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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77803 ***
+
+
+
+
+                             MATABELE LAND
+
+                                  AND
+
+                          THE VICTORIA FALLS
+
+  [Illustration: Frank Oates.]
+
+
+
+
+                             MATABELE LAND
+
+                                  AND
+
+                          THE VICTORIA FALLS
+
+               A NATURALIST’S WANDERINGS IN THE INTERIOR
+                            OF SOUTH AFRICA
+
+               _FROM THE LETTERS & JOURNALS OF THE LATE_
+
+                         FRANK OATES, F.R.G.S.
+
+                      EDITED BY C. G. OATES, B.A.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+                                LONDON
+               C. KEGAN PAUL & CO., 1 PATERNOSTER SQUARE
+                                 1881
+
+
+
+
+               _Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, _Edinburgh_.
+
+
+
+
+                               PREFACE.
+
+
+In offering to the public the following pages, I feel, as editor, that
+I owe a few words of apology and explanation to the reader by way of
+preface--apology for the imperfections of the volume; explanation how
+such imperfections have arisen. The traveller whose journey to the
+Zambesi is here recounted died of fever a few days after he had left
+that river on his way homewards, and the book has been compiled from
+his note-books, and letters home. The latter were written with no
+view of publication; the former were intended only for the writer’s
+own subsequent use and as suggestive guides to memory. It is always a
+question in such a case how far the surviving friends of the deceased
+writer or traveller do well in publishing the unfinished labour of his
+pen. What his own wish would have been cannot be known, or even guessed
+at, unless specially expressed; and the reflection forcibly presents
+itself to the mind that perhaps a certain injustice may be done to the
+memory of the dead by publishing, in a form which may fairly challenge
+the criticism of the general reader, a few hasty jottings by the
+wayside, written under circumstances the least favourable to literary
+composition, and a limited number of letters home, meant merely for
+the perusal of the writer’s nearest and most indulgent friends. On
+the other hand, however, it must be borne in mind that, much as must
+inevitably be lost in editing pages such as these for want of the
+inspiring touch which the writer himself could alone have finally
+given them, there will probably be a directness and freshness of the
+expressions which a traveller makes use of on the spot, hampered as
+he then is by no oppressive consciousness that he is addressing that
+imaginary “public”--consisting after all but of a number of individuals
+like himself, all with the same human heart and interests,--which might
+be wanting in his more matured work.
+
+Guided, then, by the latter consideration, and by the reflection that
+every day the number of our countrymen is increasing who look to South
+Africa with a growing interest--whether as a land for colonization,
+exploration, or scientific research,--I venture to add another to the
+long list of already published books upon that country, hoping that the
+reader may find therein matter of some general interest, and that, if
+not, he will look leniently on the error of judgment which has led me,
+together with those who have here shared my responsibility, to offer
+for his perusal pages prepared at first mainly for private friends, but
+which it was afterwards thought might possibly prove of interest to a
+somewhat wider circle.
+
+Further, with reference to the length of time which has elapsed between
+the date of the writer’s death and the publication of this volume,
+I can only claim in extenuation of this circumstance the fact that
+a considerable period necessarily intervened before the traveller’s
+journals and papers reached this country, that they required on their
+arrival much care in their disposal, and that the whole of the natural
+history collections had to be gone through systematically before being
+finally placed in competent hands for arrangement and classification.
+The delay, then, has enabled me to include in the volume the papers in
+the appendix on the latter subject, contributed by such able hands,
+which I believe will add interest to the whole; and that not only in
+the case of scientific readers, but of all those who would realize in
+a measure what it is which makes up the life and experiences of the
+naturalist traveller in his wanderings in distant lands. I may add,
+moreover, that the general state and condition of the country of which
+these pages treat would appear, from the accounts of those who have
+recently visited it, to remain substantially the same, or only changed
+in points of minor interest. The abandonment, however, of the Tati
+Gold-mine and the establishment of Kama in the Bamangwato sovereignty
+perhaps demand attention.
+
+In editing this work it has been my object to preserve, wherever
+possible, the writer’s narrative in exactly his own words; and this
+plan has been steadily adhered to throughout, those passages only being
+omitted which appeared little likely to interest the general reader, or
+in which--as several times occurred--old ground was re-traversed. In
+such cases the intervening periods have been bridged over by a short
+narrative of my own, intended merely to connect the story and weld the
+whole together. The maps, it may be added, are all of them the result
+of the traveller’s own special observations, recorded as he went along.
+
+Of the illustrations in the body of the work, I may remark that they
+are all from original drawings taken on the spot, or from the objects
+they purport to represent. Some are from sketches by the late Frank
+Oates; the remainder--and these the larger number--from those of his
+brother, W. E. Oates, who accompanied him during a portion of his
+journey. It may therefore perhaps be fairly claimed for them that,
+whatever their artistic merits, these drawings are--what alone they
+claim to be--faithful representations of the scenes and objects they
+depict. In the “List of Illustrations” it will be found to which of the
+two brothers each drawing may be respectively attributed.
+
+And now there only remains to me the pleasing duty of returning my
+warmest thanks to the many friends who have helped me with my task. To
+those gentlemen who have contributed the valuable papers which form
+the appendix to this volume, my thanks are especially due; I refer to
+Professors Rolleston, Westwood, and Oliver, Dr. Albert Günther, Mr. R.
+Bowdler Sharpe, and Mr. J. G. Baker. And in this connexion I have also
+to thank Captain G. E. Shelley, who named the majority of the birds in
+my late brother’s collection before they passed into the hands of Mr.
+Sharpe, to be permanently deposited in the British Museum. From all of
+these, and especially from Mr. Sharpe, I have received, besides, much
+friendly help and advice with reference to the general arrangements of
+the volume, as I have proceeded with my labours; as well, also, as from
+Mr. H. W. Bates, the able Assistant Secretary of the Royal Geographical
+Society, to whose kindness I am deeply indebted for many valuable
+suggestions and much practical assistance. The four beautiful plates
+which accompany Professor Westwood’s paper have been drawn by his own
+hand to illustrate his descriptions of new or remarkable insects.
+
+Of those gentlemen, moreover, who have contributed their professional
+assistance, I must also in common gratitude add a word. Mr. Francis
+Holl has bestowed much pains on the production of a portrait of my late
+brother, from a photograph by Gowland of York, which I believe to be
+very successful; Mr. Kaufmann’s chromo-lithographs are the result of
+much careful effort on his part to catch the spirit and preserve the
+effect of the original water-colour drawings from which they have been
+taken; the lithographs in the appendix, drawn respectively by Messrs.
+J. G. Keulemans, R. Mintern, W. H. Fitch, and (as already mentioned)
+Professor Westwood, have been accurately rendered by the skilful
+hands of Messrs. M. and N. Hanhart, and Messrs. Mintern Brothers;
+and the wood-engravings have been skilfully and conscientiously
+executed by Messrs. G. Pearson, J. D. Cooper, and E. Evans, all of
+them with a faithful determination to do the fullest justice to their
+respective subjects, and I believe with admirable result. The birds
+and animals have been placed on wood chiefly by Mr. Smit, and some by
+Mr. Davenport; whilst Mr. Charles Whymper has contributed two original
+drawings of the author’s dogs and the designs upon the cover. Mr.
+Edward Weller also and his son have spared no pains to make the maps
+which accompany the volume as perfect and complete as possible; to
+whom, as well as to all the others named, my grateful thanks are due,
+and most heartily do I acknowledge what I owe them.
+
+To enumerate more fully the names of those who have further assisted
+me, either professionally or as private friends, I must now forbear
+from undertaking; suffice it to say there are many, especially of the
+latter class, without whose assistance and encouragement I should
+probably never have succeeded in bringing my labours to a close. Let
+me thank them now for the generous help and sympathy so ungrudgingly
+given, and which, alas, it is so impossible for me to recompense.
+
+It may be proper to add, before concluding--what I have failed
+elsewhere to mention--that a considerable number of specimens in my
+brother’s collection were destroyed at Shoshong in his lifetime by the
+unroofing, during a gale, of the hut where they were stored, and that
+some of the spirit jars of reptiles and beetles were afterwards left
+behind when the collections were conveyed to England; circumstances
+which led in all probability to the loss of many valuable specimens.
+
+There are not many who will need to be reminded that to “inspan” and
+“outspan,” words of frequent occurrence in the traveller’s journal,
+mean, in South African parlance, to “yoke” and “unyoke,” and that
+“spoor” means “footprints” or “track.” All other words of Dutch or
+native origin introduced into the text are explained, I believe, where
+they occur. The accent in the word “Matabele” falls, it may be added,
+on the third of its four syllables.
+
+My task is ended--in many respects a very mournful, yet a very pleasing
+one; and if there be found but a few readers who derive either pleasure
+or profit from a perusal of these pages, I shall feel amply rewarded
+for my trouble.
+
+                                                           C. G. O.
+
+  _May 1881._
+
+
+
+
+                                MEMOIR.
+
+  “To be able to give one’s name to a bird, or a flower,
+  may seem to many but a poor ambition; and yet, materially
+  considered, it is quite as likely to be perpetuated as to
+  give it to a street or town, and is much more likely to
+  define the tastes and individuality of the giver.”--_Bret
+  Harte._
+
+
+The saying has seldom been truer of any one than of the writer of the
+succeeding pages, that “the child is father of the man.” His love of
+nature generally, and of natural history in all its branches, was one
+of Frank Oates’s earliest instincts; and to the study of our English
+wild-birds--their ways and haunts, their comings and their goings--he
+was especially devoted from boyhood. The pages of Waterton and Buffon,
+treating of wider fields of study, supplied his imagination at that
+period with richer food; and the plates of Audubon’s Birds, when access
+could be had to them, were turned by him with feelings little short
+of reverence. From his earliest days he had resolved to visit those
+distant, and, to him, still mysterious lands, where the page of nature
+was yet to the white man in great part an unread book; and those who,
+after his death in the full prime of manhood, witnessed the arrival at
+his English home of his large collections of natural history specimens,
+brought from the interior of South Africa by the devoted service of a
+friend, realized strangely how the boy’s ambition had been fulfilled
+in after life, and felt that, though cut off in the very perfection of
+his powers, the purpose of his being had not wholly failed. Those even
+who knew him best were surprised indeed, when these evidences of his
+work abroad arrived, to see how much he had accomplished in the brief
+period--a little short of two years--of his absence. As, one after
+another, the packing-cases were opened, each in its turn afforded to
+the looker-on some fresh illustration of the untiring determination of
+the deceased traveller to make the very utmost of his opportunities
+whilst abroad. The voice that could alone have told the story of those
+collections, the hand that had brought them thus together, were silent
+and still in a far distant grave; but an utterance--the more pathetic
+because it was inaudible--seemed to go forth, unbidden, from those
+speechless records of devoted work and enterprise, and tell the secret
+tale of a life in earnest sympathy with nature curtailed,--the hand, as
+it were, yet warm from its labours.
+
+There, on the one hand, lay the opened cases of rare and brilliant
+bird-skins, each specimen with its separate label, in the collector’s
+writing, carefully recording its habitat, and other particulars useful
+to the student, accompanied in many instances by examples of nests
+and eggs. There, on the other hand, were lesser boxes, filled with
+varied specimens of insects, some from those very Victoria Falls
+of the Zambesi, the rich and almost untried harvest-ground of the
+naturalist, whose attractions had lured the wanderer to his untimely
+grave. And there, again, were those large wide-necked bottles, familiar
+to the collector, containing, some of them, strange-looking beetles,
+others still stranger reptiles; there the packets of botanical drying
+paper, each sheet enveloping its floral treasure. Turning again to
+other cases, were found in numbers the singular implements of savage
+warfare, or industry, and with them many of those rude yet tasteful
+attempts at ornamentation suggested by native fancy; evidences--the
+whole of them--of that untutored skill and delicate refinement of
+workmanship which characterize many of the finer races of unlettered
+savages. Whilst further, the mighty tusks of the huge African elephant,
+the skins of the lion, the leopard, and the cheetah,--for it was
+these beasts of prey that the traveller had especially loved to
+hunt,--besides those of many an African antelope, with horns and heads
+of equal grace and beauty, told silently of stirring adventures in the
+bush. Lastly, but yet not least, were those scientific instruments he
+had used in taking observations of his journey with so much faithful
+perseverance; the note-books; the letters of friends (some of these
+unopened, containing those trifling items of home news, so sweet to
+the far-off traveller, which his eyes had never seen, for they had
+arrived after his decease); the pencilled outlines of the country’s
+scenery; the water-colour drawings of those fatal Falls; how much did
+not these records breathe to the silent bystander, how much suggest of
+what had been, and still more what _might have been_! Poor fellow!
+not there himself to speak to us, those records of an earnest life,
+those cared-for and well-worn letters which he _had_ received and
+treasured, how far more eloquent they were to us than any words could
+have been! They told us all, more than all, than any words which he
+could, or at least would, have spoken--so lightly did he ever treat his
+own achievements--and seemed to leave the world and ourselves poorer
+and yet richer by his death!
+
+But the subject has led me, in my capacity of editor of these pages,
+beyond the proper limits of my duties, and I must crave the indulgence
+of the reader for this long digression. My object is merely to relate,
+as briefly as I can, such simple facts of Frank Oates’s earlier life
+as may serve to illustrate the scope and bearing of the ensuing pages,
+and bring to view the motives which led him to enter on his life of
+travel. What I have said, indeed, may perhaps, it is true, help to
+show--what I was anxious early to point out--how very catholic were the
+interests of the deceased, how great the hold each separate department
+of the world’s life, and history, and daily growth, had laid upon him.
+Devoted to the study of natural history, as I have already pointed out,
+and especially to that of birds--the pursuit of which might be called
+his ruling passion--yet never did he close his eyes to all those varied
+interests of other kinds, which were constantly opening round him in
+his life of foreign travel. “He was not” indeed, as has lately been
+said of the young French naturalist Jacquemont, who, like Frank Oates
+himself, died early and in harness,--“He was not at all one of those
+specialists who shut themselves up in a narrow speciality, and become
+blind and deaf to the great interests of human life.”[1] Rather may it
+be said of him, that his interests were perhaps too wide, and that he
+overtaxed his strength and powers in following the promptings of his
+nature. Speaking indeed in homely phraseology, whilst out in Africa, he
+admitted himself that he had “too many irons in the fire,” and some of
+the difficulties and vexations which beset him upon his journey must
+be attributed to the delays which were occasioned by his desire of
+embracing every opportunity which presented itself, not only of adding
+a new specimen to his collection, but also of noting any fresh fact
+with regard to the country and its inhabitants which came before his
+notice. For, in addition to his natural history pursuits, he was, as
+above intimated, engaged on this journey in taking observations of the
+country which he passed through, and laying down his route, and also,
+wherever possible, in seeking intercourse with the natives, and gaining
+knowledge of their character.
+
+This same tendency of his--to attempt too much--had once before also
+served him in evil stead when at the University in earlier life.
+Born on the 6th of April 1840, a son of the late Mr. Edward Oates,
+of Meanwoodside, near Leeds--himself a lover of nature, and a man of
+literary tastes--Frank Oates entered at Christ Church, Oxford, at the
+close of 1860. And here his love of nature and her teachings soon
+displayed itself by his choice of reading for a class in the Natural
+Science Schools. His work, however, in this direction did not keep him
+from study in many other departments of knowledge; and, besides his
+studies, all out-door pursuits had each their respective fascination
+for him. Of these, riding held with him, as it had always done, the
+foremost place; and when the time of year or incidental circumstances
+kept him from an occasional gallop with the hounds, he would have a
+long day’s ride into the country instead, drinking in, the while, deep
+draughts of enjoyment from the scenes he passed through. One such ride,
+still showing him faithful to his love of birds, he describes himself
+in a letter to one of his brothers on May Day, 1864, as follows:--
+
+“I had a jolly ride,” he writes, “to Wychwood Forest a few days ago,
+with S---- of Wadham. We both enjoyed it, as we both entered into the
+loveliness of the scene. Unfortunately the day was cold, and few birds
+were seen, though we did hear the nightingale once, and the cuckoo
+once or twice. We were riding about the forest in the dark, with some
+prospect of being lost, and did not get back to Oxford till eleven
+o’clock, having ridden about thirty-six miles.”
+
+The exhilaration of these long rides was almost a necessity to him,
+counteracting, as they did in a measure, the strain of mental work.
+He also loved bathing, swimming, and sailing, the first two of which
+Oxford supplied him with in liberal measure, whilst even the last-named
+he found occasional opportunity of indulging his taste for on the Isis.
+Then there were cricket and rowing, to both of which he gave a share
+of his attention, with rifle-shooting at the butts, and fencing at the
+gymnasium.
+
+This is a tolerable list of occupations, in addition to which
+Oxford had also its social attractions for him; for, besides the
+undergraduates of his own standing whom he knew, he was further
+privileged with the acquaintance of a few such men as the present Dean
+of Westminster--then Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the
+University--the present distinguished Master of Balliol, the late Sir
+Benjamin Brodie, and Professor Henry Smith; whilst the nature of his
+studies brought him into frequent pleasant intercourse with Professor
+Rolleston and others at the museum. The second year of his residence
+he sustained a loss, which he long felt, in the death of his young
+tutor, Mr. G. R. Luke, Senior Student of Christ Church, to whom he had
+formed no slight attachment. Of this event, rendered doubly sad by the
+circumstances under which it occurred, he wrote to a friend the day
+afterwards (March 4, 1862) as follows:--
+
+“Oxford,” he says, “has just lost one of its brightest lights, and I
+a valuable friend, whom, I fear, I did not sufficiently appreciate in
+his lifetime--poor Luke! It would be too much to say that there was not
+so good, but I can confidently assert that I do not think there was a
+better, man in Oxford. He was such a genuine, worthy, and conscientious
+fellow as is rarely met with; and his kindness was equalled by his
+noble spirit--his modesty by his high learning and abilities. And
+this valuable life, difficult as it is to realize it, has been cut
+short;--Luke was drowned in the river yesterday, having gone alone,
+quite contrary to his custom, in a whiff. It seems that he was near
+half an hour in the water, and dead when taken out. This sad accident,
+coming so suddenly, must throw a damp over the feelings of many; and if
+there is any gratitude amongst men, there must have been many a sigh
+for him last night. I heard the news before six o’clock, and it had
+reached Christ Church some time before, the accident having happened
+about four. You may imagine my horror when, on entering my rooms to put
+on my cap and gown for hall, I was met by my scout, and asked if I had
+heard that Mr. Luke was drowned. In an hour or two I should have been
+reading with him.”
+
+And now enough may have perhaps been said to give some insight into
+Frank Oates’s life at Oxford, and with one more quotation from his
+letters, this period of his history shall be closed. His first year
+at college an attack upon his chest in early spring had prevented his
+residence during the summer term at the University, and led to his
+spending as much of the succeeding winter as the Oxford terms admitted
+of in Italy, where he gathered many pleasant reminiscences. The
+following spring, too, he was late in coming up, owing to a return of
+his ailment during the Easter vacation, when he was again a prisoner
+to his room at home. Writing on April 23d (1862), during this period
+of confinement, he says, “I see the tree-tops tipped with green, and
+hear the thrush’s voice, telling me of old times, and asking me why
+I keep house, and I’ve no doubt spring is here. So I want to be out
+again, and to greet her as an old friend.” And presently he was out
+again, revelling in the spring sunshine with his friends, the birds.
+But this is not the intended quotation. Sufficiently recovered from
+this illness for the journey back to Oxford, he returned there on May
+9th to find the place “shaded with its great green trees, and with
+its gray old walls looking almost joyous.” It was not, however, till
+two evenings later that he “came in for the full benefit of the May
+aspect of things,” as he describes it, when he took a long ramble
+into the country to Wytham, and first saw the rich pastoral country
+which surrounds Oxford in its summer dress. His account of this walk,
+written (again to the same friend) on May 12th, tells forcibly of his
+appreciation of all country sights and sounds.
+
+“... Your letter arrived yesterday morning,” he says, “and of course my
+evening was at once laid out for me, and now I come to what I ought to
+have begun with--my ramble of last night. You perhaps thought, as it
+grew dusk, that I was still lingering about the scene you describe;
+and so I was. It was with really joyous feelings that I set out at six
+o’clock, and trudged along the Sevenbridge Road. It was Sunday evening,
+and the road was crowded with Oxford folks and the militia. The floods
+which surrounded the road seemed an object of interest to them, but
+I pushed on, bestowing a hurried glance now and then at the tufted
+willows, and islands, and shores of long grass, which dotted over and
+surrounded the lake-like fields, with the dappled sky reflected on
+their watery surface. Botley reached, I inquired the way to Wytham. A
+shady green lane was pointed out to me, and I was soon away in thought,
+all alone in that quiet place; and so on I strolled, through the
+fields, past the wood, through the village, and, as night closed in,
+back again. If I were a word-painter I might describe my walk; but not
+being one, should any attempt of mine thereat be intelligible to you,
+it will only be because you know what I would describe, and can realize
+my feelings.
+
+“There had been some little rain, and it was still rather dull and
+damp when I set out; but I should have gone if it had been worse, and
+really the evening ended almost brightly. I enjoyed the freshness
+of everything, and the wild-birds seemed to enjoy it; they did not
+appreciate it as I did, but they enjoyed it more. The notes of many
+a songster rang out from the thick cover of the wood on my left, and
+amongst the well-known notes some strange music was mixed, now and then
+becoming louder and more distinct. These must have been the wonderful
+soft strains of the nightingale. The woodpeckers were laughing wildly,
+and the rooks returning to the tops of the elms, and talking as is
+their wont; the youngsters responding eagerly, and seeming as if they
+were chattering and being fed at the same time. The cows were placidly
+grouped about the hedges, or wandering leisurely to and fro, favouring
+the passerby with a whiff of their scented breath. On the other side,
+flooded fields were rich in the most luxuriant vegetation; whilst
+continually, and, as it grew later, more continually, the cuckoos
+answered one another from many a deep shade. I was glad to think that
+you would be thinking me there, and hoped you would not fancy that I
+should give up the excursion.”
+
+Nor, passing now from reminiscences of his Oxford life, was his love of
+the country and its associations, here sufficiently evinced, confined
+to one particular sort of scenery; and the wild moorlands of his native
+county attracted him as strongly as the quiet and peaceful beauties of
+Oxfordshire, or even more so. During the Easter vacation of 1864 he
+had been on a short walking tour into the Yorkshire dales with one of
+his brothers and some other friends.
+
+“There is always a sense of freedom,” he writes from near Leeds soon
+afterwards, “in getting away to the moors and mountains which surround
+us, and lie so near that they seem to invite Leeds men to visit them.
+For though the river at Kirkstall is sadly changed from the stream
+that leaves Malham Tarn, and the mountain air has lost somewhat of
+its freshness when it sweeps over this place, the sight and sound of
+railways are a constant reminder that a few minutes’ consignment to
+the train, and the payment of a few shillings, are sufficient charm
+to place one in the world of nature. May those moors and valleys
+long continue desolate, if desolation may be understood to mean no
+presence but that of the spirit of nature. I care not what that spirit
+may be, but I feel a breathing life and an unsurpassable harmony,
+where man has not utterly defiled the face of the country. What I
+long for,” he concludes, “is a fishing tour in the neighbourhood of
+Kilnsey or Wensleydale. I must be incorrigibly idle, and born to hate
+anything that even looks like work; and yet I want to be active, to do
+something, to find a field for my energies, such as they are.”
+
+In the last passage the writer did himself some injustice, and what he
+seems to have taken for “incorrigible idleness,” was in reality nothing
+else than the demand of nature within him for some real rest and
+relaxation from his Oxford studies. His scrupulous conscientiousness,
+moreover, was already beginning to cause him much anxiety with regard
+to his future life, as the time for his leaving Oxford was approaching.
+That warning voice of nature, however, unhappily was not attended
+to. He would have entered the Schools for his final examination the
+succeeding autumn, or at latest the following spring; but in the latter
+part of the summer of this year (1864), under the strain of overwork,
+his health broke completely down, and for a period of some years he was
+obliged to live in a state of enforced, and to him scarcely endurable,
+inactivity. A great portion of this time he spent in the retired
+parts of Wales, and the English Lake District, and some part of it in
+Ireland. On one occasion, during this period, writing to one of his
+brothers on his experiences of overwork, he says:--
+
+“Let me advise you earnestly not to try _to do too many things_.
+I killed the goose with a vengeance, and got no golden egg. I was
+expecting in a few weeks [when taken ill] a degree with honours, and
+a good start in life, and ... had to leave Oxford without even an
+ordinary degree, which I knew more than enough to have taken the
+Easter before, if it would have satisfied me. I should have been
+surprised to have been told that season, when I was riding H----’s
+little cob in Rotten Row, in the glory of summer and all the hope of
+youth, that before the leaves had all left the trees that very horse
+would have been H----’s death, and that I should be a hundred times
+worse than dead.”[2]
+
+Throughout the whole of this weary time, however, he never
+relinquished--so indomitable was his spirit--the hope of a better time
+approaching. Once at Liverpool, indeed, for a short stay in 1869, he
+writes upon this subject, “I like to be where I can be amused and see
+life without having to take part in it, though I would fifty times
+rather be at work at something. I wonder,” he adds, “whether I ever
+shall be again.” And he _was_ at work again, not quite two years
+later, once more restored to health, and busily preparing for a trip
+across the Atlantic, which had been recommended to him for the thorough
+re-establishment of his health, and which accorded happily with the
+early fancies of his boyhood. It was by this time almost too late for
+him, even had he now wished it, to have thought seriously of adopting
+one of the recognized professions. A few years earlier he had thought
+both of the army and the bar; but with the love of adventure and
+research so strong within him, it is scarcely probable, had he adopted
+either, that he would have endured their trammels long. Once, too, it
+had seemed not unlikely that his strong love of painting, which held
+with his passion for natural history divided sway over his earlier
+years, might have proved the more powerful impulse of the two, and led
+him ultimately to the definite pursuit of art. In choosing against
+it, however, he probably selected well, as the somewhat sedentary
+life thereby involved would not so well have harmonized with his
+constitutional need for physical activity.
+
+On this expedition to America he was absent about a year,
+a considerable portion of the time being spent in Central
+America--chiefly in Guatemala,--and a part of it in California, camping
+out amongst the Rocky Mountains. Unlooked for circumstances brought his
+journey to a speedier close than he had intended; but if unaccompanied
+by other results, he was at least successful in forming a collection of
+birds and insects of some interest and value, and contracted several
+valuable friendships. “His manliness and irreproachable conduct
+and kindliness,” wrote Sir Henry Scholfield, the British Consul at
+Guatemala, after his decease, “gained for him, during his short stay
+here, a friend in every one he met.” And wherever else in the country
+he made any sort of stay, he appeared to have been scarcely less
+fortunate in this respect.
+
+Soon after his return from America in 1872 he began to make
+arrangements for a more extended journey--the one of which this
+volume treats, and on which he started in March 1873. His plan on
+this occasion was to reach the Zambesi from Natal, and if possible
+visit some of the unexplored country to the north of that river. In
+the latter hope he was destined to disappointment, and the number of
+obstacles he met with in realizing the former serve to illustrate
+some of the ordinary difficulties which may be encountered in African
+travel. Of the results, however, such as they were, of this journey,
+in which he lost his life, the reader must be left to form his own
+judgment from the perusal of the ensuing pages. He had at least
+acquired much of that needful experience of rough travel and adventure,
+without which little can be accomplished in the way of exploration or
+research. It is almost certain that, had he lived, his next journey
+would have been of a more ambitious kind, remarkable as he was for that
+love of enterprise which characterizes the true explorer; of this he
+spoke merely as a “little trip.” His experiences, moreover, in this
+two years’ travel, must still further have convinced him, if in a
+different manner, of those evil effects of attempting too many things,
+which his Oxford career had previously warned him of. The diversity
+of his pursuits led him into many delays, each one of which no doubt
+contributed its share, together with the obstructiveness of native
+tribes, to that long detention on his journey which finally threw his
+visit to the Zambesi into the unhealthy season of the year. It must be
+granted, however, at the same time, that his love of adventure led him
+into places where the field for inquiry was especially inviting, and
+offered exceptional advantages; and also that his devotion to natural
+history beguiled throughout his journey what might otherwise have
+proved many a weary march. It is more than probable--so fully had the
+need of this now been brought home to him--that on another journey,
+had he been spared to make one, he would have concentrated his chief
+energies upon fewer objects. What these might have been must remain,
+indeed, matter of conjecture; but whatever else he had abandoned, the
+pursuit of ornithology would certainly have held a place second only to
+that of exploration.
+
+In character and temperament Frank Oates was admirably fitted for
+his work. “I like anything,” he once wrote when at Oxford, “that
+seems difficult of attainment,”--the very zest of the pursuit proving
+in such cases its own reward to him. So too, in disposition; he
+had just the one which recommends itself to strangers. “There was
+something singularly winning about him,” wrote a friend, upon his
+death; “that peculiar combination of courage and gentleness, which is
+one of the finest traits of character.” It was, in fact, this very
+association of a genial nature with a remarkable openness and candour
+of disposition, that won for him friends, especially amongst his own
+countrymen, wherever his lot was cast, and so smoothed his way over
+many difficulties. And if, as would sometimes happen, he fell amongst
+unfriendly natives, he preserved himself on such occasions by a seeming
+show of condescension, and a coolness under danger which commanded
+their respect. A faithful and accurate observer, but little was lost
+that came before his notice; and if at the time of his death--in
+February 1875--he had not realized all that he had hoped from his
+expedition, he may at least be said to have justified the choice that
+he had made, and had contributed a measure of faithful labour to the
+causes of progress and research.
+
+On hearing of his death, the Dean of Christ Church, who had always
+particularly regretted the illness which in earlier life had
+prematurely closed his University career, wrote of the untimely
+termination of his later efforts in a spirit of no less concern. “His
+name,” wrote the Dean at this time, “must be added to the list of those
+devoted and enterprising Englishmen, who ‘scorn delights and live
+laborious days,’ who by their frank love of truth and justice have
+made our name respected from one hemisphere to the other. I retain a
+dear memory of him,” he concludes, “and grieve to think that so much
+manly spirit has so soon been quenched.”
+
+This manly love of truth here noticed, his zeal in action, and energy
+for work, had marked Frank Oates conspicuously from a boy. Life was for
+him no lounge, merely to be dreamed through, but an active, burning
+reality, from which the fruit that the hour yielded was to be plucked
+and harvested. From his earliest days, when he watched at springtide
+the coming of the swallow, or lurked in autumn by the hedgerow, to note
+the flocks of redwings as they passed--from the time when those authors
+whom he loved had given him his first glimpses into that distant realm
+of nature where his imagination loved to wander, and he hoped one day
+to follow them--till the arrival of the period when that desire was
+at length destined to be realized, and he had threaded the forests of
+tropical America, and roamed through the thorny wastes of Southern
+Africa, was he ever adding something to his knowledge of nature,
+something to his love of science, or something to his appreciation of
+the beautiful. With him, indeed, were no half measures. His interest
+once fairly roused in any subject, he gave to it the strength of his
+whole soul; a purpose once formed rarely failed in its fulfilment;
+and such was the elasticity of his temperament that he would turn from
+one subject to another, each as a mere refreshment from the last. To
+this was added, in no common measure, a certain freshness and buoyancy
+of the spirit, which enabled him in a moment to throw off the spell
+which bound him, and join on occasion in the frolic of the hour. A
+peculiar brightness characterized his being, and rendered the common
+incidents of life attractive to him; and should any be found who regard
+as incongruous the lightness of spirit which occasionally manifests
+itself even in the ensuing pages, in connexion with more serious
+subjects, such ones may read with interest the following extract from
+the writings of the late Charles Kingsley, with reference to this
+very tendency, as manifested in another posthumous author, whose book
+was edited by a friend. “With a reverence for the dead,” he says,
+“which will at once be understood and honoured, he [the editor] has
+refrained, perhaps here and there too scrupulously, from altering a
+single word of the documents as he found them, respecting even certain
+scraps of Cambridge and Winchester slang, which may possibly offend
+that class of readers who fancy that the sign of magnanimity is to
+take everything _au grand sérieux_, and that the world’s work
+must needs be done upon stilts; but which will be, perhaps, to the
+more thoughtful reader only additional notes of power, of that true
+English ‘Lebensglückseligkeit,’ as the German calls it, which makes
+a jest of danger and an amusement of toil. Jean Paul makes somewhere
+the startling assertion that no man really believes his religious
+creed unless he can afford to jest about it. Without going so far as
+that, I will say boldly,” adds the writer, “that no man feels himself
+master of his work unless he can afford to jest about it; and that
+a frolicsome habit of mind is rather a token of deep, genial, and
+superabundant vitality, than of a shallow and narrow nature, which can
+only be earnest and attentive by conscious and serious efforts.”[3]
+There were few circles of society where Frank Oates was not welcome;
+and once received in any of them, a place was ever after reserved for
+him in their midst. Whatever raciness or originality of character was
+to be met with where his lot for the time was cast, he failed not to
+find it out; and he eagerly availed himself of every opportunity which
+enabled him to see life in its less conventional aspects. A certain
+chivalry endeared him to the weak, his fearlessness attached to him
+the strong, and no act of kindness was ever lost upon or forgotten by
+him. He wandered far afield; but at home or abroad it ever was the same
+with him, and he had friends, go where he would: for the intellect, in
+his case, never overruled the affections; and perhaps it has fallen to
+the lot of few, dying at his comparatively early age, to leave so many
+sorrowing hearts behind them.
+
+And now, but one word further. The late Charles Kingsley--again to
+quote his writings, still in the same connexion as before, with
+reference, that is, to his friend, Charles Mansfield, traveller,
+ornithologist, and devotee of science, the posthumous writer above
+referred to--has said some touching words, which the editor of these
+pages, too partial, it may be, in his estimate of the deceased, would
+fain transcribe, and apply to the subject of the present memoir. “He
+was one of those rare spirits,” writes Charles Kingsley,[4] “to whom
+this life and this world have been, as far as human minds can judge,
+little beyond a schoolhouse for some nobler life and world to come. Cut
+off at the very climacteric of his years, just as he was beginning to
+give the world evidence of his faculties, and just as he had acquired
+the power of using them in an orderly and practical method, he has left
+little behind but the _disjecta membra philosophi_.... Never have
+I met a human being to whom as clearly as to him the thing which seemed
+right was a thing to be done forthwith, at all hazards, and at any
+sacrifice.... He had gathered round him [ere he died], friends, both
+men and women, who looked on him with a love such as might be inspired
+by some being from a higher world.... Oh, fairest of souls!” concludes
+the writer, “Happy those who knew thee in this life! Happier those who
+will know thee in the life to come!”
+
+                                                           C. G. O.
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    “Nor yet quite deserted, though lonely extended,
+    For faithful in death, his mute favourite attended.”
+                                       --SCOTT.
+
+    _See page 265._]
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+                              CHAPTER I.
+
+    Departure from England--St. Helena--Cape Town--Arrival at
+    Durban--Pietermaritzburg--Start up country--Pretoria; its
+    climate and vegetation--The High Veldt--Dutch Boers--The
+    Crocodile River--Bamangwato                                  Page 1
+
+                              CHAPTER II.
+
+    The journey resumed--Halt on the Seruli--Bushmen on the
+    Gokwe--The Shashe--The Tati Settlement--Adventure with a
+    lion--W. E. Oates returns to the coast; particulars of his
+    journey                                                          23
+
+                             CHAPTER III.
+
+    Frank Oates proceeds to the King’s Town--Crosses the
+    Ramaqueban--Dutch hunters on the Impakwe--The Inkwesi;
+    picturesque scenery--John Lee’s farm--Manyami’s Kraal--The
+    Shashani--Fine country--Kumala River                             42
+
+                              CHAPTER IV.
+
+    Arrival at Gubuleweyo--Interview with the King--Start
+    for the Zambesi--Hope Fountain--Inyati--Difficulty
+    of obtaining bearers--The Zambesi abandoned--Hunting
+    expedition on the Umvungu and Gwailo Rivers--Experiences of
+    a half-caste--Birds’ nests--The indunas’ tree--Hunting--A
+    lunar eclipse--Return to Gubuleweyo--Wild fruit                  58
+
+                              CHAPTER V.
+
+    Stay at Gubuleweyo--New Year’s Day--The Great Dance--Cattle
+    slaughtered--Departure of the King; the royal procession--A
+    dispute referred to him--Lobengula’s court                       92
+
+                              CHAPTER VI.
+
+    Return to Tati--Changed aspect of the country--Constant
+    delays--The Mashonas--At Manyami’s again--John
+    Lee’s--Letter home--The Inkwesi--Wild fruit--A hornbill’s
+    nest--The Impakwe and Ramaqueban Rivers--Graves of
+    Englishmen--White ants--Bushman remains--The Tati reached       116
+
+                             CHAPTER VII.
+
+    Hunting trip on the Semokwe--A native musician--Gigantic
+    baobabs--Return to Tati--Journey to Shoshong--The
+    Bamangwato and Matabele nations--Fighting amongst
+    the natives--Start back for Tati--Misadventures and
+    delays--Fresh arrangements                                      139
+
+                             CHAPTER VIII.
+
+    Again at Tati--Fresh causes of delay--Lions on the
+    Motloutsi--Threatened by natives--Forthcoming prospects         161
+
+                              CHAPTER IX.
+
+    Fresh start for the Zambesi--The Ramaqueban again--A
+    lion shot--Singular building--Wild fruit--First Kraal of
+    the Makalakas--Stopped by the induna--Return to Tati--To
+    Gubuleweyo and back--Fresh leave obtained--Altered
+    arrangements for the journey                                    172
+
+                              CHAPTER X.
+
+    Third start for the Zambesi--Again stopped by
+    natives--Fresh leave from the King--The journey
+    resumed--Frank Oates’s companion obliged to leave him--He
+    goes forward alone--Breakdown of his waggon--Annoyances
+    from the natives--Help from Tati--Return there--Letters
+    home--Future plans                                              192
+
+                              CHAPTER XI.
+
+    Final start from Tati--Bushman remains--A
+    game-drive--Wild dogs--The Makalakas again--The Matengwe
+    River--English hunters met with--The Nata River--The
+    Pantamatenka--Christmas Day--Start on foot for the
+    Zambesi--The goal at last                                       229
+
+                             CHAPTER XII.
+
+    Main features of the Falls--The return commenced--Frank
+    Oates attacked by fever--Course of the illness; improvement
+    and relapse--His death--Dr. Bradshaw takes his effects to
+    Bamangwato--His favourite dog--Arrival of W. Oates and Mr.
+    Gilchrist in Natal--Conclusion                                  253
+
+
+                               APPENDIX.
+
+      I. ETHNOLOGY, by George Rolleston, M.D., F.R.S., Linacre
+           Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the University
+           of Oxford                                                273
+
+     II. ORNITHOLOGY, by R. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S., F.Z.S.,
+           Senior Assistant, Zoological Department, British
+           Museum                                                   294
+
+    III. HERPETOLOGY, by Albert Gunther, M.A., Ph.D., M.D.,
+           F.R.S.                                                   329
+
+     IV. ENTOMOLOGY, by J. O. Westwood, M.A., F.L.S., etc., Hope
+           Professor of Zoology, in the University of Oxford        331
+
+      V. BOTANY, by D. Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S., Professor of
+         Botany in University College, London                       366
+
+     VI. LIST OF MAKALAKA WORDS AND PHRASES, from one of Mr. F.
+           Oates’s Note-Books, 1874–5                               370
+
+         INDEX                                                      371
+
+
+
+
+                        LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+    PORTRAIT OF MR. FRANK OATES                          _Frontispiece_
+
+                          CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS.
+
+    HIGH VELDT, TRANSVAAL. From a water-colour drawing by
+        W. E. Oates                                    _To face page 8_
+
+    TATI SETTLEMENT. From a water-colour drawing by W. E.
+        Oates                                         _To face page 30_
+
+    HUNTERS’ CAMP, SEMOKWE RIVER. From a water-colour
+        drawing by W. E. Oates                       _To face page 143_
+
+    SHOSHONG, BAMANGWATO. From a water-colour drawing
+        by W. E. Oates                               _To face page 155_
+
+    DRY BED OF THE INKWESI RIVER. From a water-colour
+        drawing by W. E. Oates                       _To face page 208_
+
+    VICTORIA FALLS, ZAMBESI (WESTERN EXTREMITY). From
+        a water-colour drawing by Frank Oates        _To face page 258_
+
+                               WOODCUTS.
+
+    HEAD OF PALLAH. Drawn by Charles Whymper               _Title-page_
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+    “FAITHFUL IN DEATH.” Drawn by Charles Whymper                 xxxvi
+
+    PRETORIA, TRANSVAAL. From a water-colour drawing by
+        W. E. Oates                                                   7
+
+    BOER’S FARM, HIGH VELDT, TRANSVAAL. From a drawing
+        by W. E. Oates                                                9
+
+    GAME ON THE HIGH VELDT, TRANSVAAL. From a drawing
+        by W. E. Oates                                _To face page 12_
+
+    LIMPOPO OR CROCODILE RIVER. From a water-colour drawing
+        by W. E. Oates                                               19
+
+    SNUFF-BOXES MADE FROM GOURDS. From a drawing by
+        W. E. Oates                                                  22
+
+    DOUBLE-BANDED SAND-GROUSE (_Pterocles bicinctus_). From
+        a drawing by W. E. Oates                                     27
+
+    BOERS’ FARMS, CROCODILE RIVER. From a water-colour
+        drawing by W. E. Oates                                       38
+
+    SOUTH AFRICAN WART HOG (_Phacochærus æthiopicus_).
+        From a drawing by W. E. Oates                                41
+
+    MANYAMI. From a sketch by Frank Oates                            52
+
+    MANYAMI’S ATTENDANT. From a sketch by Frank Oates                52
+
+    FEATHER HEAD-DRESS. From a drawing by W. E. Oates                56
+
+    HEAD-DRESS OF ZEBRA SKIN AND FEATHERS. From a drawing
+        by W. E. Oates                                               57
+
+    BIRDS’ NESTS. From a drawing by W. E. Oates                      77
+
+    THE FIRST ELEPHANT. From a sketch by Frank Oates                 84
+
+    KNOB-BILLED GOOSE (_Sarkidiornis melanonotus_). From a
+        drawing by W. E. Oates                                       91
+
+    DANCING-STICK, BOW AND ARROWS, AND KNOB-KERRIES.
+        From a drawing by W. E. Oates                                95
+
+    OX-HIDE SHIELD. From a drawing by W. E. Oates                   100
+
+    ASSEGAI-HEADS AND BATTLE-AXE. From a drawing by W. E.
+        Oates                                                       102
+
+    MUSICAL INSTRUMENT. From a drawing by W. E. Oates               115
+
+    NATIVE HUNTING-KNIVES. From a drawing by W. E. Oates            120
+
+    AFRICAN GREY HORNBILL (_Tockus nasutus_). From a drawing
+        by W. E. Oates                                              132
+
+    YELLOW-BILLED HORNBILL (_Tockus flavirostris_). From a
+        drawing by W. E. Oates                                      133
+
+    GIGANTIC ANT-HILL. From a water-colour drawing by W.
+        E. Oates                                                    135
+
+    WOODEN VESSEL. From a drawing by W. E. Oates                    138
+
+    SALT PAN, BAMANGWATO. From a water-colour drawing by
+        W. E. Oates                                                 147
+
+    CHURCH AND MISSION STATION, SHOSHONG, BAMANGWATO.
+        From a water-colour drawing by W. E. Oates                  149
+
+    “ROCK” AND “RAIL.” Drawn by Charles Whymper                     160
+
+    WATTLED STARLING (_Dilophus carunculatus_). From a drawing
+        by W. E. Oates                                              171
+
+    NATIVE BUILDING, SHASHE RIVER. From a water-colour drawing
+        by Frank Oates                                              176
+
+    KLIPSPRINGER (_Oreotragus saltatrix_). From a sketch by
+        Frank Oates                                                 195
+
+    VERREAUX’S WHYDAH BIRD (_Vidua Verreauxi_), AND THE
+        SHAFT-TAILED WHYDAH BIRD (_Vidua regia_). From
+        a drawing by W. E. Oates                     _To face page 220_
+
+    BLUE WILDEBEEST (_Catoblepas taurina_). From a drawing by
+        W. E. Oates                                                 228
+
+    CAMP IN THE VELDT. From a water-colour drawing by Frank
+        Oates                                                       230
+
+    AFRICAN DWARF GOOSE (_Nettapus auritus_). From a drawing
+        by W. E. Oates                                              243
+
+    WOODEN PILLOW. From a drawing by W. E. Oates                    252
+
+    VICTORIA FALLS, ZAMBESI (THE OUTLET). From a water-colour
+        drawing by Frank Oates                                      256
+
+    “RAIL.” From a Photograph                                       271
+
+                           COLOURED PLATES.
+
+    PLATE.
+
+                              (APPENDIX.)
+
+    A. SAXICOLA SHELLEYI.  Drawn by J. G. Keulemans  _To face page_ 328
+
+    B. BRADYORNIS OATESII. Drawn by J. G. Keulemans          „      328
+
+    C. CORONELLA TRITÆNIA. Drawn by R. Mintern               „      330
+
+    D. DRYIOPHIS OATESII.  Drawn by R. Mintern               „      330
+
+    E-H. NEW AND REMARKABLE INSECTS. From drawings
+          by Professor Westwood                              „      364
+
+    J. ANTHERICUM OATESII. From drawings by W. H. Fitch      „      368
+
+    K. ADIANTUM OATESII. From drawings by W. H. Fitch        „      368
+
+                                 MAPS.
+
+    ROUTE FROM SHOSHONG TO TATI                       _To face page_ 23
+
+    ROUTE FROM TATI TO THE UMGWANYA RIVER                    „       43
+
+    ROUTE FROM TATI TO THE VICTORIA FALLS                    „      173
+
+    GENERAL MAP OF SOUTH-EASTERN AFRICA                       _At end._
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER I.
+
+  Departure from England--St. Helena--Cape Town--Arrival at
+  Durban--Pietermaritzburg--Start up country--Pretoria; its
+  Climate and Vegetation--The High Veldt--Dutch Boers--The
+  Crocodile River--Bamangwato.
+
+
+On the 5th of March 1873, Frank Oates and his brother, W. E. Oates,
+sailed from Southampton for Natal on board the Union Company’s
+steamship “African.” It was the intention of the former, as already
+explained in the introduction to this volume, to make a journey to the
+Zambesi, and, if possible, push on thence to some of the unexplored
+country northwards. His brother contemplated a shorter trip in the same
+direction, which was to occupy about a year.
+
+The only land sighted, after leaving England and passing the Needles,
+were the islands of Porto Santo, Madeira, and Teneriffe, and one of the
+Canaries, besides Cape Verd on the African coast, until on March 25th
+the vessel reached St. Helena, where she touched and remained a few
+hours. The fruit in the island at this time (including figs, bananas,
+and very fine peaches) was in perfection, whilst scarlet geraniums,
+fuchsias, and petunias--all growing wild--were in full bloom. Head
+winds, after leaving St. Helena, considerably delayed the vessel’s
+progress, and Cape Town was only reached on the 3d of April. Here
+passengers for Natal were transferred from the “African” to a coasting
+steamer, the “Zulu,” which sailed five days later, and reached Durban
+on the 19th of the month. The view here across the bay was pretty
+enough, with ships lying at anchor inside and out, and the lighthouse,
+a marked feature on the green headland opposite. The brothers left
+Durban for Pietermaritzburg to prepare for their expedition into the
+interior soon after landing, the journey, in a six-horse waggon,
+occupying about twelve hours. The country passed through was for the
+most part hilly, with very little timber. Here and there some fields
+of Indian corn (“mealies”) were seen, and also some pretty bits of
+mountain scenery with abrupt crags, but the land is chiefly pasture,
+and the general aspect of the country not unlike that of the American
+prairie. A number of ox-waggons were met and passed upon the road. Near
+Maritzburg a few trees were seen; the approach is pretty, and the place
+has an English air about it.
+
+At Maritzburg the brothers remained about three weeks, making
+preparations for their journey northwards. Their plan was to go by the
+usual trade route through the Transvaal, and then on to Shoshong, the
+town of Sekomi, chief of the Bamangwato, from here either taking the
+direct route towards the Zambesi by the Tati River, or making a circuit
+in a north-westerly direction by way of Lake Ngami. They accordingly
+each purchased a waggon and the requisite number of oxen for the
+journey, and engaged some native attendants. Before leaving Maritzburg,
+W. E. Oates wrote home as follows:--
+
+                                                  _May 14th, 1873._
+
+... “We only stayed a few days in Durban, and came on here, as this is
+a much better place for getting an outfit for the interior. It is 54
+miles from Durban, and not a particularly interesting place. There are
+hills all round, without much vegetation, and covered with long coarse
+grass. It is much cooler than it is at Durban, as it is 2000 feet above
+the level of the sea. It is winter now, and rather cool at night,
+but still very hot during the day. We arrived here three weeks ago
+to-morrow, and to-morrow we intend making a start up country. We have
+each got a waggon and fourteen oxen, besides five ponies between us,
+and three Kafirs to each waggon. We are going with a man called Gray,
+who is going up to Lake Ngami to trade. He is quite a young fellow, and
+has only been out here four years. He knows the country through which
+we are going, and says it is extremely healthy, and the native tribes
+all friendly. He has taken five waggons, and left on the 11th instant,
+but as his waggons are heavily laden, we expect to overtake him in a
+week.[5]
+
+“Buckley and Gilchrist started with their waggon yesterday, but Frank
+is not ready, he has so many things to get.[6]
+
+“We have got some blankets, beads, knives, etc., as there is no good
+taking money, and everything you want you must pay for in that way.
+The waggons are very comfortable and hold a great deal, including a
+mattress which lies on the top of the boxes. We are taking coffee,
+sugar, tea, flour, oatmeal, pickles, some brandy, and several other
+things for our own use. The Kafirs are supposed to get nothing but
+meal, which they boil in a large pot and eat with the help of pieces
+of stick. They occasionally get a little coffee also.... There is
+very little here in the way of fruit and vegetables. The only fruit
+now is oranges, though there are peaches and apricots in the season.
+Altogether, there seems very little pains taken to cultivate the land,
+as the niggers are too lazy to work, and white labour is expensive.”
+
+On May 15th the waggons of the two brothers started, with W. E. Oates’s
+servant, Thomas Bell, who had accompanied him from England, and made
+their first halt about four miles from Maritzburg.
+
+Frank Oates, still at Maritzburg, writes thence the following day, May
+16th:--
+
+“Our waggons left yesterday, and we went with them on horseback,
+Willie remaining to sleep with them, and I returning here for the
+night. W. has ridden in here this morning, and we shall both go on
+again to the waggons, which travel very slowly. I think we have been
+fortunate in getting good oxen for them. We have also a young horse, a
+very pretty bay, which had only begun to be broken a fortnight when we
+got him, but which is four years old, and likely to turn out very well.
+We have also another bay horse, which W. rides. These two are about 14½
+hands high. We have three smallish ponies--one a very pretty brown one,
+and two little rough black ones. Of course we are taking dogs also. We
+bought four pointers, and have likewise had a rough dog given us, and
+another promised, and shall try to pick up as many as we can as we go
+along, for they are invaluable to have about the camp.... We go with
+Gray as far as Bamangwato, and shall then either go on with him to Lake
+Ngami, or visit the Victoria Falls direct, or we may go first to the
+Lake, and make little explorations to the north and north-west, and
+in the May following go on to the Victoria Falls, and thence return
+here.... Gray is on excellent terms with the King Lecheletebe, a good
+native, who would assist us in every way in his power. If we go to the
+Falls we pass through the country of Lobengula, the son of Mosilikatze,
+whose name you will see in maps. Lobengula is reported to be a ‘decent
+chap’ by a friend of ours, a doctor here, from Dewsbury, whose
+Christian name is Oates. We go by Mooi River, Colenso, Ladysmith,
+Newcastle, Pretoria, Crocodile River, and Bamangwato.... This country
+is not to be compared with America. The most of it about here is hilly,
+the hills in places becoming mountains, and all covered with coarse
+dry grass, and scarcely a stick of timber. There is nothing to compare
+with the lovely tropical scenery of Central America, or the magnificent
+mountains, prairies, lakes, and rivers of the United States. I never
+expect to admire any country so much as I do the western world. Perhaps
+one reason that the North American Indians were for savages a superior
+race was their fine scenery.”
+
+Again, from the Umgeni River, a few miles upon the journey, he writes,
+May 17th:--
+
+“We are now fairly on our way. Last night was my first night in the
+waggon, and W.’s second. We are 13 miles on our way. Our waggons are
+most comfortable. We have a wooden framework in each waggon, surmounted
+by a substantial mattress and lots of blankets. We have tin wash-hand
+basins, cups, and plates, and fare luxuriously. Bell is now cooking
+some chops. I am reminded of some very pleasant days in the wilds of
+America.”
+
+  [Illustration: PRETORIA, TRANSVAAL.]
+
+Ladysmith was reached on the 24th of May and Newcastle on the 31st, a
+halt of two or three days being made at each place. On the 23d of June
+the party arrived at Pretoria, and Frank Oates writes from that place,
+June 27th:--
+
+“We have now been ‘trekking’ (_i.e._ travelling in waggons) for
+six weeks from yesterday. We have, however, gone slowly, and have
+been delayed once or twice. We stayed a few days at Ladysmith and
+Newcastle, two towns, as they are called here (we should call them
+small villages); we then got into the Transvaal Republic, and had a
+very bad tract of country to cross, the high veldt. This country is
+very high, about 5000 feet above the sea, and as it was dead of winter
+when we crossed it the cold at night was rather severe. One of the
+coldest nights I think we had, was that of the 8th of June, when the
+thermometer showed 8 degrees of frost Fahrenheit. This may not seem
+very much, but the days being hot you feel the cold a good deal, and
+are glad of a good lot of blankets. In this respect I had taken care
+that we should be all right. The morning after the night I speak of
+my hand was numb with the cold, and I dropped and smashed my only
+thermometer.[7] My aneroid barometer, which tells me the height above
+the sea really very accurately as far as I can judge, is still all
+right, but my sextant suffered so much on board the ‘Zulu’ that I have
+some difficulty, being a novice, in making use of it.
+
+“In crossing the high veldt the cattle suffer not only from the cold
+nights but the poverty of the grass, which will get worse and worse
+till the rainy season, which will be about September.[8] The disease
+called ‘red water,’ which is so bad on the coast, and which has caused
+so many oxen to die and the price to rise so much, does not seem to
+extend beyond Natal. Out of twenty-eight oxen we lost only three, which
+is considered a very small percentage. A few of our oxen got into low
+condition, and we have got seven new ones coming along the road. We
+shall try to leave the poor ones at some farm, or exchange them for fat
+ones.
+
+  [Illustration: HIGH VELDT, TRANSVAAL.]
+
+  [Illustration: BOER’S FARM, HIGH VELDT, TRANSVAAL.]
+
+“We arrived here (at Pretoria) on the morning of the 23d of June. It is
+very different from what it was in crossing the Drakensberg. There is
+scarcely ever ice here, and now (the coldest season) the temperature
+is perfection--neither hot during the day nor cold at night. There are
+orange-trees with fruit on them in the gardens, and high hedges of
+monthly roses in flower; there are also a few large trees (blue gums),
+something like poplars in mode of growth, but with dark foliage. These
+are planted here, for the country does not seem to bear much timber
+naturally. There is plenty of scrub on the slopes of the high land as
+you descend, and I believe there is a large extent of bush country
+round here, and when we get into the regular bush, plenty of timber, I
+imagine, such as it is; but this part of Africa is no timber country.
+On the high veldt there is nothing but parched grass, in many places
+burnt for a whole day’s trek, as fires are of everyday occurrence. On
+one occasion we had £5 to pay a man in front of whose house our men had
+set fire to the veldt whilst lighting our camp fire. The farms are
+few and far between in that desolate region; they grow Indian corn and
+a few peaches, and have a few cattle and sheep. The Boers are rather
+good sort of people, and though trying to get every penny they can in a
+bargain, honest, I should say, on the whole, and hospitable. I cannot
+speak any Dutch yet, so communication is limited, having to be carried
+on through an interpreter.
+
+“Here in Pretoria are a great many English. The English keep stores;
+the Dutch Boers stick to farming. The latter come in with their
+waggons of grain, wood, and other produce, which is sold by auction
+at 8 A.M. in the market-place. ‘Mealies’ (unground Indian
+corn) fetch fifteen shillings a muid, which is about 200 lbs. This
+the Englishmen buy, get ground for two-and-sixpence a muid, and ask
+twenty-two and sixpence, or even twenty-five shillings for, and
+make a good thing of the numbers of people passing through here to
+the Marabastadt and Leydenburg gold-fields. The latter fields were
+newly discovered and much talked about when we were at Durban and
+Pietermaritzburg, but do not seem as good as the Marabastadt. No one
+thinks much of the Tati or Baines’s gold-fields in Mosilikatze’s
+country.
+
+“I fear the English who are here are a bad lot, with few exceptions.
+One man who cheated me I asked if he had a conscience. He replied that
+no one here had them.
+
+“Though here and there you see a garden with a few trees in it, and,
+as I mentioned, orange-trees and rose-bushes, do not imagine a scene
+of the least beauty. The town itself, the seat of the government, does
+not contain a single good building. It is like some little frontier
+town in America. There is not even a book-shop in it. The country
+immediately around is flat and devoid of trees, though in the distance
+are some ranges of hills. The day we reached Pretoria, the mail, a
+fortnightly one, arrived from Pietermaritzburg with a paper containing
+English news, very bare items though, up to May 15th. It seems dreadful
+that we were nearly six weeks in coming here, and the mail came in six
+days. The mail brings passengers also, but they are allowed hardly any
+baggage. It goes out again to-day to Pietermaritzburg, so I am writing
+this letter by the light of my lantern as I recline in my waggon. I
+think it is now about 6 A.M., but the sun does not rise till
+after 7.
+
+“Gray, the trader, left us at Newcastle, and had left here before we
+arrived for Bamangwato, _en route_ for Lake Ngami, where our
+programme was to accompany him.[9] We are not certain whether we shall
+follow him or alter our plans. I will write again, letting you know
+what we have decided. If I leave a second letter here, it will go to
+Pietermaritzburg a fortnight hence, so you will get it in England soon
+after you get this.”
+
+Four days later W. E. Oates writes, also from Pretoria, “We have
+now been here a week, and are going to start off again to-day for
+Bamangwato. Buckley and his friend Gilchrist came up on Saturday, and
+we have decided to keep together. Gray, the trader we talked about,
+left here for Bamangwato about a fortnight since.... I fear we are now
+too late to get to the Victoria Falls, as the country is not healthy
+after September. We have been rather more than six weeks in getting
+from Maritzburg here, and a more wretched country can hardly be
+conceived--not a tree to be seen, and half the country burnt black, as,
+if the grass is set on fire, it burns for weeks. The days are intensely
+hot (not a drop of rain since we left Maritzburg); the nights very
+cold, with sharp frosts. Countless herds of antelopes are to be seen
+every day; wildebeest (gnu), blesbok, springbok, and many others called
+by Dutch names. There are also hyænas, jackals, crows, and vultures.
+
+  [Illustration: GAME ON THE HIGH VELDT, TRANSVAAL.]
+
+“The Dutch Boers have farms at intervals. They seem miserably poor; no
+milk, eggs, meat. I don’t know how they live. It is much warmer here,
+and after to-morrow we get into what is called the bush veldt, where
+there are lots of trees, and then it begins to get hot. The country
+we have passed over is from 4000 to 6000 feet above the level of the
+sea, and on the high veldt there is scarcely any water; the road in
+many places very bad and strewn with the bones and skeletons of oxen,
+wildebeest, and other animals, which have been picked clean by the
+vultures. How people can pass their lives in such dreary solitudes
+it is difficult to conceive.... We, however, are very comfortable and
+well. We have large supplies with us, more than necessary, I think; but
+we can sell at Bamangwato what we do not want for nearly double what
+we gave for it at Maritzburg. This is the last place where there is a
+regular mail, though traders go from Bamangwato, and will take letters.
+The waggons make snug dwelling-houses. The mattress goes at the top of
+the things, and you have the canvas all round. You get in at the front,
+and let a canvas curtain down. There are canvas pockets at the sides,
+where you put what you want handy.
+
+“We have been exceedingly lucky with our oxen, as many people have lost
+nearly all they had from the epidemic which is raging in Natal. One
+man lost his whole span of eighteen. We have only lost three; partly,
+I think, because we haven’t hurried them. They have got poor, owing to
+the wretched grass on the high flats. They say, however, they fatten
+immediately they get into the bush veldt.
+
+“Pretoria is a miserable little place, though the capital of the
+Transvaal. The store-keepers are English, or Africanders (as the native
+whites are called).... The niggers are idle and insolent. It is said
+the only way to treat them is to thrash them well, and though we have
+never resorted to this, I have often felt inclined to do so. We have
+five with us--three Hottentots and two Kafirs. The Kafirs who are total
+savages are much better to get on with.... It seems odd that I have
+such a little to tell you about after so long an absence, but one day
+here is almost exactly like another, and the country hitherto the same
+day by day.”
+
+The travellers left Pretoria for Bamangwato on the 30th of June, and
+after three days’ trekking to the north-west, crossed the Crocodile
+River, keeping for some time afterwards at no great distance from
+its banks. “On leaving the waggon, to shoot,” writes Frank Oates
+on the 5th of July, “I rode up to the river, which is far the most
+beautiful thing I have yet seen in South Africa. Trees of various
+kinds--some resembling willows and oaks, the former in leaf, the latter
+bare--fringed the river’s banks, which are steep. Long grass and bush
+grew in the country round, and where we outspanned at breakfast there
+was some very fine grass, tall and drooping, with a tassel. Here too,”
+he concludes, “we got amongst plenty of birds, and to-day is the first
+that I have felt the country cease to be disappointing.”
+
+The following day the road again continued in close proximity to the
+river. The country was level and covered with trees like those in a
+fine park, none of them, however, very large. The Hex and Eland’s
+Rivers, tributaries to the Crocodile, were crossed near together the
+day after, and on the 12th a halt of twenty-four hours was made at
+Holfontein, a good watering-place upon the road, where many birds
+were met with, including parrots, doves, and hoopoes. Two days later
+the Crocodile, which had now for some time been lost sight of, again
+came in view--a grand stream--and a fine blue distant mountain range
+stretched to the right and right rear. A halt of two or three days was
+made by the river’s bank, to give the oxen time to rest. Here buffalo,
+blue wildebeest, springbok, and other game was found, including wild
+pigs and pallah; and a little further north eland was met with, and
+many of the lesser antelopes. About this time the dews, which had
+hitherto been heavy, ceased altogether; possibly, in part, owing to the
+change of locality. The road now for some time again continued near the
+left bank of the Crocodile, until the 24th, when, soon after crossing
+the Notuani, another of its tributaries, the course of the river was
+finally abandoned, and on the 27th the blue tops of the Bamangwato
+“kopjes” (low hills) came in sight. The place itself was reached two
+days later.
+
+Here a short halt was again made for a few days, to engage fresh Kafirs
+and prepare for the continuation of the journey northwards. Owing to
+the want of water in the country between here and Lake Ngami, the part
+of the proposed expedition which included a visit to the lake had to
+be abandoned, Frank Oates resolving to proceed, if possible, direct to
+the Zambesi, the rest of the party accompanying him north as far as
+the Tati river in search of sport, to return thence by the same route
+as they had come. Mr. Gray, the trader, had arrived at Bamangwato a
+few days earlier, and decided to wait there till the rains should come
+before proceeding on his journey to the lake. The following extracts
+from letters, sent home about this time by Frank Oates and his brother
+from Bamangwato, give some further details of the journey up to this
+point, and of the future plans and arrangements of the party. W. E.
+Oates writes as follows on July 30th:--
+
+“We got here yesterday afternoon all right, though for the last four
+days there has been scarcely any water on the road. When we left the
+Crocodile River (on the 25th) we filled our water-casks, and the next
+night got to some brackish water, which the oxen drank. We trekked all
+the following day and half through the night, when we reached some
+water-pits made by the Kafirs, from which the water had to be ladled
+out in buckets for the oxen. We had then about 25 miles to go without
+water to get here, which took us two days, all through heavy sand,
+through which the oxen go about two miles an hour. This is a wretched
+place; an immense number of Kafir huts, and a few stores belonging to
+white men. The name of the place is Shoshong, and the king, Sekomi,
+lives here. He is a hideous old nigger, and this morning came down to
+our waggons, to beg coffee and sugar. He had about a dozen dirty old
+wretches with him, who carried jackals’ tails, and attend him whenever
+he goes in state. He jumped up on Frank’s waggon, and refused to depart
+until he had had some coffee given him, which Frank gave him to get rid
+of him. I offered him a bright green scarf I had, but after examining
+it carefully he returned it to me....
+
+“This is a most uninteresting country--all thorns and sand. The whole
+way from Pretoria here it is thick bush, composed mostly of stunted
+thorn trees, whose thorns are white and about four inches long. We
+stayed four days on the Crocodile River, as our oxen wanted rest. The
+lions were roaring round the waggons at night, in hopes of getting at
+the oxen. We have the latter carefully tied up to the waggons at night,
+and two or three immense fires lighted, to keep them off.
+
+“It is impossible, we find, to get to Lake Ngami now, as there
+are a hundred miles to go through heavy sand without water to get
+there. Frank still thinks of going to the Victoria Falls, through
+Mosilikatze’s country, by way of the Tati River, and I intend to go as
+far as the Tati.... Every morning here lots of women go out to collect
+locusts, which swarm a short distance off, and are the only food the
+natives get now, as their crop of corn has failed, and they are half
+starving. They have a few little goats, but there is hardly any grass,
+and only one very small stream of water about two miles off.”
+
+Frank Oates also writes the same day as follows:--
+
+“You have, I hope, got our letters written from Pretoria, the capital
+of the Transvaal. Since then we have not come more than 250 miles,
+if as much, and have been about a month in doing it. Buckley and
+Gilchrist have accompanied us, making, with our waggons, three waggons
+in all, and I think we shall probably go on together for some time at
+any rate. The present idea is for us all to go together to the Tati,
+a river marked in the recent maps, where gold is being found. From
+here I may go on to Mosilikatze’s Town, the residence of the King of
+the Matabele, in the north-east, and thence be able to get on to the
+Zambesi and Victoria Falls, though I hardly hope it now, on account of
+the lateness of the season.
+
+“The country we have passed through so far may be divided into two
+distinct regions--the high veldt and the bush veldt. The former I
+described in my last letter. At Pretoria we entered the second, and
+are still in it. The former is high land, covered with grass, and
+with scarcely a bush on it. The country since then has been covered
+with bush, and contains many fine rivers. The Crocodile (or Limpopo)
+is a really beautiful river, its banks covered with fine trees. The
+‘bush,’ as it is called, consists for the most part of smallish trees,
+most of which are thorny, with park-like glades here and there. In
+other places there is a great deal of thorny bush, through which you
+can hardly force your way. The great want here is water, the smaller
+streams being now dry, and in travelling it is often necessary to go
+many miles before reaching water. Still, the road is so well known that
+one can calculate almost to a certainty where and when to get water,
+and make a push when necessary, taking one’s time both before and after
+it. Water for our own use can be carried easily in our casks, and it is
+for the animals we have to travel quickly on such occasions. Meat is
+rather scarce, but we generally manage to get enough, and, with bread
+and porridge, coffee and sugar, make out very well. We shall be glad
+to get away from here, as it is difficult to get anything in the shape
+of food except what we have with us, and what Gray gives us. There
+has been a scarcity of corn this year, and the people are very hard
+pressed, living principally on locusts, which are brought in every day
+in immense sacks carried on people’s heads. We buy water of the women,
+which has to be brought some distance.
+
+  [Illustration: LIMPOPO OR CROCODILE RIVER.]
+
+“This is a large town of Kafir huts. The people are of the Basuto
+branch. The king, Sekomi, visited me this morning, and seating himself
+on the front-box of my waggon, commenced a conversation, which one
+of our drivers interpreted, the end of which was that he wanted some
+coffee and sugar. I gave him five pounds of gunpowder, worth fifteen
+shillings. He accepted it, and then returned it, asking for coffee
+instead. I then gave him two or three pounds of coffee, worth perhaps
+five shillings, which afforded him great satisfaction, and after
+thanking me he walked off in a stately manner, followed by his train,
+his right-hand man carrying the coffee in his robe of skin. During the
+interview the latter produced a huge sort of bodkin from a sheath, and
+extracted a thorn from Sekomi’s finger with the utmost gravity. There
+are a good many white men living here to trade, and also a missionary,
+on whom I intend to call.
+
+“I cannot more fully describe the country at present, or our journey.
+It has not the charm for me that the western world has, but I think
+further north there must be far more attractive scenery than anything
+we have yet encountered. The days are hot, though there is often a
+refreshing breeze. The thermometer is about 82° in the shade during
+the hottest part of the day, and one hot day in the sun it rose to
+100°. The nights are cold, and we have yet had no insect pests, but
+our animals are infested by ticks.... It is very annoying never to be
+able to get letters from home. Mr. Hathorn, of the Standard Bank at
+Pietermaritzburg, has promised to forward all letters sent to his care
+for us, and to assist us in every way he can. We found him most kind
+and obliging in every way in Pietermaritzburg.”
+
+On August 4th, the writer, still at Bamangwato, adds:--“Willie,
+Buckley, and Gilchrist have gone on. They started yesterday, and I
+intend to start to-morrow, and shall overtake them. I believe the
+prospects of the journey are very satisfactory. I have had a long talk
+to-day with Mr. Mackenzie, one of the missionaries here. He is a very
+nice fellow, and knows all the country well, and has written out for
+me a long list of the various watering-places on the road to the Tati
+and on to Mosilikatze’s. He is the author of a book called _Ten Years
+North of the Orange River_, and is now instructing some natives
+for missionary work--some six or eight, I think, living in a sort of
+college. The other missionary is a Mr. Hepburn, who gave a little
+service in his house yesterday. I am certain they will both do anything
+they can to help us.”
+
+Three years later, one of these missionaries, the Rev. John Mackenzie,
+left Shoshong for Kuruman, where suitable buildings had been erected by
+the London Missionary Society for the embryo theological institution
+he was at the time of the events now narrated conducting at the
+former place. His loss must have been felt by many, both travellers
+and others, to whom he was ever ready to lend a helping hand. On the
+present occasion, Frank Oates felt strongly sensible of what he owed
+him for his friendly aid and counsel, and some time later, after
+the traveller’s decease in 1875, it was again this gentleman’s good
+services and sympathetic words that first softened the sorrow of his
+friends at home when they received the unexpected intelligence of his
+death in the interior.
+
+  [Illustration: SNUFF-BOXES MADE FROM GOURDS.]
+
+  [Illustration: Map of M^R. F. OATES’S ROUTE from SHOSHONG to
+  TATI
+
+  Drawn from his own observations
+
+    _London: C. Kegan Paul & Co._]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER II.
+
+  The journey resumed--Halt on the Seruli--Bushmen on the
+  Gokwe--The Shashe--The Tati settlement--Adventure with a
+  lion--W. E. Oates returns to the coast; particulars of his
+  journey.
+
+
+Frank Oates left Bamangwato on the 7th of August, and the following
+day joined his brother, who had been waiting for him a little way out
+of the town. In the evening the Makalapsi River was reached, where
+were a number of Dutchmen just returned from hunting on the Motloutsi,
+to the north of the Limpopo. They had got a number of rhinoceros,
+but no elephant. Continuing their journey the following morning, and
+subsequently crossing the Touani and Lotsani Rivers, the brothers
+reached the Palatswe River on the 12th. “The scenery here,” writes
+Frank Oates, “is very pretty. A row of low kopjes on the right, with
+large stones piled on one another, forms a natural terrace to the
+eastward, from which you look over a sea of green bush, with a few
+kopjes standing out from the midst.” Here goat’s milk was brought in a
+large tortoise-shell from a kraal somewhere near, and exchanged for a
+small piece of tobacco. Most of the natives carried guns, and game was
+scarce and wild.
+
+Starting again the ensuing evening, and continuing their journey during
+the following day, they arrived early on the morning of the 15th at
+the Seruli River, where a water-pit, sunk in the dry sandy bed of the
+river, was found for watering the oxen. Here were a party of natives,
+living in the bush, hunting. They were said to be Bushmen. One of
+their number, who came to the waggon the following day, looked very
+striking--a leopard-skin thrown gracefully over his well-formed person,
+and a necklace of large lavender beads round his neck. Four days were
+spent by the brothers at the Seruli, whence they proceeded on their
+journey on the evening of the 19th, making a halt about midnight. From
+this point Frank Oates’s Journal takes up the story for the next few
+days--till their arrival at the Shashe on the 24th--as follows:--
+
+“_August 20th._--Have coffee, and hear the monotonous call of
+the night-hawk, as we rest and let the cattle feed. W. called my
+attention yesterday, at close of day, to another (a clucking) note,
+which he says proceeds from the hornbill. We have been living, whilst
+at the Seruli, on ostrich eggs. Fried with a little meal is the best
+way we have had them, or made into a pudding with maizena. They are
+strong, unless nicely cooked. Started again at 2.30 A.M.,
+and trekked for three hours. Horned moon and bright morning star in
+the east; horizon dark against the sky, already glowing with the pale
+orange of approaching morning, fading into the dark violet of the upper
+firmament. Notes of birds are heard. What a loss not to be able to
+appreciate beautiful things, as must be the case with our men, and how
+much less they affect me even than they used to do, when I seemed to
+find the world more full of hope and high ends to be attained than it
+looks now.
+
+“Inspanned again about 8, and crossed the dry bed of a large stream,
+which continued to keep near the road on the right. It was full of
+sand, with plenty of bush and trees about it. Francolins abundant,
+also hornbills, and many other birds in numbers, so I think there
+must be water somewhere in it, or very near. Reached the Gokwe about
+noon, having gone nine miles. The trek was a slow one, and part of it
+being when the sun was getting high, the oxen were tired. Found good
+francolin shooting where we passed the last spur of the range along
+the river, and where we outspanned; sand-grouse coming to drink in
+the evening at the latter place. There was fresh giraffe spoor where
+we crossed the ‘spruit’[10] by the kopjes, and further on fresh lion
+spoor.... The people at the Gokwe are a sort of outcast race under the
+Basutos, called Bushmen. Men, women, and children came to the waggon.
+They have fine pack-oxen. They live in the bush, Hendrik says, having
+a sort of temporary abode near the bed of the river to the left of the
+road. They were ornamented with beads, and had on necklaces of blue
+cut ones and skins. They always ask for tobacco, making signs that
+they want snuff. They are hunting here. They brought ostrich eggs,
+exchanging them for a cheap knife, mirror, or handkerchief. I had great
+difficulty in buying an ostrich feather for about three or four pounds
+of lead. They wanted a whole bar, and on no other terms would bring
+more feathers.
+
+“_August 21st._--Calm day, after a very windy night.... Started at
+7.15 P.M., and went about seven miles, crossing two spruits,
+and outspanned for the night about 11.
+
+“_August 22d._--Cool morning. Trekked from 6.30 to 10 A.M., the
+road twisting a good deal; say seven miles.... Stopped to rest, and
+inspanned again about 4 P.M., the road now winding through stony crags,
+and numbers of kopjes appearing to our right, to our left, and in
+front. Going a fair pace. Crossed the dry bed of the Seribi, apparently
+a very large river. Deep descent, sand very heavy, banks of river
+picturesquely wooded. We had seen lots of fresh lion spoor on the road
+before crossing the Seribi, and on this side I see more. Delicious
+fragrance from a sort of sallow-like blossom. Later, approaching the
+Motloutsi, we saw large numbers of sand-grouse flying both towards us
+and the opposite way--to and from the water. Finished trekking about
+7, but did not outspan till much later, as when we entered the broad
+bed of the Motloutsi we stuck in the deep sand, and made many fruitless
+efforts to get out before outspanning. There was a little pool of water
+at which the oxen drank, and which the grouse resorted to. The sand
+around it was covered with feathers of birds.
+
+“Sunset scene very lovely. In the foreground, brown bushes. Two little
+violet kopjes appear against the sky, behind one of which the sun has
+set. A lovely rose hue, deepest around the position of the sun, is
+on the horizon; this fades into violet, and this again into a pale
+greenish blue. Some very small, clearly defined, deep violet clouds,
+edged with gold, stand out from the sky.
+
+  [Illustration: DOUBLE-BANDED SAND-GROUSE.--_Pterocles
+  bicinctus._]
+
+“_August 23d._--Before daybreak the little sand-grouse were
+flying round, and a few settled to drink. I did not disturb them. The
+Motloutsi is a large river, with a very sandy bed, and here and there
+large rocks, and a twisting course. Hendrik says all these sandy rivers
+become dry or nearly so in winter. Both yellow and cream-coloured
+acacia blossoms very beautiful and sweet. Pleasant breeze where W.’s
+waggon is outspanned, mine being hot in the river-bed. Some people
+came here, but had neither eggs nor feathers for sale. As usual they
+carry muskets. It is a wonder they find anything to shoot, as they
+seem to be spread all over the country. At the Gokwe we were told that
+the Bamangwato hunters were hunting about in that district, but could
+get nothing. At this time of year the people seem to come out to hunt
+from all the kraals, leaving only those unfit for that work at home.
+A giraffe was killed near here by some Bushmen, who gave us meat in
+exchange for tobacco. When out this morning I saw some kind of melon,
+which at first looked like ostrich-eggs, growing by the river-bed--the
+kind, I think, which the oxen eat in times of drought.
+
+“_August 24th._--Trekked for three hours, then rested, and
+started again at 11 A.M.... Reached the Shashe about two,
+and outspanned. We had come extremely slow; sun hot, sand heavy, road
+bad, bullocks tired. Ground broken and stony, and falling towards
+the Shashe. Many crags crop up around, and in front of us are some
+kopjes--Hendrik says where the Tati is. The Shashe is a very broad
+river, all deep sand, with water in one place where it has been dug
+for, both for cattle and people. We enlarge the hole (hard work under
+the heat of the sun), and let the cattle drink.... There is an old
+Bushman here, destitute and alone. He says the Mungwato men took his
+gun. The other side of the river, he says, is under Lobengula, this
+under Sekomi, and Hendrik says the Makalakas are not independent,
+all here belonging to the Matabele and Mungwato sovereignties. These
+Bushmen are, I suppose, the original inhabitants. Hendrik says they are
+slaves to the others. They certainly are outcasts. This man does not
+beg, takes what is given him, and lies naked with his head on a stone
+by the fire at night. He has no blanket.... Watched the Bushman make
+his fire with two sticks. He took off his sandals, placed a stick on
+one of them, and holding it firm with his foot, twisted the other stick
+rapidly between both hands, working it in a little hollow of the first
+stick, till black dust began to form. This soon turned red-hot, and
+there was fire like that in a pipe.”
+
+Continuing their journey on the 26th, the brothers reached the Tati
+the same evening, where a small English settlement of a few huts has
+collected round the gold mines, which are being worked by Sir John
+Swinburne. “There is nothing remarkable in the scenery here,” writes
+Frank Oates soon after their arrival; “a few kopjes only, with low
+scrub and trees. Everything is very much dried up. The river is broad,
+with deep sand in its bed. Yesterday Nelson[11] gave me a live fish,
+four or five inches long, something like a perch. He says they live in
+the sand now. Water is got by digging in the river’s bed.... The veldt
+where we are outspanned,” he concludes, “is quite ploughed up with the
+spoor of elephants which used to come here five years ago, and have
+been found quite near here since.”
+
+At this point Frank Oates and his brother remained a few days before
+separating, and on the 29th the former wrote home the following letter,
+giving some account of his future plans, and adding some particulars to
+his experiences above related:--
+
+“... When we left Bamangwato,” he writes, “whence I last wrote, Buckley
+and Gilchrist went on with W. I followed two or three days later,
+having been busy seeing people and making arrangements. I soon picked
+W. up, who was waiting for me, the others having gone on in advance--of
+course, as we thought, to Tati. We, however, met a trader with a note
+from Buckley saying they had turned off at the Seruli River.... We have
+been here now two or three days, and to-night Buckley and Gilchrist
+arrived, having abandoned their new route.
+
+“The road we have come crosses a number of sandy river-beds.
+These rivers are large streams in summer, but are now dry, except
+occasionally there is a little pool in some, or water may be sometimes
+obtained by digging. This tract of country through which we have come
+is called by the Dutch the ‘thirst land,’ and is now at its worst. On
+our return it will no doubt be easy enough to cross, but now it is hard
+work, especially for the oxen. We trek about three hours at a time,
+doing perhaps seven or eight miles in a trek. Generally two treks are
+enough in the twenty-four hours, one in the morning and one in the
+evening, but in going through the ‘thirst’ we have to push on and trek
+as much by night as possible.
+
+  [Illustration: TATI SETTLEMENT.]
+
+“I was in advance of W. when I reached the Shashe, and, as it happened,
+had then only one man, Hendrik, my black servant, with me; for my
+driver and his boy had decamped, though they afterwards returned--as
+of course they were likely to do--the same evening. They will not have
+their wages paid till they return to Maritzburg, and then not unless
+they have behaved properly, and they would have had a miserable time
+if they had actually deserted me. Hendrik can drive, and knowing, as
+I did, the hold I had on the others and the folly of giving way, I
+let them go, telling them the sooner they left me the better, and the
+result of this treatment proved satisfactory. The difference originated
+in the driver asking me for tobacco when I told him to inspan, and
+refusing to comply till I had supplied him, which of course I would
+not do, as I treat them quite liberally enough, and indeed too well.
+Hendrik was a little poorly at the time, but behaved very well, and we
+reached the Shashe, where we dug for water.
+
+“Being rather tired, we returned to the waggon after watering the oxen,
+without driving them away from the river first, which I know now we
+ought to have done on account of lions, but I have never yet thought it
+necessary to take such precautions except at night, when we tie them
+up and light fires. Soon after reaching the waggon I heard the loud
+cries of an ox in distress, and exclaiming to Hendrik that I thought
+a lion must be the cause, locked up my medicine chest, from which I
+was taking medicine for Hendrik, and seized my gun. Hendrik followed
+me, and we both ran to the river. As we peered over the bank, there
+we saw the ox, the largest and fattest in my span, lying in the grass
+at the bottom of the bank with a lion tearing him. He was only a few
+yards below me, and before I could distinguish the lion properly as it
+lay upon his prostrate form, the brute leapt off the ox and retreated
+across the river. I fired as he ran, and hit him hard, for he rolled
+over, and I ought to have given him the second barrel at once, but
+thinking him mortally wounded, I hesitated a moment, and in the next
+he had disappeared in the dry reeds. I did not like to follow him at
+once, and Hendrik would not accompany me, but tried to dissuade me from
+following him at all. However, in about half-an-hour I went in search
+of the brute, but never found it, and do not know what became of it.[12]
+
+“I have yet been brought very little into contact with wild beasts, and
+have had few stirring incidents, but I have been pretty fully employed
+one way or another, and continue to persevere in my journey. I found on
+reaching here that it was too late to go to the Victoria Falls without
+risk of sickness, in which case I had long before decided to travel
+in a north-easterly direction to Mosilikatze’s country, the country of
+the Matabele, over whom Lobengula, son of Mosilikatze, now reigns. I am
+told I shall see some very beautiful scenery on my way there, and I am
+now interested in pursuing my journey as far as I can. From here to the
+King’s Town they call six days, but it will probably take me more.
+
+“Here I have met two very nice fellows. One of them, Nelson, a Swede,
+is managing the mine of the Tati Gold Company. It is on a very small
+scale, and there are, I think, only seven white men here altogether.
+Brown, the other I refer to, has also some office connected with the
+mine, and keeps a store. They are both extremely kind, and willing
+to do anything to help one, and I expect to find more friends at the
+King’s Town--especially Mr. Thomson, the missionary, for whom I have
+a letter from Mr. Mackenzie, and another from Mr. Hepburn. I likewise
+carry the mail.
+
+“A flower is almost an unheard-of thing at present, everything
+being dried up; but the thorny shrubs (mimosas), with their yellow
+sweet-scented blossoms, are an exception, and a sign of approaching
+spring. The shrubs they grow on are covered with long sharp thorns,
+and there are no leaves on them, but blossoms are appearing. There is
+another kind with hooked thorns and whitish sallow-scented blossoms,
+which attain the size of a good-sized English fruit-tree. The thorns
+which defend nearly every tree here are a great impediment in
+travelling through the bush.
+
+“The nights are now cool, though not so sharp as they were a while ago.
+The thermometer seldom falls much below 50°. It is coolest just before
+sunrise. At mid-day and in the afternoon it gets considerably above 80°
+in the shade, in fact I should set the point reached at nearer 90°. As
+I sit writing in my tent, I hear the engine working--an odd sound up in
+these remote regions.”
+
+Three days later, September 2d, W. E. Oates supplements this letter:--
+
+“I am just adding a line to the above, to leave it before I go. Frank
+left the day before yesterday, to go to the King’s Town. The king
+(Lobengula) is the great nigger chief here, and behaves very well to
+all white men. I am staying with Buckley and Gilchrist, and we are now
+going to the Shashani River, about five days’ journey. I think Frank
+will be all right. He has a Cape Colony black man with him, who knows
+this country well, and speaks excellent English.[13] He was up here
+with Sir John Swinburne, who owns the gold-mine, so I am not afraid for
+Frank if he takes care of himself....
+
+“The country here is regularly burnt up now, and will continue so till
+the rains fall in November. The river is nothing but a dry bed of sand,
+with a little pool of water in it about three miles off--the only
+water near for miles. You may imagine the luxury of a bath, under such
+circumstances, out of the question. There are two men here who have
+been very kind, one sending us milk twice a day--and, I can assure you,
+milk is exceedingly scarce. The country is most uninteresting; nothing
+to see but thick bush, composed chiefly of low thorn-trees with immense
+spikes, which hold you fast if you get amongst them.
+
+“The only pleasant part of the day is from sunrise (about half-past
+six) to half-past eight. After that, the less you do the better until 5
+P.M., when it is moderately cool again. At half-past six it is
+dark. The flies are a perfect plague all day, and get into everything.
+Towards the end of October there are some heavy thunder showers, and
+then summer begins, but the regular rains don’t fall until November.
+There are great numbers of hyænas and jackals, which prowl about the
+waggons all night. Last night one of Buckley’s oxen was ill, and the
+hyænas knowing it attacked him, and this morning we found they had
+actually eaten part of him alive. Of course the poor brute had to be
+shot. Unfortunately the hyæna escaped, though fired at by Buckley’s
+driver. The people are very glad when anybody shoots these animals,
+as they are constantly killing goats, and sometimes oxen. They are,
+however, so wary, that it is difficult to get them.
+
+“Mr. Nelson, the manager of the mine, lent us some newspapers up to the
+24th of May, the latest news we have seen from England. He also sent
+me a small bottle of beer, worth about five shillings here. Nelson is
+getting the king, Lobengula, some furniture from England, as he told
+the latter that a king ought not to sit on the ground. Lobengula’s
+country extends from here to the Zambesi, and he is an absolute despot,
+having the lives of all his people in his own hands. They say if one of
+the Matabele is found stealing from a white man he has him executed.”
+
+Soon after writing the above, W. E. Oates left Tati in company with
+Messrs. Gilchrist and Buckley, to hunt on the Semokwe River, where
+they had very good sport. Returning thence in due time to the coast,
+they took the same route as that by which they had travelled north,
+the change of season, however, from winter to summer producing,
+as they returned, a remarkable change in the entire aspect of the
+country. By the end of October they were back at Bamangwato, and
+reached Pietermaritzburg on the 2d of January. A few extracts from W.
+E. Oates’s letters, written as they proceeded, may here be read with
+interest. He writes first from Bamangwato on November 3d as follows:--
+
+“I arrived here with Buckley and Gilchrist about a week since, and
+shall probably make a start for Pretoria to-night. The spring has now
+commenced, and the grass is beginning to grow. There have been heavy
+thunderstorms, and the lightning is wonderful, never ceasing for a
+moment during the storms. The heat also is very great.... There has
+just been a row here. The old chief’s eldest son has left the place,
+and nearly the whole of Mungwato went with him. The chief himself,
+Sekomi, is still here, and often comes down to the waggons begging. He
+got quite drunk the other night, and tumbled under my waggon. We had to
+see him home. He thinks his son means to kill him. He himself killed
+two or three of his own brothers when he came to be chief, but his two
+eldest sons are both Christians, and Mackenzie thinks Sekomi is in
+no danger from them.... There are some nice flowers of the lily sort
+sprung up since the rain began, but very few flowers of other kinds
+yet. The rains, however, have only just commenced, and we shall have
+all the summer heat going down.”
+
+Again, from Pretoria, he writes on December 5th:--
+
+“I got here on the 2d instant, and great was my delight on
+receiving letters from home--the first I have had since leaving
+Pietermaritzburg.... It seems quite strange to be in a civilized place
+again. It is very pretty here now, just the height of summer. We are
+indulging in fruit and vegetables, eggs and milk, to all of which we
+have long been strangers. The peaches are hardly ripe yet, but apricots
+are to be bought for a shilling a hundred.... In coming from Mungwato
+we had to stop a week at the Meriko, as the river was very high with
+the rains and we couldn’t cross. I had some thoughts of taking my
+waggon in pieces, and floating the things across on rafts, but the
+water kept subsiding, and at last we got over, the water only just
+taking the oxen off their feet. In dry weather there is hardly any
+water, but after the rains the river gets tremendously swollen, and
+there are very steep banks. Whilst waiting there Dawnay[14] came up
+with two waggons. He has been out two years, and been to the Victoria
+Falls. He says it would be worth walking from Durban to see them. He
+showed me some little sketches he had made, but said it was almost
+impossible to draw on account of the flies. The tsetse-fly, which kills
+everything except men, wild beasts, and donkeys, swarms there, and
+bites so furiously that your hands and face are puffed up in no time.
+He describes the scenery on the Zambesi as lovely.
+
+  [Illustration: BOERS’ FARMS, CROCODILE RIVER.]
+
+“The country is much prettier now than it was when we went up. The
+grass has sprung up and is quite green, and all the trees are in
+leaf. The Transvaal, from the Crocodile River here, is beautiful. All
+along the banks of the river are farms, belonging to the Dutch Boers,
+surrounded with orange and peach trees. At most of these you can now
+get milk, butter, and eggs. We have had heavy thunderstorms, which,
+seen at night, are most gorgeous; lightning all round, all colours, and
+darting in all directions at the same moment. It is just like a display
+of fireworks. It is much cooler now than we have lately had it, the
+thermometer seldom being above 90° in the shade, and the last few days
+there has been a nice breeze.
+
+“My Kafir driver, who came up with me from Maritzburg, ran away
+when we were staying at the Meriko, and Bell and I had to drive the
+waggon down here. Fortunately they are very good oxen, so there has
+been no difficulty, and I have managed to get another driver here.
+Bullock-driving is quite a business in itself, and a very difficult
+thing in the bush with refractory beasts. This fellow, Solomon, stole
+a horse which we had found straying. It belonged to the old chief at
+Mungwato, and when I was going to hand the horse over to a Dutchman,
+whom Sekomi had authorised to take charge of the horse if he found him,
+Solomon went to the waggon where he was tied up, jumped on him, and
+galloped away. He will probably be caught, as the horse is well known.
+
+“A ‘salted,’ or seasoned, horse is worth a great deal, as there is a
+sickness in the bush which is generally fatal to horses which are not
+‘salted.’ It commences when the rains begin to fall. I much regretted
+losing my little horse. I was told, when I got him, he was salted, but
+he died after a few hours’ illness. There is no cure known for it. He
+was looking beautiful; his coat shone like satin, and he was getting
+quite fat with the young grass and some corn which I got for him at
+Mungwato. The oxen are thriving tremendously, and, since the grass has
+grown, from wretched skeletons they have become regular Tichbornes.
+
+“I shall write to you again from Maritzburg, if there is a ship sailing
+before I go, for I expect I shall have to stay a fortnight or three
+weeks there, to sell the waggon, oxen, etc.... I mean to trek to-night
+when the moon gets up. We get into the high veldt now, where there is
+no bush. My waggon looks very seedy, the cover torn in many places by
+mimosa bushes, and the paint worn off. It is infested with beetles, and
+occasionally a lizard or scorpion is detected. Ants, too, occasionally
+pay me visits, to which I greatly object, as they bite uncommonly hard
+in this country. At night, if you are outspanned near water and have
+a lanthorn in the waggon, the candle is put out by numberless little
+beetles which creep in; and the frogs literally yell all night long. It
+is very pretty to see the fire-flies.”
+
+On January 2d, as already stated, W. E. Oates reached
+Pietermaritzburg, where he found the heat very intense. Three weeks
+later he sailed from Durban, accompanied by Mr. Gilchrist, and landed
+in England early in the following March.
+
+  [Illustration: SOUTH AFRICAN WART
+  HOG.--_Phacochærus æthiopicus._]
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER III.
+
+  Frank Oates proceeds to the King’s Town--Crosses the
+  Ramaqueban--Dutch hunters on the Impakwe--The Inkwesi;
+  picturesque scenery--John Lee’s farm--Manyami’s kraal--The
+  Shashani--Fine country--Kumala River.
+
+
+Returning now to follow Frank Oates’s journey to the King’s Town,
+Gubuleweyo, we find the greater portion of his route described at some
+length in his Journal. Leaving the Tati, as has been mentioned, on
+the 31st of August, and advancing slowly, he crossed the Ramaqueban,
+Impakwe, and Inkwesi Rivers, and reached John Lee’s farm on September
+6th. This John Lee is a noted Dutchman, who farms a large tract of
+country under the king. From here proceeding after a night’s rest
+on his journey, he was detained four days at Manyami’s kraal, a few
+miles further on, till leave had been obtained for him from the king
+to complete the distance, Gubuleweyo being reached by the middle of
+September. The Journal of this period is as follows:--
+
+  [Illustration: Map of M^R. F. OATES’S ROUTE from TATI to the
+  UMGWANYA RIVER Drawn from his own observations
+
+  London: C. Kegan Paul & Co.]
+
+“_August 31st._--... Left Tati in the evening. About midnight,
+whilst trekking, Hendrik calls me, saying that the bullocks which are
+being driven can’t be got on, but keep going into the bush. ‘Donker’
+and ‘Wildeman,’ too (the little red wild ox), are getting tired.
+This is miserable work, and I wish I had brought more bullocks from
+Mungwato, as I could so well have done, and a far lighter waggon. It
+is a mild, pleasant, breezy night, and as we outspan, and ‘Rail’ and
+‘Rock’ come up in their couples, I am reminded of our first trekking on
+the high veldt, when we were together in force, starting with a good
+equipment and high hopes. This is an open space where we outspan, with
+long grass.
+
+“_September 1st._--Mild, cloudy morning.... I had been much
+discouraged by the oxen being so tired last night, and this morning
+was pleased to find ourselves arrive at the Ramaqueban River at least
+an hour sooner than I had hoped. Petersen’s waggon was on the opposite
+side.[15] However, we stuck in the drift. Poor ‘Weiman,’ with his blind
+eye, was in front, and proved awkward, and little ‘Vinal’ lay down.
+Petersen, however, sent his driver and two good oxen, and we came out
+easily and had breakfast. Here some Dutchmen squatted last season to
+hunt, and took the fever--men, women, and children. Petersen says about
+half-a-dozen of them died. He thinks it was in January. The trees along
+the river’s bed show a faint budding of green, as I have now seen for
+some time. The girl who came with us to Tati was travelling on with
+Petersen, and her brother had come on with us last night to join her.
+The cool breeze to-day was very pleasant. Petersen’s boys had dug for
+water. Petersen went on, as he usually makes one short trek during the
+day. I followed in the evening, and shortly after midnight crossed the
+drift of the Impakwe and outspanned. There seems plenty of water in
+the river. Barking of dogs; encampment of Dutch hunters. Petersen had
+turned in. Part of this trek was through a somewhat sandy country, but
+on the whole we are on a much firmer road than we were before reaching
+Tati. Pitched into marmalade; it is wonderful how much one enjoys
+such things here, where the coffee is without milk, the bread without
+butter, and the meat dry as chips.
+
+“_September 2d._--Pleasant breeze. Petersen called me. I find I
+am likely to have great luck. Here lives the Dutchman whose family
+suffered so much from fever on the Ramaqueban. He has built a straw
+hut, cool, roomy, and snug, with a higher entrance than the Kafir huts,
+but shaped like them. His wife and family are with him, his eldest
+married daughter, and members of the next generation. He has cattle
+and goats, does his own blacksmith’s work, and hunts. They go as soon
+as the unhealthy season begins to John Lee’s. They intend, in four
+years I think, to return to their farm on the Meriko. Petersen acted
+as interpreter, and it is arranged that I wait for the Dutchman, who
+intends going to-morrow in my direction to get wood and hunt. He will
+lend me some oxen. I believe it is nothing but the brackish water,
+especially the Seruli water, that has made such a mess of my oxen. The
+Dutchman says there is plenty of game along the road.... Noticed when
+out in the afternoon, and we crossed the river-bed, how easily the
+water rose, when one of the boys scooped out a hole with his hands;
+very different from the dry river-beds the other side Tati.
+
+“_September 3d._--Morning felt very chilly. Breakfast on
+‘biltong’[16] and butter; the fresh butter excellent. We branded
+and left ‘Rondeberg,’ ‘Engeland,’ and ‘Vinal.’ The Boer put twelve
+of his bullocks into my waggon, eight of mine in his, and ‘Donker,’
+‘Wildeman,’ and ‘Spot’ were driven.... Trekked about twelve miles, from
+the Impakewe to the Inkwesi River, and outspanned about 6 P.M.
+
+“_September 4th._--Cup of coffee, and went out about 8 A.M., I and the
+old man riding, his son walking ahead, and two of their men (Makalakas)
+accompanying us.... I do not admire the Matabele particularly. They
+are independent-looking and well made, but I do not like their
+countenances. The day following there were a great many about the
+waggons, attracted by the flesh. They eat like dogs, greedily. Beyond
+this river, which the Dutchman calls Makobi’s, there was a tribe
+of Mungwato people massacred some thirty or forty years ago by the
+Matabele; Makobi, the chief, being amongst the slain. They were
+killed--men, women, and children--to obtain possession of their land. A
+few only escaped.
+
+“The scenery about our camp is picturesque. The kopjes rise abruptly,
+and the river has steep craggy banks. There is an approach here to
+American scenery. What a wonderful difference is made in one’s feelings
+by the constant impression caused by fine scenery! South Africa is
+sadly dull and monotonous, and I believe the influence is a bad one,
+and the loss of scenery has a depressing effect on the spirits; one’s
+imagination is never called into play.... I still admire the scenery,
+as we ride along home amongst the kopjes by the river. Here and there
+the large fleshy-leaved shrub,[17] standing boldly out amongst the bare
+crags, is very striking. There is something here which might remind one
+a little of Central America, but somehow the charm is wanting.
+
+“_September 5th._--... Inspanned at 7 P.M., and crossed the river.
+Stony and deep descent and ascent, with very deep sand; very hard
+work. I feel deeply indebted to the Dutchmen, who not only helped us
+through it--the young fellow driving, and the old one helping--but,
+having lent us four oxen for the journey, sent for some more, to help
+us through this drift, after which they say all is right. Lovely moon
+as we trekked, but after all it is South Africa, and one cannot feel
+poetical. Picturesque kopjes on either side the road; the scenery,
+however, not so striking as it was almost beginning to be at Makobi’s.
+Outspanned at 10.30 P.M., having gone about six miles. Excellent supper
+on wildebeest steak, fried.
+
+“_September 6th._--Dark cloudy morning, with a little rain. Started
+at 7 A.M., and trekked six miles. The country where we stopped had
+been much burnt, and looked very desolate, with bare ground and bare
+trees, but there was a fine cool wind and a cloudy sky. I could fancy
+it a sea breeze. They say at the king’s place you get the sea breeze.
+Started again at 12.30 P.M. Here one enters on a bit of really fine
+rugged country. Out of the level, scantily covered with dry brown grass
+and with a thick growth of leafless trees (small for the most part),
+rise huge boulders, so piled on one another, with here and there a huge
+stone so nicely balanced on the top, that one wonders how they ever got
+there. We are in a populous country, strings of people carrying things
+on the road. Outspanned at 2.30 P.M. Here the Dutchman, Smith, had
+been located, as there is a straw house, and water, the road crossing
+a spruit. Here, too, is John Lee’s first kraal. People come round the
+waggon to beg meat. One is a warrior, handsomely adorned with black
+ostrich feathers and white ox-tails. Went on again at 5 P.M., the
+ground rising a little. Then as we descend a range of kopjes appears
+in front. In about an hour a pretty white farm is seen to the right,
+towards which the road winds, and the wild view makes the farm seem to
+welcome one.
+
+“Lee came to meet me, and asked me in. He is a fat, red-faced man; his
+wife very young. His house had an air of comfort, and some luxury about
+it, owing to some handsome leopard karosses on couch and chairs. There
+was a picture, too, by Baines, of Lee shooting three elephants. The
+horse here represented, which I think cost him £100, was the making
+of him, he tells me. Lee was a Transvaal Boer, but speaks English. He
+was about five years hunting. I had supper with him, and a long chat
+afterwards. Garland, he says, lost seven unsalted horses, and had to
+send for two salted ones. A good salted horse costs £100. Lee described
+how his old favourite used to snuff when game was near, and when it
+was elephant his manner was unmistakable. He has tried donkeys in the
+tsetse-fly country, but the fly has always killed them. He says all
+horses, with scarcely an exception, must have the sickness, but he has
+known an exception. This, however, does not apply to stock bred of
+salted parents, which often live and never have the sickness. This is
+better, as the sickness breaks a horse down.
+
+“Lee has just sold twelve red oxen--Africanders, with white faces--for
+£100, unwillingly. His other oxen are all in the hunting veldt. He
+has, however, let me have Smith’s as far as Manyami’s, with a boy
+to bring them back. I think he calls it ten miles to Manyami’s, and
+from his (Lee’s) house to the King’s fifty odd miles. He says he saw
+some eland to-day, but game is not plentiful just here. However, it
+is worse along the road to the King’s, as kraals abound. Lee does not
+wish to have kraals near him, and the king does not permit any to be
+made in his neighbourhood. Most of the hunters, he says, make a great
+deal of money, but spend their money as fast as they get it, saying,
+‘There is more ivory where this came from.’ Lee himself was careful.
+His place, he says, is very healthy, and it has got so good a name
+that in unhealthy times people stay about here, and it has been like
+a town, so that he opened a store. He is trying peaches, apricots,
+and pomegranates. Potatoes grow well here, and he is seldom without
+vegetables. He is trying several wild fruits. He has always water in
+the spruit close by, and waters by hand. He showed me a small wild
+grape.
+
+“Lee tells me that a lion may often be stopped by throwing your hat at
+him, when you may have time to shoot. He says an elephant gun should
+never be longer than 27 inches (25 is better), nor weigh over 9 lbs.
+He shoots 8 drams of powder, and an 8 to the lb. ball. The recoil is
+avoided by the barrel being strong, and nearly as thick at muzzle as at
+breech. His clothing in hunting is as light as possible; veldt schoen,
+and he says not even a shirt if he could help it. He carries needles
+and thread in his hat.
+
+“For trading with the Matabele he recommends white, blue, and, I think,
+red beads. Selampore is much liked, or strips of coloured calico.
+Beads, he says, seem going out, and printed calico being preferred.
+The Matabele country, he says, was formerly under a queen. There were,
+I think, other queens before. An old man has told him the traditions,
+which he possesses. A famine caused the people to break up; then
+Kafirs came and conquered the country. Mosilikatze came next, and
+conquered these first Kafirs. Makobi’s were Mungwato people, but the
+old inhabitants of the Matabele country were a distinct race with a
+distinct language. The Bushmen have nothing to do with either. They
+seem an altogether different race, speaking a different language, and
+seem, Lee says, to be scattered all over the country of South Africa, a
+race apart from the regular inhabitants, and having no connexion with
+them.
+
+“Lee has a young sable antelope, which goes with the cattle, about a
+year old. It is a rich deep chestnut colour. Lee says they get darker
+every year, till they become black. He once had a young elephant for
+some days; perhaps nine months old. He describes it as having been a
+most sensible and amusing pet. When first taken he made it put its
+trunk under his arm, and after smelling him, it was satisfied and
+became friendly. It always first smelt at strangers before making
+friends, and if once repulsed would not be friendly afterwards. It
+would climb in at the back of the waggon, and out at the front by the
+wheels, and was accompanying the waggon when it died from diarrhœa,
+caused by improper food. It would pick up a pin or a needle, placing it
+first with its foot at the right angle for its trunk to grasp, and then
+hold it up and examine it with wonderful sagacity. It was excessively
+mischievous, and would upset everything. It could not bear to be left
+alone for a moment, and would cry like a child in such a case. The
+company even of a little child would content it.
+
+“_September 7th._--Breakfast with Lee; dinner also. One of his boys
+caught some barbel and a curious-looking fish in the river. Talked
+with Lee, and afterwards saw his garden. Inspanned about 8 P.M., and
+soon crossed a river with sand and reeds, and a good deal of water
+in its bed. It was a fine moonlight night, the road winding through
+picturesque kopjes. Went about six miles, and then halted for the night.
+
+“_September 8th._--Started at 7 A.M., and went four miles through flat
+land, with but few trees, and hemmed in by craggy, bush-covered kopjes.
+Came in sight of cultivated land and natives, and reached Manyami’s
+kraal at 9 A.M. The country here is really pretty, and presents a
+pleasing variety to the eye. The ground is open mostly, and covered
+with long yellow grass; here and there groups of trees, some of a very
+fair size, some bare, some brown, and a few green or in blossom. Large
+stones crop up from the ground, and everywhere rugged kopjes rise round
+us.
+
+  [Illustration: MANYAMI.]
+
+  [Illustration: MANYAMI’S ATTENDANT.]
+
+“Soon after our arrival Manyami came, attended by another old fellow,
+each in a shabby old hat, and vying with each other in squalor and
+dirt. He refused firmly to send to the king till to-morrow, saying
+the king had not sent for _me_, but I had come of my own accord,
+and must not be in a hurry; the oxen could feed and rest. I gave him
+a bar of lead. Two messengers were to be sent, and I wrote a note to
+Fairbairn for oxen, and the boy was directed to bring them back.[18]
+Manyami insisted on their being paid beforehand, and intimated that
+they might not carry out their message properly unless I paid them. I
+was angry at their exorbitance, one demanding two coils of wire; to the
+other I gave half a bar of lead. The old fellow hung about begging.
+Women brought mealies and Kafir corn. Milk and beer were also brought,
+and I told them to bring Kafir corn meal next day, which they did,
+but were very fanciful in their demands, one wanting beads, another
+must have brass wire, another a handkerchief, and so on. I find they
+don’t care for mirrors; look at themselves, and are highly amused, but
+refuse them as payment. Common knives are likewise refused, but gun
+caps taken eagerly. They like printed calico better than white, which
+they affect to despise. The outcry was for long strips of coloured
+stuff, and they preferred the quarter of two handkerchiefs (i.e. half
+a handkerchief in quantity), cut lengthwise, to one whole one. Stayed
+about waggon all day. Pitched tent, and got things out.
+
+“_September 9th._--The night had been very mild. Old Manyami came
+bothering early. In the course of the day he kept on coming, and I gave
+him twenty gun caps. Wonder of wonders, he afterwards presented me with
+a pumpkin, and I felt less hostile to the old creature. He is really a
+miserable-looking, ugly, and filthy creature. Stayed about waggon again
+to-day.
+
+“_September 10th._--Early breakfast, and then out with the Kafirs
+to shoot. One carried my ten-bore, one led the dogs, which I am taking
+out to help to hunt. Went in a north-easterly direction, through very
+fine picturesque kopjes, with blue distant ranges; the grass long
+and yellow, and the trees grouped prettily; some kopjes with craggy
+tops, and partially covered with evergreens, others showing more of
+their stony formation. A good many trees are covered with bunches of
+cream-coloured blossoms something like ‘May,’ but have no leaves. They
+remind me a little of ‘snow-balls.’ Here and there we see a tree whose
+leaves are brown or scarlet with decay. In places where the grass has
+been burnt, fresh green blades are springing. There are numbers of
+little burns here with moist oozy banks, and in many places with water
+in them, that I suppose find their way to the Shashani. We had to go
+through a burning patch of country. The flames appeared orange-red, and
+presented a rather formidable phalanx, writhing in the wind, and with
+wreaths of dun-coloured smoke rising from them, which indeed filled
+the air with lighter clouds of the same colour, here and there the
+wreaths appearing bluish, whilst a dusky haze hung over the horizon.
+As the flames devoured the yellow grass, they left a blackened track
+behind. The trees, however, seem to escape; some in blossom, some in
+autumnal tints, but the greater portion leafless.... One of the boys
+who came to the waggon had a charm of bone suspended from his breast.
+It consisted of four pieces of bone, carved and strung together. By
+them he professes to foretell what luck will befall a hunter or any
+one else. They are unstrung and shaken in the hand, and then thrown
+on the ground. The person going to hunt must spit on the ground, and
+as he throws he must say, ‘My gun! may I shoot something.’ The bones,
+as they are hung, appear about the size and shape of a swallow-tail
+butterfly. I like the Matabele better than I did. They are good-natured
+and jovial, and seem to understand a joke. There were great firings and
+noises at the kraal in the evening, in honour, it appears, of a man
+returned from the diamond-fields.
+
+“_September 11th._--Fair, pleasant, windy day. Eight oxen and a note
+from Fairbairn, who says I have missed a dance at Gubuleweyo. The king
+says I am to come and make haste. A letter from Gubuleweyo to forward
+to the Tati excites more exorbitant demands for payment. Two boys must
+take it, and each have a pannikin of powder. Manyami said he must see
+the powder before he would send the boys. Great noises at the kraal
+again to-night.
+
+“_September 12th._--Manyami brought a small elephant tusk for sale,
+weighing a little over a pound, and asked five coils of wire for it. I
+offered him two, which he accepted. He is an extremely ugly little old
+man, and simply filthy. Packed the waggon and started at 11 A.M., the
+road winding amongst kopjes. We crossed several spruits, and stopped at
+the Shashani River about 1 P.M. Beans and guinea-fowl for dinner. Dick
+went back to look for screw-jack, and we lost a trek in consequence.
