowest rocks of all,
+a purplish marl, rested unconformably upon the chalk of the Niobrara
+Cretaceous, filled with the typical _Ostrea congesta_, an oyster shell
+no bigger than a cent piece. Some of the canyons cut deeply into the
+chalk, put me in mind of those in the Kansas chalk with which I was so
+familiar.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+“THE TEEMING EAST”
+
+
+Leaving Charlie and his wife on their ranch, Levi and I returned to
+Lawrence, George and I prepared the material for sale. As I had sold a
+20 foot _Platecarpus_, George had found during the summer, a 14 foot
+fish, and the _Titanotherium_ skeleton to the Victoria Memorial Museum
+at Ottawa with the agreement that I was to mount them, I took my son
+George with me on a trip to the “Teeming East,” we left Lawrence on the
+17th of March, 1912, by the Pennsylvania Route. After leaving St. Louis
+we passed through the level reaches of southern Illinois, crossed the
+Mississippi. The farms along the lowlands were covered with water. Farm
+houses with ornamental trees around them were pleasing to look upon.
+In places the land swelled into gentle curves with groves topping the
+rounded elevations. The less pretentious houses occupied by renters
+were sprinkled in among the nobler buildings. Snow was still lying on
+the open stretches. Great wood piles attested to the fact that they had
+not destroyed all the timber. Woods of black oak were still common.
+Straw stacks and corn shocks were not very common, showing the silos
+had gathered in all the green stuff, and the long winter had consumed
+the straw. Everything available for food had been fed to the cattle.
+
+As we go farther east we get among hills with narrow valleys, we cross
+a river from the north, likely the Kaskaskia, with canal beside it, but
+both are beneath a flood of water making one great stream. Everywhere
+are old stump fields: showing the destruction of timber--that once
+covered all the land--is still in progress. In a decade all will
+disappear as there is no young timber to replace it. So man destroys
+his best friends. Not a single rock did I see across Illinois. East
+of Casey we passed the great oil fields of Indiana; in the field
+everywhere were the silent pumps at work, attached by wire to an
+engine, that drives a number at once. The oil is pumped into pipes
+that in turn carry it to the great tanks many miles away. They covered
+acres of ground, each tank holding many car loads of oil. At 10 a.m.
+we reached Terre Haute, where I noticed a huge Court House crowned
+with a high dome. The country roughens as we go eastward. There are
+many fine homes with elevated water tanks too, showing that the farm
+houses are provided with the modern improvements. What more can one
+ask, with daily mail and telephones in every home? So we swing merrily
+along through the great coal fields of Indiana. Everywhere we see the
+shaft and elevator with cars loading on the tracks, there are no
+storage buildings; if the miners stop work a week or more the consumer
+must suffer. Here too I noticed the ruthless hand of man among the
+trees. They are cut down to lie and rot on the ground. We pass through
+sand hills, and belts of timber, there are more rail fences than in
+Illinois, where the last ones are being cut for posts for wire fences.
+They always follow the destruction of timber. At 2:30 p.m. we are in
+Indianapolis. As we enter Ohio beyond Richmond, we observe the improved
+condition of farm houses and barns, and we see some fine residences
+of brick and wood. Even the posts along the roads are painted. They
+have quantities of drainage tiles scattered around preparing to drain
+off the water, as the ground is soaked from the melting snow. So we
+speed along, and when we wake in the morning we find ourselves in
+Pennsylvania among the Allegheny Mountains traveling down Monongahela
+river, towards Pittsburgh. Towering mountains on either side the
+rapid streams covered with second growth timber with but few houses.
+The rocks that have been metamorphised by heat, are tipped up at all
+angles, often on edge, or leaning against the mountains as if for
+support. At last we reach the Smoky City, at the head of the Ohio River
+a wonderfully rich city. But her millionaires never made their money
+out of the ground from which they were taken, but from the bowels of
+the earth. They have delved like Vulcan among the Black Diamonds,
+Iron-Ore, Gas and Oil.
+
+Here the great Steel King Carnegie has dug out his countless millions.
+Every where the red furnaces belch forth smoke tinted with the glow of
+the molten mass below. Sometimes gorgeous colors flare out upon the
+night, or columns of smoke black as midnight ascend and belly outward.
+Many smoke stacks throw out their fumes until every thing in the narrow
+valley, the most expensive marble buildings, as well as the humblest
+huts, are covered with an enamel of a uniform dirty color.
+
+On the 19th of March I stood on the bridge between Carnegie’s Institute
+and his Technique School, a noble bridge of cement. The Institute, or
+Museum is beyond my feeble pen to describe. The entrance to the Hall of
+Music on the West, is one of the noblest of human monuments; the floor
+is of colored inlaid marble from the famous quarries of earth, with
+great pillars of marble supporting balconies, twenty or more columns
+costing $8,000 each. The balconies and walls are inlaid with gold. The
+magnificent building cost 6,000,000 dollars. Every moment I could spare
+was in the Paleontological Museum, among the skeletons of animals which
+have disappeared from the earth of today to return no more, except as
+life is breathed into the dry old bones by hunters and students, who
+have given their life to their collection and study.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6.--Mr. C. W. Gilmore’s wax figure of his ideal
+_Diplodocus carnegii_, Hatcher. Page 20.]
+
+One of the most famous and world renowned here, is Hatcher’s
+_Diplodocus carnegii_. It is seventy-two feet long and stands twelve
+feet high at the hips. Casts of this noble specimen have been sent
+to many of the State Museums of Europe. Mr. Hatcher told me that he
+received a cable from Mr. Carnegie once in England asking him what it
+would cost to make a plaster restoration of this specimen. He wired
+back “ten thousand dollars” and immediately received orders to go ahead
+and make the restoration. This was presented to the British Museum.
+But Mr. Carnegie’s liberality has known no bounds, and many of the
+great museums of Europe, have received reproductions. At this writing,
+however, I am glad to say that the famous collector and student,
+Mr. Douglas, has discovered a still larger specimen, as I remember,
+eighty-two feet in length and sixteen feet high at the hips. The last
+time I was in The Carnegie Museum it was rapidly being completed for
+exhibition. Hatcher’s specimen was found in Albany County, Wyoming.
+One of the remarkable things about it is the long neck and tail that
+lengthens out in a whip-like lash. The head itself is very small
+with teeth above and below for nipping off the tender tree moss, or
+other succulent herbage, on which it evidently fed. But it seems
+incredible, that such a small head could feed so huge a creature. I
+have always been opposed to the restoration that has been made of a
+number in a swamp. When we all know that a lizard of such gigantic
+proportions, would certainly sink out of sight, as some of them in
+the illustrations are in the act of doing (See page 79, “The Life of a
+Fossil Hunter”.) I believe the idea of Prof. Marsh that the huge body
+needed the support of water to buoy it up, is untenable. If they ever
+went into a body of water to bathe, there would have been a gravely
+bottom, with no aquatic plants growing in it. _Brontosaurus_ is another
+genus of the same family, the Thunder Lizard, of Professor Marsh, who
+imagined that his tread on earth shook it, and produced a sound like
+the roll of distant thunder. It has been the dream of my life to take
+up some of these gigantic Jurassic Reptiles but as yet I have not had
+the opportunity. Every thing in Carnegie Museum of Fossil Vertebrates
+is dwarfed by the great _Dinosaur_ named after the Iron King. (Fig. 6.)
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7.--On the 11th of September I secured the
+famous skeleton of a _Titanotherium_. Page 14.]
+
+Another remarkable skeleton is _Morophus_, a toed ungulate about
+twelve feet long, and eight feet high. It has a powerful neck, a head
+resembling a horse, while the coffin bones are cleft down the center.
+There is a beautiful three toed horse skeleton two feet high, and
+many other splendidly mounted skeletons of the extinct animals of the
+west. I was delighted to see my specimen of the great turtle, Cope’s
+_Protostega gigas_, The First Great Roof, mounted here, as well as the
+_Clidastes_ and a great fish I sold to Mr. Hatcher just before his
+death.
+
+But time would fail me to tell of the many delights of Pittsburgh.
+I was especially interested in the Fern Tree Group from Australia.
+Gigantic tree ferns they were, and it seemed to me I had gone back
+millions of years, to the Tree Fern Forests of the Carboniferous.
+
+On the 25th of March we went to Washington and were the guests of my
+brother, General George M. Sternberg at 2005 Massachusetts Avenue. I
+had not seen him for years.
+
+I met for the first time Mr. C. W. Gilmour, Curator of Fossil Reptiles,
+and Mr. Gidley, Curator of Fossil Mammals. In the National Museum I
+went over with them the grand mounts in the Museum. Among them the
+first example of a mounted skeleton of _Triceratops_. They have a
+wealth of _Triceratops_ skulls and other material, collected largely by
+the late Mr. J. B. Hatcher. Here also are groups of smaller dinosaurs,
+and of mounted skeletons of the Duck-billed form, and many mammals. We
+passed a most enjoyable time here also.
+
+They were mounting a fine skeleton of a great Stegosaur, or Plated
+Saurian, one of the most unique of the dinosaurs. The huge dermal
+plates of bone that line the back bone alternately, in double rows, are
+often two and a half by three feet in size, while the enormous spines
+that stick out from the top surface of the tail, are, some of them,
+over two feet in length. Since that enjoyable March, they have mounted
+this noble dinosaur as he lay entombed in his rocky cemetery, enough
+of it removed to show the bones in bold relief.
+
+On Saturday we went to the National funeral of the sailors and
+marines, who lost their lives when the Maine was blown up by out side
+explosives, in 1898. This was the most remarkable spectacle I have ever
+seen. I stood at the Army Building and looking up Pennsylvania Avenue
+to the Capital. It was filled with marching men and the sidewalks were
+crowded with people. First came a platoon of mounted police clearing
+the crowded streets for the procession, consisting of troops of
+Cavalry, Artillery, Infantry, of Sailors, and Marines, and the Grand
+Army of the Republic. They escorted thirty-two caissons on which rested
+double coffins of the martyrs of the Maine, completely hidden beneath
+a wealth of flowers. Several bands played funeral marches. The great
+column was reviewed by the President. A cold rain set in that lasted
+all day, but the soldiers made the solemn march to Arlington through
+it all, in full dress. The brilliant uniforms of the officers were
+unprotected from the violent down-pour. As the procession was hours in
+reaching the Cemetery, we went ahead to Arlington House, which stands
+surrounded with grand old trees on an elevation overlooking Washington,
+across the Potomac. It was too wet to look at the cemetery, where
+thousands of the soldiers of the Union perished, that our country
+should continue one and inseparable, with the foul blot of slavery
+washed out in the blood of our patriots. In one tomb are the bones
+of 2,000 unknown dead gathered from the battle fields, who live in
+story and died that we might live and enjoy the blessings of American
+Citizenship, the most prosperous nation on God’s green earth. Printed
+on a white board is the poet’s tribute to the soldier dead:
+
+  “On Fame’s eternal camping ground
+  Their silent tents are spread,
+  And glory guards with solemn round
+  The bivouac of the dead.
+  The muffled drums sad roll has beat
+  The Soldier’s last tattoo,
+  No more on life’s parade shall meet
+  The brave the fallen few.”
+
+They laid the Martyrs to rest, with the countless soldiers and sailors
+of the great Republic dead. “Peace to their ashes.” Monday we left for
+New York.
+
+It would be useless for me to attempt to describe the wonders of the
+American Museum at 77th street and Central Park West, in New York
+City. There is no museum on our continent to compare with it as far
+as I know, and I have visited nearly all. I have rarely been able to
+spare the time to visit any part of it, except that of Vertebrate
+Paleontology, neither have I time now, to describe their most noted
+specimens, and since Barnum Brown has added six car loads of the wealth
+of Dinosaur material, from the Edmonton and Belly River series of
+the Red Deer River, Alberta, no man can measure the wonders of her
+“Animals of the Past.” How grand for science, to have such a man as
+Professor Osborn its President, a man who has given his life and wealth
+to augment its riches from “The Story of the Past,” and those other men
+like Morris Jessup, who have given their millions into the treasury.
+I was proud indeed when I entered her walls to know that the nucleus
+of those vast collections was the “Cope Collection,” and to remember
+that I had been a contributor to that collection for seven years of
+the best, if not the most fruitful years of my life. I saw here the
+strange ladder-spined lizard I collected in the Permian of Texas,
+part of my John Day River Collection of Oregon, etc. But what pleased
+me most were the more perfect specimens of a horned and duck-billed
+dinosaur from Wyoming, and the great fish _Portheus_. Here lies the
+prepared specimen of George’s _Trachodon annectens_, wrapped in its
+skin as in a mantle. Here, too, in the Invertebrate Department, is the
+great Inoceramus shell 3′ 4″ × 3′ 7″ in size. The second shell of these
+huge dimensions I sent to Tübingen University. Although they strew the
+rocks of the Kansas chalk in great numbers, they are always broken into
+small pieces, and these are scattered by the winds of heaven. It seems
+impossible to preserve them. But George and I learned the secret, and
+after finding a shell with lips or hinge exposed, we carefully removed
+the loose chalk above it, then put a frame of two by four lumber around
+it, in which we poured plaster. On hardening this stuck securely to the
+shattered shell, holding the fragments in place. Then we dug beneath
+and turned over the panel, and in the shop removed the chalk, leaving
+one side of the shell exposed in the solid plaster.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8.--_Trachodon annectens_, Marsh. Page 45.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9--Traveling on Red Deed River, Alberta. Page 49.]
+
+From New York I went to Yale, and met Professors Lull, Schuchert and
+Weiland, and the preparator, Mr. Hugh Gibbs. What a splendid time we
+had in what the oldest American Paleontologist, Prof. S. W. Williston
+used to call “a Paradise of Dry Bones.” We saw the treasures Prof.
+Marsh had gathered through so many years, some of them the most famous
+among fossil vertebrates. Time or space would not allow me to go
+deeply into the study and description of these wonders of creation.
+Dr. Weiland told me that if five of the most perfect fossil turtles
+were chosen from all the museums of the world, his great extinct
+monster turtle, _Archelon ischyros_, from South Dakota, would rank
+first, and the one I sent him from the Kansas chalk would be second
+in the list. You may call it egotism, to recall these delights, but
+it is the very spice of life to know that years spent in the barren
+and desolate fossil fields of North America, have not been barren of
+results. Please remember, if I am still collecting in the year of
+grace 1917, it will mean that I have been a collector, or if you
+please a Fossil Hunter for fifty years. So I should be excused, if I
+bring before you the choice of the big game I have gleaned through
+half a century. We visited these great museums not only for pleasure,
+but to learn something about the processes of making “Open Mounts,”
+for I must confess, neither George or I had ever done this kind of
+work, although I had bound myself with George’s aid, to mount the
+_Titanotherium_ skeleton in this way, that is, mount it free from
+the rock in which it was entombed. Fortunately, the preparators told
+us of many mistakes in their own mounts, and warned us not to fall
+into the same pits. Unfortunately, however, they were not mounting a
+titanothere at the American Museum and the one we studied was among
+their first mounts, and they have been improving on it ever since. With
+the maxim of the late Professor Cope ringing ever in my ears “What
+man has done he can do again, and he can do a little more.” With the
+little knowledge we had gained we crossed the International Line, and
+found ourselves in Ottawa, Canada. We found that the great room that
+was to be the exhibition room of vertebrate fossils, was filled with
+boxes and barrels, and there was not a tool in sight. As I was obliged
+to mount the _Titanotherium_ at my own expense, I could not afford
+an elaborate machine shop. I remembered how Charlie in a little log
+cabin on Old Woman Creek, Wyoming, was preparing a great skull of a
+horned dinosaur. A _Triceratops_, for the Paris Museum, with little
+more than a knife or two, a few chisels and brushes and sacks of
+plaster, in a room that had only about two feet of extra space around
+the skull. Also with similar tools, he had taken the skeleton of the
+_Titanotherium_, out of the hardest kind of rock. We certainly, with
+a few simple tools should be able to mount it. We did it too. We were
+indeed handicapped. For an anvil we secured a disk of solid steel, a
+strong vise, the necessary half oval, and round steel, and iron tubing
+for supports, etc. We made a great sand-table first, and laid out on
+it the skull and column to get the pose, often getting above it and
+moving a bone here and there until we were satisfied. We then cut a
+board so as to fit the contour of the under part of the column, as we
+had arranged it on the sand-table. This board was fastened to bases
+by two half round pieces of steel that were fastened to either side
+of the board in pairs, one in front, and one behind. These coming
+together beneath made a round rod of iron that passed into iron tubes a
+little larger, and held them where we wished, with thumb screws. These
+supports in turn were fastened to broad bases, so they would not fall
+over. We took a cast of the under side of the centra of the vertebrae,
+and covering the board that served as our model with moulding wax, we
+stuck the vertebrae in on the central line, giving the exact pose the
+column had on the sand-table. An iron rod was bent so as to pass down
+the neural canal. The skull too, was fastened to this iron support,
+which in turn was fastened to the strong supports that were to secure
+the skeleton to the base. Although this is the most complete skeleton
+of a _Titanotherium_ with which I am familiar, there were several
+missing bones. We secured a box full of duplicate material from the
+American Museum, and we succeeded in finding nearly enough to complete
+some of the feet. We found however, that we had only one femur and
+one radius and ulna. So we were obliged to attempt another trade with
+which we were not familiar, that of modeling the missing bones in clay.
+And then making a cast of them to replace the missing ones. When I
+attempted to make a femur in wax using as my model the bone we already
+had, I found difficulties I had not bargained for. It would have been
+comparatively easy to have made a copy of the one we had, but it would
+have been useless. In other words I must make one exactly the reverse
+of the model, i.e., if there was a great trochanter on my model, I
+must put it on the reverse side on my wax copy, or as I told George,
+I must think exactly opposite to what the model was, like thinking
+backward. In other words the mental picture I must follow, would be
+the reverse of the femur I was looking at. It seems we both overcame
+these difficulties. We made one mistake however, I have been sorry
+for, and hope to rectify, and that was we followed the old mount in
+the American Museum, covering the iron half ovals that were fastened
+to the limb bones with plaster to give the skeleton a standing pose.
+I am sure it would look better if the iron was exposed. Some time we
+will rectify that error. I can never give you a pen picture of the
+difficulties we met with; they were legion. We overcame them however.
+Among the most important, perhaps, was the fact that we had to work
+in cold iron, as we could not use a forge on the fine floor of the
+Exhibition Room. If we bent the rod a little too much it would break.
+Then it was very hard to give the exact shape it must have, or the
+skeleton would be distorted. Any thing the least out of line, you know,
+is quickly detected by the human eye, and any thing out of plum would
+be an eye sore to the visitor instead of an eye opener, or educator as
+we hoped. At last we got to the ribs, and we thought our worst troubles
+were over. But we found they had just begun. They were badly broken,
+and no cement we were familiar with, would hold them together. All the
+bones we must bore into, to hold our irons in place, were as hard as
+flint, it often taking three hours to bore a hole three-quarters of
+an inch deep. The ribs broken into many fragments, we found must have
+a hole into the end of each piece, a little rod of iron perhaps two
+inches, or an inch and a half long, must have their ends flared out,
+umbrella-like, to prevent coming out when the cement is set. We used a
+solution of gum Arabic, and made a paste as thick as cream with dental
+plaster. To prevent spoiling, we poisoned it with corrosive sublimate,
+and to prevent the cement from hardening too soon, we put into each
+rubber cup in which we mixed it a few drops of a thin solution of
+LaPage’s glue. Please remember we did not have then, as now a fine
+press drill, the best manufactured, but a breast drill. One of us would
+often have to hold the rib, while the other bored a hole, and the time
+it took was trying to both. The boy who turns the grindstone had a
+picnic compared to us. If a mistake was made, too much force used, the
+rib would be broken, and fall to the floor and break again into a dozen
+pieces. So it became a byword with me, when we actually finished a rib,
+and had it fast in its place, “We are one rib nearer home.” We soon
+learned, that it was absolutely impossible to tell when a skeleton of
+this kind could be mounted. If we dropped a rib it might take a week
+to bore into the ends of the fragments and insert the small rods of
+battered iron, and cement them together. But patience will always win,
+no matter what the obstacle. At last our skeleton was mounted, but I
+notified Dr. Brock, the Director, and Mr. Lambe the Paleontologist too
+soon, forgetting the base had to be made of plaster. Just at the moment
+our plaster was hardening and we needed our wits about us, we ourselves
+were covered to the eyes with it, these gentlemen stepped down to view
+our mount. We were kept too busy to remember the plight we were in
+to entertain company. George took a picture of me, I here reproduce.
+Certainly I felt proud of that first open mount we ever made, and, as
+I say, the criticism that could be made, we hope to rectify if we ever
+have time. (Fig. 7.)
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+IN THE EDMONTON BEDS OF THE CRETACEOUS
+
+
+Having entered the Geological Survey of Canada, as Head Collector and
+Preparator of Vertebrate Fossils with the assistance of my two sons,
+Charlie and Levi, (George entered later), Westward we sped, and as
+even the longest journey will end, we reached Edgemont, South Dakota,
+and were driven to Charlie’s ranch. My youngest son, Levi, and A. E.
+Easton, from Quinter, Kansas, joined us here. We drove in with our
+outfit on the 18th of July. A neighbor hauling in to Edgemont the fine
+skull of _Triceratops_ Charlie had prepared during the winter. This we
+shipped to Dr. Boule for the Natural History Museum in Paris. It was
+a remarkably cold day for this time of the year and the mercury hung
+close to the freezing point. Loading team and outfit on the car and
+leaving it in charge of Mr. Eastman, we went on ahead. I took a sleeper
+on the night of the 19th, and woke next morning in the foot hills
+of the Rocky Mountains--rugged indeed, showing snow in their darker
+recesses. Part of the day we passed through the Crow Indian Reserve,
+many of the Indians still living in tents. In the evening we reached
+Great Falls. I walked across the bridge here, of several spans or a
+thousand and fifty feet in length.
+
+The river is swift and full of falls and rapids. We passed through much
+country covered with the black alkaline shales of the marine Pierre
+beds. Some exposed sections are at least three hundreds feet thick,
+covered with a scanty growth of short grass. We passed a large lake,
+miles in length, covered with wild ducks and other water fowls. No
+trees grew along the shore.
+
+We crossed the International Line at Sweet Grass and Coutts. Here we
+noticed a change; the country is a rich loam thickly covered with
+buffalo grass. We left Lethbridge on the 21st of July. This is a pretty
+town, with a beautiful park that promises to be a beauty spot some day
+in the near future. The country north is largely settled, I am told,
+by farmers from the United States, and they are making the desert to
+blossom as the rose. We could see the Canadian Rockies looming up in
+the West.
+
+At Calgary I stopped to have a row boat made and Charlie went on to
+Acme. Calgary is the metropolis of Alberta. I noticed many comfortable
+farm houses, fields of wheat, oats and flax, or herds of horses and
+cattle. On my way to Acme I saw plenty of hay on the open prairie. They
+speak of raising 120 bushels of oats to the acre and sixty bushels of
+wheat. Certainly a farmer’s paradise. Our car arrived at last after
+being eight days on the road. At Acme we got well acquainted with the
+pest of the north, for myriads of mosquitoes made life a burden. We
+were obliged to wear nets while traveling and to keep a smoke going
+to protect ourselves and horses from their murderous attack when we
+made camp. We took the road between Rosebud and Knee Hill Creek to
+Drumheller, a small town at that time with a couple of stores. Ten days
+after leaving Wyoming we arrived in the valley of the Red Deer River,
+encamped three-quarters of a mile above Drumheller. On the 13th of
+July we found our first dinosaurian bone of a trachodon or duck-billed
+saurian. We soon began to find great numbers of loose bones piled up as
+jetsam and flotsam of the sea. They were first carried out, by river
+or lagoon, and at time of high tide were returned with dead seaweeds
+of the ocean to clog the shore. The best localities we found were
+above the river near the prairie level. They are usually preserved in
+iron-stone concretions, or a bog iron covers the bones. They lie in
+sandstone that has a yellow streak through it.
+
+The valley of the Red Deer River at Drumheller is a great chasm cut
+by the river four hundred feet deep into the heart of the prairie.
+Across from plain to plain it is nearly two miles. Tributary creeks
+and coulees have cut narrow trenches farther back into the plain while
+in the main valley, especially near the brink of the prairie, are long
+ridges, table lands, buttes and knolls, pinnacles and towers down whose
+sides a rolling stone would bring up in a sudden halt in the waters
+of the river three or four hundred feet below. All this region, except
+of course the main channel and flood plain of the river, has been
+transformed by nature’s sculpturing into fantastic badland scenery.
+The rocks carved into the most intricate patterns entirely devoid of
+vegetation, except perhaps, along the northern slope of some butte or
+rounded bluff where sponge-moss and dwarf cedar and spruce with many
+flowers, found a resting place. The slopes are usually covered with
+cherty fragments that threaten to slip or roll under the feet and hurl
+the adventurous fossil hunter into the gorge below. The canyons are
+rich in coal, and now that the Canadian Northern Railway has terminals
+at Calgary there is great demand for it.
+
+The Edmonton beds are brackish water origin. On top is a great bed
+of oyster and clam shells. Below the principle bone-beds are about
+200 feet of greyish clay (that crumbles under the feet), interlaid
+with dark shales and seams of coal. Many of the clay beds have hard
+iron concretions scattered through them. As these are practically
+indestructible they remain scattered over the surface, the other
+material having been carried away by water. There is a bed of massive
+sandstone within a hundred feet of the top, and it weathers out
+into table lands. Below, the soft clays form conical mounds, often
+capped with grey sandstone that is fluted by weathering. The rain
+water becomes so thick with clay that it never settles but gradually
+evaporates into mud.
+
+I was interested in the study of two problems: First, the environments
+of the duck-billed, horned and plated, and carniverous dinosaurs.
+Second, the story of how this river has cut out of the heart of the
+prairies, this great canyon 400 feet deep and over a mile wide. I find
+in answer to the first question that the deposits were uniform through
+a great length of time, showing that the climatic conditions and the
+altitude were the same during the time the four hundred feet of strata
+were laid down. Further, in order to retain the same conditions the
+land subsided at the rate of deposition. The fine material of which
+they are composed, showed it to be ocean mud, and the mud, accumulated
+in lake or bayous, like the everglades of Florida. Swamps and bayous
+were the natural habitat of the duck-billed dinosaurs, while on the
+rising land were groves of redwood, sycamore, figs and other trees,
+with low heavily grassed plains covered with high grass horse-tail,
+rushes, etc., through which wandered the horned plated and carniverous
+dinosaurs. How often in my day dreams some stately dinosaur has passed
+before my mental vision! The forests, the rivers, the lakes and
+oceans of those ancient days have appeared in imagination as though
+they actually existed. So I ask the reader to put on my glasses:
+A low country but little above sea-level, great flats near the sea
+covered with high swamp grass, rushes and moss, through which meander
+sluggish streams, lagoons, and bayous, often widening out into lakes of
+considerable size, all receiving the high and low tides of the near by
+ocean. On the rising land the giant redwoods cast their shadows across
+the silent streams. They grow in fairy circles with the parent tree in
+the center often, or in case she has dropped out, a hollow circle is
+formed. Palms, sycamores, figs, magnolias and many other trees that
+now adorn our forests thrived along the Cretaceous everglades. Such
+an environment was the home of the ancient dinosaurs. They were the
+rulers of land and water. There were many soft-shelled turtles in the
+streams, as well as countless gar-pike and sturgeon. The scene was a
+vast panorama of beauty. The sheen of the water, the salt-meadows of
+living green, the dark forests moaning in the background, and over all,
+the sun revolving on its western course. Perhaps our imagination has
+carried us back to a bayou of the Edmonton Cretaceous. Yes! See yonder
+the foam ripple off the huge back and tail of a swimming reptile,
+a duck-billed dinosaur or trachodont! He is rapidly approaching
+a specially seductive patch of horse-tail rushes just across the
+bayou from us. The enormous head, over three feet in length, swings
+gracefully on a long delicate curved neck, his front limbs, six feet
+long, and hind ones eight. The front foot is elegantly proportioned
+and a strong web stretches across the four fingers. The hind limbs are
+pillar-like and terminate in three great hoofs with coarse web between
+the three great toes to assist in swimming, and to prevent sinking
+deeply into the mud of the bayou when he stopped to feed. The great
+trunk, projecting half way above the water, and the enormous tail over
+fifteen feet long. This tail he uses with great effect to hurry him to
+his pasture ground. It dashes the water into foam as we have already
+seen. The whole body is covered with a thin skin in which are arranged
+like mosaic-work small polygonal scales or small tubercles, ornamented
+with larger scales arranged in rosettes. The whole in parallel rows
+glowing pattern blends harmoniously with the reeds and rushes near the
+shore. See how the patches of foam rise high in the air, tinted by
+the sun’s rays so they show the colors of the rainbow. Now he passes
+us at full speed like a racing yacht and comes to a sudden halt, by
+planting his powerful hind feet in the muddy bottom. The toes spread
+out covering a square yard of mud. With his front limbs converted into
+arms, he draws into his huge mouth, large mouthfuls of the luscious
+forage to be sheared into shreds by his scissor-like teeth behind,
+after it has been nipped off by the hard horny duck-bill in front.
+
+There are three rows of teeth in the cutting surface and magazines
+below, containing two thousand teeth in all. As fast as one tooth
+is worn out it is shed and another takes its place. Further, they
+are so arranged that only alternate teeth can drop out at a time.
+Professor Marsh has called this giant lizard _Trachodon annectens_.
+We have certainly a fine view of him. Back of the head a frill rises
+gently to the shoulders. The sun light reflects from the water every
+shining scale and contour of the graceful body, and exhibits the play
+of the strong muscles. He is in his natural habitat and has finished
+breakfast, if you please. Lifting his head he turns towards the narrow
+neck of land that separates him from a bayou just beyond. He wades
+through the mass of rank vegetation towards shore, and as he reaches
+the muddy slope between high and low tide, he rests his front feet on
+the sloping bank. Then with body raised a few feet above the mud, and
+dragging his tail behind him when he reaches the fringe of bushes,
+he pushes his duck-bill into them nosing around as if to scent some
+danger. As the coast seems clear he hurries across the narrow strip of
+land.
+
+  The cooling touch of morning breeze
+  Waft incense from a censor hidden
+  The gentle sighing of trees
+  Add music to the scene unbidden.
+
+As he hies himself away “to fresh scenes and pastures green.” But hark!
+a noise that thrills us, what can mean it? See! It is the tiger of the
+Everglades rushing forward toward his prey. His two powerful limbs on
+which his body is posed are full ten feet in length. The three toes
+armed with claws of hardened horn are over ten inches long. He spans
+full thirty feet in length. Small front limbs are hardly noticeable. He
+drags a long tail on the ground. His long and powerful jaws are armed
+with horrid teeth. Some six inches in length with double edges serrated
+on their cutting surfaces. Our herbivore, knowing his weakness, rushes
+frantically back towards the water, but he is unable to reach it.
+His enemy is upon him and with relentless fury strikes blows at his
+unprotected body, with first one, and then the other claw-armed hind
+foot that tears open the tender fresh and pours a flood of life-blood
+on the ground. The awful terror of the scene has rendered us speechless
+with horror, coming so swiftly in the peaceful redwood forest. The sun
+was not darkened, the perfume of flowers still scented the air; the
+gentle breeze sighed in the branches over head. Though the victim was
+a cold blooded reptile, we had become deeply interested in him and we
+were unprepared for such a woodland tragedy.
+
+Coming back to the second question that has so interested me: How has
+this great canyon been cut out of the heart of the prairie through the
+rocks of the Edmonton Cretaceous?
+
+The recession of the cliffs of the main canyon and its side coulees
+is very rapid. The upper beds, composed of uncemented fine sand and
+clay, under the action of rain, or frost, cave off in great avalanches
+of shaken up material that rapidly disintegrate and is carried off by
+the rains to the Red Deer River, where the high water hurries it on to
+augment the sediment accumulated by the lake or river’s mouth or Lake
+Winnipeg itself.
+
+Often acres of the margin of the prairies slide down and fill a coulee,
+or drop into the river, through which a passage is rapidly cut and
+the mass is shoved on by other masses behind, until it has all been
+carried away. Every time it rains the fine clay and sand dissolves like
+soft soap, and as mud is carried into the river. The deeper canyons
+have their ridges bisected by lateral ravines until they meet and form
+buttes and knolls that in turn weather into hay-stacks or sugar-loaf
+mounds that are being constantly reduced by wind and rain and frost,
+until now, often we find a perfect labyrinth of intricate gorges,
+buttes, towers, and table lands of every conceivable form, strewn, with
+traveled boulders, from the prairie above, or masses of bog iron that
+have withstood the disintegrating action of the elements. But for this
+constant corroding of the rocks and the consequent recession of cliffs,
+we would know nothing of the wealth of extinct forms that lie here in
+their last sleep. Nothing of the fauna and flora of the day when these
+dry bones were full of life and vigor, when the marshes and lowlands
+echoed to the formidable tread of reptiles, and the crush of mighty
+carnivores rushing relentlessly on their prey.
+
+In addition to boulders, and iron concretions, the faces of the bluffs
+are covered with cherty chips that accumulate often in some shallow
+wash. These slip under the feet, and made it difficult to climb the
+steeper ascents. More than once I measured my full length on the steep
+surface cutting face and hands by the impact. But strange to say when
+it was wet, and the clay beds were as treacherous as if covered with
+soft soap, where ever the cherty fragments accumulated, one could climb
+on them in safety, as they were pressed into the slick clay, and held
+the feet securely as if there were spikes in the shoes. On account of
+these fragments I was able to travel over the beds on a wet day, and
+found the best deposit we discovered of fossil bones, in the coulee
+through which the Canadian Northern has its right of way, on the west
+side of the Red Deer River. We made a large collection of scattered
+bones here.
+
+Near here, also, we secured a great collection of redwood leaves, and
+branches with their narrow leaflets as beautifully preserved in the
+flinty rock as if impressed in wax, but yesterday. The Red Letter Day
+for us, however, was when Charlie found on the 13th of August, 1912,
+the wonderfully complete skeleton of a duck-billed dinosaur, the first
+ever mounted in Canada. It is thirty-two feet long. The end of the
+tibia only was exposed, within a hundred yards of the shack of Dan
+McGee, forty yards above the forks of McCheche Creek, six miles west of
+Drumheller. The entire skeleton except the tail was present. Lying on
+its right side, the hind limbs were doubled on themselves, the front
+ones at right angles to the body, and the head bent towards the front
+limbs. We got the skeleton uncovered and discovered the ribs were
+expanded and in natural position. The animal lay like a dead dog; I
+thought I had never seen any thing so pitiful, and forlorn.
+
+Charlie and I mounted it the next winter, and were careful to put
+a little life in the dead skeleton by straightening out the neck a
+little, and giving a sense of motion as it were to the tail so that
+the animal would not look as repulsive as it otherwise would to some
+observers; for there is such a thing as breathing life into the
+skeletons that have been buried out of sight these three million years
+or more. We have mounted it then with the slight changes in the neck,
+and one hind limb that otherwise would have covered important bones
+in the original matrix, and in the position in which it was floated
+to bank, and was covered up with mud. Even the skin impression is
+preserved along the pelvis; and the rows of ossified tendons that cross
+each other in three rows, like basket work, showing they were used
+to bind the muscles of the back and tail together. They were likely
+flexible as whale-bone in life.
+
+The figure 8 shows the skeleton as now mounted in the Victoria Memorial
+Museum, of Ottawa, Ontario. It was no easy undertaking to save and
+mount this wonderfully complete skeleton; it was buried in fine sandy
+clay that was cracked in all directions, as were the bones, cracked
+into thousands of fragments. Only our years of experience in the field,
+and my faith in the skill and patience of Charlie gave me courage to
+believe that it could ever be mounted. It could never have been saved,
+but for knowledge of the plaster process of collecting.
+
+I will try and give my readers the process by which we not only kept
+the bones (broken into countless fragments and ready to fall into
+powder), in their places, but saved the shattered matrix in which they
+were embedded. My whole party worked in what I call for a better term
+“a quarry.” The first thing to do was to remove with pick and shovel
+the loose sand and clay and lay bare a floor in the cliff large enough
+so we would have plenty of elbow room, and could work down around the
+skeleton. We first traced the lateral spines so there was no danger of
+digging into the bones from above. This work was done with a digger and
+crooked awl, and only the merest trace of the bones were developed;
+when bones were exposed, they were instantly filled with shellac. They
+fall to powder on exposure without this precaution. The dorsal spines
+were traced in the same way and the ribs in front. Then we cut down
+several feet outside the skeleton so we could get under it. The skull
+was covered with burlap soaked in plaster and removed. The front limbs
+came next; and here we learned a lesson that was of inestimable value
+to us in taking up the vast bulk of the trunk region. When we turned
+the front limbs over a lot of shattered rock fell out and threatened to
+bring the bones with it and thus ruin the bones. No human being would
+have been able to mend these bones if they were once jumbled together,
+so we thanked God, and resolved not to attempt the big sections without
+covering the entire trunk beneath as well as above with plaster and
+burlap to hold the rock in place, and, of course, the broken bones. A
+surgical operation, in fact, in which the broken joints are kept in
+place until they reach the skilled preparator in the Museum laboratory.
+We dug a very narrow trench under the skeleton, after the upper surface
+had been heavily covered with plaster and burlap, and willow poles to
+hold it firmly together, dividing the trunk into two sections. Each
+weighed about 3,000 pounds. After our trench had been dug we found that
+the plastered strips would not stick and pulled part of the rotten rock
+off with them, and threatened to allow the bones to fall out too. Our
+only plan under the circumstances was to stick the ends of our burlap
+strips securely to either side of the skeleton, above and when we
+had a number of them firmly attached we threw loose dirt under them
+and tamped it firmly thus forcing the plaster strips in place until
+they hardened or set and held the loose rock and bones. Then we built
+supports under the hardened strips, and continued the process until
+the whole section was held firmly together. It was separated at the
+dividing line by leaving one section untouched and firmly bedded in
+its native rock. We then cut a narrow channel to the bones, above and
+below, and by removing the supports broke off the sections through the
+bones. The other section was prepared in the same way, the ends were
+covered, and our skeleton was ready for transportation.
+
+When we threw out the earth from above and around the specimen we built
+a platform so we could back a wagon up to it. Dan McGee who had handled
+heavy logs in the eastern woods built a runway of two inch planks to
+the wagon. Then the boys, under Charlie’s management started to load
+a heavy section, Dan with bar sunk deeply in the earth to act as a
+snubbing post, a strong rope around the section and one end in a half
+hitch around the bar. They edged the mass towards the slide. What was
+their surprise, when the section started in obedience to the law of
+gravity, to see the crow bar torn from Dan’s hands and thrown to one
+side, and the section unrestrained gaining momentum at an amazing
+rate. The men below who were guiding it sprang out of the way, and the
+huge mass never stopped until it landed in the bottom of the wagon.
+The careful wrapping had prevented any damage, and without doubt it
+would have rolled to the bottom of the ravine without hurt. I must
+acknowledge that I was very doubtful whether it would be possible ever
+to mend the broken front limbs. They had been near the surface, and
+had been subject to the effects of frost, and plants, their rootlets
+had severed the broken fragments, and fed on their edges destroying
+often the contact faces. But Charlie’s patience and endurance settled
+the question. And after six weeks of constant effort he had filled
+the bones with shellac, picked up the fragments with small tweezers,
+cemented them, and pressed them into place. No one without close
+inspection could tell that the front limbs had ever been broken. The
+tail I restored from scattered bones picked up in the bone-beds,
+building it up by comparison with the one I sent to Paris, rather an
+enlarged photograph of the specimen made by the division of Photography
+of the Geological Survey.
+
+Levi found a second specimen, larger than Charlie’s in the Edmonton,
+near Wigmore Ferry, a few miles west of Munson. This we have not yet
+prepared. So we returned to Ottawa after three months hunt for big
+game in the Edmonton rocks at Drumheller, Alberta, with a carload of
+fossils.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10.--Steveville at the mouth of Berry Creek,
+Alberta. Page 52.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11.--Charlie’s Carnivore, as he found it. Page 55.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+WE EXPLORE DEAD LODGE CANYON
+
+
+We reached Drumheller, where we purchased from Mr. Moore of the same
+place a five horse power motor boat; we also built a flat boat 12 feet
+by 28 feet. We pitched two tents on deck, one for sleeping in, the
+other for a kitchen. Jack McGee and I went aboard. We threw a rope to
+Charlie in his motor boat, which he fastened to a post on the small
+deck behind. Some kindly hand pushed us off into the stream, Charlie
+got up power and dragged us into the current. The women and children
+were on hand to see us off. Our motor boat under Charlie’s management
+went chug, chug, down the river at the rate of five miles an hour. The
+water was at full flood, covered with drift wood and floating logs,
+but we rapidly passed them. Levi had taken the team and wagon over
+the rough road to Steveville. As we swiftly glided along, the table
+buttes, haystack-like mounds, and long naked ridges that mark out the
+exposures of the Edmonton Series, were in full view on either side.
+The heads of ravines, under the prairie level were packed with clumps
+of aspen and other trees, as was the narrow flood plain and scattered
+islands with cottonwoods. We reached the mouth of Willow Creek at one
+thirty in the afternoon. The scenery in ever-shifting panoramas, was
+beautiful indeed. The rushing river hurried us on from one prospect
+to another, each one seemingly more beautiful than the last. The grey
+sandstone beds increased in thickness, and the visible coal seams
+thinned out. Fifteen miles below Drumheller the Edmonton beds ran under
+the river, the yellow silt of the Pleistocene capping the older beds.
+Great land slides impinged on the curves of the ox-bows of the winding
+stream. Concretions stuck out of the sandstone ledges, like toad stools
+on a pine log. The river was about 600 feet wide. At three in the
+afternoon the upper buttes had disappeared. Sharply rounded haystack
+buttes, or sugar loaves, and narrow ridges that tongued out from the
+prairie on the south, were visible. On the north, long grassy slopes
+were frequent. The valley widened and the hills retreated towards the
+distant prairie. There were ranches along the flood plain. At four
+thirty we reached a ranch twenty-five miles below Drumheller. We now
+got into the marine Fort Pierre. These beds underlie the Edmonton, and
+were exposed along the river’s edge. Rounded bluffs, with here and
+there an exposure of dark shales were the order of the day. The timber
+shrunk and the grass was short; showing the effects of the unfriendly
+alkaline shales on the soil. By five o’clock we had left the last
+of the Edmonton beds behind. The Pierre and Pleistocene occupy all
+the country. The flood plain widens to about three miles. We tied up
+for the night at a willow thicket, and the tireless chug, chug, of
+the motor ceased. We prepared to spend the night there. After supper
+I went into the Pierre hills, and found numberless large concretions
+that contained huge ammonites. But just as the rock was shattered by
+the weather so also were the shells. I could not find a good specimen.
+We got a number of beautiful ones, however, over the Belly river beds,
+where the Pierre again appears, showing that before, as well as after,
+the country was occupied with the fresh water beds of the Cretaceous,
+the sea had covered the country for a long period of time. We were
+early astir, and Charlie hauled us in mid-stream. A strong east wind
+blew in our faces, it was disagreeable, because we had to lower our
+tents to the deck, as they acted as sails, and the power of the wind on
+them was stronger than the current and the five horse power motor would
+have driven us up stream. The choppy waves beat constantly against the
+front and sides of our scow curling over the deck itself. The wind
+howled in the few cottonwoods along the shore and on the islands, that
+we passed. The hills on either side were lower; at Bull Pond Creek,
+scarcely seventy-five feet in height. About nine o’clock we reached the
+fifth ferry below Drumheller. The ferry man had stretched a barbed
+wire across the river; Charlie saw it as he drove his motor under it
+and shouted to us, Jack rushed for the rear guiding oar and I for the
+front one, they were both stuck several feet up in the air, and if the
+wire had caught one, it would have swamped us. Jack had his back to the
+wire and when he released the oar and stood up, it caught his hat and
+threw it in the river. If the wire had been six inches lower, or the
+river six inches higher, it would have cut his head off as easily, and
+thrown it into the river.
+
+We were also thankful the tents were down. If they had not been, they
+would have been torn from the deck. We soon got into a new horizon. I
+knew this by the change in the sculpturing of the bluffs. We tied up
+to a willow thicket for dinner; the wind began to fall. At ten minutes
+of five in the afternoon the naked buttes, towers and ridges of the
+Belly River Series of the Cretaceous loomed up in the distance. We soon
+reached Steveville, (Fig. 10) and managed to make a landing in the
+swift stream, just below the Ferry, and below the mouth of Berry Creek
+on whose border the little town stood. A hospitable town it proved to
+us; especially have we often enjoyed the hospitality of Steve Hall’s
+Hotel; after this jolly good fellow the town gets its name. We were
+not far from Mr. Brown’s camp. He had a party here collecting for the
+American Museum. I was delighted to learn that my son George, who had
+been working for the American Museum under Brown for over a year, had
+been appointed on the Geological Survey of Canada, and would join my
+party.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12.--Charlie’s Carnivore. Preparing sections
+wrapped in plaster. Page 55.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13.--Charlie’s Carnivore. Loading with Triplex.
+Page 57.]
+
+We found that we had made the eighty miles from Drumheller in sixteen
+hours (Fig. 10) travel. And though the trip had been delightful, and
+exciting, I was glad to walk again on solid ground. I had gotten used,
+however, to the cheerful chug, chug of the little motor, saying “all’s
+well.” It took good judgment on Charlie’s part to choose always the
+deep water route, on a stream he had never navigated before, to know
+which side of an island to take when the current parted, and always
+choose the strongest. Mr. Shaw the ferryman at Steveville, showed me
+a ledge of rock at the water-level, about a hundred yards above the
+ferry, that was literally packed with plants, especially water lily
+leaves, that were as perfectly preserved as if impressions were made
+of them in wax. I secured a large collection for the Victoria Memorial
+Museum. Charlie and I went down the river to spy out the land. We found
+a large exposure of the strata on the south side of the river. He was
+so fortunate as to find the skeleton of a carnivore that promised to be
+the most perfect one known to science at that time, from the Cretaceous
+(Fig. 11). This has since been proved to be the truth. In this specimen
+the ventral ribs and one front limb appear in their normal position
+for the first time in a carniverous dinosaur from the Cretaceous. The
+figure shows it as he found it. The double row of ventral ribs, the
+head and the hind limbs, with one foot lying on the slope in sight.
+Our work was thus laid out for us and on the Fourth of July we moved
+our camp to the site shown in the figure, about three miles below
+Steveville on the southern side of Red Deer River. Our camp was near a
+large area of badlands. A splendid flat for the horses, wood and water
+without end. If you will reread my explorations of the Kansas Chalk,
+where we had cow chips to burn, and alkaline water to drink, beneath
+a burning sun, you will realize how much we enjoyed this camp. (Fig.
+15.) It was not perfect, however, the mosquitoes made life a burden,
+but with smudges ever going, our nets over our shoulders when we moved
+in the sage brush, we were reasonably comfortable, especially as we
+got fresh butter, eggs and chickens every week from a neighboring
+farmer. This proved the richest camp I ever made. Further, to add to
+our blessings we were only three miles from the post office, and a trip
+for the mail on our motor boat, was a delightful change from the heavy
+work in the beds. Levi came into camp with the outfit and George soon
+joined us, and no one ever had so many born fossil hunters in one party
+before, full of enthusiasm, each trying to find better specimens than
+the other, but with friendly rivalry; we put in the most profitable and
+delightful summer I have ever experienced. Charlie took possession
+of Jack McGee and settled down to the heavy work of excavating the
+carnivore from the face of the cliff. I show you a picture (Fig.
+12) taken by Charlie himself of the two men at work, after they had
+nearly finished wrapping the two heavy sections of the trunk; Jack is
+cutting burlap strips, while Charlie is mending some bones that tore
+out when they separated the two sections. Then again (Fig. 13) with
+triplex block they are hoisting a section into the wagon. The two men
+put in six strenuous weeks, removing the great mass of rock that lay
+above the bones, blasting out tons of rock, and dumping it below on
+the side of the gulch to make a road. Jack used to say in regard to
+the skeleton “it is altogether wonderful.” To which sentiment I fully
+agreed. You will get some idea of the labor required if you look at the
+picture with Charlie standing in the quarry after the specimen had been
+removed. (Fig. 14.) When they hauled the sections out it was along a
+ridge so narrow that if the horses had balked or a wheel had slipped
+they would have been dashed to pieces in the gorge below. So important
+seemed this specimen to me I wanted the advice of the principle
+paleontologists in the Eastern United States, before we mounted it. So
+with authority from the Director of the Survey, Charlie and I visited
+Pittsburgh first, where we were cordially received by Dr. Holland,
+the Director. Both Dr. Holland and Mr. Peterson the paleontologist
+and also Mr. Earl Douglass, the noted collector and preparator of the
+huge _Brontosaurus_ material from Nevada. All three agreed, that in
+their opinion we should make a panel mount of the carnivore, not taking
+it out of the original matrix. They used the argument that a student
+could then come to his own conclusions in regard to it as easily as if
+he had collected it himself, while if we made an open mount of it, he
+would have to depend on the veracity of the preparator. We were kindly
+treated here and saw the magnificent _Brontosaur_ Mr. Douglas had found
+in Nevada. It is a fourth larger than the famous _Diplodocus carnegii_.
+World renowned, because of the casts Mr. Carnegie has sent to the
+Museums of Europe. The _Brontosaur_ is sixteen feet high at the hips
+and eighty-two feet long. We hurried on to Washington, and there both
+Mr. Gilmour and Gidley, the vertebrae paleontologists, were warm in
+their opinions that it would be a crime to take it out of its original
+matrix, and thus lose the authority that goes with it. Mr. Gilmour
+showed me the fine skeleton of a _Stegosaur_ they had just mounted in
+the way he proposed we should mount ours. It lies on a base a couple of
+feet above the floor, in the rock in which it was buried. He assured me
+that people showed more interest in this mount than in any other in the
+National Museum though they had some splendid open mounts. Mr. Gilmour
+claims that to advance our science rapidly, complete articulated
+skeletons should be left in the original rock in which they were
+buried. The scattered skeletons and those well known might be exhibited
+in open mounts.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14.--Quarry after Carnivore was removed. Page 57.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15.--Sternberg’s Camp 3 miles below Steveville.
+Page 54.]
+
+At Philadelphia, I saw Dr. Nolan who has been the Secretary of the
+Philadelphia Academy of Science since he was first elected in 1876.
+He thought a slab mount the most impressive, and could not realize
+how any one would think of mounting it otherwise. Then we traveled
+out to Princeton, and this was the first and only time I have been
+there. I greatly enjoyed their magnificent collection. I was especially
+interested in Waterhouse Hawkins’ paintings on the ceilings, of troops
+of _Laelaps_, or duck-billed dinosaurs running on their powerful hind
+limbs, carrying their huge tails clear of the ground--a pose that many
+paleontological artists stick to with amazing tenacity. I have proved
+over and over again that these animals were swimmers. We were invited
+to the home of Prof. W. B. Scott, and after I told him the condition of
+our carnivore, he at once said the bones should not be taken out of the
+matrix. He instanced the case of the great collection of _Iguanodonts_
+in the Brussels Museum, some thirty individuals. Many mounted in their
+rocky sepulchers. Our carnivore should lie as we found him on a slab
+in bold relief. I must confess that my original idea that it should
+be mounted over the partial skeleton of a _Trachodont_ on which he
+was to be feeding was fast falling away from me in the face of such
+opinions by the greatest of our paleontologists. When we reached New
+York we met in the American Museum, the President, Dr. Henry F. Osborn,
+Dr. Mathews the Curator of Vertebrate Fossils, and his assistants, Mr.
+Granger and Barnum Brown. Dr. Osborn gave the opinion that was held by
+all the others, that we should mount it as we found it, clearing away
+the rock so all the bones stand out from their matrix, but held in it,
+except where limb bones might cover some other bones; in which case
+they must be removed and mounted clear. I had not a foot to stand on,
+when I visited the authority on dinosaurs, Dr. Lull of Yale. He took us
+out to lunch and agreed with the other students, without question. I
+was glad indeed, therefore to reconsider my first opinion and recommend
+to the Director of the Geological Survey, that we should mount it as
+the paleontologists had indicated, as I believe this would be a world
+specimen in which all students of ancient life would be interested. Mr.
+Lambe agreeing with this opinion also.
+
+Charlie spent the greater part of eight months, including the winter
+of 1913, in preparing it. There is a great deal more to do before it
+is finally mounted permanently in the Museum at Ottawa. Mr. Lambe,
+the Vertebrate Paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, has
+called this noted specimen _Gorgosaurus libratus_, or in English, if
+you please, “The fierce looking easily balanced carniverous dinosaur.”
+The skull is about three feet long, with all the teeth in place;
+they are from four to five inches in length, slightly recurved, with
+flattened sides, double edged, with serrated margins. Fierce indeed
+must he have looked, when he slunk up on his prey, his eyes flashing
+cruelty, with glistening teeth also, and forked tongue. His entire body
+from the front of the jaws, to end of the tail was twenty-nine feet in
+length. His powerful hind limbs, on which the entire body was balanced,
+were ten and a half feet in length. He had three great, claw-armed
+toes, and one not so large, raised from the ground like the spur of a
+rooster. His front limbs were mere vestigials, only twenty-three inches
+long; and the digits were reduced to two, with weak claw bones. We are
+unable to imagine to what use they could have been put. The abdominal
+walls were protected in front by 16 pairs of ventral ribs, that were
+united to the regular ribs by rods of bone on each side; they passed
+each other midway in front, in order to allow the increase and decrease
+in the walls during the act of breathing, sliding at their ends, back
+and forth with each breath. They were as effectively protected as if
+sheathed in iron hoops. The long bones were hollow, and the feet like
+those of a running bird. In front of the pelvic arch the pubic bones
+were provided with two large feet, that, in position, were in a line
+with the ventral ribs. In order to rest on these he must have been
+able to flex his limbs like a living _Sphenodon_, or New Zealand lizard
+(eighteen inches or more in length) does. This seems a more reasonable
+pose to me than the one usually given Cretaceous carniverous dinosaurs.
+I cannot believe he always made a conspicuous object of himself when
+he was hunting over the grassy and rushy plains for his prey, the
+herbivorous dinosaurs. I would rather think he slunk along their spoor
+or the trails, they had beaten through the rank vegetation, as a tiger
+would crawl up on his victim. So I picture him, when I try to put
+life into his old dry bones. It has been the habit of paleontologists
+to make a composite animal of a dinosaur, with characters of birds,
+mammals and reptiles. Several trachodonts and horned dinosaurs I have
+seen painted, with a thick rhinoceros-like skin, when we now know they
+had scales patterned after the Gila Monster of Arizona today as far as
+the scales go. The bones on the underside of the tail, called chevrons,
+are shaped like runners, as if to carry out my belief, that he dragged
+his tail behind him like a lizard of today. What was his ventral armor
+for, if not to protect the vital organs from the hard tough rushes
+and swamp grass of his habitat? What would be the use of the ventral
+ribs otherwise? From my work in shop and quarry, I am convinced these
+great reptiles will be treated and posed as lizards some day. Now the
+Vertebrate Paleontologists follow Cope, and Marsh in their views of
+these animals when, in reality they are simply reptiles that have long
+since become extinct, leaving no living representatives. The nearest
+being the lizards.
+
+I climbed the rugged buttes and ridges. Many are entirely devoid of
+vegetation. Our work was in a canyon four or five hundred feet deep
+and measuring a mile from prairie to prairie, with long creeks or
+coulees running back into the flats. Their head branches spreading
+out like an open fan, as on Sand Creek, exposing thousands of acres
+of denuded rock to the sun. I was so fortunate as to find two more or
+less complete skeletons of a new duck-billed dinosaur, one with much of
+the beautiful skin impression preserved. The small scales, often mere
+tubercles, polygonal in shape arranged like mosaic-work in a pavement
+with ornamental elevations “limpet-like” in form, they are arranged in
+parallel rows along the abdominal walls and were reduced in size and
+number in the tail. Mr. Lambe has figured some of these lovely scales.
+He calls the new creature _Stephanosaurus marginatus_[A] or the crowned
+lizard. Barnum Brown discovered a wonderfully complete skeleton here,
+he gives it the name of _Corythosaurus casuarius_. Because the crested
+head resembles a Cassowary. I am delighted to be able to use with the
+permission of The American Museum authorities Deckert’s restoration
+for my Front Piece. With all the wonderfully complete skeletons my
+party have found of Cretaceous dinosaurs, I am forced in this specimen,
+to yield the palm to Mr. Brown, I am glad to acknowledge the wonderful
+skill of this indefatigable Collector and Paleontologist. Science can
+never repay what she owes him for grand skeletons of the Cretaceous
+Dinosaurs with which he has enriched the American Museum. Half a mile
+away from the skin impression and some of the skeleton, I found part
+of the head, and many of the bones, including the ischia, or the two
+pelvic bones that point backward and the further ends of these bones
+were footed, showing that he could bring his huge body down to the
+ground and rest it partly on these strong feet. Unfortunately only half
+of the head was present and its top was not complete. However, enough
+was preserved to show these saurians with footed ischia had crested
+heads, and were different in this respect from the _Trachodon_ already
+referred to from the Edmonton Formation. I was so fortunate as to find
+in the same beds at Loveland Ferry, ten miles below the mouth of Dead
+Lodge Canyon, (a new locality Charlie located in 1915) two skeletons,
+within fifteen feet of each other, one with most of the tail, the
+trunk to shoulder blades, and the hind limbs. The other contains three
+caudal, or tail vertebrae, and the whole column in front, with arches,
+front and hind limbs, except that one hind foot and one fore foot were
+missing. A very fine head was found pressed back against the back bone,
+showing that the animal had died in the water, when the gases raised it
+to the surface and the pressure of so large a body against the head,
+forced it back. When the gases were liberated the body settled in a mud
+bank where it became covered over, and lay buried, through all these
+ages, undisturbed until the recession of the bluffs carried away the
+tail. Underground channels destroyed the two feet.
+
+[A] The Ottawa Naturalist, January, 1914.
+
+But of these bones themselves; how can I describe their condition, I
+have been faithfully at work on them for over three months, (at this
+writing), and am just beginning to see that I will have a fine skull
+when it is cleaned (See Fig. 16). I have since finished it. It was
+preserved in a clay sandstone that chips at right angles to the bones,
+breaking them into thousands of pieces. Then the bones are enclosed
+with a heavy coating of bog iron, and between bones and around them, is
+stone as hard at flint. The bones themselves are poorly petrified. The
+spongy bone not filled with rocky material. If the thin outer covering
+is broken through, the spongy bone within crumbles like an egg shell.
+If a tool should slip through the covering, the bone within is broken
+to fragments. How is it possible with such obstacles to ever overcome
+them and prepare the skeleton for study and exhibition? Well! first of
+all, whenever after the most careful scraping and cutting I got some
+bone exposed, I filled it with diluted shellac or a thin solution of
+ambroid, a cement I like better than shellac, although it is costly.
+Then it must be left, (for a bone wet with shellac is like mud), until
+thoroughly dry, and hard. The rock, too, must be held together and
+strengthened in the same way. What seemed for weeks an impossible
+task, became possible; as I got the bones harder and harder. I had a
+solid mass to work against with steel tools. These were either small
+chisels or scrapers, made by beveling off the end of large harness
+makers straight awls, (made in Germany), or I used tools George made
+especially for me. He became quite skilful in tempering tools. It
+is needless to say that the tools that can be used in preparing one
+specimen cannot be used for another. Where the rock is not too hard,
+a saddler’s crooked awl is very useful, but with the skull referred
+to it would have been of no use whatever. Patience, and unremitting
+enthusiasm, and the hope of success, even with this specimen the worse
+one to prepare I ever saw, have made success possible.
+
+So the preparation of these Red Deer River Dinosaurs, require courage
+and patience, not only for me, but for the boys, working incessantly
+and going slowly to the finish. We must have complete control of our
+nerves, a moment’s impatience might wreck a specimen we have sought for
+years. It is a great achievement to mount one of the noble relics of
+God’s creative power in the past. Our laboratory is Holy Ground. The
+earth is a great plant, from which, for countless millions of years the
+Creator has been turning out the creatures of his hand. Each, “having
+seed in itself.” It is discouraging when I think of the multitudes that
+throng our Exhibition Hall, to know how few carry any thing away with
+them. They simply satisfy a curiosity, with little conception of the
+enormous energy the collector and preparator expend, in heart breaking
+months of exploration, and nerve trying labor in the shop. Yet some are
+really interested, I remember talking for an hour or more in shop and
+exhibition hall, with a minister of the Church of England. When he left
+he remarked “I feel as if I had been talking with God” so closely had I
+led him to Nature’s great heart. When after months of anxiety and labor
+we get a specimen mounted permanently for study or exhibition, we are
+relieved of a strain few can comprehend. The nearly complete skeleton
+of _Stephanosaurus_ of Lambe, or _Corythosaurus_, of Brown is seen
+in (Fig. 16). The front limbs, the shoulders, and half the trunk has
+been covered and separated into two sections. I am sitting down to the
+right at work on the less perfect specimen. With a little restoration,
+however, both individuals can be made into fine mounts. What is missing
+in one, can be supplied by making casts of the parts present in the
+other. A vast amount of labor was expended in taking up these two
+specimens, done chiefly under the management of Charles M. Sternberg.
+We might have even lost the one that proved so fine but for him. I had
+only found a few toe bones and a tibia and fibula covered with heavy
+concretions; his labor, however, developed the greater part of the
+skeleton with the best skull of these crested duck-bills we have found.
+
+The rocks of the Belly River series of the Cretaceous are quite
+different from those of the Edmonton. There are many layers of gray
+sandstone beautifully fluted, often with outlying mushroom-like pillars
+(See Fig. 19), as in the picture. Lying around too, are the traveled
+boulders that once lay on the prairie that has been carried away by
+water piece meal, leaving them behind. The fluting too, is beautifully
+represented in this picture showing also, concretions sticking out
+at different levels that will sooner or later form pillars under the
+processes of the recession of the cliff. The concretions capping them,
+preserve them from destruction. Here, (Fig. 20), is a great outlying
+butte over three hundred feet high. It borders the flood plain of the
+Dead Lodge Canyon. In the central ground, you will notice, if your
+eyes are sharp enough, Levi at work on a fossil saurian’s skull. This
+has since been figured and described by Barnum Brown under the name
+of _Prosaurolophus_. Levi found a very good specimen of a crested
+duck-bill lying athwart a precipitous trail down over the badlands from
+the prairie. The tail was partially exposed, and not noticed by the
+Indians and Cow Boys who for years had traveled on this trail (Fig.
+21). Charlie found two in the same quarry. He had discovered the first
+one with the tail sticking out from under a mass of clay about 18 feet
+high. The prospect of heavy labor never discouraged us. So we attacked
+the bank and uncovered the skeleton. At the further end of his specimen
+he found the tail of another leading still farther into the face of the
+excavation. As there was new surface ground to still explore we covered
+it with tons of earth to discourage any would-be explorer here, and
+went back to it the next year.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16.--Skeleton of Lambe’s _Stephanosaurus_. Page
+67.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17.--Sections of _Stephanosaurus_ after wrapping.
+Page 67.]
+
+In Figure 22 the reader will see the excavation left after the two
+duck-billed dinosaurs were removed. During the season of 1913, Charlie
+had the most remarkable success. For though he spent six weeks of
+incessant labor collecting his carnivore, he discovered a duck-bill on
+his way to assist the teamster with a load. On another occasion while
+walking to his carnivore he found a new trachodont at the point of a
+hill (See Fig. 23). This skeleton was preserved in a hard siliceous
+concretion. During the winter of 1914-15 George prepared the skull for
+permanent exhibition (Fig. 24). It was placed in the Hall of Fossil
+Vertebrates, the most perfect duck-billed dinosaur skull I have ever
+seen. It is in its natural condition, not flattened or otherwise
+injured by pressure, as is usually the case. We think the skeleton
+over thirty feet in length, we secured much of the skin impression
+with it, showing a different pattern from the other known forms. Mr.
+Lambe calls it _Gryposaurus_, the high nosed lizard. It will take
+months of labor to prepare this skeleton. Mr. Lambe in his summary of
+our work says in the blue book Summary for 1913, of the Geological
+Survey of Canada, page 293: “The principal field work consisted of
+an expedition to the Red Deer River, Alberta, to collect dinosaurian
+and other vertebrate remains from the Belly River Cretaceous in the
+neighborhood of, and below Berry Creek (Steveville). The party was
+composed of Charles H. Sternberg and three assistants, its success is
+to be attributed not only to the skill and experience of those forming
+the party, [my three sons], but also to the manner in which it was
+equipped. The party was on Red Deer River from June 20th to October
+3. The collection from these rocks, made by the expedition of 1913,
+reveals in a striking manner the wonderful variety of the dinosaurian
+life of the period. The field collection of 1913 includes members
+of the _Ceratops_ (horned dinosaurs, quadrupedal, plant eaters),
+_Trachodontidae_ (duck-billed dinosaurs, plant eaters), _Theropoda_
+(flesh eaters), and _Stegosauridae_, (heavily armoured plant eaters),
+_Plesiosaurs_, crocodiles, turtles, amphibians, and fishes are
+abundantly represented, and some mammalian remains were also found.”
+I know of no wilder or more fascinating scenery than that in the Dead
+Lodge Canyon of the Red Deer river of Alberta. The great layers of
+sandstone are often beautifully fluted. The strata of clay between
+sometimes thin out to nothing (Fig. 25). The constant change in butte,
+and tower ridge and pinnacle, with great concretions, or small ones
+sticking out of escarpments, like window sills of a skyscraper. Some
+of the photographs will give a faint idea of the beauty of this great
+canyon. I here wish to place on record my appreciation of the splendid
+skill developed by my sons Charlie and George, who took all the
+photographs I have used to illustrate this book, except those to whom
+credit will or has been given. Levi too, is learning the art rapidly
+as evidenced by the illustrations for my expedition for the British
+Museum for 1916. Great credit too is due Mr. Clark, the head of the
+Photographic Division of the Survey, who developed and printed these
+fine photographs. Neither can I forget the kindness of both directors
+under whom I served, Dr. Brock and Mr. McConnell, who presented me with
+full sets of the photographs we have taken in field and shop, and
+Museum and also lantern slides of many.
+
+While in camp, often after supper when our day’s work was at an end,
+in a reminiscent mood, I told the boys stories. They had often heard
+before, of my adventures in other fossil fields, and other days, but
+as distinctly printed on memory’s pages, as if they had occurred but
+yesterday. I remember recalling an adventure of George and myself in
+the chalk of Kansas. We had been up towards Monument Rocks and were
+returning to camp at Elkader, at the mouth of Beaver Creek in Logan
+county, when we observed a storm gathering in the northwest, and
+northeast quite threatening indeed. We were three miles away, and drove
+like Jehu to get to shelter before the storm broke upon us. However, in
+spite of our efforts, the storm overtook us on the level prairie. The
+thunder clouds threw forked lightning to the ground around and in front
+of us. Where it struck the dry grass of the prairie a little cloud of
+dust would rise, and the grass would take fire to spread a few yards
+in a circle, when the rain would follow up and put it out. The thunder
+cracked in deafening peals with tongues of electricity following at
+once. A calf was struck and killed a short distance from us, but we
+escaped with a good soaking.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18.--I climbed the rugged buttes and ridges. Page
+62.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19.--Pillars cut out of the solid rock. Page 66.]
+
+A still more remarkable incident happened to Levi and me at
+Livingstone’s ranch in Gove county, Kansas, seven miles south of
+Quinter. Our tents were pitched on Hackberry Creek near the ranch barn,
+a large affair covered with sheet iron. Towards evening we saw a great
+dust cloud coming towards us from the northwest. I sent Levi to the
+barn to put the horses in, they had been standing in the corral near
+by. He had hardly accomplished this, when the storm was upon us; the
+gravel and sand beat on the iron roof like hail. He stood in the door
+with a lighted lantern. I feared the roof might fall in and break the
+lamp, and set fire to the hay, and I shouted to him to put it out, but
+he could not hear me. It became instantly dark as midnight, as the air
+was dense with gravel, sand and dirt driven at terrible speed by the
+raging wind. I started to the barn a hundred yards away, and got my
+face cut with the flying sand, my eyes blinded with dirt. But I reached
+him and put out the light and we attempted by holding each other’s hand,
+to reach the tents. Suddenly we saw an electric light hanging over our
+tent, on a telephone wire that was stretched above. Then another and
+another sparkled in the darkness along the line and lighted up the
+posts and wire fence on either side of the lane we were following.
+As far as we could trace the telephone wire, little lights swung in
+the wind as if some one had turned on a switch to light us to camp.
+It was certainly a little uncanny to say the least, and if I had been
+superstitious, I might have been frightened. Levi went off to bed in
+another tent, I watched the strange phenomenon until I too, got tired,
+and turned into my bed and went to sleep. All this is part of a Fossil
+Hunter’s day’s work. Although this was the first time I had ever seen
+an exhibition of this peculiar kind of electric display on the prairie
+I was sure it represented what is called St. Elmo’s Fire at sea.
+
+On July 18, 1913, I note that I had worked all day on Charlie’s large
+trachodont which Mr. Lambe called, as I said above, _Gryposaurus_.
+Twenty feet of the skeleton, besides the head was present. On page 23,
+Book A, field notes for 1913, I say: “The skull is 3 feet 3 inches
+long. Distance between the orbits, 9 inches. It is 19 inches from the
+margin of the mandibles to the top of the skull. Which has a high
+narrow set of nasals, with curved beak shaped like Brown’s New Mexican
+_Trachodont_.” Then again, on page 25, “I have worked all day on
+Charlie’s huge trachodont. It is a wonder, poorly preserved in a huge
+brown flint concretion that is shattered into irregular fragments,
+that break through the bones as well. The under part of the skeleton,
+however, is in grey sandstone and clay. The body lay on its left side,
+then took a turn and rested on the ventral surface. The ossified
+tendons are different from the ordinary duck-bills, both with or
+without crests; they are often barbed in the center and bifurcated at
+one end, with the other flattened. This specimen is evidently new. I am
+very anxious to save it.”
+
+The fluted pyramids and Gothic towers stand out distinctly to the south
+of the specimen in the early morning and after sundown: but in the heat
+of the day the colors blend so, the sharp outlines of the different
+strata are not easily distinguished.
+
+On July 19th Mr. Barnum Brown went down the river with his scow, motor
+boat and rowboat, bearing his party of five men and all his outfit.
+They intended to camp on Sand Creek, which they did, and never left
+that richest of all the camps in the Belly River Series in Dead Lodge
+Canyon for three seasons; the richest, doubtless, in history. I believe
+there are more exposures of the strata there, than all the rest of
+the exposures put together. I could not leave the great carnivore
+Charlie had found. Or my wonderful _Chasmosaurus_ skeleton, showing the
+dermal covering for the first time in the history of horned dinosaurs.
+Neither could we leave the splendid skeleton of _Gryposaurus_, or
+my new duck-billed dinosaur to follow Brown and share with him the
+gleanings of that rich field. Consequently, with his five collectors,
+all first class men, filled with energy and enthusiasm, with such a
+leader and hunter, it is little wonder that he secured that year a
+great collection, now being mounted in the American Museum. He also
+spent the seasons of 1914 and 1915 there also, most successfully. The
+Belly River beds below Steveville and near our camp, consist chiefly,
+as already mentioned, of strata of silver grey sandstone, alternating
+with yellowish or ash-colored clays. Notice the picture (Fig. 25), how
+the dark clay bed feathers out. The exposed clay beds crack after a
+rain, like the mud flats of the river, and curl up on the surface when
+dry. The fluting of the sand-beds is due to the fact that they contain
+so much clay, that during a rain, the whole surface is puddled and the
+water cannot pass through the thin coating of mud, and runs off the
+surface in countless rivulets sculpturing the soft mass into the most
+beautiful flutings imaginable. This we have often noticed before.