+
+“_September 13th._--Inspanned at 3 A.M.; most villainous jolting.
+Really fine country here; kopjes on every side, rising into fine crags,
+with huge stones strewed on the ground. In the distance more ranges of
+kopjes are to be seen, becoming blue against the horizon; and though
+the kopjes themselves are too stony to give growth to many trees, trees
+intervene. One could make a picture here. Country a good deal burnt in
+places, and fresh grass springing up green. Later in the day, after a
+long rest, we went through ordinary flat bush veldt, and then through
+an open undulating country, covered with yellow grass; a few trees
+and detached kopjes in the distance. Passed several kraals, and went
+through mealie stubble-fields, fenced from the waggon-track by branches
+rudely stuck in the ground. A crowd of Kafirs, making a fearful noise,
+appeared, and accompanied the waggon to where we were going to outspan,
+so we went on a little further past the kraal. There was a perfect
+Babel. A few men came after us when we had halted--swarthy fellows,
+with splendid teeth. One had a fine leopard-skin he was anxious to
+sell; others a wooden dish, beans, Kafir corn, tobacco, and beer. The
+men’s head-dresses were various and becoming. One man we passed had
+on a skull-cap of spotted tiger-cat skin, with feathers sticking out
+behind like eagles’ or pauws’. Others wore round masses of feathers
+(one was of guinea-fowls’) nearly as big as their heads, and one had a
+jackal’s tail sticking straight up over his forehead. They were not at
+all an unpleasant-looking or unfriendly set, though noisy and forward.
+
+  [Illustration: FEATHER HEAD-DRESS.]
+
+“_September 14th._--Fine bright morning; clear sky. Two hours’ trekking
+brought us to Kumala River, now dry, which we crossed, outspanning
+a mile or two further on. The country here is open, park-like, and
+undulating, extending away in a nearly level plain to the right. After
+we had stopped, a number of impudent Kafirs crowded round the waggon.
+One made a fearful row, at last coming to entreaties, saying we had set
+the veldt on fire.
+
+  [Illustration: HEAD-DRESS OF ZEBRA-SKIN AND FEATHERS.]
+
+“Starting again at 4 P.M., we next went over rising ground, the country
+getting very clear of timber, and at half-past six stopped at a small
+spruit with water in it, having crossed two previously. A long, dry,
+treeless plain here stretched before us, with kopjes rising into ranges
+against the horizon. It seems the spruit we are now outspanned at is
+the head-waters of a river flowing into the Limpopo, and where we were
+outspanned this morning is the head-waters of Kumala River, which flows
+into the Zambesi.”
+
+The day afterwards a short trek of about three miles brought the
+traveller to the King’s Town, as related in the ensuing chapter.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER IV.
+
+  Arrival at Gubuleweyo--Interview with the King--Start
+  for the Zambesi--Hope Fountain--Inyati--Difficulty of
+  obtaining bearers--The Zambesi abandoned--Hunting expedition
+  on the Umvungu and Gwailo Rivers--Experiences of a
+  half-caste--Birds’ nests--The indunas’ tree--Hunting--A lunar
+  eclipse--Return to Gubuleweyo--Wild fruit.
+
+
+The account of Frank Oates’s present stay at Gubuleweyo, and his first
+impressions of the town and its inhabitants, taken from his Journal,
+is somewhat scanty. This was one of those more striking episodes in
+the journey, which needed no written record to impress their details
+upon his mind, and the narrative of which in this, as in other similar
+instances, is consequently the most wanting, where the reader would
+naturally expect and desire to find it the fullest. The account, such
+as it is, of his arrival at the town, and the first two days spent
+there, is taken as follows from his Journal:--
+
+“_September 15th._--Another trek of about an hour and a half brought
+us, about 9 A.M., to Gubuleweyo. There is not much timber as the
+kraal is approached. The scene is picturesque but desolate, the road
+winding and steep. Some of the peculiar-looking trees[19] are here of
+great size. Strings of women were carrying vessels of water on their
+heads as we arrived. It was bitterly cold, and there was both wind and
+rain. Fairbairn and a number of others were standing about the kraal.
+Petersen was there, and introduced me. They asked me in, and I drew up
+my waggon to Fairbairn’s ‘scherm,’[20] and had breakfast with them.
+Fairbairn and Petersen took me to the king, whom I called on out of
+compliment, telling him that I had not yet unpacked my waggon--a hint
+that I should have a present for him. He was very gracious, and placed
+meat and plates before me, and inquired what sport I had had coming up,
+noticing the dilapidated state of my dress. I was going out of the hut
+legs first, when he pulled me back and made me go head first. He sent
+me to look at his new house, of which he is very proud. It is being
+built of brick by an Englishman.
+
+“In the afternoon Fairbairn and I rode over to see Mr. Thomson, the
+missionary. He will act as interpreter if I wish, but does not think
+it necessary. As we returned at sundown, we met a party of natives.
+They were Umtegan’s troop, returning from an ‘impey,’ or raid, with
+cattle taken from the Mashonas, a tribe not altogether subject to the
+king, though a part of them are. Umtegan was in European clothes, and
+on horseback. They stopped to go through the exercise of certain rites
+before entering the town. They had only a few hundred bullocks with
+them. Lately some thousands were brought in by an impey of a similar
+kind. At supper I had a young lion to pet; it belongs to the king,
+and roams about amongst the traders. There is a waggon at Fairbairn’s
+made at Beverley, in Yorkshire, which was brought out here in separate
+pieces, and fitted together afterwards. Fairbairn says it is a capital
+one. The poor man who brought it from England died before landing.
+
+“_September 16th._--Took the king my present--a central fire shot gun
+with ammunition. As I approached, with men carrying it, he took me by
+the hand and led me to a waggon, and sat on the ‘dissel-boom.’[21] We
+all sat on the ground. He was much pleased with the gun, and thanked
+me. The men with me would ask for beer, and he sent us to his sister
+for it. She was lying on a rug at her hut door, and I was introduced.”
+
+It was now ascertained from those here who knew most about the matter,
+that it was not even yet considered too late to reach the Zambesi
+that season, by taking a more direct route from this place, to be
+accomplished for the most part on foot, instead of proceeding along the
+usual trade route by way of Tati, which is available for waggons, but
+a good deal further round from the King’s Town. On hearing this, Frank
+Oates at once determined to try and reach the river by the shorter road
+that season, and the remainder of the time he spent on this occasion
+at Gubuleweyo was chiefly occupied in obtaining information for the
+expedition, and making the necessary arrangements for it. The early
+part of the journey could be accomplished with the waggon and oxen;
+after that it would be necessary to go on foot.
+
+On the evening of the 24th of September he accordingly started with
+his waggon, remaining the night with Mr. Thomson, the missionary, at
+Hope Fountain, a short distance from the kraal. The night was very
+close,--the first which had been so,--and on the following evening,
+after they had trekked some miles from Mr. Thomson’s in the direction
+of Inyati to the north-east, there was heavy rain and wind, accompanied
+by thunder and lightning. This rain, the first there had yet been,
+was said to be earlier than usual in its commencement by about two
+months. The other conditions, however, of the projected journey to the
+Zambesi, all of them, still appeared favourable. It was the traveller’s
+long-cherished desire at least to reach the Zambesi, and see the Falls,
+if he found it inexpedient on the present occasion to cross the river
+and penetrate into the less known territory to the northward. But there
+were difficulties, not only of climate, but from the obstructiveness
+of native character, to be encountered, and endless was the opposition
+which he met with from the latter cause. Four distinct attempts did he
+make at various times from this date to reach the river, and in each
+of the first three was he destined to disappointment. His present
+effort, made in September, was the first of these; his fourth and
+last attempt was made at the end of the succeeding year, nor was it
+till the last day of 1874 that he actually beheld the white spray of
+the great cataract breaking through the trees upon the river’s bank.
+That effort truly was rewarded with success, yet a success how dearly
+purchased--with his life!
+
+Before leaving Hope Fountain, to resume the journey, he wrote home the
+following letter to his mother:--
+
+                                   “MR. THOMSON’S, NEAR GUBULEWEYO,
+                                       “_September 25th, 1873_.
+
+“You will, no doubt, have more recent news from Willie than from me.
+I left him with Buckley and Gilchrist at the Tati, meditating a short
+journey in the neighbourhood before leaving, and came on myself to the
+King’s Town, Gubuleweyo, the site, or somewhere near the site, of the
+place marked in the maps as Mosilikatze’s Town. Mosilikatze was the
+father of the present king, and conquered this country. The name of the
+nation is the Matabele, which is always shown in the maps. The former
+inhabitants of the country were divided into various nations, but it
+is all called the Matabele country now from the name of its powerful
+owners. The country reaches to the Zambesi, and produces a great deal
+of ivory and ostrich feathers. There are a good many white men at
+Gubuleweyo, trading. Mr. Fairbairn, a young Scotchman, is my agent
+there.
+
+“I cannot give you a detailed account of my stay of nine days at the
+King’s Town. It is really to a stranger a most curious place. The king,
+Lobengula, lives in royal state. He is absolute monarch, and feared
+and obeyed far and wide. The people inhabiting the country we have
+passed through in coming here are altogether of an inferior race. At
+Bamangwato there is a king, but he is thought nothing of. I called on
+‘Bengula, accompanied by Fairbairn, the day I arrived here, and found
+him the picture of a savage king, just as one might have imagined, and
+coming quite up to the standard. The day I first saw him he was nearly
+naked, and lying on a skin inside his hut, to enter which you have
+to crawl in on your hands and knees through a little aperture in the
+front; in fact it is like a beehive entrance. He took me by the hand,
+and placed meat before me, and asked a few questions about my journey.
+I told him I should come again next day. Of course I had to make him a
+present, and I knew he would expect it next day, after which I should
+ask his leave and assistance to go through his country to the Victoria
+Falls if possible. I gave him a gun and ammunition, which pleased him
+very much, and he has done everything he could for me. It appeared
+that I was still in time to reach the Falls by going on foot, after
+leaving my waggon at the place marked on the map as Inyati. The king
+said it was possible to get to the Falls in ten days, and I suppose at
+my rate of travelling it ought to be; done in a fortnight or three
+weeks at most, and the king says I have still two months of favourable
+weather, but so anxious is he that no white man should come to grief in
+his country, that he has been urging on me all possible haste from the
+moment the subject was first mentioned. He has given me two excellent
+men as guides; these two, having the king’s authority, will carry all
+before them.
+
+“I left Gubuleweyo last night, and came on as far as here, the house of
+Mr. Thomson the missionary, for my first trek. Mr. Thomson has kindly
+interested himself in me, and done all he could to assist me. He has
+a nice wife and children, and this morning I have had the luxury of a
+civilized breakfast, including tablecloth, bread and butter and eggs,
+and milk to one’s coffee--things that I don’t often see now. I am now
+availing myself of one of his rooms to write to you in.
+
+“One of the men appointed by the king to guide me--himself a man
+of high character and good family, as Mr. Thomson tells me--left
+Gubuleweyo with me, and this morning hurried on to get bearers for me
+at the kraals ahead. I shall want from twenty to thirty, and as it will
+take some time to collect them, and my oxen want rest, I shall follow
+slowly, making a three or four days’ journey of what is usually done in
+two days. At Inyati, where I am to leave my waggon, are two white men
+trading. These are the last outposts of civilization, but up to that
+point there is regular communication all the way--that is to say, all
+the way my waggon takes me. If I find that I am delayed and cannot
+reach the Falls as quickly as I had hoped, I shall very likely turn
+back without accomplishing my object, as I am desirous not to run any
+foolish risks, and have been at great pains in collecting all possible
+information.
+
+“The men who carry my things will be most of them of the conquered
+population, and the two guides appointed by the king (one of whom,
+as I have mentioned, left me this morning to go on in advance, the
+other being now at Inyati) are able to do what they like. No one dare
+oppose the king, and the Matabele men he gives me renders any fear of
+desertion or disobedience superfluous. Besides, these two men know that
+they must carry out the king’s orders to the letter. I have also got
+an interpreter, a man who speaks English and Kafir perfectly, my own
+servant Hendrik, and my driver and his boy.[22] I shall take my tent if
+possible, plenty of ground sheets and bedding, meal, tins of biscuits,
+and coffee. For meat we have to rely on the guns carried by the party,
+but there seems not the slightest fear of scarcity, in fact the bearers
+are expected to live entirely on meat, having guns and ammunition
+allowed them for the purpose. No beast of burden or dog can accompany
+us, as it is the tsetse-fly country.
+
+“Had it been earlier in the season I should have gone from the Tati,
+by which route you can take your waggon to within a few miles of the
+Falls, but as I should have had to see the king first, to get his
+permission, by the time I could have returned to the Tati it would
+have been too late. I have not a map before me now, but suppose it
+may be 200 miles or thereabouts from Inyati, my starting-point, to
+the Victoria Falls. I shall hurry on to the Zambesi, so as to leave
+the river as soon as possible. I can then take my time in returning,
+as when I leave the river the worst is over, and I soon get into a
+healthy country again, but, as of course every one knows, the Zambesi
+at certain seasons of the year is unhealthy. All this I have carefully
+studied, and have been guided by what I consider reliable evidence.
+I shall be further guided by circumstances that may occur, and shall
+exercise my judgment as to how far I carry out my original project.”
+
+Leaving Hope Fountain after writing the above, on the 25th of
+September, the traveller went a short distance that night, and
+continued his journey early on the following morning. Here the Journal
+for the next two days resumes the story:--
+
+“_September 26th._--Cool, cloudy morning; the wind in our faces.
+Started about 7.30 A.M., and went six miles. The country we passed
+through was bush veldt; trees small, and in most places thinly
+scattered; grass very dry. One of the boys was running wildly about
+to keep himself warm--a hint for me to give him a shirt. The wind was
+high, and where we outspanned the boys made a fire in the hollow bed
+of a spruit. Starting again at 1 P.M., the country assumed rather a
+fresh aspect, with a green verdure like that of a young corn-field,
+where the grass had been burnt. The trees here were not close, and some
+were a good size, with young foliage of a vivid green. Passing next
+between two kopjes, we descended into a fine, bushy, undulating tract,
+misty-looking in the distance under a lowering sky. Outspanned at 3.40
+P.M. at the Cokhé River, and had tea. Here they told me there was a
+kraal close by, presided over by ‘Bengula’s brother, Bolinlila; and as
+some of the oxen were tired, I sent over to see if I could leave them
+here. The reply being favourable, and a present requested, I sent the
+oxen--five in number--with a small strip of coloured calico.
+
+“The boy sent me by the king, who was running about so vigorously this
+morning, now showed me a small scratch on his heel, and asked to be
+doctored. I put on some glycerine, but believe it was a ruse, as he
+afterwards got on the sacks at the back of the waggon, and rode instead
+of walking. The other man who was sent me by the king is the thinnest
+mortal I think I ever saw, his legs literally like those of spiders.
+It was dreadfully cold, and I gave all the poor wretches some hot tea.
+Towards evening we advanced again four miles further. It was like a
+cold trek on the high veldt--front sail drawn down, candle lighted,
+myself in the blankets. Outspanned at 7.40 P.M. Windy and
+rainy night.
+
+“_September 27th._--Dark windy morning; Scotch mist. Hendrik woke me
+soon after six, to say they were inspanned. We made two treks--about
+twelve miles in all--and stopped about 3 P.M. at the Bembesi River,
+where some boys herding cattle brought us sour milk curdled for
+sale, which was very good. During the morning we passed some very
+striking-looking trees, leafless, but covered with large clusters
+of bright scarlet flowers on straight, brittle, thorny stalks. At a
+distance they looked like naked trees covered with scarlet berries,
+such as one sees in winter at home. Before night we went on four miles
+further, and stopped one trek they say from our destination.”
+
+At ten o’clock the following morning the Inquinquesi, a larger river
+than the Bembesi, with plenty of water in it and a sandy bed, was
+crossed, and a halt made upon its banks. Here was Inchlangin, the
+kraal where the traders were, Inyati itself being a short way off.
+Thither a messenger was at once despatched to ascertain what success
+the king’s man, who had gone on in advance, had had in obtaining
+bearers. Soon afterwards this man presented himself at the waggon,
+saying that the boys required for the journey would be forthcoming the
+following morning. When the day arrived, however, they were not brought
+in sufficient numbers to be of any service, and the start had to be
+postponed a day or two longer, pending the results of further efforts.
+The following is the day’s entry in the Journal:--
+
+“_September 29th._--Fine warm day; heavy rain in the evening. The
+king’s man came again; this time accompanied by the induna of the kraal
+(I suppose only the acting induna, as the real one is the man I met
+at the King’s). He brought with him two other chief men, given me as
+well as himself by the king, and to all three I gave some limbo. The
+induna said he would rather have a shirt, and I told him I would give
+it him when he had got me the boys. He only brought three to-day. Two
+volunteers, whom I told to wait, also presented themselves from another
+distant kraal.
+
+“After this, as no more could be done, I went out shooting with
+Mandy (one of the traders here) in the afternoon, and got some
+birds. We had a pleasant walk, and saw the wild cotton growing. We
+also saw a beautiful tree with delicate green leaves and wreaths of
+violet-coloured laburnum-like blossoms; also a very sweetly-scented
+flower, white and star-shaped, growing in small clusters upon a tree
+of some size. Mandy says there are crocodiles here, but the king does
+not allow them to be killed, as it is thought that any one possessing
+the body can work spells. It is death to a native to kill one. A white
+man on one occasion shot one here eighteen feet long, which had been
+destroying calves and goats, and the king sent to have it buried, and
+had men to watch the place.
+
+“It seems that lately, during a ceremony previous to the king’s
+marriage (circumcision), it was thought inauspicious for any guns to be
+fired in the neighbourhood. They say a Kafir who fired one somewhere
+in the veldt at the time was impaled for it.”
+
+The greater part of the following day (September 30th) was spent in
+packing and arranging things for the walk to the Falls, and it was
+not till the day after this that the induna reappeared, now stating
+that he could not get bearers. The natives, it is likely enough, were
+afraid of fever on the Zambesi at this season, and did not want to
+go, but it afterwards appeared that the induna of the kraal and the
+headman sent by the king had made no proper efforts to obtain the staff
+required for the journey. The upshot of the matter was that the Zambesi
+had to be abandoned, and the traveller obtained instead permission
+from the king to go for a few weeks’ hunting into the country to the
+north-east, where good sport was likely to be had. Before starting on
+this expedition he wrote home from Inyati, on October 5th, as follows:--
+
+“You will not be much surprised to hear that I have had to give up the
+Zambesi. I got here just in time to do it, if the carriers had been
+forthcoming, but the people in authority threw so many difficulties in
+my way, that I had to send back to the king, and so much valuable time
+has been lost that I have given up the expedition. I am, however, going
+a little way into the country with my waggon, and shall probably be a
+month or two before I am back again here.
+
+“There are three Englishmen living here, trading. Two of them, in whose
+house I am now writing, are very obliging to me. This is a mission
+station, but there is no missionary here now. It is the last post of
+white men in this part of the world. When you reach the Zambesi you
+come to the outposts of the Portuguese traders from the east coast, but
+between these points are no Europeans settled. The rain is beginning,
+though the regular rains have not set in yet. It is after the first
+heavy rains that fever begins to annoy people on the Zambesi, but
+I believe, generally, even then only slightly, but after the next
+downfall--when there is much rain and the rain is beginning to dry up,
+about January, February, and March--the really bad season sets in.
+However, I am now avoiding even the former risk, and where I am going
+I shall be so near here all the time that I can return almost when I
+choose. I don’t exactly know where I am going, but it will be somewhere
+in a north or north-easterly direction from here.
+
+“I hear that Cruickshank, my agent at Bamangwato, is now at the King’s
+Town, but I am three days’ journey from there, and he will shortly
+be returning to Bamangwato. Fairbairn, his agent at the King’s Town,
+will, however, in all probability, be there when I return, and here I
+am in good hands too, so that I have friends all along the road, and
+letters always come and go as surely, if more slowly, than where there
+is a regular post, for waggons are constantly coming and going, and
+everybody helps everybody else in this part of the world. I have been
+pressed into the service as postman myself before now. Only delays
+must be expected, and are often very vexatious.”
+
+On the 7th of October Frank Oates started on his projected expedition
+in the north-east, on which he was absent from Inyati in all about
+seven weeks. The district traversed during his absence was that watered
+by the Gwailo and Umvungu Rivers, the furthest point reached being the
+Umgwanya. The circumstances of the first few days of these wanderings
+may be recounted in his own words as follows, taken from his Journal:--
+
+“_October 7th._--Sultry, oppressive day; very cloudy. Packed waggon,
+and left Inyati about 4 P.M. We passed through bush country, with
+fine open level spaces, which would be excellent riding ground; some
+fine old baobab trees in the distance exactly like oaks, with gnarled
+crooked arms. These trees have dark green foliage, and here and there
+stand almost isolated. Close; a very disagreeable smell frequent,
+Hendrik says of black ants. Now and then sweet perfumes from flowering
+shrubs.... As it got dark we outspanned about 7 P.M., having water for
+our own use in our casks. A large group of men round the fire. We had
+come perhaps nine miles.
+
+“_October 8th._--Mild, cloudy, breezy morning. Crossed the dry beds
+of two small rivers (branches of the Lelongwe), with a kraal placed
+between them; the ground level so far. Men bring ostrich eggs; women
+bring Indian and Kafir corn and beans. Bought the upper mandible of
+an eagle from the neck of a man, hanging by a thin leather strap.
+Hendrik says these eagles kill goats. Also bought ostrich feathers
+and eggs, milk and corn. We had outspanned. Presently resuming the
+journey, we crossed the third arm of the Lelongwe, and then the reedy
+bed of a spruit, where we dug in the sand, and found plenty of nice
+mineral-tasted water, which the men and dogs drank. Reached the site
+of an old kraal, Intembin, about noon. Hendrik calls these people
+‘Maholies.’ They are far easier to deal with than the Matabele, take
+what you give them and are satisfied. They asked for red, but took
+blue, beads, and were delighted with red with white stripe. Stopped
+to rest at 1.15, and made another trek before night, finally stopping
+about 6 P.M. near a rather large river, with heavy sand in its bed.
+
+“_October 9th._--Overcast, delicious day. Started at 7 A.M., and about
+9 crossed the Tchangani--the largest river we have yet seen since
+leaving Inyati--and outspanned, continuing the journey in the afternoon
+for about three hours. This last trek was a very pleasant one, over
+falling ground. As we outspanned (about 4 P.M.), John told me that a
+‘honey’s (bees’) nest’ had been found by Hendrik. The boys went off,
+and it was found in the hollow trunk of a large tree, into which the
+bees went by a hole in the side of the tree. They put fire into the
+hole, having kindled a small one close to the tree, and then with an
+axe cut open the trunk. The bees seemed on the whole pretty quiet, and
+I don’t think their sting can be bad, as the men seemed tolerably
+indifferent. The cells, when taken out, proved full of grubs.... One of
+the boys was carrying two squirrels killed by a dog; another had found
+roots. I tried the latter, and found them slightly bitter and at the
+same time sweet. They are chewed and the juice swallowed. The only leaf
+visible is contained in a small green shoot, apparently just coming
+out of the ground, but the roots are very large and long. Another boy
+brought a pretty duiker, which he had killed with an assegai.
+
+“_October 10th._--We seem on a sort of plateau, with lower ground in
+front. Beyond is high land, blue in the distance. Starting a little
+before 7 A.M., we reached the Umvungu about 9, a big reedy river with
+water in its bed. When we arrived one of the boys was calling out, and
+we found he had shot a sable antelope. Many flowers are now springing
+up in the veldt, and the tints of the trees are very lovely, reminding
+one of an English spring, or, in some respects, of autumn; different
+shades of green and yellow. In the course of the afternoon we entered
+very thick bush, the thickest I have yet met with in South Africa,
+and more like English wood in general appearance than what we have
+hitherto seen, the trees budding with delicate tints of fresh green,
+brown, and yellow. Soon after entering the bush fresh elephant spoor
+was announced--the first I have yet heard of--and a few minutes later
+we came on a broken tree lying across the road, and more fresh elephant
+spoor. Emerged from the thick bush about 5.20 P.M., and soon afterwards
+outspanned at a spruit.”
+
+The following day (October 11) the party reached the Gwailo River,
+which was crossed without difficulty. A half-caste Cape man, who was
+hunting here, named Nelson, rode up and gave a very bad report. He had
+shot fourteen elephants in two months, and a few ostriches. He said the
+Mashonas, hunting the elephants with their assegais, and shouting, had
+driven them away. His plan now was to go to Damaraland, _viâ_ Lake
+Ngami, where he had been before and found elephants abundant.
+
+Resuming his journey in the afternoon, Frank Oates now struck across
+the veldt to the south-east, and crossed the Umgwanya River the
+following morning, proceeding afterwards a few miles up its banks. At
+this point he had intended to encamp for a few days; but hearing from
+two natives who came to the waggon that there were still elephants in
+the thick bush which had been passed through the day before, he felt
+tempted to return there; and on the 13th, recrossing the Umgwanya and
+Gwailo Rivers, in a more direct line than he had taken coming, went
+back in the direction of the Umvungu. “A boa-constrictor,” he here
+writes, “six feet six inches long, and as thick as my wrist, lay its
+length upon the ground, and was skilfully transfixed by one of my boys’
+assegais, and pinned to the ground. The lads were evidently afraid of
+his bite, but the men say that it is harmless.... The Mashonas use
+these snakes as an article of food.”
+
+Next day the spruit which they had outspanned at on the 10th, near
+the thick elephant bush they were making for, was reached, and here,
+a short way off the waggon-track, under some remarkably picturesque
+kopjes, the landscape all budding with the green of spring, a camp was
+formed, where the party remained about a fortnight hunting. The boys
+made themselves some snug huts of branches and dry grass to sleep in.
+Here the Journal again takes up the story:--
+
+“_October 14th._--... Nelson came up to the waggon when we were
+outspanned. He had not left, but had stopped about near the place where
+we had outspanned when we first came through the thick bush. He had
+come on a herd of many (he says forty) elephants, driven six out of
+the herd, and shot four, but lost two of them--one a large bull. He
+had killed two bulls. This occurred the day before yesterday. I walked
+away with him in the evening towards his waggon. We found some nests
+of amadavats--the little pink ones, I fancy. Some were in course of
+construction, some finished; all hanging like fruit from a tree. One
+I took contained two eggs, white speckled with red. Macloule[23] gave
+me this evening two goatsucker’s eggs he had found, partly sat on. The
+nest is very slight, and placed on the ground.[24]
+
+  [Illustration: BIRDS’ NESTS.]
+
+“_October 15th._--Soon after 7 A.M. started with boys to hunt....
+Maqueban found the carcass of an elephant killed a few days ago. The
+two teeth--one broken, but as heavy as the other--weighed together 20
+lbs., as I found afterwards. The boys rushed to the carcass, and were
+soon at work dismembering it. It may be one of Nelson’s, but my boys
+think it died before Sunday (the day Nelson killed his). A great many
+kites flew sweeping round. It was a regular scene, such as one sees in
+pictures, the Kafirs at work cutting off trunk and feet and strips of
+flesh. It was a cow elephant, and vultures and other creatures had got
+the end of the trunk and what they could without breaking the skin.
+Fires were lighted and meat cooked and devoured, whilst large pieces
+were put aside for removal. When the filth was extracted from one of
+the tusks, ‘Sassaybi’[25] threw back his head and held it up first to
+one then to the other nostril. This is supposed to be a good thing for
+any one troubled with nose-bleeding on hot days. Sassaybi likewise
+scraped some stuff like cobbler’s wax from where the tusk is inserted
+in the skin. He said it was to be used as a charm.... As we travel
+through the bush Indian file, returning to the waggon, Echle (the chief
+hunter I have with me), meeting a small tortoise, picks it up, spits on
+it, and puts it to his forehead. He says this is lucky when you want
+to get elephants, and he says, however large the tortoise is, this is
+done. He is then allowed to walk off.
+
+“_October 16th._--Shots heard near the waggon early, and Nelson
+arrives, having shot a fine bull eland quite near to my waggon. He says
+he was looking for elephant spoor when he found the eland, and drove
+him seven miles. He is a mighty brute, bigger than an average bullock.
+The hide is very thick. We had breakfast on eland steak fried in fat,
+and enjoyed it very much. Nelson says, when in Damaraland, he got a
+young elephant, but it died from neglect coming through seventy miles
+of the ‘thirst land.’ He says they are easy to keep, and so are young
+ostriches. The latter can be driven with the bullocks. He says there
+are plenty of crocodiles in the river beyond the Gwailo.
+
+“Nelson showed me, when we were out together in the veldt the day
+before yesterday, some remains of Mashona huts destroyed by the
+Matabele. He says they are to be found all over the veldt, and bones
+amongst many of them. Some of the Mashonas are subject to the Matabele.
+Those that refuse allegiance are mercilessly hunted down. They are all
+formed of independent little tribes, and when war is made against one
+the others don’t assist them. Therefore they fall an easy prey. The
+impeys sent out against them for their cattle are what I heard of at
+Gubuleweyo. Nelson says lately in an impey a kraal was taken, the young
+men killed (they throw away their scanty dress and run and are killed
+‘like springbok’), and the old men and women burnt to death. The young
+women and children were made slaves of, and the cattle taken. Nelson’s
+Matabele boys wanted him lately to drive off some cattle, saying the
+king might give him fifty of them, but he refused. The cattle and all
+the animals are kept in the same place as the Mashonas themselves live
+in (the same house, Nelson calls it). They are thus easily surrounded
+by the Matabele. The Matabele despise those who own allegiance to their
+chief, and call them slaves. One of the latter in Nelson’s employ blew
+his face off with some gunpowder, doing something for his master on one
+occasion. ‘Never mind,’ said Nelson’s Matabele, ‘it is nothing, he is a
+dog’ (the usual epithet). The man’s father came to Nelson and asked to
+be paid, and was quite satisfied with a few coils of brass wire. Once,
+when Nelson killed a rhinoceros, a number of Mashona came for the meat
+and began fighting. They would cry, ‘This is mine,’ ‘This is mine,’ and
+two were killed. Nelson went away, feeling, he says, quite frightened
+at the scene. An assegai was thrust into one man’s heart by another who
+was quarrelling with him before Nelson’s eyes.
+
+“In Damaraland, he says, the Bushmen are much better to get on with
+than the Matabele are here. They work for you like slaves for a little
+meat. They are under independent petty chiefs, and bring magnificent
+ostrich feathers for a small strip of limbo or other very trifling
+payment. From what Nelson says, it must be a capital place for the
+hunter, ivory being large, white, and plentiful, and easily got, and
+the natives most willing to assist.
+
+“_October 17th._--Sleepless night; dogs barking at hyænas. I was kept
+to the waggon yesterday with a sore heel, and to-day did not go far.
+Nelson came to the waggon in the afternoon. He tells me that, on the
+opposite side of the road, about ten miles away, is a ‘fountain,’[26]
+with one or two waters intervening, and plenty of game. He does not
+know whether the king allows any one to go into this veldt; but it is a
+good country for a waggon to travel in.... I went out with him a little
+in the evening. He says he has seen two elephants’ tusks from near
+the Zambesi of 70 lbs. each--the largest he ever saw. He has seen an
+elephant with four tusks, and a Boer he speaks of shot one with eight;
+one of 70 lbs., the others of about 2 lbs. each.
+
+“When Nelson was a young boy, his father, he tells me, trading near
+Sechele’s, being at feud with the missionary there, who had surrounded
+his waggon with forty Kafirs, and incited them to seize his goods, he
+determined to blow them up; but, in applying the light to the inside
+of the waggon, where was a lot of gunpowder, he was not quite quick
+enough, and was himself blown up with the missionary (a German) and the
+Kafirs. Nelson himself lay many hours on the ground insensible, much
+scorched. He had been standing close to the front wheel; his father was
+on the front-box. Nelson must have escaped thus lightly almost by a
+miracle. When he came to himself, he saw the wreck, his father and the
+Kafirs lying dead, and was pursued and fired at by Kafirs. The bullets
+passed close to him, and the Kafirs pursued, but could not catch him.
+He has still scars on his legs, made in passing through the thorns, and
+one on his face, caused by the explosion. He spent three days wandering
+in the veldt without food, but, it being the rainy season, he had
+water, and on the fourth day he came to a waggon.
+
+“There was a scene to-day when Nelson’s two boys, who claim the ivory
+we got the other day, came to the waggon. Nelson told me not to give
+it to them, but did not want them to know he had given me this hint.
+The ivory, it seems, would not be his anyhow, as the king’s man who
+is with him hunts on his own account and would claim it. My boys were
+resolute to keep it, and we let them fight it out by themselves, which
+they did very noisily, finally saying it should be referred to the
+king. It seems to me that, picked up in the veldt, it belongs to the
+finder, unless the shooter has followed it up himself. This Nelson
+says his men did not attempt--though he advised it--saying it would be
+useless.”
+
+From this time till the 27th of the month, the party remained in the
+same camp, making frequent excursions thence in search of game, first
+in one direction, then in another. Here they met with more quagga and
+sable antelope than any other game, but there were also eland, koodoo,
+and sassaybi, besides some of the lesser antelopes and wild pigs in
+abundance. “Near the spruit on which we stand,” writes Frank Oates at
+this point, “is the most really picturesque bit of craggy and sylvan
+scenery I have yet seen. Our present camp indeed is far the best in
+that respect we have ever yet had. It is now spring, moreover; the
+first rains have fallen, and refreshed nature is beginning to resume
+her long-lost garb of green.”
+
+The following quotation from the Journal of the 18th gives a pleasant
+glimpse into one of their longer rambles from this camp:--“Started
+about 7.30 A.M., and walked nearly three hours, first through
+the thin, then through the thick, bush, striking a path during the
+walk which we followed to the south-west, and which brought us out
+under a huge spreading baobab, the largest tree I have yet seen since
+leaving Pietermaritzburg. They call it the ‘Indunas’ tree,’ for here
+the indunas from the neighbouring kraals are wont to sit and drink
+beer when anything particular is on hand. The huge trunk is blackened
+all round with fire, but the tree seems uninjured, and spreads its
+huge canopy from a framework of crooked boughs, like a gigantic oak.
+Stretching my arms round the tree at the height at which I stand from
+the ground, it took me four times, all but about a foot, to encircle
+it--say about twenty-three feet for its girth here, but below this it
+is much more, as it increases towards the roots. Other trees of the
+same kind stand about, but they are less. A splendid view, such as
+recalls Wharfedale to the mind, here suddenly bursts in sight. The
+Umvungu River flows in the valley; at our backs is the thick bush,
+through which we have come; but before us stretches the green vista of
+woods far away, till it becomes blue in the distance. We waited here
+about two hours, and returned as we had come.”
+
+In this way the whole surrounding district was gradually traversed.
+The weather during the stay at the present camp was already beginning
+to be wet, and there was no improvement in this respect, but the
+reverse, from that date. On the 27th, moving their position, they
+again encamped a few miles further to the westward, where they remained
+till the middle of November, hunting the district, and at times leaving
+the waggon for some days together. Elephant and giraffe were met with
+on this occasion, the rest of the game being mostly the same as that
+found near the previous encampment. The chief trophy of the chase here
+obtained was a fine bull elephant, its tusks weighing together 108 lbs.
+
+  [Illustration: THE FIRST ELEPHANT.]
+
+An eclipse of the moon occurring during this period, an opportunity was
+afforded of observing the effect of this phenomenon on the minds of
+some of the party. “Soon after sunset,” writes Frank Oates on November
+3d, “the moon rising, I think, a little before, I noticed the upper
+part of the moon, indeed all but a small crescent nearest the horizon,
+covered with a dingy, smoky shadow. It was an eclipse. I asked John
+what it was. He said, ‘Smoke.’ The moment it was shown to Macloule he
+uttered a cry of conjuration, as it were, and rushing out with a brand,
+threw it in the direction of the moon. His explanation is that we shall
+hear something; all the hunters out in the veldt will now return home
+to hear the news. People are looking at it in Gubuleweyo, England,
+everywhere. It is a custom, it seems, at all the kraals, when an
+eclipse is seen, for the people to rush out and throw brands, shouting
+at the same time. When I suggested a shadow on the moon, he dismissed
+the suggestion summarily, and when asked to explain the appearance by
+any other cause, said the moon was changing colour. As the eclipse
+progressed, I pointed out to him that the shadow kept rising, and more
+and more of the moon becoming visible, but he only said, ‘It looks bad
+now.’ I looked through the telescope, as it was nearly over, to note
+the exact time of the shadow passing away. Echle took a hasty glance
+through it, and turned away quickly, saying he did not like to see it.”
+
+By the middle of November, when they left their second camp, so much
+rain was already falling that hunting became difficult, and a return
+to Gubuleweyo was decided on. Starting back, therefore, on the return
+journey on November 16th, they reached Inyati, travelling slowly, on
+the 23d. Here Frank Oates was detained about a week, having much
+trouble and annoyance in paying off the boys he had engaged there for
+the hunt early in October, and it was the 2d of December before he once
+more found himself at Hope Fountain, near Gubuleweyo, the residence of
+Mr. Thomson, whence he wrote home the following letter:--
+
+                                             “Rev. J. B. THOMSON’s,
+                                        HOPE FOUNTAIN, MATABELE LAND,
+                                             “_December 4th, 1873_.
+
+   “I find there is a good opportunity of writing a line home,
+   as a trader is going with a waggon straight to Hope Town, and
+   starts to-morrow. He has only been a fortnight coming here from
+   Bamangwato, so he travels pretty quickly. You will, no doubt,
+   before you get this, have received the last letter I sent you,
+   in which I think I told you that my visit to the Victoria Falls
+   had been abandoned. I was within 150 to 200 miles of them, and
+   had made every preparation for the journey, having got the
+   king’s leave to proceed, escorted by one of his chief men, and
+   was already packing the things for the bearers to carry (twenty
+   was the number I required, though I should have been content
+   with fifteen), when all at once the unforeseen difficulty of
+   getting a sufficient number of them presented itself. The king
+   had told me there would be no difficulty, but I was then fifty
+   miles from him, having taken my waggon to be left at Inyati,
+   whence I was starting on my walk to the Falls. I see now
+   clearly enough that I was deceived by the man who was given to
+   assist me, or by the headman of Inyati, who had made no attempt
+   to get the men for me, but lulled me with fair promises, whilst
+   in reality doing all he could to prevent my obtaining them. The
+   fact was my guide did not wish me to go to the Zambesi; partly,
+   no doubt, because they would have had to hurry more than might
+   have been agreeable, but principally from fear of the fever, of
+   which they have a great dread. The king, however, knew what he
+   was doing when he assured me that for two months to come there
+   was no danger whatever, and this was far more time than enough
+   to accomplish my much-desired object.
+
+   “I have now spent two months in the neighbourhood of Inyati,
+   sometimes leaving the waggon for days, and sleeping in the
+   veldt. This was always satisfactorily managed even on a pouring
+   wet night, as the Kafirs in a few minutes build you a hut of
+   branches, perfectly water-tight, with a bed of dry grass upon
+   which to place your bedding. Two Englishmen, tourists, have
+   visited the Falls this season, and I hear that one of them said
+   they were so fine he would rather walk barefoot from Durban
+   to see them than leave them unseen. (Mrs. Thomson, finding me
+   writing in the dark, has just sent Mr. T. to me with a candle,
+   which I hope will improve the style of my letter, for I fear it
+   wants it.) The old guide, who was given me by the king, and
+   whom I suspect of doing me out of the Zambesi, was very anxious
+   for me to go to the king to-day, as he has to deliver me back
+   to him in person, and never lets me go out of his sight for a
+   moment if he can help it. This opportunity of writing home,
+   however, is keeping me this evening.
+
+   “My old man is the cousin of the king and nephew of Mosilikatze,
+   and the king sent him with me as a special mark of favour. If
+   any harm had befallen me he would have been held responsible,
+   and with most fearful zeal did he fulfil his office. He would
+   never let me sleep without a hut, or do anything he deemed
+   imprudent or unhealthy, carrying his care of me to such a pitch
+   that it was often a very great bore. I am told that if I go away
+   again into the veldt either now or years hence, I shall have to
+   go with this same man, Macloule, or, should he not be living,
+   with one of his sons. I would have forgiven him everything if he
+   had taken me to the Victoria Falls.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+   “A puppy has been added to my establishment. It was one of a
+   family born in the veldt, on the banks of the Gwailo River,
+   and, with its brothers and sisters, carried over its master’s
+   shoulders in a small bark cage when we were on the move. I had
+   several narrow escapes of being bitten by the mamma, who hated
+   me, though I always did my utmost for the comfort of the family.
+
+   “I have still two of my original four dogs with me, one of
+   which is a great favourite of mine, and one pony. The time
+   is approaching when horses that have not yet had it, get the
+   horse-sickness, which it is a great chance they get over. A good
+   ‘salted’ horse, or rather pony (that is one that has had the
+   sickness and recovered from it), is worth £50 to £100, instead
+   of £20. The king has been telling people to ask me to sell him
+   my pony, and he also wants a gun of mine, for which he has put
+   aside two huge tusks of ivory, double its value. He has been
+   inquiring very much for me, and is anxious to see me back. Tea
+   is nearly ready, so I will now say good-bye. I am anxiously
+   looking forward to getting letters in two or three months at
+   latest. My letters are all to be forwarded to me and await me at
+   Bamangwato.”
+
+The day after writing this letter Frank Oates took his waggon on to
+Gubuleweyo, and once more drew it up in front of Mr. Fairbairn’s
+scherm. The recent rains had wonderfully freshened the country
+since the outward journey, and the last trek, made through a green
+meadow-like district, recalled to the traveller’s mind the aspect of
+the country round Oxford in early summer.
+
+The vegetation had of late been frequently remarkable for its beauty,
+and a number of flowering shrubs, many of them sweetly scented, had
+been observed from time to time. Flowers of other kinds were also
+becoming plentiful, and many varieties of wild fruit were met with.
+
+Some of the latter Frank Oates describes at the Umvungu in his
+Journal:--“There is a kind of fruit growing in trees here,” he says,
+“which the boys get very eagerly. It is really excellent. It is about
+the size of a large walnut, with a hard case cleft in four, inside
+which are glutinous woody fibre and seeds. The seeds are thrown away,
+and the fibre chewed. The latter contains a large quantity of sweet
+glutinous matter, the part rejected looking just like wood. There is
+also another excellent fruit,” he continues, “not uncommon, which grows
+on a small tree, and is larger than a very fine orange. In shape it
+is spherical, and the outer case, which is hard, is easily broken,
+and the contents laid bare. The pulp that surrounds the seeds is the
+part eaten. This is brown in colour, and deliciously acid in flavour,
+reminding one a little of roasted apple. The pulp of one of these
+fruits forms quite a refreshing little repast. I believe they are
+common near Pretoria,--so John tells me,--and no doubt are found all
+over the veldt. The boys always make a great rush to get them. When
+quite mature the outer rind is yellow, and they seem to fall to the
+ground as soon as they are thoroughly ripe.”
+
+The description of the first of these fruits corresponds closely, it
+may be remarked, with that of a fruit named “manéko,” which was met
+with by Livingstone near the Zambesi, in the centre of the continent.
+The last-named is of frequent occurrence in Zululand, where it is
+called “inhlala” (famine), from its value to the natives in times of
+scarcity.
+
+Besides these, other fruits were also met with in the district,
+including a sort of wild grape, acceptable enough on hot days, but
+somewhat deficient in juiciness and flavour.
+
+No great amount of game was seen upon the journey.
+
+  [Illustration: KNOB-BILLED GOOSE.--_Sarkidiornis
+  melanonotus._]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER V.
+
+  Stay at Gubuleweyo--New Year’s Day--The Great Dance--Cattle
+  slaughtered--Departure of the king; the royal procession--A
+  dispute referred to him--Lobengula’s court.
+
+
+Frank Oates remained at Gubuleweyo or in its immediate neighbourhood
+some time--from December 5th 1873 to January 26th 1874. This was
+considerably longer than he had originally intended, but he was partly
+detained by the weather, which, besides being close and oppressive, was
+for a long time very wet and unfavourable for travelling, and partly
+that he might see the Great Dance, which took place in the early part
+of January. After this some trouble with his servants still further
+delayed him, as the case of one of them had to be taken before the
+king. He was able, however, meantime to make some additions to his
+collections of birds and other objects of natural history, though owing
+to the state of the weather he attempted little hunting; indeed, near
+the kraal, large game was invariably scarce and wild.
+
+The incidents of the first part of his stay--until the end of
+December--were apparently of little interest. After that came the
+preparations for the Great Dance, which took place on the 8th of
+January. The following day dancing was again continued, though with
+much less ceremony, and the 10th was the day appointed for a state
+slaughtering of cattle--one of the annual customs gone through at
+this season. This over, the king took his departure next day for a
+neighbouring abode of royalty. Commencing with the new year, the
+entries in the traveller’s Journal, with some particulars of the above
+events, stand as follows:--
+
+“_January 1st, 1874._--Intensely hot, as yesterday was, and as they
+say it will be till the rain falls. Sent bullocks to fetch wood for
+making a scherm, having engaged John Jacobs and two Kafirs by the day.
+Rode over to Thomson’s to dinner (two and a half miles) and lost myself
+amongst the kopjes. The fine hot day and the luxuriantly green country
+and rapidly-growing Indian corn make it seem more like June than New
+Year’s Day to me. Petersen, Fairbairn, and Mandy went to Thomson’s in
+cart, and we sat down to a most excellent dinner--roast and boiled
+mutton, potatoes, cabbages, and turnips, plum-pudding, and mince-pies.
+Such dinners as this and my Christmas dinner at Petersen’s are worthy
+of notice, considering how few and far between they are. Pleasant
+evening just before and after sunset; moon nearly full.
+
+“_January 2d._--Fine hot day; heat, however, by no means so oppressive
+as it has been for the last day or two, on account of a pleasant
+breeze. Unpacked the front-box of my waggon. King called, and asked
+for his bottle of brandy and some large shot. He afterwards sent a boy
+for the brandy, whom I accompanied back to the king’s, and having given
+the brandy and shot, offered him six muskets I had been hoping all this
+time to sell him, and without any trouble got four fine elephants’
+teeth for them, about 150 lbs. of ivory altogether.
+
+  [Illustration: DANCING-STICK, BOW AND ARROWS, AND
+  KNOB-KERRIES.]
+
+“_January 3d._--Moonlight night--full moon, I think. Looked out early;
+the moon was still gorgeously bright, and surrounded by a halo of
+light in a violet sky, studded here and there also with a star. In
+the east was the deep red of approaching sunrise. Morning at first
+slightly overcast and tolerably cool, but the day soon became very hot,
+though tempered somewhat by the wind. Decided to have a new sail made
+for the waggon. Myers working at the old framework, patching it up.
+Having things out of the waggon, and also out of the tent (as I was
+rearranging the latter), I stayed about a good deal, not trusting John.
+A lot of cheeky ‘majachas’ (warriors) about. Whilst one of them was
+selling me honey, a lot came in, and I saw one abstract a knob-kerry
+of rhinoceros horn from under the waggon, and throw it out of the
+scherm.[27] He then ran away, seeing himself detected, but did not
+go far, and afterwards came and stayed outside the scherm, asking for
+a ‘tonso’ (present). However, this must have been mere bravado, as he
+was too much on his guard to give me a chance of thrashing him, and
+when I removed a bush for him to come in, only came in a foot or two,
+and bolted when at length I approached him. I bought guinea-fowls’
+eggs, some tobacco, and a dancing-stick. The second of the two sheep
+bought for a cotton blanket and a shirt was killed this morning. It is
+wonderful what a lump of fat the tail is. A miserable little famished
+boy, who, they say, was picked up in the veldt and belongs to the
+king, came into the scherm on being invited, and had food. He speaks
+by nodding his head. He is a pitiable object, and coughs.... Wind rose
+high at night. Mutton and guinea-fowls’ eggs for supper. There are
+plenty of ‘majachas’ here now. They are everlastingly dancing. This
+seems to be their whole drill.
+
+“_January 4th._--Cool cloudy morning; a little drizzling rain. There
+are caterpillars here of many very pretty varieties. Old well-known
+forms both of caterpillars and moths are reproduced in this country,
+with a change. The king sent me a caterpillar lately--green, with green
+moss-like horny tufts; a flesh-coloured stripe on each side; on the
+back a row of snow-white spots, circled with rich blue, and white spots
+also along the sides. A long string of people came this morning from
+Inchlangin for the dance. Macloule called on me soon after his arrival;
+and again in the evening, when he asked me for a blanket, saying he had
+lost a child through going with me, and had missed the time for burying
+it. I sent him away till to-morrow. The day has been cloudy and cool,
+but fair and delightful.
+
+“_January 5th._--Hot day, and though there was a good deal of wind
+I felt the heat. Gave Macloule a cotton blanket. Myers and Hendrik
+working at my waggon sail. Took Hans, and went to king’s. Dance
+going on, consisting of the men of two large kraals, forming a
+circle, ‘marking time,’ and waving sticks, whilst the king, with
+rhinoceros-horn knob-kerry, acted as bandmaster. There was also
+singing. Nina[28] requested me to stand up and join, which I did. Every
+now and then a man rushes out into the space in the middle, shaking
+his shield and brandishing his assegai, enacts his fighting, and shows
+how many he has killed, whilst loud shouts are raised on all sides.
+The usual dress consists of a head-dress of black feathers, and a
+bunch of monkeys’ tails round the loins, with white frills of ox-tails
+on the arms, and (in the case of veterans I suppose) a long solitary
+feather to top all, and a piece of fur round the head. The king had on
+a broad-brimmed black felt hat, a huge bunch of monkeys’ skins round
+his middle, and carried an Elcho sword bayonet (my present) and a
+rhinoceros-horn knob-kerry. When the dancing and singing was over, the
+men defiled past the king in companies, singing a monotonous but not
+unmusical chorus, which they accompanied by rapping their shields with
+their sticks, producing a dull heavy sound. Strings of girls bore huge
+calabashes of beer, under the weight of which some of them staggered,
+to the kraal. For the most part they were magnificent specimens of
+shapely young Kafir women. A tall handsome girl, who has been sometimes
+begging at my waggon, was a looker-on, and presented a fine picture
+of a well-developed savage woman. She seemed fully aware of her own
+striking appearance. A lot of old Mosilikatze’s wives sat watching.
+
+“There is a good deal of wind to-night, and the moon is obscured by
+dark gathering clouds. To-night, after I left the king, I was standing
+beside a group of Kafirs cutting up the carcasses of two oxen just
+killed, when the king’s dogs made a set at me. Afterwards the boys came
+to my waggon asking a tonso for calling them off. I suspect they set
+them on on purpose.
+
+“_January 6th._--Intensely hot, and though there are clouds, the rain
+still keeps off. Sent John with Wankee to cut a tree for a dissel-boom,
+and he says the axe was taken from him on the pretext that they must
+not cut wood now, and that the axe would be returned.... I asked if I
+could go shooting, and they say no, not till the dance is over.
+
+“_January 7th._--Sky overcast, but the heat is still intense. Crowds of
+people about, as yesterday; difficult to keep the scherm clear. Dancing
+going on at the kraal. Heat insufferable. The tent was a furnace, but
+at sundown there was a little thunder, and it was pleasant and cool. A
+beautiful mild-looking rose-tinted sunset.
+
+“_January 8th._--Day of the Great Dance. Very heavy rain fell at
+sunrise. As rain fell, girls bathing in rain-holes. Things in tent got
+very wet, and it was late before I could come out and begin to dry
+them. The heat soon became great, but the sun kept being more or less
+obscured by clouds. I learnt it was the day of the Great Dance, and
+hurried the drying and locking up of my things, so as to be ready to
+go and see it. Some majachas came out, and had a row, and bruised one
+another near my waggon.
+
+“As soon as I had finished packing I joined the Thomsons, whose waggon
+had drawn up in front of Myers’s store, where the dancing was to be.
+Meantime, Thomson says, they had been going through ceremonies at the
+kraal, where dancing was still going on, but very shortly they expected
+the king and people out. However, Thomson and I went to the kraal to
+see, and were well repaid. In the midst of a large circle formed by
+warriors, four wives of the king, dressed all alike, and modestly
+covered, were dancing, or rather slowly pacing. Each had a checked
+print over her shoulders, and a black skirt reaching low down. With
+them was a future wife, partially clad in gaily-coloured calicos, but
+without skirt. The wives, Thomson says, are very nice women. As I went
+with him through the crowd, I could not help seeing what respect is
+shown him, and how all make way for him.
+
+  [Illustration: OX-HIDE SHIELD.]
+
+“Suddenly the royal sister appeared, and presented a most singular, not
+to say magnificent, appearance. It was something like the appearance
+of the _prima donna_ at the opera, or the leading spirit in some
+gorgeous pantomime. She is very stout, and tremendously _en bon
+point_, and her skin is of a coppery hue. She wore no dress, and
+the only covering above her waist was a number of gilded chains, some
+encircling her, some pendent. Round her arms were massive brazen
+bracelets. A blue and white freemason’s apron appeared in front, and
+looked strangely anomalous there, though really not unbecoming. From
+her waist also there hung down behind a number of brilliantly-coloured
+woollen neck-wraps, red being the predominant colour. Under the apron
+was a sort of short black skirt, covering the thighs, made of wrought
+ox-hide. Her legs and feet were bare, but round her ankles were the
+circlets of bells, worn by the women to make a noise when they dance.
+Her head-dress was decidedly pretty--a small bouquet of artificial
+flowers in front, and amongst the hair, standing in all directions,
+feathers of bee-eaters’ tails. A small circular ornament, fashioned out
+of red clay, was on the back of her head. She put herself in posture
+for the dance, but did not move very much or energetically whilst
+keeping time; she suffered too much from adiposity. She held one of the
+large oval black and white ox-hide shields, surmounted by a jackal’s
+tail, such as are carried by the warriors. The wives held long slender
+wands upright in their hands. The men, when they dance, usually carry a
+carved stick, with which motions are made, whilst it is generally held
+upright. The girls carry very pretty brooms, which they likewise raise
+and move about to time; but the girls’ dances were yet to come.
+
+  [Illustration: ASSEGAI-HEADS AND BATTLE-AXE.]
+
+“The dress of the soldiers is very striking, and suggestive of savage
+warfare. Over the shoulders, and continued into a sort of hood, which
+either surmounts the back of the head, or hangs loose behind the neck,
+is a large fabric of jet-black ostrich feathers. Around the forehead
+is a circlet of tawny fur, and a single long steel-coloured crane’s
+feather rises above, giving a most artistic finish to the picture.
+Around the loins are a collection of monkey and cat skins, dangling
+in long strips, together with a number of tails, some of the latter
+nearly large enough for those of leopards, which hang in thick bunches
+nearly to the ground. Around each arm is a graceful, wavy tuft of white
+ox-tail hair, and sometimes the same around the legs. Very little
+limbo is worn, unless a strip or two--usually of blue selampore or
+white calico, well worn and defaced--around the waist. The shield and
+assegais complete the picture.[29] If all were uniform in appearance
+the effect would be much heightened; but unfortunately the dress is
+not _de rigueur_. Some omit the fur round the forehead; some both
+fur and feather; and some of those in command have even shabby shirts
+or hats on, contrasting badly with the fine warrior costume of the
+majority. The only military evolution gone through is marching past in
+kraals, or what we should call companies, the men singing, dancing,
+and making some most unearthly and awe-inspiring noises the while. One
+sound is produced gutturally, and resembles the low growl of a wild
+animal. Another is made by striking the shields--a sound resembling
+distant thunder. Then they have a way of whistling, not unlike the
+cat-calls of a London theatre. During their dances a warrior rushes
+out into the middle of the circle from time to time, and goes through
+the pantomime of his late exploits, brandishing spear and shield, and
+rushing wildly about. He denotes, by repeated thrusts, the number of
+people he has slain, whilst the surrounding warriors shout loudly.
+
+“Standing about are many pretty girls in most fantastic head-dresses,
+worn only on special occasions, and highly prized. Predominant is
+the pink bead, appropriated by the royal family. A small group of
+waggon-drivers, either those who have come up here with white men,
+or who belong to the doctor’s party, whose waggons accompany the
+king in all his movements, are dressed to the height of fashion--as
+near as they can manage it--in European dress, for which the stores
+of the place have been ransacked, and high prices paid, no matter at
+what sacrifice. One has a chimney-pot. These fellows are usually the
+greatest scamps in the country--idle, vain, insolent, and vicious. The
+king is dressed much like his warriors, and looks himself. He is a
+fine-looking man, and has an agreeable expression and a ready smile. He
+is one of the darkest-complexioned people I have seen belonging to this
+nation.
+
+“Now Thomson tells me we must make haste and return to the waggon,
+as the soldiers are beginning to march out, and they are all going
+outside, accompanied by the king and his court. We return, and the
+troops march out and take up position in a huge, dense circle outside
+the kraal. There may be three, four, or even five thousand of them, and
+perhaps ten thousand people in all.”[30]
+
+“_January 9th._--Hot day; short heavy shower in the afternoon. Dancing
+at the kraal--second day (or was Wednesday also a day? If so, this is
+the third). Different parties dancing; majachas and girls separately,
+though in some cases girls are introduced into the majachas’ dance.
+King had waggon taken out by Kafirs. Selous[31] looked at my guns.
+Rain came on, and he sat in my tent. He tells me how he was once lost
+between Bamangwato and Tati for four days. He had had a cup of coffee,
+and gone out hunting. That night he slept in the veldt; it was July,
+and the nights were very cold. He had only a shirt and trousers on, and
+had no matches. He used his last three cartridges in trying to make a
+fire. The second and third days he still wandered. I think it was the
+end of the second day that he lost his horse. The evening of the fourth
+day he came to Palatswe water, and got milk of a Kafir. He walked
+back next day to his waggon at Tchagani pool--he thinks about twenty
+miles. It was on the evening of the third day he reached a hill, by
+moonlight, whence he saw other hills he knew. Started before daybreak,
+and that night got the milk. He thinks he could have gone another day
+without food or water. He had nothing whatever, between the coffee,
+at starting, and the milk. He carried his gun, perspired profusely,
+and suffered much from cold at nights. He experienced a difficulty in
+swallowing.
+
+“A letter from Mandy, at Inyati, to-day, states that he saw a crocodile
+there the other day, which got hold of his dog, and pursued himself in
+his bathing hole. It was ten or twelve feet long, he says.
+
+“Dancing in little parties going on all day; the girls very lively in
+their dance. Bought a goat for about three quarters of a pound of beads.
+
+“_January 10th._--Very cloudy day, inclined to rain. Went up to kraal,
+where slaughtering was going on. I had heard nothing of it, but the
+number of bullocks slaughtered this year must have been next to nothing
+compared with former years. I saw a dozen or twenty down, or being
+assegaied. The bullocks are driven together, one out of the number
+being intended for slaughter. The opportunity is watched for to hurl
+the assegai, which sometimes remains in the ox, who runs some distance
+before he falls, bleeding at the nostrils, and soon dies. They are
+stabbed in the region of the heart and lungs. The first thrust is often
+not successful, as it is not easy to hit the victim in the right place
+when he is in a state of excitement. I went to see the king, who was
+looking very sulky. There is no dancing to-day. It appears the king is
+very angry at the fighting of yesterday.
+
+“_January 11th._--Heavy rain very early; a little bright sunshine
+about breakfast-time, when I partially dried the things that had got
+wet in the tent, causing me considerable discomfort. It soon came on to
+rain again, however, and rained more or less during the day. I was to
+have taken my things out of Myers’s store and packed the waggon, but
+the rain prevented me. In the morning I heard the king was inspanning
+to go to some neighbouring abode of royalty, and hurried to take him
+his horse. After handing it over to him, and being told to give it in
+charge of Petersen, I asked him if he would buy a saddle and bridle, to
+which he replied, these were always supposed to go with the horse, the
+saddle being part of its back. However, I hope he won’t insist on this
+any more, and, indeed, I may go away without seeing him again, unless I
+do so voluntarily. Piet, who interpreted for me, told me that the king
+is very angry about the disturbance, and will probably kill a number
+of the people, and for this they think he is going away in such a
+hurry. There were twelve black, or nearly black, bullocks in the royal
+waggon, and, when it started, the throne was carried--as it always has
+to be done--on a boy’s head. It is a straight-backed, substantial, and
+extremely plain, green chair, with red daubs on it. Over the back and
+seat is stretched a piece of lion-skin. The dogs rushed off with the
+waggon, the second waggon started, in the back of which I could see
+a lot of meat and two young lambs or kids trying to keep their pins
+amongst the miscellaneous cargo inside; the majachas started, and the
+royal procession was on its way. Busy a good deal in Myers’s store.
+Unpacked and packed boxes there, and watched the rain. Terrible soaking
+wet evening and night. I managed, however, to keep dry in bed.”
+
+From this time for some days the weather continued so persistently
+and miserably wet, that it seemed out of all question to think of
+commencing the return journey to Tati, which the traveller was now
+preparing to undertake. The heat, at the same time, was also so intense
+that any exertion was laborious, and even the occupation of writing
+was a task. About the 18th, however, there was some improvement, and
+two days after this he was ready for a start, when the dispute with
+one of his servants above referred to necessitated his seeking a fresh
+interview with Lobengula, whom he followed to his present quarters, but
+a few miles off, on the evening of the 20th. This dispute arose from
+Frank Oates’s dismissal of the Kafir driver Dick, who had come up with
+him from Natal; the latter maintaining his right to retain the services
+of the young lad Jacob, whom he had originally brought with him for
+engagement in Pietermaritzburg, and who still accompanied the party.
+The two appeared to bear no relationship to each other, and Frank
+Oates would have been glad to keep Jacob in his service, but the latter
+seemed afraid to come, and it was agreed to refer the question to the
+king. The Journal of this time continues:--
+
+“_January 20th._--Fine, bright, windy morning; a few clouds in the
+sky. Finished what was left to be done to the waggon, and was going to
+trek early when Jacob came and claimed his wages, and I decided to go
+away to the king’s to-night, and thence start on my journey. A Kafir
+woman has also claimed Jacob as her son. Though Jacob asked for his
+wages and said he did not wish to leave Dick, he half admitted directly
+that it was only his fear of Dick that made him say so, and that he
+really wished to go with me. After the waggon was loaded, I waited
+some time for Jacob’s return, he having gone with his would-be mother
+to the king. He did not come back, and I inspanned for the king’s.
+After about ten minutes’ delay in getting off--unruly bullocks and bad
+trek-gear--started fairly about half-past five, and in about an hour
+and forty minutes got to where the king is, meeting Jacob with the
+woman going to Gubuleweyo. Jacob turned back with me. The king has said
+the woman is not to claim him. It seems she gave Jacob some locusts and
+milk when he was hungry, for he and Dick have fared badly of late. She
+then professed to see a likeness in him to her lost child, taken in the
+war, and he did not deny it, and afterwards she insisted on keeping
+him. Jacob still says he wants to go with me, but is afraid of Dick,
+and also wishes for his wages, as Dick urges him to get them, though
+he knows Dick will appropriate them. He will let it be arranged before
+the king, he says. The sun set as I trekked, and the peculiar aloe-like
+trees of this country had a fine effect against the glowing sky. I
+should say this trek is four and a half or five miles pretty direct.
+The last two days have been fine drying days, but still there are some
+very soft places in the road. Supped with Fairbairn on some excellent
+beef, and had a long chat with him. Cool, starlight night, with heavy
+dew.
+
+“_January 22d._--Fine hot day, but with slight clouds, and at night a
+heavy shower. Fairbairn had a row in trading with the king, who had
+chaffed him a good deal last night. A large quantity of ivory had come
+in (Fairbairn was here by the king’s express desire, to trade), and a
+small tooth had been put down before him. He had made his offer for
+it, which did not satisfy the king. Fairbairn said, ‘It is a small
+tooth.’ ‘Did you ever shoot as large a one?’ asked the king. This is
+considered a poser. Then a hot argument ensued between Fairbairn and
+the king, through John, the king maintaining that Fairbairn would show
+unequivocal signs of fear at the sight of an elephant. Fairbairn said
+white men were not afraid of them; whereupon the king cited, H----, a
+big man, who had not even shot a little calf; W----, ‘Where are the
+elephants _he_ shot?’ Many white men had said the same as Fairbairn,
+and where were the elephants they had killed? Then Fairbairn referred
+to Selous, a small man; he had not been afraid, he said. ‘Would he tell
+if he had shown signs of fear, or were you there to see?’ asked the
+king. Then the king told Fairbairn that he was getting rich and did
+not want his trade. Fairbairn got angry, and the result was that this
+morning he had a row. The king sent some large decayed teeth, which
+Fairbairn bought, and then some other teeth, which he could not buy,
+and which were sent to Gubuleweyo and sold; but in the meantime the
+king had offered Fairbairn two small teeth for a double-barrelled gun,
+less than cost price, and Fairbairn had left the king in disgust.
+
+“Went to the king’s kraal with John, and greeted the king, who was
+lying in his waggon, but as, after greeting us in return, he took no
+further notice of us and remained lying, I went away and had a nap in
+my waggon. Fairbairn afterwards had tiffin with me, and then we went
+together to the king, but he was still in his waggon--if not asleep,
+lying invisible; put out, I think, about Fairbairn. We waited long
+outside the kraal, and at length, near sundown, an induna came in
+white man’s clothing, and with a shield, wearing feathers on his head
+hanging under his hat, and accompanied by warriors. He, to call the
+king, began shouting out compliments in a loud voice, amongst which
+the words ‘Mosilikatze’ and ‘Incose’ (king), were frequently repeated,
+and a request made that the king would treat him kindly. This referred
+to beer and beef, which of course he would get. At last he finished,
+and went away unnoticed by the king, who, however, soon came out, and
+Fairbairn, John, and I, went to him, Dick and Jacob following. It was
+so late that we did little.
+
+“Had supper on Australian meat in Fairbairn’s waggon. Rain came on, and
+I heard showers during the night. When we left the king, he chaffed
+John, and said he looked weak, as if he was hungry. Last night John had
+asked for meat, and he said he had no beef and his sheep were poor.
+He seems really not to be killing oxen at present. Fairbairn has told
+Nina that we are eating tinned fish. Fish is held in utter abomination
+by these people, and Nina said her brother ought not to let us eat it.
+Fairbairn says they used, when they wanted meat, to rig up a dummy
+fishing-rod, and march off with it, taking care to pass in sight of the
+king, and the moment he suspected fishing, he would send them a large
+piece of meat.
+
+“One sees all shades of colour in these people. The Makalakas are much
+darker as a rule than the Matabele, who are usually coppery red or
+sometimes yellow. The king, however, is black, and, I believe, about
+as black as any of his race, and far more so than most. He deserves
+his epithet of ‘black king.’ The dogs are a great source of fear at
+present. They are constantly attacking people, and lately half, if not
+altogether, killed an induna. Fairbairn says the king showed him his
+own trousers torn the other day, as proof that even their master was
+not exempt.
+
+“_January 23d._--Wretched rainy and gusty morning. Nina in Fairbairn’s
+waggon, as she was also a good deal yesterday. She is very fond of him,
+as of other white men; and is said to wish to marry a certain white
+trader here, who has left for a time--hoping, I believe, that she may
+be married when he returns. She can’t marry till the king takes his
+wife from whom the future king is to be born. His present wives have
+nothing to do with it.
+
+“John Lee’s waggon arrived to-day, to my great pleasure. I had just
+returned from visiting the king, whom John and I had found standing at
+the entrance of his kraal in a Mackintosh coat. Dick and Jacob joined
+us, and the case of Jacob was discussed, Dick also urging the hardship
+of his own dismissal, in which the king seems partly to agree, and says
+it would be better not to leave him in _his_ country, but where
+we can try the case with our own laws. At length the king went to his
+hut, saying this case would take a long time, and it was not a day to
+discuss it. Certainly the weather was against a law-suit being carried
+on in the open air. In the evening I went again to the king. Lee was
+sitting on the front-box of his waggon, and went over my case with him,
+and thus I got a decision quickly. The king said his decision had been
+that I was to take Dick _and_ Jacob, but I had refused to do this,
+so now I must pay the wages of the boy, as he considered Jacob, having
+been brought by Dick, was under his protection. I sent for them, and
+paid the money to the king, who promised to keep it for Jacob as far as
+he could, though he said if they left the country he must then give it
+up. Supper again with Fairbairn.
+
+“_January 24th._--More promising morning, though cloudy and showery.
+Fairbairn, Lee, and I, to the king. Fairbairn does a good trade with
+him after the row. Nina and her friends were eating a large dish of
+excellent vegetable marrows. The smoke got into my eyes, and Banyai
+kindly motioned me across the hut. John Lee killed a lung-sick heifer
+of the king’s, and opened her chest with a saw, taking out the liquid
+which accumulates in the cavity of the lungs during the sickness. With
+this I helped him to drench some young cattle of the king’s. Each has
+about a small beakerful. Lee says he never lost one that he drenched in
+this way.
+
+“_January 25th._--Lovely morning. Rose and dressed leisurely. The heat
+soon became intense, and of that moist character that seems to make
+it far worse to bear. Felt quite prostrated by it. The wife of Lee’s
+boy, who tried to leave him, and is now undergoing punishment after
+being tried before the king, came crying to my waggon. Lee drove her
+away. It appears that the boy had to pay Lee £6, which the girl owed
+the latter, before he could have her, both being in Lee’s service, as
+well as the father-in-law, mother, and sister of the boy. The boy told
+Lee he had paid the money to the king. This was a lie, so Lee demanded
+the money of the king in the presence of the boy. Thus the offence was
+shown to be against the king, and Lee told the king it was for him
+to punish it. The two indunas present seized the boy, and he was half
+throttled, and much knocked about. They would have killed him there and
+then, had it been Lee’s wish. The king said, ‘Is he to be thrown out?’
+which means put to death. Lee, however, said he should be satisfied
+by the boy being tied up, which was done.... Went with Lee to the
+king’s afterwards. More drenching was going on. I saw the boy tied up;
+he could neither sit nor stand, but squatted on the ground, his arms
+nearly on the full stretch, fastened on either side to one of the poles
+that support the large wooden structures on which meat is piled. When
+the sun set Lee was told, if he did not give the word to have the boy
+taken away, he would rot where he was. The king and the indunas then
+chaffed the poor wretch, as, Lee having consented, he was cut down. He
+was told that he had been kicking Mosilikatze’s bones.
+
+“The scene, with the king sitting on his front-box, would make a
+picture: the setting sun; the dark green trees beyond the kraal, and
+the green walls of the newly-erected kraal; the yellow beehive-like
+huts; the yellowish trodden grass in the space; the herds of goats
+and sheep, with lambs and kids, and pack of dogs, crowding round the
+king’s waggon; the group of natives, some all but naked, some adorned
+with feathers, some with a single article of European dress, as a hat,
+crouching on their haunches, forming the court of the black king; tusks
+of ivory lying about. To complete the picture, a white trader or two
+should be introduced, not above crouching before his sable majesty, who
+sits there in his broad-brimmed black felt hat, pipe in mouth (a small
+briar-root, worth perhaps 2d. at home), cotton shirt not over clean,
+unbraced baggy trousers, and large clumsy shoes, a benignant smile
+generally on his black face.”
+
+The day after this the king took his departure for another place, John
+Lee left for Mr. Thomson’s, and Frank Oates started back to Tati.
+
+  [Illustration: MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER VI.
+
+  Return to Tati--Changed aspect of the country--Constant
+  delays--The Mashonas--At Manyami’s again--John Lee’s--Letter
+  home--The Inkwesi--Wild fruit--A hornbill’s nest--The
+  Impakwe and Ramaqueban Rivers--Graves of Englishmen--White
+  ants--Bushman remains--The Tati reached.
+
+
+Frank Oates’s plan on leaving Gubuleweyo was to return slowly, by way
+of Tati, to Bamangwato, there to prepare himself with a fresh outfit of
+goods and other necessaries for a renewed attempt to reach the Zambesi
+early in the year; unless on his arrival there he should find letters
+which required his return to England. As it was yet too soon to think
+of making at once for the Zambesi, he took his time upon the road to
+Tati, not arriving there till near the end of February. He stopped to
+hunt some time upon the Ramaqueban, and, the whole journey, progress
+was inevitably slow, owing to the heavy state of the country from the
+recent rains. The waggon was constantly sticking, and delays were
+endless. The route taken was the same as that by which he had come to
+Gubuleweyo, but the country was now rendered so much more attractive
+with the advancing season, that some extracts may be given from the
+Journal.
+
+Leaving the neighbourhood of Gubuleweyo, as already mentioned, on
+January 26th, he reached Kumala River the following day, and on the
+28th again pushed forward towards the Shashani, where he arrived after
+many stoppages two days later, John Lee’s farm being reached early on
+the morning of the 1st of February. For three days before his arrival
+at John Lee’s, the Journal reads as follows, the first extract finding
+him at a point in the road still a few miles from the Shashani, where
+his waggon had sunk deep the night before, necessitating a halt:--
+
+“_January 29th._--During the night some rain fell; the morning was
+cloudy, but fine. Got the waggon clear with some difficulty, and
+started about noon, but it stuck again after going a few yards, the
+dissel-boom breaking, which was shortened and used again, causing a
+long delay.... At length we started fairly about 5.40 P.M. The sun was
+getting low, and, as we went through some really beautiful scenery,
+he set, and the sunset scene was a lovely one. I can now fancy that
+South Africa may have much fine scenery, and I wish I could see the
+Zambesi. In the foreground was undulating and broken ground, covered
+with long grass, showing in some places a silvery white colour, in
+others a yellow, and in others a green one. Beyond, the deep green of
+the trees--not uniform in height and growth, but reminding one in their
+graceful diversity of hedgerow trees or those of copses at home--rose
+distinct against the deep violet kopjes on the horizon and the sunset
+sky. The upper part of the sky was blue, with large lilac clouds;
+lower down, the blue was streaked with pale yellow, and this again, as
+it approached the kopjes, became golden streaked with lilac. We trekked
+on well through the changing light, for it never became dark, and, ere
+the sunset hues had faded from the sky, the moon was shedding a clear
+light over the romantic scene. Fireflies were flitting, and I felt the
+morning trek, when we entered Pretoria, come back forcibly to my mind.
+That was then to me a wonderful change, from high veldt to bush veldt,
+and the time of seeing it--in the weird light of early morning--added
+to the charm. The road now, as then, was very rough and steep, over
+stones, up hill and down; and at about 8 P.M. we crossed a steep-banked
+river. The water was deep, and the bank on which we landed was so
+steep, that the oxen, the moment before they scrambled up, were up to
+their breasts in water, but we did it in gallant style.
+
+“On we went, and at last were rising a hill, through what in Rocky
+Mountain phraseology would be called a ‘park.’ The word is an
+appropriate one, and I know no other that would describe this lovely
+spot, reminding me of similar scenes in the Rocky Mountains. The ground
+was open and park-like, with a fine sward and a few isolated trees,
+whilst all around--forming a complete amphitheatre--rose rugged kopjes
+in the distance. The moon shed a bright light on the whole. Suddenly,
+smash went the dissel-boom, away went the oxen with it, down went John
+most ludicrously on to the ground from the front-board, and the waggon
+came to a standstill. The great awkward tree, stuck in by Wankee[32]
+and John when we first came to grief, had at last become useless, and
+now we set about making ourselves comfortable for the night, intending
+to cut a fresh dissel-boom in the morning. It was about 8.20 when this
+ludicrous breakdown happened, and it is long since I have so thoroughly
+enjoyed a laugh as I did then at John’s expense. I was not sorry that
+we were stopping here, and, as I drank in the scene with delight,
+those parks in the mountains of the Far West were present to my mind,
+and I felt happy, scarcely knowing why. The part of the country we
+have passed through is called the ‘neck.’ To-night I heard the strange
+melancholy baying of wild dogs--an animal I have never seen.
+
+“_January 30th._--My pleasure in the place where we are outspanned
+was put an end to this morning by a crowd of noisy forward Matabele
+from a kraal a little distance off amongst the kopjes on our right. My
+men had sent early, and beer and large quantities of milk were brought.
+There were a few slaves here too, quite different in appearance and
+bearing from their conquerors. They are quiet and humble in demeanour,
+and profusely ornamented, where they can afford it, with brass wire
+in rings round the wrists, of what I have been told is Portuguese or
+native workmanship, though I think it may be brought up by our own
+traders. Blue cut beads, too, and skins are much worn. These original
+inhabitants, Mashonas I think, are far more in keeping with the scene,
+to my mind, than their supplanters.[33]
+
+  [Illustration: NATIVE HUNTING-KNIVES.]
+
+“Wankee cut a dissel-boom, and we inspanned about 2.15 P.M.
+First we went up hill, and then began to descend through a tolerably
+open grass country, with trees about as far apart as one sees them in
+an orchard. The country we passed through is extremely pretty--grass
+long, trees graceful and varied, broken crags, with kopjes all round.
+Through it we descended to the Shashani, which is in a valley, and we
+must have crossed it say about 3 P.M. We then soon crossed
+a spruit, and after this in a heavy part of the road, where the ruts
+had been worn into deep holes, we stuck. This would be about 3.40
+P.M. We made vain efforts to get out, let the oxen feed a
+little, and again tried, and tried in vain. The front oxen, and indeed
+all the oxen, were very stupid, but I blame the driver, and, though it
+was a fine moonlight night, he would try no more till next morning.
+
+“_January 31st._--Fine hot day. Stupidity again in Wankee. He first
+tried to pull the waggon back and then forward, and finally raised it
+and put stones under it, as ought to have been done last night, for it
+was taken out at once when this was tried. Two girls from the kraal
+we passed yesterday came to the waggon _en route_ for Manyami’s. They
+were overtaken by us on the road afterwards, and went some distance
+in the waggon, and again came to the waggon at Manyami’s. Two little
+looking-glasses delighted them beyond measure, and each little gift
+caused an exclamation of delight and gratitude, ‘O Bossa!’ They were
+perfectly unsophisticated; one I thought pretty. They sang, evidently
+studying the most fascinating smiles whilst looking into the mirrors.
+After we moved I had the oxen unyoked to feed for a short time, and
+we started fairly at noon. The country was again extremely pretty and
+well wooded, the road winding like a labyrinth amongst the picturesque
+kopjes. We crossed several spruits, some of them awkward ones, and at
+one had a good deal of trouble, but it had a good bottom, and we pulled
+through. We reached Manyami’s and outspanned on high ground under an
+abruptly-rising kopje about 3 P.M.
+
+“Here old Manyami came to see me, and presented me with a small pot of
+beer, begging a ‘limbo’ for his wife. I gave him a cup of coffee in
+return, and about the value of the beer in limbo, as I am not disposed
+to be over generous. I bought some calabash pumpkins, which I found
+afterwards were like excellent vegetable marrows when boiled; also a
+water-melon, the second I have bought within the last day or two. They
+are in excellent condition now, and very refreshing. I also bought some
+sour milk, which my boys like.
+
+“Vincent came up on his way to Mungwato with a waggon and sixteen oxen,
+returning from Gubuleweyo, where he had been with a load. His waggon
+went on, and he remained behind to help me. I find him an excellent
+driver and a very energetic fellow, and I believe he would be very glad
+to go with me, as he is tired of trading under Hogg. However, he must
+go on now.
+
+“The sun was getting low as we inspanned. We soon came to a very bad
+place--a huge pit in fact--where the road had been, to avoid which we
+had to go through a very soft piece of ground, into which the waggon
+sank deep, and I thought it was a case of a regular stick, but Vincent
+got me out of this well, and showed his great superiority as a driver.
+We got over some bad places after this, but at length got into a heavy
+rut, the wheels on the off side of the waggon being deep in it, whilst
+those on the other side were high on firm ground. It looked like a
+serious case, and the sun set on our efforts. The dissel-boom was
+pulled out twice, but at length so firmly locked with chains, and the
+wheels raised so effectually with stones placed under them, that,
+when Vincent left his work, which he had been going at like the fine
+energetic fellow he is, and we sat down for a moment to drink a cup
+of coffee, the waggon looked like getting off. This it did without
+difficulty, and we started again about 10 P.M. We had one more
+stick afterwards in a deep rut, but Vincent levelled the ground in a
+few minutes, and we were off again, and finally crossed Mangwe drift
+without a mishap. This was the greatest feat of all. The river was full
+of water, the men were nearly up to their armpits (one crossed clinging
+to ‘Blackberg’s’ tail), but we went through it without any delay or
+trouble, and I was indeed thankful that our dissel-boom was chained.
+After this we trekked a short distance along a good road to John Lee’s.
+Here were Dawson’s two waggons sent up by Cruickshank, and Vincent’s
+waggon sent by Hogg. Skinner’s waggon was some little way off. Skinner
+and Dawson were waiting for the river to go down. We outspanned about
+1.30 A.M., and had supper.”
+
+At this point Frank Oates remained a few days, hoping for some
+improvement in the weather. Soon after his arrival he wrote home as
+follows:--
+
+                                             “MR. JOHN LEE’S, MANGWE,
+                                                 “MATABELE COUNTRY.
+
+                                              “_February 1st, 1874._
+
+   “I take the opportunity of a waggon going to Bamangwato, to send
+   a few lines to let you know how I am getting on. I wrote last
+   to you from Mr. Thomson’s at Hope Fountain. Since then I have
+   been detained at Gubuleweyo, the King’s Town, first by bad
+   weather, and then, as the time of the grand dance of the year
+   was approaching, I waited to see it. The people come from all
+   the neighbouring kraals, and dance and feast for two or three
+   days. It is the feast of the first-fruits of the season, and
+   Mr. Thomson advised me to stay for it. After this, fearful rain
+   again delayed me, and then I had some trouble with my men, and
+   dismissed two, and had to have the case of a third tried before
+   the king. At last, last Monday, I got under weigh once more,
+   with a new waterproof tent on my waggon. The journey here is
+   about three days under ordinary circumstances, but it took me
+   six, in the present heavy state of the country and badness of
+   the river drifts. I had many sticks in the mud and breakages
+   of my dissel-boom. Last night I arrived here, and to-day is
+   Sunday. The man to whom I am going to give this letter drove my
+   waggon for the last eleven miles. He overtook me on the road,
+   and let his own empty waggon go on. We were about six hours in
+   accomplishing the distance, including delays, but, thanks to his
+   timely help, I pulled through. The last river we had to cross,
+   the Mangwe, was so swollen that the water was up to the men’s
+   chests, and looked as if it was coming into the waggon. The
+   men who were not in the waggon had to catch hold of the oxen’s
+   tails, or struggle through the stream as well as they could. It
+   would have been very unpleasant, especially with bad helpless
+   drivers, to have broken my dissel-boom in the middle of the
+   river, and I felt very glad when safely landed on the bank.
+
+   “From here I intend travelling leisurely to Mungwato, where I
+   hope to find letters. When I get there I shall decide whether or
+   not to make another attempt on the Victoria Falls. By leaving
+   Mungwato about April, I should have the fine season before me,
+   and could probably reach the Falls and return to Mungwato in
+   the space of three months. The worst of this country, however,
+   is that movements here are so slow and dependent on the caprice
+   of natives, and one is too much cut off from the world. Yet I
+   believe the Zambesi would repay one for much sacrifice of time
+   and patience. It is impossible, I am now convinced, to get on
+   with Kafirs and Hottentots without severity. Kindness is thrown
+   away upon them, and makes them worse than they are. I believe I
+   shall have to give the latter method up altogether, and resort
+   to castigation, which is an alternative I don’t like. They are,
+   almost to a man, dishonest, lazy, and impudent.
+
+   “The scenery about here _is_ pretty I admit, especially at this
+   time of year. Some of my moonlight treks between the King’s and
+   this place were very delightful, and wakened a little enthusiasm
+   and thoughts of former days, such as the usual dull uniformity
+   of South African scenery fails to elicit. The ground is broken
+   up into rugged crags, piled one upon another in such a manner
+   that you can’t help wondering how the mischief they ever got
+   there. The veldt is covered with long grass, like English mowing
+   grass. The trees are, for the most part, like English woodland
+   trees, but less in size; in some places forming a thick bush, in
+   others scattered over the greensward like English park timber.
+   Occasionally a remarkable tree occurs of unfamiliar aspect, but
+   this is quite the exception. The kopjes are numerous; some,
+   merely small piles of huge stones, with trees springing from
+   the interstices; others, hills of respectable size, built up of
+   crags, and sometimes shutting in the horizon on every side. Here
+   and there a stream runs through its deep stony bed in a deep
+   valley, and then comes the tug of war, and the moonlight scenery
+   is forgotten, whilst one’s lungs are exerted in yelling to the
+   oxen, calling each by his uncouth name.
+
+   “My dogs always ride with me in my bed. One of them is a most
+   faithful friend and agreeable companion to me. I should miss
+   them very much. I had to sell my pony to the king, to keep in
+   his good books, but was sorry to do it, although he may die now
+   any time of horse-sickness. If he lives he is a valuable animal,
+   and henceforth ‘salted.’ Birds are few here, and, for the most
+   part, not striking in appearance. The same applies to flowers.
+
+   “Old John Lee’s voice is droning away about some oxen, and the
+   family circle surrounds me, as I write this letter. Lee wants
+   to borrow my waggon for two months to send for some meal, and
+   to do his best to make me comfortable here in the meantime, but
+   I have made a mental vow not to let myself be talked into the
+   arrangement.... I shall be very glad to hear recent news of how
+   all are at home.
+
+   “_P.S._--... I am adding this P.S. in the waggon, but I miss
+   John Lee’s drone, which I find helps me to write. He discoursed
+   on locusts to-night. As he says, Kafirs eat them, horses,
+   sheep, and all sorts of game eat them, lions eat them, wolves
+   eat them, birds eat them--they _must_ be very nice; only white
+   men and vultures don’t eat them. I believe but for locusts an
+   immense number of people would have died of famine last year at
+   Mungwato.”
+
+It was the 6th of February when Frank Oates left John Lee’s, and
+the 9th when he reached the Inkwesi River. The country round Lee’s
+farm is of a somewhat striking character, and, though much healthier
+than most of the surrounding district, is not wholly free from the
+annoyances elsewhere occasioned by the summer rains. “The scenery
+here,” writes Frank Oates, “with the swollen current of the river and
+huge magnificent boulders, is as fine in its way as any one would wish
+to see. The gardens, however, which have suffered terribly from the
+drought, are now suffering equally from the wet. They require both
+irrigation for the dry, and drainage for the rainy, season.” The way in
+which Lee lived with his family round him, and the sort of relationship
+existing between them, afforded an odd example of a Dutchman’s life in
+the interior. “It reminds one,” says the traveller, “of feudal times:
+old Lee, the lord; his brother, a wretched serf; his father-in-law, not
+much better; and all his poor relations living about in little huts
+round his big house.”
+
+Amongst the waggons stationed at John Lee’s during Frank Oates’s stay
+there was that of Smith, the Dutchman, whom he had formerly met on
+his way up country, near the Impakwe River. Smith was now starting on
+a hunting trip towards the Tati, and the two again agreed to travel
+together. Before leaving Frank Oates engaged John Lee’s brother, Karl,
+to accompany him as driver to Bamangwato.
+
+The country was still heavy, though somewhat improved by the last few
+days of comparatively dry weather. A few miles before reaching the
+Inkwesi, the road lay through bush veldt and corn-fields, with kopjes
+interspersed at intervals. “The corn-fields are close to the road,”
+writes Frank Oates, “and a large fence renders the road so narrow that
+it is a difficult matter to drive a waggon. Some of my loose oxen
+crossed a corn-field, and of course a row was made. The Hottentot,
+Klaas, from Lee’s, had to give a coat, and some lead and powder,
+because when he stuck his oxen trampled the corn whilst in the yoke,
+the road being altogether hemmed in by the corn-fields. Karl says he
+will get the extortionate payment refunded when John Lee knows. This is
+the second crop of Indian corn, the former one having been destroyed by
+locusts. We passed the Hottentot during this trek; he had had to kill
+one of his best oxen, his driver having broken the ox’s leg by throwing
+a stone. Here we come,” continues the writer, “to the last kraal, and
+outspan, about two miles from the Inkwesi, amongst the kopjes. There
+is a fine sugar-loaf-shaped kopje, craggy and tree-covered to the top,
+and very steep. I wish I had time to try the ascent; there must be
+a glorious view from it. The colours on the stones from lichens are
+most beautiful, yellow predominating. The Kafirs were most impudent
+and troublesome. The headman, a young fellow in European clothes, is
+a good-looking and well-behaved fellow. He sat on my front-box; our
+object is to get boys from him. There were five men killed by the king,
+at Lee’s, Karl says, for refusing to come to live here; they said it
+was only fit for monkeys. Near here was old Makobi’s kraal, where all
+were massacred for deceiving the king, after owning allegiance to him.
+A large quantity of milk was brought to us for sale. Heavy showers
+came on, but the night was fine, clear, and starlight. Where we passed
+Klaas an elephant had passed during the night. They followed his spoor,
+but lost it. Smith shot a cow-elephant near here a year or two ago,
+and they say a surly toothless bull-elephant lives about here now. The
+kopje looked very pretty at night when all was quiet, and its dark
+sugar-loaf form loomed up close to us against the starry sky.”
+
+Next day (February 9th), on reaching the Inkwesi, Frank Oates chanced
+to be alone, Smith having gone on in advance, in company with the
+Hottentot above referred to. “After Karl had been to the kraal
+about boys,” writes the traveller that day, “we inspanned at 10.30
+A.M., and trekked about an hour, when we came to the drift of
+the Inkwesi. The induna rode on my front-box. Some of the road was
+rough; scenery pretty. Had to chop down part of a tree against which we
+were running. We found Smith had crossed, and I sent in boys to try the
+depth, and, though it was deep, I resolved to push forward, for fear of
+rain and a swollen current. In some places it was over a man’s middle.
+We stuck in the river; had many attempts to get out, but without
+success. Two small oxen got half drowned, and we outspanned them and
+inspanned two large ones. The boy who was leading the front oxen let go
+the strap he held them by, and we had a great deal of trouble. At last
+we off-loaded a large part of our cargo, sending it over on the boys’
+backs. I worked hard; so did Karl. I then undressed and left the waggon
+before they tried to get it on again. Old Smith now came up to us, in
+the unadorned garb of nature, and mounted the front-box. (He thrashed
+a young nigger for laughing at his appearance.) They got the waggon
+out this time, but some of the oxen had to swim. Very little water got
+inside, and we loaded up again, and at sundown inspanned to go a few
+yards to where Smith and Klaas were already encamped. At night we all
+had supper together, Smith contributing some excellent ‘stamped corn.’
+This is a capital dish. The corn is first crushed, then boiled, and,
+when this is over, salt and butter or fat stirred up with it. It is
+something like stiff rice-pudding.”
+
+Advancing together the following morning, the three stopped for a
+day or two’s hunting a few miles further on, beyond the river. Here
+buffalo and blue wildebeest were met with, and the spoor of ostriches
+was seen. From a fine rocky plateau in the neighbourhood a good survey
+of the surrounding district was obtained. “Looking to the south-west,”
+writes the traveller, “we saw the distant conical range of the Tati
+hills, between which and ourselves lay a fine green bush-covered plain,
+through which flow the Impakwe and Ramaqueban Rivers. This plain
+extends far to the west and north, but to the north-east is again
+broken by kopjes in the direction of the Mangwe, whilst the fine craggy
+hills of the Inkwesi rise nearer in the same direction.” Some delicious
+fruits, not unlike greengages, known by the natives as “marula,” were
+picked up about here on the march. Between the skin and the large
+stone in the centre of each was a sweet liquid with scarcely any pulp.
+“We also found,” adds the writer, “a number of berries, of which we
+ate a good lot. These grow on low bushes, which have a sweet-scented
+yellow flower, with a smell like that of sallow bloom. The fruit is
+reddish-brown, about the size of a haw; dry, sweet, and containing a
+stone. It is called ‘Kafir plum.’”
+
+Here too a hornbill’s nest was found. “The boys,” says Frank Oates,
+“brought me a young hornbill, and I was taken to the nest. A hollow
+tree, with a hole in it, high up, was where the bird had come from.
+They poked out and pulled the wing-feathers off the old hen when I was
+not looking. I kept both birds. Karl says the old hen never leaves
+the young, the cock feeding them all, and that she gets quite bare of
+feathers. The number of young is two. The natives, he says, are very
+fond of them to eat, roasted.”
+
+  [Illustration: AFRICAN GREY HORNBILL.--_Tockus
+  nasutus._]
+
+The party next moved forward (February 12th) to the Impakwe, a further
+distance of about six miles. “Here,” writes the traveller, “is some
+distinct stone-work forming a circular wall, inside which are remains
+of bricks coated with a substance as if smelting had been done here.
+No mortar has been used, and the work is rough and I should say of no
+great antiquity, the stones being small and loose and easily displaced,
+so that I think they would not stand any great length of time. They are
+cut in an oblong form and properly placed for building. Karl says it
+was made for smelting copper, and used by the people whom Mosilikatze
+found here. That it is any older I should much doubt. “Shot here,” he
+concludes, “a beautiful sun-bird, whose beauty awoke my slumbering love
+of ornithology.” Birds had been scarce of late, but became much more
+plentiful at the Ramaqueban, which was reached the following morning.
+
+  [Illustration: YELLOW-BILLED HORNBILL.--_Tockus
+  flavirostris._]
+
+Encamping on this river, they still remained a few days longer in the
+neighbourhood before finally separating, usually taking from here
+different directions during the day in search of game, and meeting
+again at night. The game in the district, however, for the most part
+proved scarce and wild, a circumstance afterwards accounted for by
+the fact that other parties had been and still were hunting the
+neighbourhood at the same time. There was, nevertheless, abundant
+evidence of its being a good game country; and, as it was, giraffe,
+koodoo, waterbuck, and sable antelope were met with, besides wild pig,
+quagga, and sassaybi. The spoor of elephant and rhinoceros was also
+seen, none of it, however, very recent.
+
+The Ramaqueban--at this season a fine broad stream, with long grass
+and a large undergrowth of rank weeds upon its banks--was crossed in
+many of their rambles, and near it on one occasion were seen the graves
+of two Englishmen. “Started at nine,” writes Frank Oates on February
+16th, “crossed the Ramaqueban, and passed the graves of two Englishmen,
+who died here, one of fever, one killed by an elephant. The latter had
+come from England to shoot, and was killed by the tusks of the first
+elephant he saw. The fever is very bad on this river; the vegetation is
+extremely rank, and the water lies very deep over much of the veldt.
+The graves,” he concludes, “had been surrounded by stakes to keep off
+the wolves, but the river, overflowing its banks, had nearly washed
+them away; still the heaps of stones covering the bodies and a few
+stakes remain.”
+
+The same evening, wandering far into the bush, Frank Oates slept
+out with some of his boys who had accompanied him. “We stopped at 5
+P.M.,” he says, “and huts were made. It was a hot night, and
+the big fires made it worse. The white ants too kept tumbling over me
+all night, and knocking down leaves from the roof.[34] We were perhaps
+sixteen miles from the waggon.”
+
+Still, however, though in a less tried district, there seemed but
+little game, and what was seen was wild. Returning to the camp next
+day, “I stopped in the afternoon,” he writes, “when the boys found a
+nest of small bees, full of delicious honey, on which and coffee I
+dined sumptuously.”
+
+  [Illustration: GIGANTIC ANT-HILL.]
+
+And now discouraged by the wildness and scarcity of the game, the
+Dutchman soon after--about the 20th--took his departure, returning
+to John Lee’s, the Hottentot having left two days previously for the
+Shashe River, whither he had been summoned to join another Dutch
+hunter, Piet Jacobs, in search of elephant.
+
+A little before the latter’s departure Frank Oates had chanced to hear
+from him that, at a spot not far from their encampment, some miles up
+the river, a number of Bushmen had been murdered the previous year,
+and he resolved, if possible, to visit the place, that he might obtain
+some of their remains. In this search his informant had undertaken
+to accompany him, and had even sent to Tati for a reliable guide to
+the spot, when suddenly, at the last moment, he changed his mind, and
+excused himself from going upon the plea of illness. The circumstances
+of his defection and some other incidents of the day are thus related
+in the traveller’s Journal:--
+
+“_February 18th._--Fine day; the first day without rain for an age.
+Last night Klaas (the Hottentot) told me he was going on to Tati
+to-day, being too unwell to accompany me in my excursion in quest of
+the bones, but would leave me his two Bushmen--the one he had sent for
+from Tati, who knew the place, and the one he has had with him here.
+The former was out hunting, when his fourteen companions--men, women,
+and children--were killed at their hunting kraal by the Matabele. He
+found them all dead on his return. It seems that they were a party of
+Mungwato Bushmen, and some of them had taken meat belonging to some
+Bushmen from Manyami’s. The latter complained to the king, who said the
+Mungwato Bushmen were to be killed. This was last winter. This morning
+Klaas went away, leaving the two boys. I now found he was _going away
+to hunt_. Jacobs had sent for him to hunt for elephants, said to be on
+the Shashe. Presently the two Bushmen took their guns and skins and
+walked off. I immediately felt the strongest suspicion, and called
+Lee’s attention to them. He questioned them, and they told him they
+were going to hunt. I felt very uneasy, and wanted him to stop them,
+but he seemed to think it was all right. However, they did not return
+at night. We think Klaas had arranged all this.... One of Smith’s boys,
+a Matabele, was one of the party who killed the Bushmen, but he says he
+thinks he could not find the place, the leaves being now on the trees.
+He could find it, he says, going from his own kraal, but not from here.
+He evidently, however, does not want, or care, to go. It is somewhere,
+a day or a day and a half’s walk off, up the Ramaqueban.”
+
+The two Bushmen, as Frank Oates had anticipated, failing after this
+to reappear, the search for the remains had now for the present to
+be abandoned, but later in the year, as will presently be seen, he
+succeeded in obtaining possession of them.
+
+The Bushmen of this country--such was Karl Lee’s account of
+them--appear to be scattered over the whole district north of Mungwato,
+keeping principally near the waggon-road, to get hunting jobs and bits
+of meat. They are without chiefs, and have no fixed place of abode, and
+no crops, building themselves rough temporary huts when they want to
+stop anywhere for a time. They are capable of carrying immense loads,
+and sometimes help the Matabele with their corn, receiving a little
+of the grain in payment when they return into the veldt. They have no
+guns, only assegais and dogs, and many of them have wounds of buffalo
+upon their persons. They snare buck, and occasionally get big game with
+their assegais.
+
+Still lingering a day or two longer on the Ramaqueban after the
+departure of his companions, Frank Oates completed the journey to the
+Tati on the 23d, whence he did not start for Bamangwato till the 4th of
+April.
+
+  [Illustration: WOODEN VESSEL.]
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER VII.
+
+  Hunting trip on the Semokwe--A native musician--Gigantic
+  baobabs--Return to Tati--Journey to Shoshong--The Bamangwato
+  and Matabele nations--Fighting amongst the natives--Start
+  back for Tati--Misadventures and delays--Fresh arrangements.
+
+
+On reaching Tati, Frank Oates found that a hunting party was just about
+to start thence for the Semokwe, and being asked to join them, he
+arranged to do so before going on to Bamangwato. The following is an
+extract from his Journal of this date (February 23d), after his arrival
+at the settlement:--
+
+“Tati,” he writes, “presented on our arrival a very pretty and lively
+appearance. I like it better than any place I know of, to stand at.
+Here are no crowds of rude people to come round the waggon. All is
+green, and numerous little well-built houses dot the ground; of course
+I mean well-built for the interior of South Africa, but it is rough
+work enough nevertheless. There are the three waggons of the Gardens,
+two English brothers hunting in the country, and the waggon of Mr.
+Thomson, on his way with his wife and children to a missionary meeting
+at Kuruman. There is Nelson’s waggon, who is going away for a time,
+and possibly will visit England. He leaves to-morrow according to his
+present plan, with Mr. Thomson, they carrying the mail. Then there is
+Klaas’s waggon, and Jacobs’s waggon; the latter[35] living here with
+his wife and daughters until the regular hunting season. He makes
+occasional short excursions from here, and is now about to set off for
+the Semokwe for a three weeks’ hunt after elephant. A troop of they say
+at least 200 elephant came close to Tati lately, but, probably hearing
+the engine, turned. One account sets them down at a still larger
+number. In the letter I found awaiting me here from Willie, written
+when he came out of the hunting veldt, he tells me he has been to the
+Semokwe, where he has had good sport. Seventeen elephants, he tells me,
+had just been killed on that river; this would be by Fejeune. Captain
+Garden and his brother are accompanying Jacobs on his projected hunt,
+and I am going to join them too. Klaas and Henry Wall are also going,
+and a lot of Bushmen. Jacobs shot a fine lion close to Tati lately;
+brought him to bay with dogs early in the morning, and shot him from
+horseback. They trapped another; the third, a lioness, escaped. They
+had been taking Jacobs’s bullocks.... A lot of people came up to my
+waggon when we outspanned, and Mr. Thomson invited me to supper. In the
+evening we all met at Brown’s. Brown has given me a piece of bread. I
+enjoy it without butter or anything else with it; it is a wonderful
+treat.”
+
+The following day the large party here alluded to started on their
+hunt. Before leaving, Frank Oates wrote to his brother William, now in
+England, as follows:--
+
+                                      “TATI, _February 24th, 1874_.
+
+“It is quite a pleasure to get a letter from you--I mean the one you
+left for me here. I shall get no more now for five or six weeks, when
+I expect to be in Mungwato. I am sorry that wretched old croaker,
+Palmer,[36] put you in a funk about me. He says it would be a good
+thing for people travelling to have ‘portable coffins.’ I am thankful
+to say my health is excellent. I did not, as doubtless you know by
+this time, get to the Zambesi. I believe the king was at the bottom of
+it (not of the Zambesi; but excuse grammar). I took my waggon fifty
+miles on the way, as far as Inyati, and then put all out for fifteen
+carriers to take. It was a fortnight’s walk through ‘the fly’ to the
+Falls. After waiting nearly a week, it transpired that no boys were
+forthcoming as promised. Partly, I think, they were afraid of fever,
+and partly of the natives, with whom they are at war; partly also they
+wanted to get back in time to cultivate their gardens. However, I
+believe I could have got them myself easily, had I not trusted to the
+man given me by the king.
+
+“I then sent back to Lobengula, asking him for hunting veldt. I had
+given him your shot gun, and his sister some furniture print of
+gorgeous pattern. He gave me a fine veldt between the Gwailo and
+Umvungu Rivers, where I was six weeks. I then returned to the royal
+residence, and asked the king to let me go back to the same place. He
+was very crusty, and asked if I wanted to die. I told him I would take
+my chance, for I did not think there was the least danger _then_.
+It is when the rains cease and the rank vegetation rots beneath the sun
+that it is so bad, and that is not till March in most parts, I believe,
+though earlier on the Zambesi. However, he said, if I wanted to die,
+why could I not die somewhere else, and not in his country, and made so
+many difficulties I had to give it up. I then had so many delays--bad
+weather, and one thing or another--that I waited till the big dance was
+over, which is quite a thing to see when one is here.
+
+“After this I had difficulties with my men, and had to part with
+Hendrik, Dick, and Jacob, all of whom you will remember. About
+Dick’s dismissal I had to wait a week or more, as the case had to
+be tried before the king, and Jacob was finally handed over to the
+tender mercies of Dick. Hendrik I dismissed for refusing to cut some
+bushes, to make a fence round my waggon to keep the niggers out. This
+he considered ‘slavish work,’ and preferred dismissal to demeaning
+himself. Then the king would insist on buying my little horse, still
+well when I left in January, and got the saddle and bridle for nothing.
+
+  [Illustration: HUNTERS’ CAMP ON THE SEMOKWE RIVER.]
+
+“Since then I have been coming slowly from the King’s. I have been
+hunting, and have Lee’s brother to drive for me now, and take me to
+Mungwato. Here I have fallen in with Captain Garden and his brother,
+and am joining them and some others for about three weeks’ hunting
+in the veldt. I am spinning out the time, so that if I find all
+things favourable on reaching Mungwato, I can start in April or May
+for the Zambesi.... I have seen Vincent, the driver, who is death on
+Solomon.[37] He said he wanted to kill him, but did not like to do it
+without your leave, which he asked, but you said it would be rather
+inconvenient to you just then to have him put out of the way.”
+
+On the 24th, as already stated, the hunters left the Tati, and crossing
+the Ramaqueban and Inkwesi Rivers, struck thence eastwards, and crossed
+the Sakasusi or Dry River on the 26th, a crowd of Bushmen, with their
+wives and children, accompanying the waggons. The following day they
+reached the Semokwe, a fine river surrounded by a sea of green bush
+stretching in all directions, and here they formed their camp.[38] “In
+the evening,” writes Frank Oates in his Journal after their arrival at
+this point, “a boy, who comes from the Zambesi, and knows the Falls,
+which he calls ‘Metse-a-tunya’ (water-sounding), came and sang, playing
+on the string of a bow to which a gourd was attached. He sang the ‘Song
+of the Elephants Feeding,’ now and then pausing and imitating the
+looking round for danger, then recommencing the feeding, or imitating
+the running of the elephants. The words were very distinct, with no
+clicking. The following occurred over and over again, the song sounding
+very monotonous, but not at all harsh or unpleasant:--
+
+    “‘Wānga marank,
+    Swot ma ben a marank,
+    Wātem ba marank,
+    Obeza marank,
+    Wāmba marank.’
+
+One of the boys from Mungwato, whose language this man knows a little,
+explains that he speaks of the game feeding by the river--‘all the
+game.’ The minstrel was delighted with some tobacco. He is a fine,
+well-made, powerful-looking, and nice-featured young fellow, with a
+pleasant childish expression.”
+
+Next day a large troop of buffalo was encountered near the river, out
+of which were obtained a cow and three-year-old bull, which supplied
+the camp with meat. “Went after supper,” writes Frank Oates that
+evening, “to see the Bushmen and their wives dance. They do this when
+full of meat, making a great noise. The women stand in line, shuffling
+their feet and clapping their hands, whilst the men come and perform
+antics in front of them--one now and then stepping out from the ranks
+and approaching near to the women with dancing and gestures. Now and
+then one excited will rush away half mad into the veldt, and return
+again when tired. They must work very hard in this dancing.”
+
+On March 2d, leaving the waggons by the river, the party started for a
+few days’ hunting in the bush, taking with them a couple of pack-oxen.
+After following the river for some distance nearly south, they entered
+some very pretty country, characteristic of the best South African
+scenery--rugged kopjes and thick bush, the kopjes rising round on every
+side, and stretching far into the distance. Here, crossing the river,
+they encamped their first night, advancing the following morning in
+an easterly direction several miles. In the course of this afternoon
+(March 3d), some trees of unusual size were noticed by some of the
+party whilst riding in pursuit of eland. “The first which arrested my
+attention,” writes Frank Oates, who was one of this number, “was so
+striking that I let the others go on following the spoor, and reined in
+my horse. The tree was perfectly gigantic in girth, thickening as it
+got higher, though of no great height. It was swollen and bloated in
+a most extraordinary manner, and is of the same kind as the ‘Indunas’
+tree’--a baobab. Though still flourishing, it is a mere shell, and,
+looking in at a hole in the side, I saw that it was open to the sky at
+the top. Inside was a good-sized chamber, strewed with minute bones of
+rats or some small mammalia. No doubt generations of owls have long had
+their abode here; one flew out on our approach. We saw another tree
+afterwards, probably as large, but I did not ride up to it.”
+
+After this the same general direction was again pursued till evening,
+when temporary huts were constructed for the night, which, however,
+unfortunately proved a wholly ineffectual shelter from the heavy
+rain which fell early the following morning, thoroughly saturating
+everything inside. The day itself was fine and hot, but was again
+succeeded by heavy rain at night, which induced the party on March 5th
+to retrace their steps to the waggons, recrossing the Semokwe in their
+march, which was now swollen with the recent heavy rains. One of the
+Bushmen was carried off his legs in crossing the river, but, seizing
+hold of another of the party, regained his footing, and reached the
+opposite bank in safety. The big rifle he was carrying escaped with
+a severe wetting. After this the party moved slowly back towards the
+Tati, halting a short time on the banks of the Sakasusi, and elsewhere
+upon the way; and reaching the settlement on March 17th. The game
+met with during their absence had been much the same as that Frank
+Oates had found in his former journeyings further to the north, and
+included--besides buffalo, quagga, pallah, and sassaybi, all of which
+were obtained early in the hunt--giraffe, rhinoceros, wildebeest, and
+koodoo.
+
+Still remaining at Tati a few days after their return there, Frank
+Oates, as already mentioned, started thence for Bamangwato on April
+4th, accompanied by a hunter and two traders, also on their way south.
+By the middle of March the weather seemed to have become quite settled,
+and the days were almost universally fine and hot, with only an
+occasional slight shower or a little drizzling rain. This absence of
+wet had greatly changed the aspect of the country, and that in a short
+time, for, the day after leaving Tati for Bamangwato and crossing the
+Shashe River, the veldt presented to the travellers a dry, parched
+appearance, very different from anything which had now for a long time
+been witnessed. The grass was yellow, and many of the trees already
+bare. A week’s trekking brought the party to Bamangwato, which was
+reached on April 11th, after an uneventful journey.[39]
+
+  [Illustration: SALT PAN, BAMANGWATO.]
+
+Here Frank Oates found letters awaiting him--the first he had received
+from England since leaving Pietermaritzburg nearly twelve months
+before--and, all seeming favourable, at once determined on prosecuting
+his journey to the Zambesi. There appeared now every reason to
+anticipate a prosperous and successful expedition, and he began at
+once to make his preparations for it, laying in fresh supplies at the
+stores, and otherwise completing his equipment.
+
+Very little worthy of note occurred during the time he was detained at
+Bamangwato. One evening, however, a great noise and shouting at the
+kraal, kept up till late, announced the return from the veldt of a
+number of boys who had been out for circumcision. The following day,
+according to custom, the same boys went forth again, and Frank Oates
+saw them starting. “Party, say of two hundred boys, went out,” he
+writes, “into the veldt. They are those who returned yesterday from
+circumcision, and I am told will have to go to the veldt every day for
+a week and look after the king’s cattle. They presented a striking and
+uniform appearance. Each had a knob-kerry and a wand, and round the
+middle a bit of skin. All these and their entire bodies were rubbed
+with red ochre, their heads shaved except the crown, on which the hair
+was quite short, crisp, and bead-like. All the crown and the part
+around it was brilliantly metallic, of a dark steel blue, produced by
+some preparation of a kind of lead got here.”
+
+  [Illustration: CHURCH AND MISSION STATION, SHOSHONG,
+  BAMANGWATO.]
+
+The evening after this occurrence (April 24th), the traveller’s
+preparations were completed, and a fresh start made up country, but
+before proceeding further with the narrative, it will be proper here
+to give quotations from some of the letters written during his present
+stay at Bamangwato. Five days after his arrival he writes to one of his
+brothers:--
+
+                                   “BAMANGWATO, _April 16th, 1874_.
+
+“At last I have your and the Mater’s letters, dated September 22d,
+and containing the first news I have had from home since I left
+Pietermaritzburg. When I arrived here and found no letters I did not
+know what to think. Mr. Mackenzie, the missionary, and his assistant,
+Mr. Hepburn, were both absent, having gone--as well as Mr. Thomson, the
+Matabele missionary--to a meeting at Kuruman. I had asked Mackenzie to
+keep letters for me at his own house, and requested Hathorn to forward
+all letters to him from Maritzburg; so when I arrived here and found
+none I could not make it out. To-day, however, a note arrived, the
+monthly mail coming in. This note was from Hepburn, telling me that a
+letter and newspapers were at his house for me, and directing me to
+apply to a converted native, who is studying for the church, and who,
+with others like him, forms a college adjoining the missionary houses.
+I was not long in going up, and found the things as he had said,
+amongst his books....
+
+“I left Tati for this place on the 4th of April, and reached here in a
+week. I had to come here for supplies. It is about 150 miles; but the
+journey is no trifle. I generally trekked during the night, and slept
+comfortably, the ground being soft sand for the most part, and the
+waggon going slowly and without jolts. We usually made two treks of
+perhaps three hours each, say from 3 to 6, and from 8 to 11 P.M., and
+set off again about 2 A.M. and trekked till sunrise, which was about 6
+A.M., making a trek of about four hours. Call our rate of travelling
+two miles an hour in heavy ground, this gives about twenty miles a day,
+roughly, and this is good trekking, and could not be kept up for long.
+Now, however, there is still plenty of grass and water, though winter
+is setting in and the rains nearly over. Two waggons accompanied me,
+with two traders and a hunter in them. The latter is quite a young
+fellow, who left England three years ago. He was educated at Rugby. One
+of the two traders was Fairbairn, who supplied me with goods at the
+town of the Matabele king; and the other, a man named Dawson.
+
+“On my birthday I thought of you all, and old times--and had a good
+wash.[40]... I hope not to be more than a week or so here in all,
+before returning to Tati, _en route_ for the Falls. Selous, the
+hunting youth above mentioned, set off to-day. His partner, George
+Wood, a Yorkshireman, is waiting for him at Tati. They are both
+professional ivory hunters, and have a good deal of roughing it to do.
+Selous was once lost for four days and three nights in the veldt. The
+morning of the first day, when he left the waggons, he had nothing but
+a cup of coffee, and had neither a drop of water nor a morsel of food
+of any description till the evening of the fourth day, when he found
+his way back, and got some milk of a native. He thinks he could have
+held out another day.
+
+“The brothers Garden are going to the Zambesi also, the same way. There
+is another way of reaching the Falls from here, shorter than the Tati
+road, but at certain seasons deficient in water. It is to the left of
+the Tati road. I should have preferred it, but wanted to leave some
+things at Tati, and was not sure of finding water, going by it. It
+appears, however, it would have been all right, had I decided on that
+route. They tell me here two English tourists, one of them called
+Bond, have just left here, trekking slowly to the Falls. This year and
+last the Falls have been in great request apparently, as Garland and
+Dawnay visited them last year, and now the Gardens, Bond, and myself,
+are all bound there, this. Selous too is very anxious to see them, and
+will probably manage it. We are still in lots of time, in fact the
+great fear now is of going there too soon, but I shall go slowly, and
+remain where it is healthy till it is the same at the Zambesi.
+
+“The boys, as one’s Kafir satellites are called, whatever their age,
+are far more liable to fever of course than their ‘bosses.’ Lying
+out naked, or with only a skin or blanket and a fire, to keep the
+cold away at the unhealthy season, is not likely to prevent an attack
+of fever. Three or four of my boys have had it. I have given them
+quinine, and there is only one of them ill now. This is a little
+fellow I call ‘Quilp.’ He is perhaps eighteen, and a perfect dwarf.
+The race he belongs to, the Bushmen of this country, are usually tall.
+These Bushmen are a curious race, who probably had their homes in
+the veldt long before the Mungwato and Matabele people came here and
+conquered it, and before the races they conquered came. The Mungwato
+people are an utterly different nation from the Matabele. The latter
+have two other nations, the Makalaka and Mashona, living in bondage
+under them, who are far more ingenious and versed in the arts than
+their conquerors, having mined and worked in metals and woven stuffs
+for ages. They are not all conquered yet; but the Matabele king is
+constantly sending out parties of warriors, who steal their cattle,
+kill the old people, and carry the children into slavery. The little
+slaves grow up in the families of the Matabele, and when they are old
+enough to marry, become free and are incorporated into the nation, in
+which way Lobengula increases his people and his power. The slaves call
+those of their conquerors to whom they are allotted, their ‘fathers,’
+and they have to work for them, though more like adopted children than
+anything else. Many of the conquered people, however, are not made part
+of the nation, but suffered to live on with a Matabele headman placed
+over them. It is usually slave boys that one gets as servants. They
+have to look after the cattle and make themselves generally useful,
+carrying one’s arms, blankets, or anything else required, when one goes
+for a day or two into the veldt. I have now six boys, all young, which
+I always prefer, besides my driver, a stupid creature, who requires
+constant blowing up and the use of unpleasantly strong remarks.[41]
+When these fail altogether, I shall have to try the argument of
+knocking him down, which may be slightly beneficial. This is supposed
+to attach a boy to you. The worst of it is none of my boys are much
+afraid of me.
+
+“I think I shall be very well supplied for my coming trip. I shall
+have meal, coffee, and brandy, which I have got here. Sugar is not to
+be had at present, but may possibly turn up before I leave. However,
+that doesn’t matter much. Coffee is of the first importance, then comes
+tobacco. To be without these two is a thing I have never yet come to.
+Meal too is a nice thing to have, though not indispensable, as you can
+buy Kafir corn, which, when cooked, keeps you going. Brandy, likewise,
+I am very glad to have got.
+
+“There are, besides the parties I have enumerated, a lot of Boer
+hunters going to the Zambesi, with their wives and families. Those
+who go by Tati will leave it about the middle of May, I think, and I
+suppose the Falls can be reached and seen, and you can be returning in
+August if you wish to leave so soon. I look forward to the time when I
+shall be _en route_ for home. When I came here and got Willie’s
+letter, and saw the place where our waggons had stood together, I
+could not help feeling a sort of yearning for home, and to-day when
+I got your and the Mater’s letters, it seemed as if it would be so
+jolly to be with you all again soon, but then I comfort myself with
+thinking that it will only make a few months’ difference, going to the
+Zambesi, and I did not like the idea of leaving the country without
+accomplishing my object. I hope all will continue to go on well at
+home.
+
+  [Illustration: SHOSHONG, BAMANGWATO.]
+
+“There has been some fighting going on here of late amongst the
+natives. It took place just before I arrived. You may be aware that
+Kama left here, and old Sekomi, his father, remained behind with
+Kamani, Kama’s younger brother. Kama, however, it is supposed, will
+return and rout Kamani. Sekomi is looked upon as nobody. Kamani is a
+gentlemanly well-dressed darkie enough, and the other day he and his
+men gave Matchin a warm reception. Matchin is his uncle, or something
+of the sort, and once for a short time supplanted Sekomi. He thought
+the dispute of the brothers a favourable opportunity for retaking
+Mungwato, but failed. His people had to climb the steep mountain which
+flanks the town, turning to fire as they fled, whilst Kamani’s men shot
+at them from the plain. A great deal of ammunition was expended, but
+comparatively few natives slain. There were a dozen or so lying about
+on the slope of the mountain when I arrived, but the hyænas and crows
+had had a ‘high old time,’ and little was left of them but the skulls.
+A lot of huts were destroyed during the fight; and one of the traders
+here seized the opportunity to burn down the empty huts all round the
+store where he lives, and it certainly improves his view.[42]
+
+“It seems next to impossible to convert the natives here to
+Christianity, though a good many of them profess it. The worst of it is
+that when they get so far converted as to wear ‘continuations,’ they
+become incorrigible thieves and drunkards. I always infinitely prefer
+the raw unconverted heathen for my own use, and every one else that
+I know does the same. I like extremely the three missionaries that I
+know, and believe them to be most excellent conscientious men. They
+believe the chief result of their labours is yet to come, and I hope
+they may be right.”
+
+By the 24th of April, as already mentioned, all was ready for a
+start, and, leaving Bamangwato after sundown, a trek of two hours was
+accomplished that night. The following morning a like distance had been
+traversed, when the waggon was suddenly brought to a stand by one of
+the wheels giving way. It was fortunate, as it happened, they had not
+got further from the reach of help, and the broken wheel was at once
+taken back to Bamangwato. It was a tedious business, however, getting
+it repaired,--so slow are people’s movements in this country,--but at
+last it was ready, and, some fresh oxen being purchased to strengthen
+the span, the journey was resumed early on the morning of May 5th.
+Before starting a couple of waggons arrived from Lake Ngami with two
+traders, both looking dreadfully ill from the effects of fever; indeed
+they seemed to have had a very narrow escape. They had buried one man,
+and reported the death of another at the Lake,--Henry Gray, the trader
+who, the year before, had accompanied Frank and William Oates a good
+part of the way up country when they first left Pietermaritzburg.
+
+Before resuming his journey Frank Oates wrote home a few lines to his
+brother William, as follows:--
+
+                                      “BAMANGWATO, _May 4th, 1874_.
+
+“I wrote to Charley a few days ago, telling him I was just setting off
+for the Zambesi. As bad luck would have it, one of my hind wheels came
+to grief in jolting over that vile piece of road you must remember,
+about ten miles from here, and there I was, laid on my back. However, I
+put the wheel on a sledge of branches, and brought it with six oxen to
+be mended here, and once again am off. I am going to ride to the waggon
+to-night by moonlight, and hope to be at the Makalapsi River before the
+sun is very high....
+
+“We have reckoned up about thirty waggons going Zambesi way this year;
+some are hunters, some traders, and some tourists. I expect most of
+them will stand at the same place, beyond Daka, and one must walk from
+there to the Falls. I suppose twelve white men at least will be at
+the Falls this year, so I shall not be alone, and one will be in the
+way of help in case of emergency arising, which is not likely. I am
+sparing no pains to get a good outfit. I have now twenty-six oxen, and
+am determined to be as well provided in every way as possible for the
+journey.”
+
+After writing the above Frank Oates rode out, as he intended, to his
+waggon, and by 3 A.M. on the 5th of May was once more upon
+the road. Again all went favourably for something like three hours
+after starting, and a further distance of five or six miles had been
+accomplished when, to the traveller’s unspeakable vexation, a fresh
+catastrophe of a like kind occurred, this time the tire of the same
+wheel breaking, and necessitating another halt. He now rode back into
+Bamangwato to see what could be done, the upshot of which was that he
+there bought two new waggons, and yet more oxen, so as to divide his
+load and lessen the risk of future accidents of this vexatious kind. He
+also secured the services of a Dutchman named Van Roozen, and his son,
+the former of whom would act as driver to one of the waggons, and make
+himself generally useful.
+
+Whilst still completing these arrangements he added a short
+supplementary letter to the last, from which the following are
+extracts:--
+
+                                                  “_May 9th, 1874._
+
+“Since writing the letter of May 4th, which will reach you at the same
+time this does, I have broken down again. After finishing my letter
+to you I rode out to the waggon, inspanned, and trekked. I had gone
+perhaps five or six miles, when the wheel came to grief again, the tire
+breaking, and I had to return here. It has ended in my buying two new
+waggons, and selling the old one.... The great difference in my plans,
+however, is, that I have found a Dutchman and his little boy, who have
+agreed to accompany me. The former wanted to go hunting with some one,
+and I engaged him to go with me as driver and general overseer, but
+have stipulated that he shall only hunt when and where I think fit, as,
+for instance, when I leave the waggon standing to visit the Zambesi.
+Of course if he gets any ivory or feathers he gives me half, as is
+always done in these cases, and there may be enough to pay his wages
+as driver. His boy is a handy little fellow, and can take charge of a
+waggon.”
+
+It was the 13th of May, when again, for the third time, Frank Oates
+started north, but the further tracing of his fortunes must be left
+to the succeeding chapter. Before, however, concluding the present
+period of his wanderings, the following brief extract may be given from
+another of his letters, written about this time, with reference to his
+dogs. He says:--
+
+“I have the nicest dog now I ever had. He is a pointer, and a most
+sensible creature. Dogs are indispensable here, if only to guard the
+waggon. My pointers are both well; I had four originally, but sold two
+here when I went further into the interior. One poor thing is dead,
+and the other far from flourishing. It was August when I left them,
+having a difficulty in feeding so many dogs; and now when I return in
+April, poor ‘Flirt’ knows me, and won’t let me out of her sight for
+a moment. She had only known me three months, but had formed a very
+strong attachment to me. She follows me like my shadow. They accuse
+her of stealing soap, and say she has a _penchant_ for departed
+negroes. The fact is she is not overfed. I wish that I had kept her. I
+have besides two puppies. One is five, the other three months old, and
+I have had them from their tenderest infancy.”
+
+The pointer referred to at the commencement of this paragraph was the
+traveller’s favourite, “Rail,” the attached and devoted companion of
+all his wanderings, his friend in solitude, and faithful to him even
+after death.
+
+  [Illustration: “ROCK” AND “RAIL.”]
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER VIII.
+
+  Again at Tati--Fresh causes of delay--Lions on the
+  Motloutsi--Threatened by natives--Forthcoming prospects.
+
+
+By the 21st of May Frank Oates was again back at Tati from Bamangwato,
+this time completing the journey without further mishap. Little worthy
+of note occurred upon the road. The weather was now settled; the rains
+had ceased, and the days were usually bright and fine. The general
+aspect of the country was bare and brown, though, where water was met
+with, there was still for the most part a corresponding freshness in
+the landscape, as was the case at “Tchakani Vlei,” a beautiful pond,
+surrounded by wood and covered with water-lilies, which was reached the
+second day of the journey. Again at the Palatswe River, further on,
+was water and abundance of fresh grass, the latter supplying excellent
+pasture for the oxen. But some days forced marches were required, to
+get from one watering-place to another, these in the winter season
+being few in number.
+
+This scarcity of water sufficiently accounted for the general absence
+of game upon the route, only a few small antelope occasionally showing
+themselves the whole time. In crossing the Motloutsi two lions were
+observed quite close to the waggons, and Frank Oates gave them chase,
+but, as related below in a letter referring to the events of this
+period, was thrown off the scent by the wiles of the Dutchman, Van
+Roozen, who sought to avoid an encounter. The signs of animal life were
+rather more numerous on the Shashe River, where some fine water-holes
+were found in the sand, into one of which a crocodile had recently
+crawled, leaving the track of his tail behind him at the water’s edge.
+Here pallah and other game spoor was abundant, and three or four large
+monkeys were observed crossing the river-bed. Birds too were numerous,
+including herons, kingfishers, and bustards. In the course of the
+journey one or two curious snakes were met with, one of which was of a
+fine silvery hue upon the back, and salmon-coloured beneath. Another,
+quite black, and of a very deadly kind, evinced a remarkable facility
+for swelling out its head to an enormous size when alarmed or angry.
+This snake had a habit, it was said, of hanging down from the trees
+like one of their branches and attacking such creatures as might pass
+beneath.
+
+On approaching Tati the traveller was struck with the fine autumnal
+tints of the trees, and observed ahead of him the picturesque range of
+hills towards the Ramaqueban. At Tati itself the grass was parched and
+yellow, and everything had already assumed its autumnal or winter garb.
+Here he was met on his arrival by Mr. Fairbairn from Gubuleweyo, from
+whom he learnt with pleasure that the king had sent leave for him to
+go to the Zambesi, a fresh permission having been required. The other
+travellers for the Zambesi, mentioned above in one of Frank Oates’s
+letters, had most of them already started northwards, but for one
+reason or another he was himself yet detained some days longer at the
+settlement.
+
+The only incident of much novelty which occurred during this time was
+an angry scene with some Kafirs at the mine, arising out of a second
+attempt he had made, when last at Tati, to get possession of the
+Bushman remains he had failed to secure when hunting on the Ramaqueban
+in February. The story of his encounter with these men and other
+circumstances of the time are related by him at some length in the
+following letter home:--
+
+                                           “TATI, _May 29th, 1874_.
+
+“I have been here just a week to-day en route for the Zambesi. I have
+been delayed, in the first instance, by the illness of Brown, who is
+managing Sir John Swinburne’s mine here in the absence of Nelson, who
+has gone to the colony; and since, by having something done to my
+waggon wheels. I have been able to be of a little use to Brown, and
+did not like to leave him as he was, but he is now better. It does not
+much matter losing a few days, as I always thought the 1st of June
+would be early enough to leave here, in order to reach the Zambesi as
+soon as the healthy season there has fairly set in. I may now wait two
+or three days longer, as there seems a possibility of my getting my
+waggon wheels shortened. I shall be glad if I can get this done, as
+wood in this country shrinks so much that the tire often becomes loose,
+and then a blacksmith is wanted to shorten the tire unless the wheel is
+wedged.
+
+“I am fortunate in having secured the services of the Dutchman and
+his little boy, whose engagement I informed you of in my letter from
+Bamangwato. These people are very useful to have about a waggon. There
+are a thousand shifts, which any one who understands the subject can
+have recourse to. A Kafir is scarcely ever the slightest good, even if
+he has been working about waggons all his life. I have now, moreover,
+far more comfort in the waggon I appropriate to my own use, as it is no
+longer crammed to overflowing, half my cargo being stowed away in my
+second waggon, which the Boer occupies. My oxen too are, on the whole,
+in a very satisfactory state, and I have all the necessary stores. I
+don’t suppose I need be more than a month in reaching the place where
+my waggons must stand, and then it is two or three days on foot to the
+Victoria Falls; but of course I shall go slower than this, and may not
+be back here till November, or even later. I feel now as if all was
+going well.
+
+“I was eight days in coming here from the place where I last broke
+down, and had few incidents on the road. Van Roozen, the Dutchman,
+however, got a fright one morning from a couple of lions, and showed
+himself to be rather a coward. We were entering the dry bed of the
+Motloutsi River about two hours before sunrise, and I was asleep in the
+waggon. It appears that Van Roozen had gone across the river in front
+of the waggons to ascertain the nature of the opposite bank, which he
+had just climbed when the roar of a lion resounded in his ears, and he
+asserts that he was chased by a couple of them, and ‘ran like a horse.’
+The latter part of his statement, no doubt, is perfectly correct, and
+also it was true that there had been two lions within a yard or two of
+him at one time, as we saw by the spoor at sunrise. I found the remains
+of a pallah they had killed in the bed of the river, and the spoor
+of the lions going away into the bush, and set off to follow it with
+the dogs and the Dutchman. The latter was in a great fright. I should
+have thought nothing of it if he had candidly admitted as much, but
+he thought to put me off by making believe to follow the spoor, and
+then conveniently losing it. The Kafirs too are most terribly afraid
+of lions, and will always lose the spoor; indeed it is almost useless
+to attempt to follow it with them, but I had thought better things of
+a Dutchman calling himself a ‘hunter.’ The fact is, for one man to go
+alone, or only accompanied by Kafirs, may be dangerous, but for two
+white men with double-barrelled rifles the danger is very slight; as,
+in the remote contingency of an attack, one could help the other, but
+really Dutchmen are only a degree better than Kafirs. Still they are
+wonderfully useful about a waggon, and my having this one with me takes
+a great deal of bother off my hands, and may save me no end of trouble
+and delay. My grand mistake was not taking a good man with me from
+Natal in the first instance at £8 or £10 a month.
+
+“I have had a row with some rascally Kafirs here in this wise. Last
+year a party of unfortunate Bushmen--men, women, and children--were
+killed by a party of Matabele. The Bushmen were supposed to have
+been hunting where they had no right, or committing some other
+offence--probably an imaginary one. Hearing of this, I thought if I
+could find the place I could take a sack and fill it with bones, and
+I instituted inquiries accordingly as to the locality, offering a
+blanket to any Kafir who would take me to the spot. A Dutchman, who
+lives here, when he is not away with his wife and daughters in his
+waggon on a hunting expedition, offered to act as my guide, and it was
+settled that I should give him £5 for doing so. He, however, changed
+his mind about going, but told me he had got one of the Matabele who
+killed the Bushmen to go with me in his stead. This fellow was working
+here at the mine, but when he was brought to me he also refused to
+go, evidently thinking I had some ulterior object in wanting to go to
+the place--perhaps to get him punished. These people, too, are very
+superstitious about going to places where others have been killed.
+
+“This occurred when I was last here, but on my return I was waited
+on by another coloured gentleman, who said he too had helped to kill
+the Bushmen (and a ferocious beast he looked)--What business was
+it of _mine_ to visit the bones? All this, of course, arose
+from the Dutchman having made it known that I wanted the bones. The
+ferocious-looking Kafir further went on to say that he should complain
+of my conduct to the king, the only way to avoid which catastrophe
+being to give him something out of my waggon, to bribe his silence.
+Moreover, he hinted that if I did not comply, he should not stick at
+helping himself, and went through a pantomime with his knob-kerry (a
+stick with a round knob at one end, with which Kafirs knock their
+enemies on the head), illustrating what he would do to _me_. All
+this was bounce, though no doubt he would have liked to do it had he
+dared, and he thought to frighten me. My pusillanimous Dutchman at
+once begged me to give the fellow something. This I stoutly refused,
+not only as a disgraceful proceeding on my part, but as an act of bad
+policy. I knew better than to show him I was afraid of him, and I knew
+the king was not likely to go against me, even if the worst came to
+the worst. There were two other Kafirs with this one, also from the
+mine, to back him up. Finding the Dutchman disposed to be friendly with
+them, the spokesman asked him for a cigar, seeing us smoking, and the
+Dutchman wanted me to comply, as a preliminary to talking the matter
+over. All I said, however, to the Kafir was a word or two of his own
+language, meaning ‘Go away, you scoundrel.’
+
+“It was Sunday, and at this moment a white man who works at the
+mine came up, and I told him the case. He knew the Kafirs, and at
+once ordered them off, giving one of them a good slap on the side of
+the head, which upset him. Then they all jumped to their feet and
+brandished their knob-kerries. I threw off my coat, and my ally and
+I stood ready and waited for the first blow to be struck, whilst Van
+Roozen stood afar off. This attitude decided the Kafirs not to risk a
+fight, and they said they would go with me to Brown and talk the matter
+over. We went accordingly, and Brown told them if they wanted to do
+so to take the case before the king, and they soon subsided and slunk
+away. I might have had the greatest possible annoyance if it had not
+been for the plucky conduct of Dobie from the mine.
+
+“Fairbairn’s waggon was stopped when he came here by some Matabele,
+and he gave them some goods, but vowed he would complain to the king
+and get them into trouble. I suppose these three Kafirs thought they
+too could get something. The king, I believe, would kill them if he
+knew. There are, of course, no prisons; and when any of his subjects go
+too far they get put to death, and thrown out to the hyænas. He is an
+excellent friend to the white men here, and his people live in fear and
+trembling of their lives. Since I was at the royal residence, I am told
+he has killed some dozen of the leading men of the country for making
+suggestions to him. ‘I must show them,’ said he, ‘who is king,’--and he
+showed them.
+
+“Winter has now fairly set in; it is extremely cold at night, and not
+hot even during the day--at least not hot for Africa. The rivers are
+dry and the bush withered, and all is yellow and autumnal looking, and
+will remain so till the rains fall in October, and the fresh vegetation
+springs up. Then the trees will soon be all green, and many of them
+blossoming, and there will be many wild flowers. Now things are bleak
+and barren looking enough.
+
+“Before I leave here I shall write a few lines more.... I hope every
+one is well, and shall live in hope, for what else can I do? I can’t
+expect to get any more letters till my return from the Zambesi. It may
+be some little time before you hear from me again, as I don’t know
+that any waggons will return till November, though there are no end
+of them gone to the Zambesi. Should any precede me back I can send a
+letter by them. If, however, you don’t hear, you must take for granted
+all is going well with me. Humanly speaking, there seems no reason for
+uneasiness.”
+
+On the 8th of June, his waggon at last ready, Frank Oates added a
+few lines to this letter, announcing his intended departure on the
+following day, and on the 9th he started for the Zambesi. There seemed
+now no reasonable probability of anything occurring to interfere with
+the successful issue of his journey, yet in reality, as things turned
+out, this was only the first of three separate attempts he made to
+reach the Zambesi from this point the present season. By the shorter
+route now to be adopted--for he was not going by Gubuleweyo--he would
+proceed pretty direct northwards, passing through the country of the
+Makalakas, who are subject to the Matabele, and hold the key to the
+Zambesi country by this approach. Before crossing the boundaries of
+these people, it is necessary for travellers to have first obtained
+permission from the king to proceed, and such a permission Frank Oates
+distinctly had; yet, in spite of all remonstrances on his part, the
+Makalakas refused to let him pass, thinking, perhaps, to reap some
+profit from his discomfiture, or, it may be, that Lobengula would in
+reality be no worse pleased if he were stopped. Indeed the traveller
+did not himself entirely exonerate the king from blame, but suspected
+at one time he was playing a double game--on the one hand giving
+him leave to proceed to the Zambesi, whilst on the other purposely
+neglecting to send the needful instructions to his subjects to let him
+pass. The king was anxious to encourage a certain number of traders in
+his country, but may have looked with suspicion on one whose objects
+were less intelligible to him.
+
+At all events, be this as it may, it is perfectly certain that these
+Makalakas threw every possible obstacle in the way of his advance--and
+not once only, but each time he reached their boundaries--whilst
+several traders, going and coming, were permitted to proceed upon their
+journey, and the final fatal issue of his expedition to the Zambesi
+was practically the result of the behaviour of these people. It is
+true that other circumstances, irrespective of their proceedings,
+combined to hinder and delay him, again throwing his journey into the
+unhealthy season of the year; but these alone would not have been of
+the same vital consequence, and the period of his misfortunes dates
+from the time when the Makalakas--the king’s permission already plainly
+granted--first turned him back, as related in the succeeding chapter,
+and forced him to seek a fresh interview with Lobengula. In such a
+country, with but a brief healthy season, delays like this were little
+short of fatal.
+
+  [Illustration: WATTLED STARLING.--_Dilophus
+  carunculatus._]
+
+But it is time to follow him in the first of these ill-starred
+journeys.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER IX.
+
+  Fresh start for the Zambesi--The Ramaqueban again--A
+  lion shot--Singular building--Wild fruit--First kraal of
+  the Makalakas--Stopped by the induna--Return to Tati--To
+  Gubuleweyo and back--Fresh leave obtained--Altered
+  arrangements for the journey.
+
+
+On first leaving the Tati, on June 9th, the old ground, as though he
+had been making for Gubuleweyo, was retraced as far as the Ramaqueban
+River, where, on June 10th, the traveller halted a short time to
+hunt. Giraffe, quagga, and blue wildebeest were now abundant in this
+district, and ostriches were also met with. Van Roozen too, the day
+before they left, succeeded in shooting a lion which had threatened to
+attack his horse--a great feat for this intrepid sportsman. An account
+of this adventure, along with some other matter, is given in the
+traveller’s Journal of this date, as follows:--
+
+  [Illustration: Map of M^R F. OATES’S ROUTE from TATI to the
+  VICTORIA FALLS Drawn from his own observations]
+
+“_June 12th._--Mild, cloudy day, after a very mild night.... Just
+before sundown Van Roozen returned from hunting, having shot a lion. It
+seems he had been following a sable antelope bull, and was about two
+or three miles from the waggon, down the Ramaqueban, when a lion
+approached his horse quite close. He yelled, and turned his horse.
+The lion retreated, but soon stopped and seemed inclined to renew
+the attack. He dismounted and shot the lion at, he says, about 30
+yards. He then saw another lion creeping towards him--both ‘mannetjes’
+(males)--and he (Van Roozen) made off. After his return he and I rode
+back together to the dead lion, which we found, and proceeded to skin.
+He was a yellow-maned one; Van Roozen says the black-maned one is
+quite distinct. In this the mane was short, the teeth very large and
+discoloured, but perfect, and the lion apparently in his prime, though
+he must have been hungry, as he was in poor condition. Van Roozen was
+alone when it happened, and he probably wanted to get the horse.
+
+“Van Roozen tells me of an Englishman, named Brown, who was killed by
+a lion on the Crocodile River. One day this man and his son had found
+and taken three cubs, and the old lion came up to them. The son wanted
+to fire, but the father forbade him, and threw one cub down, which
+the old one took away, and they took the others to the waggon. The
+day following the old man took his gun, and said he was going after
+ostriches. He had one young Kafir boy with him. It seems he had gone
+to the place where the lions were, and had met the old one, which he
+fired at, but did not kill upon the spot--though I believe it was
+found dead afterwards. It had torn the flesh off one of his arms and
+both his legs, but he had taken his gun, gone to a hole where buffalo
+wallow, used his pannikin to wash his hands and face, and gone on to
+the waggon-road (the son followed the blood spoor). He had put his gun
+in a tree, and hung up his powder-flask, and gone on the road a hundred
+yards when he had dropped and died.”
+
+The day after Van Roozen’s encounter with the lion, Frank Oates, whilst
+out hunting, again visited the carcass, and, kindling a fire, cooked
+some of the meat. On this the boys who were with him, and both his
+pointers, had a feast, and he tasted some of it himself, which he found
+to be coarse in the grain, and not unlike quagga meat.
+
+Resuming his journey to the Zambesi later the same afternoon, he now
+broke fresh ground, keeping for a day or two in a northerly direction
+close to the Ramaqueban, a really magnificent river when viewed from
+the ground above, its broad sandy bed stretching far away into the
+distance through the veldt. The dry beds of a number of spruits,
+all rising quite near the river, and suddenly becoming large before
+falling into it, were crossed as he proceeded. It is no wonder that
+South African rivers, thus fed by so many tributaries along their
+entire course, fill with such amazing rapidity directly the rains fall,
+and swell into large streams almost at their source. Next turning
+towards the north-west, he presently struck across back towards the
+Tati River, and joined the more direct road from the settlement to
+the Zambesi, which here for some distance kept up the river’s bank,
+the country now assuming that broken rugged appearance--here with
+rough craggy kopjes, there with small open park-like glades--which
+makes at irregular intervals so pleasing a change in this otherwise
+little-varying landscape, and compensates, where it occurs, for much
+that is uninteresting.
+
+The Tati, itself one of those rivers which become large so near their
+source, was again itself shortly left behind, the waggons trekking
+forward in a direction nearly north. On June 17th, a few miles further
+on, another river was crossed, and the following entry made in the
+traveller’s Journal:--
+
+“_June 17th._--Fine morning, after a mild starry night; warm day.
+Inspanned at 6.20 A.M. I rode across the veldt to the right; grass
+very wet. Saw a small buck and three sassaybi, but they got my scent.
+Going in a direction generally north, I struck a deep sandy river,
+with plenty of water-holes in it, and banks steep and rocky in places;
+crossed it, and kept down it till I found the waggons, which had
+crossed it and outspanned perhaps a mile and a half further down. Just
+before reaching the waggons (8.20 A.M.), I came to a most singular
+building, built on a little isolated kopje in the midst of the level
+tree-studded veldt, but with other kopjes near. There has been an
+excellently-built wall running round the sides of the kopje, and a
+regular entrance into it. The boys say it was built in old times by
+the ancestors of the present race of Makalakas, and was the king’s
+residence. No white man, they say, helped to build it. It is not seen
+from the waggon-road.
+
+  [Illustration: NATIVE BUILDING, SHASHE RIVER.]
+
+“The river, which we outspanned at, and which (as before stated)
+contains plenty of water, flows away towards the south-west, as shown
+by the bent reeds in its now dry sandy bed.[43]
+
+“Started again at 1.20 P.M. and went about eight miles; first through
+‘mopani veldt,’ with fine fruit-trees in it, and a little before
+outspanning passed through a range of low kopjes. This ‘mopani’ is
+usually very heavy land, so called from the mopani trees (not unlike
+alders) which grow upon it. Of the fruit-trees referred to, one was my
+old glutinous friend of the Gwailo hunting veldt--plentiful, but not
+yet ripe. It is very woody, but when chewed exudes a fine glutinous
+gum. Another has a small fruit like a little rosy-cheeked apple,
+containing seeds, and something of the crab nature, but not at all
+acid. Another, which I should say was also of the apple kind, and like
+the last in taste and texture, was as large as a plum and of the same
+colour, and grew on a thick low bushy large-leaved tree.
+
+“In the evening, where we were outspanned, I found a large colony of
+birds established in three large nests (half-built, I think) in the
+branch of a tall tree. This is the noisy familiar bird I first met with
+at Tati.”[44]
+
+Proceeding forward on the following morning, still through the
+veldt of large mopani trees, and passing amongst numerous fine
+rocky kopjes--rising up on every side in bold craggy heaps from the
+level veldt, tree-covered like the latter wherever trees could find
+root--Frank Oates next crossed two or three small spruits, now dry, of
+which the largest was about five yards wide. At this there was a delay
+of about half an hour, caused by one of the waggons sticking in its
+sandy bed, and when he had crossed it he outspanned upon its bank. And
+here, as he rested--the Tati now well behind him, and his imagination
+full of hope in the future and interest in the present--it is likely
+enough he may have congratulated himself on the successful progress
+of his journey, but scarcely probable he should have reflected on the
+possibility that here, not many hundred yards from this very spot, he
+might but a few months hence, when returning from the Falls, find his
+last lonely resting-place; yet so he did.
+
+Again, after a brief rest, renewing the journey about mid-day, he still
+advanced a short distance further in the same direction before coming
+to another halt; and here the Journal once more takes up the story:--
+
+“_June 18th._--... Inspanned again about noon, and crossed another
+spruit with a sharp turn in it. Soon saw corn-fields, then the bright
+green of tobacco-fields and a kraal,[45] and outspanned at 1 P.M. I was
+pleased with the appearance of this little kraal, surrounded by its
+green fields of tobacco, and emerging suddenly to view from amidst the
+mopani trees; but I little thought of the disappointment in store for
+me here. Though we had trekked so short a time, and made our previous
+trek so short as to be scarcely worth mentioning, I almost decided to
+outspan here before I found that it was absolutely necessary I must.
+The people told us that there was a message from the king, which the
+induna would convey to me, but he was away at another kraal and must
+be sent for. Sent a boy with the oxen to water, which is some distance
+off, employing a man from the kraal as guide. Meantime I made it known
+that I wanted goats and corn, and ere long was hard at work dispensing
+beads, handkerchiefs, and snuff-boxes. The main run was on the large
+lavender beads, next came the small lavender ones, and a few wanted
+blue cut ones. Mealies were brought in large quantities, but sold
+principally in small basketfuls. There was plenty of Kafir corn too,
+but not so much as of the Indian corn. Tobacco also was brought, and
+the sweet kind of beans that are like nuts’ kernels.
+
+“The women crowded round to sell. They were many of them recently
+smeared on their heads with something black like pitch, babies and
+all. Many of the girls have the hair matted thickly together in lumps.
+One hanging over the forehead, the end of the lock having brass rings
+fastened to it, droops down to the nose, and one to each ear. The hair
+is all drawn out in matted locks. A profusion of brass rings are worn
+on the arms, and heavy bead necklaces round the neck. Many of them
+are pretty. There are distinctly perceptible the dark and the light
+skinned; some nearly black, some copper-coloured. The men are much
+given to wearing carved charms and other ornaments and curiosities.
+A lion’s claw or a vulture’s beak are favourites amongst the latter
+division. They wear skins--karosses with the hair worn inside. John
+says there are both Masahras (Bushmen) and Makalakas here. I was
+surprised to hear from him that there are many Bushmen living in kraals
+and not wandering in the bush, as I had an idea they were exclusively
+a gipsy race, but it appears by no means so universally. The induna is
+an old Makalaka, who does not talk the Matabele language, but as it was
+not till the day after our arrival that I saw him, I will leave him for
+the present.
+
+“Presently an individual arrived in white men’s clothes, who spoke a
+little Dutch. Without ceremony he jumped up on my waggon-box, and I
+concluded he was the induna from his free and easy style. I begged him
+to excuse me, as I was very busy buying corn, after he had asked John
+a question or two, as, ‘Was I going to the Zambesi?’ I never thought I
+was to be stopped, and went on buying corn, and he seemed glad to let
+me do so, till at last he came to his final interview--for much of the
+time he had been with Van Roozen. He then told me that the king had
+sent to stop all waggons from coming on, on account of the sickness,
+but the induna himself would be here the following morning. My feelings
+this evening were ones of intense disappointment, but still I hoped
+something from my interview with the induna the next day.
+
+“_June 19th._--Very cloudy day, after a mild night; inclined to rain.
+The induna and a large crowd here early. I took down the substance
+of the induna’s words. They were thoroughly confirmatory of my worst
+fears. He said though they here would not stop me by main force, the
+kraals ahead would do so. _They_ spoke as my friends. If I persisted
+in going on, they would send to inform the king, who would despatch a
+party of Matabele to seize my waggons and take possession of my goods.
+I thought it best to take down the substance of what the induna said to
+me, in order to report it to the king. Umganulo, an induna, he stated,
+brought the following news from the king four days ago, and went back
+immediately:--All white men going to the Zambesi to be stopped, and
+their boys killed if they attempt going on with them; waggons to be
+taken to the king if orders are disobeyed. The king too has stopped
+people going by all other roads to the Zambesi, and messengers also
+passed here the day before yesterday, going on to the Zambesi, to tell
+all white men who are already there not to return till the rains fall,
+as they may bring sickness. The king has also said that no one may go
+across the veldt to him from here, but all must go by way of Tati.
+
+“_June 21st_.--Rather cloudy, but fine. Got up about 5 A.M.... Girls
+here very early with corn; also some goats brought for sale, of which I
+bought two for a cotton blanket, also a little more corn, some leather
+bags, and a calabash. A tall lad, formerly a driver for Palmer, and a
+most free and easy individual, having relapsed into the national dress,
+offered his services to me as a hunter, if I should return this way.
+I ask John his character. John says he once took a knob-kerry to Mr.
+Palmer, when the latter wanted to thrash him. But he was not to blame
+for that, says John; a notion of John’s which I had to let him see did
+not meet my approval.
+
+“Some of the girls who came to-day were very profusely ornamented with
+beads. The thickly-matted hair, plastered together with black wax-like
+cement, is disposed of (as I noted before) in three principal locks;
+one falling over the forehead to between the eyes, and one in front of
+each ear, surmounted with brass rings. The ears are pierced with small
+rings. Round the neck hang massive chains of beads, tastefully arranged
+and blended. A leather kaross, or dressed skin, is worn as a robe, and
+this is hung with long strings of beads. Long strings of beads too hang
+round the hips, and in front are long strips of leather. Round the
+waist are numerous brass rings and bead rings also. The girls are by no
+means shy.
+
+“To-day poor Mozanga told me of some trouble he was in, and I thought
+he complained of a beating, but it seemed he had heard of the death of
+the induna of the kraal where I engaged him, a young man, who they say
+died in the Zambesi hunting veldt. He must have gone there at a very
+unhealthy time. Mozanga wept bitterly; he is a very kind-hearted boy.
+
+“I went with Umfanimboozi to shoot some birds, whilst the oxen, which
+had got loose, were being fetched, and went through some tobacco
+‘gardens.’ The pink blossoms and green leaves are very pretty....”
+
+This same afternoon (June 21st) the traveller reluctantly commenced
+his journey back to Tati, resolved to revisit the king, and ascertain
+from his own lips the real truth of the induna’s statement. The fine
+clear nights, during a part of which he now made a point of trekking,
+were brilliant as he returned with glittering stars and constellations,
+the Southern Cross at this time conspicuous amongst the latter a
+little after sunset. Four days after starting he was back at the Tati
+settlement, and on the 30th of June started on horseback to the King’s
+Town, with eight boys to take his baggage.
+
+On reaching the King’s, Lobengula tried to laugh the matter off, and
+this time, as an assurance of good faith, appointed one of his own
+people, a son of the headman, Manyami, to see him safe through the
+country of the Makalakas. Frank Oates was again back at Tati on the
+15th of July, and here, before starting once more for the Zambesi, he
+made some fresh plans and arrangements for the journey. What these
+arrangements were may best be learned from the ensuing letter, written
+at this time from Tati, and containing, besides, some particulars of
+his recent journey to Gubuleweyo. This letter is as follows:--
+
+                                          “TATI, _July 21st, 1874_.
+
+“I am, you see, at Tati once more.... I left here for the Zambesi
+on the 9th of June, and on the 18th--travelling very slowly, as I
+had lots of time before me--reached the first Makalaka kraal on the
+Zambesi road. Here I was stopped, being told that the king had sent a
+special order to turn all waggons back which might come that way. They
+also said that all waggons coming from the Zambesi were to be turned
+back, and not allowed to leave till the rains fell, which begin about
+October. It was in vain I pleaded that I had special leave from the
+king. They said their orders were peremptory--all waggons to be turned
+back, and if the people with them refused to obey, the waggons were to
+be seized, and all the boys who persisted in accompanying them killed.
+This of course frightened my Kafirs, and all I could do was to turn
+back, and go to the king in person.
+
+“On the 25th of June I was once more at Tati, and decided to ride to
+the King’s Town, but a fresh difficulty arose in getting boys to go
+with me, as my own boys say the white men are the cause of all this
+trouble, for they bring the sickness, and they are afraid the king will
+kill them for accompanying white men. At last, however, this difficulty
+was surmounted, and I set off on the 30th of June with my two horses,
+and eight boys carrying my baggage. Gordon, a Mungwato trader,
+arrived at Tati _en route_ for the King’s whilst I was making my
+preparations, but says there were no letters there for me when he left.
+He could not go on even to the King’s without special leave, as the
+king has heard of ‘red-water,’ the Natal cattle disease, and is in a
+great fright about it. Indeed, if it got amongst his cattle, his nation
+would suffer terribly. It seems, too, from recent reports, that it is
+contagious, though we never used to think so.
+
+“Dorehill’s waggon and the waggons of another trader had been stopped
+on their way to the King’s Town at the Inkwesi River, where the first
+Matabele kraal is, and were there when I came up.[46] I got on very
+well up to the time of my reaching these waggons, and stayed a couple
+of days at them with Dorehill, who was awaiting further news from the
+King’s. On leaving the waggons I met the messenger he had sent to the
+king returning with a message from the latter to Dorehill that he was
+to ride on and see him. I went on, but had great difficulty in keeping
+my boys from turning back. However, I explained to them that if they
+kept with me there was no likelihood of their being hurt, as no white
+man’s servants ever were interfered with, whereas, if they turned back,
+they might be killed. They would of course have liked me to turn back
+with them; but seeing I was determined to go on, they thought it was
+their best chance to remain in my company. I of course knew there was
+not much fear of anything being done to them as long as they were with
+me, as the king holds everything belonging to white men sacred, and his
+people dare not commit any violence on Kafirs protected by a white man.
+The fact is my boys were principally Makalakas, who are slaves to the
+Matabele, and whose lives are considered worthless.
+
+“One night I was very angry with them, for I had been riding on in
+advance, and kept on riding after sundown, as the country for miles
+round was on fire, and I wanted to get past the fire before we encamped
+for the night. I lay down with my head on a log, to await their
+arrival, and fell asleep. By and by I woke up, and found it was colder
+than agreeable, and at once guessed that they had stopped behind.
+I had to ride back a good way before I came to their fire, when I
+pitched into them. They had been afraid to come on after sundown, as
+the Matabele don’t allow their subjects to travel by night, though of
+course a white man can do what he likes.
+
+“The next day Dorehill overtook me. He had set off the day after me,
+but without food or blankets, and was very glad to share mine. The
+following day we rode on to Gubuleweyo, the King’s Town. The king
+seemed surprised to see me, but did not speak to me the first day I
+saw him, except to greet me, and send me to his sister to drink beer.
+The next day, when I told him what had occurred, he seemed rather
+amused than otherwise, and told me the Makalakas had been trying to
+frighten me, and that he had never sent them any order to stop waggons.
+I believe, however, he is the one to blame, and had probably neglected
+to send word to the Makalakas to let me pass. I had written to him from
+Tati for leave to go to the Zambesi, and he had given it, but could
+never have sent word about me to the Makalakas, who are his subjects,
+and very much given to stopping waggons that have not a special permit
+from him. He now gave me a Matabele boy, at my request, to accompany
+me.
+
+“The little horse I sold him for £23 when last at his town had got over
+the sickness, as I fully expected he would, and was ‘salted,’ and must
+be now worth from £80 to £100. I should never have parted with him, had
+not Mr. Thomson advised me to do so, in order to ensure his goodwill
+in case I wanted to go to the Zambesi. It seems, however, that he did
+not do for me what he might have done, and it has been suggested to
+me that this was because I refused to sell him my gun also! I think I
+told you that I gave him a gun when first I saw him, but he wanted very
+much another I had, offering me £60 or £70 worth of ivory for it, but I
+persisted in refusing to let him have it, and then it was he asked for
+the horse, and would not let the subject drop till he got the animal,
+and got him at his own price. I am afraid he is very little better than
+the generality of Kafirs, and certainly I have experienced anything
+but generous treatment at his hands--indeed scarcely fair play. Yet
+there is no doubt that he is very much afraid of anything befalling
+white men in his country, either from sickness or any other cause; and
+now, when he told me to go to the Zambesi, he added, ‘Unless I was
+afraid of the sickness.’ This idea of sickness, and the new fear of a
+contagious cattle disease, brought by white men, are causing a good
+deal of trouble. Dorehill, however, got leave to take his waggon on,
+and intends to go to the Zambesi when he leaves the King’s. I rode back
+with Dorehill as far as his waggon, and there I met Mr. Thomson and
+his wife once more, returning to the Matabele after being absent at a
+missionary meeting at Kuruman.[47]
+
+“On reaching Tati I had some more trouble, which has ended in my
+making fresh arrangements altogether. John, my Kafir driver, refused
+point-blank to go with me to the Zambesi, and though I could have
+compelled him to do so, I thought it best to be rid of such an
+unwilling servant. Brown’s waggons are starting for Potchefstroom
+to-morrow, and by them this letter is to be taken, which I hope will
+reach you by the end of September. John’s only chance of leaving
+is to get away with these waggons, and of course if I say the word
+Brown will not let him go near them, and he cannot possibly go alone.
+However, I told John I should not stop him, because I did not think him
+worth keeping, and he will leave with the waggons to-morrow. Then the
+Dutchman in two instances had acted very badly whilst I was travelling
+with him, and when I was obliged to return to Tati I secretly intended
+to get rid of him, though I did not tell him so.
+
+“It was the 15th of July when I got back here from the King’s, and the
+very same day a trader arrived from the Zambesi, coming to get a fresh
+stock of goods. He had had to drive his own waggon, having lost his
+driver and other boys through being at the Zambesi in the unhealthy
+season. Indeed, he went there at what is supposed to be an extremely
+unhealthy time. I think it was February when he left here, and April
+and May are, I believe, the very worst months on the Zambesi. I left,
+as I have told you, early in June, intending to be back again before
+the end of the year, which every one says is the proper thing to do.
+Both Garland and Dawnay succeeded in seeing the Falls last year by
+doing so, and this year there are others who have probably seen them by
+this time. Now it is not too late to go there this season still, though
+the time one can spend there is shortened by not leaving earlier, for
+it takes about a month to reach the place where the waggons stand,
+and allowing another month for visiting the Falls, and a month for
+returning here, there is no doubt the Falls could be comfortably
+visited during a three months’ absence from Tati, and there would be
+nothing remarkable in doing it all in two months with good oxen and
+good servants. So I can still go there, and be back again as soon as I
+ever intended to be.
+
+“I am now coming to my new arrangement, which I think is in many
+respects a very promising one, for a final attempt to reach the Falls.
+The trader I speak of (‘Stoffel Kennedy,’ or some such name), has
+actually been at the Falls. He was there with Garland last year, and
+knows the country well. He knows where the poison-plant is, and where
+the tsetse-fly. He knows the people of the country, and all its ins
+and outs. He is I think partly of Dutch or German origin, but is to all
+intents and purposes an Englishman, and is very much liked. He offered
+to postpone his own trading trip, and turn back at once with me to the
+Zambesi, guaranteeing to take me to the Falls if I would make it worth
+his while. He would then, he said, take me there and bring me back,
+not going as my servant, but undertaking the whole management of the
+expedition for me. Now I knew I should have one waggon and span of oxen
+to sell when I came from the Zambesi, and he was willing to take these
+now at a fair price, deducting the sum which he wanted as a reward for
+his services. I was a little time before I could make up my mind, but
+it seemed such a chance for me as I might not soon have again. As for
+the Dutchman, I had even gone so far at one time as to vow that, rather
+than set off again with him, I would give up the trip; and though I
+modified this resolve afterwards, yet I knew he was not so likely to
+get me to the Falls as this man who knows all the difficulties. Then
+I thought, after all the time I have spent in order to get to the
+Zambesi, and being still bent on going there, the best thing would be
+to embrace this opportunity. I should not even have had the Kafir,
+John, in the other case, but only the Dutchman and his son, who cannot
+speak the language, and with the former of whom I had had a most
+unpleasant row more than once.
+
+“It ended in my entrusting my fortunes to the new man. Brown, I may
+add, thinks I have done well, and I have every confidence in his
+judgment. He is a man of whom I have the very highest opinion, and,
+indeed, the more I know of him, the more I like and admire him.
+Personally, I have experienced the greatest kindness from him at all
+times, and know how to appreciate it.
+
+“Stoffel is going to take his own waggon and the ten oxen he bought of
+me, leaving the new waggon here.... Brown has just refused £110 for
+a little ‘horse’--of course you know ‘horse’ means ‘pony’ every time
+I use it--which he bought for £80. A good horse is worth anything to
+one here, and I cannot wonder at the price given for ‘salted’ horses.
+Suppose, for instance, I had had to go to the King’s on foot, and got
+foot-sore, where should I have been? The question is one not easily
+answered; but I suppose at any rate I should not have got on as well as
+I did. The absurdity is, that for a small insignificant-looking pony
+you have to pay the same price as for a good English hunter. A day or
+two ago we had some races here. We could only muster four horses, but
+by varying the riders and riding disputed races over again, we managed
+to get five races, in all of which I rode, and got the reputation of
+being a good jockey, as out of the five I rode in I won four.”
+
+Favourable as the above arrangements seemed for a renewed attempt to
+reach the Falls, the traveller’s hopes, as will soon be seen, were
+again doomed to disappointment; and this in a most unlooked-for manner.
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER X.
+
+  Third start for the Zambesi--Again stopped by natives--Fresh
+  leave from the king--The journey resumed--Frank Oates’s
+  companion obliged to leave him--He goes forward
+  alone--Breakdown of his waggon--Annoyances from the
+  natives--Help from Tati--Return there--Letters home--Future
+  plans.
+
+
+Leaving Tati on the evening of the 25th of July, on his third attempt
+to reach the Zambesi, Frank Oates halted for the night a few miles
+beyond the settlement, completing the distance to the Ramaqueban the
+following morning. Here, whilst waiting a couple of days in search
+of game and for other purposes, he was again unexpectedly stopped by
+natives, professedly armed with authority from Lobengula to stop all
+waggons from advancing northwards. The story of this encounter, with
+its immediate consequences, is thus related in the Journal:--
+
+“_July 27th_.--Fine and oppressively hot, after a cold night. The
+days are now very hot, though the nights continue cold and frosty. I
+was going to ride over to the Inkwesi to-day, with a letter from Brown
+to Greit, and to see if Greit could let me have one of his drivers.
+However, before I set off, a Matabele came down the Zambesi road,
+bearing a shield, and accompanied by a Makalaka bearing another. A
+second Makalaka appeared later, but the moment the Matabele arrived,
+he came up to the waggons, and began interrogating us. On hearing that
+we were going to the Zambesi, he began to leap and dance about like
+a madman, brandishing a battle-axe. I thought it a case of temporary
+insanity, brought on by smoking ‘dacha,’[48] but it appeared from his
+statement he had been sent from the king to the Makalakas, with a fresh
+order to stop waggons, and was now going on to Tati, to tell white men
+there the same tale.
+
+“I had difficulty in keeping the dogs from attacking him, and once
+he brought his battle-axe within a few inches of Stoffel’s skull.
+He became quiet, however, when Makabo (Manyami’s son)[49] told him
+the facts of the case, and said I could go on, but my boys, who were
+subjects of the king, would be killed, and if I went on I had better
+pay them off here. I therefore decided on sending to the king,--first,
+to ask for further security for my boys, second, for leave to take
+Stoffel with me; and decided to send off Manyami’s son, with two
+others, with a letter to the king and another to Thomson.
+
+“At night there was a tremendous conflagration raging close to us. It
+was a splendid sight, but made me a little nervous. However, it was
+principally on the other side of the road, and died before it came
+quite close. The effect of the burning trees and long line of fire was
+very fine. One tree in particular, showing all its twigs red-hot or in
+flame, reminded me of some part of a display of fireworks.”
+
+The following morning Makabo was duly despatched with two
+boys--Umfanimboozi and Umfan--to the King’s, and Frank Oates remained
+hunting on the Ramaqueban, till their return a few days afterwards,
+with a favourable answer to his message. On the 10th of August he was
+once more moving northwards the same way as he had gone before, halting
+again on the 11th for a couple of days’ hunting higher up the river,
+at a point where game seemed more than usually abundant. This was the
+place where the road branches off from the Ramaqueban across the veldt
+again towards the Tati.
+
+“I now feel,” he writes at this point, on August 13th, “to be realizing
+almost for the first time some of my old visions of South African
+sport. To-day, soon after starting, I ascended a kopje near the
+waggons, and saw a large herd of quagga. Counting roughly, I made out
+a hundred. It was a beautiful sight. All around was the sea of bush,
+with here and there bare patches, and here and there kopjes--some of
+the latter far distant. The winding spruits, too, lay as in a map. The
+quaggas were quietly moving on, or standing and playing, or brushing
+away the flies. It was a scene such as I used to fancy must be common,
+and which probably was so when the accounts I have read were written,
+and may occur often still in more remote districts.”
+
+The day previous the traveller had shot koodoo, hartebeest, and pallah,
+and seen an immense herd of quagga and blue wildebeest, numbering not
+far from a hundred of each sort. Amongst the lesser antelopes, the
+graceful klipspringer, found only in the hills, was met with in this
+district.
+
+  [Illustration: KLIPSPRINGER.--_Oreotragus saltatrix._
+
+  (Height about 20 inches.)]
+
+Resuming his journey to the north-west on the 15th, and travelling
+through mopani veldt, he again struck the Tati River in the afternoon
+at the same point where the pleasing character of the scenery had been
+first observed by him when he was here two months before. A spring or
+“fountain” of fresh water welled up at the foot of a picturesque kopje,
+and a mile or two up the river was abundance of water in the river-bed.
+
+“The river here,” writes the traveller at the latter point, “flows to
+the south through a deep sandy bed, kopjes hemming it in on either
+side. The scenery is remarkably pretty for South Africa, and the long
+reach of river flowing away to the southward is an object to attract
+the eye. The water actually runs in the bed here, though there is far
+more sand than water, and big stones than either. Stoffel says there
+used to be plenty of elephants here. This was the place where they
+passed through the kopjes on their way south, and last year he and
+Garland saw fresh spoor here. Out with rifle down river; pretty little
+grassy parks amongst the kopjes, and on the kopjes themselves very
+thick bush. The river where we have struck it--the ‘poort’ as Stoffel
+calls it--would be a pretty subject for a sketch.”
+
+Again pushing forward the following and two next succeeding days, still
+by the same route already traversed, Frank Oates once more reached--on
+August 18th--the first kraal of the Makalakas, the former scene of so
+much trouble and vexation to him. A few days previously it had chanced
+that Stoffel had slightly hurt his finger, and here, as it began to
+give him pain, they waited a week before proceeding further from all
+reach of help, to see what course the injury would take. Supplies of
+corn had here to be obtained, and the interval of waiting was occupied,
+partly in striking bargains with the natives, and partly in rearranging
+the contents of the waggons, to receive the grain; neither of them
+the most agreeable of occupations, as the following extract from the
+Journal shows:--
+
+“_August 20th._--Windy day; rather cloudy. The wind rose very much
+towards night.... I am now lying in my waggon, glad to rest, wearied
+out principally with worry, and the dissatisfaction of finding time
+so miserably wasted as to-day has been; packing, unpacking, stooping,
+watching lest things are stolen, and having one’s patience tried in
+buying of the natives, putting up with their disagreeable presence and
+impudence, to say nothing of the annoyances one is subjected to by
+one’s own servants. I had to knock the disgusting servant of Makabo
+off the dissel-boom before he would go. He was bothering me for a
+snuff-box, and would not go away for civil speaking. I am not patient
+or industrious enough for waggon life. To-day has been one of nothing
+but unpleasantness to me.”
+
+At length, on the 23d, it became evident that Stoffel must return and
+seek advice from Mr. Thomson, the missionary, who had some skill in
+surgery. This change of plan involved a corresponding change in all the
+arrangements of the journey, and such of Frank Oates’s goods as had
+hitherto been carried in the trader’s waggon had now to be taken in his
+own, already sufficiently loaded when they left the settlement. On the
+24th Stoffel took his departure southwards, and two days later Frank
+Oates went on alone towards the Zambesi. It was a lovely moonlight
+night when he resumed the journey, the waggon running heavy through
+thick mopani veldt. The prospect of success in his present enterprise
+now seemed nearing its fulfilment, yet in reality he was but on the
+eve of a fresh misfortune. “We passed a kraal,” he writes in his
+Journal, “on the left side of the road, perhaps two miles from where
+we started, and had gone perhaps one mile more, when, in crossing a
+small ‘sloot,’[50] one of the wheels gave way and came down, broken to
+pieces. So much,” he concludes, “for the new waggon, and for my hopes
+and expectations!”
+
+The day after this catastrophe, which appeared in its results fatal to
+all hope of his reaching the Zambesi that season, late as it had now
+become, he arranged to send his driver--a Kafir named Klaas, whom he
+had engaged from a Mr. Horn upon the Ramaqueban--and three boys, with
+the broken wheel to Tati, and also with a note to Mr. Brown, asking for
+assistance. The annoyances he suffered, during their absence of about
+a fortnight, from the natives of the neighbouring kraals are described
+at length in some of his letters, largely quoted from below. It is
+therefore sufficient here to say that he was wilfully subjected by them
+to every possible inconvenience, was in constant peril of being robbed,
+and at one time even appeared to be in some danger of his life. The
+whole of this time he could not leave his waggon, lest he should return
+to find it plundered, and even his own boys were not all to be depended
+on.
+
+At last, on the 8th of September, the needful help arrived, and he was
+released from his state of bondage. He had just had a most threatening
+visit from a noisy crowd of natives, when the messengers he had sent
+returned from Tati with all that he had asked for. After relating
+in his Journal the incidents of this unpleasant interview, he thus
+concludes the story:--
+
+“They left me,” he says, “the noisy crew; and still, though I felt
+relieved, a gloom hovered over my feelings, and I lay down to rest. It
+was then with delight indeed that Maclinwon’s announcement, ‘incolo’
+(waggon), broke on my ears, and that, rushing out, I beheld Klaas
+driving a waggon to my scherm. True enough, Brown had managed to
+procure an old waggon to help me out, sending me also a wheel of the
+Scotch cart and four oxen, to ensure my having sufficient. There was
+a long letter from him, and four newspapers sent for me from England,
+with news of letters from home awaiting me at Tati.”
+
+This was indeed a welcome release to the traveller from his present
+troubles; but, with such information as he now possessed regarding the
+period and duration of the healthy season for visiting the Zambesi, he
+felt that by this time it was too late for him to attempt to reach the
+river, and that, for the present at all events, he must abandon the
+idea of getting there.
+
+On the 10th of September, therefore, he once more unwillingly started
+back on the return journey to Tati, where he arrived on the 18th,
+to find, with delight, a large packet of letters awaiting him from
+England. After the harass and annoyance of his recent experiences, he
+was glad to rest here for a while, and was comfortably quartered the
+chief part of his stay in the house usually occupied by Piet Jacobs,
+the Dutchman, who was now absent in the hunting veldt. This house was
+cool and airy, with a thatched roof extending far on every side, so as
+to form a verandah.
+
+The following entries in his Journal, soon after his arrival, relating
+mostly to natural history subjects, may here be read with interest. He
+writes:--
+
+“_September 20th._--Rather windy, but pleasant day, after a cold night.
+I liked my new quarters.... To-night, as last night, sat at Brown’s
+talking. We discuss some questions in natural history....
+
+“Wild dogs have been discussed. Dobie has seen them in packs, he says,
+variegated in colour, with white patches here and there, differently
+placed in different animals. Brown has seen them, and says they are
+like what he imagines a European wolf to be--and I think he has a good
+idea what the latter is like. Johnson says that, when coming here,
+he saw a hare run against the waggon wheel when they were outspanned
+at the Shashe, and kill herself; and by the light of the fire he saw
+distinctly, standing twenty or thirty yards off, a wild dog. He says
+it was a good deal like a European wolf--an animal he knows--with a
+fine coat and bushy tail, upright ears, I think, and a long nose. Brown
+says they often run pallah into the station here, when the natives,
+hearing the cry of the pallah, rush out from the different white
+men’s establishments to assegai it, and the dogs are usually found to
+have torn at the place where such creatures generally commence their
+attacks, and even dragged out a portion of the entrails. They must hunt
+the pallah, he says, for hours with dogged perseverance and fairly
+weary him out. I know myself what a fleet creature the pallah is, and
+have no doubt for miles he would far outstrip a pack of dogs.
+
+“Brown says a fine dog in a wild state once hung about here for some
+time, stealing meat at night, and playing with the tame dogs. He was
+very cunning, and was off at the slightest indication of danger. If he
+was heard outside the house and the least noise made inside, he was
+off. Many shots were fired at him, and he escaped for a long time, but
+at length was shot when on one of his visits. He lived in the veldt,
+and always rushed into the bush, just like a hyæna, which he resembled
+closely in his habits. This was no doubt some white man’s dog that had
+run wild and acquired the habits of a wild animal to a certain extent.
+
+“_September 23d._--Pleasant breeze. Did not do much, or feel up
+to much. Another chat at Brown’s in the evening. Brown tells me that
+once four young guinea-fowls were brought him, which became extremely
+tame. One only, a hen, survived. She became wonderfully tame, and would
+follow the Tati people about. When a Tati waggon was sent out for
+wood, or for any other purpose, she would go and return with it, not
+following strange waggons. She would follow Nelson when he rode to the
+‘Blue Jacket,’[51] wait for him, and return home with him. Latterly
+she got into the habit of going with the oxen when they went into the
+veldt, would start with them, remain all day, and return at night with
+them, marching in front. She would even join wild guinea-fowl, if she
+came across them in the veldt, and would leave them as soon as she
+found she was getting too far from the waggon or person she was with at
+the time. She is supposed to have been killed at last by a nigger by
+mistake. Brown had had her eight or ten months.”
+
+With these extracts the present period of the traveller’s wanderings,
+so far as his Journal is concerned, may be allowed to terminate. The
+weather, which had up to this time continued cool at night, began
+towards the end of September to be intensely hot and oppressive, though
+still liable to considerable variation; so much so indeed that one day
+about the middle of October the extreme cold brought the swallows into
+the houses for shelter and protection.
+
+The Zambesi now abandoned, Frank Oates, on the 8th of October, sent
+two boys with a message to the king, asking for leave to hunt a few
+weeks on the Shashani, which was readily accorded him; but he did
+not start immediately--his waggon required some repairs, and he was
+not feeling well. Whilst thus waiting a while longer, to recruit his
+health and complete his preparations, two gentlemen--Messrs. Bond and
+Robertson--arrived on their return from the Zambesi, having gone there
+early in the year. They had shot elephants near the river, and the
+former had made some pretty sketches of the Falls. Other parties also
+now came in from the Zambesi.
+
+At length, on the 3d of November, Frank Oates once more set off into
+the veldt--not to the Shashani, however, as he had intended, but again
+in a northerly direction, for reasons shortly to be stated. Before
+starting on this occasion, he wrote home some letters of considerable
+length, reviewing his experiences of the past three months, since the
+date of his last departure from Tati on the 25th of July, which may
+here be given almost as they stand, entire. The first of these, written
+to his mother, is as follows:--
+
+                                        “TATI, _October 1st, 1874_.
+
+“When you see the above date, you will perhaps think that I have
+returned from the Zambesi; but the fates seem to have conspired against
+my reaching that river. After last writing home I left here on the
+25th of July in company with Stoffel, the trader I told you of, and
+with every prospect of a most successful trip. The series of mishaps
+which led to my final (for this season at any rate) return here on
+the 18th of September, I will presently relate. I say, ‘this season
+at any rate,’ but I think I shall now give up the Zambesi altogether,
+consoling myself with the adage--‘Tis not in mortals to _command_
+success.’ I read somewhere of some one replying to this--‘But they can
+_deserve_ it;’ and a third party, who I think showed his wisdom,
+suggested, as an amendment, that they could ‘_do without_ it.’
+Now, I think, to a certain extent, I deserved it for my persistent
+efforts to attain it, and may hope to march out with the honours of
+war, and ‘do without it.’
+
+“I can scarcely express the pleasure it gave me to receive, on
+returning here, a large packet of letters bearing dates from the
+4th of August 1873, to the 25th of April 1874; some to Willie and
+some to myself, and some which Willie had written to me on his way
+home. I suppose he had read, and sent on for my perusal, those of
+the letters which are addressed to him. The letters seem to form a
+connected series, and I doubt whether any have failed to reach me.
+After hastily looking over a few of them I proceeded to arrange them
+according to date, and then to read them through in order. I scarcely
+hoped that there would be no bad news.... Skelton’s death must be a
+terrible blow to his family, who, when I saw them last, were looking
+forward to a visit from him. It seems only the other day he was at
+Oxford distinguishing himself in the athletic sports, in which he was
+generally a successful competitor. I believe every one liked him, and
+that he was worthy of their high opinion.[52]
+
+“To-day waggons have arrived from Bamangwato, and, to my great joy,
+another letter was fished up for me from the bag. Hathorn writes from
+Maritzburg on the 4th of August, enclosing a letter from Willie, dated
+June 2d, and a line from Charley, dated June 4th. It is very delightful
+to be brought in contact with you all once more after so long an
+interruption to communication. I don’t believe anything can make one
+appreciate home and friends like a long absence from them. Indeed,
+things we think nothing of at home are often dwelt upon in memory when
+one is in the midst of the wilderness. The packet of letters, which
+I have referred to as awaiting me when I came here, arrived at Tati
+before the end of August, and the latest written of them bears date
+April 25th; so that, in both instances, about four months have elapsed
+between the time the letters were posted in England and that of their
+delivery here. It is the fact of one’s moving about that makes the
+communication with home so desultory.[53]
+
+“To-day the rains may be said to have begun, but there will probably
+not be much rain for some time yet. However, this morning was dark and
+gloomy enough, though there are now signs of an improvement in the
+weather. I have been here a fortnight, and am waiting till certain
+necessary repairs are made in my waggon, my idea being to spend a few
+weeks in this neighbourhood before finally leaving for Maritzburg....
+In the meantime I mean to give you a little account of my doings
+since my last letter to you, encouraged by Charley’s assurance that
+my descriptions of the country and the account of my wanderings are
+read with some little interest, though I fear I can only thank the
+friendliness of my critics for anything interesting being found in
+them. As, however, I receive the flattering assurance that they do
+afford a little amusement I will proceed without further apology. A
+mail is leaving here very shortly, as traders are now here on their
+way to Mungwato, and will take letters. By the way, I am writing with
+some of the desiccated ink I brought with me. I had a grand brew of
+it yesterday, and it is an undoubted success. My table is formed by a
+packing-case, and my chair is a box of gunpowder--but I am not smoking.
+I am inhabiting a deserted house made by one of the former gold-diggers
+here, and appropriated by a Dutch family, who, however, are from home.
+The paterfamilias has gone to hunt for ivory in the Zambesi direction,
+and taken his ‘vrouw,’ family, and furniture with him in his waggon.”
+
+The narrative, here broken off, was again resumed, some days later:--
+
+                                                   “_October 20th._
+
+“I again take up my pen to continue the letter I began on the 1st of
+this month, and which I hoped would have been a long way south of
+Bamangwato by this time. The delay has been occasioned by the drought,
+rendering the journey full of risk for the oxen. I promised you a short
+_résumé_ of my doings and sufferings since I last wrote to you.
+By sufferings, I don’t of course mean bodily ones, but what I have
+suffered from rascally Kafirs, and which are only entitled to be called
+annoyances.
+
+“After last writing to you, I left here on the 25th of July in company
+with the trader I told you of. Some delay ensued when we were one day
+from here, occasioned by reports of the road being stopped by the king.
+I had with me the man given me by his Majesty to see me safely through
+the Makalakas on my way to the Zambesi, and a precious rascal he was.
+Some people came up to the waggons with great demonstrations, one of
+them rushing about and flourishing a battle-axe. I adopted my usual
+course, in such cases, of lighting a pipe and sitting on the front-box
+of my waggon, watching the performance, varying my tactics by turning
+my back on him. He professed to have authority from the king to stop
+all waggons going to the Zambesi, and lugged in poor old Mosilikatze’s
+name, as is usual in grand orations, and made my boys shake in their
+shoes, metaphorically speaking, by informing them that the order was
+that any of the king’s subjects accompanying white men to the Zambesi
+were to be killed.
+
+“The son of Manyami, the man given me expressly to shut up this sort
+of bounce, suggested that this might be some new order from the
+king. I therefore lost no time in sending him off with a letter to
+headquarters, requesting full instructions, as Manyami’s son had not
+seen the king at all about the affair, but I had simply taken him, as
+the king told me, from his father’s kraal on my way from Gubuleweyo to
+Tati. Old Manyami is the man who used to stop all waggons coming into
+the country till the king had given leave for them to proceed, and he
+stopped me when I first came myself, as I dare say I told you at the
+time. This is done, however, at a different kraal now--the first one
+passed by any waggons going from here to Gubuleweyo, about forty miles
+north-east of Tati. In the meantime I remained on the Ramaqueban, my
+ally riding over to Tati once or twice.
+
+“Whilst I was here a trader of the name of Horn passed, and had to wait
+when he was a few miles on the road to ask leave to proceed, as all
+waggons from Natal are now stopped for fear of the disease, and Horn
+had to explain who he was and where he came from. Horn, I think, is the
+man who opened the Zambesi trade, but is at present trading with the
+Matabele. A lion killed one of his oxen on the Inkwesi one night whilst
+he was waiting here, and a dozen of them took fright and ran away. I
+assisted in looking for them, and followed up the spoor next day till
+late in the afternoon, and must have been close to the oxen, but there
+was a Scotch mist, and it was a wretched evening, so, leaving three
+Kafirs to follow and sleep on the spoor, I returned to the waggons.
+Next day the Kafirs returned without the oxen, and thus much time was
+lost. The day after this Horn’s partner followed the spoor to the
+water, but from the water followed up, by mistake, some fresh buffalo
+spoor, and slept on it, to come the following morning on to a herd of
+buffalo, which rather astonished him. At last Stoffel set off with
+him, about four or five days after the oxen had strayed, and they
+succeeded in recovering them.
+
+  [Illustration: DRY BED OF THE INKWESI RIVER.]
+
+“Whilst Stoffel was away the dogs began to bark late one night, and a
+man appeared at the fire in a miserable plight. He was a rebellious
+induna, or headman, whom the king had ordered to be killed. There are
+a certain number of indunas, who have certain districts given them
+to rule over under the king, and if they presume too much on their
+authority they are put to death without much trial. Some of them would
+be insufferable in their conduct to white men if the king did not keep
+them in order. This particular man, I believe, the king had given fair
+warning to, and told him to take a horse and fly the country, but
+instead of taking one he took two, and he was brought before the king,
+who thought it best to make an end of the matter. They took him outside
+the town, and hacked him with their axes, leaving him for dead. What
+must have been intended for the _coup de grâce_ was a cut in the
+back of the head, which had chipped a large piece out of the skull, and
+must have been meant to cut the spinal cord where it joins the brain.
+It had, however, been made a little higher than this, but had left
+such a wound as I should have thought no one could have survived. It
+is wonderful, however, how hard Kafirs are. When I held the lanthorn
+to investigate the wound I started back in amazement to see a hole at
+the base of the skull, perhaps two inches long and an inch and a half
+wide, and I will not venture to say how deep, but the depth too must
+have been an affair of inches. Of course this hole penetrated into the
+substance of the brain, and probably for some distance. I dare say a
+mouse could have sat in it.
+
+“His voice was weak, but he evidently enjoyed his supper and the
+warmth of the fire. My boys said he was a ‘wolf’--the term applied to
+outlaws--and that he ought to be killed or driven away. He told me that
+it was five days since he had been set upon; and that, after he had
+been left for dead, he got up and ran away on coming to himself. He
+wanted to go under my protection to the Zambesi, an honour, however,
+which I declined, but I gave him a blanket and some things to buy food
+with, and told him he must go next morning, and advised him to make
+for Mungwato. He asked for a pipe, and for a drink of brandy, which
+reminded me of Old King Cole; and if he had been given to amusing
+himself by listening to the violin, I have no doubt he would have asked
+for a tune, as he seemed disposed to take things very philosophically.
+I poured some arnica and water into the hole, and when he lifted up his
+head a perfect stream of it ran down his back. He said if he was not
+killed he should see me at Mungwato when I returned. I believe he did
+reach Mungwato alive, but I don’t know whether he remained there.[54]
+
+“A perfectly favourable communication having been received from the
+king, I was all ready to continue my journey towards the Zambesi,
+which I fondly hoped to see in a few weeks. On the 10th of August I
+was again _en route_, and on the 18th I reached the first Makalaka
+kraal, travelling slowly. This was the same point I reached before,
+when I started with the Boer and his boy. Here we decided to stay, to
+lay in our store of corn,--enough to keep our Kafirs when game could
+not be got, our dogs, and, above all, our horses. At the place where
+the waggons stand where they are left by people going to the Zambesi,
+the journey having to be completed on foot, no corn is to be bought,
+nor any on the road, as there are no corn-growing people between these
+Makalakas and the Zambesi. Therefore enough must be taken at this point
+to last till one is amongst the Makalakas again on one’s way back.
+
+“Here my companion was laid up with a bad finger. He had run the head
+of a needle into it whilst sewing, and not feeling much at the time
+had taken very little notice of it till it began to give him pain, and
+then he suffered terribly. The end of the finger appeared dead, and I
+was so much afraid of mortification setting in that I advised him to
+lose no time in trying to reach Thomson, the missionary, in order that
+he might have the first joint of the finger amputated if necessary. I
+should have gone back with him, but he begged me not to do so, assuring
+me that I should be of no use to him, which indeed seemed likely to be
+the case. I therefore determined to push on.
+
+“Unfortunately my waggon was quite sufficiently loaded at starting,
+as I had never contemplated having to travel with only one waggon, in
+which case I should have left everything I could spare at Tati. As it
+was, I not only had to add to my own load the things belonging to me
+which were in Stoffel’s waggon, but to take besides a large supply of
+corn and meal, which we had arranged at starting should be taken in
+his waggon also. The result was, that my waggon was overloaded; and I
+had not gone more than two or three miles when one of the hind wheels
+broke, and the weight coming down on it, it was flattened under the
+waggon, with every spoke smashed. I felt instinctively that it was a
+hopeless case; and, as I stood looking at it, came to the conclusion
+that my Zambesi trip was at an end. Now that the season was so late,
+I was sure no help could arrive in time for me to proceed to the
+Zambesi, and therefore I saw the best thing was to take the mishap
+philosophically. It was one of the waggons I had bought in Bamangwato,
+the wood of which proved rotten. My only wish after this was to get
+back to Tati as quickly as possible.
+
+“The man that the king had given me to see me safe through the
+Makalakas now refused to stay any longer, though I did not tell him I
+should not attempt to proceed. I therefore paid him as the king had
+directed me, giving him more, in fact, than the latter had said. He
+was extremely insolent, and demanded double what I gave him. However,
+I knew he must submit, as the king had sent him with me, and he dared
+not go against his orders. He left me in dudgeon, and I was glad to be
+rid of him. I had a very slight attack of fever at the time, and his
+noise and insolence were very annoying.
+
+“After this I sent off my driver with a span of oxen, to take the
+broken wheel on a sledge of boughs to Tati, and wrote to Brown asking
+him to send me a waggon, if possible, to bring me out, and a spare
+wheel also for my own waggon; or, if not, to get the wheel I sent him
+mended for me. The oxen that I still had left had to go many miles for
+water every day. The mare and the goats had nothing but filthy water
+to drink from holes dug in the ground. For my own use I got water
+from the pits, where the people dig for it, for I was in the midst of
+the Makalakas. I myself was a prisoner in my own kraal, for I dared
+not leave the waggon. I had with me three of my Matabele slave-boys
+and one Bushman. We got on pretty well for a few days, but soon the
+people began to drive my boys from the water, which they claimed the
+right to, having made the pits. This was the water for my own use,
+and it appeared also that the water at which their own goats drank
+was denied to mine, and they and my mare driven away from it. I sent
+for the induna, an old Makalaka, with whom I had hitherto refused to
+speak in consequence of his having stopped me the first time I tried
+to go through. I gave him a present of ammunition on condition of his
+allowing my boys to get water; and, after promising to see that all
+was right, he asked for more presents, which I refused, and the boys
+were driven away just as much as they had been before. All I could do
+was to buy water for my own use of the women, who brought it every
+morning, and to hope that the animals managed to get a little now and
+then. I had also had a disagreement with the people about some goats
+which I had bought for a gun. The day after I bought them the gun had
+been brought back and the goats demanded, which I refused to give up,
+threatening to shoot any one who touched them. However, as soon as they
+went out to feed, the goats were seized, as I fully expected they would
+be, but the gun had been left. After this I refused to trade any more,
+and drove all the people away except those who brought water.
+
+“Now, whether it was Manyami’s son, or whether it was the Makalakas, or
+whether it was a mere chance, a party of Matabele heard that my waggon
+was broken, and determined to make capital out of my misfortunes. It
+was the 7th of September. The weather was extremely sultry, and I lay
+nearly all my time in the waggon, reading. This evening, however, a
+heavy shower of rain, with thunder and lightning, cooled the air--the
+first rain of the season. I had been a short walk, keeping near the
+waggon, and looking for a pheasant or partridge. Immediately after my
+return I was disgusted beyond measure to see a party of Matabele, some
+twenty in number, filing past with shields and assegais, and sitting
+down in front of the waggon, after which the oration began. However,
+the sun set and the rain descended very opportunely, and they left,
+saying they would return in the morning. They told my boys that I
+must pay for the road to the Zambesi, and that if I did not do so they
+would break into my waggon and help themselves. My boys, having seen no
+disposition on my part to give way, were in a great fright, and said if
+I did not give the Matabele what they wanted they would run away and
+leave me. In my situation this would have been worse than anything, so
+I resolved to conciliate my persecutors, and next day gave them what
+they wanted, amounting in value to a mere trifle, £5 perhaps, and not
+a quarter of what I had made up my mind to give them rather than have
+a row. I should have felt much more humiliated had I first refused and
+finally had to give way, but it was bad enough as it was. I afterwards
+informed the king of the whole affair, and perhaps a number of similar
+complaints may at last bring punishment on the offenders, who are
+known. I believe it was my firm demeanour of the night before that
+stood me in such good stead next day, as, when I voluntarily conversed
+with them, and asked them what they wanted, they thought it best to be
+civil, and said I must bring out something and they would see if it
+was enough. After some consultation they accepted what I gave for the
+induna of their kraal, and then asked for presents for themselves. I
+therefore added something; and when they saw I had given all I meant
+they went away, leaving me much relieved in mind.
+
+“Soon afterwards, to my great joy, I heard the boys say that a waggon
+was coming; and, sure enough, my driver appeared, bringing a waggon
+borrowed for me by Brown, and an extra wheel for my own waggon. Brown
+sent me a note informing me that he had letters for me from home, and
+sending me an instalment of four papers, two others remaining for me in
+his hands with the letters. I divided my load between the two waggons,
+and breathed again freely when I was fairly past the Makalaka kraals
+on my way back. I felt like a prisoner who had regained his freedom.
+Before reaching Tati, however, I had another little adventure, which I
+must yet add to this already overgrown letter.
+
+“I had one day left the waggon on horseback with a number of my Kafirs
+to shoot, as we were rather hard up for food, and had been galloping
+after some eland. It was late in the afternoon, and when I pulled up I
+saw nothing of my boys, and turned the horse’s head in the direction I
+had come from, expecting to meet them. However, they had lagged, and
+I began to think I might not be going quite in the right direction.
+The mare strengthened this fancy, and kept working round, and wanted,
+I thought, to take a short cut to the waggon. I trusted implicitly
+to her, and let her have her head, thinking I would leave the Kafirs
+to go back by themselves. She, however, went in the same direction I
+had been galloping in just before, which puzzled me. Still she kept
+on in a straight, undeviating course, as I could see by the sun, and
+I thought if it were wrong I could easily return as I had come, when
+I had let her go on her own way long enough. So I gave her a fair
+chance and on she went. The sun set, and she still kept on as before,
+the stars now showing me the direction. I began to suspect something
+wrong, but decided to see what she really would do, as I knew I must
+sleep in the veldt. At last we came to a broad river without water in
+it, and, without pausing to look for any, she crossed it, and kept on
+as before. I thought it must be the Ramaqueban, which is near where I
+started from, and therefore, after going on some time longer, I turned
+her and went back to the river, hoping to find water by scraping a hole
+in the sand, in which I failed. I then tied the mare to a tree, and,
+making a big fire, had a good night. Next day I was moving at sunrise,
+and kept down the river, still thinking it the Ramaqueban, when, to my
+surprise, I suddenly came on the drift where the waggon-road crosses
+it, and found it to be the Impakwe, the next river that you cross
+beyond the Ramaqueban in going to the King’s. It was now nine or ten
+o’clock in the morning, and getting very hot. My waggon was thirty
+miles away, and the mare and myself tired and hungry. I let her feed
+and drink, for there was plenty of good water. By the time I had gone
+ten miles towards the waggon she wanted another rest, being much too
+small for my weight. I therefore gave her a good rest on reaching the
+Ramaqueban, and it was late in the afternoon when I started off again.
+By good fortune I met some Boers returning from hunting in the Zambesi
+direction, and came in for some meat which a Kafir was cooking in the
+ashes. I never enjoyed anything more. I got back to the waggon late
+that night, and soon afterwards reached Tati, where I have been ever
+since. Incidents are rather scarce, and I have therefore made the most
+of the foregoing insignificant ones.
+
+“I have now a new driver, my old one having refused to go with me after
+my first repulse by the Makalakas. My present man is a huge creature,
+civil enough, but too fond of brandy. He one evening made a raid when
+I was absent, and broke open some of my boxes, not leaving a single
+bottle of brandy in my possession, but how many bottles I had I have no
+idea. He shared the spoils with his friends, and they were at it all
+night. Next day I cross-examined him closely, and got a confession out
+of him. I then fined him £5, and reduced his wages from £4 a month to
+£3. He got off cheap, as it is common in such cases to tie the offender
+up and whip him. The whole race of waggon-drivers, with scarcely an
+exception, are worthless wretches--dissipated, lazy, impudent, and
+dishonest. It really seems that civilization has no other effect upon
+Kafirs than to make them worse than they naturally are.
+
+“I must now wind up this terrible letter. I know it is far too long,
+but it is too late now to obviate that defect.”
+
+Another of Frank Oates’s letters, written home to one of his brothers
+about this time, adds yet some further particulars of his late
+experiences. He says:--
+
+                                       “TATI, _October 16th, 1874_.
+
+“The mail is in, and with it a letter from you, appreciated as usual,
+which I need not say is not a little. It is dated July 3d. I am sorry
+you seem to doubt my getting your letters. In my letter to the Mater
+I mention the hoard of letters, containing a complete and connected
+history of home affairs, which met my delighted eyes when I returned
+here from my third attempt to reach the Zambesi, of which I have given
+her an account. The road between here and Bamangwato is all but closed
+from the drought now, as it is the end of the dry season. The waggons
+that brought this mail in were delayed, and suffered considerably.
+Several of the oxen died, and one waggon is still in the veldt at the
+Gokwe River, where there is a little water, and which is the half-way
+house between Mungwato and here. In distance it is more than half way,
+but it is always a stopping-place, on either side of which stretches a
+parched-up country. On the first day of this month I began a letter to
+the Mater, expecting it would be taken on in a day or two. However, the
+waggons that were to take it did not set off, preferring to wait for
+rain, so the letter has been lying unfinished. Now, however, another
+arrives from you, and sets me off into the writing vein. Moreover, I
+am expecting very shortly to start into the veldt for a month or two,
+which means two months, of course, before I fairly set off home. I
+have in the meantime been collecting birds here, and reflecting on the
+vanity of human ambition. It may surprise you that I don’t hurry home,
+now that the Zambesi affair is over. It is certainly not that I don’t
+long to see all the familiar faces once more, and feast my eyes with
+English scenery....[55]
+
+“The weather is now fairly broken, and it has begun to rain again this
+evening, with gusts of wind, which flutter my papers from time to time.
+It has been dreadfully hot the last few days. After the heavy rain
+at the beginning of the month we have been having a spell of really
+warm weather, the thermometer often reaching several degrees above 100
+in the shade. I have been busy having my waggon patched up and made
+weather-tight. It was finished to-day, and to-day the old Boer returned
+to his happy home and found me in possession. I said I would pack up
+at once, to enable him to establish himself in his house this evening,
+but I found I could not be ready, so he and his family are encamped
+outside, inhabiting their waggons. However, I held out hopes to him of
+vacating the place to-morrow, which seemed to satisfy him. In fact the
+Boers are just as much at home at their waggons as in a house. They
+have little primitive camp-stools, on which they sit round the fire,
+and the women go about their household duties, and the children play
+about, and they seem quite at home. Of course when it rains they sit
+in the waggons like rats in holes--as I have already done myself, and
+shall now begin to do again. You have no idea how much a home a waggon
+becomes. I have my books and all my _et ceteras_ within reach;
+and, though it is a little cramping, the pleasure of stretching the
+limbs when you do get out repays you to a certain extent.
+
+  [Illustration: VERREAUX’S WHYDAH BIRD.--_Vidua
+  Verreauxi._
+
+  SHAFT-TAILED WHYDAH BIRD.--_Vidua regia._]
+
+“I expect in a day or two a reply from the king, giving me permission
+to hunt in his veldt. I only wish to go a short distance from here, to
+the Ramaqueban, and Shashani, and thereabouts--a tract of country that
+I know pretty well, and for which I have a real affection, so often
+have I roamed through its wilds. Rivers that I know well I look upon as
+friends. I wish, indeed, I could be set down now where I was last year,
+when I was sent by the king into his favourite veldt on failing to
+reach the Zambesi, but it is too far, and I should have to traverse the
+thickly-populated part of the country to reach it. The loathing with
+which I regard this people is in itself sufficient to deter me. The
+king himself is well enough, and rules the Kafirs with a rod of iron,
+but the Kafirs, as a nation, I abominate, and not without good reason.
+The amount of pride you must pocket when sojourning amongst these
+scantily-dressed gentlemen is something not to be forgotten. I don’t
+know whether their condescensions or aggressions are the more difficult
+to bear with patience. Without patience it is hopeless to think of
+getting on at all. A long string of them filed past my abode lately,
+and making for Brown’s store requested to be fed. This of course
+Brown complied with, as the land here is only held on sufferance, and
+these Matabele were supposed to be out on particular business--to
+murder a lot of poor Bushmen, as we were told afterwards. The latter
+are constantly being killed, and their life is one long struggle for
+existence. A gun is almost useless to them, as the brutal conquerors of
+the country are pretty sure to bag it, and ten to one knock the owner
+of it on the head into the bargain.
+
+“The Bushmen are the real wild men of the country, living in temporary
+huts, and subsisting entirely on what the veldt produces. They are
+wonderful runners, and possess certain mysterious instincts, raising
+them in that respect nearly to the level of some of the noblest
+animals. The Matabele, on the other hand, think themselves the lords
+of creation, and speak of the slaves (Makalakas) as ‘dogs;’ and the
+Bushmen are only looked upon as game. I have one remarkably small
+creature of the Bushman race with me, who is working for a gun. He
+always takes to his heels and hides when he sees any Matabele, unless
+he is with his master and at the waggon. A kraal of these people was
+lately driven from the Shashe, and is now encamped close to the
+settlement here. I rode through their camp the other day, and felt
+that I was amongst the true children of the forest, resembling more
+the North American Indians than the usual Kafir races of this country.
+Their huts are made of poles, converging together at the top, these
+laid over with branches, and finally rudely thatched with long grass. I
+should say there were between fifty and a hundred of them in the camp.”
+
+To this letter, here cut short, he adds the following, four days
+later:--
+
+                                                   “_October 20th._
+
+“Last night my two Kafirs, whom I had sent to the king, to ask leave
+for me to hunt a little on the Shashani, returned with a favourable
+answer. I gave the king a shot gun on first entering his country, much
+to his satisfaction, and I believe it is now his favourite gun out of
+the armoury he possesses. I had two cases of 200 cartridges each, and
+gave him one with the gun, and shall now leave the other, together with
+the rest of his present, with Brown, to be forwarded to him when a
+waggon goes up. It is everything here to have the king on one’s side,
+as without it one would have a miserable chance of getting on. Even
+the king does not care to have too many white men in his country, but
+likes a few, to enable him to trade. He has a great objection to the
+Boers, who come only to hunt for skins, thus wasting all the meat, but
+he knows with me it is a different case, and he does not care where
+I go, as long as I keep him in good humour by giving him presents.
+He never objects to people who are in the country hunting for meat.
+However, he is down on you if he sees any ostrich egg-shells lying on
+the breakfast-table, and asks how you can expect to get feathers if you
+eat the eggs. He is also very sensible in his denunciation of killing
+cow and young elephants, the ivory of which is scarcely worth taking.
+The Boers, wherever they go, shoot everything, big or little, on the
+principle that all’s fish that comes to the net.
+
+“We have just had a heavy shower, and there was one last night; in fact
+the rainy season is setting in. Rain is very much wanted, and all the
+livestock requires fresh grass.”
+
+Amongst the letters, twice alluded to above, which Frank Oates had
+found awaiting him at Tati, was one from his brother William, who was
+just about to start at the time he wrote (in the June previous) on
+a three months’ yachting trip to Spitzbergen; after his return from
+which he contemplated again coming out to Natal, early in the following
+year, there to rejoin his brother on his way back from the Zambesi,
+and accompany him--if he cared to go--on a short hunting expedition in
+Zululand, or, going north as far as Zanzibar, strike inland with him
+thence instead. To this proposal Frank Oates replied as follows:--
+
+                                       “TATI, _October 27th, 1874_.
+
+“I have been delighted to get your letters, and to find there is a
+chance of our uniting our forces once more. When you wrote of coming
+out to me I was both pleased and sorry--sorry, because I thought it
+would be best for me to return home when I reached the coast, and
+yet, if you had actually met me there, I could not have resisted the
+temptation of setting off again with you.
+
+“I have often wished I had you with me, and remember, when I got to
+Mungwato last April, to outfit, as I drove up to Gray’s store, I
+thought if I could have a wish it would be to see your waggon coming in
+from the opposite direction. I did not even know that you were yourself
+thinking the same thing about the same time. The same idea occurred
+to me the last time my waggon broke down on the Zambesi road, and I
+was left to the mercy of the natives of that part of the country. I
+thought, if your waggon suddenly appeared, how I could turn the tables
+on my persecutors, and how we could go on together to the Zambesi. Of
+course, I felt certain such a thing would not occur, but somehow it got
+into my head....
+
+“You will be glad to hear that I endorse your theory that trying to
+trade, when on a sporting tour or exploring, is an utter failure,
+and that, had we brought up light waggons, we should have been
+wiser--knowing all I know now. I have been allied with Dutch Boers
+since parting from you, and the more I see _of_ them, the more
+I see _through_ them. I have still some of my old Maritzburg
+bullocks left, a rare good sort, but from time to time upon the journey
+have bought and broken young ones. I have now a good span of fourteen
+and a couple of supernumeraries, and have likewise bought a heifer, to
+give me milk. She is of the peculiar small breed, less than Alderneys,
+bred by the Mashonas. My dogs are invaluable to me. ‘Rail’ and ‘Rock’
+require the greatest care, and get it.
+
+“I shall wonder how you get on amongst the Spitzbergen game. If as
+successful as you must have been here, you can claim to count amongst
+the Nimrods. I don’t know what to say to your letter of June 2d. Of
+course, if you should come out as you propose, it will be very pleasant
+to meet, and we might spend a month or two together in the Zulu country
+before I leave Africa, or, returning _viâ_ Zanzibar, spend a month
+or two there, as you suggest. I should not care to be very much longer
+than this, and if, after all, you should not come now, we must do
+something else again together in the course of time.”
+
+The whole of these letters, above quoted from, were despatched to
+England about the end of October. To one of them a postscript was
+added on the 28th, to the effect that the trader, Stoffel Kennedy,
+whose finger, it appears, had had to be amputated on returning from
+the veldt, had just arrived at Tati, and that he and Dorehill, the
+young trader of that name, already mentioned in these pages, were
+intending to start immediately with two waggons for the Zambesi, and
+wanted Frank Oates to accompany them. “I hardly think, however, that
+I shall do so,” he writes, “as the season is so far advanced. I am
+principally afraid for my boys, who are far more likely to suffer than
+a white man is, who has a snug dry bed to lie on, and other comforts;
+and I distrust my old waggon, which has played me false once already.”
+On further discussing the subject with Stoffel and his companion, he
+found, moreover, that he had somewhat misunderstood their plan, which
+was only to be travelling towards the Zambesi now, and wait about upon
+the road till April or May, when they would go forward to the river.
+It was too late, they considered, to attempt to reach the Zambesi the
+present season. Though strongly tempted on some accounts to fall in
+with their proposal and accompany them, upon reflection he decided not
+to do so. It was the result, however, of what had passed with them upon
+the subject that led him to abandon, as intimated above, his projected
+trip to the Shashani, and accompany the trading party instead, as far
+upon the road towards the Zambesi as they meant to travel before coming
+to a stand. This would give him an opportunity of seeing an entirely
+fresh part of the country beyond the Makalakas, and he could return
+when it suited him. It is probable, too, that he still--if hardly
+acknowledging it to himself--may have entertained an ill-defined hope
+that by travelling in the direction of the Zambesi he might even yet,
+through some unlooked-for turn of circumstances, find himself enabled
+to reach that river before the commencement of another year. That hope,
+assuming its existence, was one destined to be realized, little likely
+as it appeared to be so at the time he left the settlement. It was the
+3d of November when the united party started on their journey, and for
+the fourth time Frank Oates turned his face towards the Zambesi.
+
+  [Illustration: BLUE WILDEBEEST.--_Catoblepas taurina._]
+
+
+
+
+                              CHAPTER XI.
+
+  Final start from Tati--Bushman remains--A game-drive--Wild
+  dogs--The Makalakas again--The Matengwe River--English
+  hunters met with--The Nata River--The Pantamatenka--Christmas
+  Day--Start on foot for the Zambesi--The goal at last.
+
+
+The country first passed through on leaving Tati was now fresh and
+green, with abundance of water along the road. Their first evening the
+party halted at “Mopani Pan,” a small pond full of reeds and surrounded
+by tall mopani trees, a few miles from Tati. This pond is a favourite
+halting-place for travellers between the Tati and Ramaqueban Rivers,
+but soon becomes dry in the winter season. Here the party remained four
+days, hunting; troops of quagga, blue wildebeest, and waterbuck being
+met with. The veldt about here, though stony and for the most part very
+bare of vegetation, produced some fine white lilies, now in bloom.
+
+  [Illustration: CAMP IN THE VELDT.]
+
+Advancing again, on November 7th, to the Ramaqueban, they proceeded
+slowly up that river, and halted again for a short time four days
+afterwards, at the point where Frank Oates had stopped to hunt when
+here the previous August,--the point at which the road for the Zambesi
+turns off from the Ramaqueban again towards the Tati. Here the latter
+had now a hut of branches made by the boys for himself to lie in, as
+the heat in the waggon was insufferable. This was some relief from
+the usual state of things experienced about this time. “The flies,”
+he writes one day at this encampment, “are perfectly maddening. One
+wakes early, when it is comparatively cool, looking forward without
+much pleasure to the coming day of heat and discomfort--no comfortable
+spot to retire to from the heat, and every place dirty and crowded.
+How different,” he concludes, “from the luxuries experienced in some
+hot countries!” Here, on one occasion, his boys brought him some fine
+barbel, taken in the river, which proved delicious eating when rolled
+in meal and fried in fat and oil.
+
+On the 13th, whilst still at the same point, Frank Oates’s old ally,
+Van Roozen, arrived with Piet Jacobs, the Dutchman, from the direction
+of the Makalakas, the former of whom tried, it appears, to dissuade
+his late employer from attempting the Zambesi at the present season, a
+notion he was evidently by this time seriously entertaining.
+
+Both these Dutchmen, as it chanced, were acquainted with the spot near
+the Ramaqueban River where the Bushmen, whose remains Frank Oates had
+already made more than one fruitless endeavour to obtain, had been
+massacred the year before. Still anxious, if possible, to secure some
+of them, and finding he was now within easy access of the spot, he
+entered into an arrangement with Jacobs to conduct him there; but
+again, as on former occasions, when the time arrived for setting off,
+his guide was not forthcoming. Jacobs, however, before leaving, had
+fortunately on this occasion found a substitute in the person of Van
+Roozen, through whose guidance the traveller was at last successful in
+his search, as thus related in his Journal:--
+
+“_November 15th._--Cloudy day. Old Piet left, having deputed Van
+Roozen to take me to the bones, but wanting to go shares in the profit.
+He left a boy with a sack; but Van Roozen seemed so lukewarm, I let
+him send away the boy, and was nearly letting him go too, but Dorehill
+joined us, and at last we made a plan, persuading Van Roozen to take
+us to the place, whilst the waggons trekked to the big branch of the
+Tati, where Stoffel was to outspan. Van Roozen seemed a bit nervous;
+and, indeed, was rather perplexed to find the place, which, however,
+at last he did. It was a pretty spot. Some large trees, laden with
+yellow blossoms, growing in rich masses like laburnums, but in spikes,
+scented the air. Behind these rose a pretty rugged kopje, and in front
+of them were the old huts of the unfortunate Bushmen, and the screens
+from the sun which they erect. Heaps of ashes and game bones, broken
+pots, and other remains lay around, amongst which the skulls of the
+Bushmen appeared conspicuously. We found three here, and three more lay
+in the grass at some little distance. We offsaddled and collected some
+bones, which I tied up, in order to carry on my saddle in front of me,
+and we again set off, but the sky was clouded over, and we were not
+sure of our road. However, we came out all right in the waggon-road.
+Van Roozen deposited his charge, and we rode forward to the waggons.
+Van Roozen shot a quagga just before we crossed the big spruit, and
+we soon arrived at the big branch of the Tati, where the waggons were
+outspanned, Van Roozen having decided to pass the night there with
+us.”[56]
+
+The following morning, early, Van Roozen took his departure, trekking
+south, whilst the rest of the party crossed over to the Tati, where,
+outspanning at the “poort” (the pretty spot already noticed in the
+preceding chapter), they again stopped for two or three days to hunt,
+at which point the Journal thus continues:--
+
+“_November 17th._--Heavy shower early; pleasant cloudy day. Out
+with two boys, shooting.... During the ride I saw a big game-drive,
+made by the Makalakas, consisting of a long broad alley, the sides
+composed of large tree branches, forming a strong hedge. At the end
+were three pits side by side, walled round with stakes. On the top were
+placed light stakes, and long grass was laid over all. My boys say the
+Makalakas kill lots of quagga and other game in these traps.
+
+“_November 18th._--Cloudy morning; hot afternoon. Out to the
+right, amongst the kopjes; game very scarce.... Rested, whilst out,
+under a large tree, with leaves something the shape and appearance of
+a poplar; the trunk smooth, thick, and of crooked growth. The fruit of
+this tree is small and green, and, when fresh dropped, useless; but the
+ground was strewn with last year’s fruit, which contains, under a very
+hard shell, some kernel, not unlike walnut, but softer, and very nice,
+the only difficulty being the getting at it. Two goats of mine, which I
+had bought of Piet Jacobs, and had since been lost, turned up to-day,
+having been absent since Sunday afternoon (the 15th). They had come on
+alone, one having given birth to two kids.”
+
+The travellers on the 20th again moved slowly forward, and reached the
+first kraal of the Makalakas (Wankee’s) on the 22d, where they laid in
+a fresh supply of corn, the natives this time making but a very feeble
+show of attempting to stop their progress. The day before this Stoffel
+had fallen in with a large pack of wild dogs, a circumstance thus
+narrated in Frank Oates’s Journal:--
+
+“_November 21st._--Cloudy morning, after a cold night; cool day....
+Stoffel rode when we trekked, and shot a quagga. He describes a pack
+of wild dogs he saw. Two pallah rushed past him pursued by dogs, which
+stopped when they saw him, and began to bark. They were all black,
+spotted with white, with thick bushy tails, and dog-like but upright
+ears. They were the size of his dog ‘Bob,’ larger than a pointer
+considerably--_i.e._ the males; the females, he says, were less. They
+kept running and then stopping at near range, but he did not get any.
+He says he has seen a pack once beyond the King’s, and once one at
+Gasuma, near the Zambesi, like these. A pack he once saw in the Free
+State were of a different colour (reddish or gray). That he saw to-day
+contained about fifty.”
+
+Leaving the kraal again upon the 24th, the Journal once more
+continues:--
+
+“_November 24th._--Hot, with a breeze. Started at 9.30 A.M., and
+trekked till noon. Passed the kraal just beyond which my waggon broke
+before at a small spruit. We ride through mopani veldt, and soon come
+to another kraal. Pass lots of cultivated land, and then more kraals.
+The latter are small, and generally placed under a kopje, on which
+often grows one of the few striking and picturesque trees of the
+country. We crossed two other spruits during the trek, larger than the
+first mentioned, but not large.
+
+“A rabbit got up close to the waggon directly after we outspanned, and
+the dogs set off. Dorehill lost one of his, and I lost ‘Rock.’ Our
+boys found the spoor, and as it turned out the dogs had been stolen by
+Makalakas. Stoffel, Dorehill, and I, with Jacob, rode with our guns
+and a lot of boys to two or three kraals, threatening them all with
+punishment, unless the dogs were given up. At night they were brought
+back by one of Stoffel’s and one of Dorehill’s boys, who had been to a
+kraal and demanded them. We decided to inspan and ride with the moon.
+Trekked through trees, thickly placed (mopani mostly), crossed several
+spruits, and outspanned at the Matengwe River; say three hours.
+
+“_November 25th._--Cloudy; heavy rain at night. Here we met a party
+of Griquas, who have been in Stoffel’s employ before as hunters, and
+they are now willing to turn back their waggon and return with him.
+They tell sad tales of the Zambesi fever, of which many of them have
+died. They say it is comparatively healthy at Tamasancha, and they
+are willing to stand there till April or May, and then go on to the
+Zambesi. The old man tells me that a man gets a pain in his head and
+lies down, and next morning, if he is alive, he is ‘salted.’ Stoffel
+busy making arrangements with these people. Trekked through beautiful
+green veldt, road winding amongst a great number of kopjes; mopani,
+and other trees. Several large and rather bad spruits crossed. We kept
+coming near the Matengwe during this trek, and part of the time the
+road keeps along its bank. It is an extremely pretty river, and has
+a fine running stream in its sandy bed. I saw a plant quite new to
+me, with fine fan-shaped drooping leaves. Some pretty white lilies,
+delicately striped with lilac, grew close to the river’s bank. I
+enjoyed the scene very much. Few kraals. Where we outspanned, I had a
+bathe in the river. People came to sell things.
+
+“_November 26th._--Cloudy day, but hot; shower at night. Went
+through mopani veldt, till we came to a big tree, where we stopped.
+My mare, who I noticed refused her corn, lay down, and on looking at
+her we found her panting, and that there was a running at her nose.
+When made to get up, she soon lay down again. Stoffel says it is
+horse-sickness. I ordered her to be driven slowly on behind us when we
+trekked. Went past Menon’s kraal. Menon and some of his people came
+out. He was very civil, and appointed to come to us ahead, which he
+did, when we each gave him a present.
+
+“_November 27th._--Cloudy, threatening morning; a few drops of
+rain. Rain, thunder, and lightning in the evening. Started before
+daylight, and made a short trek through very heavy mopani to the drift
+of the Matengwe, where we outspanned. Some yellow matter was running
+from the mare’s mouth and nose, but small in quantity. She pants and
+coughs, but still eats a little. Stoffel, Dorehill, and Jacob rode
+to shoot, and Jacob shot a giraffe. I went on again a short distance
+with the waggons, through heavy mopani veldt, finally stopping on a
+‘sandbelt’[57] near a pan of water. Went out on foot in the evening,
+and saw some pallah, steinbok, and quagga, but they were too wild for
+me to get a shot.
+
+“_November 28th._--Cloudy morning. Heavy shower came on immediately
+after my return from an unsuccessful hunt on ‘Bob.’... Busy buying
+corn. The water lay deep all round my waggon. The mare lying down,
+every now and then getting up, but breathing very heavily, and, when
+last I saw her, making a ‘roaring’ sound. Nothing was running from her
+nose, but I found inside it a little bright yellow and black matter. I
+don’t know that she ate anything to-day. She lay most of the time with
+her nose on the dirty ground. The skin of her back is all peeling off.
+
+“_November 29th._--Slightly cloudy day; very pleasant. Mare dead; froth
+like white sea foam on her nostrils, and inside clear yellow liquid, a
+lot of which had run out. She was not perfectly cold when I saw her.
+All of them say it is horse-sickness. Dorehill afterwards opened her,
+and one of his boys found a great number of large fat grubs in her
+stomach, holding on to the inside. They seemed to have eaten the lining
+away, and indeed in places to have eaten through the walls of the
+stomach itself. This might account for the state of her back, and the
+fact of her slavering when she ate her corn, but I don’t think they can
+have been the proximate cause of death.... Out shooting to-day, but the
+game here is very wild.
+
+“_November 30th._--Cloudy morning; close, hot afternoon.... On
+returning from the veldt in the evening, found every one who had been
+left at the waggons nearly drunk; the Griquas rushing about with loaded
+guns and fighting. Inspanned, to restore order, and went about four
+miles.”
+
+The following morning, some five miles further again brought the party
+to the Matengwe River, where a halt was made. At this point two English
+hunters, whom Frank Oates had met before during his wanderings--Messrs.
+Wood and Selous--came up on their way to Tati from the Zambesi. It was
+the result of this meeting which apparently determined Frank Oates’s
+future plans; for, almost from the first day he left the Tati, the
+idea seems to have been present to his mind that he might yet make the
+Zambesi the present season, without waiting for the cessation of the
+rains. His own inclination was strongly in favour of this attempt, as
+saving him from the dilemma, otherwise presented, of either leaving
+the country with the river unvisited, or remaining there another
+season for the purpose; and the opinion and experience of the two
+hunters mentioned above, coincided, as it happened, with his own wish
+and inclination. They both believed, and perhaps rightly, that the
+present was a safer time for the Zambesi than the month of April,
+when the rains would only just be over and the moisture not all dried
+up. Indeed Stoffel, who adhered to his present plan and waited to go
+on till April, himself took the fever when he reached the river, and
+died from its effects. The fact is that neither one plan nor the other
+was a good one, and between the two it was but a choice of evils. So
+anxious, however, was Frank Oates to reach the river that season,
+that, gladly catching at the moderate degree of encouragement he now
+chanced to receive from these two gentlemen, he resolved forthwith
+to push forward there at once, without intending, however, to make a
+lengthened stay, or do more on this occasion than merely see the Falls,
+and obtain a few specimens of natural history. And thus resolved, he
+again resumed his journey on December 3d, and with no serious delay or
+hindrance succeeded in reaching the Zambesi. Before starting, however,
+he wrote home the following short letter, which Messrs. Wood and Selous
+undertook to convey as far as Tati:--
+
+                              “MATENGWE RIVER, _December 2d, 1874_.
+
+“Again I report progress. I am past the obnoxious Makalakas, and am
+actually going to start for a hurried run to the Victoria Falls. I left
+Tati with the people I told you of, who were going on to a place about
+three days ahead of here on the Zambesi road, intending to wait there
+till April and then go on to the Zambesi. I intended to accompany them
+and turn back, as I did not wish to wait for another season, and did
+not think it advisable to make a hurried run to the Zambesi and back
+again now. Indeed, you would infer from my letters that it was not my
+intention to do so. However, things have so turned out that I think I
+am choosing the best course in going on now.
+
+“In the first place, I have here met waggons coming from the Zambesi,
+those of Wood and Selous, two Englishmen, who hunt and know the country
+well. They both advise me to go on at once. They say they would rather
+go on now than stand all the time, and then go on in April. In fact
+it seems that April is too early; and all agree that it is infinitely
+better to go now that the rains are falling than it is to go too soon
+after they have ceased to fall. They say the risk of fever is not so
+great as long as the rains fall, and the really bad time is when they
+have ceased to fall. The traders, however, must wait, in order to avoid
+the really bad time, as they could not go there and trade and come back
+again; whereas in my case I have only to spend a fortnight in getting
+to the standing-place where the waggons are left, and say ten days or a
+fortnight in going from there to the Falls and back (it _can_ be
+walked in three days, I am told, easily), whilst another fortnight will
+bring me back in the waggons. So you may say six weeks will do it all,
+and it would not only be possible to be back in Tati before the end of
+January, but this would allow a lot of extra time. It is only three
+weeks from Tati to Daka, the standing-place, and I am now a week’s
+journey on the way.