+
+There are neither wells or springs in these beds, not enough water
+penetrating them to produce either. There are, however, many
+underground passages through which the water finds its way during a
+rain to lower levels. Near the top of the badlands, or anywhere through
+them, often, a sink hole is formed. The water first forming a cistern,
+until a way is found for it downward, and the water escapes at last
+through the mouth of a cave, it has formed. These passages are choked
+with fallen rock from above, or from the sides, which in turn are
+disintegrated and are carried out by water until we have a series of
+natural bridges over the chasm, which break down at last, and produce a
+ravine. We used water from these cisterns on several occasions to make
+plaster. There was one containing many gallons near Charlie’s carnivore.
+
+We were often bitterly disappointed in our finds. Take for instance
+Levi’s crested dinosaur. He found some exposed tail vertebrae a little
+to one side of a horse trail that came over the rocks from the open
+prairie above, down to a branch of One Tree Creek, not far from our
+camp, there Levi found 20 tail vertebrae, the pelvic arch, and hind
+limbs and many ribs. So as we progressed in uncovering these we felt
+confident that the entire skeleton was buried there. We were mistaken;
+no head, neck or front limbs were present. From the fact that some of
+the long pelvic bones had been snapped off, we concluded the missing
+parts had gone in death to gorge a living specimen of _Gorgosaurus_,
+the Tyrant of the Everglades. Then Charlie removed tons of rock from
+where he thought the tail of his _Gorgosaur_ lay, only to find it had
+taken another direction, and the same amount of energy was necessary
+there as he had wasted on a false scent.
+
+In my notes of the 11th of July, I speak of the windy day: “So strong
+was the current as I clung to the steep and barren slopes; I would
+often have lost my footing but for my faithful pick, whose point I
+drove into the soft rock when I felt as if I was about to be blown into
+a deep canyon. I would cling to my pick until there was a lull, or I
+had secured a better footing. My pick, under the providence of God,
+often saved my life. Once in the brakes of the Permian beds of Texas,
+on a Saturday evening a great storm threatened. I though we could
+reach Mr. Galyean’s house before it burst. His son was with me, a boy
+of about 15 years of age. We had gone only a short distance, however,
+when the rain fell in sheets, not only drenching us to the skin but
+filling innumerable ditches with water running like a mill race. These
+we must cross. I remember we passed through the same patch of weeds
+repeatedly, so I knew in the darkness we were walking in a circle.
+Every few feet was a deep and narrow ditch full to the brim with red
+muddy water. I found these rushing streams by pushing my pick ahead of
+me, as the only time we saw anything was when the lightning flashed. At
+last we got sight of the light in McBride’s house a mile up the creek
+from Galyean’s. We thus secured the direction and thought we were all
+right, but without our knowledge, some one moved it from a south to an
+east window and we got off again, and before we knew it were slipping
+down into the roaring Coffee Creek full of driftwood. If we had slipped
+into it, both of us would have been lost. The boy had hold of my coat
+tails; I struck the point of my pick into the muddy slope and swung
+around with John hanging on behind describing the arc of a circle. The
+pick held while we dug holds with our heels to support us until I could
+reach upward and take another hold with the faithful pick. Thus we got
+out on the level flood plain of the creek. I then allowed John to take
+the lead, and he took me as if by instinct, safely to his father’s
+house where we were soon drying our clothes before the fireplace,
+heaped high with blazing cottonwood chunks.”
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20.--Outlying Buttes over 300 feet high. Page 66.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21.--Levi found a good Crested Dinosaur. Page 66,
+67.]
+
+Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe the Vertebrate Paleontologist of the Survey
+visited my camp on the 12th of September, 1913. We visited all the
+different localities where were the different specimens we were
+collecting, much to his delight. He described many of them the
+following winter. In a large exposure near Steveville, we were led by
+my son George to a fine turtle, one of the largest forms. The shell is
+over two feet long.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+HUNTING HORNED DINOSAURS ON THE RED DEER RIVER.
+
+
+Please, dear reader, return with me to the first camp we made below
+Steveville (Fig. 15). I would like to tell you of our successful hunt
+for horned dinosaurs, the reptiles that carry on their shoulders
+the largest known skulls of any land animal living, or dead. I had
+gone around the flood plain to the mouth of a ravine below camp and
+following it up to its head searching the denuded exposures, on either
+side. Suddenly, I stumbled on a couple of orbital horn-cores of a new
+genus of these strange creatures. The nasals and much of the face had
+been disintegrated by exposure to rain and frost; one complete lower
+jaw and part of the other was in place, however. With eager hands I
+used my little pick and digger, cutting into the face of the cliff. The
+horn-cores were pointed heavenward. I soon got behind them and followed
+up the great crest that projected backward into the rock, of which some
+fifteen towered above; I needed help and returned to camp a mile over
+the hills, for the boys. George and Levi responded to my call. The rock
+was thrown out and scraped away with team and scraper, tons on tons of
+it, my enthusiastic assistants threw down. We soon found that most of
+the skeleton was present, and it required a large floor to lay all the
+bones bare. At least enough of them so we could take them up without
+injuring them.
+
+While working around the skeleton, we dug up what appeared to be
+impressions of mud cracks, but Charlie who came to visit us, concluded
+at once they were skin impressions. This seemed too good to be true, as
+none were known before from horned dinosaurs. We were soon, however,
+forced to believe it, when a large chunk of rock broke in two and
+revealed the regular casts of polygonal scales, the upper and lower
+sides. They were arranged in the most beautiful mosaic patterns, some
+mere tubercles, as in the trachodonts, especially under the limbs.
+Along the back there were larger scales, often rounded or six sided,
+from two, to two and a half inches in diameter. This was new, and
+unexpected, as the men of science who had made a special study of the
+horned dinosaurs believed they had a thick skin with heavy dermal
+scutes, or plates inserted into it, as a protection against the
+rapacious carnivores. But here, as in the _Trachodonts_, we were so
+fortunate as to prove what we had proved so oft before, “The wisdom of
+man is foolishness to God.” How could it be otherwise. Yet I am free to
+acknowledge there are no class of men so positive in their conclusions.
+I once heard four different men at a Scientific Academy deliver four
+papers on the Creation of the world, each one was different and each
+man thought he was right. I have proved too often in my own experience
+in the field that I was mistaken, to doubt that other scientific men
+might be also. I could write a book about the mistakes of scientific
+men but will not burden my pages with them except as I discover facts
+absolutely different from those commonly accepted, as in the case of my
+_Chasmosaurus_ under discussion. In the past men have been too anxious
+to publish results before complete skeletons have been found and almost
+invariably, when one is found, it does not bear out in its own person
+the expectations of their authors.
+
+This field, so rich in material, in which we get the skin impressions,
+as well as complete skeletons enables us to speak “as one having
+authority” about them. Here then, although we have an animal with
+limbs of equal length, the body was covered with thin scales arranged
+like mosaic-work in a pavement. Without much doubt the skull had
+been subjected to great pressure for many ages. The rock in which
+it was embedded has been lifted some twenty-five hundred feet above
+the position it occupied when it was mud at the bottom of the lake.
+Mr. Lambe, the Vertebrate Paleontologist of the Geological Survey of
+Canada, has called this remarkable dinosaur _Chasmosaurus_, on account
+of the great chasms or gaps cut into the crest and skull. As far as I
+know this is the most complete skull known of this species. While at
+work on my specimen I learned some remarkable things. There is always
+an opening between the horns of these saurians. In Triceratops, it is
+midway between the end of the beak, and the crest. In this specimen,
+however, it is two feet from the end of the beak, and three feet to the
+further end of the crest. Then, though the skull proper in front of the
+crest is quite heavy and strong, and with large mandibles, and rather
+a large horn over the nose, as compared with the small ones over the
+eyes. The crest seems to be built for strength, as the central bar, the
+side and distal bars are strong, but beveled off to the large openings;
+and masses of bone are scooped out of the skull--adapted evidently
+to add to the strength, but to reduce the weight. This is not to be
+wondered at, when we study the skeleton. For we find the neck-crest
+not only covered the neck and shoulders, but extended back over seven
+of the dorsal vertebrae, to within a few inches of the pelvic arch. I
+do not think the animal was much bigger than a cow: about 9 feet from
+beak to drop of the tail; and the latter was short, barely dragging on
+the ground. When cutting a path through the dense sub-tropical foliage
+of reeds, rushes and grass, with many a bog, he simply parted the rank
+vegetation with his triangular-shaped head and crushed it under his
+four large spreading feet. But when he was attacked, down went the
+head, up went the crest, and a shield well armed with horns on the
+face, and horny projections along the sides of the crest was instantly
+presented to his foe. As the only vulnerable place of attack, to the
+tiger of the everglades, he would try to strike with his powerful
+claw-armed feet somewhere in the flank, for then he could lay bare the
+vital organs and soon destroy his prey.
+
+But our _Chasmosaurus_ was on the watch to prevent this very thing. The
+grass is beaten down, a ring is formed, and he often rushes forward
+with open beak. If his pincer-like bill once closes on the quivering
+flesh of the carnivore, he would surely get his “pound of flesh.” If a
+moss covered bog is within reach he would try to get to it, for then
+he would plunge in, and be safe, as no bipedal flesh eater will dare
+to follow. Our herbivore, however, can swim through it, or through the
+morass as easily as a living hippopotamus.
+
+You will notice the horny beak is shaped like that of a great turtle,
+though the lower jaws supporting it below are two feet in length.
+The crest behind, where it overhangs the back, is nearly four feet
+along the curve. We approximately can guess the distance from the
+lower margin of the jaw to the top of the nasal horn to be nearly two
+feet. At each angle of the cross-bar behind on the crest, is a long
+horn-covered spike, while the sides of the crest are also armed with
+smaller and blunter ones. The orbital horns are round and conical, not
+much over six inches in length, while the one on the bridge of the nose
+is over a foot long.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22.--Excavation after taking out Charlie’s
+_Stephanosaurus_. Page 67.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23.--Charlie’s New Trachodont. Page 67.]
+
+Now, with the rapidity of thought we will return to our workshop.
+When George prepared the head of this fine specimen, I found it was
+the exact size of the one I found in 1913. I therefore took a cast of
+the parts that were missing in mine. In order to accomplish this, I
+covered the front of the head with lard oil and then with molding wax,
+being careful to make it in sections so it would come off and be heavy
+enough to prevent distortion. When all was ready and we had colored our
+plaster to resemble the fossil bone--no small task, by the way, as we
+had to learn to mix colors as well as do the work of a sculptor--with
+wax. Then the mold is separated from the skull and stuck together,
+plaster strengthened with dextrine is poured into it, and on hardening
+I got an exact facsimile of the original specimen. This I fastened
+to my skull in which these parts were missing, and this gave us two
+specimens for public exhibition. Otherwise we could not have exhibited
+this dinosaur, as it would not have done to guess at these missing
+parts, as the early scientists were in the habit of doing. Now we can
+point to the complete specimen should anyone doubt the truthfulness
+of the restoration. All through the Belly River Series of rocks are
+bone-beds. There are two below Steveville, one near the top, and the
+other near the bottom of the exposures. They lie usually on a bed of
+clay, as if they had been drifted in from a lake (into which, they
+had been carried by a river) and lined the shore in the mud. In some
+places I secured hundreds, yes thousands of bones and teeth of many
+species, as well as shields of sturgeons and the enameled scales of
+gar-pikes as perfect as if picked up along a recent lake shore. There
+were also bones and shells of a great variety of soft-shelled turtles,
+and others, with beautifully sculptured shells; they range in size from
+less than six inches across, to over two feet. Crocodile bones, and the
+dermal, or skin plates of plated dinosaurs, were common. We secured
+hundreds of the pavement teeth of the ray Cope called _Myledaphus_,
+also countless vertebrae of the reptile _Champsosaurus_. Probably all
+the species of this rich fauna, are represented in these bone-beds. The
+fragments we collected came in good play, when Charlie and I mounted
+the _Trachodon_ skeleton. As we were able to restore the missing tail
+from the caudal vertebrae we picked up in bone-beds in the Edmonton
+Series, near Drumheller, Alberta. We found many horn-cores also in
+the bone deposits. Although we found many of the long bones we were
+unable to take up many on account of the expense. First, the bone has
+to be located, i. e. discovered. Then likely a road has to be built
+to it in order to haul in to it plaster and water. After one side is
+uncovered and plastered, it has to remain twelve hours to harden. Then
+we must return to turn it over and plaster the other side, allowing it
+to harden before we go after it with a horse and sled. During all this
+time we might have found a complete skeleton.
+
+When we reached our big scow in 1914, we found the seams had opened
+along the bottom and we were forced to recaulk it. The first thing
+was to clean out the old oakum and coal tar. Our eyes filled with the
+poisonous tar irritating them almost beyond endurance. After that was
+done, with arms above our heads, we drove in the oakum with caulking
+tools and then retarred the seams. I will acknowledge I did not do my
+full duty here, I spent most of my time in the hills exploring, which
+was more to my liking. This trying work the boys accomplished at last.
+Then came the supreme test. Will it keep out the water? We slid her
+down on skids into the river, and she rode as buoyantly as a duck,
+though not so gracefully.
+
+We had picked out a place to camp three miles above “Happy Jack Ferry.”
+So George, Charlie, and Mr. Johnson, hauled the scow up to the camping
+ground with our motor boat, accomplishing a feat, I had thought
+impossible. Fortunately they had a strong wind in their favor, and
+the tents pitched on board, acted as sails and helped them breast the
+current. Levi and I moved the lumber up to camp in our wagon pulled by
+our team of horses. We crossed many narrow gulches, and were obliged to
+dig roads across them. In fact we got stuck in the mud of one, where
+backwater from the river had deposited several feet of mud in it. We
+got into camp, however, ahead of the scow. In my note book I often
+speak of the terrible heat of those days. We had hot work on the rough
+exposures without water. Who of us will ever forget, when at night,
+we returned to our camp, how we lay with faces half submerged in the
+cold water of the river, and drank from her refreshing flood until we
+could drink no more. Drinking often a quart or more without injury.
+The hardest work of all was to tramp over the burning beds without
+success. How many days we spent in useless effort. Near this camp,
+however, Charlie got a fine skull of a new trachodont or duck-billed
+dinosaur, described later by Mr. Brown as _Prosaurolophus_. Near here,
+also, George found his famous _Chasmosaurus belli_, Lambe. Mr. Brown,
+however, retains Professor Marsh’s name of _Ceratops_. Here too, I
+secured the complete club at the end of a plated dinosaur’s tail, of
+which I will have more to say later. Showing as has been my experience
+that untiring effort will accomplish results in the fossil fields as in
+every walk in life.
+
+During Charlie’s and my absence in Montana, George found a large
+skeleton of a _Corythosaurus_. The remarkable part about it was the
+complete limbs in position. It was discovered in Mr. Jackson’s
+pasture. Now Mr. Jackson is an old cowman. He was range boss for the
+brother of Admiral Beresford of England, who built a ranch here. On
+Beresford’s death, Mr. Jackson took possession of the ranch and the
+ferry is named “Happy Jack” after him. In fact he is quite a noted
+character and one of the few old cattle men living here.
+
+At this camp too, Mr. Patrick Disney, from Oxford University, England,
+joined my party as a guest. He came to these wilds to learn something
+about fossil hunting. He was indeed helpful, and welcome, but the war
+breaking out he started for the front, he wanted to be, and was among
+the first to join his colors from Canada. We learned later he became a
+gallant officer in the aerial fleet.
+
+We continued to suffer all summer from the intense heat. The mosquitoes,
+however, were not as bad as usual. All the grass on the prairies dried
+up. The crops were a perfect failure. But for the liberality of the
+government in supplying the homesteader with food through the winter
+and spring and seed to plant, they would have been obliged to leave the
+country. This timely aid, however, enabled them, owing to the great
+rainfall in 1915, to reap the greatest harvest in the history of these
+people, so far east of the mountains on the semi-arid plains.
+
+On August fifth, we succeeded in getting our scow some two miles below
+“Happy Jack Ferry,” (See Fig. 32) to a camp we made near a specimen
+George had found of a plated dinosaur. Charlie and Disney brought down
+the motor boat, but owing to the very low stage of water, they were in
+it, most of the time, hauling the boat through sand, by main force.
+Our scow floating with the current beat them to the landing. We left
+Levi to haul all the fossils from our upper camp to Denhart on the
+new branch of the Central Pacific Railway, between Swift Current and
+Bassano, Alberta. For two months George labored with never less than
+one assistant on his plated dinosaur, the prize of the season. It seems
+that some caudal vertebrae were seen by him sticking out of a hard
+siliceous concretion in the face of a bluff, with thirty-five feet of
+sandstone on top. This was tough and hard to dig up. He used blasting
+powder as you see in two pictures where George is running away after
+firing the fuse, the other shows the explosion. It took a month of
+constant labor to get down to the concretion and another to cut away
+enough of it, so it could be handled when cut in sections. The constant
+hammering opened closed seams in the flinty rocks so it could be
+removed in chunks, with the sections of the fossil within them. George
+secured the pelvic arch, hind limb bones, many ribs, caudal and dorsal
+vertebrae (likely the entire column in front of the pelvis), the skull,
+with its necklace of dermal plates behind. Then there were many of
+the huge plates though not all in position.
+
+The figures show the quarry, and the road we made with four horses
+straining to haul the sections out. You will also see George running
+from the quarry after lighting the fuse, and in the next picture the
+explosion. We expended far more labor in this quarry than any we found,
+or on any other individual specimen. Yet our labor was nothing compared
+to what must be expended before the skeleton is mounted, owing to the
+difficulties of preparation. The last picture in this series shows the
+amount of labor required to throw out the loose material, as well as
+the beautifully sculptured rock in the vicinity.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24.--Prepared skull of _Gryposaurus_, Lambe;
+_Kritosaurus_, Brown. Page 67.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25.--The strata of clay thins out to nothing often.
+Page 69.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+PLATED DINOSAURS THE MOST UNIQUE OF THEM ALL
+
+
+When the frost was on the bull berry, we experienced the strange
+sensation of making jelly in camp. We beat the berries out of the
+bushes, in which they clung in clusters around sharp thorns, on to
+tarpaulins spread below on the ground. The single berry is about the
+size and color of a red currant. We filled our motor boat full of
+boxes with the acid fruit, and drove it to our scow. There we took
+pails full of the berries, and sank them into the clear water of Red
+Deer river. Then stirred them with a stick, so that all the leaves,
+decayed fruit, and bits of branches or other foreign matter could float
+away down the river, the perfect fruit settled to the bottom. The fruit
+was then cooked on our large camp stove until thoroughly done, when it
+was pressed through muslin bags, and cooked as long as there was any
+scum rising to the surface, which was carefully skimmed off the boiling
+surface. Then equal parts of sugar by weight was put in, and the moment
+it was dissolved the mixture was taken off the stove and put into
+Mason jars. When cool it was a fine, reddish colored jelly. We made
+twenty-four gallons, or six gallons for each married man in the party.
+In camp we used it constantly, and it took the place of all other fruit
+and pickles. As usual, we were unable to get our fossils out of the
+ground before cold weather came. We secured fifty boxes weighing about
+twenty-five tons. I am happy to report, also, that after Charlie found
+his _Centrosaurus_ or _Monoclonius_ skull, and after I had spent four
+weeks of the most strenuous labor of which I am capable, I succeeded in
+getting a very good skeleton from the pelvis to the end of the tail,
+of a crested duck-bill. It was especially interesting, because nearly
+all the impression of the skin was present in a large section of the
+tail; giving also, the contour of the tail immediately after death.
+This was the best tail of a trachodont we found. While we were working
+early and late to get out the material before the real cold weather
+set in, our horse Bob, in going up a steep and narrow sled road corked
+his mate, the bay mare. She bled badly, and was put out of commission
+temporarily. Luckily, Mr. Bestrum, who was assisting us with an extra
+team, had another horse who took the injured one’s place.
+
+On the twenty-fifth of September, 1914, we got our scow dismantled,
+and the next day out on land. In the meantime we camped on the sandy
+flood plain of the river, near our scow. One night my tent blew down
+on top of me asleep in my cot; however, these are small matters, and
+soon forgotten if I had not referred to them in my notes. On the
+twenty-eighth, we hauled in our last load of fossils and loaded our
+car at Denhart. This point was a switch on the open prairie; the store
+building was deserted. A miserable day, with the wind blowing a gale,
+from the north. I built an oven of some loose bricks, that were lying
+about, and cooked a meal as best we could, on the wind swept plain. It
+was four o’clock in the afternoon before we started on our thirty mile
+drive to Brooks, where we were to take our train homeward bound.
+
+We lost our road, or rather it petered out, as they say in the west,
+and with the brilliant moon riding buoyantly in the heavens as a guide,
+we pressed on over the rough prairie sod. Suddenly as if to amuse our
+tiresome journey, God’s Moving Pictures, The Northern Lights burst
+upon us in all their glory. It seemed as if a heavy map was suddenly
+unwrapped in the sky, the folds taking a fan-like perpendicular radiate
+shape, then another and another, was unrolled, until the whole northern
+arc of the heavens was vibrating with light in white bands, edges in
+colors of many delicate and exquisite tints. At eleven o’clock that
+night, stiff and hungry, our solitary wagon rolled into Brooks, and
+an ambitious Chinaman soon had on our table a hot dish of beef and
+onions we ate with the relish hunger gives.
+
+When we went west in June, 1914, we stopped at Toronto, and visited
+the Royal Museum there. The geological and mineralogical halls are on
+the top floors. The principal light comes through ground glass giving
+a beautiful diffused light. The glass cases show no signs of reflected
+light. Every specimen, stands out distinctly, as if laid on a table.
+They had mounted the mosasaur skeleton I sold Professor Parks some
+years before. The only large vertebrate on exhibition.
+
+We were anxious to make a trip by water and pressed on to Port
+McNicoll, where we took the steamer Keewatin and slept that night in
+state rooms instead of Pullman berths, as had been so common with us
+of late. We woke next morning in the narrow stream between Lake Huron
+and Superior. The scenery was grand and impressive, the shore lines
+clothed with second growth timber. We passed freighters hauling ten
+thousand tons of coal to the west, and the same amount of iron-ore to
+the eastern smelters. The channel was marked by floating buoys, each
+one carrying a light that was intermittent, as fast as it went out, it
+was lighted again by two permanent lights below. Carbide is used to
+produce the main light, and to keep the others going. There were also
+lighthouses at intervals, built in the water on strong cement bases.
+This passage way of the ships is as well lighted at night, as the
+streets of a city. We thought the boat ride more enjoyable than the
+monotonous train; and we enjoyed the sensation of being lifted into
+the mighty Superior by the Soo Locks. Then our captain threaded his way
+far from the shore line through the reaches of this great inland sea.
+Towards night a dense fog rose. Our siren sounded the alarm every few
+moments, and on either side, before and behind, other fog whistles,
+too, kept up the refrain “Look out! Look out! Danger! Danger!” We soon
+got used to the music and were lulled to sleep in our narrow state
+rooms. We slept in peace, and the next morning the sun rose clear,
+and scattered his brilliant rays of light over the headlands of the
+mountains back of Port Arthur, lighting up, too, the grain elevators
+and pretty town.
+
+On the seventh of June we drove our team to “Happy Jack Ferry,” all
+ready for another campaign.
+
+Of all the strange dinosaurs we found in our hunts for big game in
+the Red Deer canyon nothing, I think, exceeded the plated dinosaurs
+in wonderful characters. The first I ever found, I mention in the
+Proceedings of the Kansas Academy of Science for 1908 on page 257.
+“Last February, Barnum Brown of the American Museum of Natural History
+staff, published a description for the first time of his armoured
+dinosaur which he named _Anchylosaurus magniventris_. It was discovered
+on Hell Creek, Montana, in 1905 by the American Museum Expedition. It
+represents he says a group of _Stegosauria_ characteristic of the late
+Cretaceous of this country.”
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26.--Discovery of George’s _Chasmosaurus_.
+(_Ceratops_). Page 86.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27.--George’s _Chasmosaurus_ lying in quarry. Page
+80.]
+
+In 1905 while conducting an expedition to the Kansas chalk I discovered
+the broken up skeleton of what I considered a large new sea tortoise
+with an ossified carapace, it attracted my attention and I knew it must
+be new, but as it was badly weathered, and detached from its matrix,
+concluded it could not be used and left it there. Later, my son George
+brought into camp, a few miles from Hackberry Creek, where I found my
+specimen, some peculiar plates, like the ones already mentioned. But as
+I had no knowledge of Barnum Brown’s discovery I concluded they were
+neurals of a new turtle. These I sent to Dr. Weiland for description.
+Last month I was his guest at Yale University museum. He asked me why I
+thought it a new turtle. After giving my reasons, he told me they were
+new enough, but these plates were of an armored dinosaur. Later through
+George’s efforts, I secured the skeleton I found the year before. I
+went over the mass of fragments and separated the armor, and found the
+entire skeleton was covered with a completely ossified dermal covering,
+in most beautiful patterns, the larger scutes were diamond-shaped,
+with round angles, with elevated keel down the center, the interspaces
+filled with small plates of various forms. This is the second instance
+of remains of a dinosaur being found in the Kansas chalk, showing that
+the bones of swamp and land saurians in shore, drifted out to sea. The
+other individual was a duck-billed dinosaur called by Professor Leidy,
+_Hadrosaurus_; but later Prof. Marsh identified it as belonging to his
+genus _Claosaurus_ of the Lance Beds of Wyoming. As far as I know no
+other specimen of dinosaurs have been found in the chalk of Kansas.
+Strange indeed then that we find enough of the skeleton of a dinosaur
+for identification. Separated from the dinosaur beds of Wyoming by at
+least 10,000 feet of strata and in time a couple of million years at
+least, showing that we do not as yet know the time and space occupied
+by dinosaurs on this continent.
+
+Later still in the Belly River Beds of the Dead Lodge Canyon, in 1914,
+George found the skeleton of a similar species. Mr. Lambe gives it the
+name of _Euoplocephalus_; no complete skeleton have been found of this
+strange dinosaur except in the Belly River Series, though a fine skull
+and other bones were found by Brown, in the Edmonton beds of the Red
+Deer river, similar to his Lance Creek genus in Montana. Last year,
+1915, both Charlie and I found some fine material near the mouth of
+Dead Lodge Canyon and at Loveland Ferry twelve miles below. As already
+mentioned, George found the best specimen we have obtained. From all
+three (and the tail club I secured in 1914), we get a very good idea
+of this peculiar reptile. One thing I learned from the specimen is,
+that the plates are not co-ossified as I had supposed from my study
+of the Chalk specimen, but that between the larger plates, are quite
+small ones arranged like chain armor so as to allow the body to move
+in any direction, unhindered by the heavy armor; these small ossified
+scutes are so beveled as to move on themselves, that is, they are
+imbricated, while the others are not, and are arranged like mosaic-work
+in a pavement. Mr. Brown was the first to publish a figure of a skull
+of his Edmonton species. The skull itself has the bony skin plates
+anchylosed to it. Mr. Brown tells me that even the eyes are protected
+by sliding shutters that drop down over them in time of danger. The
+horned beak is rounded in front and the few teeth behind seem of little
+functional value. The beak however, was a powerful organ for digging
+up roots, or nipping off foliage. The head was very small compared to
+the immense body. The great ribs over five feet long, and hoop-shaped,
+giving the body a round, barrel-like form. The heavy bony armor of huge
+plates, some of them weighed in their fossil form twenty-five pounds
+or more; though light and spongy in life. Many of these plates were
+harder and denser bone than the ones mentioned before, keeled down
+the center. The small nodules of bone fitted in between the plates
+and were so beveled as to move on each other like chain armor. The
+entire body was thus covered and protected. Unfortunately no complete
+skeleton has been found with every dermal plate in position. Of course
+I am not familiar with the many skeletons of this form Mr. Brown has
+discovered and have been looking a long time for a Memoir describing
+these interesting forms. The great desideratum is to find one of these
+wonderful reptiles with all the armor in place; just as the skin was
+found in the “Dinosaur Mummy” and the Senckenberg specimens of the
+crested duck-bills. However we already know there was an anchylosed
+necklace back of the head and that the end of the tail was club-like. I
+secured several of these clubs.
+
+Let us go back to the time when the Belly River rocks were forming in
+the bottom of the lake. It is spring; every thing throbs with life.
+The sap is surging through the trees arrayed in their brightest tints,
+the ground below, is carpeted with flowers in endless variety and hue;
+there is a clump of evergreens, and here one of poplars, while in the
+distance are, figs, magnolias, and a wealth of other trees, all adding
+beauty to the scene. Along the lake shore, dense masses of horse-tail
+rushes, moss and long coarse grass cast waving shadows. On the quiet
+bays vast masses of water lilies waft their incense on the air, and
+delight our senses. Above us the swinging redwood branches shut out the
+direct rays of the sun which falls as if filtered through the stained
+windows of some great cathedral. Let us creep along to the second
+bench that overlooks the jungle of vegetation, that spreads out in
+great meadows to the lake itself. See that thicket! Let us approach it
+quietly and peep through as it opens beyond in a park in the forest.
+Such a sight is rarely offered to human eyes. See that reptile over
+twenty feet in length, a great round body twenty feet in circumference,
+a short stubby tail. A small horse-shoe shaped head with horn sheathed
+jaws, small but strong. Back of the head, are necklaces of bony scutes,
+keeled down the center separated along their edges, by small nodules
+of bone, that move on each other giving a mobility to the skin even
+though the animal is as heavily armored as a fighting automobile of the
+great European war of today. The tail, too, is covered with enormous
+bony plates, though light and porous, compared with the dense bony
+plates covering the body; the end is heavy and blunt, club-like in
+fact. His pillar-like limbs are short and robust, to support such a
+body. The belly almost reaches the ground, the heavy tail drags behind.
+He moves along sluggishly, compared with the lighter horned dinosaurs
+and carnivores. See how readily he beats a passage way through the
+underbrush that borders the woods, and emerges into the open park. We
+notice his huge proportions and unique appearance. He is completely
+armored and sluggish in his gait. It does not seem that even the fierce
+_Gorgosaurus_ of the everglades, the tyrant of this peaceful woods
+would find a single vulnerable place open to attack. More likely if
+he made the attempt he would simply whet his teeth on the glistening
+armor that protected him, in vain. He might perhaps break off a tooth
+or two, before he learned his task was a thankless one. We can even
+imagine that he would be in danger himself if he carelessly approached
+too near the tail. For a blow from the powerful club at the end would
+break in his ribs.
+
+As the strange saurian passes us we notice the large trail he makes
+through the bushes as he moves on down into the meadow-like flat for
+his breakfast.
+
+See! Out there on the lake is a plesiosaur fishing, he evidently came
+up the river (that heads in the bottom of the lake), from the Pierre
+ocean not many miles away. We know the lake is full of sturgeon and
+gar-pike. He has a beautiful head poised on a long swan-like neck, a
+broad heavy body, and a very short tail. We have seen them before along
+the shores of the old Cretaceous ocean. As his bones were common in the
+chalk of Kansas. Within human history white whales have come up the St.
+Lawrence river from the Atlantic Ocean. They have one in the Victoria
+Memorial Museum at Ottawa, that made the trip once, but never returned,
+and they dug his bones out of the flood plain of the river.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28.--_Chasmosaurus_ (_Ceratops_), George’s being
+wrapped in quarry. Page 82.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29.--_Chasmosaurus_ Quarry. Page 82.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE GREAT SPIKED DINOSAUR OF DEAD LODGE CANYON
+
+
+On the 17th of September, 1913, George and I loaded our row boat and
+motor boat with our tent, blankets, and cooking utensils and tools,
+and start down the river in search of a new camp. In the photograph
+of the scene, Levi is standing on deck of the flat boat and bids us
+good-bye and good luck. George is driving the motor and I sit in the
+center of the boat. Notice the row boat we trail behind, is heavily
+loaded. This was the hardest trip we ever made with the motor boat,
+as the water was low, we were constantly getting stuck on a sand bar.
+They extended often across the river. George was one to suffer, as he
+was the only one of the two that had the strength to pull it across
+into deeper water. When we stuck fast, I got in the row boat and
+paddled over to a deeper hole, and went a fishing, while he struggled
+with his boat. It was a terrible experience, but well bought, as he
+learned what the Red Deer river was in low water, and when he went on
+it again, in 1915 he built himself a motor boat that would float in
+five or six inches of water. While mine required eighteen inches to
+float it. At last with George nearly exhausted, we pulled into shore
+at “Happy Jack Ferry”, twelve miles below Steveville. We pitched our
+tent on the southern side of the river. On the 19th of September, I
+made the discovery of the strange spiked dinosaur, called by Mr. Lambe
+_Styracosaurus_. The ground was wet with repeated showers. The fossil
+beds are not safe then, as one slips as if walking on soft soap. There
+is much clay in all the rocks; in fact more than half of them are made
+up of clay, interlaid with silver gray sandstone, also containing much
+clay. However, I could not be idle about camp and made the attempt
+to get in the badlands walking up the bed of a long coulee that was
+filled with boulders. I got to where it was extremely difficult,
+as the bed was narrow and crooked. So I attempted to scale a steep
+slope and got up a hundred feet; that brought me over a perpendicular
+precipice, while above was a heavy bed of clay. I knew if I could get
+over the clay, I would be all right, as I would then be on top of a
+spur from the prairie, wide enough for me to walk on. However, the
+minute I would drive my pick into the clay to hold me from slipping,
+it would break loose and let me slip back to a narrow ledge above the
+cliff. I attempted to cut a path with the same result, and as I saw I
+could not go up, I resolved to go down the way I had gone up. This I
+found was impossible; for if I sat down I would slide and be hurled
+over the precipice. I then got frightened and attacked the steep clay
+slope again, with the same results. I realized then if I could not
+climb over when in my ordinary condition, certainly could not when
+frightened. I therefore sat down on the narrow ledge until I recovered
+my composure. And by careful searching the steep slope I had come up,
+I found a little ditch with small bushes growing in it. It was washed
+clean of mud, and I got a foothold in it, and gradually let myself
+down into the bed of the coulee. I did not attempt to leave this again
+and at last reached the head. Many other ravines headed near by, and
+in going over to one of them I saw in the steep slope of a narrow
+gorge, in gray sandstone, the skull that is rather poorly shown in the
+picture. It was 200 feet below the prairie, and it required a great
+deal of labor to collect and load it in the wagon. It was first packed
+securely in a box, after it had been carefully wrapped in burlap dipped
+in plaster, and secured with strong poles to hold it together. A road
+was cut in the face of the cliff, and our faithful team hauled the box
+weighing about nine hundred pounds, out of the ravine; they often fell
+down and cut themselves, but they scrambled up the narrow road with
+their burden fastened to a sled. When they got to the level prairie,
+the boys let the hind wheels into the ground to the hubs and rolled the
+box in. The skull was partially prepared by me the next winter as shown
+in the photograph which gives a top view of it. This is one of the many
+remarkable forms that were so abundant during the Mid-Cretaceous time.
+The skull was over six feet in length, with a great horn-core over the
+center of the nose, twenty-four inches high, and six inches in diameter
+at the base. But stranger than all, six horn-cores radiating from
+the crest behind where it is four and a half feet wide. The central
+horn-cores are the largest, twenty-two inches long, the next pair
+twenty, and the outermost fourteen inches wide. All these horn-cores
+were covered in life with horn, lengthening them materially. The crest,
+from between the center of the eye horns is four feet long, while the
+portion of the skull in front is only two feet. The narrow bar that
+carries the spikes behind, is narrow and heavy, thinned down with the
+central and marginal bars to form large openings. The skull too, as
+in _Chasmosaurus_ is dug out into caves. Only a thin septum of bone
+separate the brain case from the central air chambers, there were no
+attached orbital horns, but cup-like depressions, as if the horns had
+dropped out, having been ossified from a separate center. All the
+bones of the skull show vascular grooves, as if the entire skull was
+sheathed in horn making an impenetrable shield. In the old restoration
+of _Triceratops_ the neck is enlarged to fasten securely into the neck
+frill or crest. To me such an idea is absolutely absurd. The round
+occipital condyle enabled the animal to bend the head in any direction
+at the atlas vertebra, as in the four limbed mammals of today, that
+have to put down their heads to eat or drink. If the shield were
+fastened to the neck the reptile would have to lie down to feed and
+drink or go into the water, unless there was a similar arrangement
+between the body and neck vertebrae. In the case of _Chasmosaurus_ or
+_Ceratops_, where the crest reaches to the hips, the socket would be in
+front of the hips, so when feeding on rushes he would have to kneel on
+his front limbs and bend at the hips. A most remarkable arrangement.
+Then, too, it would be of little use for a shield of defense against
+his subtle carniverous enemy. No, I am sure the old idea in regard to
+the neck frill is a mistake and I ask you to please go back with me and
+I will show you the reptile alive.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30.--George preparing skull of _Chasmosaurus_ in
+Laboratory. Page 83.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31.--Skull of _Chasmosaurus_ restored by Weber.
+Page 83.]
+
+We find ourselves sitting in the shade of a giant red wood, for the sun
+is up. The ocean far to the south, out of sight reveals its presence in
+the salty refreshing air that reaches us. The land before us has been
+slowly rising at the rate of deposition, and is but little above tide
+water. Great meadows on the swampy flood plain of a large lake lie a
+few feet below the bench, that is covered with a dense forest. Nature
+has a wonderful workshop for the Creator, one continual plant, for
+turning out perfect living forms endowed with life and power. Let us go
+down toward the jungle of horse-tails, other rushes, and high grass,
+that waves in the passing breeze. On the very margin of the lake itself
+from the white sandy beach, we pick up teeth, and scattered bones, and
+mussel shells. There is plenty of drift wood too, lying in heaps, left
+there by the last flood. We wander on towards the plain. Hark! don’t
+you hear a noise in the thick vegetation as if a heavy reptile was
+cropping his morning fare? For reptile it must be, as only diminutive
+marsupial-like mammals live at this time. If you will follow me, we
+will see. So, without further ado, we walk into the rank vegetation,
+and parting it, look down a narrow path along which a spiked dinosaur
+is feeding. He is unconscious of our presence and is feeding towards
+us. His powerful limbs of equal length, are sunk deep in the moist
+earth. His head is in plain sight, and the crest stands up when he bent
+it, to crop off a mouthful of succulent herbage with his heavy beak,
+sheathed in horn. This he shears with his beveled teeth behind, very
+much like the mechanism of an old fashioned hay cutter.
+
+The teeth are double rooted, and in magazines like those of the
+duck-billed dinosaurs, though not as numerous. The great horn is black
+and polished, full three feet long, like the sharp spear point in the
+shield of thick buffalo hide of a Philippian Warrior. The great spikes
+stand out from the top of the crest when he lowers his head. Thus fully
+armored he can force a passage way through the thickest vegetation,
+beating it down beneath his feet. There are four hoofed toes on each
+front foot, and three behind. The large restless eyes are buttressed
+over with bone to protect them from his enemy, _Gorgosaurus_, the
+tyrant of the everglades, and from the dense vegetation through which
+he beats his way. As he passes us and stops to feed again, thus raising
+his shield in the air, we get a splendid view of his scaled body,
+with its colors harmoniously blended with the vegetation by which he
+is surrounded. They are much like those already seen in _Ceratops_ or
+Lambe’s _Chasmosaurus_. He seems satisfied with his breakfast, as he
+lifts his head out of the rush covered soil. As a narrow neck of land
+tongues out into the plain from the first bench, it seems that he is
+headed to cross it into the jungle beyond. As he climbs out of the
+plain, on to solid ground under the forest trees, we notice he is ten
+feet in length to the drop of the tail, which is short, and he drags
+the end on the ground. He stands at least six feet in height. As we
+follow his moist spoor, we soon enter a small park covered with grass
+and flowers. Suddenly, we hear the most blood curdling hiss, that
+chills the marrow in our veins. What can it mean? The _Styracosaurus_
+knows for he is instantly alert, lifting his head in the direction of
+the sound, he drops it again, and stands at bay. With another blood
+curdling hiss, a gigantic carnivore leaps into view, from a trail we
+were following. Our spiked dinosaur stands rigid as if cast in bronze,
+with the great nasal horn pointed towards his dreaded foe, and the
+spikes frowning above, and protecting the vital organs, the great
+cat-like reptile crawls stealthily forward. Don’t fear friends to watch
+the combat. It is very terrible to see a blood thirsty tyrant slack his
+thirst in the blood of his victim. He attempts to find a vulnerable
+spot to strike with his powerful claw-armed hind foot, the claws of
+hardened horn, sharp and recurved, each a foot in length and spreading
+over half a square yard of surface. Or he would like to seize the
+thinly covered abdominal walls, with his horrid teeth, lance-like that
+fill the dentary and maxillary bones of the lower and upper jaws, that
+are nearly three feet in length. With a gape of the mouth of nearly two
+feet, the red gums, roof and floor of the mouth, with the great forked
+tongue, present a terrifying appearance. But the spiked lizard is on
+guard, and when his enemy makes a sudden dash at him, he presents his
+impregnable head. In spite of his bulk, being much heavier than the
+carnivore, he seems to revolve on a pivot, and the shield is where the
+_Gorgosaur_ attempts to strike. The instinct of self defense is ever
+present, in time of danger. Sometimes the herbivore makes a sudden
+dash, and tries to horn the agile foe, or with open mouth tries to
+bring his vise-like beak together in his enemies flesh. We watch the
+combat with bated breath.
+
+The seven horned brute is too much for the tiger of the glades; so,
+thoroughly exhausted at last, he creeps off a side path to hunt an
+easier prey. While our _Styracosaurus_ lumbers off into dense
+foliage of the low lying plain.
+
+“The Dead Lodge Canyon” below “Happy Jack Ferry,” some thirty miles
+north of Brooks, Alberta, and but six miles from the new line from
+Swift Current to Bassano, a short cut of the Central Pacific Railway,
+is one of the most remarkable gorges on the continent. Not only because
+it is the old burial ground of many forms of the dinosaurs that have
+passed out of existence, leaving no descendents, but on account of its
+scenic beauty. The silvery grey sandstones with their darker bands of
+clay, is interstratified with a chocolate colored bed near the top,
+rich in lignitic shales of an almost black color. The black streak can
+be traced for miles, and in some places develops into a bed of soft
+coal, that is mined by the farmers. The canyon is but little over a
+mile wide, and about five hundred feet deep, the upper reaches being
+composed of dark marine shales, called the Pierre here, but the same
+beds in the Judith River country of Montana are called Bear Paw shales.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32.--Sternberg’s Camp 3 miles below Steveville.
+Page 104.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33.--The picture of _Styracosaurus_ in bottom of
+gorge. Page 102.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+ON A TRIP TO THE JUDITH RIVER, MONTANA
+
+
+Under orders from the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada,
+Charlie and I left Brooks, Alberta, on an expedition to Montana,
+for the purpose of studying the sequence of the rocks there, and to
+compare them with those of Canada. Mr. D. B. Dowling, a Geologist
+of the Survey, joined us at Coutts to do the stratigraphical work.
+I cannot help, in this connection remarking, he was in addition to
+his geological knowledge, the most genial companion I have ever been
+associated with in camp, excepting, of course, that prince of good
+fellows, the late Professor E. D. Cope of Philadelphia, with whom I
+made the same trip in 1876. A complete story of that expedition is
+recorded in “The Life of a Fossil Hunter.” At Coutts Mr. Dowling and
+I went out to some rocks exposed south of town which appear to be the
+true Eagle sandstone of Weed. A compact greyish and reddish sandstone
+with strong lines of cross bedding. These lines are also lines of
+cleavage. Above are some seventy feet of the Belly River Series, clays,
+and fluted sandstones. On July 2nd we stopped at New Park Hotel, at
+Great Falls, Montana. Not far from the depot; while here we took a
+trolley ride out to the great smelter near the Falls of the Missouri,
+three miles east. The works cover acres of ground and the smokestack is
+said to be the largest in the world. The falls here were low and below
+was a series of rapids. Whenever we chanced to catch a view of the
+Missouri, on our trip east by the Great Northern we could see the river
+for many miles, full of falls and rapids. At Benton I saw no sign of
+old Fort Benton I visited with Professor Cope in 1876. We noticed along
+the track the typical Fort Benton shales, dark colored below, yellowish
+shales above, while unconformable masses of the ancient river bed
+lined the faces of bluff and ridge or helped to fill the old ravines,
+composed of unstratified yellowish clays, sand and gravel. The narrow
+flood plain of the river is fringed with cottonwoods and poplars, with
+birch and willow thickets, underbrush of wild roses, bull berries,
+etc., with the ubiquitous sage brush everywhere. The Northern Pacific
+passes through a rolling prairie north of the Bear Paw Mountains. In
+1876 the only wagon road here was south of the mountains and it started
+at Fort Benton the head of navigation, and ended at Cow Island, 120
+miles east.
+
+I noticed the farmers irrigating their gardens and alfalfa fields with
+water drawn from the Missouri with buckets attached to overshot wheels,
+on their turning the water was spilled into a trough connected with
+the reservoir. It was carried from there, over the fields. We got off
+the train at Big Springs, went to the Spokan Hotel, and registered
+in the bar room, where they had the office at one end of the bar. I
+thought that was going it some, excuse the slang, and that Montana
+needed “Total Prohibition” pretty badly. The dining room opened off the
+bar. At the livery stable we hired a team and democrat wagon for two
+weeks for $50. In the afternoon we drove out in a buggy to the coal
+mine eight miles southeast. Here the light yellowish sandstones with
+harder parts were filled with thin circular concretions as flat as a
+pancake. The vein of coal is about five feet thick at an angle of about
+16 degrees. On either side are narrow beds of yellow sandstone dipping
+in various directions, the strike being parallel with the Bear Paw
+Mountains not far off to the south. Between the sandstone layers is a
+dike of volcanic trap, black, and fine grained, pushed up through the
+strata so it forms a hog back elevation above them. There are also beds
+of light colored shales, with seams of iron-stone between.
+
+On July 3rd, 1914, we drove to a flat near the site of a reservoir,
+now dry, and stopped at a farmer’s. We had skirted the eastern limits
+of the Bear Paw Mountains, passed through a rolling prairie, crossed
+Eagle Creek, where a fine flow of water, full of little fishes, runs
+over gravel and sand towards the Missouri river. As we journeyed south
+we saw evidence of vulcanism in a narrow strip of naked rock that had
+been shoved up in a wedge shaped mass through the grass of the prairie.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34.--Top view of _Styracosaurus_ as prepared by
+Charles H. Sternberg. Page 104.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35.--Charlie’s _Centrosaurus_ in the rock. Page
+122.]
+
+On the Fourth of July we reached the ferry below the mouth of the
+Judith River and took dinner at the ranch called Judith P. O. The
+company own their own store, bunk-house, cook-house and stables, and
+have in a great crop of alfalfa. They also own the ferry, and owing to
+high water, the approach from the north was cut out, and we had to get
+our horses on board the best way we could, and then pull on the wagon
+by man power. We were kindly entertained at Judith. In the afternoon we
+drove up to Dog Creek, where Professor Cope made his famous expedition
+in 1876. The effects of vulcanism are seen on every side. The views I
+show, fully illustrate this phase in the earth’s crust. The picture
+with the white sandstone tipped up to the left, represents the Eagle
+Sandstone with the Claggett Shales to the right. These shales should
+be on top of the Eagle Sandstone. They closely resemble the Pierre
+shales, below the Edmonton beds in Alberta, and contain the same
+baculites, ammonites and plesiosaurs, evidently. The foreground of the
+picture, shows part of the narrow Dog Creek valley covered with grass
+and sagebrush, with a few cottonwoods in a bend of the creek. On the
+opposite, or east side of the creek, we found a trail leading up to the
+divide over the Claggett shales. These, Professor Cope called Fort
+Pierre.
+
+On July 24, 1914, a paper of mine appeared in “Science,” in which I
+undertook to show that the Dog Creek beds were equal to the Edmonton
+Beds of Alberta. And those at Cow Island, should be correlated with
+the Belly River Beds of Alberta, with the Pierre shales between. I
+took Professor Cope’s view. He believed the Judith River Beds were
+above the Pierre and Fox Hills Group of the Cretaceous and called them
+“The Judith River Beds” or “Cretaceous No. 6.” After two seasons of
+exploration of the Belly river series in Dead Lodge Canyon, of Red
+Deer River Alberta, in connection with our study of the Dog Creek and
+Cow Islands rocks I was obliged to accept the conclusions of Hatcher
+and Stanton, in their fine work on “The Geology and Paleontology of
+the Judith River Beds.” The whole series here, and on Red Deer are
+without doubt Ft. Pierre. The Judith River and Belly River beds were
+local elevations above the Pierre Ocean. We actually added to the mass
+of evidence to this effect, by the discovery of sixty feet of Bear Paw
+Shale on top of the Judith River beds at Taffy Creek, a branch of Dog
+Creek to the east. We also learned how easy it was for Hayden and Cope
+to make the mistakes they did in their hurried survey of the badlands.
+I walked miles over both Bear Paw and Claggett shales, and found it
+difficult to tell them apart. Vulcanism has often lifted the older
+beds higher than the more recent ones. The what seemed to us true, the
+ammonites, baculites and plesiosaurs, were the same in the two marine
+beds, though separated by the fresh water Judith River series, which is
+of the same age as the Belly river beds.
+
+We walked up the steep slope to the divide between the breaks of The
+Missouri river and Dog Creek, this divide is nearly 600 feet above the
+river. Somewhat different from what my memory had told me of these
+great canyons. I speak of them as being over a thousand feet deep in
+“The Life of a Fossil Hunter.” In 1876 we had no barometer to take our
+altitude and my notes were lost in a fire in 1881, it is natural for
+the mind to exaggerate depth and height as well as level surfaces.
+However, as we made this trip by moonlight, and through the solemn
+silence, I was again overcome with awe when I gazed into the stupendous
+gorges and at the beetling crags that overlooked them. Hour after hour
+we passed slowly along the trail, often only the narrow ridge between
+two great canyons, and a balky team might have backed us off into the
+abyss filled with inky darkness. Only a journey under such conditions
+and in such a region of utter barrenness, can give the reader an idea
+of the emotions that overpowered me. We made camp about midnight, and
+the only sign of human habitations we saw, (except a deserted sheep
+ranch), were the fireworks thrown into the sky at Kendall, where the
+people were celebrating. We made a camp later, on an eastern branch
+of Dog Creek, called Taffy Creek. We made a thorough study of this
+region near camp. During our trip up Dog Creek we had made extensive
+collections of invertebrate fossils from all the different horizons,
+securing also _Myledaphus_, and other sharks teeth from the lower Eagle
+Creek sandstones which, with the Claggett shales, form the lower beds
+of the Belly River Series of Alberta. On the south side of Taffy below
+a large timbered hog back upheaval, I found a locality in the Judith
+river bed that is possibly the type locality from which Cope and I
+secured our collections on that memorable expedition of 1876, when we
+found the first of the horned dinosaurs (except loose teeth). A “blow
+out,” as they call it in the west, had exposed along a narrow slope
+of sandstone, many bones and teeth of horned, plated, duck-billed,
+carniverous dinosaurs, with the teeth of _Myledaphus_, and many broken
+turtle shells, as well as bones of _Champsosaurus_, scales of ganoid
+fishes. Exactly like the numberless bone-beds along Dead Dodge Canyon.
+What delighted me most of all was discovering the nearly complete
+pelvic girdle, including the footed ischia, proving that these bones
+belonged to a crested dinosaur like the one we found on Red Deer river
+and was called _Stephanosaurus_ by Lambe and _Corythosaurus_ by Brown.
+You will notice that we have two names usually for these Belly River
+species. I try to credit each student as best I may, leaving it with
+future scientists to decide which name should be retained in American
+Paleontology. The Edmonton bone-beds, are very different, resembling
+flotsam along the line of high tide, and are all deposited in brackish
+water. These beds like those in Dead Lodge Canyon, were laid down
+in fresh water. There were very few turtle shells in the Edmonton,
+here they strew every exposure. Everywhere in this region were two
+persistent layers of coal on top of the Judith river followed by the
+Bear Paw Shales. Above the upper vein of coal, is a layer of oyster
+shells from a few inches to four feet thick. In the Bear Paw shales
+south of camp a mile, Mr. Dowling with the aid of a sheep herder, found
+a new mosasaur, belonging evidently to the genus _Clidastes_, as the
+chevrons were anchylosed to the centra of the vertebrae, and the tail
+was expanded into a fin. The mandibles with teeth, some fifteen feet
+of the tail and many dorsal vertebrae were found. We also secured some
+very beautiful ammonites and baculites and bones of the plesiosaur
+_Cimoliasaurus_. But for the uplift, the stratigraphical record is
+quite simple, the puzzling strata tipped in all directions were easily
+identified under direction of the skilled observer Mr. Dowling. It
+would be impossible for any one on the ground to doubt the sequence of
+the rocks here, as laid down by Hatcher and Stanton.
+
+We followed the trail Professor Cope first made, when we drove down
+to Cow Island in 1876, camping at the same spring at Lone Tree for
+noon. The tree itself is now dead. We camped near our old one on the
+Missouri, forty miles below Dog Creek, though now we had a wagon road
+down through the badlands. On the road down along the badlands we never
+lost sight of the rocks and always found the Bear Paw shales on top of
+the Judith River beds, proving that I had been mistaken again, and the
+Cow Island beds were the same, as those on Dog creek, with no rocks
+between. The only difference I could see between them was the sculptury
+approached more closely at Cow Island, those of the beds in the Dead
+Lodge Canyon.
+
+Two things impressed me strongly, one was the fact of finding an
+ischium with a footed extremity, closely associated with teeth similar
+to those Dr. Hayden picked up in this region, and Leidy called
+_Trachodon mirabilis_. We found four trachodonts in the Dead Lodge
+Canyon the most common was the crested one with footed ischia. And
+not a one of them belonged to the genus _Trachodon_. Neither have
+any been described. There can be little doubt therefore that Leidy’s
+_Trachodon mirabilis_ belongs to a dinosaur with either a crested
+head or the high nosed _Gryposaurus_ of Lambe, or _Kritosaurus_ of
+Brown. Is _Trachodon_ a crested dinosaur? The evidence seems to point
+that way. Then what is _Trachodon annectens_ of Marsh and the family
+name? As Leidy used a tooth that may have belonged to three or four
+different genera, it seems the early names from such poor material,
+rests on shaky foundations. If the paleontologists begin to name only
+complete skeletons, or nearly complete ones there will be a shaking up
+of old names and many will go into the discard like so much of human
+knowledge. Marsh had but little better foundation for his _Ceratops_.
+A couple of horn-cores, that might have belonged to any one of half a
+dozen genera of horned dinosaurs.
+
+We spent two weeks of most delightful exploration in the Judith river
+country, and my mind was set at rest, in regard to the position the
+beds occupy in the building up of our continent.
+
+On our return, we thought at one time, we would not be able to recross
+the Missouri river, a flood had washed away the approaches to the ferry
+boat. However, as “necessity is the mother of invention,” we hauled
+our luggage on board by means of a row boat and dragged our wagon
+through the mud by man power, the ranchers helping us for the fun and
+excitement there was in it. Later, another man swam across with our
+team, and we were ready to go north to our old field in Dead Lodge
+Canyon, Alberta. This field we reached in safety.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36.--Putting irons on the _Centrosaurus_ Crest.
+Page 83.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37.--George at work on C. H. Sternberg’s
+_Centrosaurus_. Page 83.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+ANOTHER STRANGE HORNED DINOSAUR
+
+
+In September, 1913 at the camp from which I discovered the spiked
+Dinosaur, Mr. Lambe’s _Styracosaurus_, I found above our tent back in
+the badlands in a perpendicular escarpment, a fine skull of another
+strange horned dinosaur. Mr. Lamb called it _Centrosaurus_, while Brown
+still holds the name Cope gave a similar genus he collected in the
+Judith River Formation in 1876, namely, _Monoclonius_, of which genus
+I discovered two species that were new at that time. This specimen I
+discovered, was about two hundred feet above the river. The first work
+was to build a platform around it on which I could stand, so I could
+work around the specimen. Mr. Lambe, himself, found the type of this
+genus, which consisted of a neck frill about 1898. In this specimen
+of mine I found a large part of the skull. It was however, due to
+Charles M. Sternberg’s patient labor, that science is in debt for a
+perfect skull of this strange reptile. It was found the next year after
+I found mine, in the Dead Lodge Canyon near its lower extremity. You
+may think from my description of so many fine specimens that we had
+an easy job of it. When George found his plated dinosaur, he had
+thirty-five feet of solid sandstone to remove. He needed Charlie’s
+assistance very badly. But I was determined, if possible that he, and
+I too, each should find a specimen worth collecting. Our journey down
+to Dog Creek, Montana, had given George some three weeks the start of
+us in hunting, and he had been very successful. As every hunter likes
+to tell of his companions luck in the field, so also he likes to have
+trophies of his own. So we searched over miles and miles of badlands,
+week after week I was completely exhausted at night, after a day’s
+unsuccessful hunt. There is no work so trying, as that of clinging
+hour after hour to steep ascents, and searching every inch of exposed
+surface, in and out among the winding slopes. Often we would climb two
+hundred feet or more to the head of a coulee, to find after going a
+few rods, a land slide had taken down acres of shaken up strata. Then
+we would either climb to the summit, and go around, or go down to the
+bottom and climb up on the other side of the slide. In many places we
+were obliged to use our picks, as our chief dependence, in walking
+around some almost perpendicular escarpment, or to cut niches in which
+to secure a treacherous foothold in the steep slopes. I know that when
+I got to camp at night, and had set down to our camp table, to eat the
+fine supper, Mr. Johnson had prepared for us, appetising indeed, as
+he made bread and cakes and many other dishes not usually expected in
+camp where pancakes and baking powder biscuits are the rule generally;
+my feet would swell so badly I would often be obliged to crawl on my
+hands and knees to my tent and cot. There, stretched at full length,
+with lamp above me, I read until bed time, never thinking of getting on
+my feet until the next day, when I went through the same experience.
+Charlie, as I said was the lucky one, he found the most complete skull
+of this strange creature we have ever obtained. The Figure 26, shows it
+in its rocky sepulcher after it was uncovered ready for wrapping. In
+order to get to it we were obliged to leave our wagon on the prairie,
+and go down into a coulee some five hundred feet below; cross over, and
+on a road we made, haul our sled to it a hundred feet above the river.
+Although the skull is badly injured by pressure, it is so perfect that
+all the sutures between the bones can be detected, as in the case of
+the _Chasmosaurus_ skull, George discovered.
+
+I was able to completely restore my specimen from Charlie’s. So we have
+now mounted in the Hall of Vertebrates, two skulls. The picture No.
+27 shows some of the characters quite well. The nasal horn is curved
+forward, and there are two short horns over the eyes; while in my
+specimen, Figure 27, there are none.
+
+I would like to take you to my shop again; where George is at work.
+He is putting on the steel half ovals, that are to hold up the crest;
+he is using an electric drill as you notice, Figure 28, and boring
+holes through steel and skull so the bolts can be inserted to hold
+the crest securely to the skull. In the back ground is the inch tube
+that holds the ends of the half ovals, and is the standard that will
+support the skull, on the permanent base. It all looks very simple,
+but it represents a great deal of skilled labor. The strip of half
+oval steel that supports the crest, was heated hundreds of times
+and beaten to fit inequalities in the surface of the crest. It must
+fit exactly, so there is no spring in the steel, otherwise when the
+plaster jacket that covers the top of the skull is removed, the spring
+will break the bones. The jacket is made of separate sections fitted
+closely to the top of the skull. It serves two purposes, that of giving
+a firm, uniform base behind the bones, so they may be cleaned, and
+also to enable us to turn the skull over by looping a rope over it,
+fastening this to the triplex block that rides on a trolley moving on
+the eye-beams fastened to the ceiling. The skull (Fig. 28), is then
+gently lifted, turned over, and the upright set in the permanent base
+of polished mahogany. Then the jacket should lift off, as in the case
+in hand. After cleaning the upper surface, the skull is ready, as
+you see it, for permanent exhibition (Fig. 27), with the exception
+that the glass case so necessary to protect it from dust, and vandal
+fingers has not yet been put in place. It took all four of us, many
+months to complete this skull for exhibition. I worked on it nearly
+all one winter cleaning off the bog iron that covered it completely. If
+you will notice closely the rough skull, especially with a glass, you
+will see the bones were fractured in all directions. The first thing
+I had to do, was to fasten these fragments securely in their places,
+so I could remove the iron rust that clung firmly to them. After many
+experiments with shellac, I found a thin solution of ambroid was the
+most satisfactory. It would penetrate better than shellac, and when
+dry, was hard as the flinty rock itself. If any of the fragments broke
+loose under the tools I used, I must fill them again and again and wait
+twenty-four hours or more for the cement to set firmly. You will notice
+the lower jaw and crest seem rather smooth compared with the rest of
+the skull, and they are, because they are restored in plaster, from the
+complete skull Charlie found. The crest was chiefly prepared by Levi.
+This was done while it was still in the plaster jacket. It was first
+restored in moulding wax, copying exactly the perfect crest. I mean by
+that, the wax on the jacket was manipulated by my son until it was a
+facsimile of the original parts so as to be beyond criticism. Then a
+cast was made in plaster of the wax model, the wax taken away, and the
+place it occupied replaced with plaster colored as near the original
+color of the bone as possible, to prevent a discord, or lack of harmony
+in the completed skeleton. You see, then, we must be more than fossil
+hunters; and I must say though I have collected fossils nearly every
+year since 1867, and as my readers who have read my story know, have
+often suffered in the field, it all sinks into insignificance compared
+with the work of preparing the material for public exhibition. Take
+the skull I am describing from 9 in the morning, with an hour’s
+intermission at noon, until 5 p.m. I must have perfect control of
+myself, I must not make a mistake, or I may ruin the entire skull.
+That not only represents a great deal of expense, but is largely the
+result of a lifetime spent in a business to which I was born; without
+that experience and that of my sons, through most of their lives,
+in all likelihood, we could never have discovered or collected it.
+Then we do not work for today alone. As long as the Victoria Memorial
+Museum stands, this and the other Red Deer Dinosaurs we collected, and
+prepared, will be admired. It is because men will forget the worker in
+their admiration for these strange relics of a day some three million
+years ago, that I am going so exhaustively into detail, the life of
+a fossil hunter in field and shop, so that the observing public,
+when they go through one of our great museums may feel they are on
+holy ground. The creatures of the misty past are before them; God’s
+creatures, for if he cares for the raven, for the fall of a sparrow,
+he must have cared for the creatures of his hand, that existed so many
+ages before man appeared--these lords of creation, that domineer over
+God’s green earth.
+
+Look at the picture again, and you will notice two long spike-like
+projections over the openings in the crest. They are evidently not
+horn-cores, but bundles of ossified tendons, over which the muscles
+intertwined, that controlled the powerful lower jaw. The entire skull
+is over five feet long. Two horn-cores bend inward in the center of
+the crest behind, and the rounded sides are sculpted into bony knobs
+that in life were doubtless covered with horn. This creature must have
+been as large as the spiked dinosaur nearly--at least nine feet long to
+the drop of the tail, although I did not discover any skin impression
+similar to that in _Chasmosaurus_, the environment was the same boggy
+swamps and mossy meadows, his skin scales were colored to harmonize
+with his surroundings. He would not be noticed when asleep in some
+rushy embrassure, and when feeding, he was ever alert, ready to flee
+from his enemy _Gorgosaurus_, or if need be face him and fight it out,
+as we saw the spiked dinosaur along the margins of the cretaceous lake.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+IN THE MILK RIVER COUNTRY
+
+
+Charles M. Sternberg went ahead of my expedition to Milk River Station
+in southern Alberta, exploring on horseback a great stretch of country
+along the Milk River divide, and east seventy miles, or more, where
+the great gorge of Milk River cuts a gash five hundred feet into the
+Belly River Series. Levi and his assistant Gustav Lindblad, also went
+ahead, and secured our team and outfit from near Drumheller, Alberta,
+and made the long journey by wagon, so when I reached Milk River
+Station, I found both boys waiting for me. From Charlie’s report I
+became convinced that we had come into barren ground. I also found
+that the so-called Belly River Series of Dawson, who likened it to “an
+island in sea of drift” was not on Canadian soil, but in the Black Foot
+Agency Reserve in Montana, where Mr. Gilmore, of the National Museum
+had discovered new trachodonts, and horned dinosaurs. As I had no
+authority to visit and collect in this rich field I was obliged to give
+it up. I was so near, and yet owing to red tape, so far, from a field
+I had come to explore; expecting to find it on as Mr. Dawson believed,
+Canadian soil. I have since learned from Mr. Brown, the Associate
+Curator of Reptiles in the American Museum, and the man I consider the
+greatest collector of extinct reptiles, that these exposures belong
+to the Edmonton Series of which we have such splendid exposures on
+the Red Deer River, in Alberta. This fact has greatly lessened the
+disappointment. However, as misfortune never comes alone, a thorough
+exploration of the exposures of Milk River, Alberta, revealed the fact
+that they too, were quite barren of vertebrae fossils. On the afternoon
+of the eighth of June, 1915, with all my party together, we drove down
+to Verdegris coulee, twelve miles east of Milk River Station. It is
+a comparatively wide valley, rather barren of vegetation. There is a
+large lake named in honor of the Deputy Minister of the Department of
+Mines, Mr. R. G. McConnell, a short distance above camp, on the coulee.
+There are rather extensive exposures, along the slopes that lead up
+from the valley to the prairie a hundred feet above. The lower reaches
+are purple, yellowish, and reddish clays, and sand into which one sinks
+while walking. Above is yellowish sandstone that stands out in bold
+escarpments in places, it is washed into steep slopes. In this coulee
+I found some fine leaf impressions--Platanus, Poplar, and a splendid
+palm, shaped like a date palm. The fine palmetto palms, I found above
+the Lance Beds in Wyoming, were fan-shaped. These, however, have long,
+lance-shaped leaflets from a common central stem. I described it to
+Dr. F. H. Knowlton, of the U. S. Geological Survey last winter, and he
+has never seen anything like it. It is evidently new to science. From
+a letter received lately I have learned our suppositions were correct.
+This is the first Palm of this kind seen by men of science from the
+Cretaceous Age.
+
+At the mouth of Verdegris Coulee, Charlie photographed some remarkable
+fine rock forms carved out by nature. The photograph showing the
+urn-shaped mass, was formed by a sand blast operated by the winds, that
+whirled around the mass that had been separated from the main rock in
+the recession of cliffs. The top layer being harder than the rest, it
+was corroded more slowly than the lower and softer layers, producing
+the wonderful urn. The sand and wind polishing and planing away the
+rock, as effectually as if had been a broom stick under the action of a
+lath. I think this one of the most beautiful designs of nature I have
+ever seen. The second picture Charlie thinks resembles an “Egyptian
+Sphinx.”
+
+On the 12th of June we reached our camp in the valley of Milk River.
+In the very center of the exposures, some three miles above where it
+crosses the International Line, and flows towards the Upper Missouri,
+in Montana. On the 15th my notes record that I had gone over the
+entire series of rocks from top to bottom, finding only a few isolated
+crumbling bones of dinosaurs, of the Belly River Age. The first two
+hundred feet (speaking approximately, as I had no instruments of
+precision), of the exposures are chiefly clay, with oyster shells
+scattered through them; also on top, quite a layer of oyster shells in
+a yellowish sandstone, filled with iron. Just above are two persistent
+layers of coal, or very black bituminous shales. One vein, I concluded,
+must have been between two and three feet thick. There are places where
+this vein has been worked by farmers, evidently, from the prairie
+above. As the coal is seventy miles from the railway at Medicine Hat,
+it is not likely anyone will be found to work it extensively. Above
+the coal are heavy strata of yellowish or grey clays, with intervening
+beds of greyish and yellowish sands. On the summit of the badlands are
+huge concretions, weighing many tons, each lying in yellow sand. In
+this sand, too, I found the best prospect for fossil bones I have seen
+in the region. I found a perfect femur of a trachodont running under
+one of these heavy concretions. Owing to the fact that where there
+were no concretions, the sand disintegrates so easily, grass and other
+plants always take possession and cover the sand. So if there are any
+skeletons here on Milk River they are covered up.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38.--_Centrosaurus_ discovered by Charles H.
+Sternberg. Page 123.]
+
+Above the coal veins for about three hundred feet there are beds
+composed largely of mussels and univalves, showing that great piles of
+them were heaped in drifts along the ancient shore.
+
+We could have secured tons of these shells, that to all appearances
+might have died yesterday. Many had the original shell with its
+pearly lustrous layer attached to the inner cast of mud that filled
+the shells. Usually, however, when a shell was disturbed it fell
+off and left the cast in my hands. I learned many things about this
+great exposure. All the various rocks show they have been laid down
+under water. I can imagine a great flood plain along the cretaceous
+ocean at first, just below the surface of the water, that must have
+been brackish at first for so many oyster shells to accumulate.
+There were no great reed and rush covered plains where the horned
+dinosaurs could feed; no bayous or lakes bordered with dense jungles of
+vegetation, where countless swimming duck-bills enjoyed the luxurious
+feeding places, but a shallow waste of waters, where oysters secured
+a precarious foothold. Then the scene changed. The land was raised
+sufficiently so a rank vegetation of sponge-moss and other forms
+covered all the rising land until a vast bed of vegetable matter had
+accumulated, when it went below the sea and was covered with ocean mud
+and eventually compressed into coal. Then again the land was lifted
+above high tide, fresh water for many years spread out in shallow
+sheets over the region in which there was sufficient moss and other
+vegetation to provide food for the univalves or gastropods, and a
+multitude of mussels plowed through the muddy sand.
+
+We had so much rain that we were not only delayed, but feared we would
+never be able to pull our load of baggage out on the prairie. The
+road we used to get into the valley, made by farmers, was impassible
+when wet. I became very much discouraged, as there is no harder work
+for a fossil hunter than to walk day after day over barren ground.
+Professor Cope once sent me in on a hypothetical fossil hunt. He had
+decided in his own mind in Philadelphia, that above the Permian beds of
+Texas there was a new horizon that would yield new extinct animals, he
+wanted to be the fortunate discoverer of the new fauna. I had, however,
+explored this region years before, for the Museum of Comparative
+Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and I knew it was barren. Owing,
+however, to his insistence, I yielded my judgment to his, to my cost,
+and spent a month of useless effort, heart breaking indeed. That
+was the last time he ever attempted to give me instructions from
+Philadelphia when I was in the field.
+
+On the 25th of June, after exploring the Milk river country, and
+finding it barren, we camped on our way back to the rich Red Deer
+River beds at a point fifteen miles south of Medicine Hat. We had
+just pitched out tent when a violent wind storm as bad as the winds
+of Kansas, struck us, accompanied with rain. We escaped serious
+trouble, but a little town west of Medicine Hat was badly wrecked,
+where the wind developed into a genuine cyclone that tore down houses
+and scattered chimneys and loose boards over the prairie. Thanking God
+for our escape we passed north next day. At Medicine Hat I went ahead
+by train and left the boys to follow with the wagon. From Brooks I
+went over to Steveville. On reaching the river, however, I found it
+was at full flood and covered with driftwood, logs and hewn timber.
+The ferryman, Mr. Shaw, came over for me in a row boat, and I had so
+much confidence in him as a river man that I trusted myself to his
+keeping. His skill with the oar brought me safely over the raging Red
+Deer River. He avoided all the logs and other driftwood, and landed
+me in safely on the northern shore. Even then I found the river had
+backed water up the creek between the ferry and Steveville, and I had
+to walk a long ways to get above the backwater. After quite a journey
+I reached the hospitable hotel of Steve Hall. It was a full week before
+the boys reached me and we got once more into camp. They were delayed
+by the high water.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39.--Limb of _Gorgosaurus_ Mounted by Charles M.
+Sternberg, Page 58.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THERE WERE GIANTS IN THOSE DAYS
+
+
+For days I had been exploring the brakes of the Red Deer river in
+Alberta, Canada, for the wonderful extinct dinosaurs of the Cretaceous
+Period. They had only been known since 1876, when the late Professor
+E. D. Cope made his famous expedition to the Bad-Lands of the Upper
+Missouri, in the beds of the Judith River of Montana.
+
+I was exploring the valley of the Red Deer River at Drumheller. A great
+chasm in fact, cut by the river and its tributaries four hundred feet
+deep into the Edmonton Series of the Upper Cretaceous, out of the very
+heart of the prairie. Across from plain to plain the distance averages
+about two miles. Tributary creeks and coulees have carved trenches
+further back into the plain; while in the main valley, especially
+near the brink of the prairie, are long ridges, table lands, buttes
+and knolls, pinnacles and towers, whose bases often impinged on the
+ox-bows of the river itself; down whose rugged sides a stone rolling
+would bring up in a sudden halt, in the waters four hundred feet below.
+All this region, except of course the river channel and flood plain,
+was transformed by nature’s sculptury into fantastic badland scenery,
+the rocks carved into the most intricate patterns, entirely devoid of
+vegetation, except, perhaps, along the northern slope of some rounded
+bluff, where sponge-moss had secured a precarious foothold; while
+running through it were trailing junipers, and spruces, with flowers of
+many a hue (to delight the eye) after searching the steep and barren
+slopes for hours. These slopes were covered with cherty fragments
+that rolled under the feet, threatening to hurl the adventurous
+Fossil Hunter into the gorge below. I had found great quantities of
+the bones of the huge dinosaurs, or “terrible lizards.” Among them
+the trachodonts or duck-billed dinosaurs, were the most common. Great
+swimming lizards they were, spanning thirty feet or more in length. My
+party had already two skeletons. One of them thirty-two feet long, we
+mounted afterwards in the Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa, Ontario.
+We found quarry after quarry where the bones had been piled up as
+flotsam by some ancient tide, that for ages had ceased to beat on this
+land. Today the nearest ocean is 700 miles away, and the strata have
+attained an altitude of twenty-five hundred feet above sea-level. The
+day had been hot and sultry; as I came upon a coal miners tunnel (there
+are unlimited beds of coal in these breaks), I found relief by going
+in some distance. The floor was deeply covered with fine dust, making
+a restful place; and it is little wonder I fell asleep; I never knew
+how long I slept, but when I awoke, I was overpowered with surprise, I
+could not tell whether I had awakened in eternity, or Time had turned
+back his dial, and carried me back to the old Cretaceous Ocean. At
+all events however, I found myself lying under a great redwood tree.
+Stretching before me to the south as far as the eyes could reach, a
+mighty ocean lay as level as a thrashers floor to the distant horizon,
+while to the north an interminable forest on the lowlands, interspersed
+with countless lagoons and bayous, the oozy margins thickly planted
+with rush and horse-tail, and tall swamp grass, while vast quantities
+of moss clogged the shore. East and west, the shore line was undulated
+by indentations, cut by river or bayou mouth, promontory cape and
+bay. The heat was excessive, and it was a relief to find shelter
+under one of these gigantic evergreens whose branches waved above the
+everglades; deep rooted in the soil, it had already endured the blasts
+of a thousand years. Perhaps this mighty giant had witnessed many a
+tidal wave leap the borders of old ocean, and plunge with resistless
+fury over the lowlands, uprooting trees of weaker fiber, sweeping a
+waste of peat and wood out to sea, to be returned in mingled masses
+of vegetation to clog the shore. Its last year’s cones and leaflets
+lay on the ground around me, and put me in mind of the locality I had
+discovered but yesterday, where hundreds of cones and leaflets of the
+giant sequoia or redwood lay deeply buried in the flinty rocks of the
+badlands of the Red Deer river.
+
+Like all noble scenes of nature the mind cannot at once grasp them
+fully, if it ever does.
+
+The south wind had sprung up, the tide was rising, the waves were
+curling as they rolled on the beach: higher and higher they came capped
+with white foam. As far as the eyes could reach, long lines of breakers
+heaped tons of water on the shore, lashed by the frowning tempest.
+The sublimity of the scene was heightened by the colors in the west,
+that flecked the horizon with bars of gold and crimson; while the
+sun, a globe of fire, sank to rest in old ocean. I was lying beneath
+the tree breathing the salted air, partly in a trance. Is this real?
+I asked myself. Is the wind really sighing among the branches of the
+trees, that sheltered me? sounding like music of an aeolian harp,
+the tracery of interwoven leaflets acting as if they were stretched
+invisible wires? Is this a dream or reality? How often in other days
+while searching the semi-arid fossil beds of the west, in my day dreams
+have I put life in the old dry bones; how often some stately dinosaur
+has passed before my mental vision. The forests, the rivers, the lakes
+and oceans of other days, have appeared as if they actually existed. Is
+it incredible then, that I should be transported across three million
+years, the distance between the living and the dead? “How fleet is a
+glance of the mind; compared to the speed of its flight, the lightning
+itself lags behind, and the swift winged arrows of light.” Yes! modern
+science claims that three million years have sped away since the end
+of the Age of Reptiles, since the Dinosaurs perished from the earth.
+Yet I was here. I could not doubt my own senses. I saw in the east
+the Queen of Night rise slowly from the bosom of old ocean, while to
+the west the last streak of departing day, glimmered once more and
+disappeared. Overhead the constellations of the temperate zone shone
+in undimmed splendor, as they did last night above the Albertian
+plains. Yes! there to the north was the Great Dipper; its pointers
+as of yore, still led my eyes to the North Star. Venus too, shone as
+the “Star of the evening, beautiful star.” Who knows but some tiger
+of the everglades, some huge Carniverous Dinosaur, may be prowling
+about for prey. A Fossil Hunter might prove a rare tidbit to him. It
+were better in my unprotected condition to seek a place of safety. I
+noticed that some of the bushes that lined the thick jungles around me
+had long powerful thorns, while running vines, had fibers as tough as
+hemp. I had my collection bag still with me, with its chisels, knives
+and small hand pick. So quickly cutting some long thorns and binding
+them to my shoes with the vines, I sought a small tree, the crown of
+which was hidden among the lower branches of the redwood. I climbed
+by forcing the thorns into the bark of the tree, around which my
+arms were clasped, and I ascended with the same ease that a linesman
+climbs a telegraph pole, driving the sharp steel spikes fastened to
+his boots into the wood. When I got among the lower branches of the
+huge tree one hundred feet above ground, I crawled down to its juncture
+with the trunk where I found an airy chamber, its floor covered with
+dried leaves. Stretching myself at full length upon this fragrant
+bed, I offered up my evening prayers to my Father in heaven, knowing
+that I was being guided by His hand. Ah! had he not led me through
+the wilderness for forty years in His cemeteries of Creation, among
+the countless creatures of His hand. My mind took me back to the many
+forms, I had recovered, and saved from the destroying agencies of time
+and the vandal hand of man. I remembered I had eighty-five distinct
+species of extinct life in Munich Bavaria where the late distinguished
+Paleontologist Dr. von Zittel had once written me that I “had erected
+in Munich an immemorial monument to my name.” I thought of the hundreds
+of species I had discovered that now helped form the great Cope
+Collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, that
+great storehouse of American fossil vertebrates. I thought too of my
+collection in the British Museum, and in the Museums of Berlin and
+Paris. Surely they prove that God has cared for me while I was “about
+my Father’s business.” I need not worry I thought, because forsooth
+He had carried me back to the close of the Cretaceous, that wonderful
+Age of Reptiles when land and air and sea were filled with, to us,
+strange forms of life; when great lizards shook the earth with their
+majestic tread, sea serpents and great bony fishes ruled the sea, while
+huge flying reptiles flapped their leathery wings over the deep. When
+I thought of all the creatures I had hunted for forty years, and dug
+their mouldering skeletons from an old ocean bed a thousand miles from
+the existing seas, from some great lake bottom, or the flood plain of
+an ancient river. I asked myself: Will He who brought me here leave me
+to suffer and to die? How often he had rescued me from sudden death.
+Shall I fear to lay me down to sleep alone with Him in this land never
+seen before by mortal eyes. Oh no! So peacefully I laid me down to rest
+humming Scott’s famous lines:
+
+    “The heath this night shall be my bed,
+    A bracken curtain for my head.
+    My lullaby the warders tread,
+        Far, far from love and thee, Mary.”
+
+And so I fell asleep. No rude sounds disturbed; when the morning sun
+streamed in my eyes I awoke refreshed for the thrilling adventures of
+the day. It was spring, every living thing throbbed with life, the sap
+was surging through the trees arrayed in their brightest tints, the
+ground below was carpeted with flowers in endless variety and hue:
+there a clump of evergreens, and here one of poplars, while in the
+distance figs, magnolias and a wealth of other trees added beauty and
+variety to the redwood forest.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40.--Quarry of George’s Plated Dinosaur. Page 88,
+96 to 99.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41.--Packing up at Loveland Ferry, 1915. Page 140.]
+
+Inshore the fertile zone between low and high tide swarmed with
+oysters, clams and mussels. They covered every available inch of space
+in the caves and crannies carved out of the ledge of sandstone along
+the beach by the ceaseless ebb and flow of the sea, or when the waves
+were driven by the tempest’s lash. As I had gone without supper the
+night before, I felt very hungry. Rapidly descending my tree I ran
+to the beach and gathered handfuls of the luscious shells, dripping
+with salt water. With steel digger used in collecting fossils I opened
+enough to appease a ravenous appetite.
+
+The jungles behind seemed impenetrable, so I walked to the edge of the
+bayou, which emptied into the sea nearby. It was thickly planted with
+moss and rushes: but for the fact that there were logs everywhere,
+lying at all angles in the morass I could not have gotten to the
+water. By teetering across the yielding moss, and resting on the half
+submerged logs, I reached the sullen stream. I soon concluded that I
+must construct a boat, in order to explore the wonderful everglades.
+From the log I had a fine view of the bayou that wound its way through
+moss and swamp grass several feet high. The bayou expanded into lakes
+of considerable size, bordered everywhere with the redwood forest, and
+other trees on the rising land. With thick underbrush and high grass
+beneath, I noticed the water was full of gar-pike and turtles, the
+latter having beautifully sculptured shells, some of them a couple of
+feet in diameter. Among them I noticed the beautiful Trionyx, the shell
+marked with lovely designs. I remembered how, when on Professor Cope’s
+Expedition to Montana in 1876, I was carried away with delight when I
+gathered from a sandstone bluff fragments of these shells belonging to
+the Judith River Beds of the Upper Missouri. But here were the living,
+breathing animals themselves; so oblivious of my presence that they
+crowded on the very log on which I was standing. Man’s cruelty to
+animals had not caused them to fear the human eye; an abundant food
+supply prevented viciousness. When I attempted to catch one, however,
+they all glided gracefully off into the water. Whole schools of gars
+and other fishes darted here and there in full view.
+
+Turning back to the oyster bed, and searching along shore for a
+suitable piece of drift wood with which to make a boat, in the flotsam
+that lined the shore, I also found mingled with the driftwood and
+shells, moss and sea-weed, countless bones of dinosaurs, not brittle
+and filled with rocky material, as were those I found on Red Deer river
+yesterday, but bones with flesh and sinew still adhering to them,
+carried out as toll to the sea, from bayou or river. But the ocean
+soon tired of them and after playing with them until the time of high
+tide, returned them to the land with her own shells, seaweeds, and dead
+fishes, to fester in the sun.
+
+These bones showed me they had lived but a few days before, and
+were perhaps the remains of the feast of some titanic carnivore. I
+determined to go on a hunt for them. Here were limbs of duck-bills
+ten feet in length, together with the strong ligaments that bound the
+bones together in life. Here, too, the mighty Triceratops has left a
+monstrous head, seven feet in length, to mingle with the drift.
+
+The Carnivores were represented by powerful feet with three great
+claws, and a spur like a rooster. The feet along measured over three
+feet long, the horny claws measured ten inches. Crocodilian bones and
+those of small reptiles and fishes lay around.
+
+But as I was determined to find a log of the right size to hew into a
+boat, I wandered on, searching the drift pile with eager eyes. I could
+not be idle, and was determined to take advantage of the opportunity
+offered me, to study these wonderful creatures of a far-away day. I
+wondered whether they would in life prove what the students of their
+remains in the Twentieth Century supposed. I longed to know.
+
+At last, after much effort, I found a redwood trunk over twenty feet
+long with a large enough diameter to make a comfortable dug-out.
+Luckily it was just above high tide, near the mouth of a bayou. With my
+hand pick I cut off the bark and fashioned bow and stern. Fortunately
+I had some matches in my vest pocket, I built a fire against the
+huge hollow trunk of a redwood, and was careful not to let it go out
+entirely.
+
+Along the shore, washed up by the tide from the sandstone ledge, were
+numerous iron concretions, usually round and flattened on two sides.
+These proved invaluable. They would get red-hot in my fire, and I
+used them for burning out the boat. A flake of flinty rock served as
+a shovel when fastened into a split stick, and two tied together at
+the ends made a serviceable pair of tongs. With these simple tools, my
+work proceeded famously. Paddles and scull, too, I made from strips
+of strong and pliable young poplars. With my fire kept burning, I had
+no trouble about food. I had always been a meat lover, and in camp a
+breakfast without bacon was a failure. So instead, I made turtle soup,
+or broiled fishes on the coals, or on sharp sticks before the fire. I
+found nuts, too, and fruit, especially figs, the old ripe fruit hanging
+among the flowers and green figs. From tough bark I made sails and put
+sheets over all, to keep out the damp. With ropes of the aralia vine,
+I fastened my dug-out to a tree. One stormy night a very high tide
+floated her, and the next morning I was ready for my expedition. So,
+all aboard, I committed myself to Him who hears “the ravens’ clamorous
+cry,” and drifted with the tide up the center of the bayou. With scull
+in hand, I guided my boat and with my eyes drank in the beauty of the
+scene. It was a lovely morning cool and refreshing, the air laden
+with the spicy fragrance of evergreens that lined the elevated bench
+inshore. The delicious aroma of spring flowers delighted the senses,
+while acres of water lilies with kidney shaped leaves and white and
+yellow flowers rested in graceful attitudes upon the water. Along the
+shore line were dense masses of moss; while serried ranks of rushes and
+long grass cast waving shadows athwart the sluggish stream. Behind on
+the solid earth the stately redwood, poplars, magnolia, figs and many
+other trees, cast their shadows across the bayou. These splendid forms
+
+  Of God’s first temple reared,
+    Whose lofty trunks, like soldiers file
+  As if their God they feared.
+
+There they stand in solemn grandeur. Near the shore was a thick growth
+of underwood, while inland clear spaces were visible owing to the fact
+that the close crowned heads of the forest prevented the rays of the
+sun from passing through them to the ground below, and nothing but
+the humble moss and other lowly vegetation could secure a foothold.
+I noticed suddenly a disturbance up stream, and suspecting that a
+dweller of this solitude was approaching a specially seductive patch
+of rushes and horse-tails across the stream, I backwatered my boat
+into the fringe of vegetation near the eastern shore, until it was
+completely hidden in an ambuscade of verdure. I anchored by means of
+a large concretion attached to a rope, of the running vine already
+mentioned. Carefully crawling to the front of the boat where I had made
+a small deck, I stretched at full length, and parting the rushes had
+an uninterrupted view of the bayou. Soon, I saw the white foam ripple
+off the huge back and tail of a swimming reptile. A duck-bill if you
+please, that was rapidly approaching. The huge elongated head and
+short front webbed feet, the great body, and enormous swimming tail,
+the last as long as the entire body, made up a total length of about
+thirty-five feet. The tail was nearly three feet high, where it left
+the body, terminating in a small point over sixteen feet away. It was
+the main propeller that hurried him on his way to his pasture ground,
+in graceful and powerful undulations, aided by his paddle-like front
+limbs, feet and great hind limbs ten feet long. The water gurgled, and
+foamed, little patches of foam, were caught up by the passing breeze
+and carried to leeward. Soon he passed at full speed within ten feet
+of my shelter, and brought up a hundred feet away under the western
+shore. There he planted his hind feet firmly in the muddy bottom, ten
+feet below. The water continued its sullen flow, murmuring against the
+pillar-like limbs. The webbed front limbs, he used as arms to bring the
+rich foliage within reach of his duck-bill to be nipped off, and passed
+between the scissor-like teeth that sheared the food into shreds, to
+pass into a cavernous stomach below, and so appease a ravenous appetite.
+
+I had a fine view of the beautiful creature. Back of the head a
+frill several inches high reached to the shoulders. The whole body
+was covered with the most beautiful patterns of scales, or rounded
+tubercles, arranged in mosaic-work of very pretty rosettes, of scales
+perhaps an eighth of an inch in diameter with small tubercles between.
+The morning sun reflected in the water every scale and contour of the
+body, limbs and out stretched tail. And so this creature of other days
+was before me in flesh and blood and power. Over some parts of the body
+there were areas of large pavement scales. They were entirely distinct,
+and did not overlap.
+
+  And his body broad expended
+  With thin skin is covered o’er,
+  Scaled in beauteous patterns blended
+  With the foliage near the shore.
+
+The bright rosettes were more highly colored than the smaller dots. As
+the thin skin hung loosely on the frame below, it moved in graceful
+curves rounded muscles, massive hind limb, and great tail. The hind
+limbs terminated in three large hoofs on each foot; that spread well
+over half a square yard of the muddy bottom. The tail was adorned with
+large colored scales. He is now in his natural habitat, the Everglades
+along the old Cretaceous Ocean. The land was beginning slowly to rise
+from the domain of Neptune, who had held sway for ages, but even now,
+it was but slightly above sea-level, while meandering bayou, river
+or lake were interspersed between the lowlands. There were great
+accumulations of peat, and other rank vegetation covering great areas
+of swamp-land, to the depth of thirty feet or more. Often no doubt, a
+great tidal wave will flood the rising land, covering the vegetation
+with ocean mud, which in due time, in the ages to come, will form under
+pressure the coal fields of Alberta Province. We have already noted her
+wealth of coal.
+
+Our trachodon has finished breakfast, and though at the time of writing
+these lines no one had suggested a name for him, the great question
+with me was how continue the study of this beautiful lizard, learn more
+of his life history and of the other creatures of his day. I concluded
+the rich everglades would abound in many of his kind, and a rich fauna
+too, including many other forms. As he continued to feed I continued
+to think. I was not surprised to see him alone, because reptiles as
+a rule care little for their fellows. They do not mass together in
+herds like mammals. Each one seems to live for himself, the stronger
+ones winning in the battle of life. They seem to have none of the
+almost human sensibilities of mammals, show little love if any for the
+offspring. As soon as the young are large enough for food, in the case
+of flesh eaters, their hungry parents may gobble them up, and they are
+no safer from them, than any others of the hungry tribe. The only way
+to escape is to keep out of the way. Of course our trachodont is, as
+we have already seen, herbivorous in habit; and is not likely to do
+battle, except in self defense, from jealousy, or over the food supply.
+Neither would he lead others to the feast, each one must look out for
+himself.
+
+I was not surprised that this fellow was a swimmer. In 1908 my oldest
+son George, found a skeleton of a trachodon in the famous Beds of
+Converse County, Wyoming, complete except that the tail and hind feet
+were missing. He lay on an old drift on his back, wrapped in his skin,
+as in a mantle, or rather the impression of his skin, for the original
+substance had long ago disappeared. His head lay twisted under his
+left shoulder. The skin in the abdominal region had collapsed, and
+lay across the inside of the vertebral column, all going to prove he
+had died in the water, that he was filled by the expanding gases
+after death, that his body was lifted to the surface and floated with
+the current, thus forcing the head back under the shoulders. When
+the gas escaped, the abdominal walls fell in; the water rushed in to
+fill the cavity, the body became heavier than water, and sank to the
+bottom. There the fine sand drifted over it, and forced the yielding
+skin deeper into the body cavity. The decay of the contents of the
+viscera and the flesh occurring more rapidly than the skin, the latter
+was forced closer and closer to the bones until the specimen, as now
+mounted in the American Museum New York, shows a resemblance to a
+mummy. So Dr. Osborn in describing it suggested the name “Dinosaur
+Mummy.” Before this discovery, it was supposed that the reptile was a
+land animal, that he used his powerful hind limbs in connection with
+the tail, to form a tripod on which his powerful weight rested, while
+he fed off the tender foliage of tree. It was also believed that he was
+plated with dermal, or skin scutes, to protect him from his carniverous
+enemies. However as the “mummy” proves, and as the living creature
+proved, his skin was thin, with no dermal plates. His front feet were
+webbed, and his habitat the bayous and swamps along the sea-plain.
+I was glad, as my saurian was through breakfast to see him lift his
+body, head and front limbs up, and look towards shore, and beyond a
+few rods away, to a sheet of water that appealed to him. So wading
+through the morass and putting his small front feet down on the muddy
+slope left by the retreating tide, the narrow strip between its ebb
+and flow, he drew himself out of the water, and lifting his body but a
+few feet above the mud, he dragged his huge tail through it, leaving a
+well marked trail behind. His pose to me was very interesting, as I had
+come to the conclusion from my study of the “mummy,” that this was his
+natural gait, though most American Paleontologists believe, that their
+usual pose was standing erect on the hind limbs, the front legs used
+chiefly for balancing. As he reached the fringe of bushes he pushed his
+duck-bill through them, nosing around as if to scent some enemy. Then
+as the coast seemed clear, he hurries across the narrow strip, beneath
+the silent evergreens.
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42.--Badlands of Red Deer River, 2 miles below
+Steveville. Page 67.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 43.--Badlands near Steveville. Photograph by Levi
+Sternberg. Page 61.]
+
+  The cooling touch of morning breeze,
+  Waft incense from a censor hidden,
+  The gentle sighing of the trees
+  Add music to the scene unbidden.
+  As he hies him away “to fresh scenes and pastures green.”
+  But hark a noise that thrills me, what can it mean?
+  I hear the crush of mighty frame.
+  The Tiger of the Everglades:
+  As onward through the brush he came,
+  And through the swamp and moss he wades,
+  He leaves a great trail in his wake
+  As rushing forward toward his prey:
+  His mighty limbs with ease can break:
+  And open wide a passage way.
+  His limbs are armed with claws so great,
+  His jaws are filled with horrid teeth:
+  Alas! I fear our saurian’s fate,
+  He’s simply dallying with death.
+  Our herbivore is armed for flight:
+  With paddles strong and swimming tail,
+  He is not built indeed for fight,
+  To ’scape by flood he should not fail.
+  For, though the reptiles weigh the same,
+  And each span forty feet in length.
+  I fear the swimmer’ll lose the game,
+  The carnivore excels in strength.
+  Let him escape beyond his foe,
+  Who dare not venture in the flood.
+  Toward the deep waters he should go,
+  Nor drench his pasture with his blood.
+
+Too bad! rush as he may, he cannot escape this fierce Tiger of the
+Everglades. So occupied are the great dinosaurs, they do not heed my
+approach. Lifting anchor I pulled across the stream into the channel
+made by the trachodon on his way towards shore. The noble lizard seeing
+that he could not escape his foe, bravely faces him. As if to hurry
+the end, he exposes the most vulnerable part of his body, by rising
+on his hind limbs. The enemy hurls himself at full length upon his
+defenseless victim; with great claws of hardened horn, full ten inches
+long, he rips his body down and red blood floods the mossy way. As
+he falls to earth and death, this tyrant, of those early days, tears
+open his body, and feeds on the quivering flesh and running blood in
+the very shelter of the redwood forest. The awful terror of the scene
+kept me well out of reach in the water. I was overcome with the shock,
+coming so swiftly in the peaceful woods. The sun was not darkened, the
+perfume of flowers filled the air, the gentle breeze sighed in the
+branches overhead, showing that nature knows no pity, no mercy. That
+death is inevitable, and still nature’s beauty, her changing seasons
+go on for time. Even though the victim was a cold blooded reptile I
+had become deeply interested in it. I remembered however, that the
+carnivore must prey on the herbivore; that the latter increase so
+rapidly, the death of one of their number would leave scarcely a ripple
+on the reptilian life of the everglades. I had time of course to study
+the conqueror carefully, I saw he did not differ greatly from the
+one Professor Osborn described as Tyrannosaurus rex, the king of the
+tyrants; from a partial skeleton and magnificent head, discovered by
+Barnum Brown in the Hell Creek Beds of northern Montana. His huge head
+is four feet long, three feet wide and two feet high. The jaws armed
+with teeth six inches long, with serrated edges on the double cutting
+surfaces. A great sinewy body, very short front limbs, powerful hind
+ones, and long tail, with sled-like chevron bones, and extending
+processes interlocking the caudal vertebrae, not allowing them to move
+freely on themselves, as in the snakes and lizards of today. The tail
+was stiffened and was dragged along on the ground. The body was 40 feet
+long and the head reached nineteen feet above the ground. As I saw, a
+blow from his terrible claw-armed hind limb, tore open the trachodon,
+nearly his equal in bulk. After gormandising to his heart’s content,
+he drifted off into the forest, and I saw him no more. I then paddled
+in short and tying my boat to a sapling, went up to the carcass and
+secured great strips of the tough skin so beautifully adorned with
+shining and beautifully colored scales, polygonal or rounded, some
+so small that they appeared as mere dots, as already observed. I was
+delighted to see near by a pool of alkali water, in this I doused the
+skin and it then only took a short time to break up the glue. I found
+a poplar log about eight inches in diameter and after sharpening one
+end, I drove it into the ground over a dead log that was lying on the
+ground. After peeling off the bark from the ends I had a handy device,
+so stretching the skin over it, scaly side down, and using the edge of
+a chisel for a scraper, I rapidly prepared the skin for use, cleaning
+off the flesh and broken down glue. By the time it was dry I had
+tanned it, and it was as pliable as newly tanned leather. I continued
+my labor until I had prepared a great roll. Not of buck-skin, but
+trachodon skin. I saw in prospect sails, ropes paulins for my boat and
+myself, as a protection against the rains and for many other things.
+Where the skin had been torn from the dorsal spines, I saw bundles of
+ossified tendons, like those of a turkey’s leg. They lay across each
+other diagonally to the spines, while other rows were parallel. What
+were they for? I supposed to stiffen, and strengthen the dorsal column.
+Perhaps too, if our trachodon had not been so foolish as to face his
+enemy, and had continued the retreat, and the tiger had leaped on his
+back, his claws finding no foothold on account of these same bony
+tendons, he might have lost his footing. They extended some distance
+into the tail, making the forward part like an oar. The undulations we
+saw, were performed by the posterior part of the tail while in the act
+of swimming.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+WHAT THE CRETACEOUS SEAS BROUGHT FORTH
+
+
+One has some strange day dreams often, at least I have. My only
+daughter died some years ago; though in imagination she is often with
+me, I thought once I had gone to sleep. When I woke next morning I
+realized that time had turned backward. I found myself beside the
+boundless sea, and it was not the sea I had looked on but yesterday,
+I was sitting under a limestone escarpment, with a beach before me of
+fine sand. The waves rolling outside of a bar that had been deposited
+by a river, whose mouth I could see on the eastern side of the steep
+bluff under which I sat. “Thank God,” I cried, “You have taken me back
+to the old Cretaceous Ocean.” I had explored her elevated and denuded
+bed for twenty seasons in the Short Grass country of Western Kansas;
+collecting her rich fauna of reptiles and fishes. To know that I was to
+be permitted to actually see the animals themselves, in their natural
+environments. To explore her shore lines. Her sheltered bays. To see
+her fleets of plesiosaurs come sailing in after an ocean cruise; her
+great mosasaurs, and bony fishes. How glorious, but where is Maud.
+The thought came to me like a flash. Life had seemed so much more
+enjoyable with her beside me. With her appreciative ear, to listen for
+what my mind conceived, and my lips uttered, she never contradicted
+me when I uttered an opinion. No! she realized that I, with my vast
+store of experience might well be her teacher, and she enjoyed the
+story of my life so much that her eager face, and flashing eyes,
+were a stimulus to my mind, awakening old experiences and memories
+long forgotten. Although she had been with me for a short time, she
+had become necessary to me. I knew how much I would miss her in the
+adventures that lay before me. While these thoughts were passing, I
+was delighted to hear her gentle voice call out “Papa, here I am.”
+And looking up I saw her leaning out of the mouth of a cave a short
+distance above me. I cried out with pleasure and rushing to the beach
+picked up the dry trunk of a small pine, with stumps of branches on
+either side. I carried it to the bluff and leaning against it, made a
+convenient ladder for Maud to descend on which she rapidly did, and
+stood beside me. Of course our chief talk was about this miraculous
+event in our lives and we wondered what was in store for us. We
+thrilled with delight when we realized how lovely the country was.
+The climate temperature. We smelled the delicious odor of magnolia
+blooms, for a beautiful forest skirted the hills and plains before us
+to the east, and north and south, while to the west, as far as the eye
+could reach a great ocean, whose western shore line must have been
+thousands of miles toward the setting sun. Taking her arm we walked
+down to the beach. In the zone between high and low tide, unlimited
+oysters, no larger than silver half dollars lay strewn around. While
+plowing through the sand, were _Inoceramus_ shells that measured four
+feet high, and five feet long, leaving a great trail behind. The shore
+line was strewn with many of these huge shells. We mentioned the many
+uses they could be put to, for our convenience. Thin and transparent
+they would do for windows in the house, I planned to build. They would
+take the place of shingles, and even doors. We enjoyed a feast of raw
+oysters with the sea water for seasoning. We then went to work hauling
+up from the piles of driftwood, trunks of small trees near the cave.
+Which Maud told me would make her a nice room as it was high and dry
+with a floor of white sand. By building four walls with the logs,
+leaving spaces for windows and doors, we succeeded after many days of
+labor in having a room twelve by fourteen feet. Then we put on a roof,
+of the large shells, hung our doors and windows, filled the spaces
+between the logs with clay, and moss, built a fire place and chimney.
+The effect of the light passing through the shells was very beautiful
+indeed. Our original ladder led to Maud’s Cave, through a trap door.
+I gathered the fragrant boughs of pine trees for the beds. We cared
+little for furniture, pictures and ornaments. How insignificant man’s
+costliest works compared to the works of the great Creator, His air,
+and water, His glorious sea forest and plain, the starry firmament on
+high, given us so freely. How rich we were, though possessing only the
+clothes on our backs, and the few tools I had in my collecting bag.
+A few matches and some strings of sinew I had cut in another age, I
+also found a file in the lowest corner of my collecting bag, and from
+fragments of bone made some fish-hooks, we had built a chimney and in
+the open fireplace Maud heated water in a deep sea shell while I caught
+a string of nice fishes, which she broiled for supper or fried for
+breakfast. I also found the tracks of a turtle, whose bones and skull I
+discovered in the chalk of Kansas. Professor Cope named it _Torycheles
+latiremus_. Suspecting that she had hidden some eggs in the dry sand,
+I dug around in it with my hands and found a hat full of her soft
+shelled eggs. With the fish we had many most delightful repasts, and we
+talked of the time when we hoped to explore this new region, the Early
+Cretaceous. Study its rich fauna and flora. After building our cabin,
+as we were very tired after a strenuous day, Maud kissed me good night
+and retired to her room in the cave, while I lay down in the corner of
+the house. At the first streak of day a fire was builded, and breakfast
+started. I had made a pail of a deep shell shaped like a woman’s hood,
+and called later by Conrad _Haploscapha grandes_, the first great
+hood. I had bored a hole through either edge, and with an aralia vine
+for a handle, I carried it to a nearby hill; where a lovely spring of
+pure water gushed out, and returned with it brimful of the life saving
+liquid. We used thin shells, we had found on the beach, for plates and
+made our knives and forks and spoons of wood. At breakfast Maud asked
+me if I knew where we were. “Yes, dear,” I replied, “we are in Western
+Kansas. These limestone bluffs are composed of jointed limestone. Some
+day a gorge will be cut through them by the Smoky Hill River ninety
+feet deep, and a mile long, and it will be in Trego County just below
+the mouth of Hackberry Creek. Get your hat and we will see!” “I am
+ready, papa,” she cried, so with collecting bag over my shoulder, and
+pick in hand, we walked rapidly along the hard sandy shore line. We
+soon rounded the point, and as I suspected the shore swung off into a
+vast amphitheatre-like cove. We could just see the distant headland,
+far to the north. While the land and sea curved in toward the east and
+back to the north, forming a great land locked bay.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 44.--Badlands near Steveville. Notice Cross
+Bedding. Page 61, 69.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 45.--Quarry with skeleton of _Corythosaurus_ lost
+at sea, 1916. Page 160.]
+
+“O see papa!” Maud cried, “what is that lying on the water just off
+shore? It looks like a huge log half submerged.” “No dear. I believe it
+is a _Tylosaur_ or great ram-nosed lizard, the monarch of this ocean.
+See! he raises a conical head above the water, that terminates in a
+long bony ram. His head is five feet long. See his four powerful
+paddles begin to move! his eel-like tail is longer than head and trunk
+combined. Watch its graceful and rapid undulations.” “My,” cried Maud,
+“it is larger than the storied sea serpents of sailors and seaside
+resorts. It must be fifty feet long.” “Fully that,” I answered. “I
+wonder what has started him off in such a hurry?” “What does that
+streak of foam mean yonder?” asked my companion. “It is another saurian
+coming to battle, dear,” I answered. The scene was indeed exciting.
+We clapped our hands and shouted encouragement to our saurian as he
+lashed the water, and beat it into a foam, that floated behind in a
+long curling wake. Or patches were caught up by the passing breeze
+and wafted away as lightly as the bubbles children love to blow. We
+had ascended the point as we rounded it, and so are high enough to
+watch the battle royal. As they come together like colliding express
+trains, our reptile plunges his bony ram into the quivering flesh
+of his opponent, piercing heart and lungs. Withdrawing his ram, he
+lingers near while the dying mosasaur reddens the salty brine with his
+life-blood. A few convulsive struggles, and he lies a helpless mass on
+the surface, while his victor hies away to other conquests. “I never
+knew these _Tylosaurs_ grew to such huge dimensions,” said Maud, “You
+know the one in the American Museum is only about thirty feet long, and
+that was considered large for the species.” “Yes, I know,” I replied.
+“But I also know of one huge skeleton belonging to the University of
+Kansas at Lawrence, that measures fifty feet in length. His enormous
+head is five feet long, the same size evidently as this one. Who knows
+but that 5,000,000 years from now his skeleton may be exhumed from the
+chalk of Kansas and exhibited at the Museum of the University!” “I
+remember the mosasaurs, papa, you described in ‘The Life of a Fossil
+Hunter.’ After the _Tylosaurus_ came the flat paddles _Platecarpus_,
+with its blunt ram or rostrum at the end of the nose; then _Clidastes_,
+a lithe creature and more elegantly built than the other two.” “Yes,
+dear, I have been fortunate in the discovery of complete skeletons of
+these fine swimmers. I sent a very beautiful skeleton of a _Tylosaur_
+to the Senckenberg Museum at Frankfurt-on-the-Main. (Fig. 5). Skeletons
+of _Platecarpus_ to Tübingen University, as well as a _Tylosaurus_. And
+one to The Museum of Toronto University, Canada, and another to the
+Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa, Canada. A beautiful _Clidastes_ to
+Vassar College, New York, a fine head and trunk to Carnegie Museum,
+at Pittsburgh, Pa. The Mosasaurs, you know, all have short necks and
+long tails. The jaws are armed with recurved teeth and a set on either
+side in the roof of the mouth near the gullet enable them to hold their
+prey, so they could not escape if they opened their mouths. They had
+an aid to swallowing their food, by means of a ball and socket hinge
+in the center of the lower jaws, just behind the tooth-bearing bones.
+This enabled them to expand the lower jaws and shortening them so as to
+force the food down the throat.”
+
+“See Papa,” said Maud, “The rising tide has floated the dead saurian
+towards the shore.” We walked to the beach and our united efforts
+enabled us to pull him in. He was a magnificent example of the sea
+life of his day. I doubt if ever a swimmer excelled this one in
+speed. The four powerful paddles and lithe form, and the long tail
+in constant vibration, enabled him to cut the water like the prow of
+a racing yacht. His entire body was covered with small scales like
+those of a diamond rattler, arranged in beautiful colored designs, and
+highly polished. The scales sparkling in iridescent splendor. “How
+well poised the head,” said Maud. “How large the eyes, protected by
+sclerotic plates of bone now glazed in death.” “Wonderfully beautiful,”
+I answered, “So God creates His creatures, His plants, His crystals.
+Man’s feeble efforts to imitate nature how crude and clumsy.”
+
+“I think Maud it would be a good plan to cut off strips of the skin
+for ropes and sails, and many other useful things. I will make you a
+hammock of a wide strip.” “Very well,” she answered, “Let us go to
+work.” While busily engaged, we were covered with moving shadows and
+looking up saw enormous _Pteranodonts_ those glorious flying reptiles,
+hovering over head. With broad expanded wing, some twenty feet from tip
+to tip, they swooped downward, or rested in graceful attitudes in mid
+air. Their great eyes scanned the ocean before us for fishes, and when
+one was discovered dropped like a shot into the bay rapidly reappearing
+with a fish between their toothless beaks. One after another broke the
+mirror like surface of the deep, and always came to the surface with
+a fish. Their unerring sight had discovered. No eagle ever dropped
+quicker on his frightened quarry than these lizards. The scene before
+us was exciting indeed.
+
+After finishing our labor and stretching the skin of our _Mosasaur_ on
+the sand to dry we continued our stroll along the sand. In a deep hole,
+we admired a whole colony of the most beautiful swimming crinoids, or
+sea lilies we had ever seen. They were stemless and floated with the
+currents of Mosaurian Bay, as I had named the sheet of water on the new
+map I had made. Their bodies, about the shape of half an egg, with an
+opening in the center, and ten arms radiating from the margin. These
+arms were three feet long, with feathered edges. Over the mouth too,
+were smaller arms used to comb off into the mouth the tiny animal life
+of the sea, that was strained through, and caught in the meshes of the
+feathered arms. My boys found hundreds of these crinoids in the chalk
+on Beaver Creek, Kansas, called _Uintacrinus socialis_. We enriched
+many Museums with them.
+
+“Papa,” said Maud, “let us go into the woods to escape the heat.” It
+was beginning to be felt, as the sun has climbed over the trees, and
+the heat beats upon the dry sands. We first entered a hard and soft
+wood forest, composed largely of Sassafras, Magnolia, Linden, Birch
+in endless variety, Cinnamon, Sweet Gum, and many other of the first
+trees with heart and bark like our existing forests of the twentieth
+century. There was a thick underbrush of wild roses and aralia vines,
+with their beautiful three and five lobed dentate leaves. The brooks
+were lined with rushes, and ferns and other familiar vegetation. We
+could see deeper in the forest the stately Redwood in serried ranks,
+as far as the eye could reach; colonnades of God’s first temple. Here
+indeed we found the coveted shads. The trunks like Gothic columns
+lifted their stately forms two hundred feet on high, with densely
+packed crowns of living green, that cut off the direct rays of the sun.
+They filtered through like those through stained glass filling the
+woods with tinted and mysterious light. “How grand,” I cried, “to live
+so close to God and His great heart, Nature’s heart. God is the very
+embodiment, everywhere of nature, even ‘the spacious firmament on high,
+and all the blue ethereal sky, And spangled heavens a shining frame,
+there great original proclaim.’ There, Maud, do you see the damp sand
+along the river shore. See how the leaves have fallen in it, some lie
+flat, others with stem down, are half buried; all will be covered with
+the ocean mud at high tide, there they will remain until pressed by
+the masses of rock that will be laid down upon the deposit, it will be
+hardened into sandstone, and the leaf impressions will be preserved
+for millions of years. Until in the twentieth century, I will dig them
+from the solid rock in the central plains of Kansas, and Lesquereux and
+Ward, and Knowlton and Wilson, will identify them.”
+
+So we wandered on through mighty aisles in this great temple, where
+God loved to walk, though all unseen by our mortal eyes, we felt His
+presence near. “O Papa,” cried Maud. “See the ground is strewn with
+edible acorns. There were no squirrels last winter to store them away.
+And there are some ripe figs among the green ones in yonder tree. If
+you will gather the figs, I will fill my apron with acorns and we will
+have a new dish for dinner.” “All right,” I replied and soon gathered
+a large supply. We carried our treasures home; and while Maud cracked
+the acorns between two cobblestones, I secured a strong shell for a
+mortar and a rounded stone for a pestle and ground the fruit and nuts
+together, which we made into little cakes, they with hard boiled turtle
+eggs made a dinner we enjoyed.
+
+I had scraped a shell full of salt from the face of a precipice where
+the water of the sea had beaten high against it and on evaporating
+left a thick layer of salt behind. And so the day passed, every moment
+showing us a new phase of the Creator’s handiwork. We soon decided that
+as the sea life here was so luxuriant, we would build a ship to sail
+the quiet waters of the Mosasaurian Bay. I succeeded in planning one,
+with Maud’s assistance, that promised safety and comfort. I selected
+half a dozen straight redwood logs, thirty feet long; burned off the
+ends and branches. With the aid of fire dug them out, and stretched
+over them the dried skin of mosasaurs. (Many had been killed in their
+battles and we had secured their skins). Each compartment was air tight
+and very buoyant, I rived out boards from the redwood logs, and lashed
+them across the boats for a platform, on which we built cabins fore
+and aft, and erected a main mast from which our sails were stretched
+from yard arms, manipulated with ropes from the same tough hide that
+we geared as sails. Huge rocks we heaved on deck and attached ropes
+to them and used them as anchors. We made state rooms, kitchen, and
+sitting room, amid ship. After many days of labor, we finished our
+craft, and were ready for life on the ocean wave.
+
+We resolved not to venture far from shore and to cast anchor in some
+quiet land locked bay at night, Maud was to handle the steering
+apparatus, while I cared for the sails, Maud cooked dainty morsels
+from land and sea and bayou. We not only got turtle eggs but the
+turtles themselves, and a great variety of fishes, mackerel, herring,
+etc. While building our ship we had unlimited adventures, because each
+morning and evening we walked off into the forest or explored the
+sea-shore, or walked along the winding river, or mossy bayou. But as my
+attention was occupied in the boat building I could not keep notes of
+these adventures. We named our little ship The Swan, not because of the
+beauty of the boat, but because it floated as lightly as a swan on the
+waters of Mosasaurian Bay.
+
+One lovely morning in early June when life was the richest, and the
+forest had attained perfection; we hoisted our great square sail,
+and loosened our rudder bands, and put to sea. With a gentle breeze
+stirring, and with only a gentle ripple on the bosom of the deep; with
+no rocky breakers in shore, the motion on board was delightful. “Look
+Papa,” cried Maud, as a great fish, fifteen feet long, dashed by in
+pursuit of a school of mackerel, that were struggling to get into water
+to escape his murderous jaws. He was armed with long conical teeth,
+those in front where the face with its short muzzle looked like a bull
+dog, the horrid fangs were four inches long; in the center of the head
+was a triangular crest, that cut the waves like the dorsal spine of a
+shark. He beat the water into spray, in his eager pursuit of his prey;
+and many a fish fell a victim to his appetite. His skull was two feet
+long, with powerful lower jaw, his great pectoral fins were over three
+feet long. The rays had sharp outer edges. He could set and use them as
+a sword to gash his enemies, the great white sharks. His forked tail,
+with span of over four feet, would cause an awful blow when used as a
+weapon; large glistening scales, covered the entire body. Maud called
+my attention to the fact that our huge fish had finished breakfast,
+and was swimming back into the deep water of the bay, quite leisurely,
+so graceful in motion a living five horse power motor boat. “You
+remember,” she said, “the skeleton you sent of this fish to the British
+Museum.” “O yes,” I replied, “Mr. Pycraft wrote a description of it for
+the Illustrated London News, March 1, 1913.” (Fig. 4).
+
+“My son George found and collected this fine specimen, I prepared it.”
+“You must be as pleased to see the boys make such noted discoveries,”
+she said. “O yes, because it encourages them to keep at work, in this
+life work of mine. As a boy I loved nature, I was a hunter too and
+used to kill buffalo and antelope. But after close association with
+the most famous Naturalist America has produced, Prof. E. D. Cope of
+Philadelphia, who often told me that though we must destroy our enemies
+and protect our friends, as a matter of self protection, yet wanton
+destruction of life was a crime. The more I thought of this suggestion
+the more I came to fully believe it. God loves the creatures He has
+created and will surely punish man for needless destruction of the
+beautiful birds and fur bearing animals, so they can decorate their own
+persons, wearing the borrowed plumage, and silky furs of his creatures.
+I long ago gave up killing wild animals, and for years could say with
+Goldsmith, ‘No herds that roam the valley wide to slaughter I condemn,
+Moved by the power that pities me, I learn to pity them.’ However as I
+like meat I am obliged to qualify the stanza by saying, as is reported
+Goldsmith’s wife had said, ‘No herd that roves the valley wide to
+slaughter I condemn. The butcher kills the meat for me, I buy the meat
+of him.’ In other words I let my sons do the hunting. My great pleasure
+as you know dear girl, is to dig with pick and shovel from the rock,
+the animals of the past, to clean and prepare the crumbling bones, and
+by the power of the imagination breathe into them new life. And has not
+God shown us His appreciation of this love we both possess by bringing
+us back here among His creatures of another day.”
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 46.--Charlie letting down his Plated Dinosaur by
+gravity. Page 96.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 47.--Hauling out fossil log. Page 170.]
+
+“O! Papa!” cried Maud. “See the water is cut by the spines of great
+sharks twenty-five feet long. See some are so near the ship in this
+transparent water that we can see them perfectly.” “There,” I answered,
+“is a _Portheus_ they seem to be in pursuit of. That big shark passes
+immediately under the _Portheus_. He turns on his back, and his huge
+mouth opens, look at the many rows of wicked looking teeth. How
+they gleam in the light, they are sharp as razors.” “See how many
+different forms of teeth in different parts of the mouth.” “Yes dear I
+remember that in the mouth of one I sent to Munich in 1882, from the
+Kansas Chalk Dr. Eastman found twenty-five synonyms, or species that
+had been described from loose teeth. Watch, there are several other big
+sharks coming to the assistance of the one who is after the _Portheus_.
+We will hoist the sail and try and keep pace with the battle, that
+surges westward, watch the rudder Maud while I loosen the main sail! It
+bellied to the strengthening breeze, urging on our ship with increasing
+speed until we were again among them. The _Portheus_ now swimming
+for life was the foci of the sharks, that were coming to the attack
+from all directions. One would dive under the fish, and receive for
+his pains a stroke from his powerful tail that would put him out of
+commission, another would receive a thrust from the sword-like ray of
+the front fin. Undaunted, others hurried up like a pack of wolves on
+a wounded deer. Though many were wounded in the fray our hero fish at
+last succumbed to numbers, who gashed his body with their lance-like
+teeth, and the water was tinged with his life-blood; weaken and
+overpowered, he gradually ceased struggling. The sharks gathered to the
+feast. One however was so badly wounded by the _Portheus_, that he went
+to the oozy bottom with him. I have preserved in the Museum of the
+University of Kansas a shark twenty-five feet long, and mingled with
+his remains were the bones of a _Portheus_. The evident result of such
+a combat as we witnessed on Mosasaurian Bay.”
+
+We lowered our sail, and drifted idly on the swelling tide, that led
+towards shore. Maud steered for the mouth of a large river’s mouth, and
+succeeded in getting the boat into deep water under a protecting bank,
+and we snubbed our ship to some saplings and also cast our anchors over
+board, as an additional aid to holding the boat in place. I crossed the
+gang plank, I had connected with the shore, and went off into the woods
+after berries, for dinner, while Maude cast her fish lines over board,
+and lighted a fire, I brought home a couple of quarts of raspberries,
+and found Maud had caught and prepared a nice mess of fishes, that were
+sizzling over the fire. She soon had a nice meal ready. So the day
+passed and we early sought our state rooms, I first however, recited a
+poem I wrote on board a C. P. R. Steamboat, enroute from Port McNicoll
+to Port Arthur in June, 1914:
+
+
+A LAKE TRIP
+
+  I am riding on the bosom of an inland chain of lakes,
+  At their glories and their wonders my sluggish soul awakens!
+  They become the mighty highway of two nations strong and brave,
+  And the commerce of two peoples are wafted o’er the wave.
+
+  On either shore, once planted, (God’s ancient temple grand),
+  The great primaeval forest densely covered all the land,
+  Man’s vandal hand has cut it from the face of mother earth,
+  To a second growth of timber the land has given birth.
+
+  And in this Age of Iron, great freighters haul the ore,
+  Across Superior’s bosom to the smelters calling “more”
+  Ten thousand tons of coal the freighters carry west,
+  Where the iron-ore is loaded for its journey to the east.
+
+  I am riding on a Steamer of the C. P.’s mighty fleet.
+  The keel is riding even as the earth beneath one’s feet,
+  In fact a Floating Palace with all its comforts there.
+  Its pathways blazed before it for weather rough or fair.
+
+  What a glorious prospect now, is opened up to view
+  The scenes for ever changing each opening vista new,
+  See! indentures cut in shoreline by rivers’ mouth or bay,
+  But for the lighted lamps we’d hardly find our way.
+
+  At last our boat has entered and rapidly passed through,
+  The lock of Sault St. Marie, the Frenchmen call the Soo.
+  Upon the broad Superior our westward course we take
+  The course the captain chooses, near the center of the lake.
+
+  But now a mist is falling that soon becomes a fog.
+  Our Siren sends her warning o’er many a lengthening rod.
+  We hear the Fog Horns sounding from near or distant craft,
+  And just abeam our steamship we hear an answering blast.
+
+  We think of Ireland’s Empress as she sank beneath the wave,
+  Which, until God’s trump, will be some dear one’s grave.
+  But, God rules on the water, as well as on the land
+  We’re very full of confidence we’re guided by His hand.
+
+  So in our narrow state room, we lay us down to rest
+  And through the long night watches, we journey towards the west,
+  And when the morn awakes us, the sun is shining bright.
+  And head land peaks are glowing with streams of early light.
+
+We woke next morning much refreshed as the night had been cool. After
+breakfast we were ready for the adventures of another day. Drifting
+out gently on the broad waters of the bay, we were delighted to see a
+school of _Plesiosaurs_ come sailing in from some distant cruise. These
+strange sea lizards, with long powerful neck and four paddles, and a
+mere stump of a tail. They were on a fishing excursion, as the herring
+and mackerel were now coming in to spawn near shore. These monster
+saurians swam like a snake bird below the surface, their long necks and
+heads darted hither and thither above and below exploring a space of
+forty feet in search of fishes. We could see the flash of shining teeth
+as a luckless fish was captured. Some of them floated on the surface,
+and with swan-like neck and body they moved in graceful circles, or
+sped along at a terrific pace picking up their morning meal, from the
+countless panic stricken fishes, that vainly sought to escape their
+tooth-armed jaws. I told Maud of a complete skeleton that had once been
+found by a farmer in the Kansas chalk of Butte Creek, Logan County. “He
+started to excavate a place for a stable when he uncovered some huge
+vertebrae, and ribs over five feet long. He supposed they were elephant
+bones, and as they were broken, he thought they could not be saved, and
+so dug up the bones with the chalk. They were dumped into a cow yard
+and beaten to powder under their feet, and could never be restored. I
+grieved much over the loss to science of that splendid specimen that
+has never been duplicated. Dr. S. W. Williston, the oldest living
+American Vertebrate Paleontologist, described the few bones I was able
+to save from the general wreck. He did me the honor of naming it after
+me.” “What a pity,” cried Maud. “It must be terrible for you to learn
+of such vandalism.” “Yes, dear,” I replied. “I doubt whether any mortal
+suffers more from this kind of vandalism due entirely to ignorance than
+I. I remember finding some very large turtles in the Upper Miocene
+of Phillips County, Kansas, that had been killed evidently by a sand
+storm, as they were all resting on their carapaces, as if traveling in
+one direction. I secured over twenty of these land turtles, and among
+them was the most perfect and beautiful one I have ever collected,
+although Dr. Weiland of Yale University told me that if five of the
+most perfect fossil turtles known, were placed together a couple I
+sent his museum, would rank 2 and 3. I had occasion to photograph this
+splendid specimen, and had laid it on edge on a deal table. I then went
+into a carpenter shop for assistance in moving another, too heavy for
+me to handle. When we got to the table the man helping me sprang on
+it (as he thought he could lift the one we were carrying easier), his
+weight was so great, it bent the boards on whose further ends the fine
+specimen was resting, and it came to the floor with a crash. It was
+broken to pieces so small it could not be saved and restored. So one
+of these animals so perfect in all human probability it will never be
+duplicated, was destroyed. The loss was terrible for me.” “You have had
+some bitter experiences,” said Maud, tears standing in her sympathetic
+eyes. “Many indeed, Maud,” I answered. “But while we have been talking
+our plesiosaurs have put to sea. Their distant wakes are just visible.”
+“See, papa, what a strange looking fish. What is it do you suppose?”
+“Maud, that to me is the best armored and most ferocious fish I have
+ever known. I used to think the man-eating sharks, off the Florida
+coast were the most blood thirsty of the order, but this one is still
+worse. Notice the head is prolonged in front into a long round bony
+snout, or ram. On account of this I called it a snout fish when I first
+discovered their bones in the Kansas chalk. The ram ends, you notice,
+in a sharp point eight or ten inches long. Then at the end of the mouth
+are four lance-like teeth projecting forward, and outward. The object
+was for these to cut the breach his ram had made in the quivering flesh
+of a mosasaur wider, so he could force his head into the bleeding
+flesh to the eye rims. But his most terrible weapons are his pectoral
+fins. See, they are four feet long. Serrated on the cutting or outer
+edge, enameled and sharp as a knife. They can be locked, and stand
+out straight from the body. A sudden swing would, if he was close to
+a mosasaur cut a gash several feet long in its vitals. See these fins
+span over eight feet. I pity the fish or reptile that comes his way.”
+“Watch, papa!” cried Maud. “There comes a huge shark. He certainly
+doesn’t mean to attack such a well-armed fighter, does he?” “I should
+not be surprised,” I answered. “I believe a shark of this size, at
+least twenty-five feet long, will attack anything that has life.” The
+shark made a sudden dive under the snout fish, but before he could turn
+the fish set his right sword-like fin and swinging suddenly to the left
+made an awful gash into the side of the shark laying open and slashing
+his vital organs. Relaxing his efforts he sank into the ooze of the
+ocean bed, followed by the snout fish to feast off his carcass. And
+so we idly drifted with the currents and study the wondrous fauna of
+this strange sea and land. We see Marsh’s loon diving for fishes, and
+many other birds not known to science. One day while resting from the
+excessive heat in the shade of a redwood Maud was very tired and soon
+fell asleep. I, too, leaning against a mossy log, dozed off.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+THE WONDERS OF THE PERMIAN
+
+
+How wonderfully God works in one’s life! I must have fallen from the
+log, for I dreamed, Maud and I had both disappeared into a sluggish
+lagoon. When I came to my senses, I discovered that I was in a great
+jungle of vegetation; that belonged to a very early age I recognized
+the dense forest of many species of Carboniferous Tree Ferns and Tree
+Rushes; and many species of Cycads. Nearly all the trees were inward
+growers, with plumes of vegetation on top of the scar-marked trunks,
+from which the leaves had already fallen during their growth upward.
+I knew that only a thin, hard, outer covering protected the pith
+beneath of most of the trees around me. Although there were pines, the
+_Angiosperms_ had not yet appeared. Everywhere were dense masses of
+sponge-moss, and moss-like trees.
+
+  _Lepidodendrons_ bushy crest
+  Wave back and forth, together prest;
+  While sponge-moss hangs in festoons gay
+  Across the thickly planted way.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 48.--Urn-shaped mass of rock. Page 129.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 49.--Egyptian Sphinx-like rock. Page 129.]
+
+The climate was tropical; the heat intense. The water was fresh; no sea
+in sight.
+
+I climbed to the top of a tree fern, from which point of vantage, I had
+an uninterrupted view of the surrounding country; which was one great
+level stretch of fern plumes, densely intermingled with ancient pines,
+lepidodendrons, and cycads. The latter resembling gigantic pine apples,
+with a plume of leaves on top; or with tree-like trunk, and plume of
+crowded pinnate leaves. These first clung closer to the ground. While
+the others sought the direct sunlight perhaps fifty feet above. From
+my field of vision, these vast masses of the most delicate foliage
+imaginable, moved by the gentle breeze in gentle undulations, with only
+here and there a break in their carpet-like compactness. While swinging
+below, as I have already noted, were hanging mosses in various hues.
+The ground densely covered with sponge-moss. In the lower places pools
+of water into which the moss extended often completely covering them, a
+land of treacherous bogs. One must watch his footing as I soon proved,
+by cutting a rush whose length was over twenty-five feet, and pushed it
+easily down into one of these small moss-ponds, through the peat and
+failed to reach the bottom, I realized how easily one might lose his
+footing, and slip into one of these mossy swamps and disappear.
+
+And another thought came to me of the wonderful bone-bed Miller found
+along the Big Wichita in Texas, in 1909 where many complete skeletons
+covering a space six or seven feet wide, ten or twelve feet long and
+two feet thick. In this limited interval, according to Dr. S. W.
+Williston, who has been so fortunate as to study the material secured
+by Miller were dozens of complete skeletons packed like sardines in a
+box of the wonderful fauna of the Permian of Texas.
+
+From a slight observation of the flora of the region into which we had
+been miraculously transplanted, it had convinced me that I had gone
+back from the twentieth century some twelve million years to the close
+of the Carboniferous, that great age of Coal Plants, when vast regions
+packed with the moss and other vegetation had been engulfed in the sea,
+and after ages converted into coal.
+
+So, how easily it was for me to realize that one of these lovely moss
+covered pools, might prove a death-trap to any animal whose spoor lay
+through this region. It was lucky for me that I still possessed a
+Marsh pick with its broad duck-billed end, with which I could easily
+hew my way through the dense but easily felled trees and rushes, that
+obstructed in jungles of vegetation my progress. I judged that the open
+spaces I saw in the distance from my lookout in the crown of a tree
+fern, must represent ponds or lakes and there, would be by far a better
+place to study the fauna of this strange region, because I knew from my
+own discoveries in the Permian of Texas that many of the vertebrates
+were Amphibians who lived in the water or the land as pleased their
+fancy.
+
+As I knew I would like to return to the place where I first awoke to
+the realities of life, and from past experiences Maud was likely to
+appear near here too. My first act after sliding down from the tree
+was to divest myself of all my clothing except a pair of shoes, a pair
+of pants, and a woolen shirt and light hat, with a broad rim I had
+worn so long. On account of the moist climate and thick vegetation,
+the air was heavy with carbonic acid gas. The only place where fresh
+winds were blowing and the air was rich in oxygen, was on top of the
+forests, or as I hoped along some lake shore where the winds of heaven
+would be able to ripple the waters at least. So ready armed with my
+pick to cut a pathway or defend myself from some hungry amphibian or
+reptile because I expected to find amphibians with huge heads, and
+bodies larger than my own, armed with terrible teeth. It seemed strange
+too, that though in the twentieth century the order to which these
+giants belonged, frogs and salamander were ready to disappear. Here
+they were the dominant type so abundant that the Permian Age has been
+called the Age of Amphibian or Batracians, I found the work fatiguing
+on account of the great heat and close and oppressive atmosphere, that
+constantly seemed to be on me to take a nap, yet with the power man has
+over material and sensual things, I cut a pathway broad enough for two
+to walk in it side by side, I knew if Maud was discovered, she would
+want not to follow me like an Indian in single file, but beside me. I
+often stopped to listen, as I rapidly progressed toward one of the open
+spaces I had noted from the tree, because born on the slight breeze
+that rustled the leaves above me, I could hear the croaking of frogs
+that grew louder and louder, the sound put me in mind of a lot of frogs
+singing through a megaphone. Suddenly without warning, I cut through
+the jungle and found myself facing an inland lake of fresh water
+bordered in places with reeds and rushes and moss that reached into the
+water.
+
+At another place near where I caught my first view of the waters,
+was a sandy beach. Peopled with life, both reptiles and batracians
+were everywhere. The great Salamander _Eryops_ of Cope of which I had
+secured so much material in the Red Beds of the Big Wichita River in
+Texas both for Cope, Zittel and Von Hume, swam in the waters before
+me or measured their six feet of length upon the sand. The frog-like
+noise I concluded came from these huge monarchs of the Amphibians. I
+could see them resting on logs that were half submerged in the water,
+or swimming below the water; lying on the bottom or crawling along the
+shore. Emerging from the jungle that fringed the lake on the further
+margin from me were strange reptiles. One I noticed in particular was
+the largest of his tribe we were likely to see here. I say we because
+I could not believe that He who had brought Maud and me through so many
+adventures would take her bright presence away forever. These thoughts
+were in my mind as I watched a reptile come into full view out of the
+jungle.
+
+The most wonderful thing about him, was that he carried on his back an
+enormous hump. The spines in the center of the column were at least
+three feet high, and packed around the base were masses of muscle and
+ligaments, tapering to a sharp point at the top of the spine. A cross
+section would be wedge shaped. I learned afterwards from a study of
+the skeleton, that as the centra of the vertebrae were very weak they
+were held firmly in place by the crossing ligaments that were wound
+around the centra and spines in intermingled masses. This creature had
+come out of the jungle for water interested me greatly. He was about
+ten feet long from head to the long end of the delicate tail. I was
+surprised to see him suddenly dive back into the jungle with all the
+speed at his command. The _Eryops_ too suddenly stopped croaking and
+a nerve wrecking silence, covered me as with a pall. The reptiles and
+amphibians sought refuge in the jungle of the bottom of the lake. And
+that body of water but a second before so full of life and activity
+lay a mirror, silent as the grave, looking in the direction from which
+neither reptile or amphibian had run for shelter, I heard too, an
+unaccustomed sound in these swamps and everglades, it sounded very
+much like the cutting of trees. I could hear the crush of mingled
+vegetation as if a tree fern had been felled at one strong blow and
+it came sliding down against the thickly planted vegetation, I could
+hear the swish as it was dragged away, to make room for another that
+quickly fell. Yes! I could hear human voices I was sure, and soon I
+heard wafted across the lake the loved name Maud. I could see the
+trees swaying, and then one by one come down in a straight line for
+the lake, and I knew that in these solitudes I was not alone. That God
+had brought others to this young earth. Whose surface still felt the
+subterraneous heat, whose crust was so thin it often sank into the sea
+or was raised just above high tide. I sprang forward on the beach to
+the water’s edge just as the last obstruction in the shape of a trunked
+cycad with its tangled mass of leaflets crushed to the earth and behind
+the ambuscade of vegetation stood my whole family from Mamma to Levi,
+and close beside him was Maud. George and Charlie were the ones who
+wielded their picks, Mabel and Myrtle and the children and the others
+dragged the trees away and they had their hands on the cycad when they
+suddenly beheld me standing petrified on the beach. Such a shout went
+up was never heard before. I waved my pick speechless with surprise,
+for once at least in my life, as you have all found out my dear
+readers, as my father used to say “I talk too much.”
+
+All at once I recovered the use of my organs of speech and shouted:
+“Why don’t you come over?” They all waved branches of the palm like
+cycad they had torn from its head, as they shouted back: “_Why don’t
+you come over?_” Well it did appear to me that it would be easier for
+me to cross the smooth waters than such a crowd. So trimming off the
+plumes from a mass of cycad and tree ferns, I soon had enough trunks
+to build me a raft, I lashed them together with the mid ribs of the
+cycad leaflets, which proved as strong and pliable as buck-skin thongs.
+In a very few minutes I had a raft that floated like a cork, as the
+centers of the trunks were full of pith. We afterwards found this pith
+was quite starchy and made very acceptable sago flour. In the mean
+time, the party on the other shore had erected huts covered with leaves
+above, and open below so the wind might circulate through them and the
+roofs would not only deflect the ardent heat of the sun but protect us
+from torrential rains. With a reed for a paddle I sprang on my raft and
+soon ferried across to my beloved ones, I had never expected to meet in
+the Permian at least. Of course I was delighted to find Maud.
+
+After our greetings they gathered in affectionate groups under the
+trees and told me of their experiences since we last met. Mamma said
+after I disappeared so suddenly and mysteriously from my home in
+Lawrence, she had induced George and Charlie to move their families
+into the home nest, from which they had taken flight. She had imagined
+all kinds of things, and even the Government had missed their fossil
+hunter and had exhausted the resources of the Detective Division as
+well as that of the United States in the endeavor to locate me, but I
+had disappeared as effectually as if the earth had opened her mouth and
+swallowed me up. Only day before yesterday Levi suddenly disappeared,
+and left her in a terrible state of suspense as to what it all meant.
+Last night she had a family council with George and Charlie and their
+wives. They went over the same old ground again and again and were no
+nearer solving the perplexing problems than at first. The children had
+been sent to bed and there were rocking chairs enough to go round in
+which the grown ups were seated comfortably. Mamma she told me, was
+the first to doze off and Charlie soon followed suit. The girls and
+George smiled over the others, but before they realized it they too,
+had dropped off. George was the first one to wake with a start. He
+could hardly believe his senses. They were in a dense forest of tree
+ferns, in fact only a few miles from where I was at the time. They were
+all there but Levi, and as George’s surprised exclamation woke them
+all they heard a rustling noise in the edge of a little clearing and
+before they could say a word Levi broke through the jungle with Maud
+clinging to his arm. “Well,” Mamma said, “ask Maud to tell the rest of
+the story.” Which I gladly did. It seems, that as Maud had been through
+a lengthy experience in the Ancient World, she had become a leader.
+“Well Papa,” she remarked, “you remember when we disappeared in the
+water of the Lagoon, I lost all consciousness, but came to my senses
+in this jungle. My first thought was of course another providential
+occurrence. I could hear what seemed the bellowing of great frogs and
+strange sounds my ears had never listened to before. I wondered where
+you could be, and was so anxious to find you, that I could not stand
+it, remaining there all alone in this strange country, so I plunged
+madly on, forcing the thick stems and trunks apart and squeezing
+through them, I called to you too, ‘papa, papa, where are you!’ I
+could not see an inch ahead for the vegetation. The moss tangled in my
+hair that fell down and I must have looked a perfect fright. I came
+suddenly on a clear space only a couple of yards across, covered with
+the loveliest moss you could imagine. I sprang into the very middle of
+it in my haste, and broke through and began to sink. I screamed, ‘Papa,
+Papa,’ and threw out my arms toward the other side when suddenly I saw
+two human hands spring out of the jungle and grasp mine, and strong
+arms drew me bodily out of the treacherous pit, I stood beside smiling
+brother Levi. He told me that he had gone to sleep in his room at
+home in Lawrence and had awakened here the day before and that he had
+wandered around in an almost dazed condition. Every thing so strange.
+He could not tell what to make of it. I then told him our experiences
+together in the other ages and regions we had explored, of our boat
+on Mosasaurian Bay, and the many adventures we had enjoyed together
+and expressed the belief that we would soon find you and we started
+on the quest. Levi had his pick and cut a way while I dragged out the
+trees he felled and piled them in the thick jungle. We had not gone a
+great ways, when we suddenly heard a shout in front of us. ‘That is
+George I know,’ cried Levi, ‘I recognize his voice,’ and he raised an
+answering shout that made the very leaves tremble. We soon reached him
+and there was Mamma and all the rest of our family. It was a joyful
+meeting but Mamma would not allow us to remain there talking of our
+wonderful experience because she was sure you could not be far off. As
+the boys had their picks they cut a broad path while the rest of us
+pulled the light trees out of the way and we were progressing famously
+when we saw your astonished face across the narrow lake.” I could only
+thank God that I had been reunited with my people and that Maud also
+was there. It would have seemed terrible to remember her sinking into
+the treacherous lagoon, then suddenly find myself separated from it
+by millions of years. Ethel and little Raymond had gone off to the
+sandy beach to play in the sand and Charlie too. They romped until
+they were tired and Ethel returned to Mabel and asked her if dinner
+was ready. We had not thought of it. But had been so excited at our
+reunion, after so many weeks, so much occupied with our talk, that we
+forgot to be hungry. Just before the family council had gone to sleep
+George had been at work inventing some cooking utensils, and had not
+only made diagrams of them but had secured some sheets of aluminum.
+He had put them in his collecting bag along with the usual tools he
+carried in the field, and when he woke with the rest of the family he
+still had them. So I told him if he would make a cooking kettle I would
+get something to put in it for dinner. Maud knowing the resources of
+a forest better than the others gathered some dry sticks and Levi by
+her advice cut some crotched sticks he drove in the earth, and a cross
+stick to swing the kettle on. George soon found a round water-worn
+cobblestone on the beach to use as a mold and hammered a sheet of
+aluminum around it, and soon had a pot ready. He cut off a narrow strip
+for a handle and punched holes in the upper rim to fasten it to. In
+the meantime I wove together a lot of leaves and made a tray, which I
+took to one of the cycad stumps (we had cut off the trunk). Then with
+my pick scraped out a quantity of the pith that fell as white powder
+into the tray. On my return Maud had the water boiling and we stirred
+in sago flour and as soon as it thickened into porridge it was ready
+for a lot of hungry mouths. Charlie had made some spoons, so with the
+pot in the midst we thanked our heavenly Father for the food from his
+hand and the glad reunion in the Old Permian of Texas. After a hearty
+meal we planned for the future. Resolving to thoroughly explore the
+jungle and try and reach tidewater; as we felt sure the old Permian
+ocean was not far away. After our excited voices had reached quiet and
+ordinary tones, we were pleased to see the Amphibians and reptiles
+come out on the beach. One of the most abundant was _Labidosaurus_
+an Amphibian like reptile about three feet long. It had short legs
+and an enormous head compared with its length. I remember a quarry of
+these reptiles I discovered on the west fork of Coffee Creek in Baylor
+County, Texas. I found several fine skulls for the late Professor Cope,
+and later by digging into the greenish sandstone, I secured a number
+more for Dr. Von Zittel of Munich. Another reptile appeared from the
+edge of the jungle that so closely resembles a South American lizard
+of the twentieth century, it was called Varanus, by Dr. Broili. It was
+about four feet in length, had a long head, delicate lizard-like tail.
+Still another form soon attracted our attention coming from across
+the narrow pond out of the woods. It was about four feet long, had
+strong limbs and short head with many small teeth. The giant amphibian
+_Eryops_ too, soon found the courage to come out of the water and
+start his unmelodious croak to be soon answered by a friendly fellow
+in the distance. So the life and noises of the quiet jungle took up
+the accustomed tenor of their ways. The children clapped their hands
+and shouted when a new form appeared, as delighted as if a menagerie
+were on the tapis, and all the family were deeply interested. I had
+the boys drive rush stakes into the ground around our clearings, so as
+to protect us from the inroads of the big reptiles and amphibians, and
+admit the air freely. We needed all of that we could possibly get. So
+we passed the day and night fall found us all gathered in our enclosure
+listening to the strange noises around us. We had already arranged
+huts for the entire party and after reading a chapter (for Mamma had
+her Bible with her) we offered our evening prayers and went to restful
+sleep. In the morning we were early astir. It was no need to warn the
+younger men and women to beware of the treacherous bogs as they already
+had learned of Maud’s adventure. We made another appetising dish from
+the sago flour and I caught some little reptiles not over eight inches
+long and gar-pike. We fried these in their rich grease, and with the
+sago mush, had an excellent breakfast. The presence of my beloved
+family added much to my own pleasure.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 50.--Dog Creek, Montana. Notice effects of
+vulcanism. Page 113.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 51.--Badlands near Cow Island, Montana. Page 118.]
+
+My feeble pen would fail to describe the beauty of the Tree Fern and
+Cycad forest. The enormous fronds of fern leaflets that crowned the
+marked trunks around us, put me in mind of the Australian Tree Ferns
+in the Carnegie Conservatories at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Only they
+were much larger and the massive fern branches formed larger crowns.