+
+“A man who knows the Falls and this road well has undertaken to conduct
+me to the Falls and back.[58] He is a coloured individual certainly,
+but appears a very intelligent and capable fellow. He has been hunting
+for Wood and Selous, and it is thought he will prove very efficient.
+He has insisted on large relays of medicine and food, and I have been
+able to get nearly everything I wanted here. There were in fact eight
+waggons in all here yesterday. The trader, who lost his finger when
+coming on with me before, with his two waggons, and a partner of his
+with one waggon, went on last night. Another trader is turning back now
+with Wood and Selous, who are going back; and another waggon, belonging
+to a party of Griquas, has gone on with the traders.
+
+“I expect to be back in Bamangwato in February, _en route_
+for home.... I can scarcely fancy myself returning so soon from a
+successful visit to the Falls, having so often failed; but I think you
+will agree with me that I was not wrong in determining to make another
+attempt, as things turned out, and acting, as I am, on what I consider
+to be very competent advice. It is now the beginning of the rainy
+season, but very little rain has yet fallen; only a few heavy showers,
+with intervals of very hot weather between them.”
+
+The day after writing this letter--on the 3d of December--Frank Oates
+started off again, as above mentioned, towards the Zambesi, and soon
+came up with Stoffel, who had left upon the 1st, in company with
+another trader who had joined him on the Matengwe. Dorehill had
+turned back with Wood and Selous. From this point to Tamasancha, a
+watering-place on the road to the Zambesi, where Stoffel and his
+companion intended standing till April, the road lay chiefly through
+heavy sand, and was traversed in about a week. Soon after starting, the
+Matengwe River, which had now been kept near for some time, was left
+flowing towards the westward, and shortly afterwards the Nata River was
+crossed. From here to the Daka, a small river not far from the Zambesi,
+water can only be obtained along the road at the various “pans,” or
+small ponds, which occur at intervals throughout this portion of the
+country, no other rivers intervening.
+
+At Tamasancha, which was reached on December 10th, Frank Oates, after
+a short rest, parted from his companions, proceeding forward on the
+14th alone towards the Zambesi. The country, from this point, is only
+varied from sand and thick bush by the occasional occurrence of these
+“pans” or “vleis,” the favourite haunts of wading-birds and wildfowl.
+Soon after leaving Tamasancha one was passed (Flamakinyani) closely
+encircled by large trees, and a little later was another (Geruah),
+about the size of a duck-pond and extremely pretty, surrounded with the
+greenest of grass, whilst all around it extended the barren and sandy
+veldt. About here giraffe and other game was met with, including sable
+antelope, eland, and wild pig. Fresh elephant spoor was seen north of
+Tamasetsie, but the time now allowed of no delays for hunting. The
+“poison-plant,” growing low, and bearing a yellow plum-like fruit, was
+gathered on one occasion near the waggon-track.
+
+  [Illustration: AFRICAN DWARF GOOSE.--_Nettapus auritus._
+
+  (Length about 11 inches.)]
+
+The Daka River was reached upon the 21st, and the day after, some miles
+further on, two other small streams were reached and crossed, and then
+a third into which apparently the first two flowed. This last was a
+small river called the Pantamatenka, just beyond which is the place
+where waggons stand for travellers going to the Zambesi. These streams,
+it was evident, must all be very small, except during the rains. They
+were small indeed even now, though overflowing their banks and running
+quickly. Almost immediately after crossing the last-named, Frank
+Oates’s waggon stuck in a very soft muddy place, but Mr. Blockley, who
+was in charge of the trading-station here, came with a span of oxen
+to help him out, and the following morning his waggon was taken up to
+where the store was built, on a little stony kopje above the watery
+flats. Mr. Blockley was here in the capacity of agent for another
+trader, then absent--Mr. Westbeach--and with him was a Dr. Bradshaw,
+who had been some time in the country. On the succeeding day, December
+24th, the waggons of two other traders, Messrs. Trescott and Wilmore,
+arrived from the Zambesi, the former of whom had lately been ill with
+fever, and was still very deaf and weak, and scarcely able to eat
+anything. He described their recent sufferings from fatigue, hunger,
+sickness, and the impossibility of keeping dry, as something truly
+wretched.
+
+Christmas Day was celebrated at the store by the cooking and eating
+of a large plum-pudding worthy of the occasion, and the day following
+Frank Oates busied himself with preparing for his walk to the Falls.
+This he intended to accomplish in company with Dr. Bradshaw, who had
+been there before, and volunteered to go with him. The 27th was the day
+fixed for the start, and before leaving he wrote home in high spirits
+the following letter to his mother, which Messrs. Trescott and Wilmore
+were to take with them when they returned to Tati. It was the last he
+wrote:--
+
+                              “PANTAMATENKA, _December 27th, 1874_.
+
+“I am just about to set off, to walk to the Victoria Falls, which are
+only three days from here. This place is somewhere about fifteen miles
+to the north-westward of Daka, a place you will probably see in any
+recent map. Neither place is a town of any sort, but each is merely a
+river flowing to the Zambesi. At both rivers waggons stand, as they are
+both out of ‘the fly.’ The place where I now am is quite civilized, as
+it is a trading-station, and the man in charge here has a snug little
+house, well thatched, to keep out the rain. He has lived here three
+years, and is in the employ of Westbeach, who is at present at the
+residence of Sepopo, the Zambesi chief, some distance up the river. His
+man, Blockley, undertakes the charge of my effects whilst I proceed to
+the Falls.
+
+“You will be delighted to hear that there is a _doctor_ here,
+who is going to accompany me in my walk, and is a great stickler
+for comforts. He was, I think, doctor on a steamer, and at last got
+to the Diamond Fields, and thence came here with Westbeach, and has
+been here now two years. He spends a good portion of his time in
+collecting beetles, and is apparently very good-natured. He never
+loses an opportunity of telling you that a thing is very unwholesome,
+the next thing being its rapid disappearance into his own interior.
+There was a grand plum-pudding made here on Christmas Day. Besides
+Blockley and the doctor there are two traders, who arrived here after
+I did, on their way from the Zambesi. One has been ill and the doctor
+prohibited him plum-pudding, so there were four of us in all. We ate
+nothing but pudding on Christmas Day and the day following, with
+scarcely an exception. The men had another pudding. My man turns out
+to have been originally a cook, and when he likes can cook well. The
+doctor was found to be five pounds heavier after dinner than before it
+on Christmas Day. He strongly urged upon all of us the desirability
+of moderation, but no one seemed to pay much attention to him, and he
+certainly did not practise what he preached. He has been to the Falls
+before, and in the rainy season too, so he knows what he is undertaking
+in going with me. I expect he will make very slow marches, but so much
+the better. I am going to take with me the identical tent I had with
+me in America, and which proved so effectual a shelter from the snows
+of the Rocky Mountains. There was a grand idea in the doctor’s mind of
+taking a lot of cold plum-pudding with us on our walk, but the last
+morsel disappeared last night. However, we shall not be badly off for
+supplies.
+
+“From Tamasancha, where I last wrote to you,[59] and where the
+traders were waiting till April, I was nine days in getting here. The
+waggon-road all the way goes through thick bush and heavy sand. There
+are no rivers, but abundance of pools in the rainy season. We have
+not had very much rain, but of course enough to fill the pools, and
+enough to make the road, where it goes through turf, as it does before
+reaching this place, extremely heavy. My waggon stuck the night of
+my arrival, but Blockley brought his oxen and helped me out; which,
+however, he failed to accomplish that night, though succeeding the
+morning following. He then brought my waggon up here on to the top of a
+little hill where his house is, close to which it is now drawn up.
+
+“This must be a comparatively healthy spot, even in the most unhealthy
+time, as it overlooks the flat wet country around it, and the water
+will run from it. There appeared to me to be much more watery land, and
+more pools of water, about Daka than here. It is where so much land
+lies under water that, about the end of the rainy season, the fever
+is so bad. People may get it almost any time, but February, March,
+and April seem to be the worst months. I think Baines is said to have
+stated that he would rather be on the Zambesi in January, the height of
+the rainy season, than in May, a lovely month, but when the moisture is
+perhaps not all dried up. When it is dried up, it is then all right.
+Another thing seems to be, that people moving about are better off than
+those who have to remain stationary in one place.
+
+“One of my goats was reported to have been killed by a leopard on
+Christmas Eve. We all went with our guns, and I took my dogs. We
+found the unfortunate goat lying dead, a live companion standing over
+it; and, also standing over it, and facing the live goat, an animal
+I thought was a dog. They told me it was the leopard, but I would
+not fire, still thinking it a dog. At last, however, I saw what it
+was, and we shot it. Two others ran away, and my dogs killed both of
+them gallantly, and in next to no time. They were cheetahs, a sort of
+leopard, very lanky, and a good deal like greyhounds in appearance.
+They were very thin, and probably very hungry when they killed the
+goat; but the other goat must have kept them from eating it, as it had
+been killed a considerable time when we got to it.
+
+“I must now get up and make ready to start. I am writing in the tent,
+having had a cup of coffee as usual, but not got up yet. I intended
+to have written this letter last night, and, having failed to do so,
+thought it best to make sure of its being written before I began
+anything else.
+
+“I hope you are all spending a pleasant Christmas and New Year’s time
+at home, or wherever you are; and wish every one a very happy New Year.”
+
+Starting upon their journey late that evening, the Journal resumes the
+narrative:--
+
+“_December 27th._--Fine hot day, with a north-easterly breeze.
+Wrote letter home early, and made final preparations for the walk.
+As my own boys had all requested to accompany me, wishing to see
+‘Metse-a-tunya,’ I took all (eight in number) except the Bushman, whom,
+with two Makalakas engaged for me at Pantamatenka by the doctor, I
+left with Klaas. The doctor had also got me another Makalaka, whom he
+handed over to me, as well as allowing me to pack one of his own three
+boys; so I had the benefit of ten, the doctor had two, and John had
+three boys. We were a party, in all, of two white men, one colonial
+boy (John Mackenna), and fifteen Kafirs, and left the Pantamatenka a
+little before sundown; walked three miles up the river, and, crossing
+it, encamped for the night. During the walk I saw a fine tall palm--the
+first tall one I have seen. The leaves were fan-like and the tree
+extremely graceful.
+
+“_December 28th._--Beautiful day. Had coffee, and started soon
+after sunrise. Kept up the river, say five miles, then recrossed and
+left it, and went ten miles more, crossing a ‘sandbelt,’ I with two
+boys finding water in an open grassy space, or ‘lichter.’ The others
+missed the water, and I rejoined them in the long sandbelt, which
+extended beyond where we halted. Then went three miles more, passing
+some water, of which we were very glad, and at last reached a fine
+lichter, with a stream in it, running away to the east, into the
+Pantamatenka. On our left was a ridge, some two or three miles off,
+with palm on it, which the doctor says he passed on his right, when
+he went to the Falls last. Rose to opposite side of lichter, to high
+ground, and camped.
+
+“_December 29th._--Fine morning, but rather cloudy; a few drops of
+rain in the afternoon. Had coffee, and again started early. Immediately
+after starting crossed another stream, also running, they say, into the
+Pantamatenka. Giraffe and quagga spoor seen. We only went six miles
+to-day, as one of the boys had to be sent back for an axe, and we
+waited for him. Maclinwon, who had gone on alone, presently returned,
+having shot two rhinoceros, and we all went to the place and camped
+there.
+
+“_December 30th._--Cloudy; a shower in the afternoon. Walked ten
+miles to-day, crossing at least two sandbelts, the last of which was
+stony, and with a very thin stratum of soil on it; the trees few and
+sparsely scattered. Some dry stony spruits here, and a fine view of the
+opposite sandbelt. Slept at a spruit in the hollow beneath us, where
+we had stopped to make tea in the afternoon, but where it looked so
+threatening we had pitched the tent. However, the rain was trifling.
+Some of Tibakai’s Bushmen were seen and talked to. Whilst the boys
+were making the huts, they pointed out the cloud on the horizon to the
+northward from Metse-a-tunya. It keeps rising in a white puff, and
+passing away in little fleecy clouds. The others heard the Falls; I am
+not sure I did.
+
+“_December 31st._--Rather cloudy; heavy rain about sundown. Fine
+night. Went, roughly, say three miles further north across turf, to
+the river where I thought Tibakai was encamped, but found we were
+too much to the left, so after crossing the river kept down it about
+three-quarters of a mile to his camp. John was in front, hurrying on
+with one of his boys, but when he came near the huts, stopped and hid
+behind a bush, from which he was peering when we joined him. Here he
+wanted to stay and send for Tibakai to talk, our object being to get
+two Bushmen from him to go with us to the Zambesi, for corn. I ordered
+him and the boys to march on to the huts, and not stop at a distance
+now that they knew we were there. John was in a great funk, but found,
+with Tibakai, a hunter whom he knew. I left the boys and traps under
+a tree amongst the huts, and went with the doctor and John to have an
+interview with Tibakai. He is a Mungwato headman, with one or two of
+his own people, but all the rest are Bushmen, hunting for him, and
+staying with him with their families. Tibakai said we could not go
+to the Falls--he was captain here. Hearing, however, we did not come
+to hunt, he said we might go but must make our scherm here, and stay
+till to-morrow, when we might visit the Falls and return. He then
+conceded that we might have two Bushmen, whom he would give us to-night
+when they returned from hunting, but said we _must_ sleep here
+to-night. I said we must go, and he could do as he pleased about the
+Bushmen. After this he again said we must stay to-night. This I flatly
+refused to do, and had already told him we should shoot elephants if we
+saw them. John wanted me to stay, and refused to come away. I ordered
+the boys to start, they having already told me they were willing, and
+again for the third time called John. We then started, all but him,
+and there was a great stir in the place; caps snapping, and one fellow
+running out with his gun. We moved on, I on the flank ready to fire;
+but it was not necessary. John remained behind, but, seeing us get
+away, joined us, and, when I upbraided him, said he was only waiting to
+see what they would do.”
+
+And now a walk of some twelve or fifteen miles brought them to the
+goal. The latter part--five miles or so--of this was over rolling
+ground, and here, as they advanced, they soon began to see more
+clearly the distant clouds of vapour from the Falls, and hear them more
+distinctly. The trees, before thinly scattered, were now fine and close
+together, and for a time obscured the view. Then shortly, through an
+opening in their midst, the columns of spray again were visible, now
+quite near, and the party pressed quickly on. The sun was about to set,
+and clouds were gathering, as if for an approaching storm. Stopping to
+shelter from a heavy shower just above the river, the first sight of
+Metse-a-tunya was here caught through the trees, and a halt was ordered
+for the night.
+
+  [Illustration: WOODEN PILLOW.]
+
+Thus, the last day of 1874, the sun set on the fulfilment--after many
+hindrances--of the traveller’s great desire!
+
+
+
+
+                             CHAPTER XII.
+
+  Main features of the Falls--The return commenced--Frank
+  Oates attacked by fever--Course of the illness; improvement
+  and relapse--His death--Dr. Bradshaw takes his effects to
+  Bamangwato--His favourite dog--Arrival of W. Oates and Mr.
+  Gilchrist in Natal--Conclusion.
+
+
+It is to be regretted that, from the time of his reaching the Zambesi
+till the date of his death five weeks afterwards, the entries in
+Frank Oates’s Journal are of the scantiest description. Indeed, the
+whole time that he was actually at the Falls he made no entries in it
+whatever. This may have been partly owing to the depressing condition
+of the atmosphere near the river at that time, which would make any
+exertion--even that of writing--burthensome; and partly from his
+relying on his memory for a faithful recollection of a scene at once
+so novel and so impressive. “After breakfast,” he writes on New Year’s
+Day, 1875, “I visited the Falls--a day never to be forgotten.” This is
+the sole entry in his Journal till the 14th of the month, when he was
+again back at the Pantamatenka.
+
+And what gives especial cause for regret at the absence of any further
+entries in his Journal of this period is the fact that all the accounts
+of the Falls yet published have been given by those who visited the
+river in the dry season of the year. Of this number Edward Mohr may
+have suffered least from this disadvantage, for he was there in June
+1870. Baines and Chapman were there together during parts of the months
+of July and August 1862; Livingstone was there, his first visit, in
+November 1855, his second in August 1860; and Baldwin, at the time of
+Livingstone’s second visit. On both occasions when Livingstone was at
+the Falls, the river, he remarks, was very low; and Chapman mentions
+that, when he and Baines were there, the water had recently fallen as
+much as seven feet. It remained for Frank Oates to visit the river at
+its fullest; at the very height, in fact, of the rainy season; but,
+unhappily, we are left without any results of his experience, except
+in the shape of a few pencil and two water-colour drawings he made
+upon the spot. The two latter have been selected for representation in
+this volume--one of them coloured, the other in the form of a woodcut.
+Before offering any explanation regarding these, it may be well to
+recall to the memory of the reader the main features of the Falls, as
+described by previous writers.
+
+The river for some distance--at least two miles--above the Falls is of
+great width, and, flowing between hills some three or four hundred feet
+in height, presents to the eye a smooth open surface, dotted over by
+a number of picturesque, tree-covered islands. Where the Falls occur
+the river is upwards of a mile in width, and the Falls extend the whole
+of this distance, their line broken at intervals by dark projecting
+buttresses of rock, forming, some of them, small islands with trees
+upon their tops; whilst others, of much less size, present merely a
+bare and jagged surface. The Falls are occasioned by what appears to
+have been a rift in the original bed of the river--a rending asunder
+of the rock in the river-bed, over the edge of which the whole waters
+of the Zambesi are poured down into a deep, narrow gorge below, its
+width varying from something like eighty to a hundred yards. The water
+escapes from this deep abyss, where it boils and foams tumultuously
+after its descent, by a still narrower channel of from twenty to thirty
+yards in width, and apparently about the same depth as the fissure into
+which the water falls, the waters of the river being thus suddenly
+compressed into this narrow limit immediately after flowing through a
+bed upwards of a mile in breadth just above the Falls. The river after
+this proceeds by a zigzag course from east to west for about five
+miles, through a continuation of this narrow cutting, before it finally
+flows away in a more direct line eastwards. This outlet, Livingstone
+informs us,[60] is about 1170 yards from the western and 600 from the
+eastern end of the abyss, the river at the Falls flowing nearly due
+north and south, whilst the fissure which receives the water lies
+nearly east and west. At this point the rushing waters from either side
+unite after they have fallen. “The stream ...,” writes Chapman, in
+his account of the Falls, referring to this portion of the river,[61]
+“which here slackens its speed before the entrance, steals slowly
+round, at the solemn pace of a funeral procession, before it escapes
+from its confinement between the massive columns of rock.” The water
+here is of “that sombre green,” says Baines in his description,[62]
+“which indicates great depth; the moderate rapid formed in the narrow
+turn below the entrance rolling in that smooth, glassy swell, almost
+destitute of foam, which seems so gentle and proves so overpowering
+when one tries to stem it.”
+
+  [Illustration: VICTORIA FALLS, ZAMBESI (THE OUTLET).]
+
+It is the view from this point--“one of the prettiest and most
+comprehensive” that can be obtained of the Falls, says Chapman--that
+is represented in the preceding woodcut; in the foreground are seen the
+gliding waters flowing through the escape-channel, the spray of the
+falling cataract rising up beyond; whilst on the horizon, above that
+section of the Falls which is visible from here, extends the distant
+outline of one of the river’s banks. “This point,” writes Baines, “is
+the only spot, with the exception of the west end in calm weather, that
+is free enough from spray to allow the use of water-colours.”
+
+And this brings us to our second illustration of the Falls, the
+coloured one, which is taken from the other point here mentioned--the
+west end of the cataract. In this picture is represented the first
+portion of the Falls, at the western extremity of the abyss, where
+the flow of the water over the edge is more broken than it is in many
+places further on (in at least one of which it continues, says Chapman,
+with “very little interruption” for a distance of a quarter of a mile
+or more), and apparently before the water in the bottom of the channel
+has commenced that tumultuous course which it afterwards pursues as
+it gathers volume further eastward. In the foreground and on the high
+land to the right is seen some of that brilliant tropical vegetation,
+the absence of which, except the evergreen part of it, was so regretted
+by Chapman at the time of his visit. “We see the scenery,” he wrote in
+July 1862, “at a great disadvantage just now, as this is the time of
+the ‘sere and yellow leaf.’” In January, when Frank Oates was there,
+the vegetation of course was at its best. The trees on the right in
+this picture, though looking little larger than bushes when viewed from
+this side, rise in reality--again to quote the authority of Chapman,
+who penetrated their shade--to a majestic height of from eighty to
+ninety feet, and constitute a dense forest, always moistened by the
+spray from the Falls.
+
+The remaining most characteristic feature of the Falls represented
+in this drawing is that of the double rainbow spanning the abyss.
+The marvellous colouring of these rainbows, which are frequently
+visible here, has struck all who have beheld them; their “tints,” says
+Baines, “more beautiful than in England’s clouded climate one can
+ever dream of.” Whenever the sun falls upon the clouds of spray these
+rainbows are always present, sometimes two, sometimes three in number,
+and the brilliancy of their colouring can scarcely be exaggerated.
+“Rainbows,” writes Chapman in his description of the Falls, the first
+day he saw them, “so bright, so vivid, are never seen in the skies.
+The lower one in particular [on this occasion], probably from the
+contrast with the black-looking rocks below, was _too_ vivid,
+nay, almost blinding, to look upon, defying imitation by the most
+skilful artist and all the colours at his command, yet imparting its
+heavenly tints to every object over which it successively passed.”
+So marked a characteristic of the spot are these rainbows that it
+appears, according to Livingstone, the early native name of the Falls
+was “Chongwe,” signifying the Rainbow, or the Place of the Rainbow; a
+name, however, which has since given place to others. Frank Oates’s
+boys spoke of the Falls as Metse-a-tunya, a compound word, signifying
+“water-sounding;” whilst the name which Livingstone received for
+them, as used by the Makalolo at the time of both his visits, was
+not dissimilar, viz., Mosi-oa-tunya, or “smoke-sounding,” from the
+smoke-like appearance of the columns of spray which rise above the
+cataract.
+
+  [Illustration: VICTORIA FALLS, ZAMBESI.
+
+  (WESTERN EXTREMITY.)]
+
+With regard to the other general features of the Falls not referred to
+above but little remains to be added. Their actual height, as estimated
+by Livingstone, is about 360 feet from the top of the precipice to
+the surface of the water in the abyss; the columns of spray, which
+are driven upwards by the rush of air from the channel as the water
+descends into this narrow space, ascending to a height variously
+estimated by those who have seen them--and no doubt varying with
+the state of the atmosphere and the volume of water in the river at
+different times--at from six to eight hundred feet, or something over.
+It is these vapour clouds which, visible at a distance of upwards of
+twenty miles, as distinctly observed by Livingstone, mark the position
+of the Falls long before the traveller approaches them. Frank Oates,
+as seen in the preceding chapter, distinguished them at a distance of
+about eighteen miles, and his followers heard the roaring of the water
+at that distance, though he was not sure of doing so himself. Chapman,
+after he had left the Falls, heard them, he relates, “at a distance of
+fifteen miles on an elevated region in the south.”
+
+Comparing the Falls with those of Niagara, Livingstone points out
+that they are twice the height of the latter; whilst, “in the amount
+of water, Niagara,” he says, “probably excels, though not during the
+months when the Zambesi is in flood.” It is unfortunate that no general
+view of the Falls, except a bird’s-eye one from the high ground some
+miles distant, can be obtained, owing to the vegetation on the south
+side of the fissure and the dense clouds of spray rising from the
+chasm. “But for this,” says Chapman, “the Victoria Falls, presenting
+one unobstructed view, would not alone have been the most magnificent,
+but the most stupendous, sight of the kind on the face of the globe.”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+And now, resuming our story, the remaining incidents are soon related,
+the material for its completion being somewhat scanty. From the
+time of his arrival at the Falls till the date of his return to the
+Pantamatenka, Frank Oates made, as has been stated, no entries in his
+Journal. Again at the Pantamatenka, however, on the 13th, he made a
+few brief notes, remaining there till the 19th of the month, when
+Mr. Westbeach, now back from the Zambesi, also started southwards,
+accompanied by Dr. Bradshaw. Two of Frank Oates’s native servants were
+already by this time ill with fever, taken, no doubt, on the Zambesi,
+but the rest of the party so far continued well.
+
+On the 25th, however, at the “pan” called Geruah, the beauty of which
+had struck him on his journey north, Frank Oates himself complained to
+his companions--for his own waggon and that of Mr. Westbeach were never
+far apart as they advanced--of slight headache, the usual precursor
+and accompaniment of African fever. In a couple of days, however, he
+was better again, so that he even went out hunting. But this apparent
+improvement unhappily proved delusive, and it soon became evident that
+he was suffering from an attack of fever. And now he continued for some
+days, with slight fluctuations, better and worse till the 29th, when
+his condition became alarming. Throughout his entire journey up country
+from the Makalakas as far as the Pantamatenka he had been engaged in
+taking careful observations of the country, and noting the various
+watering-places along the road, and this he continued to do on his way
+back, to check his former notes. His regular Journal had been again
+discontinued on the 22d, but he still made some brief jottings of the
+route until the 31st of the month, when, such was his condition, even
+these had also to be abandoned, and he continued very ill till the
+morning of the 5th of February, when there was a decided change in him
+for the better.
+
+During the whole of this time Dr. Bradshaw had remained with or near
+him, and Mr. Westbeach had kindly lent him the services of one of
+his own boys, who could speak a little English. There was now every
+reason, so far as the traveller was himself concerned--and had been
+ever since he first showed signs of illness--for the party to make all
+speed upon their journey south. Once at Tati he would be in a place
+of comparative civilization, affording greater comfort for an invalid,
+and in a far better climate. Travelling is also usually found to be
+beneficial in most stages of this fever. They were, therefore, all now
+pushing forward to the Tati with the least possible delay.
+
+On the morning of the 5th of February, as just stated, Frank
+Oates’s condition was much more favourable, and there may still
+presumably have been hope of his recovery, when, unfortunately, a
+point being reached during the day where some of his boys had to be
+paid off and discharged, the annoyance and excitement contingent on
+this circumstance--for at such times the boys always manage to be
+troublesome--brought on a relapse, and towards the afternoon of that
+day he again got worse. The party, as it chanced, were then in a
+part of the country where there was no water for the oxen, and were
+travelling with all haste to reach a place where they could get some;
+yet so alarming were Frank Oates’s symptoms, that towards evening Dr.
+Bradshaw, who was with his waggon, was obliged to order a halt. This
+occurred at a certain point in the journey, a little north of the same
+Makalaka kraal at which the traveller had already experienced so much
+trouble. He was now much exhausted, and Dr. Bradshaw got him to take
+some soup and a little brandy, and then left him for a few minutes to
+go to the other waggon. He had not been gone, however, many minutes,
+when Mr. Westbeach’s English-speaking boy, who had been left in charge,
+hurried after him, begging him to return at once, as a sudden change
+appeared to be taking place. This Dr. Bradshaw did--but only in time to
+find his companion sinking. Frank Oates tried to speak, but in so low a
+whisper that the other unhappily failed to catch his meaning, and a few
+minutes afterwards--about a quarter of an hour before sunset--the brave
+spirit sank peacefully to rest.
+
+At this point in the journey it so happened that the ground was very
+hard and stony, and, even had it been otherwise, there was no spade
+or other implement at either of the waggons with which a grave could
+have been made; so, hearing that Piet Jacobs, the Dutchman, was near at
+hand, having been at a neighbouring kraal that morning buying corn, Dr.
+Bradshaw sent to him for assistance. Several others of the party were
+by this time ill with fever, and the man who took this message--John
+Mackenna--was so reduced that he was scarcely able to sit the horse he
+rode upon.
+
+Jacobs, in reply, sent back word for the others to come on further,
+where the ground was less stony, and that he would meantime find
+a place suitable for the grave. With this suggestion Dr. Bradshaw
+willingly complied, and, travelling in the night, met Jacobs early the
+following morning about an hour’s journey at the other side of the
+kraal. Here the Dutchman, who was familiar with the country, had by
+this time found a spot well suited for the purpose. This was a disused
+game-trap, some eight feet in depth, at no great distance from the
+waggon-road so often traversed by the deceased, and placed by the side
+of a small stream or river flowing south. And here, in the deep repose
+of this silent spot, the traveller’s remains were laid in their last
+resting-place. His was a burial which well became in its simplicity a
+true lover, like himself, of Nature and her wilds.
+
+This ended, it now devolved on Dr. Bradshaw to convey the waggon
+and effects of the deceased to Bamangwato, where he left them in
+charge of the Rev. John Mackenzie, himself returning soon afterwards
+to the Zambesi district. His attentions to the deceased during
+the last days of his illness must have materially added to the
+latter’s comfort, whose friends have reason to be thankful that he
+chanced thus accidentally to have been thrown into the company of
+a fellow-countryman at the close of his two years’ wanderings. His
+interesting collections, moreover, of natural history, a part of which
+he now had with him, might readily have been dispersed, and his goods
+plundered, had his death occurred amongst unfriendly natives, with no
+one at hand to be responsible for their custody; whilst, as it was,
+all these, with his waggon and outfit, and personal effects, were
+faithfully delivered by Dr. Bradshaw into the charge of Mr. Mackenzie
+at Bamangwato, there to await instructions from his relatives in
+England.[63]
+
+One incident of Dr. Bradshaw’s journey should not be here omitted. It
+appears that many miles after they had left the grave, one of Frank
+Oates’s pointers--his favourite “Rail”--was found to be missing,
+and boys were sent back in search of him. These men sought long and
+wandered far in vain, till at length in their pursuit they got back
+even to the grave, and there, patiently watching, they found the
+devoted creature laid. A little longer, and he must inevitably have
+fallen a prey to lions or other wild beasts, but now he was taken
+down with his companion to Bamangwato, whence they were subsequently
+conveyed to England. And thus it happened that, whilst Frank Oates’s
+friends at home were rejoicing at the speedy prospect of his return,
+and wholly unsuspicious of the truth, this faithful dog was watching,
+the sole mourner, by his grave.[64]
+
+The very day of Frank Oates’s death his brother William--returned from
+his yachting trip to Spitzbergen--sailed from England for South Africa,
+to join him, accompanied by Mr. Gilchrist, the gentleman already
+mentioned in these pages, whom the brothers had met when they first
+reached Durban two years previously, and had afterwards travelled with
+in the interior, William Oates having returned with him to England.
+The day these two sailed from England--about an hour before the vessel
+left--letters were brought to them on board from Frank Oates, which
+had only just reached the country, giving a full account of all his
+plans, and of his wanderings up to the end of the October previous.
+The two friends reached Durban on the 15th of March, and at once
+commenced preparations for proceeding up country to meet the returning
+traveller. Mr. Selous, who had met Frank Oates at Tamasancha, as
+mentioned in the previous chapter, had now come down from the interior,
+and reported having seen him early in December, then on his way to the
+Zambesi and in perfect health. There was indeed just at this time, as
+it happened, a report at Pietermaritzburg that the traveller had died
+of fever in the interior, but--as subsequently proved by a comparison
+of dates--this report had certainly no foundation in the actual fact,
+and was found on enquiry at the time to be unsupported by any reliable
+evidence. The preparations already in progress for a speedy start
+into the interior, to meet him on his way back, were therefore still
+proceeded with, and waggons, oxen, and all the necessary outfit got
+ready for the purpose.
+
+Another week and William Oates and his friend would have started on
+their way northwards, when--on the 1st of April, a fortnight only after
+their arrival--authentic intelligence reached them of Frank Oates’s
+death in the interior. The object of proceeding on the journey was now
+therefore completely changed, and, to enable William Oates to return at
+once to England and there offer to his bereaved mother such comfort
+as he might be able, his friend Mr. Gilchrist, in no common spirit
+of self-sacrifice, himself insisted on taking the sad journey alone
+into the interior--to bring down thence and convey to England all
+the deceased’s effects; to hear such particulars as he could of his
+death, for the satisfaction of his friends at home; and if possible--a
+service attended with especial difficulties--to visit the grave, and
+place over it, to mark the spot, a stone prepared for this purpose in
+Pietermaritzburg.
+
+Gratefully availing himself of this generous offer, William Oates
+sailed for England on April 22d, having first seen Mr. Gilchrist
+leave Pietermaritzburg with two waggons, on his way up country; a
+sort of departure very different from that which either of them had
+anticipated. The journey undertaken by Mr. Gilchrist--under any
+circumstances a laborious and trying one enough--was rendered doubly
+so by the sad object with which he started; nor did he return till
+every purpose of the journey had been fulfilled. For not only did he
+bring safely to the coast--and subsequently to England--the large
+collections of natural history specimens and curiosities, and the notes
+and journals of his travels which Frank Oates had made, as well as his
+two pointers, “Rail” and “Rock,” but, in spite of the obstacles opposed
+to his progress at the Tati, he even proceeded to the spot where the
+traveller’s remains had been laid, and on his way back succeeded in
+obtaining an interview on the Ramaqueban River with Dr. Bradshaw, from
+whom he learnt the few additional particulars of his death which
+could be supplied, and which have been embodied in the preceding
+narrative.[65]
+
+For this twofold purpose--of reaching the grave and seeing Dr.
+Bradshaw--Mr. Gilchrist, on reaching Bamangwato, had gone on thence
+with both his waggons as far as the Tati settlement, where he arrived
+on the 18th of July. There he found the same difficulty of proceeding
+further which Frank Oates himself had often previously encountered, a
+great fear still prevailing amongst the natives of “red water”--the
+Natal cattle disease--being brought into their country, and Lobengula
+having recently sent strict orders to the kraals on the outskirts of
+his territory to keep all waggons from Natal from attempting to cross
+their boundaries. Fortunately, however, it happened that the Dutchman,
+Piet Jacobs, was now at Tati, who had not only selected the spot for
+the late traveller’s grave, but was also intimately acquainted with
+the whole of the surrounding district, and who had, besides, a general
+permission from the king to enter his country when, and as often as,
+he pleased; for keeping, as he did, his oxen standing at Tati, when
+he was not out with them in the veldt himself, there was little fear
+of his introducing the dreaded disease into the country. With him
+therefore, as guide, Mr. Gilchrist was speedily enabled to make a start
+northwards; and, on the afternoon of the fifth day from the date of
+their leaving Tati, came to the point in the waggon-road where they
+had to leave it, in order to go down to the river’s side to reach the
+grave. Mr. Gilchrist found it placed about six hundred yards to the
+left of the road, in a situation of much natural beauty, surrounded
+by low picturesque hills, and with trees of varied growth and foliage
+scattered at intervals over the grassy sward. The grave itself, over
+which a number of large stones had been placed when it was first made,
+was found quite undisturbed, and amongst these Mr. Gilchrist now
+inserted at its foot the small white stone, neatly cut, which he had
+brought from Pietermaritzburg for the purpose, bearing this simple
+inscription--“Frank Oates, F.R.G.S., of Meanwoodside, Leeds, England;
+died 5th February 1875, aged 34 years.” Then, the task of friendship
+faithfully performed, he returned without delay to England.
+
+Nor had this journey, painful in its objects and associations,
+been entirely free, on Mr. Gilchrist’s part, from privations and
+anxieties of a graver kind. Water upon the road had many times been
+scarce (on one occasion he was without any for his oxen--twenty-nine
+in number--for as much as seventy hours); the season was one of
+exceptional heat and drought, and the time occupied on the journey was
+unavoidably considerable.
+
+And here, before concluding, it may be mentioned that at Tati,
+Bamangwato, or wherever he met those who had become acquainted with
+Frank Oates in this country, Mr. Gilchrist found but one opinion
+expressed concerning him. Many were the kindnesses treasured in
+men’s minds and now related, which he had rendered to those he had
+encountered in his travels; whilst, on the other hand, he had himself
+apparently been no less fortunate in the kindly services he had
+received from others. Friends had arisen where he least expected
+them, beyond the pale of European civilization, from each of whom he
+parted in turn with a consciousness of mutual regret. Such was the
+way in which he drew all hearts towards him; and after his death, the
+good offices of those who loved or esteemed him in his lifetime were
+generously placed at the service of his family. Conspicuous amongst
+this number stood the Rev. John Mackenzie, of Bamangwato, and Mr. F.
+A. Hathorn, of the Standard Bank, Pietermaritzburg, the former of whom
+undertook the duties of executor for the arrangement of his affairs in
+the interior, whilst a like responsibility was accepted by the latter
+for the settlement of matters in Natal. Nor was it only what these
+two gentlemen did, but even more the manner of their doing it, which
+placed the traveller’s relatives under a lasting sense of obligation to
+them, and served not a little to soothe the first bitterness of their
+affliction.
+
+And now this brief history of the efforts and too early extinction of a
+devoted life, otherwise it may be conjectured destined to have rendered
+no mean service in the extension of scientific knowledge and research,
+may be concluded with a few words, written soon after his death by
+Mr. Mackenzie to one of his brothers with reference to the position of
+his grave. “Lonely the spot, no doubt,” he writes, “is, in a certain
+sense; but, in another, your brother’s grave is surrounded by all the
+activities of the great Creator and Father of all. Flowers will blossom
+around it, though not planted by mortal hand; birds will sing over it,
+and never weary in repeating the sweet notes which Nature has taught
+them. I have not been there myself, but I have no doubt the naturalist
+would not think your brother’s grave a lonely spot; whilst to the
+Christian such a spot is the quiet resting-place to which the body sank
+when the spirit was called away by God the Father.”
+
+  [Illustration: “RAIL.”]
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX.
+
+                                  I.
+
+                              ETHNOLOGY.
+
+                   By GEORGE ROLLESTON, M.D., F.R.S.
+
+          Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the
+                         University of Oxford.
+
+
+The following human bones--viz. four skulls, six lower jaws, four
+cervical vertebræ, one large and one small sized scapula, two small
+sized and fragmentary humeri, a fragment of a very slight but adult
+ulna, four cervical vertebræ, and five more or less fragmentary
+ribs--have been put into my hands by Mr. C. G. Oates, with information
+to the effect that they had belonged probably to a Bushman horde
+massacred somewhere between the Tati and Ramaqueban rivers, in S. lat.
+20° 54′, and long. 27° 42′. With these human bones came some bones of
+_Equus_ (_caballus_ or _zebra?_); also of one large ruminant (_Bos
+taurus_ or _Bos caffer_), and one smaller; and part of the skull of an
+ostrich (_Struthio camelus_); and, later, the feet-bones of an elephant
+(_Elephas africanus_). All these bones had been collected by my former
+pupil, Mr. Frank Oates, of Christ Church, Oxford. The four skulls had
+not their lower jaws assigned to them; but to three of them jaws were
+assignable, which in all probability had really belonged to them, being
+very exactly coadaptable, to say nothing of their having been sent in
+company with them and with certain cervical vertebræ. These six lower
+jaws are by far the most important bones as regards the question of the
+nationality of the entire “find.” If, indeed, these half dozen lower
+jaws had been brought to me with no other accompaniments and with no
+other information than that they had been all brought from one spot in
+Africa, I think I should have been justified in saying that they had
+belonged to no other known African race than the Khoi-Khoin, or its
+Central African representative, the Akka. For they all six alike show
+the following distinctive and eminently significant peculiarities--viz.
+lowness of coronoid process, smallness of absolute size, and all but
+complete obsolescence of chin. Upon this I have already commented
+in _British Barrows_, pp. 706, note 1, 707, 716, _ibique citata_,
+comparing these lower jaws with the jaws of certain other confessedly
+“priscan” races, which differ from them in little but in being larger
+in size. It is, or should be, a commonplace among craniographers that,
+whilst the lower jaw is a more important bone for their purposes than
+any other single bone of the skeleton, and even than the pelvis itself,
+it is often more distinctive, if not more valuable, than at least the
+entire _calvaria_. Certainly this is the case with African skulls;
+for though it is possible enough, as was long ago pointed out by
+Professor Owen (see _Osteological Catalogue, Royal College of Surgeons
+of England_, 5385, p. 838, 1853, and for a contradictory statement
+Retzius, _Ethnol. Schriften_, 1864, p. 149), and as has recently been
+reaffirmed by Dr. Hamy in Paris, to find brachycephalic skulls among
+those of undoubted Negro races, and though, as I can aver from my
+knowledge of the collections in the Oxford University Museum, it is
+by no means always possible to distinguish either such brachycephalic
+Negro skulls, or certain other Negro skulls of the dolichocephalic type
+more usual amongst such skulls, from Bushman skulls of the respective
+proportions, both of which are represented in this latter series, it
+is within my knowledge always possible to do this if the skulls under
+comparison are in possession of the lower jaws belonging to them.
+The Negro’s lower jaw may or may not have the poorly-developed chin
+so constant in the lower jaws of the Bushman, and but rarely seen in
+the lower jaws of higher races; it may or may not have its anterior
+teeth sloping forwards in correlation with a prognathic upper jaw; it
+may or may not, I apprehend, though I have not met with such cases,
+be as a whole as small and feeble as the jaws of the Bushman have,
+with my knowledge, invariably been; but it never has shown, so far
+as I know, the low coronoid process, the shallow signoid notch, and
+the wide ramus so very commonly, or indeed all but invariably, found
+amongst not only the Bushman but the Eskimo race. The existence of
+this peculiarity not only in these two races so widely separated in
+space, though so nearly on a level in certain linguistic as well
+as certain other points of degradation, but also in so many of the
+lower jaws of the earliest representatives of our species, gives it
+a great morphological importance; and this morphological importance
+is not a little enhanced when we consider a second fact, drawn from
+a wholly alien line of contemplation, that, namely, which shows us
+that teleological adaptation to special needs, or necessities rather,
+as to dealing with food, has nothing to do with it. The fact of six
+lower jaws all alike exhibiting this striking peculiarity, which may
+be shortly described by saying that it resembles the conformation
+seen in the Gibbon, whilst the larger anthropoid apes show the
+coronoid developed into a prominence which comes much more nearly
+into resemblance with that usual in our own species, is to my mind
+very strong evidence to the effect that we have here six Bushman jaws
+before us. In all of these lower jaws we find the angle roughened and
+projecting outwards in correspondence with the insertion of fibres of
+the masseter, and thereby giving a greater width to the lower portion
+of the face; whilst, internally, the surface below the inferior dental
+foramen is remarkably concave, owing in some cases to a general though
+slight inversion of the lower portion of the ramus, and in others to a
+thinning of the bone in the region between the alveolar process, in
+the region of the last molar, and the angle thickened at once by the
+insertions of the masseter and of the pterygoid. Of the four skulls
+one only fails to find a lower jaw which will in any way admit of
+coadaptation to it, and this skull being exaggeratedly dolichocephalous
+as well as of much larger size and proportions than the other three,
+may very well be supposed to have belonged to one of the attacking and
+not to one of the attacked tribe; for I apprehend that in massacres,
+at least of Bushmen, the killing is not usually all on one side. The
+“reports,” indeed, both of their enemies and of their friends, assure
+us that a Bushman at bay is a foe by no means to be despised, and that,
+though little, he is fierce. And I can say for those three crania that
+their _tout ensemble_, as compared with that of Abantu skulls placed
+alongside of them, impresses me with the same kind of feeling which,
+after detailed measurements, I have felt in comparing the crania of
+Lapps with those of races such as the Finns living close to them. They
+appear to me, in fact, to indicate that their owners were of a smaller
+race than the owners of the skulls beside them, though the Bushman is
+not always a mere dwarf, as is sometimes stated. The feebleness of the
+two humeri, and even more notably of the fragment of ulna, and the
+small size of the cervical vertebræ, and of one of the two scapulæ
+accompanying these bones, tells in the same direction, but does not
+prove feebleness of mind.
+
+For purposes of comparison with these three presumably Bushman crania,
+I have had three other crania at hand from the University Museum, of
+the genuineness of which there can be little doubt. One of these was
+presented to the University Museum by the late and much-lamented Dr.
+W. H. J. Bleek, to whose labours[66] in elucidating the language and
+rescuing the folklore of the Bushman tribe from perishing we owe so
+much. This skull, which was brought to England by Mr. Alfred Hughes of
+St. Asaph, bears a label, “Eland’s Bun, nr. Schintpriten,[67] Bushman’s
+skull,” and was handed over to me by that gentleman at the desire of
+Dr. Bleek. A second skull came into my hands through the kindness of
+W. G. Marshall, Esq. of Colney Hatch, having been entrusted to him by
+George Dunsterville, Esq., of Port Elizabeth, Algoa Bay, S. Africa,
+who was for some years surgeon to the hospital at Port Elizabeth.
+This skull, which, like the preceding, belonged to an exceedingly old
+man, carries the following labels:--“From the Transvaal, S. African
+Republic;” “Of an original Bosjesman, a tribe of small Hottentots, now
+nearly extinct; over age; height, 4 ft. 4 in.” The evidence for the
+authenticity of the third Bushman cranium which was in the University
+Museum previously to the arrival of Mr. Oates’s consignment, is even
+more irrefragable. This cranium was procured for the University through
+the kindness of H. N. Moseley, Esq., F.R.S., from Mr. Fairclough of
+Cape Town, and with the cranium came a knife, a poison-pot, a quiver,
+a poisoned arrow, and an ivory wrist-protector which had belonged to
+the owner of the skull. This skull belonged to a man past the middle
+period of life, and is remarkable for its absolute height, no less
+than 5·⅖ in.; which, however, falls short of its absolute width, which
+is no less than 5·6 in., by which inferiority the tapeinocephalic or
+platycephalic character which Mr. Busk (_Journal Ethn. Soc._, London,
+Jan. 1871) insisted upon as existing in Bushman crania, is preserved in
+it as well as in the two other crania just specified.
+
+Retzius, in a paper first published in Swedish in 1856, subsequently
+in German in Müller’s _Archiv._ for 1858, and fully republished in the
+posthumously issued (1864) _Ethnologische Schriften_, p. 149, after
+saying that he had before him only a single skull of a Hottentot,
+and the figures which Blumenbach and Sandifort had published of
+Hottentot and Bushman crania, declares himself unable to detect any
+essential difference between such skulls and those of true Negroes. His
+great authority, therefore, should not be quoted to the disfavour of
+craniological evidence in this or any other similar question, inasmuch
+as he only speaks, and avowedly, from very scanty materials.
+
+If we begin our comparison of these two sets of crania by a reference
+to the great distinction pointed out by Retzius himself, of
+brachycephalic from dolichocephalic crania, we have in the first place
+to demur to the statement, “In Afrika, fehlt, so viel man bisher weiss,
+jede Spur brachycephalischer Bevölkerung.” Against it have to be set
+in the first place Professor Owen’s words in the old _Osteological
+Catalogue_ 1853, p. 838, 5385, already referred to, and in the second,
+Professor Flower’s measurements (as recorded in the new _Catalogue of
+the Specimens illustrating the Osteology and Dentition of Vertebrated
+Animals_, pt. i. 1879, p. 232, 1238), of the “articulated skeleton of
+a Negress, born in the United States of North America, and about 16
+years of age,” who was said, presumably by the donor, Professor L. J.
+Sanford of Yale College, “to have presented all the external characters
+indicating purity of race,” the cephalic or latitudinal index of the
+crania belonging to this skeleton being no less than ·811. But though
+this be so, there is no doubt, firstly, that the immense majority of
+Negro, and of Caffre and Abantu crania are dolichocephalic, and some
+such, for example as the Mozambique skull, casts of which were given
+by the late J. South, Esq., F.R.S., to many museums, exaggeratedly so;
+and secondly that the cephalic index of the Bushman is considerably
+higher on the average than that of the Negro. One of my six Bushman
+crania (that named No. 1, Mr. F. Oates, 788e), has a cephalic index
+of ·81, being equal to that of the Negro girl just mentioned in the
+College of Surgeons’ Museum; and though one of the six has but ·70 for
+its cephalic index, still the average of the six is as much as ·75,
+and Professor Flower’s six give us an average of ·768 as against one
+of ·731 for the circumambient “Zulus and Kaffirs,” and against one of
+·736 for “African Negroes of various tribes.”
+
+The altitudinal index is as significant as, if not more significant
+than, the latitudinal; and the tapeinocephalic or platycephalic
+character of the Bushman as compared with the two other assemblages
+of Africans just mentioned, is expressed by the figures ·716, as
+against altitudinal indices for them of ·741 and ·735 respectively. The
+average of the altitudinal indices of my six Bushman crania is ·72, the
+height exceeding the breadth in two cases only, and in each of them by
+one-tenth of an inch only.
+
+As important a question to ask about a skull as either of the two
+relating to the two indices just mentioned, is, to my thinking, the
+question, does the cranium when resting, in the absence of its lower
+jaw, with the grinding surfaces of its teeth on a flat surface, touch
+that surface posteriorly with its occipital condyles, or with its
+inferior occipital squamæ? Accordingly as the former or the latter
+portions of the occipital bone give support posteriorly to a skull
+so placed, is the cranial curvature lesser or greater, and with it
+the antero-posterior arc described by the brain it contains. Tried by
+this test, first suggested by Prof. Ecker (_Archiv. für Anthrop._,
+iv. 1870, p. 288), the six Bushman crania in the museum whence I
+write, have four of their number resting on the occipital squamæ, as
+opposed to two which show the lesser curvature. I incline to think
+that this is a higher average than West Coast Negro crania would show,
+but Abantu skulls are very frequently so well developed as to have a
+considerable interval left between their occipital condyles and a flat
+surface, touching anteriorly the grinding surface of their teeth, and
+posteriorly their _conceptacula cerebelli_.
+
+Another important point given us in that most instructive of _normæ_,
+the _norma lateralis_, is that of the junction or non-junction of
+the squamous to the frontal. This question is easily answered, as in
+no single one of my six Bushman crania does the squamous approximate
+itself at all more closely to the frontal than it would do in an equal
+number of European crania. Indeed, in all but one of these crania
+the alisphenoid is wide from before backwards, as though to furnish
+adequate lodgment for the temporo-sphenoidal lobe of the cerebrum,
+which, we know, alike from Gratiolet (_Mémoire sur les Plis Cérébraux_,
+p. 97), and Professor John Marshall (_Phil. Trans._, MDCCCLXIV, p.
+510), to take a large development in the Bushman race.[68]
+
+I have in the next place to draw attention to a striking qualitative
+or morphological peculiarity observable in no less than three out of
+my six Bushman crania; this being the presence either of a perfect,
+or of a rudimentary division of the malar bone into two distinct
+parts. The skull presented by Dr. Bleek presents us with a perfect
+rectangular suture, bilaterally symmetrical, as is usually the case
+with this suture both when it is and when it is, as here, not,
+rudimentary. In the two skulls, 788_e_ and 788_g_, collected
+by Mr. Frank Oates, the suture is rudimentary, being represented in
+each skull by a bilaterally symmetrical fissure running horizontally
+forwards from the zygomatico-malar articulation.[69] When I add to
+these observations the fact that similar sutures have not within
+my knowledge and research been observed in other African crania of
+any of the varieties living on that continent, it will be seen that
+the presence of them in these skulls goes a considerable way, when
+coupled with other considerations, towards making it pretty certain
+that they were of Bushman nationality. Further investigation of the
+distribution and non-distribution of this most significant suture
+amongst the several typical races of men, lends some additional force
+to this argument, and is besides not a little suggestive as to other
+views. In the Oxford University collection of crania I have not found
+any traces of it amongst 47 Australian, nor amongst our five Tasmanian
+crania, nor amongst our Stone age crania, a series well represented
+here. The only other race of indisputably pristine and very pristine
+habits, in which I have observed it to exist, is the Eskimo, and out of
+a large number of such skulls I have only noted it once, in the form
+of bilaterally symmetrical fissure. The other skulls which this museum
+contains possessing this suture either well or rudimentarily developed,
+are six in number. Four are presumably either of the Malay or of the
+Chinese race, as two were collected by Captain Elmhirst of the 9th
+Regiment, from the sea-shore of an island in the Chinese Seas, out of
+a great quantity which were lying about unburied, and were supposed to
+have belonged to Chinese pirates, and were finally presented to the
+University museum by the Rev. H. Hansell, Fellow of Magdalen College;
+as a third was the skull of a female Moro, collected in the mountains
+of Sulu, and presented by Captain Chimmo, R.N.; whilst the fourth was
+purchased from Mr. Cutter, the dealer in Natural History specimens,
+as being a Borneo pirate. The other two are from Ceylon, one being a
+Tamil from Central Ceylon, presented by Mr. B. F. Hartshorne, who was
+himself for a considerable time resident in the island, and has written
+upon its ethnology; the other being a “Malabar.” As the absence of
+this suture from the Zulu and Negro series gives additional importance
+to its presence in the Bushman, so its absence, which I have noted in
+a considerable number of Præaryan skulls, such as those of the Coles
+and Moosahurs, procured for me by William Duthoit, Esq., D.C.L., gives
+additional importance to its presence in “Malabars,” “Tamils,” Malays,
+and Chinese. Of course further research may discover this suture in
+other races of mankind; as the matter stands at present I am tempted
+to think that there is possibly some significance in its having been
+noticed in the Eskimo, the Bushman, in certain races of the Eastern
+Archipelago, and in Tamil skulls, as well as in the fact of its having
+been found to be absent in certain other skulls also of ancient races,
+such as the Kolarian and the Australian.[70]
+
+The main sutures I think have perhaps something peculiar about them,
+this consisting in their being made of denticulations which are complex
+but shallow, contrasting thus with the complex but deep denticulations
+of well developed European, and the coarse but shallow ones of
+Australian, crania.
+
+The verticality of the forehead observable in so many Bushman, and,
+indeed, in so many other African crania, is correlated with the
+comparative feebleness, and consequent lightness, of their lower jaws,
+which renders it unnecessary[71] that the brain and brain case should
+be rotated backwards to counterbalance the facial skeleton and to
+maintain the visual axis in a horizontal or semihorizontal plane.
+
+I have appended to this paper the measurements given by Professor
+Flower, in his recently issued (1879) _Catalogue_, of the six
+Bushman crania in the College of Surgeons’ Museum, pp. 246, 247, and
+also the same measurements, as taken by myself, of the six Bushman
+crania in the Oxford University Museum. The very close correspondence
+of the two sets of measurements will strike any one who will compare
+the columns which give the averages of the two sets. The fact may be
+expressed in technical language by saying that both lists coincide
+pretty nearly in showing that, as Professor Flower has phrased it
+at p. 255, _l.c._, the Bushman cranium is “mesaticephalic,”
+“orthognathous” (or, at least, mesognathous, my average being 98,
+which is “mesognathous,” as against Professor Flower’s 97·8, which is
+just below the limits of mesognathy), “platyrrhine,” “microseme,” and
+“microcephalic.”
+
+By a comparison of my measurements, not with those of Professor
+Flower, but with my own records of the history of each skull, an
+even more surprising and more important fact, in the way, however,
+not of coincidence but of the reverse, is brought to light. The most
+aberrant of the six in the matter of measurements is the very skull
+about the authenticity of which there is the most perfect certainty.
+This is the skull presented by Mr. Fairclough, with which were sent
+the articles specified above, as the characteristic of the Bushman
+race. But the skull itself is, in almost every important particular,
+different from the five other crania here measured with it. Its
+circumference and cubical capacity, its length, breadth, and height,
+and their indices, its orbital and nasal indices, are all alike
+aberrant from the average. It certainly would not have entered into
+the head of any craniographer to refer this skull to the Bushman
+variety of our species, unless he had been informed of the character
+of its accompaniments. A morphological point which might have served
+to indicate the character of its owner--I mean the feebleness of the
+nasal spine, a shortcoming more or less evident in all, or nearly all,
+Bushman crania--does not help us here; for we observe in this skull
+that the line of symphysis of the two halves of the upper jaw rises
+here anteriorly, as it does sometimes in European jaws, into a raised
+double ridge, which, though it slopes gradually into the plane of the
+alveolar border, and does not rise into a sharply-defined angular
+spine, and so far falls short of the typical “anterior nasal spine,” is
+yet a very different thing from the very feebly-developed bifid process
+of ordinary Bushmen, and many other African and other savage jaws.
+
+The question arises, how are we to interpret these facts? We may
+explain them by saying that the elasticity and plasticity of the
+type is such as to admit of the escape of an exceedingly aberrant
+individual, and its homogeneity and plasticity, nevertheless, also
+such as to allow of its walls joining again, and restoring the perfect
+circumscription which is implied in our speaking of the race as
+possessing well-defined limits. Or lovers of logical consistency, who
+may not be extensively acquainted with the width over which variability
+may extend itself, may prefer to suggest that some kind of error may
+attach or have been attached to the identification of this particular
+cranium. It is possible, I suppose, that a runaway Caffre, or even an
+outcast white man, may have betaken himself to some horde of Bushmen,
+and identified himself with their manners and customs, and adopted
+their dress and equipment. Such voluntary degradations are known
+to have taken place, with the consequence of the refugee becoming
+not merely “half a savage,” but rather, as shown by the place and
+precedence given to him, “a savage and a half;” or, finally, the owner
+of this skull may really have been a cross between a white man and a
+female of the Bushman stock. To this last explanation I myself incline.
+
+As regards the condition of the teeth, the skull presented by Mr.
+Fairclough, though referred by me to a man in the middle period of
+life, has only some seven or eight teeth, comparatively little worn,
+left _in situ;_ the rest have been lost, and traces of two or three
+large alveolar abscesses, and great absorption elsewhere of the
+alveolar processes are very evident. Alveolar abscesses have similarly
+left their traces in the skull presented by Dr. Bleek, in which,
+however, the teeth have been very much worn down, though only one or
+two have been lost during life. The skull presented by Mr. Dunsterville
+had lost all its teeth, save the two central incisors, during life, and
+the alveolar processes have suffered a very large amount of absorption
+in this senile skull.
+
+Of the entire series, as the figures giving the length of the
+circumference and the cubic capacity show most plainly, we can
+predicate smallness; the average of the latter measurement being but
+1285 as against 1485 cub. cent. obtained by Professor Flower for the
+cubage of seven Caffres and Zulus, and, indeed, as against 1330 from
+his measurement of his available Bushman crania.
+
+With this small capacity is combined, which is by no means always
+the case in crania of races low in the scale of human life, a
+short basi-cranial axis, with an average length of no more than 93
+millimetres.
+
+In none of these six skulls is the patency of the frontal suture,
+which corresponds very usually to a wide receptacle for the frontal
+lobes of the brain, observable. On the other hand, the zygomata do
+not come into view, when the skull is held out so as to present its
+norma verticalis at arm’s length to one eye of the observer, with the
+invariability which might have been expected. In two only of these
+six skulls are both zygomata seen at the same time when the skull is
+held in this position; in three the zygoma of the left side only is
+seen; and in one neither zygoma comes into view. But these skulls,
+as is often the case in skulls of flesh-eating savage races, are of
+considerable density, and a greater thickness of walls as well as a
+greater development of the contents of a skull may prevent it from
+being phœnozygous. One other condition indeed, that of considerable
+development of the malar arch, which produces phœnozygy, is present in
+Bushmen, as in the skulls of other races exposed to the sun and glare,
+and other irritants of the eyes; but its working is countervailed
+by that of thickness of the cranial walls. All the Bushman skulls
+examined by Dr. Fritsch were broad in the sphenoparietal diameter (see
+his _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s_, 1872, p. 413). With two
+exceptions, those constituted by the skull procured by Mr. Fairclough
+and that presented by Dr. Bleek, the supraciliary ridges and glabellæ
+are comparatively feebly developed.
+
+The parietal tubera, or the spots on the external surface of the
+cranium corresponding to them, are placed far back in all these
+crania, and what I have elsewhere spoken of at some length[72] as the
+antero-posterior index, is consequently high. The same remark, however,
+may be made of Zulu and other Abantu crania.
+
+It has often been stated that the ears in Bushmen are huge, misshapen,
+and outstanding. According, however, to trustworthy accounts of
+Professors Marshall and Flower, and Dr. Murie and Professor Wyman
+_(Proc. Boston Nat. History Soc._, ix. 1862, p. 56), the small
+size of the lobule appears to be the only constant character of this
+organ which is distinctive. (See Fritsch, _l.c._, p. 410.) Much
+that has been written on the peculiarity known as “steatopyga” in our
+own species might have been spared if what the great naturalist Pallas
+had written on the similar development called by the same name in one
+of the most widely spread varieties of the sheep, had been studied in
+the wonderful eleventh Fascicle of his _Spicilegia Zoologia_,
+from p. 63 to p. 69. I will quote only a few of the sentences of
+Pallas’s account, p. 64:--“In his quidem generalioribus, præsertim
+deformatione caudæ et auribus pendulis greges omnes conveniunt quas
+Nomades diversarum gentium Asiæ possident. Sed varias a temperie
+cœli, pascuis, aliisque causis vel cultura apud varias hasce gentes
+mutationes passæ sunt et ad Russos translatæ patiuntur. In Tatariæ
+Magnæ desertis occidentalibus, a Volga usque ad Irtin et Altaicum
+jugum, pascua maximam partem sunt aridissima, abundant vernalibus
+plantis acribus et liliaceis; postea æstate in elatis locis quæ maxime
+lanigerum pecus amat præter siccissima gramina, stipas similiaque,
+nil nisi artemisias amaras aromaticas, camphorosmam et salsolas succo
+et salibus abundantes servant. Ubique simul abundant lacunæ natroso,
+culinari, glauberianoque sale efflorescentes, et aquæ in desertis
+iisdem raræ plerumque iisdem salibus fœtæ sunt. Quæ quidem omnia ovium
+corpulentiæ maxime convenire pastores Europæi quoque norunt. Accedit
+vitæ genus et cultura.”...
+
+Page 67.--“Sequitur ex istis deforme istud pulvinar sive uropygia
+quod in locum caudæ apud hanc varietatem ovium successit maximeque
+constantem ejus characterem prœbet superfluæ generatione pinguedinis
+ortum debere atque in campis salsuginosis Tatariæ occidentalioris
+primam patriam habuisse. In genere videmus certas corporis partes,
+illas puto præsertim, in quibus lentior sanguinis circulus obtinet,
+collectioni pinguedinis in textu cellulose maxime favere.”
+
+Page 68.--“Orta ilia semel circa caudam collectio pinguedinis, veluti
+genialis morbus per generationes sensim adauctus fuit.”
+
+As regards the distinctiveness of steatopyga, or, in other words, as
+regards the reason which by polygenist writers it was supposed to
+furnish for considering the Hottentot and Bushman races as specifically
+distinct from other human beings, there is no need to refer to the
+analogy which the steatopygous sheep suggests. For as Hartmann (_Die
+Nigritier_, p. 489, 1876) states, it is found also among Berber and
+Negro tribes, such as the Maqwa the Denqa, and the Bonqo, and, it may
+be added, that it may be seen figured in the English translation of
+Schweinfurth’s _Heart of Africa_, by Ellen E. Frewer, vol. ii. p.
+121.
+
+As against the ethnological significance of the hypertrophy of the
+nymphæ, which constitutes the “viel besprochene Hottentotten-Schurze,”
+the case is still stronger. For not only may this peculiarity be found
+amongst other African races, such as the Berber, Egyptian, and Negro
+(according to Hartmann, _l.c._ p. 489), and the Abantu and Sudan
+natives (according to Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen_, pp. 282, 283),
+where its presence might be reasonably explained by reference to
+peculiarities of diet or climate, but it may, according to Hartmann, be
+paralleled by observation carried on in the very different surroundings
+of North Europe. The words of the last-named authority, whose intimate
+acquaintance at once with Africa and Prussia will not be questioned,
+are to the following effect: “Die viel besprochene Hottentotten-Schurze
+ist für Jemanden welcher fleissig die geburtshülfliche Station oder
+den Secirsaal einer grösseren Universität, z. B. Berlin besucht, auch
+Berber, Aegypter, und Nigritierfrauen ganz nackt gesehen hat, kein
+auszeichnendes Rassenmerkmal mehr.”[73]
+
+The old view which ascribed a Mongolian origin to the Khoi-Khoin races
+is now pretty generally given up. A more important subject would, if I
+had space, be furnished me for discussion in the recent discoveries in
+Central Africa,[74] which appears to point to the existence of kinship
+between the pigmy Akka and Obongo tribes and the Bushman.
+
+The main points which appeared to former writers to indicate Mongolian
+affinities are the yellow as opposed to the black colour of the skin,
+the prominence of the cheek bones, and the supposed obliquity of the
+opening of the eyelids. This last peculiarity, as Fritsch (_Die
+Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s_, p. 286) has shown, is due simply to the
+disagreeable necessity of keeping the eyelids constantly half-closed,
+owing to the glare and, as others have pointed out, the sandflies, to
+which these homeless savages are self-exposed. The Swiss Professor,
+Schiess-Gemuscus, of Basle, has similarly explained the causation of
+snow-blindness (see _Archiv. für Ophthalmologie_, xxv. 3, p. 173),
+by reference to the blepharospasmus and conjunctivitis, produced by
+the dryness and the glare of the upland snowfield; and I apprehend
+that the osseous structures underlying the organs protecting the eye
+may be reasonably supposed to undergo some modification in correlation
+with the increased demand for work, which “blepharospasmus” expresses
+as being thrown upon the muscular structures which they support. Thus
+the prominent malar arch and the forwardly projecting outer segments
+of the orbit, as seen alike in the Mongolian of the treeless steppe,
+in the Eskimo of the snow-desert, and the Bushman of the sun-burnt
+South African uplands, may receive a physiological as opposed to a
+morphological explanation. But, when we come further to consider the
+structure and composition of the various segments of the orbital ring
+in these races, we find combined with this physiologically explicable
+similarity a very considerable morphological difference. This is
+constituted by the conformation of the nasals, which in the Bushman
+form invariably an all but level plane between the nasal processes of
+the maxillaries, and contribute, being narrow, but a small factor to
+the interocular space, which, when the soft parts are _in situ_,
+appears disproportionately wide as compared with the same area in other
+races. In Mongols, Eskimos, and Australians the nasals very ordinarily
+form a more or less elevated arch, and they are not by any means so
+narrow as they are almost always in the Bushman race. In this latter
+these bones not rarely lose not only their characteristic arch-shape
+but also their individuality, and anchylose with each other mesially.
+It is, however, right to add that nasals of the Bushman type are not
+rarely, though by no means invariably, to be found in Negro and Caffre
+crania.
+
+As regards the yellow hue of the skin, the likeness to the Mongolian
+races proper is perhaps less disputable, but with the skin we are
+bound to consider the hair, the peculiarities of which, as seen in the
+Bushman, are as different from those seen in the Mongolian variety of
+mankind as it is possible for two varieties of human hair from the same
+area to be. “The thinnest and flattest hair is that of the Bosjesmans,
+Papuans, and Negroes; the most cylindrical being that of Polynesians,
+Malays, Siamese, Japanese, and Americans. Europeans are between the
+two.” Such are the microscopic characters of the hair in the several
+great divisions of our species, according to Topinard (“Anthropology;”
+translated in _Library of Contemporary Science_ by Dr. Bartley),
+and it is needless to contrast the spirally contorted and tufted dark
+hair of the Hottentot or Bushman with the coarse wire-drawn straight
+black hair of the Mongolian or Eskimo. It is curious, however, if
+indeed not otherwise significant, that the Central African “Bushmen,”
+if so we may call them, of Ashango, occasionally bury their dead in a
+temporarily diverted stream-course, much as was done in the case of
+Attila, and, according to Mr. Wood, _l.c._, “in various parts of
+the world from the earliest known time.”
+
+The Bushman race, as is well known, have strong proclivities in the
+direction of musical performances. The same, however, may be said of
+other priscan races as well as of them and the Mongolian and Kalmuck
+tribes,[75] and we cannot therefore lay any weight upon this point of
+similarity.
+
+The custom, however explained, which the Khoi-Khoin races have of
+cutting off one or more joints of the little and ring fingers might,
+but with no great amount of probability, be taken to point to the
+existence of an affinity to races as far dislocated in space as the
+inhabitants of certain islands in Oceania, both Papuan and Malay. The
+Papuans, according to Sir John Lubbock (_Prehistoric Times_, 1869,
+p. 445), cut off the end both of the little toe and the little finger
+as a sign of mourning. The Friendly Islanders (Cook’s _Voyages_,
+vol. i. 222; Williams’s _Missionary Enterprise_, 547, 548) cut
+off one or two joints of their little fingers, and the inhabitants of
+Tracy Island, which was colonized from Samoa, do the like, according
+to the Rev. S. J. Whitwell (Petermann’s _Mittheilungen_ for
+1871, p. 203). One form of the solemnization of matrimony amongst the
+Australians consists in the biting off by a woman of a bit of the
+little finger of the left hand. I do not know that the fact, deposed
+to by F. Müller in his contribution to the _Memoirs on the Voyage of
+the Novara_, p. 6, to the effect that Caffre women, when a child
+is sick, or when they themselves become widows, have a piece of their
+little fingers cut off, need be taken as indicating anything more than
+the exceeding contagiousness of bad and foolish customs, of which the
+old anthropologist and zoologist Zimmermann (_cit._ “Address to
+Biological Section of British Association Meeting at Liverpool,” see
+_Report_ for year 1871) spoke so caustically. Several instances
+of such adoption and borrowing, on the part of the Abantu tribes, from
+the conquered and persecuted Khoi-Khoin, might be adduced, and might be
+paralleled, at some distance, by the fact embodied in the two lines of
+Horace--
+
+    “Græcia captu ferum victorem cepit, et artes
+     Intulit agresti Latio.”
+
+  MEASUREMENTS OF SIX BUSHMAN CRANIA, AS GIVEN BY PROFESSOR
+  FLOWER, F.R.S., IN CATALOGUE OF SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATING
+  OSTEOLOGY AND DENTITION, ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF
+  ENGLAND, 1879, p. 246.
+
+Part 1 of Table.
+    +----------------+------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    | NAME OF SKULL. |  C.  | L.| B.|BI.| H.|HI.|BN.|BA.|AI.|
+    +----------------+------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    |1300--O.C. 5357}|      |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    |Adult Male.    }| 500  |175|134|766|128|731| 91|...|...|
+    +----------------+------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    |1301.          }|      |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    |Young Female.  }| 486  |171|134|784|124|725| 91| 90|989|
+    +----------------+------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    |1302.          }|      |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    |Young Female.  }| 477  |170|130|765|125|735| 90| 87|967|
+    +----------------+------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    |1303.          }|      |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    |Male Bushman,  }|      |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    |aged.          }| 522  |185|140|757|134|724|103|...|...|
+    +----------------+------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    |1304.          }|      |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    |Young Female.  }| 503  |180|137|761|125|694| 92| 90|978|
+    +----------------+------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    |1305        ... | 480  |171|132|772|119|696|...|...|...|
+    |                |[19·2]|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+    +----------------+------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+    |Averages... ... | 494  |175|134|767|125|717| 93| 89|978|
+    +----------------+------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
+
+Part 2 of Table.
+
+    +----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
+    | NAME OF SKULL. |NH.|NW.|NI.|OW.|OH.|OI.| CA.|
+    +----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
+    |1300--O.C. 5357}|   |   |   |   |   |   |    |
+    |Adult Male.    }| 46| 29|630| 38| 29|763|1260|
+    +----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
+    |1301.          }|   |   |   |   |   |   |    |
+    |Young Female.  }| 44| 24|545| 37| 32|865|1250|
+    +----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
+    |1302.          }|   |   |   |   |   |   |    |
+    |Young Female.  }| 44| 27|604| 38| 31|816|1170|
+    +----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
+    |1303.          }|   |   |   |   |   |   |    |
+    |Male Bushman,  }|   |   |   |   |   |   |    |
+    |aged.          }| 48| 29|604| 40| 30|750|1400|
+    +----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
+    |1304.          }|   |   |   |   |   |   |    |
+    |Young Female.  }| 43| 25|581| 34| 30|882|1360|
+    +----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
+    |1305        ... |...|...|...|...|...|...|1075|
+    |                |   |   |   |   |   |   |    |
+    +----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
+    |Averages... ... | 45| 26|594| 37| 25|815|1252|
+    +----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+
+
+    MEASUREMENTS OF SIX BUSHMAN CRANIA IN OXFORD UNIVERSITY MUSEUM.
+
+Part 1 of Table.
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+    |  NAME OF SKULL.      |  C. |  L. |  B. | BI. |  H. | HI. | BN. |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+    |    788 _d._         }|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |Mr. F. Oates, No. 1, }| 18·8|  6·5|  5·3|  ·81|  4·9|  ·75|  3·6|
+    |Male, c^{a. } 25 æt. }|(475)|(165)|(135)|     |(125)|     | (93)|
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+    |    788 _e._         }|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |Mr. F. Oates, No. 2, }| 19·2|  6·9|  4·9|  ·70| 5·05|  ·71|  3·9|
+    |Male, middle life    }|(485)|(175)|(124)|     |(128)|     | (94)|
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+    |788 _f._ Mr. F. Gates, }|   |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |No. 3. Probably      }| 18·6|  6·5|  5· |  ·73|  5·1|  ·78| 3·95|
+    |female. 25–30 æt.    }|(475)|(165)|(125)|     |(130)|     |(100)|
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+    |788 _a._ Dr. Bleek’s }|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |gift. Aged           }| 18·9|  6·6|  5·2|  ·77|  4·7|  ·70|  3·4|
+    |Male.                }|(480)|(169)|(131)|     |(120)|     | (86)|
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+    |788 _b._ Mr. Dunster-}|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |villa’s gift. Aged   }| 19·4|  6·8|  5·2|  ·75|  4·2|  ·65| 3·85|
+    |Male.                }|(490)|(173)|(131)|     |(113)|     | (98)|
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+    |788 _c._  Mr. Fair-  }|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |dough’s gift. Male,  }| 20·3|  7·1|  5·6|  ·78|  5·4|  ·76|  3·5|
+    |middle age.          }|(515)|(180)|(142)|     |(137)|     | (89)|
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+    |Averages              | 486 | 171 | 131 |  ·75|  125|  ·72| 93  |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
+
+Part 2 of Table.
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |  NAME OF SKULL.      | BA. | AI. | NH. | NW. | NI. | OW. | OH. | OI. | CA.  |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |    788 _d._         }|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |
+    |Mr. F. Oates, No. 1, }|  3·6| 100 |  1·6|  1· | ·62 | 1·7 | 1·3 |  76 |1142·5|
+    |Male, c^{a. } 25 æt. }| (93)|     | (41)| (25)|     |(43) | (33)|     |      |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |    788 _e._         }|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |
+    |Mr. F. Oates, No. 2, }|  3·8|  97 | 1·8 | 1·5 | ·60 | 1·5 | 1·5 | 100 |1179·8|
+    |Male, middle life    }| (96)|     |(46) | (38)|     |(38) |(38) |     |      |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |788 _f._ Mr. F. Gates,}|    |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
+    |No. 3. Probably      }|  3·9|  100|  1·6|  1· | ·62 | 1·45| 1·2 |  82 |1142·5|
+    |female. 25–30 æt.    }| (99)|     | (41) (25)|     | (37)| (30)|     |      |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |788 _a._ Dr. Bleek’s }|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |
+    |gift. 788 a. Aged    }|  3·3|   97|  1·6|  1·0|  ·62|  1·5|  1·3|  80 |1106·0|
+    |Male.                }| (83)|     | (40)| (24)|     | (36)| (33)|     |      |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |788 _b._ Mr. Dunster-}|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |
+    |villa’s gift. Aged   }|  3·6|  93 | 1·55|  1·1|  ·70|  1·7|  1·25|  ·73|1179·8|
+    |Male.                }| (91)|     | (39) (28)|     | (43)| (32)|     |      |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |788 _c._  Mr. Fair   }|     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |      |
+    |dough’s gift. Male,  }|  3·6|  102|  1·9|  1·0|  ·52|  1·5|  1·4|  91 |1419·5|
+    |middle age.          }| (91)|     | (48)| (25)|     | (38)| (36)|      |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+    |Averages              | 92  | 98  |  42 | 27  | ·61 |  39 | 33  |  83 | 1285 |
+    +----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------+
+
+
+
+
+                                  II.
+
+                             ORNITHOLOGY.
+
+              By R. BOWDLER SHARPE, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Etc.
+
+       Senior Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.
+
+                            (PLATES A, B.)
+
+
+The Collection of Birds made by the late Mr. Frank Oates was formed by
+that gentleman with the greatest care, and it is seldom that it falls
+to the lot of the naturalist to examine a series of birds in which the
+particulars of capture are so carefully noted on each specimen as in
+the present instance. For this reason alone, therefore, the collection
+is of great importance; but, besides this, it represents without doubt
+a very fair idea of the avifauna of the parts of the Transvaal and
+Matabele countries through which Mr. Oates travelled. Of the birds of
+the former province Mr. Ayres has published several accounts in recent
+volumes of the “Ibis,” and in the same journal for 1874, Mr. T. E.
+Buckley gave a list of the birds met with by him on his journey through
+the Matabele country, where he travelled for some part of the time with
+Mr. Oates: but as Mr. Buckley did not get beyond Tati, it has been left
+for Mr. Oates to give us the first account of the birds which are to
+be met with between that place and the Zambesi. His untimely death was
+a great loss to science, for, after his long journey to that river,
+he had at last reached a _terra fere incognita_ to the ornithologist,
+where there is little doubt that further researches would have crowned
+his efforts with the discovery of many new and important facts. The
+avifauna of the Zambesi region is almost unknown, Dr. Kirk being the
+only naturalist who has written upon the birds, and the species which
+he has recorded are sufficiently interesting to arouse our interest in
+the further exploration of the locality. As far as one can judge from
+the materials at present existing in museums, the birds of the Zambesi
+region would appear to have their nearest affinities in those of
+South-western Africa, that is, the provinces of Benguela, Mossamedes,
+and the Ovampo country to the north of Damara Land. Thus it is that
+_Accipiter ovampensis_ of Gurney, discovered in Ovampo Land, is now
+known from the Zambesi (_Mus. Brit._), and, on the other hand, the
+Zambesi Kestrel (_Cerchneis Dickinsoni_) occurs also in South-western
+Africa. Instances of this kind might be multiplied to a greater extent,
+but an exact comparison cannot be made until the two regions have been
+more thoroughly explored. The Victoria Falls, up to the present time,
+constituted the only locality whence the peculiar Babbling-Thrush
+(_Pinarornis plumosus_) and Shelley’s Wheatear (_Saxicola Shelleyi_)
+have yet been found, but one of these has now been discovered by Mr.
+Oates in the Matabele country. Future research may increase the known
+range of the other Zambesi birds in a southerly direction, and it seems
+unlikely that the Zambesi region possesses a peculiar bird-fauna.
+
+On its arrival in England Mr. Oates’s collection was placed in the
+hands of my friend Captain G. E. Shelley for determination, and the
+species were in nearly every case identified by him. My task has
+therefore been a very light one. All the field-notes in the following
+pages are taken from Mr. Oates’s labels, and I am responsible only
+for the remarks placed between brackets “[].” A reference is given
+to my new edition of Layard’s _Birds of South Africa_ as far as
+published, to the first edition of that work, to my _Catalogue of
+African Birds_, and to standard works, such as Finsch and Hartlaub’s
+_Vögel Ost-Afrika’s_, Gurney’s edition of Andersson’s _Birds of
+Damara Land_, etc.
+
+   The following LIST of LOCALITIES, alluded to in the ensuing
+   pages, where specimens were obtained by Mr. Oates, will enable
+   the reader, by a reference to the general map in this volume, to
+   determine the position of each locality indicated:--
+
+                                           Lat.     Long.
+    Bamangwato                           23.1  S.  26.45 E.
+    Bisschop’s Farm, Transvaal           26.7  S.  29.12 E.
+    Blauw Krans River, Natal             28.55 S.  29.48 E.
+    Branslow’s Farm, Transvaal           26.4  S.  29.9  E.
+    Crocodile River                      25.34 S.  28.28 E.
+    Daka River                           18.45 S.  25.57 E.
+    Dry River (Sakasusi)                 21.9  S.  28.10 E.
+    Durban                               29.51 S.  31.0  E.
+    Eland’s River                        25.19 S.  28.3  E.
+    First Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road,
+      (Wankee’s Kraal)                   20.33 S.  27.26 E.
+    Geruah                               19.19 S.  26.30 E.
+    Gokwe River                          22.8  S.  27.36 E.
+    Gubuleweyo                           20.23 S.  28.50 E.
+    Gwailo River                         19.14 S.  29.49 E.
+    Hendrik’s Vlei                       18.57 S.  26.26 E.
+    Hex River                            25.20 S.  28.4  E.
+    High Veldt, Transvaal                26.35 S.  29.40 E.
+    Holfontein                           24.26 S.  27.46 E.
+    Hope Fountain                        20.22 S.  28.51 E.
+    Impakwe River                        21.4  S.  27.54 E.
+    Inchlangin                           19.42 S.  29.14 E.
+    Inkwesi River                        20.55 S.  28.0  E.
+    Inquinquesi River                    19.42 S.  29.13 E.
+    Inyati                               19.41 S.  29.15 E.
+    John Scott’s Farm, Transvaal         26.11 S.  29.23 E.
+    Kaar Kloof Heights, Pietermaritzburg 29.19 S.  30.2  E.
+    Ladysmith                            28.37 S.  29.38 E.
+    Lion Camp, Crocodile River           24.18 S.  27.48 E.
+    Makalapsi River                      22.58 S.  26.54 E.
+    Matengwe River                       20.24 S.  27.28 E.
+    Meriko River                         24.10 S.  27.30 E.
+    Metli River                          22.55 S.  26.56 E.
+    Mopani Pan                           21.18 S.  27.50 E.
+    Motloutsi River                      21.52 S.  27.41 E.
+    Nata River                           19.53 S.  27.4  E.
+    Newcastle                            27.47 S.  29.50 E.
+    Palatswe River                       22.38 S.  27.16 E.
+    Pantamatenka River                   18.39 S.  25.41 E.
+    Pietermaritzburg                     29.34 S.  30.24 E.
+    Pilandsberg                          25.12 S.  27.35 E.
+    Pinetown                             29.50 S.  30.50 E.
+    Pretoria                             25.42 S.  28.50 E.
+    Ramaqueban River                     21.11 S.  27.52 E.
+    Retief’s Drift, Vaal River           26.50 S.  29.58 E.
+    Sand Spruit, Transvaal               27.11 S.  30.18 E.
+    Second Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road
+                                         20.31 S.  27.26 E.
+    Semokwe River                        21.7  S.  28.17 E.
+    Seruli River                         22.32 S.  27.29 E.
+    Shashe River                         21.34 S.  27.44 E.
+    Sibanani                             19.45 S.  26.58 E.
+    Sunday’s River, Transvaal            28.21 S.  29.49 E.
+    Tamasancha                           19.32 S.  26.40 E.
+    Tamasetsie                           19.10 S.  26.28 E.
+    Tati                                 21.28 S.  27.45 E.
+    Tchakani Vlei                        22.48 S.  27.5  E.
+    Tibakai’s Pan                        18.52 S.  26.18 E.
+    Touani River                         22.52 S.  26.59 E.
+    Umvungu River                        19.21 S.  29.41 E.
+    Victoria Falls, Zambesi              17.57 S.  25.48 E.
+    Witfontein                           24.28 S.  27.46 E.
+
+
+                           Order ACCIPITRES.
+
+                          Sub-order FALCONES.
+
+                           Family VULTURIDÆ.
+
+   1. OTOGYPS AURICULARIS (Daud.): Sharpe, ed. Layard’s_Birds of
+   South Africa_, p. 4. Eared Vulture.
+
+_a_. Shot at dead elephant, near Umvungu River, about the middle
+of November 1873. Iris dark hazel; bill pale horn-colour, bluish grey
+at base; head and neck livid and red (scabby); legs and feet pale
+bluish grey; claws black.
+
+   2. NEOPHRON PILEATUS (Burch.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 7. Hooded
+   Vulture.
+
+_a_. Ramaqueban River, August 6, 1874. Iris dark; bill neutral
+tint; head and neck pale dirty blue, tinged with pink on the cheeks;
+legs pale dirty blue; claws black. A female, I am nearly sure.
+
+   3. CIRCUS RANIVORUS (Daud.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 14. South
+   African Marsh-Harrier.
+
+_a_. ♂ Near Pretoria, June 22, 1873. Iris bright chrome; legs pale
+yellow. Ball of hair in stomach; mouse or rat skin in crop.
+
+   4. MELIERAX CANORUS (Rislach): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 17. Chanting
+   Goshawk.
+
+_a._ ♂ Bush veldt, between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873.
+Iris bright raw sienna; base of beak orange (?); legs red. Crop and
+stomach very full, containing large ants, rat, lizard, etc.
+
+   5. MELIERAX GABAR (Daud.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 19. Red-faced
+   Goshawk.
+
+_a._ ♀ (adult.) Lion Camp, Crocodile River, July 1873.
+
+_b._ (juv.) Second Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road, September 3,
+1874. Iris deep orange, approaching burnt sienna; bill black, orange
+all round the nostril and base; skin round eye pale blue; legs fine
+reddish, clouded and spotted with dusky black; claws black.
+
+   6. ASTUR POLYZONOIDES (Smith): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 22.
+   Many-banded Goshawk.
+
+_a._ ♀ (adult.) First Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road, August 22,
+1874. Iris rich deep orange; bill black, pale bluish at base; skin
+round base yellow (pale); skin round eye pale bluish, inclining to
+yellow; claws black. Lizard in stomach.
+
+_b._ ♂ Hendrik’s Vlei, December 18, 1874. Iris crimson; bill
+black, becoming pale blue just under nostril; cere and gape and skin
+round eye yellow; legs orange-yellow; claws black. In stomach large
+insects and lizard (?).
+
+[This pretty little Goshawk is rare in South Africa, but appears to
+increase in numbers towards the Zambesi, whence I have recently seen a
+series collected by Dr. Bradshaw.]
+
+   7. BUTEO JACKAL (Daud.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 26. Jackal Buzzard.
+
+_a._ ♂ Newcastle, June 4, 1873. Iris pale golden hazel.
+
+   8. MILVUS ÆGYPTIUS (G.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 49. Yellow-billed
+   Kite.
+
+_a._ ♂ (testes well developed.) Ramaqueban River, September 17,
+1874. Iris bright hazel; bill golden yellow, inclining to horn-colour
+on upper and lower mandibles, but bright at the base and nostrils; legs
+golden yellow, somewhat dusky; claws black. Lizards in stomach; very
+fat.
+
+_b._ ♂ Tati, October 1874.
+
+   9. ELANUS CÆRULEUS (Desf.); Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 52.
+   Black-shouldered Kite.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) (imm.) Hex River, July 1873. Iris bright raw sienna.
+Mouse or rat in stomach.
+
+_b._ (adult.) Not labelled.
+
+   10. FALCO MINOR, Bp.: Sharpe, _t. c._, p. 57. South African
+   Peregrine Falcon.
+
+_a._ (adult.) Not labelled.
+
+   11. FALCO BIARMICUS (Temm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 58, pl. ii.
+   South African Lanner.
+
+_a._ ♂ Newcastle, June 3, 1873. Iris very dark. Remains of mouse
+or rat, and a great many grasshoppers’ heads, in the stomach.
+
+   12. CERCHNEIS RUPICOLA (Daud.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 62. South
+   African Kestrel.
+
+_a._ ♂ Newcastle, June 3, 1873. Iris very dark.
+
+_b._ ♀ Newcastle, June 3, 1873.
+
+_c._ Not labelled.
+
+   13. CERCHNEIS TINNUNCULOIDES (Temm.) _Cerchneis naumanni_,
+   Sharpe, _t. c._, p. 64. Lesser Kestrel.
+
+_a._ ♀ (adult.) Holfontein, November 25, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+  14. CERCHNEIS AMURENSIS (Radde): Sharpe, _t.
+  c._ p. 66. Eastern Red-footed Kestrel.
+
+_a._ ♀ (adult.) Between Sibanani and Tamasancha, December 9, 1874.
+Iris hazel; skin round eye yellow; skin at base of bill orange; bill
+dark greyish blue, pale yellow at base, the yellow colour predominating
+over the blue on the lower mandible; legs and feet orange; claws pale
+dusky orange. In stomach flying ants, which it was catching in the air,
+amongst many other birds, when shot. The male, I think, is less, and
+more distinctly marked.
+
+[Dr. Kirk was the first to discover this Kestrel in the Zambesi region,
+and there were specimens in Dr. Bradshaw’s collection.]
+
+
+                          Sub-order STRIGES.
+
+                           Family BUBONIDÆ.
+
+   15. BUBO LACTEUS (Temm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 71. Verreaux’s
+   Eagle Owl.
+
+_a._ ♀ (adult.) Inkwesi River, August 5, 1874. Iris dark (? dark
+blue), but much sunk in when I got it; bill very pale blue; claws dusky
+black.
+
+   16. BUBO MACULOSUS (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 73. Spotted
+   Eagle Owl.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   17. SCOPS LEUCOTIS (Temm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 74. White-faced
+   Scops Owl.
+
+_a._ ♀ (adult.) Near Umvungu River, November 3, 1873. Native name,
+“Secova.” Iris deep orange. Ova size of mustard seed. Remains of small
+rat in stomach. Sitting on nest, made, I think, in an old one, as there
+were many similar ones, as of a colony of birds, in the trees about.
+Three well-grown young ones in nest, very fierce, as was the old one.
+
+   18. GLAUCIDIUM PERLATUM (Vieill.): Sharpe, _Cat. B._ ii. p.
+   209. _Carine perlata_, Sharpe, ed. Layard, p. 77. African
+   Pearl-spotted Owlet.
+
+_a._ ♀ Tati, August 29, 1873. Iris chrome yellow.
+
+_b._ ♂ Tati, October 10, 1874. Iris bright yellow; bill whitish.
+
+_c._ Not labelled.
+
+   19. ASIO CAPENSIS (Smith): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 78. African
+   Short-eared Owl.
+
+_a._ Pietermaritzburg, about the beginning of May 1873. Iris dark
+brown.
+
+_b._ ♂ Marsh near Newcastle, June 1, 1873. Iris deep orange. I
+saw several of these Owls whilst snipe-shooting. Another shot was much
+softer in plumage, like a young bird.
+
+
+                           Family STRIGIDÆ.
+
+   20. STRIX CAPENSIS, (Smith): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 81. South
+   African Grass-owl.
+
+_a._ Sand Spruit, Transvaal, June 8, 1873. Iris very dark.
+
+   21. STRIX FLAMMEA, L.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 82. Barn Owl.
+
+_a._ ♀ (old bird probably). Tati, September 18, 1874. Iris very
+dark hazel; bill pale flesh-colour.
+
+_b._ ♀ (?. Tati, September 18, 1874. Very fat. Iris very dark
+hazel; bill pale flesh-colour; feet whitish; claws black.
+
+_c._ ♂ (?) (undeveloped). Tati, October 3, 1874. Remains of rat in
+stomach.
+
+
+                            Order PICARIÆ.
+
+                         Family CAPRIMULGIDÆ.
+
+   22. CAPRIMULGUS EUROPÆUS, L.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 83. European
+   Nightjar.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   23. CAPRIMULGUS RUFIGENIS, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 85.
+   Rusous-cheeked Nightjar.
+
+_a._ ♀ Semokwe River, September 24, 1873.
+
+_b._ ♂ Semokwe River, October 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_c._ ♀ Tati, March 21, 1874.
+
+_d_. ♀ Tati, October 1, 1874. Iris hazel; legs pale brown.
+
+_e_. ♀ Tati, October 1874.
+
+   24. CAPRIMULGUS MOSSAMBICUS, Peters: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 88.
+   Mozambique Nightjar.
+
+_a._ ♀ Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris dark hazel. Stomach very full of
+beetles, moths, and other insects.
+
+_b._ Not labelled.
+
+   25. COSMETORNIS VEXILLARIUS (Gould): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 89.
+   Standard-winged Nightjar.
+
+_a._ ♂ (juv.) Victoria Falls, Zambesi, January 2, 1875. Iris dark
+hazel; upper mandible and tip of lower one dusky, the base of the
+latter flesh-colour; legs dirty flesh-colour. Large winged ants and
+large beetle in stomach.
+
+
+                           Family CYPSELIDÆ.
+
+   26. CYPSELUS APUS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 90. Common Swift.
+
+_a._ ♀ (adult.) Between Sibanani and Tamasancha, December 9, 1874.
+Iris hazel; bill black; legs and feet dirty flesh-colour, dusky towards
+the tips and on the claws. Flying ants in stomach.
+
+
+                           Family MEROPIDÆ.
+
+   27. MEROPS APIASTER, L.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 96. European
+   Bee-eater.
+
+_a._ ♂ Crocodile River, November 15, 1873. Iris crimson.
+
+_b._ ♀ (juv.) Inchlangin, about the beginning of December 1873.
+Iris pale crimson.
+
+_c_. ♀ (?) Hendrik’s Vlei, December 18, 1874. Iris crimson; bill
+black; legs brown; claws whitish.
+
+   28. MEROPS SUPERCILIOSUS, L.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 97.
+   Blue-cheeked Bee-eater.
+
+_a._ ♂, _b._ ♀ Hendrik’s Vlei, December 18, 1874. Iris crimson; bill
+black; legs brown; claws whitish. In stomach large flying insects (?
+dragon-flies).
+
+   29. MEROPS NUBICOIDES, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 99, pl. iv.
+   fig. 2. Carmine-throated Bee-eater.
+
+_a._ Daka River, January 20, 1875. Iris dark hazel; bill black;
+legs neutral tint, marked with greyish white; claws dusky. Beetles,
+etc., in stomach.
+
+_b._ ♂ Geruah, January 24, 1875. Iris dark hazel; bill black;
+feet, legs, and claws, dark neutral tint; legs and feet covered with
+whitish scales. Beetles, wasps, etc., in stomach.
+
+   30. MEROPS BULLOCKOIDES, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 99, pl. iv.
+   fig. 1. White-fronted Bee-eater.
+
+_a._ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ Crocodile River, November 9, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+   31. MEROPS PUSILLUS, P. L. S. Müll.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 100.
+   Little Bee-eater.
+
+_a._ Tati, March 24, 1874. Iris crimson; bill, legs, and claws
+black. Stomach not at all muscular, containing remains of insects like
+beetles.
+
+_b._ Tati, March 24, 1874. Soft parts as above. Stomach contained
+winged insects.
+
+_c_. Tati, March 24, 1874.
+
+_d_. ♂ (?) Tati, March 26, 1874. Iris crimson. Stomach contained
+remains of insects--winged, I think.
+
+   32. DICROCERCUS HIRUNDINACEUS (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 101.
+   Swallow-tailed Bee-eater.
+
+_a._ ♂ Near the Pantamatenka River, January 12, 1875. Iris
+crimson; bill black; legs dark neutral tint; claws black. Flying
+insects in stomach.
+
+
+                           Family CORACIIDÆ.
+
+   33. CORACIAS GARRULA, L.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 102. European
+   Roller.
+
+_a._ ♀ (adult.) Tati, March 26, 1874. Extremely fat. Iris hazel,
+darker round pupil, then light.
+
+_b._ Tati, March 28, 1874. Sex undeterminable, the bird being
+apparently young. Very fat, as was the hen bird skinned before. Stomach
+full of huge grasshoppers.
+
+   34. CORACIAS NÆVIA, Daud.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 103. White-naped
+   Roller.
+
+_a._ ♀ (I believe.) First Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road, August
+24, 1874. Iris pale hazel (a dark ring round the pupil?); legs dull
+orange, inclining to olive; bill and claws black. Grasshoppers or
+locusts in stomach.
+
+_b._ ♂ Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 9, 1874.
+Iris hazel, dark round pupil, then pale; legs pale greenish orange.
+Stomach contained remains of beetles.
+
+   35. CORACIAS CAUDATA, Vieill.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 104.
+   Lilac-breasted Roller.
+
+_a._ ♂ Holfontein, November 25, 1873. Iris light hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 18, 1874. Iris
+deep hazel round the pupil, outside this very pale; legs olive; claws
+and bill black. Stomach very large, but not muscular, containing a
+snake about a foot long, and remains of grasshoppers. Head very large
+for size of bird.
+
+_c._ ♂ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 24, 1874. Iris
+hazel; bill and claws black; legs pale dirty orange with an olive
+tinge. Lizard and grasshoppers or locusts in stomach.
+
+_d._ ♀ Between the Pantamatenka River and Zambesi, January 11,
+1875. Iris hazel; bill black; legs pale greenish orange; claws black.
+In stomach centipedes (?).
+
+_e._ ♀ Geruah, January 24, 1875. Iris hazel; bill black; legs
+yellowish blue; claws blue. Soft ants in stomach.
+
+_f._ Not labelled.
+
+   36. EURYSTOMUS AFER (Lath.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 106. Cinnamon
+   Roller.
+
+_a._ ♂ Near Umvungu River, November 3, 1873. Native name
+“Tchegala.” Iris hazel, not dark; bill bright yellow. Stomach muscular,
+containing remains of beetles.
+
+
+                          Family ALCEDINIDÆ.
+
+   37. CORYTHORNIS CYANOSTIGMA (Rüpp.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 108.
+   Malachite-crested Kingfisher.
+
+_a._ Sibanani, December 11, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs
+vermilion.
+
+   38. CERYLE RUDIS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 110. Pied Kingfisher.
+
+_a._ ♂ Meriko River, November 17, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ High Veldt, Transvaal, December 7, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+   39. CERYLE MAXIMA (Pall.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 111. Great African
+   Kingfisher.
+
+_a._ ♀ Matengwe River, December 2, 1874. Iris hazel; bill dark
+slate-colour; legs slate-colour.
+
+   40. HALCYON SEMICÆRULEA (Forsk.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 114.
+   African White-headed Kingfisher.
+
+_a._ ♀ (?) Geruah, December 15, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill
+orange-red, black at tip and base; legs and feet dark purplish-brown,
+orange at back of legs and on soles.
+
+   41. HALCYON ALBIVENTRIS (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 115. Brown
+   hooded Kingfisher.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) Crocodile River, July 1873. Beetles and grasshoppers in
+stomach.
+
+   42. HALCYON CHELICUTENSIS (Stanl.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 117.
+   Striped Kingfisher.
+
+_a._ ♂ Crocodile River, July 1873. Stomach contained grasshoppers.
+
+_b._ ♀ Crocodile River, July 1873. Beetles and grasshoppers in
+stomach.
+
+   43. HALCYON CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 120. Angola
+   Kingfisher.
+
+_a._ ♀ Crocodile River, November 15, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ Nata River, December 5, 1874. Makalaka name “Gogoda.” Iris
+hazel; upper mandible deep carnation, black at tip and gape; under
+mandible black; legs black. Stomach empty, but for a few remains of
+insects. This species has a twittering cry; they say it stays in the
+mopani.
+
+_c_. ♂ Nata River, December 6, 1874. Iris hazel; upper mandible
+deep carnation, black at tip and gape; lower mandible and legs black.
+
+_d_. ♂ Nata River, December 6, 1874. Iris hazel.
+
+
+                          Family BUCEROTIDÆ.
+
+   44. TOCKUS FLAVIROSTRIS (Rüpp.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 130.
+   Yellow-billed Hornbill.
+
+_a._ ♂, _b._ _c._ ♀ Near Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris very pale
+ochre. Flying ants in stomach.
+
+_d._ ♀ (juv.) Motloutsi River, August 24, 1873. Iris ochreous.
+
+   45. TOCKUS NASUTUS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 133. African Grey
+   Hornbill.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+
+                            Family UPUPIDÆ.
+
+   46. UPUPA AFRICANA, Bechst.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 134. South
+   African Hoopoe.
+
+_a._ ♀ Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris hazel (?).
+In stomach, a tick and seeds.
+
+   47. IRRISOR ERYTHRORHYNCHUS (Lath.) Red-billed Wood-Hoopoe.
+
+_a._ ♂, _b._ ♀ Crocodile River, November 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_c_. ♀ (?) Tati, June 26, 1874. Shot out of three by Cornelis,
+who saw them hopping about oddly on the road. Iris dark hazel; bill
+and legs bright orange-red; claws black. Stomach containing large
+chrysalides and a grasshopper.
+
+_d_. ♀ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 30, 1874.
+Iris dark hazel; bill and legs vermilion, the latter less bright and
+inclining to orange; claws black. Stomach small and not muscular,
+containing remains of small insects and large grubs. This bird has a
+peculiar chattering note, often repeated. There were three or four of
+them when this was shot, climbing about on tree trunks like Creepers.
+
+   48. RHINOPOMASTES CYANOMELAS (Vieill.) Scimitar-billed
+   Wood-Hoopoe.
+
+_a._ ♂ Near Metli River, August 10, 1873. Iris hazel. Stomach large,
+containing flying ants and large insects.
+
+_b._ ♂ Seruli River, October 18, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_c._ ♂ Palatswe River, October 20, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_d._ ♂ Tati, October 1874.
+
+_e._ Not labelled.
+
+
+                          Family MUSOPHAGIDÆ.
+
+   49. SCHIZŒRHIS CONCOLOR, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 144. Grey
+   Plantain-eater.
+
+_a._ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris deep grey.
+
+_b._ ♂ Transvaal, December 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+
+                            Family COLIIDÆ.
+
+   50. COLIUS STRIATUS, Lath.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 12. South
+   African Coly.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   51. COLIUS ERYTHROMELON, Vieill.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 12.
+   Quiriva Coly.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) Makalapsi River, August 8, 1873. Iris dark; bill black;
+base and skin round eyes madder; claws madder.
+
+
+                           Family CUCULIDÆ.
+
+   52. CUCULUS CLAMOSUS, Cuv.: Sharpe, ed. Layard, p. 150. Black
+   Cuckoo.
+
+_a._ ♀ Crocodile River, November 9, 1873. Iris light hazel.
+
+   53. CUCULUS CUPREUS, Boddaert. _Chrysococcyx cupreus_, Sharpe,
+   _t. c._ p. 153. Golden Cuckoo.
+
+_a._ ♂ Crocodile River, November 8, 1873. Iris scarlet.
+
+_b._ ♀ Crocodile River, November 9, 1873. Iris light brown.
+
+   54. COCCYSTES CAFER (Licht.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 158. Le
+   Vaillant’s Cuckoo.
+
+_a._ Crocodile River, November 14, 1873. Iris light hazel.
+
+_b._ ♀ (?) Tati, October 17, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs black.
+
+   55. CENTROPUS SENEGALENSIS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 162.
+   Lark-heeled Cuckoo.
+
+_a._ ♀ Tati, August 28, 1873. Iris crimson.
+
+_b._ ♂ Ramaqueban River, September 4, 1873.
+
+   56. CENTROPUS SUPERCILIOSUS (H. and E.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 163.
+   White-eyebrowed Lark-heeled Cuckoo.
+
+_a._ ♀ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris crimson.
+
+
+                         Family INDICATORIDÆ.
+
+   57. INDICATOR SPARMANNI (Steph.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 166.
+   White-eared Honey-guide.
+
+_a._ ♀ Holfontein, July 1873. Iris light brownish hazel.
+
+_b, c._ Not labelled.
+
+
+                          Family CAPITONIDÆ.
+
+   58. POGONORHYNCHUS LEUCOMELAS (Bodd.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 173.
+   Pied Barbet.
+
+_a._ ♀ Pretoria, July 24, 1873. Iris very dark. Stomach large, thin,
+and full of fruit; a good deal of flesh about the head.
+
+_b._ ♀ Pretoria, July 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+_c._ Tati, October 6, 1874. Bill and legs black.
+
+   59. TRACHYPHONUS CAFER (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 178. Le
+   Vaillant’s Barbet.
+
+_a._ ♀ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris red.
+
+_b._ ♀ Crocodile River, November 15, 1873. Iris crimson.
+
+_c._ ♂ Crocodile River, November 30, 1873. Iris crimson.
+
+_d._ Not labelled.
+
+
+                            Family PICIDÆ.
+
+   60. CAMPETHERA BENNETTI, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 181.
+   Bennett’s Woodpecker.
+
+_a._ Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 7, 1874. Iris
+lake; bill blackish slate-colour; legs and claws slate-colour, inclined
+to olive.
+
+   61. CAMPETHERA ABINGTONI, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 182.
+   Golden-tailed Woodpecker.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   62. CAMPETHERA SMITHII, Malh.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 184. Smith’s
+   Woodpecker.
+
+_a._ Tati, October 6, 1874. Bill dusky slate-colour; legs pale
+whitish olive.
+
+_b, c._ Not labelled.
+
+   63. DENDROPICUS NAMAQUUS (Licht.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 188.
+   Bearded Woodpecker.
+
+_a._ ♂ Motloutsi River, August 23, 1873. Iris crimson lake.
+
+_b._ ♀ Ramaqueban River, July 30, 1874. Iris lake; bill slate-colour;
+legs dark greenish slate-colour; claws dark. Stomach containing large
+caterpillars.
+
+_c._ ♂ Ramaqueban River, August 2, 1874. Iris lake; bill slate-colour;
+legs dark greenish slate-colour; claws black. Stomach containing large
+caterpillars.
+
+   64. DENDROPICUS CARDINALIS (Gm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 190.
+   Cardinal Woodpecker.
+
+_a._ ♂ Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris deep
+crimson.
+
+_b._ ♂ Ramaqueban River, September 4, 1873. Iris crimson.
+
+_c._ ♀ Tati, October 7, 1874. Iris red (?); bill and legs dark
+slate-colour (?).
+
+   65. IYNX PECTORALIS (Vigors): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 191.
+   Red-breasted Wryneck.
+
+_a._ Blauw Krans River, Natal, May 22, 1873. Iris red-brown; legs
+pale greenish grey.
+
+
+                          Family PSITTACIDÆ.
+
+   66. PSITTACUS ROBUSTUS, Gm.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 194. Le
+   Vaillant’s Parrot.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   67. PSITTACUS MEYERI (Rüpp.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 195. Meyer’s
+   Parrot.
+
+_a._ Witfontein, July 1873.
+
+_b._ ♂ Holfontein, July 1873. Iris very light hazel. (Another ♂
+shot, brighter in plumage, had the iris hazel round pupil, then burnt
+sienna.)
+
+_c._ ♀ Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 4, 1874.
+Iris hazel round pupil, then orange; bill blackish slate-colour; legs
+and claws dusky black.
+
+_d._ ♂ Tati, October 7, 1874. Bill and legs dark slate-colour.
+
+_e._ ♀ Tati, October 9, 1874. Bill and legs dark slate-colour.
+Seeds in stomach.
+
+
+                         Order PASSERIFORMES.
+
+
+                            Family TURDIDÆ.
+
+   68. TURDUS LITSITSIRUPA, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 198, South
+   African Thrush.
+
+_a._ ♂, _b._ ♀ Pair of thrushes shot together near Eland’s River, July
+1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_c._ ♀ (Ovary very rudimentary). Tati, March 19, 1874. Iris dark hazel;
+upper mandible dusky black, under one orange; legs flesh-colour.
+
+_d._ ♂ Tati, October 1874.
+
+   69. MYRMECOCICHLA FORMICIVORA (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 231.
+   Southern Ant-eating Wheatear.
+
+_a_, _b._ ♂ Near Newcastle, May 30, 1873. Iris hazel. Stomach very
+muscular, containing seeds and beetles. Found perching on ant-hills,
+from which it rises with a hovering flight, something like a Skylark.
+
+   70. SAXICOLA GALTONI (Strickl. and Sclater): Sharpe, _t. c._ p.
+   234. Familiar Chat.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) Ladysmith, May 25, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ Inyati, October 2, 1873. Iris rich hazel-brown. Native name
+“Envachli.”
+
+   71. SAXICOLA PILEATA (Gm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 238. Capped
+   Wheatear.
+
+_a._ Pietermaritzburg, about the beginning of May 1873.
+
+_b._ ♂, _c._ ♀ John Scott’s Farm, Transvaal, June 19, 1873. Iris dark
+hazel.
+
+   72. SAXICOLA SHELLEYI: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 246. Shelley’s
+   Wheatear. (Plate A.)
+
+_a._ Ramaqueban River, a few miles above the drift, on the way
+to Gubuleweyo, June 24, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill, legs, and claws
+black. Gravel and beetles in stomach. This bird seems to have a habit
+of climbing about in trees.
+
+_b._ (♀ probably, on account of the very bare breast.) Near
+Sibanani, December 8, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs black.
+
+[This fine species was hitherto known from a pair of birds only, which
+were purchased a few years back from a dealer by the British Museum,
+and were stated to have come from the Victoria Falls. Mr. Oates has now
+established the Zambesi region to be the habitat of the species, and
+has also procured it 300 miles off the place whence the first specimens
+were obtained. The occurrence of Shelley’s Wheatear so far south as the
+Ramaqueban River is very interesting, as we may now expect that it will
+be found still farther to the southwards.]
+
+   73. SAXICOLA LEUCOMELÆNA, Burchell: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 247.
+   Burchell’s Wheatear.
+
+_a._ Desolate part of High Veldt; found on walls round corn and
+peach fields, June 15, 1873. Iris hazel. Beetles in stomach.
+
+   74. MONTICOLA EXPLORATOR (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 220.
+   Sentinel Rock-Thrush.
+
+_a._ Kaar Kloof Heights, near Pietermaritzburg, May 19, 1873. Iris
+hazel.
+
+
+                           Family TIMELIIDÆ.
+
+
+                        Sub-family PYCNONOTINÆ.
+
+   75. PHYLLOSTROPHUS CAPENSIS, Sw.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 203. Cape
+   Bristle-necked Thrush.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   76. PYCNONOTUS LAYARDI Gurney: _Ibis_, 1879, p. 390. Layard’s
+   Bulbul.
+
+_a._ Durban, April 23, 1873. Iris bright hazel.
+
+_b._ ♀ (probably.) Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873.
+Iris hazel. Fruit and seeds in stomach.
+
+   77. PYCNONOTUS NIGRICANS (Vieill.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p.
+   23. Le Vaillant’s Bulbul.
+
+_a._ ♀ Crocodile, July 1873. Iris deep crimson; skin round eye
+orange. Large seeds in stomach.
+
+
+                         Sub-family TIMELIINÆ.
+
+   78. CRATEROPUS BICOLOR, Jard.: Sharpe, ed. Layard, p. 210. Pied
+   Babbling Thrush.
+
+_a._ ♂ Tati, October 2, 1874. Iris bright orange; bill and legs
+black.
+
+_b._ ♀ Tati, October 7, 1874. Iris bright orange; bill and legs
+black.
+
+_c._ ♂ (?) Tati, October 1874.
+
+   79. CRATEROPUS JARDINII, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 212.
+   Jardine’s Babbling Thrush.
+
+_a._ ♀ Inkwesi River, October 8, 1873. Iris orange, with crimson
+rim.