+There was such a wealth of variety here too that delighted me. All
+were lost in wonder at the strange scenery and life, both in its flora
+and fauna. We determined to cut our way in a southerly direction as
+I felt sure I scented the distant sea. Charlie and myself using our
+picks, cut a wide swath of ferns and cycads and other carboniferous
+trees. Our women folks hauling them out of the way. We were constantly
+coming across the strange reptilian and amphibian life of that far-away
+day, and our exclamations of surprise at the beauty of this ancient
+forest came involuntarily from our lips. The moss too, in many gorgeous
+colors, and hues carpeted the damp ground beneath our feet, or hung in
+tapestry-like folds from the branches overhead. Many hands made rapid
+progress and though the heat was excessive we all perspired freely. We
+often came across the bogs of great extent, ponds and lakes bordered
+with peat moss, and saw countless reptiles on shore or amphibians in
+the water. With the earnest hope that we might reach salt water, we
+labored on under the glaring sun above, that penetrated the thick
+vegetation and as we opened the way, the heat was very trying on our
+unprotected heads. At last a strong breeze began to sweep the crowns of
+verdure above us into great billows, making music among the delicate
+branches, and I was sure we were reaching the open sea. So Charlie
+climbed the trunk of a tall fern and when he got to the strong bases
+of the ferns he stood erect on them and shouted, “There it is to the
+south;” for as he told us, a great ocean lay before him as far as his
+eyes could reach. So with renewed courage we hurried on and before
+dark broke through the dense jungles we had been traveling through, on
+the beach, and into a strong wind that was blowing from the south and
+curling the waves into swaying masses. It was indeed a glorious sight
+and we all rushed down and ran into the curling breakers near shore
+and let them roll over us. Thoroughly refreshed, we returned to the
+edge of the jungle and went to work building shelters for the whole
+family. We were delighted when George and Charlie brought us a mess of
+fishes, sturgeon-like in appearance, which, with the cycad flour, the
+women got up a fine meal. Levi and Maud came in later and we enjoyed an
+appetising meal. While we were resting after supper and watching the
+boundless sea, I recited some of the poems I had written. The first one
+in honor of Jennie McKee’s wedding day. She had been a very dear friend
+indeed:
+
+                        I.
+
+    O! Jennie McKee,
+    I am thinking of thee,
+    My heart beating time
+    With that heart of thine.
+    How I hope, and I pray,
+    That your wedding day,
+    May be a day of the greatest joy,
+    A day of pleasure without alloy.
+
+                        II.
+
+    O! Jennie McKee,
+    I am longing with thee,
+    That the future for you
+    May never be blue,
+    And like birds on the wing
+    You ever may sing.
+    That your dear life may be blest,
+    Full of joy and of rest.
+
+                        III.
+
+    O! Jennie McKee,
+    Your heart once so free,
+    Bound in fetters of love.
+    May God bless from above:
+    Two hearts beat as one,
+    While your course you will run,
+    In currents both peaceful and sweet,
+    Until golden shores you will meet.
+
+                        IV.
+
+    O! Jennie McKee,
+    My thoughts turn to thee.
+    And days that have flown
+    Since you, I have known
+    To the man of your choice
+    And I well may rejoice,
+    For you give all a woman can give,
+    Your love, and yourself while you live.
+
+                        V.
+
+    O! Jennie McKee,
+    Contentment for thee,
+    In the home you will make,
+    In the love you awake,
+    In the strong heart and true,
+    Who has pledged all to you,
+    Fill that home full of love
+    A forecast of mansions above.
+
+                        VI.
+
+    O! Jennie McKee,
+    God’s blessings on thee!
+    Like Mary of yore,
+    May He sit at your door.
+    O! sit at His feet,
+    Learn wisdom so sweet,
+    That will bless you as long as you live,
+    While to Him your best service you give.
+
+The children had gone to bed and our camp fire of dry fern stumps
+burned brightly, or faded away as Levi and Maud replenished it. At
+last worn out with the excessive heat and labor we all retired to
+our respective huts. We were soon lost in sleep. When the Amphibians
+greeted the rising sun with their chorus of what to us seemed like
+discordant notes (doubtless they were melodious to the natives of these
+early wilds where foot of man had never trod before). The human element
+stirred themselves, and after breakfast we all wandered down to the
+beach for an early plunge. We dried our salty clothes by running or
+walking along the level sandy shore.
+
+Maud had called our attention, in a land locked bay to a fleet of
+Ammonites. Those lovely nautilus-like chambered shells, who had spread
+their transparent sails to the morning breeze. Some were enormous, over
+two feet in diameter, and resembled huge cornucopias. They floated as
+lightly and as elegantly as a flock of swans. They were arrayed in
+all the colors of the rainbow. We could also see fishes, all clad in
+armor of enameled scales, in many a lovely hue, gar-pike and sturgeon
+were among the most common. The bony fishes did not appear until the
+Cretaceous Age, you remember.
+
+What the children loved to do most was to dig in the sand or hunt for
+the nests of small reptiles, six or eight inches long, that often lay
+coiled a few inches below the surface, their heads could enter mamma’s
+silver thimble. My parties found many of them in the Red Permian Beds
+of Baylor County, Texas. As the sun rose higher the children became
+drowsy and we returned to our huts and laid them down in some soft
+fern leaflets that made a bed as light as eider down. We talked of our
+wonderful adventures in quiet tones, so as not to disturb them, and
+before we knew it, we too, had fallen asleep.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 52.--Badlands of the Missouri River. Page 118.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+
+Last May I resigned my position as collector and preparator for the
+Geological Survey of Canada. And soon afterwards went into the field
+for the British Museum of Natural History, London. Though the British
+government was spending no money in this kind of research, Dr. A. Smith
+Woodward, Keeper of Geology there, secured the means for the first
+two months’ work from The Sladin Memorial Fund of Piccadilly, London.
+My son, Levi, was the only expert collector I had with me though I
+employed men and transportation in the field. We settled down in a
+camp a couple of miles below Steveville and remained there all summer,
+exploring the badlands near the mouth of Berry Creek.
+
+Our success was as usual, great. We were able to collect three
+skeletons of duck-billed dinosaurs of the genus _Corythosaurus_, of
+Brown or _Stephanosaurus_, of Lambe. They were all three discovered by
+my son, Levi, who worked with remarkable persistence and enthusiasm.
+I too, after I had recovered from an injury I received due to being
+thrown from my wagon onto the ground, put in every moment I could see,
+in the heavy work of excavating three skeletons, and taking them up
+before frost, when no man can work in those beds. It will not do to let
+plaster freeze, and without plaster we could not take up any vertebrate
+fossil there.
+
+Owing to the fact that the clay in the strata prevent water entering
+it, very little true petrification has taken place. If you will refer
+to the Life of a Fossil Hunter, page 258, you will see there what I
+had learned up to the time of writing, the process by which fossils
+are made. I found here in the Belly River Series entirely different
+conditions. The bones had not been replaced by silica and become
+petrified. There was very little change in the bones except that they
+were usually sheathed in a hard layer of bog iron. The spongy bone was
+as friable as that in a dry, recent bone; the cells were not filled
+with rocky material. The thin outer layer of compact bone was filled
+with the iron simply. I once said that if I could get my teeth on a
+fossil bone I could tell its age almost, by the amount of silica it
+contained. Here, however, I find that nature has more than one way of
+preserving her records, and that it depends largely on the matrix in
+which the bones are entombed. If clay prevents water passing through
+the bones, there can be no true replacement, as water is the vehicle
+used in transporting silica or lime or whatever the petrifying material
+may be, and it cannot pass through certain clays. This discovery of
+mine after having observed the fossilized animals and plants of many
+horizons prove that the most careful observer is liable to misinterpret
+the workings of nature, showing us that God’s laws are past finding out
+by finite minds. Nature is a well that man can never fathom, an ocean
+with no shore. As long as men observe and think, they will be drawing
+water from well and ocean with no visible effect. The well will still
+be full and the shores remain unexplored.
+
+Levi found the most complete skeleton of a crested duck-billed dinosaur
+that had been discovered in the Belly River Series by my party. Mr.
+Brown discovered, close to the Steveville Ferry, the most complete
+one known, and which he has fully described in his _Corythosaurus
+casuarius_, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, New
+York, November 2nd, 1916. This is the first specimen ever found in a
+swimming pose. As if in the very act of swimming it had died and was
+instantly covered up in the soft mud and never disturbed until Brown’s
+pick revealed it to the world. I firmly believe as I have said before,
+this specimen proves conclusively that the conventional pose taken of
+these duck-bills as usually standing on land erect is a mistake; as I
+have always believed. The one I prepared for the Victoria Museum proves
+the same thing, and every one I have seen in the beds, or have found
+myself, point the same way, but as it will be a costly thing to take
+down all the mounts in American Museums of Cretaceous trachodonts I do
+not expect to live to see my views universally put in practice.
+
+This specimen, No. 9, I wrote of to Dr. Woodward, August 21st, 1913:
+“I have uncovered enough of the floor to be able to give you some
+valuable information. I have now traced the entire column, except four
+feet of the caudal region. I have found one femur in position with its
+tibia and fibula, one humerus and front foot, and many ribs. The most
+disappointing thing: we have only found the mandibles and predentary,
+the maxilla of one side, the occiput and part of the crest and the back
+of the skull.”
+
+Later we found the entire skeleton except four feet of the tail
+just back of the pelvic arch, where it had been weathered out and
+destroyed, and part of the skull. This skeleton was about thirty feet
+long, and I considered it next in perfection to that of Mr. Brown’s
+_Corythosaurus_. There were in addition large patches of the skin
+impression. I show you the place where the body lay, after we had
+wrapped it. It also shows the vast amount of labor required to save it.
+
+It lay up a narrow gorge, too narrow to get a horse up it. We were
+obliged to cut steps up and down the rough way from the nearest point
+we could reach it from camp and Levi had to carry nearly all the water,
+plaster, and burlap, and paper, etc., necessary to wrap a skeleton
+nearly thirty feet long. The distance from the wagon was nearly an
+eighth of a mile.
+
+But that labor sank into insignificance compared to the labor he had
+to strap beneath the specimen his burlap strips in such a way that the
+rock did not fall out. It would often take him many minutes before
+he could get the strip to stick. He lay on his back and patted the
+plaster soaked burlap with the ends of his fingers until the blood
+came. Then often the plaster would harden before he could get it to
+stick. Then he had to take a new strip and go through the same hard and
+patience-trying labor, filling his eyes with the burning lime. In all
+the labor we do in taking up a complete skeleton, there is no part of
+it that requires so much patience and so much skill as strapping the
+under side.
+
+After this specimen was ready for hauling out of the brakes we had to
+build a sled road to it from the prairie and haul it to camp around the
+badlands, about six miles, while it only lay about a mile from camp in
+a bee-line.
+
+Now it seems almost incredible that after over two months of such
+exhausting mental, physical and soul-trying labor, it should be sent
+to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean by a German Raider on English
+Commerce. If anything on earth can prove the wantonness of such
+destruction, this is a good example. I have given fifty years freely
+to science without money, often, and without price. The best that is
+in me. So I could show to generations to come the wonderful works
+of God in creation. Ten minutes of vandalism destroys all my labor,
+my hopes, my life almost, because I never can recover from such a
+blow as this. I have not told the full story yet, because the second
+specimen Levi found was in many respects better than this one I have
+described. It was in splendid matrix. A strong sandstone, and the bones
+beautifully preserved, a specimen that could have been easily prepared.
+One hind foot was all that was exposed. I could not believe that this
+meant anything, but a few loose bones. It pointed heavenward, from the
+side of a cliff. We followed the foot down to the body and found the
+entire skeleton except a few inches of the tail and _THE HEAD_. With a
+restored head, (and we found one that could have been used) as far as
+the public was concerned, the British Museum could have mounted these
+two lords of the ancient bayous in that great store house of treasures,
+more rare than gold or silver, to be the heritage of the ages still to
+come.
+
+This too, was with the first one and went to the bottom, with the
+Mount Temple and as far as I could learn, all on board. Perhaps some
+time when the sea will give up her dead, these noble examples of
+God’s handiwork may also be exposed to the light of day once more. I
+considered from every standpoint, money or science, these two specimens
+were worth double what the first two months of labor yielded up. I
+never entered the Victoria Memorial Museum where we had mounted one
+of the noble duck-bills without a feeling of awe, as if I stood in the
+presence of God himself. It dominates everything in the Museum, and
+attracts the attention of the dullest of men. How happy I was in the
+thought that for countless thousands of years to come, others could
+feel that same feeling of reverence for the Creator. In the twinkling
+of an eye the blue Atlantic covered them. I once prepared the skeleton
+of a _Megatherium_ from Brazil; it too had gone to the bottom of the
+ocean, but divers had rescued it from its watery grave. I have little
+hope that this will ever be done to the noble duck-bills who were sent
+to Davies Locker by a German torpedo.
+
+We discovered other fine material that was saved and the preparators
+are at work on it, so I hope our last year’s labor, the most strenuous
+for many years may not be entirely lost.
+
+My dear readers my book is coming to a close. The other volume “The
+Life of a Fossil Hunter” is out of print. It depends on you whether
+we have another edition published. This I will gladly do, if each
+reader of this one, will send me a subscription for the other. You
+will certainly realize that this work, like the other has been a labor
+of love. Take this volume, I am at my own personal expense issuing
+five hundred copies. If I sell each copy I will not realize any more
+than the cost of publication. I worked all last winter from 7 p.m. to
+10 p.m. on the manuscript, and all day Saturday of each week, except
+Sunday. It has taken me all winter to look after the printing of this.
+My whole object has been to give the information I have acquired
+through years of toil and hardship in the desolate fossil fields to the
+public, so they may realize something of the wonders of Nature, and the
+hope it may lead some of my readers to Nature’s God, the Triune God we
+worship.
+
+
+THE GRAND CANYON OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
+
+  I have often heard the story
+  Of that Mighty Canyon Grand;
+  Powell pointed out the glory
+  Of that deeply sculptured land.
+
+  Where the Colorado river
+  Has cut a passage deep,
+  In the very heart of nature,
+  With many gorges deep.
+
+  To any doubting Thomas,
+  It would almost make him smile,
+  If I told him of a canyon
+  Cut through earth’s crust a mile.
+
+  But my own two eyes have seen it,
+  And I’ll take the witness stand,
+  Its the greatest ditch in story
+  In our own historic land.
+
+  It seems, during the Jura
+  The land began to rise;
+  Yes! the bottom of the ocean
+  Perhaps to its surprise.
+
+  Was lifted from the water,
+  Became a level plain;
+  Received the glorious sunshine,
+  The first and latter rain.
+
+  A river takes the drainage
+  Back to the restless sea,
+  Carves as it goes a passage
+  Widening gracefully and free.
+
+  “Tell me” asks my companion
+  “How the river cuts its way,
+  Where the stars faint light is shining
+  In the middle of the day,
+
+  So deep below the surface,
+  That the sun’s most dazzling ray
+  N’er gleams upon the water
+  That is beaten into spray?”
+
+  Well: then listen to the story
+  How in ages long ago,
+  The earth rose from the water
+  And the land began to grow.
+
+  As the earth was slowly rising,
+  Rivers bed cut through the land,
+  The rocks that tumbled in it
+  The gravel, rock and sand
+
+  Scoured out and carved the basin
+  As the vast land masses rose,
+  And the mighty Colorado
+  Flows where it used to flow.
+
+  For the land continued rising
+  And the waters cut their way
+  Through Earth’s upheaving bosom,
+  Through granite, lime and clay.
+
+  The rising cliffs receeding
+  From the margins of the stream;
+  Effects of frost and rainfall
+  On every side are seen;
+
+  For chips are falling ever,
+  From exposed strata flanks,
+  Roll down into the river,
+  Leaping the waters banks,
+
+  Fall in the whirling waters,
+  That churn the rocky mass
+  Against the boulders lodging
+  Within the narrow pass.
+
+  Then the great burden bearer
+  Within its canyon grand,
+  Bears out upon its bosom
+  The wreckage of the land.
+
+  And in the western ocean;
+  ’Long California’s shore,
+  The debris from Grand Canyon
+  Are settling more and more.
+
+  For near the gulf, the river
+  Flows by a level floor,
+  Spreads out upon the flood plain
+  The ground up mountains core.
+
+
+’LONG SUPERIOR’S DENTED SHORE
+
+  Have you ever made a journey ’long Superior’s dented shore?
+  Where the glory of the landscape enchant one more and more;
+  Where the green tints of the water, and its gravel covered floor,
+  The surface, smooth and polished like a burnished oaken door.
+
+  The mountains on the main land grown o’er with spruces green,
+  While pine and whitened birches are sprinkled in between.
+  Out there, a mighty freighter loads ten thousand tons of ore.
+  Rounded islands with green woods are shrouded o’er.
+
+  Red buttressed headlands, encroaching on the shore
+  Form lines of wondrous beauty around the lake’s broad floor.
+  Our railway bed is blasted from the earth’s foundation stone:
+  Granite, Gneiss, and Green-Rock in many a sober tone.
+
+  O! the beauty of the hillsides, ensheathed in living green,
+  While the work of the old glaciers on every side are seen;
+  The Age of Ice has eaten basins in the ancient rock;
+  While the stone upon the hillside lie in many polished block.
+
+  A glorious scene of beauty, scarce marred by human hand,
+  Few boats upon the water, no farmers till the land.
+  Five hundred miles we’ve traveled, by lake and hill, and brake,
+  Upon earth’s rocky bosom our westward way we take.
+
+  While the gleaming surface of Superior’s mighty lake
+  Indent the land around us, a glowing picture make,
+  Arrayed in living colors, a fairy isle is seen.
+  Red boulders strew the hillside, a background for the green.
+
+  The famous waters of Columbia’s inland sea
+  Separate two nations of brave men true and free.
+  No forts on either border; no soldiers pace the shore,
+  No Dreadnaught plows the water, no mighty cannon roar.
+
+  But now the sun is setting beneath the western sea.
+  His level rays are glowing on sheets of water free,
+  And in the lovely gloaming upon the watery way,
+  The mountains change to purple, the waters turn to grey.
+
+
+THE LAURENTIAN HILLS
+
+  I am riding on a railway that spans from sea to sea;
+  Rocking on earth’s throbbing bosom, for my iron horse is free;
+  How the scenes stretch out before me, as the coaches eastward roll,
+  I am riding on the C.P. and to it I’m paying toll.
+
+  I have reached a waste of waters, Superior’s mighty flood
+  Indent the land before me, encroach the silent wood;
+  For the vale, and gulch and valley, ever packed with spruces green,
+  Mixed with the yellow poplar; with white barked birch between.
+
+  The earth itself is covered with its own foundation rock,
+  Granite, Gneiss and Green Stone, in many a mighty block,
+  Carved and rounded by the Ice Cap, that once covered all the land:
+  They rise in hill and buttress like some ancient castle grand.
+
+  Birches standing, with trunks as white as snow,
+  And slender spires of spruce trees, in serried ranks they grow.
+  A gorgeous carpet underneath upon the rocks are spread,
+  The different patterns blended might form a Titan’s bed.
+
+  White granite peeps above it with streaks of reddish hue
+  With God’s own arch above us! stars twinkling in the blue.
+  Yes! I’m riding on the bosom of the oldest land that’s known,
+  And Old Time, through countless ages, over it has ever flown,
+
+  When England’s land was lifted above the ocean blue,
+  The Old World is not the oldest, it should be called the new.
+  O! could rocks but tell the story their rugged cliffs have know,
+  They could tell us of this continent, and how it’s slowly grown.
+
+  How the beds laid down by water, in ocean, river, lake
+  Through all the changing aeons, from these rocks their tribute take.
+  For the streams, (those burden bearers), on ocean floor have spread
+  The loads they carry ever, to deposit on her bed.
+
+  Granite Boulders from the hill side, choke up the rapid stream,
+  They are ground by rushing water, till as pebbles they are seen,
+  As the river current lessens, then are pebbles ground to sand,
+  To be carried to the ocean, forming bars and banks so grand.
+
+  Then the life that fills the ocean, the crustacean and the shell,
+  When dying, left their skeletons the seas broad floor to swell.
+  I can see Ontario’s mountains rise, where early life is seen,
+  The mollusk of the ocean, and the sea weeds living green.
+
+  The Laurentian Hills are rising at the margin of the sea.
+  While the bordering waters throbbing with molluskan life so free,
+  The globe’s thin crust is resting on the molten mass below,
+  Transformed, as hard as granite, on her flanks the Trenton rest
+  The land mass is slowing growing to the east, and south and west.
+
+  Now the water of the ocean, bring forth a countless tribe,
+  Of many forms of shell fish that are scattered far and wide.
+  Crustaceans crowd the shore line, and that wondrous trilobite,
+  Lives on through many ages till Time of chalk so white,
+  So Silurian rocks are added to Laurentian narrow shore,
+  And the Continents broad empire marches westward ever more.
+
+  II
+
+  Devonian seas are lapping round Silurian cape and bay,
+  New fish life fills the waters, and over them hold sway.
+  Strange forms in shield and buckler, in armor polished bright,
+  Ganoids and other fishes show their colors in the light.
+
+  I have seen a dozen fishes, impaled on block of slate
+  Stand out, as carved by nature, they’re lying there in state:
+  Seaweeds have left their impress in these enduring sands of Time,
+  Stretched out in all their measures in many a lengthening line,
+  For the ebb had stretched them seaward, while the fish swam
+    ’gainst the tide,
+  They were swimming toward the sea-shore, while swimming they
+    have died.
+
+  Both plants and fishes, in the old Devonian floor,
+  After ages, tell the story, that the One we all adore,
+  Keeps record of Creation in old oceans muddy floor.
+  Footsteps of the Creator in ages that have fled,
+  When a host of shells and fishes left their forms in oceans bed.
+
+  And now the bed is lifted along the eastern shore:
+  Increasing now the land mass, round Laurentian more and more,
+  O! Time thou hast no limit to grasp of human mind,
+  Unmeasured by the intellect of any of our kind.
+
+  But Time to our Creator, is like forgotten fears,
+  “A thousand years a single day, a single day a thousand years.”
+  And let our study of the past cause reverence for His name
+  Both now, and yesterday, through time, He ever is the same.
+  So with these simple verses we’ll praise His Holy Name.
+
+
+
+
+ A JOURNEY IN THE MONTH OF JUNE IN EASTERN CANADA
+
+
+  I
+
+  O! the glories of a journey taken in the month of June,
+  When the gentle winds are sighing, and all nature is in tune:
+  While the fragrance of red clover, and the green tints of the trees,
+  Make me glad I am a rover, bathed in the evening breeze.
+
+  II
+
+  So all day I sit and wonder, on green plush I lay and ponder
+      On the glorious panorama, ever new,
+  And I raise my window curtain, for I’m very, very certain,
+      I have never, never witnessed such a view.
+
+  III
+
+  O! Columbia, how I love you, where my first new breath I drew,
+  What lines of grace and beauty on every side you strew.
+      I am rocking on your bosom for my iron horse is free,
+      And the flowers by the hillside waft their fragrance over me.
+
+  IV
+
+  Gazing from my open window, how my heart strings thrill, and thrill,
+  At the glory of the landscape I never get my fill.
+  Canadian hills embowered with crowning woods of green,
+  While fields and lakes and river on either side are seen.
+
+  V
+
+  Now white daisies blend their colors with the darker green below,
+  Or the shining yellow buttercups, their golden beauties show,
+  Wild mustard grows in masses o’er many a lengthening row,
+  Add color to the wheat fields stretching out, as west we go.
+
+  VI
+
+  Now and then, a clump of roses, add their sweetness to the breeze,
+  And June air is gently sighing ’midst the verdure of the trees,
+  Oh! the plain and flood and hillside, how they swiftly come and go,
+  While the power of the engine rocks me gently to and fro.
+
+  VII
+
+  Yes! the scenes move out before me like the pictures in a show.
+  While in the gentle gloaming, on wings I seem to go.
+      With wondrous lines of beauty with splendid brush so free,
+      For the colors of the rainbow cast their glamor over me.
+
+  VIII
+
+  Yes! the beauties of Dame Nature are most wonderfully fair,
+  And gazing on those beauties my soul seems free from care,
+  So my train swings ever westward, her coaches keeping rhyme
+  To the music of dear Nature that’s never out of time.
+
+  IX
+
+  The birds fly up above me, and the flowers bloom below;
+  For God cares for the Raven, on flowers love bestow.
+  We have an earthly Eden from a Father’s loving hand,
+  Angels guard us on the ocean and on the solid land,
+
+  X
+
+  And should we mount, as eagles, on wings in the mid air:
+  In blue expanse of heaven, His love would guard us there.
+  So as the night grows darker I seek my narrow berth.
+  I sleep the sleep of childhood, free from the cares of earth.
+
+
+
+
+ INDEX
+
+
+  Acme, Alberta, 34, 51, 112, 114, 128, 134
+
+  Advance Science, articulated skeletons, 57
+
+  Adventure in Kansas Chalk, 70-71
+
+  Age of Iron, 173
+    Reptiles, 139, 14
+
+  Alberta, 13, 25, 68, 69, 113-119
+
+  Allegheny Mountains, 18
+
+  American Museum of Natural History, 24, 27, 29, 30, 47, 52, 58,
+    61, 62, 73, 94, 117, 128, 139, 150
+    Paleontologist, the oldest, 26
+    Paleontology, 151, 117
+
+  Ammonites, 51
+
+  Amphibians, 68, 182-184
+
+  Ancient World, 184-190
+
+  Anchylosaurus magniventris, 94
+
+  Animals, 13
+
+  Angiosperms, 150
+
+  Another Strange Dinosaur, 120
+
+  Archelon ischyros, 26
+
+  Arizona, 66
+
+  Arlington Cemetery, 22
+
+  Armoured Dinosaurs from Kansas Chalk, 95
+
+  Armored Plant Eaters, 68
+
+  Army Building, 23
+
+  Arthur, Port, 94
+
+  Atlantic, 79, 100
+
+  Auk Great, 13
+
+  Australia, 22
+
+
+  Baculites, 115
+
+  Badlands, 134
+
+  Bassano, 88, 108, 109
+
+  Batracians, 96, 182
+
+  Battle Between Dinosaurs, 108
+
+  Bay Land Locked, 160
+
+  Bear Paw Shales, 109, 114-118
+    Mountains, 112
+
+  Belly River Series 2, 5, 25, 66, 68, 73, 96, 111, 114-116, 130
+    Description of, 73, 74
+    Belongs to Pierre, 112
+
+  Benton, Fort, 111
+
+  Beresford, Admiral, of England, 87
+
+  Berlin Museum, 139
+
+  Bestrum, Mr., 91
+
+  Big Spring, 112
+
+  Black Feet Indian Reserve, 127
+
+  Boat, Flat, 101
+
+  Bog Iron Bones Enclosed in, 63
+
+  Bone-beds, Near Top and Bottom of Badlands, 84
+
+  Bones of Crested Dinosaur, 63
+
+  Boulders, Lying Around, 66
+
+  Boule, Dr., 9, 33
+
+  Bridge at Great Falls, Montana, 33
+
+  British Empire, 3
+
+  British Museum of Natural History, 2, 9, 11, 64, 139, 169, 58, 61, 66,
+    73, 94-98, 120, 127, 130, 131, 117, 118
+    Camp, 62
+    Great Collection, 73
+
+  Brock, Dr., 7, 69
+
+  Brontosaur, 21, 56
+
+  Brooks, 92, 110, 133
+
+  Brown, Dr. Barnum, 3, 25
+
+  Bull Berry Jelly, 90
+
+
+  Calgary, Alberta, 34, 36
+
+  Cambridge, Mass., 73, 132
+
+  Camp Above Happy Jack Ferry, 85
+
+  Camp, This is the Richest, 54
+
+  Champsosaurus, Found by George F. Sternberg, 84, 86, 116
+
+  Canada, 110, 134
+
+  Canadian Pacific Rwy., 73
+
+  Canadian Rockies, 34
+    Northern Rwy., 36
+
+  Canyon, Our Work In a, 61
+
+  Capital, 20
+
+  Carbide Used for Lights on Lake, 93
+
+  Carboniferous, 22, 180
+
+  Carnegie, Mr., 19, 29, 56
+    Museum, 4, 19, 21
+    Hall of Music, 19
+
+  Carnivore, Discovery of, 53
+    Excavating, 55
+    Loading, 55
+    Charlie Standing in Quarry, 55
+    Will Mount In Bold Relief, 58
+
+  Carniverous Dinosaurs, 139, 143
+
+  Carving Out an Urn, 129
+
+  Casey, 17
+
+  Cassowary, 61
+
+  Casuarius, 61, 65, 116
+
+  Central Pacific Rwy. Co., 88
+
+  Centrosaurus, Discovered by Charles M. Sternberg, 91, 120
+
+  Centrosaurus Prepared by Geo. F. Sternberg, 122, 124
+
+  Ceratops, 48, 86, 91, 105, 107, 119
+
+  Chasmosaurus, 73, 80, 82, 86, 104, 107
+    Description of, 80-81
+    Prepared, 82
+    Ideal Picture, 83
+
+  Chinaman Has a Hot Dish for Us, 92
+
+  Church of England Minister, 69
+
+  Cimoliasaurus, 177
+
+  Claggett Shales, 113, 114, 116
+
+  Claosaurus, 96
+
+  Clark, Mr., Head Photographic Division, 69
+
+  Clidastes, 21, 162
+
+  Coal Mining In Indiana, 18
+    At Drumheller, 36
+    In Milk River Country, 117, 130
+    Miners Tunnel, 135
+    Plants, 182
+
+  Coffee, 76
+    McCheche, 44
+    Beaver, 64, 70
+    Seven Mile, 4
+    Butte, 176
+    Eagle, 112
+
+  Collecting Dinosaurs, 46-48
+
+  Concretions, 52, 53, 66
+
+  Conrad, 159
+
+  Cope, Prof., 7, 11, 27, 61, 82, 111, 113-118, 120, 132, 134,
+    159, 169, 184
+    Collection, 25, 139
+
+  Corythosaurus, George Finds Skeleton, 86, 87
+
+  Coulee, Verdegris, 129
+
+  County, Albany, Wyo., 20
+
+  Courage Needed, 64
+
+  Coutts, 34, 110
+
+  Cow Boys, 67
+    Island, 111, 114
+
+  Creator, For Millions of Years the, 65
+
+  Creatures Having Seed in Themselves, 65
+
+  Creek, Lance, 11, 26
+    Plum, 14
+    Old Woman, 27
+    Willow, 50
+    Bull Pond, 51
+    Sand, 61, 73
+    Rosebud, 35
+    Knee Hill, 35
+    Tributary, 35
+    Berry, 52, 68
+    One Tree, 75
+    Hackberry, 75, 95, 160
+    Hell, 94
+    Dog, 113-115, 121
+
+  Crested Dinosaurs, Description of, 62, 67
+
+  Cretaceous, 11, 51, 53, 60, 66, 114, 140
+
+  Crinoids, 164
+
+  Crocodile Bones, 68, 84, 143
+
+  Crow Indians Reserve, 33
+
+
+  Dakota Group, 13
+
+  Dead Lodge Canyon, 114-119
+
+  Denhart Restoration, 61
+
+  Dike Volcanic, 112
+
+  Dinosaurs, 3, 98, 101, 35
+    Of Red Deer River, 2, 21, 139
+
+  Diplodocus Carnegie, 20, 57
+
+  Director Geological Survey, 55, 58, 110
+
+  Discovery of Fossil Fish, 12
+
+  Discovery of Two Skeletons, 60, 62
+    Specimens of Corythosaurus, 65, 66
+
+  Disney, Mr. Patrick, 87, 88
+
+  Douglass, 20, 56
+
+  Dowling, D. B., 110, 117
+
+  Dreverman, Dr. F., 7
+
+  Drumheller, Alberta, 35, 44, 48, 53
+
+  Duck-Billed Dinosaurs, 7, 8, 68
+
+
+  Eagle Sandstone, 113, 116
+
+  Easton, A. E., 3, 33, 36, 41, 48
+
+  Edgemont, South Dakota, 5, 33
+
+  Edmonton Series, 25, 51, 62, 66, 84, 96, 113, 114, 117
+    Of Brackish Water, 33, 38
+    Description of, 35
+
+  Egyptians Ancient, 7
+
+  Elkader, 70
+
+  England, 87
+
+  Eryops, 185
+
+  Euoplocephalus, 66, 97
+
+  Excavation In Face of Cliff, 67
+
+  Exhibition Room, 30, 65
+
+
+  Faces of Bluff Covered With Cherty Fragments, 43
+
+  Falls, Great, 111
+
+  Fern Trees, 22
+
+  Ferry Loveland, 62
+    Man Stretched Wire Across River, 51, 52
+
+  Field Notes For 1913, 72
+
+  Figs, 9
+
+  Flesh Eaters, 68
+
+  Florida, 9, 177
+
+  Fluting Beautiful, 66
+
+  Fog Horn, 174
+
+  Fossil Leaves Locality, 53
+
+  Fox Hills, 114
+
+  Frankfort on the Main, 7
+
+  Frenchman, 175
+
+
+  Galyean, Hope to Reach House, 75, 76
+    John, 76
+
+  Geological Survey of Canada, 2, 14, 15, 21, 33, 48, 53, 68, 69, 80
+    Gallery, 12
+    And Paleontology, 114
+
+  Germany, Made in, 68
+
+  Gibbs, Mr. Hugh, 26
+
+  Gidley, Mr., 22, 56
+
+  Gila Monster, 60
+
+  Gilmore, C. W., 22, 56
+
+  God, Creative Power of, 65
+
+  Goldsmith’s Poem, 170
+
+  Gorges Deep, 115
+
+  Gorgosaurus libratus, Lambe, 58, 59-60, 75, 107-110
+
+  Gothic Towers, 72
+
+  Gove County, Kansas, 70
+
+  Granger, Mr., 58
+
+  Great Northern Rwy., 111
+
+  Gryposaurus, of Lambe, 68, 73, 75, 118
+
+
+  Hadrosaurus, 96
+
+  Hall of Fossil Vertebrates, 67
+
+  Hall, Steve, Hotel, 52
+
+  Haploscapha, 159
+
+  Happy Jack Ferry, 94, 102, 109
+
+  Hatcher, Dr. J. B., 17
+
+  Hawkins, Waterhouse, 57
+
+  Head Collector and Preparator, 33
+
+  Holland, Dr., 55
+
+  Holy Ground, Our Laboratory, 65
+
+  Horizon, We Got in a New, 52
+
+  Hunting Dinosaurs, 78
+    Big Game, 94
+
+
+  Ideal Pictures of Edmonton Times, 38-41, 135-155
+    Duck-Bills, 144, 147
+    Cretaceous Life, 160-179
+    Tylosaur, 160, 161
+    Pteranodont, 164
+    Portheus, 169
+    Snout Fishes, 177-178
+
+  Iguanodonts, 57
+
+  Illinois, 16, 17
+
+  Indiana, 17
+
+  Indianapolis, 18
+
+  Indian Traveled on Trail of, 67
+
+  Inoceramus Shell, 25, 177
+
+  International Line, 27, 34, 129
+
+  Ireland’s Empress, 174
+
+
+  Jackson, Mr., 87
+
+  Jasperson, 18
+
+  Jehu Rode Like, 70
+
+  Jessup, Morris, 25
+
+  Johnson, Mr., 87
+
+  Judith River Post Office, 113, 114, 134, 142
+    Country, 119
+
+
+  Kansas, 159, 162, 165
+
+  Kansas Chalk, 1, 12, 25, 27, 54, 95, 97, 100
+    Western, 11, 132
+
+  Keewatin Steamer, 93
+
+  Kendall, Montana, 116
+
+  Knowlton, Dr. F. H., 129, 166
+
+  Kindness of Directors, Dr. Brock and Mr. R. G. McConnell, 69
+
+  Kritosaurus, 118
+
+
+  Labyrinth of Intricate Gorges, 47
+
+  Lady of the North, 3
+
+  Laelaps, 57
+
+  Lambe, Mr., 30, 58, 61, 62, 65, 68, 72, 76, 88, 96, 118, 120
+
+  Lance Beds, 11, 96, 128
+
+  Land Slides, 50
+
+  Laramie, 11
+
+  Lawrence, Kansas, 2, 13, 16, 162
+
+  Leidy, Prof., 96, 118
+
+  Lepidodendron, 180
+
+  Lethbridge, Alberta, 34
+
+  Life of a Fossil Hunter, 17, 118
+
+  Light Houses, 97
+
+  Livingston’s Ranch, 70
+
+  London Illustrated News, 11, 169
+
+  Loveland Ferry, 96
+
+  Lull, Prof., 26, 34
+
+  Lusk, Wyoming, 14
+
+
+  Mammalian Remains, 69
+
+  Marsh, Prof., O. C., 21, 26, 40, 65, 86, 96, 182
+
+  Matthew, Dr., 58
+
+  Maud, 156-178, 183, 184, 187
+
+  McBride’s House, 76
+
+  McConnell, Mr. R. G., 127
+
+  McGee, Jack, 49, 52, 55
+    Dan, 44, 47
+
+  McKeon Ranch in Wyoming, 4
+
+  McNicoll, Port, 93, 172
+
+  Medicine Hat, 132, 133
+
+  Miller, Mr., 181
+
+  Moa, the Great, 13
+
+  Monarch, Under a, 2
+
+  Monster Fish, 12
+
+  Montana, 121, 129, 135, 142
+
+  Monument Rocks, 70
+
+  Morophus, 21
+
+  Mosasaurian Bay, 164, 167
+
+  Mosasaurus, 162, 164
+
+  Motor Boat, 85
+
+  Mounting Trachodon Skeleton, 44, 64, 65, 84
+    Titanotherium Skeleton, 14, 28, 29
+    Two Skulls of Centrosaurus, 122
+    Charlie’s Gorgosaurus, 48
+
+  Moving Pictures, 92
+
+  Munich, Bavaria, 139
+
+  Museum of Comparative Zoology, 161
+
+  Museum of Kansas University, 162
+
+  Music Hall, 18
+
+  Myledaphus, 84
+
+
+  Narrow Escape When Men Loaded Trachodon, 48
+
+  Natural History Museum Paris, 33
+
+  Nature’s Heart, 65, 165
+
+  Nevada, 56
+
+  New Mexican Trachodont, 72
+
+  New York, 26
+
+  New Zealand, 60
+
+  Niobrara County, Wyoming, 14
+
+  Nolan, Dr., 57
+
+  Northern Lights, 93
+
+
+  Ohio, 18
+
+  Oligocene, Sculptury of the, 14, 15
+
+  Open Mounts the Process, 37, 58
+
+  Oregon, 25
+
+  Osborn, Prof. H. F., 25, 150, 153
+
+  Ostrea congesta, 15
+
+  Outlying Butte, 66
+
+  Oxford University, 87
+
+
+  Paleontological Museum, 19
+
+  Paleontology, 8
+
+  Palmetto Palm, 9
+
+  Paradise of Dry Bones, 26
+
+  Parks, Prof., 92
+
+  Paris, 9, 13, 48
+    Museum, 134
+
+  Patience Necessary in Preparation of Dinosaurs, 64
+
+  Pennsylvania, 18
+    Route, 16
+    Avenue, 23
+
+  Permian Beds of Texas, 75, 132, 182, 187
+
+  Peterson, Mr., 58
+
+  Petrified Bones of Duck-Bills Poorly Preserved, 63
+
+  Photographs Taken by George, Charles and Levi Sternberg, 69
+
+  Picture of Carniverous Dinosaur Life, 60
+    Early Lance Creek Beds, 9
+
+  Picture of Centrosaurus, 126
+
+  Pierre, Fort, 34, 50, 51, 113, 114
+
+  Pillars, Mush-Room-Like, 66
+
+  Pittsburgh, 18, 22, 55, 162
+
+  Plaster Process of Protecting Fossils, 45
+
+  Platanus, 128
+
+  Platecarpus, 16
+
+  Plated Dinosaurs, 88, 90, 95
+
+  Plesiosaur, 175, 177
+
+  Pleistocene, 50
+
+  Poems, 200-223
+
+  Poets Tribute to Soldier Dead, 24
+
+  Port Arthur, 94, 172
+
+  Portheus, 11, 19, 25, 171
+
+  Pose of Saurians, 60
+
+  Prairie Margin Slides Down, 42
+
+  Preparing, George at Work, 123
+
+  Proceedings, Kansas Academy, 94
+
+  Proceedings Society, 3
+
+  Problem I, The Environment of Dinosaurs, 34, 40, 41
+    II, How Did the River Cut Its Gorge? 37, 38, 42, 43
+
+  Professor Sternberg, 13
+
+  Prosaurolophus, 66, 86
+
+  Protostega gigas, 21
+
+  Pycraft, 11, 12
+
+  Pyramids Fluted, 72
+
+
+  Quinter, Kansas, 33, 70
+
+
+  River, Kaskaskia, 17
+    Ohio, 18
+    Cheyenne, 5, 10
+    Red Deer, 25, 42, 43, 54, 68, 69, 96, 114, 116, 132, 133
+    Milk, 122, 127-129
+    Judith, 109-118
+    Missouri, 112, 115-119, 129, 142
+    Mississippi, 16
+    John Day, 25
+    Belly, 94, 98, 114
+    St. Lawrence, 100
+    Red Deer, Dinosaurs, 64, 125
+      Trip Down, 49-53
+    Big Wichita, 181
+    Swift Current, 109
+
+  Recession of Cliffs, 41
+
+  Red Letter Day, 43
+
+  Royal Museum, Toronto, 93
+
+  Redwood Leaves, 43
+
+
+  Sailors, Funeral of the Maine, 23
+
+  Scenery on Red Deer River, 64
+
+  Schuchert, Professor, 26
+
+  Scientific Men, Mistakes of, 80
+
+  Scott, Prof. W. B., 57
+
+  Scott’s Famous Poem, 141
+
+  Scow Building of, etc., 49, 85, 88, 91
+
+  Seamen’s Hills, 14
+
+  Secretary Academy of Science, 57
+
+  Senckenberg Museum, 7, 9, 98
+
+  Shaw, The Ferry Man, 133
+
+  Siliceous Concretions, 67
+
+  Siren Sounds Alarm, 94
+
+  Site, Moved Camp Down to new, 54
+
+  Skeleton Platecarpus, 162
+
+  Skull of Crested Dinosaur, 63
+
+  Soft Soap, After a Rain Like, 43
+
+  Soldiers of the Union, 28
+
+  Soo Locks, 94
+
+  South Dakota, 26
+
+  Sphenodon, 60
+
+  Stanton, Mr., 114
+
+  Station, Milk River, 128
+
+  Stegosaur, 22, 56, 68, 94, 95
+
+  St. Elmo’s Fire First Seen on Land, 71, 72
+
+  Stephanosaurus of Lambe, 65, 67
+    The Nearly Complete Skeleton, 65
+    Described, 62-65
+
+  Sternberg, General George M., 22
+    Charles H., 16, 65, 68, 72-3-4, 31, 52, 54, 84, 85, 95, 122, 127
+    George F., 16, 25, 27, 33, 34, 47, 48, 69, 73, 74, 3, 9, 11-14,
+     52, 54, 64, 69, 77, 83, 86
+    Charles M., 16, 27, 3, 5, 9, 14, 25, 49, 51-58, 62, 84, 85, 86, 88,
+     120-129
+    Levi, 2, 33, 71-75, 45, 45, 49, 54, 14, 124
+    Charles H., A Collector for Fifty Years, 27
+    Charles M., Discovers Trachodont Skeleton, 43
+
+  Steveville, 73, 77, 52, 78, 102, 133
+
+  St. Louis, 16
+
+  Storm, Great Thunder, 70, 71
+
+  Styracosaurus, 101-102
+
+  Story of An Old River Bed, 14
+    Of the Discovery of Charlie’s Trachodon, 5
+
+  Styracosaurus, 102-107
+
+  Summary of the Geological Survey, 68
+
+  Superior, 94, 93
+
+  Sweet Grass, Montana, 34
+
+  Swift Current, 88
+
+
+  Teeming East, 16
+
+  Terre Haute, 17
+
+  Texas, 75, 181
+
+  Theropoda, 68
+
+  Timber, Destruction of, 18
+
+  Titanotherium, 14, 27, 28
+
+  Trachodon, 57, 62, 79, 84, 118
+    Found by Charles M. Sternberg, 67
+    A Swimming, 34
+    A Feeding, 39
+    Description of, 39, 40
+    Death From Carnivore annectens, Marsh, 41
+
+  Trail Cowboys Traveled on it, 67
+    Princeton, 67
+
+  Trees Palms, Redwoods, Sycamores, Figs, Magnolias, 33
+
+  Trego County, Kansas, 16
+
+  Triceratops, 33, 81, 104
+
+  Trip to the East, 16-19
+    Pittsburgh, 66
+    Washington, 58
+    Philadelphia, 57
+
+  Toronto, Canada, 93
+
+  Tübingen, University, 25
+
+  Turtles, 68
+    Found by George F., 77
+
+  Tylosaurus, 13, 160-162
+
+  Tyrant of the Everglades, 75
+
+
+  Under Ground Channels, 63
+
+  Union Jack, 3
+
+  Uintacrinus socialis, 165
+
+  United States, 3
+    National Museum of the, 55
+
+  Upper Cretaceous, 13
+
+  Urn, Carving An, 129
+
+  Utterback Specimen, 4
+
+
+  Vandalism, 176
+
+  Valley of Red Deer River, 35
+    Milk River, 129
+
+  Vassar College, 162
+
+  Victoria Memorial Museum, 2, 7, 9, 10, 14, 45, 53, 125
+
+  Venus, 38
+
+  Verdegris Coulee, 129
+
+  Vertebrate Paleontologist, 61, 80, 176
+    Paleontology, 24
+    Fossils, 33
+
+  Views of Old Paleontologists, 8
+
+  Vulcanism, 112, 113, 115, 129
+
+
+  Ward, Dr., 166
+
+  Washington, 22, 56
+
+  Weed, 110
+
+  We Explore Dead Lodge Canyon, 49
+
+  Weiland, Dr., 26, 176, 177
+
+  We Spy Out the Land, 53
+
+  Western Kansas, 150
+
+  Williston, Dr. S. W., 26, 176, 177
+
+  Wilson, 166
+
+  Wonders of the Permian, 180-199
+
+  Work on Charlie’s Gryposaurus, 72
+
+  Wyoming, 35, 96, 122, 149
+
+
+  Yale, 26, 95, 176
+
+
+
+
+=“THE LIFE OF A FOSSIL HUNTER”=
+
+IS OUT OF PRINT.
+
+I own the electrotypes, halftones and copyright and will publish a new
+edition on receipt of a hundred subscriptions at $1.75 each postpaid.
+
+                                                  CHARLES H. STERNBERG,
+                                                              _Author_.
+
+A few extracts from Reviews of “The Life of a Fossil Hunter.”
+
+=Chicago Herald, March 20th, 1909.=
+
+“Any body will instantly feel the spell of interest in Mr. Sternberg’s
+autobiography ‘The Life of a Fossil Hunter.’ Mr. Sternberg writes
+simply, unpretentiously, entertainingly, and there runs all through his
+book a curious union of scientific devotion and religious reverence
+that is as unusual as it is charming.”
+
+=San Francisco Argonaut, June 5th, 1909.=
+
+“There are few hunters of live game who can tell so good a story, who
+has seen so much adventure, or experienced so many escapes. Such a
+record would in any case be interesting, but it becomes fascinating
+from the exuberance of its style and hearty enthusiasm that animates
+every page.”
+
+=Boston Living Age, March 20th, 1909.=
+
+“His name, as affixed to his specimens, is the only witness to his
+labors which will remain after him, except the work of three sons whom
+he has trained to follow in his footsteps; but he has been happy and
+his single-hearted story is a book to renew our faith in man’s capacity
+to work for pure delight in work.”
+
+=Interior, Chicago, June 17th, 1909.=
+
+“But he not only stuck to his self-imposed task but raised a whole
+family of boys, every one of whom took to fossil hunting as a duckling
+does to water. Best of all, to the Christian reader, it will seem the
+author kept his faith in God and the Bible unimpaired, and his pages
+are full of ascriptions of praise to the Maker of heaven and earth.”
+
+=Lawrence Gazette, March 8th, 1909.=
+
+“A remarkable book. The author has a way of telling things that is
+charming because of its simplicity. He uses scientific terms only when
+necessary, and a child could read and understand this book.”
+
+
+Transcriber’s Notes.
+
+Italic text is indicated with _underscores_, bold text with =equals=.
+Small/mixed capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS.
+
+Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
+silently. Inconsistent hyphenation/spelling has been normalised.
+
+The author’s use of “Carniverous” (carnivorous) is retained as is the
+use of both “armored” and “armoured”. Instances of lilly/lillies have
+been corrected to lily/lilies. Likewise butress/ed/es to buttress/ed/es.
+
+Transposition of the illustrations for figures 35 and 38 has been
+corrected. An errata slip noting the error has been discarded.
+
+A single footnote has been placed after the paragraph from which it is
+referenced.
+
+Other errors addressed:
+
+page 19 “delved like Vulvan” corrected to “delved like Vulcan”.
+
+page 45 “as were the bones, checked” corrected to “as were the bones,
+cracked”.
+
+page 123 “securely to the crest” corrected to “securely to the skull”.
+
+Fig. 31 (a photograph) in the list of illustrations was incorrectly
+described as “Drawing of skull by Weber” The description has been
+amended to match the caption “Skull of Chasmosaurus restored by Weber.”
+
+page 90 “the moment it was” changed to “and the moment it was”
+
+page 24 “On times eternal camping ground” corrected to “On Fame’s
+eternal camping ground”. Misquoted from “Bivouac of the Dead”.
+
+page 201 Erroneous text discarded (in italics).
+
+you will see there what I had learned up to the time of writing, the
+process by which fossils are made. _I ing, of the process by which
+fossils are made. I all fossils._ I found here in the Belly River
+Series entirely different conditions.
+
+page 172 “McNickels”; page 229 “McNickle” ; page 93 “McNickles”. All
+corrected to “McNicoll” (Port McNicoll, Ontario).
+
+page 17 “Waskaskaia”; page 230 “Waskaskia”. Both corrected to
+“Kaskaskia” (Illinois river).
+
+pages 93 & 229 “Keetewin” corrected to “Keewatin” (Passenger liner
+operating between Port Arthur and Port McNicoll).
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77814 ***
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+</head>
+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77814 ***</div>
+
+
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="front" style="max-width: 190.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/front.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">Ideal Picture of Belly River Series Time, by Deckert of the American Museum of Natural History,
+New York.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+
+<h1>HUNTING DINOSAURS</h1>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2 center">IN
+THE BAD LANDS OF THE RED DEER RIVER
+ALBERTA, CANADA</p>
+
+
+<p class="p4 sm center">A SEQUEL TO</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE LIFE OF A FOSSIL HUNTER</p>
+
+<p class="sm center">BY</p>
+
+<p class="center">CHARLES H. STERNBERG</p>
+
+<p class="p4 center"></p>
+<figure class="figcenter" id="logo" style="width: 60px;">
+  <img src="images/logo.jpg" width="60" height="73" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+
+<p class="p4 center">PUBLISHED BY CHARLES H. STERNBERG<br>
+<span class="smcap">Lawrence, Kansas</span><br>
+1917
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+
+<p class="p4 center">THE WORLD COMPANY PRESS
+LAWRENCE, KANSAS
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="p4 center">Copyright, 1917<br>by<br>
+CHARLES H. STERNBERG<br>
+<i>Published, March 1917</i>
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">[iii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>My Story, “The Life of a Fossil Hunter,” published
+by Henry Holt &amp; Co., New York, 1909,
+met with such a splendid reception that I am
+tempted to write a second volume, especially as
+I have since that publication with my three sons
+met with the most wonderful success among the
+dinosaurs of the Red Deer river, Alberta, Canada.
+Since 1912 we have been in the employment
+of the Geological Survey of Canada, collecting
+five car loads of the ancient inhabitants
+of Alberta. We have found many new genera of
+the duck-billed dinosaurs, those wonderful swimmers
+of the old lakes and bayous of the Cretaceous
+period, three new genera of horned dinosaurs,
+learning more about them than was ever
+known before, finding that instead of being covered
+with bony plates as has been supposed they
+had thin skins with small scales like mosaic-work;
+then, stranger still, the huge plated dinosaurs
+completely enveloped in an armor of bony
+plates, some large, and others small like chained
+armor, allowing motion to the body. In fact, we
+are building up a great exhibit of these strange
+creatures of the past. I propose to write in the
+same strain as in my other book, but will take
+my readers to entirely new scenes; to the richest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[iv]</span>
+Cretaceous fossil field in the world; will tell of
+our adventures and strenuous labor in the great
+gorge of the Red Deer river, 500 feet deep, and
+many miles in length; of the entire process of collecting,
+learned by experience through so many
+years of ceaseless effort; also the work of preparation
+in our laboratory. In 1917 it will be
+fifty years since I began collecting fossils, the
+rich results of the past few years are due to the
+splendid work done by my three sons of whom
+I am justly proud, and the assistance rendered
+me by the Geological Survey who have honored
+every requisition I have made upon them and the
+results have been far beyond my wildest dreams.
+No other Museum in the world, except the
+American in New York, can show such collections
+as we have made in the last few years. I
+would like to tell you the whole story. Those of
+you who have read my other volume and have
+sent me notes of appreciation I would like to
+tell you of how much assistance they have been
+to me, giving me fresh courage when I have
+been nearly discouraged. I will illustrate the
+new book with fifty original photographs showing
+the fossil beds, the skeletons, or huge heads
+in the rock, the manner of collecting, the work
+of preparation in the laboratory, and the finished
+specimen ready for exhibition. We have already
+mounted the first duck-billed dinosaur in Canada,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[v]</span>
+it is thirty-two feet long. We secured eight
+skeletons of a new form with a hooded head.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="padr20">Faithfully yours,</span><br>
+<span class="smcap">Charles H. Sternberg</span>.<br></p>
+
+<p><i>Lawrence, Kansas.</i><br>
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>I wish to acknowledge the great kindness of
+Dr. L. Hussakof, at that time Curator of Reptiles
+in the American Museum of Natural History,
+New York for reading and correcting the first
+ten chapters of this book, and for his many kind
+words and deeds. When I offered to pay for the
+trouble he wrote me “all the pleasure of being
+helpful in an unselfish way would be gone if I
+received pay.” Dr. W. D. Matthews, Curator of
+Vertebrates in the same Museum also encouraged
+me greatly by hoping I would publish my ideal
+picture of “Ancient Giants” after reading the
+chapter I sent him under that title. All the rest
+I am responsible for, as I have had no assistance,
+and if I have published any thing that does not
+please my reader I hope they will overlook it.</p>
+
+<p>How can I thank the Director of the Geological
+Survey of Canada, and Deputy Minister, Mr.
+R. G. McConnell, who has allowed me to use the
+photographs taken by my sons George and
+Charlie, to illustrate my pages. The text would
+have been dull indeed without them. Neither
+can I express my thanks for his unfailing kindness
+to me while I was under his authority as a
+member of the Survey. All the photographs (except
+the Front Piece Figures 1, 2, and 3, which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span>
+were sent to me by my old friend, Dr. Osborn,
+President of the American Museum of Natural
+History, New York. The picture of a <i>Portheus</i>,
+from the London Illustrated News, the Figure
+of a <i>Tylosaur</i> by my son George F. Sternberg.
+The restoration of <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i> by Mr. C.
+W. Gilmore of the U. S. National Museum, and
+the figures 43, 44, and 45 taken last year by my
+son Levi) belong to the Survey. Mr. Clark in
+charge of the Division of Photography developed
+the photographs, and the Terre Haute Engraving
+Co. made the halftones. Neither can I forget the
+unvarying kindness of the former Deputy Minister,
+Dr. R. W. Brock who first employed me.
+For the great assistance he rendered me in field
+and shop. For his earnest assistance to help me
+build up a great collection of the Extinct Animals
+of Canada, at the Victoria Memorial Museum
+at Ottawa, Ontario. I hope these gentlemen
+and all others who have helped me to that end,
+will feel themselves included in this letter of
+thanks.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="padr20">Faithfully yours,</span><br>
+<span class="smcap">Charles H. Sternberg</span>.<br>
+</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">I.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Story of a Monster Fish</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">II.</td>
+<td class="tdl">The Teeming East</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">III.</td>
+<td class="tdl">In the Edmonton Beds of the Cretaceous</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">IV.</td>
+<td class="tdl">We Explore Dead Lodge Canyon</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">V.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Hunting Horned Dinosaurs</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">VI.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Plated Dinosaurs</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">VII.</td>
+<td class="tdl">The Great Spiked Dinosaur</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">VIII.</td>
+<td class="tdl">A Trip to the Judith River</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">IX.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Another Strange Dinosaur</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">X.</td>
+<td class="tdl">In the Milk River Country</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">XI.</td>
+<td class="tdl">There Were Giants In Those Days</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">XII.</td>
+<td class="tdl">What the Cretaceous Seas Brought Forth</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">XIII.</td>
+<td class="tdl">The Wonders of the Permian</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">XIV.</td>
+<td class="tdl">Conclusion</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdrtop">INDEX</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ILLUSTRATIONS">ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig" colspan="2"><i><a href="#front">Front.</a></i></td>
+<td class="tdill">Ideal Picture of Belly River Series Time by
+Deckert, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York.</td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig001">1.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">“Dinosaur Mummy” found by George F. Sternberg</td>
+<td class="tdr">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig002">2.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">“Here the skin is preserved with its complex arrangement of minute scales”</td>
+<td class="tdr">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig003">3.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">In 1909 Charles M. Sternberg discovered this magnificent Triceratops</td>
+<td class="tdr">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig004">4.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Portheus molossus, Cope</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig005">5.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Another skeleton George found, to add to the trophies of his hunt</td>
+<td class="tdr">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig006">6.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Mr. C. W. Gilmore’s wax figure of his ideal <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">20</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig007">7.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">A huge <i>Titanotherium</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">21</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig008">8.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill"><i>Trachodon annectens</i>, Marsh</td>
+<td class="tdr">26</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig009">9.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Traveling on Red Deer River, Alberta</td>
+<td class="tdr">27</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig010">10.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Steveville at the mouth of Berry Creek, Alberta</td>
+<td class="tdr">48</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig011">11.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Charlie’s carnivore as he found it</td>
+<td class="tdr">49</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig012">12.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Preparing Charlie’s Carnivore</td>
+<td class="tdr">52</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig013">13.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Loading Carnivore with triplex tackle</td>
+<td class="tdr">53</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig014">14.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Quarry after Carnivore was removed</td>
+<td class="tdr">56</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig015">15.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Sternberg’s camp three miles below Steveville, Alberta</td>
+<td class="tdr">57</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig016">16.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Skeleton of Lambe’s <i>Stephanosaurus</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">66</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig017">17.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Sections of <i>Stephanosaurus</i> skeleton</td>
+<td class="tdr">67</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig018">18.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">“I climbed the rugged buttes and ridges”</td>
+<td class="tdr">70</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig019">19.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Pillars cut from the solid rock</td>
+<td class="tdr">71</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig020">20.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Outlying Butte over 300 feet high</td>
+<td class="tdr">76</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig021">21.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Levi founded a crested dinosaur</td>
+<td class="tdr">77<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig022">22.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Excavation after taking out Charlie’s <i>Stephanosaurus</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">82</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig023">23.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Charlie’s new <i>Trachodon</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">83</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig024">24.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Prepared skull of <i>Gryposaurus</i>, Lambe, <i>Kritosaurus</i>, Brown</td>
+<td class="tdr">88</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig025">25.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">The strata of clay thins out to nothing</td>
+<td class="tdr">89</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig026">26.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Discovery of George’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i>, (<i>Ceratops</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">94</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig027">27.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">George’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i>, lying in quarry</td>
+<td class="tdr">95</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig028">28.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Levi wrapping <i>Chasmosaurus</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">100</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig029">29.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill"><i>Chasmosaurus</i> Quarry</td>
+<td class="tdr">101</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig030">30.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">George preparing his <i>Chasmosaurus</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">104</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig031">31.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill"><ins title="corrected from ‘Drawing of skull by Weber’">Skull of <i>Chasmosaurus</i> restored by Weber</ins></td>
+<td class="tdr">105</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig032">32.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Sternberg’s camp three miles below “Happy Jack Ferry”</td>
+<td class="tdr">108</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig033">33.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill"><i>Styracosaurus</i> in the bottom of gorge</td>
+<td class="tdr">109</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig034">34.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Top view of <i>Styracosaurus</i>, prepared by C. H. Sternberg</td>
+<td class="tdr">112</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig035">35.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Charlie’s <i>Centrosaurus</i> in the rock</td>
+<td class="tdr">113</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig036">36.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Putting Irons on crest of <i>Centrosaurus</i></td>
+<td class="tdr">120</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig037">37.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">George at work on C. H. Sternberg’s <i>Centrosaurus</i>, (<i>Monoclonius</i>)</td>
+<td class="tdr">121</td>
+</tr>
+
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig038">38.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill"><i>Centrosaurus</i>, discovered by Charles H. Sternberg</td>
+<td class="tdr">130</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig039">39.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Limb of <i>Gorgosaurus</i>, mounted by C. M. Sternberg</td>
+<td class="tdr">131</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig040">40.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Quarry of George’s Plated Dinosaur</td>
+<td class="tdr">140</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig041">41.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Packing up a Loveland Ferry 1915</td>
+<td class="tdr">141</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig042">42.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Badlands of the Red Deer River below Steveville</td>
+<td class="tdr">150</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig043">43.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Badlands near Steveville. Photograph by Levi Sternberg</td>
+<td class="tdr">151</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig044">44.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Badlands near Steveville. Notice cross bedding</td>
+<td class="tdr">160</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig045">45.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Quarry with skeleton of <i>Corythosaurus</i> lost at sea 1916</td>
+<td class="tdr">161<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig046">46.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Charlie letting his plated dinosaur down 150 feet</td>
+<td class="tdr">170</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig047">47.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Hauling out fossil</td>
+<td class="tdr">171</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig048">48.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Urn-like Mass of Rock</td>
+<td class="tdr">180</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig049">49.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Egyptian Sphynx-like rock</td>
+<td class="tdr">181</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig050">50.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Dog Cr. Montana. Notice effects of vulcanism</td>
+<td class="tdr">190</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig051">51.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Badlands near Cow Island, Montana</td>
+<td class="tdr">191</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdlfig">Fig.</td>
+<td class="tdrtop"><a href="#fig052">52.</a></td>
+<td class="tdill">Badlands of the Missouri River</td>
+<td class="tdr">200</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_I">
+CHAPTER I<br>
+<span class="sm">STORY OF A MONSTER FISH</span>
+</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>When I wrote the preface to “The Life of a
+Fossil Hunter,” I little thought of the wonderful
+discoveries and remarkable changes that awaited
+me during the seven years that were to follow.
+Now, in a reminiscent mood, I sit down to tell
+the readers of my autobiography, the story of the
+last seven years spent in the fossil fields, or in the
+laboratory preparing for study, the material that
+I have collected.</p>
+
+<p>Two seasons my sons and I collected in the
+Kansas Chalk, the Lance Beds of the old Converse
+County that is now named Niobrara County,
+Wyoming, and in the Oligocene, of the same
+County. Strange to say, however, five years have
+been spent in the Dominion of Canada, where,
+with the assistance of my three sons, I helped<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span>
+build up a great collection of the Dinosaurs of
+the Red Deer River, Alberta, under the direction
+of the Geological Survey of Canada. The present
+year of 1916, with the help of my youngest son
+Levi, I have been engaged in the same service for
+the British Museum of Natural History. As my
+readers will bear witness, in the past, I have seen
+my choicest treasures for forty years leave my
+hands forever, to add to the glories of museums
+I shall in all probability never see. When the
+opportunity came, however, so suddenly and unexpectedly—the
+opportunity of a life time—to
+crown my last days with a monument that only
+time’s ravages or the vandal hand of man can
+efface, in that growing Dominion of the North
+that promises to be one of the great countries in
+the boundless Western Hemisphere, it seemed to
+me like a call from heaven. Though the ties of a
+lifetime, nearly, that bound me to many a dear
+friend at Lawrence, Kansas, must be severed.
+Though I must leave the protecting folds of my
+father’s flag and mine, and I must live under a
+flag that has waved a thousand years—under a
+Monarch, in fact—I, a republican of republicans!
+Think of it! After three years residence in the
+beautiful city of Ottawa, the capital of all the
+broad expanse North of the international line,
+after four seasons of work among buried dinosaurs
+and three winters spent in the laboratory
+of the Victoria Memorial Museum of Ottawa, I
+am free to confess I would not have known so far<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span>
+as personal liberty is concerned that I was all
+this time in the employ of his Royal Majesty
+George the Fifth of England and ruler of the
+British Empire. I have learned, I believe, that
+a man is as much a man amidst the snows of the
+Lady of the North, under the Union Jack, as under
+my own beloved Stars and Stripes. Our
+hopes, our ideals, our aims are much the same.</p>
+
+<p>I will hurry over the first two years spent in
+the fossil fields of the United States after Henry
+Holt and Company published “The Life of a Fossil
+Hunter.” In 1910 we went to Wyoming. On
+Schneider Creek my second son, Charles M., made
+the discovery of the most remarkable duck-billed
+dinosaur the world has ever seen. The
+<i>Trachodon</i> I described in the last Chapter of
+“The Life of a Fossil Hunter” was the best one
+that had been discovered up to that time. Professor
+R. S. Lull of Yale University in speaking
+of the specimen George F. Sternberg had found
+in 1908 says in his paper, “On Ten Years Progress
+in Dinosaurs,” page 210 Proceedings of the
+Paleontological Society, 1912: “Impressions of
+the skin of this animal (<i>Trachodon</i> or duck-billed
+dinosaur), were already known from material in
+Washington, and from the fragment of a tail collected
+by Barnum Brown. It remained for the
+veteran collector Charles H. Sternberg however,
+in 1908, in Converse County, to bring to light by
+the aid of his three sons the most marvelously preserved
+dinosaur known to (<a href="#fig001">Fig. 1</a>) science. Here<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span>
+the skin is preserved with its complex arrangement
+of minute scales (<a href="#fig002">Fig. 2</a>) entirely bereft of
+defensive armor. Together with portions of the
+muscles, as well as the entire skeleton, with the
+exception of the hind feet and tail. This specimen
+was purchased of Mr. Sternberg by the
+American Museum and is now on exhibition.”</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig001" style="max-width: 188.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig001.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span>—<span class="smcap">Dinosaur “Mummy.”</span> Found by George F. Sternberg. Page <a href="#Page_3">3.</a></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig002" style="max-width: 189.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig002.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—Here the skin is preserved with its complex arrangement of minute scales. Page <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+
+<p>In 1909 Charles M. Sternberg discovered the
+magnificent skull of a <i>Triceratops</i>, also sold to
+the American Museum, and mounted there. This
+is the best skull of this species known, with the
+notable exception of the Utterback specimen at
+Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Charlie’s specimen
+was found on Seven Mile creek, two and a
+half miles northeast of the McKeon Sheep Ranch.
+The skull was over five feet long. The horns 33½
+inches in length. The crest itself on weathering
+out was badly shattered, the fragments having
+fallen from a perpendicular cliff into a sandy
+ravine and becoming buried in the sand. Though
+we spent much time in sifting the sand through
+our fingers, Dr. Osborn sent us back the next
+year, when George and Levi Sternberg sifted
+tons of sand and secured enough additional fragments
+to enable the preparators at the American
+Museum to mount the skull in fine condition as
+is shown in photograph reproduced here. (<a href="#fig003">Fig. 3.</a>)</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig003" style="max-width: 178.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig003.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>—1909 Charles M. Sternberg discovered the magnificent skull of <i>Triceratops</i> photographed by
+Anderson. Page <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p>In 1910 Charlie was again remarkably successful.
+He found near the head of South Schneider
+Creek, a finer specimen even than the famous one
+mentioned by Professor Lull. How he found the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span>
+specimen is well worth the telling. He discovered
+a large part of the tail sticking out of a rounded
+mass of sandstone; another section was in the
+ditch below. I was at the time camped on the
+other side of the Cheyenne River, and it took me
+nearly all day to return with Charlie who came
+after me in our one horse buggy. It was a bitter
+cold evening when we reached the locality, and in
+order to sleep, we built a big fire of dead cottonwood
+limbs, and when we were ready to leave the
+fire for bed, we raked off the coals and rolled out
+our bed on the warm earth beneath. We were
+under a sheltering bank that protected us from
+the wind. The next day the wind again blew a
+gale, and we stood on the bluff and swung our
+picks all day in our effort to get down to the floor
+on which the skeleton lay stretched out at full
+length. Our eyes were soon filled with the sand
+we loosened with our picks; but our enthusiasm
+knew no bounds, and that evening, I believe, the
+other boys, George and Levi arrived with the outfit,
+pitched a tent and cooked us a good meal under
+cover. It was a big undertaking however, to
+get that dinosaur out of the quarry and haul it to
+the railway at Edgemont, South Dakota, 75
+miles away. It took us two months and a half of
+tireless effort. The skeleton had evidently sunk
+after death in quick sand, since the front limbs
+were lifted up along the sides of the body and reversed,
+showing the perfectly preserved webs that
+covered them. The head, and the neck were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span>
+stretched to their full length, while the hind feet
+pointed downward. The animal lay on the ventral
+surface with the abdominal wall spread out.
+The skull was four feet long. Trunk and head
+12 feet and 2 inches and the tail 5 feet and 6
+inches. The entire body was covered with skin,
+not clinging to the bones as in the American
+Museum specimen George found in 1908, but covered
+as if with round muscles, the sand having
+taken the place occupied by the original flesh.
+Owing to the great size of the specimen, and as I
+was determined to save every particle of the skin,
+the sections we took up were very heavy, especially
+those composing the trunk, one of which
+weighed about 3,500 pounds. It took considerable
+skill and the combined strength of the four of us
+to handle these huge masses of rock and bone, especially
+as we had no tackle. We learned, however,
+that with a couple of cottonwood poles for levers
+and blocks of the same for fulcrums, we could
+hoist a section up, and then while the boys held
+it a few inches above ground I would shovel sand
+under it and tamp it with my shovel handle. Of
+course when they loosened their hold to take a
+new bite, it sank deeply into the sand again, but
+still we found we had gained an inch or two.
+Working thus all day we not only raised a section
+weighing 3,500 pounds four feet in the air,
+but moved it several feet to one side so we could
+run the wagon under it and load. I then came to
+the conclusion that if four men with nothing but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span>
+poles, blocks, and sand, could move and handle
+such a heavy mass that the ancient Egyptians,
+with millions of laborers and endless tons of
+sand, could with nothing more than such simple
+tools have erected the pyramids.</p>
+
+<p>The specimen when boxed weighed nearly 10,000
+pounds. I sent it to Dr. Dreverman of the
+Senckenberg Museum at Frankfort on the Main.
+I shall never forget the effort I made to induce
+him to give up the specimen, or take another in
+its stead. A day or two after I received his acceptance
+of my offer, I received an offer from Dr.