+
+_b._ ♀ Meriko River, November 18, 1873. Iris orange, with crimson
+rim.
+
+_c._ ♀ Tati, October 3, 1874. Iris orange, with outer ring of
+crimson.
+
+_d._ ♂ Tati, October 9, 1874. Iris orange, surrounded by crimson ring;
+bill black; legs dark slate-colour. Stomach muscular, containing
+insects.
+
+   80. COSSYPHA NATALENSIS (Smith): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 223. Natal
+   Chat-Thrush.
+
+_a._ Durban, April 23, 1873. Iris bright hazel (?).
+
+   81. AEDON LEUCOPHRYS (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 252.
+   White-eyebrowed Warbler.
+
+_a._ ♂ Transvaal, November 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+   82. CISTICOLA CURVIROSTRIS (Sund.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 263.
+   Brown Fantail Warbler.
+
+_a._ Tibakai’s Pan, January 21, 1875. Iris pale red-brown; upper
+mandible of bill dusky, lower one bluish white; legs flesh-colour;
+claws dusky.
+
+   83. CISTICOLA TINNIENS (Licht.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 265. Le
+   Vaillant’s Fantail Warbler.
+
+_a._ Marsh near Newcastle, June 1, 1873. Common in marsh.
+
+   84. CISTICOLA CHINIANA (Smith): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 268. Larger
+   Grey-backed Fantail Warbler.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) Tati, March 23, 1874. Native name, “Ynete.” Iris pale
+hazel-brown; upper mandible dusky, under one and legs flesh-colour.
+
+_b._ ♀ (slightly developed). Tati, March 23, 1874. Iris (I think)
+tawny red; upper mandible dusky black, under one dusky orange; legs
+yellowish flesh-colour; thighs very fleshy--these, as well as the
+belly, very bare of feathers. Stomach containing grubs and other
+insects.
+
+_c._ ♂ (well developed). Tati, March 24, 1874. Iris pale
+red-brown; upper mandible dusky black, under one dusky orange; legs
+yellowish flesh-colour; thighs very fleshy. Stomach somewhat muscular,
+containing remains of insects.
+
+_d._ Between Sibanani and Tamasancha, December 9, 1874. Iris pale
+reddish brown; upper mandible dusky, under one dirty flesh-colour; legs
+brownish flesh-colour.
+
+   85. CISTICOLA ABERRANS (Smith): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 271. Smith’s
+   Fantail Warbler.
+
+_a._ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris lake.
+
+   86. CISTICOLA CURSITANS (Frankl.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 275.
+   Common Fantail Warbler.
+
+_a._ Near Newcastle (?) about the end of May 1873. Iris very pale.
+Stomach of this and the reed species contained remains of beetles.
+
+   87. BRADYPTERUS GRACILIROSTRIS, Sund.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 287.
+   White-breasted Reed-Warbler.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   88. SYLVIETTA RUFESCENS (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 303.
+   Short-tailed Bush-Warbler.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) Tati, October 13, 1874. Iris pale burnt sienna; bill
+dusky, dirty flesh-colour at base (?); legs pale red-brown. Stomach
+rather muscular, containing large grubs.
+
+
+                         Family NECTARINIIDÆ.
+
+   89. NECTARINIA FAMOSA (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 306. Malachite
+   Sun-bird.
+
+_a._ Natal, 1873.
+
+   90. CINNYRIS GUTTURALIS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 311.
+   Scarlet-chested Sun-bird.
+
+_a._ Semokwe River, September 1873.
+
+_b._ ♂ Impakwe River, February 12, 1874. Native name, “Bola-la-maholi.”
+Iris dark hazel. Stomach very thin, containing remains of good-sized
+insects, some spiders amongst them. Shot creeping amongst tall-stalked
+flowers.
+
+_c._ (Sex doubtful.) Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill,
+legs, and claws black. Stomach not at all muscular, containing remains
+of soft insects.
+
+_d._ Not labelled.
+
+   91. CINNYRIS AFER (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 313. Greater
+   Double-collared Sun-bird.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark
+hazel. Stomach very small, not muscular, apparently containing insects;
+no gravel.
+
+   92. CINNYRIS MARIQUENSIS (Smith): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 319.
+   Southern Bifasciated Sun-bird.
+
+_a._ Makalapsi River, August 7, 1873. Iris dark brown.
+
+_b._ Inkwesi River, October 1873.
+
+_c, d, e, f._ Not labelled.
+
+
+                            Family PARIDÆ.
+
+   93. PARUS AFER, Gm.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 329. South African
+   Titmouse.
+
+_a._ ♂ Inyati, September 27, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ Semokwe River, October 1873. Iris burnt sienna.
+
+   94. PARUS NIGER, Vieill.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 331. Southern
+   Black-and-white Titmouse.
+
+_a._ ♂ Ramaqueban River, September 4, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_b._ ♀ (?) Ramaqueban River, June 12, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill,
+legs, and claws black. Stomach containing sand and insects.
+
+_c._ ♂ (?) Tati, October 13, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs black.
+
+
+                          Family MUSCICAPIDÆ.
+
+   95. PRATINCOLA TORQUATA (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 250. South
+   African Stone-chat.
+
+_a._ ♂ Durban, April 23, 1873.
+
+_b._ ♂ Pietermaritzburg, May 2, 1873.
+
+_c._ ♀ Near Newcastle, May 31, 1873. Iris very dark hazel.
+
+_d._ ♂ (well developed). Tati, October 15, 1874. Iris hazel.
+
+_e._ ♀ Tati, October 15, 1874. Iris hazel.
+
+_f._ ♀ (?) (young bird in pen). Tati, October 15, 1874. Iris
+hazel. Don’t remember to have seen this species here before. Is it just
+arrived, or merely passing as a bird of passage from the south?
+
+   96. PARISOMA SUBCÆRULEUM (Gm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 332.
+   Red-crested Fly-catcher.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) Ladysmith, May 25, 1873. Iris pale grey, nearly white.
+
+_b._ ♀ (?) Tati, September 24, 1874. Iris very pale straw-colour; bill
+and legs black.
+
+_c._ ♂ Tati, October 3, 1874. Iris pale straw-colour. Singing a
+short sweet note, and moving about amongst the bushes after the manner
+of a Willow-wren, looking for insects.
+
+   97. BATIS MOLITOR (Hahn and Küst.): Sharpe, _Cat. B._, iv. p.
+   137. Eastern Yellow-eyed Fly-catcher.
+
+_a._ ♂ Dry River, October 1873. Iris golden yellow.
+
+_b._ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, June 25, 1874. Iris bright
+yellow; legs and claws black.
+
+_c._ ♀ Tati, October 16, 1874. Iris yellow; bill and legs
+black. Stomach muscular, containing remains of large insects like
+grasshoppers; also green shoots (?).
+
+_d._ Not labelled.
+
+   98. TERPSIPHONE PERSPICILLATA (Sw.): Sharpe, _Cat. B._, iv. p.
+   357. South African Paradise Fly-catcher.
+
+_a._ ♂ (highly developed). Tati, October 4, 1874. Bill dark
+cobalt. Insects in stomach.
+
+
+                          Family HIRUNDINIDÆ.
+
+   99. HIRUNDO PUELLA, Temm.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 47.
+   Smaller Striped-breasted Swallow.
+
+_a._ Tati, October 4, 1874. Iris hazel. Sex indistinguishable,
+but Thomson had similar specimens, which were females and
+well-developed males. A similar one shot by me was a male, and well
+developed.
+
+_b._ Tati, October 5, 1874. Iris hazel.
+
+   100. HIRUNDO CUCULLATA, Bodd.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 46.
+   Large Striped-breasted Swallow.
+
+_a._ ♂ Tati, October 4, 1874. Iris hazel.
+
+   101. HIRUNDO RUSTICA, L.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 45. Common
+   Swallow.
+
+_a, b, c._ ♂ Tati, October 17, 1874. Cold, wet day, after very hot
+weather. These birds came into the houses and were easily caught. The
+other species seem to have gone away; these have been here about a week.
+
+   102. HIRUNDO SEMIRUFA, Sund.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 45.
+   Red-breasted Swallow.
+
+_a._ Inchlangin, about the beginning of December 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+Many small beetles in stomach. Another I shot was either a young one or
+in moult.
+
+_b._ ♀ Tati, October 4, 1874. Iris hazel.
+
+
+                            Family LANIIDÆ.
+
+   103. DRYOSCOPUS BOULBOUL (Lath.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 48.
+   South African Puff-backed Bush-Shrike.
+
+_a._ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+   104. DRYOSCOPUS CUBLA (Lath.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 48.
+   Pied Puff-backed Bush-Shrike.
+
+_a._ ♂ Tati, August 28, 1873. Iris crimson.
+
+_b, c._ Not labelled.
+
+   105. LANIARIUS BAKBAKIRI (Vieill): Layard’s _B. S. Afr._, p.
+   161. Bakbakiri Bush-Shrike.
+
+_a, b._ ♂ Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark grey.
+Remains of beetles and seeds in stomach.
+
+_c._ ♂ Ladysmith, May 25, 1873. Iris dark grey.
+
+   106. LANIARIUS SULPHUREIPECTUS (Less.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._
+   p. 49. Yellow-breasted Bush-Shrike.
+
+_a._ ♂ Motloutsi River, October 15, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+   107. LANIARIUS ATROCOCCINEUS (Burch.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._,
+   p. 49. Crimson-breasted Bush-Shrike.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris, outside violet, inside
+crimson.
+
+_b, c._ ♂ Near Eland’s River, July 1873. Iris, outside violet,
+inside crimson. Insects, beetles, and grasshoppers in stomach.
+
+_d._ Makalapsi River, August 8, 1873. Iris violet and crimson.
+
+_e._ ♂ Tati, September 2, 1873. Iris neutral tint.
+
+_f._ ♂ Tati, October 2, 1874. Iris slate-colour; bill and legs black.
+Insects (principally beetles) in stomach.
+
+_g._ ♂ Tati, October 21, 1874. Iris slate-colour; bill and legs black.
+
+   108. LANIARIUS SENEGALUS (L.): Red-winged Bush-Shrike.
+
+_a._ Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 3, 1874. Iris
+hazel; bill black, base of upper and a good deal of base of under
+mandible bright slate-colour; legs pale slate-colour; claws rather
+darker.
+
+_b._ ♀ Pantamatenka River, January 18, 1875. Iris dark hazel; bill
+black; legs pale slaty blue; claws dusky.
+
+   109. LANIARIUS TRIVIRGATUS (Smith): Gurney in Anderss. _B. Dam.
+   Ld._, p. 151. Three-streaked Bush-Shrike.
+
+_a._ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_b._ ♀ Near Metli River, August 10, 1873. Iris dusky hazel.
+
+_c._ Not labelled.
+
+   110. LANIUS MINOR, Gm.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 51. Lesser
+   Grey Shrike.
+
+_a, b._ ♂ Tati River, where Makalaka road leaves it, going north,
+November 19, 1874. Iris hazel; bill lilac, tinged on top of upper and
+end of lower mandible with black; legs dark brown. Beetles in stomach.
+
+   111. LANIUS COLLARIS, Gm.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 51.
+   Collared Shrike.
+
+_a._ ♂ Durban, April 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_b._ ♀ Pietermaritzburg, May 2, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+_c._ ♀ (?) Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+Stomach full of remains of beetles; no gravel.
+
+   112. LANIUS COLLURIO, L.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 50.
+   Red-backed Shrike.
+
+_a._ ♀ Meriko River, November 18, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ (slightly developed). Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris dark
+hazel; bill deep violet, pale at base; legs black.
+
+_c._ ♀ (?) Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill dusky
+lilac; legs and claws black.
+
+_d._ ♂ (?) Sibanani, December 11, 1874. Iris hazel; bill dark
+slate-colour, violet at base; legs blackish slate-colour.
+
+_e, f._ Not labelled.
+
+   113. UROLESTES MELANOLEUCUS (Jard.): Gurney in Anderss. _B. Dam.
+   Ld._, p. 130. Black-and-white Long-tailed Shrike.
+
+_a, b._ ♂ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel (?). Large ants
+in stomach.
+
+_c._ ♀ [brown variety]. Near Hex River, July 1873. Iris ochreous
+hazel. Shot by Bell, who says the note is different from that of the
+black one, which is plentiful. This is the only brown one seen. He says
+it whistles. Large gnats and other insects in stomach.
+
+_d._ ♂ Tati, October 13, 1873. Iris dark brown.
+
+_e._ Tati, March 25, 1874. Iris dark hazel. Stomach slightly muscular,
+full of remains of large insects.
+
+_f._ ♂ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 20, 1874. Iris
+hazel; bill, legs, and claws black. Ants in stomach.
+
+
+                          Family PRIONOPIDÆ.
+
+   114. EUROCEPHALUS ANGUITIMENS, Smith: Sharpe, _Cat. B._, iii. p.
+   279. Smith’s Wood-Shrike.
+
+_a._ ♂, b. ♀ Tati, March 23, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill and legs
+black. Stomach muscular, containing a number of large hard seeds and
+one or two beetles.
+
+   115. PRIONOPS TALACOMA, Smith: Sharpe, _Cat. B._, iii. p. 321.
+   South African Helmet-Shrike.
+
+_a._ ♂ Near Metli River, August 10, 1873. Iris gamboge; skin round
+eye dentated, orange-yellow; legs pale vermilion.
+
+_b._ ♀ Holfontein, November 25, 1873. Iris chrome yellow.
+
+_c._ ♂ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, June 21, 1874. Iris
+chrome yellow; skin round eye bright orange; legs and feet orange-red;
+claws dusky black. Stomach pretty fleshy, and containing remains of
+grasshoppers and beetles.
+
+_d, e._ ♂ (?) First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, June 21, 1874.
+Iris chrome yellow; skin round eye light bright orange; legs and feet
+orange-red; claws dusky black.
+
+   116. BRADYORNIS OATESII, sp. n. Oates’s Wood-Shrike. (Plate B.)
+
+_a._ ♂ (adult.) First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 20,
+1874. Iris dark hazel. Stomach full of ants.
+
+_b._ (juv.) Geruah, January 25, 1875. Iris hazel; bill and legs
+black.
+
+_c._ (adult.) Not labelled.
+
+[Similis _B. pallido_ sed cineraceus; gulâ conspicue albâ: pectore
+et corporis lateribus pallide cinerascentibus: subcaudalibus albis.
+
+_Adult male._--General colour above ashy; the head slightly
+browner, with indistinct brown shaft-streaks; least and median
+wing-coverts like the back; the median and greater coverts brown,
+edged with ashy brown, a little reddish on some of the outer greater
+coverts; quills brown, externally ashy or fulvous brown, the primaries
+and some of the innermost secondaries edged with pale whity brown;
+tail-feathers ashy brown, the feathers edged with paler brown; lores
+and a small patch above and below the eye dull white; in front of the
+eye a dusky spot; ear-coverts brown, slightly washed with fawn-colour,
+and contrasting with the ashy grey head; cheeks ashy grey, like the
+sides of the neck; entire throat white, strongly defined; remainder of
+under surface pale ashy brown; whitish on the lower abdomen, vent, and
+under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy like
+the breast, the lower coverts slightly tinged with fawn-colour; quills
+dusky brown below, pale ashy fulvous along the inner web. Total length
+7·5 inches, culmen 0·55, wing 3·85, tail 3·1, tarsus 0·85.
+
+After a careful comparison of specimens I have come to the conclusion
+that the present bird is new to science. At first I thought it would
+be _B. murinus_, Finsch and Hartl., but the ear-coverts in that
+species are described as being like the sides of the neck and crop,
+whereas here the ear-coverts are in strong contrast; the under wing
+coverts also are not fawn-colour in Mr. Oates’s specimens. Having
+compared it with all the other species of _Bradyornis_ represented
+in the British Museum, I modify the “Key to the species,” given in my
+_Catalogue of Birds_, vol. iii., p. 308, as follows:--
+
+_a._ Upper surface ashy or clear brown, not black.
+
+_a′._ Above light reddish brown, uniform; throat white, like the rest
+of the under surface; under wing-coverts white.--_mariquensis._
+
+_b′._ Above ashy; throat white, contrasting with the ashy under
+surface; under wing-coverts like the breast.--_Oatesii._
+
+_c′._ Above light brown, uniform; throat white, contrasting with
+the fawn-buff breast; under wing-coverts fawn-colour.--_pallidus_,
+_modestus_, etc. etc.
+
+The fawn-coloured under wing-coverts of _B. pallidus_, the
+ashy brown throat and chest of _B. chocolatinus_, the reddish
+brown upper surface, and entirely white under surface of _B.
+mariquensis_, successively prevent _B. Oatesii_ from being
+considered synonymous. A bird, determined as _B. murinus_, F. and
+H., from the Congo (Sharpe and Bouv., _Bull. Soc. Zool. France_,
+1877), would appear to be the same as _B. Oatesii_, but is in worn
+plumage.]
+
+
+                           Family DICRURIDÆ.
+
+   117. BUCHANGA ASSIMILIS (Bechst.): Sharpe, _Cat. B._, iii. p.
+   247. African Drongo.
+
+_a._ ♀ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris crimson. Beetles and
+grasshoppers in stomach.
+
+_b._ ♀ Tati, October 11, 1873. Iris crimson.
+
+_c._ Ramaqueban River, August 2, 1874. Iris deep red; bill, legs,
+and claws black.
+
+
+                           Family ORIOLIDÆ.
+
+   118. ORIOLUS GALBULA, L.: Sharpe, _Cat. B._, iii. p. 191. Golden
+   Oriole.
+
+_a._ ♀ Meriko River, November 16, 1873. Iris crimson.
+
+
+                            Family CORVIDÆ.
+
+   119. CORVUS SCAPULATUS, Daud.: Sharpe, _Cat. B._, iii. p. 22.
+   White-backed Crow.
+
+_a._ Ladysmith, May 27, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_b._ Seruli River, October 17, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+
+                           Family STURNIDÆ.
+
+   120. BUPHAGA AFRICANA, L.: Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 57.
+   African Beef-eater.
+
+_a, b._ ♀ Semokwe River, September 1873. Iris orange.
+
+   121. DILOPHUS CARUNCULATUS (Gm.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 56.
+   Wattled Starling.
+
+_a._ ♂ Ramaqueban River, September 4, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 1, 1874. Iris
+hazel; bare skin about the eye yellowish; bill dirty flesh-colour, base
+and tip dusky; legs, feet, and claws dusky brown. Stomach not very
+muscular, containing beetles and sand.
+
+_c._ ♂ (fully developed). Tati River, where Makalaka road leaves
+it, going north, November 18, 1874. Iris hazel; bill white, tinged with
+lilac; legs dark brownish flesh-colour; bare skin of head deep black
+in front, bright yellow behind; round the eyes a small bluish patch.
+Stomach muscular, containing beetles and grasshoppers.
+
+   122. AMYDRUS BICOLOR (Gm.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 55. Brown
+   Starling.
+
+_a._ Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris pale grey with
+orange rim. Contents of stomach miscellaneous.
+
+   123. AMYDRUS MORIO (Daud.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 54. Cape
+   Starling.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   124. PHOLIDAUGES VERREAUXI, Bocage: Sharpe, t. c. p. 54.
+   Verreaux’s Glossy Thrush.
+
+_a._ ♂ Near Umvungu River, October 31, 1873. Iris hazel round pupil,
+and bright yellow round the hazel. Stomach containing remains of
+insects, and a number of large white berries, and sticky yellow matter
+with the berries; the latter said to be used for bird-lime, the berries
+said to grow on trees.
+
+_b._ ♂ (?) Near Umvungu River, November 12, 1873. Iris deep olive
+round pupil, and round the olive a bright yellow ring. Stomach not
+muscular, containing a few remains of small insects, but principally a
+quantity of vegetable matter like fine grass.
+
+   125. LAMPROTORNIS AUSTRALIS, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 56.
+   Smith’s Glossy Thrush.
+
+_a._ ♂ Crocodile River, December 1, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+   126. LAMPROTORNIS MEVESI, Wahlb.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 56. Meves’s
+   Glossy Thrush.
+
+_a._ ♂ Nata River, December 5, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs black.
+Stomach containing ants.
+
+   127. LAMPROCOLIUS PHŒNICOPTERUS (Sw.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 55.
+   Red-shouldered Glossy Thrush.
+
+_a._ Blauw Krans River, Natal, May 22, 1873. Iris bright orange.
+
+_b._ ♂ Tati, October 11, 1873. Iris orange.
+
+_c._ ♀ Crocodile River, November 8, 1873. Iris orange.
+
+_d._ ♂ Meriko River, November 18, 1873. Iris orange.
+
+
+                          Family MOTACILLIDÆ.
+
+   128. MOTACILLA AGUIMP, Temm.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 73. African
+   Pied Wagtail.
+
+_a._ Durban, April 23, 1873.
+
+_b._ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel. Insects in stomach.
+
+_c._ Not labelled.
+
+   129. MOTACILLA CAPENSIS, L.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 73. Cape Wagtail.
+
+_a._ Durban, April 23, 1873.
+
+_b._ ♂ Pietermaritzburg, April 30, 1873.
+
+_c._ Inyati, October 3, 1873. Iris dark hazel. Native name “Umvemve.”
+
+   130. ANTHUS PYRRHONOTUS, Vieill.: Gurney in Anderss. _B. Dam.
+   Ld._, p. 113. Cinnamon-backed Pipit.
+
+_a._ Kaar Kloof Heights, near Pietermaritzburg, May 19, 1873. Iris
+hazel.
+
+_b._ Not labelled.
+
+   131. ANTHUS CAFFER, Sund.: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 72. South African
+   Pipit.
+
+_a._ Pietermaritzburg, about the beginning of May 1873.
+
+   132. MACRONYX CAPENSIS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 73. Cape
+   Long-claw.
+
+_a, b._ ♀ (?) Between Ladysmith and Newcastle, about the end of May
+1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_c._ ♂ Pretoria, December 7, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+
+                           Family ALAUDIDÆ.
+
+   133. CERTHILAUDA SEMITORQUATA, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 71.
+   Grey-collared Lark.
+
+_a._ ♂ Transvaal, December 18, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+   134. MIRAFRA AFRICANA (Smith): Sharpe, _P. Z. S._, 1874, p. 642.
+   South-African Lark.
+
+_a._ ♂ Tibakai’s Pan, December 19, 1874. Iris pale reddish hazel; bill
+dirty flesh-colour; top of upper mandible dusky; legs flesh-colour.
+Insects and seeds in stomach.
+
+   135. MIRAFRA SABOTA (Smith): Sharpe, _P. Z. S._, 1874, p. 645.
+   Sabota Lark.
+
+_a._ ♂ Tati, October 25, 1874. Iris bright light brown; upper mandible
+dusky, under one dirty flesh-colour; legs pale brown. Stomach muscular,
+containing large hard seeds.
+
+_b._ Not labelled.
+
+   136. TEPHROCORYS CINEREA (Gm.): Sharpe, _P. Z. S._, 1874, p.
+   633. South African Rufous-capped Lark.
+
+_a._ ♂ Pietermaritzburg, May 2, 1873.
+
+
+                           Family PLOCEIDÆ.
+
+   137. SYCOBROTUS BICOLOR (Vieill.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p.
+   60. Natal Black-and-yellow Weaver-bird.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   138. TEXTOR ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 58.
+   Red-billed Black Weaver-bird.
+
+_a._ Tati, March 25, 1874. Iris dark greyish hazel; bill and legs dusky
+orange. Stomach very muscular, containing seeds and insects. Noisy tame
+bird. Shot in company with the black Long-tails (_Chera_); had been
+moulting, as feathers were loose.
+
+_b._ ♀ Tati, October 25, 1874. Iris dark; bill dusky orange; legs
+dusky, with an orange tinge.
+
+_c._ ♀ Near first Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, June 17, 1874. Iris
+dark hazel; bill and legs dusky orange. Stomach containing many seeds,
+and a few insect remains and gravel. Three nests in a high tree full of
+these birds.
+
+_d._ ♂ Tati, September 30, 1874. Iris hazel; bill coral-red; legs
+salmon-colour; claws dusky. Shot by Thomson out of a flock of similar
+birds, and a black-winged white species.
+
+   139. HYPHANTORNIS CAPENSIS (Gm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 59. Cape
+   Yellow Weaver-bird.
+
+_a._ ♂ Transvaal, December 16, 1873. Iris straw-colour.
+
+   140. HYPHANTORNIS OLIVACEUS (Hahn): Gray, _Handl. B._, ii. p.
+   41, No. 6575. Olive-and-yellow Weaver-bird.
+
+_a._ ♀ Transvaal, December 16, 1873. Iris raw sienna.
+
+   141. HYPHANTORNIS OCULARIS (Smith). Smith’s Weaver-bird.
+
+_a._ ♂, _b._ ♀ Pinetown, near Durban, April 1873. Iris buff; bill
+black; legs grey.
+
+_c._ ♂ Pietermaritzburg, April 30, 1873. Iris light hazel or
+golden.
+
+   142. HYPHANTORNIS MARIQUENSIS (Smith): Layard, _B. S. Afr._, p.
+   182. Mariqua Weaver-bird.
+
+_a._ ♂ Seruli River, October 18, 1873. Iris bronze.
+
+   143. HYPHANTORNIS NIGRIFRONS, Cab.: Layard, _t. c._ p. 180.
+   Black-fronted Weaver-bird.
+
+_a._ ♀ Inyati, October 3, 1873. Iris pale reddish hazel; bill and
+legs pinkish; upper mandible tinged with dusky. This bird, and another
+shot the same time, were in moult. The other one is much duller; not
+so yellow on head, rump, and tail; throat and breast tinged with pale
+yellow; belly white.
+
+_b._ ♂ Ishokwani, near Semokwe River, October 14, 1873. Iris yellowish
+white.
+
+_c._ ♂ Tati, October 21, 1874. Iris straw-colour; lower mandible
+flesh-colour, upper one dusky; legs slate-colour. Insects in stomach.
+
+   144. SPOROPIPES SQUAMIFRONS (Smith): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p.
+   61. Scutellated Finch.
+
+_a._ ♀ Semokwe River, September 30, 1873. Iris burnt sienna.
+
+   145. VIDUA VERREAUXI, Cass.: Finsch and Hartl., _Vög. Ost-afr._,
+   p. 426. Verreaux’s Widow-bird.
+
+_a._ ♂ (very fully developed). Tati, March 30, 1874. Iris dark
+hazel. Stomach containing seeds, a little grit, and remains of a beetle.
+
+   146. VIDUA REGIA (L.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 63.
+   Shaft-tailed Widow-bird.
+
+_a, b, c, d._ ♂ Tati, March 20, 21, 22, 24, 1874. Iris dark hazel;
+bill, legs, and claws, coral-red. Small seeds in stomach.
+
+   147. VIDUA PRINCIPALIS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 63. Common
+   Widow-bird.
+
+_a._ ♂ Transvaal, December 1, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ Hope Fountain, near Gubuleweyo; shot in Mr. Thomson’s
+garden, about the beginning of December 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+_c._ ♀ (?) Tati, March 31, 1874. Iris dark; bill and legs
+coral-red. I think this may be an immature male. In one or two examined
+afterwards, undoubted females, the bill was pale and the legs more
+dusky.
+
+_d._ Not labelled.
+
+   148. CHERA PROGNE (Bodd.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 63. Great
+   Widow-bird.
+
+_a._ ♀ Pietermaritzburg, April 30, 1873.
+
+_b, c._ John Scott’s Farm, Transvaal, June 19, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_d, e._ ♂ Transvaal, December 18, 1873.
+
+_f, g, h, i._ Not labelled.
+
+   149. PENTHETRIA ALBINOTATA (Cass.): Finsch and Hartl., _Vög.
+   Ost-afr._, p. 420. White-spotted Widow-bird.
+
+_a._ ♂ (undeveloped). Tamasetsie, December 16, 1874. Iris hazel; bill
+bluish; legs black.
+
+_b._ ♂ Between the Pantamatenka River and Zambesi, January 11, 1875.
+Iris hazel; bill pale bluish violet; legs black. Seeds in stomach.
+
+   150. PENTHETRIA ARDENS (Bodd.): Sharpe, _Cat. Afr. B._, p. 63.
+   Orange-throated Widow-bird.
+
+_a._ Natal, 1873.
+
+   151. EUPLECTES CAPENSIS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 62. Cape
+   Black-and-yellow Widow-bird.
+
+_a._ Kaar Kloof Heights, near Pietermaritzburg, May 19, 1873. Iris
+hazel.
+
+_b._ Inyati, September 29, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+_c._ Semokwe River, October 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_d._ Hope Fountain, near Gubuleweyo, about the beginning of
+December 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+_e._ Not labelled.
+
+   152. EUPLECTES ORYX (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 62. Red Bishop-bird.
+
+_a, b._ ♂ Transvaal, 1873.
+
+_c._ Hope Fountain, near Gubuleweyo, about the beginning of December
+1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+
+                          Family FRINGILLIDÆ.
+
+   153. AMADINA ERYTHROCEPHALA (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 65.
+   Red-headed Wax-bill.
+
+_a._ ♀ Tati, October 1874. Iris pale hazel; skin round eye red; bill
+dusky blue; legs dirty flesh-colour.
+
+   154. PYTELIA MELBA (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 66. Southern
+   Red-faced Finch.
+
+_a._ ♂ Tati, September 1, 1873. Iris burnt sienna.
+
+_b._ ♂ Tati, September 1873.
+
+_c._ ♂ (?) d. Tati, October 28, 1874. Iris scarlet; bill coral-red;
+legs pale brown.
+
+   155. ESTRELDA ASTRILD (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 65. Wax-bill
+   Finch.
+
+_a._ ♂, _b._ Tati, October 9, 1874. Iris hazel (?); bill vermilion;
+legs and claws black.
+
+_c._ Not labelled.
+
+   156. ESTRELDA ERYTHRONOTA (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 64.
+   Black-cheeked Finch.
+
+_a._ ♀, _b._ Tati, October 3, 1874. Iris deep crimson; bill dark
+slate-colour.
+
+   157. ESTRELDA GRANATINA (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 65. Grenadier
+   Wax-bill.
+
+_a._ Semokwe River, September 1873.
+
+_b._ ♂ Tati, September 30, 1874. Iris red; bill and skin round eye
+scarlet-lake; legs dark brown.
+
+   158. ESTRELDA CYANOGASTRA (Daud.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 65.
+   Southern Bengali Finch.
+
+_a._ ♂ Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris claret-colour; bill violet, lilac at
+base; legs pale flesh-colour. Small seeds in stomach.
+
+_b._ Tati, October 3, 1874. Iris claret-colour.
+
+_c._ ♂ Tati, October 21, 1874. Iris claret-colour; bill violet; legs
+pale brown (?).
+
+_d._ ♀ Tati, October 1874.
+
+   159. LAGONOSTICTA MINIMA (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 66.
+   Amadavat Finch.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris very pale hazel.
+
+_b._ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris lake.
+
+   160. ORTYGOSPIZA POLYZONA (Temm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 66. Little
+   Barred-breasted Finch.
+
+_a._ Desolate country near Newcastle, June 5, 1873. Iris
+pheasant-colour. Two shot out of a flock.
+
+   161. PASSER MOTITENSIS, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 69. Greater
+   South African Sparrow.
+
+_a._ ♀ Palatswe River, August 13, 1873. Iris dark greyish hazel.
+Stomach very muscular, containing grit; seeds in throat.
+
+_b._ ♀ (probably). Tati, September 24, 1874. Iris palish hazel; bill
+black; legs brown; claws darker.
+
+_c._ ♂ Tati, October 19, 1873. Iris brown.
+
+_d._ Tati, October 6, 1874. Bill black; legs brown.
+
+   162. PASSER DIFFUSUS, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 69. Southern
+   Grey-headed Sparrow.
+
+_a._ Crocodile River; in cultivated fields, July 1873. Iris greenish
+hazel.
+
+   163. PLOCEPASSER MAHALI, Smith: Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 61.
+   White-browed Weaver-bird.
+
+_a._ ♂ Palatswe River, August 13, 1873. Iris dark burnt sienna.
+Stomach muscular, containing remains of insects. Song not unlike that
+of a Chaffinch, but much shorter and quieter. I think I have seen these
+birds since the Lion Camp on the Crocodile River. They go in small
+parties.
+
+_b._ Not labelled.
+
+   164. POLIOSPIZA GULARIS (Smith): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 68.
+   Striped-headed Grosbeak.
+
+_a._ Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris pale
+claret-tinted hazel.
+
+   165. CRITHAGRA CHRYSOPYGA (Sw.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 67.
+   Golden-rumped Grosbeak.
+
+_a._ ♀ Tati, October 9, 1874. Iris hazel; bill dirty violet or
+flesh-colour; legs brown.
+
+   166. CRITHAGRA ANGOLENSIS (Gm.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 67. Angola
+   Grosbeak.
+
+_a._ ♂ (?) First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 20, 1874.
+Iris hazel. Shot out of flock.
+
+   167. FRINGILLARIA FLAVIVENTRIS (Vieill.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 70.
+   Golden-breasted Bunting.
+
+_a._ ♂ Between the Gokwe and Seruli Rivers, October 17, 1873. Iris
+hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ Semokwe River, October 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_c._ (young bird). Inchlangin, beginning of December 1873. Iris
+hazel.
+
+_d._ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 19, 1874. Iris
+dark hazel. Another I examined like this in plumage was a male. I have
+seen them much duller in colour, and the black stripes on the head
+replaced by brown.
+
+_e._ ♂ Tati, October 10, 1874. Iris hazel; bill flesh-colour; legs
+pale brown.
+
+   168. FRINGILLARIA CAPENSIS (L.): Sharpe, _t. c._ p. 70. Cape
+   Bunting.
+
+_a._ ♂ Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+Seeds and fly in stomach.
+
+
+                            Order COLUMBÆ.
+
+   169. TURTUR CAPICOLA, Sund.: Finsch and Hartl., _Vög. Ost-afr._,
+   p. 548. Cape Turtle Dove.
+
+_a._ ♂ Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+Seeds in stomach.
+
+_b._ ♂ Pietermaritzburg, beginning of May 1873. Iris slate-colour
+(?); legs flesh-colour.
+
+_c._ ♀ (?) Between Pretoria and Bamangwato. Iris hazel.
+
+   170. CHALCOPELIA AFRA (L.): Finsch and Hartl., _t. c._ p. 554.
+   Emerald-spotted Dove.
+
+_a._ Blauw Krans River, Natal, May 22, 1873. Iris chestnut.
+
+   171. ŒNA CAPENSIS (L.): Finsch and Hartl., _t. c._ p. 557.
+   Long-tailed African Dove.
+
+_a._ ♀ Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+_b._ ♂ Near Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+_c._ ♂ Tati, September 29, 1874. Iris and bill orange; legs lake.
+Small black seeds in stomach.
+
+
+                            Order GALLINÆ.
+
+
+                          Family PTEROCLIDÆ.
+
+   172. PTEROCLES GUTTURALIS, Smith: Layard, _B. S. Afr._, p. 279.
+   Yellow-throated Sand-Grouse.
+
+_a, b._ ♂, _c._ ♀ Shashe River, where Zambesi road crosses
+it, north of Tati; coming to the water night and morning, August 17,
+1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs dark bluish grey; claws dusky black. A
+small species of bean and gravel in stomach, which is very muscular.
+
+   173. PTEROCLES BICINCTUS, Temm.: Layard, _t. c._ p. 278.
+   Double-banded Sand-Grouse.
+
+_a._ ♂ Makalapsi River, August 6, 1873. Iris hazel; skin round eye
+yellow; bill very dark; corners of mouth and base of lower mandible
+yellow; legs and feet dusky yellow; claws dark dusky brownish lake.
+
+_b._ ♂ Makalapsi River, August 8, 1873. Iris hazel; skin round eye
+bright yellow; upper mandible deep lake, under one orange; legs and
+feet dull yellow; claws dusky lake. Crop very full of small pebbles; a
+few seeds in it.
+
+_c._ ♂, _d._ ♀ Motloutsi River, August 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+
+                           Family PERDICIDÆ.
+
+   174. TURNIX LEPURANA, Smith: Layard, _t. c._ p. 275. Kurrichaine
+   Hemipode.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   175. FRANCOLINUS AFER, Temm.: Layard, _t. c._ p. 270.
+   Grey-winged Francolin.
+
+_a, b._ ♂ Retief’s Drift, Vaal River, June 11, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+   176. FRANCOLINUS NATALENSIS, Smith: Layard, _t. c._ p. 273.
+   Natal Francolin.
+
+_a._ ♀ Makalapsi River, August 7, 1873. Iris hazel; bill dusky;
+tip and lower mandible pale orange; legs, feet, and claws palish orange.
+
+   177. FRANCOLINUS PILEATUS, Smith: Layard, _t. c._ p. 272.
+   Pileated Francolin.
+
+_a._ ♂, _b._ ♀ Lion Camp, Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris
+hazel; legs red.
+
+_c._ ♂ Gokwe River, October 16, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+
+   178. COTURNIX DACTYLISONANS, Temm.: Layard, _t. c._ p. 274.
+   Common Quail.
+
+_a._ ♂ High Veldt, Transvaal, December 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+   179. COTURNIX DELEGORGUEI, Delegorgue: _C. histrionica_, Hartl.:
+   Layard, _t. c._ p. 275. Harlequin Quail.
+
+_a._ Gubuleweyo, December 26, 1873. Native name “Seguatha.” Iris
+rich brown; bill black; legs pale flesh-colour. Does not lie well to a
+dog, but runs rapidly, and at last rises.
+
+_b._ ♂, _c._ ♀ Gubuleweyo, January 3, 1874. Iris rich brown;
+bill black; legs and feet salmon-colour.
+
+
+                             Order GRALLÆ.
+
+
+                            Family RALLIDÆ.
+
+   180. PARRA CAPENSIS, Smith: Gurney in Anderss. _B. Dam. Ld._, p.
+   330. Lesser African Jacana.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   181. PORPHYRIS ALLENI, Thoms.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 327. Allen’s
+   Blue Water-hen.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   182. FULICA CRISTATA (Gm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 327.
+   Rufous-knobbed Coot.
+
+_a._ Transvaal, 1873.
+
+   183. GALLINULA ANGULATA, Sund.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 321. South
+   African Moor-hen.
+
+_a._ ♂ Dry River; killed by the boys with sticks, February 27,
+1874. Iris crimson; a narrow circle of tawny yellow within the iris,
+near the outside; bill crimson and yellow; legs greenish yellow.
+Vegetable matter in stomach.
+
+_b._ ♀ Tibakai’s Vlei, December 19, 1874. Iris pale crimson; bill
+yellow, scarlet stripe on top of upper mandible, under one tipped with
+scarlet; legs pale yellowish brown; thighs pale yellow, tinged with
+brown. Gravel and vegetable matter in stomach.
+
+   184. ORTYGOMETRA EGREGIA (Peters): Finsch and Hartl., _Vög.
+   Ost-Afr._, p. 778. Peters’s Crake.
+
+_a._ Gubuleweyo; shot in marsh by spruit, December 26, 1873. Iris
+crimson-lake; skin round iris vermilion; lower part of base of upper
+mandible and whole of base of lower mandible magenta, of a lilac tinge;
+upper part of upper mandible dark slate-colour, lower part of it near
+tip lighter slate-colour, tip of lower mandible whitish; legs dusky
+flesh-colour.
+
+   185. CREX PRATENSIS, Bechstein. _Ortygometra crex_ (Gm.):
+   Layard, _B. S. Afr._, p. 338. Corn-crake.
+
+_a._ ♂ (testes slightly developed). Tati; shot in long grass,
+March 22, 1874. Iris red-brown; skin round eye brick-red; bill violet;
+legs pale flesh-colour. Stomach muscular, containing stones and remains
+of large insects.
+
+
+                          Family SCOLOPACIDÆ.
+
+   186. Philomachus pugnax (L.): Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld., p.
+   304. Ruff.
+
+_a._ ♀ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, November 4, 1874. Iris
+hazel; bill dusky black, brownish at base; legs dirty orange; claws
+black.
+
+   187. ACTITIS HYPOLEUCUS (L.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 303. Common
+   Sandpiper.
+
+_a._ ♀ Inyati, October 2, 1873. Iris dark hazel; bill dusky, base
+of lower mandible pale neutral tint; legs pale violet; feet and claws
+dusky.
+
+_b._ ♀ Sibanani, December 7, 1874. Iris hazel; legs pale dirty
+slate-colour; base of lower mandible slate-colour; rest of bill dusky
+black.
+
+   188. TOTANUS CANESCENS (Gm.): Sharpe and Dresser, _B. Eur._, pl.
+   xlii. Greenshanks.
+
+_a._ ♂ Inquinquesi River, September 29, 1873. Native name
+“Tabi-tabi.” Iris dark hazel; legs dull olive.
+
+   189. TOTANUS GLAREOLA (L.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 302. Wood
+   Sandpiper.
+
+_a._ Inyati, September 28, 1873. Iris dark hazel; legs dull olive
+green.
+
+
+                          Family GLAREOLIDÆ.
+
+   190. GLAREOLA MELANOPTERA (Nordm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 264.
+   Black-winged Pratincole.
+
+_a._ ♂, _b._ ♀ Branslow’s Farm, Transvaal, December 8, 1873.
+Iris dark hazel.
+
+
+                          Family CHARADRIIDÆ.
+
+   191. HOPLOPTERUS SPECIOSUS (Licht.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 267.
+   Blacksmith Plover.
+
+_a._ ♀ Branslow’s Farm, Transvaal, December 8, 1873. Iris dark
+crimson.
+
+_b._ ♀ Shashe River, October 16, 1874. Iris crimson; bill and legs
+black. Beetles in stomach.
+
+_c._ Not labelled.
+
+   192. CHETTUSIA CORONATA (Gm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 268. Wreathed
+   Plover.
+
+_a._ ♀ Bisschop’s Farm, Transvaal, June 20, 1873. Iris bright
+yellow, with hazel ring round pupil. Stomach containing beetles and
+grasshoppers.
+
+_b._ ♂ (testes very rudimentary). Tati, March 26, 1874. Iris hazel
+round pupil, then yellow; bill magenta, tip black; legs and skin round
+eye magenta; claws black.
+
+   193. ÆGIALITIS ATRICOLLARIS (Vieill.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 274.
+   Treble-collared Plover.
+
+_a._ Durban, April 23, 1873.
+
+
+                            Family OTIDIDÆ.
+
+   194. OTIS KORI, Burchell. _Eupodotis cristata_, Layard, _t. c._
+   p. 283. Kori Bustard.
+
+_a._ (Sex doubtful; perhaps a young hen.) Near Palatswe River,
+May 16, 1874. Iris hazel, dark round the pupil, but becoming very pale
+towards the outside; upper mandible black; under one greenish white,
+tipped with black; legs and feet pale greenish white; claws dusky.
+
+   195. EUPODOTIS CÆRULESCENS (Vieill.): Layard, _t. c._ p. 285.
+   Blue Bustard.
+
+_a._ ♂ Near Sunday’s River, May 28, 1873. Iris hazel.
+
+   196. ŒDICNEMUS CAPENSIS, Licht.: Gurney in Anderss. _B. Dam.
+   Ld._, p. 266. Spotted Thick-knee.
+
+_a._ Near Pilandsberg, Transvaal, July 1873. Iris golden yellow;
+eye large.
+
+_b._ Not labelled.
+
+
+                            Family ARDEIDÆ.
+
+   197. ARDEA MELANOCEPHALA, Vig. and Childr.: Gurney, _t. c._ p.
+   284. Black-throated Heron.
+
+_a._ ♂ Marsh near Pretoria, June 21, 1873. Iris yellow.
+
+   198. ARDEA PURPUREA, L.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 286. Purple Heron.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   199. HERODIAS INTERMEDIA (Wagl.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 289.
+   Short-billed Egret.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   200. BUTORIDES ATRICAPILLUS (Afzel): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 292.
+   Black-headed Dwarf Heron.
+
+_a, b._ Not labelled.
+
+   201. BUTORIDES STURMII (Wagl.), _Ardeiralla Sturmii_ (Wagl.):
+   Gurney, _t. c._ p. 291. Sturm’s Heron.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   202. BUTORIDES RUFIVENTRIS (Sund.), _Ardea rufiventris_ (Sund.):
+   Ayres, _Ibis_, 1871, pl. ix. Red-bellied Heron.
+
+_a._ ♂ Hendrik’s Vlei, December 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill black;
+legs slate-colour.
+
+   203. BUBULCUS IBIS (Hasselq.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 288.
+   Buff-backed Heron.
+
+_a._ ♀ Tati, September 26, 1874. Iris bright yellow, inclining to
+orange; skin round eye chrome yellow; bill yellow; legs orange-yellow,
+somewhat dusky; claws blackish. Lizards, grasshoppers, and beetles in
+stomach. This bird not so fat as some shot at Bamangwato in May.
+
+
+                           Family CICONIIDÆ.
+
+   204. CICONIA ALBA (L.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 280. White Stork.
+
+_a._ ♂ Ramaqueban River, where the Zambesi road leaves it,
+going north, November 15, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill and legs
+orange-vermilion; skin about eye the same, but with a dark patch on it
+near the eye, and also near the under mandible.
+
+   205. SPHENORHYNCHUS ABDIMII (Licht.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 280.
+   White-bellied Stork.
+
+_a._ ♂ Sibanani, December 11, 1874. Iris white, inclining to
+greenish ochreous; bill olive, tipped with vermilion; a flesh-coloured
+knob at the base.
+
+   206. SCOPUS UMBRETTA (Gm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 294. Tufted Umbre.
+
+_a._ ♂ Makalapsi River, August 7, 1873. Iris dark; bill, legs, and
+claws black. Frogs in stomach.
+
+
+                           Order NATATORES.
+
+
+                            Family ANATIDÆ.
+
+   207. SARKIDIORNIS MELANONOTUS (Penn.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 335.
+   Knob-billed Goose.
+
+_a._ ♀ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, March 16, 1874. Iris
+dark hazel; bill and legs black. Shot in a tree. The dogs caught a
+young one in the pan, where I suppose this Goose had its brood.
+
+   208. NETTAPUS AURITUS (Bodd.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 336. African
+   Dwarf Goose.
+
+_a._ ♂, _b._ [♀]. Not labelled.
+
+   209. ANAS XANTHORHYNCHA, Forst.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 342.
+   Yellow-billed Duck.
+
+_a._ ♀ Near Pretoria, June 18, 1873. Iris bright brown. Grit and
+vegetable matter in stomach.
+
+   210. PÆCILONETTA ERYTHRORHYNCHA (Smith): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 339.
+   Red-billed Teal.
+
+_a._ ♀ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, March 16, 1874. Iris
+dark hazel; bill (I think) brown on top, dull orange on sides; legs
+black. Caught by dog. They say this is the common small duck here.
+
+_b._ ♂ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, November 5, 1874. Iris
+bright brown; bill pink with a lilac tinge, a dark lilac stroke on
+the top; legs slate-colour, inclining to lilac. Out of four shot, I
+think three were males and one a female, but the plumage differed very
+little. The boy found a curious swelling in the windpipe of two, which
+he says were males. He said the female had not got it.
+
+
+                          Family PELECANIDÆ.
+
+   211. GRACULUS AFRICANUS (Gm.): Gurney, _t. c._ p. 370.
+   Long-tailed Cormorant.
+
+_a._ Not labelled.
+
+   212. PLOTUS LEVAILLANTII, Licht.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 367. Le
+   Vaillant’s Darter.
+
+_a._ Meriko River, November 1873.
+
+
+                          Family PODICIPIDÆ.
+
+   213. PODICEPS MINOR, L.: Gurney, _t. c._ p. 347. Little Grebe.
+
+_a._ Tchakani Vlei, May 15, 1874. Iris yellowish hazel, or rather
+deep raw sienna or amber; upper mandible dusky black; base and lower
+mandible orange; legs and feet black.
+
+_b._ ♀ Tamasancha, December 10, 1874. Bill black, tipped with
+white, and spotted at base with white; legs black, fringed on webs with
+white. Beetles in stomach.
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.A.
+
+    J.G.Keulemans lith.      Hanhart imp.
+
+  SAXICOLA SHELLEYI.]
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.B.
+
+    J.G.Keulemans lith.      Hanhart imp.
+
+  BRADYORNIS OATESII.]
+
+
+
+
+                                 III.
+
+                             HERPETOLOGY.
+
+             BY ALBERT GÜNTHER, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S.
+
+                            (PLATES C, D.)
+
+     _DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF SNAKES FROM SOUTH-EASTERN
+                               AFRICA._
+
+
+                           Family COLUBRIDÆ.
+
+  CORONELLA TRITÆNIA, sp. n. (Plate C.)
+
+Vertical shield elongate, twice as long as broad, longer than the two
+frontals together, or than the occipital which is rounded behind.
+Rostral shield extending on the upper surface of the head; loreal
+square; anteocular large, extending to the upper surface of the head,
+but not reaching the vertical; two post-oculars. Eight upper labials,
+the fourth and fifth entering the orbit, the last small. Two large
+anterior temporals which are in contact with both post-oculars; the
+outer temporals scale-like. Scales in seventeen rows, with a single
+apical groove. Ventrals 168; anal bifid; sub-caudals 61. Posterior
+maxillary tooth grooved. Ground colour light olive, with three well
+defined brown longitudinal bands; the median one commences behind the
+occipital and is lost in the middle of the tail; it occupies the median
+series of scales, and has a fine yellow line running along its middle;
+the lateral band commences underneath the canthus rostralis, and is
+continued to the end of the tail; it occupies the third and fourth
+outer series of scales and the adjoining halves of the neighbouring
+series; it has narrow black edges; the outermost series of scales is
+white like the abdomen, but with a faint brownish line. Lower parts
+pure white.
+
+Total length 19 inches; the cleft of the mouth measuring six lines, and
+the tail 3½ inches.
+
+
+                          Family DRYIOPHIDÆ.
+
+  DRYIOPHIS OATESII, sp. n. (Plate D.)
+
+Allied to _Dryiophis Kirtlandii_, but the rostral shield is not
+reverted to the upper surface of the head; the præocular reaches to
+the upper surface only, remaining far distant from the vertical. Two
+post-oculars: temporals 1 + 2 + 2, the anterior being the smallest, and
+in contact with the upper post-ocular.
+
+Head with very peculiar colouration; the upper surface is ornamented
+by a pink T-shaped figure, the horizontal bar stretching from eye
+to eye, and the vertical part occupying the middle of the occipital
+shields. This figure is finely mottled with black. An irregular,
+oblique, blackish line from the eye to the penultimate upper labial,
+the pink temporal scales margined with black. Body coloured as in _D.
+Kirtlandii_.
+
+Total length 47 inches; the tail measuring 19 inches; length of the
+cleft of the mouth 14 lines.
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.C.
+
+    R.Mintern lith.      Mintern Bros. imp.
+
+  CORONELLA TRITÆNIA.]
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.D.
+
+    R. Mintern lith.      Mintern Bros. imp.
+
+  DRYIOPHIS OATESII.]
+
+
+
+
+                                  IV.
+
+                              ENTOMOLOGY.
+
+                 By J. O. WESTWOOD, M.A., F.L.S., Etc.
+
+        Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.
+
+                             (PLATES E-H.)
+
+
+The Collection of Insects formed by Mr. F. Oates, now in the
+Entomological Museum of the University of Oxford, although not of
+considerable extent, fortunately comprises examples of many of the very
+peculiar groups and genera characteristic of the greater part of the
+African continent.
+
+The geographical distribution of animals has, during the last few
+years, attracted so much attention among naturalists, that a few
+preliminary observations on the subject will not be considered out of
+place.
+
+M. Lacordaire, in the chapter on the geographical distribution of
+insects, in his “_Introduction à l’Entomologie_,” divided the
+African continent into numerous regions, as follows:--1. Upper Egypt,
+Nubia, and Abyssinia; 2. The country south of the Atlas Range, as far
+as the Great Desert, and including Morocco; 3. Senegambia; 4. The coast
+of Guinea; 5. Congo; 6. The Cape of Good Hope; 7. Madagascar; 8. The
+islands of Mauritius and Bourbon.
+
+In the still more recent works of Mr. Wallace on the geographical
+distribution of animals, we find that (with the exception of the
+whole of North Africa--including the northern half of Egypt and of
+Arabia--which are united with the Mediterranean sub-region and regarded
+as a portion of the primary Polar Arctic region) the remainder of
+Africa, south of the tropic of Cancer, is constituted into a primary
+region, to which the name of “Ethiopian” has been applied, and in which
+the zoological productions are of a remarkably homogeneous character.
+Of this Ethiopian region the portion which extends on the western side
+of the continent, between the rivers Gambia and Congo, and consequently
+embracing Guinea and the Gold Coast, and reaching as far as 25° East
+long., is of a distinct character, being occupied by dense forests.
+To this sub-region the name of “West African” has been applied.
+Another sub-region, the “South African,” is formed of that part of the
+continent south of the tropic of Capricorn, but extending northwards
+along the east coast as far as Mozambique.
+
+The remainder of Africa, from the tropic of Cancer to the river Gambia
+on the west coast, and including Senegambia, Timbuctoo, South Egypt,
+Abyssinia, the eastern half of Africa (including the great lakes,
+and Zanzibar), and reaching from Mozambique on the east to Angola,
+Benguela, and Damara Land on the west coast, is considered as forming
+a third sub-region, to which the inappropriate name of “East Africa”
+has been applied. It is in the south-eastern portion of this third
+sub-region that the collection of insects formed by Mr. F. Oates was
+obtained.
+
+The surface of all this sub-region is described by Mr. A. R. Wallace
+as “generally open, covered with a vegetation of high grasses or
+thorny shrubs, with scattered trees and isolated patches of forest
+in favourable situations. The only parts where continuous forests
+occur are on the eastern and western slopes of the great Abyssinian
+plateau, and on the Mozambique coast from Zanzibar to Sofala. The whole
+of this great district has one general zoological character. Many
+species range from Senegal to Abyssinia; others from Abyssinia to the
+Zambesi; and a few, as _Mungos fasciatus_ and _Phacochærus æthiopicus_
+(to which great numbers of species of insects may be added), range
+over the entire sub-region.” Various species of quadrupeds and birds
+are mentioned, which are found in Gambia, Abyssinia, and South-east
+Africa, but not in the West African sub-region; and yet Mr. Wallace
+adds, “Although this sub-region is so extensive and so generally
+uniform in physical features, it is by far the least peculiar part
+of Africa. It possesses, of course, all those wide-spread Ethiopian
+types which inhabit every part of the region; but it has hardly any
+special features of its own. The few genera which are peculiar to it
+have generally a limited range, and for the most part belong either to
+the isolated mountain-plateau of Abyssinia, which is almost as much
+Polar-Arctic as Ethiopian, or to the woody districts of Mozambique,
+where the fauna has more of a West or South African character.” Surely
+these circumstances, if correctly stated, together with the fact
+connected with the existence of the Great Sahara desert, extending
+many hundred miles wide across Africa, lead to the conclusion that the
+division of Africa south of the tropic of Cancer into three principal
+areas is unnatural, and that, with the exception of the necessary
+consequence of greater life-action within the tropics, there is so much
+uniformity in the animal productions of Africa as to render it (with
+our present knowledge at least) undesirable to cut up the continent
+into these sub-regions.
+
+
+                          Order LEPIDOPTERA.
+
+The Lepidopterous insects (butterflies and moths) especially attracted
+much of the attention of Mr. Oates; and of the day-flying species
+(Rhopalocera) he collected seventy-three different kinds, of which
+nineteen appear to be previously undescribed. As they form the most
+important part of his collection, I have given a complete catalogue of
+them in the following pages. These insects abound in certain districts,
+and in Mr. Trimen’s work on South African butterflies, as many as 226
+different species are recorded.
+
+Species of the families Danaidæ, Satyridæ, Acræidæ, Nymphalidæ,
+Lycænidæ, Pieridæ, Papilionidæ, and Hesperiidæ occur in each of the
+three divisions into which Mr. Wallace has divided the continent south
+of the Great Desert; but of the families Elymniidæ, Libytheidæ, and
+Nemeobiidæ no species have been found in the South African sub-region,
+which, however, possesses seven genera peculiar to itself,--two
+belonging to the Satyridæ, one to the Acræidæ, three to the Lycænidæ,
+and one to the Hesperiidæ. The beautiful species of Zeritis are also
+peculiar to this sub-region; one additional species only inhabiting
+West Africa.
+
+Of the Danaidæ (including the greater part of the Heliconian
+butterflies), species occur in each of the four Ethiopian sub-regions.
+Of the Satyridæ, which also occur in all the four sub-regions,
+Gnophodes, Leptoneura, and a few other small genera are exclusively
+African. Of the Elymniidæ, which are peculiar to the Malayan and
+Moluccan districts, one species also occurs in Ashanti. The Morphidæ,
+Brassolidæ, and typical Heliconiidæ do not occur in Africa; the
+Acræidæ, on the contrary, have their metropolis in this continent,
+which produces more than two-thirds of all the known species. Of the
+Nymphalidæ, which is the largest and most universally distributed
+family of butterflies, species occur in all the sub-regions of Africa.
+There are fourteen genera of these butterflies exclusively African,
+including Lachnoptera, Amphidema, Catuna, Euryphene, Romaleosoma,
+Aterica, and Harma. Libythea (constituting the family Libytheidæ) is
+widely distributed, and occurs in Western Africa and Madagascar, but
+not in Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa. Such is also the case
+with the family Nemeobiidæ. No representative of the family Erycinidæ
+(proper) occurs in the old world or Australia. The Lycænidæ, on the
+other hand, are found in all the sub-regions of the globe, the genera
+Pentila, Liptena, D’Urbania, Axiocerces, Capys, Phytala, Epitola,
+Hewitsonia, and Deloneura, being peculiar to Africa. Of the family
+Pieridæ, Teracolus and Pseudopontia are the only genera exclusively
+African; but the species of other genera are very numerous, especially
+in the group of white butterflies with orange tips to their fore wings.
+The family Papilionidæ are very widely distributed over all the warmer
+regions of the globe; and although no peculiar genus belonging to the
+family is found in Africa, there are several very interesting groups of
+species, such as _Pap. Nireus_ and its allies, with black wings
+spotted or banded with green. The Merope group, with its cream-coloured
+males, spotted with black and furnished with tails, is remarkable for
+having tailless females in South Africa, so much unlike their partners
+as to have been described as several distinct species; whereas in
+Madagascar the females of this group can scarcely be distinguished
+either in form or colours from the males. Lastly, of the Hesperiidæ,
+distributed all over the globe, thirteen of the genera contain species
+which are natives of Africa, three of them being peculiar to that
+region--namely Abantis, from Mozambique, Ceratrichia, Butler, from
+Western Africa, and Caprona, Wallengren, from Southern Africa.
+
+
+                      _LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA._
+
+                          Family PAPILIONIDÆ.
+
+                         Genus PAPILIO, Auct.
+
+   1. (1) PAPILIO DEMOLEUS, _Linnæus_.
+
+           _Papilio Demodocus_, Esper.
+
+Ranges from Western Tropical Africa to the Cape of Good Hope.
+
+
+Genus CALLIDRYAS, Boisduval; E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 66.
+
+        _Catopsilia_, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. p. 481.[76]
+
+   2. (1) CALLIDRYAS SWAINSONII, Westw.
+
+   _Colias Pyrene_, Swainson, Zool. Ill. vol. i. pl. 51. (Not of
+   Linnæus, which is an Indian species, belonging to the genus
+   _Thestias_, Boisduval.)
+
+   _Callidryas Pyrene_, Butler, Lep. Exot. pl. 16, f. 8–10.
+
+   _Callidryas Florella_, Boisduval; Trimen, Rhopal. Afr. Austr. p.
+   68; but not of Fabricius nor Donovan, Nat. Repos. III. pl. 90.
+
+Many individuals of this species were taken at the Motloutsi River,
+varying in having the black spot of the disc of the fore wings, and
+the orange spots on the under side of the hind wings. A specimen from
+Guinea, received by Mr. Hope from Mr. Westermann of Copenhagen as the
+_Florella_, Fabr., is identical with the South African specimens
+of Swainson’s species. The type specimen described by Fabricius,
+drawn by Jones (Icones, v. 2, Dan. Cand. pl. 5, f. 3, 4), copied by
+Donovan, is from Sierra Leone, and was, and still is, in the Banksian
+Collection. _C. Swainsonii_ is very widely dispersed.
+
+   3. (2) CALLIDRYAS RHADIA, Boisduval; Trimen, p. 69.
+
+   _Callidryas Castalia_, E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 68 (not of
+   Fabricius).
+
+Two specimens captured at Tati. The Rev. H. Rowley sent it from the
+Zambesi to the Oxford Museum.
+
+
+                      Genus TERACOLUS, Swainson.
+
+   4. (1) TERACOLUS SUBFASCIATUS, Swainson, Zool. Ill. 2 ser. Ins.
+   pl. 115[77]; Boisduval; Trimen.
+
+   _Ptychopteryx Bohemanni_, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 18.
+
+Originally described from the Burchell Collection now at Oxford. Six
+specimens from Tati. The species appears to be very rare, as Mr. Trimen
+had not seen an individual. The female has the extremity of the fore
+wings brilliant orange-red, instead of pale orange-yellow, as figured
+by Swainson.
+
+   5. (2) TERACOLUS AGOYE, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 15; Trimen,
+   p. 325.
+
+   _Anthocharis Eosphorus_, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1863, p. 523.
+
+One specimen. Locality not noted.
+
+
+                          Genus PIERIS, Auct.
+
+   6. (1) PIERIS MESENTINA, Cramer, pl. 270, f. A, B; Godart;
+   Boisduval; Trimen, p. 35.
+
+   _Papilio Aurota_, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. i. 197.
+
+Many specimens taken at Bamangwato, the Motloutsi River, Tati,
+Gubuleweyo, Inyati (November 30, 1873), the Gwailo River, and at or
+near the Victoria Falls.
+
+   7. (2) PIERIS SEVERINA, Cramer, pl. 338, f. G, H; Godart;
+   Boisduval; Trimen, p. 32.
+
+Two specimens, of unrecorded locality.
+
+
+                       Genus IDMAIS, Boisduval.
+
+   8. (1) IDMAIS ERIS, Klug, Symbol. Phys. t. 6, f. 15, 16;
+   Boisduval; Reiche in Ferret and Galinier, Voy. Abyss. pl. 31, f.
+   1–3; Trimen, p. 59.
+
+   Var. _Idmais Fatma_, Felder, Reise Novara, pl. 25, f. 3.
+
+Tati; and the Ramaqueban River, July 29, 1874.
+
+   9. (2) IDMAIS VESTA? Reiche in Ferret and Galinier’s Voy.
+   Abyss. pl. 31, f. 7, 8. (Not of Trimen, p. 62, which = _Idmais
+   Chrysonome_, E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 7, fig. 5; nor of
+   Klug nor Boisduval = _Idmais Hewitsoni_, Kirby, Syn. Cat. p.
+   498.)
+
+The specimens collected by Mr. Oates have the base of all the wings on
+the upper side broadly white, the remainder ochreous buff, with a large
+dark brown spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell of the fore
+wings, a dark brown, very irregular bisinuated fascia running across
+the fore wings beyond the middle, and extending across the middle of
+the hind wings, nearly reaching the anal angle; the outer margin of
+the fore wings is dark brown, with two rows of ochreous buff spots,
+the outer ones small; the outer margin of the hind wings is brown,
+inwardly dentated, with a marginal row of ochre spots. Beneath, the
+fore wings are bright orange-yellow at the base, yellow in the middle,
+with the apex and the entire hind wings brownish ochre, the markings
+of the fore wings ill defined, and with three obscure bands across the
+hind wings. In the female the ground colour of the upper surface of
+the wings is uniformly pale yellowish buff. The fascia across the hind
+wings separates this species from _Chrysonome_ Dbd., _Vesta_
+of Trimen. M. Reiche’s figure apparently represents a larger and more
+suffused insect, the under side especially being more variegated, and
+the ground colour of the hind wings bright yellow.
+
+
+                      Genus TACHYRIS, Wallengren.
+
+   10. (1) TACHYRIS AGATHINA, Cramer, pl. 237, f. D, E; Godart;
+   Boisduval; Trimen, p. 28; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. t.
+   21, f. 11, 12.
+
+   _Pieris Thysa_, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. t. 21, f.
+   7–10.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls, in January.
+
+
+          Genus CALLOSUNE, E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 57.
+
+   11. (1) CALLOSUNE EUPOMPE, Klug, Symb. Phys. t. 6, f. 11–14;
+   Boisduval; Trimen, p. 45.
+
+   _Papilio Evippe_, Cramer, pl. 91, f. D, E. (nec Linn.).
+
+   _Pontia Acaste_, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. 7, f. 16, 17.
+
+   _Pieris Polycaste_, Boisduval.
+
+   _Anthopsyche Theopompe_, Felder, Reise Novara, ii. p. 183. no.
+   175.
+
+Motloutsi River, August 1873.
+
+   12. (2) CALLOSUNE DANAË, Fabricius; Donovan, Ins. India, t. 26,
+   f. 2; Boisduval; E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 7, f. 2; Trimen,
+   p. 44.
+
+   _Papilio Eborea_, Cramer, pl. 352, f. C-F.
+
+This handsome species inhabits Natal, Damara Land, Ceylon, Bengal,
+Madras. Male, Inyati (November 30, 1873); females, near the Gwailo
+River (October 19, 1873), and Impakwe River (February 12, 1874).
+
+   13. (3) CALLOSUNE EVIPPE, Linnæus; Clerck, Icones, pl. 40, f. 5;
+   Cramer, pl. 91, f. F, G; Godart; Boisduval; Lucas, Exot. Lep.
+   pl. 37, f. 1.
+
+Tati; and between Inyati and Gubuleweyo, December 1, 1873.
+
+   14. (4) CALLOSUNE OMPHALE, Godart; Boisduval; Trimen, p. 50.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls, in January.
+
+   15. (5) CALLOSUNE ANTIGONE, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. p. 572; Trimen,
+   p. 52.
+
+Both sexes, Ramaqueban River, February 14, 1874; also females at the
+Gwailo River in October. These females have no orange on the upper side
+of the fore wings.
+
+   16. (6) CALLOSUNE CASTA, Gerstaecker in Decken’s Reisen in
+   Ost-Afrika, pl. 15, f. 1, 1 a.
+
+Taken at Tati.
+
+   17. (7) CALLOSUNE KEISKAMMA, Trimen, p. 56, pl. 2, f. 3, 4.
+
+   Var. _Anthopsyche Topha_, Wallengren, Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 34.
+
+Ramaqueban River, July 28, 1874. Kirby cites Klug’s _Pontia
+Evarne_, Symb. Phys. t. 6, f. 1–4, as identical with this species,
+but the rounded fore wings of the male, with the black exterior margin,
+and the submarginal row of black spots on the hind wings, at once
+separate these two insects. See the observations of Mr. Weale on this
+subject (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 273).
+
+   18. (8) CALLOSUNE INORNATA, Westw.
+
+Alis supra albis, basi nigro parum pulverosis, anticis macula
+trigona distincta apicali aurantia: alis anticis infra albis
+apice albido-lutescenti, intus magis brunnea; alis posticis
+lutescenti-albidis, linea recta longitudinali media paullo obscuriori.
+Expans. alar. antic. lin. 19.
+
+The locality of this very simply coloured species is not recorded.
+
+   19. (9) CALLOSUNE IONE, Godart; Boisduval; Lucas, Exot. Lep. t.
+   37, f. 4; Reiche in Ferr. and Gal. Voy. Abyss. t. 30, f. 1–8;
+   Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. t. 21, f. 1–6; Trimen, p. 43.
+
+   _Anthopsyche speciosa_, Wallengren, p. 16.
+
+   _Anthocharis Erone_, Angas, Kafirs Ill. pl. 30, f. 3.
+
+Two males, taken at Tati.
+
+The species of this genus, in which the males have the extremity of
+the fore wings marked with a brilliant blue or pale purple patch, are
+so closely allied together as to suggest the possibility of their
+being geographical sub-species; they appear indeed to be constant in
+their characteristic markings, and the females are even more distinct
+than the males, which they are generally so unlike that their sexual
+relations might readily be suspected.
+
+In the male specimens of _C. Ione_, captured by Mr. Oates at Tati,
+the fore wings have the faintest trace of a very minute black discoidal
+dot, a brilliant silky purple subapical patch, the apex itself black,
+and the inner edge margined with black, which is slightly scalloped.
+The hind wings are pure white, with delicate black veins, without
+any discoidal spot. On the under side the fore wings have the minute
+discoidal dot, and the apical patch is replaced by pale greyish buff,
+with a slightly defined darker inner margin; the veins of the hind
+wings are not black, the basal half of the costa is orange, with a
+short brownish transverse dash, near the middle of the costa, extending
+only to the first branch of the subcostal vein; the remainder of the
+wing white. One of the specimens taken by Mr. Oates at Tati is very
+small (1⅔ inch in the expanse of the fore wings), with the black veins
+excessively slender.
+
+   20. (10) CALLOSUNE REGINA, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1863, p.
+   520. (Plate E, figs. 9, 10.)
+
+The males have the veins of the fore wings, beyond the middle, very
+slender and black, and with a very minute discoidal dot. The female of
+this species, here for the first time represented (Pl. E, figs. 9, 10),
+has the wings on the upper side white, with the veins concolorous; a
+large black round spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell, and a
+large purple-red subapical spot, down the middle of which is a richer
+shade of purple, edged internally with blackish brown, the apex and
+apical margin being of the latter colour; the base of the wings is
+slightly powdered with grayish scales, and there are two minute dusky
+dots towards the inner angle of the fore wings. On the under side
+the purple patch of the fore wings is replaced by dirty pale buff,
+having an oblique row of five pale black spots, and the hind wings are
+slightly fleshy buff coloured, finely freckled all over with pale brown
+irrorations, with a discoidal spot, and a curved row of oblong spots
+beyond the middle of the wing, of pale brown; the costal margin is
+slightly fulvous at its base. The expansion of the fore wings is 2⁵⁄₁₂
+inches. Taken at Tati.
+
+A male, in the Hopeian collection, from the Zambesi, has the hind wings
+marked along the outer margin with black dots at the extremity of the
+longitudinal veins.
+
+   21. (11) CALLOSUNE THEOGONE, Boisduval; Trimen, p. 51.
+
+One specimen. Locality not recorded.
+
+   22. (12) CALLOSUNE BUXTONI. (Plate E, figs. 7, 8.)
+
+   _Callosune Buxtoni_, Butler, MS. in British Museum.
+
+The female (or rather the reputed female) of this species here figured
+differs from the male in having a large orange patch at the extremity
+of the fore wings, which are white with a slight yellowish tinge; a
+minute discoidal black dot and a curved row of brown spots within the
+orange mark, those towards the costa being most indistinct; the inner
+margin of the orange mark is also brownish, as is the apex itself and
+the apical margin, the brownish margin terminating near the hinder
+angle in a brownish spot; the hind wings are uniformly white, with the
+extremity of the veins towards the outer angle more or less dusky. On
+the under side the orange spot of the fore wings wants both the inner
+and apical dark edging, and bears a curved row of brown spots; the hind
+wings are very pale fleshy buff, and very delicately freckled, with
+a bar of darker brown extending from the middle of the costa to the
+median vein, where it is curved backwards; there is also a brown dot
+on a small whitish spot near the extremity of the discoidal cell. The
+female varies from 1¾ to 2¼ inches in the expansion of the fore wings.
+Taken at Tati.
+
+   23. (13) CALLOSUNE EVENINA, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 12;
+   Trimen, p. 322, and in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, t. 6, f. 11.
+
+One specimen (locality not noted), with the black markings on the upper
+surface of the wings much less diffused than in the figure given by
+Mr. Trimen; possibly a male. Another specimen in Burchell’s African
+collection, in the Hopeian Museum, has the large dark spot on the fore
+wings extending over the discoidal cell, but the hind wings are almost
+unspotted.
+
+   24. (14) CALLOSUNE EIONE, Boisduval, p. 578.
+
+One broken specimen, without locality, is very closely allied to the
+insects noticed above, as _C. Antigone_.
+
+   25. (15) CALLOSUNE PSEUDETRIDA, Westw.
+
+Alis supra pallide flavescentibus, apice fusco cum serie subapicali
+macularum 6 aurantiacarum, puncto minuto nigro discoidali, nubilaque
+parva fusca ante angulum posticum; alis posticis serie marginali
+macularum conoidearum fuscis (versus angulum analem interdum obsoletis)
+nubila parva pone medium costæ, fasciaque valde abbreviata pone medium
+disci versus angulum externum, pallide fuscis: alis anticis infra
+pallide flavescentibus, apice alisque posticis luteo-albidis; anticis
+striga obsoleta et obliqua fuscescenti versus apicem, posticis punctis
+duobus fuscescentibus pone medium disci versus angulum externum.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1, lin 5.
+
+Affinis _C. Deuræ_, Klug, et præsertim _C. Etridæ_ (Indiæ orientalis
+incolæ).
+
+Habitat prope Tati.
+
+_Obs._ The orange subapical spots in the male are dilated into a
+broader yellow fascia in the female.
+
+   26. (16) CALLOSUNE WALLENGRENII. (Plate E, figs. 3, 4.)
+
+   _Callosune Wallengrenii_, Butler, MS. in British Museum.
+
+Alis supra albis; anticarum apice late aurantiaco; puncto discoidali,
+striga angulata guttarum fuscarum pone medium apiceque fusco, intus ad
+venas angulatim producto; alis posticis pone medium fascia abbreviata
+e maculis fuscis formata, margineque postico fusco-maculato. Expans.
+alar. antic. unc. 1⁵⁄₁₂.
+
+Habitat ad ripas Touani fluv.; mense Augusto capta.
+
+The wings on the upper side are white, with a slight yellow tinge, the
+apical half being of a fine orange-red colour; the base is suffused
+with brown scales; a round black dot is placed at the extremity of the
+discoidal cell, in front of which the costa is dusky; half way between
+the cell and the apex is an oblique row of four brown spots, succeeded
+by a larger one, extending more towards the base of the wing, which is
+followed by a double spot towards the middle of the hind margin; the
+apical margin is brown, which colour extends upwards along the veins,
+forming a row of brown teeth, the largest of which is at the end of the
+first branch of the median vein; the hind wings are powdered with brown
+scales at the base; beyond the middle of the wing is a curved row of
+brown spots, extending from the costa to the middle, and with a row of
+brown spots along the outer margin. On the under side the fore wings
+are suffused with orange, preceding the row of subapical spots, the
+apical portion being buff, which is also the colour of the hind wings,
+which have a white spot in the centre surrounded by a brown ring, and
+followed by a curved row of pale brown spots, rather more dilated and
+somewhat ocellated in the middle of the row; the apical margin of all
+the wings is destitute of the brown markings of the upper side.
+
+   27. (17) CALLOSUNE RAMAQUEBANA, Westw. (Plate E, figs. 5, 6.)
+
+Parvus alis supra albis, albo-ciliatis anticis plaga maxima fusca
+marginis postici, puncto nigro discoidali, apiceque late fusco,
+serie macularum fulvarum inclusa; alis posticis basi fuscis, margine
+postico late fusco, serie macularum albarum plus minusve confluentium,
+præsertim versus angulum analem, inclusa: alis subtus flavido-tinctis,
+posticis puncto minuto discoidali nigro, flavo supra tincto. Fœm. supra
+absque colore fulvo. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅓.
+
+Habitat prope Ramaqueban fluv.; mense Februario capta.
+
+This pretty little species appears to be undescribed. It is nearly
+allied to _C. Etrida_ and _Eione_, but differs in its characteristic
+markings. On the upper side the wings of the male are white, with a
+very slight yellowish tinge; the anterior have a large brown patch
+occupying the greater portion of the posterior margin, and extending
+over the greater part of the discoidal cell, at the extremity of which
+is a small round black spot; the extremity of the wing is very broadly
+brown, the dark colour commencing on the costal margin in front of
+the discoidal spot, and extending nearly to the posterior angle of
+the wing, where it is much narrowed, especially in the spaces between
+the anal vein and the first and second branches of the median vein,
+extending considerably more forward between the second and third
+branches of the latter, so as nearly to unite with the truncated
+extremity of the large brown patch; the brown apex of the wing bears a
+row of five fulvous oval spots, the hind one of which is ill defined
+and less strongly coloured: the hind wings are brown at the base, and
+beyond the middle they are marked with a curved irregular brown bar,
+which is partially connected with the brown spotted hind margin of the
+wing, having a row of white spots between them, which become larger and
+more or less confluent, especially towards the anal angle. On the under
+side the fore wings are tinged with yellow, especially towards the
+tips, the large brown markings of the upper side being nearly obsolete:
+the hind wings are also yellowish, with a faint dusky fascia beyond the
+middle, with a black discoidal spot surmounted with yellow scales; the
+costa at the base is bright yellow, and the fringe of all the wings
+is white. The female is slightly larger, with the brown markings more
+suffused, the orange spots of the fore wings obsolete, and replaced
+by brown, and the white submarginal spots of the hind wings almost
+obliterated and replaced with brown.
+
+
+                        Genus TERIAS, Swainson.
+
+_Eurema_, Kirby, Syn. Cat. (haud recte).
+
+   28. (1) TERIAS RAHEL, Fabricius; Godart; Boisduval; Trimen, p.
+   76.
+
+Ramaqueban River, February; near the Victoria Falls in January; and
+near the Dry River, beginning of March.
+
+   29. (2) TERIAS ZOË, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. pl. 23,
+   f. 10; female.
+
+Mas. Alis supra minus saturate atomosis, posticis limbo nigro omnino
+carentibus et unicoloribus.
+
+Near the Ramaqueban River, in February.
+
+   30. (3) TERIAS SERULI, Westw.
+
+Alis supra pallide flavis, anticis apice macula trigona fusca intus
+parum curvata integra, ante angulum posticum desinente; angulo extremo
+apicali pallescenti; alis posticis immaculatis: alis anticis subtus
+flavis, costa, apice, alisque posticis carneo-lutescentibus, omnibus
+immaculatis. Expans. alar. antic. fere 1½ unc.
+
+Habitat ad ripas Seruli fluv.; mense Augusto capta.
+
+
+                            Family ACRÆIDÆ.
+
+
+                        Genus ACRÆA, Fabricius.
+
+   31. (1) ACRÆA ATERGATIS, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 1, 2.)
+
+Alis supra rufo-aurantiis, nigro-maculatis, anticis apice nigro et
+sub apicem nigro-lineatis margine apicali omnium nigro. Expansio alar.
+antic. unc. 2¹⁄₁₂.
+
+Habitat prope “Victoria Falls;” mense Januario capta.
+
+The upper side of the wings is of a rich orange-red colour, the base
+of all the wings slightly powdered with black atoms; a black spot
+is placed in the middle of the cell of the fore wings, followed by
+a smaller transverse one at the extremity of the cell; at a little
+distance beyond the cell is a short black, rather oblique fascia,
+formed of five more or less confluent spots, the innermost being
+incurved and placed between the 2d and 3d branches of the median
+vein; this last spot is succeeded by two other spots, the three being
+parallel with the apical margin of the wing; there is also a minute
+round dot towards the base of the wing behind the basal part of the
+median vein, and two small dots near the inner angle; the veins are
+black in the apical part of the wing, with the interstices between
+the veins marked with thin black lines, the margin itself as well as
+the apex of the wing being also black; the hind wings are marked with
+twelve round black spots; the six outer ones arranged in a very waved
+line; the margin is also black. On the under side the fore wings are
+of a more rosy tint, except towards the apex, where they are more
+orange; the spots of the upper side are here reproduced: the hind wings
+on this side are more variegated; the black spots are more numerous,
+being about 18 in number, several close to the base of the wing being
+visible, which are not seen on the upper side; the spots are placed on
+pale greyish buff spaces, which gives them an ocellated appearance;
+and the outer margin of the wing is pale greyish buff with a very thin
+black marginal line, preceded by very thin black lunules, the veins
+rather thickened and black along the margin, the spaces between the
+veins being rosy red in the part of the wing between the terminal row
+of spots and the lunules. Antennæ black; palpi fulvous, with the last
+joint black; body black, spotted with white and rose-colour; legs
+fulvous, tarsi black; abdomen, above black with thin yellowish edges to
+the segments, each of which has two fulvous spots, beneath fulvous with
+two rows of black specks.
+
+Another specimen, which I cannot distinguish specifically from the
+preceding, was also taken at the Victoria Falls in January 1875, and
+has the upper surface of the wings rather brighter orange-red, with
+two minute additional black dots within the discoidal cell, at about
+half its length from the base, and with the abdomen orange-fulvous, the
+three basal segments on the upper side being alone black, varied with
+orange. The apical margin of the fore wings in this specimen is not so
+rounded as in the other with the spotted abdomen, which is evidently a
+female, the probability being that the male has the wings rather less
+rounded and the abdomen not spotted.
+
+   32. (2) ACRÆA ATOLMIS, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 3, 4.)
+
+Alis supra aurantiacis basi nigricantibus, maculis nigris minutis
+notatis, anticarum apice venis nigris margineque tenuissimo nigro
+maculaque postica prope angulum posticum posita. Expans. alar. antic.
+unc. 1¹¹⁄₁₂.
+
+Habitat prope “Victoria Falls;” mense Januario capta.
+
+This species is smaller than the preceding, with the various black
+markings very small, the interspaces of the apical portion of the
+fore wings not striolated with black, and the posterior spot of the
+fore wings placed just between the preceding spot and the hind angle
+of the wing. The upper surface of the wings is uniformly orange, with
+the basal half rather redder, the base itself being suffused with
+black scales; within the discoidal cell is a small kidney-shaped black
+spot, followed by a narrow oblique one at the extremity of the cell;
+behind this (between the 1st and 2d branches of the median vein) is
+another spot, and between the latter and the posterior angle of the
+wing is a third, the three forming nearly a straight row; beyond the
+discoidal cell is a short oblique row of small black dots, between
+which and the apical margin of the wing the veins are black: the hind
+wings have a small black dot within the discoidal cell, and a curved
+row of six small black dots across the wing close to the extremity of
+the cell; the hind margin is very slenderly black, and the veins also
+have their apical portions black. The wings beneath are of an uniform
+rosy buff-colour, with the black spots more numerous and distinct than
+above, the hind wings having about 18 small but distinct ones, those at
+the base and near the anal margin not visible above; the apical margin
+of all the wings is very slenderly black, the hind wings having no
+trace of the lunular markings of the preceding and following species.
+Body black, sides of thorax with yellowish buff spots; abdomen buff,
+with the basal segments dusky above.
+
+   _Note_.--In the engraving the apical margin of the fore wings is
+   represented rather too much rounded.
+
+   33. (3) ACRÆA AXINA, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 5, 6.)
+
+Alis supra luteo-fulvis, nigro-maculatis, posticis magis aurantiacis;
+anticarum apice, lineolisque abbreviatis apicalibus (inter venas)
+nigricantibus; alis posticis maculis minoribus, exterioribus lineam
+irregularem multo pone medium alæ formantibus, margine externo nigro.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅚.
+
+Habitat prope Tati et Gwailo fluv.; mense Octobre capta.
+
+This small species has the upper side of the fore wings rather dirty
+luteo-fulvous, that of the hind wings being brighter coloured. The
+extremity of the fore wings and the narrow apical margin are black, and
+the interspaces between the veins near the apex of the wings are marked
+with slender abbreviated black lines, leaving a narrow paler space
+beyond the fascia; the five spots between the base and the middle of
+the wings are strongly marked, and the abbreviated oblique black fascia
+beyond the cell is more continuous: the hind wings have the black spots
+also well marked, the outer ones forming an irregular row considerably
+beyond the middle of the wing, the central spot especially being not
+far from the black marginal border. On the under side the fore wings
+are slightly rosy, the apical portion being more buff with the spaces
+between the veins orange; the black spots on this side are not so
+strongly marked as above: the hind wings are more pale buff, with the
+spaces between the veins strongly marked with rose-colour, the black
+spots resting on pale spaces, giving them an ocellated appearance; the
+very narrow black outer margin of these wings is preceded by a series
+of small black arches, including a row of pale yellow spots. The palpi,
+head, and sides of the body are coloured as in the preceding species;
+the abdomen in one of our specimens is broken off, but in the other it
+is pale buff, with the upper side of the basal segments black, with two
+pale dots, indicating (as well as the shape of the fore wings) this
+individual (represented in our figures) to be of the male sex.
+
+   _Note_.--The orange and rosy tints described above are almost
+   obliterated in one of the two specimens, most probably from
+   longer exposure in the winged state.
+
+   34. (4) ACRÆA ACONTIAS, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 7, 8.)
+
+Alis supra obscure fusco-rufis, nigro-maculatis, maculis 4 in medio
+alarum anticarum, fascia abbreviata maculari, margine apicali late
+venisque apicalibus nigris; alis posticis basi maculisque submediis
+lineam irregularem formantibus, margineque postico cum venis nigris.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅚.
+
+Habitat prope “Victoria Falls;” mense Januario capta.
+
+The dull brownish red colouring of the upper side of the wings
+distinguishes this species. The fore wings are marked near the base,
+behind the middle of the cell, with a small black dot, followed by four
+rather large spots of the same colour, placed so as to form an oblique
+triangle; beyond the cell is the ordinary abbreviated fascia, formed
+of four black spots, which is succeeded by a narrow paler buff space,
+the apex being traversed by black veins, the extremity of the anterior
+margin and the whole of the apical margin being also black: the hind
+wings have a suffused black spot near the base, the middle of the wing
+being crossed by zigzag rows of small but nearly uniform black spots;
+the outer margin is black, as are the veins beyond the middle of the
+wing. On the under side the fore wings are more rosy coloured from the
+base to the abbreviated fascia, beyond which they are paler buff, with
+orange stripes between the veins: the hind wings have the black dots
+smaller but more numerous than on the upper side, there being about
+20 on each wing, the ground colour of which is buff, with the spaces
+between the veins in the basal portion rosy, but beyond the cell they
+are marked with longitudinal orange stripes between the veins; the
+outer margin is very narrowly black, preceded by a very narrow black
+line parallel with the margin. The body is black, much spotted at the
+sides below the wings with buff and rosy; the abdomen is orange, marked
+above with black fasciæ, forming more or less incomplete lateral
+circular spots; the ventral surface yellow, with two rows of black
+spots. The apical margin of the fore wings is but slightly convex, but
+the spotting of the abdomen indicates the specimen to be a female.
+
+   35. (5) ACRÆA AGLAONICE, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 9, 10.)
+
+Alis supra rufo-puniceis, anticis apicem versus magis aurantiacis,
+macula fenestrata bipartita subapicali notatis, nigro-maculatis, venis
+apicalibus nigris; posticis maculis minutis margineque latiori apicali
+nigris. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¹⁄₁₂.
+
+Habitat prope Tati.
+
+This species has the upper surface of the wings more richly
+coloured than any of the others captured by Mr. Oates, being of an
+orange-carmine colour, especially in the hind wings. The fore wings
+are marked half-way between the end of the discoidal cell and the tip
+of the wings with a square vitreous spot, through which runs a veinlet
+dividing it into two parts; the base of the wings, especially in the
+hind parts, is irrorated with black scales; the discoidal cell has a
+rather large oval black spot beyond its middle, followed by a smaller
+lunate one at the extremity of the cell; beyond which is an oblique
+row of five conjoined black dots; another round black spot is placed
+towards the base of the wing behind the median vein, and two other
+circular ones behind the extremity of the cell placed transversely; the
+veins at the extremity of the wings are slenderly black: the hind wings
+are marked with about 10 minute black dots (varying, however, in size),
+and the hind margin of the wing is rather broadly edged with black. On
+the under side the fore wings are rosy coloured, with the spots of the
+upper side, including the vitreous spot, reproduced: the hind wings are
+greyish buff, with the spaces between the veins varied with rosy at the
+base and along the anal margin, and with rich orange between the middle
+of the wing and the row of submarginal black lunules, which latter rest
+upon a narrow yellowish buff margin; the spots on this side, about 17
+in number, are distinct, appearing partially ocellated. Body black,
+with rosy spots behind the eyes and on the sides of the chest, which is
+also spotted with pale buff; palpi orange, terminal joint black; legs
+orange, tarsi black; abdomen broken off.
+
+The unique specimen of this species collected by Mr. Oates has the
+abdomen mutilated, but the structure of the fore legs and the shape of
+the fore wings prove that it is a male individual.
+
+   36. (6) ACRÆA ACRONYCTA, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 11, 12.)
+
+Alis supra luteo-aurantiacis; anticis triente basali fusco; macula ad
+apicem cellulæ, pone medium alæ fascia abbreviata maculari, maculisque
+duabus posticis (margine postico parallelis) nigris; alis posticis
+magis albidis, ante medium nigro-maculatis, margineque postico latiori
+nigro: subtus maculis magis distinctis margineque albido-maculato.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1¾.
+
+Habitat ----?
+
+The upper surface of the wings (especially the hind pair) of this
+species is whitish orange, the base being strongly suffused with dark
+brown scales hiding the spots in that part; one of these, near the
+extremity of the discoidal cell, is visible, and the cell itself is
+closed by a semicircular spot, followed at a short distance by an
+oblique abbreviated black fascia formed of conjoined spots, of which
+the hinder one is smallest and most distinct; two other spots appear on
+the disc of the wing behind the extremity of the cell, and are placed
+nearly parallel with the apical margin, which is very narrowly black
+and slightly concave: the hind wings have a somewhat more suffused
+whitish hue than the anterior; they are brown at the base, and are
+marked before the middle with an irregular series of black dots,
+followed by two minute ones beyond the middle; the posterior margin is
+widely black. On the under side the fore wings have five black spots
+in the middle, followed by the abbreviated macular fascia: the hind
+wings are more tinged with rose-colour than the anterior ones, and are
+marked with about twelve black dots of different sizes; the posterior
+margin is pale yellowish white, surmounted by a row of black arches,
+resting upon a very narrow black edging. The head and body are black,
+spotted with pale buff, the sides of the thorax beneath the wings with
+a reddish spot; the abdomen is nearly white, the basal segments on the
+upper side black, with a pair of round white dots.
+
+   37. (7) ACRÆA AMPHIMALLA, Westw. (Plate E, figs. 1, 2.)
+
+Alis supra fulvo vel puniceo luteis nigro-guttatis, anticarum apice
+late nigro triangulariter terminata, posticarum margine apicali e
+lunulis nigris, maculis concoloribus inclusis, notato. Expans. alar.
+antic. unc. 1¾–2¹⁄₁₂.
+
+(An _Acræa Caldarene_ alicujus?)
+
+Habitat prope Tati, et marg. fluv. Motloutsi; mense Maio capta.
+
+This very distinct species has the wings on the upper side of a buff
+colour, varying from dull orange to reddish; the black spots are of
+small size, and the fore wings have the apex broadly and triangularly
+black, whilst the hind wings have the slender apical outer black margin
+preceded by a series of slender depressed black arches enclosing
+spots of the ground colour of the wing; the ordinary black spot in
+the middle of the discoidal cell is sometimes preceded by a smaller,
+more or less slightly marked, dot, behind which is another small one;
+the cell is partially closed by a small oblique black spot, followed
+at some distance by a row of four small spots placed obliquely, and
+there are two other small spots between the middle of the wing and
+the posterior angle, the outer one being occasionally duplicated; in
+the hind wings the black spots, about twelve in number, are of nearly
+uniform small size. On the under side the black apex of the upper side
+is replaced by the ground colour of the rest of the wing, the spaces
+between the veins being more strongly marked with orange stripes: the
+hind wings are buff-coloured, with the spaces between the veins in the
+basal portion marked with red, having the black dots (about twenty in
+number) surrounded with buff, whilst in the apical half of the wing
+the intervening spaces are more orange; the black arcade preceding the
+slender outer black edging is marked more distinctly than on the upper
+side. The head and body are spotted as in the preceding species.
+
+   38. (8) ACRÆA NATALICA, Boisduval in Delegorgue’s Voy. Afr.
+   Austr. ii. p. 590; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. pl. 23,
+   figs. 12, 13.
+
+   _Acræa Bellua_, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 22.
+
+   _Acræa Hypatia_, var. B, Trimen, p. 98.
+
+A series of small specimens, measuring only 2 inches in expanse of the
+fore wings, were taken at Tati. A large specimen (2¾ inches expanse)
+was taken near the Dry River in the beginning of March, and one (2½
+inches expanse) was taken near the Motloutsi River in August.
+
+   39. (9) ACRÆA ANEMOSA, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. t. 3, Acr. 3, f. 14,
+   15.
+
+Near the Umvungu River, end of October; and near the Victoria Falls in
+January.
+
+   40. (10) ACRÆA NEOBULE, E. Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. D. Lep.
+   pl. 19, f. 3; Reiche in Ferr. and Gal. Voy. Abyss. pl. 33, f. 3,
+   4.
+
+   An var. _Acræa Mahela_, Boisduval, Faune Madag. pl. 6, f. 1?
+
+Ramaqueban River, February 14, 1874.
+
+   41. (11) ACRÆA RAHIRA, Boisduval, Faune Madag. pl. 5, f. 4, 5;
+   Trimen, p. 103.
+
+Taken on the Zambesi road, end of November.
+
+   42. (12) ACRÆA DIRCÆA, Westw.
+
+Alis supra fulvis, puniceo interdum tinctis; anticarum apice late
+nigris maculisque 9 parvis nigris, 4 in lineam obliquam pone medium
+positis; alis posticis maculis circiter 14 parvis nigris discoidalibus,
+margine tenui nigro fulvo-maculato: alis subtus pallidioribus, apice
+anticarum lutescenti, fulvo-strigoso; maculis nigris parum majoribus
+præsertim in alis posticis, interstitiis rubro-maculatis. Expans. alar.
+antic. unc. 2.
+
+_Acr. Oncææ_ affinis sed apice lato nigro alarum anticarum optime
+distincta.
+
+Numerous specimens taken at Tati and the Motloutsi River in May.
+
+
+                          Family NYMPHALIDÆ.
+
+
+                     Genus CHARAXES, Ochsenheimer.
+
+   43. (1) CHARAXES PELIAS, Cramer, pl. 3, f. C, D; Godart; Trimen,
+   p. 175; Butler, Lep. Exot. pl. 10, f. 5.
+
+Near the Seruli River, August 19, 1873; and near the Victoria Falls in
+January.
+
+
+                       Genus CYNTHIA, Fabricius.
+
+   44. (1) CYNTHIA CARDUI, Linnæus.
+
+Taken at the Indunas’ Tree, near the Umvungu River, end of November.
+
+
+                        Genus JUNONIA, Hübner.
+
+   45. (1) JUNONIA CLELIA, Cramer, pl. 21, f. E, F; Trimen, p. 128.
+
+Bamangwato, Ramaqueban River, Gubuleweyo, and near Tati.
+
+   46. (2) JUNONIA ŒNONE, Linnæus: Cramer, pl. 35, f. A, C; Trimen,
+   p. 125.
+
+Tati, Ramaqueban River, and about the Matengwe River.
+
+   47. (3) JUNONIA ORITHYA, Linnæus: Cramer, pl. 19, f. C, D, pl.
+   32, f. E, F, and pl. 290, f. A, B. Common in India, etc.
+
+This species, not included in Trimen’s work, was taken near the
+Victoria Falls in the month of January. The Hopeian collection also has
+it from Sierra Leone.
+
+   48. (4) JUNONIA OCTAVIA, Cramer, pl. 135, f. B, C; Trimen, p.
+   130.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls in January.
+
+   49. (5) JUNONIA NATALICA, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 106.
+
+  _Junonia Hecate_, Trimen, p. 140.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls in January.
+
+   50. (6) JUNONIA CLOANTHA, Cramer, pl. 338, f. A, B; Trimen, p.
+   137.
+
+Near the Dry River, middle of March.
+
+
+                       Genus DIADEMA, Boisduval.
+
+   51. (1) DIADEMA MISIPPUS, Linnæus.
+
+   Fœm. var. _Papilio Inaria_, Cramer, pl. 214, f. A, B.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls; also from Sierra Leone, the Zambesi, and
+Mauritius, in the Hopeian collection.
+
+
+                       Genus ATERICA, Boisduval.
+
+   52. (1) ATERICA MELEAGRIS, Cramer, pl. 66, f. A, B; Drury, Ill.
+   Exot. Ent. vol. iii. pl. 17, f. 3, 4; Trimen, p. 157.
+
+Indunas’ Tree, near the Umvungu River, in November.
+
+
+                       Genus DANAIS, Latreille.
+
+   53. (1) DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS, Linnæus; Cramer, pl. 118, f. B, C.
+
+Indunas’ Tree, near the Umvungu River; and near Gubuleweyo in December.
+
+
+                       Genus HYPANIS, Boisduval.
+
+   54. (1) HYPANIS ILITHYIA, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. vol. ii. pl.
+   17, f. 1, 2; Cramer, pl. 214, f. C, D; Trimen, p. 214.
+
+Tati, Ramaqueban River, Inkwesi River (March 1874), Dry River; and
+Indunas’ Tree, near the Umvungu River.
+
+
+                           Family SATYRIDÆ.
+
+
+                        Genus CYLLO, Boisduval.
+
+   55. (1) CYLLO LEDA, Linnæus et auct.
+
+An extremely variable species. The specimen from the Nata River
+(beginning of December 1874) has an obscure fulvous subapical patch
+bearing two black spots in the fore wings; beneath, pale brown, with
+dark brown fasciæ, and scarcely any trace of ocelli on the hind wings.
+Specimens from Ashanti are pale brown beneath, strongly freckled all
+over with brown, and with large ocelli on the hind wings.
+
+
+                         Genus EREBIA, Dalman.
+
+   56. (1) EREBIA NARYCIA, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 32; Trimen,
+   p. 198.
+
+Ramaqueban River, middle of March.
+
+
+                        Genus YPTHIMA, Hübner.
+
+   57. (1) YPTHIMA NAREDA, Kollar in Hügel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv. pl.
+   2, p. 451; Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, pl. 17, f. 6, 7.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls, in January.
+
+
+                       Genus MYCALESIS, Hübner.
+
+   58. (1) MYCALESIS VICTORINA, Westw.
+
+Sordide fusca, alis anticis pone medium nonnihil pallidioribus; ocellis
+duobus nigris ochreo anguste cinctis, singulo punctum album includente
+subapicali multo minori; posticis concoloribus lineis duabus tenuibus
+submarginalibus pallidioribus serieque ocellorum ut in anticis: alis
+subtus pallidioribus magis lutescentibus, fascia angusta recta communi
+pone medium, anticis 2-posticis 7-ocellatis, ocellis valde inæqualibus,
+in posticis lineis pallidis valde sinuatis inclusis. Expans. alar.
+antic. unc. 1¾.
+
+Affinis _M. Eusiro_, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. pl. 25, f. 3–6.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls.
+
+
+                           Family LYCÆNIDÆ.
+
+
+                     Genus AMBLYPODIA, Horsfield.
+
+   59. (1) AMBLYPODIA NATALENSIS, D. W. and H., Gen. D. Lep. pl.
+   75, f. 4; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. p. 399; Trimen, p.
+   227.
+
+   _Spindasis Masilikazi_, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 45.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls, in January.
+
+   60. (2) AMBLYPODIA? LEROMA, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 42;
+   Trimen, p. 231.
+
+Near Tati.
+
+
+                       Genus ZERITIS, Boisduval.
+
+   61. (1) ZERITIS PERION, Cramer, pl. 379, f. B, C.; Trimen, p.
+   267; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. pl. 26, f. 1–3.
+
+Gubuleweyo, beginning of December.
+
+   62. (2) ZERITIS AMANGA, Westw.
+
+Fœm. Alis supra læte rufo-aurantiacis; anticis macula magna basali
+nigra, costa pone medium margineque apicali nigris; alis posticis,
+rufo-aurantiacis basi nigricantibus: alis subtus purpureo-rufis,
+anticarum costa ad basim guttisque duabus parvis prope basim tertia
+parum majori submedia, alteraque subapicali, argenteis; posticis guttis
+perpaucis argenteis vix notatis. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅓.
+
+Near the Gwailo River. The red basal half of the costa of the fore
+wings, the outwardly angulated apical margin, the shorter hind wings,
+with both the anal and outer margin emarginate near the tails, and the
+splendid silvery base of the costa of the fore wings beneath, separate
+this insect from _Z. Perion_.
+
+Mas. (Zambesi, Rowley. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniæ). Alis anticis supra
+fuscis, costa ad basim maculaque late trigona versus angulum externum
+marginis postici rufis; alis posticis rufis, basi venisque versus
+angulum externum nigricantibus: alis infra castaneo-rufis, costa
+anticarum basi, guttisque tribus argenteis ut in fœmina, squamis
+perpaucis argenteis in lineas transversas dispositis; alis posticis
+strigis tribus undulatis gracilibus obscurioribus guttisque nonnullis
+argenteis prope caudam. Margo externus alarum anticarum in medio
+angulatus, inter medium et angulum posticum emarginatus.
+
+
+                     Genus POLYOMMATUS, Latreille.
+
+   63. (1) POLYOMMATUS TELICANUS, Hübner, Eur. Schm. Pap. f. 371–2,
+   553–4; Godart; Boisduval; Trimen, p. 238.
+
+Tati, the Gwailo River, and near the Victoria Falls.
+
+   64. (2) POLYOMMATUS OTACILIA, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1868, p.
+   90.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls, in January.
+
+   65. (3) POLYOMMATUS SYBARIS, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb.
+   pl. 26, f. 6–8; Trimen, p. 242.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls, in January.
+
+
+                       Genus LYCÆNA, Fabricius.
+
+   66. (1) LYCÆNA PARSIMON, Fabricius; Godart; Boisduval.
+
+   _Papilio Celæus_, Cramer, pl. 379, f. K, K; Trimen, p. 247.
+
+   _Lycæna Asteris_, Godart; Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 40.
+
+   Var. _Lycæna Methymna_, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1862, p. 280.
+
+Male, Ramaqueban River, in February; female, Bamangwato, Tati.
+
+   67. (2) LYCÆNA JESOUS, Guérin in Lefebvre’s Voy. Abyss. pl. 11,
+   f. 3, 4; Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 39; Trimen, p. 350.
+
+Near the Gwailo River, October 12, 1873.
+
+   68. (3) LYCÆNA ASOPUS, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. pl.
+   26, f. 13–15; Trimen, p. 249.
+
+   69. (4) LYCÆNA LOCHIAS? MSS.?
+
+Alis supra fuscis purpureo parum squamosis, posticis maculis duabus
+inequalibus nigris pallidius cinctis, submarginalibus, ciliis albis:
+alis subtus pallide fuscis albidoque alternatim fasciatis; posticis
+macula nigra intus aurantiaco, extus argenteo, notata, alteraque simili
+sed multo minori ad angulum analem, cauda nulla. Expans. alar. antic.
+lin. 10.
+
+Locality not indicated.
+
+
+                      Genus CHRYSOPHANUS, Hübner.
+
+   70. (1) CHRYSOPHANUS LARA, Linnæus; Fabricius; Trimen, p. 260.
+
+   _Papilio Jolaus_, Cramer, pl. 270, fig. F, G.
+
+   _Papilio Gorgias_, Stoll, pl. 33, f. 5, 5d.
+
+
+                          Family HESPERIIDÆ.
+
+
+                        Genus ISMENE, Swainson.
+
+   71. (1) ISMENE PISISTRATUS, Fabricius; Jones, Icones, vol. vi.
+   pl. 26, f. 1 (Typus in Mus. Britann.)
+
+   _Note._--The black mark extending from near the anal margin on
+   the under side of the hind wings, was more divided than usual in
+   Drury’s specimen, figured by Jones, so as to have led Fabricius
+   to describe the hind wings as four-spotted.
+
+   _Rhopalocampta Valmaran_, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 48.
+
+Var. Fascia alba latitudine æquali absque maculis nigris.
+
+   _Papilio Forestan_, Cramer, pl. 391, f. E, F; Godart; Boisduval;
+   Trimen, p. 318.
+
+Holfontein, July 13, 1873.
+
+
+                   Genus LEUCOCHITONEA, Wallengren.
+
+   72. (1) LEUCOCHITONEA LEVUBU, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 52;
+   Trimen, p. 306.
+
+Near the Dry River, beginning of March.
+
+
+                      Genus CAPRONA, Wallengren.
+
+   73. (1) CAPRONA PILLAANA, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 51; Trimen,
+   p. 308.
+
+Near Tati or Gwailo.
+
+
+                      Genus PAMPHILA, Fabricius.
+
+   74. (1) PAMPHILA RANOHA, Westw.
+
+Alis supra nigrofuscis, costa prope basim fulvo-irrorata, fascia fulva
+e basi marginis interni per medium alæ extensa, sensim dilatata et ante
+apicem alæ desinente, maculam ovalem inter cellulam et apicem nigram
+gerente, ciliis fulvis; alis posticis fascia lata irregulari pone
+medium fulva: alis subtus fulvis, anticis linea prope basim, macula
+discoidali ovata strigaque subapicali ad angulum analem sensim dilatata
+nigrofuscis; alis posticis fulvis nigro-guttatis, guttis novem in
+lineas duas margine postico parallelas dispositis. Expans. alar. antic.
+unc. 1⅙.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls, in January.
+
+   75. (2) PAMPHILA HARONA, Westw.
+
+Magnitudo _P. Lineæ_, Linnæus. Alis supra fulvis, anticarum costa
+(ad basim valde angusta) margineque apicali nigris; macula basali
+marginis interni, striga recta in cellula discoidali et macula conica
+ad apicem cellulæ nigris; alis posticis fulvis costa late nigra,
+ultra medium ad angulum externum angusta: alis infra fulvis, posticis
+pallidioribus; anticis macula magna baseos costam non attingente,
+altera parva transversa ad apicem cellulæ, tertiaque parva conica
+marginis apicalis versus angulum internum; alis posticis immaculatis;
+striola longitudinali magis brunnea, margine anali parallela. Expans.
+alar. antic. unc. 1⅙.
+
+Near the Victoria Falls, in January.
+
+
+                       _LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA._
+
+Moths of various sizes and hawk-moths appear to be very numerous
+in Southern Africa. A large number of species of the former were
+collected by Mr. Oates, chiefly of small size, the majority of which,
+unfortunately, were ill preserved.
+
+
+                           Family SPHINGIDÆ.
+
+The SPHINGIDÆ are not especially remarkable. The death’s-head
+moth, _Acherontia Atropos_, occurs throughout South Africa, and
+was found between Gubuleweyo and the Gwailo River. _Chœrocampa
+capensis_, with its bright pink under wings, extends from the Cape
+to Natal and Zulu Land. A new species, closely allied to this last
+insect, was captured by Mr. Oates, which may be thus described:--
+
+CHŒROCAMPA VIRGO, Westw. (Plate E, fig. 11.)
+
+Alba albido vix tincta, alis posticis plaga fere basali ovali punicea;
+omnibus subtus omnino concoloribus. Expans. alar. antic. fere unc. 3.
+
+Habitat prope Gubuleweyo vel Gwailo fluv.
+
+The Genus _Nephele_, Hübner (_Zonilia_, Boisduval), contains several
+South African species, _e.g._ _Sphinx Peneus_, Cramer; _fumosa_,
+Boisduval; _comma_, Gerstaecker; _viridescens_, Walker, and the
+beautiful _argentifera_, Walker. Several species of the silver-striped
+hawk-moths occur in South Africa, as _Chœrocampa Charis_, Boisduval;
+_Schenkii_, Moschler; _Thyelia_, Linn. (_Eson_, Cramer), etc.
+The lovely _Smerinthus Dumolinii_, Boisduval, is from Natal. The
+clear-winged _Sesia Hylas_, Linnæus, was captured at Gubuleweyo.
+And lastly, it may be mentioned that the Rev. H. Rowley sent the
+_Macroglossa hirundo_, Gerstaecker in Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Afrika,
+pl. 15, fig. 7, from the Zambesi.
+
+It may also be mentioned as a remarkable circumstance in entomological
+geography that the grand _Urania_ (_Chrysiridia_) _Rhipheus_, supposed
+until quite recently to be confined to Madagascar, and to be the only
+old world representative of the splendid new world _Uraniæ_, has been
+found on the east coast of Africa, near Zanzibar. Gerstaecker has
+figured the continental individual as a distinct species, but specimens
+which I have examined appear not to differ specifically from the
+Madagascar ones.
+
+
+                           Family ZYGÆNIDÆ.
+
+In this family a beautiful species of _Zygæna_, closely allied to the
+very striking _Z. ochroptera_, Felder, was taken at Tati, which may be
+thus characterised:--
+
+ZYGÆNA TRICOLORATA, Westw.
+
+Chalybea, humeris alisque anticis aurantiacis, harum margine apicali
+nigro; alis posticis sanguineis limbo nigro ante angulum analem
+desinente. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1, lin. 5.
+
+Obs. _Z. ochroptera_, Felder, differt colore alarum limboque nigro
+multo angustiori.
+
+Another species from Gubuleweyo is allied to Felder’s _Euctenia
+Zygænoides_ (pl. 82, f. 21), but has the sanguineous portion of the
+hind wings divided by a transverse black band. On the under side the
+white spots at the base and middle of the fore wings are sanguineous.
+
+The beautiful South African species, _Z. caffra_, Linn., _ampla_,
+Walker, _concinna_, Walker (Delagoa Bay), and especially _Z. negamica_,
+from Damara Land and Lake Nyassa, require careful examination as to
+their generic position. Several species of _Procris_ and _Syntomis_
+were also taken by Mr. Oates.
+
+
+                          Family AGARISTIDÆ.
+
+This family is represented in Mr. Oates’s collection by a beautiful
+undescribed species of _Eusemia_, allied to _E. Euphemia_, Cramer, pl.
+345, fig. A, _E. longipennis_, Walker, Butler, Exot. Lep. Brit. Mus.
+pl. 5, fig. 5; _E. pallida_, Butler, l. c. fig. 3; and _E. contigua_,
+Butler, l. c. pl. 4, f. 8:--
+
+EUSEMIA ADULATRIX, Westw. (Plate G, fig. 1, and Plate H, figs. 3, 3_a_,
+3_b_.)
+
+Alis anticis nigris, maculis duabus parvis subbasalibus, fascia obliqua
+integra submedia, alteraque magna late ovali inter medium et apicem,
+interstitiis argenteo-irroratis; striga minuta marginis interni pone
+medium punctoque rotundato intus angulum posticum flavo-albidis; alis
+posticis sanguineis, limbo nigro; abdomine luteo, nigro-annulato.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¼.