+Brock of the Victoria Memorial Museum. He
+wished me to mount the specimen in Ottawa, and
+offered me double the price I was to receive from
+Senckenberg for the unmounted specimen. But
+it crossed the Atlantic. The last message I had
+of it, before this awful war cut off all communications,
+was that the head had been prepared and
+it was the best of which there was any record.</p>
+
+<p>These two specimens which my party of three
+sons and my self have added to science, prove
+conclusively that the duck-billed saurians were
+great swimmers. My readers will remember that
+I was coming to this view slowly. In describing
+the splendid specimen George had found in 1908,
+on page 276 of “The Life of a Fossil Hunter,” I
+said “I have no doubt that the animal with lungs
+expanded to their full capacity often swam across
+streams of water.” I was reluctantly giving up
+Marsh’s and Cope’s ideas; they believed these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span>
+dinosaurs lived on land, feeding off the tender
+foliage of trees; and I remarked, “The animal
+could use the front limbs as clumsy hands to hold
+down branches of trees from which to crop the
+tender foliage, or banners of moss.” When I
+wrote those lines I had but a single specimen to
+draw my conclusions from, and even this not yet
+prepared, and I had little knowledge of its habitat.</p>
+
+<p>Now after eight years in the cemeteries of the
+duck-billed dinosaurs, with the discovery by my
+party of several new genera, as well as a careful
+study of their environment: as recorded in the
+rocks in which they lie buried, and eight months
+each year in the laboratory cleaning, mending,
+preparing and mounting them—my vision has
+broadened; I have indeed been forced by incontestible
+evidence to give up my old ideas in regard
+to their habits and surroundings. In fact Paleontology,
+like all human science—or rather scientific
+theories, for the actual facts of science never
+change—progresses. Evidence to prove certain
+views seemed conclusive to the old paleontologist;
+but better collections, trained students and
+further knowledge prove these views inadequate
+today. Entirely different views are held now, as
+in the case of the duck-bills, for instance. These
+lived in the water instead of on land, and consequently
+they had thin skin and strong paddles,
+or rather webbed feet.</p>
+
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig004" style="max-width: 147.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig004.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>—I discovered five skeletons of the tarpon-like fish, <i>Portheus molossus</i>, <i>Cope</i>.
+Page <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig005" style="max-width: 124.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig005.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>—Another skeleton George found to add to the trophies after big game.
+Page <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span></p>
+
+<p>I also discovered a wonderful deposit of figs a
+few rods from the <i>Trachodon</i> quarry. They fell
+in sand among teeth and bones of reptiles and
+fishes, as well as the impressions of rushes and
+other aquatic plants, and shell fishes. The sand
+packed solidly around them, and when they decayed
+their form was firmly molded in the sand.
+The cavity thus formed was filled with sand, and
+an exact cast of the figs was produced. Until
+then, less than a dozen fossil figs were known to
+me. I also discovered five beautiful palmetto palm
+leaves 18 inches in width, showing that the country
+at the time they grew was like the everglades
+of Florida, ridges between great marshes, through
+the center of which ran sluggish streams almost
+at a level with the near by ocean. The water was
+beyond tidewater, however, it was sweet.</p>
+
+<p>In 1910 I found three <i>Triceratops</i> skulls and
+George one. Two of them went to the Senckenberg
+Museum to make a couple of mounted skulls
+for exhibition. We also secured much <i>Trachodon</i>
+material in addition to that already mentioned,
+a large part of a skeleton going to the British
+Museum of Natural History. George also found
+the most perfect specimen of a <i>Trachodon</i> tail I
+had seen up to that time. I sent it to Dr. Marcelin
+Boule for the Paris Museum of Natural History.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1911 we were preparing
+a huge skull, some seven feet long, of <i>Triceratops</i>
+for the Victoria Memorial Museum. Later, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span>
+the spring I was away, and Charlie was at work
+on it. One evening he had left the shop to go
+home when a Kansas cyclone struck the building
+and shoved one of the brick walls in as easily as
+if the building had been a house of cards. The
+weight of the brick falling on the skull not only
+crushed it so badly that it could not be restored
+and had to be thrown away, but it drove the
+heavy tailor’s table it was on through the floor.
+Mr. Constant the owner of the building saw the
+storm coming and ran upstairs to shut the west
+window. But before he could reach it the wall
+fell in and he had to run for his life up the falling
+floor, and fortunately reached the steps and
+got out of the building safely. Though the loss
+of so valuable a specimen that had cost me much
+time and labor was bitter indeed, the thought
+that my son had so narrowly escaped with his
+life made me more reconciled to the loss. I have,
+as already related, both seen, and been in cyclones,
+but this was the first one that ever destroyed
+such a valuable fossil for me. In the
+same building, but farther towards the east, we
+had a great fish (<i>Portheus</i>), skeleton 14 feet
+long. But when the floor from above fell in, the
+rafters covered it in such a way that it was not
+injured, and though covered with lath and plaster,
+it came out without a scratch, and is now
+mounted in the Victoria Memorial Museum. Our
+camp was visited by George’s wife and babies in
+1910. We were camped on the Cheyenne River,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span>
+and it was a great comfort and pleasure to have
+a woman in camp, and we soon noticed a change
+in the culinary department. It seemed like
+home to have a daughter and grandchildren in
+this desert land, and when we came in from a
+hard day’s work in the fossil beds they helped
+make us forget our labor and our care. These
+records of work in the Laramie, or rather as
+they are now called, the Lance beds (from Lance
+Creek in the immediate vicinity), show plainly
+that persistent, untiring efforts in a field (that
+was supposed to be exhausted by other explorers),
+by trained collectors, will meet with good
+results. Thirteen <i>Triceratops</i> skulls, I believe,
+were recorded by Hatcher, who with others spent
+years here. We not only secured six <i>Triceratops</i>
+skulls, but, what was worth far more, the nearly
+entire skeletons of two trachodonts wrapped in
+their skins, giving science an entirely new conception
+of these dinosaurs.</p>
+
+<p>In 1911, I sent George to western Kansas with
+a party to collect in the Chalk and with wonderful
+results; for though I had secured four skeletons
+of the famous Tarpon-like fish of the Cretaceous,
+named <i>Portheus molossus</i> by Cope, he
+succeeded in finding the most complete skeleton
+known to science, now mounted in the British
+Museum of Natural History, in London. Mr.
+Pycraft, has pictured it in the London Illustrated
+News for March 1, 1913. “The giant to
+which I refer now” (he says), “has been dead a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span>
+very long while, a million years or so [over
+5,000,000 C. H. S.]. It remains in a most extraordinary
+state of preservation—will be found in
+the Geological Gallery. Measuring just fourteen
+feet in length, it must have weighed between
+four and five hundred pounds [a thousand likely
+C. H. S.]. It was obtained from the chalk of
+Kansas, and has quite a remarkable history. It
+was found by Professor Sternberg who has
+achieved a world-wide fame for his discovery of
+fossil fish and his quite amazing skill in digging
+his finds from the rock in which they are
+embedded. The specimen was found [by George
+F. Sternberg], exposed at the surface of the
+ground, and was much the worse for wear-and-tear
+of wind and rain and sun. But Professor
+Sternberg was equal to the occasion. For just
+as there are two sides to every question, so there
+are two sides to every fossil. The resourceful discoverer
+determined to get at the other side of
+this very stale fish; for the exposed side was useless.
+Accordingly he covered it with a thick layer
+of plaster-of-Paris and when this was set he
+proceeded to dig out the fossil from the bed of
+chalk. This accomplished, he cut away the rock
+from the specimen, and eventually succeeded in
+exposing the whole fish.” [The underside at
+least C. H. S.] (<a href="#fig004">Fig. 4.</a>)</p>
+
+<p>I have quoted Mr. Pycraft at length as he has
+given the facts about as they occurred except only
+in giving me, instead of my son credit for the discovery.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span>
+Why did this monster fish whose remains
+are not only abundant in the thousand feet of
+Kansas Chalk, but fragments of whose skeletons
+have been found in many parts of the world become
+extinct? From my long experience in the
+fossil beds I most surely believe that he had his
+day and disappeared, as has the Moa, and Great
+Auk, and many other species. I have collected
+redwood leaves and cones from the Dakota Group,
+Cretaceous, in Kansas, and in the Upper Cretaceous
+of Alberta, and Wyoming. Now however
+they range over a small territory along the Coast
+Range of California, and their days are numbered.</p>
+
+<p>Animals come on the stage of life, exist for a
+greater or lesser period as it may happen, and
+then disappear; and the old saw “that every dog
+has his day” is literally true of the past as of the
+present. Another fine skeleton George found, to
+add to the trophies of his hunt after big game,
+was a beautiful little <i>Tylosaur</i>, or ram-nosed
+mosasaur. It was twelve feet long only, but was
+very complete indeed. This also went to Senckenberg
+Museum. (<a href="#fig005">Fig. 5.</a>)</p>
+
+<p>In 1911, a young man I had employed, Mr. Jasperson
+of Lawrence, Kansas, found a fine skull
+of a <i>Triceratops</i>. Charlie prepared it in the
+same region since he had taken a homestead for a
+ranch, married, built himself a house, and spent
+the winter there, not only preparing the skull for
+the Paris Museum, but in cleaning the bones of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span>
+a great <i>Titanotherium</i>, I had discovered near
+Seaman’s Old Ranch in the Seaman Hills. The
+fall of the same year, my sons, Charlie and Levi,
+and I with our assistant Mr. Jasperson, explored
+a new region in the Oligocene, on Plum Creek,
+25 miles North East of Lusk, Wyoming, Niobrara
+County, a few miles south of the Lance
+Creek beds. We found an old river bed with its
+flood plain exposed on either side. It was wonderful
+indeed to gaze on the dry bed, that had
+been cemented together into solid conglomerate,
+of gravel sand, water-worn fossil wood and bones,
+while the old flood plains were as real, (though
+solidified now), as if they were flooded, but yesterday.
+This flood plain had been scarred, however,
+by ravine and canyon, ridge and bluff, that
+had bisected and thus exposed more of the contents
+than in the days high water covered it.
+Scattered everywhere was the richest harvest of
+fossil mammals I had ever seen, before or since.
+On the 11th of September, I secured the now
+famous skeleton of a huge <i>Titanotherium</i>, already
+mentioned. George and I mounted it the
+next winter in the Victoria Memorial Museum
+of the Geological Survey of Canada. The first
+great mammal to be mounted there. It stands
+6 feet high at the hips, is 11 feet long to drop
+of the tail, 4 feet wide at the hips. Over the
+flood plain of the ancient river bed, that cut
+diagonally across the country, and in the Seaman
+Hills, we secured great numbers of Oreodons,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span>
+a hog-like creature that once lived in great
+herds. I found myself fifty skulls, and the boys
+a hundred more.</p>
+
+<p>A large number of these specimens were purchased
+by the Survey and are preserved in the
+Museum at Ottawa. The Miocene (Oligocene)
+beds are extensively exposed. Sculptured by
+wind and sand, rain and frost, into great square
+towered buttes, or oblong ones topped with a
+thick rock that weathers into perpendicular escarpments
+20 feet or more in height, making
+very pleasing scenery. Below the hard stratum,
+are several hundred feet of greyish marl, some
+beds with more clay than others, which weathered
+into small chunks of clay, that covered the
+rocks, or others again disintegrated into dust.
+Other strata contained considerable fine sand,
+greenish in color. The lowest rocks of all, a
+purplish marl, rested unconformably upon the
+chalk of the Niobrara Cretaceous, filled with the
+typical <i>Ostrea congesta</i>, an oyster shell no bigger
+than a cent piece. Some of the canyons cut
+deeply into the chalk, put me in mind of those
+in the Kansas chalk with which I was so familiar.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II<br>
+<span class="sm">“THE TEEMING EAST”</span>
+</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Leaving Charlie and his wife on their ranch,
+Levi and I returned to Lawrence, George and I
+prepared the material for sale. As I had sold a
+20 foot <i>Platecarpus</i>, George had found during the
+summer, a 14 foot fish, and the <i>Titanotherium</i>
+skeleton to the Victoria Memorial Museum at
+Ottawa with the agreement that I was to mount
+them, I took my son George with me on a trip
+to the “Teeming East,” we left Lawrence on the
+17th of March, 1912, by the Pennsylvania Route.
+After leaving St. Louis we passed through the
+level reaches of southern Illinois, crossed the
+Mississippi. The farms along the lowlands were
+covered with water. Farm houses with ornamental
+trees around them were pleasing to look
+upon. In places the land swelled into gentle
+curves with groves topping the rounded elevations.
+The less pretentious houses occupied by
+renters were sprinkled in among the nobler
+buildings. Snow was still lying on the open
+stretches. Great wood piles attested to the fact
+that they had not destroyed all the timber.
+Woods of black oak were still common. Straw
+stacks and corn shocks were not very common,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span>
+showing the silos had gathered in all the green
+stuff, and the long winter had consumed the
+straw. Everything available for food had been
+fed to the cattle.</p>
+
+<p>As we go farther east we get among hills
+with narrow valleys, we cross a river from the
+north, likely the <ins title="originally ‘Waskaskaia’">Kaskaskia</ins>, with canal beside
+it, but both are beneath a flood of water making
+one great stream. Everywhere are old stump
+fields: showing the destruction of timber—that
+once covered all the land—is still in progress.
+In a decade all will disappear as there is no
+young timber to replace it. So man destroys his
+best friends. Not a single rock did I see across
+Illinois. East of Casey we passed the great oil
+fields of Indiana; in the field everywhere were
+the silent pumps at work, attached by wire to an
+engine, that drives a number at once. The oil is
+pumped into pipes that in turn carry it to the
+great tanks many miles away. They covered acres
+of ground, each tank holding many car loads of
+oil. At 10 a.m. we reached Terre Haute, where
+I noticed a huge Court House crowned with a
+high dome. The country roughens as we go eastward.
+There are many fine homes with elevated
+water tanks too, showing that the farm houses
+are provided with the modern improvements.
+What more can one ask, with daily mail and
+telephones in every home? So we swing merrily
+along through the great coal fields of Indiana.
+Everywhere we see the shaft and elevator<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span>
+with cars loading on the tracks, there are no
+storage buildings; if the miners stop work a week
+or more the consumer must suffer. Here too I
+noticed the ruthless hand of man among the
+trees. They are cut down to lie and rot on the
+ground. We pass through sand hills, and belts
+of timber, there are more rail fences than in Illinois,
+where the last ones are being cut for posts
+for wire fences. They always follow the destruction
+of timber. At 2:30 p.m. we are in Indianapolis.
+As we enter Ohio beyond Richmond, we
+observe the improved condition of farm houses
+and barns, and we see some fine residences of
+brick and wood. Even the posts along the roads
+are painted. They have quantities of drainage
+tiles scattered around preparing to drain off the
+water, as the ground is soaked from the melting
+snow. So we speed along, and when we wake in
+the morning we find ourselves in Pennsylvania
+among the Allegheny Mountains traveling down
+Monongahela river, towards Pittsburgh. Towering
+mountains on either side the rapid streams
+covered with second growth timber with but few
+houses. The rocks that have been metamorphised
+by heat, are tipped up at all angles, often on edge,
+or leaning against the mountains as if for support.
+At last we reach the Smoky City, at the
+head of the Ohio River a wonderfully rich city.
+But her millionaires never made their money out
+of the ground from which they were taken, but
+from the bowels of the earth. They have delved<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span>
+like <ins title="corrected from ‘Vulvan’">Vulcan</ins> among the Black Diamonds, Iron-Ore,
+Gas and Oil.</p>
+
+<p>Here the great Steel King Carnegie has dug
+out his countless millions. Every where the red
+furnaces belch forth smoke tinted with the glow
+of the molten mass below. Sometimes gorgeous
+colors flare out upon the night, or columns of
+smoke black as midnight ascend and belly outward.
+Many smoke stacks throw out their fumes
+until every thing in the narrow valley, the most
+expensive marble buildings, as well as the humblest
+huts, are covered with an enamel of a uniform
+dirty color.</p>
+
+<p>On the 19th of March I stood on the bridge between
+Carnegie’s Institute and his Technique
+School, a noble bridge of cement. The Institute,
+or Museum is beyond my feeble pen to describe.
+The entrance to the Hall of Music on the West, is
+one of the noblest of human monuments; the floor
+is of colored inlaid marble from the famous
+quarries of earth, with great pillars of marble supporting
+balconies, twenty or more columns costing
+$8,000 each. The balconies and walls are inlaid
+with gold. The magnificent building cost
+6,000,000 dollars. Every moment I could
+spare was in the Paleontological Museum, among
+the skeletons of animals which have disappeared
+from the earth of today to return no more, except
+as life is breathed into the dry old bones by hunters
+and students, who have given their life to their
+collection and study.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig006" style="max-width: 190.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig006.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span>—Mr. C. W. Gilmore’s wax figure of his ideal <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i>, Hatcher. Page <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span></p>
+
+<p>One of the most famous and world renowned
+here, is Hatcher’s <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i>. It is seventy-two
+feet long and stands twelve feet high at
+the hips. Casts of this noble specimen have been
+sent to many of the State Museums of Europe.
+Mr. Hatcher told me that he received a cable from
+Mr. Carnegie once in England asking him what it
+would cost to make a plaster restoration of this
+specimen. He wired back “ten thousand dollars”
+and immediately received orders to go ahead and
+make the restoration. This was presented to the
+British Museum. But Mr. Carnegie’s liberality
+has known no bounds, and many of the great
+museums of Europe, have received reproductions.
+At this writing, however, I am glad to say that
+the famous collector and student, Mr. Douglas,
+has discovered a still larger specimen, as I remember,
+eighty-two feet in length and sixteen
+feet high at the hips. The last time I was in The
+Carnegie Museum it was rapidly being completed
+for exhibition. Hatcher’s specimen was found in
+Albany County, Wyoming. One of the remarkable
+things about it is the long neck and tail that
+lengthens out in a whip-like lash. The head itself
+is very small with teeth above and below for nipping
+off the tender tree moss, or other succulent
+herbage, on which it evidently fed. But it seems
+incredible, that such a small head could feed so
+huge a creature. I have always been opposed to
+the restoration that has been made of a number in
+a swamp. When we all know that a lizard of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span>
+such gigantic proportions, would certainly sink
+out of sight, as some of them in the illustrations
+are in the act of doing (See page 79, “The Life
+of a Fossil Hunter”.) I believe the idea of Prof.
+Marsh that the huge body needed the support of
+water to buoy it up, is untenable. If they ever
+went into a body of water to bathe, there would
+have been a gravely bottom, with no aquatic
+plants growing in it. <i>Brontosaurus</i> is another
+genus of the same family, the Thunder Lizard,
+of Professor Marsh, who imagined that his tread
+on earth shook it, and produced a sound like the
+roll of distant thunder. It has been the dream
+of my life to take up some of these gigantic
+Jurassic Reptiles but as yet I have not had the
+opportunity. Every thing in Carnegie Museum
+of Fossil Vertebrates is dwarfed by the great
+<i>Dinosaur</i> named after the Iron King. (<a href="#fig006">Fig. 6.</a>)</p>
+
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig007" style="max-width: 121.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig007.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span>--On the 11th of September I secured the famous
+skeleton of a <i>Titanotherium</i>. Page <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p>Another remarkable skeleton is <i>Morophus</i>, a
+toed ungulate about twelve feet long, and eight
+feet high. It has a powerful neck, a head resembling
+a horse, while the coffin bones are cleft
+down the center. There is a beautiful three toed
+horse skeleton two feet high, and many other
+splendidly mounted skeletons of the extinct animals
+of the west. I was delighted to see my
+specimen of the great turtle, Cope’s <i>Protostega
+gigas</i>, The First Great Roof, mounted here, as
+well as the <i>Clidastes</i> and a great fish I sold to
+Mr. Hatcher just before his death.</p>
+
+<p>But time would fail me to tell of the many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span>
+delights of Pittsburgh. I was especially interested
+in the Fern Tree Group from Australia.
+Gigantic tree ferns they were, and it seemed to
+me I had gone back millions of years, to the Tree
+Fern Forests of the Carboniferous.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of March we went to Washington
+and were the guests of my brother, General
+George M. Sternberg at 2005 Massachusetts
+Avenue. I had not seen him for years.</p>
+
+<p>I met for the first time Mr. C. W. Gilmour,
+Curator of Fossil Reptiles, and Mr. Gidley,
+Curator of Fossil Mammals. In the National
+Museum I went over with them the grand
+mounts in the Museum. Among them the first
+example of a mounted skeleton of <i>Triceratops</i>.
+They have a wealth of <i>Triceratops</i> skulls and
+other material, collected largely by the late Mr.
+J. B. Hatcher. Here also are groups of smaller
+dinosaurs, and of mounted skeletons of the
+Duck-billed form, and many mammals. We passed
+a most enjoyable time here also.</p>
+
+<p>They were mounting a fine skeleton of a great
+Stegosaur, or Plated Saurian, one of the most
+unique of the dinosaurs. The huge dermal plates
+of bone that line the back bone alternately, in
+double rows, are often two and a half by three
+feet in size, while the enormous spines that stick
+out from the top surface of the tail, are, some of
+them, over two feet in length. Since that enjoyable
+March, they have mounted this noble
+dinosaur as he lay entombed in his rocky cemetery,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span>
+enough of it removed to show the bones in
+bold relief.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday we went to the National funeral
+of the sailors and marines, who lost their lives
+when the Maine was blown up by out side explosives,
+in 1898. This was the most remarkable
+spectacle I have ever seen. I stood at the Army
+Building and looking up Pennsylvania Avenue
+to the Capital. It was filled with marching men
+and the sidewalks were crowded with people.
+First came a platoon of mounted police clearing
+the crowded streets for the procession, consisting
+of troops of Cavalry, Artillery, Infantry, of
+Sailors, and Marines, and the Grand Army of
+the Republic. They escorted thirty-two caissons
+on which rested double coffins of the martyrs of
+the Maine, completely hidden beneath a wealth
+of flowers. Several bands played funeral
+marches. The great column was reviewed by the
+President. A cold rain set in that lasted all day,
+but the soldiers made the solemn march to Arlington
+through it all, in full dress. The brilliant
+uniforms of the officers were unprotected from
+the violent down-pour. As the procession was
+hours in reaching the Cemetery, we went ahead
+to Arlington House, which stands surrounded
+with grand old trees on an elevation overlooking
+Washington, across the Potomac. It was too
+wet to look at the cemetery, where thousands of
+the soldiers of the Union perished, that our
+country should continue one and inseparable,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span>
+with the foul blot of slavery washed out in the
+blood of our patriots. In one tomb are the bones
+of 2,000 unknown dead gathered from the battle
+fields, who live in story and died that we might
+live and enjoy the blessings of American Citizenship,
+the most prosperous nation on God’s green
+earth. Printed on a white board is the poet’s
+tribute to the soldier dead:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+“On <ins title="corrected from ‘Times’">Fame’s</ins> eternal camping ground<br>
+Their silent tents are spread,<br>
+And glory guards with solemn round<br>
+The bivouac of the dead.<br>
+The muffled drums sad roll has beat<br>
+The Soldier’s last tattoo,<br>
+No more on life’s parade shall meet<br>
+The brave the fallen few.”<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>They laid the Martyrs to rest, with the countless
+soldiers and sailors of the great Republic
+dead. “Peace to their ashes.” Monday we left for
+New York.</p>
+
+<p>It would be useless for me to attempt to describe
+the wonders of the American Museum at
+77th street and Central Park West, in New York
+City. There is no museum on our continent to
+compare with it as far as I know, and I have visited
+nearly all. I have rarely been able to spare
+the time to visit any part of it, except that of
+Vertebrate Paleontology, neither have I time
+now, to describe their most noted specimens, and
+since Barnum Brown has added six car loads of
+the wealth of Dinosaur material, from the Edmonton<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span>
+and Belly River series of the Red Deer
+River, Alberta, no man can measure the wonders
+of her “Animals of the Past.” How grand for
+science, to have such a man as Professor Osborn
+its President, a man who has given his life
+and wealth to augment its riches from “The
+Story of the Past,” and those other men like Morris
+Jessup, who have given their millions into
+the treasury. I was proud indeed when I entered
+her walls to know that the nucleus of those vast
+collections was the “Cope Collection,” and to remember
+that I had been a contributor to that
+collection for seven years of the best, if not the
+most fruitful years of my life. I saw here the
+strange ladder-spined lizard I collected in the
+Permian of Texas, part of my John Day River
+Collection of Oregon, etc. But what pleased me
+most were the more perfect specimens of a horned
+and duck-billed dinosaur from Wyoming, and the
+great fish <i>Portheus</i>. Here lies the prepared specimen
+of George’s <i>Trachodon annectens</i>, wrapped in
+its skin as in a mantle. Here, too, in the Invertebrate
+Department, is the great Inoceramus shell
+3′ 4″ × 3′ 7″ in size. The second shell of these
+huge dimensions I sent to Tübingen University.
+Although they strew the rocks of the Kansas
+chalk in great numbers, they are always broken
+into small pieces, and these are scattered by the
+winds of heaven. It seems impossible to preserve
+them. But George and I learned the
+secret, and after finding a shell with lips or hinge<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span>
+exposed, we carefully removed the loose chalk
+above it, then put a frame of two by four lumber
+around it, in which we poured plaster. On hardening
+this stuck securely to the shattered shell,
+holding the fragments in place. Then we dug beneath
+and turned over the panel, and in the shop
+removed the chalk, leaving one side of the shell
+exposed in the solid plaster.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig008" style="max-width: 191.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig008.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>—<i>Trachodon annectens</i>, Marsh. Page <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig009" style="max-width: 187.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig009.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 9</span>—Traveling on Red Deed River, Alberta. Page <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p>From New York I went to Yale, and met Professors
+Lull, Schuchert and Weiland, and the
+preparator, Mr. Hugh Gibbs. What a splendid
+time we had in what the oldest American Paleontologist,
+Prof. S. W. Williston used to call “a
+Paradise of Dry Bones.” We saw the treasures
+Prof. Marsh had gathered through so many
+years, some of them the most famous among fossil
+vertebrates. Time or space would not allow
+me to go deeply into the study and description of
+these wonders of creation. Dr. Weiland told me
+that if five of the most perfect fossil turtles were
+chosen from all the museums of the world, his
+great extinct monster turtle, <i>Archelon ischyros</i>,
+from South Dakota, would rank first, and the
+one I sent him from the Kansas chalk would be
+second in the list. You may call it egotism, to
+recall these delights, but it is the very spice of
+life to know that years spent in the barren and
+desolate fossil fields of North America, have not
+been barren of results. Please remember, if I
+am still collecting in the year of grace 1917, it
+will mean that I have been a collector, or if you<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span>
+please a Fossil Hunter for fifty years. So I
+should be excused, if I bring before you the choice
+of the big game I have gleaned through half a
+century. We visited these great museums not
+only for pleasure, but to learn something about
+the processes of making “Open Mounts,” for I
+must confess, neither George or I had ever done
+this kind of work, although I had bound myself
+with George’s aid, to mount the <i>Titanotherium</i>
+skeleton in this way, that is, mount it free from
+the rock in which it was entombed. Fortunately,
+the preparators told us of many mistakes in their
+own mounts, and warned us not to fall into the
+same pits. Unfortunately, however, they were
+not mounting a titanothere at the American
+Museum and the one we studied was among
+their first mounts, and they have been improving
+on it ever since. With the maxim of the late
+Professor Cope ringing ever in my ears “What
+man has done he can do again, and he can do a
+little more.” With the little knowledge we had
+gained we crossed the International Line, and
+found ourselves in Ottawa, Canada. We found
+that the great room that was to be the exhibition
+room of vertebrate fossils, was filled with boxes
+and barrels, and there was not a tool in sight.
+As I was obliged to mount the <i>Titanotherium</i> at
+my own expense, I could not afford an elaborate
+machine shop. I remembered how Charlie in a
+little log cabin on Old Woman Creek, Wyoming,
+was preparing a great skull of a horned dinosaur.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span>
+A <i>Triceratops</i>, for the Paris Museum, with little
+more than a knife or two, a few chisels and
+brushes and sacks of plaster, in a room that had
+only about two feet of extra space around the
+skull. Also with similar tools, he had taken the
+skeleton of the <i>Titanotherium</i>, out of the hardest
+kind of rock. We certainly, with a few simple
+tools should be able to mount it. We did it too.
+We were indeed handicapped. For an anvil we
+secured a disk of solid steel, a strong vise, the
+necessary half oval, and round steel, and iron
+tubing for supports, etc. We made a great sand-table
+first, and laid out on it the skull and column
+to get the pose, often getting above it and
+moving a bone here and there until we were satisfied.
+We then cut a board so as to fit the contour
+of the under part of the column, as we had arranged
+it on the sand-table. This board was fastened
+to bases by two half round pieces of steel
+that were fastened to either side of the board in
+pairs, one in front, and one behind. These coming
+together beneath made a round rod of iron
+that passed into iron tubes a little larger, and
+held them where we wished, with thumb screws.
+These supports in turn were fastened to broad
+bases, so they would not fall over. We took a
+cast of the under side of the centra of the vertebrae,
+and covering the board that served as our
+model with moulding wax, we stuck the vertebrae
+in on the central line, giving the exact pose the
+column had on the sand-table. An iron rod was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span>
+bent so as to pass down the neural canal. The
+skull too, was fastened to this iron support,
+which in turn was fastened to the strong supports
+that were to secure the skeleton to the base.
+Although this is the most complete skeleton of a
+<i>Titanotherium</i> with which I am familiar, there
+were several missing bones. We secured a box
+full of duplicate material from the American
+Museum, and we succeeded in finding nearly
+enough to complete some of the feet. We found
+however, that we had only one femur and one
+radius and ulna. So we were obliged to attempt
+another trade with which we were not familiar,
+that of modeling the missing bones in clay. And
+then making a cast of them to replace the missing
+ones. When I attempted to make a femur in
+wax using as my model the bone we already had,
+I found difficulties I had not bargained for. It
+would have been comparatively easy to have
+made a copy of the one we had, but it would have
+been useless. In other words I must make one
+exactly the reverse of the model, i.e., if there was
+a great trochanter on my model, I must put it on
+the reverse side on my wax copy, or as I told
+George, I must think exactly opposite to what
+the model was, like thinking backward. In other
+words the mental picture I must follow, would
+be the reverse of the femur I was looking at. It
+seems we both overcame these difficulties. We
+made one mistake however, I have been sorry for,
+and hope to rectify, and that was we followed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span>
+the old mount in the American Museum, covering
+the iron half ovals that were fastened to the
+limb bones with plaster to give the skeleton a
+standing pose. I am sure it would look better if
+the iron was exposed. Some time we will rectify
+that error. I can never give you a pen picture
+of the difficulties we met with; they were legion.
+We overcame them however. Among the most
+important, perhaps, was the fact that we had to
+work in cold iron, as we could not use a forge on
+the fine floor of the Exhibition Room. If we bent
+the rod a little too much it would break. Then
+it was very hard to give the exact shape it must
+have, or the skeleton would be distorted. Any
+thing the least out of line, you know, is quickly
+detected by the human eye, and any thing out of
+plum would be an eye sore to the visitor instead
+of an eye opener, or educator as we hoped. At
+last we got to the ribs, and we thought our worst
+troubles were over. But we found they had just
+begun. They were badly broken, and no cement
+we were familiar with, would hold them together.
+All the bones we must bore into, to hold our irons
+in place, were as hard as flint, it often taking
+three hours to bore a hole three-quarters of an
+inch deep. The ribs broken into many fragments,
+we found must have a hole into the end of each
+piece, a little rod of iron perhaps two inches, or
+an inch and a half long, must have their ends
+flared out, umbrella-like, to prevent coming out
+when the cement is set. We used a solution of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span>
+gum Arabic, and made a paste as thick as cream
+with dental plaster. To prevent spoiling, we
+poisoned it with corrosive sublimate, and to prevent
+the cement from hardening too soon, we put
+into each rubber cup in which we mixed it a few
+drops of a thin solution of LaPage’s glue. Please
+remember we did not have then, as now a fine
+press drill, the best manufactured, but a breast
+drill. One of us would often have to hold the
+rib, while the other bored a hole, and the time it
+took was trying to both. The boy who turns the
+grindstone had a picnic compared to us. If a
+mistake was made, too much force used, the rib
+would be broken, and fall to the floor and break
+again into a dozen pieces. So it became a byword
+with me, when we actually finished a rib, and
+had it fast in its place, “We are one rib nearer
+home.” We soon learned, that it was absolutely
+impossible to tell when a skeleton of this kind
+could be mounted. If we dropped a rib it might
+take a week to bore into the ends of the fragments
+and insert the small rods of battered iron,
+and cement them together. But patience will always
+win, no matter what the obstacle. At last
+our skeleton was mounted, but I notified Dr.
+Brock, the Director, and Mr. Lambe the Paleontologist
+too soon, forgetting the base had to be
+made of plaster. Just at the moment our plaster
+was hardening and we needed our wits about us,
+we ourselves were covered to the eyes with it,
+these gentlemen stepped down to view our mount.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span>
+We were kept too busy to remember the plight
+we were in to entertain company. George took
+a picture of me, I here reproduce. Certainly I
+felt proud of that first open mount we ever made,
+and, as I say, the criticism that could be made,
+we hope to rectify if we ever have time. (<a href="#fig007">Fig. 7.</a>)</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III<br>
+<span class="sm">IN THE EDMONTON BEDS OF THE CRETACEOUS</span>
+</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>Having entered the Geological Survey of Canada,
+as Head Collector and Preparator of Vertebrate
+Fossils with the assistance of my two sons,
+Charlie and Levi, (George entered later), Westward
+we sped, and as even the longest journey
+will end, we reached Edgemont, South Dakota,
+and were driven to Charlie’s ranch. My youngest
+son, Levi, and A. E. Easton, from Quinter, Kansas,
+joined us here. We drove in with our outfit
+on the 18th of July. A neighbor hauling in to
+Edgemont the fine skull of <i>Triceratops</i> Charlie
+had prepared during the winter. This we shipped
+to Dr. Boule for the Natural History Museum
+in Paris. It was a remarkably cold day for
+this time of the year and the mercury hung close
+to the freezing point. Loading team and outfit
+on the car and leaving it in charge of Mr. Eastman,
+we went on ahead. I took a sleeper on the
+night of the 19th, and woke next morning in the
+foot hills of the Rocky Mountains—rugged indeed,
+showing snow in their darker recesses. Part
+of the day we passed through the Crow Indian
+Reserve, many of the Indians still living in tents.
+In the evening we reached Great Falls. I walked
+across the bridge here, of several spans or a
+thousand and fifty feet in length.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p>
+
+<p>The river is swift and full of falls and rapids.
+We passed through much country covered with
+the black alkaline shales of the marine Pierre
+beds. Some exposed sections are at least three
+hundreds feet thick, covered with a scanty
+growth of short grass. We passed a large lake,
+miles in length, covered with wild ducks and
+other water fowls. No trees grew along the
+shore.</p>
+
+<p>We crossed the International Line at Sweet
+Grass and Coutts. Here we noticed a change;
+the country is a rich loam thickly covered with
+buffalo grass. We left Lethbridge on the 21st of
+July. This is a pretty town, with a beautiful
+park that promises to be a beauty spot some day
+in the near future. The country north is largely
+settled, I am told, by farmers from the United
+States, and they are making the desert to blossom
+as the rose. We could see the Canadian Rockies
+looming up in the West.</p>
+
+<p>At Calgary I stopped to have a row boat made
+and Charlie went on to Acme. Calgary is the
+metropolis of Alberta. I noticed many comfortable
+farm houses, fields of wheat, oats and flax,
+or herds of horses and cattle. On my way to
+Acme I saw plenty of hay on the open prairie.
+They speak of raising 120 bushels of oats to the
+acre and sixty bushels of wheat. Certainly a
+farmer’s paradise. Our car arrived at last after
+being eight days on the road. At Acme we got
+well acquainted with the pest of the north, for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span>
+myriads of mosquitoes made life a burden. We
+were obliged to wear nets while traveling and to
+keep a smoke going to protect ourselves and horses
+from their murderous attack when we made
+camp. We took the road between Rosebud and
+Knee Hill Creek to Drumheller, a small town at
+that time with a couple of stores. Ten days
+after leaving Wyoming we arrived in the valley
+of the Red Deer River, encamped three-quarters
+of a mile above Drumheller. On the 13th of
+July we found our first dinosaurian bone of a
+trachodon or duck-billed saurian. We soon began
+to find great numbers of loose bones piled
+up as jetsam and flotsam of the sea. They were
+first carried out, by river or lagoon, and at time
+of high tide were returned with dead seaweeds
+of the ocean to clog the shore. The best localities
+we found were above the river near the prairie
+level. They are usually preserved in iron-stone
+concretions, or a bog iron covers the bones.
+They lie in sandstone that has a yellow streak
+through it.</p>
+
+<p>The valley of the Red Deer River at Drumheller
+is a great chasm cut by the river four hundred
+feet deep into the heart of the prairie.
+Across from plain to plain it is nearly two miles.
+Tributary creeks and coulees have cut narrow
+trenches farther back into the plain while in the
+main valley, especially near the brink of the
+prairie, are long ridges, table lands, buttes and
+knolls, pinnacles and towers down whose sides<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span>
+a rolling stone would bring up in a sudden halt
+in the waters of the river three or four hundred
+feet below. All this region, except of course
+the main channel and flood plain of the river,
+has been transformed by nature’s sculpturing
+into fantastic badland scenery. The rocks carved
+into the most intricate patterns entirely devoid
+of vegetation, except perhaps, along the
+northern slope of some butte or rounded bluff
+where sponge-moss and dwarf cedar and spruce
+with many flowers, found a resting place. The
+slopes are usually covered with cherty fragments
+that threaten to slip or roll under the feet
+and hurl the adventurous fossil hunter into the
+gorge below. The canyons are rich in coal, and
+now that the Canadian Northern Railway has
+terminals at Calgary there is great demand for
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The Edmonton beds are brackish water origin.
+On top is a great bed of oyster and clam shells.
+Below the principle bone-beds are about 200 feet
+of greyish clay (that crumbles under the feet),
+interlaid with dark shales and seams of coal.
+Many of the clay beds have hard iron concretions
+scattered through them. As these are practically
+indestructible they remain scattered over the
+surface, the other material having been carried
+away by water. There is a bed of massive sandstone
+within a hundred feet of the top, and it
+weathers out into table lands. Below, the soft
+clays form conical mounds, often capped with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span>
+grey sandstone that is fluted by weathering. The
+rain water becomes so thick with clay that it
+never settles but gradually evaporates into mud.</p>
+
+<p>I was interested in the study of two problems:
+First, the environments of the duck-billed, horned
+and plated, and carniverous dinosaurs. Second,
+the story of how this river has cut out of the
+heart of the prairies, this great canyon 400 feet
+deep and over a mile wide. I find in answer to
+the first question that the deposits were uniform
+through a great length of time, showing that the
+climatic conditions and the altitude were the
+same during the time the four hundred feet of
+strata were laid down. Further, in order to retain
+the same conditions the land subsided at the
+rate of deposition. The fine material of which
+they are composed, showed it to be ocean mud,
+and the mud, accumulated in lake or bayous,
+like the everglades of Florida. Swamps and bayous
+were the natural habitat of the duck-billed
+dinosaurs, while on the rising land were groves
+of redwood, sycamore, figs and other trees, with
+low heavily grassed plains covered with high
+grass horse-tail, rushes, etc., through which
+wandered the horned plated and carniverous
+dinosaurs. How often in my day dreams some
+stately dinosaur has passed before my mental
+vision! The forests, the rivers, the lakes and
+oceans of those ancient days have appeared
+in imagination as though they actually existed.
+So I ask the reader to put on my glasses:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span>
+A low country but little above sea-level, great
+flats near the sea covered with high swamp grass,
+rushes and moss, through which meander sluggish
+streams, lagoons, and bayous, often widening
+out into lakes of considerable size, all receiving
+the high and low tides of the near by ocean.
+On the rising land the giant redwoods cast their
+shadows across the silent streams. They grow
+in fairy circles with the parent tree in the center
+often, or in case she has dropped out, a hollow
+circle is formed. Palms, sycamores, figs, magnolias
+and many other trees that now adorn our
+forests thrived along the Cretaceous everglades.
+Such an environment was the home of the ancient
+dinosaurs. They were the rulers of land and water.
+There were many soft-shelled turtles in the
+streams, as well as countless gar-pike and sturgeon.
+The scene was a vast panorama of beauty.
+The sheen of the water, the salt-meadows of living
+green, the dark forests moaning in the background,
+and over all, the sun revolving on its
+western course. Perhaps our imagination has
+carried us back to a bayou of the Edmonton
+Cretaceous. Yes! See yonder the foam ripple
+off the huge back and tail of a swimming reptile,
+a duck-billed dinosaur or trachodont! He is
+rapidly approaching a specially seductive patch
+of horse-tail rushes just across the bayou from us.
+The enormous head, over three feet in length,
+swings gracefully on a long delicate curved neck,
+his front limbs, six feet long, and hind ones eight.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span>
+The front foot is elegantly proportioned and a
+strong web stretches across the four fingers. The
+hind limbs are pillar-like and terminate in three
+great hoofs with coarse web between the three
+great toes to assist in swimming, and to prevent
+sinking deeply into the mud of the bayou when
+he stopped to feed. The great trunk, projecting
+half way above the water, and the enormous tail
+over fifteen feet long. This tail he uses with
+great effect to hurry him to his pasture ground.
+It dashes the water into foam as we have already
+seen. The whole body is covered with a thin
+skin in which are arranged like mosaic-work
+small polygonal scales or small tubercles, ornamented
+with larger scales arranged in rosettes.
+The whole in parallel rows glowing pattern
+blends harmoniously with the reeds and rushes
+near the shore. See how the patches of foam rise
+high in the air, tinted by the sun’s rays so they
+show the colors of the rainbow. Now he passes
+us at full speed like a racing yacht and comes to
+a sudden halt, by planting his powerful hind feet
+in the muddy bottom. The toes spread out covering
+a square yard of mud. With his front
+limbs converted into arms, he draws into his huge
+mouth, large mouthfuls of the luscious forage to
+be sheared into shreds by his scissor-like teeth
+behind, after it has been nipped off by the hard
+horny duck-bill in front.</p>
+
+<p>There are three rows of teeth in the cutting
+surface and magazines below, containing two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span>
+thousand teeth in all. As fast as one tooth is
+worn out it is shed and another takes its place.
+Further, they are so arranged that only alternate
+teeth can drop out at a time. Professor Marsh
+has called this giant lizard <i>Trachodon annectens</i>.
+We have certainly a fine view of him. Back of
+the head a frill rises gently to the shoulders. The
+sun light reflects from the water every shining
+scale and contour of the graceful body, and exhibits
+the play of the strong muscles. He is in
+his natural habitat and has finished breakfast, if
+you please. Lifting his head he turns towards
+the narrow neck of land that separates him from
+a bayou just beyond. He wades through the mass
+of rank vegetation towards shore, and as he
+reaches the muddy slope between high and low
+tide, he rests his front feet on the sloping bank.
+Then with body raised a few feet above the mud,
+and dragging his tail behind him when he reaches
+the fringe of bushes, he pushes his duck-bill into
+them nosing around as if to scent some danger.
+As the coast seems clear he hurries across the
+narrow strip of land.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+The cooling touch of morning breeze<br>
+Waft incense from a censor hidden<br>
+The gentle sighing of trees<br>
+Add music to the scene unbidden.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As he hies himself away “to fresh scenes and
+pastures green.” But hark! a noise that thrills
+us, what can mean it? See! It is the tiger of the
+Everglades rushing forward toward his prey.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span>
+His two powerful limbs on which his body is
+posed are full ten feet in length. The three toes
+armed with claws of hardened horn are over ten
+inches long. He spans full thirty feet in length.
+Small front limbs are hardly noticeable. He
+drags a long tail on the ground. His long and
+powerful jaws are armed with horrid teeth.
+Some six inches in length with double edges serrated
+on their cutting surfaces. Our herbivore,
+knowing his weakness, rushes frantically back
+towards the water, but he is unable to reach it.
+His enemy is upon him and with relentless fury
+strikes blows at his unprotected body, with first
+one, and then the other claw-armed hind foot
+that tears open the tender fresh and pours a
+flood of life-blood on the ground. The awful
+terror of the scene has rendered us speechless
+with horror, coming so swiftly in the peaceful
+redwood forest. The sun was not darkened, the
+perfume of flowers still scented the air; the gentle
+breeze sighed in the branches over head.
+Though the victim was a cold blooded reptile, we
+had become deeply interested in him and we were
+unprepared for such a woodland tragedy.</p>
+
+<p>Coming back to the second question that has
+so interested me: How has this great canyon
+been cut out of the heart of the prairie through
+the rocks of the Edmonton Cretaceous?</p>
+
+<p>The recession of the cliffs of the main canyon
+and its side coulees is very rapid. The upper
+beds, composed of uncemented fine sand and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span>
+clay, under the action of rain, or frost, cave off
+in great avalanches of shaken up material that
+rapidly disintegrate and is carried off by the
+rains to the Red Deer River, where the high
+water hurries it on to augment the sediment accumulated
+by the lake or river’s mouth or Lake
+Winnipeg itself.</p>
+
+<p>Often acres of the margin of the prairies slide
+down and fill a coulee, or drop into the river,
+through which a passage is rapidly cut and the
+mass is shoved on by other masses behind, until
+it has all been carried away. Every time it rains
+the fine clay and sand dissolves like soft soap,
+and as mud is carried into the river. The deeper
+canyons have their ridges bisected by lateral
+ravines until they meet and form buttes and
+knolls that in turn weather into hay-stacks or
+sugar-loaf mounds that are being constantly reduced
+by wind and rain and frost, until now,
+often we find a perfect labyrinth of intricate
+gorges, buttes, towers, and table lands of every
+conceivable form, strewn, with traveled boulders,
+from the prairie above, or masses of bog iron
+that have withstood the disintegrating action of
+the elements. But for this constant corroding
+of the rocks and the consequent recession of
+cliffs, we would know nothing of the wealth of
+extinct forms that lie here in their last sleep.
+Nothing of the fauna and flora of the day when
+these dry bones were full of life and vigor, when
+the marshes and lowlands echoed to the formidable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span>
+tread of reptiles, and the crush of mighty
+carnivores rushing relentlessly on their prey.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to boulders, and iron concretions,
+the faces of the bluffs are covered with cherty
+chips that accumulate often in some shallow
+wash. These slip under the feet, and made it
+difficult to climb the steeper ascents. More than
+once I measured my full length on the steep surface
+cutting face and hands by the impact. But
+strange to say when it was wet, and the clay beds
+were as treacherous as if covered with soft soap,
+where ever the cherty fragments accumulated,
+one could climb on them in safety, as they were
+pressed into the slick clay, and held the feet securely
+as if there were spikes in the shoes. On
+account of these fragments I was able to travel
+over the beds on a wet day, and found the best
+deposit we discovered of fossil bones, in the
+coulee through which the Canadian Northern
+has its right of way, on the west side of the Red
+Deer River. We made a large collection of scattered
+bones here.</p>
+
+<p>Near here, also, we secured a great collection
+of redwood leaves, and branches with their narrow
+leaflets as beautifully preserved in the flinty
+rock as if impressed in wax, but yesterday. The
+Red Letter Day for us, however, was when
+Charlie found on the 13th of August, 1912, the
+wonderfully complete skeleton of a duck-billed
+dinosaur, the first ever mounted in Canada. It
+is thirty-two feet long. The end of the tibia only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span>
+was exposed, within a hundred yards of the shack
+of Dan McGee, forty yards above the forks of
+McCheche Creek, six miles west of Drumheller.
+The entire skeleton except the tail was present.
+Lying on its right side, the hind limbs were doubled
+on themselves, the front ones at right angles
+to the body, and the head bent towards the front
+limbs. We got the skeleton uncovered and
+discovered the ribs were expanded and in
+natural position. The animal lay like a dead
+dog; I thought I had never seen any thing so
+pitiful, and forlorn.</p>
+
+<p>Charlie and I mounted it the next winter,
+and were careful to put a little life in the dead
+skeleton by straightening out the neck a little,
+and giving a sense of motion as it were to the
+tail so that the animal would not look as repulsive
+as it otherwise would to some observers;
+for there is such a thing as breathing life into
+the skeletons that have been buried out of sight
+these three million years or more. We have
+mounted it then with the slight changes in the
+neck, and one hind limb that otherwise
+would have covered important bones in the original
+matrix, and in the position in which it was
+floated to bank, and was covered up with mud.
+Even the skin impression is preserved along the
+pelvis; and the rows of ossified tendons that cross
+each other in three rows, like basket work, showing
+they were used to bind the muscles of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span>
+back and tail together. They were likely flexible
+as whale-bone in life.</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="#fig008">figure 8</a> shows the skeleton as now mounted
+in the Victoria Memorial Museum, of Ottawa, Ontario.
+It was no easy undertaking to save and
+mount this wonderfully complete skeleton; it
+was buried in fine sandy clay that was cracked in
+all directions, as were the bones, <ins title="corrected from ‘checked’">cracked</ins> into
+thousands of fragments. Only our years of experience
+in the field, and my faith in the skill
+and patience of Charlie gave me courage to believe
+that it could ever be mounted. It could
+never have been saved, but for knowledge of the
+plaster process of collecting.</p>
+
+<p>I will try and give my readers the process by
+which we not only kept the bones (broken into
+countless fragments and ready to fall into powder),
+in their places, but saved the shattered matrix
+in which they were embedded. My whole
+party worked in what I call for a better term
+“a quarry.” The first thing to do was to remove
+with pick and shovel the loose sand and clay and
+lay bare a floor in the cliff large enough so we
+would have plenty of elbow room, and could
+work down around the skeleton. We first traced
+the lateral spines so there was no danger of
+digging into the bones from above. This work
+was done with a digger and crooked awl, and
+only the merest trace of the bones were developed;
+when bones were exposed, they were instantly
+filled with shellac. They fall to powder on exposure<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span>
+without this precaution. The dorsal
+spines were traced in the same way and the ribs
+in front. Then we cut down several feet outside
+the skeleton so we could get under it. The skull
+was covered with burlap soaked in plaster and
+removed. The front limbs came next; and here
+we learned a lesson that was of inestimable value
+to us in taking up the vast bulk of the trunk region.
+When we turned the front limbs over a
+lot of shattered rock fell out and threatened to
+bring the bones with it and thus ruin the bones.
+No human being would have been able to mend
+these bones if they were once jumbled together,
+so we thanked God, and resolved not to attempt
+the big sections without covering the entire
+trunk beneath as well as above with plaster and
+burlap to hold the rock in place, and, of course,
+the broken bones. A surgical operation, in fact,
+in which the broken joints are kept in place until
+they reach the skilled preparator in the Museum
+laboratory. We dug a very narrow trench
+under the skeleton, after the upper surface had
+been heavily covered with plaster and burlap,
+and willow poles to hold it firmly together, dividing
+the trunk into two sections. Each weighed
+about 3,000 pounds. After our trench had been
+dug we found that the plastered strips would not
+stick and pulled part of the rotten rock off with
+them, and threatened to allow the bones to fall
+out too. Our only plan under the circumstances
+was to stick the ends of our burlap strips securely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span>
+to either side of the skeleton, above and when we
+had a number of them firmly attached we threw
+loose dirt under them and tamped it firmly thus
+forcing the plaster strips in place until they
+hardened or set and held the loose rock and bones.
+Then we built supports under the hardened
+strips, and continued the process until the whole
+section was held firmly together. It was separated
+at the dividing line by leaving one section
+untouched and firmly bedded in its native rock.
+We then cut a narrow channel to the bones, above
+and below, and by removing the supports broke
+off the sections through the bones. The other section
+was prepared in the same way, the ends
+were covered, and our skeleton was ready for
+transportation.</p>
+
+<p>When we threw out the earth from above and
+around the specimen we built a platform so we
+could back a wagon up to it. Dan McGee who
+had handled heavy logs in the eastern woods built
+a runway of two inch planks to the wagon.
+Then the boys, under Charlie’s management
+started to load a heavy section, Dan with bar
+sunk deeply in the earth to act as a snubbing
+post, a strong rope around the section and one
+end in a half hitch around the bar. They edged
+the mass towards the slide. What was their surprise,
+when the section started in obedience to
+the law of gravity, to see the crow bar torn from
+Dan’s hands and thrown to one side, and the section
+unrestrained gaining momentum at an amazing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span>
+rate. The men below who were guiding it
+sprang out of the way, and the huge mass never
+stopped until it landed in the bottom of the
+wagon. The careful wrapping had prevented any
+damage, and without doubt it would have rolled
+to the bottom of the ravine without hurt. I must
+acknowledge that I was very doubtful whether it
+would be possible ever to mend the broken front
+limbs. They had been near the surface, and had
+been subject to the effects of frost, and plants,
+their rootlets had severed the broken fragments,
+and fed on their edges destroying often the contact
+faces. But Charlie’s patience and endurance
+settled the question. And after six weeks of constant
+effort he had filled the bones with shellac,
+picked up the fragments with small tweezers, cemented
+them, and pressed them into place. No
+one without close inspection could tell that the
+front limbs had ever been broken. The tail I restored
+from scattered bones picked up in the
+bone-beds, building it up by comparison with the
+one I sent to Paris, rather an enlarged photograph
+of the specimen made by the division of
+Photography of the Geological Survey.</p>
+
+<p>Levi found a second specimen, larger than
+Charlie’s in the Edmonton, near Wigmore Ferry,
+a few miles west of Munson. This we have not
+yet prepared. So we returned to Ottawa after
+three months hunt for big game in the Edmonton
+rocks at Drumheller, Alberta, with a carload of
+fossils.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig010" style="max-width: 186.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig010.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span>—Steveville at the mouth of Berry Creek, Alberta. Page <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig011" style="max-width: 189.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig011.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 11.</span>—Charlie’s Carnivore, as he found it. Page <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV<br>
+<span class="sm">WE EXPLORE DEAD LODGE CANYON</span>
+</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>We reached Drumheller, where we purchased
+from Mr. Moore of the same place a five horse
+power motor boat; we also built a flat boat 12 feet
+by 28 feet. We pitched two tents on deck, one for
+sleeping in, the other for a kitchen. Jack McGee
+and I went aboard. We threw a rope to Charlie
+in his motor boat, which he fastened to a post
+on the small deck behind. Some kindly hand
+pushed us off into the stream, Charlie got up
+power and dragged us into the current. The
+women and children were on hand to see us off.
+Our motor boat under Charlie’s management
+went chug, chug, down the river at the rate of
+five miles an hour. The water was at full flood,
+covered with drift wood and floating logs, but
+we rapidly passed them. Levi had taken the
+team and wagon over the rough road to Steveville.
+As we swiftly glided along, the table
+buttes, haystack-like mounds, and long naked
+ridges that mark out the exposures of the Edmonton
+Series, were in full view on either side.
+The heads of ravines, under the prairie level were
+packed with clumps of aspen and other trees, as
+was the narrow flood plain and scattered islands<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>
+with cottonwoods. We reached the mouth of
+Willow Creek at one thirty in the afternoon. The
+scenery in ever-shifting panoramas, was beautiful
+indeed. The rushing river hurried us on
+from one prospect to another, each one seemingly
+more beautiful than the last. The grey sandstone
+beds increased in thickness, and the visible
+coal seams thinned out. Fifteen miles below
+Drumheller the Edmonton beds ran under the
+river, the yellow silt of the Pleistocene capping
+the older beds. Great land slides impinged on
+the curves of the ox-bows of the winding stream.
+Concretions stuck out of the sandstone ledges,
+like toad stools on a pine log. The river was
+about 600 feet wide. At three in the afternoon
+the upper buttes had disappeared. Sharply
+rounded haystack buttes, or sugar loaves, and
+narrow ridges that tongued out from the prairie
+on the south, were visible. On the north, long
+grassy slopes were frequent. The valley widened
+and the hills retreated towards the distant prairie.
+There were ranches along the flood plain.
+At four thirty we reached a ranch twenty-five
+miles below Drumheller. We now got into the
+marine Fort Pierre. These beds underlie the
+Edmonton, and were exposed along the river’s
+edge. Rounded bluffs, with here and there an
+exposure of dark shales were the order of the
+day. The timber shrunk and the grass was short;
+showing the effects of the unfriendly alkaline
+shales on the soil. By five o’clock we had left<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span>
+the last of the Edmonton beds behind. The
+Pierre and Pleistocene occupy all the country.
+The flood plain widens to about three miles. We
+tied up for the night at a willow thicket, and the
+tireless chug, chug, of the motor ceased. We prepared
+to spend the night there. After supper I
+went into the Pierre hills, and found numberless
+large concretions that contained huge ammonites.
+But just as the rock was shattered by
+the weather so also were the shells. I could not
+find a good specimen. We got a number of beautiful
+ones, however, over the Belly river beds,
+where the Pierre again appears, showing that before,
+as well as after, the country was occupied
+with the fresh water beds of the Cretaceous, the
+sea had covered the country for a long period of
+time. We were early astir, and Charlie hauled us
+in mid-stream. A strong east wind blew in our
+faces, it was disagreeable, because we had to
+lower our tents to the deck, as they acted as sails,
+and the power of the wind on them was stronger
+than the current and the five horse power motor
+would have driven us up stream. The choppy
+waves beat constantly against the front and sides
+of our scow curling over the deck itself. The
+wind howled in the few cottonwoods along the
+shore and on the islands, that we passed. The
+hills on either side were lower; at Bull Pond
+Creek, scarcely seventy-five feet in height. About
+nine o’clock we reached the fifth ferry below
+Drumheller. The ferry man had stretched a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span>
+barbed wire across the river; Charlie saw it as he
+drove his motor under it and shouted to us, Jack
+rushed for the rear guiding oar and I for the
+front one, they were both stuck several feet up in
+the air, and if the wire had caught one, it would
+have swamped us. Jack had his back to the wire
+and when he released the oar and stood up, it
+caught his hat and threw it in the river. If the
+wire had been six inches lower, or the river six
+inches higher, it would have cut his head off as
+easily, and thrown it into the river.</p>
+
+<p>We were also thankful the tents were down.
+If they had not been, they would have been torn
+from the deck. We soon got into a new horizon.
+I knew this by the change in the sculpturing of
+the bluffs. We tied up to a willow thicket for
+dinner; the wind began to fall. At ten minutes
+of five in the afternoon the naked buttes, towers
+and ridges of the Belly River Series of the Cretaceous
+loomed up in the distance. We soon
+reached Steveville, (<a href="#fig010">Fig. 10</a>) and managed to
+make a landing in the swift stream, just below
+the Ferry, and below the mouth of Berry Creek
+on whose border the little town stood. A hospitable
+town it proved to us; especially have we
+often enjoyed the hospitality of Steve Hall’s Hotel;
+after this jolly good fellow the town gets its
+name. We were not far from Mr. Brown’s camp.
+He had a party here collecting for the American
+Museum. I was delighted to learn that my son
+George, who had been working for the American
+Museum under Brown for over a year, had been
+appointed on the Geological Survey of Canada,
+and would join my party.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig012" style="max-width: 188.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig012.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 12.</span>—Charlie’s Carnivore. Preparing sections wrapped in plaster. Page <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig013" style="max-width: 189.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig013.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 13.</span>—Charlie’s Carnivore. Loading with Triplex. Page <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span></p>
+
+<p>We found that we had made the eighty miles
+from Drumheller in sixteen hours (<a href="#fig010">Fig. 10</a>)
+travel. And though the trip had been delightful,
+and exciting, I was glad to walk again on solid
+ground. I had gotten used, however, to the
+cheerful chug, chug of the little motor, saying
+“all’s well.” It took good judgment on Charlie’s
+part to choose always the deep water route, on a
+stream he had never navigated before, to know
+which side of an island to take when the current
+parted, and always choose the strongest. Mr.
+Shaw the ferryman at Steveville, showed me a
+ledge of rock at the water-level, about a hundred
+yards above the ferry, that was literally packed
+with plants, especially water lily leaves, that
+were as perfectly preserved as if impressions
+were made of them in wax. I secured a large
+collection for the Victoria Memorial Museum.
+Charlie and I went down the river to spy out the
+land. We found a large exposure of the strata
+on the south side of the river. He was so fortunate
+as to find the skeleton of a carnivore that
+promised to be the most perfect one known to
+science at that time, from the Cretaceous (<a href="#fig011">Fig. 11</a>).
+This has since been proved to be the truth.
+In this specimen the ventral ribs and one front
+limb appear in their normal position for the first
+time in a carniverous dinosaur from the Cretaceous.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span>
+The figure shows it as he found it. The
+double row of ventral ribs, the head and the hind
+limbs, with one foot lying on the slope in sight.
+Our work was thus laid out for us and on the
+Fourth of July we moved our camp to the site
+shown in the figure, about three miles below Steveville
+on the southern side of Red Deer River. Our
+camp was near a large area of badlands. A
+splendid flat for the horses, wood and water
+without end. If you will reread my explorations
+of the Kansas Chalk, where we had cow chips to
+burn, and alkaline water to drink, beneath a
+burning sun, you will realize how much we enjoyed
+this camp. (<a href="#fig015">Fig. 15.</a>) It was not perfect,
+however, the mosquitoes made life a burden,
+but with smudges ever going, our nets
+over our shoulders when we moved in the
+sage brush, we were reasonably comfortable,
+especially as we got fresh butter, eggs and
+chickens every week from a neighboring
+farmer. This proved the richest camp I
+ever made. Further, to add to our blessings we
+were only three miles from the post office, and a
+trip for the mail on our motor boat, was a delightful
+change from the heavy work in the beds.
+Levi came into camp with the outfit and George
+soon joined us, and no one ever had so many
+born fossil hunters in one party before, full of
+enthusiasm, each trying to find better specimens
+than the other, but with friendly rivalry; we put
+in the most profitable and delightful summer I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span>
+have ever experienced. Charlie took possession
+of Jack McGee and settled down to the heavy
+work of excavating the carnivore from the face
+of the cliff. I show you a picture (<a href="#fig012">Fig. 12</a>) taken
+by Charlie himself of the two men at work, after
+they had nearly finished wrapping the two heavy
+sections of the trunk; Jack is cutting burlap
+strips, while Charlie is mending some bones that
+tore out when they separated the two sections.
+Then again (<a href="#fig013">Fig. 13</a>) with triplex block they are
+hoisting a section into the wagon. The two men
+put in six strenuous weeks, removing the great
+mass of rock that lay above the bones, blasting
+out tons of rock, and dumping it below on the
+side of the gulch to make a road. Jack used
+to say in regard to the skeleton “it is altogether
+wonderful.” To which sentiment I fully
+agreed. You will get some idea of the labor required
+if you look at the picture with Charlie
+standing in the quarry after the specimen had
+been removed. (<a href="#fig014">Fig. 14.</a>) When they hauled
+the sections out it was along a ridge so narrow
+that if the horses had balked or a wheel had slipped
+they would have been dashed to pieces in the
+gorge below. So important seemed this specimen
+to me I wanted the advice of the principle
+paleontologists in the Eastern United States,
+before we mounted it. So with authority from
+the Director of the Survey, Charlie and I visited
+Pittsburgh first, where we were cordially received
+by Dr. Holland, the Director. Both Dr. Holland<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span>
+and Mr. Peterson the paleontologist and
+also Mr. Earl Douglass, the noted collector and
+preparator of the huge <i>Brontosaurus</i> material
+from Nevada. All three agreed, that in their
+opinion we should make a panel mount of the
+carnivore, not taking it out of the original matrix.
+They used the argument that a student
+could then come to his own conclusions in regard
+to it as easily as if he had collected it himself,
+while if we made an open mount of it, he
+would have to depend on the veracity of the preparator.
+We were kindly treated here and saw
+the magnificent <i>Brontosaur</i> Mr. Douglas had
+found in Nevada. It is a fourth larger than the
+famous <i>Diplodocus carnegii</i>. World renowned,
+because of the casts Mr. Carnegie has sent to the
+Museums of Europe. The <i>Brontosaur</i> is sixteen
+feet high at the hips and eighty-two feet long.
+We hurried on to Washington, and there both
+Mr. Gilmour and Gidley, the vertebrae paleontologists,
+were warm in their opinions that it would
+be a crime to take it out of its original matrix,
+and thus lose the authority that goes with it. Mr.
+Gilmour showed me the fine skeleton of a <i>Stegosaur</i>
+they had just mounted in the way he proposed
+we should mount ours. It lies on a base a
+couple of feet above the floor, in the rock in which
+it was buried. He assured me that people showed
+more interest in this mount than in any other
+in the National Museum though they had some
+splendid open mounts. Mr. Gilmour claims that
+to advance our science rapidly, complete articulated
+skeletons should be left in the original
+rock in which they were buried. The scattered
+skeletons and those well known might be exhibited
+in open mounts.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig014" style="max-width: 187.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig014.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 14.</span>—Quarry after Carnivore was removed. Page <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig015" style="max-width: 186.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig015.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 15.</span>—Sternberg’s Camp 3 miles below Steveville. Page <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span></p>
+
+<p>At Philadelphia, I saw Dr. Nolan who has
+been the Secretary of the Philadelphia Academy
+of Science since he was first elected in 1876. He
+thought a slab mount the most impressive, and
+could not realize how any one would think of
+mounting it otherwise. Then we traveled out to
+Princeton, and this was the first and only time
+I have been there. I greatly enjoyed their magnificent
+collection. I was especially interested in
+Waterhouse Hawkins’ paintings on the ceilings,
+of troops of <i>Laelaps</i>, or duck-billed dinosaurs running
+on their powerful hind limbs, carrying their
+huge tails clear of the ground—a pose that many
+paleontological artists stick to with amazing
+tenacity. I have proved over and over again that
+these animals were swimmers. We were invited
+to the home of Prof. W. B. Scott, and after I told
+him the condition of our carnivore, he at once
+said the bones should not be taken out of the matrix.
+He instanced the case of the great collection
+of <i>Iguanodonts</i> in the Brussels Museum,
+some thirty individuals. Many mounted in their
+rocky sepulchers. Our carnivore should lie as
+we found him on a slab in bold relief. I must
+confess that my original idea that it should be
+mounted over the partial skeleton of a <i>Trachodont</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span>
+on which he was to be feeding was fast falling
+away from me in the face of such opinions
+by the greatest of our paleontologists. When we
+reached New York we met in the American
+Museum, the President, Dr. Henry F. Osborn,
+Dr. Mathews the Curator of Vertebrate Fossils,
+and his assistants, Mr. Granger and Barnum
+Brown. Dr. Osborn gave the opinion that was
+held by all the others, that we should mount it
+as we found it, clearing away the rock so all the
+bones stand out from their matrix, but held in it,
+except where limb bones might cover some other
+bones; in which case they must be removed and
+mounted clear. I had not a foot to stand on,
+when I visited the authority on dinosaurs, Dr.
+Lull of Yale. He took us out to lunch and agreed
+with the other students, without question. I was
+glad indeed, therefore to reconsider my first
+opinion and recommend to the Director of the
+Geological Survey, that we should mount it as
+the paleontologists had indicated, as I believe
+this would be a world specimen in which all students
+of ancient life would be interested. Mr.
+Lambe agreeing with this opinion also.</p>
+
+<p>Charlie spent the greater part of eight months,
+including the winter of 1913, in preparing it.
+There is a great deal more to do before it is finally
+mounted permanently in the Museum at Ottawa.
+Mr. Lambe, the Vertebrate Paleontologist
+of the Geological Survey of Canada, has called
+this noted specimen <i>Gorgosaurus libratus</i>, or in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span>
+English, if you please, “The fierce looking easily
+balanced carniverous dinosaur.” The skull is
+about three feet long, with all the teeth in place;
+they are from four to five inches in length, slightly
+recurved, with flattened sides, double edged,
+with serrated margins. Fierce indeed must he
+have looked, when he slunk up on his prey, his
+eyes flashing cruelty, with glistening teeth also,
+and forked tongue. His entire body from the
+front of the jaws, to end of the tail was twenty-nine
+feet in length. His powerful hind limbs, on
+which the entire body was balanced, were ten
+and a half feet in length. He had three great,
+claw-armed toes, and one not so large, raised
+from the ground like the spur of a rooster. His
+front limbs were mere vestigials, only twenty-three
+inches long; and the digits were reduced
+to two, with weak claw bones. We are unable to
+imagine to what use they could have been put.
+The abdominal walls were protected in front by
+16 pairs of ventral ribs, that were united to the
+regular ribs by rods of bone on each side; they
+passed each other midway in front, in order to
+allow the increase and decrease in the walls during
+the act of breathing, sliding at their ends,
+back and forth with each breath. They were as
+effectively protected as if sheathed in iron hoops.
+The long bones were hollow, and the feet like
+those of a running bird. In front of the pelvic
+arch the pubic bones were provided with two
+large feet, that, in position, were in a line with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span>
+the ventral ribs. In order to rest on these he
+must have been able to flex his limbs like a living
+<i>Sphenodon</i>, or New Zealand lizard (eighteen
+inches or more in length) does. This seems a
+more reasonable pose to me than the one usually
+given Cretaceous carniverous dinosaurs. I cannot
+believe he always made a conspicuous object
+of himself when he was hunting over the grassy
+and rushy plains for his prey, the herbivorous
+dinosaurs. I would rather think he slunk along
+their spoor or the trails, they had beaten through
+the rank vegetation, as a tiger would crawl up
+on his victim. So I picture him, when I try to
+put life into his old dry bones. It has been the
+habit of paleontologists to make a composite animal
+of a dinosaur, with characters of birds, mammals
+and reptiles. Several trachodonts and
+horned dinosaurs I have seen painted, with a
+thick rhinoceros-like skin, when we now know
+they had scales patterned after the Gila Monster
+of Arizona today as far as the scales go. The
+bones on the underside of the tail, called chevrons,
+are shaped like runners, as if to carry out
+my belief, that he dragged his tail behind him
+like a lizard of today. What was his ventral
+armor for, if not to protect the vital organs
+from the hard tough rushes and swamp grass of
+his habitat? What would be the use of the ventral
+ribs otherwise? From my work in shop and
+quarry, I am convinced these great reptiles will
+be treated and posed as lizards some day. Now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span>
+the Vertebrate Paleontologists follow Cope, and
+Marsh in their views of these animals when, in
+reality they are simply reptiles that have long
+since become extinct, leaving no living representatives.
+The nearest being the lizards.</p>
+
+<p>I climbed the rugged buttes and ridges. Many
+are entirely devoid of vegetation. Our work was
+in a canyon four or five hundred feet deep and
+measuring a mile from prairie to prairie, with
+long creeks or coulees running back into the flats.
+Their head branches spreading out like an open
+fan, as on Sand Creek, exposing thousands of
+acres of denuded rock to the sun. I was so fortunate
+as to find two more or less complete skeletons
+of a new duck-billed dinosaur, one with
+much of the beautiful skin impression preserved.
+The small scales, often mere tubercles, polygonal
+in shape arranged like mosaic-work in a pavement
+with ornamental elevations “limpet-like”
+in form, they are arranged in parallel rows along
+the abdominal walls and were reduced in size
+and number in the tail. Mr. Lambe has figured
+some of these lovely scales. He calls the new
+creature <i>Stephanosaurus marginatus</i><a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> or the
+crowned lizard. Barnum Brown discovered a
+wonderfully complete skeleton here, he gives it
+the name of <i>Corythosaurus casuarius</i>. Because
+the crested head resembles a Cassowary. I am
+delighted to be able to use with the permission of
+The American Museum authorities Deckert’s restoration<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span>
+for my Front Piece. With all the wonderfully
+complete skeletons my party have found
+of Cretaceous dinosaurs, I am forced in this
+specimen, to yield the palm to Mr. Brown, I am
+glad to acknowledge the wonderful skill of this
+indefatigable Collector and Paleontologist. Science
+can never repay what she owes him for
+grand skeletons of the Cretaceous Dinosaurs
+with which he has enriched the American Museum.
+Half a mile away from the skin impression
+and some of the skeleton, I found part of the
+head, and many of the bones, including the ischia,
+or the two pelvic bones that point backward and
+the further ends of these bones were footed,
+showing that he could bring his huge body down
+to the ground and rest it partly on these strong
+feet. Unfortunately only half of the head was
+present and its top was not complete. However,
+enough was preserved to show these saurians
+with footed ischia had crested heads, and were
+different in this respect from the <i>Trachodon</i> already
+referred to from the Edmonton Formation.
+I was so fortunate as to find in the same beds at
+Loveland Ferry, ten miles below the mouth of
+Dead Lodge Canyon, (a new locality Charlie located
+in 1915) two skeletons, within fifteen feet
+of each other, one with most of the tail, the trunk
+to shoulder blades, and the hind limbs. The
+other contains three caudal, or tail vertebrae, and
+the whole column in front, with arches, front
+and hind limbs, except that one hind foot and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span>
+one fore foot were missing. A very fine head was
+found pressed back against the back bone, showing
+that the animal had died in the water, when
+the gases raised it to the surface and the pressure
+of so large a body against the head, forced it
+back. When the gases were liberated the body
+settled in a mud bank where it became covered
+over, and lay buried, through all these ages, undisturbed
+until the recession of the bluffs carried
+away the tail. Underground channels destroyed
+the two feet.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[A]</a> The Ottawa Naturalist, January, 1914.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>But of these bones themselves; how can I describe
+their condition, I have been faithfully at
+work on them for over three months, (at this
+writing), and am just beginning to see that I
+will have a fine skull when it is cleaned (See
+<a href="#fig016">Fig. 16</a>). I have since finished it. It was preserved
+in a clay sandstone that chips at right
+angles to the bones, breaking them into thousands
+of pieces. Then the bones are enclosed
+with a heavy coating of bog iron, and between
+bones and around them, is stone as hard at flint.
+The bones themselves are poorly petrified. The
+spongy bone not filled with rocky material. If
+the thin outer covering is broken through, the
+spongy bone within crumbles like an egg shell.
+If a tool should slip through the covering, the
+bone within is broken to fragments. How is it
+possible with such obstacles to ever overcome
+them and prepare the skeleton for study and exhibition?
+Well! first of all, whenever after the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span>
+most careful scraping and cutting I got some
+bone exposed, I filled it with diluted shellac or a
+thin solution of ambroid, a cement I like better
+than shellac, although it is costly. Then it must
+be left, (for a bone wet with shellac is like mud),
+until thoroughly dry, and hard. The rock, too,
+must be held together and strengthened in the
+same way. What seemed for weeks an impossible
+task, became possible; as I got the bones
+harder and harder. I had a solid mass to work
+against with steel tools. These were either small
+chisels or scrapers, made by beveling off the end
+of large harness makers straight awls, (made in
+Germany), or I used tools George made especially
+for me. He became quite skilful in tempering
+tools. It is needless to say that the tools that
+can be used in preparing one specimen cannot be
+used for another. Where the rock is not too
+hard, a saddler’s crooked awl is very useful, but
+with the skull referred to it would have been of
+no use whatever. Patience, and unremitting enthusiasm,
+and the hope of success, even with this
+specimen the worse one to prepare I ever saw,
+have made success possible.</p>
+
+<p>So the preparation of these Red Deer River
+Dinosaurs, require courage and patience, not
+only for me, but for the boys, working incessantly
+and going slowly to the finish. We must have
+complete control of our nerves, a moment’s impatience
+might wreck a specimen we have sought
+for years. It is a great achievement to mount<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span>
+one of the noble relics of God’s creative power
+in the past. Our laboratory is Holy Ground.
+The earth is a great plant, from which, for countless
+millions of years the Creator has been turning
+out the creatures of his hand. Each, “having
+seed in itself.” It is discouraging when I think
+of the multitudes that throng our Exhibition
+Hall, to know how few carry any thing away
+with them. They simply satisfy a curiosity, with
+little conception of the enormous energy the collector
+and preparator expend, in heart breaking
+months of exploration, and nerve trying labor in
+the shop. Yet some are really interested, I remember
+talking for an hour or more in shop and
+exhibition hall, with a minister of the Church of
+England. When he left he remarked “I feel as
+if I had been talking with God” so closely had I
+led him to Nature’s great heart. When after
+months of anxiety and labor we get a specimen
+mounted permanently for study or exhibition,
+we are relieved of a strain few can comprehend.
+The nearly complete skeleton of <i>Stephanosaurus</i>
+of Lambe, or <i>Corythosaurus</i>, of Brown is seen in
+(<a href="#fig016">Fig. 16</a>). The front limbs, the shoulders, and
+half the trunk has been covered and separated
+into two sections. I am sitting down to the right
+at work on the less perfect specimen. With a
+little restoration, however, both individuals can
+be made into fine mounts. What is missing in
+one, can be supplied by making casts of the parts
+present in the other. A vast amount of labor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span>
+was expended in taking up these two specimens,
+done chiefly under the management of Charles
+M. Sternberg. We might have even lost the one
+that proved so fine but for him. I had only
+found a few toe bones and a tibia and fibula covered
+with heavy concretions; his labor, however,
+developed the greater part of the skeleton with
+the best skull of these crested duck-bills we have
+found.</p>
+
+<p>The rocks of the Belly River series of the Cretaceous
+are quite different from those of the Edmonton.
+There are many layers of gray sandstone
+beautifully fluted, often with outlying
+mushroom-like pillars (See <a href="#fig019">Fig. 19</a>), as in the
+picture. Lying around too, are the traveled
+boulders that once lay on the prairie that has
+been carried away by water piece meal, leaving
+them behind. The fluting too, is beautifully
+represented in this picture showing also, concretions
+sticking out at different levels that will
+sooner or later form pillars under the processes
+of the recession of the cliff. The concretions
+capping them, preserve them from destruction.
+Here, (<a href="#fig020">Fig. 20</a>), is a great outlying butte over
+three hundred feet high. It borders the flood
+plain of the Dead Lodge Canyon. In the central
+ground, you will notice, if your eyes are sharp
+enough, Levi at work on a fossil saurian’s skull.
+This has since been figured and described by
+Barnum Brown under the name of <i>Prosaurolophus</i>.
+Levi found a very good specimen of a
+crested duck-bill lying athwart a precipitous
+trail down over the badlands from the prairie.
+The tail was partially exposed, and not noticed
+by the Indians and Cow Boys who for years had
+traveled on this trail (<a href="#fig021">Fig. 21</a>). Charlie found
+two in the same quarry. He had discovered the
+first one with the tail sticking out from under a
+mass of clay about 18 feet high. The prospect
+of heavy labor never discouraged us. So we attacked
+the bank and uncovered the skeleton. At
+the further end of his specimen he found the tail
+of another leading still farther into the face of
+the excavation. As there was new surface ground
+to still explore we covered it with tons of earth
+to discourage any would-be explorer here, and
+went back to it the next year.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig016" style="max-width: 188.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig016.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span>—Skeleton of Lambe’s <i>Stephanosaurus</i>. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig017" style="max-width: 188.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig017.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 17.</span>—Sections of <i>Stephanosaurus</i> after wrapping. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p>
+
+<p>In <a href="#fig022">Figure 22</a> the reader will see the excavation
+left after the two duck-billed dinosaurs were removed.
+During the season of 1913, Charlie had
+the most remarkable success. For though he
+spent six weeks of incessant labor collecting his
+carnivore, he discovered a duck-bill on his way
+to assist the teamster with a load. On another
+occasion while walking to his carnivore he found
+a new trachodont at the point of a hill (See <a href="#fig023">Fig. 23</a>).
+This skeleton was preserved in a hard
+siliceous concretion. During the winter of 1914-15
+George prepared the skull for permanent exhibition
+(<a href="#fig024">Fig. 24</a>). It was placed in the Hall
+of Fossil Vertebrates, the most perfect duck-billed
+dinosaur skull I have ever seen. It is in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span>
+its natural condition, not flattened or otherwise
+injured by pressure, as is usually the case. We
+think the skeleton over thirty feet in length, we
+secured much of the skin impression with it,
+showing a different pattern from the other
+known forms. Mr. Lambe calls it <i>Gryposaurus</i>,
+the high nosed lizard. It will take months of
+labor to prepare this skeleton. Mr. Lambe in
+his summary of our work says in the blue book
+Summary for 1913, of the Geological Survey of
+Canada, page 293: “The principal field work
+consisted of an expedition to the Red Deer River,
+Alberta, to collect dinosaurian and other vertebrate
+remains from the Belly River Cretaceous in
+the neighborhood of, and below Berry Creek
+(Steveville). The party was composed of Charles
+H. Sternberg and three assistants, its success is
+to be attributed not only to the skill and experience
+of those forming the party, [my three sons],
+but also to the manner in which it was equipped.
+The party was on Red Deer River from June
+20th to October 3. The collection from these
+rocks, made by the expedition of 1913, reveals in
+a striking manner the wonderful variety of the
+dinosaurian life of the period. The field collection
+of 1913 includes members of the <i>Ceratops</i>
+(horned dinosaurs, quadrupedal, plant eaters),
+<i>Trachodontidae</i> (duck-billed dinosaurs,
+plant eaters), <i>Theropoda</i> (flesh eaters), and
+<i>Stegosauridae</i>, (heavily armoured plant eaters),
+<i>Plesiosaurs</i>, crocodiles, turtles, amphibians, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span>
+fishes are abundantly represented, and some
+mammalian remains were also found.” I know
+of no wilder or more fascinating scenery than
+that in the Dead Lodge Canyon of the Red Deer
+river of Alberta. The great layers of sandstone
+are often beautifully fluted. The strata of clay
+between sometimes thin out to nothing (<a href="#fig025">Fig. 25</a>).
+The constant change in butte, and tower
+ridge and pinnacle, with great concretions, or
+small ones sticking out of escarpments, like window
+sills of a skyscraper. Some of the photographs
+will give a faint idea of the beauty of
+this great canyon. I here wish to place on record
+my appreciation of the splendid skill developed
+by my sons Charlie and George, who took
+all the photographs I have used to illustrate this
+book, except those to whom credit will or has
+been given. Levi too, is learning the art rapidly
+as evidenced by the illustrations for my expedition
+for the British Museum for 1916. Great
+credit too is due Mr. Clark, the head of the Photographic
+Division of the Survey, who developed
+and printed these fine photographs. Neither can
+I forget the kindness of both directors under
+whom I served, Dr. Brock and Mr. McConnell,
+who presented me with full sets of the photographs
+we have taken in field and shop, and
+Museum and also lantern slides of many.</p>
+
+<p>While in camp, often after supper when our
+day’s work was at an end, in a reminiscent mood,
+I told the boys stories. They had often heard<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span>
+before, of my adventures in other fossil fields,
+and other days, but as distinctly printed on memory’s
+pages, as if they had occurred but yesterday.
+I remember recalling an adventure of
+George and myself in the chalk of Kansas. We
+had been up towards Monument Rocks and were
+returning to camp at Elkader, at the mouth of
+Beaver Creek in Logan county, when we observed
+a storm gathering in the northwest, and
+northeast quite threatening indeed. We were
+three miles away, and drove like Jehu to get to
+shelter before the storm broke upon us. However,
+in spite of our efforts, the storm overtook
+us on the level prairie. The thunder clouds
+threw forked lightning to the ground around
+and in front of us. Where it struck the dry grass
+of the prairie a little cloud of dust would rise,
+and the grass would take fire to spread a few
+yards in a circle, when the rain would follow up
+and put it out. The thunder cracked in deafening
+peals with tongues of electricity following at
+once. A calf was struck and killed a short distance
+from us, but we escaped with a good soaking.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig018" style="max-width: 189.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig018.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 18.</span>—I climbed the rugged buttes and ridges. Page <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig019" style="max-width: 187.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig019.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 19.</span>—Pillars cut out of the solid rock. Page <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p>A still more remarkable incident happened to
+Levi and me at Livingstone’s ranch in Gove
+county, Kansas, seven miles south of Quinter.
+Our tents were pitched on Hackberry Creek near
+the ranch barn, a large affair covered with sheet
+iron. Towards evening we saw a great dust cloud
+coming towards us from the northwest. I sent
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span>Levi to the barn to put the horses in, they had
+been standing in the corral near by. He had
+hardly accomplished this, when the storm was
+upon us; the gravel and sand beat on the iron
+roof like hail. He stood in the door with a lighted
+lantern. I feared the roof might fall in and
+break the lamp, and set fire to the hay, and I
+shouted to him to put it out, but he could not
+hear me. It became instantly dark as midnight,
+as the air was dense with gravel, sand and dirt
+driven at terrible speed by the raging wind. I
+started to the barn a hundred yards away, and
+got my face cut with the flying sand, my eyes
+blinded with dirt. But I reached him and put
+out the light and we attempted by holding each
+other’s hand, to reach the tents. Suddenly we
+saw an electric light hanging over our tent, on
+a telephone wire that was stretched above. Then
+another and another sparkled in the darkness
+along the line and lighted up the posts and wire
+fence on either side of the lane we were following.
+As far as we could trace the telephone
+wire, little lights swung in the wind as if some
+one had turned on a switch to light us to camp.
+It was certainly a little uncanny to say the least,
+and if I had been superstitious, I might have been
+frightened. Levi went off to bed in another tent,
+I watched the strange phenomenon until I too,
+got tired, and turned into my bed and went to
+sleep. All this is part of a Fossil Hunter’s day’s
+work. Although this was the first time I had ever<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span>
+seen an exhibition of this peculiar kind of electric
+display on the prairie I was sure it represented
+what is called St. Elmo’s Fire at sea.</p>
+
+<p>On July 18, 1913, I note that I had worked all
+day on Charlie’s large trachodont which Mr.
+Lambe called, as I said above, <i>Gryposaurus</i>.
+Twenty feet of the skeleton, besides the head was
+present. On page 23, Book A, field notes for
+1913, I say: “The skull is 3 feet 3 inches long.
+Distance between the orbits, 9 inches. It is 19
+inches from the margin of the mandibles to the
+top of the skull. Which has a high narrow set
+of nasals, with curved beak shaped like Brown’s
+New Mexican <i>Trachodont</i>.” Then again, on page
+25, “I have worked all day on Charlie’s huge
+trachodont. It is a wonder, poorly preserved in a
+huge brown flint concretion that is shattered into
+irregular fragments, that break through the
+bones as well. The under part of the skeleton,
+however, is in grey sandstone and clay. The
+body lay on its left side, then took a turn and
+rested on the ventral surface. The ossified tendons
+are different from the ordinary duck-bills,
+both with or without crests; they are often
+barbed in the center and bifurcated at one end,
+with the other flattened. This specimen is evidently
+new. I am very anxious to save it.”</p>
+
+<p>The fluted pyramids and Gothic towers stand
+out distinctly to the south of the specimen in the
+early morning and after sundown: but in the
+heat of the day the colors blend so, the sharp outlines<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span>
+of the different strata are not easily distinguished.</p>
+
+<p>On July 19th Mr. Barnum Brown went down
+the river with his scow, motor boat and rowboat,
+bearing his party of five men and all his outfit.
+They intended to camp on Sand Creek, which
+they did, and never left that richest of all the
+camps in the Belly River Series in Dead Lodge
+Canyon for three seasons; the richest, doubtless,
+in history. I believe there are more exposures
+of the strata there, than all the rest of the exposures
+put together. I could not leave the great
+carnivore Charlie had found. Or my wonderful
+<i>Chasmosaurus</i> skeleton, showing the dermal covering
+for the first time in the history of horned
+dinosaurs. Neither could we leave the splendid
+skeleton of <i>Gryposaurus</i>, or my new duck-billed
+dinosaur to follow Brown and share with him
+the gleanings of that rich field. Consequently,
+with his five collectors, all first class men, filled
+with energy and enthusiasm, with such a leader
+and hunter, it is little wonder that he secured
+that year a great collection, now being mounted
+in the American Museum. He also spent the seasons
+of 1914 and 1915 there also, most successfully.
+The Belly River beds below Steveville
+and near our camp, consist chiefly, as already
+mentioned, of strata of silver grey sandstone, alternating
+with yellowish or ash-colored clays.
+Notice the picture (<a href="#fig025">Fig. 25</a>), how the dark clay
+bed feathers out. The exposed clay beds crack<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span>
+after a rain, like the mud flats of the river, and
+curl up on the surface when dry. The fluting of
+the sand-beds is due to the fact that they contain
+so much clay, that during a rain, the whole surface
+is puddled and the water cannot pass
+through the thin coating of mud, and runs off the
+surface in countless rivulets sculpturing the
+soft mass into the most beautiful flutings imaginable.
+This we have often noticed before.</p>
+
+<p>There are neither wells or springs in these
+beds, not enough water penetrating them to produce
+either. There are, however, many underground
+passages through which the water finds
+its way during a rain to lower levels. Near the
+top of the badlands, or anywhere through them,
+often, a sink hole is formed. The water first
+forming a cistern, until a way is found for it
+downward, and the water escapes at last through
+the mouth of a cave, it has formed. These passages
+are choked with fallen rock from above, or
+from the sides, which in turn are disintegrated
+and are carried out by water until we have a
+series of natural bridges over the chasm, which
+break down at last, and produce a ravine. We
+used water from these cisterns on several occasions
+to make plaster. There was one containing
+many gallons near Charlie’s carnivore.</p>
+
+<p>We were often bitterly disappointed in our
+finds. Take for instance Levi’s crested dinosaur.
+He found some exposed tail vertebrae a little to
+one side of a horse trail that came over the rocks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span>
+from the open prairie above, down to a branch
+of One Tree Creek, not far from our camp, there
+Levi found 20 tail vertebrae, the pelvic arch, and
+hind limbs and many ribs. So as we progressed
+in uncovering these we felt confident that the
+entire skeleton was buried there. We were mistaken;
+no head, neck or front limbs were present.
+From the fact that some of the long pelvic
+bones had been snapped off, we concluded the
+missing parts had gone in death to gorge a living
+specimen of <i>Gorgosaurus</i>, the Tyrant of the
+Everglades. Then Charlie removed tons of rock
+from where he thought the tail of his <i>Gorgosaur</i>
+lay, only to find it had taken another direction,
+and the same amount of energy was necessary
+there as he had wasted on a false scent.</p>
+
+<p>In my notes of the 11th of July, I speak of
+the windy day: “So strong was the current as
+I clung to the steep and barren slopes; I would
+often have lost my footing but for my faithful
+pick, whose point I drove into the soft rock when
+I felt as if I was about to be blown into a deep
+canyon. I would cling to my pick until there
+was a lull, or I had secured a better footing. My
+pick, under the providence of God, often saved
+my life. Once in the brakes of the Permian beds
+of Texas, on a Saturday evening a great storm
+threatened. I though we could reach Mr. Galyean’s
+house before it burst. His son was with
+me, a boy of about 15 years of age. We had
+gone only a short distance, however, when the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span>
+rain fell in sheets, not only drenching us to the
+skin but filling innumerable ditches with water
+running like a mill race. These we must cross.
+I remember we passed through the same patch
+of weeds repeatedly, so I knew in the darkness
+we were walking in a circle. Every few feet was
+a deep and narrow ditch full to the brim with
+red muddy water. I found these rushing streams
+by pushing my pick ahead of me, as the only
+time we saw anything was when the lightning
+flashed. At last we got sight of the light in McBride’s
+house a mile up the creek from Galyean’s.
+We thus secured the direction and
+thought we were all right, but without our
+knowledge, some one moved it from a south to
+an east window and we got off again, and before
+we knew it were slipping down into the roaring
+Coffee Creek full of driftwood. If we had slipped
+into it, both of us would have been lost. The
+boy had hold of my coat tails; I struck the point
+of my pick into the muddy slope and swung
+around with John hanging on behind describing
+the arc of a circle. The pick held while we dug
+holds with our heels to support us until I could
+reach upward and take another hold with the
+faithful pick. Thus we got out on the level flood
+plain of the creek. I then allowed John to take
+the lead, and he took me as if by instinct, safely
+to his father’s house where we were soon drying
+our clothes before the fireplace, heaped high with
+blazing cottonwood chunks.”</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig020" style="max-width: 188.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig020.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 20.</span>—Outlying Buttes over 300 feet high. Page <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig021" style="max-width: 188.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig021.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 21.</span>—Levi found a good Crested Dinosaur. Page <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe the Vertebrate Paleontologist
+of the Survey visited my camp on the
+12th of September, 1913. We visited all the different
+localities where were the different
+specimens we were collecting, much to his delight.
+He described many of them the following
+winter. In a large exposure near Steveville, we
+were led by my son George to a fine turtle, one
+of the largest forms. The shell is over two feet
+long.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V<BR>
+<span class="sm">HUNTING HORNED DINOSAURS ON THE RED DEER
+RIVER.</span>
+</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>Please, dear reader, return with me to the first
+camp we made below Steveville (<a href="#fig015">Fig. 15</a>). I
+would like to tell you of our successful hunt for
+horned dinosaurs, the reptiles that carry on their
+shoulders the largest known skulls of any land
+animal living, or dead. I had gone around the
+flood plain to the mouth of a ravine below camp
+and following it up to its head searching the denuded
+exposures, on either side. Suddenly, I
+stumbled on a couple of orbital horn-cores of a
+new genus of these strange creatures. The
+nasals and much of the face had been disintegrated
+by exposure to rain and frost; one complete
+lower jaw and part of the other was in place,
+however. With eager hands I used my little pick
+and digger, cutting into the face of the cliff. The
+horn-cores were pointed heavenward. I soon got
+behind them and followed up the great crest that
+projected backward into the rock, of which some
+fifteen towered above; I needed help and returned
+to camp a mile over the hills, for the boys.
+George and Levi responded to my call. The rock
+was thrown out and scraped away with team and
+scraper, tons on tons of it, my enthusiastic assistants<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span>
+threw down. We soon found that most
+of the skeleton was present, and it required a
+large floor to lay all the bones bare. At least
+enough of them so we could take them up without
+injuring them.</p>
+
+<p>While working around the skeleton, we dug
+up what appeared to be impressions of mud
+cracks, but Charlie who came to visit us, concluded
+at once they were skin impressions. This
+seemed too good to be true, as none were known
+before from horned dinosaurs. We were soon,
+however, forced to believe it, when a large chunk
+of rock broke in two and revealed the regular
+casts of polygonal scales, the upper and lower
+sides. They were arranged in the most beautiful
+mosaic patterns, some mere tubercles, as in the
+trachodonts, especially under the limbs. Along
+the back there were larger scales, often rounded
+or six sided, from two, to two and a half inches
+in diameter. This was new, and unexpected, as
+the men of science who had made a special study
+of the horned dinosaurs believed they had a thick
+skin with heavy dermal scutes, or plates inserted
+into it, as a protection against the rapacious carnivores.
+But here, as in the <i>Trachodonts</i>, we
+were so fortunate as to prove what we had proved
+so oft before, “The wisdom of man is foolishness
+to God.” How could it be otherwise. Yet I am
+free to acknowledge there are no class of men so
+positive in their conclusions. I once heard four
+different men at a Scientific Academy deliver<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span>
+four papers on the Creation of the world, each
+one was different and each man thought he was
+right. I have proved too often in my own experience
+in the field that I was mistaken, to doubt
+that other scientific men might be also. I could
+write a book about the mistakes of scientific men
+but will not burden my pages with them except
+as I discover facts absolutely different from those
+commonly accepted, as in the case of my <i>Chasmosaurus</i>
+under discussion. In the past men have
+been too anxious to publish results before complete
+skeletons have been found and almost invariably,
+when one is found, it does not bear out
+in its own person the expectations of their
+authors.</p>
+
+<p>This field, so rich in material, in which we get
+the skin impressions, as well as complete skeletons
+enables us to speak “as one having authority”
+about them. Here then, although we have
+an animal with limbs of equal length, the body
+was covered with thin scales arranged like mosaic-work
+in a pavement. Without much doubt
+the skull had been subjected to great pressure
+for many ages. The rock in which it was embedded
+has been lifted some twenty-five hundred
+feet above the position it occupied when it was
+mud at the bottom of the lake. Mr. Lambe, the
+Vertebrate Paleontologist of the Geological Survey
+of Canada, has called this remarkable dinosaur
+<i>Chasmosaurus</i>, on account of the great
+chasms or gaps cut into the crest and skull. As<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span>
+far as I know this is the most complete skull
+known of this species. While at work on my
+specimen I learned some remarkable things.
+There is always an opening between the horns of
+these saurians. In Triceratops, it is midway between
+the end of the beak, and the crest. In this
+specimen, however, it is two feet from the end
+of the beak, and three feet to the further end of
+the crest. Then, though the skull proper in front
+of the crest is quite heavy and strong, and with
+large mandibles, and rather a large horn over the
+nose, as compared with the small ones over the
+eyes. The crest seems to be built for strength,
+as the central bar, the side and distal bars are
+strong, but beveled off to the large openings; and
+masses of bone are scooped out of the skull—adapted
+evidently to add to the strength, but to
+reduce the weight. This is not to be wondered
+at, when we study the skeleton. For we find the
+neck-crest not only covered the neck and shoulders,
+but extended back over seven of the dorsal
+vertebrae, to within a few inches of the pelvic
+arch. I do not think the animal was much bigger
+than a cow: about 9 feet from beak to drop
+of the tail; and the latter was short, barely
+dragging on the ground. When cutting a path
+through the dense sub-tropical foliage of reeds,
+rushes and grass, with many a bog, he simply
+parted the rank vegetation with his triangular-shaped
+head and crushed it under his four large
+spreading feet. But when he was attacked,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span>
+down went the head, up went the crest, and a
+shield well armed with horns on the face, and
+horny projections along the sides of the crest
+was instantly presented to his foe. As the only
+vulnerable place of attack, to the tiger of the
+everglades, he would try to strike with his powerful
+claw-armed feet somewhere in the flank, for
+then he could lay bare the vital organs and soon
+destroy his prey.</p>
+
+<p>But our <i>Chasmosaurus</i> was on the watch to
+prevent this very thing. The grass is beaten
+down, a ring is formed, and he often rushes forward
+with open beak. If his pincer-like bill
+once closes on the quivering flesh of the carnivore,
+he would surely get his “pound of flesh.”
+If a moss covered bog is within reach he would
+try to get to it, for then he would plunge in, and
+be safe, as no bipedal flesh eater will dare to follow.
+Our herbivore, however, can swim through
+it, or through the morass as easily as a living
+hippopotamus.</p>
+
+<p>You will notice the horny beak is shaped like
+that of a great turtle, though the lower jaws
+supporting it below are two feet in length. The
+crest behind, where it overhangs the back, is
+nearly four feet along the curve. We approximately
+can guess the distance from the lower
+margin of the jaw to the top of the nasal horn
+to be nearly two feet. At each angle of the
+cross-bar behind on the crest, is a long horn-covered
+spike, while the sides of the crest are also
+armed with smaller and blunter ones. The orbital
+horns are round and conical, not much over
+six inches in length, while the one on the bridge
+of the nose is over a foot long.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig022" style="max-width: 189.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig022.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 22.</span>—Excavation after taking out Charlie’s <i>Stephanosaurus</i>. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig023" style="max-width: 189.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig023.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 23.</span>—Charlie’s New Trachodont. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span></p>
+
+<p>Now, with the rapidity of thought we will return
+to our workshop. When George prepared
+the head of this fine specimen, I found it was the
+exact size of the one I found in 1913. I therefore
+took a cast of the parts that were missing in
+mine. In order to accomplish this, I covered
+the front of the head with lard oil and then with
+molding wax, being careful to make it in sections
+so it would come off and be heavy enough to prevent
+distortion. When all was ready and we had
+colored our plaster to resemble the fossil bone—no
+small task, by the way, as we had to learn to
+mix colors as well as do the work of a sculptor—with
+wax. Then the mold is separated from the
+skull and stuck together, plaster strengthened
+with dextrine is poured into it, and on hardening
+I got an exact facsimile of the original specimen.
+This I fastened to my skull in which these
+parts were missing, and this gave us two specimens
+for public exhibition. Otherwise we could
+not have exhibited this dinosaur, as it would not
+have done to guess at these missing parts, as the
+early scientists were in the habit of doing. Now
+we can point to the complete specimen should
+anyone doubt the truthfulness of the restoration.
+All through the Belly River Series of rocks are
+bone-beds. There are two below Steveville, one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span>
+near the top, and the other near the bottom of
+the exposures. They lie usually on a bed of clay,
+as if they had been drifted in from a lake (into
+which, they had been carried by a river) and
+lined the shore in the mud. In some places I
+secured hundreds, yes thousands of bones and
+teeth of many species, as well as shields of
+sturgeons and the enameled scales of gar-pikes
+as perfect as if picked up along a recent lake
+shore. There were also bones and shells of a
+great variety of soft-shelled turtles, and others,
+with beautifully sculptured shells; they range
+in size from less than six inches across, to over
+two feet. Crocodile bones, and the dermal, or
+skin plates of plated dinosaurs, were common.
+We secured hundreds of the pavement teeth of
+the ray Cope called <i>Myledaphus</i>, also countless
+vertebrae of the reptile <i>Champsosaurus</i>. Probably
+all the species of this rich fauna, are represented
+in these bone-beds. The fragments we
+collected came in good play, when Charlie and I
+mounted the <i>Trachodon</i> skeleton. As we were
+able to restore the missing tail from the caudal
+vertebrae we picked up in bone-beds in the Edmonton
+Series, near Drumheller, Alberta. We
+found many horn-cores also in the bone deposits.
+Although we found many of the long bones we
+were unable to take up many on account of the
+expense. First, the bone has to be located, i. e.
+discovered. Then likely a road has to be built
+to it in order to haul in to it plaster and water.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span>
+After one side is uncovered and plastered, it has
+to remain twelve hours to harden. Then we
+must return to turn it over and plaster the other
+side, allowing it to harden before we go after it
+with a horse and sled. During all this time we
+might have found a complete skeleton.</p>
+
+<p>When we reached our big scow in 1914, we
+found the seams had opened along the bottom
+and we were forced to recaulk it. The first thing
+was to clean out the old oakum and coal tar.
+Our eyes filled with the poisonous tar irritating
+them almost beyond endurance. After that was
+done, with arms above our heads, we drove in the
+oakum with caulking tools and then retarred the
+seams. I will acknowledge I did not do my full
+duty here, I spent most of my time in the hills
+exploring, which was more to my liking. This
+trying work the boys accomplished at last. Then
+came the supreme test. Will it keep out the
+water? We slid her down on skids into the river,
+and she rode as buoyantly as a duck, though not
+so gracefully.</p>
+
+<p>We had picked out a place to camp three miles
+above “Happy Jack Ferry.” So George, Charlie,
+and Mr. Johnson, hauled the scow up to the
+camping ground with our motor boat, accomplishing
+a feat, I had thought impossible. Fortunately
+they had a strong wind in their favor,
+and the tents pitched on board, acted as sails
+and helped them breast the current. Levi and I
+moved the lumber up to camp in our wagon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span>
+pulled by our team of horses. We crossed many
+narrow gulches, and were obliged to dig roads
+across them. In fact we got stuck in the mud of
+one, where backwater from the river had deposited
+several feet of mud in it. We got into
+camp, however, ahead of the scow. In my note
+book I often speak of the terrible heat of those
+days. We had hot work on the rough exposures
+without water. Who of us will ever forget, when
+at night, we returned to our camp, how we
+lay with faces half submerged in the cold water
+of the river, and drank from her refreshing flood
+until we could drink no more. Drinking often a
+quart or more without injury. The hardest
+work of all was to tramp over the
+burning beds without success. How many
+days we spent in useless effort. Near
+this camp, however, Charlie got a fine skull of a
+new trachodont or duck-billed dinosaur, described
+later by Mr. Brown as <i>Prosaurolophus</i>. Near
+here, also, George found his famous <i>Chasmosaurus
+belli</i>, Lambe. Mr. Brown, however, retains
+Professor Marsh’s name of <i>Ceratops</i>. Here
+too, I secured the complete club at the end of a
+plated dinosaur’s tail, of which I will have more
+to say later. Showing as has been my experience
+that untiring effort will accomplish results
+in the fossil fields as in every walk in life.</p>
+
+<p>During Charlie’s and my absence in Montana,
+George found a large skeleton of a <i>Corythosaurus</i>.
+The remarkable part about it was the complete<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span>
+limbs in position. It was discovered in Mr.
+Jackson’s pasture. Now Mr. Jackson is an old
+cowman. He was range boss for the brother of
+Admiral Beresford of England, who built a
+ranch here. On Beresford’s death, Mr. Jackson
+took possession of the ranch and the ferry is
+named “Happy Jack” after him. In fact he is
+quite a noted character and one of the few old
+cattle men living here.</p>
+
+<p>At this camp too, Mr. Patrick Disney, from
+Oxford University, England, joined my party as
+a guest. He came to these wilds to learn something
+about fossil hunting. He was indeed helpful,
+and welcome, but the war breaking out he
+started for the front, he wanted to be, and was
+among the first to join his colors from Canada.
+We learned later he became a gallant officer in
+the aerial fleet.</p>
+
+<p>We continued to suffer all summer from the
+intense heat. The mosquitoes, however, were not
+as bad as usual. All the grass on the prairies
+dried up. The crops were a perfect failure. But
+for the liberality of the government in supplying
+the homesteader with food through the winter
+and spring and seed to plant, they would have
+been obliged to leave the country. This timely
+aid, however, enabled them, owing to the great
+rainfall in 1915, to reap the greatest harvest in
+the history of these people, so far east of the
+mountains on the semi-arid plains.</p>
+
+<p>On August fifth, we succeeded in getting our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span>
+scow some two miles below “Happy Jack Ferry,”
+(See <a href="#fig032">Fig. 32</a>) to a camp we made near a specimen
+George had found of a plated dinosaur.
+Charlie and Disney brought down the motor boat,
+but owing to the very low stage of water,
+they were in it, most of the time, hauling the boat
+through sand, by main force. Our scow floating
+with the current beat them to the landing. We
+left Levi to haul all the fossils from our upper
+camp to Denhart on the new branch of the Central
+Pacific Railway, between Swift Current and
+Bassano, Alberta. For two months George labored
+with never less than one assistant on his
+plated dinosaur, the prize of the season. It
+seems that some caudal vertebrae were seen by
+him sticking out of a hard siliceous concretion in
+the face of a bluff, with thirty-five feet of sandstone
+on top. This was tough and hard to dig
+up. He used blasting powder as you see in two
+pictures where George is running away after firing
+the fuse, the other shows the explosion. It
+took a month of constant labor to get down to
+the concretion and another to cut away enough
+of it, so it could be handled when cut in sections.
+The constant hammering opened closed seams
+in the flinty rocks so it could be removed in
+chunks, with the sections of the fossil within
+them. George secured the pelvic arch, hind limb
+bones, many ribs, caudal and dorsal vertebrae
+(likely the entire column in front of the pelvis),
+the skull, with its necklace of dermal plates
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span>behind. Then there were many of the huge
+plates though not all in position.</p>
+
+<p>The figures show the quarry, and the road we
+made with four horses straining to haul the sections
+out. You will also see George running
+from the quarry after lighting the fuse, and in
+the next picture the explosion. We expended
+far more labor in this quarry than any we found,
+or on any other individual specimen. Yet our
+labor was nothing compared to what must be expended
+before the skeleton is mounted, owing to
+the difficulties of preparation. The last picture
+in this series shows the amount of labor required
+to throw out the loose material, as well as the
+beautifully sculptured rock in the vicinity.</p>
+
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig024" style="max-width: 188.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig024.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 24.</span>—Prepared skull of <i>Gryposaurus</i>, Lambe; <i>Kritosaurus</i>, Brown. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig025" style="max-width: 188.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig025.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 25.</span>—The strata of clay thins out to nothing often. Page <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI<br>
+<span class="sm">PLATED DINOSAURS THE MOST UNIQUE OF THEM
+ALL</span>
+</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>When the frost was on the bull berry, we experienced
+the strange sensation of making jelly
+in camp. We beat the berries out of the bushes,
+in which they clung in clusters around sharp
+thorns, on to tarpaulins spread below on the
+ground. The single berry is about the size and
+color of a red currant. We filled our motor
+boat full of boxes with the acid fruit, and
+drove it to our scow. There we took pails full
+of the berries, and sank them into the clear water
+of Red Deer river. Then stirred them with a
+stick, so that all the leaves, decayed fruit, and
+bits of branches or other foreign matter could
+float away down the river, the perfect fruit settled
+to the bottom. The fruit was then cooked
+on our large camp stove until thoroughly done,
+when it was pressed through muslin bags, and
+cooked as long as there was any scum rising to
+the surface, which was carefully skimmed off the
+boiling surface. Then equal parts of sugar by
+weight was put in, <ins title="word inserted">and</ins> the moment it was dissolved
+the mixture was taken off the stove and put into
+Mason jars. When cool it was a fine, reddish
+colored jelly. We made twenty-four gallons, or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span>
+six gallons for each married man in the party.
+In camp we used it constantly, and it took the
+place of all other fruit and pickles. As usual,
+we were unable to get our fossils out of the
+ground before cold weather came. We secured
+fifty boxes weighing about twenty-five tons. I am
+happy to report, also, that after Charlie found
+his <i>Centrosaurus</i> or <i>Monoclonius</i> skull, and after
+I had spent four weeks of the most strenuous labor
+of which I am capable, I succeeded in getting
+a very good skeleton from the pelvis to the end
+of the tail, of a crested duck-bill. It was especially
+interesting, because nearly all the impression
+of the skin was present in a large section of
+the tail; giving also, the contour of the tail immediately
+after death. This was the best tail of
+a trachodont we found. While we were working
+early and late to get out the material before the
+real cold weather set in, our horse Bob, in going
+up a steep and narrow sled road corked his mate,
+the bay mare. She bled badly, and was put out
+of commission temporarily. Luckily, Mr. Bestrum,
+who was assisting us with an extra team,
+had another horse who took the injured one’s
+place.</p>
+
+<p>On the twenty-fifth of September, 1914, we got
+our scow dismantled, and the next day out on
+land. In the meantime we camped on the sandy
+flood plain of the river, near our scow. One
+night my tent blew down on top of me asleep in
+my cot; however, these are small matters, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span>
+soon forgotten if I had not referred to them in
+my notes. On the twenty-eighth, we hauled in
+our last load of fossils and loaded our car at
+Denhart. This point was a switch on the open
+prairie; the store building was deserted. A
+miserable day, with the wind blowing a gale,
+from the north. I built an oven of some loose
+bricks, that were lying about, and cooked a meal
+as best we could, on the wind swept plain. It
+was four o’clock in the afternoon before we started
+on our thirty mile drive to Brooks, where we
+were to take our train homeward bound.</p>
+
+<p>We lost our road, or rather it petered out, as
+they say in the west, and with the brilliant moon
+riding buoyantly in the heavens as a guide, we
+pressed on over the rough prairie sod. Suddenly
+as if to amuse our tiresome journey, God’s
+Moving Pictures, The Northern Lights burst upon
+us in all their glory. It seemed as if a heavy
+map was suddenly unwrapped in the sky, the
+folds taking a fan-like perpendicular radiate
+shape, then another and another, was unrolled,
+until the whole northern arc of the heavens was
+vibrating with light in white bands, edges in
+colors of many delicate and exquisite tints. At
+eleven o’clock that night, stiff and hungry, our
+solitary wagon rolled into Brooks, and an ambitious
+Chinaman soon had on our table a hot
+dish of beef and onions we ate with the relish
+hunger gives.</p>
+
+<p>When we went west in June, 1914, we stopped<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span>
+at Toronto, and visited the Royal Museum there.
+The geological and mineralogical halls are on
+the top floors. The principal light comes through
+ground glass giving a beautiful diffused light.
+The glass cases show no signs of reflected light.
+Every specimen, stands out distinctly, as if laid
+on a table. They had mounted the mosasaur
+skeleton I sold Professor Parks some years before.
+The only large vertebrate on exhibition.</p>
+
+<p>We were anxious to make a trip by water and
+pressed on to Port <ins title="originally ‘McNickles’">McNicoll</ins>, where we took the
+steamer <ins title="originally ‘Keetewin’">Keewatin</ins> and slept that night in state
+rooms instead of Pullman berths, as had been so
+common with us of late. We woke next morning
+in the narrow stream between Lake Huron
+and Superior. The scenery was grand and impressive,
+the shore lines clothed with second growth
+timber. We passed freighters hauling ten thousand
+tons of coal to the west, and the same
+amount of iron-ore to the eastern smelters. The
+channel was marked by floating buoys, each one
+carrying a light that was intermittent, as fast
+as it went out, it was lighted again by two permanent
+lights below. Carbide is used to produce
+the main light, and to keep the others going.
+There were also lighthouses at intervals, built
+in the water on strong cement bases. This passage
+way of the ships is as well lighted at night,
+as the streets of a city. We thought the boat
+ride more enjoyable than the monotonous train;
+and we enjoyed the sensation of being lifted into<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span>
+the mighty Superior by the Soo Locks. Then
+our captain threaded his way far from the shore
+line through the reaches of this great inland sea.
+Towards night a dense fog rose. Our siren sounded
+the alarm every few moments, and on either
+side, before and behind, other fog whistles, too,
+kept up the refrain “Look out! Look out! Danger!
+Danger!” We soon got used to the music
+and were lulled to sleep in our narrow state rooms.
+We slept in peace, and the next morning
+the sun rose clear, and scattered his brilliant
+rays of light over the headlands of the mountains
+back of Port Arthur, lighting up, too, the
+grain elevators and pretty town.</p>
+
+<p>On the seventh of June we drove our team to
+“Happy Jack Ferry,” all ready for another campaign.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the strange dinosaurs we found in our
+hunts for big game in the Red Deer canyon nothing,
+I think, exceeded the plated dinosaurs in
+wonderful characters. The first I ever found, I
+mention in the Proceedings of the Kansas Academy
+of Science for 1908 on page 257. “Last
+February, Barnum Brown of the American
+Museum of Natural History staff, published a
+description for the first time of his armoured
+dinosaur which he named <i>Anchylosaurus magniventris</i>.
+It was discovered on Hell Creek, Montana,
+in 1905 by the American Museum Expedition.
+It represents he says a group of <i>Stegosauria</i>
+characteristic of the late Cretaceous of this country.”</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig026" style="max-width: 189.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig026.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 26.</span>—Discovery of George’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i>. (<i>Ceratops</i>). Page <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig027" style="max-width: 189.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig027.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 27.</span>—George’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i> lying in quarry. Page <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span>
+
+
+<p>In 1905 while conducting an expedition to the
+Kansas chalk I discovered the broken up skeleton
+of what I considered a large new sea tortoise
+with an ossified carapace, it attracted my attention
+and I knew it must be new, but as it was
+badly weathered, and detached from its matrix,
+concluded it could not be used and left it there.
+Later, my son George brought into camp, a few
+miles from Hackberry Creek, where I found my
+specimen, some peculiar plates, like the ones already
+mentioned. But as I had no knowledge of
+Barnum Brown’s discovery I concluded they
+were neurals of a new turtle. These I sent to Dr.
+Weiland for description. Last month I was his
+guest at Yale University museum. He asked me
+why I thought it a new turtle. After giving my
+reasons, he told me they were new enough, but
+these plates were of an armored dinosaur. Later
+through George’s efforts, I secured the skeleton
+I found the year before. I went over the mass
+of fragments and separated the armor, and found
+the entire skeleton was covered with a completely
+ossified dermal covering, in most beautiful
+patterns, the larger scutes were diamond-shaped,
+with round angles, with elevated keel down the
+center, the interspaces filled with small plates
+of various forms. This is the second instance of
+remains of a dinosaur being found in the Kansas
+chalk, showing that the bones of swamp and land<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span>
+saurians in shore, drifted out to sea. The other
+individual was a duck-billed dinosaur called by
+Professor Leidy, <i>Hadrosaurus</i>; but later Prof.
+Marsh identified it as belonging to his genus
+<i>Claosaurus</i> of the Lance Beds of Wyoming. As
+far as I know no other specimen of dinosaurs
+have been found in the chalk of Kansas. Strange
+indeed then that we find enough of the skeleton
+of a dinosaur for identification. Separated from
+the dinosaur beds of Wyoming by at least 10,000
+feet of strata and in time a couple of million
+years at least, showing that we do not as yet
+know the time and space occupied by dinosaurs
+on this continent.</p>
+
+<p>Later still in the Belly River Beds of the Dead
+Lodge Canyon, in 1914, George found the skeleton
+of a similar species. Mr. Lambe gives it the
+name of <i>Euoplocephalus</i>; no complete skeleton
+have been found of this strange dinosaur except
+in the Belly River Series, though a fine skull and
+other bones were found by Brown, in the Edmonton
+beds of the Red Deer river, similar to his
+Lance Creek genus in Montana. Last year, 1915,
+both Charlie and I found some fine material near
+the mouth of Dead Lodge Canyon and at Loveland
+Ferry twelve miles below. As already mentioned,
+George found the best specimen we have
+obtained. From all three (and the tail club I
+secured in 1914), we get a very good idea of this
+peculiar reptile. One thing I learned from the
+specimen is, that the plates are not co-ossified as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span>
+I had supposed from my study of the Chalk
+specimen, but that between the larger plates, are
+quite small ones arranged like chain armor
+so as to allow the body to move in any direction,
+unhindered by the heavy armor; these small
+ossified scutes are so beveled as to move on themselves,
+that is, they are imbricated, while the
+others are not, and are arranged like mosaic-work
+in a pavement. Mr. Brown was the first
+to publish a figure of a skull of his Edmonton
+species. The skull itself has the bony skin plates
+anchylosed to it. Mr. Brown tells me that even
+the eyes are protected by sliding shutters that
+drop down over them in time of danger. The
+horned beak is rounded in front and the few
+teeth behind seem of little functional value. The
+beak however, was a powerful organ for digging
+up roots, or nipping off foliage. The head was
+very small compared to the immense body. The
+great ribs over five feet long, and hoop-shaped,
+giving the body a round, barrel-like form. The
+heavy bony armor of huge plates, some of them
+weighed in their fossil form twenty-five pounds
+or more; though light and spongy in life. Many
+of these plates were harder and denser bone than
+the ones mentioned before, keeled down the center.
+The small nodules of bone fitted in between
+the plates and were so beveled as to move on each
+other like chain armor. The entire body was thus
+covered and protected. Unfortunately no complete
+skeleton has been found with every dermal<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span>
+plate in position. Of course I am not familiar
+with the many skeletons of this form Mr. Brown
+has discovered and have been looking a long time
+for a Memoir describing these interesting forms.
+The great desideratum is to find one of these
+wonderful reptiles with all the armor in place;
+just as the skin was found in the “Dinosaur
+Mummy” and the Senckenberg specimens of the
+crested duck-bills. However we already know
+there was an anchylosed necklace back of the
+head and that the end of the tail was club-like.
+I secured several of these clubs.</p>
+
+<p>Let us go back to the time when the Belly River
+rocks were forming in the bottom of the lake.
+It is spring; every thing throbs with life. The
+sap is surging through the trees arrayed in their
+brightest tints, the ground below, is carpeted
+with flowers in endless variety and hue; there is
+a clump of evergreens, and here one of poplars,
+while in the distance are, figs, magnolias, and a
+wealth of other trees, all adding beauty to the
+scene. Along the lake shore, dense masses of
+horse-tail rushes, moss and long coarse grass cast
+waving shadows. On the quiet bays vast masses
+of water lilies waft their incense on the air, and
+delight our senses. Above us the swinging redwood
+branches shut out the direct rays of the
+sun which falls as if filtered through the stained
+windows of some great cathedral. Let us creep
+along to the second bench that overlooks the
+jungle of vegetation, that spreads out in great<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span>
+meadows to the lake itself. See that thicket! Let
+us approach it quietly and peep through as it
+opens beyond in a park in the forest. Such a
+sight is rarely offered to human eyes. See that
+reptile over twenty feet in length, a great round
+body twenty feet in circumference, a short stubby
+tail. A small horse-shoe shaped head with
+horn sheathed jaws, small but strong. Back
+of the head, are necklaces of bony scutes, keeled
+down the center separated along their edges, by
+small nodules of bone, that move on each other
+giving a mobility to the skin even though the
+animal is as heavily armored as a fighting automobile
+of the great European war of today. The
+tail, too, is covered with enormous bony plates,
+though light and porous, compared with the
+dense bony plates covering the body; the end is
+heavy and blunt, club-like in fact. His pillar-like
+limbs are short and robust, to support such
+a body. The belly almost reaches the ground,
+the heavy tail drags behind. He moves along
+sluggishly, compared with the lighter horned
+dinosaurs and carnivores. See how readily he
+beats a passage way through the underbrush that
+borders the woods, and emerges into the open
+park. We notice his huge proportions and unique
+appearance. He is completely armored and
+sluggish in his gait. It does not seem that even
+the fierce <i>Gorgosaurus</i> of the everglades, the
+tyrant of this peaceful woods would find a single
+vulnerable place open to attack. More likely if<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span>
+he made the attempt he would simply whet his
+teeth on the glistening armor that protected him,
+in vain. He might perhaps break off a tooth or
+two, before he learned his task was a thankless
+one. We can even imagine that he would be in
+danger himself if he carelessly approached too
+near the tail. For a blow from the powerful club
+at the end would break in his ribs.</p>
+
+<p>As the strange saurian passes us we notice the
+large trail he makes through the bushes as he
+moves on down into the meadow-like flat for his
+breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>See! Out there on the lake is a plesiosaur fishing,
+he evidently came up the river (that heads
+in the bottom of the lake), from the Pierre ocean
+not many miles away. We know the lake is full
+of sturgeon and gar-pike. He has a beautiful
+head poised on a long swan-like neck, a broad
+heavy body, and a very short tail. We have seen
+them before along the shores of the old Cretaceous
+ocean. As his bones were common in the
+chalk of Kansas. Within human history white
+whales have come up the St. Lawrence river
+from the Atlantic Ocean. They have one in the
+Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa, that
+made the trip once, but never returned, and they
+dug his bones out of the flood plain of the river.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig028" style="max-width: 189.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig028.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 28.</span>—<i>Chasmosaurus</i> (<i>Ceratops</i>), George’s being wrapped in quarry. Page <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig029" style="max-width: 188.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig029.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 29.</span>—<i>Chasmosaurus</i> Quarry. Page <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII<br>
+<span class="sm">THE GREAT SPIKED DINOSAUR OF DEAD LODGE CANYON</span>
+</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>On the 17th of September, 1913, George and I
+loaded our row boat and motor boat with our
+tent, blankets, and cooking utensils and tools,
+and start down the river in search of a new camp.
+In the photograph of the scene, Levi is standing
+on deck of the flat boat and bids us good-bye and
+good luck. George is driving the motor and I sit
+in the center of the boat. Notice the row boat we
+trail behind, is heavily loaded. This was the
+hardest trip we ever made with the motor boat,
+as the water was low, we were constantly getting
+stuck on a sand bar. They extended often across
+the river. George was one to suffer, as he was
+the only one of the two that had the strength to
+pull it across into deeper water. When we stuck
+fast, I got in the row boat and paddled over to a
+deeper hole, and went a fishing, while he struggled
+with his boat. It was a terrible experience,
+but well bought, as he learned what the Red
+Deer river was in low water, and when he went
+on it again, in 1915 he built himself a motor boat
+that would float in five or six inches of water.
+While mine required eighteen inches to float it.
+At last with George nearly exhausted, we pulled<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span>
+into shore at “Happy Jack Ferry”, twelve miles
+below Steveville. We pitched our tent on the
+southern side of the river. On the 19th of September,
+I made the discovery of the strange spiked
+dinosaur, called by Mr. Lambe <i>Styracosaurus</i>.
+The ground was wet with repeated showers. The
+fossil beds are not safe then, as one slips as if
+walking on soft soap. There is much clay in all
+the rocks; in fact more than half of them are
+made up of clay, interlaid with silver gray sandstone,
+also containing much clay. However, I
+could not be idle about camp and made the attempt
+to get in the badlands walking up the bed
+of a long coulee that was filled with boulders. I
+got to where it was extremely difficult, as the
+bed was narrow and crooked. So I attempted to
+scale a steep slope and got up a hundred feet;
+that brought me over a perpendicular precipice,
+while above was a heavy bed of clay. I knew if
+I could get over the clay, I would be all right, as
+I would then be on top of a spur from the prairie,
+wide enough for me to walk on. However, the
+minute I would drive my pick into the clay to
+hold me from slipping, it would break loose and
+let me slip back to a narrow ledge above the cliff.
+I attempted to cut a path with the same result,
+and as I saw I could not go up, I resolved to go
+down the way I had gone up. This I found was
+impossible; for if I sat down I would slide and
+be hurled over the precipice. I then got frightened
+and attacked the steep clay slope again, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span>
+the same results. I realized then if I could not
+climb over when in my ordinary condition, certainly
+could not when frightened. I therefore sat
+down on the narrow ledge until I recovered my
+composure. And by careful searching the steep
+slope I had come up, I found a little ditch with
+small bushes growing in it. It was washed clean
+of mud, and I got a foothold in it, and gradually
+let myself down into the bed of the coulee. I did
+not attempt to leave this again and at last reached
+the head. Many other ravines headed near by,
+and in going over to one of them I saw in the
+steep slope of a narrow gorge, in gray sandstone,
+the skull that is rather poorly shown in the picture.
+It was 200 feet below the prairie, and it
+required a great deal of labor to collect and load
+it in the wagon. It was first packed securely in a
+box, after it had been carefully wrapped in burlap
+dipped in plaster, and secured with strong
+poles to hold it together. A road was cut in the
+face of the cliff, and our faithful team hauled the
+box weighing about nine hundred pounds, out
+of the ravine; they often fell down and cut themselves,
+but they scrambled up the narrow road
+with their burden fastened to a sled. When they
+got to the level prairie, the boys let the hind
+wheels into the ground to the hubs and rolled the
+box in. The skull was partially prepared by me
+the next winter as shown in the photograph which
+gives a top view of it. This is one of the many
+remarkable forms that were so abundant during<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span>
+the Mid-Cretaceous time. The skull was over six
+feet in length, with a great horn-core over the
+center of the nose, twenty-four inches high, and
+six inches in diameter at the base. But stranger
+than all, six horn-cores radiating from the crest
+behind where it is four and a half feet wide. The
+central horn-cores are the largest, twenty-two
+inches long, the next pair twenty, and the outermost
+fourteen inches wide. All these horn-cores
+were covered in life with horn, lengthening them
+materially. The crest, from between the center
+of the eye horns is four feet long, while the portion
+of the skull in front is only two feet. The
+narrow bar that carries the spikes behind, is narrow
+and heavy, thinned down with the central
+and marginal bars to form large openings. The
+skull too, as in <i>Chasmosaurus</i> is dug out into
+caves. Only a thin septum of bone separate the
+brain case from the central air chambers, there
+were no attached orbital horns, but cup-like depressions,
+as if the horns had dropped out, having
+been ossified from a separate center. All the
+bones of the skull show vascular grooves, as if
+the entire skull was sheathed in horn making an
+impenetrable shield. In the old restoration of
+<i>Triceratops</i> the neck is enlarged to fasten securely
+into the neck frill or crest. To me such
+an idea is absolutely absurd. The round occipital
+condyle enabled the animal to bend the head
+in any direction at the atlas vertebra, as in the
+four limbed mammals of today, that have to put
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span>down their heads to eat or drink. If the shield
+were fastened to the neck the reptile would have
+to lie down to feed and drink or go into the water,
+unless there was a similar arrangement between
+the body and neck vertebrae. In the case of
+<i>Chasmosaurus</i> or <i>Ceratops</i>, where the crest
+reaches to the hips, the socket would be in front
+of the hips, so when feeding on rushes he would
+have to kneel on his front limbs and bend at the
+hips. A most remarkable arrangement. Then,
+too, it would be of little use for a shield of defense
+against his subtle carniverous enemy. No,
+I am sure the old idea in regard to the neck frill
+is a mistake and I ask you to please go back with
+me and I will show you the reptile alive.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig030" style="max-width: 188.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig030.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 30.</span>—George preparing skull of <i>Chasmosaurus</i> in Laboratory. Page <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig031" style="max-width: 176.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig031.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 31.</span>—Skull of <i>Chasmosaurus</i> restored by Weber. Page <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p>We find ourselves sitting in the shade of a
+giant red wood, for the sun is up. The ocean far
+to the south, out of sight reveals its presence in
+the salty refreshing air that reaches us. The
+land before us has been slowly rising at the rate
+of deposition, and is but little above tide water.
+Great meadows on the swampy flood plain of a
+large lake lie a few feet below the bench, that is
+covered with a dense forest. Nature has a wonderful
+workshop for the Creator, one continual
+plant, for turning out perfect living forms endowed
+with life and power. Let us go down toward
+the jungle of horse-tails, other rushes, and
+high grass, that waves in the passing breeze. On
+the very margin of the lake itself from the white
+sandy beach, we pick up teeth, and scattered<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span>
+bones, and mussel shells. There is plenty of
+drift wood too, lying in heaps, left there by the
+last flood. We wander on towards the plain.
+Hark! don’t you hear a noise in the thick vegetation
+as if a heavy reptile was cropping his
+morning fare? For reptile it must be, as only
+diminutive marsupial-like mammals live at this
+time. If you will follow me, we will see. So,
+without further ado, we walk into the rank vegetation,
+and parting it, look down a narrow path
+along which a spiked dinosaur is feeding. He is
+unconscious of our presence and is feeding towards
+us. His powerful limbs of equal length,
+are sunk deep in the moist earth. His head is in
+plain sight, and the crest stands up when he bent
+it, to crop off a mouthful of succulent herbage
+with his heavy beak, sheathed in horn. This he
+shears with his beveled teeth behind, very much
+like the mechanism of an old fashioned hay cutter.</p>
+
+<p>The teeth are double rooted, and in magazines
+like those of the duck-billed dinosaurs, though
+not as numerous. The great horn is black and
+polished, full three feet long, like the sharp spear
+point in the shield of thick buffalo hide of a
+Philippian Warrior. The great spikes stand out
+from the top of the crest when he lowers his head.
+Thus fully armored he can force a passage way
+through the thickest vegetation, beating it down
+beneath his feet. There are four hoofed toes on
+each front foot, and three behind. The large<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span>
+restless eyes are buttressed over with bone to protect
+them from his enemy, <i>Gorgosaurus</i>, the tyrant
+of the everglades, and from the dense vegetation
+through which he beats his way. As he
+passes us and stops to feed again, thus raising his
+shield in the air, we get a splendid view of his
+scaled body, with its colors harmoniously blended
+with the vegetation by which he is surrounded.
+They are much like those already seen in <i>Ceratops</i>
+or Lambe’s <i>Chasmosaurus</i>. He seems satisfied
+with his breakfast, as he lifts his head out of the
+rush covered soil. As a narrow neck of land
+tongues out into the plain from the first bench,
+it seems that he is headed to cross it into the
+jungle beyond. As he climbs out of the plain, on
+to solid ground under the forest trees, we notice
+he is ten feet in length to the drop of the tail,
+which is short, and he drags the end on the
+ground. He stands at least six feet in height.
+As we follow his moist spoor, we soon enter a
+small park covered with grass and flowers. Suddenly,
+we hear the most blood curdling hiss, that
+chills the marrow in our veins. What can it
+mean? The <i>Styracosaurus</i> knows for he is instantly
+alert, lifting his head in the direction of
+the sound, he drops it again, and stands at bay.
+With another blood curdling hiss, a gigantic
+carnivore leaps into view, from a trail we were
+following. Our spiked dinosaur stands rigid as
+if cast in bronze, with the great nasal horn pointed
+towards his dreaded foe, and the spikes frowning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span>
+above, and protecting the vital organs, the
+great cat-like reptile crawls stealthily forward.
+Don’t fear friends to watch the combat. It is
+very terrible to see a blood thirsty tyrant slack
+his thirst in the blood of his victim. He attempts
+to find a vulnerable spot to strike with
+his powerful claw-armed hind foot, the claws of
+hardened horn, sharp and recurved, each a foot
+in length and spreading over half a square yard
+of surface. Or he would like to seize the thinly
+covered abdominal walls, with his horrid teeth,
+lance-like that fill the dentary and maxillary bones
+of the lower and upper jaws, that are nearly
+three feet in length. With a gape of the mouth
+of nearly two feet, the red gums, roof and floor
+of the mouth, with the great forked tongue, present
+a terrifying appearance. But the spiked lizard
+is on guard, and when his enemy makes a
+sudden dash at him, he presents his impregnable
+head. In spite of his bulk, being much heavier
+than the carnivore, he seems to revolve on a
+pivot, and the shield is where the <i>Gorgosaur</i> attempts
+to strike. The instinct of self defense is
+ever present, in time of danger. Sometimes the
+herbivore makes a sudden dash, and tries to horn
+the agile foe, or with open mouth tries to bring
+his vise-like beak together in his enemies flesh.
+We watch the combat with bated breath.</p>
+
+<p>The seven horned brute is too much for the
+tiger of the glades; so, thoroughly exhausted at
+last, he creeps off a side path to hunt an easier
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span>prey. While our <i>Styracosaurus</i> lumbers off into
+dense foliage of the low lying plain.</p>
+
+<p>“The Dead Lodge Canyon” below “Happy
+Jack Ferry,” some thirty miles north of Brooks,
+Alberta, and but six miles from the new line
+from Swift Current to Bassano, a short cut of
+the Central Pacific Railway, is one of the most
+remarkable gorges on the continent. Not only because
+it is the old burial ground of many forms
+of the dinosaurs that have passed out of existence,
+leaving no descendents, but on account of
+its scenic beauty. The silvery grey sandstones
+with their darker bands of clay, is interstratified
+with a chocolate colored bed near the top,
+rich in lignitic shales of an almost black color.
+The black streak can be traced for miles, and in
+some places develops into a bed of soft coal, that
+is mined by the farmers. The canyon is but little
+over a mile wide, and about five hundred feet
+deep, the upper reaches being composed of dark
+marine shales, called the Pierre here, but the
+same beds in the Judith River country of Montana
+are called Bear Paw shales.</p>
+
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig032" style="max-width: 186.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig032.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 32.</span>—Sternberg’s Camp 3 miles below Steveville. Page <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig033" style="max-width: 184.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig033.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 33.</span>—The picture of <i>Styracosaurus</i> in bottom of gorge. Page <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII<br>
+<span class="sm">ON A TRIP TO THE JUDITH RIVER, MONTANA</span>
+</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>Under orders from the Director of the Geological
+Survey of Canada, Charlie and I left
+Brooks, Alberta, on an expedition to Montana,
+for the purpose of studying the sequence of the
+rocks there, and to compare them with those of
+Canada. Mr. D. B. Dowling, a Geologist of the
+Survey, joined us at Coutts to do the stratigraphical
+work. I cannot help, in this connection
+remarking, he was in addition to his geological
+knowledge, the most genial companion I
+have ever been associated with in camp, excepting,
+of course, that prince of good fellows, the
+late Professor E. D. Cope of Philadelphia, with
+whom I made the same trip in 1876. A complete
+story of that expedition is recorded in “The Life
+of a Fossil Hunter.” At Coutts Mr. Dowling
+and I went out to some rocks exposed south of
+town which appear to be the true Eagle sandstone
+of Weed. A compact greyish and reddish
+sandstone with strong lines of cross bedding.
+These lines are also lines of cleavage. Above are
+some seventy feet of the Belly River Series,
+clays, and fluted sandstones. On July 2nd we
+stopped at New Park Hotel, at Great Falls,
+Montana. Not far from the depot; while here we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span>
+took a trolley ride out to the great smelter near
+the Falls of the Missouri, three miles east. The
+works cover acres of ground and the smokestack
+is said to be the largest in the world. The falls
+here were low and below was a series of rapids.
+Whenever we chanced to catch a view of the
+Missouri, on our trip east by the Great Northern
+we could see the river for many miles, full of
+falls and rapids. At Benton I saw no sign of
+old Fort Benton I visited with Professor Cope
+in 1876. We noticed along the track the typical
+Fort Benton shales, dark colored below, yellowish
+shales above, while unconformable masses of
+the ancient river bed lined the faces of bluff and
+ridge or helped to fill the old ravines, composed
+of unstratified yellowish clays, sand and gravel.
+The narrow flood plain of the river is fringed
+with cottonwoods and poplars, with birch and
+willow thickets, underbrush of wild roses, bull berries,
+etc., with the ubiquitous sage brush
+everywhere. The Northern Pacific passes through
+a rolling prairie north of the Bear Paw Mountains.
+In 1876 the only wagon road here was
+south of the mountains and it started at Fort
+Benton the head of navigation, and ended at
+Cow Island, 120 miles east.</p>
+
+<p>I noticed the farmers irrigating their gardens
+and alfalfa fields with water drawn from the
+Missouri with buckets attached to overshot
+wheels, on their turning the water was spilled
+into a trough connected with the reservoir. It<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span>
+was carried from there, over the fields. We got
+off the train at Big Springs, went to the Spokan
+Hotel, and registered in the bar room, where
+they had the office at one end of the bar. I
+thought that was going it some, excuse the slang,
+and that Montana needed “Total Prohibition”
+pretty badly. The dining room opened off the
+bar. At the livery stable we hired a team and
+democrat wagon for two weeks for $50. In the
+afternoon we drove out in a buggy to the coal
+mine eight miles southeast. Here the light yellowish
+sandstones with harder parts were filled
+with thin circular concretions as flat as a pancake.
+The vein of coal is about five feet thick
+at an angle of about 16 degrees. On either side
+are narrow beds of yellow sandstone dipping in
+various directions, the strike being parallel with
+the Bear Paw Mountains not far off to the south.
+Between the sandstone layers is a dike of volcanic
+trap, black, and fine grained, pushed up
+through the strata so it forms a hog back elevation
+above them. There are also beds of light
+colored shales, with seams of iron-stone between.</p>
+
+<p>On July 3rd, 1914, we drove to a flat near the
+site of a reservoir, now dry, and stopped at a
+farmer’s. We had skirted the eastern limits of
+the Bear Paw Mountains, passed through a rolling
+prairie, crossed Eagle Creek, where a fine
+flow of water, full of little fishes, runs over
+gravel and sand towards the Missouri river. As
+we journeyed south we saw evidence of vulcanism
+in a narrow strip of naked rock that had
+been shoved up in a wedge shaped mass through
+the grass of the prairie.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp55" id="fig034" style="max-width: 96.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig034.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 34.</span>—Top view of <i>Styracosaurus</i> as prepared by
+Charles H. Sternberg. Page <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig035" style="max-width: 138em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig035.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 35.</span>—Charlie’s <i>Centrosaurus</i> in the rock. Page <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span></p>
+
+<p>On the Fourth of July we reached the ferry
+below the mouth of the Judith River and took
+dinner at the ranch called Judith P. O. The
+company own their own store, bunk-house, cook-house
+and stables, and have in a great crop of
+alfalfa. They also own the ferry, and owing to
+high water, the approach from the north was
+cut out, and we had to get our horses on board
+the best way we could, and then pull on the
+wagon by man power. We were kindly entertained
+at Judith. In the afternoon we drove up
+to Dog Creek, where Professor Cope made his
+famous expedition in 1876. The effects of vulcanism
+are seen on every side. The views I show,
+fully illustrate this phase in the earth’s crust.
+The picture with the white sandstone tipped up
+to the left, represents the Eagle Sandstone with
+the Claggett Shales to the right. These shales
+should be on top of the Eagle Sandstone. They
+closely resemble the Pierre shales, below the Edmonton
+beds in Alberta, and contain the same
+baculites, ammonites and plesiosaurs, evidently.
+The foreground of the picture, shows part of the
+narrow Dog Creek valley covered with grass and
+sagebrush, with a few cottonwoods in a bend of
+the creek. On the opposite, or east side of the
+creek, we found a trail leading up to the divide<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span>
+over the Claggett shales. These, Professor Cope
+called Fort Pierre.</p>
+
+<p>On July 24, 1914, a paper of mine appeared in
+“Science,” in which I undertook to show that the
+Dog Creek beds were equal to the Edmonton
+Beds of Alberta. And those at Cow Island,
+should be correlated with the Belly River Beds
+of Alberta, with the Pierre shales between. I
+took Professor Cope’s view. He believed the
+Judith River Beds were above the Pierre and
+Fox Hills Group of the Cretaceous and called
+them “The Judith River Beds” or “Cretaceous
+No. 6.” After two seasons of exploration of the
+Belly river series in Dead Lodge Canyon, of Red
+Deer River Alberta, in connection with our study
+of the Dog Creek and Cow Islands rocks I was
+obliged to accept the conclusions of Hatcher and
+Stanton, in their fine work on “The Geology and
+Paleontology of the Judith River Beds.” The
+whole series here, and on Red Deer are without
+doubt Ft. Pierre. The Judith River and Belly
+River beds were local elevations above the Pierre
+Ocean. We actually added to the mass of evidence
+to this effect, by the discovery of sixty
+feet of Bear Paw Shale on top of the Judith
+River beds at Taffy Creek, a branch of Dog
+Creek to the east. We also learned how easy it
+was for Hayden and Cope to make the mistakes
+they did in their hurried survey of the badlands.
+I walked miles over both Bear Paw and Claggett
+shales, and found it difficult to tell them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span>
+apart. Vulcanism has often lifted the older beds
+higher than the more recent ones. The
+what seemed to us true, the ammonites, baculites
+and plesiosaurs, were the same in the two marine
+beds, though separated by the fresh water Judith
+River series, which is of the same age as the
+Belly river beds.</p>
+
+<p>We walked up the steep slope to the divide between
+the breaks of The Missouri river and Dog
+Creek, this divide is nearly 600 feet above the
+river. Somewhat different from what my memory
+had told me of these great canyons. I speak
+of them as being over a thousand feet deep in
+“The Life of a Fossil Hunter.” In 1876 we had
+no barometer to take our altitude and my notes
+were lost in a fire in 1881, it is natural for the
+mind to exaggerate depth and height as well as
+level surfaces. However, as we made this trip
+by moonlight, and through the solemn silence, I
+was again overcome with awe when I gazed into
+the stupendous gorges and at the beetling crags
+that overlooked them. Hour after hour we passed
+slowly along the trail, often only the narrow
+ridge between two great canyons, and a balky
+team might have backed us off into the abyss
+filled with inky darkness. Only a journey under
+such conditions and in such a region of utter
+barrenness, can give the reader an idea of the
+emotions that overpowered me. We made camp
+about midnight, and the only sign of human
+habitations we saw, (except a deserted sheep<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span>
+ranch), were the fireworks thrown into the sky
+at Kendall, where the people were celebrating.
+We made a camp later, on an eastern branch of
+Dog Creek, called Taffy Creek. We made a thorough
+study of this region near camp. During
+our trip up Dog Creek we had made extensive
+collections of invertebrate fossils from all the
+different horizons, securing also <i>Myledaphus</i>,
+and other sharks teeth from the lower Eagle
+Creek sandstones which, with the Claggett
+shales, form the lower beds of the Belly River
+Series of Alberta. On the south side of Taffy
+below a large timbered hog back upheaval, I
+found a locality in the Judith river bed that is
+possibly the type locality from which Cope and
+I secured our collections on that memorable expedition
+of 1876, when we found the first of the
+horned dinosaurs (except loose teeth). A “blow
+out,” as they call it in the west, had exposed
+along a narrow slope of sandstone, many bones
+and teeth of horned, plated, duck-billed, carniverous
+dinosaurs, with the teeth of <i>Myledaphus</i>,
+and many broken turtle shells, as well as bones
+of <i>Champsosaurus</i>, scales of ganoid fishes. Exactly
+like the numberless bone-beds along Dead
+Dodge Canyon. What delighted me most of all
+was discovering the nearly complete pelvic
+girdle, including the footed ischia, proving that
+these bones belonged to a crested dinosaur like
+the one we found on Red Deer river and was called
+<i>Stephanosaurus</i> by Lambe and <i>Corythosaurus</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span>
+by Brown. You will notice that we have two
+names usually for these Belly River species. I
+try to credit each student as best I may, leaving
+it with future scientists to decide which name
+should be retained in American Paleontology.