+
+Habitat prope Tati et Gwailo fluv.
+
+I take this opportunity of describing several other African allied
+species of this beautiful genus:--
+
+EUSEMIA NIVEOSPARSA, Westw.
+
+Corpore tenui, abdomine nigro, fulvo-annulato; alis anticis nigris
+maculis 7 parvis niveis,--1ma. parva in medio cellulæ; 2da. obliqua
+cellulam terminante; 3tia. ovali inter cellulam et apicem alæ; 4ta.
+elongata ante medium marginis interni; 5ta. pone maculam 2am; 6ta.
+bipartita inter 3am et 7am prope angulum posticum; alis posticis
+sanguineis, limbo nigro. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 3.
+
+Habitat in Montibus Cameroons, Afr. occid. In Mus. Hopeiano.
+
+EUSEMIA ÆMULATRIX, Westw.
+
+Mediocriter angusta, alis anticis angustis, nigris,
+albido-maculatis,--macula parva rotunda in medio cellulæ; 2da. majori
+ad apicem cellulæ; 3tia. fasciæformi in partes quinque venis nigris
+divisa, angusta et in medio extus angulata; 4ta. elongata e basi ad
+medium marginis interni extensa; 5ta. irregulari-ovata pone 2am.; 6ta.
+minuta intus angulum posticum; alis posticis sanguineis, limbo nigro;
+abdomine fulvo, ano nigro-barbato. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2⅓.
+
+Habitat ----? In Mus. Hopeiano.
+
+EUSEMIA PARDALINA, Walker, Trans. N. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. i. (1873).
+
+The type of this species, from Congo, is in the Hopeian collection,
+together with a second individual brought from Angola by Monteiro. It
+differs from _E. Euphemia_ in its smaller size, and in having
+the ground colour of the hind wings rich orange fulvous instead of
+sanguineous.
+
+EUSEMIA MERETRIX, Westw.
+
+Alis anticis nigris, maculis 5 fulvis,--1ma. obliqua subbasali
+marginem anticum et posticum non attingenti; 2da. ovali ad apicem
+cellulæ; 3tia. duplo majori oblongo-ovali et obliqua inter cellulam et
+apicem alæ; 4ta. fere rotundata pone 2am; 5ta. parva angulo postico
+proxima; costa basi albo-guttata, margine postico immaculato; alis
+posticis rufis, limbo nigro. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¾.
+
+Habitat in Africa merid. (D. Buxton). In Mus. Hopeiano.
+
+EUSEMIA NUGATRIX, Westw.
+
+Alis anticis nigris, costa ad basim biguttata, maculis 6
+luteo-albidis,--1ma. subtrigona ante medium cellulæ; 2da. subquadrata
+parum obliqua ante apicem cellulæ; 3tia. magna subovali obliqua inter
+medium et apicem alæ, intus vena 3tia mediana in dentem nigrum incisa;
+4ta. oblonga marginis postici, medium marginis fere attingente; 5ta.
+pone 2am; 6ta. fere ad angulum posticum alæ; interstitiis argenteo
+parum squamosis; alis posticis rufo-aurantiacis, limbo simplici nigro.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2⅔–3¼.
+
+Habitat apud promontorium, “Cape Palmas,” Afr. occid. (Savage). In Mus.
+Hopeiano.
+
+EUSEMIA GLOSSATRIX, Westw.
+
+Alis supra nigris, purpureo-nitidis, præsertim in alis posticis;
+anticis fascia media parum curvata tripartita straminea, alteraque
+inter medium et apicem alæ e punctis 4 albis formata, interstitiis
+squamis argenteis perpaucis ornatis; alis posticis margine postico
+albo, intus dentato; abdomine supra nigro, subtus fulvo; collare et
+pedibus subtus fulvis. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¼.
+
+Habitat in Afric. orient-merid. In Mus. Hopeiano.
+
+
+                          Family SATURNIIDÆ.
+
+This splendid family is well represented in Africa, particularly in
+the south-eastern portion, where a number of beautiful species have
+been found, especially in Natal. A monograph of these insects, so far
+as then known, was published by myself in the “Proceedings of the
+Zoological Society,” in 1849 (with four coloured plates containing
+thirty-three species), of which half were previously undescribed. Of
+these, perhaps the most striking is the long-tailed species _Actias
+mimosæ_, with pale green wings, which lives upon the Mimosa, on the
+banks of the river Tugela, the boundary of the kingdom of Amazulu,
+between Delagoa Bay and Natal, the cocoons of which are used by the
+natives for tobacco boxes. Another fine species is _Saturnia Alcinoë_,
+Cramer, pl. 322, fig. A, (= _S. Caffraria_, Stoll, pl. 31, f. 2, _S.
+caffra_, Boisduval in Delegorgue’s Voy. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 601). A
+specimen of this species, measuring seven inches in the expansion of
+the fore wings, was taken by Mr. Oates, but the precise locality was
+not recorded. Another species, which appears to be undescribed, was
+also taken by Mr. Oates, which may be thus characterized:--
+
+SATURNIA CERVINA, Westw.
+
+Tota roseo-cervina, alis anticis spatio minuto transverso squamis
+destituta ad apicem cellulæ, striolaque paullo obscuriori paullo
+curvata et vix distincta inter cellulam et marginem posticum; alis
+posticis macula parva trigona ad apicem cellulæ; abdomine magis fulvo;
+alis anticis apice subrotundatis. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 4⅔.
+
+Habitat prope Tati.
+
+A beautiful species, nearly allied to the European emperor moth, was
+taken by Mr. Oates, which appears to be undescribed, although it
+has been named by Mr. Butler, in manuscript, in the British Museum
+collection:--
+
+SATURNIA FLAVIDA.
+
+_S. Apolloniæ_, Cramer, pl. 250, fig. A, persimilis; differt colore
+fusco-griseo alarum flavido-tincto, fascia fusca pone ocellum, absque
+maculis duabus nigricantibus subapicalibus, colore fusco subapicali
+omnium alarum intus flavido latius marginato. Expans. alar. antic. unc.
+3⅓.
+
+Habitat prope Gubuleweyo.
+
+I take this opportunity of describing two additional species of
+_Saturnia_, closely allied to _S. flavida_, in the Hopeian
+collection, together with a remarkable species collected by Mr.
+Buxton:--
+
+SATURNIA TERPSICHORINA, Westw.
+
+_S. Apolloniæ_ similis at multo minor et pallidior, ocello alarum
+anticarum ovali, fascia tenui extus connexa, hac prope apicem alæ
+absque maculis duabus nigris; alis posticis basi albis absque fascia
+indistincta subbasali, ocello ovali extus cum fascia tenui fusca
+conjuncta, fascia 2da submarginali ut in _S. Apollonia_; thoracis
+dorso macula livido-fusca; incisuris abdominis livido-marginatis.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¾.
+
+Habitat in Africa merid.-orient. In Mus. Hopeiano.
+
+SATURNIA DYOPS, Maassen and Weymer, Beitr., fig. 21.
+
+This species is also closely allied to _S. Apollonia_, but
+wants the ocellus in the hind wings. Maassen obtained it from Natal.
+Specimens from South Eastern Africa, and from Angola (Monteiro), are in
+the Hopeian collection at Oxford.
+
+SATURNIA HYPERBIUS, Westw.
+
+Alis anticis ferruginosis, puncto minimo vitreo ad apicem cellulæ;
+striga recta obliqua pone medium alæ cinerea, area pone strigam
+magis aurantiaca, margine apicali plumbeo-tincto, ciliis rufis; alis
+posticis fulvis ocello mediocri medio cinereo (medio albido) circulo
+nigro; striga angusta cinerea inter ocellum et marginem posticum
+plumbescentem, ciliis rufis: alis subtus saturatioribus, venis flavis,
+anticis macula rotunda nigra, medio vitrea; cellula in posticis fere
+obliterata, strigaque pone medium angustiori et minus distincta;
+corpore rufo, abdomine magis fulvo. Expans. alar. antic. fere unc. 5.
+
+Habitat in Africa merid. (D. Buxton.) In Mus. Hopeiano.
+
+
+                           Family BOMBYCIDÆ.
+
+The family BOMBYCIDÆ appears to be rich in species of the sub-family
+LIMACODIDES, the caterpillars of which are clothed with short erect
+bristles, which are capable of inflicting poisonous wounds; their
+cocoons are very solid and egg-shaped. Notwithstanding their defensive
+appendages they are subject to the attacks of parasites, and in the
+“Transactions of the Entomological Society,” 1876, pl. 10, I have given
+the history of a curious dipterous insect, _Systropus crudelis_, which
+destroys individuals of one of the species of this group. Mr. Oates
+obtained a number of species, the majority of which are, however, in
+a very mutilated condition. Of one, which is a very showy insect and
+appears to be undescribed, I give the description below:--
+
+LIMACODES ARGENTIFERA, Westw.
+
+Læte pallido-viridis, alis anticis basi macula media fasciaque
+subapicali valde curvata e guttis argenteis, singulis guttis annulo
+brunneo cinctis, fascia externa e medio marginis postici versus apicem
+extensa at guttis sensim decrescentibus; alis posticis abdomineque
+fulvis. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1¼.
+
+_Pantoctæniæ Gemmanti_, Felder, Reise Novara, pl. 82, fig. 16,
+proxima.
+
+Habitat prope Gubuleweyo.
+
+A large species of this family, _Jana Mariana_, was collected by Mr.
+Oates at Tati, and is figured in Plate G, fig. 6. The type specimen
+is in the British Museum from Congo. It belongs to the modern Genus
+_Jana_, of Boisduval, but was described by the late Adam White under
+the name of _Bombyx Mariana_ (Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 264). It is
+fawn-coloured, the fore wings with four slender oblique undulating
+brown bands. In the hind wings the bands are rather broader and more
+distinct, and there is a large purplish black spot at the base of the
+latter. The fore wings measure from 4 inches to 4⅔ inches in expanse.
+
+The species of the remaining Lepidopterous families captured by Mr.
+Oates did not comprise any remarkable new species, and were for the
+most part in a much broken condition, rendering their determination
+very difficult.
+
+
+                           Order COLEOPTERA.
+
+
+                         Family _Cicindelidæ_.
+
+Of the carnivorous ground beetles five genera of CICINDELIDÆ
+_Manticora_, _Platychile_, and _Dromica_, with _Ophryodera_ and
+_Bostrichophorus_, are peculiar to the central and eastern sub-regions
+of Africa. Of the first-named genera, Mr. Oates collected specimens of
+the gigantic _Manticora latipennis_, Waterhouse, together with a fine
+new species of _Dromica_ characterized below:--
+
+DROMICA (MYRMECOPTERA) OATESII, Westw. (Plate G, fig. 5, and Plate H,
+figs. 1, 1_a_, 1_b_.)
+
+Nigra, capite rugose striolato, labro lævi, in medio fulvo; pronoto
+subopaco transverse striolato, linea media dorsali albo-hirta, elytris
+obovalibus granulatis, singulis 5-costatis, costis longe ante apicem
+desinentibus; costa suturæ proxima e tuberculis oblongis formata; costa
+2da ad basim straminea, nigro-punctata; margine externo inter medium
+et apicem linea gracili albida notato; antennis pone articulum 4tum
+dilatatis, compressis, articulis sensim ad apicem decrescentibus. Fœm.
+Long. corp. unc. 1, lat. med. elytr. lin. 3½.
+
+
+                           Family CARABIDÆ.
+
+Of this family there are 17 peculiarly South African Genera, including
+_Crepidogaster_, _Hystrichopus_, _Arsinoë_, and _Piezia_. The genera
+_Eunostus_, _Glyphodactyla_, and _Megalonychus_, occur in Madagascar as
+well as in South Africa. The greater portion of the gigantic species
+of _Anthia_ are African, and of these a number were collected by
+Mr. Oates, including _A. maxillosa_, Fabricius, _Mellyi_, De Breme,
+_cinctipennis_, Dupont, _guttata_, Melly, MS. in Brit. Mus., and an
+apparently undescribed species. Of the allied Genus _Cypholoba_,
+specimens were captured of _C. alveolata_, De Breme, and 7-_guttata_,
+Fabricius. Of _Polyhirma_ two species, _P. macilenta_, Olivier, and
+_amabilis_, Boheman (?), and two species of _Graphipterus_, _G.
+cordiger_, Dejean, and _Westwoodii_, De Breme (?). _Drypta jucunda_ and
+_Orthogonius caffer_, complete the list of CARABIDÆ.
+
+
+                          Family SCARABÆIDÆ.
+
+Of the sacred beetles, SCARABÆIDÆ, eminently characteristic of Africa,
+and especially of the southern region, specimens of the gigantic
+_Pachylomera femoralis_, Kirby, and a _Heliocantharus_, the largest
+species of the genus, were taken by Mr. Oates, together with _H.
+transversus_, Laporte (_operosus_, Dejean), and _H. intricatus_.
+_Circellium Bacchus_, _Chalconotus cupreus_ (varietas minor et
+brevior); three charming species of _Gymnopleurus_, _G. Olivierii_,
+_fulgidus_, and _speciosus_; _Sisyphus_, one small species; _Copris_,
+eight species, including _C. Jachus_, _Œdipus_, _Nemestrinus_, and
+_cœlatus_; six small obscure species of _Onthophagus_; _Onitis inuus_
+and _ciliatus_:--the preceding, of all of which specimens were taken,
+together with several small obscure species of _Aphodius_, all being
+coprophagous in their habits, sufficiently testify to the existence of
+numbers of large mammalia in the regions where they occur.
+
+
+                         Family MELOLONTHIDÆ.
+
+Of this family a number of small obscure-coloured species were also
+collected, with two species of _Trox_; but of the very characteristic
+genera _Anisonyx_, _Peritrichia_, _Lepitrix_, _Pachycnema_, _Dichelus_,
+_Monochelus_, and _Gymnoloma_, all very numerous in species, and
+peculiar to South Africa, no specimens were captured by Mr. Oates.
+
+
+                           Family DYNASTIDÆ.
+
+_Oryctes Boas_, Fabricius, and a small _Syrichthus_, allied to _S.
+gagates_, were the only DYNASTIDÆ captured; the former in large numbers.
+
+
+                           Family CETONIIDÆ.
+
+Of the family of the Rose Chafers (CETONIIDÆ), containing about 1000
+described species, twelve genera are peculiar to Western Africa,
+fourteen to South Africa, and twenty-one to Madagascar. Of the gigantic
+species of Goliath beetles, _Goliathus albo-signatus_, Boheman
+(_Kirkii_, G. R. Gray), inhabits the Zambesi country. _Ceratorhina
+splendens_, Bertoloni (_Petersiana_, Klug), one of the loveliest and
+most remarkable of beetles, inhabits the Tati district and Mozambique,
+but none of these singular insects were found by Mr. Oates. Six species
+of CETONIIDÆ were taken by Mr. Oates, including _Pachnoda obsoleta_,
+Schaum; _Spilophorus plagosus_; _Phoxomela umbrosa_, Gory and
+Perchéron; and _Oxythyrea discicollis_, Reiche, and _hæmorrhoidalis_,
+Fabricius.
+
+
+                           Family LUCANIDÆ.
+
+Of this family there are ten genera in South Africa, seven of which
+are peculiar, and two of these are confined to the Island of Bourbon;
+two genera are peculiar to Western tropical Africa and three to South
+Africa; whilst the otherwise widely-ranging genera _Lucanus_ and
+_Dorcus_ are absent from Africa. No species of this family was taken by
+Mr. Oates.
+
+
+                          Family BUPRESTIDÆ.
+
+This family is very extensive, containing at least 2700 species, many
+of which are splendidly coloured insects, of gigantic size, amongst
+which is a group essentially African, remarkable for the numerous
+pencils of short erect hairs dotted over their whole upper surface
+(Genus _Julodis_, Eschscholtz). The species of _Steraspis_ and
+_Sternocera_ are also of large size and great brilliancy. Twenty-seven
+genera of these insects occur in South Africa, of which six are
+peculiar, but Mr. Oates only collected four small and obscure species.
+The singular Genus _Polybothris_, with widely dilated elytra, is
+peculiar to Madagascar, no species of the genus having been found on
+the African continent.
+
+
+                           Family ELATERIDÆ.
+
+This family is also of great extent, consisting of not fewer than
+2700 described species, many of which are exclusively natives
+of South-Eastern Africa and Madagascar, the finest group being
+_Tetralobus_, and its immediate allies, having flabellate antennæ,
+which are almost restricted to Africa, a few only occurring in
+New Holland. Of this group Mr. Oates collected a very interesting
+species, which I have figured in Plate G, fig. 4, and which appears
+to be identical with _Tetralobus bifoveolatus_ of Boheman (although
+apparently differing in certain points).
+
+
+                           Family PAUSSIDÆ.
+
+Africa possesses a number of species of this singular family, found in
+Natal by Herr Guienzius in ants’ nests. Mr. Oates, however, collected
+only one species, _Pleuropterus alternans_, Westw., Thesaurus Ent.
+p. 74, pl. 16, f. 2.
+
+
+                           Family HISTERIDÆ.
+
+These insects, which are generally found in excrement, appear to be
+numerous in individuals, although only about eight species were taken,
+one of large size.
+
+
+                           Family SILPHIDÆ.
+
+Of the carrion beetles one alone, _Silpha_ (_micans_, Fabricius), was
+captured.
+
+
+                          Family BOSTRICHIDÆ.
+
+Of the numerous family of wood-boring beetles, five species were found
+in considerable numbers, including _Apate_ (_monacha_ and _cornutus_,
+Fabricius).
+
+
+                         Family TENEBRIONIDÆ.
+
+This extensive family, belonging to the HETEROMEROUS SECTION of the
+Order, in its widest extent, as catalogued by Gemminger and Von Harold,
+comprises more than 4500 described species, many of the largest and
+finest of which are peculiarly African, such as _Chiroscelis_ and
+its allies (of which I published an illustrated monograph in the
+“Transactions of the Zoological Society,” vol. iii. 1849), and the
+gigantic species of _Moluris_, such as _M. Bertolonii_, Guérin, from
+Mozambique; _M. Rowleiana_, Westw., from the Zambesi; _M. gravida,_
+Damara Land; and _M. Procrustes_, Delagoa Bay, illustrated in my
+paper in “Trans. Ent. Soc.” 1875, pl. 6. Many of these insects, which
+are especially natives of large sandy districts, were captured by
+Mr. Oates, including _Moluris Perretii_, _M. gibbosa_, _M. albipes_,
+etc., _Dichtha inflata_, Gerstaecker, _Anomalipus lineatus_ and
+_intermedius_, _Hypomeles rugosus_, Fabricius, etc. Numerous smaller
+species of MELASOMATOUS HETEROMERA, and HELOPIDÆ, were also taken, as
+well as ten species of MYLABRIDÆ.
+
+
+                           Family HELOPIDÆ.
+
+Amongst the HELOPIDÆ, apparently allied to _Centronipus_ and
+_Stenochia_, is an insect captured by Mr. Oates, which must be referred
+to a new Genus,
+
+
+                      Genus DEROSPHÆRIUS, Westw.
+
+Corpus oblongum, subcylindricum; capite parvo, conico, ante oculos
+utrinque rotundato-elevato, antennis longitudine dimidii corporis,
+articulis æqualibus, externis paullo brevioribus at non crassioribus;
+mandibulis capitis longitudine æqualibus curvatis, supra prope basim
+cornu erecto, apice inciso, armatis; labro subrotundato, antice
+emarginato; palpis maxillaribus elongatis, articulo ultimo vix
+securiformi; mentum transversum antice angustatum; palpis labialibus
+parvis, subcylindricis; prothorax rotundatus, subglobosus; pedes satis
+graciles; tarsis heteromeris, simplicibus, unguibus simplicibus.
+
+DEROSPHÆRIUS ANTHRACINUS, Westw. (Plate G, fig. 3, and Plate H, figs.
+2, 2_a_, 2_b_, 2_c_.)
+
+Niger nitidus, capite inter antennas biimpresso, pronoto subtiliter
+punctatissimo; elytris punctato-striatis. Long. corp. fere lin. 6.
+
+
+                         Family CURCULIONIDÆ.
+
+Of the still more extensive family of the Weevils (Genus _Curculio_,
+Linnæus), of which, including the SCOLYTIDÆ, BRENTHIDÆ, and ANTHRIBIDÆ,
+not fewer than 1200 species have been described, large numbers are
+peculiarly African, especially the great Genera _Brachycerus_,
+_Episus_, _Microcerus_, _Platycopes_, _Sciobius_, and many others,
+the species of most of which are distinguished by their dull colours
+and sluggish movements, fitting them for their existence in wide arid
+sandy districts, where they emulate the _Pimeliæ_ and _Molurides_. Of
+this great tribe only nine species were captured, including numbers of
+individuals of the gigantic _Brachycerus apterus_, remarkable for the
+red spots on its black body, _B. congestus_, etc.
+
+
+                          Family CERAMBYCIDÆ.
+
+Of the great family of Longicorn beetles (_Cerambyx_, Linnæus),
+consisting of not less than 8000 already described species, there are
+in South Africa 262 genera, of which no less than 67 are peculiar,
+namely 5 of PRIONIDÆ, 25 of CERAMBYCIDÆ, and 37 of LAMIIDÆ. The
+most conspicuous of these genera are _Sternotomis_, _Zographus_,
+_Alphitopola_, _Tragocephalus_, _Phryneta_, _Ceroplesis_. The giant
+_Prionides_ are evidently very rare, but the remarkable genera may
+be mentioned, _Cacoscelis_, _Cantharoctenus_, and _Cantharoplatys_,
+Westw. (Thes. Ent.). Of this great group only 23 species were
+collected by Mr. Oates, including _Ceroplesis hottentotta_, _C.
+cruentata_, and two other species, _Phrissoma giganteum_, _Callichroma
+latipes_, _Hamaticherus sericeus_ and _denticornis_, and _Amphidesmus
+analis_, Olivier.
+
+
+                         Family CHRYSOMELIDÆ.
+
+The Phytophagous or plant-eating beetles (_Chrysomela_, Linn.), as
+may be inferred from their habits, are exceedingly numerous, both in
+species and individuals, in all parts of the world, more than 10,200
+species having been described. Some few groups are especially African,
+such as _Pæcilomorpha_, Hope, belonging to the _Megalopides_, numerous
+species of _Sagra_, _Antipa_, _Melitonoma_, _Acolastus_, _Eurytus_,
+_Pausiris_, _Pallena_, _Cyno_, _Macrocoma_, etc. Only twenty-three
+species of these insects were taken by Mr. Oates, including _Sagra
+festiva_, Gerst., _Diamphidia femoralis_, Gerst., _Clythra tettensis_,
+and various species of _Eumolpus_, _Cassida_, _Hispa_, _Colaspis_, etc.
+
+The other orders of insects received but little attention, and but few
+are contained in Mr. Oates’s collection.
+
+
+                           Order ORTHOPTERA.
+
+In this order several large and beautiful species of locusts were
+taken, including _Acridium leprosum_ and _scabrosum_, and _Petasia
+cruentata_, _Pamphagus haploscelis_, and the curious wingless
+grasshopper, _Eugaster loricatus_ of Gerstaecker. Two or three
+different kinds of Crickets and four species of BLATTIDÆ were also
+taken.
+
+
+                           Order NEUROPTERA.
+
+In this order a large species of _Myrmeleon_, marked like _M.
+Libelluloides_, and the lovely _Palpares citrinus_, were collected.
+
+
+                          Order HYMENOPTERA.
+
+In this order two large species of sand wasps with steel blue wings
+were taken.
+
+
+                           Order HEMIPTERA.
+
+Of HEMIPTERA twelve species of CIMICIDÆ were taken.
+
+
+                            Order DIPTERA.
+
+In this order various species injurious to cattle and horses, including
+six species of TABANIDÆ, one being the beautiful _Tabanus africanus_
+of Gray (Griff. Anim. Kingd. Ins. pl. 114, fig. 5), were taken; also
+two species of _Hippobosca_, and various specimens of the terrible
+TSETSE (_Glossina morsitans_, Westw., Proc. Zool. Soc., 10th December
+1850), of which I have thought it would be desirable to give a fresh
+figure (Plate G, fig. 2). The figure which I gave of this insect,
+accompanying my original description, was afterwards copied upon the
+titlepage of Dr. Livingstone’s Travels (without acknowledgment), and in
+my memoir I ventured to suggest not only that the Tsetse was identical
+with the Zimb of Bruce, but also possibly with the Tsaltsalya; and
+further, that “the fly that is in the uttermost part of the rivers
+of Egypt,” described by the prophet Isaiah (ch. vii. 18, 19), and
+considered as the cause of one of the plagues of Egypt, may also have
+been no other than the Tsetse. Two notes recently published on this
+insect, with suggestions of remedying or preventing its attacks, may be
+added:--
+
+Lewis Hornor, in the “Times,” 25th February 1879, writes, “Having
+hunted in the African fly country and seen many horses and oxen die of
+the bite, against which no external application is, I firmly believe,
+any safeguard, I venture to call attention to the precautions adopted
+by the Boer elephant hunters in the interior. The Tsetse inhabits
+narrow and clearly defined strips of country, familiar to all natives,
+and readily evident to strangers. On approaching one of these ‘fly
+belts’ (so called) a halt is made, and inspanning again at sundown the
+Boer treks through at night in safety. I only remember one case of
+mishap, when, in crossing a belt near the confluence of the Chobé and
+Zambesi, two or three oxen out of nearly forty were bitten, and that,
+if my memory serves me, on a bright moonlight night.”
+
+The African traveller Hildebrandt recommends strongly, in the
+“Korrespondenzblatt der afrik. Gesellschaft,” the use of petroleum
+for those travelling in the tropics, as a protection against insects.
+Occasional applications to the face and hands ensured entire freedom
+from mosquitoes, and the same method sufficed to preserve horses and
+cattle against the deadly attacks of the Dondorobo gadfly, which so
+often cripples the movements of the explorer. Petroleum likewise
+protected the Natural History Collections of the traveller from ants,
+moths, etc.
+
+[The description of Plates E-H is given on p. 365.]
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.E.
+
+  [symbol]. del. Mintern Bros. lith.]
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.F.
+
+  [symbol]. del. Mintern Bros. lith.]
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.G.
+
+  [symbol]. del. Mintern Bros. lith.]
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.H.
+
+  [symbol]. del. Mintern Bros. lith.]
+
+
+
+
+                      DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PLATES.
+
+
+    PLATE E.
+
+    Fig. 1, 2. _Acræa amphimalla_.
+
+     „   3, 4. _Callosune Wallengrenii_.
+
+     „   5, 6. _Callosune ramaquebana_.
+
+     „   7, 8. _Callosune Buxtoni_, female.
+
+     „   9, 10. _Callosune regina_, female.
+
+     „      11. _Chœrocampa virgo_.
+
+    PLATE F.
+
+    Fig. 1, 2. _Acræa Atergatis_.
+
+     „   3, 4. _Acræa Atolmis_.
+
+     „   5, 6. _Acræa Axina_.
+
+     „   7, 8. _Acræa Acontias_.
+
+     „   9, 10. _Acræa Aglaonice_.
+
+     „  11, 12. _Acræa Acronycta_.
+
+    PLATE G.
+
+    Fig. 1. _Eusemia adulatrix_.
+
+     „   2. _Glossina morsitans_.
+
+     „   3. _Derosphærius anthracinus_.
+
+     „   4. _Tetralobus bifoveolatus_.
+
+     „   5. _Dromica Oatesii_.
+
+     „   6. _Jana Mariana_.
+
+    PLATE H.
+
+    Fig. 1. Upper lip and mandibles of _Dromica Oatesii_; 1a, maxilla
+    of do.; 1_b_, lower lip and palpi of do.
+
+    Fig. 2. Upper lip of _Derosphærius anthracinus_; 2_a_, mandible; 2_b_,
+    maxilla; 2_c_, lower lip of do.
+
+    Fig. 3. Head, antenna and spiral tongue of _Eusemia adulatrix_;
+    3_a_, chief veins of the fore wing of do.; 3_b_, extremity of
+    the body of the male of do., seen sideways.
+
+    Fig. 4. Head of _Jana Mariana_; 4_a_, do., seen sideways; 4_b_, chief
+    veins of the fore wings of do.
+
+    Fig. 5. Head of the Tsetse, seen sideways, with the parts of the
+    sucker separated from each other; 5_a_, antenna; 5_b_, pad
+    of the feet of do.
+
+
+
+
+                                  V.
+
+                              BOTANY.[78]
+
+         By D. OLIVER, F.R.S., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in
+                      University College, London.
+
+                            (PLATES J, K.)
+
+
+                          Order RANUNCULACEÆ.
+
+* RANUNCULUS PINNATUS, Poir.
+
+
+                          Order POLYGALACEÆ.
+
+* POLYGALA VIRGATA, Thunb.
+
+
+                            Order TILIACEÆ.
+
+TRIUMFETTA WELWITSCHII, Masters.
+
+
+                          Order MALPIGHIACEÆ.
+
+ACRIDOCARPUS PRURIENS, A. Juss.
+
+
+                         Order ZYGOPHYLLACEÆ.
+
+* ZYGOPHYLLUM DREGEANUM, Presl?
+
+
+                           Order AMPELIDEÆ.
+
+VITIS, sp.
+
+
+                           Order LEGUMINOSÆ.
+
+* SUTHERLANDIA FRUTESCENS, R. Br.
+
+  ERYTHRINA, sp.
+
+  ERIOSEMA, sp.
+
+  BAUHINIA FASSOGLENSIS, Kotschy.
+
+  CASSIA TETTENSIS, Bolle?
+
+* ACACIA, sp.
+
+
+                            Order ROSACEÆ.
+
+* CLIFFORTIA LINEARIFOLIA, E. and Z.?
+
+
+                          Order SAXIFRAGACEÆ.
+
+VAHLIA CAPENSIS, Berg.
+
+
+                          Order COMBRETACEÆ.
+
+COMBRETUM, sp.
+
+COMBRETUM ZEYHERI, Sond.?
+
+
+                           Order TURNERACEÆ.
+
+WORMSKIOLDIA LONGEPEDUNCULATA, Masters.
+
+
+                          Order UMBELLIFERÆ.
+
+PEUCEDANUM CAPENSE, Dietr.?
+
+
+                            Order RUBIACEÆ.
+
+FADOGIA ZEYHERI, Sond.?
+
+
+                           Order COMPOSITÆ.
+
+* GEIGERIA ZEYHERI, Harv.
+
+* ARTEMISIA AFRA, Jacq.
+
+* DENEKIA CAPENSIS, D. C.
+
+  NIDORELLA AURICULATA, D. C.
+
+* GERBERA NATALENSIS, Schultz Bip.
+
+
+                          Order CAMPANULACEÆ.
+
+  WAHLENBERGIA BANKSIANA, A. D. C.
+
+  LOBELIA DECIPIENS, Sond.?
+
+
+                            Order ERICACEÆ.
+
+* ERICA, near COCCINEA, Berg.
+
+
+                            Order OLEACEÆ.
+
+  JASMINUM, sp.
+
+
+                           Order APOCYNACEÆ.
+
+  CARISSA, near TOMENTOSA, A. Rich.
+
+
+                         Order CONVOLVULACEÆ.
+
+  EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES, Linn., var.
+
+
+                          Order BORAGINACEÆ.
+
+  TRICHODESMA PHYSALOIDES, A. D. C.
+
+
+                           Order SOLANACEÆ.
+
+  SOLANUM SUBEXARMATUM, Dunal?
+
+
+                          Order GENTIANACEÆ.
+
+  CHIRONIA, sp.
+
+
+                        Order SCROPHULARIACEÆ.
+
+  LYPERIA BURKEANA, Benth.
+
+* LIMOSELLA TENUIFOLIA, Nutt.
+
+* DICLIS REPTANS, Benth.
+
+
+                           Order ACANTHACEÆ.
+
+* HYPOESTES FORSKAHLII, R. Br.?
+
+* HYPOESTES VERTICILLARIS, R. Br.?
+
+
+                          Order SELAGINACEÆ.
+
+* HEBENSTREITIA, near DENTATA, Thunb.
+
+
+                           Order VERBENACEÆ.
+
+  LIPPIA ASPERIFOLIA, Rich.
+
+  LANTANA or LIPPIA, sp.
+
+
+                            Order LABIATÆ.
+
+* LEONOTIS LEONURUS, R. Br.
+
+  OCYMUM, or ORTHOSIPHON, sp.
+
+
+                          Order AMARANTHACEÆ.
+
+  ACHYRANTHES ASPERA, L.?
+
+
+                          Order EUPHORBIACEÆ.
+
+  EUPHORBIA, sp.
+
+
+                           Order ORCHIDACEÆ.
+
+  LISSOCHILUS, 2 sp.
+
+
+                            Order IRIDACEÆ.
+
+  GLADIOLUS BREVIFOLIUS, Jacq.
+
+  GLADIOLUS, near QUARTINIANUS, A. Rich.
+
+
+                         Order AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+
+  HÆMANTHUS, near MULTIFLORUS, Martyn.
+
+
+                          Order HYPOXIDACEÆ.
+
+  HYPOXIS VILLOSA, L.
+
+
+                            Order LILIACEÆ.
+
+   ANTHERICUM (TRACHYANDRA) OATESII, Baker in Trimen’s _Journal of
+   Botany_, 1878, p. 324. (Plate J.)
+
+Rootstock not seen complete; outer tunics produced as a membrane round
+its neck. Produced leaves 5–6, contemporary with the flowers, terete
+above the sheathing base, ½ foot long, ½ line in diameter, clothed
+with fine soft deflexed white hairs as long as the diameter of the
+leaf. Scape as long as the leaves, pilose in the lower part glabrous
+upwards. Raceme lax, simple, ½ a foot long, 1–1¼ inch in diameter;
+bracts minute, deltoid; pedicels erecto-patent, the lower ones ½–¾ inch
+long. Perianth white, fugacious; segments ¼ inch long, lanceolate, with
+a distinct 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved brown keel. Stamens falling
+a little short of the perianth-segments; filaments muricate; anthers
+oblong, very minute. Style declinate, just overtopping the anthers.
+
+Near the Abyssinian _A. Saltii_, and Cape _A. pubescens_.
+
+  ALOE, sp.
+
+  ASPARAGUS, sp.
+
+* ANDROCYMBIUM MELANTHIOIDES, Willd.
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.J.
+
+  W. H. Fitch del. Mintern Bros. imp.
+
+  ANTHERICUM OATESII.]
+
+  [Illustration:
+
+    App.Pl.K.
+
+  W. H. Fitch del. Mintern Bros. imp.
+
+  ADIANTUM OATESII.]
+
+
+                            Order GRAMINEÆ.
+
+* PANICUM (TRICHOLÆNA) ROSEUM (Nees.)
+
+* ANDROPOGON, sp.
+
+* ANDROPOGON (CYMBOPOGON) HIRTUS, L.
+
+
+                            Order FILICES.
+
+* PELLÆA CONSOBRINA, Hook.
+
+  ADIANTUM ÆTHIOPICUM, L.
+
+  ADIANTUM OATESII, Baker. (Plate K.)
+
+Stipe slender, brown, glabrous. Lamina pedate, with 6–7 pinnate
+divisions, the largest 6–8 inches long, 1¼–1½ inch broad; end segment
+cuneate, ½–1 inch broad; side segments dimidiate, shortly petioled,
+all, except the lowest, rather ascending, imbricating over the rachis
+at the inner anterior corner, the largest ¾–⅞ inch broad, ½ inch long,
+straight and truncate on the lower and inner borders, cut into deep
+rounded lobes on the upper and outer borders; lower segments gradually
+dwindling down in size; rachis quite glabrous and scale-less, bright
+brown; texture thin, membranous; both surfaces bright green and
+glabrous. Sori not seen. Veins close, fine, distinct, flabellate, free.
+
+Closely allied to the American and Asiatic _A. pedatum_, Linn., from
+which it differs by the fewer divisions of the frond, the outer ones
+not falcately curved, and its shortly-petioled ultimate segments, which
+are fewer, broader, and imbricated over the rachis.
+
+  ADIANTUM LUNULATUM, Burm.
+
+  CHEILANTHES FARINOSA, Kaulf.
+
+  NEPHRODIUM MOLLE, Desv.
+
+  NEPHRODIUM (LASTREA), sp.
+
+  NEPHROLEPIS EXALTATA, Schott.
+
+  NEPHROLEPIS CORDIFOLIA, Presl.
+
+  MOHRIA CAFFRORUM, Desv.
+
+
+                                  VI.
+
+                  LIST OF MAKALAKA WORDS AND PHRASES,
+
+            From one of Mr. F. OATES’S Note-Books, 1874–5.
+
+
+Y-sloga, _axe_.
+
+Sewon[:c]ha, fold, _enclosure_.
+
+Inslogo, _head_.
+
+Lusa, _herd_.
+
+Mutwalla, _package_.
+
+Le-[:c]hebe, _pan_ (_of water_).
+
+Bushlune, _powder_.
+
+Mouti, _tree_, _medicine_.
+
+A-acho, _our_.
+
+A-aka, _his_.
+
+Hlula, _to go by_.
+
+T̈heula, _to be lame_.
+
+Pesa, _to leave off_.
+
+Amanga, _to lie_.
+
+Ponsa, _to shoot_.
+
+Hclanza, _to be sick_; also, _to wash_.
+
+T̈hkinga, _to spy out_.
+
+Londalosa, _to take care of_.
+
+Incolo-ga Stoffel, _Stoffel’s waggon_.
+
+Gagwasasan, _early this morning_.
+
+Ea gahte, _a long time ago_.
+
+Eo vouta, _it’s cooking_.
+
+Ya chesa, _it is hot_.
+
+Ngeswēle, _I heard_.
+
+Ongeswanga, _I have not heard_.
+
+Oeswēle? _did you hear_?
+
+Gangbonanga, _I have not seen_.
+
+Angetanga, _I don’t like_.
+
+Una manga, _you lie_.
+
+Gane na manga, _I don’t lie_.
+
+Gang aze, _I don’t know_.
+
+Asea aze, _we don’t know_.
+
+Gneponsele, _I shot_.
+
+Ngeza gon shia, _I’ll hit you_.
+
+Wale shia lipe? _where is he_?
+
+Bangape ba fana? _where are the boys_?
+
+Y gu bane? _whom does it belong to_?
+
+E haubele nane? _when did it go_?
+
+Koulape? _where are you lame_?
+
+Mouti moone? _what tree is that_?
+
+Hamba tata zinto zato, _go get our things_.
+
+Ouguchen gesa inglella eang Gubuleweyo, _show me the road to
+Gubuleweyo_.
+
+
+
+
+                                INDEX.
+
+
+    Abantu Skulls, 276, 278, 279, 286
+
+    Abantu tribes, adoption of customs by, from the Khoi-Khoin races,
+        291
+
+    _Acacia_, sp., 366
+
+    _Acherontia Atropos_, 353
+
+    _Achyranthes aspera_, 368
+
+    _Acræa Acontias_, 345
+      _Acronycta_, 346
+      _Aglaonice_, 246
+      _amphimalla_, 347
+      _Anemosa_, 348
+      _Atergatis_, 342
+      _Atolmis_, 343
+      _Axina_, 344
+      _Bellua_, 348
+      _Caldarene_, 347
+      _Dircæa_, 348
+      _Hypatia_, 348
+      _natalica_, 348
+      _Neobule_, 348
+      _Rahira_, 348
+
+    _Acræidæ_, 342
+
+    _Acridium leprosum_, 363
+      _scabrosum_, 363
+
+    _Acridocarpus pruriens_, 366
+
+    _Actitis hypoleucus_, 325
+
+    _Adiantum æthiopicum_, 369
+      _lunulatum_, 369
+      _Oatesii_, 369
+
+    _Aëdon leucophrys_, 309
+
+    _Ægialitis atricollaris_, 326
+
+    _Ægithalus_, or Penduline Titmouse, nest of, 76, _note_
+
+    _Agaristidæ_, 355
+
+    _Alaudidæ_, 317
+
+    _Alcedinidæ_, 303
+
+    _Aloe_, sp., 369
+
+    Amadavats, nests of, 76
+
+    _Amadina erythrocephala_, 320
+
+    _Amblypodia natalensis_, 351
+      _Leroma_, 351
+
+    _Amphidesmus analis_, 363
+
+    _Amydrus bicolor_, 316
+      _morio_, 316
+
+    _Anas xanthorhyncha_, 327
+
+    _Anatidæ_, 327
+
+    _Androcymbium melanthioides_, 369
+
+    _Andropogon_, sp., 369
+      (_Cymbopogon_) _hirtus_, 369
+
+    _Anomalipus intermedius_, 361
+      _lineatus_, 361
+
+    _Anthericum_ (_Trachyandra_) _Oatesii_, 368
+
+    _Anthia cinctipennis_, 359
+      _guttata_, 359
+      _maxillosa_, 359
+      _Mellyi_, 359
+
+    _Anthocharis Eosphorus_, 336
+      _Erone_, 338
+
+    _Anthopsyche speciosa_, 338
+      _Theopompe_, 337
+
+    _Anthus caffer_, 317
+      _pyrrhonotus_, 317
+
+    Ant-eating Wheatear, Southern, 307
+
+    Ants, 40, 72. _See also_ White ants.
+
+    _Apate cornutus_, 361
+      _monacha_, 361
+
+    Apricots, 4, 37, 49
+
+    _Ardea melanocephala_, 326
+      _purpurea_, 326
+      _rufiventris_, 327
+
+    _Ardeidæ_, 326
+
+    _Ardeiralla Sturmii_, 326
+
+    _Artemisia afra_, 367
+
+    _Asio capensis_, 300
+
+    _Asparagus_, sp., 369
+
+    Assegais, different varieties of, 101, _note_
+
+    _Astur polyzonoides_, 298
+
+    _Aterica Meleagris_, 349
+
+    Australian skulls, 281
+
+    Ayres, Mr. Thomas, reference to, 294
+
+
+    Babbling Thrush, Jardine’s, 309
+      Pied, 308
+
+    Baines, Thomas, reference to, 247, 254, 256–8
+
+    Baker, Mr. J. G., F.R.S., descriptions of two new species of plants
+        obtained by Mr. Oates, by, 368
+
+    Bamangwato, 15–22, 36, 147–159
+      fighting at, 155
+      (or Mungwato), the usual name for Shoshong, 11, _note_
+
+    Baobab trees, 72, 83, 145
+
+    Barbel, 51, 230
+
+    Barbet, Le Vaillant’s, 306
+      Pied, 305
+
+    _Batis molitor_, 311
+
+    _Bauhinia fassoglensis_, 366
+
+    Bee-eater, Blue-cheeked, 301
+      Carmine-throated, 301
+      European, 301
+      Little, 301
+      Swallow-tailed, 302
+      White-fronted, 301
+
+    Bees’ nests, 73, 135
+
+    Beef-eater, African, 316
+
+    Beetles, annoyance from, 40
+
+    Bell, Thomas, 4
+
+    Bembesi River, 68
+
+    Bengali Finch, Southern, 321
+
+    Biltong, meat dried in the sun, 45
+
+    Birds’ nests collected by Mr. Oates, 76
+
+    Bishop-bird, Red, 320
+
+    Bleek, Dr. W. H. J., researches of, 276
+
+    Blockley, Mr., 244, 245, 247
+
+    Blue gum trees, 8
+
+    Blumenbach, J. F., reference to, 277
+
+    Boa-constrictor, 75
+
+    Boer hunters, 154, 217
+      their indiscriminate slaughter of game, 223
+
+    Boers and their waggons, 220
+      character of, 10, 225
+      farms of, in the Transvaal, 9, 10, 12, 39
+      their apparent poverty, 12
+
+    Bolinlila, Lobengula’s brother, 67
+
+    _Bombycidæ_, 358
+
+    _Bombyx Mariana_, 358
+
+    Bond, Mr., 203
+
+    _Bostrichidæ_, 361
+
+    Botany, by Professor Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S., 366–369
+
+    _Brachycerus apterus_, 362
+      _congestus_, 362
+
+    Bradshaw, Dr., joins Mr. Oates, 244–251
+      with him at his death, 260–264
+
+    _Bradyornis Oatesii_, 314
+
+    _Bradypterus gracilirostris_, 310
+
+    Brass wire, 119, 120, _note_
+
+    Bristle-necked Thrush, Cape, 308
+
+    Broca, P., reference to, 280, _note_
+
+    Brown, Mr., 173
+
+    Brown, Mr. A., of Tati, 33, 35, 140, 163, 168, 188, 190, 198, 199,
+        200–202, 213, 216, 222
+
+    _Bubo lacteus_, 299
+      _maculosus_, 299
+
+    _Bubonidæ_, 299
+
+    _Bubulcus ibis_, 327
+
+    _Bucerotidæ_, 304
+
+    _Buchanga assimilis_, 315
+
+    Buckley, Mr. T. E., 3–36, 294
+
+    Building, singular native, 175
+
+    Bulbul, Layard’s, 308
+      Le Vaillant’s, 308
+
+    Bullocks, State slaughter of, 105
+
+    Bunting, Cape, 322
+      Golden-breasted, 322
+
+    _Buphaga africana_, 316
+
+    _Buprestidæ_, 360
+
+    Bushman crania, 273 _et seq._
+        measurements of, 292, 293
+      race, Mongolian origin ascribed to, 288–290
+        indications of kinship with the Akka and Obongo tribes, 288
+      remains, failure to obtain, 136, 166
+        finally obtained, 231
+
+    Bushmen, 24, 25, 28, 50, 80, 137, 144, 152, 180
+      looked upon as game by the Matabele, 222
+      mysterious instincts of, 222
+
+    Bush-shrike, Bakbakiri, 312
+      Crimson-breasted, 312
+      Pied Puff-backed, 312
+      Red-winged, 313
+      Short-tailed, 310
+      South African Puff-backed, 312
+      Three-streaked, 313
+      Yellow-breasted, 312
+
+    Bush-warbler, Short-tailed, 310
+
+    Busk, Mr. G., reference to, 277
+
+    Bustard, Blue, 326
+      Kori, 326
+
+    _Buteo jackal_, 298
+
+    _Butorides atricapillus_, 326
+      _rufiventris_, 327
+      _Sturmii_, 326
+
+    Butterflies, distribution of, in Africa, 333–335
+
+    Buzzard, Jackal, 298
+
+
+    Caffre skulls, 278, 285. _See also_ Kafir
+
+    Calabash pumpkins, 112
+
+    _Callichroma latipes_, 363
+
+    _Callidryas Castalia_, 336
+      _Florella_, 335
+      _Pyrene_, 335
+      _Rhadia_, 336
+      _Swainsonii_, 335
+
+    _Callosune Antigone_, 338
+      _Buxtoni_, 340
+      _Casta_, 338
+      _Danaë_, 337
+      _Eione_, 340
+      _Eupompe_, 337
+      _Evenina_, 340
+      _Evippe_, 338
+      _inornata_, 338
+      _Ione_, 338
+      _Keiskamma_, 338
+      _Omphale_, 338
+      _pseudetrida_, 340
+      _Ramaquebana_, 341
+      _regina_, 339
+      _Theogone_, 339
+      _Wallengrenii_, 341
+
+    _Campethera Abingtoni_, 306
+      _Bennetti_, 306
+      _Smithii_, 306
+
+    _Capitonidæ_, 305
+
+    _Caprimulgidæ_, 300
+
+    _Caprimulgus europæus_, 300
+      _mossambicus_, 300
+      _rufigenis_, 300
+
+    _Caprona Pillaana_, 353
+
+    _Carabidæ_, 359
+
+    _Carissa_, sp., 367
+
+    Carrion beetles, 361
+
+    _Cassia tettensis_, 366
+
+    Caterpillars, 96
+
+    Cattle disease, heavy losses from, in Natal, 8, 13
+
+    Cattle, Mashona breed of, 226
+
+    _Centropus senegalensis_, 305
+      _superciliosus_, 305
+
+    _Cerambycidæ_, 362
+
+    _Cerchneis amurensis_, 299
+      _naumanni_, 299
+      _rupicola_, 299
+      _tinnunculoides_, 299
+
+    _Ceroplesis cruentata_, 363
+      _hottentotta_, 363
+
+    _Certhilauda semitorquata_, 317
+
+    _Ceryle maxima_, 303
+
+    _Ceryle rudis_, 303
+
+    _Cetoniidæ_, 360
+
+    Ceylon, skulls from, 281
+
+    _Chalconotus cupreus_, 359
+
+    _Chalcopelia afra_, 322
+
+    Chapman, Jas., reference to, 254–260
+
+    _Charadriidæ_, 325
+
+    _Charaxes Pelias_, 349
+
+    Charm, a hunter’s, 54
+
+    Chat, Familiar, 307
+
+    Chat-thrush, Natal, 309
+
+    Cheetahs, goat killed by, 247
+
+    _Cheilanthes farinosa_, 369
+
+    _Chera progne_, 220, _note_; 319
+
+    _Chettusia coronata_, 325
+
+    Chinese, skulls of, 281
+
+    _Chironia_, sp., 367
+
+    _Chœrocampa capensis_, 354
+      _virgo_, 354
+
+    Christmas Day at the Pantamatenka, 244–246
+
+    _Chrysococcyx cupreus_, 305
+
+    _Chrysomelidæ_, 363
+
+    _Chrysophanus Lara_, 352
+
+    _Cicindelidæ_, 358
+
+    _Ciconia alba_, 327
+
+    _Ciconiidæ_, 327
+
+    _Cinnyris afer_, 310
+      _gutturalis_, 310
+      _mariquensis_, 310
+
+    _Circellium Bacchus_, 359
+
+    _Circus ranivorus_, 297
+
+    _Cisticola aberrans_, 309
+      _chiniana_, 309
+      _cursitans_, 310
+      _curvirostris_, 309
+      _tinniens_, 309
+
+    Cleland, Prof. J., reference to, 283, _note_
+
+    _Cliffortia linearifolia_, 366
+
+    _Clythra tettensis_, 363
+
+    _Coccystes cafer_, 305
+
+    Cokhé River, 67
+
+    _Colias Pyrene_, 335
+
+    _Coliidæ_, 305
+
+    _Colius erythromelon_, 305
+      _striatus_, 305
+
+    _Colubridæ_, 329
+
+    _Columbæ_, 322
+
+    Coly, Quiriva, 305
+      South African, 305
+
+    _Combretum_, sp., 367
+      _Zeyheri_, 367
+
+    Cook, Captain, reference to, 291
+
+    Coot, Rufous-knobbed, 324
+
+    _Copris cœlatus_, 359
+      _Jachus_, 359
+      _Nemestrinus_, 359
+      _Œdipus_, 359
+
+    _Coracias caudata_, 302
+      _garrula_, 302
+      _nævia_, 302
+
+    _Coraciidæ_, 302
+
+    Cormorant, Long-tailed, 328
+
+    Corn-crake, 324
+
+    _Coronella tritænia_, 329
+
+    _Corvus scapulatus_, 316
+
+    _Corythornis cyanostigma_, 303
+
+    _Cosmetornis vexillarius_, 301
+
+    _Cossypha natalensis_, 309
+
+    Cotton, wild, 69
+
+    _Coturnix dactylisonans_, 324
+      _Delegorguei_, 324
+      _histrionica_, 324
+
+    Crake, Peters’s, 324
+
+    _Crateropus bicolor_, 308
+      _Jardinii_, 309
+
+    _Crex pratensis_, 324
+
+    Crickets, 363
+
+    _Crithagra angolensis_, 322
+      _chrysopyga_, 322
+
+    Crocodile River, 14–18, 57
+      farms on the, 39
+
+    Crocodiles, 69, 79, 105, 162
+
+    Crow, White-backed, 316
+
+    _Cuculidæ_, 305
+
+    _Cuculus clamosus_, 305
+      _cupreus_, 305
+
+    Cuckoo, Black, 305
+      Golden, 305
+      Lark-heeled, 305
+      Le Vaillant’s, 305
+      White-eyebrowed Lark-heeled, 305
+
+    _Curculionidæ_, 362
+
+    _Cyllo Leda_, 350
+
+    _Cynthia Cardui_, 349
+
+    _Cypholoba alveolata_, 359
+      _7-guttata_, 359
+
+    _Cypselidæ_, 301
+
+    _Cypselus apus_, 301
+
+
+    Dacha, hemp used for smoking, 193
+
+    Daka River, 240, 242, 243, 245, 247
+
+    Damaraland, elephants in, 75, 80
+
+    _Danais Chrysippus_, 350
+
+    Dance, the Great, 98–104
+        preparations for, 96–98
+
+    Darter, Le Vaillant’s, 328
+
+    Dawnay, the Hon. G. C., 38
+
+    _Dendropicus cardinalis_, 306
+      _namaquus_, 306
+
+    _Denekia capensis_, 367
+
+    _Derosphærius anthracinus_, 362
+
+    _Diadema Misippus_, 349
+
+    _Diamphidia femoralis_, 363
+
+    _Dichtha inflata_, 361
+
+    Dick (Kafir driver), 31, 107–113, 142
+
+    _Diclis reptans_, 368
+
+    _Dicrocercus hirundinaceus_, 302
+
+    _Dicruridæ_, 315
+
+    _Dilophus carunculatus_, 316
+
+    Dobie, Mr., 168, 176, _note_
+
+    Dog, tame, run wild, story of, 201
+
+    Dogs, Lobengula’s, 107, 114
+        ferocity of, 98, 111
+
+    Dorehill, Mr., 184–187, 226–242
+
+    Dove, Cape Turtle, 322
+      Emerald-spotted, 322
+      Long-tailed African, 322
+
+    _Dromica Oatesii_, 359
+
+    Drongo, African, 315
+
+    _Dryiophidæ_, 329
+
+    _Dryiophis Oatesii_, 329, 330
+
+    _Dryoscopus boulboul_, 312
+      _cubla_, 312
+
+    _Drypta jucunda_, 359
+
+    Du Chaillu, M. Paul B., reference to, 288, _note_
+
+    Duck, Yellow-billed, 327
+
+    Dwarf Goose, African, 327
+
+    Dwarf Heron, Black-headed, 326
+
+    _Dynastidæ_, 360
+
+
+    Eagle Owl, Spotted, 299
+        Verreaux’s, 299
+
+    Echle, native hunter, 78, 85
+
+    Ecker, Professor A., reference to, 279
+
+    Egret, Short-billed, 326
+
+    Eland’s River, 14
+
+    _Elanus cæruleus_, 298
+
+    _Elateridæ_, 361
+
+    Elephant guns, Lee’s views upon, 49
+
+    Elephants, 30, 50, 75, 76, 77, 84, 129, 140, 196, 203
+      large tusks of, 81
+
+    Entomology, by Professor J. O. Westwood, M.A., F.L.S., etc., 330
+        _et seq._
+
+    _Erebia Narycia_, 350
+
+    _Erica_, sp., 367
+
+    _Eriosema_, sp., 366
+
+    _Erythrina_, sp., 366
+
+    Eskimo skulls, 275, 281
+
+    _Estrelda astrild_, 320
+      _cyanogastra_, 321
+      _erythronota_, 320
+      _granatina_, 321
+
+    Ethnology, by Professor Rolleston, M.D., F.R.S., 274 _et seq._
+
+    _Eugaster loricatus_, 363
+
+    _Euphorbia_, sp., 368
+
+    Euphorbias, 46, _note_; 58, _note_
+
+    _Euplectes capensis_, 330
+      _oryx_, 320
+
+    _Eupodotis cærulescens_, 326
+      _cristata_, 326
+
+    _Eurocephalus anguitimens_, 314
+
+    _Eurystomus afer_, 302
+
+    _Eusemia adulatrix_, 355
+      _æmulatrix_, 355
+      _glossatrix_, 356
+      _meretrix_, 355
+      _niveosparsa_, 355
+      _nugatrix_, 356
+      _pardalina_, 355
+
+    _Evolvulus alsinoides_, 367
+
+
+    _Fadogia Zeyheri_, 367
+
+    Fairbairn, Mr. J., 52, 59, 62, 93, 109–113, 150, 162, 168
+
+    _Falco biarmicus_, 298
+      _minor_, 299
+
+    Fantail Warbler, Brown, 309
+      Common, 310
+      Larger Grey-backed, 309
+      Le Vaillant’s, 309
+      Smith’s, 309
+
+    Finch, Amadavat, 321
+      Black-cheeked, 320
+      Little Barred-breasted, 321
+      Scutellated, 319
+      Wax-bill, 320
+
+    Fires in the veldt, 54, 193
+
+    Fish held in abomination, 111
+      in the sand at Tati, 29
+
+    Flamakinyani, 342
+
+    Flies, annoyance from, 35, 38, 230
+
+    Flirt, one of Mr. Oates’s pointers, 159
+
+    Flower, Professor, measurements of Bushman crania by, 292
+      reference to, 278, 283, 285, 286
+
+    Fly-catcher, Eastern Yellow-eyed, 311
+      Red-crested, 311
+      South African Paradise, 311
+
+    Francolin, Grey-winged, 323
+      Natal, 323
+      Pileated, 323
+
+    _Francolinus afer_, 323
+      _natalensis_, 323
+      _pileatus_, 333
+
+    _Fringillaria capensis_, 322
+      _flaviventris_, 322
+
+    _Fringillidæ_, 320
+
+    Fritsch, Dr. Gustav, reference to, 286, 288, 289
+
+    Frogs, noise from, at night, 40
+
+    _Fulica cristata_, 324
+
+
+    _Gallinula angulata_, 324
+
+    Game-drive, Makalaka, 233
+
+    Garden, Captain and Mr., 140
+
+    _Geigeria Zeyheri_, 367
+
+    _Gerbera natalensis_, 367
+
+    Geruah, 242, 260
+
+    Gilchrist, Mr., journey to Tati and return to England, 3–41
+      second journey to South Africa, 265–270
+      visits Mr. Oates’s grave, 269
+      brings his effects to England, 267
+
+    _Gladiolus_, sp., 368
+      _brevifolius_, 368
+
+    _Glareola melanoptera_, 325
+
+    _Glareolidæ_, 325
+
+    _Glaucidium perlatum_, 300
+
+    _Glossina morsitans_, 363
+
+    Glossy Thrush, Meves’s, 317
+      Red-shouldered, 317
+      Smith’s, 316
+      Verreaux’s, 316
+
+    Goatsucker, nest of, 76
+
+    Gokwe River, 25, 28, 219
+
+    Goose, Knob-billed, 327
+
+    Goshawk, Chanting, 298
+      Many-banded, 298
+      Red-faced, 298
+
+    _Graculus africanus_, 328
+
+    Grapes, wild, 49, 91
+
+    _Graphipterus cordiger_, 359
+      _Westwoodii_, 359
+
+    Grass-owl, South African, 300
+
+    Grasshoppers, 363
+
+    Gratiolet, M. P., reference to, 280
+
+    Gray, Mr. Henry, 3–19
+      death of, at Lake Ngami, 157
+
+    Grebe, Little, 328
+
+    Greenshanks, 325
+
+    Griquas, party of, 235
+
+    Grosbeak, Angola, 322
+      Golden-rumped, 322
+      Striped-headed, 322
+
+    Ground beetles, carnivorous, 358
+
+    Gruber, Prof. W., reference to, 280, _note_
+
+    Gubuleweyo, 58–62, 89, 92–108, 183–188
+
+    Guinea-fowl, tame, story of, 201
+
+    Günther, Albert, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S., descriptions of two new
+        species of snakes obtained by Mr. Oates, by, 329
+
+    Gwailo River, 72, 75
+
+    _Gymnopleurus fulgidus_, 359
+      _Olivierii_, 359
+      _speciosus_, 309
+
+
+    _Hæmanthus_, sp., 368
+
+    _Halcyon albiventris_, 303
+      _chelicutensis_, 303
+      _cyanoleuca_, 303
+      _semicærulea_, 303
+
+    _Hamaticherus denticornis_, 363
+    _sericeus_, 363
+
+    Hamy, Dr. E. T., reference to, 274
+
+    Hartmann, Dr. R., quoted, 288
+      reference to, 287
+
+    Hathorn, Mr. F. A., 20, 149, 204
+      undertakes the duties of executor after Mr. Oates’s death, 270
+
+    Hawk-moth, Death’s-head, 353
+
+    Hawk-moths, Silver-striped, 354
+
+    Head-dresses, native, variety of, 56
+
+    _Hebenstreitia_, sp., 368
+
+    Helmet-shrike, South African, 314
+
+    _Helopidæ_, 362
+
+    _Heliocantharus intricatus_, 359
+      _operosus_, 359
+      _transversus_, 359
+
+    Hemipode, Kurrichaine, 323
+
+    Hendrik, native servant, 31, 34, 142
+
+    Hepburn, Mr., 21, 149
+
+    Heron, Black-headed Dwarf, 326
+      Black-throated, 326
+      Buff-backed, 327
+      Purple, 326
+      Red-bellied, 327
+      Sturm’s, 326
+
+    _Herodius intermedia_, 326
+
+    Herpetology, by Albert Günther, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S., 329
+
+    _Hesperiidæ_, 352
+
+    Hex River, 14
+
+    High Veldt, the, 7–9, 12, 40
+
+    _Hirundinidæ_, 311
+
+    _Hirundo cucullata_, 312
+      _puella_, 311
+
+    _Hirundo rustica_, 312
+      _semirufa_, 312
+
+    _Histeridæ_, 361
+
+    Holfontein, 14
+
+    Honey-guide, White-eared, 305
+
+    Hoopoe, South African, 304
+
+    Hope Fountain, 61, 62, 66, 86
+
+    _Hoplopterus speciosus_, 325
+
+    Horn, Mr., 208
+
+    Hornbill, African Grey, 304
+      nest of a, 131
+      note of the, 24
+      Yellow-billed, 304
+
+    Horse-sickness, 40, 48, 236–238
+
+    Horses, “salted,” value of, 40, 48, 89, 187, 191
+
+    Hottentot skulls, 277, 280, _note_
+
+    “Hottentotten-Schurze,” the, not confined to African races, 288
+
+    Hyænas, ox attacked by, 35
+
+    _Hypanis Ilithyia_, 350
+
+    _Hyphantornis capensis_, 318
+      _mariquensis_, 319
+      _nigrifrons_, 319
+      _ocularis_, 318
+      _olivaceus_, 318
+
+    _Hypoestes Forskahlii_, 368
+      _verticillaris_, 368
+
+    _Hypomeles rugosus_, 362
+
+    _Hypoxis villosa_, 368
+
+
+    _Idmais Eris_, 337
+      _Vesta_, 337
+
+    Impakwe River, 44, 45, 131, 132, 217
+
+    Inchlangin, 68
+
+    _Indicator Sparmanni_, 305
+
+    _Indicatoridæ_, 305
+
+    Induna, a rebellious, 209
+
+    Indunas’ Tree, the, 83
+
+    Inhlala, wild fruit, 90
+
+    Inkwesi River, 45, 129–131, 143, 185, 208
+
+    Inquinquesi River, 68
+
+    Intembin, 73
+
+    Inyati, 64, 68, 70, 72, 85
+
+    _Irrisor erythrorhynchus_, 304
+
+    _Ismene Pisistratus_, 352
+
+    _Iynx pectoralis_, 306
+
+
+    Jacana, Lesser African, 324
+
+    Jacob, 107–113, 142
+
+    Jacobs, Piet, 136, 140, 231, 263–268
+      his house at Tati, 200
+
+    _Jana Mariana_, 358
+
+    _Jasminum_, sp., 367
+
+    John, native interpreter, 65, 118, 153, 181, 188
+
+    _Junonia Clelia_, 349
+      _Cloantha_, 349
+      _Hecate_, 349
+      _natalica_, 349
+      _Octavia_, 349
+      _Œnone_, 349
+      _Orithya_, 349
+
+
+    Kafir Plum, 131
+
+    Kafirs, Mr. Oates threatened by, 166
+      various traits of, 13, 125, 156, 164, 165, 218, 221
+
+    Kalmuck music, 290, _note_
+
+    Kama, 155
+
+    Kamani, 155
+
+    Kennedy, Stoffel, 188–197, 207–211, 226–242
+
+    Kestrel, Eastern Red-footed, 299
+      Lesser, 299
+      South African, 299
+
+    Khoi-Khoin race, Mongolian origin ascribed to, 288
+      possible argument for their affinity with Papuans and Malays, 291
+
+    Kingfisher, African White-headed, 303
+      Angola, 303
+      Brown-hooded, 303
+      Great African, 303
+      Malachite-crested, 303
+      Pied, 303
+      Striped, 303
+
+    Kirk, Dr., reference to, 295
+
+    Kite, Black-shouldered, 298
+      Yellow-billed, 298
+
+    Klaas, Hottentot hunter, 128–137
+
+    Klaas, waggon-driver, 198, 199, 218
+
+    Klipspringers, 195
+
+    Knob-kerries, 94, _note_
+
+    Kumala River, 97, 117
+
+
+    Lacordaire, M. J. Theod., reference to, 331
+
+    _Lagonosticta minima_, 321
+
+    _Lamprocolius phœnicopterus_, 316
+
+    _Lamprotornis australis_, 316
+      _Mevesi_, 316
+
+    _Laniarius atrococcineus_, 312
+      _bakbakiri_, 312
+      _senegalus_, 313
+      _sulphureipectus_, 312
+      _trivirgatus_, 313
+
+    _Laniidæ_, 312
+
+    _Lanius collaris_, 313
+      _collurio_, 313
+      _minor_, 313
+
+    Lanner, South African, 299
+
+    _Lantana_ (or _Lippia_), sp., 368
+
+    Lark, Grey-collared, 317
+      Sabota, 318
+      South African, 317
+      South African Rufous-capped, 318
+
+    Lark-heeled Cuckoo, 305
+      White-eyebrowed, 305
+
+    Laurillard, C. L., quoted, 282, _note_
+
+    Lee, John, 42, 47–51, 112–115, 126, 127
+      his farm, 47–49, 127
+        fine scenery near, 125
+
+    Lee, Karl, 128, 137, 153, _note_
+
+    Lelongwe River, 72, 73
+
+    _Leonotis Leonurus_, 368
+
+    _Leucochitonea Levebu_, 353
+
+    Leydenburg gold-fields, 10
+
+    _Limacodes argentifera_, 358
+
+    _Limosella tenuifolia_, 368
+
+    Lions, 17, 31, 60, 140, 164, 172, 208
+      flesh of, 174
+
+    _Lippia asperifolia_, 368
+
+    _Lissochilus_, sp., 368
+
+    Livingstone, Dr., reference to, 254–260
+
+    _Lobelia decipiens_, 367
+
+    Lobengula, 59–65, 94–115, 141, 183–187
+      despotic power of, 36, 63
+      equivocal conduct of, 170, 186
+      his dress and appearance, 103, 111, 115
+      his objection to Boer hunters, 223
+      his sister, 60, 99
+      his wives, 99, 112
+      punishment of his subjects, 69, 113, 129, 168
+
+    Locusts, 363
+      value of, as food, 17, 19, 127
+
+    Long-claw, Cape, 317
+
+    Longicorn beetles, 362
+
+    Lotsani River, 23
+
+    Lubbock, Sir John, reference to, 291
+
+    _Lycæna Asopus_, 352
+      _Asteris_, 352
+      _Jesous_, 352
+      _Lochias_, 352
+      _Parsimon_, 352
+
+    _Lycænidæ_, 351
+
+    _Lyperia Burkeana_, 368
+
+
+    Mackenna, John, 241, 248–251, 263
+
+    Mackenzie, Rev. John, 21, 37, 149, 264
+      extract from a letter of, 271
+      undertakes the duties of executor after Mr. Oates’s death, 270
+
+    Macloule, Mosilikatze’s nephew, 76, 85, 88, 96
+
+    _Macronyx capensis_, 317
+
+    Maholies, natives near the Lelongwe, 73
+
+    Makabo, Matabele guide, 183, 186, 193, 194, 207, 212
+
+    Makalaka words and phrases, list of, 370
+
+    Makalakas, the, 178–182, 196–199, 211–216
+      their state of subjection, 152, 185, 222
+      obstructive conduct of, 170, 180
+
+    Makobi, Bamangwato chief, 45
+
+    Makobi’s kraal, 129
+
+    Malabars, skulls of, 281
+
+    Malays, skulls of, 281
+
+    Mandy, Mr., of Inchlangin, 69, 93, 105
+
+    Manéko, wild fruit, 90
+
+    Mangwe River, 123
+
+    _Manticora latipennis_, 359
+
+    Manyami, 51–53, 55, 121, 207
+
+    Marabastadt gold-fields, the, 10
+
+    Marsh-harrier, South African, 297
+
+    Marshall, Professor John, reference to, 280
+
+    Marula, wild fruit, 131
+
+    Mashonas, their dress and demeanour, 119
+      their gradual absorption by the Matabele, 152
+      Matabele raids against, 59, 79
+
+    Matabele, the, 45, 49, 54, 79, 111
+      best articles for trade with, 45, 53
+      kingdom, extent and products of, 36, 62
+      their ruthless treatment of Bushmen, 222
+      the Mashonas and Makalakas in bondage under them, 79, 152
+      warriors, Mr. Oates threatened by, 192, 214
+
+    Matchin, Bamangwato attacked by, 155
+
+    Matengwe River, 235, 236, 238, 242
+
+    _Melierax canorus_, 298
+      _gabar_, 298
+
+    _Melolonthidæ_, 360
+
+    Menon, Makalaka headman, 235
+
+    Meriko River, 37
+
+    _Meropidæ_, 301
+
+    _Merops apiaster_, 301
+      _bullockoides_, 301
+      _nubicoides_, 301
+      _pusillus_, 301
+      _superciliosus_, 301
+
+    Metse-a-tunya, 143, 248, 250, 259.
+      _See also_ Victoria Falls.
+
+    Mimosas, 33
+
+    _Milvus ægyptius_, 298
+
+    _Mirafra africana_, 317
+      _sabota_, 318
+
+    Mohr, Edward, reference to, 254
+
+    _Mohrib caffrorum_, 369
+
+    _Moluris albipes_, 361
+      _gibbosa_, 361
+      _Perretii_, 361
+
+    _Monticola explorator_, 308
+
+    Moon, eclipse of, 84
+
+    Moor-hen, South African, 324
+
+    Mopani Pan, 229
+      veldt, 176
+
+    Mosilikatze, 49, 62
+      his wives, at the Great Dance, 98
+
+    _Motacilla aguimp_, 317
+      _capensis_, 317
+
+    _Motacillidæ_, 317
+
+    Motloutsi River, 26–28, 162
+
+    Mozanga, native servant, grief of, 182
+
+    Müller, F., reference to, 291
+
+    Murie, Dr. James, reference to, 286, 288, _note_
+
+    _Muscicapidæ_, 311
+
+    Musician, native, at the Semokwe, 143
+
+    _Musophagidæ_, 304
+
+    _Mycalesis Victorina_, 350
+
+    _Myrmecocichla formicivora_, 307
+
+    _Myrmeleon Libelluloides_, 363
+
+
+    Nata River, 242
+
+    _Nectarina famosa_, 310
+
+    _Nectariniidæ_, 310
+
+    Negro skulls, 274, 275, 278, 279, 281
+
+    Nelson, Mr., experiences of, 75–82
+
+    Nelson, Mr., of Tati, 29, 33, 35, 139
+
+    _Neophron pileatus_, 297
+
+    _Nephrodium molle_, 369
+      (_Lastrea_), sp., 369
+
+    _Nephrolepis cordifolia_, 369
+      _exaltata_, 369
+
+    _Nettapus auritus_, 327
+
+    New Year’s Day at Hope Fountain, 93
+
+    Newcastle, 6, 7
+
+    Ngami, Lake, fever at, 157
+
+    _Nidorella auriculata_, 367
+
+    Night-hawk, call of the, 24
+
+    Nightjar, European, 300
+      Mozambique, 300
+      Rufous-cheeked, 300
+      Standard-winged, 301
+
+    Nina, sister of Lobengula, 97, 111–113
+
+    Nose-bleeding, native cure for, 78
+
+    Notuani River, 15
+
+    _Nymphalidæ_, 349
+
+
+    Oates, Mr. F., arrival at the Tati settlement, 29
+      journeys towards the Zambesi, 42–138, 169–191, 192–226
+      arrival at the Victoria Falls, 252
+      attacked by fever, 261
+      his death, 263
+
+    Oates, Mr. W. E., accompanies his brother to the Tati, and returns
+        to England, 1–41
+      second journey to South Africa, 265–267
+
+    _Ocymum_ (or _Orthosiphon_), sp., 368
+
+    _Œdicnemus capensis_, 326
+
+    _Œna capensis_, 322
+
+    Oliver, Professor, F.R.S., F.Z.S., on the plants collected by Mr.
+        Oates, 366–369
+
+    _Onitis ciliatus_, 359
+      _inuus_, 359
+
+    Oranges, 4, 8, 39, 49
+
+    Oriole, Golden, 315
+
+    _Oriolidæ_, 315
+
+    _Oriolus galbula_, 315
+
+    Ornithology, by Mr. R. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc., 294
+        _et seq_.
+
+    _Orthogonius caffer_, 359
+
+    _Ortygometra crex_, 324
+      _egregia_, 324
+
+    _Ortygospiza polyzona_, 321
+
+    _Oryctes Boas_, 360
+
+    _Os_ (_Malare_) _bipartitum_, literature of, 282, _note_
+
+    Ostrich eggs, best mode of cooking, 24
+
+    Ostriches, young, 79
+
+    _Otididæ_, 326
+
+    _Otis kori_, 326
+
+    _Otogyps auricularis_, 297
+
+    Owen, Professor R., reference to, 274, 278
+
+    Owl, African Short-eared, 300
+
+    Owl, Barn, 300
+      Spotted Eagle, 299
+      Verreaux’s Eagle, 299
+      White-faced Scops, 299
+
+    Owlet, African Pearl-spotted, 300
+
+    _Oxythyrea discicollis_, 360
+      _hæmorrhoidalis_, 360
+
+
+    _Pachnoda obsoleta_, 360
+
+    _Pachylomera femoralis_, 359
+
+    Palatswe River, 23, 161
+
+    Pallas, P. S., quoted, 286, 290, _note_
+
+    _Palpares citrinus_, 363
+
+    _Pamphagus haploscelis_, 363
+
+    _Pamphila Harona_, 333
+      _Ranoha_, 353
+
+    _Panicum_ (_Tricholæna_) _roseum_, 369
+
+    Pantamatenka, the, 243, 245, 249, 260
+
+    _Papilio Aurota_, 336
+      _Celæus_, 352
+      _Demodocus_, 335
+      _Demoleus_, 335
+      _Eborea_, 337
+      _Evippe_, 337
+      _Gorgias_, 352
+      _Jolaus_, 352
+
+    _Papilionidæ_, 335
+
+    _Paridæ_, 310
+
+    _Parisoma subcæruleum_, 311
+
+    _Parra capensis_, 324
+
+    Parrot, Le Vaillant’s, 306
+      Meyer’s, 307
+
+    _Parus afer_, 310
+      _niger_, 311
+
+    _Passer diffusus_, 321
+      _motitensis_, 321
+
+    _Paussidæ_, 361
+
+    Peaches, 4, 10, 39, 49
+
+    _Pelecanidæ_, 328
+
+    _Pellæa consobrina_, 369
+
+    Petersen, Mr., 43, 44, 59, 93
+
+    _Penthetria albinotata_, 319
+      _ardens_, 320
+
+    _Perdicidæ_, 323
+
+    Peregrine Falcon, South African, 298
+
+    _Petasia cruentata_, 363
+
+    Petroleum, useful against insects, 364
+
+    _Peucedanum capense_, 367
+
+    _Philomachus pugnax_, 325
+
+    _Pholidauges Verreauxi_, 316
+
+    _Phoxomela umbrosa_, 360
+
+    _Phrissoma giganteum_, 363
+
+    _Phyllostrophus capensis_, 308
+
+    Phytophagus (or plant-eating) beetles, 363
+
+    _Picidæ_, 306
+
+    _Pieris Mesentina_, 336
+      _Polycaste_, 337
+      _Severina_, 336
+      _Thysa_, 337
+
+    Pietermaritzburg, 2–6, 41
+
+    Pipit, Cinnamon-backed, 317
+      South African, 317
+
+    Plantain-eater, Grey, 304
+
+    _Pleuropterus alternans_, 361
+
+    _Ploceidæ_, 318
+
+    _Plocepasser mahali_, 321
+
+    _Plotus Levaillantii_, 328
+
+    Plover, Blacksmith, 325
+      Treble-collared, 326
+      Wreathed, 325
+
+    _Podiceps minor_, 328
+
+    _Podicipidæ_, 328
+
+    _Pæcilonetta erythrorhyncha_, 328
+
+    _Pogonorhynchus leucomelas_, 305
+
+    Poison-plant, 243
+
+    _Poliospiza gularis_, 322
+
+    _Polygala virgata_, 366
+
+    _Polyhirma amabilis_, 359
+      _macilenta_, 359
+
+    _Polyommatus Otacilia_, 351
+      _Sybaris_, 352
+      _Telicanus_, 351
+
+    Pomegranates, 49
+
+    _Pontia Acaste_, 337
+      _Evarne_, 338
+
+    “Poort,” the, Tati River, 196, 233
+
+    _Porphyris Alleni_, 324
+
+    Potatoes, 49
+
+    Præaryan skulls, 281
+
+    _Pratincola torquata_, 311
+
+    Pratincole, Black-winged, 325
+
+    Pretoria, 6–14, 37
+
+    _Prionopidæ_, 314
+
+    _Prionops talacoma_, 314
+
+    _Psittacidæ_, 306
+
+    _Psittacus Meyeri_, 306
+      _robustus_, 307
+
+    _Pterocles bicinctus_, 323
+      _gutturalis_, 323
+
+    _Pteroclidæ_, 323
+
+    _Ptychopteryx Bohemani_, 336
+
+    _Pycnonotinæ_, 308
+
+    _Pycnonotus Layardi_, 308
+      _nigricans_, 308
+
+    _Pytelia melba_, 320
+
+
+    Quagga, large herd of, 194
+
+    Quail, Common, 324
+      Harlequin, 324
+
+    “Quilp,” Bushman servant, 152
+
+
+    Rail, Mr. Oates’s favourite pointer, 43, 89, 159, 160, 226, 267,
+        268, _note_
+      return of, to the grave, after his master’s death, 265
+
+    Rains, commencement of the, 37, 61, 71, 205, 220, 224, 241
+
+    _Rallidæ_, 324
+
+    Ramaqueban River, 43, 131, 133–138, 143, 172–174, 192–195, 208–211,
+        217, 229–231
+      graves of Englishmen at the, 134
+
+    _Ranunculus pinnatus_, 366
+
+    Red-faced Finch, Southern, 320
+
+    Reed-warbler, White-breasted, 310
+
+    Retzius, Professor A., reference to, 274, 277, 278
+
+    _Rhinopomastes cyanomelas_, 304
+
+    _Rhopalocampta Valmaran_, 352
+
+    Rock, one of Mr. Oates’s pointers, 43, 89, 226, 235, 267, 268,
+        _note_
+
+    Rock-thrush, Sentinel, 308
+
+    Roller, Cinnamon, 302
+      European, 302
+      Lilac-breasted, 302
+      White-naped, 302
+
+    Rolleston, Professor, M.D., F.R.S., on Bushman and other bones
+        obtained by Mr. Oates, 274–293
+
+    Rose chafers, 360
+
+    Roses, monthly, 8
+
+    Ruff, 325
+
+
+    Sable antelope, young, 50
+
+    _Sagra festiva_, 363
+
+    Sakasusi, or Dry River, 143, 146
+
+    Salt lakes, in winter, 147, _note_
+
+    Sand-grouse, Double-banded, 323
+      Yellow-throated, 323
+
+    Sand wasps, 363
+
+    Sandifort, E., reference to, 277
+
+    Sandpiper, Common, 325
+      Wood, 325
+
+    _Sarkidiornis melanonotus_, 327
+
+    _Saturnia Alcinoë_, 356
+      _caffra_, 356
+      _Caffraria_, 356
+      _cervina_, 357
+      _Dyops_, 357
+      _flavida_, 357
+      _Hyperbius_, 357
+      _Terpsichorina_, 357
+
+    _Saturniidæ_, 356
+
+    _Satyridæ_, 350
+
+    _Saxicola Galtoni_, 307
+      _leucomelæna_, 308
+      _pileata_, 307
+      _Shelleyi_, 295, 307
+
+    _Scarabæidæ_, 359
+
+    Schiess-Gemuscus, Professor, reference to, 289
+
+    _Schizœrhris concolor_, 304
+
+    Schlocker, H., reference to, 280, _note_
+
+    Schweinfurth, Dr. Georg, reference to, 288, and _note_
+
+    _Scolopacidæ_, 325
+
+    _Scops leucotis_, 299
+
+    Scops Owl, White-faced, 299
+
+    _Scopus umbretta_, 327
+
+    Sekomi, 16, 19, 37, 39, 155
+
+    Selous, Mr. F. C., 104, 151, 238–242, 266
+
+    Semokwe River, 36, 140, 143–146
+
+    Seribi River, 26
+
+    Seruli River, 24
+
+    _Sesia Hylas_, 354
+
+    Sharpe, Mr. R. Bowdler, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc., on the birds
+        collected by Mr. Oates, 294 _et seq._
+
+    Shashani River, 54, 55, 117, 120
+      fine scenery near the, 117–119
+
+    Shashe River, 28, 31, 147, 162
+      course of the, 176, _note_
+
+    Short-eared Owl, African, 300
+
+    Shoshong, 16. _See also_ Bamangwato.
+
+    Shrike, Black-and-white Long-tailed, 313
+      Collared, 313
+      Lesser Grey, 313
+      Red-backed, 313
+
+    _Silpha micans_, 361
+
+    _Silphidæ_, 361
+
+    Skelton, Mr. H., the late, 204
+
+    Smelting furnace, native, 132
+
+    Smith, Mr. W., Dutch hunter, 44–47, 128–136
+
+    Snakes, 162
+
+    _Solanum subexarmatum_, 367
+
+    Solomon, native waggon-driver, 39, 143
+
+    Sparrow, Greater South African, 321
+      Southern Grey-headed, 321
+
+    _Sphingidæ_, 333
+
+    _Sphenorhynchus Abdimii_, 327
+
+    _Spilophorus plagosus_, 360
+
+    _Spindacis Massilicatzi_, 351
+
+    _Sporopipes squamifrons_, 319
+
+    “Stamped” corn, 130
+
+    Starling, Brown, 316
+      Cape, 316
+      Wattled, 316
+
+    Stone Age crania, 281
+
+    Stone-chat, South African, 311
+
+    Stork, White, 327
+      White-bellied, 327
+
+    _Strigidæ_, 300
+
+    _Strix capensis_, 300
+      _flammea_, 300
+
+    _Sturnidæ_, 316
+
+    Sun-bird, Greater Double-collared, 310
+      Malachite, 310
+      Scarlet-chested, 310
+      Southern Bifasciated, 310
+
+    Sunsets, fine, 27, 117
+
+    _Sutherlandia frutescens_, 366
+
+    Swallow, Common, 312
+      Large Striped-breasted, 312
+      Red-breasted, 312
+      Smaller Striped-breasted, 311
+
+    Swinburne, Sir John, 29, 34
+
+    Swift, Common, 301
+
+    _Sycrobrotus bicolor_, 318
+
+    _Sylvietta rufescens_, 310
+
+
+    _Tabanidæ_, 363
+
+    _Tabanus Africanus_, 363
+
+    _Tachyris Agathina_, 337
+
+    Tamasancha, 235, 242, 246
+
+    Tamasetsie, 242
+
+    Tamils, skulls of, 281
+
+    Tasmanian skulls, 281
+
+    Tati gold-fields, 10
+      River, 174, 175, 195, 196, 233
+      settlement, 29–36, 139–141, 146, 161–169, 183–192, 199–268
+
+    Tchakani Vlei, 161
+
+    Tchangani River, 73
+
+    Teal, Red-billed, 328
+
+    _Tenebrionidæ_, 36
+
+    _Tephrocorys cinerea_, 318
+
+    _Teracolus Agoye_, 336
+      _subfasciatus_, 336
+
+    _Terias Rahel_, 342
+      _Seruli_, 342
+      _Zoë_, 342
+
+    _Terpsiphone perspicillata_, 311
+
+    _Tetralobus bifoveolatus_, 361
+
+    _Textor erythrorhynchus_, 318
+      nests of, 117
+
+    Thick-knee, Spotted, 326
+
+    “Thirst Land,” the, 30
+
+    Thomson, Rev. J. B., 59, 61, 64, 86, 93, 99, 139, 140, 149, 187,
+        188, _note_, 197
+
+    Thorns, annoyance from, in travelling, 33, 35
+
+    Thrush, Cape Bristle-necked, 308
+      South African, 307
+
+    Tibakai, Bamangwato headman, 250
+
+    _Timeliidæ_, 308
+
+    _Timeliinæ_, 308
+
+    Titmouse, South African, 310
+      Southern Black-and-white, 311
+
+    Tobacco-gardens, 178, 182
+
+    _Tockus flavirostris_, 304
+      _nasutus_, 304
+
+    Topinard, Dr. P., reference to, 290
+
+    Tortoises, superstition regarding, 78
+
+    _Totanus canescens_, 325
+      _glareola_, 325
+
+    Touani River, 23
+
+    _Trachyphonus cafer_, 306
+
+    Transvaal, the, 6–15, 37–39
+
+    Trees, flowering, 53, 68, 69
+
+    Trescott, Mr., 244
+
+    _Trichodesma physaloides_, 367
+
+    Trimen, Mr. Roland, reference to, 333
+
+    _Triumfetta Welwitschii_, 366
+
+    Tsetse-fly, the, 38, 48, 363–365
+      precautions against, 364
+
+    _Turdidæ_, 307
+
+    _Turdus litsitsirupa_, 307
+
+    _Turnix lepurana_, 323
+
+    Turtle-dove, Cape, 322
+
+    _Turtur capicola_, 322
+
+
+    Umbre, Tufted, 327
+
+    Umgeni River, 6
+
+    Umgwanya River, 72, 75
+
+    Umtegan, Matabele headman, 59
+
+    Umvungu River, 72, 74, 83, 141
+
+    _Upupa africana_, 304
+
+    _Upupidæ_, 304
+
+    _Urolestes melanoleucus_, 313
+
+
+    _Vahlia Capensis_, 367
+
+    Van Roozen, 158, 159, 164–168, 172–174, 188, 231, 232
+
+    Victoria Falls, approach to, 250–252
+      description of, 254–260
+
+    _Vidua principalis_, 319
+      _regia_, 319
+      _Verreauxi_, 319
+
+    Vincent, Mr., 122–124, 143
+
+    _Vitis_, sp., 366
+
+    Vulture, Eared, 297
+      Hooded, 297
+
+    _Vulturidæ_, 297
+
+
+    Waggon-drivers, 103, 218
+
+    Wagtail, African Pied, 317
+      Cape, 317
+
+    _Wahlenbergia Banksiana_, 367
+
+    Waitz, Th., reference to, 288, _note_
+
+    Wallace, Mr. A. R., reference to, 331
+
+    Wankee, native waggon-driver, 98, 119–121
+
+    Wankee’s kraal, 178, 196, 234
+
+    Warbler, Brown Fantail, 309
+      Common Fantail, 310
+      Larger Grey-backed Fantail, 309
+      Le Vaillant’s Fantail, 309
+      Smith’s Fantail, 309
+      White-eyebrowed, 309
+
+    Water, scarcity of, 16, 18, 34, 151, _note_, 219
+
+    Water-hen, Allen’s Blue, 324
+
+    Wax-bill, Grenadier, 321
+      Red-headed, 320
+
+    Weaver-bird, Black-fronted, 319
+      Cape Yellow, 318
+      Mariqua, 319
+      Natal Black-and-yellow, 318
+      Olive-and-yellow, 318
+      Red-billed Black, 318
+        nest of, 177
+      Smith’s, 318
+      White-browed, 321
+
+    Weevils, 362
+
+    Westbeach, Mr., 244, 245, 260, 261
+
+    Westwood, Professor J. O., M.A., F.L.S., etc., on the insects
+        collected by Mr. Oates, 330 _et seq._
+
+    Wheatear, Burchell’s, 308
+      Capped, 307
+      Shelley’s, 295, 307
+      Southern Ant-eating, 307
+
+    White ants, 134
+
+    Whitwell, Rev. J. S., reference to, 291
+
+    Whydah-finches, 220, _note_
+
+    Widow-bird, Cape Black-and-yellow, 320
+      Common, 319
+      Great, 319
+      Orange-throated, 320
+      Shaft-tailed, 319
+      Verreaux’s, 319
+      White-spotted, 319
+
+    Wild dogs, 119, 200, 234
+      fruit, 49, 89–91, 177, 233
+      pigs, 15, 82, 134, 242
+
+    Williams, Rev. J., reference to, 291
+
+    Williamson, Dr., reference to, 280, _note_
+
+    Wood, Mr. George, 151, 238–242
+
+    Wood, Rev. J. G., reference to, 288, _note_, 290
+
+    Wood-boring beetles, 361
+
+    Wood-hoopoe, Red-billed, 304
+      Scimitar-billed, 304
+
+    Woodpecker, Bearded, 306
+      Bennett’s, 306
+      Cardinal, 306
+      Golden-tailed, 306
+
+    Woodpecker, Smith’s, 306
+
+    Wood-shrike, Oates’s, 314
+      Smith’s, 314
+
+    _Wormskioldia longepedunculata_, 367
+
+    Wryneck, Red-breasted, 306
+
+    Wyman, Prof. Jeffries, reference to, 286
+
+
+    _Ypthima Nareda_, 350
+
+
+    Zambesi, the, fever at, 188, 235, 239, 244, 260
+      worst months for, 189, 238–240, 247
+
+    _Zeritis Amanga_, 351
+      _Perion_, 351
+
+    Zimmermann, reference to, 291
+
+    _Zygæna tricolorata_, 354
+
+    _Zygænidæ_, 354
+
+    _Zygophyllum Dregeanum_, 366
+
+    Zulu skulls, 278, 281, 285, 286
+
+
+                               THE END.
+
+  [Illustration: MAP OF SOUTH EASTERN AFRICA showing the
+  COUNTRY TRAVERSED BY M^R. F. OATES 1873–5
+
+            London, C. Kegan Paul & Co.      Edw^d Weller]
+
+
+
+
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+                                                            London._
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+                 THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.
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+XVI. THE LIFE AND GROWTH OF LANGUAGE. By William Dwight Whitney,
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+XVII. MONEY AND THE MECHANISM OF EXCHANGE. By W. Stanley Jevons, M.A.,
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+XVIII. THE NATURE OF LIGHT. With a General Account of Physical
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+With 83 Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+XX. FERMENTATION. By Professor Schützenberger, Director of the Chemical
+Laboratory at the Sorbonne. With 28 Illustrations. Third Edition. Crown
+8vo. price 5_s._
+
+XXI. THE FIVE SENSES OF MAN. By Professor Bernstein, of the University
+of Halle. With 91 Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+XXII. THE THEORY OF SOUND IN ITS RELATION TO MUSIC. By Professor Pietro
+Blaserna, of the Royal University of Rome. With numerous Illustrations.
+Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+XXIII. STUDIES IN SPECTRUM ANALYSIS. By J. Norman Lockyer. F.R.S. With
+six photographic Illustrations of Spectra, and numerous engravings on
+Wood. Crown 8vo. Second Edition. Price 6_s._ 6_d._
+
+XXIV. A HISTORY OF THE GROWTH OF THE STEAM ENGINE. By Professor R.
+H. Thurston. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 6_s._ 6_d._
+
+XXV. EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE. By Alexander Bain, LL.D. Third Edition.
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+XXVI. THE HUMAN SPECIES. By Prof. A. de Quatrefages. Third Edition.
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+XXVII. MODERN CHROMATICS. With Applications to Art and Industry. By
+Ogden N. Rood. With 130 original Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+XXVIII. THE CRAYFISH: an Introduction to the Study of Zoology. By
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+
+XXIX. THE BRAIN AS AN ORGAN OF MIND. By H. Charlton Bastian, M.D. With
+numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+XXX. THE ATOMIC THEORY. By Prof. Wurtz. Translated by G. Cleminshaw,
+F.C.S. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+XXXI. THE NATURAL CONDITIONS OF EXISTENCE AS THEY AFFECT ANIMAL LIFE.
+By Karl Semper. With 2 Maps and 106 Woodcuts. Second Edition. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+XXXII. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCLES AND NERVES. By Prof. J. Rosenthal.
+Second Edition. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+
+
+                            MILITARY WORKS.
+
+
+_ANDERSON (Col. R. P.)_--VICTORIES AND DEFEATS: an Attempt to explain
+the Causes which have led to them. An Officer’s Manual. Demy 8vo. price
+14_s._
+
+ARMY OF THE NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION: a Brief Description of its
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+Edition, by permission of the Author, by Colonel Edward Newdigate. Demy
+8vo. price 5_s._
+
+_BLUME (Maj. W.)_--THE OPERATIONS OF THE GERMAN ARMIES IN FRANCE, from
+Sedan to the end of the War of 1870–71. With Map. From the Journals of
+the Head-quarters Staff. Translated by the late E. M. Jones, Maj. 20th
+Foot, Prof. of Mil. Hist., Sandhurst. Demy 8vo. price 9_s._
+
+_BOGUSLAWSKI (Capt. A. von)_--TACTICAL DEDUCTIONS FROM THE WAR OF
+1870–1. Translated by Colonel Sir Lumley Graham, Bart., late 18th
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+price 7_s._
+
+_BRACKENBURY (Lieut.-Col.) C.B., R.A., A.A.G._ MILITARY HANDBOOKS FOR
+REGIMENTAL OFFICERS. I. Military Sketching and Reconnaissance, by
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+Small cr. 8vo. cloth, price 9_s._
+
+_BRIALMONT (Col. A.)_--HASTY INTRENCHMENTS. Translated by Lieut.
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+
+_CLERY (C.) Lieut.-Col._--MINOR TACTICS. With 26 Maps and Plans. Fifth
+and revised Edition. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 16_s._
+
+_DU VERNOIS (Col. von Verdy)_--STUDIES IN LEADING TROOPS. An authorised
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+Parts I. and II. Demy 8vo. price 7_s._
+
+_GOETZE (Capt. A. von)_--OPERATIONS OF THE GERMAN ENGINEERS DURING THE
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+R.E. With 6 large Maps. Demy 8vo. price 21_s._
+
+_HARRISON (Lieut.-Col. R.)_--THE OFFICER’S MEMORANDUM BOOK FOR PEACE
+AND WAR. Third Edition. Oblong 32mo. roan, with pencil, price 3_s._
+6_d._
+
+_HELVIG (Capt. H.)_--THE OPERATIONS OF THE BAVARIAN ARMY CORPS.
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+Demy 8vo. price 24_s._
+
+TACTICAL EXAMPLES: Vol. I. The Battalion, price 15_s._ Vol. II. The
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+
+_HOFFBAUER (Capt.)_--THE GERMAN ARTILLERY IN THE BATTLES NEAR METZ.
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+
+_LAYMANN (Capt.)_--THE FRONTAL ATTACK OF INFANTRY. Translated by
+Colonel Edward Newdigate. Crown 8vo. price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+NOTES ON CAVALRY TACTICS, ORGANISATION, &C. By a Cavalry Officer. With
+Diagrams. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 12_s._
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+
+_SCHELL (Maj. von)_--THE OPERATIONS OF THE FIRST ARMY UNDER GEN. VON
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+
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+
+_SHERMAN (Gen. W. T.)_--MEMOIRS OF GENERAL W. T. SHERMAN, Commander of
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+
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+
+_STUMM (Lieut. Hugo), German Military Attaché to the Khivan
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+6_s._
+
+_VINCENT (Capt. C. E. H.)_--ELEMENTARY MILITARY GEOGRAPHY,
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+Wright. With Maps. Demy 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+THE OPERATIONS OF THE FIRST ARMY UNDER GEN. VON MANTEUFFEL. Translated
+by Colonel C. H. von Wright. Uniform with the above. Demy 8vo. price
+9_s._
+
+_WICKHAM (Capt. E. H., R.A.)_--INFLUENCE OF FIREARMS UPON TACTICS:
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+
+_WOINOVITS (Capt. I.)_--AUSTRIAN CAVALRY EXERCISE. Translated by
+Captain W. S. Cooke. Crown 8vo. price 7_s._
+
+
+                                POETRY.
+
+
+_ADAMS (W. D.)_--LYRICS OF LOVE, from Shakespeare to Tennyson. Selected
+and arranged by. Fcp. 8vo. cloth extra, gilt edges, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   Also, a Cheaper Edition. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 2_s._ 6_d._
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+_AMATEUR_--A FEW LYRICS. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 2_s._
+
+ANTILOPE: a Tragedy. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+_AUBERTIN (J. J.)_--CAMOENS’ LUSIADS. Portuguese Text, with Translation
+by. Map and Portraits. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 30_s._
+
+SEVENTY SONNETS OF CAMOENS. Portuguese Text and Translation, with some
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+
+_AVIA_--THE ODYSSEY OF HOMER. Done into English Verse by. Fcp. 4to.
+cloth, price 15_s._
+
+_BANKS (Mrs. G. L.)_--RIPPLES AND BREAKERS: Poems. Square 8vo. cloth,
+price 5_s._
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+Edition, complete in one vol. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 8_s._ 6_d._
+
+_BAYNES (Rev. Canon R. H.) M.A._--HOME SONGS FOR QUIET HOURS. Fourth
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+
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+
+_BENNETT (Dr. W. C.)_--NARRATIVE POEMS AND BALLADS. Fcp. 8vo. sewed, in
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+
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+   An Edition in Illustrated Paper Covers, price 1_s._
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+SONGS OF A SONG WRITER. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
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+_BEVINGTON (L. S.)_--KEY NOTES. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
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+_BOWEN (H. C.) M.A._--SIMPLE ENGLISH POEMS. English Literature for
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+
+_BRYANT (W. C.)_--POEMS. Red-line Edition. With 24 Illustrations and
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+
+   A Cheap Edition, with Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo. price 3_s._
+   6_d._
+
+_BUTLER (Alfred J.)_--AMARANTH AND ASPHODEL. Songs from the Greek
+Anthology. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 2_s._
+
+CALDERON’S DRAMAS: the Wonder-Working Magician--Life is a Dream--the
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+
+_COLOMB (Colonel)_--THE CARDINAL ARCHBISHOP: a Spanish Legend. In 29
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+
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+
+_DAVIES (T. Hart.)_--CATULLUS. Translated into English Verse. Crown
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+_DOBSON (Austin)_--VIGNETTES IN RHYME, and Vers de Société. Third
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+
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+DOROTHY: a Country Story in Elegiac Verse. With Preface. Demy 8vo.
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+
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+
+_EDWARDS (Rev. Basil)_--MINOR CHORDS; or, Songs for the Suffering: a
+Volume of Verse. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._; paper, price 2_s._
+6_d._
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+_ELLIOT (Lady Charlotte)_--MEDUSA and other Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth,
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+
+ENGLISH ODES. Selected, with a Critical Introduction by EDMUND W.
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+8vo. limp parchment antique, price 6s.; vellum, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+EPIC OF HADES (THE). By the Author of ‘Songs of Two Worlds.’ Twelfth
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+
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+
+_EVANS (Anne)_--POEMS AND MUSIC. With Memorial Preface by ANN THACKERAY
+RITCHIE. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price 7_s._
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+_G. H. T._--VERSES, mostly written in India. Crown 8vo, cloth, price
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+
+GINEVRA AND THE DUKE OF GUISE: Two Tragedies. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+6_s._
+
+_GOSSE (Edmund W.)_--NEW POEMS. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7_s._ 6_d._
+
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+
+GWEN: a Drama in Monologue. By the Author of the ‘Epic of Hades.’ Third
+Edition. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_HAWKER (Robt. Stephen)_--THE POETICAL WORKS OF. Now first collected
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+
+_HAWTREY (Edward M.)_--CORYDALIS: a Story of the Sicilian Expedition.
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+
+_HOLMES (E. G. A.)_--POEMS. First and Second Series. Fcp. 8vo. price
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+_INCHBOLD (J. W.)_--ANNUS AMORIS: Sonnets. Fcp. 8vo. price 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+_JENKINS (Rev. Canon)_--THE GIRDLE LEGEND OF PRATO. Small crown 8vo.
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+
+_KING (Mrs. Hamilton)_--THE DISCIPLES. Fourth Edition, with Portrait
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+
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+
+_LAIRD-CLOWES (W.)_--LOVE’S REBELLION: a Poem. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price
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+_LANG (A.)_--XXII BALLADES IN BLUE CHINA. Elzevir 8vo. parchment, price
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+
+_LOCKER (F.)_--LONDON LYRICS. A New and Revised Edition, with Additions
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+
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+
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+
+LOVE SONNETS OF PROTEUS. With Frontispiece by the Author. Elzevir 8vo.
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+
+_LOWNDES (Henry)_--POEMS AND TRANSLATIONS. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+_LUMSDEN (Lieut.-Col. H. W.)_--BEOWULF: an Old English Poem. Translated
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+
+_MACLEAN (Charles Donald)_--LATIN AND GREEK VERSE TRANSLATIONS. Small
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+
+_MAGNUSSON (Eirikr) M.A., and PALMER (E. H.) M.A._--JOHAN LUDVIG
+RUNEBERG’S LYRICAL SONGS, IDYLLS, AND EPIGRAMS. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price
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+
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+
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+
+MONMOUTH: a Drama, of which the outline is Historical. (Dedicated, by
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+
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+
+_MORICE (Rev. F. D.) M.A._--THE OLYMPIAN AND PYTHIAN ODES OF PINDAR. A
+New Translation in English Verse. Crown 8vo. price 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_MORSHEAD (E. D. A.)_--THE AGAMEMNON OF ÆSCHYLUS. Translated into
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+
+_MORTERRA (Felix)_--THE LEGEND OF ALLANDALE, and other Poems. Small
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+
+MY OLD PORTFOLIO. A Volume of Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+_NICHOLSON (Edward B.) Librarian of the London Institution_--THE CHRIST
+CHILD, and other Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+_NOAKE (Major R. Compton)_--THE BIVOUAC; or, Martial Lyrist. With an
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+
+_NOEL (The Hon Roden)_--A LITTLE CHILD’S MONUMENT. Small crown 8vo.
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+
+_NORRIS (Rev. Alfred)_--THE INNER AND OUTER LIFE POEMS. Fcp. 8vo.
+cloth, price 6_s._
+
+ODE OF LIFE (THE). By the Author of ‘The Epic of Hades’ &c. Third
+Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_O’HAGAN (John)_--THE SONG OF ROLAND. Translated into English Verse.
+Large post 8vo. parchment antique, price 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+PALACE AND PRISON AND FAIR GERALDINE: two Tragedies. By the Author of
+‘Ginevra’ and the ‘Duke of Guise.’ Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+_PALMER (Charles Walter)_--THE WEED: a Poem. Small crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 3_s._
+
+_PAUL (C. Kegan)_--GOETHE’S FAUST. A New Translation in Rhyme. Crown
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+
+_PAYNE (John)_--SONGS OF LIFE AND DEATH. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_PENNELL (H. Cholmondeley)_--PEGASUS RESADDLED. By the Author of ‘Puck
+on Pegasus,’ &c. &c. With Ten Full-page Illustrations by George Du
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+
+_PFEIFFER (Emily)_--GLAN ALARCH: His Silence and Song: a Poem. Second
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+   GERARD’S MONUMENT and other Poems. Second Edition. Crown 8vo.
+   cloth, price 6_s._
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+   QUARTERMAN’S GRACE, and other Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
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+
+   SONNETS AND SONGS. New Edition. 16mo. handsomely printed and
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+
+_RHOADES (James)_--THE GEORGICS OF VIRGIL. Translated into English
+Verse. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_ROBINSON (A. Mary F.)_--A HANDFUL OF HONEYSUCKLE. Fcp. 8vo. cloth,
+price 3_s._ 6_d._
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+SAPPHO. A Dream, by the Author of ‘Palace and Prison’ &c. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_SHELLEY (Percy Bysshe)_--POEMS SELECTED FROM. Dedicated to Lady
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+with miniature frontispiece, elzevir 8vo. limp parchment antique, price
+6_s._; vellum, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_SKINNER (James)_--CŒLESTIA. The Manual of St. Augustine. The Latin
+Text side by side with an English Interpretation in Thirty-six Odes
+with Notes, _and_ a plea _for the_ study _of_ Mystical Theology. Large
+crown 8vo. cloth, 6_s._
+
+SONGS OF TWO WORLDS. By the Author of ‘The Epic of Hades.’ Fifth
+Edition. Complete in one Volume, with Portrait. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 7_s._
+6_d._
+
+SONGS FOR MUSIC. By Four Friends. Containing Songs by Reginald A.
+Gatty, Stephen H. Gatty, Greville J. Chester, and Juliana Ewing. Square
+crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+_STEDMAN (Edmund Clarence)_--LYRICS AND IDYLLS, with other Poems. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_STEVENS (William)_--THE TRUCE OF GOD, and other Poems. Small crown
+8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+SWEET SILVERY SAYINGS OF SHAKESPEARE. Crown 8vo. cloth gilt, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_TAYLOR (Sir H.)_--Works Complete in Five Volumes. Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 30_s._
+
+_TENNYSON (Alfred)_--Works Complete:--
+
+   THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY EDITION. Complete in 7 vols. demy 8vo.
+   price 10_s._ 6_d._ each; in Roxburgh binding, 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+   AUTHOR’S EDITION. In Six Volumes. Post 8vo. cloth gilt; or
+   half-morocco. Roxburgh style.
+
+   CABINET EDITION. 12 Volumes. Each with Frontispiece. Fcp. 8vo.
+   price 2_s._ 6_d._ each.
+
+   CABINET EDITION. 12 vols. Complete in handsome Ornamental Case.
+
+   POCKET VOLUME EDITION. 13 vols. in neat case, price 36_s._
+
+   Ditto, ditto. Extra cloth gilt, in case, price 42_s._
+
+   THE ROYAL EDITION. In 1 vol. With 25 Illustrations and Portrait.
+   Cloth extra, bevelled boards, gilt leaves, price 21_s._
+
+   THE GUINEA EDITION. Complete in 12 vols. neatly bound and
+   enclosed in box. Cloth, price 21_s._; French morocco, price
+   31_s._ 6_d._
+
+   SHILLING EDITION. In 12 vols. pocket size, 1_s._ each, sewed.
+
+   THE CROWN EDITION. Complete in 1 vol. strongly bound in cloth,
+   price 6_s._; cloth, extra gilt leaves, price 7_s._ 6_d._;
+   Roxburgh, half-morocco, price 8_s._ 6_d._
+
+    ⁂ Can also be had in a variety of other bindings.
+
+  IN MEMORIAM. Choicely printed on hand-made paper,
+  with a miniature portrait in _eau-forte_ by Le Rat,
+  after a photograph by the late Mrs. Cameron. Bound in limp
+  parchment, antique, price 6_s._; vellum, 7_s._
+  6_d._
+
+    THE PRINCESS: A Medley. Choicely printed on hand-made paper,
+   with a miniature frontispiece by H. M. Paget and a tail-piece in
+   outline by Gordon Browne. Limp parchment, antique, price 6_s._;
+   vellum, price 7_s._
+
+   TENNYSON’S SONGS SET TO MUSIC by various Composers. Edited by W.
+   J. Cusins. Dedicated, by express permission, to Her Majesty the
+   Queen. Royal 4to. cloth extra, gilt leaves, price 21_s._; or in
+   half-morocco, price 25_s._
+
+   Original Editions:--
+
+   BALLADS, and other Poems. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+   POEMS. Small 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+   MAUD, and other Poems. Small 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   THE PRINCESS. Small 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   IDYLLS OF THE KING. Small 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+   IDYLLS OF THE KING. Complete. Small 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+   THE HOLY GRAIL, and other Poems. Small 8vo. price 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+   GARETH AND LYNETTE. Small 8vo. price 3_s._
+
+   ENOCH AARDEN, &c. Small 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   IN MEMORIAM. Small 8vo. price 4_s._
+
+   HAROLD: a Drama. New Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+   QUEEN MARY: a Drama. New Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+   THE LOVER’S TALE. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   SELECTIONS FROM THE ABOVE WORKS. Super royal 16mo. price 3_s._
+   6_d._; cloth gilt extra, price 4_s._
+
+   SONGS FROM THE ABOVE WORKS. 16mo. cloth, price 2_s._ 6_d._;
+   cloth extra, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   IDYLLS OF THE KING, and other Poems. Illustrated by Julia
+   Margaret Cameron. 2 vols. folio, half-bound morocco, cloth
+   sides, price £6. 6_s._ each.
+
+TENNYSON FOR THE YOUNG AND FOR RECITATION. Specially arranged. Fcp.
+8vo. 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+THE TENNYSON BIRTHDAY BOOK. Edited by Emily Shakespear. 32mo. cloth
+limp, 2_s._; cloth extra, 3_s._
+
+   ⁂ A superior Edition, printed in red and black, on antique
+   paper, specially prepared. Small crown 8vo. cloth, extra gilt
+   leaves, price 5_s._; and in various calf and morocco bindings.
+
+_THOMPSON (Alice C.)_--PRELUDES: a Volume of Poems. Illustrated by
+Elizabeth Thompson (Painter of ‘The Roll Call’). 8vo. price 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_THRING (Rev. Godfrey), B.As._--HYMNS AND SACRED LYRICS. Fcp. 8vo.
+price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_TODHUNTER (Dr. J.)_--LAURELLA, and other Poems. Crown 8vo. 6_s._ 6_d._
+
+   ALCESTIS: a Dramatic Poem. Extra fcp. 8vo. cloth, 5_s._
+
+   A STUDY OF SHELLEY. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7_s._
+
+_TOLINGSBY (Frere)_--ELNORA: an Indian Mythological Poem. Fcp. 8vo.
+cloth, price 6_s._
+
+TRANSLATIONS FROM DANTE, PETRARCH, MICHAEL ANGELO, AND VITTORIA
+COLONNA. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_TURNER (Rev. C. Tennyson)_--SONNETS, LYRICS, AND TRANSLATIONS. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+   COLLECTED SONNETS, Old and New. With Preface by ALFRED TENNYSON;
+   also some Marginal Notes by S. T. COLERIDGE, and a Critical
+   Essay by JAMES SPEDDING. Fcp. 8vo cloth, price 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_WALTERS (Sophia Lydia)_--THE BROOK: a Poem. Small crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   A DREAMERS’S SKETCH BOOK. With 21 Illustrations by PERCIVAL
+   SKELTON, R. P. LEITCH, W. H. J. BOOT, and T. R. PRITCHETT.
+   Engraved by J. D. Cooper. Fcp. 4to. cloth, price 12_s._ 6_d._
+
+_WATERFIELD (W.)_--HYMNS FOR HOLY DAYS AND SEASONS. 32mo. cloth, price
+1_s._ 6_d._
+
+_WATSON (William)_--THE PRINCES’S QUEST, and other Poems. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_WAY (A.) M.A._--THE ODES OF HORACE LITERALLY TRANSLATED IN METRE. Fcp.
+8vo. price 2_s._
+
+_WEBSTER (Augusta)_--DISGUISES: a Drama. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+5_s._
+
+WET DAYS.--By a Farmer. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+_WILLOUGHBY_ (_The Hon. Mrs._)--ON THE NORTH WIND--THISTLEDOWN: a
+Volume of Poems. Elegantly bound, small crown 8vo. price 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+_WOODS_ (_James Chapman_)--A CHILD OF THE PEOPLE, and other Poems.
+Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_YOUNG_ (_Wm._)--GOTTLOB, ETCETERA. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3_s._
+6_d._
+
+
+                    WORKS OF FICTION IN ONE VOLUME.
+
+_BANKS_ (_Mrs. G. L._)--GOD’S PROVIDENCE HOUSE. New Edition. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_BETHAM-EDWARDS_ (_Miss M._) KITTY. With a Frontispiece. Crown 8vo.
+price 6_s._
+
+BLUE ROSES; or, Helen Malinofska’s Marriage. By the Author of ‘Véra.’
+New and Cheaper Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+6_s._
+
+_FRISWELL_ (_J. Hain_)--ONE OF TWO; or, The Left-Handed Bride. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_GARRETT_ (_E._)--BY STILL WATERS: a Story for Quiet Hours. With Seven
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+_HARDY_ (_Thomas_)--A PAIR OF BLUE EYES. Author of ‘Far from the
+Madding Crowd.’ New Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE. New Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 6_s._
+
+_HOOPER_ (_Mrs. G._)--THE HOUSE OF RABY. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3_s._
+6_d._
+
+_INGELOW_ (_Jean_)--OFF THE SKELLIGS: a Novel. With Frontispiece.
+Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+_MACDONALD_ (_G._)--MALCOLM. With Portrait of the Author engraved on
+Steel. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+THE MARQUIS OF LOSSIE. Second Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 6_s._
+
+ST. GEORGE AND ST. MICHAEL. Second Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown
+8vo. cloth, 6_s._
+
+_MASTERMAN_ (_J._)--HALF-A-DOZEN DAUGHTERS. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_MEREDITH_ (_George_)--ORDEAL OF RICHARD FEVEREL. New Edition. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+THE EGOIST: A Comedy in Narrative. New and Cheaper Edition, with
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
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+Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+PANDURANG HARI; or, Memoirs of a Hindoo. With an Introductory Preface
+by Sir H. Bartle E. Frere, G.C.S.I., C.B. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+_PAUL_ (_Margaret Agnes_)--GENTLE AND SIMPLE: A Story. New and Cheaper
+Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
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+8vo. price 6_s._
+
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+
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+Cheaper Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+_STRETTON_ (_Hesba_)--THROUGH A NEEDLE’S EYE: a Story. New and Cheaper
+Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+_TAYLOR_ (_Col. Meadows_) _C.S.I._, _M.R.I.A._
+
+   SEETA: a Novel. New and Cheaper Edition. With Frontispiece.
+   Crown 8vo cloth, price 6_s._
+
+   TIPOO SULTAUN: a Tale of the Mysore War. New Edition, with
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+
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+   8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+   A NOBLE QUEEN. New and Cheaper Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown
+   8vo. cloth, price 6_s._
+
+   THE CONFESSIONS OF A THUG. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+   TARA: a Mahratta Tale. Crown 8vo. price 6_s._
+
+_THOMAS (Moy)_--A FIGHT FOR LIFE. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   WITHIN SOUND OF THE SEA. New and Cheaper Edition, with
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+
+
+                         BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
+
+AUNT MARY’S BRAN PIE. By the Author of ‘St. Olave’s.’ Illustrated.
+Price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_BARLEE (Ellen)_--LOCKED OUT: a Tale of the Strike. With a
+Frontispiece. Royal 16mo. price 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+_BONWICK (J.) F.R.G.S._--THE TASMANIAN LILY. With Frontispiece. Crown
+8vo. price 5_s._
+
+   MIKE HOWE, the Bushranger of Van Diemen’s Land. New and Cheaper
+   Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+BRAVE MEN’S FOOTSTEPS. By the Editor of ‘Men who have Risen.’ A Book of
+Example and Anecdote for Young People. With Four Illustrations by C.
+Doyle. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+CHILDREN’S TOYS, and some Elementary Lessons in General Knowledge which
+they teach. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_COLERIDGE (Sara)_--PRETTY LESSONS IN VERSE FOR GOOD CHILDREN, with
+some Lessons in Latin, in Easy Rhyme. A New Edition. Illustrated. Fcp.
+8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_D’ANVERS (N. R.)_--LITTLE MINNIE’S TROUBLES: an Every-day Chronicle.
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+
+   PARTED: a Tale of Clouds and Sunshine. With 4 Illustrations.
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+
+   NANNY’S ADVENTURES: or, the Tale of Goat. With 12 Illustrations.
+   16mo. cloth, price 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+_DAVIES (G. Christopher)_--RAMBLES AND ADVENTURES OF OUR SCHOOL FIELD
+CLUB. With Four Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+_DRUMMOND (Miss)_--TRIPP’S BUILDINGS. A Study from Life, with
+Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_EDMONDS (Herbert)_--WELL SPENT LIVES: a Series of Modern Biographies.
+Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+_EVANS (Mark)_--THE STORY OF OUR FATHER’S LOVE, told to Children;
+Fourth and Cheaper Edition of Theology for Children. With Four
+Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo. price 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+_FARQUHARSON (M.)_
+
+     I. ELSIE DINSMORE. Crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+    II. ELSIE’S GIRLHOOD. Crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   III. ELSIE’S HOLIDAYS AT ROSELANDS. Crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
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+Folk. Cr. 8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_INGELOW (Jean)_--THE LITTLE WONDER-HORN. With Fifteen Illustrations.
+Small 8vo. price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
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+FREDERICKS. Cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_KER (David)_--THE BOY SLAVE IN BOKHARA: a Tale of Central Asia. With
+Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+THE WILD HORSEMAN OF THE PAMPAS. Illustrated. New and Cheaper Edition.
+Crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_LAMONT (Martha MacDonald)_--THE GLADIATOR: a Life under the Roman
+Empire in the beginning of the Third Century. With 4 Illustrations by
+H. M. Paget. Extra fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_LEANDER (Richard)_--FANTASTIC STORIES. Translated from the German
+by Paulina B. Granville. With Eight Full-page Illustrations by M. E.
+Fraser-Tytler. Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+_LEE (Holme)_--HER TITLE OF HONOUR. A Book for Girls. New Edition. With
+a Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+_LEWIS (Mary A.)_--A RAT WITH THREE TALES. New and Cheaper Edition.
+With Four Illustrations by Catherine F. Frere. Price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_M^c CLINTOCK (L.)_--SIR SPANGLE AND THE DINGY HEN. Illustrated. Square
+crown 8vo. price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+_MAC KENNA (S. J.)_--PLUCKY FELLOWS. A Book for Boys. With Six
+Illustrations. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   AT SCHOOL WITH AN OLD DRAGOON. With Six Illustrations. Third
+   Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+_MALDEN (H. E.)_--PRINCES AND PRINCESSES: Two Fairy Tales. Illustrated
+Small crown 8vo. price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+MASTER BOBBY. By the Author of ‘Christina North.’ With Six
+Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_NAAKE (J. T.)_--SLAVONIC FAIRY TALES. From Russian, Servian, Polish,
+and Bohemian Sources. With Four Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+_PELLETAN (E.)_--THE DESERT PASTOR. JEAN JAROUSSEAU. Translated from
+the French. By Colonel E. P. De L’Hoste. With a Frontispiece. New
+Edition. Fcap. 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_REANEY (Mrs. G. S.)_--WAKING AND WORKING; or, From Girlhood to
+Womanhood. New and Cheaper Edition. With a Frontispiece. Cr. 8vo. price
+3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   BLESSING AND BLESSED: a Sketch of Girl Life. New and Cheaper
+   Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   ROSE GURNEY’S DISCOVERY. A Book for Girls. Dedicated to their
+   Mothers. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+   ENGLISH GIRLS: Their Place and Power. With Preface by the Rev.
+   R. W. Dale. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+   JUST ANYONE, and other Stories. Three Illustrations. Royal 16mo.
+   cloth, price 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+   SUNBEAM WILLIE, and other Stories. Three Illustrations. Royal
+   16mo. price 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+   SUNSHINE JENNY and other Stories. 3 Illustrations. Royal 16mo.
+   cloth, price 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+_ROSS (Mrs. E.)_, (‘Nelsie Brook’)--DADDY’S PET. A Sketch from Humble
+Life. With Six Illustrations. Royal 16mo. price 1_s._
+
+_SADLER (S. W.) R.N._--THE AFRICAN CRUISER: a Midshipman’s Adventures
+on the West Coast. With Three Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition.
+Crown 8vo. price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+SEEKING HIS FORTUNE, and other Stories. With Four Illustrations. New
+and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+SEVEN AUTUMN LEAVES FROM FAIRY LAND. Illustrated with Nine Etchings.
+Square crown 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_STOCKTON (Frank R.)_--A JOLLY FELLOWSHIP. With 20 Illustrations. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 5_s._
+
+_STORR (Francis) and TURNER (Hawes)_--CANTERBURY CHIMES; or, Chaucer
+Tales retold to Children. With Six Illustrations from the Ellesmere MS.
+Fcap. 8vo. cloth, price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+_STRETTON (Hesba)_--DAVID LLOYD’S LAST WILL. With Four Illustrations.
+Royal 16 mo. price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+   THE WONDERFUL LIFE. Thirteenth Thousand. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, price
+   2_s._ 6_d._
+
+SUNNYLAND STORIES. By the Author of ‘Aunt Mary’s Bran Pie.’
+Illustrated. Small 8vo. price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+TALES FROM ARIOSTO RE-TOLD FOR CHILDREN. By a Lady. With 3
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+_WHITAKER (Florence)_--CHRISTY’S INHERITANCE. A London Story.
+Illustrated. Royal 16mo. price 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+_ZIMMERN (H.)_--STORIES IN PRECIOUS STONES. With Six Illustrations,
+Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5_s._
+
+
+                    CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS VOLUMES
+                       IN THE COLLECTED EDITIONS
+                       OF MR. TENNYSON’S WORKS.
+
+
+                    _THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY EDITION_,
+                       IN SEVEN OCTAVO VOLUMES.
+  Cloth, price 10_s._ 6_d._ per vol.; 12_s._ 6_d._ Roxburgh binding.
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+  Vol. I.--=MISCELLANEOUS POEMS.=
+
+      II.--=MISCELLANEOUS POEMS.=
+
+     III.--=PRINCESS, AND OTHER POEMS.=
+
+      IV.--=IN MEMORIAM and MAUD.=
+
+       V.--=IDYLLS OF THE KING.=
+
+      VI.--=IDYLLS OF THE KING.=
+
+     VII.--=DRAMAS.=
+
+Printed in large, clear, old-faced type, with a Steel Engraved Portrait
+of the Author, the set complete, cloth, price £3. 13_s._ 6_d._; or
+Roxburgh half-morocco, price £4. 7_s._
+
+   ⁂ _The handsomest Edition published._
+
+
+                        _THE AUTHOR’S EDITION_,
+             IN SIX VOLUMES. Bound in cloth, 38_s._ 6_d._
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+  Vol. I.--=EARLY POEMS= and =ENGLISH IDYLLS.= 6_s._
+
+      II.--=LOCKSLEY HALL, LUCRETIUS=, and other Poems. 6_s._
+
+     III.--=THE IDYLLS OF THE KING=, complete, 7_s._ 6_d._
+
+      IV.--=THE PRINCESS= and =MAUD=. 6_s._
+
+       V.--=ENOCH ARDEN= and =IN MEMORIAM=. 6_s._
+
+      VI.--=QUEEN MARY= and =HAROLD=. 7_s._
+
+_This Edition can also be had bound in half-morocco, Roxburgh, price
+1s. 6d. per vol. extra._
+
+
+                        _THE CABINET EDITION_,
+              IN TWELVE VOLUMES. Price 2_s._ 6_d._ each.
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+   Vol. I.--=EARLY POEMS.= Illustrated with a Photographic Portrait
+              of Mr. Tennyson.
+
+       II.--=ENGLISH IDYLLS=, and other =POEMS=. Containing an
+              Engraving of Mr. Tennyson’s Residence at Aldworth.
+
+      III.--=LOCKSLEY HALL=, and other =POEMS=. With an Engraved
+              Picture of Farringford.
+
+       IV.--=LUCRETIUS=, and other =POEMS=. Containing an Engraving
+              of a Scene in the Garden at Swainston.
+
+        V.--=IDYLLS OF THE KING=. With an Autotype of the Bust of Mr.
+              Tennyson by T. Woolner, R.A.
+
+       VI.--=IDYLLS OF THE KING.= Illustrated with an Engraved
+              Portrait of ‘Elaine,’ from a Photographic Study by
+              Julia M. Cameron.
+
+      VII.--=IDYLLS OF THE KING.= Containing an Engraving of ‘Arthur,’
+              from a Photographic Study by Julia M. Cameron.
+
+     VIII.--=THE PRINCESS.= With an Engraved Frontispiece.
+
+       IX.--=MAUD= and =ENOCH ARDEN=. With a Picture of ‘Maud,’ taken
+              from a Photographic Study by Julia M. Cameron.
+
+        X.--=IN MEMORIAM.= With a Steel Engraving of Arthur H. Hallam,
+              engraved from a picture in possession of the Author, by
+              J. C. Armytage.
+
+       XI.--=QUEEN MARY=: a Drama. With Frontispiece by Walter Crane.
+
+      XII.--=HAROLD=: a Drama. With Frontispiece by Walter Crane.
+
+⁂_These Volumes may be had separately, or the Edition complete, in a
+handsome ornamental case, price 32s._
+
+
+                       _THE MINIATURE EDITION_,
+                         IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES.
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+  Vol. I.--=POEMS.=
+
+      II.--=POEMS.=
+
+     III.--=POEMS.=
+
+      IV.--=IDYLLS OF THE KING.=
+
+       V.--=IDYLLS OF THE KING.=
+
+      VI.--=IDYLLS OF THE KING.=
+
+     VII.--=IDYLLS OF THE KING.=
+
+    VIII.--=IN MEMORIAM.=
+
+      IX.--=PRINCESS.=
+
+       X.--=MAUD.=
+
+      XI.--=ENOCH ARDEN.=
+
+     XII.--=QUEEN MARY.=
+
+    XIII.--=HAROLD.=
+
+Bound in imitation vellum, ornamented in gilt and gilt edges, in case,
+price 42_s._
+
+  This Edition can also be had in plain binding and case, price 36_s._
+
+      _Spottiswoode & Co., Printers, New-street Square, London._
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Mr. P. G. Hamerton, _Lives of Modern Frenchmen_, p. 95.
+
+[2] His friend here referred to was killed by a fall from his horse
+late that autumn.
+
+[3] _Fraser’s Magazine_, November 1856.
+
+[4] _Paraguay, Brazil, and the Plate._ By C. B. Mansfield, M.A.
+With a Sketch of the Author’s Life by the Rev. C. Kingsley, pp. xi.-xvi.
+
+[5] Mr. Gray died of fever at the above Lake a few months afterwards.
+
+[6] Mr. T. E. Buckley, the gentleman here alluded to, had come out from
+England in the same ship as Frank Oates and his brother, on a shooting
+expedition, and had been joined at Maritzburg by Mr. Gilchrist, of
+Ospisdale, Sutherlandshire, who had already been out upwards of two
+years, travelling and hunting in South Africa. These gentlemen both
+accompanied the brothers as far north as the Tati River, whence Frank
+Oates went on alone towards the Zambesi.
+
+[7] This instrument was afterwards kindly replaced by Mr. Lys of
+Pretoria.
+
+[8] The accompanying illustration of the high veldt is from a sketch
+taken early in December, when the grass has grown after the summer
+rains, the country then presenting a very different appearance from its
+dried and parched aspect in winter.
+
+[9] Strictly speaking, Bamangwato is the name applied to the district
+north of the Transvaal inhabited by that branch of the Basuto race,
+and Shoshong the name of the king’s town or residence; but the latter
+also is more frequently spoken of, in common parlance, as Bamangwato or
+Mungwato.
+
+[10] Small stream.
+
+[11] Mr. Nelson of the mine.
+
+[12] The body of the dead lion was found soon afterwards by some
+natives--for the shot had proved fatal--and the skin taken by them to
+the Tati settlement. The ox had sustained so severe an injury that he
+had to be shot the following morning.
+
+[13] This refers to Hendrik, the man of that name above alluded to.
+
+[14] The Hon. G. C. Dawnay, on his way home from the Zambesi.
+
+[15] Mr. Petersen was a trader whom Frank Oates had met at Tati.
+
+[16] Meat dried in the sun.
+
+[17] Doubtless a species of Euphorbia, many varieties of which ar met
+with in South Africa.
+
+[18] Mr. Fairbairn was agent at the King’s Town for a Mr. Cruickshank,
+with whom Frank Oates had had business dealings at Bamangwato.
+
+[19] Probably the Euphorbia above referred to (_vide_ p. 46),
+which frequently attains the size of a small tree.
+
+[20] The term applied to the small fold or enclosure made round a hut
+or waggon, for shelter and protection, by means of branches rudely
+placed in the ground.
+
+[21] _i.e._ The pole of the waggon.
+
+[22] The interpreter here spoken of was a native from Graham’s Town,
+who remained with Frank Oates till July the following year.
+
+[23] The guide.
+
+[24] Frank Oates collected, during his wanderings, a considerable
+variety of birds’ eggs and nests, some of the latter very remarkable in
+their construction. Two of these are represented in the accompanying
+woodcut, the first of which--probably that of an Ægithalus or Penduline
+Titmouse--is of the consistency and texture of fine blanket, and nearly
+white in colour. It appears to be made from white cotton, or some
+similar vegetable substance. The second is ingeniously composed of the
+finer portions of reeds, in the manner of close basket-work, and is
+found in great numbers along the banks of rivers, and in marshy places,
+affixed to the rushes.
+
+[25] One of the boys.
+
+[26] Spring.
+
+[27] These knob-kerries, which answer the purpose of a life-preserver,
+are made of various kinds of wood or of rhinoceros horn, and carved
+according to the fancy of the maker. They are sometimes adorned with
+beads (see one of those in the woodcut), but the more ordinary form is
+that of a short stick with a single rounded knob at the end, to give
+it weight. The natives can throw them a great distance with marvellous
+accuracy, being often able to bring down a bird on the wing with one of
+them.
+
+[28] A sister of the king’s.
+
+[29] The woodcut on the succeeding page illustrates a variety of
+different assegais. The heads of these weapons are wrought by the
+natives themselves, and fastened to the shafts by strips of raw hide,
+which shrink in the drying, and become as hard as a band of iron. The
+length of the shaft is usually from three to four feet.
+
+[30] Here the day’s entry ends abruptly, with only a few brief notes
+intended for the writer’s future guidance, and unavailable for
+another’s use.
+
+[31] This gentleman, Mr. F. C. Selous, had already been out some time
+hunting in South Africa, and was subsequently again met with by Frank
+Oates near the Victoria Falls.
+
+[32] A native temporarily engaged at Gubuleweyo.
+
+[33] Brass wire is considerably used by the natives of South Africa for
+purposes of ornamentation. Above are represented two hunting-knives,
+the upper one of which has the sheath and handle (which are of wood)
+handsomely adorned with fine twisted brass wire. The sheath of the
+lower knife is of raw hide strongly sewn together.
+
+[34] “These ‘white ants’ (Termites),” writes W. Oates, “are the curse
+of all African settlers and travellers, devouring everything except
+iron or tin, whilst in time even houses succumb to their ravages. They
+form, however, an article of food in many places amongst the natives,
+by whom they are much esteemed on account of their slightly acid
+flavour. The enormous structures they erect are frequently carried up
+the trunk of a high tree, or may sometimes be seen standing alone at
+a height of 18 feet, as in the accompanying sketch, which was taken
+between Tati and Shoshong. The Dutch Boers and others make use of these
+ant-hills for cooking purposes, hollowing out the lower portion of the
+heap, and filling the hollow thus formed with wood, which is lighted,
+and, when consumed, renders the receptacle an admirable oven, retaining
+its heat for a great length of time.”
+
+[35] Piet Jacobs, the Dutch hunter, referred to in the previous Chapter.
+
+[36] A trader of that name at Tati.
+
+[37] The latter was W. Oates’s Kafir driver, who, it may be remembered,
+had turned out a consummate rascal.
+
+[38] In the coloured illustration opposite, taken on this river by W.
+Oates, when there the previous year, the dry sandy bed of the Semokwe
+is distinguished towards the horizon, with tall rushes upon its bank.
+The large trees, still in leaf, to the left hand of the picture, are
+mimosas, near one of which, still further to the left, is seen a large
+ant-hill, used as an oven, in the manner described above (_vide_
+p. 135).
+
+[39] The accompanying woodcut, from a drawing taken a little south
+of Shoshong (Bamangwato), represents one of the salt lakes of this
+district as seen in winter. The water in these lakes is then all dried
+up, and their beds, composed of salt and sand, present a dazzling white
+appearance.
+
+[40] A rare luxury at the present time, only to be indulged in on great
+or special occasions, owing to the increasing scarcity of water with
+the cessation of the rains. “I am miserable,” he writes one day about
+this time, “for want of water to wash myself in, ever so superficially.”
+
+[41] This refers to John, the man whom Frank Oates had engaged as
+interpreter at Gubuleweyo some months before, and whom he had since
+retained in the capacity of general servant. He had recently acted as
+driver in the place of Karl Lee, who had returned from Tati to his
+brother’s farm, instead of coming forward, as intended, to Bamangwato.
+
+[42] The coloured drawing opposite illustrates the position of the
+town of Shoshong (Bamangwato). In front stretches a dry sandy plain,
+the native huts collected under the shelter of the mountains, which
+afford an easy refuge in times of warfare. The huts and stores of a few
+English traders, built of wood or clay, are seen grouped together at
+one extremity of the town--to the left hand. The only water in the dry
+season, as mentioned in a previous chapter, is got from a small stream
+up the gorge behind the town, some distance off, whence it is taken
+to the town in small vessels upon people’s heads. In this gorge stand
+the church and mission station of the London Missionary Society, from
+which are seen a short way off the beehive-like huts of Shoshong on the
+plain; see the woodcut at page 149.
+
+[43] This river, represented in most of the recent maps as taking
+its rise but a few miles from here, and flowing away directly to the
+westward towards the salt lakes, is in reality--so the traveller
+afterwards learnt from at least three distinct witnesses--a part of the
+Shashe River, the same river which is crossed on the Bamangwato and
+Tati road, a few miles before reaching Tati, coming north. One of these
+witnesses, Mr. Dobie of the mine, had, moreover, struck the river, he
+said, about thirty miles northward of the drift on which the waggons
+were now outspanned, and had found it a big river even there, where,
+according to the maps, it is not even in existence. The slate formation
+in which the gold is found runs, it seems, to a narrow point as far as
+this river-drift, and there ceases altogether.
+
+[44] The Red-billed Black Weaver-bird, _Textor erythrorhynchus_.
+
+[45] This kraal, the first outpost of the Makalakas, is described as
+“Wankee’s” in the traveller’s later Journals, and is so marked upon the
+map.
+
+[46] Mr. Dorehill had been met by Frank Oates previously at Bamangwato,
+and subsequently accompanied him part of the way on his final journey
+to the Zambesi.
+
+[47] This was the last occasion on which Frank Oates encountered
+Mr. Thomson, who, some time after the events here narrated--in
+1877--returned to England, to convey thence, under the auspices of the
+London Missionary Society, a party of missionaries to Lake Tanganyika.
+He accomplished the journey successfully, but unhappily was attacked
+by sunstroke soon after his arrival, and died from its effects in
+September 1878.
+
+[48] A kind of hemp, much used for smoking by the natives.
+
+[49] The man appointed by the king.
+
+[50] _i.e._, stream or ditch.
+
+[51] A mine near Tati.
+
+[52] This refers to the late Mr. Henry Skelton, formerly of Wadham
+College, Oxford, who died in Borneo, in the service of the late Rajah
+Brooke, soon after his appointment as Resident of Saráwak.
+
+[53] The time occupied in the transmission of letters has, since the
+above was written, been much curtailed, owing to the establishment,
+through missionary enterprise, of direct postal communication between
+Bamangwato and the Cape.
+
+[54] In June the following year, this man was seen by Mr.
+Gilchrist--whose journey into the interior is related in the concluding
+chapter of this narrative--living near Rustenberg, in the Transvaal,
+apparently in perfect health.
+
+[55] The woodcut opposite illustrates two of the whydah-finches, which
+the traveller collected during his present stay at Tati. The general
+colour of the upper bird is black, with a collar of ruddy brown, fading
+into buff beneath; that of the lower one black and pale yellow, the
+bill and legs coral-red. In the winter season these birds lose their
+long tail feathers, and their plumage becomes a mottled brown; a great
+contrast to their striking summer dress. There are many varieties of
+these finches, one species of which (_Chera progne_), a native of
+the Transvaal, suffers serious inconvenience from these adornments in
+a high wind. The long tail feathers are much used by the natives for
+ornaments and head-dresses.
+
+[56] The skulls and other remains here obtained were brought to
+England, with the rest of the traveller’s collections, after his
+decease, and form the subject of the interesting paper kindly
+contributed to the Appendix of this volume by Professor Rolleston, for
+whom they were collected.
+
+[57] An arid ridge or zone of sand, of frequent occurrence in this
+district, extending sometimes a distance of many miles.
+
+[58] This was a native from the Cape, named John Mackenna, who, as well
+as Klaas the driver, remained with Frank Oates till his death.
+
+[59] This letter was not received in England.
+
+[60] _Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi_, p. 254.
+
+[61] _Travels in the Interior of South Africa_, vol. ii., p. 130.
+
+[62] _Explorations in South-West Africa_, p. 499.
+
+[63] Dr. Bradshaw, since the above was written, has been down from
+the interior to the Cape, with considerable collections of birds and
+insects formed during his travels. Some of the former of these have
+reached the British Museum, and are alluded to by Mr. Sharpe in the
+Appendix to this volume.
+
+[64] Mr. Gilchrist, whose subsequent journey into the interior is
+related below, and who brought the particulars of this and other
+incidents connected with the narrative to England, understood the dog
+to have gone back to his master’s grave the whole way from the Tati
+settlement--a distance of nearly eighty miles.
+
+[65] By a singular coincidence, Frank Oates’s devoted favourite,
+“Rail”--for four years after reaching England the valued companion of
+his late master’s relatives--died on the 5th of February 1880, the
+fifth anniversary of his master’s death, followed but three weeks later
+by his companion, “Rock.”
+
+[66] See his two Reports concerning his Researches into the Bushman
+Language and Customs and Folklore, presented to both Houses of
+Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, by command of his Excellency the
+Governor, 1873 and 1875, and _Journal Anthrop. Inst._ 1871.
+
+[67] Perhaps intended for Eland’s Been, near Schietfontein, in the
+District of Carnarvon, Cape Colony.--Ed.
+
+[68] For the relation of the alisphenoid, squamous, and frontal,
+see Broca, _Instructions Craniologiques_, pp. 26, 27, 1875;
+and Gruber, _Ueber die Verbindung der Schläfenbeinschuppe mit
+dem Stirnbein. Mém. de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.
+Pétersbourg_, tom. xxi. No. 5, 1874. Hermann Schlocker, _Ueber die
+Anomalieen des Pterion;_ Inaugural Dissertation Zum. Univ. Dorpat.
+1879.
+
+It is right, however, to add that the skull of the Bushwoman whose
+brain Professor Marshall has described, _l.c._, had the squamous
+of the left side joined to the frontal, and that with obliteration
+of the suture; and that though Dr. Williamson has not recorded the
+presence of this junction in any of the three Bushman crania described
+by him in his _Catalogue of the Army Medical Museum_, 1867, he
+has noted it in two out of the seven skulls of the closely affined
+Hottentot race.
+
+[69] Similarly rudimentary sutures are observable in several of the
+Bushman crania in the Royal College of Surgeons of London.
+
+[70] It may be well here to give the literature of “Os (Malare)
+bipartitum.”
+
+1779. E. Sandifort, _Observat. Anat. Path._, Lib. iii. 113; Tab.
+viii. fig. 7.
+
+1837. _Leçons d’Anatomie Comparée_, par Georges Cuvier et M.
+Duméril. Seconde édition, par F. G. Cuvier et Laurillard. Tome ii.
+1837, p. 381.
+
+1844. Breschet, _Ann. Sciences Nat., 3 ser., Zoologie._ Tome i. p.
+30.
+
+1852. Schultz in _Bemerkungen über den Bau der normalen Menschen
+Schädel_, p. 57, Tab. ii.
+
+1867. Canestrini, _Annuario della Soc. del Naturalisti in Modena_,
+1867, p. 83. _Gazzetta della Cliniche_, Torino, 1871. G.
+Delorenzie’s _Tre nuove case d’anomalia dell’ osso Malare_,
+Torino, 1872. E. Marselli, _Sopra una rara anomalia dell’ osso
+Malare_, Modena, 1872.
+
+1873. Gruber, _Monographie des zweigetheilten Jochbeines bei Menschen
+und Säugethieren_, _Archiv. Anat. und Physiologie_, p. 337.
+
+1874. Gruber, _Ann. Sci. Nat., 3 ser., Zoologie_, Tome i. p. 30.
+
+1878. _Human Osteology_, Holden and Doran, p. 99.
+
+Laurillard’s words from Cuvier’s _Anatomie Compareé_, vol. ii. pp.
+381, 2, are specially worthy of being quoted, as they were published so
+long ago as 1837. They are as follows:--
+
+“Au bord inférieur du jugal nous avons trouvé sur deux sujets un os
+particulier, alongé et aplati, étendu tout le long du bord inférieur
+du jugal, et d’articulant en avant avec l’extremité très saillante
+de l’apophyse malaire du maxillaire et en arrière avec l’apophyse
+zygomatique du temporal, laquelle se trouve ainsi présenter deux
+sutures, l’une verticale avec le jugal proprement dit, l’autre
+horizontale avec ce second jugal et faisant un angle presque droit avec
+la précédente. Dans les sujets ou nous l’avons rencontré, la forme de
+ce nouvel os, des connexions avec les os voisins, sa proportion avec
+l’os malaire proprement dit, étaient les mêmes et comme nous l’avons
+trouvé, ainsi que nous le dirons plus loin, dans certaines espèces de
+singes une subdivision parfaitement semblable, nous sommes portés à la
+considérer autrement que comme une disposition purement accidentelle.”
+
+[71] See Cleland, _Phil. Trans._ 1870, p. 163.
+
+[72] _British Barrows_, pp. 563 and 677.
+
+[73] Many references to the older literature treating of the two
+peculiarities mentioned will be found in Waltz’s _Anthropologie_,
+Th. i. pp. 120–122, 1859. An important note regarding the latter of
+the two is given by a man of science residing at the Cape of Good Hope
+in Professor Flower and Dr. Murie’s “Account of the Dissection of a
+Bushwoman,” _Journal of Anatomy and Physiology_, No. II. May 1867,
+p. 208.
+
+[74] For this see Hartmann, _Die Nigritier_, 1876, p. 492, who
+cites Schweinfurth, _Heart of Africa_, Eng. tran., vol. ii. chap.
+xvi., Du Chaillu, and the Rev. J. G. Wood, _Natural History of
+Man_. Africa, p. 538, 1868.
+
+[75] The point of similarity is not, I apprehend, in the character of
+the music so much as in the fact that the compared peoples admire it
+such as it is. Of the Kalmuck music Pallas writes (and, as the work
+is little accessible, I quote) as follows, _Sammlungen Historischer
+Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Völkerschaften_, i. p. 152--“Die
+Melodie der Kalmücken, besonders ihre zärtliche und verliebte Musik,
+hat solche langgezerte klagliche Töne und solche Dissonanzen, dass
+sie ein gutgewohntes Ohr mit noch fast mehr Widerwillen als alte
+Französische Musik, anhört!”
+
+[76] Mr. W. F. Kirby has injudiciously sunk Boisduval’s generic name
+for this group, containing 33 species, and adopted in its stead one of
+Hübner’s four sub-generic names (into which he had divided them), which
+only comprised four of the species.
+
+[77] The name of this species is accidentally omitted in the classified
+index of the second series of Swainson’s “Illustrations;” and Mr.
+Trimen complains that the plate is not in the copy of the work in the
+Public Library at Cape Town, having been probably omitted by the binder
+from not appearing in the classified index.
+
+[78] The plants collected by Mr. Oates in South-East Africa have been
+named at Kew under the direction of Professor Oliver; the two novelties
+having been described by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S. Those plants which are
+distinguished by an asterisk * were obtained between Pietermaritzburg
+and the Crocodile River; the rest all in Matabele Land.--Ed.
+
+
+Transcriber’s Notes:
+
+1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been
+corrected silently.
+
+2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have
+been retained as in the original.
+
+3. Superscripts are represented using the caret character, e.g. D^r. or
+X^{xx}.
+
+4. Italics are shown as _xxx_.
+
+5. Bold print is shown as =xxx=.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77803 ***
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+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77803 ***</div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+  <img
+    class="p1" 
+    src="images/frontcover.jpg"
+    alt="">
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter">
+  <img
+    class="p1" 
+    src="images/backcover.jpg"
+    alt="">
+  </div>
+
+<p id="half-title" class="p4">MATABELE LAND<br>
+<span class="xs">AND</span><br>
+THE VICTORIA FALLS</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="frontispiece">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/frontispiece.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">Frank Oates.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h1>MATABELE LAND<br>
+
+<span class="xs">AND</span><br>
+
+<span class="xl">THE VICTORIA FALLS</span></h1></div>
+
+<p class="center p2 sm">A NATURALIST’S WANDERINGS IN THE INTERIOR<br>
+OF SOUTH AFRICA</p>
+
+<p class="center p2 sm"><i>FROM THE LETTERS &amp; JOURNALS OF THE LATE</i></p>
+
+<p class="center p2">FRANK OATES, F.R.G.S.</p>
+
+<p class="center p2 sm">EDITED BY C. G. OATES, B.A.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="title">
+  <img
+    class="p1" 
+    src="images/title.jpg"
+    alt="">
+  </div>
+
+<p class="center p2 sm">LONDON<br>
+C. KEGAN PAUL &amp; CO., 1 PATERNOSTER SQUARE<br>
+1881</p>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[v]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center xs p2"><i>Printed by</i> <span class="smcap">R. &amp; R. Clark</span>, <i>Edinburgh</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>In offering to the public the following pages, I feel, as editor, that
+I owe a few words of apology and explanation to the reader by way of
+preface—apology for the imperfections of the volume; explanation how
+such imperfections have arisen. The traveller whose journey to the
+Zambesi is here recounted died of fever a few days after he had left
+that river on his way homewards, and the book has been compiled from
+his note-books, and letters home. The latter were written with no
+view of publication; the former were intended only for the writer’s
+own subsequent use and as suggestive guides to memory. It is always a
+question in such a case how far the surviving friends of the deceased
+writer or traveller do well in publishing the unfinished labour of his
+pen. What his own wish would have been cannot be known, or even guessed
+at, unless specially expressed; and the reflection forcibly presents
+itself to the mind that perhaps a certain injustice may be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[vi]</span> done to the
+memory of the dead by publishing, in a form which may fairly challenge
+the criticism of the general reader, a few hasty jottings by the
+wayside, written under circumstances the least favourable to literary
+composition, and a limited number of letters home, meant merely for
+the perusal of the writer’s nearest and most indulgent friends. On
+the other hand, however, it must be borne in mind that, much as must
+inevitably be lost in editing pages such as these for want of the
+inspiring touch which the writer himself could alone have finally
+given them, there will probably be a directness and freshness of the
+expressions which a traveller makes use of on the spot, hampered as
+he then is by no oppressive consciousness that he is addressing that
+imaginary “public”—consisting after all but of a number of individuals
+like himself, all with the same human heart and interests,—which might
+be wanting in his more matured work.</p>
+
+<p>Guided, then, by the latter consideration, and by the reflection that
+every day the number of our countrymen is increasing who look to South
+Africa with a growing interest—whether as a land for colonization,
+exploration, or scientific research,—I venture to add another to the
+long list of already published books upon that country, hoping that the
+reader may find therein matter of some general interest, and that, if
+not, he will look leniently on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span> the error of judgment which has led me,
+together with those who have here shared my responsibility, to offer
+for his perusal pages prepared at first mainly for private friends, but
+which it was afterwards thought might possibly prove of interest to a
+somewhat wider circle.</p>
+
+<p>Further, with reference to the length of time which has elapsed between
+the date of the writer’s death and the publication of this volume,
+I can only claim in extenuation of this circumstance the fact that
+a considerable period necessarily intervened before the traveller’s
+journals and papers reached this country, that they required on their
+arrival much care in their disposal, and that the whole of the natural
+history collections had to be gone through systematically before being
+finally placed in competent hands for arrangement and classification.
+The delay, then, has enabled me to include in the volume the papers in
+the appendix on the latter subject, contributed by such able hands,
+which I believe will add interest to the whole; and that not only in
+the case of scientific readers, but of all those who would realize in
+a measure what it is which makes up the life and experiences of the
+naturalist traveller in his wanderings in distant lands. I may add,
+moreover, that the general state and condition of the country of which
+these pages treat would appear, from the accounts of those who have
+recently<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[viii]</span> visited it, to remain substantially the same, or only changed
+in points of minor interest. The abandonment, however, of the Tati
+Gold-mine and the establishment of Kama in the Bamangwato sovereignty
+perhaps demand attention.</p>
+
+<p>In editing this work it has been my object to preserve, wherever
+possible, the writer’s narrative in exactly his own words; and this
+plan has been steadily adhered to throughout, those passages only being
+omitted which appeared little likely to interest the general reader, or
+in which—as several times occurred—old ground was re-traversed. In
+such cases the intervening periods have been bridged over by a short
+narrative of my own, intended merely to connect the story and weld the
+whole together. The maps, it may be added, are all of them the result
+of the traveller’s own special observations, recorded as he went along.</p>
+
+<p>Of the illustrations in the body of the work, I may remark that they
+are all from original drawings taken on the spot, or from the objects
+they purport to represent. Some are from sketches by the late Frank
+Oates; the remainder—and these the larger number—from those of his
+brother, W. E. Oates, who accompanied him during a portion of his
+journey. It may therefore perhaps be fairly claimed for them that,
+whatever their artistic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span> merits, these drawings are—what alone they
+claim to be—faithful representations of the scenes and objects they
+depict. In the “List of Illustrations” it will be found to which of the
+two brothers each drawing may be respectively attributed.</p>
+
+<p>And now there only remains to me the pleasing duty of returning my
+warmest thanks to the many friends who have helped me with my task. To
+those gentlemen who have contributed the valuable papers which form
+the appendix to this volume, my thanks are especially due; I refer to
+Professors Rolleston, Westwood, and Oliver, Dr. Albert Günther, Mr. R.
+Bowdler Sharpe, and Mr. J. G. Baker. And in this connexion I have also
+to thank Captain G. E. Shelley, who named the majority of the birds in
+my late brother’s collection before they passed into the hands of Mr.
+Sharpe, to be permanently deposited in the British Museum. From all of
+these, and especially from Mr. Sharpe, I have received, besides, much
+friendly help and advice with reference to the general arrangements of
+the volume, as I have proceeded with my labours; as well, also, as from
+Mr. H. W. Bates, the able Assistant Secretary of the Royal Geographical
+Society, to whose kindness I am deeply indebted for many valuable
+suggestions and much practical assistance. The four beautiful plates
+which accompany Professor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span> Westwood’s paper have been drawn by his own
+hand to illustrate his descriptions of new or remarkable insects.</p>
+
+<p>Of those gentlemen, moreover, who have contributed their professional
+assistance, I must also in common gratitude add a word. Mr. Francis
+Holl has bestowed much pains on the production of a portrait of my late
+brother, from a photograph by Gowland of York, which I believe to be
+very successful; Mr. Kaufmann’s chromo-lithographs are the result of
+much careful effort on his part to catch the spirit and preserve the
+effect of the original water-colour drawings from which they have been
+taken; the lithographs in the appendix, drawn respectively by Messrs.
+J. G. Keulemans, R. Mintern, W. H. Fitch, and (as already mentioned)
+Professor Westwood, have been accurately rendered by the skilful
+hands of Messrs. M. and N. Hanhart, and Messrs. Mintern Brothers;
+and the wood-engravings have been skilfully and conscientiously
+executed by Messrs. G. Pearson, J. D. Cooper, and E. Evans, all of
+them with a faithful determination to do the fullest justice to their
+respective subjects, and I believe with admirable result. The birds
+and animals have been placed on wood chiefly by Mr. Smit, and some by
+Mr. Davenport; whilst Mr. Charles Whymper has contributed two original
+drawings of the author’s dogs and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span> designs upon the cover. Mr.
+Edward Weller also and his son have spared no pains to make the maps
+which accompany the volume as perfect and complete as possible; to
+whom, as well as to all the others named, my grateful thanks are due,
+and most heartily do I acknowledge what I owe them.</p>
+
+<p>To enumerate more fully the names of those who have further assisted
+me, either professionally or as private friends, I must now forbear
+from undertaking; suffice it to say there are many, especially of the
+latter class, without whose assistance and encouragement I should
+probably never have succeeded in bringing my labours to a close. Let
+me thank them now for the generous help and sympathy so ungrudgingly
+given, and which, alas, it is so impossible for me to recompense.</p>
+
+<p>It may be proper to add, before concluding—what I have failed
+elsewhere to mention—that a considerable number of specimens in my
+brother’s collection were destroyed at Shoshong in his lifetime by the
+unroofing, during a gale, of the hut where they were stored, and that
+some of the spirit jars of reptiles and beetles were afterwards left
+behind when the collections were conveyed to England; circumstances
+which led in all probability to the loss of many valuable specimens.</p>
+
+<p>There are not many who will need to be reminded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span> that to “inspan” and
+“outspan,” words of frequent occurrence in the traveller’s journal,
+mean, in South African parlance, to “yoke” and “unyoke,” and that
+“spoor” means “footprints” or “track.” All other words of Dutch or
+native origin introduced into the text are explained, I believe, where
+they occur. The accent in the word “Matabele” falls, it may be added,
+on the third of its four syllables.</p>
+
+<p>My task is ended—in many respects a very mournful, yet a very pleasing
+one; and if there be found but a few readers who derive either pleasure
+or profit from a perusal of these pages, I shall feel amply rewarded
+for my trouble.</p>
+
+<p class="r2">C. G. O.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>May 1881.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span></p>
+
+<h2>MEMOIR.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>“To be able to give one’s name to a bird, or a flower,
+may seem to many but a poor ambition; and yet, materially
+considered, it is quite as likely to be perpetuated as to
+give it to a street or town, and is much more likely to
+define the tastes and individuality of the giver.”—<i>Bret
+Harte.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The saying has seldom been truer of any one than of the writer of the
+succeeding pages, that “the child is father of the man.” His love of
+nature generally, and of natural history in all its branches, was one
+of Frank Oates’s earliest instincts; and to the study of our English
+wild-birds—their ways and haunts, their comings and their goings—he
+was especially devoted from boyhood. The pages of Waterton and Buffon,
+treating of wider fields of study, supplied his imagination at that
+period with richer food; and the plates of Audubon’s Birds, when access
+could be had to them, were turned by him with feelings little short
+of reverence. From his earliest days he had resolved to visit those
+distant, and, to him, still mysterious lands, where the page of nature
+was yet to the white man in great part an unread book; and those who,
+after<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</span> his death in the full prime of manhood, witnessed the arrival at
+his English home of his large collections of natural history specimens,
+brought from the interior of South Africa by the devoted service of a
+friend, realized strangely how the boy’s ambition had been fulfilled
+in after life, and felt that, though cut off in the very perfection of
+his powers, the purpose of his being had not wholly failed. Those even
+who knew him best were surprised indeed, when these evidences of his
+work abroad arrived, to see how much he had accomplished in the brief
+period—a little short of two years—of his absence. As, one after
+another, the packing-cases were opened, each in its turn afforded to
+the looker-on some fresh illustration of the untiring determination of
+the deceased traveller to make the very utmost of his opportunities
+whilst abroad. The voice that could alone have told the story of those
+collections, the hand that had brought them thus together, were silent
+and still in a far distant grave; but an utterance—the more pathetic
+because it was inaudible—seemed to go forth, unbidden, from those
+speechless records of devoted work and enterprise, and tell the secret
+tale of a life in earnest sympathy with nature curtailed,—the hand, as
+it were, yet warm from its labours.</p>
+
+<p>There, on the one hand, lay the opened cases of rare and brilliant
+bird-skins, each specimen with its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[xv]</span> separate label, in the collector’s
+writing, carefully recording its habitat, and other particulars useful
+to the student, accompanied in many instances by examples of nests
+and eggs. There, on the other hand, were lesser boxes, filled with
+varied specimens of insects, some from those very Victoria Falls
+of the Zambesi, the rich and almost untried harvest-ground of the
+naturalist, whose attractions had lured the wanderer to his untimely
+grave. And there, again, were those large wide-necked bottles, familiar
+to the collector, containing, some of them, strange-looking beetles,
+others still stranger reptiles; there the packets of botanical drying
+paper, each sheet enveloping its floral treasure. Turning again to
+other cases, were found in numbers the singular implements of savage
+warfare, or industry, and with them many of those rude yet tasteful
+attempts at ornamentation suggested by native fancy; evidences—the
+whole of them—of that untutored skill and delicate refinement of
+workmanship which characterize many of the finer races of unlettered
+savages. Whilst further, the mighty tusks of the huge African elephant,
+the skins of the lion, the leopard, and the cheetah,—for it was
+these beasts of prey that the traveller had especially loved to
+hunt,—besides those of many an African antelope, with horns and heads
+of equal grace and beauty, told silently of stirring adventures in the
+bush. Lastly, but yet not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</span> least, were those scientific instruments he
+had used in taking observations of his journey with so much faithful
+perseverance; the note-books; the letters of friends (some of these
+unopened, containing those trifling items of home news, so sweet to
+the far-off traveller, which his eyes had never seen, for they had
+arrived after his decease); the pencilled outlines of the country’s
+scenery; the water-colour drawings of those fatal Falls; how much did
+not these records breathe to the silent bystander, how much suggest of
+what had been, and still more what <i>might have been</i>! Poor fellow!
+not there himself to speak to us, those records of an earnest life,
+those cared-for and well-worn letters which he <i>had</i> received and
+treasured, how far more eloquent they were to us than any words could
+have been! They told us all, more than all, than any words which he
+could, or at least would, have spoken—so lightly did he ever treat his
+own achievements—and seemed to leave the world and ourselves poorer
+and yet richer by his death!</p>
+
+<p>But the subject has led me, in my capacity of editor of these pages,
+beyond the proper limits of my duties, and I must crave the indulgence
+of the reader for this long digression. My object is merely to relate,
+as briefly as I can, such simple facts of Frank Oates’s earlier life
+as may serve to illustrate the scope and bearing of the ensuing pages,
+and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">[xvii]</span> bring to view the motives which led him to enter on his life of
+travel. What I have said, indeed, may perhaps, it is true, help to
+show—what I was anxious early to point out—how very catholic were the
+interests of the deceased, how great the hold each separate department
+of the world’s life, and history, and daily growth, had laid upon him.
+Devoted to the study of natural history, as I have already pointed out,
+and especially to that of birds—the pursuit of which might be called
+his ruling passion—yet never did he close his eyes to all those varied
+interests of other kinds, which were constantly opening round him in
+his life of foreign travel. “He was not” indeed, as has lately been
+said of the young French naturalist Jacquemont, who, like Frank Oates
+himself, died early and in harness,—“He was not at all one of those
+specialists who shut themselves up in a narrow speciality, and become
+blind and deaf to the great interests of human life.”<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> Rather may it
+be said of him, that his interests were perhaps too wide, and that he
+overtaxed his strength and powers in following the promptings of his
+nature. Speaking indeed in homely phraseology, whilst out in Africa, he
+admitted himself that he had “too many irons in the fire,” and some of
+the difficulties and vexations which beset him upon his journey must
+be attributed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">[xviii]</span> to the delays which were occasioned by his desire of
+embracing every opportunity which presented itself, not only of adding
+a new specimen to his collection, but also of noting any fresh fact
+with regard to the country and its inhabitants which came before his
+notice. For, in addition to his natural history pursuits, he was, as
+above intimated, engaged on this journey in taking observations of the
+country which he passed through, and laying down his route, and also,
+wherever possible, in seeking intercourse with the natives, and gaining
+knowledge of their character.</p>
+
+<p>This same tendency of his—to attempt too much—had once before also
+served him in evil stead when at the University in earlier life.
+Born on the 6th of April 1840, a son of the late Mr. Edward Oates,
+of Meanwoodside, near Leeds—himself a lover of nature, and a man of
+literary tastes—Frank Oates entered at Christ Church, Oxford, at the
+close of 1860. And here his love of nature and her teachings soon
+displayed itself by his choice of reading for a class in the Natural
+Science Schools. His work, however, in this direction did not keep him
+from study in many other departments of knowledge; and, besides his
+studies, all out-door pursuits had each their respective fascination
+for him. Of these, riding held with him, as it had always done, the
+foremost place; and when the time of year or incidental circumstances<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">[xix]</span>
+kept him from an occasional gallop with the hounds, he would have a
+long day’s ride into the country instead, drinking in, the while, deep
+draughts of enjoyment from the scenes he passed through. One such ride,
+still showing him faithful to his love of birds, he describes himself
+in a letter to one of his brothers on May Day, 1864, as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>“I had a jolly ride,” he writes, “to Wychwood Forest a few days ago,
+with S—— of Wadham. We both enjoyed it, as we both entered into the
+loveliness of the scene. Unfortunately the day was cold, and few birds
+were seen, though we did hear the nightingale once, and the cuckoo
+once or twice. We were riding about the forest in the dark, with some
+prospect of being lost, and did not get back to Oxford till eleven
+o’clock, having ridden about thirty-six miles.”</p>
+
+<p>The exhilaration of these long rides was almost a necessity to him,
+counteracting, as they did in a measure, the strain of mental work.
+He also loved bathing, swimming, and sailing, the first two of which
+Oxford supplied him with in liberal measure, whilst even the last-named
+he found occasional opportunity of indulging his taste for on the Isis.
+Then there were cricket and rowing, to both of which he gave a share
+of his attention, with rifle-shooting at the butts, and fencing at the
+gymnasium.</p>
+
+<p>This is a tolerable list of occupations, in addition<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xx">[xx]</span> to which
+Oxford had also its social attractions for him; for, besides the
+undergraduates of his own standing whom he knew, he was further
+privileged with the acquaintance of a few such men as the present Dean
+of Westminster—then Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the
+University—the present distinguished Master of Balliol, the late Sir
+Benjamin Brodie, and Professor Henry Smith; whilst the nature of his
+studies brought him into frequent pleasant intercourse with Professor
+Rolleston and others at the museum. The second year of his residence
+he sustained a loss, which he long felt, in the death of his young
+tutor, Mr. G. R. Luke, Senior Student of Christ Church, to whom he had
+formed no slight attachment. Of this event, rendered doubly sad by the
+circumstances under which it occurred, he wrote to a friend the day
+afterwards (March 4, 1862) as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>“Oxford,” he says, “has just lost one of its brightest lights, and I
+a valuable friend, whom, I fear, I did not sufficiently appreciate in
+his lifetime—poor Luke! It would be too much to say that there was not
+so good, but I can confidently assert that I do not think there was a
+better, man in Oxford. He was such a genuine, worthy, and conscientious
+fellow as is rarely met with; and his kindness was equalled by his
+noble spirit—his modesty by his high learning and abilities. And
+this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxi">[xxi]</span> valuable life, difficult as it is to realize it, has been cut
+short;—Luke was drowned in the river yesterday, having gone alone,
+quite contrary to his custom, in a whiff. It seems that he was near
+half an hour in the water, and dead when taken out. This sad accident,
+coming so suddenly, must throw a damp over the feelings of many; and if
+there is any gratitude amongst men, there must have been many a sigh
+for him last night. I heard the news before six o’clock, and it had
+reached Christ Church some time before, the accident having happened
+about four. You may imagine my horror when, on entering my rooms to put
+on my cap and gown for hall, I was met by my scout, and asked if I had
+heard that Mr. Luke was drowned. In an hour or two I should have been
+reading with him.”</p>
+
+<p>And now enough may have perhaps been said to give some insight into
+Frank Oates’s life at Oxford, and with one more quotation from his
+letters, this period of his history shall be closed. His first year
+at college an attack upon his chest in early spring had prevented his
+residence during the summer term at the University, and led to his
+spending as much of the succeeding winter as the Oxford terms admitted
+of in Italy, where he gathered many pleasant reminiscences. The
+following spring, too, he was late in coming up, owing to a return of
+his ailment during the Easter vacation,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxii">[xxii]</span> when he was again a prisoner
+to his room at home. Writing on April 23d (1862), during this period
+of confinement, he says, “I see the tree-tops tipped with green, and
+hear the thrush’s voice, telling me of old times, and asking me why
+I keep house, and I’ve no doubt spring is here. So I want to be out
+again, and to greet her as an old friend.” And presently he was out
+again, revelling in the spring sunshine with his friends, the birds.
+But this is not the intended quotation. Sufficiently recovered from
+this illness for the journey back to Oxford, he returned there on May
+9th to find the place “shaded with its great green trees, and with
+its gray old walls looking almost joyous.” It was not, however, till
+two evenings later that he “came in for the full benefit of the May
+aspect of things,” as he describes it, when he took a long ramble
+into the country to Wytham, and first saw the rich pastoral country
+which surrounds Oxford in its summer dress. His account of this walk,
+written (again to the same friend) on May 12th, tells forcibly of his
+appreciation of all country sights and sounds.</p>
+
+<p>“... Your letter arrived yesterday morning,” he says, “and of course my
+evening was at once laid out for me, and now I come to what I ought to
+have begun with—my ramble of last night. You perhaps thought, as it
+grew dusk, that I was still<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxiii">[xxiii]</span> lingering about the scene you describe;
+and so I was. It was with really joyous feelings that I set out at six
+o’clock, and trudged along the Sevenbridge Road. It was Sunday evening,
+and the road was crowded with Oxford folks and the militia. The floods
+which surrounded the road seemed an object of interest to them, but
+I pushed on, bestowing a hurried glance now and then at the tufted
+willows, and islands, and shores of long grass, which dotted over and
+surrounded the lake-like fields, with the dappled sky reflected on
+their watery surface. Botley reached, I inquired the way to Wytham. A
+shady green lane was pointed out to me, and I was soon away in thought,
+all alone in that quiet place; and so on I strolled, through the
+fields, past the wood, through the village, and, as night closed in,
+back again. If I were a word-painter I might describe my walk; but not
+being one, should any attempt of mine thereat be intelligible to you,
+it will only be because you know what I would describe, and can realize
+my feelings.</p>
+
+<p>“There had been some little rain, and it was still rather dull and
+damp when I set out; but I should have gone if it had been worse, and
+really the evening ended almost brightly. I enjoyed the freshness
+of everything, and the wild-birds seemed to enjoy it; they did not
+appreciate it as I did, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxiv">[xxiv]</span> they enjoyed it more. The notes of many
+a songster rang out from the thick cover of the wood on my left, and
+amongst the well-known notes some strange music was mixed, now and then
+becoming louder and more distinct. These must have been the wonderful
+soft strains of the nightingale. The woodpeckers were laughing wildly,
+and the rooks returning to the tops of the elms, and talking as is
+their wont; the youngsters responding eagerly, and seeming as if they
+were chattering and being fed at the same time. The cows were placidly
+grouped about the hedges, or wandering leisurely to and fro, favouring
+the passerby with a whiff of their scented breath. On the other side,
+flooded fields were rich in the most luxuriant vegetation; whilst
+continually, and, as it grew later, more continually, the cuckoos
+answered one another from many a deep shade. I was glad to think that
+you would be thinking me there, and hoped you would not fancy that I
+should give up the excursion.”</p>
+
+<p>Nor, passing now from reminiscences of his Oxford life, was his love of
+the country and its associations, here sufficiently evinced, confined
+to one particular sort of scenery; and the wild moorlands of his native
+county attracted him as strongly as the quiet and peaceful beauties of
+Oxfordshire, or even more so. During the Easter vacation of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxv">[xxv]</span> 1864 he
+had been on a short walking tour into the Yorkshire dales with one of
+his brothers and some other friends.</p>
+
+<p>“There is always a sense of freedom,” he writes from near Leeds soon
+afterwards, “in getting away to the moors and mountains which surround
+us, and lie so near that they seem to invite Leeds men to visit them.
+For though the river at Kirkstall is sadly changed from the stream
+that leaves Malham Tarn, and the mountain air has lost somewhat of
+its freshness when it sweeps over this place, the sight and sound of
+railways are a constant reminder that a few minutes’ consignment to
+the train, and the payment of a few shillings, are sufficient charm
+to place one in the world of nature. May those moors and valleys
+long continue desolate, if desolation may be understood to mean no
+presence but that of the spirit of nature. I care not what that spirit
+may be, but I feel a breathing life and an unsurpassable harmony,
+where man has not utterly defiled the face of the country. What I
+long for,” he concludes, “is a fishing tour in the neighbourhood of
+Kilnsey or Wensleydale. I must be incorrigibly idle, and born to hate
+anything that even looks like work; and yet I want to be active, to do
+something, to find a field for my energies, such as they are.”</p>
+
+<p>In the last passage the writer did himself some<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxvi">[xxvi]</span> injustice, and what he
+seems to have taken for “incorrigible idleness,” was in reality nothing
+else than the demand of nature within him for some real rest and
+relaxation from his Oxford studies. His scrupulous conscientiousness,
+moreover, was already beginning to cause him much anxiety with regard
+to his future life, as the time for his leaving Oxford was approaching.
+That warning voice of nature, however, unhappily was not attended
+to. He would have entered the Schools for his final examination the
+succeeding autumn, or at latest the following spring; but in the latter
+part of the summer of this year (1864), under the strain of overwork,
+his health broke completely down, and for a period of some years he was
+obliged to live in a state of enforced, and to him scarcely endurable,
+inactivity. A great portion of this time he spent in the retired
+parts of Wales, and the English Lake District, and some part of it in
+Ireland. On one occasion, during this period, writing to one of his
+brothers on his experiences of overwork, he says:—</p>
+
+<p>“Let me advise you earnestly not to try <i>to do too many things</i>.
+I killed the goose with a vengeance, and got no golden egg. I was
+expecting in a few weeks [when taken ill] a degree with honours, and
+a good start in life, and ... had to leave Oxford without even an
+ordinary degree, which I knew<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxvii">[xxvii]</span> more than enough to have taken the
+Easter before, if it would have satisfied me. I should have been
+surprised to have been told that season, when I was riding H——’s
+little cob in Rotten Row, in the glory of summer and all the hope of
+youth, that before the leaves had all left the trees that very horse
+would have been H——’s death, and that I should be a hundred times
+worse than dead.”<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>Throughout the whole of this weary time, however, he never
+relinquished—so indomitable was his spirit—the hope of a better time
+approaching. Once at Liverpool, indeed, for a short stay in 1869, he
+writes upon this subject, “I like to be where I can be amused and see
+life without having to take part in it, though I would fifty times
+rather be at work at something. I wonder,” he adds, “whether I ever
+shall be again.” And he <i>was</i> at work again, not quite two years
+later, once more restored to health, and busily preparing for a trip
+across the Atlantic, which had been recommended to him for the thorough
+re-establishment of his health, and which accorded happily with the
+early fancies of his boyhood. It was by this time almost too late for
+him, even had he now wished it, to have thought seriously of adopting
+one of the recognized professions. A few years earlier he had thought
+both of the army and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxviii">[xxviii]</span> the bar; but with the love of adventure and
+research so strong within him, it is scarcely probable, had he adopted
+either, that he would have endured their trammels long. Once, too, it
+had seemed not unlikely that his strong love of painting, which held
+with his passion for natural history divided sway over his earlier
+years, might have proved the more powerful impulse of the two, and led
+him ultimately to the definite pursuit of art. In choosing against
+it, however, he probably selected well, as the somewhat sedentary
+life thereby involved would not so well have harmonized with his
+constitutional need for physical activity.</p>
+
+<p>On this expedition to America he was absent about a year,
+a considerable portion of the time being spent in Central
+America—chiefly in Guatemala,—and a part of it in California, camping
+out amongst the Rocky Mountains. Unlooked for circumstances brought his
+journey to a speedier close than he had intended; but if unaccompanied
+by other results, he was at least successful in forming a collection of
+birds and insects of some interest and value, and contracted several
+valuable friendships. “His manliness and irreproachable conduct
+and kindliness,” wrote Sir Henry Scholfield, the British Consul at
+Guatemala, after his decease, “gained for him, during his short stay
+here, a friend in every one he met.” And wherever else in the country
+he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxix">[xxix]</span> made any sort of stay, he appeared to have been scarcely less
+fortunate in this respect.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his return from America in 1872 he began to make
+arrangements for a more extended journey—the one of which this
+volume treats, and on which he started in March 1873. His plan on
+this occasion was to reach the Zambesi from Natal, and if possible
+visit some of the unexplored country to the north of that river. In
+the latter hope he was destined to disappointment, and the number of
+obstacles he met with in realizing the former serve to illustrate
+some of the ordinary difficulties which may be encountered in African
+travel. Of the results, however, such as they were, of this journey,
+in which he lost his life, the reader must be left to form his own
+judgment from the perusal of the ensuing pages. He had at least
+acquired much of that needful experience of rough travel and adventure,
+without which little can be accomplished in the way of exploration or
+research. It is almost certain that, had he lived, his next journey
+would have been of a more ambitious kind, remarkable as he was for that
+love of enterprise which characterizes the true explorer; of this he
+spoke merely as a “little trip.” His experiences, moreover, in this
+two years’ travel, must still further have convinced him, if in a
+different manner, of those evil effects of attempting too many things,
+which his Oxford career had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxx">[xxx]</span> previously warned him of. The diversity
+of his pursuits led him into many delays, each one of which no doubt
+contributed its share, together with the obstructiveness of native
+tribes, to that long detention on his journey which finally threw his
+visit to the Zambesi into the unhealthy season of the year. It must be
+granted, however, at the same time, that his love of adventure led him
+into places where the field for inquiry was especially inviting, and
+offered exceptional advantages; and also that his devotion to natural
+history beguiled throughout his journey what might otherwise have
+proved many a weary march. It is more than probable—so fully had the
+need of this now been brought home to him—that on another journey,
+had he been spared to make one, he would have concentrated his chief
+energies upon fewer objects. What these might have been must remain,
+indeed, matter of conjecture; but whatever else he had abandoned, the
+pursuit of ornithology would certainly have held a place second only to
+that of exploration.</p>
+
+<p>In character and temperament Frank Oates was admirably fitted for
+his work. “I like anything,” he once wrote when at Oxford, “that
+seems difficult of attainment,”—the very zest of the pursuit proving
+in such cases its own reward to him. So too, in disposition; he
+had just the one which recommends itself to strangers. “There was
+something singularly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxi">[xxxi]</span> winning about him,” wrote a friend, upon his
+death; “that peculiar combination of courage and gentleness, which is
+one of the finest traits of character.” It was, in fact, this very
+association of a genial nature with a remarkable openness and candour
+of disposition, that won for him friends, especially amongst his own
+countrymen, wherever his lot was cast, and so smoothed his way over
+many difficulties. And if, as would sometimes happen, he fell amongst
+unfriendly natives, he preserved himself on such occasions by a seeming
+show of condescension, and a coolness under danger which commanded
+their respect. A faithful and accurate observer, but little was lost
+that came before his notice; and if at the time of his death—in
+February 1875—he had not realized all that he had hoped from his
+expedition, he may at least be said to have justified the choice that
+he had made, and had contributed a measure of faithful labour to the
+causes of progress and research.</p>
+
+<p>On hearing of his death, the Dean of Christ Church, who had always
+particularly regretted the illness which in earlier life had
+prematurely closed his University career, wrote of the untimely
+termination of his later efforts in a spirit of no less concern. “His
+name,” wrote the Dean at this time, “must be added to the list of those
+devoted and enterprising Englishmen, who ‘scorn delights and live
+laborious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxii">[xxxii]</span> days,’ who by their frank love of truth and justice have
+made our name respected from one hemisphere to the other. I retain a
+dear memory of him,” he concludes, “and grieve to think that so much
+manly spirit has so soon been quenched.”</p>
+
+<p>This manly love of truth here noticed, his zeal in action, and energy
+for work, had marked Frank Oates conspicuously from a boy. Life was for
+him no lounge, merely to be dreamed through, but an active, burning
+reality, from which the fruit that the hour yielded was to be plucked
+and harvested. From his earliest days, when he watched at springtide
+the coming of the swallow, or lurked in autumn by the hedgerow, to note
+the flocks of redwings as they passed—from the time when those authors
+whom he loved had given him his first glimpses into that distant realm
+of nature where his imagination loved to wander, and he hoped one day
+to follow them—till the arrival of the period when that desire was
+at length destined to be realized, and he had threaded the forests of
+tropical America, and roamed through the thorny wastes of Southern
+Africa, was he ever adding something to his knowledge of nature,
+something to his love of science, or something to his appreciation of
+the beautiful. With him, indeed, were no half measures. His interest
+once fairly roused in any subject, he gave to it the strength of his
+whole soul; a purpose once formed rarely failed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxiii">[xxxiii]</span> in its fulfilment;
+and such was the elasticity of his temperament that he would turn from
+one subject to another, each as a mere refreshment from the last. To
+this was added, in no common measure, a certain freshness and buoyancy
+of the spirit, which enabled him in a moment to throw off the spell
+which bound him, and join on occasion in the frolic of the hour. A
+peculiar brightness characterized his being, and rendered the common
+incidents of life attractive to him; and should any be found who regard
+as incongruous the lightness of spirit which occasionally manifests
+itself even in the ensuing pages, in connexion with more serious
+subjects, such ones may read with interest the following extract from
+the writings of the late Charles Kingsley, with reference to this
+very tendency, as manifested in another posthumous author, whose book
+was edited by a friend. “With a reverence for the dead,” he says,
+“which will at once be understood and honoured, he [the editor] has
+refrained, perhaps here and there too scrupulously, from altering a
+single word of the documents as he found them, respecting even certain
+scraps of Cambridge and Winchester slang, which may possibly offend
+that class of readers who fancy that the sign of magnanimity is to
+take everything <i>au grand sérieux</i>, and that the world’s work
+must needs be done upon stilts; but which will be, perhaps, to the
+more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxiv">[xxxiv]</span> thoughtful reader only additional notes of power, of that true
+English ‘Lebensglückseligkeit,’ as the German calls it, which makes
+a jest of danger and an amusement of toil. Jean Paul makes somewhere
+the startling assertion that no man really believes his religious
+creed unless he can afford to jest about it. Without going so far as
+that, I will say boldly,” adds the writer, “that no man feels himself
+master of his work unless he can afford to jest about it; and that
+a frolicsome habit of mind is rather a token of deep, genial, and
+superabundant vitality, than of a shallow and narrow nature, which can
+only be earnest and attentive by conscious and serious efforts.”<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+There were few circles of society where Frank Oates was not welcome;
+and once received in any of them, a place was ever after reserved for
+him in their midst. Whatever raciness or originality of character was
+to be met with where his lot for the time was cast, he failed not to
+find it out; and he eagerly availed himself of every opportunity which
+enabled him to see life in its less conventional aspects. A certain
+chivalry endeared him to the weak, his fearlessness attached to him
+the strong, and no act of kindness was ever lost upon or forgotten by
+him. He wandered far afield; but at home or abroad it ever was the same
+with him, and he had friends, go where he would: for the intellect,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxv">[xxxv]</span> in
+his case, never overruled the affections; and perhaps it has fallen to
+the lot of few, dying at his comparatively early age, to leave so many
+sorrowing hearts behind them.</p>
+
+<p>And now, but one word further. The late Charles Kingsley—again to
+quote his writings, still in the same connexion as before, with
+reference, that is, to his friend, Charles Mansfield, traveller,
+ornithologist, and devotee of science, the posthumous writer above
+referred to—has said some touching words, which the editor of these
+pages, too partial, it may be, in his estimate of the deceased, would
+fain transcribe, and apply to the subject of the present memoir. “He
+was one of those rare spirits,” writes Charles Kingsley,<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> “to whom
+this life and this world have been, as far as human minds can judge,
+little beyond a schoolhouse for some nobler life and world to come. Cut
+off at the very climacteric of his years, just as he was beginning to
+give the world evidence of his faculties, and just as he had acquired
+the power of using them in an orderly and practical method, he has left
+little behind but the <i>disjecta membra philosophi</i>.... Never have
+I met a human being to whom as clearly as to him the thing which seemed
+right was a thing to be done forthwith, at all hazards, and at any
+sacrifice.... He had gathered<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxxvi">[xxxvi]</span> round him [ere he died], friends, both
+men and women, who looked on him with a love such as might be inspired
+by some being from a higher world.... Oh, fairest of souls!” concludes
+the writer, “Happy those who knew thee in this life! Happier those who
+will know thee in the life to come!”</p>
+
+<p class="r2">C. G. O.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="a0360_ill">
+  <img
+    class="p1" 
+    src="images/a0360_ill.jpg"
+    alt="">
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poetry-container">
+   <div class="poetry">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="ileft">“Nor yet quite deserted, though lonely extended,</div>
+        <div class="hangingindent">For faithful in death, his mute favourite attended.”—<span class="smcap">Scott.</span></div>
+        <div class="right"><i>See page <a href="#Page_265">265.</a></i></div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="smaller" style="max-width: 40em">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER I.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Departure from England—St. Helena—Cape Town—Arrival at
+Durban—Pietermaritzburg—Start up country—Pretoria; its
+climate and vegetation—The High Veldt—Dutch Boers—The
+Crocodile River—Bamangwato</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_1">Page 1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER II.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">The journey resumed—Halt on the Seruli—Bushmen on the Gokwe—The
+Shashe—The Tati Settlement—Adventure with a lion—W.
+E. Oates returns to the coast; particulars of his journey</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER III.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Frank Oates proceeds to the King’s Town—Crosses the Ramaqueban—Dutch
+hunters on the Impakwe—The Inkwesi; picturesque
+scenery—John Lee’s farm—Manyami’s Kraal—The
+Shashani—Fine country—Kumala River</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER IV.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Arrival at Gubuleweyo—Interview with the King—Start for the
+Zambesi—Hope Fountain—Inyati—Difficulty of obtaining
+bearers—The Zambesi abandoned—Hunting expedition on the
+Umvungu and Gwailo Rivers—Experiences of a half-caste—Birds’
+nests—The indunas’ tree—Hunting—A lunar eclipse—Return
+to Gubuleweyo—Wild fruit</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER V.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Stay at Gubuleweyo—New Year’s Day—The Great Dance—Cattle
+slaughtered—Departure of the King; the royal procession—A
+dispute referred to him—Lobengula’s court</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER VI.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Return to Tati—Changed aspect of the country—Constant delays—The
+Mashonas—At Manyami’s again—John Lee’s—Letter
+home—The Inkwesi—Wild fruit—A hornbill’s nest—The Impakwe
+and Ramaqueban Rivers—Graves of Englishmen—White
+ants—Bushman remains—The Tati reached</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER VII.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Hunting trip on the Semokwe—A native musician—Gigantic baobabs—Return
+to Tati—Journey to Shoshong—The Bamangwato
+and Matabele nations—Fighting amongst the natives—Start
+back for Tati—Misadventures and delays—Fresh arrangements</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER VIII.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Again at Tati—Fresh causes of delay—Lions on the Motloutsi—Threatened
+by natives—Forthcoming prospects</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER IX.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Fresh start for the Zambesi—The Ramaqueban again—A lion shot—Singular
+building—Wild fruit—First Kraal of the Makalakas—Stopped
+by the induna—Return to Tati—To Gubuleweyo and
+back—Fresh leave obtained—Altered arrangements for the
+journey</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER X.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Third start for the Zambesi—Again stopped by natives—Fresh
+leave from the King—The journey resumed—Frank Oates’s
+companion obliged to leave him—He goes forward alone—Breakdown
+of his waggon—Annoyances from the natives—Help
+from Tati—Return there—Letters home—Future plans</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER XI.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Final start from Tati—Bushman remains—A game-drive—Wild
+dogs—The Makalakas again—The Matengwe River—English
+hunters met with—The Nata River—The Pantamatenka—Christmas
+Day—Start on foot for the Zambesi—The goal at
+last</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHAPTER XII.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht">Main features of the Falls—The return commenced—Frank Oates
+attacked by fever—Course of the illness; improvement and
+relapse—His death—Dr. Bradshaw takes his effects to Bamangwato—His
+favourite dog—Arrival of W. Oates and Mr. Gilchrist
+in Natal—Conclusion</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="smaller" style="max-width: 40em">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="3">APPENDIX.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+   <td class="chn">I.</td>
+   <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Ethnology</span>, by George Rolleston, M.D., F.R.S., Linacre
+Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the University of
+Oxford</td>
+   <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+   <td class="chn">II.</td>
+   <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Ornithology</span>, by R. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Senior
+Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum</td>
+   <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+   <td class="chn">III.</td>
+   <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Herpetology</span>, by Albert Gunther, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S.</td>
+   <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+   <td class="chn">IV.</td>
+   <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Entomology</span>, by J. O. Westwood, M.A., F.L.S., etc., Hope
+Professor of Zoology, in the University of Oxford</td>
+   <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+   <td class="chn">V.</td>
+   <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Botany</span>, by D. Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in
+University College, London</td>
+   <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_366">366</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+   <td class="chn">VI.</td>
+   <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">List of Makalaka Words and Phrases</span>, from one of Mr.
+F. Oates’s Note-Books, 1874–5</td>
+   <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_370">370</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+   <td class="chn"></td>
+   <td class="cht smcap">Index</td>
+   <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_371">371</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="smaller" style="max-width: 50em">
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht smcap">Portrait of Mr. Frank Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#frontispiece"></a><i>Frontispiece</i></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">High Veldt, Transvaal.</span> From a water-colour drawing by
+W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#p0081_ill">8</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Tati Settlement.</span> From a water-colour drawing by W. E.
+Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#p0301_ill">30</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Hunters’ Camp, Semokwe River.</span> From a water-colour
+drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#p1422_ill">143</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Shoshong, Bamangwato.</span> From a water-colour drawing
+by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#p1542_ill">155</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Dry Bed of the Inkwesi River.</span> From a water-colour
+drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#p2081_ill">208</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Victoria Falls, Zambesi (Western Extremity).</span> From
+a water-colour drawing by Frank Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#p2581_ill">258</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">WOODCUTS.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Head of Pallah.</span> Drawn by Charles Whymper</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#title"><i>Title-page</i></a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th></th>
+    <th class="pag">PAGE</th>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht">“<span class="smcap">Faithful in Death.</span>” Drawn by Charles Whymper</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#a0360_ill">xxxvi</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Pretoria, Transvaal.</span> From a water-colour drawing by
+W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0070_ill">7</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Boer’s Farm, High Veldt, Transvaal.</span> From a drawing
+by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0090_ill">9</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Game on the High Veldt, Transvaal.</span> From a drawing
+by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#p0121_ill">12</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Limpopo or Crocodile River.</span> From a water-colour drawing
+by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0190_ill">19</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Snuff-boxes made from Gourds.</span> From a drawing by
+W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0220_ill">22</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Double-Banded Sand-Grouse</span> (<i>Pterocles bicinctus</i>). From
+a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0270_ill">27</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Boers’ Farms, Crocodile River.</span> From a water-colour
+drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0380_ill">38</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">South African Wart Hog</span> (<i>Phacochærus æthiopicus</i>).
+From a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0410_ill">41</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Manyami.</span> From a sketch by Frank Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0520_ill1">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Manyami’s Attendant.</span> From a sketch by Frank Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0520_ill2">52</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Feather Head-dress.</span> From a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0560_ill">56</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Head-dress of Zebra Skin and Feathers.</span> From a
+drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0570_ill">57</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Birds’ Nests.</span> From a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0770_ill">77</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">The first Elephant.</span> From a sketch by Frank Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0840_ill">84</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Knob-billed Goose</span> (<i>Sarkidiornis melanonotus</i>). From a
+drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0910_ill">91</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Dancing-Stick, Bow and Arrows, and Knob-Kerries.</span>
+From a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p0950_ill">95</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Ox-hide Shield.</span> From a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1000_ill">100</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Assegai-heads and Battle-axe.</span> From a drawing by W.
+E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1020_ill">102</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Musical Instrument.</span> From a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1150_ill">115</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Native Hunting-Knives.</span> From a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1200_ill">120</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">African Grey Hornbill</span> (<i>Tockus nasutus</i>). From a
+drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1320_ill">132</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Yellow-billed Hornbill</span> (<i>Tockus flavirostris</i>). From a
+drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1330_ill">133</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Gigantic Ant-hill.</span> From a water-colour drawing by W.
+E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1350_ill">135</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Wooden Vessel.</span> From a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1380_ill">138</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Salt Pan, Bamangwato.</span> From a water-colour drawing by
+W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1470_ill">147</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Church and Mission Station, Shoshong, Bamangwato.</span>
+From a water-colour drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1490_ill">149</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">“Rock” and “Rail.”</span> Drawn by Charles Whymper</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1600_ill">160</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Wattled Starling</span> (<i>Dilophus carunculatus</i>). From a
+drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1710_ill">171</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Native Building, Shashe River.</span> From a water-colour
+drawing by Frank Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1760_ill">176</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Klipspringer</span> (<i>Oreotragus saltatrix</i>). From a sketch by
+Frank Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p1950_ill">195</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Verreaux’s Whydah Bird</span> (<i>Vidua Verreauxi</i>), <span class="smcap">and the
+Shaft-tailed Whydah Bird</span> (<i>Vidua regia</i>). From
+a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#p2201_ill">220</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Blue Wildebeest</span> (<i>Catoblepas taurina</i>). From a drawing by
+W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p2280_ill">228</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Camp in the Veldt.</span> From a water-colour drawing by
+Frank Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p2300_ill">230</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">African Dwarf Goose</span> (<i>Nettapus auritus</i>). From a drawing
+by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p2430_ill">243</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Wooden Pillow.</span> From a drawing by W. E. Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p2520_ill">252</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht"><span class="smcap">Victoria Falls, Zambesi (the outlet).</span> From a water-colour
+drawing by Frank Oates</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p2560_ill">256</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+    <td class="cht">“<span class="smcap">Rail.</span>” From a Photograph</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p2710_ill">271</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="smaller" style="max-width: 50em">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="3">COLOURED PLATES.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="chap">PLATE.</th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th class="pag"></th>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header smcap" colspan="3">Appendix.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+   <td class="chn">A.</td>
+    <td class="cht">SAXICOLA SHELLEYI. Drawn by J. G. Keulemans</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#plate_a">328</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+   <td class="chn">B.</td>
+    <td class="cht">BRADYORNIS OATESII. Drawn by J. G. Keulemans</td>
+    <td class="pag">&emsp;&emsp;„&emsp;&emsp;<a href="#plate_b">328</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+   <td class="chn">C.</td>
+    <td class="cht">CORONELLA TRITÆNIA. Drawn by R. Mintern</td>
+    <td class="pag">&emsp;&emsp;„&emsp;&emsp;<a href="#plate_c">330</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+   <td class="chn">D.</td>
+    <td class="cht">DRYIOPHIS OATESII. Drawn by R. Mintern</td>
+    <td class="pag">&emsp;&emsp;„&emsp;&emsp;<a href="#plate_d">330</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+   <td class="chn">E-H.</td>
+    <td class="cht">NEW AND REMARKABLE INSECTS. From drawings by Professor Westwood</td>
+    <td class="pag">&emsp;&emsp;„&emsp;&emsp;<a href="#plate_e">364</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+   <td class="chn">J.</td>
+    <td class="cht">ANTHERICUM OATESII. From drawings by W. H. Fitch</td>
+    <td class="pag">&emsp;&emsp;„&emsp;&emsp;<a href="#plate_j">368</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+   <tr>
+   <td class="chn">K.</td>
+    <td class="cht">ADIANTUM OATESII. From drawings by W. H. Fitch</td>
+    <td class="pag">&emsp;&emsp;„&emsp;&emsp;<a href="#plate_k">368</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<table class="smaller" style="max-width: 40em">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="header" colspan="2">MAPS.</th>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht smcap">Route from Shoshong to Tati</td>
+    <td class="pag"><i>To face page</i> <a href="#p0222_map">23</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht smcap">Route from Tati to the Umgwanya River</td>
+    <td class="pag">&emsp;&emsp;„&emsp;&emsp;<a href="#p0421_map">43</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht smcap">Route from Tati to the Victoria Falls</td>
+    <td class="pag">&emsp;&emsp;„&emsp;&emsp;<a href="#p1722_map">173</a></td>
+  </tr>
+
+<tr>
+   <td class="cht smcap">General Map of South-Eastern Africa</td>
+    <td class="pag"><a href="#p3841_map"><i>At end.</i></a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Departure from England—St. Helena—Cape Town—Arrival at
+Durban—Pietermaritzburg—Start up country—Pretoria; its
+Climate and Vegetation—The High Veldt—Dutch Boers—The
+Crocodile River—Bamangwato.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>On the 5th of March 1873, Frank Oates and his brother, W. E. Oates,
+sailed from Southampton for Natal on board the Union Company’s
+steamship “African.” It was the intention of the former, as already
+explained in the introduction to this volume, to make a journey to the
+Zambesi, and, if possible, push on thence to some of the unexplored
+country northwards. His brother contemplated a shorter trip in the same
+direction, which was to occupy about a year.</p>
+
+<p>The only land sighted, after leaving England and passing the Needles,
+were the islands of Porto Santo, Madeira, and Teneriffe, and one of the
+Canaries, besides Cape Verd on the African coast, until on March 25th
+the vessel reached St. Helena, where she touched and remained a few
+hours. The fruit in the island at this time (including figs, bananas,
+and very fine peaches) was in perfection, whilst scarlet geraniums,
+fuchsias, and petunias—all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span> growing wild—were in full bloom. Head
+winds, after leaving St. Helena, considerably delayed the vessel’s
+progress, and Cape Town was only reached on the 3d of April. Here
+passengers for Natal were transferred from the “African” to a coasting
+steamer, the “Zulu,” which sailed five days later, and reached Durban
+on the 19th of the month. The view here across the bay was pretty
+enough, with ships lying at anchor inside and out, and the lighthouse,
+a marked feature on the green headland opposite. The brothers left
+Durban for Pietermaritzburg to prepare for their expedition into the
+interior soon after landing, the journey, in a six-horse waggon,
+occupying about twelve hours. The country passed through was for the
+most part hilly, with very little timber. Here and there some fields
+of Indian corn (“mealies”) were seen, and also some pretty bits of
+mountain scenery with abrupt crags, but the land is chiefly pasture,
+and the general aspect of the country not unlike that of the American
+prairie. A number of ox-waggons were met and passed upon the road. Near
+Maritzburg a few trees were seen; the approach is pretty, and the place
+has an English air about it.</p>
+
+<p>At Maritzburg the brothers remained about three weeks, making
+preparations for their journey northwards. Their plan was to go by the
+usual trade route through the Transvaal, and then on to Shoshong, the
+town of Sekomi, chief of the Bamangwato, from here either taking the
+direct route towards the Zambesi by the Tati River, or making a circuit
+in a north-westerly direction by way of Lake Ngami.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span> They accordingly
+each purchased a waggon and the requisite number of oxen for the
+journey, and engaged some native attendants. Before leaving Maritzburg,
+W. E. Oates wrote home as follows:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1"><i>May 14th, 1873.</i></p>
+
+<p>“We only stayed a few days in Durban, and came on here, as this is
+a much better place for getting an outfit for the interior. It is 54
+miles from Durban, and not a particularly interesting place. There are
+hills all round, without much vegetation, and covered with long coarse
+grass. It is much cooler than it is at Durban, as it is 2000 feet above
+the level of the sea. It is winter now, and rather cool at night,
+but still very hot during the day. We arrived here three weeks ago
+to-morrow, and to-morrow we intend making a start up country. We have
+each got a waggon and fourteen oxen, besides five ponies between us,
+and three Kafirs to each waggon. We are going with a man called Gray,
+who is going up to Lake Ngami to trade. He is quite a young fellow, and
+has only been out here four years. He knows the country through which
+we are going, and says it is extremely healthy, and the native tribes
+all friendly. He has taken five waggons, and left on the 11th instant,
+but as his waggons are heavily laden, we expect to overtake him in a
+week.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>“Buckley and Gilchrist started with their waggon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> yesterday, but Frank
+is not ready, he has so many things to get.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>“We have got some blankets, beads, knives, etc., as there is no good
+taking money, and everything you want you must pay for in that way.
+The waggons are very comfortable and hold a great deal, including a
+mattress which lies on the top of the boxes. We are taking coffee,
+sugar, tea, flour, oatmeal, pickles, some brandy, and several other
+things for our own use. The Kafirs are supposed to get nothing but
+meal, which they boil in a large pot and eat with the help of pieces
+of stick. They occasionally get a little coffee also.... There is
+very little here in the way of fruit and vegetables. The only fruit
+now is oranges, though there are peaches and apricots in the season.
+Altogether, there seems very little pains taken to cultivate the land,
+as the niggers are too lazy to work, and white labour is expensive.”</p>
+
+<p>On May 15th the waggons of the two brothers started, with W. E. Oates’s
+servant, Thomas Bell, who had accompanied him from England, and made
+their first halt about four miles from Maritzburg.</p>
+
+<p>Frank Oates, still at Maritzburg, writes thence the following day, May
+16th:—</p>
+
+<p>“Our waggons left yesterday, and we went with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span> them on horseback,
+Willie remaining to sleep with them, and I returning here for the
+night. W. has ridden in here this morning, and we shall both go on
+again to the waggons, which travel very slowly. I think we have been
+fortunate in getting good oxen for them. We have also a young horse, a
+very pretty bay, which had only begun to be broken a fortnight when we
+got him, but which is four years old, and likely to turn out very well.
+We have also another bay horse, which W. rides. These two are about 14½
+hands high. We have three smallish ponies—one a very pretty brown one,
+and two little rough black ones. Of course we are taking dogs also. We
+bought four pointers, and have likewise had a rough dog given us, and
+another promised, and shall try to pick up as many as we can as we go
+along, for they are invaluable to have about the camp.... We go with
+Gray as far as Bamangwato, and shall then either go on with him to Lake
+Ngami, or visit the Victoria Falls direct, or we may go first to the
+Lake, and make little explorations to the north and north-west, and
+in the May following go on to the Victoria Falls, and thence return
+here.... Gray is on excellent terms with the King Lecheletebe, a good
+native, who would assist us in every way in his power. If we go to the
+Falls we pass through the country of Lobengula, the son of Mosilikatze,
+whose name you will see in maps. Lobengula is reported to be a ‘decent
+chap’ by a friend of ours, a doctor here, from Dewsbury, whose
+Christian name is Oates. We go by Mooi River,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> Colenso, Ladysmith,
+Newcastle, Pretoria, Crocodile River, and Bamangwato.... This country
+is not to be compared with America. The most of it about here is hilly,
+the hills in places becoming mountains, and all covered with coarse
+dry grass, and scarcely a stick of timber. There is nothing to compare
+with the lovely tropical scenery of Central America, or the magnificent
+mountains, prairies, lakes, and rivers of the United States. I never
+expect to admire any country so much as I do the western world. Perhaps
+one reason that the North American Indians were for savages a superior
+race was their fine scenery.”</p>
+
+<p>Again, from the Umgeni River, a few miles upon the journey, he writes,
+May 17th:—</p>
+
+<p>“We are now fairly on our way. Last night was my first night in the
+waggon, and W.’s second. We are 13 miles on our way. Our waggons are
+most comfortable. We have a wooden framework in each waggon, surmounted
+by a substantial mattress and lots of blankets. We have tin wash-hand
+basins, cups, and plates, and fare luxuriously. Bell is now cooking
+some chops. I am reminded of some very pleasant days in the wilds of
+America.”</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0070_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0070_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">PRETORIA, TRANSVAAL.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>Ladysmith was reached on the 24th of May and Newcastle on the 31st, a
+halt of two or three days being made at each place. On the 23d of June
+the party arrived at Pretoria, and Frank Oates writes from that place,
+June 27th:—</p>
+
+<p>“We have now been ‘trekking’ (<i>i.e.</i> travelling in waggons) for
+six weeks from yesterday. We have,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span> however, gone slowly, and have
+been delayed once or twice. We stayed a few days at Ladysmith and
+Newcastle, two towns, as they are called here (we should call them
+small villages); we then got into the Transvaal Republic, and had a
+very bad tract of country to cross, the high veldt. This country is
+very high, about 5000 feet above the sea, and as it was dead of winter
+when we crossed it the cold at night was rather severe. One of the
+coldest nights I think we had, was that of the 8th of June, when the
+thermometer showed 8 degrees of frost Fahrenheit. This may not seem
+very much, but the days being hot you feel the cold a good deal, and
+are glad of a good lot of blankets. In this respect I had taken care
+that we should be all right. The morning after the night I speak of
+my hand was numb with the cold, and I dropped and smashed my only
+thermometer.<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> My aneroid barometer, which tells me<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span> the height above
+the sea really very accurately as far as I can judge, is still all
+right, but my sextant suffered so much on board the ‘Zulu’ that I have
+some difficulty, being a novice, in making use of it.</p>
+
+<p>“In crossing the high veldt the cattle suffer not only from the cold
+nights but the poverty of the grass, which will get worse and worse
+till the rainy season, which will be about September.<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> The disease
+called ‘red water,’ which is so bad on the coast, and which has caused
+so many oxen to die and the price to rise so much, does not seem to
+extend beyond Natal. Out of twenty-eight oxen we lost only three, which
+is considered a very small percentage. A few of our oxen got into low
+condition, and we have got seven new ones coming along the road. We
+shall try to leave the poor ones at some farm, or exchange them for fat
+ones.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0081_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0081_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">HIGH VELDT, TRANSVAAL.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0090_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0090_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">BOER’S FARM, HIGH VELDT, TRANSVAAL.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“We arrived here (at Pretoria) on the morning of the 23d of June. It is
+very different from what it was in crossing the Drakensberg. There is
+scarcely ever ice here, and now (the coldest season) the temperature
+is perfection—neither hot during the day nor cold at night. There are
+orange-trees with fruit on them in the gardens, and high hedges of
+monthly roses in flower; there are also a few large trees (blue gums),
+something like poplars in mode of growth, but with dark foliage. These
+are planted <span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span>here, for the country does not seem to bear much timber
+naturally. There is plenty of scrub on the slopes of the high land as
+you descend, and I believe there is a large extent of bush country
+round here, and when we get into the regular bush, plenty of timber, I
+imagine, such as it is; but this part of Africa is no timber country.
+On the high veldt there is nothing but parched grass, in many places
+burnt for a whole day’s trek, as fires are of everyday occurrence. On
+one occasion we had £5 to pay a man in front of whose house our men had
+set fire to the veldt whilst lighting our camp fire. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span> farms are
+few and far between in that desolate region; they grow Indian corn and
+a few peaches, and have a few cattle and sheep. The Boers are rather
+good sort of people, and though trying to get every penny they can in a
+bargain, honest, I should say, on the whole, and hospitable. I cannot
+speak any Dutch yet, so communication is limited, having to be carried
+on through an interpreter.</p>
+
+<p>“Here in Pretoria are a great many English. The English keep stores;
+the Dutch Boers stick to farming. The latter come in with their
+waggons of grain, wood, and other produce, which is sold by auction
+at 8 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span> in the market-place. ‘Mealies’ (unground Indian
+corn) fetch fifteen shillings a muid, which is about 200 lbs. This
+the Englishmen buy, get ground for two-and-sixpence a muid, and ask
+twenty-two and sixpence, or even twenty-five shillings for, and
+make a good thing of the numbers of people passing through here to
+the Marabastadt and Leydenburg gold-fields. The latter fields were
+newly discovered and much talked about when we were at Durban and
+Pietermaritzburg, but do not seem as good as the Marabastadt. No one
+thinks much of the Tati or Baines’s gold-fields in Mosilikatze’s
+country.</p>
+
+<p>“I fear the English who are here are a bad lot, with few exceptions.
+One man who cheated me I asked if he had a conscience. He replied that
+no one here had them.</p>
+
+<p>“Though here and there you see a garden with a few trees in it, and,
+as I mentioned, orange-trees<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span> and rose-bushes, do not imagine a scene
+of the least beauty. The town itself, the seat of the government, does
+not contain a single good building. It is like some little frontier
+town in America. There is not even a book-shop in it. The country
+immediately around is flat and devoid of trees, though in the distance
+are some ranges of hills. The day we reached Pretoria, the mail, a
+fortnightly one, arrived from Pietermaritzburg with a paper containing
+English news, very bare items though, up to May 15th. It seems dreadful
+that we were nearly six weeks in coming here, and the mail came in six
+days. The mail brings passengers also, but they are allowed hardly any
+baggage. It goes out again to-day to Pietermaritzburg, so I am writing
+this letter by the light of my lantern as I recline in my waggon. I
+think it is now about 6 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, but the sun does not rise till
+after 7.</p>
+
+<p>“Gray, the trader, left us at Newcastle, and had left here before we
+arrived for Bamangwato, <i>en route</i> for Lake Ngami, where our
+programme was to accompany him.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> We are not certain whether we shall
+follow him or alter our plans. I will write again, letting you know
+what we have decided. If I leave a second letter here, it will go to
+Pietermaritzburg a fortnight hence, so you will get it in England soon
+after you get this.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p>
+
+<p>Four days later W. E. Oates writes, also from Pretoria, “We have
+now been here a week, and are going to start off again to-day for
+Bamangwato. Buckley and his friend Gilchrist came up on Saturday, and
+we have decided to keep together. Gray, the trader we talked about,
+left here for Bamangwato about a fortnight since.... I fear we are now
+too late to get to the Victoria Falls, as the country is not healthy
+after September. We have been rather more than six weeks in getting
+from Maritzburg here, and a more wretched country can hardly be
+conceived—not a tree to be seen, and half the country burnt black, as,
+if the grass is set on fire, it burns for weeks. The days are intensely
+hot (not a drop of rain since we left Maritzburg); the nights very
+cold, with sharp frosts. Countless herds of antelopes are to be seen
+every day; wildebeest (gnu), blesbok, springbok, and many others called
+by Dutch names. There are also hyænas, jackals, crows, and vultures.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0121_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0121_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">GAME ON THE HIGH VELDT, TRANSVAAL.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“The Dutch Boers have farms at intervals. They seem miserably poor; no
+milk, eggs, meat. I don’t know how they live. It is much warmer here,
+and after to-morrow we get into what is called the bush veldt, where
+there are lots of trees, and then it begins to get hot. The country
+we have passed over is from 4000 to 6000 feet above the level of the
+sea, and on the high veldt there is scarcely any water; the road in
+many places very bad and strewn with the bones and skeletons of oxen,
+wildebeest, and other animals, which have been picked clean by the
+vultures. How people can pass their lives in <span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span>such dreary solitudes
+it is difficult to conceive.... We, however, are very comfortable and
+well. We have large supplies with us, more than necessary, I think; but
+we can sell at Bamangwato what we do not want for nearly double what
+we gave for it at Maritzburg. This is the last place where there is a
+regular mail, though traders go from Bamangwato, and will take letters.
+The waggons make snug dwelling-houses. The mattress goes at the top of
+the things, and you have the canvas all round. You get in at the front,
+and let a canvas curtain down. There are canvas pockets at the sides,
+where you put what you want handy.</p>
+
+<p>“We have been exceedingly lucky with our oxen, as many people have lost
+nearly all they had from the epidemic which is raging in Natal. One
+man lost his whole span of eighteen. We have only lost three; partly,
+I think, because we haven’t hurried them. They have got poor, owing to
+the wretched grass on the high flats. They say, however, they fatten
+immediately they get into the bush veldt.</p>
+
+<p>“Pretoria is a miserable little place, though the capital of the
+Transvaal. The store-keepers are English, or Africanders (as the native
+whites are called).... The niggers are idle and insolent. It is said
+the only way to treat them is to thrash them well, and though we have
+never resorted to this, I have often felt inclined to do so. We have
+five with us—three Hottentots and two Kafirs. The Kafirs who are total
+savages are much better to get on with.... It seems odd that I have
+such a little<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span> to tell you about after so long an absence, but one day
+here is almost exactly like another, and the country hitherto the same
+day by day.”</p>
+
+<p>The travellers left Pretoria for Bamangwato on the 30th of June, and
+after three days’ trekking to the north-west, crossed the Crocodile
+River, keeping for some time afterwards at no great distance from
+its banks. “On leaving the waggon, to shoot,” writes Frank Oates
+on the 5th of July, “I rode up to the river, which is far the most
+beautiful thing I have yet seen in South Africa. Trees of various
+kinds—some resembling willows and oaks, the former in leaf, the latter
+bare—fringed the river’s banks, which are steep. Long grass and bush
+grew in the country round, and where we outspanned at breakfast there
+was some very fine grass, tall and drooping, with a tassel. Here too,”
+he concludes, “we got amongst plenty of birds, and to-day is the first
+that I have felt the country cease to be disappointing.”</p>
+
+<p>The following day the road again continued in close proximity to the
+river. The country was level and covered with trees like those in a
+fine park, none of them, however, very large. The Hex and Eland’s
+Rivers, tributaries to the Crocodile, were crossed near together the
+day after, and on the 12th a halt of twenty-four hours was made at
+Holfontein, a good watering-place upon the road, where many birds
+were met with, including parrots, doves, and hoopoes. Two days later
+the Crocodile, which had now for some time been lost sight of, again
+came in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span> view—a grand stream—and a fine blue distant mountain range
+stretched to the right and right rear. A halt of two or three days was
+made by the river’s bank, to give the oxen time to rest. Here buffalo,
+blue wildebeest, springbok, and other game was found, including wild
+pigs and pallah; and a little further north eland was met with, and
+many of the lesser antelopes. About this time the dews, which had
+hitherto been heavy, ceased altogether; possibly, in part, owing to the
+change of locality. The road now for some time again continued near the
+left bank of the Crocodile, until the 24th, when, soon after crossing
+the Notuani, another of its tributaries, the course of the river was
+finally abandoned, and on the 27th the blue tops of the Bamangwato
+“kopjes” (low hills) came in sight. The place itself was reached two
+days later.</p>
+
+<p>Here a short halt was again made for a few days, to engage fresh Kafirs
+and prepare for the continuation of the journey northwards. Owing to
+the want of water in the country between here and Lake Ngami, the part
+of the proposed expedition which included a visit to the lake had to
+be abandoned, Frank Oates resolving to proceed, if possible, direct to
+the Zambesi, the rest of the party accompanying him north as far as
+the Tati river in search of sport, to return thence by the same route
+as they had come. Mr. Gray, the trader, had arrived at Bamangwato a
+few days earlier, and decided to wait there till the rains should come
+before proceeding on his journey to the lake. The following<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span> extracts
+from letters, sent home about this time by Frank Oates and his brother
+from Bamangwato, give some further details of the journey up to this
+point, and of the future plans and arrangements of the party. W. E.
+Oates writes as follows on July 30th:—</p>
+
+<p>“We got here yesterday afternoon all right, though for the last four
+days there has been scarcely any water on the road. When we left the
+Crocodile River (on the 25th) we filled our water-casks, and the next
+night got to some brackish water, which the oxen drank. We trekked all
+the following day and half through the night, when we reached some
+water-pits made by the Kafirs, from which the water had to be ladled
+out in buckets for the oxen. We had then about 25 miles to go without
+water to get here, which took us two days, all through heavy sand,
+through which the oxen go about two miles an hour. This is a wretched
+place; an immense number of Kafir huts, and a few stores belonging to
+white men. The name of the place is Shoshong, and the king, Sekomi,
+lives here. He is a hideous old nigger, and this morning came down to
+our waggons, to beg coffee and sugar. He had about a dozen dirty old
+wretches with him, who carried jackals’ tails, and attend him whenever
+he goes in state. He jumped up on Frank’s waggon, and refused to depart
+until he had had some coffee given him, which Frank gave him to get rid
+of him. I offered him a bright green scarf I had, but after examining
+it carefully he returned it to me....</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span></p>
+
+<p>“This is a most uninteresting country—all thorns and sand. The whole
+way from Pretoria here it is thick bush, composed mostly of stunted
+thorn trees, whose thorns are white and about four inches long. We
+stayed four days on the Crocodile River, as our oxen wanted rest. The
+lions were roaring round the waggons at night, in hopes of getting at
+the oxen. We have the latter carefully tied up to the waggons at night,
+and two or three immense fires lighted, to keep them off.</p>
+
+<p>“It is impossible, we find, to get to Lake Ngami now, as there
+are a hundred miles to go through heavy sand without water to get
+there. Frank still thinks of going to the Victoria Falls, through
+Mosilikatze’s country, by way of the Tati River, and I intend to go as
+far as the Tati.... Every morning here lots of women go out to collect
+locusts, which swarm a short distance off, and are the only food the
+natives get now, as their crop of corn has failed, and they are half
+starving. They have a few little goats, but there is hardly any grass,
+and only one very small stream of water about two miles off.”</p>
+
+<p>Frank Oates also writes the same day as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>“You have, I hope, got our letters written from Pretoria, the capital
+of the Transvaal. Since then we have not come more than 250 miles,
+if as much, and have been about a month in doing it. Buckley and
+Gilchrist have accompanied us, making, with our waggons, three waggons
+in all, and I think we shall probably go on together for some time at
+any rate.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span> The present idea is for us all to go together to the Tati,
+a river marked in the recent maps, where gold is being found. From
+here I may go on to Mosilikatze’s Town, the residence of the King of
+the Matabele, in the north-east, and thence be able to get on to the
+Zambesi and Victoria Falls, though I hardly hope it now, on account of
+the lateness of the season.</p>
+
+<p>“The country we have passed through so far may be divided into two
+distinct regions—the high veldt and the bush veldt. The former I
+described in my last letter. At Pretoria we entered the second, and
+are still in it. The former is high land, covered with grass, and
+with scarcely a bush on it. The country since then has been covered
+with bush, and contains many fine rivers. The Crocodile (or Limpopo)
+is a really beautiful river, its banks covered with fine trees. The
+‘bush,’ as it is called, consists for the most part of smallish trees,
+most of which are thorny, with park-like glades here and there. In
+other places there is a great deal of thorny bush, through which you
+can hardly force your way. The great want here is water, the smaller
+streams being now dry, and in travelling it is often necessary to go
+many miles before reaching water. Still, the road is so well known that
+one can calculate almost to a certainty where and when to get water,
+and make a push when necessary, taking one’s time both before and after
+it. Water for our own use can be carried easily in our casks, and it is
+for the animals we have to travel<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span> quickly on such occasions. Meat is
+rather scarce, but we generally manage to get enough, and, with bread
+and porridge, coffee and sugar, make out very well. We shall be glad
+to get away from here, as it is difficult to get anything in the shape
+of food except what we have with us, and what Gray gives us. There
+has been a scarcity of corn this year, and the people are very hard
+pressed, living principally on locusts, which are brought in every day
+in immense sacks carried on people’s heads. We buy water of the women,
+which has to be brought some distance.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0190_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0190_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">LIMPOPO OR CROCODILE RIVER.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“This is a large town of Kafir huts. The people are of the Basuto
+branch. The king, Sekomi,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span> visited me this morning, and seating himself
+on the front-box of my waggon, commenced a conversation, which one
+of our drivers interpreted, the end of which was that he wanted some
+coffee and sugar. I gave him five pounds of gunpowder, worth fifteen
+shillings. He accepted it, and then returned it, asking for coffee
+instead. I then gave him two or three pounds of coffee, worth perhaps
+five shillings, which afforded him great satisfaction, and after
+thanking me he walked off in a stately manner, followed by his train,
+his right-hand man carrying the coffee in his robe of skin. During the
+interview the latter produced a huge sort of bodkin from a sheath, and
+extracted a thorn from Sekomi’s finger with the utmost gravity. There
+are a good many white men living here to trade, and also a missionary,
+on whom I intend to call.</p>
+
+<p>“I cannot more fully describe the country at present, or our journey.
+It has not the charm for me that the western world has, but I think
+further north there must be far more attractive scenery than anything
+we have yet encountered. The days are hot, though there is often a
+refreshing breeze. The thermometer is about 82° in the shade during
+the hottest part of the day, and one hot day in the sun it rose to
+100°. The nights are cold, and we have yet had no insect pests, but
+our animals are infested by ticks.... It is very annoying never to be
+able to get letters from home. Mr. Hathorn, of the Standard Bank at
+Pietermaritzburg, has promised to forward all letters sent to his care<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span>
+for us, and to assist us in every way he can. We found him most kind
+and obliging in every way in Pietermaritzburg.”</p>
+
+<p>On August 4th, the writer, still at Bamangwato, adds:—“Willie,
+Buckley, and Gilchrist have gone on. They started yesterday, and I
+intend to start to-morrow, and shall overtake them. I believe the
+prospects of the journey are very satisfactory. I have had a long talk
+to-day with Mr. Mackenzie, one of the missionaries here. He is a very
+nice fellow, and knows all the country well, and has written out for
+me a long list of the various watering-places on the road to the Tati
+and on to Mosilikatze’s. He is the author of a book called <i>Ten Years
+North of the Orange River</i>, and is now instructing some natives
+for missionary work—some six or eight, I think, living in a sort of
+college. The other missionary is a Mr. Hepburn, who gave a little
+service in his house yesterday. I am certain they will both do anything
+they can to help us.”</p>
+
+<p>Three years later, one of these missionaries, the Rev. John Mackenzie,
+left Shoshong for Kuruman, where suitable buildings had been erected by
+the London Missionary Society for the embryo theological institution
+he was at the time of the events now narrated conducting at the
+former place. His loss must have been felt by many, both travellers
+and others, to whom he was ever ready to lend a helping hand. On the
+present occasion, Frank Oates felt strongly sensible of what he owed
+him<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span> for his friendly aid and counsel, and some time later, after
+the traveller’s decease in 1875, it was again this gentleman’s good
+services and sympathetic words that first softened the sorrow of his
+friends at home when they received the unexpected intelligence of his
+death in the interior.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0220_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0220_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">SNUFF-BOXES MADE FROM GOURDS.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0222_map">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0222_map.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">Map of M<sup>R</sup>. F. OATES’S ROUTE from SHOSHONG to TATI</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">Drawn from his own observations</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center"><i>London: C. Kegan Paul &amp; Co.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">The journey resumed—Halt on the Seruli—Bushmen on the
+Gokwe—The Shashe—The Tati settlement—Adventure with a
+lion—W. E. Oates returns to the coast; particulars of his
+journey.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Frank Oates left Bamangwato on the 7th of August, and the following
+day joined his brother, who had been waiting for him a little way out
+of the town. In the evening the Makalapsi River was reached, where
+were a number of Dutchmen just returned from hunting on the Motloutsi,
+to the north of the Limpopo. They had got a number of rhinoceros,
+but no elephant. Continuing their journey the following morning, and
+subsequently crossing the Touani and Lotsani Rivers, the brothers
+reached the Palatswe River on the 12th. “The scenery here,” writes
+Frank Oates, “is very pretty. A row of low kopjes on the right, with
+large stones piled on one another, forms a natural terrace to the
+eastward, from which you look over a sea of green bush, with a few
+kopjes standing out from the midst.” Here goat’s milk was brought in a
+large tortoise-shell from a kraal somewhere near, and exchanged for a
+small piece of tobacco. Most of the natives carried guns, and game was
+scarce and wild.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span></p>
+
+<p>Starting again the ensuing evening, and continuing their journey during
+the following day, they arrived early on the morning of the 15th at
+the Seruli River, where a water-pit, sunk in the dry sandy bed of the
+river, was found for watering the oxen. Here were a party of natives,
+living in the bush, hunting. They were said to be Bushmen. One of
+their number, who came to the waggon the following day, looked very
+striking—a leopard-skin thrown gracefully over his well-formed person,
+and a necklace of large lavender beads round his neck. Four days were
+spent by the brothers at the Seruli, whence they proceeded on their
+journey on the evening of the 19th, making a halt about midnight. From
+this point Frank Oates’s Journal takes up the story for the next few
+days—till their arrival at the Shashe on the 24th—as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>August 20th.</i>—Have coffee, and hear the monotonous call of
+the night-hawk, as we rest and let the cattle feed. W. called my
+attention yesterday, at close of day, to another (a clucking) note,
+which he says proceeds from the hornbill. We have been living, whilst
+at the Seruli, on ostrich eggs. Fried with a little meal is the best
+way we have had them, or made into a pudding with maizena. They are
+strong, unless nicely cooked. Started again at 2.30 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>,
+and trekked for three hours. Horned moon and bright morning star in
+the east; horizon dark against the sky, already glowing with the pale
+orange of approaching morning, fading into the dark violet of the upper
+firmament. Notes of birds are heard.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span> What a loss not to be able to
+appreciate beautiful things, as must be the case with our men, and how
+much less they affect me even than they used to do, when I seemed to
+find the world more full of hope and high ends to be attained than it
+looks now.</p>
+
+<p>“Inspanned again about 8, and crossed the dry bed of a large stream,
+which continued to keep near the road on the right. It was full of
+sand, with plenty of bush and trees about it. Francolins abundant,
+also hornbills, and many other birds in numbers, so I think there
+must be water somewhere in it, or very near. Reached the Gokwe about
+noon, having gone nine miles. The trek was a slow one, and part of it
+being when the sun was getting high, the oxen were tired. Found good
+francolin shooting where we passed the last spur of the range along
+the river, and where we outspanned; sand-grouse coming to drink in
+the evening at the latter place. There was fresh giraffe spoor where
+we crossed the ‘spruit’<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> by the kopjes, and further on fresh lion
+spoor.... The people at the Gokwe are a sort of outcast race under the
+Basutos, called Bushmen. Men, women, and children came to the waggon.