+The Edmonton bone-beds, are very different, resembling
+flotsam along the line of high tide, and
+are all deposited in brackish water. These beds
+like those in Dead Lodge Canyon, were laid
+down in fresh water. There were very few turtle
+shells in the Edmonton, here they strew every
+exposure. Everywhere in this region were two
+persistent layers of coal on top of the Judith
+river followed by the Bear Paw Shales. Above
+the upper vein of coal, is a layer of oyster shells
+from a few inches to four feet thick. In the Bear
+Paw shales south of camp a mile, Mr. Dowling
+with the aid of a sheep herder, found a new
+mosasaur, belonging evidently to the genus
+<i>Clidastes</i>, as the chevrons were anchylosed
+to the centra of the vertebrae, and the
+tail was expanded into a fin. The mandibles
+with teeth, some fifteen feet of
+the tail and many dorsal vertebrae were found.
+We also secured some very beautiful ammonites
+and baculites and bones of the plesiosaur <i>Cimoliasaurus</i>.
+But for the uplift, the stratigraphical
+record is quite simple, the puzzling strata
+tipped in all directions were easily identified under
+direction of the skilled observer Mr. Dowling.
+It would be impossible for any one on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span>
+ground to doubt the sequence of the rocks here,
+as laid down by Hatcher and Stanton.</p>
+
+<p>We followed the trail Professor Cope first
+made, when we drove down to Cow Island in
+1876, camping at the same spring at Lone Tree
+for noon. The tree itself is now dead. We camped
+near our old one on the Missouri, forty miles
+below Dog Creek, though now we had a wagon
+road down through the badlands. On the road
+down along the badlands we never lost sight of
+the rocks and always found the Bear Paw shales
+on top of the Judith River beds, proving that I
+had been mistaken again, and the Cow Island
+beds were the same, as those on Dog creek, with
+no rocks between. The only difference I could
+see between them was the sculptury approached
+more closely at Cow Island, those of the beds in
+the Dead Lodge Canyon.</p>
+
+<p>Two things impressed me strongly, one was
+the fact of finding an ischium with a footed extremity,
+closely associated with teeth similar to
+those Dr. Hayden picked up in this region,
+and Leidy called <i>Trachodon mirabilis</i>. We found
+four trachodonts in the Dead Lodge Canyon the
+most common was the crested one with footed
+ischia. And not a one of them belonged to the
+genus <i>Trachodon</i>. Neither have any been described.
+There can be little doubt therefore that
+Leidy’s <i>Trachodon mirabilis</i> belongs to a dinosaur
+with either a crested head or the high nosed
+<i>Gryposaurus</i> of Lambe, or <i>Kritosaurus</i> of Brown.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span>
+Is <i>Trachodon</i> a crested dinosaur? The evidence
+seems to point that way. Then what is <i>Trachodon
+annectens</i> of Marsh and the family name?
+As Leidy used a tooth that may have belonged
+to three or four different genera, it seems the
+early names from such poor material, rests on
+shaky foundations. If the paleontologists begin
+to name only complete skeletons, or nearly complete
+ones there will be a shaking up of old
+names and many will go into the discard like so
+much of human knowledge. Marsh had but little
+better foundation for his <i>Ceratops</i>. A couple
+of horn-cores, that might have belonged to any
+one of half a dozen genera of horned dinosaurs.</p>
+
+<p>We spent two weeks of most delightful exploration
+in the Judith river country, and my
+mind was set at rest, in regard to the position
+the beds occupy in the building up of our continent.</p>
+
+<p>On our return, we thought at one time, we
+would not be able to recross the Missouri river,
+a flood had washed away the approaches to the
+ferry boat. However, as “necessity is the mother
+of invention,” we hauled our luggage on board
+by means of a row boat and dragged our wagon
+through the mud by man power, the ranchers
+helping us for the fun and excitement there was
+in it. Later, another man swam across with our
+team, and we were ready to go north to our old
+field in Dead Lodge Canyon, Alberta. This field
+we reached in safety.</p>
+
+
+
+
+  <div class="column">
+
+<figure id="fig036" class="figcenter illowp80">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig036.jpg" alt="" style="max-width:100%">
+  <figcaption class="caption">Fig. 36.—Putting irons on the <i>Centrosaurus</i> Crest.<a href="#Page_83"> Page 83.</a></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="column">
+
+<figure id="fig037" class="figcenter illowp80">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig037.jpg" alt="" style="max-width:100%">
+  <figcaption class="caption">Fig. 37.—George at work on C. H. Sternberg’s <i>Centrosaurus</i>.<a href="#Page_83"> Page 83.</a></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+  </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX<br>
+<span class="sm">ANOTHER STRANGE HORNED DINOSAUR</span>
+</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>In September, 1913 at the camp from which I
+discovered the spiked Dinosaur, Mr. Lambe’s
+<i>Styracosaurus</i>, I found above our tent back in
+the badlands in a perpendicular escarpment, a
+fine skull of another strange horned dinosaur.
+Mr. Lamb called it <i>Centrosaurus</i>, while Brown
+still holds the name Cope gave a similar genus
+he collected in the Judith River Formation in
+1876, namely, <i>Monoclonius</i>, of which genus I discovered
+two species that were new at that time.
+This specimen I discovered, was about two hundred
+feet above the river. The first work was to
+build a platform around it on which I could
+stand, so I could work around the specimen. Mr.
+Lambe, himself, found the type of this genus,
+which consisted of a neck frill about 1898. In
+this specimen of mine I found a large part of the
+skull. It was however, due to Charles M. Sternberg’s
+patient labor, that science is in debt for a
+perfect skull of this strange reptile. It was
+found the next year after I found mine, in the
+Dead Lodge Canyon near its lower extremity.
+You may think from my description of so many
+fine specimens that we had an easy job of it.
+When George found his plated dinosaur, he had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span>
+thirty-five feet of solid sandstone to remove. He
+needed Charlie’s assistance very badly. But I
+was determined, if possible that he, and I too,
+each should find a specimen worth collecting.
+Our journey down to Dog Creek, Montana, had
+given George some three weeks the start of us in
+hunting, and he had been very successful. As
+every hunter likes to tell of his companions luck
+in the field, so also he likes to have trophies of
+his own. So we searched over miles and miles of
+badlands, week after week I was completely exhausted
+at night, after a day’s unsuccessful hunt.
+There is no work so trying, as that of clinging
+hour after hour to steep ascents, and searching
+every inch of exposed surface, in and out among
+the winding slopes. Often we would climb two
+hundred feet or more to the head of a coulee, to
+find after going a few rods, a land slide had taken
+down acres of shaken up strata. Then we would
+either climb to the summit, and go around, or go
+down to the bottom and climb up on the other
+side of the slide. In many places we were obliged
+to use our picks, as our chief dependence, in
+walking around some almost perpendicular escarpment,
+or to cut niches in which to secure a
+treacherous foothold in the steep slopes. I know
+that when I got to camp at night, and had set
+down to our camp table, to eat the fine supper,
+Mr. Johnson had prepared for us, appetising indeed,
+as he made bread and cakes and many other
+dishes not usually expected in camp where pancakes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span>
+and baking powder biscuits are the rule
+generally; my feet would swell so badly I would
+often be obliged to crawl on my hands and knees
+to my tent and cot. There, stretched at full
+length, with lamp above me, I read until bed
+time, never thinking of getting on my feet until
+the next day, when I went through the same
+experience. Charlie, as I said was the lucky one,
+he found the most complete skull of this strange
+creature we have ever obtained. The <a href="#fig026">Figure 26</a>,
+shows it in its rocky sepulcher after it was uncovered
+ready for wrapping. In order to get to
+it we were obliged to leave our wagon on the prairie,
+and go down into a coulee some five hundred
+feet below; cross over, and on a road we made,
+haul our sled to it a hundred feet above the river.
+Although the skull is badly injured by pressure,
+it is so perfect that all the sutures between the
+bones can be detected, as in the case of the
+<i>Chasmosaurus</i> skull, George discovered.</p>
+
+<p>I was able to completely restore my specimen
+from Charlie’s. So we have now mounted in the
+Hall of Vertebrates, two skulls. The picture <a href="#fig034"><ins title="redirect fig. 34">No. 27</ins></a>
+shows some of the characters quite well. The
+nasal horn is curved forward, and there are two
+short horns over the eyes; while in my specimen,
+<a href="#fig038"><ins title="redirect fig. 38">Figure 27</ins></a>, there are none.</p>
+
+<p>I would like to take you to my shop again;
+where George is at work. He is putting on the
+steel half ovals, that are to hold up the crest; he
+is using an electric drill as you notice, <a href="#fig036"><ins title="redirect fig. 36">Figure 28</ins></a>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span>
+and boring holes through steel and skull so
+the bolts can be inserted to hold the crest securely
+to the <ins title="corrected from ‘crest’">skull</ins>. In the back ground is the inch
+tube that holds the ends of the half ovals, and is
+the standard that will support the skull, on the
+permanent base. It all looks very simple, but it
+represents a great deal of skilled labor. The strip
+of half oval steel that supports the crest, was
+heated hundreds of times and beaten to fit inequalities
+in the surface of the crest. It must
+fit exactly, so there is no spring in the steel,
+otherwise when the plaster jacket that covers the
+top of the skull is removed, the spring will break
+the bones. The jacket is made of separate sections
+fitted closely to the top of the skull. It
+serves two purposes, that of giving a firm, uniform
+base behind the bones, so they may be cleaned,
+and also to enable us to turn the skull over
+by looping a rope over it, fastening this to the
+triplex block that rides on a trolley moving on
+the eye-beams fastened to the ceiling. The skull
+(<a href="#fig037"><ins title="redirect fig. 37">Fig. 28</ins></a>), is then gently lifted, turned over, and
+the upright set in the permanent base of polished
+mahogany. Then the jacket should lift off, as
+in the case in hand. After cleaning the upper
+surface, the skull is ready, as you see it, for permanent
+exhibition (<a href="#fig038"><ins title="redirect fig. 38">Fig. 27</ins></a>), with the exception
+that the glass case so necessary to protect it from
+dust, and vandal fingers has not yet been put in
+place. It took all four of us, many months to
+complete this skull for exhibition. I worked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span>
+on it nearly all one winter cleaning off the bog iron
+that covered it completely. If you will notice
+closely the rough skull, especially with a
+glass, you will see the bones were fractured in
+all directions. The first thing I had to do, was to
+fasten these fragments securely in their places,
+so I could remove the iron rust that clung firmly
+to them. After many experiments with shellac,
+I found a thin solution of ambroid was the most
+satisfactory. It would penetrate better than
+shellac, and when dry, was hard as the flinty
+rock itself. If any of the fragments broke loose
+under the tools I used, I must fill them again
+and again and wait twenty-four hours or more
+for the cement to set firmly. You will notice the
+lower jaw and crest seem rather smooth compared
+with the rest of the skull, and they are,
+because they are restored in plaster, from the
+complete skull Charlie found. The crest was
+chiefly prepared by Levi. This was done while it
+was still in the plaster jacket. It was first restored
+in moulding wax, copying exactly the perfect
+crest. I mean by that, the wax on the jacket
+was manipulated by my son until it was a facsimile
+of the original parts so as to be beyond
+criticism. Then a cast was made in plaster of
+the wax model, the wax taken away, and the
+place it occupied replaced with plaster colored
+as near the original color of the bone as possible,
+to prevent a discord, or lack of harmony in the
+completed skeleton. You see, then, we must be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span>
+more than fossil hunters; and I must say though
+I have collected fossils nearly every year since
+1867, and as my readers who have read my story
+know, have often suffered in the field, it all sinks
+into insignificance compared with the work of
+preparing the material for public exhibition.
+Take the skull I am describing from 9 in the
+morning, with an hour’s intermission at noon,
+until 5 p.m. I must have perfect control of myself,
+I must not make a mistake, or I may ruin
+the entire skull. That not only represents a great
+deal of expense, but is largely the result of a
+lifetime spent in a business to which I was born;
+without that experience and that of my sons,
+through most of their lives, in all likelihood, we
+could never have discovered or collected it. Then
+we do not work for today alone. As long as the
+Victoria Memorial Museum stands, this and the
+other Red Deer Dinosaurs we collected, and prepared,
+will be admired. It is because men will
+forget the worker in their admiration for these
+strange relics of a day some three million years
+ago, that I am going so exhaustively into detail,
+the life of a fossil hunter in field and shop, so
+that the observing public, when they go through
+one of our great museums may feel they are on
+holy ground. The creatures of the misty past
+are before them; God’s creatures, for if he cares
+for the raven, for the fall of a sparrow, he must
+have cared for the creatures of his hand, that existed
+so many ages before man appeared—these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span>
+lords of creation, that domineer over God’s green
+earth.</p>
+
+<p>Look at the picture again, and you will notice
+two long spike-like projections over the openings
+in the crest. They are evidently not horn-cores,
+but bundles of ossified tendons, over which the
+muscles intertwined, that controlled the powerful
+lower jaw. The entire skull is over five feet
+long. Two horn-cores bend inward in the center
+of the crest behind, and the rounded sides are
+sculpted into bony knobs that in life were
+doubtless covered with horn. This creature must
+have been as large as the spiked dinosaur
+nearly—at least nine feet long to the drop of
+the tail, although I did not discover any skin impression
+similar to that in <i>Chasmosaurus</i>, the
+environment was the same boggy swamps and
+mossy meadows, his skin scales were colored to
+harmonize with his surroundings. He would not
+be noticed when asleep in some rushy embrassure,
+and when feeding, he was ever alert, ready
+to flee from his enemy <i>Gorgosaurus</i>, or if need be
+face him and fight it out, as we saw the spiked
+dinosaur along the margins of the cretaceous
+lake.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X<br>
+<span class="sm">IN THE MILK RIVER COUNTRY</span>
+</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>Charles M. Sternberg went ahead of my expedition
+to Milk River Station in southern Alberta,
+exploring on horseback a great stretch of
+country along the Milk River divide, and east
+seventy miles, or more, where the great gorge of
+Milk River cuts a gash five hundred feet into the
+Belly River Series. Levi and his assistant Gustav
+Lindblad, also went ahead, and secured our
+team and outfit from near Drumheller, Alberta,
+and made the long journey by wagon, so when I
+reached Milk River Station, I found both boys
+waiting for me. From Charlie’s report I became
+convinced that we had come into barren ground.
+I also found that the so-called Belly River Series
+of Dawson, who likened it to “an island in sea of
+drift” was not on Canadian soil, but in the Black
+Foot Agency Reserve in Montana, where Mr. Gilmore,
+of the National Museum had discovered
+new trachodonts, and horned dinosaurs. As I
+had no authority to visit and collect in this rich
+field I was obliged to give it up. I was so near,
+and yet owing to red tape, so far, from a field I
+had come to explore; expecting to find it on as
+Mr. Dawson believed, Canadian soil. I have
+since learned from Mr. Brown, the Associate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span>
+Curator of Reptiles in the American Museum,
+and the man I consider the greatest collector of
+extinct reptiles, that these exposures belong to
+the Edmonton Series of which we have such
+splendid exposures on the Red Deer River, in
+Alberta. This fact has greatly lessened the disappointment.
+However, as misfortune never
+comes alone, a thorough exploration of the exposures
+of Milk River, Alberta, revealed the fact
+that they too, were quite barren of vertebrae fossils.
+On the afternoon of the eighth of June,
+1915, with all my party together, we drove down
+to Verdegris coulee, twelve miles east of Milk
+River Station. It is a comparatively wide valley,
+rather barren of vegetation. There is a large
+lake named in honor of the Deputy Minister of
+the Department of Mines, Mr. R. G. McConnell,
+a short distance above camp, on the coulee. There
+are rather extensive exposures, along the slopes
+that lead up from the valley to the prairie a hundred
+feet above. The lower reaches are purple,
+yellowish, and reddish clays, and sand into
+which one sinks while walking. Above is yellowish
+sandstone that stands out in bold escarpments
+in places, it is washed into steep slopes.
+In this coulee I found some fine leaf impressions—Platanus,
+Poplar, and a splendid palm, shaped
+like a date palm. The fine palmetto palms, I
+found above the Lance Beds in Wyoming, were
+fan-shaped. These, however, have long, lance-shaped
+leaflets from a common central stem. I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span>
+described it to Dr. F. H. Knowlton, of the U. S.
+Geological Survey last winter, and he has never
+seen anything like it. It is evidently new to science.
+From a letter received lately I have learned
+our suppositions were correct. This is the
+first Palm of this kind seen by men of science
+from the Cretaceous Age.</p>
+
+<p>At the mouth of Verdegris Coulee, Charlie
+photographed some remarkable fine rock forms
+carved out by nature. The photograph showing
+the urn-shaped mass, was formed by a sand blast
+operated by the winds, that whirled around the
+mass that had been separated from the main
+rock in the recession of cliffs. The top layer being
+harder than the rest, it was corroded more
+slowly than the lower and softer layers, producing
+the wonderful urn. The sand and wind polishing
+and planing away the rock, as effectually
+as if had been a broom stick under the action of
+a lath. I think this one of the most beautiful
+designs of nature I have ever seen. The second
+picture Charlie thinks resembles an “Egyptian
+Sphinx.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of June we reached our camp in
+the valley of Milk River. In the very center of
+the exposures, some three miles above where it
+crosses the International Line, and flows towards
+the Upper Missouri, in Montana. On the 15th
+my notes record that I had gone over the entire
+series of rocks from top to bottom, finding only
+a few isolated crumbling bones of dinosaurs, of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span>
+the Belly River Age. The first two hundred feet
+(speaking approximately, as I had no instruments
+of precision), of the exposures are chiefly
+clay, with oyster shells scattered through them;
+also on top, quite a layer of oyster shells in a
+yellowish sandstone, filled with iron. Just above
+are two persistent layers of coal, or very black
+bituminous shales. One vein, I concluded, must
+have been between two and three feet thick.
+There are places where this vein has been worked
+by farmers, evidently, from the prairie above. As
+the coal is seventy miles from the railway at
+Medicine Hat, it is not likely anyone will be
+found to work it extensively. Above the coal are
+heavy strata of yellowish or grey clays, with
+intervening beds of greyish and yellowish sands.
+On the summit of the badlands are huge concretions,
+weighing many tons, each lying in yellow
+sand. In this sand, too, I found the best prospect
+for fossil bones I have seen in the region.
+I found a perfect femur of a trachodont running
+under one of these heavy concretions. Owing to
+the fact that where there were no concretions,
+the sand disintegrates so easily, grass and other
+plants always take possession and cover the sand.
+So if there are any skeletons here on Milk River
+they are covered up.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig038" style="max-width: 187.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig038.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 38.</span>—<i>Centrosaurus</i> discovered by Charles H. Sternberg. Page <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p>Above the coal veins for about three hundred
+feet there are beds composed largely of mussels
+and univalves, showing that great piles of them
+were heaped in drifts along the ancient shore.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span></p>
+<p>We could have secured tons of these shells, that
+to all appearances might have died yesterday.
+Many had the original shell with its pearly lustrous
+layer attached to the inner cast of mud
+that filled the shells. Usually, however, when a
+shell was disturbed it fell off and left the cast in
+my hands. I learned many things about this
+great exposure. All the various rocks show they
+have been laid down under water. I can
+imagine a great flood plain along the cretaceous
+ocean at first, just below the surface of the
+water, that must have been brackish at first for
+so many oyster shells to accumulate. There were
+no great reed and rush covered plains where the
+horned dinosaurs could feed; no bayous or lakes
+bordered with dense jungles of vegetation, where
+countless swimming duck-bills enjoyed the luxurious
+feeding places, but a shallow waste of waters,
+where oysters secured a precarious foothold.
+Then the scene changed. The land was
+raised sufficiently so a rank vegetation of sponge-moss
+and other forms covered all the rising
+land until a vast bed of vegetable matter had accumulated,
+when it went below the sea and was
+covered with ocean mud and eventually compressed
+into coal. Then again the land was lifted
+above high tide, fresh water for many years
+spread out in shallow sheets over the region in
+which there was sufficient moss and other vegetation
+to provide food for the univalves or gastropods,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span>
+and a multitude of mussels plowed
+through the muddy sand.</p>
+
+<p>We had so much rain that we were not only
+delayed, but feared we would never be able to
+pull our load of baggage out on the prairie. The
+road we used to get into the valley, made by
+farmers, was impassible when wet. I became
+very much discouraged, as there is no harder
+work for a fossil hunter than to walk day after
+day over barren ground. Professor Cope once
+sent me in on a hypothetical fossil hunt. He had
+decided in his own mind in Philadelphia, that
+above the Permian beds of Texas there was a new
+horizon that would yield new extinct animals, he
+wanted to be the fortunate discoverer of the new
+fauna. I had, however, explored this region years
+before, for the Museum of Comparative Zoology
+at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and I knew it was
+barren. Owing, however, to his insistence, I
+yielded my judgment to his, to my cost, and spent
+a month of useless effort, heart breaking indeed.
+That was the last time he ever attempted to give
+me instructions from Philadelphia when I was
+in the field.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of June, after exploring the Milk
+river country, and finding it barren, we camped
+on our way back to the rich Red Deer River beds
+at a point fifteen miles south of Medicine Hat.
+We had just pitched out tent when a violent wind
+storm as bad as the winds of Kansas, struck us,
+accompanied with rain. We escaped serious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span>
+trouble, but a little town west of Medicine Hat
+was badly wrecked, where the wind developed
+into a genuine cyclone that tore down houses and
+scattered chimneys and loose boards over the
+prairie. Thanking God for our escape we passed
+north next day. At Medicine Hat I went ahead
+by train and left the boys to follow with the
+wagon. From Brooks I went over to Steveville.
+On reaching the river, however, I found it was at
+full flood and covered with driftwood, logs and
+hewn timber. The ferryman, Mr. Shaw, came
+over for me in a row boat, and I had so much
+confidence in him as a river man that I trusted
+myself to his keeping. His skill with the oar
+brought me safely over the raging Red Deer River.
+He avoided all the logs and other driftwood,
+and landed me in safely on the northern shore.
+Even then I found the river had backed water
+up the creek between the ferry and Steveville,
+and I had to walk a long ways to get above the
+backwater. After quite a journey I reached the
+hospitable hotel of Steve Hall. It was a full
+week before the boys reached me and we got once
+more into camp. They were delayed by the high
+water.</p>
+
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp38" id="fig039" style="max-width: 95.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig039.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 39.</span>—Limb of <i>Gorgosaurus</i> Mounted by Charles M.
+Sternberg, Page <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span></p>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI<br>
+<span class="sm">THERE WERE GIANTS IN THOSE DAYS</span>
+</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>For days I had been exploring the brakes of
+the Red Deer river in Alberta, Canada, for the
+wonderful extinct dinosaurs of the Cretaceous
+Period. They had only been known since 1876,
+when the late Professor E. D. Cope made his famous
+expedition to the Bad-Lands of the Upper
+Missouri, in the beds of the Judith River of Montana.</p>
+
+<p>I was exploring the valley of the Red Deer
+River at Drumheller. A great chasm in fact,
+cut by the river and its tributaries four hundred
+feet deep into the Edmonton Series of the Upper
+Cretaceous, out of the very heart of the prairie.
+Across from plain to plain the distance averages
+about two miles. Tributary creeks and coulees
+have carved trenches further back into the plain;
+while in the main valley, especially near the
+brink of the prairie, are long ridges, table lands,
+buttes and knolls, pinnacles and towers, whose
+bases often impinged on the ox-bows of the river
+itself; down whose rugged sides a stone rolling
+would bring up in a sudden halt, in the waters
+four hundred feet below. All this region, except
+of course the river channel and flood plain, was
+transformed by nature’s sculptury into fantastic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span>
+badland scenery, the rocks carved into the most
+intricate patterns, entirely devoid of vegetation,
+except, perhaps, along the northern slope of some
+rounded bluff, where sponge-moss had secured a
+precarious foothold; while running through it
+were trailing junipers, and spruces, with flowers
+of many a hue (to delight the eye) after searching
+the steep and barren slopes for hours. These
+slopes were covered with cherty fragments that
+rolled under the feet, threatening to hurl the adventurous
+Fossil Hunter into the gorge below. I
+had found great quantities of the bones of the
+huge dinosaurs, or “terrible lizards.” Among
+them the trachodonts or duck-billed dinosaurs,
+were the most common. Great swimming lizards
+they were, spanning thirty feet or more in length.
+My party had already two skeletons. One of
+them thirty-two feet long, we mounted afterwards
+in the Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa,
+Ontario. We found quarry after quarry
+where the bones had been piled up as flotsam by
+some ancient tide, that for ages had ceased to
+beat on this land. Today the nearest ocean is
+700 miles away, and the strata have attained an
+altitude of twenty-five hundred feet above sea-level.
+The day had been hot and sultry; as I
+came upon a coal miners tunnel (there are unlimited
+beds of coal in these breaks), I found relief
+by going in some distance. The floor was
+deeply covered with fine dust, making a restful
+place; and it is little wonder I fell asleep; I never<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span>
+knew how long I slept, but when I awoke, I was
+overpowered with surprise, I could not tell
+whether I had awakened in eternity, or Time had
+turned back his dial, and carried me back to the
+old Cretaceous Ocean. At all events however, I
+found myself lying under a great redwood tree.
+Stretching before me to the south as far as the
+eyes could reach, a mighty ocean lay as level as
+a thrashers floor to the distant horizon, while to
+the north an interminable forest on the lowlands,
+interspersed with countless lagoons and bayous,
+the oozy margins thickly planted with rush and
+horse-tail, and tall swamp grass, while vast quantities
+of moss clogged the shore. East and west,
+the shore line was undulated by indentations,
+cut by river or bayou mouth, promontory cape
+and bay. The heat was excessive, and it was a
+relief to find shelter under one of these gigantic
+evergreens whose branches waved above the everglades;
+deep rooted in the soil, it had already endured
+the blasts of a thousand years. Perhaps
+this mighty giant had witnessed many a tidal wave
+leap the borders of old ocean, and plunge
+with resistless fury over the lowlands, uprooting
+trees of weaker fiber, sweeping a waste of peat
+and wood out to sea, to be returned in mingled
+masses of vegetation to clog the shore. Its last
+year’s cones and leaflets lay on the ground around
+me, and put me in mind of the locality I had discovered
+but yesterday, where hundreds of cones
+and leaflets of the giant sequoia or redwood lay<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span>
+deeply buried in the flinty rocks of the badlands
+of the Red Deer river.</p>
+
+<p>Like all noble scenes of nature the mind cannot
+at once grasp them fully, if it ever does.</p>
+
+<p>The south wind had sprung up, the tide was
+rising, the waves were curling as they rolled on
+the beach: higher and higher they came capped
+with white foam. As far as the eyes could reach,
+long lines of breakers heaped tons of water on
+the shore, lashed by the frowning tempest. The
+sublimity of the scene was heightened by the colors
+in the west, that flecked the horizon with bars
+of gold and crimson; while the sun, a globe of
+fire, sank to rest in old ocean. I was lying beneath
+the tree breathing the salted air, partly
+in a trance. Is this real? I asked myself. Is the
+wind really sighing among the branches of the
+trees, that sheltered me? sounding like music of
+an aeolian harp, the tracery of interwoven
+leaflets acting as if they were stretched invisible
+wires? Is this a dream or reality? How often
+in other days while searching the semi-arid fossil
+beds of the west, in my day dreams have I
+put life in the old dry bones; how often some
+stately dinosaur has passed before my mental
+vision. The forests, the rivers, the lakes and
+oceans of other days, have appeared as if they
+actually existed. Is it incredible then, that I
+should be transported across three million years,
+the distance between the living and the dead?
+“How fleet is a glance of the mind; compared to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span>
+the speed of its flight, the lightning itself lags behind,
+and the swift winged arrows of light.” Yes!
+modern science claims that three million years
+have sped away since the end of the Age of Reptiles,
+since the Dinosaurs perished from the earth.
+Yet I was here. I could not doubt my own senses.
+I saw in the east the Queen of Night rise slowly
+from the bosom of old ocean, while to the west
+the last streak of departing day, glimmered once
+more and disappeared. Overhead the constellations
+of the temperate zone shone in undimmed
+splendor, as they did last night above the Albertian
+plains. Yes! there to the north was the
+Great Dipper; its pointers as of yore, still led
+my eyes to the North Star. Venus too, shone as
+the “Star of the evening, beautiful star.” Who
+knows but some tiger of the everglades, some
+huge Carniverous Dinosaur, may be prowling
+about for prey. A Fossil Hunter might prove a
+rare tidbit to him. It were better in my unprotected
+condition to seek a place of safety. I noticed
+that some of the bushes that lined the thick
+jungles around me had long powerful thorns,
+while running vines, had fibers as tough as hemp.
+I had my collection bag still with me, with its
+chisels, knives and small hand pick. So quickly
+cutting some long thorns and binding them to
+my shoes with the vines, I sought a small tree,
+the crown of which was hidden among the lower
+branches of the redwood. I climbed by forcing
+the thorns into the bark of the tree, around which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span>
+my arms were clasped, and I ascended with the
+same ease that a linesman climbs a telegraph
+pole, driving the sharp steel spikes fastened to
+his boots into the wood. When I got among the
+lower branches of the huge tree one hundred
+feet above ground, I crawled down to its juncture
+with the trunk where I found an airy chamber,
+its floor covered with dried leaves. Stretching
+myself at full length upon this fragrant bed, I
+offered up my evening prayers to my Father in
+heaven, knowing that I was being guided by His
+hand. Ah! had he not led me through the wilderness
+for forty years in His cemeteries of Creation,
+among the countless creatures of His hand.
+My mind took me back to the many forms, I had
+recovered, and saved from the destroying agencies
+of time and the vandal hand of man. I remembered
+I had eighty-five distinct species of extinct
+life in Munich Bavaria where the late distinguished
+Paleontologist Dr. von Zittel had once
+written me that I “had erected in Munich an immemorial
+monument to my name.” I thought of
+the hundreds of species I had discovered that now
+helped form the great Cope Collection in the
+American Museum of Natural History, New
+York, that great storehouse of American fossil
+vertebrates. I thought too of my collection in
+the British Museum, and in the Museums of Berlin
+and Paris. Surely they prove that God has
+cared for me while I was “about my Father’s
+business.” I need not worry I thought, because<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span>
+forsooth He had carried me back to the close of
+the Cretaceous, that wonderful Age of Reptiles
+when land and air and sea were filled with, to
+us, strange forms of life; when great lizards
+shook the earth with their majestic tread, sea serpents
+and great bony fishes ruled the sea,
+while huge flying reptiles flapped their leathery
+wings over the deep. When I thought of all the
+creatures I had hunted for forty years, and dug
+their mouldering skeletons from an old ocean
+bed a thousand miles from the existing seas, from
+some great lake bottom, or the flood plain of an
+ancient river. I asked myself: Will He who
+brought me here leave me to suffer and to die?
+How often he had rescued me from sudden death.
+Shall I fear to lay me down to sleep alone with
+Him in this land never seen before by mortal
+eyes. Oh no! So peacefully I laid me down to
+rest humming Scott’s famous lines:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“The heath this night shall be my bed,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A bracken curtain for my head.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">My lullaby the warders tread,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">Far, far from love and thee, Mary.”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>And so I fell asleep. No rude sounds disturbed;
+when the morning sun streamed in my eyes I
+awoke refreshed for the thrilling adventures of
+the day. It was spring, every living thing
+throbbed with life, the sap was surging through
+the trees arrayed in their brightest tints, the
+ground below was carpeted with flowers in endless
+variety and hue: there a clump of evergreens,
+and here one of poplars, while in the distance
+figs, magnolias and a wealth of other trees
+added beauty and variety to the redwood forest.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig040" style="max-width: 188.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig040.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 40.</span>—Quarry of George’s Plated Dinosaur. Page <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96 to 99</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig041" style="max-width: 188em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig041.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 41.</span>—Packing up at Loveland Ferry, 1915. Page <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span></p>
+
+<p>Inshore the fertile zone between low and high
+tide swarmed with oysters, clams and mussels.
+They covered every available inch of space in the
+caves and crannies carved out of the ledge of
+sandstone along the beach by the ceaseless ebb
+and flow of the sea, or when the waves were
+driven by the tempest’s lash. As I had gone
+without supper the night before, I felt very
+hungry. Rapidly descending my tree I ran to
+the beach and gathered handfuls of the luscious
+shells, dripping with salt water. With steel
+digger used in collecting fossils I opened enough
+to appease a ravenous appetite.</p>
+
+<p>The jungles behind seemed impenetrable, so I
+walked to the edge of the bayou, which emptied
+into the sea nearby. It was thickly planted with
+moss and rushes: but for the fact that there
+were logs everywhere, lying at all angles in the
+morass I could not have gotten to the water. By
+teetering across the yielding moss, and resting
+on the half submerged logs, I reached the sullen
+stream. I soon concluded that I must construct
+a boat, in order to explore the wonderful everglades.
+From the log I had a fine view of the
+bayou that wound its way through moss and
+swamp grass several feet high. The bayou expanded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span>
+into lakes of considerable size, bordered
+everywhere with the redwood forest, and other
+trees on the rising land. With thick underbrush
+and high grass beneath, I noticed the water was
+full of gar-pike and turtles, the latter having
+beautifully sculptured shells, some of them a
+couple of feet in diameter. Among them I
+noticed the beautiful Trionyx, the shell marked
+with lovely designs. I remembered how, when
+on Professor Cope’s Expedition to Montana in
+1876, I was carried away with delight when I
+gathered from a sandstone bluff fragments of
+these shells belonging to the Judith River Beds
+of the Upper Missouri. But here were the living,
+breathing animals themselves; so oblivious
+of my presence that they crowded on the very
+log on which I was standing. Man’s cruelty to
+animals had not caused them to fear the human
+eye; an abundant food supply prevented viciousness.
+When I attempted to catch one, however,
+they all glided gracefully off into the water.
+Whole schools of gars and other fishes darted
+here and there in full view.</p>
+
+<p>Turning back to the oyster bed, and searching
+along shore for a suitable piece of drift wood
+with which to make a boat, in the flotsam that
+lined the shore, I also found mingled with the
+driftwood and shells, moss and sea-weed, countless
+bones of dinosaurs, not brittle and filled
+with rocky material, as were those I found on
+Red Deer river yesterday, but bones with flesh<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span>
+and sinew still adhering to them, carried out as
+toll to the sea, from bayou or river. But the
+ocean soon tired of them and after playing with
+them until the time of high tide, returned them
+to the land with her own shells, seaweeds, and
+dead fishes, to fester in the sun.</p>
+
+<p>These bones showed me they had lived but a
+few days before, and were perhaps the remains
+of the feast of some titanic carnivore. I determined
+to go on a hunt for them. Here were
+limbs of duck-bills ten feet in length, together
+with the strong ligaments that bound the bones
+together in life. Here, too, the mighty Triceratops
+has left a monstrous head, seven feet in
+length, to mingle with the drift.</p>
+
+<p>The Carnivores were represented by powerful
+feet with three great claws, and a spur like a
+rooster. The feet along measured over three feet
+long, the horny claws measured ten inches.
+Crocodilian bones and those of small reptiles
+and fishes lay around.</p>
+
+<p>But as I was determined to find a log of the
+right size to hew into a boat, I wandered on,
+searching the drift pile with eager eyes. I could
+not be idle, and was determined to take advantage
+of the opportunity offered me, to study
+these wonderful creatures of a far-away day.
+I wondered whether they would in life prove
+what the students of their remains in the Twentieth
+Century supposed. I longed to know.</p>
+
+<p>At last, after much effort, I found a redwood<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span>
+trunk over twenty feet long with a large enough
+diameter to make a comfortable dug-out. Luckily
+it was just above high tide, near the mouth of a
+bayou. With my hand pick I cut off the bark
+and fashioned bow and stern. Fortunately I
+had some matches in my vest pocket, I built a
+fire against the huge hollow trunk of a redwood,
+and was careful not to let it go out entirely.</p>
+
+<p>Along the shore, washed up by the tide from
+the sandstone ledge, were numerous iron concretions,
+usually round and flattened on two sides.
+These proved invaluable. They would get red-hot
+in my fire, and I used them for burning out
+the boat. A flake of flinty rock served as a
+shovel when fastened into a split stick, and two
+tied together at the ends made a serviceable pair
+of tongs. With these simple tools, my work proceeded
+famously. Paddles and scull, too, I
+made from strips of strong and pliable young
+poplars. With my fire kept burning, I had no
+trouble about food. I had always been a meat
+lover, and in camp a breakfast without bacon
+was a failure. So instead, I made turtle soup,
+or broiled fishes on the coals, or on sharp sticks
+before the fire. I found nuts, too, and fruit,
+especially figs, the old ripe fruit hanging among
+the flowers and green figs. From tough bark I
+made sails and put sheets over all, to keep out
+the damp. With ropes of the aralia vine, I fastened
+my dug-out to a tree. One stormy night
+a very high tide floated her, and the next morning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span>
+I was ready for my expedition. So, all
+aboard, I committed myself to Him who hears
+“the ravens’ clamorous cry,” and drifted with
+the tide up the center of the bayou. With scull
+in hand, I guided my boat and with my eyes
+drank in the beauty of the scene. It was a lovely
+morning cool and refreshing, the air laden with
+the spicy fragrance of evergreens that lined the
+elevated bench inshore. The delicious aroma of
+spring flowers delighted the senses, while acres
+of water lilies with kidney shaped leaves and
+white and yellow flowers rested in graceful attitudes
+upon the water. Along the shore line were
+dense masses of moss; while serried ranks of
+rushes and long grass cast waving shadows
+athwart the sluggish stream. Behind on the
+solid earth the stately redwood, poplars, magnolia,
+figs and many other trees, cast their
+shadows across the bayou. These splendid
+forms</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of God’s first temple reared,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Whose lofty trunks, like soldiers file</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">As if their God they feared.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>There they stand in solemn grandeur. Near
+the shore was a thick growth of underwood,
+while inland clear spaces were visible owing to
+the fact that the close crowned heads of the
+forest prevented the rays of the sun from passing
+through them to the ground below, and nothing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span>
+but the humble moss and other lowly vegetation
+could secure a foothold. I noticed suddenly
+a disturbance up stream, and suspecting
+that a dweller of this solitude was approaching
+a specially seductive patch of rushes and horse-tails
+across the stream, I backwatered my boat
+into the fringe of vegetation near the eastern
+shore, until it was completely hidden in an ambuscade
+of verdure. I anchored by means of a
+large concretion attached to a rope, of the running
+vine already mentioned. Carefully crawling
+to the front of the boat where I had made a
+small deck, I stretched at full length, and parting
+the rushes had an uninterrupted view of the
+bayou. Soon, I saw the white foam ripple off
+the huge back and tail of a swimming reptile. A
+duck-bill if you please, that was rapidly approaching.
+The huge elongated head and short
+front webbed feet, the great body, and enormous
+swimming tail, the last as long as the entire
+body, made up a total length of about thirty-five
+feet. The tail was nearly three feet high, where
+it left the body, terminating in a small point over
+sixteen feet away. It was the main propeller
+that hurried him on his way to his pasture
+ground, in graceful and powerful undulations,
+aided by his paddle-like front limbs, feet and
+great hind limbs ten feet long. The water gurgled,
+and foamed, little patches of foam, were
+caught up by the passing breeze and carried to
+leeward. Soon he passed at full speed within<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span>
+ten feet of my shelter, and brought up a hundred
+feet away under the western shore. There he
+planted his hind feet firmly in the muddy bottom,
+ten feet below. The water continued its
+sullen flow, murmuring against the pillar-like
+limbs. The webbed front limbs, he used as arms
+to bring the rich foliage within reach of his duck-bill
+to be nipped off, and passed between the
+scissor-like teeth that sheared the food into
+shreds, to pass into a cavernous stomach below,
+and so appease a ravenous appetite.</p>
+
+<p>I had a fine view of the beautiful creature.
+Back of the head a frill several inches high
+reached to the shoulders. The whole body was
+covered with the most beautiful patterns of
+scales, or rounded tubercles, arranged in mosaic-work
+of very pretty rosettes, of scales perhaps
+an eighth of an inch in diameter with small tubercles
+between. The morning sun reflected in
+the water every scale and contour of the body,
+limbs and out stretched tail. And so this creature
+of other days was before me in flesh and
+blood and power. Over some parts of the body
+there were areas of large pavement scales. They
+were entirely distinct, and did not overlap.</p>
+
+
+
+<blockquote>And his body broad expended<br>
+With thin skin is covered o’er,<br>
+Scaled in beauteous patterns blended<br>
+With the foliage near the shore.</blockquote>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span></p>
+
+<p>The bright rosettes were more highly colored
+than the smaller dots. As the thin skin hung
+loosely on the frame below, it moved in graceful
+curves rounded muscles, massive hind limb, and
+great tail. The hind limbs terminated in three
+large hoofs on each foot; that spread well over
+half a square yard of the muddy bottom. The
+tail was adorned with large colored scales. He is
+now in his natural habitat, the Everglades along
+the old Cretaceous Ocean. The land was beginning
+slowly to rise from the domain of Neptune,
+who had held sway for ages, but even now, it was
+but slightly above sea-level, while meandering
+bayou, river or lake were interspersed between
+the lowlands. There were great accumulations
+of peat, and other rank vegetation covering great
+areas of swamp-land, to the depth of thirty feet
+or more. Often no doubt, a great tidal wave
+will flood the rising land, covering the vegetation
+with ocean mud, which in due time, in the ages
+to come, will form under pressure the coal fields
+of Alberta Province. We have already noted her
+wealth of coal.</p>
+
+<p>Our trachodon has finished breakfast, and
+though at the time of writing these lines no one
+had suggested a name for him, the great question
+with me was how continue the study of this
+beautiful lizard, learn more of his life history
+and of the other creatures of his day. I concluded
+the rich everglades would abound in
+many of his kind, and a rich fauna too, including<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span>
+many other forms. As he continued to feed
+I continued to think. I was not surprised to
+see him alone, because reptiles as a rule care little
+for their fellows. They do not mass together
+in herds like mammals. Each one seems to live
+for himself, the stronger ones winning in the
+battle of life. They seem to have none of the
+almost human sensibilities of mammals, show
+little love if any for the offspring. As soon as
+the young are large enough for food, in the case
+of flesh eaters, their hungry parents may gobble
+them up, and they are no safer from them, than
+any others of the hungry tribe. The only way to
+escape is to keep out of the way. Of course our
+trachodont is, as we have already seen, herbivorous
+in habit; and is not likely to do battle, except
+in self defense, from jealousy, or over the
+food supply. Neither would he lead others to
+the feast, each one must look out for himself.</p>
+
+<p>I was not surprised that this fellow was a
+swimmer. In 1908 my oldest son George, found
+a skeleton of a trachodon in the famous Beds of
+Converse County, Wyoming, complete except
+that the tail and hind feet were missing. He lay
+on an old drift on his back, wrapped in his skin,
+as in a mantle, or rather the impression of his
+skin, for the original substance had long ago disappeared.
+His head lay twisted under his left
+shoulder. The skin in the abdominal region had
+collapsed, and lay across the inside of the vertebral
+column, all going to prove he had died in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span>
+water, that he was filled by the expanding gases
+after death, that his body was lifted to the surface
+and floated with the current, thus forcing
+the head back under the shoulders. When the
+gas escaped, the abdominal walls fell in; the water
+rushed in to fill the cavity, the body became
+heavier than water, and sank to the bottom.
+There the fine sand drifted over it, and forced
+the yielding skin deeper into the body cavity.
+The decay of the contents of the viscera and the
+flesh occurring more rapidly than the skin, the
+latter was forced closer and closer to the bones
+until the specimen, as now mounted in the
+American Museum New York, shows a resemblance
+to a mummy. So Dr. Osborn in describing
+it suggested the name “Dinosaur Mummy.”
+Before this discovery, it was supposed that the
+reptile was a land animal, that he used his powerful
+hind limbs in connection with the tail, to
+form a tripod on which his powerful weight rested,
+while he fed off the tender foliage of tree. It
+was also believed that he was plated with dermal,
+or skin scutes, to protect him from his carniverous
+enemies. However as the “mummy” proves,
+and as the living creature proved, his skin was
+thin, with no dermal plates. His front feet were
+webbed, and his habitat the bayous and swamps
+along the sea-plain. I was glad, as my saurian
+was through breakfast to see him lift his body,
+head and front limbs up, and look towards shore,
+and beyond a few rods away, to a sheet of water
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span>that appealed to him. So wading through the
+morass and putting his small front feet down on
+the muddy slope left by the retreating tide, the
+narrow strip between its ebb and flow, he drew
+himself out of the water, and lifting his body but
+a few feet above the mud, he dragged his huge
+tail through it, leaving a well marked trail behind.
+His pose to me was very interesting, as I
+had come to the conclusion from my study of the
+“mummy,” that this was his natural gait, though
+most American Paleontologists believe, that their
+usual pose was standing erect on the hind limbs,
+the front legs used chiefly for balancing. As he
+reached the fringe of bushes he pushed his duck-bill
+through them, nosing around as if to scent
+some enemy. Then as the coast seemed clear,
+he hurries across the narrow strip, beneath the
+silent evergreens.</p>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig042" style="max-width: 189em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig042.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 42.</span>—Badlands of Red Deer River, 2 miles below Steveville. Page <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig043" style="max-width: 188.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig043.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 43.</span>—Badlands near Steveville. Photograph by Levi Sternberg. Page <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+The cooling touch of morning breeze,<br>
+Waft incense from a censor hidden,<br>
+The gentle sighing of the trees<br>
+Add music to the scene unbidden.<br>
+As he hies him away “to fresh scenes and pastures green.”<br>
+But hark a noise that thrills me, what can it mean?<br>
+I hear the crush of mighty frame.<br>
+The Tiger of the Everglades:<br>
+As onward through the brush he came,<br>
+And through the swamp and moss he wades,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span><br>
+He leaves a great trail in his wake<br>
+As rushing forward toward his prey:<br>
+His mighty limbs with ease can break:<br>
+And open wide a passage way.<br>
+His limbs are armed with claws so great,<br>
+His jaws are filled with horrid teeth:<br>
+Alas! I fear our saurian’s fate,<br>
+He’s simply dallying with death.<br>
+Our herbivore is armed for flight:<br>
+With paddles strong and swimming tail,<br>
+He is not built indeed for fight,<br>
+To ’scape by flood he should not fail.<br>
+For, though the reptiles weigh the same,<br>
+And each span forty feet in length.<br>
+I fear the swimmer’ll lose the game,<br>
+The carnivore excels in strength.<br>
+Let him escape beyond his foe,<br>
+Who dare not venture in the flood.<br>
+Toward the deep waters he should go,<br>
+Nor drench his pasture with his blood.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Too bad! rush as he may, he cannot escape this
+fierce Tiger of the Everglades. So occupied are
+the great dinosaurs, they do not heed my approach.
+Lifting anchor I pulled across the
+stream into the channel made by the trachodon
+on his way towards shore. The noble lizard seeing
+that he could not escape his foe, bravely faces
+him. As if to hurry the end, he exposes the most
+vulnerable part of his body, by rising on his hind
+limbs. The enemy hurls himself at full length<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span>
+upon his defenseless victim; with great claws of
+hardened horn, full ten inches long, he rips his
+body down and red blood floods the mossy way.
+As he falls to earth and death, this tyrant, of
+those early days, tears open his body, and feeds
+on the quivering flesh and running blood in the
+very shelter of the redwood forest. The awful
+terror of the scene kept me well out of reach in
+the water. I was overcome with the shock, coming
+so swiftly in the peaceful woods. The sun
+was not darkened, the perfume of flowers filled
+the air, the gentle breeze sighed in the branches
+overhead, showing that nature knows no pity, no
+mercy. That death is inevitable, and still nature’s
+beauty, her changing seasons go on for
+time. Even though the victim was a cold blooded
+reptile I had become deeply interested in it.
+I remembered however, that the carnivore must
+prey on the herbivore; that the latter increase so
+rapidly, the death of one of their number would
+leave scarcely a ripple on the reptilian life of the
+everglades. I had time of course to study the
+conqueror carefully, I saw he did not differ greatly
+from the one Professor Osborn described as
+Tyrannosaurus rex, the king of the tyrants; from
+a partial skeleton and magnificent head, discovered
+by Barnum Brown in the Hell Creek Beds
+of northern Montana. His huge head is four
+feet long, three feet wide and two feet high. The
+jaws armed with teeth six inches long, with serrated
+edges on the double cutting surfaces. A<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span>
+great sinewy body, very short front limbs, powerful
+hind ones, and long tail, with sled-like
+chevron bones, and extending processes interlocking
+the caudal vertebrae, not allowing them
+to move freely on themselves, as in the snakes
+and lizards of today. The tail was stiffened and
+was dragged along on the ground. The body
+was 40 feet long and the head reached nineteen
+feet above the ground. As I saw, a blow from
+his terrible claw-armed hind limb, tore open the
+trachodon, nearly his equal in bulk. After gormandising
+to his heart’s content, he drifted off
+into the forest, and I saw him no more. I then
+paddled in short and tying my boat to a sapling,
+went up to the carcass and secured great strips
+of the tough skin so beautifully adorned with
+shining and beautifully colored scales, polygonal
+or rounded, some so small that they appeared as
+mere dots, as already observed. I was delighted
+to see near by a pool of alkali water, in this I
+doused the skin and it then only took a short
+time to break up the glue. I found a poplar log
+about eight inches in diameter and after sharpening
+one end, I drove it into the ground over a
+dead log that was lying on the ground. After
+peeling off the bark from the ends I had a handy
+device, so stretching the skin over it, scaly side
+down, and using the edge of a chisel for a scraper,
+I rapidly prepared the skin for use, cleaning
+off the flesh and broken down glue. By the time
+it was dry I had tanned it, and it was as pliable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span>
+as newly tanned leather. I continued my labor
+until I had prepared a great roll. Not of buck-skin,
+but trachodon skin. I saw in prospect
+sails, ropes paulins for my boat and myself, as a
+protection against the rains and for many other
+things. Where the skin had been torn from the
+dorsal spines, I saw bundles of ossified tendons,
+like those of a turkey’s leg. They lay across each
+other diagonally to the spines, while other rows
+were parallel. What were they for? I supposed
+to stiffen, and strengthen the dorsal column.
+Perhaps too, if our trachodon had not been so
+foolish as to face his enemy, and had continued
+the retreat, and the tiger had leaped on his back,
+his claws finding no foothold on account of these
+same bony tendons, he might have lost his footing.
+They extended some distance into the tail,
+making the forward part like an oar. The undulations
+we saw, were performed by the posterior
+part of the tail while in the act of swimming.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XII">CHAPTER XII<br>
+<span class="sm">WHAT THE CRETACEOUS SEAS BROUGHT FORTH</span>
+
+</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<p>One has some strange day dreams often, at
+least I have. My only daughter died some years
+ago; though in imagination she is often with me,
+I thought once I had gone to sleep. When I woke
+next morning I realized that time had turned
+backward. I found myself beside the boundless
+sea, and it was not the sea I had looked on but
+yesterday, I was sitting under a limestone escarpment,
+with a beach before me of fine sand. The
+waves rolling outside of a bar that had been deposited
+by a river, whose mouth I could see on
+the eastern side of the steep bluff under which I
+sat. “Thank God,” I cried, “You have taken me
+back to the old Cretaceous Ocean.” I had explored
+her elevated and denuded bed for twenty
+seasons in the Short Grass country of Western
+Kansas; collecting her rich fauna of reptiles and
+fishes. To know that I was to be permitted to
+actually see the animals themselves, in their natural
+environments. To explore her shore lines.
+Her sheltered bays. To see her fleets of plesiosaurs
+come sailing in after an ocean cruise; her
+great mosasaurs, and bony fishes. How glorious,
+but where is Maud. The thought came to me like
+a flash. Life had seemed so much more enjoyable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span>
+with her beside me. With her appreciative
+ear, to listen for what my mind conceived, and
+my lips uttered, she never contradicted me when
+I uttered an opinion. No! she realized that I,
+with my vast store of experience might well be
+her teacher, and she enjoyed the story of my life
+so much that her eager face, and flashing eyes,
+were a stimulus to my mind, awakening old experiences
+and memories long forgotten. Although
+she had been with me for a short time, she had
+become necessary to me. I knew how much I
+would miss her in the adventures that lay before
+me. While these thoughts were passing, I was
+delighted to hear her gentle voice call out “Papa,
+here I am.” And looking up I saw her leaning
+out of the mouth of a cave a short distance above
+me. I cried out with pleasure and rushing to
+the beach picked up the dry trunk of a small
+pine, with stumps of branches on either side. I
+carried it to the bluff and leaning against it,
+made a convenient ladder for Maud to descend on
+which she rapidly did, and stood beside me. Of
+course our chief talk was about this miraculous
+event in our lives and we wondered what was in
+store for us. We thrilled with delight when we
+realized how lovely the country was. The climate
+temperature. We smelled the delicious
+odor of magnolia blooms, for a beautiful forest
+skirted the hills and plains before us to the east,
+and north and south, while to the west, as far as
+the eye could reach a great ocean, whose western<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span>
+shore line must have been thousands of miles toward
+the setting sun. Taking her arm we walked
+down to the beach. In the zone between high
+and low tide, unlimited oysters, no larger than
+silver half dollars lay strewn around. While
+plowing through the sand, were <i>Inoceramus</i>
+shells that measured four feet high, and five feet
+long, leaving a great trail behind. The shore line
+was strewn with many of these huge shells. We
+mentioned the many uses they could be put to,
+for our convenience. Thin and transparent they
+would do for windows in the house, I planned to
+build. They would take the place of shingles,
+and even doors. We enjoyed a feast of raw oysters
+with the sea water for seasoning. We then
+went to work hauling up from the piles of driftwood,
+trunks of small trees near the cave. Which
+Maud told me would make her a nice room as it
+was high and dry with a floor of white sand. By
+building four walls with the logs, leaving spaces
+for windows and doors, we succeeded after many
+days of labor in having a room twelve by fourteen
+feet. Then we put on a roof, of the large shells,
+hung our doors and windows, filled the spaces
+between the logs with clay, and moss, built a fire
+place and chimney. The effect of the light passing
+through the shells was very beautiful indeed.
+Our original ladder led to Maud’s Cave, through
+a trap door. I gathered the fragrant boughs of
+pine trees for the beds. We cared little for furniture,
+pictures and ornaments. How insignificant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span>
+man’s costliest works compared to the
+works of the great Creator, His air, and water,
+His glorious sea forest and plain, the starry firmament
+on high, given us so freely. How rich
+we were, though possessing only the clothes on
+our backs, and the few tools I had in my collecting
+bag. A few matches and some strings of
+sinew I had cut in another age, I also found a
+file in the lowest corner of my collecting bag,
+and from fragments of bone made some fish-hooks,
+we had built a chimney and in the open
+fireplace Maud heated water in a deep sea shell
+while I caught a string of nice fishes, which she
+broiled for supper or fried for breakfast. I also
+found the tracks of a turtle, whose bones
+and skull I discovered in the chalk of Kansas.
+Professor Cope named it <i>Torycheles latiremus</i>.
+Suspecting that she had hidden some eggs in the
+dry sand, I dug around in it with my hands and
+found a hat full of her soft shelled eggs. With
+the fish we had many most delightful repasts,
+and we talked of the time when we hoped to explore
+this new region, the Early Cretaceous.
+Study its rich fauna and flora. After building
+our cabin, as we were very tired after a strenuous
+day, Maud kissed me good night and retired
+to her room in the cave, while I lay down in the
+corner of the house. At the first streak of day
+a fire was builded, and breakfast started. I had
+made a pail of a deep shell shaped like a woman’s
+hood, and called later by Conrad <i>Haploscapha grandes</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span>
+the first great hood. I had bored a hole
+through either edge, and with an aralia vine for
+a handle, I carried it to a nearby hill; where a
+lovely spring of pure water gushed out, and returned
+with it brimful of the life saving liquid.
+We used thin shells, we had found on the beach,
+for plates and made our knives and forks and
+spoons of wood. At breakfast Maud asked me
+if I knew where we were. “Yes, dear,” I replied,
+“we are in Western Kansas. These limestone
+bluffs are composed of jointed limestone. Some
+day a gorge will be cut through them by the
+Smoky Hill River ninety feet deep, and a mile
+long, and it will be in Trego County just below
+the mouth of Hackberry Creek. Get your hat
+and we will see!” “I am ready, papa,” she cried,
+so with collecting bag over my shoulder, and
+pick in hand, we walked rapidly along the hard
+sandy shore line. We soon rounded the point,
+and as I suspected the shore swung off into a
+vast amphitheatre-like cove. We could just see
+the distant headland, far to the north. While
+the land and sea curved in toward the east and
+back to the north, forming a great land locked
+bay.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig044" style="max-width: 189.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig044.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 44.</span>—Badlands near Steveville. Notice Cross Bedding. Page <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig045" style="max-width: 188.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig045.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 45.</span>—Quarry with skeleton of <i>Corythosaurus</i> lost at sea, 1916. Page <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p>“O see papa!” Maud cried, “what is that lying
+on the water just off shore? It looks like a huge
+log half submerged.” “No dear. I believe it is
+a <i>Tylosaur</i> or great ram-nosed lizard, the monarch
+of this ocean. See! he raises a conical head
+above the water, that terminates in a long bony
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span>ram. His head is five feet long. See his four
+powerful paddles begin to move! his eel-like tail
+is longer than head and trunk combined. Watch
+its graceful and rapid undulations.” “My,”
+cried Maud, “it is larger than the storied sea
+serpents of sailors and seaside resorts. It must
+be fifty feet long.” “Fully that,” I answered.
+“I wonder what has started him off in such a
+hurry?” “What does that streak of foam mean
+yonder?” asked my companion. “It is another
+saurian coming to battle, dear,” I answered.
+The scene was indeed exciting. We clapped our
+hands and shouted encouragement to our
+saurian as he lashed the water, and beat it
+into a foam, that floated behind in a long curling
+wake. Or patches were caught up by the passing
+breeze and wafted away as lightly as the bubbles
+children love to blow. We had ascended the
+point as we rounded it, and so are high enough
+to watch the battle royal. As they come together
+like colliding express trains, our reptile plunges
+his bony ram into the quivering flesh of his
+opponent, piercing heart and lungs. Withdrawing
+his ram, he lingers near while the dying
+mosasaur reddens the salty brine with his life-blood.
+A few convulsive struggles, and he lies
+a helpless mass on the surface, while his victor
+hies away to other conquests. “I never knew
+these <i>Tylosaurs</i> grew to such huge dimensions,”
+said Maud, “You know the one in the American
+Museum is only about thirty feet long, and that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span>
+was considered large for the species.” “Yes, I
+know,” I replied. “But I also know of one huge
+skeleton belonging to the University of Kansas
+at Lawrence, that measures fifty feet in length.
+His enormous head is five feet long, the same
+size evidently as this one. Who knows but that
+5,000,000 years from now his skeleton may be
+exhumed from the chalk of Kansas and exhibited
+at the Museum of the University!” “I remember
+the mosasaurs, papa, you described in ‘The
+Life of a Fossil Hunter.’ After the <i>Tylosaurus</i>
+came the flat paddles <i>Platecarpus</i>, with its blunt
+ram or rostrum at the end of the nose; then
+<i>Clidastes</i>, a lithe creature and more elegantly
+built than the other two.” “Yes, dear, I have
+been fortunate in the discovery of complete skeletons
+of these fine swimmers. I sent a very
+beautiful skeleton of a <i>Tylosaur</i> to the Senckenberg
+Museum at Frankfurt-on-the-Main. (<a href="#fig005">Fig. 5</a>).
+Skeletons of <i>Platecarpus</i> to Tübingen University,
+as well as a <i>Tylosaurus</i>. And one to The
+Museum of Toronto University, Canada, and another
+to the Victoria Memorial Museum at Ottawa,
+Canada. A beautiful <i>Clidastes</i> to Vassar
+College, New York, a fine head and trunk to
+Carnegie Museum, at Pittsburgh, Pa. The
+Mosasaurs, you know, all have short necks and
+long tails. The jaws are armed with recurved
+teeth and a set on either side in the roof of the
+mouth near the gullet enable them to hold their
+prey, so they could not escape if they opened<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span>
+their mouths. They had an aid to swallowing
+their food, by means of a ball and socket hinge
+in the center of the lower jaws, just behind the
+tooth-bearing bones. This enabled them to expand
+the lower jaws and shortening them so as
+to force the food down the throat.”</p>
+
+<p>“See Papa,” said Maud, “The rising tide has
+floated the dead saurian towards the shore.” We
+walked to the beach and our united efforts enabled
+us to pull him in. He was a magnificent
+example of the sea life of his day. I doubt if
+ever a swimmer excelled this one in speed. The
+four powerful paddles and lithe form, and the
+long tail in constant vibration, enabled him to
+cut the water like the prow of a racing yacht.
+His entire body was covered with small scales
+like those of a diamond rattler, arranged in beautiful
+colored designs, and highly polished. The
+scales sparkling in iridescent splendor. “How
+well poised the head,” said Maud. “How large
+the eyes, protected by sclerotic plates of bone
+now glazed in death.” “Wonderfully beautiful,”
+I answered, “So God creates His creatures, His
+plants, His crystals. Man’s feeble efforts to imitate
+nature how crude and clumsy.”</p>
+
+<p>“I think Maud it would be a good plan to cut
+off strips of the skin for ropes and sails, and
+many other useful things. I will make you a
+hammock of a wide strip.” “Very well,” she answered,
+“Let us go to work.” While busily engaged,
+we were covered with moving shadows<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span>
+and looking up saw enormous <i>Pteranodonts</i> those
+glorious flying reptiles, hovering over head.
+With broad expanded wing, some twenty feet
+from tip to tip, they swooped downward, or rested
+in graceful attitudes in mid air. Their great
+eyes scanned the ocean before us for fishes, and
+when one was discovered dropped like a shot into
+the bay rapidly reappearing with a fish between
+their toothless beaks. One after another broke
+the mirror like surface of the deep, and always
+came to the surface with a fish. Their unerring
+sight had discovered. No eagle ever dropped
+quicker on his frightened quarry than these lizards.
+The scene before us was exciting indeed.</p>
+
+<p>After finishing our labor and stretching the
+skin of our <i>Mosasaur</i> on the sand to dry we continued
+our stroll along the sand. In a deep hole,
+we admired a whole colony of the most beautiful
+swimming crinoids, or sea lilies we had ever
+seen. They were stemless and floated with the
+currents of Mosaurian Bay, as I had named the
+sheet of water on the new map I had made. Their
+bodies, about the shape of half an egg, with an
+opening in the center, and ten arms radiating
+from the margin. These arms were three feet
+long, with feathered edges. Over the mouth too,
+were smaller arms used to comb off into the
+mouth the tiny animal life of the sea, that was
+strained through, and caught in the meshes of
+the feathered arms. My boys found hundreds of
+these crinoids in the chalk on Beaver Creek, Kansas,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span>
+called <i>Uintacrinus socialis</i>. We enriched
+many Museums with them.</p>
+
+<p>“Papa,” said Maud, “let us go into the woods
+to escape the heat.” It was beginning to be felt,
+as the sun has climbed over the trees, and the
+heat beats upon the dry sands. We first entered
+a hard and soft wood forest, composed largely of
+Sassafras, Magnolia, Linden, Birch in endless
+variety, Cinnamon, Sweet Gum, and many
+other of the first trees with heart and bark like
+our existing forests of the twentieth century.
+There was a thick underbrush of wild roses and
+aralia vines, with their beautiful three and five
+lobed dentate leaves. The brooks were lined with
+rushes, and ferns and other familiar vegetation.
+We could see deeper in the forest the stately Redwood
+in serried ranks, as far as the eye could
+reach; colonnades of God’s first temple. Here indeed
+we found the coveted shads. The trunks
+like Gothic columns lifted their stately forms two
+hundred feet on high, with densely packed
+crowns of living green, that cut off the direct
+rays of the sun. They filtered through like those
+through stained glass filling the woods with tinted
+and mysterious light. “How grand,” I cried,
+“to live so close to God and His great heart, Nature’s
+heart. God is the very embodiment, everywhere
+of nature, even ‘the spacious firmament on
+high, and all the blue ethereal sky, And spangled
+heavens a shining frame, there great original
+proclaim.’ There, Maud, do you see the damp<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span>
+sand along the river shore. See how the leaves
+have fallen in it, some lie flat, others with stem
+down, are half buried; all will be covered with
+the ocean mud at high tide, there they will remain
+until pressed by the masses of rock that will
+be laid down upon the deposit, it will be hardened
+into sandstone, and the leaf impressions will
+be preserved for millions of years. Until in the
+twentieth century, I will dig them from the solid
+rock in the central plains of Kansas, and Lesquereux
+and Ward, and Knowlton and Wilson,
+will identify them.”</p>
+
+<p>So we wandered on through mighty aisles in
+this great temple, where God loved to walk,
+though all unseen by our mortal eyes, we felt His
+presence near. “O Papa,” cried Maud. “See the
+ground is strewn with edible acorns. There were
+no squirrels last winter to store them away. And
+there are some ripe figs among the green ones in
+yonder tree. If you will gather the figs, I will
+fill my apron with acorns and we will have a new
+dish for dinner.” “All right,” I replied and soon
+gathered a large supply. We carried our treasures
+home; and while Maud cracked the acorns
+between two cobblestones, I secured a strong
+shell for a mortar and a rounded stone for a pestle
+and ground the fruit and nuts together, which
+we made into little cakes, they with hard boiled
+turtle eggs made a dinner we enjoyed.</p>
+
+<p>I had scraped a shell full of salt from the face
+of a precipice where the water of the sea had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span>
+beaten high against it and on evaporating left a
+thick layer of salt behind. And so the day passed,
+every moment showing us a new phase of the
+Creator’s handiwork. We soon decided that as
+the sea life here was so luxuriant, we would build
+a ship to sail the quiet waters of the Mosasaurian
+Bay. I succeeded in planning one, with Maud’s
+assistance, that promised safety and comfort. I
+selected half a dozen straight redwood logs,
+thirty feet long; burned off the ends and
+branches. With the aid of fire dug them out, and
+stretched over them the dried skin of mosasaurs.
+(Many had been killed in their battles and we
+had secured their skins). Each compartment
+was air tight and very buoyant, I rived out
+boards from the redwood logs, and lashed them
+across the boats for a platform, on which we
+built cabins fore and aft, and erected a main
+mast from which our sails were stretched from
+yard arms, manipulated with ropes from the
+same tough hide that we geared as sails. Huge
+rocks we heaved on deck and attached ropes to
+them and used them as anchors. We made state
+rooms, kitchen, and sitting room, amid ship.
+After many days of labor, we finished our craft,
+and were ready for life on the ocean wave.</p>
+
+<p>We resolved not to venture far from shore and
+to cast anchor in some quiet land locked bay at
+night, Maud was to handle the steering apparatus,
+while I cared for the sails, Maud cooked
+dainty morsels from land and sea and bayou. We<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span>
+not only got turtle eggs but the turtles themselves,
+and a great variety of fishes, mackerel,
+herring, etc. While building our ship we had unlimited
+adventures, because each morning and
+evening we walked off into the forest or explored
+the sea-shore, or walked along the winding river,
+or mossy bayou. But as my attention was occupied
+in the boat building I could not keep notes
+of these adventures. We named our little ship
+The Swan, not because of the beauty of the boat,
+but because it floated as lightly as a swan on the
+waters of Mosasaurian Bay.</p>
+
+<p>One lovely morning in early June when life
+was the richest, and the forest had attained perfection;
+we hoisted our great square sail, and
+loosened our rudder bands, and put to sea. With
+a gentle breeze stirring, and with only a gentle
+ripple on the bosom of the deep; with no rocky
+breakers in shore, the motion on board was delightful.
+“Look Papa,” cried Maud, as a great
+fish, fifteen feet long, dashed by in pursuit of a
+school of mackerel, that were struggling to get
+into water to escape his murderous jaws. He
+was armed with long conical teeth, those in front
+where the face with its short muzzle looked like
+a bull dog, the horrid fangs were four inches
+long; in the center of the head was a triangular
+crest, that cut the waves like the dorsal spine of
+a shark. He beat the water into spray, in his
+eager pursuit of his prey; and many a fish fell a
+victim to his appetite. His skull was two feet<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span>
+long, with powerful lower jaw, his great pectoral
+fins were over three feet long. The rays had
+sharp outer edges. He could set and use them
+as a sword to gash his enemies, the great white
+sharks. His forked tail, with span of over four
+feet, would cause an awful blow when used as a
+weapon; large glistening scales, covered the entire
+body. Maud called my attention to the fact
+that our huge fish had finished breakfast, and
+was swimming back into the deep water of the
+bay, quite leisurely, so graceful in motion a living
+five horse power motor boat. “You remember,”
+she said, “the skeleton you sent of this fish
+to the British Museum.” “O yes,” I replied, “Mr.
+Pycraft wrote a description of it for the Illustrated
+London News, March 1, 1913.” (<a href="#fig004">Fig. 4</a>).</p>
+
+<p>“My son George found and collected this fine
+specimen, I prepared it.” “You must be as
+pleased to see the boys make such noted discoveries,”
+she said. “O yes, because it encourages
+them to keep at work, in this life work of mine.
+As a boy I loved nature, I was a hunter too and
+used to kill buffalo and antelope. But after close
+association with the most famous Naturalist
+America has produced, Prof. E. D. Cope of Philadelphia,
+who often told me that though we must
+destroy our enemies and protect our friends, as a
+matter of self protection, yet wanton destruction
+of life was a crime. The more I thought of this
+suggestion the more I came to fully believe it.
+God loves the creatures He has created and will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span>
+surely punish man for needless destruction of the
+beautiful birds and fur bearing animals, so they
+can decorate their own persons, wearing the borrowed
+plumage, and silky furs of his creatures.
+I long ago gave up killing wild animals, and for
+years could say with Goldsmith, ‘No herds that
+roam the valley wide to slaughter I condemn,
+Moved by the power that pities me, I learn to pity
+them.’ However as I like meat I am obliged to
+qualify the stanza by saying, as is reported Goldsmith’s
+wife had said, ‘No herd that roves the
+valley wide to slaughter I condemn. The butcher
+kills the meat for me, I buy the meat of him.’ In
+other words I let my sons do the hunting. My
+great pleasure as you know dear girl, is to dig
+with pick and shovel from the rock, the animals
+of the past, to clean and prepare the crumbling
+bones, and by the power of the imagination
+breathe into them new life. And has not God
+shown us His appreciation of this love we both
+possess by bringing us back here among His
+creatures of another day.”</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig046" style="max-width: 186.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig046.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 46.</span>—Charlie letting down his Plated Dinosaur by gravity. Page <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig047" style="max-width: 186.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig047.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 47.</span>—Hauling out fossil log. Page <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p>“O! Papa!” cried Maud. “See the water is cut
+by the spines of great sharks twenty-five feet
+long. See some are so near the ship in this
+transparent water that we can see them perfectly.”
+“There,” I answered, “is a <i>Portheus</i> they
+seem to be in pursuit of. That big shark passes immediately
+under the <i>Portheus</i>. He turns on his
+back, and his huge mouth opens, look at the
+many rows of wicked looking teeth. How they
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span>gleam in the light, they are sharp as razors.”
+“See how many different forms of teeth in different
+parts of the mouth.” “Yes dear I remember
+that in the mouth of one I sent to Munich in 1882,
+from the Kansas Chalk Dr. Eastman found
+twenty-five synonyms, or species that had been
+described from loose teeth. Watch, there are several
+other big sharks coming to the assistance of
+the one who is after the <i>Portheus</i>. We will hoist
+the sail and try and keep pace with the battle,
+that surges westward, watch the rudder Maud
+while I loosen the main sail! It bellied to the
+strengthening breeze, urging on our ship with
+increasing speed until we were again among
+them. The <i>Portheus</i> now swimming for life was
+the foci of the sharks, that were coming to the
+attack from all directions. One would dive under
+the fish, and receive for his pains a stroke from
+his powerful tail that would put him out of commission,
+another would receive a thrust from
+the sword-like ray of the front fin. Undaunted,
+others hurried up like a pack of wolves on a
+wounded deer. Though many were wounded in
+the fray our hero fish at last succumbed to numbers,
+who gashed his body with their lance-like
+teeth, and the water was tinged with his life-blood;
+weaken and overpowered, he gradually
+ceased struggling. The sharks gathered to the
+feast. One however was so badly wounded by the
+<i>Portheus</i>, that he went to the oozy bottom with
+him. I have preserved in the Museum of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span>
+University of Kansas a shark twenty-five feet
+long, and mingled with his remains were the
+bones of a <i>Portheus</i>. The evident result of such
+a combat as we witnessed on Mosasaurian Bay.”</p>
+
+<p>We lowered our sail, and drifted idly on the
+swelling tide, that led towards shore. Maud
+steered for the mouth of a large river’s mouth,
+and succeeded in getting the boat into deep water
+under a protecting bank, and we snubbed our
+ship to some saplings and also cast our anchors
+over board, as an additional aid to holding the
+boat in place. I crossed the gang plank, I had
+connected with the shore, and went off into the
+woods after berries, for dinner, while Maude cast
+her fish lines over board, and lighted a fire, I
+brought home a couple of quarts of raspberries,
+and found Maud had caught and prepared a nice
+mess of fishes, that were sizzling over the fire.
+She soon had a nice meal ready. So the day passed
+and we early sought our state rooms, I first
+however, recited a poem I wrote on board a C.
+P. R. Steamboat, enroute from Port <ins title="originally ‘McNickels’">McNicoll</ins>
+to Port Arthur in June, 1914:</p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">A LAKE TRIP</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+I am riding on the bosom of an inland chain of lakes,<br>
+At their glories and their wonders my sluggish soul awakens!<br>
+They become the mighty highway of two nations strong and brave,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span><br>
+And the commerce of two peoples are wafted o’er the wave.<br>
+<br>
+On either shore, once planted, (God’s ancient temple grand),<br>
+The great primaeval forest densely covered all the land,<br>
+Man’s vandal hand has cut it from the face of mother earth,<br>
+To a second growth of timber the land has given birth.<br>
+<br>
+And in this Age of Iron, great freighters haul the ore,<br>
+Across Superior’s bosom to the smelters calling “more”<br>
+Ten thousand tons of coal the freighters carry west,<br>
+Where the iron-ore is loaded for its journey to the east.<br>
+<br>
+I am riding on a Steamer of the C. P.’s mighty fleet.<br>
+The keel is riding even as the earth beneath one’s feet,<br>
+In fact a Floating Palace with all its comforts there.<br>
+Its pathways blazed before it for weather rough or fair.<br>
+<br>
+What a glorious prospect now, is opened up to view<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span><br>
+The scenes for ever changing each opening vista new,<br>
+See! indentures cut in shoreline by rivers’ mouth or bay,<br>
+But for the lighted lamps we’d hardly find our way.<br>
+<br>
+At last our boat has entered and rapidly passed through,<br>
+The lock of Sault St. Marie, the Frenchmen call the Soo.<br>
+Upon the broad Superior our westward course we take<br>
+The course the captain chooses, near the center of the lake.<br>
+<br>
+But now a mist is falling that soon becomes a fog.<br>
+Our Siren sends her warning o’er many a lengthening rod.<br>
+We hear the Fog Horns sounding from near or distant craft,<br>
+And just abeam our steamship we hear an answering blast.<br>
+<br>
+We think of Ireland’s Empress as she sank beneath the wave,<br>
+Which, until God’s trump, will be some dear one’s grave.<br>
+But, God rules on the water, as well as on the land<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span><br>
+We’re very full of confidence we’re guided by His hand.<br>
+<br>
+So in our narrow state room, we lay us down to rest<br>
+And through the long night watches, we journey towards the west,<br>
+And when the morn awakes us, the sun is shining bright.<br>
+And head land peaks are glowing with streams of early light.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>We woke next morning much refreshed as the
+night had been cool. After breakfast we were
+ready for the adventures of another day. Drifting
+out gently on the broad waters of the bay,
+we were delighted to see a school of <i>Plesiosaurs</i>
+come sailing in from some distant cruise. These
+strange sea lizards, with long powerful neck and
+four paddles, and a mere stump of a tail. They
+were on a fishing excursion, as the herring and
+mackerel were now coming in to spawn near
+shore. These monster saurians swam like a
+snake bird below the surface, their long necks
+and heads darted hither and thither above and
+below exploring a space of forty feet in search
+of fishes. We could see the flash of shining teeth
+as a luckless fish was captured. Some of them
+floated on the surface, and with swan-like neck
+and body they moved in graceful circles, or sped
+along at a terrific pace picking up their morning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span>
+meal, from the countless panic stricken fishes,
+that vainly sought to escape their tooth-armed
+jaws. I told Maud of a complete skeleton that had
+once been found by a farmer in the Kansas chalk
+of Butte Creek, Logan County. “He started to
+excavate a place for a stable when he uncovered
+some huge vertebrae, and ribs over five feet long.
+He supposed they were elephant bones, and as
+they were broken, he thought they could not be
+saved, and so dug up the bones with the chalk.
+They were dumped into a cow yard and beaten
+to powder under their feet, and could never be
+restored. I grieved much over the loss to science
+of that splendid specimen that has never been
+duplicated. Dr. S. W. Williston, the oldest living
+American Vertebrate Paleontologist, described
+the few bones I was able to save from
+the general wreck. He did me the honor of naming
+it after me.” “What a pity,” cried Maud.
+“It must be terrible for you to learn of such vandalism.”
+“Yes, dear,” I replied. “I doubt
+whether any mortal suffers more from this kind
+of vandalism due entirely to ignorance than I.
+I remember finding some very large turtles in
+the Upper Miocene of Phillips County, Kansas,
+that had been killed evidently by a sand storm,
+as they were all resting on their carapaces, as
+if traveling in one direction. I secured over
+twenty of these land turtles, and among them
+was the most perfect and beautiful one I have
+ever collected, although Dr. Weiland of Yale<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span>
+University told me that if five of the most perfect
+fossil turtles known, were placed together
+a couple I sent his museum, would rank 2 and 3.
+I had occasion to photograph this splendid specimen,
+and had laid it on edge on a deal table. I
+then went into a carpenter shop for assistance
+in moving another, too heavy for me to handle.
+When we got to the table the man helping me
+sprang on it (as he thought he could lift the one
+we were carrying easier), his weight was so
+great, it bent the boards on whose further ends
+the fine specimen was resting, and it came to
+the floor with a crash. It was broken to pieces
+so small it could not be saved and restored. So
+one of these animals so perfect in all human
+probability it will never be duplicated, was destroyed.
+The loss was terrible for me.” “You
+have had some bitter experiences,” said Maud,
+tears standing in her sympathetic eyes. “Many
+indeed, Maud,” I answered. “But while we have
+been talking our plesiosaurs have put to sea.
+Their distant wakes are just visible.” “See,
+papa, what a strange looking fish. What is it
+do you suppose?” “Maud, that to me is the best
+armored and most ferocious fish I have ever
+known. I used to think the man-eating sharks,
+off the Florida coast were the most blood thirsty
+of the order, but this one is still worse. Notice
+the head is prolonged in front into a long round
+bony snout, or ram. On account of this I called
+it a snout fish when I first discovered their bones<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span>
+in the Kansas chalk. The ram ends, you notice,
+in a sharp point eight or ten inches long. Then
+at the end of the mouth are four lance-like teeth
+projecting forward, and outward. The object
+was for these to cut the breach his ram had made
+in the quivering flesh of a mosasaur wider, so he
+could force his head into the bleeding flesh to
+the eye rims. But his most terrible weapons
+are his pectoral fins. See, they are four feet long.
+Serrated on the cutting or outer edge, enameled
+and sharp as a knife. They can be locked, and
+stand out straight from the body. A sudden
+swing would, if he was close to a mosasaur cut
+a gash several feet long in its vitals. See these
+fins span over eight feet. I pity the fish or reptile
+that comes his way.” “Watch, papa!” cried
+Maud. “There comes a huge shark. He certainly
+doesn’t mean to attack such a well-armed
+fighter, does he?” “I should not be surprised,”
+I answered. “I believe a shark of this size, at
+least twenty-five feet long, will attack anything
+that has life.” The shark made a sudden dive
+under the snout fish, but before he could turn
+the fish set his right sword-like fin and swinging
+suddenly to the left made an awful gash into
+the side of the shark laying open and slashing
+his vital organs. Relaxing his efforts he sank
+into the ooze of the ocean bed, followed by the
+snout fish to feast off his carcass. And so we
+idly drifted with the currents and study the
+wondrous fauna of this strange sea and land.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span>
+We see Marsh’s loon diving for fishes, and many
+other birds not known to science. One day while
+resting from the excessive heat in the shade of a
+redwood Maud was very tired and soon fell
+asleep. I, too, leaning against a mossy log,
+dozed off.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII<br>
+<span class="sm">THE WONDERS OF THE PERMIAN</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>How wonderfully God works in one’s life! I
+must have fallen from the log, for I dreamed,
+Maud and I had both disappeared into a sluggish
+lagoon. When I came to my senses, I discovered
+that I was in a great jungle of vegetation; that
+belonged to a very early age I recognized the
+dense forest of many species of Carboniferous
+Tree Ferns and Tree Rushes; and many species
+of Cycads. Nearly all the trees were inward
+growers, with plumes of vegetation on top of the
+scar-marked trunks, from which the leaves had
+already fallen during their growth upward. I
+knew that only a thin, hard, outer covering protected
+the pith beneath of most of the trees
+around me. Although there were pines, the
+<i>Angiosperms</i> had not yet appeared. Everywhere
+were dense masses of sponge-moss, and moss-like
+trees.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+<i>Lepidodendrons</i> bushy crest<br>
+Wave back and forth, together prest;<br>
+While sponge-moss hangs in festoons gay<br>
+Across the thickly planted way.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig048" style="max-width: 167.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig048.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 48.</span>—Urn-shaped mass of rock. Page <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig049" style="max-width: 146.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig049.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 49.</span>—Egyptian Sphinx-like rock. Page <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span></p>
+
+<p>The climate was tropical; the heat intense.
+The water was fresh; no sea in sight.</p>
+
+<p>I climbed to the top of a tree fern, from which
+point of vantage, I had an uninterrupted view
+of the surrounding country; which was one
+great level stretch of fern plumes, densely intermingled
+with ancient pines, lepidodendrons,
+and cycads. The latter resembling gigantic pine
+apples, with a plume of leaves on top; or with
+tree-like trunk, and plume of crowded pinnate
+leaves. These first clung closer to the ground.
+While the others sought the direct sunlight perhaps
+fifty feet above. From my field of vision,
+these vast masses of the most delicate foliage
+imaginable, moved by the gentle breeze in gentle
+undulations, with only here and there a
+break in their carpet-like compactness. While
+swinging below, as I have already noted,
+were hanging mosses in various hues. The ground
+densely covered with sponge-moss. In the lower
+places pools of water into which the moss extended
+often completely covering them, a land of
+treacherous bogs. One must watch his footing
+as I soon proved, by cutting a rush whose length
+was over twenty-five feet, and pushed it easily
+down into one of these small moss-ponds, through
+the peat and failed to reach the bottom, I realized
+how easily one might lose his footing, and slip
+into one of these mossy swamps and disappear.</p>
+
+<p>And another thought came to me of the wonderful
+bone-bed Miller found along the Big Wichita
+in Texas, in 1909 where many complete skeletons<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span>
+covering a space six or seven feet wide, ten
+or twelve feet long and two feet thick. In this
+limited interval, according to Dr. S. W. Williston,
+who has been so fortunate as to study the
+material secured by Miller were dozens of complete
+skeletons packed like sardines in a box of
+the wonderful fauna of the Permian of Texas.</p>
+
+<p>From a slight observation of the flora of the
+region into which we had been miraculously
+transplanted, it had convinced me that I had
+gone back from the twentieth century some
+twelve million years to the close of the Carboniferous,
+that great age of Coal Plants, when vast
+regions packed with the moss and other vegetation
+had been engulfed in the sea, and after ages
+converted into coal.</p>
+
+<p>So, how easily it was for me to realize that one
+of these lovely moss covered pools, might prove
+a death-trap to any animal whose spoor lay
+through this region. It was lucky for me that I
+still possessed a Marsh pick with its broad duck-billed
+end, with which I could easily hew my way
+through the dense but easily felled trees and
+rushes, that obstructed in jungles of vegetation
+my progress. I judged that the open spaces I saw
+in the distance from my lookout in the crown of
+a tree fern, must represent ponds or lakes and
+there, would be by far a better place to study
+the fauna of this strange region, because I knew
+from my own discoveries in the Permian of
+Texas that many of the vertebrates were Amphibians<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span>
+who lived in the water or the land as
+pleased their fancy.</p>
+
+<p>As I knew I would like to return to the place
+where I first awoke to the realities of life, and
+from past experiences Maud was likely to appear
+near here too. My first act after sliding down
+from the tree was to divest myself of all my clothing
+except a pair of shoes, a pair of pants, and
+a woolen shirt and light hat, with a broad rim
+I had worn so long. On account of the moist climate
+and thick vegetation, the air was heavy
+with carbonic acid gas. The only place where
+fresh winds were blowing and the air was rich in
+oxygen, was on top of the forests, or as I hoped
+along some lake shore where the winds of heaven
+would be able to ripple the waters at least. So
+ready armed with my pick to cut a pathway or
+defend myself from some hungry amphibian or
+reptile because I expected to find amphibians
+with huge heads, and bodies larger than my own,
+armed with terrible teeth. It seemed strange too,
+that though in the twentieth century the order
+to which these giants belonged, frogs and salamander
+were ready to disappear. Here they were
+the dominant type so abundant that the Permian
+Age has been called the Age of Amphibian or
+Batracians, I found the work fatiguing on account
+of the great heat and close and oppressive
+atmosphere, that constantly seemed to be on me
+to take a nap, yet with the power man has over
+material and sensual things, I cut a pathway<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span>
+broad enough for two to walk in it side by side,
+I knew if Maud was discovered, she would want
+not to follow me like an Indian in single file,
+but beside me. I often stopped to listen, as I
+rapidly progressed toward one of the open spaces
+I had noted from the tree, because born on the
+slight breeze that rustled the leaves above me, I
+could hear the croaking of frogs that grew louder
+and louder, the sound put me in mind of a lot
+of frogs singing through a megaphone. Suddenly
+without warning, I cut through the jungle and
+found myself facing an inland lake of fresh water
+bordered in places with reeds and rushes and
+moss that reached into the water.</p>
+
+<p>At another place near where I caught my first
+view of the waters, was a sandy beach. Peopled
+with life, both reptiles and batracians were everywhere.
+The great Salamander <i>Eryops</i> of
+Cope of which I had secured so much material in
+the Red Beds of the Big Wichita River in Texas
+both for Cope, Zittel and Von Hume, swam
+in the waters before me or measured their six
+feet of length upon the sand. The frog-like noise
+I concluded came from these huge monarchs of
+the Amphibians. I could see them resting on
+logs that were half submerged in the water, or
+swimming below the water; lying on the bottom
+or crawling along the shore. Emerging from the
+jungle that fringed the lake on the further margin
+from me were strange reptiles. One I noticed
+in particular was the largest of his tribe we were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span>
+likely to see here. I say we because I could not
+believe that He who had brought Maud and me
+through so many adventures would take her
+bright presence away forever. These thoughts
+were in my mind as I watched a reptile come
+into full view out of the jungle.</p>
+
+<p>The most wonderful thing about him, was that
+he carried on his back an enormous hump. The
+spines in the center of the column were at least
+three feet high, and packed around the base were
+masses of muscle and ligaments, tapering to a
+sharp point at the top of the spine. A cross section
+would be wedge shaped. I learned afterwards
+from a study of the skeleton, that as the
+centra of the vertebrae were very weak they were
+held firmly in place by the crossing ligaments
+that were wound around the centra and spines in
+intermingled masses. This creature had come
+out of the jungle for water interested me greatly.
+He was about ten feet long from head to the long
+end of the delicate tail. I was surprised to see
+him suddenly dive back into the jungle with all
+the speed at his command. The <i>Eryops</i> too suddenly
+stopped croaking and a nerve wrecking silence,
+covered me as with a pall. The reptiles and
+amphibians sought refuge in the jungle of the
+bottom of the lake. And that body of water but
+a second before so full of life and activity lay a
+mirror, silent as the grave, looking in the direction
+from which neither reptile or amphibian had
+run for shelter, I heard too, an unaccustomed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span>
+sound in these swamps and everglades, it sounded
+very much like the cutting of trees. I could hear
+the crush of mingled vegetation as if a tree fern
+had been felled at one strong blow and it came
+sliding down against the thickly planted vegetation,
+I could hear the swish as it was dragged
+away, to make room for another that quickly fell.
+Yes! I could hear human voices I was sure, and
+soon I heard wafted across the lake the loved
+name Maud. I could see the trees swaying, and
+then one by one come down in a straight line for
+the lake, and I knew that in these solitudes I
+was not alone. That God had brought others to
+this young earth. Whose surface still felt the
+subterraneous heat, whose crust was so thin it
+often sank into the sea or was raised just above
+high tide. I sprang forward on the beach to the
+water’s edge just as the last obstruction in the
+shape of a trunked cycad with its tangled mass
+of leaflets crushed to the earth and behind the
+ambuscade of vegetation stood my whole family
+from Mamma to Levi, and close beside him was
+Maud. George and Charlie were the ones who
+wielded their picks, Mabel and Myrtle and the
+children and the others dragged the trees away
+and they had their hands on the cycad when they
+suddenly beheld me standing petrified on the
+beach. Such a shout went up was never heard
+before. I waved my pick speechless with surprise,
+for once at least in my life, as you have all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span>
+found out my dear readers, as my father used to
+say “I talk too much.”</p>
+
+<p>All at once I recovered the use of my organs of
+speech and shouted: “Why don’t you come over?”
+They all waved branches of the palm like cycad
+they had torn from its head, as they
+shouted back: “<i>Why don’t you come over?</i>”
+Well it did appear to me that it would
+be easier for me to cross the smooth
+waters than such a crowd. So trimming
+off the plumes from a mass of cycad and tree
+ferns, I soon had enough trunks to build me a
+raft, I lashed them together with the mid ribs of
+the cycad leaflets, which proved as strong and
+pliable as buck-skin thongs. In a very few minutes
+I had a raft that floated like a cork, as the
+centers of the trunks were full of pith. We afterwards
+found this pith was quite starchy and made
+very acceptable sago flour. In the mean time, the
+party on the other shore had erected huts covered
+with leaves above, and open below so the wind
+might circulate through them and the roofs
+would not only deflect the ardent heat of the sun
+but protect us from torrential rains. With a reed
+for a paddle I sprang on my raft and soon ferried
+across to my beloved ones, I had never expected
+to meet in the Permian at least. Of course I was
+delighted to find Maud.</p>
+
+<p>After our greetings they gathered in affectionate
+groups under the trees and told me of their
+experiences since we last met. Mamma said after<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span>
+I disappeared so suddenly and mysteriously from
+my home in Lawrence, she had induced George
+and Charlie to move their families into the home
+nest, from which they had taken flight. She had
+imagined all kinds of things, and even the Government
+had missed their fossil hunter and had
+exhausted the resources of the Detective Division
+as well as that of the United States in the endeavor
+to locate me, but I had disappeared as effectually
+as if the earth had opened her mouth
+and swallowed me up. Only day before yesterday
+Levi suddenly disappeared, and left her in a
+terrible state of suspense as to what it all meant.
+Last night she had a family council with George
+and Charlie and their wives. They went over the
+same old ground again and again and were no
+nearer solving the perplexing problems than at
+first. The children had been sent to bed and there
+were rocking chairs enough to go round in which
+the grown ups were seated comfortably. Mamma
+she told me, was the first to doze off and Charlie
+soon followed suit. The girls and George smiled
+over the others, but before they realized it they
+too, had dropped off. George was the first one to
+wake with a start. He could hardly believe his
+senses. They were in a dense forest of tree ferns,
+in fact only a few miles from where I was at the
+time. They were all there but Levi, and as
+George’s surprised exclamation woke them all
+they heard a rustling noise in the edge of a little
+clearing and before they could say a word Levi<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span>
+broke through the jungle with Maud clinging to
+his arm. “Well,” Mamma said, “ask Maud to tell
+the rest of the story.” Which I gladly did. It
+seems, that as Maud had been through a lengthy
+experience in the Ancient World, she had become
+a leader. “Well Papa,” she remarked, “you remember
+when we disappeared in the water of the
+Lagoon, I lost all consciousness, but came to my
+senses in this jungle. My first thought was of
+course another providential occurrence. I could
+hear what seemed the bellowing of great frogs and
+strange sounds my ears had never listened to before.
+I wondered where you could be, and was so
+anxious to find you, that I could not stand it, remaining
+there all alone in this strange country,
+so I plunged madly on, forcing the thick stems
+and trunks apart and squeezing through them, I
+called to you too, ‘papa, papa, where are you!’ I
+could not see an inch ahead for the vegetation.
+The moss tangled in my hair that fell down and I
+must have looked a perfect fright. I came suddenly
+on a clear space only a couple of yards
+across, covered with the loveliest moss you could
+imagine. I sprang into the very middle of it in
+my haste, and broke through and began to sink. I
+screamed, ‘Papa, Papa,’ and threw out my arms
+toward the other side when suddenly I saw two
+human hands spring out of the jungle and grasp
+mine, and strong arms drew me bodily out of the
+treacherous pit, I stood beside smiling brother
+Levi. He told me that he had gone to sleep in his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span>
+room at home in Lawrence and had awakened
+here the day before and that he had wandered
+around in an almost dazed condition. Every
+thing so strange. He could not tell what to make
+of it. I then told him our experiences together in
+the other ages and regions we had explored, of
+our boat on Mosasaurian Bay, and the many adventures
+we had enjoyed together and expressed
+the belief that we would soon find you and we
+started on the quest. Levi had his pick and cut
+a way while I dragged out the trees he felled and
+piled them in the thick jungle. We had not gone
+a great ways, when we suddenly heard a shout in
+front of us. ‘That is George I know,’ cried Levi,
+‘I recognize his voice,’ and he raised an answering
+shout that made the very leaves tremble. We
+soon reached him and there was Mamma and all
+the rest of our family. It was a joyful meeting
+but Mamma would not allow us to remain there
+talking of our wonderful experience because she
+was sure you could not be far off. As the boys
+had their picks they cut a broad path while the
+rest of us pulled the light trees out of the way
+and we were progressing famously when we saw
+your astonished face across the narrow lake.” I
+could only thank God that I had been reunited
+with my people and that Maud also was there.
+It would have seemed terrible to remember her
+sinking into the treacherous lagoon, then suddenly
+find myself separated from it by millions of
+years. Ethel and little Raymond had gone off
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span>to the sandy beach to play in the sand and
+Charlie too. They romped until they were tired
+and Ethel returned to Mabel and asked her if
+dinner was ready. We had not thought of it. But
+had been so excited at our reunion, after so
+many weeks, so much occupied with our talk,
+that we forgot to be hungry. Just before the
+family council had gone to sleep George had been
+at work inventing some cooking utensils, and had
+not only made diagrams of them but had secured
+some sheets of aluminum. He had put them in
+his collecting bag along with the usual tools he
+carried in the field, and when he woke with the
+rest of the family he still had them. So I told
+him if he would make a cooking kettle I would
+get something to put in it for dinner. Maud
+knowing the resources of a forest better than the
+others gathered some dry sticks and Levi by her
+advice cut some crotched sticks he drove in the
+earth, and a cross stick to swing the kettle on.
+George soon found a round water-worn cobblestone
+on the beach to use as a mold and hammered
+a sheet of aluminum around it, and soon had
+a pot ready. He cut off a narrow strip for a
+handle and punched holes in the upper rim to
+fasten it to. In the meantime I wove together a
+lot of leaves and made a tray, which I took to
+one of the cycad stumps (we had cut off the
+trunk). Then with my pick scraped out a quantity
+of the pith that fell as white powder into the
+tray. On my return Maud had the water boiling<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span>
+and we stirred in sago flour and as soon as it
+thickened into porridge it was ready for a lot
+of hungry mouths. Charlie had made some
+spoons, so with the pot in the midst we thanked
+our heavenly Father for the food from his hand
+and the glad reunion in the Old Permian of
+Texas. After a hearty meal we planned for the
+future. Resolving to thoroughly explore the
+jungle and try and reach tidewater; as we felt
+sure the old Permian ocean was not far away.
+After our excited voices had reached quiet and
+ordinary tones, we were pleased to see the Amphibians
+and reptiles come out on the beach. One
+of the most abundant was <i>Labidosaurus</i> an Amphibian
+like reptile about three feet long. It had
+short legs and an enormous head compared with
+its length. I remember a quarry of these reptiles
+I discovered on the west fork of Coffee Creek in
+Baylor County, Texas. I found several fine skulls
+for the late Professor Cope, and later by digging
+into the greenish sandstone, I secured a number
+more for Dr. Von Zittel of Munich. Another
+reptile appeared from the edge of the jungle that
+so closely resembles a South American lizard of
+the twentieth century, it was called Varanus, by
+Dr. Broili. It was about four feet in length, had
+a long head, delicate lizard-like tail. Still another
+form soon attracted our attention coming
+from across the narrow pond out of the woods.
+It was about four feet long, had strong limbs and
+short head with many small teeth. The giant<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span>
+amphibian <i>Eryops</i> too, soon found the courage
+to come out of the water and start his unmelodious
+croak to be soon answered by a friendly fellow
+in the distance. So the life and noises of the
+quiet jungle took up the accustomed tenor of
+their ways. The children clapped their hands
+and shouted when a new form appeared, as delighted
+as if a menagerie were on the tapis, and
+all the family were deeply interested. I had the
+boys drive rush stakes into the ground around
+our clearings, so as to protect us from the inroads
+of the big reptiles and amphibians, and admit
+the air freely. We needed all of that we
+could possibly get. So we passed the day and
+night fall found us all gathered in our enclosure
+listening to the strange noises around us. We had
+already arranged huts for the entire party and
+after reading a chapter (for Mamma had her Bible
+with her) we offered our evening prayers and
+went to restful sleep. In the morning we were
+early astir. It was no need to warn the younger
+men and women to beware of the treacherous
+bogs as they already had learned of Maud’s adventure.
+We made another appetising dish from
+the sago flour and I caught some little reptiles
+not over eight inches long and gar-pike. We fried
+these in their rich grease, and with the sago
+mush, had an excellent breakfast. The presence
+of my beloved family added much to my own
+pleasure.</p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig050" style="max-width: 175.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig050.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 50.</span>—Dog Creek, Montana. Notice effects of vulcanism. Page <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig051" style="max-width: 187.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig051.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 51.</span>—Badlands near Cow Island, Montana. Page <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<p>My feeble pen would fail to describe the beauty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span>
+of the Tree Fern and Cycad forest. The enormous
+fronds of fern leaflets that crowned the marked
+trunks around us, put me in mind of the Australian
+Tree Ferns in the Carnegie Conservatories
+at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Only they
+were much larger and the massive fern branches
+formed larger crowns. There was such a wealth
+of variety here too that delighted me. All were
+lost in wonder at the strange scenery and life,
+both in its flora and fauna. We determined to
+cut our way in a southerly direction as I felt
+sure I scented the distant sea. Charlie and myself
+using our picks, cut a wide swath of ferns
+and cycads and other carboniferous trees. Our
+women folks hauling them out of the way. We
+were constantly coming across the strange reptilian
+and amphibian life of that far-away day,
+and our exclamations of surprise at the beauty
+of this ancient forest came involuntarily from
+our lips. The moss too, in many gorgeous colors,
+and hues carpeted the damp ground beneath our
+feet, or hung in tapestry-like folds from the
+branches overhead. Many hands made rapid
+progress and though the heat was excessive we
+all perspired freely. We often came across the
+bogs of great extent, ponds and lakes bordered
+with peat moss, and saw countless reptiles on
+shore or amphibians in the water. With
+the earnest hope that we might reach
+salt water, we labored on under the glaring
+sun above, that penetrated the thick<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span>
+vegetation and as we opened the way, the heat
+was very trying on our unprotected heads. At
+last a strong breeze began to sweep the crowns of
+verdure above us into great billows, making
+music among the delicate branches, and I was
+sure we were reaching the open sea. So Charlie
+climbed the trunk of a tall fern and when he got
+to the strong bases of the ferns he stood erect on
+them and shouted, “There it is to the south;” for
+as he told us, a great ocean lay before him as far
+as his eyes could reach. So with renewed courage
+we hurried on and before dark broke through
+the dense jungles we had been traveling through,
+on the beach, and into a strong wind that was
+blowing from the south and curling the waves
+into swaying masses. It was indeed a glorious
+sight and we all rushed down and ran into the
+curling breakers near shore and let them roll
+over us. Thoroughly refreshed, we returned to
+the edge of the jungle and went to work building
+shelters for the whole family. We were delighted
+when George and Charlie brought us a mess
+of fishes, sturgeon-like in appearance, which,
+with the cycad flour, the women got up a fine
+meal. Levi and Maud came in later and we enjoyed
+an appetising meal. While we were resting
+after supper and watching the boundless sea,
+I recited some of the poems I had written. The
+first one in honor of Jennie McKee’s wedding
+day. She had been a very dear friend indeed:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span></p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent20">I.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I am thinking of thee,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">My heart beating time</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With that heart of thine.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">How I hope, and I pray,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That your wedding day,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">May be a day of the greatest joy,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A day of pleasure without alloy.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent20">II.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I am longing with thee,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That the future for you</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">May never be blue,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And like birds on the wing</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">You ever may sing.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That your dear life may be blest,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Full of joy and of rest.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent20">III.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Your heart once so free,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Bound in fetters of love.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">May God bless from above:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Two hearts beat as one,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While your course you will run,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In currents both peaceful and sweet,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Until golden shores you will meet.</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent20">IV.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">My thoughts turn to thee.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And days that have flown</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Since you, I have known</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To the man of your choice</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And I well may rejoice,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For you give all a woman can give,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Your love, and yourself while you live.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent20">V.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Contentment for thee,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In the home you will make,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In the love you awake,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In the strong heart and true,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Who has pledged all to you,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Fill that home full of love</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A forecast of mansions above.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent20">VI.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O! Jennie McKee,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">God’s blessings on thee!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Like Mary of yore,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">May He sit at your door.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">O! sit at His feet,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Learn wisdom so sweet,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That will bless you as long as you live,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While to Him your best service you give.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span></p>
+<p>The children had gone to bed and our camp
+fire of dry fern stumps burned brightly, or faded
+away as Levi and Maud replenished it. At last
+worn out with the excessive heat and labor we
+all retired to our respective huts. We were soon
+lost in sleep. When the Amphibians greeted the
+rising sun with their chorus of what to us
+seemed like discordant notes (doubtless they
+were melodious to the natives of these early
+wilds where foot of man had never trod before).
+The human element stirred themselves, and after
+breakfast we all wandered down to the beach for
+an early plunge. We dried our salty clothes by
+running or walking along the level sandy shore.</p>
+
+<p>Maud had called our attention, in a land
+locked bay to a fleet of Ammonites. Those lovely
+nautilus-like chambered shells, who had spread
+their transparent sails to the morning breeze.
+Some were enormous, over two feet in diameter,
+and resembled huge cornucopias. They floated
+as lightly and as elegantly as a flock of swans.
+They were arrayed in all the colors of the rainbow.
+We could also see fishes, all clad in armor
+of enameled scales, in many a lovely hue, gar-pike
+and sturgeon were among the most common.
+The bony fishes did not appear until the Cretaceous
+Age, you remember.</p>
+
+<p>What the children loved to do most was to
+dig in the sand or hunt for the nests of small
+reptiles, six or eight inches long, that often lay
+coiled a few inches below the surface, their heads<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span>
+could enter mamma’s silver thimble. My parties
+found many of them in the Red Permian Beds of
+Baylor County, Texas. As the sun rose higher
+the children became drowsy and we returned to
+our huts and laid them down in some soft fern
+leaflets that made a bed as light as eider down.
+We talked of our wonderful adventures in quiet
+tones, so as not to disturb them, and before we
+knew it, we too, had fallen asleep.</p>
+
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp80" id="fig052" style="max-width: 188.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/fig052.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 52.</span>—Badlands of the Missouri River. Page <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAPTER_XIV">CHAPTER XIV<br>
+<span class="sm">CONCLUSION</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<p>Last May I resigned my position as collector
+and preparator for the Geological Survey of
+Canada. And soon afterwards went into the
+field for the British Museum of Natural History,
+London. Though the British government was
+spending no money in this kind of research, Dr.
+A. Smith Woodward, Keeper of Geology there,
+secured the means for the first two months’ work
+from The Sladin Memorial Fund of Piccadilly,
+London. My son, Levi, was the only expert collector
+I had with me though I employed men
+and transportation in the field. We settled down
+in a camp a couple of miles below Steveville and
+remained there all summer, exploring the badlands
+near the mouth of Berry Creek.</p>
+
+<p>Our success was as usual, great. We were able
+to collect three skeletons of duck-billed dinosaurs
+of the genus <i>Corythosaurus</i>, of Brown or
+<i>Stephanosaurus</i>, of Lambe. They were all three
+discovered by my son, Levi, who worked with remarkable
+persistence and enthusiasm. I too,
+after I had recovered from an injury I received
+due to being thrown from my wagon onto the
+ground, put in every moment I could see, in the
+heavy work of excavating three skeletons, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span>taking them up before frost, when no man can
+work in those beds. It will not do to let plaster
+freeze, and without plaster we could not take up
+any vertebrate fossil there.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the fact that the clay in the strata
+prevent water entering it, very little true petrification
+has taken place. If you will refer to the
+Life of a Fossil Hunter, page 258, you will see
+there what I had learned up to the time of writing,
+the process by which fossils are made. I found here in the Belly River
+Series entirely different conditions. The bones
+had not been replaced by silica and become petrified.
+There was very little change in the bones
+except that they were usually sheathed in a hard
+layer of bog iron. The spongy bone was as friable
+as that in a dry, recent bone; the cells were not
+filled with rocky material. The thin outer layer
+of compact bone was filled with the iron simply.
+I once said that if I could get my teeth on a
+fossil bone I could tell its age almost, by the
+amount of silica it contained. Here, however, I
+find that nature has more than one way of preserving
+her records, and that it depends largely
+on the matrix in which the bones are entombed.
+If clay prevents water passing through the bones,
+there can be no true replacement, as water is the
+vehicle used in transporting silica or lime or
+whatever the petrifying material may be, and it
+cannot pass through certain clays. This discovery<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span>
+of mine after having observed the fossilized
+animals and plants of many horizons prove
+that the most careful observer is liable to misinterpret
+the workings of nature, showing us that
+God’s laws are past finding out by finite minds.
+Nature is a well that man can never fathom, an
+ocean with no shore. As long as men observe
+and think, they will be drawing water from well
+and ocean with no visible effect. The well will
+still be full and the shores remain unexplored.</p>
+
+<p>Levi found the most complete skeleton of a
+crested duck-billed dinosaur that had been discovered
+in the Belly River Series by my party.
+Mr. Brown discovered, close to the Steveville
+Ferry, the most complete one known, and which
+he has fully described in his <i>Corythosaurus
+casuarius</i>, Bulletin of the American Museum of
+Natural History, New York, November 2nd,
+1916. This is the first specimen ever found in a
+swimming pose. As if in the very act of swimming
+it had died and was instantly covered up
+in the soft mud and never disturbed until
+Brown’s pick revealed it to the world. I firmly
+believe as I have said before, this specimen
+proves conclusively that the conventional pose
+taken of these duck-bills as usually standing on
+land erect is a mistake; as I have always believed.
+The one I prepared for the Victoria
+Museum proves the same thing, and every one
+I have seen in the beds, or have found myself,
+point the same way, but as it will be a costly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span>
+thing to take down all the mounts in American
+Museums of Cretaceous trachodonts I do not
+expect to live to see my views universally put in
+practice.</p>
+
+<p>This specimen, No. 9, I wrote of to Dr. Woodward,
+August 21st, 1913: “I have uncovered
+enough of the floor to be able to give you some
+valuable information. I have now traced the
+entire column, except four feet of the caudal region.
+I have found one femur in position with
+its tibia and fibula, one humerus and front foot,
+and many ribs. The most disappointing thing:
+we have only found the mandibles and predentary,
+the maxilla of one side, the occiput and
+part of the crest and the back of the skull.”</p>
+
+<p>Later we found the entire skeleton except four
+feet of the tail just back of the pelvic arch,
+where it had been weathered out and destroyed,
+and part of the skull. This skeleton was about
+thirty feet long, and I considered it next in perfection
+to that of Mr. Brown’s <i>Corythosaurus</i>. There
+were in addition large patches of the skin impression.
+I show you the place where the body lay,
+after we had wrapped it. It also shows the vast
+amount of labor required to save it.</p>
+
+<p>It lay up a narrow gorge, too narrow to get a
+horse up it. We were obliged to cut steps up
+and down the rough way from the nearest point
+we could reach it from camp and Levi had to
+carry nearly all the water, plaster, and burlap,
+and paper, etc., necessary to wrap a skeleton<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span>
+nearly thirty feet long. The distance from the
+wagon was nearly an eighth of a mile.</p>
+
+<p>But that labor sank into insignificance compared
+to the labor he had to strap beneath the
+specimen his burlap strips in such a way that
+the rock did not fall out. It would often take
+him many minutes before he could get the strip
+to stick. He lay on his back and patted the plaster
+soaked burlap with the ends of his fingers
+until the blood came. Then often the plaster
+would harden before he could get it to stick.
+Then he had to take a new strip and go through
+the same hard and patience-trying labor, filling
+his eyes with the burning lime. In all the labor
+we do in taking up a complete skeleton, there is
+no part of it that requires so much patience and
+so much skill as strapping the under side.</p>
+
+<p>After this specimen was ready for hauling out
+of the brakes we had to build a sled road to it
+from the prairie and haul it to camp around
+the badlands, about six miles, while it only lay
+about a mile from camp in a bee-line.</p>
+
+<p>Now it seems almost incredible that after over
+two months of such exhausting mental, physical
+and soul-trying labor, it should be sent to the
+bottom of the Atlantic Ocean by a German
+Raider on English Commerce. If anything on
+earth can prove the wantonness of such destruction,
+this is a good example. I have given fifty
+years freely to science without money, often, and
+without price. The best that is in me. So I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span>
+could show to generations to come the wonderful
+works of God in creation. Ten minutes of vandalism
+destroys all my labor, my hopes, my life
+almost, because I never can recover from such
+a blow as this. I have not told the full story yet,
+because the second specimen Levi found was in
+many respects better than this one I have described.
+It was in splendid matrix. A strong
+sandstone, and the bones beautifully preserved,
+a specimen that could have been easily prepared.
+One hind foot was all that was exposed. I could
+not believe that this meant anything, but a few
+loose bones. It pointed heavenward, from the
+side of a cliff. We followed the foot down to the
+body and found the entire skeleton except a few
+inches of the tail and <i>THE HEAD</i>. With a restored
+head, (and we found one that could have
+been used) as far as the public was concerned, the
+British Museum could have mounted these two
+lords of the ancient bayous in that great store
+house of treasures, more rare than gold or silver,
+to be the heritage of the ages still to come.</p>
+
+<p>This too, was with the first one and went to
+the bottom, with the Mount Temple and as far
+as I could learn, all on board. Perhaps some
+time when the sea will give up her dead, these
+noble examples of God’s handiwork may also be
+exposed to the light of day once more. I considered
+from every standpoint, money or science,
+these two specimens were worth double what the
+first two months of labor yielded up. I never<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span>
+entered the Victoria Memorial Museum where
+we had mounted one of the noble duck-bills without
+a feeling of awe, as if I stood in the presence
+of God himself. It dominates everything in the
+Museum, and attracts the attention of the dullest
+of men. How happy I was in the thought
+that for countless thousands of years to come,
+others could feel that same feeling of reverence
+for the Creator. In the twinkling of an eye the
+blue Atlantic covered them. I once prepared the
+skeleton of a <i>Megatherium</i> from Brazil; it too
+had gone to the bottom of the ocean, but divers
+had rescued it from its watery grave. I have little
+hope that this will ever be done to the noble
+duck-bills who were sent to Davies Locker by a
+German torpedo.</p>
+
+<p>We discovered other fine material that was
+saved and the preparators are at work on it, so
+I hope our last year’s labor, the most strenuous
+for many years may not be entirely lost.</p>
+
+<p>My dear readers my book is coming to a close.
+The other volume “The Life of a Fossil Hunter”
+is out of print. It depends on you whether we
+have another edition published. This I will
+gladly do, if each reader of this one, will send
+me a subscription for the other. You will certainly
+realize that this work, like the other has
+been a labor of love. Take this volume, I am at
+my own personal expense issuing five hundred
+copies. If I sell each copy I will not realize
+any more than the cost of publication. I worked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span>
+all last winter from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. on the
+manuscript, and all day Saturday of each week,
+except Sunday. It has taken me all winter to
+look after the printing of this. My whole object
+has been to give the information I have acquired
+through years of toil and hardship in the desolate
+fossil fields to the public, so they may realize
+something of the wonders of Nature, and the hope
+it may lead some of my readers to Nature’s God,
+the Triune God we worship.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+
+<p class="p2 center">THE GRAND CANYON OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+I have often heard the story<br>
+Of that Mighty Canyon Grand;<br>
+Powell pointed out the glory<br>
+Of that deeply sculptured land.<br>
+<br>
+Where the Colorado river<br>
+Has cut a passage deep,<br>
+In the very heart of nature,<br>
+With many gorges deep.<br>
+<br>
+To any doubting Thomas,<br>
+It would almost make him smile,<br>
+If I told him of a canyon<br>
+Cut through earth’s crust a mile.<br>
+<br>
+But my own two eyes have seen it,<br>
+And I’ll take the witness stand,<br>
+Its the greatest ditch in story<br>
+In our own historic land.<br>
+<br>
+It seems, during the Jura<br>
+The land began to rise;<br>
+Yes! the bottom of the ocean<br>
+Perhaps to its surprise.<br>
+<br>
+Was lifted from the water,<br>
+Became a level plain;<br>
+Received the glorious sunshine,<br>
+The first and latter rain.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span><br>
+<br>
+A river takes the drainage<br>
+Back to the restless sea,<br>
+Carves as it goes a passage<br>
+Widening gracefully and free.<br>
+<br>
+“Tell me” asks my companion<br>
+“How the river cuts its way,<br>
+Where the stars faint light is shining<br>
+In the middle of the day,<br>
+<br>
+So deep below the surface,<br>
+That the sun’s most dazzling ray<br>
+N’er gleams upon the water<br>
+That is beaten into spray?”<br>
+<br>
+Well: then listen to the story<br>
+How in ages long ago,<br>
+The earth rose from the water<br>
+And the land began to grow.<br>
+<br>
+As the earth was slowly rising,<br>
+Rivers bed cut through the land,<br>
+The rocks that tumbled in it<br>
+The gravel, rock and sand<br>
+<br>
+Scoured out and carved the basin<br>
+As the vast land masses rose,<br>
+And the mighty Colorado<br>
+Flows where it used to flow.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span><br>
+<br>
+For the land continued rising<br>
+And the waters cut their way<br>
+Through Earth’s upheaving bosom,<br>
+Through granite, lime and clay.<br>
+<br>
+The rising cliffs receeding<br>
+From the margins of the stream;<br>
+Effects of frost and rainfall<br>
+On every side are seen;<br>
+<br>
+For chips are falling ever,<br>
+From exposed strata flanks,<br>
+Roll down into the river,<br>
+Leaping the waters banks,<br>
+<br>
+Fall in the whirling waters,<br>
+That churn the rocky mass<br>
+Against the boulders lodging<br>
+Within the narrow pass.<br>
+<br>
+Then the great burden bearer<br>
+Within its canyon grand,<br>
+Bears out upon its bosom<br>
+The wreckage of the land.<br>
+<br>
+And in the western ocean;<br>
+’Long California’s shore,<br>
+The debris from Grand Canyon<br>
+Are settling more and more.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span><br>
+<br>
+For near the gulf, the river<br>
+Flows by a level floor,<br>
+Spreads out upon the flood plain<br>
+The ground up mountains core.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">’LONG SUPERIOR’S DENTED SHORE</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+Have you ever made a journey ’long Superior’s dented shore?<br>
+Where the glory of the landscape enchant one more and more;<br>
+Where the green tints of the water, and its gravel covered floor,<br>
+The surface, smooth and polished like a burnished oaken door.<br>
+<br>
+The mountains on the main land grown o’er with spruces green,<br>
+While pine and whitened birches are sprinkled in between.<br>
+Out there, a mighty freighter loads ten thousand tons of ore.<br>
+Rounded islands with green woods are shrouded o’er.<br>
+<br>
+Red buttressed headlands, encroaching on the shore<br>
+Form lines of wondrous beauty around the lake’s broad floor.<br>
+Our railway bed is blasted from the earth’s foundation stone:<br>
+Granite, Gneiss, and Green-Rock in many a sober tone.<br>
+<br>
+O! the beauty of the hillsides, ensheathed in living green,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span><br>
+While the work of the old glaciers on every side are seen;<br>
+The Age of Ice has eaten basins in the ancient rock;<br>
+While the stone upon the hillside lie in many polished block.<br>
+<br>
+A glorious scene of beauty, scarce marred by human hand,<br>
+Few boats upon the water, no farmers till the land.<br>
+Five hundred miles we’ve traveled, by lake and hill, and brake,<br>
+Upon earth’s rocky bosom our westward way we take.<br>
+<br>
+While the gleaming surface of Superior’s mighty lake<br>
+Indent the land around us, a glowing picture make,<br>
+Arrayed in living colors, a fairy isle is seen.<br>
+Red boulders strew the hillside, a background for the green.<br>
+<br>
+The famous waters of Columbia’s inland sea<br>
+Separate two nations of brave men true and free.<br>
+No forts on either border; no soldiers pace the shore,<br>
+No Dreadnaught plows the water, no mighty cannon roar.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span><br>
+<br>
+But now the sun is setting beneath the western sea.<br>
+His level rays are glowing on sheets of water free,<br>
+And in the lovely gloaming upon the watery way,<br>
+The mountains change to purple, the waters turn to grey.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span></p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+
+<p class="p2 center">THE LAURENTIAN HILLS</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>
+I am riding on a railway that spans from sea to sea;<br>
+Rocking on earth’s throbbing bosom, for my iron horse is free;<br>
+How the scenes stretch out before me, as the coaches eastward roll,<br>
+I am riding on the C.P. and to it I’m paying toll.<br>
+<br>
+I have reached a waste of waters, Superior’s mighty flood<br>
+Indent the land before me, encroach the silent wood;<br>
+For the vale, and gulch and valley, ever packed with spruces green,<br>
+Mixed with the yellow poplar; with white barked birch between.<br>
+<br>
+The earth itself is covered with its own foundation rock,<br>
+Granite, Gneiss and Green Stone, in many a mighty block,<br>
+Carved and rounded by the Ice Cap, that once covered all the land:<br>
+They rise in hill and buttress like some ancient castle grand.<br>
+<br>
+Birches standing, with trunks as white as snow,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span><br>
+And slender spires of spruce trees, in serried ranks they grow.<br>
+A gorgeous carpet underneath upon the rocks are spread,<br>
+The different patterns blended might form a Titan’s bed.<br>
+<br>
+White granite peeps above it with streaks of reddish hue<br>
+With God’s own arch above us! stars twinkling in the blue.<br>
+Yes! I’m riding on the bosom of the oldest land that’s known,<br>
+And Old Time, through countless ages, over it has ever flown,<br>
+<br>
+When England’s land was lifted above the ocean blue,<br>
+The Old World is not the oldest, it should be called the new.<br>
+O! could rocks but tell the story their rugged cliffs have know,<br>
+They could tell us of this continent, and how it’s slowly grown.<br>
+<br>
+How the beds laid down by water, in ocean, river, lake<br>
+Through all the changing aeons, from these rocks their tribute take.<br>
+For the streams, (those burden bearers), on ocean floor have spread<br>
+The loads they carry ever, to deposit on her bed.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span><br>
+<br>
+Granite Boulders from the hill side, choke up the rapid stream,<br>
+They are ground by rushing water, till as pebbles they are seen,<br>
+As the river current lessens, then are pebbles ground to sand,<br>
+To be carried to the ocean, forming bars and banks so grand.<br>
+<br>
+Then the life that fills the ocean, the crustacean and the shell,<br>
+When dying, left their skeletons the seas broad floor to swell.<br>
+I can see Ontario’s mountains rise, where early life is seen,<br>
+The mollusk of the ocean, and the sea weeds living green.<br>
+<br>
+The Laurentian Hills are rising at the margin of the sea.<br>
+While the bordering waters throbbing with molluskan life so free,<br>
+The globe’s thin crust is resting on the molten mass below,<br>
+Transformed, as hard as granite, on her flanks the Trenton rest<br>
+The land mass is slowing growing to the east, and south and west.<br>
+<br>
+Now the water of the ocean, bring forth a countless tribe,<br>
+Of many forms of shell fish that are scattered far and wide.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span><br>
+Crustaceans crowd the shore line, and that wondrous trilobite,<br>
+Lives on through many ages till Time of chalk so white,<br>
+So Silurian rocks are added to Laurentian narrow shore,<br>
+And the Continents broad empire marches westward ever more.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+II
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Devonian seas are lapping round Silurian cape and bay,<br>
+New fish life fills the waters, and over them hold sway.<br>
+Strange forms in shield and buckler, in armor polished bright,<br>
+Ganoids and other fishes show their colors in the light.<br>
+<br>
+I have seen a dozen fishes, impaled on block of slate<br>
+Stand out, as carved by nature, they’re lying there in state:<br>
+Seaweeds have left their impress in these enduring sands of Time,<br>
+Stretched out in all their measures in many a lengthening line,<br>
+For the ebb had stretched them seaward, while the fish swam ’gainst the tide,<br>
+They were swimming toward the sea-shore, while swimming they have died.<br>
+<br>
+Both plants and fishes, in the old Devonian floor,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span><br>
+After ages, tell the story, that the One we all adore,<br>
+Keeps record of Creation in old oceans muddy floor.<br>
+Footsteps of the Creator in ages that have fled,<br>
+When a host of shells and fishes left their forms in oceans bed.<br>
+<br>
+And now the bed is lifted along the eastern shore:<br>
+Increasing now the land mass, round Laurentian more and more,<br>
+O! Time thou hast no limit to grasp of human mind,<br>
+Unmeasured by the intellect of any of our kind.<br>
+<br>
+But Time to our Creator, is like forgotten fears,<br>
+“A thousand years a single day, a single day a thousand years.”<br>
+And let our study of the past cause reverence for His name<br>
+Both now, and yesterday, through time, He ever is the same.<br>
+So with these simple verses we’ll praise His Holy Name.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">A JOURNEY IN THE MONTH OF JUNE IN EASTERN
+CANADA</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="p2 center">
+I
+</p>
+
+O! the glories of a journey taken in the month of June,<br>
+When the gentle winds are sighing, and all nature is in tune:<br>
+While the fragrance of red clover, and the green tints of the trees,<br>
+Make me glad I am a rover, bathed in the evening breeze.<br>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+II
+</p>
+
+So all day I sit and wonder, on green plush I lay and ponder<br>
+On the glorious panorama, ever new,<br>
+And I raise my window curtain, for I’m very, very certain,<br>
+I have never, never witnessed such a view.<br>
+
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+III
+</p>
+
+O! Columbia, how I love you, where my first new breath I drew,<br>
+What lines of grace and beauty on every side you strew.<br>
+I am rocking on your bosom for my iron horse is free,<br>
+And the flowers by the hillside waft their fragrance over me.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span><br>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+IV
+</p>
+
+Gazing from my open window, how my heart strings thrill, and thrill,<br>
+At the glory of the landscape I never get my fill.<br>
+Canadian hills embowered with crowning woods of green,<br>
+While fields and lakes and river on either side are seen.<br>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+V
+</p>
+
+Now white daisies blend their colors with the darker green below,<br>
+Or the shining yellow buttercups, their golden beauties show,<br>
+Wild mustard grows in masses o’er many a lengthening row,<br>
+Add color to the wheat fields stretching out, as west we go.<br>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+VI
+</p>
+
+Now and then, a clump of roses, add their sweetness to the breeze,<br>
+And June air is gently sighing ’midst the verdure of the trees,<br>
+Oh! the plain and flood and hillside, how they swiftly come and go,<br>
+While the power of the engine rocks me gently to and fro.<br>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+VII
+</p>
+
+Yes! the scenes move out before me like the pictures in a show.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span><br>
+While in the gentle gloaming, on wings I seem to go.<br>
+With wondrous lines of beauty with splendid brush so free,<br>
+For the colors of the rainbow cast their glamor over me.<br>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+VIII
+</p>
+
+Yes! the beauties of Dame Nature are most wonderfully fair,<br>
+And gazing on those beauties my soul seems free from care,<br>
+So my train swings ever westward, her coaches keeping rhyme<br>
+To the music of dear Nature that’s never out of time.<br>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+IX
+</p>
+
+The birds fly up above me, and the flowers bloom below;<br>
+For God cares for the Raven, on flowers love bestow.<br>
+We have an earthly Eden from a Father’s loving hand,<br>
+Angels guard us on the ocean and on the solid land,<br>
+
+<p class="p2 center">
+X
+</p>
+
+And should we mount, as eagles, on wings in the mid air:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span><br>
+In blue expanse of heaven, His love would guard us there.<br>
+So as the night grows darker I seek my narrow berth.<br>
+I sleep the sleep of childhood, free from the cares of earth.<br>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="INDEX">INDEX</h2>
+</div>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="ifrst">Acme, Alberta, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Advance Science, articulated skeletons, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Adventure in Kansas Chalk, <a href="#Page_70">70-71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Age of Iron, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Reptiles, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Alberta, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113-119</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Allegheny Mountains, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">American Museum of Natural History, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Paleontologist, the oldest, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Paleontology, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ammonites, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Amphibians, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182-184</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ancient World, <a href="#Page_184">184-190</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Anchylosaurus magniventris, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Animals, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Angiosperms, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Another Strange Dinosaur, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Archelon ischyros, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arizona, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arlington Cemetery, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Armoured Dinosaurs from Kansas Chalk, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Armored Plant Eaters, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Army Building, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Arthur, Port, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Atlantic, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Auk Great, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Australia, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Baculites, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Badlands, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bassano, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Batracians, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Battle Between Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bay Land Locked, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bear Paw Shales, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114-118</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Mountains, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Belly River Series 2, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114-116</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Description of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Belongs to Pierre, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Benton, Fort, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Beresford, Admiral, of England, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Berlin Museum, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bestrum, Mr., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Big Spring, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Black Feet Indian Reserve, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Boat, Flat, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bog Iron Bones Enclosed in, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bone-beds, Near Top and Bottom of Badlands, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bones of Crested Dinosaur, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Boulders, Lying Around, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Boule, Dr., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bridge at Great Falls, Montana, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">British Empire, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">British Museum of Natural History, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94-98</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Camp, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Great Collection, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brock, Dr., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brontosaur, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brooks, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Brown, Dr. Barnum, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Bull Berry Jelly, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Calgary, Alberta, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cambridge, Mass., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Camp Above Happy Jack Ferry, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Camp, This is the Richest, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Champsosaurus, Found by George F. Sternberg, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Canada, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Canadian Pacific Rwy., <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Canadian Rockies, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Northern Rwy., <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Canyon, Our Work In a, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Capital, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carbide Used for Lights on Lake, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carboniferous, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carnegie, Mr., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Museum, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Hall of Music, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carnivore, Discovery of, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Excavating, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Loading, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Charlie Standing in Quarry, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Will Mount In Bold Relief, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carniverous Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Carving Out an Urn, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Casey, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cassowary, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Casuarius, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Central Pacific Rwy. Co., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Centrosaurus, Discovered by Charles M. Sternberg, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Centrosaurus Prepared by Geo. F. Sternberg, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ceratops, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chasmosaurus, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Description of, <a href="#Page_80">80-81</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Prepared, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Ideal Picture, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Chinaman Has a Hot Dish for Us, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Church of England Minister, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cimoliasaurus, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Claggett Shales, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Claosaurus, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clark, Mr., Head Photographic Division, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Clidastes, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coal Mining In Indiana, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">At Drumheller, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">In Milk River Country, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Miners Tunnel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Plants, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coffee, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">McCheche, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Beaver, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Seven Mile, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Butte, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Eagle, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Collecting Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_46">46-48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Concretions, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Conrad, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cope, Prof., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_113">113-118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Collection, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Corythosaurus, George Finds Skeleton, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coulee, Verdegris, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">County, Albany, Wyo., <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Courage Needed, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Coutts, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cow Boys, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Island, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Creator, For Millions of Years the, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Creatures Having Seed in Themselves, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Creek, Lance, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Plum, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Old Woman, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Willow, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Bull Pond, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Sand, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Rosebud, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Knee Hill, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Tributary, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Berry, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">One Tree, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Hackberry, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Hell, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Dog, <a href="#Page_113">113-115</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crested Dinosaurs, Description of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Cretaceous, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crinoids, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crocodile Bones, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Crow Indians Reserve, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Dakota Group, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dead Lodge Canyon, <a href="#Page_114">114-119</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Denhart Restoration, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dike Volcanic, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of Red Deer River, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Diplodocus Carnegie, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Director Geological Survey, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Discovery of Fossil Fish, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Discovery of Two Skeletons, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Specimens of Corythosaurus, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Disney, Mr. Patrick, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Douglass, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dowling, D. B., <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Dreverman, Dr. F., <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Drumheller, Alberta, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Duck-Billed Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Eagle Sandstone, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Easton, A. E., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Edgemont, South Dakota, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Edmonton Series, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of Brackish Water, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Description of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Egyptians Ancient, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Elkader, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">England, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Eryops, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Euoplocephalus, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Excavation In Face of Cliff, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Exhibition Room, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Faces of Bluff Covered With Cherty Fragments, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Falls, Great, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fern Trees, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ferry Loveland, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Man Stretched Wire Across River, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Field Notes For 1913, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Figs, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Flesh Eaters, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Florida, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fluting Beautiful, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fog Horn, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fossil Leaves Locality, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Fox Hills, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Frankfort on the Main, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Frenchman, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Galyean, Hope to Reach House, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">John, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Geological Survey of Canada, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Gallery, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">And Paleontology, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Germany, Made in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gibbs, Mr. Hugh, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gidley, Mr., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gila Monster, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gilmore, C. W., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">God, Creative Power of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Goldsmith’s Poem, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gorges Deep, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gorgosaurus libratus, Lambe, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107-110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gothic Towers, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gove County, Kansas, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Granger, Mr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Great Northern Rwy., <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Gryposaurus, of Lambe, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Hadrosaurus, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hall of Fossil Vertebrates, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hall, Steve, Hotel, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Haploscapha, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Happy Jack Ferry, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hatcher, Dr. J. B., <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hawkins, Waterhouse, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Head Collector and Preparator, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Holland, Dr., <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Holy Ground, Our Laboratory, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Horizon, We Got in a New, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Hunting Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Big Game, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Ideal Pictures of Edmonton Times, <a href="#Page_38">38-41</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135-155</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Duck-Bills, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Cretaceous Life, <a href="#Page_160">160-179</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Tylosaur, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Pteranodont, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Portheus, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Snout Fishes, <a href="#Page_177">177-178</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Iguanodonts, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Illinois, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Indiana, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Indianapolis, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Indian Traveled on Trail of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Inoceramus Shell, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">International Line, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ireland’s Empress, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Jackson, Mr., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jasperson, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jehu Rode Like, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Jessup, Morris, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Johnson, Mr., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Judith River Post Office, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Country, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Kansas, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kansas Chalk, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Western, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><ins title="originally ‘Keetewin’">Keewatin</ins> Steamer, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kendall, Montana, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Knowlton, Dr. F. H., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kindness of Directors, Dr. Brock and Mr. R. G. McConnell, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Kritosaurus, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Labyrinth of Intricate Gorges, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lady of the North, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Laelaps, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lambe, Mr., <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lance Beds, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Land Slides, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Laramie, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lawrence, Kansas, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Leidy, Prof., <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lepidodendron, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lethbridge, Alberta, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Life of a Fossil Hunter, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Light Houses, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Livingston’s Ranch, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">London Illustrated News, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Loveland Ferry, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lull, Prof., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Lusk, Wyoming, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Mammalian Remains, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Marsh, Prof., O. C., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Matthew, Dr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Maud, <a href="#Page_156">156-178</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">McBride’s House, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">McConnell, Mr. R. G., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">McGee, Jack, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Dan, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">McKeon Ranch in Wyoming, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx"><ins title="originally ‘McNickle’">McNicoll</ins>, Port, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Medicine Hat, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Miller, Mr., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Moa, the Great, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Monarch, Under a, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Monster Fish, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Montana, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Monument Rocks, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Morophus, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mosasaurian Bay, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mosasaurus, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Motor Boat, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Mounting Trachodon Skeleton, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Titanotherium Skeleton, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Two Skulls of Centrosaurus, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Charlie’s Gorgosaurus, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Moving Pictures, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Munich, Bavaria, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Museum of Comparative Zoology, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Museum of Kansas University, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Music Hall, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Myledaphus, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Narrow Escape When Men Loaded Trachodon, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Natural History Museum Paris, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nature’s Heart, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nevada, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">New Mexican Trachodont, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">New York, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">New Zealand, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Niobrara County, Wyoming, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Nolan, Dr., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Northern Lights, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Ohio, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Oligocene, Sculptury of the, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Open Mounts the Process, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Oregon, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Osborn, Prof. H. F., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Ostrea congesta, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Outlying Butte, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Oxford University, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Paleontological Museum, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Paleontology, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Palmetto Palm, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Paradise of Dry Bones, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Parks, Prof., <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Paris, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Museum, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Patience Necessary in Preparation of Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Route, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Avenue, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Permian Beds of Texas, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Peterson, Mr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Petrified Bones of Duck-Bills Poorly Preserved, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Photographs Taken by George, Charles and Levi Sternberg, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Picture of Carniverous Dinosaur Life, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Early Lance Creek Beds, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Picture of Centrosaurus, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pierre, Fort, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pillars, Mush-Room-Like, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plaster Process of Protecting Fossils, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Platanus, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Platecarpus, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plated Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Plesiosaur, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pleistocene, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Poems, <a href="#Page_200">200-223</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Poets Tribute to Soldier Dead, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Port Arthur, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Portheus, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pose of Saurians, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Prairie Margin Slides Down, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Preparing, George at Work, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Proceedings, Kansas Academy, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Proceedings Society, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Problem I, The Environment of Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">II, How Did the River Cut Its Gorge? 37, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Professor Sternberg, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Prosaurolophus, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Protostega gigas, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pycraft, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Pyramids Fluted, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Quinter, Kansas, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">River, <ins title="originally ‘Waskaskia’">Kaskaskia</ins>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Ohio, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Cheyenne, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Red Deer, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span></li>
+<li class="isub1">Milk, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127-129</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Judith, <a href="#Page_109">109-118</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Missouri, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115-119</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Mississippi, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">John Day, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Belly, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">St. Lawrence, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Red Deer, Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Trip Down, <a href="#Page_49">49-53</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Big Wichita, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Swift Current, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Recession of Cliffs, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Red Letter Day, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Royal Museum, Toronto, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Redwood Leaves, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Sailors, Funeral of the Maine, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scenery on Red Deer River, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Schuchert, Professor, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scientific Men, Mistakes of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scott, Prof. W. B., <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scott’s Famous Poem, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Scow Building of, etc., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Seamen’s Hills, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Secretary Academy of Science, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Senckenberg Museum, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Shaw, The Ferry Man, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Siliceous Concretions, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Siren Sounds Alarm, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Site, Moved Camp Down to new, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Skeleton Platecarpus, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Skull of Crested Dinosaur, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Soft Soap, After a Rain Like, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Soldiers of the Union, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Soo Locks, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">South Dakota, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sphenodon, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stanton, Mr., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Station, Milk River, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stegosaur, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Elmo’s Fire First Seen on Land, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Stephanosaurus of Lambe, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">The Nearly Complete Skeleton, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Described, <a href="#Page_62">62-65</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sternberg, General George M., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Charles H., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72-3-4</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">George F., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11-14</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Charles M., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51-58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120-129</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Levi, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71-75</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Charles H., A Collector for Fifty Years, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Charles M., Discovers Trachodont Skeleton, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Steveville, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">St. Louis, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Storm, Great Thunder, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Styracosaurus, <a href="#Page_101">101-102</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Story of An Old River Bed, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Of the Discovery of Charlie’s Trachodon, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Styracosaurus, <a href="#Page_102">102-107</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Summary of the Geological Survey, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Superior, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Sweet Grass, Montana, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Swift Current, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Teeming East, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Terre Haute, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Texas, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Theropoda, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Timber, Destruction of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Titanotherium, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trachodon, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Found by Charles M. Sternberg, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">A Swimming, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">A Feeding, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Description of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Death From Carnivore annectens, Marsh, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trail Cowboys Traveled on it, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Princeton, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trees Palms, Redwoods, Sycamores, Figs, Magnolias, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trego County, Kansas, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Triceratops, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Trip to the East, <a href="#Page_16">16-19</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Pittsburgh, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Washington, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Philadelphia, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Toronto, Canada, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tübingen, University, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Turtles, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Found by George F., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tylosaurus, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160-162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Tyrant of the Everglades, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Under Ground Channels, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Union Jack, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Uintacrinus socialis, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">United States, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">National Museum of the, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Upper Cretaceous, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Urn, Carving An, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Utterback Specimen, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Vandalism, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Valley of Red Deer River, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Milk River, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vassar College, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Victoria Memorial Museum, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Venus, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Verdegris Coulee, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vertebrate Paleontologist, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Paleontology, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+<li class="isub1">Fossils, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Views of Old Paleontologists, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Vulcanism, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Ward, Dr., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Washington, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Weed, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">We Explore Dead Lodge Canyon, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Weiland, Dr., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">We Spy Out the Land, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Western Kansas, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Williston, Dr. S. W., <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wilson, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wonders of the Permian, <a href="#Page_180">180-199</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Work on Charlie’s Gryposaurus, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+
+<li class="indx">Wyoming, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+
+<li class="ifrst">Yale, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+
+<p class="big center"><b>“THE LIFE OF A FOSSIL
+HUNTER”</b></p>
+
+<p class="center">IS OUT OF PRINT.
+</p>
+
+<p>I own the electrotypes, halftones and copyright and will
+publish a new edition on receipt of a hundred subscriptions
+at $1.75 each postpaid.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="padr10 smcap">Charles H. Sternberg,</span><br>
+<i>Author</i>.
+</p>
+
+<div class="sm90">
+
+<p class="p2">A few extracts from Reviews of “The Life of a Fossil
+Hunter.”</p>
+
+<p><b>Chicago Herald, March 20th, 1909.</b></p>
+
+<p>“Any body will instantly feel the spell of interest in Mr.
+Sternberg’s autobiography ‘The Life of a Fossil Hunter.’ Mr.
+Sternberg writes simply, unpretentiously, entertainingly, and
+there runs all through his book a curious union of scientific devotion
+and religious reverence that is as unusual as it is
+charming.”</p>
+
+<p><b>San Francisco Argonaut, June 5th, 1909.</b></p>
+
+<p>“There are few hunters of live game who can tell so good a
+story, who has seen so much adventure, or experienced so
+many escapes. Such a record would in any case be interesting,
+but it becomes fascinating from the exuberance of its style
+and hearty enthusiasm that animates every page.”</p>
+
+<p><b>Boston Living Age, March 20th, 1909.</b></p>
+
+<p>“His name, as affixed to his specimens, is the only witness
+to his labors which will remain after him, except the work of
+three sons whom he has trained to follow in his footsteps; but
+he has been happy and his single-hearted story is a book to
+renew our faith in man’s capacity to work for pure delight in
+work.”</p>
+
+<p><b>Interior, Chicago, June 17th, 1909.</b></p>
+
+<p>“But he not only stuck to his self-imposed task but raised
+a whole family of boys, every one of whom took to fossil hunting
+as a duckling does to water. Best of all, to the Christian
+reader, it will seem the author kept his faith in God and the
+Bible unimpaired, and his pages are full of ascriptions of
+praise to the Maker of heaven and earth.”</p>
+
+<p><b>Lawrence Gazette, March 8th, 1909.</b></p>
+
+<p>“A remarkable book. The author has a way of telling things
+that is charming because of its simplicity. He uses scientific
+terms only when necessary, and a child could read and understand
+this book.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter"></div>
+
+<div class="transnote"><p class="myhr">Transcriber’s Notes.</p>
+
+<p>New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the
+public domain.</p>
+
+<p>Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
+silently.  Inconsistent hyphenation/spelling has been normalised.</p>
+
+<p> The author’s use of “Carniverous” (carnivorous) is retained as is
+ the use of both “armored” and “armoured”. Instances of lilly/lillies have been
+ corrected to lily/lilies. Likewise butress/ed/es to buttress/ed/es.</p>
+
+<p>Transposition of the illustrations for figures 35 and 38 has been corrected.
+An errata slip noting the error has been discarded.</p>
+
+<p>Illustrations have been moved between paragraphs. Page numbers in the List of Illustrations
+may no longer be relevant, but each figure number is linked to its illustration.</p>
+
+<p>A single footnote has been placed after the paragraph from which
+it is referenced.</p>
+
+<p>Other errors addressed:</p>
+
+
+<ul class="index">
+
+<li>page <a href="#Page_19">19</a> “delved like Vulvan” corrected to “delved like Vulcan”.</li>
+
+<li>page <a href="#Page_45">45</a> “as were the bones, checked” corrected to “as were the bones, cracked”.</li>
+
+<li>page <a href="#Page_123">123</a> “securely to the crest” corrected to  “securely to the skull”.</li>
+
+<li>Fig. 31 (a photograph) in the <a href="#ILLUSTRATIONS">list of illustrations</a> was incorrectly
+described as “Drawing of skull by Weber”
+The description has been amended to match the caption
+“Skull of Chasmosaurus restored by Weber.”</li>
+
+<li>On pages <a href="#Page_122">122</a> & <a href="#Page_123">123</a> several references to figure numbers 27 and 28
+are incorrect. The text has been left unchanged, but links
+have been set to reference the intended illustrations
+(assumed by the transcriber from the context) and the redirection noted.</li>
+
+<li>page <a href="#Page_90">90</a> “the moment it was” changed to “and the moment it was”</li>
+
+<li>page <a href="#Page_24">24</a> “On times eternal camping ground” corrected to
+“On Fame’s eternal camping ground”. Misquoted from “Bivouac
+of the Dead”.</li>
+
+<li>page <a href="#Page_201">201</a> Erroneous text discarded (in italics).<br>
+
+you will see
+there what I had learned up to the time of writing,
+the process by which fossils are made. <i>I
+ing, of the process by which fossils are made. I
+all fossils. </i>I found here in the Belly River
+Series entirely different conditions.</li>
+
+<li>page <a href="#Page_172">172</a> “McNickels”; page <a href="#Page_229">229</a> “McNickle” ; page <a href="#Page_93">93</a> “McNickles”.
+All corrected to “McNicoll” (Port McNicoll, Ontario).</li>
+
+<li>page <a href="#Page_17">17</a> “Waskaskaia”; page <a href="#Page_230">230</a> “Waskaskia”.
+Both corrected to “Kaskaskia” (Illinois river).</li>
+
+<li>pages <a href="#Page_93">93</a> & <a href="#Page_229">229</a> “Keetewin” corrected to “Keewatin”
+(Passenger liner operating between Port Arthur and Port McNicoll).</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77814 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook #77814
+(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/77814)