+They have fine pack-oxen. They live in the bush, Hendrik says, having
+a sort of temporary abode near the bed of the river to the left of the
+road. They were ornamented with beads, and had on necklaces of blue
+cut ones and skins. They always ask for tobacco, making signs<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span> that
+they want snuff. They are hunting here. They brought ostrich eggs,
+exchanging them for a cheap knife, mirror, or handkerchief. I had great
+difficulty in buying an ostrich feather for about three or four pounds
+of lead. They wanted a whole bar, and on no other terms would bring
+more feathers.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>August 21st.</i>—Calm day, after a very windy night.... Started at
+7.15 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, and went about seven miles, crossing two spruits,
+and outspanned for the night about 11.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>August 22d.</i>—Cool morning. Trekked from 6.30 to 10
+<span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, the road twisting a good deal; say seven miles....
+Stopped to rest, and inspanned again about 4 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, the road
+now winding through stony crags, and numbers of kopjes appearing to
+our right, to our left, and in front. Going a fair pace. Crossed the
+dry bed of the Seribi, apparently a very large river. Deep descent,
+sand very heavy, banks of river picturesquely wooded. We had seen lots
+of fresh lion spoor on the road before crossing the Seribi, and on
+this side I see more. Delicious fragrance from a sort of sallow-like
+blossom. Later, approaching the Motloutsi, we saw large numbers of
+sand-grouse flying both towards us and the opposite way—to and from
+the water. Finished trekking about 7, but did not outspan till much
+later, as when we entered the broad bed of the Motloutsi we stuck
+in the deep sand, and made many fruitless efforts to get out before
+outspanning. There was a little pool of water at which the oxen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span> drank,
+and which the grouse resorted to. The sand around it was covered with
+feathers of birds.</p>
+
+<p>“Sunset scene very lovely. In the foreground, brown bushes. Two little
+violet kopjes appear against the sky, behind one of which the sun has
+set. A lovely rose hue, deepest around the position of the sun, is
+on the horizon; this fades into violet, and this again into a pale
+greenish blue. Some very small, clearly defined, deep violet clouds,
+edged with gold, stand out from the sky.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0270_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0270_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">DOUBLE-BANDED SAND-GROUSE.—<i>Pterocles bicinctus.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“<i>August 23d.</i>—Before daybreak the little sand-grouse were
+flying round, and a few settled to drink. I did not disturb them. The
+Motloutsi is a large river, with a very sandy bed, and here and there
+large rocks, and a twisting course. Hendrik says all these sandy rivers
+become dry or nearly so in winter. Both yellow and cream-coloured
+acacia<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span> blossoms very beautiful and sweet. Pleasant breeze where W.’s
+waggon is outspanned, mine being hot in the river-bed. Some people
+came here, but had neither eggs nor feathers for sale. As usual they
+carry muskets. It is a wonder they find anything to shoot, as they
+seem to be spread all over the country. At the Gokwe we were told that
+the Bamangwato hunters were hunting about in that district, but could
+get nothing. At this time of year the people seem to come out to hunt
+from all the kraals, leaving only those unfit for that work at home.
+A giraffe was killed near here by some Bushmen, who gave us meat in
+exchange for tobacco. When out this morning I saw some kind of melon,
+which at first looked like ostrich-eggs, growing by the river-bed—the
+kind, I think, which the oxen eat in times of drought.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>August 24th.</i>—Trekked for three hours, then rested, and
+started again at 11 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>... Reached the Shashe about two,
+and outspanned. We had come extremely slow; sun hot, sand heavy, road
+bad, bullocks tired. Ground broken and stony, and falling towards
+the Shashe. Many crags crop up around, and in front of us are some
+kopjes—Hendrik says where the Tati is. The Shashe is a very broad
+river, all deep sand, with water in one place where it has been dug
+for, both for cattle and people. We enlarge the hole (hard work under
+the heat of the sun), and let the cattle drink.... There is an old
+Bushman here, destitute and alone. He says the Mungwato men took his
+gun. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span> other side of the river, he says, is under Lobengula, this
+under Sekomi, and Hendrik says the Makalakas are not independent,
+all here belonging to the Matabele and Mungwato sovereignties. These
+Bushmen are, I suppose, the original inhabitants. Hendrik says they are
+slaves to the others. They certainly are outcasts. This man does not
+beg, takes what is given him, and lies naked with his head on a stone
+by the fire at night. He has no blanket.... Watched the Bushman make
+his fire with two sticks. He took off his sandals, placed a stick on
+one of them, and holding it firm with his foot, twisted the other stick
+rapidly between both hands, working it in a little hollow of the first
+stick, till black dust began to form. This soon turned red-hot, and
+there was fire like that in a pipe.”</p>
+
+<p>Continuing their journey on the 26th, the brothers reached the Tati
+the same evening, where a small English settlement of a few huts has
+collected round the gold mines, which are being worked by Sir John
+Swinburne. “There is nothing remarkable in the scenery here,” writes
+Frank Oates soon after their arrival; “a few kopjes only, with low
+scrub and trees. Everything is very much dried up. The river is broad,
+with deep sand in its bed. Yesterday Nelson<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> gave me a live fish,
+four or five inches long, something like a perch. He says they live in
+the sand now. Water is got by digging in the river’s bed.... The veldt
+where we are outspanned,” he concludes, “is quite ploughed up with the
+spoor<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span> of elephants which used to come here five years ago, and have
+been found quite near here since.”</p>
+
+<p>At this point Frank Oates and his brother remained a few days before
+separating, and on the 29th the former wrote home the following letter,
+giving some account of his future plans, and adding some particulars to
+his experiences above related:—</p>
+
+<p>“... When we left Bamangwato,” he writes, “whence I last wrote, Buckley
+and Gilchrist went on with W. I followed two or three days later,
+having been busy seeing people and making arrangements. I soon picked
+W. up, who was waiting for me, the others having gone on in advance—of
+course, as we thought, to Tati. We, however, met a trader with a note
+from Buckley saying they had turned off at the Seruli River.... We have
+been here now two or three days, and to-night Buckley and Gilchrist
+arrived, having abandoned their new route.</p>
+
+<p>“The road we have come crosses a number of sandy river-beds.
+These rivers are large streams in summer, but are now dry, except
+occasionally there is a little pool in some, or water may be sometimes
+obtained by digging. This tract of country through which we have come
+is called by the Dutch the ‘thirst land,’ and is now at its worst. On
+our return it will no doubt be easy enough to cross, but now it is hard
+work, especially for the oxen. We trek about three hours at a time,
+doing perhaps seven or eight miles in a trek. Generally two treks are
+enough in the twenty-four hours, one in the <span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span>morning and one in the
+evening, but in going through the ‘thirst’ we have to push on and trek
+as much by night as possible.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0301_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0301_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">TATI SETTLEMENT.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“I was in advance of W. when I reached the Shashe, and, as it happened,
+had then only one man, Hendrik, my black servant, with me; for my
+driver and his boy had decamped, though they afterwards returned—as
+of course they were likely to do—the same evening. They will not have
+their wages paid till they return to Maritzburg, and then not unless
+they have behaved properly, and they would have had a miserable time
+if they had actually deserted me. Hendrik can drive, and knowing, as
+I did, the hold I had on the others and the folly of giving way, I
+let them go, telling them the sooner they left me the better, and the
+result of this treatment proved satisfactory. The difference originated
+in the driver asking me for tobacco when I told him to inspan, and
+refusing to comply till I had supplied him, which of course I would
+not do, as I treat them quite liberally enough, and indeed too well.
+Hendrik was a little poorly at the time, but behaved very well, and we
+reached the Shashe, where we dug for water.</p>
+
+<p>“Being rather tired, we returned to the waggon after watering the oxen,
+without driving them away from the river first, which I know now we
+ought to have done on account of lions, but I have never yet thought it
+necessary to take such precautions except at night, when we tie them
+up and light fires. Soon after reaching the waggon I heard the loud
+cries of an ox in distress, and exclaiming<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span> to Hendrik that I thought
+a lion must be the cause, locked up my medicine chest, from which I
+was taking medicine for Hendrik, and seized my gun. Hendrik followed
+me, and we both ran to the river. As we peered over the bank, there
+we saw the ox, the largest and fattest in my span, lying in the grass
+at the bottom of the bank with a lion tearing him. He was only a few
+yards below me, and before I could distinguish the lion properly as it
+lay upon his prostrate form, the brute leapt off the ox and retreated
+across the river. I fired as he ran, and hit him hard, for he rolled
+over, and I ought to have given him the second barrel at once, but
+thinking him mortally wounded, I hesitated a moment, and in the next
+he had disappeared in the dry reeds. I did not like to follow him at
+once, and Hendrik would not accompany me, but tried to dissuade me from
+following him at all. However, in about half-an-hour I went in search
+of the brute, but never found it, and do not know what became of it.<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p>“I have yet been brought very little into contact with wild beasts, and
+have had few stirring incidents, but I have been pretty fully employed
+one way or another, and continue to persevere in my journey. I found on
+reaching here that it was too late to go to the Victoria Falls without
+risk of sickness, in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span> which case I had long before decided to travel
+in a north-easterly direction to Mosilikatze’s country, the country of
+the Matabele, over whom Lobengula, son of Mosilikatze, now reigns. I am
+told I shall see some very beautiful scenery on my way there, and I am
+now interested in pursuing my journey as far as I can. From here to the
+King’s Town they call six days, but it will probably take me more.</p>
+
+<p>“Here I have met two very nice fellows. One of them, Nelson, a Swede,
+is managing the mine of the Tati Gold Company. It is on a very small
+scale, and there are, I think, only seven white men here altogether.
+Brown, the other I refer to, has also some office connected with the
+mine, and keeps a store. They are both extremely kind, and willing
+to do anything to help one, and I expect to find more friends at the
+King’s Town—especially Mr. Thomson, the missionary, for whom I have
+a letter from Mr. Mackenzie, and another from Mr. Hepburn. I likewise
+carry the mail.</p>
+
+<p>“A flower is almost an unheard-of thing at present, everything
+being dried up; but the thorny shrubs (mimosas), with their yellow
+sweet-scented blossoms, are an exception, and a sign of approaching
+spring. The shrubs they grow on are covered with long sharp thorns,
+and there are no leaves on them, but blossoms are appearing. There is
+another kind with hooked thorns and whitish sallow-scented blossoms,
+which attain the size of a good-sized English fruit-tree. The thorns
+which defend nearly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span> every tree here are a great impediment in
+travelling through the bush.</p>
+
+<p>“The nights are now cool, though not so sharp as they were a while ago.
+The thermometer seldom falls much below 50°. It is coolest just before
+sunrise. At mid-day and in the afternoon it gets considerably above 80°
+in the shade, in fact I should set the point reached at nearer 90°. As
+I sit writing in my tent, I hear the engine working—an odd sound up in
+these remote regions.”</p>
+
+<p>Three days later, September 2d, W. E. Oates supplements this letter:—</p>
+
+<p>“I am just adding a line to the above, to leave it before I go. Frank
+left the day before yesterday, to go to the King’s Town. The king
+(Lobengula) is the great nigger chief here, and behaves very well to
+all white men. I am staying with Buckley and Gilchrist, and we are now
+going to the Shashani River, about five days’ journey. I think Frank
+will be all right. He has a Cape Colony black man with him, who knows
+this country well, and speaks excellent English.<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> He was up here
+with Sir John Swinburne, who owns the gold-mine, so I am not afraid for
+Frank if he takes care of himself....</p>
+
+<p>“The country here is regularly burnt up now, and will continue so till
+the rains fall in November. The river is nothing but a dry bed of sand,
+with a little pool of water in it about three miles off—the only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span>
+water near for miles. You may imagine the luxury of a bath, under such
+circumstances, out of the question. There are two men here who have
+been very kind, one sending us milk twice a day—and, I can assure you,
+milk is exceedingly scarce. The country is most uninteresting; nothing
+to see but thick bush, composed chiefly of low thorn-trees with immense
+spikes, which hold you fast if you get amongst them.</p>
+
+<p>“The only pleasant part of the day is from sunrise (about half-past
+six) to half-past eight. After that, the less you do the better until 5
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, when it is moderately cool again. At half-past six it is
+dark. The flies are a perfect plague all day, and get into everything.
+Towards the end of October there are some heavy thunder showers, and
+then summer begins, but the regular rains don’t fall until November.
+There are great numbers of hyænas and jackals, which prowl about the
+waggons all night. Last night one of Buckley’s oxen was ill, and the
+hyænas knowing it attacked him, and this morning we found they had
+actually eaten part of him alive. Of course the poor brute had to be
+shot. Unfortunately the hyæna escaped, though fired at by Buckley’s
+driver. The people are very glad when anybody shoots these animals,
+as they are constantly killing goats, and sometimes oxen. They are,
+however, so wary, that it is difficult to get them.</p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Nelson, the manager of the mine, lent us some newspapers up to the
+24th of May, the latest news we have seen from England. He also<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span> sent
+me a small bottle of beer, worth about five shillings here. Nelson is
+getting the king, Lobengula, some furniture from England, as he told
+the latter that a king ought not to sit on the ground. Lobengula’s
+country extends from here to the Zambesi, and he is an absolute despot,
+having the lives of all his people in his own hands. They say if one of
+the Matabele is found stealing from a white man he has him executed.”</p>
+
+<p>Soon after writing the above, W. E. Oates left Tati in company with
+Messrs. Gilchrist and Buckley, to hunt on the Semokwe River, where
+they had very good sport. Returning thence in due time to the coast,
+they took the same route as that by which they had travelled north,
+the change of season, however, from winter to summer producing,
+as they returned, a remarkable change in the entire aspect of the
+country. By the end of October they were back at Bamangwato, and
+reached Pietermaritzburg on the 2d of January. A few extracts from W.
+E. Oates’s letters, written as they proceeded, may here be read with
+interest. He writes first from Bamangwato on November 3d as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>“I arrived here with Buckley and Gilchrist about a week since, and
+shall probably make a start for Pretoria to-night. The spring has now
+commenced, and the grass is beginning to grow. There have been heavy
+thunderstorms, and the lightning is wonderful, never ceasing for a
+moment during the storms. The heat also is very great.... There has
+just been a row here. The old chief’s eldest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span> son has left the place,
+and nearly the whole of Mungwato went with him. The chief himself,
+Sekomi, is still here, and often comes down to the waggons begging. He
+got quite drunk the other night, and tumbled under my waggon. We had to
+see him home. He thinks his son means to kill him. He himself killed
+two or three of his own brothers when he came to be chief, but his two
+eldest sons are both Christians, and Mackenzie thinks Sekomi is in
+no danger from them.... There are some nice flowers of the lily sort
+sprung up since the rain began, but very few flowers of other kinds
+yet. The rains, however, have only just commenced, and we shall have
+all the summer heat going down.”</p>
+
+<p>Again, from Pretoria, he writes on December 5th:—</p>
+
+<p>“I got here on the 2d instant, and great was my delight on
+receiving letters from home—the first I have had since leaving
+Pietermaritzburg.... It seems quite strange to be in a civilized place
+again. It is very pretty here now, just the height of summer. We are
+indulging in fruit and vegetables, eggs and milk, to all of which we
+have long been strangers. The peaches are hardly ripe yet, but apricots
+are to be bought for a shilling a hundred.... In coming from Mungwato
+we had to stop a week at the Meriko, as the river was very high with
+the rains and we couldn’t cross. I had some thoughts of taking my
+waggon in pieces, and floating the things across on rafts, but the
+water kept subsiding,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span> and at last we got over, the water only just
+taking the oxen off their feet. In dry weather there is hardly any
+water, but after the rains the river gets tremendously swollen, and
+there are very steep banks. Whilst waiting there Dawnay<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> came up
+with two waggons. He has been out two years, and been to the Victoria
+Falls. He says it would be worth walking from Durban to see them. He
+showed me some little sketches he had made, but said it was almost
+impossible to draw on account of the flies. The tsetse-fly, which kills
+everything except men, wild beasts, and donkeys, swarms there, and
+bites so furiously that your hands and face are puffed up in no time.
+He describes the scenery on the Zambesi as lovely.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0380_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0380_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">BOERS’ FARMS, CROCODILE RIVER.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p>
+
+<p>“The country is much prettier now than it was when we went up. The
+grass has sprung up and is quite green, and all the trees are in
+leaf. The Transvaal, from the Crocodile River here, is beautiful. All
+along the banks of the river are farms, belonging to the Dutch Boers,
+surrounded with orange and peach trees. At most of these you can now
+get milk, butter, and eggs. We have had heavy thunderstorms, which,
+seen at night, are most gorgeous; lightning all round, all colours, and
+darting in all directions at the same moment. It is just like a display
+of fireworks. It is much cooler now than we have lately had it, the
+thermometer seldom being above 90° in the shade, and the last few days
+there has been a nice breeze.</p>
+
+<p>“My Kafir driver, who came up with me from Maritzburg, ran away
+when we were staying at the Meriko, and Bell and I had to drive the
+waggon down here. Fortunately they are very good oxen, so there has
+been no difficulty, and I have managed to get another driver here.
+Bullock-driving is quite a business in itself, and a very difficult
+thing in the bush with refractory beasts. This fellow, Solomon, stole
+a horse which we had found straying. It belonged to the old chief at
+Mungwato, and when I was going to hand the horse over to a Dutchman,
+whom Sekomi had authorised to take charge of the horse if he found him,
+Solomon went to the waggon where he was tied up, jumped on him, and
+galloped away. He will probably be caught, as the horse is well known.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span></p>
+
+<p>“A ‘salted,’ or seasoned, horse is worth a great deal, as there is a
+sickness in the bush which is generally fatal to horses which are not
+‘salted.’ It commences when the rains begin to fall. I much regretted
+losing my little horse. I was told, when I got him, he was salted, but
+he died after a few hours’ illness. There is no cure known for it. He
+was looking beautiful; his coat shone like satin, and he was getting
+quite fat with the young grass and some corn which I got for him at
+Mungwato. The oxen are thriving tremendously, and, since the grass has
+grown, from wretched skeletons they have become regular Tichbornes.</p>
+
+<p>“I shall write to you again from Maritzburg, if there is a ship sailing
+before I go, for I expect I shall have to stay a fortnight or three
+weeks there, to sell the waggon, oxen, etc.... I mean to trek to-night
+when the moon gets up. We get into the high veldt now, where there is
+no bush. My waggon looks very seedy, the cover torn in many places by
+mimosa bushes, and the paint worn off. It is infested with beetles, and
+occasionally a lizard or scorpion is detected. Ants, too, occasionally
+pay me visits, to which I greatly object, as they bite uncommonly hard
+in this country. At night, if you are outspanned near water and have
+a lanthorn in the waggon, the candle is put out by numberless little
+beetles which creep in; and the frogs literally yell all night long. It
+is very pretty to see the fire-flies.”</p>
+
+<p>On January 2d, as already stated, W. E. Oates<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span> reached
+Pietermaritzburg, where he found the heat very intense. Three weeks
+later he sailed from Durban, accompanied by Mr. Gilchrist, and landed
+in England early in the following March.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0410_ill" style="max-width: 457px">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0410_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">SOUTH AFRICAN WART HOG.—<i>Phacochærus
+æthiopicus.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Frank Oates proceeds to the King’s Town—Crosses the
+Ramaqueban—Dutch hunters on the Impakwe—The Inkwesi;
+picturesque scenery—John Lee’s farm—Manyami’s kraal—The
+Shashani—Fine country—Kumala River.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Returning now to follow Frank Oates’s journey to the King’s Town,
+Gubuleweyo, we find the greater portion of his route described at some
+length in his Journal. Leaving the Tati, as has been mentioned, on
+the 31st of August, and advancing slowly, he crossed the Ramaqueban,
+Impakwe, and Inkwesi Rivers, and reached John Lee’s farm on September
+6th. This John Lee is a noted Dutchman, who farms a large tract of
+country under the king. From here proceeding after a night’s rest
+on his journey, he was detained four days at Manyami’s kraal, a few
+miles further on, till leave had been obtained for him from the king
+to complete the distance, Gubuleweyo being reached by the middle of
+September. The Journal of this period is as follows:—</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0421_map">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0421_map.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center"> Map of M<sup>R</sup>. F. OATES’S ROUTE from TATI to the UMGWANYA
+RIVER</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">Drawn from his own observations</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">London: C. Kegan Paul &amp; Co.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“<i>August 31st.</i>—... Left Tati in the evening. About midnight,
+whilst trekking, Hendrik calls me, saying that the bullocks which are
+being driven can’t be got on, but keep going into the bush. <span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span>‘Donker’
+and ‘Wildeman,’ too (the little red wild ox), are getting tired.
+This is miserable work, and I wish I had brought more bullocks from
+Mungwato, as I could so well have done, and a far lighter waggon. It
+is a mild, pleasant, breezy night, and as we outspan, and ‘Rail’ and
+‘Rock’ come up in their couples, I am reminded of our first trekking on
+the high veldt, when we were together in force, starting with a good
+equipment and high hopes. This is an open space where we outspan, with
+long grass.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 1st.</i>—Mild, cloudy morning.... I had been much
+discouraged by the oxen being so tired last night, and this morning
+was pleased to find ourselves arrive at the Ramaqueban River at least
+an hour sooner than I had hoped. Petersen’s waggon was on the opposite
+side.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> However, we stuck in the drift. Poor ‘Weiman,’ with his blind
+eye, was in front, and proved awkward, and little ‘Vinal’ lay down.
+Petersen, however, sent his driver and two good oxen, and we came out
+easily and had breakfast. Here some Dutchmen squatted last season to
+hunt, and took the fever—men, women, and children. Petersen says about
+half-a-dozen of them died. He thinks it was in January. The trees along
+the river’s bed show a faint budding of green, as I have now seen for
+some time. The girl who came with us to Tati was travelling on with
+Petersen, and her brother had come on with us last night to join her.
+The cool breeze to-day was very pleasant. Petersen’s boys had dug for
+water. Petersen went on,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span> as he usually makes one short trek during the
+day. I followed in the evening, and shortly after midnight crossed the
+drift of the Impakwe and outspanned. There seems plenty of water in
+the river. Barking of dogs; encampment of Dutch hunters. Petersen had
+turned in. Part of this trek was through a somewhat sandy country, but
+on the whole we are on a much firmer road than we were before reaching
+Tati. Pitched into marmalade; it is wonderful how much one enjoys
+such things here, where the coffee is without milk, the bread without
+butter, and the meat dry as chips.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 2d.</i>—Pleasant breeze. Petersen called me. I find I
+am likely to have great luck. Here lives the Dutchman whose family
+suffered so much from fever on the Ramaqueban. He has built a straw
+hut, cool, roomy, and snug, with a higher entrance than the Kafir huts,
+but shaped like them. His wife and family are with him, his eldest
+married daughter, and members of the next generation. He has cattle
+and goats, does his own blacksmith’s work, and hunts. They go as soon
+as the unhealthy season begins to John Lee’s. They intend, in four
+years I think, to return to their farm on the Meriko. Petersen acted
+as interpreter, and it is arranged that I wait for the Dutchman, who
+intends going to-morrow in my direction to get wood and hunt. He will
+lend me some oxen. I believe it is nothing but the brackish water,
+especially the Seruli water, that has made such a mess of my oxen. The
+Dutchman says there is plenty of game along<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span> the road.... Noticed when
+out in the afternoon, and we crossed the river-bed, how easily the
+water rose, when one of the boys scooped out a hole with his hands;
+very different from the dry river-beds the other side Tati.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 3d.</i>—Morning felt very chilly. Breakfast on
+‘biltong’<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> and butter; the fresh butter excellent. We branded
+and left ‘Rondeberg,’ ‘Engeland,’ and ‘Vinal.’ The Boer put twelve
+of his bullocks into my waggon, eight of mine in his, and ‘Donker,’
+‘Wildeman,’ and ‘Spot’ were driven.... Trekked about twelve miles, from
+the Impakewe to the Inkwesi River, and outspanned about 6 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 4th.</i>—Cup of coffee, and went out about 8
+<span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, I and the old man riding, his son walking ahead, and
+two of their men (Makalakas) accompanying us.... I do not admire the
+Matabele particularly. They are independent-looking and well made, but
+I do not like their countenances. The day following there were a great
+many about the waggons, attracted by the flesh. They eat like dogs,
+greedily. Beyond this river, which the Dutchman calls Makobi’s, there
+was a tribe of Mungwato people massacred some thirty or forty years ago
+by the Matabele; Makobi, the chief, being amongst the slain. They were
+killed—men, women, and children—to obtain possession of their land. A
+few only escaped.</p>
+
+<p>“The scenery about our camp is picturesque. The kopjes rise abruptly,
+and the river has steep<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span> craggy banks. There is an approach here to
+American scenery. What a wonderful difference is made in one’s feelings
+by the constant impression caused by fine scenery! South Africa is
+sadly dull and monotonous, and I believe the influence is a bad one,
+and the loss of scenery has a depressing effect on the spirits; one’s
+imagination is never called into play.... I still admire the scenery,
+as we ride along home amongst the kopjes by the river. Here and there
+the large fleshy-leaved shrub,<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> standing boldly out amongst the bare
+crags, is very striking. There is something here which might remind one
+a little of Central America, but somehow the charm is wanting.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 5th.</i>—... Inspanned at 7 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, and crossed
+the river. Stony and deep descent and ascent, with very deep sand; very
+hard work. I feel deeply indebted to the Dutchmen, who not only helped
+us through it—the young fellow driving, and the old one helping—but,
+having lent us four oxen for the journey, sent for some more, to help
+us through this drift, after which they say all is right. Lovely moon
+as we trekked, but after all it is South Africa, and one cannot feel
+poetical. Picturesque kopjes on either side the road; the scenery,
+however, not so striking as it was almost beginning to be at Makobi’s.
+Outspanned at 10.30 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, having gone about six miles.
+Excellent supper on wildebeest steak, fried.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 6th.</i>—Dark cloudy morning, with a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span> little rain.
+Started at 7 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, and trekked six miles. The country where
+we stopped had been much burnt, and looked very desolate, with bare
+ground and bare trees, but there was a fine cool wind and a cloudy sky.
+I could fancy it a sea breeze. They say at the king’s place you get the
+sea breeze. Started again at 12.30 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> Here one enters on a
+bit of really fine rugged country. Out of the level, scantily covered
+with dry brown grass and with a thick growth of leafless trees (small
+for the most part), rise huge boulders, so piled on one another, with
+here and there a huge stone so nicely balanced on the top, that one
+wonders how they ever got there. We are in a populous country, strings
+of people carrying things on the road. Outspanned at 2.30 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>
+Here the Dutchman, Smith, had been located, as there is a straw house,
+and water, the road crossing a spruit. Here, too, is John Lee’s first
+kraal. People come round the waggon to beg meat. One is a warrior,
+handsomely adorned with black ostrich feathers and white ox-tails. Went
+on again at 5 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, the ground rising a little. Then as we
+descend a range of kopjes appears in front. In about an hour a pretty
+white farm is seen to the right, towards which the road winds, and the
+wild view makes the farm seem to welcome one.</p>
+
+<p>“Lee came to meet me, and asked me in. He is a fat, red-faced man; his
+wife very young. His house had an air of comfort, and some luxury about
+it, owing to some handsome leopard karosses on couch and chairs. There
+was a picture, too, by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span> Baines, of Lee shooting three elephants. The
+horse here represented, which I think cost him £100, was the making
+of him, he tells me. Lee was a Transvaal Boer, but speaks English. He
+was about five years hunting. I had supper with him, and a long chat
+afterwards. Garland, he says, lost seven unsalted horses, and had to
+send for two salted ones. A good salted horse costs £100. Lee described
+how his old favourite used to snuff when game was near, and when it
+was elephant his manner was unmistakable. He has tried donkeys in the
+tsetse-fly country, but the fly has always killed them. He says all
+horses, with scarcely an exception, must have the sickness, but he has
+known an exception. This, however, does not apply to stock bred of
+salted parents, which often live and never have the sickness. This is
+better, as the sickness breaks a horse down.</p>
+
+<p>“Lee has just sold twelve red oxen—Africanders, with white faces—for
+£100, unwillingly. His other oxen are all in the hunting veldt. He
+has, however, let me have Smith’s as far as Manyami’s, with a boy
+to bring them back. I think he calls it ten miles to Manyami’s, and
+from his (Lee’s) house to the King’s fifty odd miles. He says he saw
+some eland to-day, but game is not plentiful just here. However, it
+is worse along the road to the King’s, as kraals abound. Lee does not
+wish to have kraals near him, and the king does not permit any to be
+made in his neighbourhood. Most of the hunters, he says, make a great
+deal of money, but spend their money as fast as they get it, saying,
+‘There is more ivory where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span> this came from.’ Lee himself was careful.
+His place, he says, is very healthy, and it has got so good a name
+that in unhealthy times people stay about here, and it has been like
+a town, so that he opened a store. He is trying peaches, apricots,
+and pomegranates. Potatoes grow well here, and he is seldom without
+vegetables. He is trying several wild fruits. He has always water in
+the spruit close by, and waters by hand. He showed me a small wild
+grape.</p>
+
+<p>“Lee tells me that a lion may often be stopped by throwing your hat at
+him, when you may have time to shoot. He says an elephant gun should
+never be longer than 27 inches (25 is better), nor weigh over 9 lbs.
+He shoots 8 drams of powder, and an 8 to the lb. ball. The recoil is
+avoided by the barrel being strong, and nearly as thick at muzzle as at
+breech. His clothing in hunting is as light as possible; veldt schoen,
+and he says not even a shirt if he could help it. He carries needles
+and thread in his hat.</p>
+
+<p>“For trading with the Matabele he recommends white, blue, and, I think,
+red beads. Selampore is much liked, or strips of coloured calico.
+Beads, he says, seem going out, and printed calico being preferred.
+The Matabele country, he says, was formerly under a queen. There were,
+I think, other queens before. An old man has told him the traditions,
+which he possesses. A famine caused the people to break up; then
+Kafirs came and conquered the country. Mosilikatze came next, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span>
+conquered these first Kafirs. Makobi’s were Mungwato people, but the
+old inhabitants of the Matabele country were a distinct race with a
+distinct language. The Bushmen have nothing to do with either. They
+seem an altogether different race, speaking a different language, and
+seem, Lee says, to be scattered all over the country of South Africa, a
+race apart from the regular inhabitants, and having no connexion with
+them.</p>
+
+<p>“Lee has a young sable antelope, which goes with the cattle, about a
+year old. It is a rich deep chestnut colour. Lee says they get darker
+every year, till they become black. He once had a young elephant for
+some days; perhaps nine months old. He describes it as having been a
+most sensible and amusing pet. When first taken he made it put its
+trunk under his arm, and after smelling him, it was satisfied and
+became friendly. It always first smelt at strangers before making
+friends, and if once repulsed would not be friendly afterwards. It
+would climb in at the back of the waggon, and out at the front by the
+wheels, and was accompanying the waggon when it died from diarrhœa,
+caused by improper food. It would pick up a pin or a needle, placing it
+first with its foot at the right angle for its trunk to grasp, and then
+hold it up and examine it with wonderful sagacity. It was excessively
+mischievous, and would upset everything. It could not bear to be left
+alone for a moment, and would cry like a child in such a case. The
+company even of a little child would content it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span></p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 7th.</i>—Breakfast with Lee; dinner also. One of his
+boys caught some barbel and a curious-looking fish in the river.
+Talked with Lee, and afterwards saw his garden. Inspanned about 8
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, and soon crossed a river with sand and reeds, and a
+good deal of water in its bed. It was a fine moonlight night, the road
+winding through picturesque kopjes. Went about six miles, and then
+halted for the night.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 8th.</i>—Started at 7 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, and went four
+miles through flat land, with but few trees, and hemmed in by craggy,
+bush-covered kopjes. Came in sight of cultivated land and natives, and
+reached Manyami’s kraal at 9 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span> The country here is really
+pretty, and presents a pleasing variety to the eye. The ground is open
+mostly, and covered with long yellow grass; here and there groups of
+trees, some of a very fair size, some bare, some brown, and a few green
+or in blossom. Large stones crop up from the ground, and everywhere
+rugged kopjes rise round us.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0520_ill1">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0520_ill1.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">MANYAMI.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0520_ill2">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0520_ill2.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">MANYAMI’S ATTENDANT.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“Soon after our arrival Manyami came, attended by another old fellow,
+each in a shabby old hat, and vying with each other in squalor and
+dirt. He refused firmly to send to the king till to-morrow, saying
+the king had not sent for <i>me</i>, but I had come of my own accord,
+and must not be in a hurry; the oxen could feed and rest. I gave him
+a bar of lead. Two messengers were to be sent, and I wrote a note to
+Fairbairn for oxen, and the boy was directed to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span> bring them back.<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>
+Manyami insisted on their being paid beforehand, and intimated that
+they might not carry out their message properly unless I paid them. I
+was angry at their exorbitance, one demanding two coils of wire; to the
+other I gave half a bar of lead. The old fellow hung about begging.
+Women brought mealies and Kafir corn. Milk and beer were also brought,
+and I told them to bring Kafir corn meal next day, which they did,
+but were very fanciful in their demands, one wanting beads, another
+must have brass wire, another a handkerchief, and so on. I find they
+don’t care for mirrors; look at themselves, and are highly amused, but
+refuse them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span> as payment. Common knives are likewise refused, but gun
+caps taken eagerly. They like printed calico better than white, which
+they affect to despise. The outcry was for long strips of coloured
+stuff, and they preferred the quarter of two handkerchiefs (i.e. half
+a handkerchief in quantity), cut lengthwise, to one whole one. Stayed
+about waggon all day. Pitched tent, and got things out.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 9th.</i>—The night had been very mild. Old Manyami came
+bothering early. In the course of the day he kept on coming, and I gave
+him twenty gun caps. Wonder of wonders, he afterwards presented me with
+a pumpkin, and I felt less hostile to the old creature. He is really a
+miserable-looking, ugly, and filthy creature. Stayed about waggon again
+to-day.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 10th.</i>—Early breakfast, and then out with the Kafirs
+to shoot. One carried my ten-bore, one led the dogs, which I am taking
+out to help to hunt. Went in a north-easterly direction, through very
+fine picturesque kopjes, with blue distant ranges; the grass long
+and yellow, and the trees grouped prettily; some kopjes with craggy
+tops, and partially covered with evergreens, others showing more of
+their stony formation. A good many trees are covered with bunches of
+cream-coloured blossoms something like ‘May,’ but have no leaves. They
+remind me a little of ‘snow-balls.’ Here and there we see a tree whose
+leaves are brown or scarlet with decay. In places where the grass has
+been burnt, fresh green blades are springing. There are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span> numbers of
+little burns here with moist oozy banks, and in many places with water
+in them, that I suppose find their way to the Shashani. We had to go
+through a burning patch of country. The flames appeared orange-red, and
+presented a rather formidable phalanx, writhing in the wind, and with
+wreaths of dun-coloured smoke rising from them, which indeed filled
+the air with lighter clouds of the same colour, here and there the
+wreaths appearing bluish, whilst a dusky haze hung over the horizon.
+As the flames devoured the yellow grass, they left a blackened track
+behind. The trees, however, seem to escape; some in blossom, some in
+autumnal tints, but the greater portion leafless.... One of the boys
+who came to the waggon had a charm of bone suspended from his breast.
+It consisted of four pieces of bone, carved and strung together. By
+them he professes to foretell what luck will befall a hunter or any
+one else. They are unstrung and shaken in the hand, and then thrown
+on the ground. The person going to hunt must spit on the ground, and
+as he throws he must say, ‘My gun! may I shoot something.’ The bones,
+as they are hung, appear about the size and shape of a swallow-tail
+butterfly. I like the Matabele better than I did. They are good-natured
+and jovial, and seem to understand a joke. There were great firings and
+noises at the kraal in the evening, in honour, it appears, of a man
+returned from the diamond-fields.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 11th.</i>—Fair, pleasant, windy day. Eight oxen and a
+note from Fairbairn, who says I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span> have missed a dance at Gubuleweyo.
+The king says I am to come and make haste. A letter from Gubuleweyo to
+forward to the Tati excites more exorbitant demands for payment. Two
+boys must take it, and each have a pannikin of powder. Manyami said he
+must see the powder before he would send the boys. Great noises at the
+kraal again to-night.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 12th.</i>—Manyami brought a small elephant tusk for
+sale, weighing a little over a pound, and asked five coils of wire
+for it. I offered him two, which he accepted. He is an extremely ugly
+little old man, and simply filthy. Packed the waggon and started at
+11 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, the road winding amongst kopjes. We crossed several
+spruits, and stopped at the Shashani River about 1 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> Beans
+and guinea-fowl for dinner. Dick went back to look for screw-jack, and
+we lost a trek in consequence.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 13th.</i>—Inspanned at 3 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>; most villainous
+jolting. Really fine country here; kopjes on every side, rising into
+fine crags, with huge stones strewed on the ground. In the distance
+more ranges of kopjes are to be seen, becoming blue against the
+horizon; and though the kopjes themselves are too stony to give growth
+to many trees, trees intervene. One could make a picture here. Country
+a good deal burnt in places, and fresh grass springing up green.
+Later in the day, after a long rest, we went through ordinary flat
+bush veldt, and then through an open undulating country, covered with
+yellow grass; a few trees and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span> detached kopjes in the distance. Passed
+several kraals, and went through mealie stubble-fields, fenced from
+the waggon-track by branches rudely stuck in the ground. A crowd of
+Kafirs, making a fearful noise, appeared, and accompanied the waggon
+to where we were going to outspan, so we went on a little further past
+the kraal. There was a perfect Babel. A few men came after us when
+we had halted—swarthy fellows, with splendid teeth. One had a fine
+leopard-skin he was anxious to sell; others a wooden dish, beans,
+Kafir corn, tobacco, and beer. The men’s head-dresses were various and
+becoming. One man we passed had on a skull-cap of spotted tiger-cat
+skin, with feathers sticking out behind like eagles’ or pauws’. Others
+wore round masses of feathers (one was of guinea-fowls’) nearly as big
+as their heads, and one had a jackal’s tail sticking straight up over
+his forehead. They were not at all an unpleasant-looking or unfriendly
+set, though noisy and forward.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0560_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0560_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">FEATHER HEAD-DRESS.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“<i>September 14th.</i>—Fine bright morning; clear sky. Two hours’
+trekking brought us to Kumala<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span> River, now dry, which we crossed,
+outspanning a mile or two further on. The country here is open,
+park-like, and undulating, extending away in a nearly level plain to
+the right. After we had stopped, a number of impudent Kafirs crowded
+round the waggon. One made a fearful row, at last coming to entreaties,
+saying we had set the veldt on fire.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0570_ill" style="max-width: 418px">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0570_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">HEAD-DRESS OF ZEBRA-SKIN AND FEATHERS.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“Starting again at 4 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, we next went over rising ground,
+the country getting very clear of timber, and at half-past six stopped
+at a small spruit with water in it, having crossed two previously.
+A long, dry, treeless plain here stretched before us, with kopjes
+rising into ranges against the horizon. It seems the spruit we are now
+outspanned at is the head-waters of a river flowing into the Limpopo,
+and where we were outspanned this morning is the head-waters of Kumala
+River, which flows into the Zambesi.”</p>
+
+<p>The day afterwards a short trek of about three miles brought the
+traveller to the King’s Town, as related in the ensuing chapter.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Arrival at Gubuleweyo—Interview with the King—Start
+for the Zambesi—Hope Fountain—Inyati—Difficulty of
+obtaining bearers—The Zambesi abandoned—Hunting expedition
+on the Umvungu and Gwailo Rivers—Experiences of a
+half-caste—Birds’ nests—The indunas’ tree—Hunting—A lunar
+eclipse—Return to Gubuleweyo—Wild fruit.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The account of Frank Oates’s present stay at Gubuleweyo, and his first
+impressions of the town and its inhabitants, taken from his Journal,
+is somewhat scanty. This was one of those more striking episodes in
+the journey, which needed no written record to impress their details
+upon his mind, and the narrative of which in this, as in other similar
+instances, is consequently the most wanting, where the reader would
+naturally expect and desire to find it the fullest. The account, such
+as it is, of his arrival at the town, and the first two days spent
+there, is taken as follows from his Journal:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 15th.</i>—Another trek of about an hour and a half
+brought us, about 9 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, to Gubuleweyo. There is not much
+timber as the kraal is approached. The scene is picturesque but
+desolate, the road winding and steep. Some of the peculiar-looking
+trees<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> are here of great size. Strings of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span> women were carrying
+vessels of water on their heads as we arrived. It was bitterly cold,
+and there was both wind and rain. Fairbairn and a number of others were
+standing about the kraal. Petersen was there, and introduced me. They
+asked me in, and I drew up my waggon to Fairbairn’s ‘scherm,’<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> and
+had breakfast with them. Fairbairn and Petersen took me to the king,
+whom I called on out of compliment, telling him that I had not yet
+unpacked my waggon—a hint that I should have a present for him. He was
+very gracious, and placed meat and plates before me, and inquired what
+sport I had had coming up, noticing the dilapidated state of my dress.
+I was going out of the hut legs first, when he pulled me back and made
+me go head first. He sent me to look at his new house, of which he is
+very proud. It is being built of brick by an Englishman.</p>
+
+<p>“In the afternoon Fairbairn and I rode over to see Mr. Thomson, the
+missionary. He will act as interpreter if I wish, but does not think
+it necessary. As we returned at sundown, we met a party of natives.
+They were Umtegan’s troop, returning from an ‘impey,’ or raid, with
+cattle taken from the Mashonas, a tribe not altogether subject to the
+king, though a part of them are. Umtegan was in European clothes, and
+on horseback. They stopped to go through the exercise of certain rites
+before<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span> entering the town. They had only a few hundred bullocks with
+them. Lately some thousands were brought in by an impey of a similar
+kind. At supper I had a young lion to pet; it belongs to the king,
+and roams about amongst the traders. There is a waggon at Fairbairn’s
+made at Beverley, in Yorkshire, which was brought out here in separate
+pieces, and fitted together afterwards. Fairbairn says it is a capital
+one. The poor man who brought it from England died before landing.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 16th.</i>—Took the king my present—a central fire shot
+gun with ammunition. As I approached, with men carrying it, he took me
+by the hand and led me to a waggon, and sat on the ‘dissel-boom.’<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a>
+We all sat on the ground. He was much pleased with the gun, and thanked
+me. The men with me would ask for beer, and he sent us to his sister
+for it. She was lying on a rug at her hut door, and I was introduced.”</p>
+
+<p>It was now ascertained from those here who knew most about the matter,
+that it was not even yet considered too late to reach the Zambesi
+that season, by taking a more direct route from this place, to be
+accomplished for the most part on foot, instead of proceeding along the
+usual trade route by way of Tati, which is available for waggons, but
+a good deal further round from the King’s Town. On hearing this, Frank
+Oates at once determined to try and reach the river by the shorter road
+that season, and the remainder of the time he spent on this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span> occasion
+at Gubuleweyo was chiefly occupied in obtaining information for the
+expedition, and making the necessary arrangements for it. The early
+part of the journey could be accomplished with the waggon and oxen;
+after that it would be necessary to go on foot.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 24th of September he accordingly started with
+his waggon, remaining the night with Mr. Thomson, the missionary, at
+Hope Fountain, a short distance from the kraal. The night was very
+close,—the first which had been so,—and on the following evening,
+after they had trekked some miles from Mr. Thomson’s in the direction
+of Inyati to the north-east, there was heavy rain and wind, accompanied
+by thunder and lightning. This rain, the first there had yet been,
+was said to be earlier than usual in its commencement by about two
+months. The other conditions, however, of the projected journey to the
+Zambesi, all of them, still appeared favourable. It was the traveller’s
+long-cherished desire at least to reach the Zambesi, and see the Falls,
+if he found it inexpedient on the present occasion to cross the river
+and penetrate into the less known territory to the northward. But there
+were difficulties, not only of climate, but from the obstructiveness
+of native character, to be encountered, and endless was the opposition
+which he met with from the latter cause. Four distinct attempts did he
+make at various times from this date to reach the river, and in each
+of the first three was he destined to disappointment.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span> His present
+effort, made in September, was the first of these; his fourth and
+last attempt was made at the end of the succeeding year, nor was it
+till the last day of 1874 that he actually beheld the white spray of
+the great cataract breaking through the trees upon the river’s bank.
+That effort truly was rewarded with success, yet a success how dearly
+purchased—with his life!</p>
+
+<p>Before leaving Hope Fountain, to resume the journey, he wrote home the
+following letter to his mother:—</p>
+
+<p class="smcap r2 p1">“Mr. Thomson’s, near Gubuleweyo,</p>
+
+<p class="r4 p-min">”<i>September 25th, 1873</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“You will, no doubt, have more recent news from Willie than from me.
+I left him with Buckley and Gilchrist at the Tati, meditating a short
+journey in the neighbourhood before leaving, and came on myself to the
+King’s Town, Gubuleweyo, the site, or somewhere near the site, of the
+place marked in the maps as Mosilikatze’s Town. Mosilikatze was the
+father of the present king, and conquered this country. The name of the
+nation is the Matabele, which is always shown in the maps. The former
+inhabitants of the country were divided into various nations, but it
+is all called the Matabele country now from the name of its powerful
+owners. The country reaches to the Zambesi, and produces a great deal
+of ivory and ostrich feathers. There are a good many white men at
+Gubuleweyo, trading. Mr. Fairbairn, a young Scotchman, is my agent
+there.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span></p>
+
+<p>“I cannot give you a detailed account of my stay of nine days at the
+King’s Town. It is really to a stranger a most curious place. The king,
+Lobengula, lives in royal state. He is absolute monarch, and feared
+and obeyed far and wide. The people inhabiting the country we have
+passed through in coming here are altogether of an inferior race. At
+Bamangwato there is a king, but he is thought nothing of. I called on
+‘Bengula, accompanied by Fairbairn, the day I arrived here, and found
+him the picture of a savage king, just as one might have imagined, and
+coming quite up to the standard. The day I first saw him he was nearly
+naked, and lying on a skin inside his hut, to enter which you have
+to crawl in on your hands and knees through a little aperture in the
+front; in fact it is like a beehive entrance. He took me by the hand,
+and placed meat before me, and asked a few questions about my journey.
+I told him I should come again next day. Of course I had to make him a
+present, and I knew he would expect it next day, after which I should
+ask his leave and assistance to go through his country to the Victoria
+Falls if possible. I gave him a gun and ammunition, which pleased him
+very much, and he has done everything he could for me. It appeared
+that I was still in time to reach the Falls by going on foot, after
+leaving my waggon at the place marked on the map as Inyati. The king
+said it was possible to get to the Falls in ten days, and I suppose at
+my rate of travelling it ought to be; done in a fortnight or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span> three
+weeks at most, and the king says I have still two months of favourable
+weather, but so anxious is he that no white man should come to grief in
+his country, that he has been urging on me all possible haste from the
+moment the subject was first mentioned. He has given me two excellent
+men as guides; these two, having the king’s authority, will carry all
+before them.</p>
+
+<p>“I left Gubuleweyo last night, and came on as far as here, the house of
+Mr. Thomson the missionary, for my first trek. Mr. Thomson has kindly
+interested himself in me, and done all he could to assist me. He has
+a nice wife and children, and this morning I have had the luxury of a
+civilized breakfast, including tablecloth, bread and butter and eggs,
+and milk to one’s coffee—things that I don’t often see now. I am now
+availing myself of one of his rooms to write to you in.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the men appointed by the king to guide me—himself a man
+of high character and good family, as Mr. Thomson tells me—left
+Gubuleweyo with me, and this morning hurried on to get bearers for me
+at the kraals ahead. I shall want from twenty to thirty, and as it will
+take some time to collect them, and my oxen want rest, I shall follow
+slowly, making a three or four days’ journey of what is usually done in
+two days. At Inyati, where I am to leave my waggon, are two white men
+trading. These are the last outposts of civilization, but up to that
+point there is regular communication all the way—that is to say, all
+the way my waggon takes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span> me. If I find that I am delayed and cannot
+reach the Falls as quickly as I had hoped, I shall very likely turn
+back without accomplishing my object, as I am desirous not to run any
+foolish risks, and have been at great pains in collecting all possible
+information.</p>
+
+<p>“The men who carry my things will be most of them of the conquered
+population, and the two guides appointed by the king (one of whom,
+as I have mentioned, left me this morning to go on in advance, the
+other being now at Inyati) are able to do what they like. No one dare
+oppose the king, and the Matabele men he gives me renders any fear of
+desertion or disobedience superfluous. Besides, these two men know that
+they must carry out the king’s orders to the letter. I have also got
+an interpreter, a man who speaks English and Kafir perfectly, my own
+servant Hendrik, and my driver and his boy.<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> I shall take my tent if
+possible, plenty of ground sheets and bedding, meal, tins of biscuits,
+and coffee. For meat we have to rely on the guns carried by the party,
+but there seems not the slightest fear of scarcity, in fact the bearers
+are expected to live entirely on meat, having guns and ammunition
+allowed them for the purpose. No beast of burden or dog can accompany
+us, as it is the tsetse-fly country.</p>
+
+<p>“Had it been earlier in the season I should have gone from the Tati,
+by which route you can take your waggon to within a few miles of the
+Falls, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span> as I should have had to see the king first, to get his
+permission, by the time I could have returned to the Tati it would
+have been too late. I have not a map before me now, but suppose it
+may be 200 miles or thereabouts from Inyati, my starting-point, to
+the Victoria Falls. I shall hurry on to the Zambesi, so as to leave
+the river as soon as possible. I can then take my time in returning,
+as when I leave the river the worst is over, and I soon get into a
+healthy country again, but, as of course every one knows, the Zambesi
+at certain seasons of the year is unhealthy. All this I have carefully
+studied, and have been guided by what I consider reliable evidence.
+I shall be further guided by circumstances that may occur, and shall
+exercise my judgment as to how far I carry out my original project.”</p>
+
+<p>Leaving Hope Fountain after writing the above, on the 25th of
+September, the traveller went a short distance that night, and
+continued his journey early on the following morning. Here the Journal
+for the next two days resumes the story:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 26th.</i>—Cool, cloudy morning; the wind in our faces.
+Started about 7.30 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, and went six miles. The country we
+passed through was bush veldt; trees small, and in most places thinly
+scattered; grass very dry. One of the boys was running wildly about
+to keep himself warm—a hint for me to give him a shirt. The wind was
+high, and where we outspanned the boys made a fire in the hollow bed of
+a spruit. Starting again at 1 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, the country assumed rather
+a fresh<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span> aspect, with a green verdure like that of a young corn-field,
+where the grass had been burnt. The trees here were not close, and some
+were a good size, with young foliage of a vivid green. Passing next
+between two kopjes, we descended into a fine, bushy, undulating tract,
+misty-looking in the distance under a lowering sky. Outspanned at 3.40
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> at the Cokhé River, and had tea. Here they told me there
+was a kraal close by, presided over by ‘Bengula’s brother, Bolinlila;
+and as some of the oxen were tired, I sent over to see if I could leave
+them here. The reply being favourable, and a present requested, I sent
+the oxen—five in number—with a small strip of coloured calico.</p>
+
+<p>“The boy sent me by the king, who was running about so vigorously this
+morning, now showed me a small scratch on his heel, and asked to be
+doctored. I put on some glycerine, but believe it was a ruse, as he
+afterwards got on the sacks at the back of the waggon, and rode instead
+of walking. The other man who was sent me by the king is the thinnest
+mortal I think I ever saw, his legs literally like those of spiders.
+It was dreadfully cold, and I gave all the poor wretches some hot tea.
+Towards evening we advanced again four miles further. It was like a
+cold trek on the high veldt—front sail drawn down, candle lighted,
+myself in the blankets. Outspanned at 7.40 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> Windy and
+rainy night.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 27th.</i>—Dark windy morning; Scotch<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span> mist. Hendrik woke
+me soon after six, to say they were inspanned. We made two treks—about
+twelve miles in all—and stopped about 3 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> at the Bembesi
+River, where some boys herding cattle brought us sour milk curdled
+for sale, which was very good. During the morning we passed some very
+striking-looking trees, leafless, but covered with large clusters
+of bright scarlet flowers on straight, brittle, thorny stalks. At a
+distance they looked like naked trees covered with scarlet berries,
+such as one sees in winter at home. Before night we went on four miles
+further, and stopped one trek they say from our destination.”</p>
+
+<p>At ten o’clock the following morning the Inquinquesi, a larger river
+than the Bembesi, with plenty of water in it and a sandy bed, was
+crossed, and a halt made upon its banks. Here was Inchlangin, the
+kraal where the traders were, Inyati itself being a short way off.
+Thither a messenger was at once despatched to ascertain what success
+the king’s man, who had gone on in advance, had had in obtaining
+bearers. Soon afterwards this man presented himself at the waggon,
+saying that the boys required for the journey would be forthcoming the
+following morning. When the day arrived, however, they were not brought
+in sufficient numbers to be of any service, and the start had to be
+postponed a day or two longer, pending the results of further efforts.
+The following is the day’s entry in the Journal:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 29th.</i>—Fine warm day; heavy rain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span> in the evening.
+The king’s man came again; this time accompanied by the induna of the
+kraal (I suppose only the acting induna, as the real one is the man I
+met at the King’s). He brought with him two other chief men, given me
+as well as himself by the king, and to all three I gave some limbo. The
+induna said he would rather have a shirt, and I told him I would give
+it him when he had got me the boys. He only brought three to-day. Two
+volunteers, whom I told to wait, also presented themselves from another
+distant kraal.</p>
+
+<p>“After this, as no more could be done, I went out shooting with
+Mandy (one of the traders here) in the afternoon, and got some
+birds. We had a pleasant walk, and saw the wild cotton growing. We
+also saw a beautiful tree with delicate green leaves and wreaths of
+violet-coloured laburnum-like blossoms; also a very sweetly-scented
+flower, white and star-shaped, growing in small clusters upon a tree
+of some size. Mandy says there are crocodiles here, but the king does
+not allow them to be killed, as it is thought that any one possessing
+the body can work spells. It is death to a native to kill one. A white
+man on one occasion shot one here eighteen feet long, which had been
+destroying calves and goats, and the king sent to have it buried, and
+had men to watch the place.</p>
+
+<p>“It seems that lately, during a ceremony previous to the king’s
+marriage (circumcision), it was thought inauspicious for any guns to be
+fired in the neighbourhood. They say a Kafir who fired one somewhere<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span>
+in the veldt at the time was impaled for it.”</p>
+
+<p>The greater part of the following day (September 30th) was spent in
+packing and arranging things for the walk to the Falls, and it was
+not till the day after this that the induna reappeared, now stating
+that he could not get bearers. The natives, it is likely enough, were
+afraid of fever on the Zambesi at this season, and did not want to
+go, but it afterwards appeared that the induna of the kraal and the
+headman sent by the king had made no proper efforts to obtain the staff
+required for the journey. The upshot of the matter was that the Zambesi
+had to be abandoned, and the traveller obtained instead permission
+from the king to go for a few weeks’ hunting into the country to the
+north-east, where good sport was likely to be had. Before starting on
+this expedition he wrote home from Inyati, on October 5th, as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>“You will not be much surprised to hear that I have had to give up the
+Zambesi. I got here just in time to do it, if the carriers had been
+forthcoming, but the people in authority threw so many difficulties in
+my way, that I had to send back to the king, and so much valuable time
+has been lost that I have given up the expedition. I am, however, going
+a little way into the country with my waggon, and shall probably be a
+month or two before I am back again here.</p>
+
+<p>“There are three Englishmen living here, trading. Two of them, in whose
+house I am now writing, are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span> very obliging to me. This is a mission
+station, but there is no missionary here now. It is the last post of
+white men in this part of the world. When you reach the Zambesi you
+come to the outposts of the Portuguese traders from the east coast, but
+between these points are no Europeans settled. The rain is beginning,
+though the regular rains have not set in yet. It is after the first
+heavy rains that fever begins to annoy people on the Zambesi, but
+I believe, generally, even then only slightly, but after the next
+downfall—when there is much rain and the rain is beginning to dry up,
+about January, February, and March—the really bad season sets in.
+However, I am now avoiding even the former risk, and where I am going
+I shall be so near here all the time that I can return almost when I
+choose. I don’t exactly know where I am going, but it will be somewhere
+in a north or north-easterly direction from here.</p>
+
+<p>“I hear that Cruickshank, my agent at Bamangwato, is now at the King’s
+Town, but I am three days’ journey from there, and he will shortly
+be returning to Bamangwato. Fairbairn, his agent at the King’s Town,
+will, however, in all probability, be there when I return, and here I
+am in good hands too, so that I have friends all along the road, and
+letters always come and go as surely, if more slowly, than where there
+is a regular post, for waggons are constantly coming and going, and
+everybody helps everybody else in this part of the world. I have been
+pressed into the service as postman myself before now. Only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span> delays
+must be expected, and are often very vexatious.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th of October Frank Oates started on his projected expedition
+in the north-east, on which he was absent from Inyati in all about
+seven weeks. The district traversed during his absence was that watered
+by the Gwailo and Umvungu Rivers, the furthest point reached being the
+Umgwanya. The circumstances of the first few days of these wanderings
+may be recounted in his own words as follows, taken from his Journal:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>October 7th.</i>—Sultry, oppressive day; very cloudy. Packed
+waggon, and left Inyati about 4 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> We passed through bush
+country, with fine open level spaces, which would be excellent riding
+ground; some fine old baobab trees in the distance exactly like oaks,
+with gnarled crooked arms. These trees have dark green foliage, and
+here and there stand almost isolated. Close; a very disagreeable smell
+frequent, Hendrik says of black ants. Now and then sweet perfumes
+from flowering shrubs.... As it got dark we outspanned about 7
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, having water for our own use in our casks. A large group
+of men round the fire. We had come perhaps nine miles.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>October 8th.</i>—Mild, cloudy, breezy morning. Crossed the dry
+beds of two small rivers (branches of the Lelongwe), with a kraal
+placed between them; the ground level so far. Men bring ostrich eggs;
+women bring Indian and Kafir corn and beans. Bought the upper mandible
+of an eagle from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span> neck of a man, hanging by a thin leather strap.
+Hendrik says these eagles kill goats. Also bought ostrich feathers
+and eggs, milk and corn. We had outspanned. Presently resuming the
+journey, we crossed the third arm of the Lelongwe, and then the reedy
+bed of a spruit, where we dug in the sand, and found plenty of nice
+mineral-tasted water, which the men and dogs drank. Reached the site
+of an old kraal, Intembin, about noon. Hendrik calls these people
+‘Maholies.’ They are far easier to deal with than the Matabele, take
+what you give them and are satisfied. They asked for red, but took
+blue, beads, and were delighted with red with white stripe. Stopped
+to rest at 1.15, and made another trek before night, finally stopping
+about 6 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> near a rather large river, with heavy sand in its
+bed.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>October 9th.</i>—Overcast, delicious day. Started at 7
+<span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, and about 9 crossed the Tchangani—the largest river
+we have yet seen since leaving Inyati—and outspanned, continuing the
+journey in the afternoon for about three hours. This last trek was
+a very pleasant one, over falling ground. As we outspanned (about 4
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>), John told me that a ‘honey’s (bees’) nest’ had been
+found by Hendrik. The boys went off, and it was found in the hollow
+trunk of a large tree, into which the bees went by a hole in the side
+of the tree. They put fire into the hole, having kindled a small one
+close to the tree, and then with an axe cut open the trunk. The bees
+seemed on the whole pretty quiet, and I don’t think their sting can
+be bad, as the men seemed tolerably<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span> indifferent. The cells, when
+taken out, proved full of grubs.... One of the boys was carrying two
+squirrels killed by a dog; another had found roots. I tried the latter,
+and found them slightly bitter and at the same time sweet. They are
+chewed and the juice swallowed. The only leaf visible is contained in
+a small green shoot, apparently just coming out of the ground, but the
+roots are very large and long. Another boy brought a pretty duiker,
+which he had killed with an assegai.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>October 10th.</i>—We seem on a sort of plateau, with lower ground
+in front. Beyond is high land, blue in the distance. Starting a little
+before 7 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, we reached the Umvungu about 9, a big reedy
+river with water in its bed. When we arrived one of the boys was
+calling out, and we found he had shot a sable antelope. Many flowers
+are now springing up in the veldt, and the tints of the trees are very
+lovely, reminding one of an English spring, or, in some respects, of
+autumn; different shades of green and yellow. In the course of the
+afternoon we entered very thick bush, the thickest I have yet met with
+in South Africa, and more like English wood in general appearance than
+what we have hitherto seen, the trees budding with delicate tints of
+fresh green, brown, and yellow. Soon after entering the bush fresh
+elephant spoor was announced—the first I have yet heard of—and a
+few minutes later we came on a broken tree lying across the road, and
+more fresh elephant spoor. Emerged from the thick bush about 5.20
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, and soon afterwards outspanned at a spruit.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span></p>
+
+<p>The following day (October 11) the party reached the Gwailo River,
+which was crossed without difficulty. A half-caste Cape man, who was
+hunting here, named Nelson, rode up and gave a very bad report. He had
+shot fourteen elephants in two months, and a few ostriches. He said the
+Mashonas, hunting the elephants with their assegais, and shouting, had
+driven them away. His plan now was to go to Damaraland, <i>viâ</i> Lake
+Ngami, where he had been before and found elephants abundant.</p>
+
+<p>Resuming his journey in the afternoon, Frank Oates now struck across
+the veldt to the south-east, and crossed the Umgwanya River the
+following morning, proceeding afterwards a few miles up its banks. At
+this point he had intended to encamp for a few days; but hearing from
+two natives who came to the waggon that there were still elephants in
+the thick bush which had been passed through the day before, he felt
+tempted to return there; and on the 13th, recrossing the Umgwanya and
+Gwailo Rivers, in a more direct line than he had taken coming, went
+back in the direction of the Umvungu. “A boa-constrictor,” he here
+writes, “six feet six inches long, and as thick as my wrist, lay its
+length upon the ground, and was skilfully transfixed by one of my boys’
+assegais, and pinned to the ground. The lads were evidently afraid of
+his bite, but the men say that it is harmless.... The Mashonas use
+these snakes as an article of food.”</p>
+
+<p>Next day the spruit which they had outspanned at on the 10th, near
+the thick elephant bush they<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span> were making for, was reached, and here,
+a short way off the waggon-track, under some remarkably picturesque
+kopjes, the landscape all budding with the green of spring, a camp was
+formed, where the party remained about a fortnight hunting. The boys
+made themselves some snug huts of branches and dry grass to sleep in.
+Here the Journal again takes up the story:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>October 14th.</i>—... Nelson came up to the waggon when we were
+outspanned. He had not left, but had stopped about near the place where
+we had outspanned when we first came through the thick bush. He had
+come on a herd of many (he says forty) elephants, driven six out of
+the herd, and shot four, but lost two of them—one a large bull. He
+had killed two bulls. This occurred the day before yesterday. I walked
+away with him in the evening towards his waggon. We found some nests
+of amadavats—the little pink ones, I fancy. Some were in course of
+construction, some finished; all hanging like fruit from a tree. One
+I took contained two eggs, white speckled with red. Macloule<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> gave
+me this evening two goatsucker’s eggs he had found, partly sat on. The
+nest is very slight, and placed on the ground.<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0770_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0770_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">BIRDS’ NESTS.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“<i>October 15th.</i>—Soon after 7 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span> started with boys to
+hunt.... Maqueban found the carcass of an elephant killed a few days
+ago. The two teeth—one broken, but as heavy as the other—weighed
+together 20 lbs., as I found afterwards. The boys rushed to the
+carcass, and were soon at work dismembering it. It may be one of
+Nelson’s, but my boys think it died before Sunday (the day Nelson
+killed his). A great many kites flew sweeping round. It was a regular
+scene, such as one sees in pictures, the Kafirs at work cutting off
+trunk and feet and strips of flesh.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span> It was a cow elephant, and
+vultures and other creatures had got the end of the trunk and what they
+could without breaking the skin. Fires were lighted and meat cooked
+and devoured, whilst large pieces were put aside for removal. When the
+filth was extracted from one of the tusks, ‘Sassaybi’<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> threw back
+his head and held it up first to one then to the other nostril. This
+is supposed to be a good thing for any one troubled with nose-bleeding
+on hot days. Sassaybi likewise scraped some stuff like cobbler’s wax
+from where the tusk is inserted in the skin. He said it was to be used
+as a charm.... As we travel through the bush Indian file, returning to
+the waggon, Echle (the chief hunter I have with me), meeting a small
+tortoise, picks it up, spits on it, and puts it to his forehead. He
+says this is lucky when you want to get elephants, and he says, however
+large the tortoise is, this is done. He is then allowed to walk off.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>October 16th.</i>—Shots heard near the waggon early, and Nelson
+arrives, having shot a fine bull eland quite near to my waggon. He says
+he was looking for elephant spoor when he found the eland, and drove
+him seven miles. He is a mighty brute, bigger than an average bullock.
+The hide is very thick. We had breakfast on eland steak fried in fat,
+and enjoyed it very much. Nelson says, when in Damaraland, he got a
+young elephant, but it died from neglect coming through seventy miles
+of the ‘thirst land.’ He says they are easy to keep, and so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span> are young
+ostriches. The latter can be driven with the bullocks. He says there
+are plenty of crocodiles in the river beyond the Gwailo.</p>
+
+<p>“Nelson showed me, when we were out together in the veldt the day
+before yesterday, some remains of Mashona huts destroyed by the
+Matabele. He says they are to be found all over the veldt, and bones
+amongst many of them. Some of the Mashonas are subject to the Matabele.
+Those that refuse allegiance are mercilessly hunted down. They are all
+formed of independent little tribes, and when war is made against one
+the others don’t assist them. Therefore they fall an easy prey. The
+impeys sent out against them for their cattle are what I heard of at
+Gubuleweyo. Nelson says lately in an impey a kraal was taken, the young
+men killed (they throw away their scanty dress and run and are killed
+‘like springbok’), and the old men and women burnt to death. The young
+women and children were made slaves of, and the cattle taken. Nelson’s
+Matabele boys wanted him lately to drive off some cattle, saying the
+king might give him fifty of them, but he refused. The cattle and all
+the animals are kept in the same place as the Mashonas themselves live
+in (the same house, Nelson calls it). They are thus easily surrounded
+by the Matabele. The Matabele despise those who own allegiance to their
+chief, and call them slaves. One of the latter in Nelson’s employ blew
+his face off with some gunpowder, doing something for his master on one
+occasion. ‘Never mind,’ said Nelson’s Matabele, ‘it is nothing, he is a
+dog’ (the usual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span> epithet). The man’s father came to Nelson and asked to
+be paid, and was quite satisfied with a few coils of brass wire. Once,
+when Nelson killed a rhinoceros, a number of Mashona came for the meat
+and began fighting. They would cry, ‘This is mine,’ ‘This is mine,’ and
+two were killed. Nelson went away, feeling, he says, quite frightened
+at the scene. An assegai was thrust into one man’s heart by another who
+was quarrelling with him before Nelson’s eyes.</p>
+
+<p>“In Damaraland, he says, the Bushmen are much better to get on with
+than the Matabele are here. They work for you like slaves for a little
+meat. They are under independent petty chiefs, and bring magnificent
+ostrich feathers for a small strip of limbo or other very trifling
+payment. From what Nelson says, it must be a capital place for the
+hunter, ivory being large, white, and plentiful, and easily got, and
+the natives most willing to assist.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>October 17th.</i>—Sleepless night; dogs barking at hyænas. I
+was kept to the waggon yesterday with a sore heel, and to-day did
+not go far. Nelson came to the waggon in the afternoon. He tells me
+that, on the opposite side of the road, about ten miles away, is a
+‘fountain,’<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> with one or two waters intervening, and plenty of game.
+He does not know whether the king allows any one to go into this veldt;
+but it is a good country for a waggon to travel in.... I went out with
+him a little in the evening. He says he has seen two elephants’ tusks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span>
+from near the Zambesi of 70 lbs. each—the largest he ever saw. He has
+seen an elephant with four tusks, and a Boer he speaks of shot one with
+eight; one of 70 lbs., the others of about 2 lbs. each.</p>
+
+<p>“When Nelson was a young boy, his father, he tells me, trading near
+Sechele’s, being at feud with the missionary there, who had surrounded
+his waggon with forty Kafirs, and incited them to seize his goods, he
+determined to blow them up; but, in applying the light to the inside
+of the waggon, where was a lot of gunpowder, he was not quite quick
+enough, and was himself blown up with the missionary (a German) and the
+Kafirs. Nelson himself lay many hours on the ground insensible, much
+scorched. He had been standing close to the front wheel; his father was
+on the front-box. Nelson must have escaped thus lightly almost by a
+miracle. When he came to himself, he saw the wreck, his father and the
+Kafirs lying dead, and was pursued and fired at by Kafirs. The bullets
+passed close to him, and the Kafirs pursued, but could not catch him.
+He has still scars on his legs, made in passing through the thorns, and
+one on his face, caused by the explosion. He spent three days wandering
+in the veldt without food, but, it being the rainy season, he had
+water, and on the fourth day he came to a waggon.</p>
+
+<p>“There was a scene to-day when Nelson’s two boys, who claim the ivory
+we got the other day, came to the waggon. Nelson told me not to give
+it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span> to them, but did not want them to know he had given me this hint.
+The ivory, it seems, would not be his anyhow, as the king’s man who
+is with him hunts on his own account and would claim it. My boys were
+resolute to keep it, and we let them fight it out by themselves, which
+they did very noisily, finally saying it should be referred to the
+king. It seems to me that, picked up in the veldt, it belongs to the
+finder, unless the shooter has followed it up himself. This Nelson
+says his men did not attempt—though he advised it—saying it would be
+useless.”</p>
+
+<p>From this time till the 27th of the month, the party remained in the
+same camp, making frequent excursions thence in search of game, first
+in one direction, then in another. Here they met with more quagga and
+sable antelope than any other game, but there were also eland, koodoo,
+and sassaybi, besides some of the lesser antelopes and wild pigs in
+abundance. “Near the spruit on which we stand,” writes Frank Oates at
+this point, “is the most really picturesque bit of craggy and sylvan
+scenery I have yet seen. Our present camp indeed is far the best in
+that respect we have ever yet had. It is now spring, moreover; the
+first rains have fallen, and refreshed nature is beginning to resume
+her long-lost garb of green.”</p>
+
+<p>The following quotation from the Journal of the 18th gives a pleasant
+glimpse into one of their longer rambles from this camp:—“Started
+about 7.30 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span> and walked nearly three hours, first through
+the thin, then through the thick, bush, striking a path during the
+walk which we followed to the south-west, and which brought us out
+under a huge spreading baobab, the largest tree I have yet seen since
+leaving Pietermaritzburg. They call it the ‘Indunas’ tree,’ for here
+the indunas from the neighbouring kraals are wont to sit and drink
+beer when anything particular is on hand. The huge trunk is blackened
+all round with fire, but the tree seems uninjured, and spreads its
+huge canopy from a framework of crooked boughs, like a gigantic oak.
+Stretching my arms round the tree at the height at which I stand from
+the ground, it took me four times, all but about a foot, to encircle
+it—say about twenty-three feet for its girth here, but below this it
+is much more, as it increases towards the roots. Other trees of the
+same kind stand about, but they are less. A splendid view, such as
+recalls Wharfedale to the mind, here suddenly bursts in sight. The
+Umvungu River flows in the valley; at our backs is the thick bush,
+through which we have come; but before us stretches the green vista of
+woods far away, till it becomes blue in the distance. We waited here
+about two hours, and returned as we had come.”</p>
+
+<p>In this way the whole surrounding district was gradually traversed.
+The weather during the stay at the present camp was already beginning
+to be wet, and there was no improvement in this respect, but the
+reverse, from that date. On the 27th,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span> moving their position, they
+again encamped a few miles further to the westward, where they remained
+till the middle of November, hunting the district, and at times leaving
+the waggon for some days together. Elephant and giraffe were met with
+on this occasion, the rest of the game being mostly the same as that
+found near the previous encampment. The chief trophy of the chase here
+obtained was a fine bull elephant, its tusks weighing together 108 lbs.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0840_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0840_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">THE FIRST ELEPHANT.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>An eclipse of the moon occurring during this period, an opportunity was
+afforded of observing the effect of this phenomenon on the minds of
+some of the party. “Soon after sunset,” writes Frank Oates on November
+3d, “the moon rising, I think, a little before, I noticed the upper
+part of the moon, indeed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span> all but a small crescent nearest the horizon,
+covered with a dingy, smoky shadow. It was an eclipse. I asked John
+what it was. He said, ‘Smoke.’ The moment it was shown to Macloule he
+uttered a cry of conjuration, as it were, and rushing out with a brand,
+threw it in the direction of the moon. His explanation is that we shall
+hear something; all the hunters out in the veldt will now return home
+to hear the news. People are looking at it in Gubuleweyo, England,
+everywhere. It is a custom, it seems, at all the kraals, when an
+eclipse is seen, for the people to rush out and throw brands, shouting
+at the same time. When I suggested a shadow on the moon, he dismissed
+the suggestion summarily, and when asked to explain the appearance by
+any other cause, said the moon was changing colour. As the eclipse
+progressed, I pointed out to him that the shadow kept rising, and more
+and more of the moon becoming visible, but he only said, ‘It looks bad
+now.’ I looked through the telescope, as it was nearly over, to note
+the exact time of the shadow passing away. Echle took a hasty glance
+through it, and turned away quickly, saying he did not like to see it.”</p>
+
+<p>By the middle of November, when they left their second camp, so much
+rain was already falling that hunting became difficult, and a return
+to Gubuleweyo was decided on. Starting back, therefore, on the return
+journey on November 16th, they reached Inyati, travelling slowly, on
+the 23d. Here Frank<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span> Oates was detained about a week, having much
+trouble and annoyance in paying off the boys he had engaged there for
+the hunt early in October, and it was the 2d of December before he once
+more found himself at Hope Fountain, near Gubuleweyo, the residence of
+Mr. Thomson, whence he wrote home the following letter:—</p>
+
+<p class="r4 p1">Rev. <span class="smcap">J. B. Thomson</span>’s,</p>
+
+<p class="smcap p-min r2">“Hope Fountain, Matabele Land,</p>
+
+<p class="r4 p-min">“<i>December 4th, 1873</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“I find there is a good opportunity of writing a line home,
+as a trader is going with a waggon straight to Hope Town, and
+starts to-morrow. He has only been a fortnight coming here
+from Bamangwato, so he travels pretty quickly. You will, no
+doubt, before you get this, have received the last letter
+I sent you, in which I think I told you that my visit to
+the Victoria Falls had been abandoned. I was within 150 to
+200 miles of them, and had made every preparation for the
+journey, having got the king’s leave to proceed, escorted
+by one of his chief men, and was already packing the things
+for the bearers to carry (twenty was the number I required,
+though I should have been content with fifteen), when all at
+once the unforeseen difficulty of getting a sufficient number
+of them presented itself. The king had told me there would be
+no difficulty, but I was then fifty miles from him, having
+taken my waggon to be left at Inyati, whence I was starting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span>
+on my walk to the Falls. I see now clearly enough that I was
+deceived by the man who was given to assist me, or by the
+headman of Inyati, who had made no attempt to get the men for
+me, but lulled me with fair promises, whilst in reality doing
+all he could to prevent my obtaining them. The fact was my
+guide did not wish me to go to the Zambesi; partly, no doubt,
+because they would have had to hurry more than might have
+been agreeable, but principally from fear of the fever, of
+which they have a great dread. The king, however, knew what
+he was doing when he assured me that for two months to come
+there was no danger whatever, and this was far more time than
+enough to accomplish my much-desired object.</p>
+
+<p>“I have now spent two months in the neighbourhood of Inyati,
+sometimes leaving the waggon for days, and sleeping in the
+veldt. This was always satisfactorily managed even on a
+pouring wet night, as the Kafirs in a few minutes build you
+a hut of branches, perfectly water-tight, with a bed of dry
+grass upon which to place your bedding. Two Englishmen,
+tourists, have visited the Falls this season, and I hear
+that one of them said they were so fine he would rather walk
+barefoot from Durban to see them than leave them unseen.
+(Mrs. Thomson, finding me writing in the dark, has just sent
+Mr. T. to me with a candle, which I hope will improve the
+style of my letter, for I fear it wants it.) The old guide,
+who was given me by the king, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span> whom I suspect of doing me
+out of the Zambesi, was very anxious for me to go to the king
+to-day, as he has to deliver me back to him in person, and
+never lets me go out of his sight for a moment if he can help
+it. This opportunity of writing home, however, is keeping me
+this evening.</p>
+
+<p>“My old man is the cousin of the king and nephew of
+Mosilikatze, and the king sent him with me as a special mark
+of favour. If any harm had befallen me he would have been
+held responsible, and with most fearful zeal did he fulfil
+his office. He would never let me sleep without a hut, or
+do anything he deemed imprudent or unhealthy, carrying his
+care of me to such a pitch that it was often a very great
+bore. I am told that if I go away again into the veldt either
+now or years hence, I shall have to go with this same man,
+Macloule, or, should he not be living, with one of his sons.
+I would have forgiven him everything if he had taken me to
+the Victoria Falls.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>“A puppy has been added to my establishment. It was one of a
+family born in the veldt, on the banks of the Gwailo River,
+and, with its brothers and sisters, carried over its master’s
+shoulders in a small bark cage when we were on the move. I
+had several narrow escapes of being bitten by the mamma, who
+hated me, though I always did my utmost for the comfort of
+the family.</p>
+
+<p>“I have still two of my original four dogs with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span> me, one of
+which is a great favourite of mine, and one pony. The time
+is approaching when horses that have not yet had it, get the
+horse-sickness, which it is a great chance they get over. A
+good ‘salted’ horse, or rather pony (that is one that has had
+the sickness and recovered from it), is worth £50 to £100,
+instead of £20. The king has been telling people to ask me to
+sell him my pony, and he also wants a gun of mine, for which
+he has put aside two huge tusks of ivory, double its value.
+He has been inquiring very much for me, and is anxious to see
+me back. Tea is nearly ready, so I will now say good-bye. I
+am anxiously looking forward to getting letters in two or
+three months at latest. My letters are all to be forwarded to
+me and await me at Bamangwato.”</p>
+
+<p>The day after writing this letter Frank Oates took his waggon on to
+Gubuleweyo, and once more drew it up in front of Mr. Fairbairn’s
+scherm. The recent rains had wonderfully freshened the country
+since the outward journey, and the last trek, made through a green
+meadow-like district, recalled to the traveller’s mind the aspect of
+the country round Oxford in early summer.</p>
+
+<p>The vegetation had of late been frequently remarkable for its beauty,
+and a number of flowering shrubs, many of them sweetly scented, had
+been observed from time to time. Flowers of other kinds were also
+becoming plentiful, and many varieties of wild fruit were met with.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span></p>
+
+<p>Some of the latter Frank Oates describes at the Umvungu in his
+Journal:—“There is a kind of fruit growing in trees here,” he says,
+“which the boys get very eagerly. It is really excellent. It is about
+the size of a large walnut, with a hard case cleft in four, inside
+which are glutinous woody fibre and seeds. The seeds are thrown away,
+and the fibre chewed. The latter contains a large quantity of sweet
+glutinous matter, the part rejected looking just like wood. There is
+also another excellent fruit,” he continues, “not uncommon, which grows
+on a small tree, and is larger than a very fine orange. In shape it
+is spherical, and the outer case, which is hard, is easily broken,
+and the contents laid bare. The pulp that surrounds the seeds is the
+part eaten. This is brown in colour, and deliciously acid in flavour,
+reminding one a little of roasted apple. The pulp of one of these
+fruits forms quite a refreshing little repast. I believe they are
+common near Pretoria,—so John tells me,—and no doubt are found all
+over the veldt. The boys always make a great rush to get them. When
+quite mature the outer rind is yellow, and they seem to fall to the
+ground as soon as they are thoroughly ripe.”</p>
+
+<p>The description of the first of these fruits corresponds closely, it
+may be remarked, with that of a fruit named “manéko,” which was met
+with by Livingstone near the Zambesi, in the centre of the continent.
+The last-named is of frequent occurrence in Zululand, where it is
+called “inhlala”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span> (famine), from its value to the natives in times of
+scarcity.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these, other fruits were also met with in the district,
+including a sort of wild grape, acceptable enough on hot days, but
+somewhat deficient in juiciness and flavour.</p>
+
+<p>No great amount of game was seen upon the journey.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0910_ill" style="max-width: 528px">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0910_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">KNOB-BILLED GOOSE.—<i>Sarkidiornis
+melanonotus.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Stay at Gubuleweyo—New Year’s Day—The Great Dance—Cattle
+slaughtered—Departure of the king; the royal procession—A
+dispute referred to him—Lobengula’s court.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Frank Oates remained at Gubuleweyo or in its immediate neighbourhood
+some time—from December 5th 1873 to January 26th 1874. This was
+considerably longer than he had originally intended, but he was partly
+detained by the weather, which, besides being close and oppressive, was
+for a long time very wet and unfavourable for travelling, and partly
+that he might see the Great Dance, which took place in the early part
+of January. After this some trouble with his servants still further
+delayed him, as the case of one of them had to be taken before the
+king. He was able, however, meantime to make some additions to his
+collections of birds and other objects of natural history, though owing
+to the state of the weather he attempted little hunting; indeed, near
+the kraal, large game was invariably scarce and wild.</p>
+
+<p>The incidents of the first part of his stay—until the end of
+December—were apparently of little interest.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span> After that came the
+preparations for the Great Dance, which took place on the 8th of
+January. The following day dancing was again continued, though with
+much less ceremony, and the 10th was the day appointed for a state
+slaughtering of cattle—one of the annual customs gone through at
+this season. This over, the king took his departure next day for a
+neighbouring abode of royalty. Commencing with the new year, the
+entries in the traveller’s Journal, with some particulars of the above
+events, stand as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 1st, 1874.</i>—Intensely hot, as yesterday was, and as
+they say it will be till the rain falls. Sent bullocks to fetch wood
+for making a scherm, having engaged John Jacobs and two Kafirs by the
+day. Rode over to Thomson’s to dinner (two and a half miles) and lost
+myself amongst the kopjes. The fine hot day and the luxuriantly green
+country and rapidly-growing Indian corn make it seem more like June
+than New Year’s Day to me. Petersen, Fairbairn, and Mandy went to
+Thomson’s in cart, and we sat down to a most excellent dinner—roast
+and boiled mutton, potatoes, cabbages, and turnips, plum-pudding, and
+mince-pies. Such dinners as this and my Christmas dinner at Petersen’s
+are worthy of notice, considering how few and far between they are.
+Pleasant evening just before and after sunset; moon nearly full.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 2d.</i>—Fine hot day; heat, however, by no means so
+oppressive as it has been for the last day or two, on account of a
+pleasant breeze. Unpacked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span> the front-box of my waggon. King called,
+and asked for his bottle of brandy and some large shot. He afterwards
+sent a boy for the brandy, whom I accompanied back to the king’s, and
+having given the brandy and shot, offered him six muskets I had been
+hoping all this time to sell him, and without any trouble got four fine
+elephants’ teeth for them, about 150 lbs. of ivory altogether.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p0950_ill" style="max-width: 317px">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p0950_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">DANCING-STICK, BOW AND ARROWS, AND KNOB-KERRIES.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“<i>January 3d.</i>—Moonlight night—full moon, I think. Looked out
+early; the moon was still gorgeously bright, and surrounded by a halo
+of light in a violet sky, studded here and there also with a star. In
+the east was the deep red of approaching sunrise. Morning at first
+slightly overcast and tolerably cool, but the day soon became very hot,
+though tempered somewhat by the wind. Decided to have a new sail made
+for the waggon. Myers working at the old framework, patching it up.
+Having things out of the waggon, and also out of the tent (as I was
+rearranging the latter), I stayed about a good deal, not trusting John.
+A lot of cheeky ‘majachas’ (warriors) about. Whilst one of them was
+selling me honey, a lot came in, and I saw one abstract a knob-kerry
+of rhinoceros horn from under the waggon, and throw it out of the
+scherm.<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> He then ran away, seeing himself detected,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span> but did not
+go far, and afterwards came and stayed outside the scherm, asking for
+a ‘tonso’ (present). However, this must have been mere bravado, as he
+was too much on his guard to give me a chance of thrashing him, and
+when I removed a bush for him to come in, only came in a foot or two,
+and bolted when at length I approached him. I bought guinea-fowls’
+eggs, some tobacco, and a dancing-stick. The second of the two sheep
+bought<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span> for a cotton blanket and a shirt was killed this morning. It is
+wonderful what a lump of fat the tail is. A miserable little famished
+boy, who, they say, was picked up in the veldt and belongs to the
+king, came into the scherm on being invited, and had food. He speaks
+by nodding his head. He is a pitiable object, and coughs.... Wind rose
+high at night. Mutton and guinea-fowls’ eggs for supper. There are
+plenty of ‘majachas’ here now. They are everlastingly dancing. This
+seems to be their whole drill.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 4th.</i>—Cool cloudy morning; a little drizzling rain.
+There are caterpillars here of many very pretty varieties. Old
+well-known forms both of caterpillars and moths are reproduced in this
+country, with a change. The king sent me a caterpillar lately—green,
+with green moss-like horny tufts; a flesh-coloured stripe on each side;
+on the back a row of snow-white spots, circled with rich blue, and
+white spots also along the sides. A long string of people came this
+morning from Inchlangin for the dance. Macloule called on me soon after
+his arrival; and again in the evening, when he asked me for a blanket,
+saying he had lost a child through going with me, and had missed the
+time for burying it. I sent him away till to-morrow. The day has been
+cloudy and cool, but fair and delightful.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 5th.</i>—Hot day, and though there was a good deal of
+wind I felt the heat. Gave Macloule a cotton blanket. Myers and
+Hendrik working at my waggon sail. Took Hans, and went to king’s.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span>
+Dance going on, consisting of the men of two large kraals, forming
+a circle, ‘marking time,’ and waving sticks, whilst the king, with
+rhinoceros-horn knob-kerry, acted as bandmaster. There was also
+singing. Nina<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> requested me to stand up and join, which I did. Every
+now and then a man rushes out into the space in the middle, shaking
+his shield and brandishing his assegai, enacts his fighting, and shows
+how many he has killed, whilst loud shouts are raised on all sides.
+The usual dress consists of a head-dress of black feathers, and a
+bunch of monkeys’ tails round the loins, with white frills of ox-tails
+on the arms, and (in the case of veterans I suppose) a long solitary
+feather to top all, and a piece of fur round the head. The king had on
+a broad-brimmed black felt hat, a huge bunch of monkeys’ skins round
+his middle, and carried an Elcho sword bayonet (my present) and a
+rhinoceros-horn knob-kerry. When the dancing and singing was over, the
+men defiled past the king in companies, singing a monotonous but not
+unmusical chorus, which they accompanied by rapping their shields with
+their sticks, producing a dull heavy sound. Strings of girls bore huge
+calabashes of beer, under the weight of which some of them staggered,
+to the kraal. For the most part they were magnificent specimens of
+shapely young Kafir women. A tall handsome girl, who has been sometimes
+begging at my waggon, was a looker-on, and presented a fine picture
+of a well-developed savage<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span> woman. She seemed fully aware of her own
+striking appearance. A lot of old Mosilikatze’s wives sat watching.</p>
+
+<p>“There is a good deal of wind to-night, and the moon is obscured by
+dark gathering clouds. To-night, after I left the king, I was standing
+beside a group of Kafirs cutting up the carcasses of two oxen just
+killed, when the king’s dogs made a set at me. Afterwards the boys came
+to my waggon asking a tonso for calling them off. I suspect they set
+them on on purpose.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 6th.</i>—Intensely hot, and though there are clouds,
+the rain still keeps off. Sent John with Wankee to cut a tree for a
+dissel-boom, and he says the axe was taken from him on the pretext that
+they must not cut wood now, and that the axe would be returned.... I
+asked if I could go shooting, and they say no, not till the dance is
+over.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 7th.</i>—Sky overcast, but the heat is still intense.
+Crowds of people about, as yesterday; difficult to keep the scherm
+clear. Dancing going on at the kraal. Heat insufferable. The tent was a
+furnace, but at sundown there was a little thunder, and it was pleasant
+and cool. A beautiful mild-looking rose-tinted sunset.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 8th.</i>—Day of the Great Dance. Very heavy rain fell at
+sunrise. As rain fell, girls bathing in rain-holes. Things in tent got
+very wet, and it was late before I could come out and begin to dry
+them. The heat soon became great, but the sun kept being more or less
+obscured by clouds. I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span> learnt it was the day of the Great Dance, and
+hurried the drying and locking up of my things, so as to be ready to
+go and see it. Some majachas came out, and had a row, and bruised one
+another near my waggon.</p>
+
+<p>“As soon as I had finished packing I joined the Thomsons, whose waggon
+had drawn up in front of Myers’s store, where the dancing was to be.
+Meantime, Thomson says, they had been going through ceremonies at the
+kraal, where dancing was still going on, but very shortly they expected
+the king and people out. However, Thomson and I went to the kraal to
+see, and were well repaid. In the midst of a large circle formed by
+warriors, four wives of the king, dressed all alike, and modestly
+covered, were dancing, or rather slowly pacing. Each had a checked
+print over her shoulders, and a black skirt reaching low down. With
+them was a future wife, partially clad in gaily-coloured calicos, but
+without skirt. The wives, Thomson says, are very nice women. As I went
+with him through the crowd, I could not help seeing what respect is
+shown him, and how all make way for him.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1000_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p2"   
+    src="images/p1000_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">OX-HIDE SHIELD.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“Suddenly the royal sister appeared, and presented a most singular, not
+to say magnificent, appearance. It was something like the appearance
+of the <i>prima donna</i> at the opera, or the leading spirit in some
+gorgeous pantomime. She is very stout, and tremendously <i>en bon
+point</i>, and her skin is of a coppery hue. She wore no dress, and
+the only covering above her waist was a number of gilded chains, some
+encircling<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span> her, some pendent. Round her arms were massive brazen
+bracelets. A blue and white freemason’s apron appeared in front, and
+looked strangely anomalous there, though really not unbecoming. From
+her waist also there hung down behind a number of brilliantly-coloured
+woollen neck-wraps, red being the predominant colour. Under the apron
+was a sort of short black skirt, covering the thighs, made of wrought
+ox-hide. Her legs and feet were bare, but round her ankles were the
+circlets of bells, worn by the women to make a noise when they dance.
+Her head-dress was decidedly pretty—a small bouquet of artificial
+flowers in front, and amongst the hair, standing in all directions,
+feathers of bee-eaters’ tails. A small circular ornament, fashioned out
+of red clay, was on the back of her head. She put herself in posture
+for the dance, but did not move very much or energetically whilst
+keeping time; she suffered too much from adiposity. She held one of the
+large oval black<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[101]</span> and white ox-hide shields, surmounted by a jackal’s
+tail, such as are carried by the warriors. The wives held long slender
+wands upright in their hands. The men, when they dance, usually carry a
+carved stick, with which motions are made, whilst it is generally held
+upright. The girls carry very pretty brooms, which they likewise raise
+and move about to time; but the girls’ dances were yet to come.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1020_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1020_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">ASSEGAI-HEADS AND BATTLE-AXE.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“The dress of the soldiers is very striking, and suggestive of savage
+warfare. Over the shoulders, and continued into a sort of hood, which
+either surmounts the back of the head, or hangs loose behind the neck,
+is a large fabric of jet-black ostrich feathers. Around the forehead
+is a circlet of tawny fur, and a single long steel-coloured crane’s
+feather rises above, giving a most artistic finish to the picture.
+Around the loins are a collection of monkey and cat skins, dangling
+in long strips, together with a number of tails, some of the latter
+nearly large enough for those of leopards, which hang in thick bunches
+nearly to the ground. Around each arm is a graceful, wavy tuft of white
+ox-tail hair, and sometimes the same around the legs. Very little
+limbo is worn, unless a strip or two—usually of blue selampore or
+white calico, well worn and defaced—around the waist. The shield and
+assegais complete the picture.<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> If all were uniform in appearance<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span>
+the effect would be much heightened; but unfortunately the dress is
+not <i>de rigueur</i>. Some omit the fur round the forehead; some both
+fur and feather; and some of those in command have even shabby shirts
+or hats on, contrasting badly with the fine warrior costume of the
+majority. The only military evolution gone through is marching past in
+kraals, or what we should call companies, the men<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span> singing, dancing,
+and making some most unearthly and awe-inspiring noises the while. One
+sound is produced gutturally, and resembles the low growl of a wild
+animal. Another is made by striking the shields—a sound resembling
+distant thunder. Then they have a way of whistling, not unlike the
+cat-calls of a London theatre. During their dances a warrior rushes
+out into the middle of the circle from time to time, and goes through
+the pantomime of his late exploits, brandishing spear and shield, and
+rushing wildly about. He denotes, by repeated thrusts, the number of
+people he has slain, whilst the surrounding warriors shout loudly.</p>
+
+<p>“Standing about are many pretty girls in most fantastic head-dresses,
+worn only on special occasions, and highly prized. Predominant is
+the pink bead, appropriated by the royal family. A small group of
+waggon-drivers, either those who have come up here with white men,
+or who belong to the doctor’s party, whose waggons accompany the
+king in all his movements, are dressed to the height of fashion—as
+near as they can manage it—in European dress, for which the stores
+of the place have been ransacked, and high prices paid, no matter at
+what sacrifice. One has a chimney-pot. These fellows are usually the
+greatest scamps in the country—idle, vain, insolent, and vicious. The
+king is dressed much like his warriors, and looks himself. He is a
+fine-looking man, and has an agreeable expression and a ready smile. He
+is one of the darkest-complexioned people I have seen belonging to this
+nation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Now Thomson tells me we must make haste and return to the waggon,
+as the soldiers are beginning to march out, and they are all going
+outside, accompanied by the king and his court. We return, and the
+troops march out and take up position in a huge, dense circle outside
+the kraal. There may be three, four, or even five thousand of them, and
+perhaps ten thousand people in all.”<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 9th.</i>—Hot day; short heavy shower in the afternoon.
+Dancing at the kraal—second day (or was Wednesday also a day? If
+so, this is the third). Different parties dancing; majachas and
+girls separately, though in some cases girls are introduced into the
+majachas’ dance. King had waggon taken out by Kafirs. Selous<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> looked
+at my guns. Rain came on, and he sat in my tent. He tells me how he
+was once lost between Bamangwato and Tati for four days. He had had a
+cup of coffee, and gone out hunting. That night he slept in the veldt;
+it was July, and the nights were very cold. He had only a shirt and
+trousers on, and had no matches. He used his last three cartridges in
+trying to make a fire. The second and third days he still wandered.
+I think it was the end of the second day that he lost his horse. The
+evening of the fourth day he came to Palatswe<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span> water, and got milk of
+a Kafir. He walked back next day to his waggon at Tchagani pool—he
+thinks about twenty miles. It was on the evening of the third day
+he reached a hill, by moonlight, whence he saw other hills he knew.
+Started before daybreak, and that night got the milk. He thinks he
+could have gone another day without food or water. He had nothing
+whatever, between the coffee, at starting, and the milk. He carried his
+gun, perspired profusely, and suffered much from cold at nights. He
+experienced a difficulty in swallowing.</p>
+
+<p>“A letter from Mandy, at Inyati, to-day, states that he saw a crocodile
+there the other day, which got hold of his dog, and pursued himself in
+his bathing hole. It was ten or twelve feet long, he says.</p>
+
+<p>“Dancing in little parties going on all day; the girls very lively in
+their dance. Bought a goat for about three quarters of a pound of beads.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 10th.</i>—Very cloudy day, inclined to rain. Went up to
+kraal, where slaughtering was going on. I had heard nothing of it,
+but the number of bullocks slaughtered this year must have been next
+to nothing compared with former years. I saw a dozen or twenty down,
+or being assegaied. The bullocks are driven together, one out of the
+number being intended for slaughter. The opportunity is watched for
+to hurl the assegai, which sometimes remains in the ox, who runs some
+distance before he falls, bleeding at the nostrils, and soon dies. They
+are stabbed in the region of the heart and lungs. The first thrust is
+often not successful,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span> as it is not easy to hit the victim in the right
+place when he is in a state of excitement. I went to see the king, who
+was looking very sulky. There is no dancing to-day. It appears the king
+is very angry at the fighting of yesterday.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 11th.</i>—Heavy rain very early; a little bright sunshine
+about breakfast-time, when I partially dried the things that had got
+wet in the tent, causing me considerable discomfort. It soon came on to
+rain again, however, and rained more or less during the day. I was to
+have taken my things out of Myers’s store and packed the waggon, but
+the rain prevented me. In the morning I heard the king was inspanning
+to go to some neighbouring abode of royalty, and hurried to take him
+his horse. After handing it over to him, and being told to give it in
+charge of Petersen, I asked him if he would buy a saddle and bridle, to
+which he replied, these were always supposed to go with the horse, the
+saddle being part of its back. However, I hope he won’t insist on this
+any more, and, indeed, I may go away without seeing him again, unless I
+do so voluntarily. Piet, who interpreted for me, told me that the king
+is very angry about the disturbance, and will probably kill a number
+of the people, and for this they think he is going away in such a
+hurry. There were twelve black, or nearly black, bullocks in the royal
+waggon, and, when it started, the throne was carried—as it always has
+to be done—on a boy’s head. It is a straight-backed, substantial, and
+extremely plain, green chair, with red daubs on it.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span> Over the back and
+seat is stretched a piece of lion-skin. The dogs rushed off with the
+waggon, the second waggon started, in the back of which I could see
+a lot of meat and two young lambs or kids trying to keep their pins
+amongst the miscellaneous cargo inside; the majachas started, and the
+royal procession was on its way. Busy a good deal in Myers’s store.
+Unpacked and packed boxes there, and watched the rain. Terrible soaking
+wet evening and night. I managed, however, to keep dry in bed.”</p>
+
+<p>From this time for some days the weather continued so persistently
+and miserably wet, that it seemed out of all question to think of
+commencing the return journey to Tati, which the traveller was now
+preparing to undertake. The heat, at the same time, was also so intense
+that any exertion was laborious, and even the occupation of writing
+was a task. About the 18th, however, there was some improvement, and
+two days after this he was ready for a start, when the dispute with
+one of his servants above referred to necessitated his seeking a fresh
+interview with Lobengula, whom he followed to his present quarters, but
+a few miles off, on the evening of the 20th. This dispute arose from
+Frank Oates’s dismissal of the Kafir driver Dick, who had come up with
+him from Natal; the latter maintaining his right to retain the services
+of the young lad Jacob, whom he had originally brought with him for
+engagement in Pietermaritzburg, and who still accompanied the party.
+The two appeared to bear no relationship to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span> each other, and Frank
+Oates would have been glad to keep Jacob in his service, but the latter
+seemed afraid to come, and it was agreed to refer the question to the
+king. The Journal of this time continues:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 20th.</i>—Fine, bright, windy morning; a few clouds in the
+sky. Finished what was left to be done to the waggon, and was going to
+trek early when Jacob came and claimed his wages, and I decided to go
+away to the king’s to-night, and thence start on my journey. A Kafir
+woman has also claimed Jacob as her son. Though Jacob asked for his
+wages and said he did not wish to leave Dick, he half admitted directly
+that it was only his fear of Dick that made him say so, and that he
+really wished to go with me. After the waggon was loaded, I waited
+some time for Jacob’s return, he having gone with his would-be mother
+to the king. He did not come back, and I inspanned for the king’s.
+After about ten minutes’ delay in getting off—unruly bullocks and bad
+trek-gear—started fairly about half-past five, and in about an hour
+and forty minutes got to where the king is, meeting Jacob with the
+woman going to Gubuleweyo. Jacob turned back with me. The king has said
+the woman is not to claim him. It seems she gave Jacob some locusts and
+milk when he was hungry, for he and Dick have fared badly of late. She
+then professed to see a likeness in him to her lost child, taken in the
+war, and he did not deny it, and afterwards she insisted on keeping
+him. Jacob still says he wants to go<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span> with me, but is afraid of Dick,
+and also wishes for his wages, as Dick urges him to get them, though
+he knows Dick will appropriate them. He will let it be arranged before
+the king, he says. The sun set as I trekked, and the peculiar aloe-like
+trees of this country had a fine effect against the glowing sky. I
+should say this trek is four and a half or five miles pretty direct.
+The last two days have been fine drying days, but still there are some
+very soft places in the road. Supped with Fairbairn on some excellent
+beef, and had a long chat with him. Cool, starlight night, with heavy
+dew.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 22d.</i>—Fine hot day, but with slight clouds, and at
+night a heavy shower. Fairbairn had a row in trading with the king, who
+had chaffed him a good deal last night. A large quantity of ivory had
+come in (Fairbairn was here by the king’s express desire, to trade),
+and a small tooth had been put down before him. He had made his offer
+for it, which did not satisfy the king. Fairbairn said, ‘It is a small
+tooth.’ ‘Did you ever shoot as large a one?’ asked the king. This is
+considered a poser. Then a hot argument ensued between Fairbairn and
+the king, through John, the king maintaining that Fairbairn would
+show unequivocal signs of fear at the sight of an elephant. Fairbairn
+said white men were not afraid of them; whereupon the king cited,
+H——, a big man, who had not even shot a little calf; W——, ‘Where
+are the elephants <i>he</i> shot?’ Many white men had said the same
+as Fairbairn, and where were the elephants they had killed? Then<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span>
+Fairbairn referred to Selous, a small man; he had not been afraid, he
+said. ‘Would he tell if he had shown signs of fear, or were you there
+to see?’ asked the king. Then the king told Fairbairn that he was
+getting rich and did not want his trade. Fairbairn got angry, and the
+result was that this morning he had a row. The king sent some large
+decayed teeth, which Fairbairn bought, and then some other teeth, which
+he could not buy, and which were sent to Gubuleweyo and sold; but in
+the meantime the king had offered Fairbairn two small teeth for a
+double-barrelled gun, less than cost price, and Fairbairn had left the
+king in disgust.</p>
+
+<p>“Went to the king’s kraal with John, and greeted the king, who was
+lying in his waggon, but as, after greeting us in return, he took no
+further notice of us and remained lying, I went away and had a nap in
+my waggon. Fairbairn afterwards had tiffin with me, and then we went
+together to the king, but he was still in his waggon—if not asleep,
+lying invisible; put out, I think, about Fairbairn. We waited long
+outside the kraal, and at length, near sundown, an induna came in
+white man’s clothing, and with a shield, wearing feathers on his head
+hanging under his hat, and accompanied by warriors. He, to call the
+king, began shouting out compliments in a loud voice, amongst which
+the words ‘Mosilikatze’ and ‘Incose’ (king), were frequently repeated,
+and a request made that the king would treat him kindly. This referred
+to beer and beef, which of course he would get. At last he finished,
+and went away<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span> unnoticed by the king, who, however, soon came out, and
+Fairbairn, John, and I, went to him, Dick and Jacob following. It was
+so late that we did little.</p>
+
+<p>“Had supper on Australian meat in Fairbairn’s waggon. Rain came on, and
+I heard showers during the night. When we left the king, he chaffed
+John, and said he looked weak, as if he was hungry. Last night John had
+asked for meat, and he said he had no beef and his sheep were poor.
+He seems really not to be killing oxen at present. Fairbairn has told
+Nina that we are eating tinned fish. Fish is held in utter abomination
+by these people, and Nina said her brother ought not to let us eat it.
+Fairbairn says they used, when they wanted meat, to rig up a dummy
+fishing-rod, and march off with it, taking care to pass in sight of the
+king, and the moment he suspected fishing, he would send them a large
+piece of meat.</p>
+
+<p>“One sees all shades of colour in these people. The Makalakas are much
+darker as a rule than the Matabele, who are usually coppery red or
+sometimes yellow. The king, however, is black, and, I believe, about
+as black as any of his race, and far more so than most. He deserves
+his epithet of ‘black king.’ The dogs are a great source of fear at
+present. They are constantly attacking people, and lately half, if not
+altogether, killed an induna. Fairbairn says the king showed him his
+own trousers torn the other day, as proof that even their master was
+not exempt.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 23d.</i>—Wretched rainy and gusty morning.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span> Nina in
+Fairbairn’s waggon, as she was also a good deal yesterday. She is very
+fond of him, as of other white men; and is said to wish to marry a
+certain white trader here, who has left for a time—hoping, I believe,
+that she may be married when he returns. She can’t marry till the king
+takes his wife from whom the future king is to be born. His present
+wives have nothing to do with it.</p>
+
+<p>“John Lee’s waggon arrived to-day, to my great pleasure. I had just
+returned from visiting the king, whom John and I had found standing at
+the entrance of his kraal in a Mackintosh coat. Dick and Jacob joined
+us, and the case of Jacob was discussed, Dick also urging the hardship
+of his own dismissal, in which the king seems partly to agree, and says
+it would be better not to leave him in <i>his</i> country, but where
+we can try the case with our own laws. At length the king went to his
+hut, saying this case would take a long time, and it was not a day to
+discuss it. Certainly the weather was against a law-suit being carried
+on in the open air. In the evening I went again to the king. Lee was
+sitting on the front-box of his waggon, and went over my case with him,
+and thus I got a decision quickly. The king said his decision had been
+that I was to take Dick <i>and</i> Jacob, but I had refused to do this,
+so now I must pay the wages of the boy, as he considered Jacob, having
+been brought by Dick, was under his protection. I sent for them, and
+paid the money to the king, who promised to keep it for Jacob as far as
+he could, though he said if they left<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[113]</span> the country he must then give it
+up. Supper again with Fairbairn.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 24th.</i>—More promising morning, though cloudy and
+showery. Fairbairn, Lee, and I, to the king. Fairbairn does a good
+trade with him after the row. Nina and her friends were eating a large
+dish of excellent vegetable marrows. The smoke got into my eyes, and
+Banyai kindly motioned me across the hut. John Lee killed a lung-sick
+heifer of the king’s, and opened her chest with a saw, taking out
+the liquid which accumulates in the cavity of the lungs during the
+sickness. With this I helped him to drench some young cattle of the
+king’s. Each has about a small beakerful. Lee says he never lost one
+that he drenched in this way.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 25th.</i>—Lovely morning. Rose and dressed leisurely. The
+heat soon became intense, and of that moist character that seems to
+make it far worse to bear. Felt quite prostrated by it. The wife of
+Lee’s boy, who tried to leave him, and is now undergoing punishment
+after being tried before the king, came crying to my waggon. Lee drove
+her away. It appears that the boy had to pay Lee £6, which the girl
+owed the latter, before he could have her, both being in Lee’s service,
+as well as the father-in-law, mother, and sister of the boy. The boy
+told Lee he had paid the money to the king. This was a lie, so Lee
+demanded the money of the king in the presence of the boy. Thus the
+offence was shown to be against the king, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span> Lee told the king it
+was for him to punish it. The two indunas present seized the boy, and
+he was half throttled, and much knocked about. They would have killed
+him there and then, had it been Lee’s wish. The king said, ‘Is he to be
+thrown out?’ which means put to death. Lee, however, said he should be
+satisfied by the boy being tied up, which was done.... Went with Lee to
+the king’s afterwards. More drenching was going on. I saw the boy tied
+up; he could neither sit nor stand, but squatted on the ground, his
+arms nearly on the full stretch, fastened on either side to one of the
+poles that support the large wooden structures on which meat is piled.
+When the sun set Lee was told, if he did not give the word to have the
+boy taken away, he would rot where he was. The king and the indunas
+then chaffed the poor wretch, as, Lee having consented, he was cut
+down. He was told that he had been kicking Mosilikatze’s bones.</p>
+
+<p>“The scene, with the king sitting on his front-box, would make a
+picture: the setting sun; the dark green trees beyond the kraal, and
+the green walls of the newly-erected kraal; the yellow beehive-like
+huts; the yellowish trodden grass in the space; the herds of goats
+and sheep, with lambs and kids, and pack of dogs, crowding round the
+king’s waggon; the group of natives, some all but naked, some adorned
+with feathers, some with a single article of European dress, as a hat,
+crouching on their haunches, forming the court of the black king; tusks
+of ivory lying about. To complete the picture, a white trader or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span> two
+should be introduced, not above crouching before his sable majesty, who
+sits there in his broad-brimmed black felt hat, pipe in mouth (a small
+briar-root, worth perhaps 2d. at home), cotton shirt not over clean,
+unbraced baggy trousers, and large clumsy shoes, a benignant smile
+generally on his black face.”</p>
+
+<p>The day after this the king took his departure for another place, John
+Lee left for Mr. Thomson’s, and Frank Oates started back to Tati.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1150_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1150_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Return to Tati—Changed aspect of the country—Constant
+delays—The Mashonas—At Manyami’s again—John Lee’s—Letter
+home—The Inkwesi—Wild fruit—A hornbill’s nest—The
+Impakwe and Ramaqueban Rivers—Graves of Englishmen—White
+ants—Bushman remains—The Tati reached.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Frank Oates’s plan on leaving Gubuleweyo was to return slowly, by way
+of Tati, to Bamangwato, there to prepare himself with a fresh outfit of
+goods and other necessaries for a renewed attempt to reach the Zambesi
+early in the year; unless on his arrival there he should find letters
+which required his return to England. As it was yet too soon to think
+of making at once for the Zambesi, he took his time upon the road to
+Tati, not arriving there till near the end of February. He stopped to
+hunt some time upon the Ramaqueban, and, the whole journey, progress
+was inevitably slow, owing to the heavy state of the country from the
+recent rains. The waggon was constantly sticking, and delays were
+endless. The route taken was the same as that by which he had come to
+Gubuleweyo, but the country was now rendered so much more attractive
+with the advancing season, that some extracts may be given from the
+Journal.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span></p>
+
+<p>Leaving the neighbourhood of Gubuleweyo, as already mentioned, on
+January 26th, he reached Kumala River the following day, and on the
+28th again pushed forward towards the Shashani, where he arrived after
+many stoppages two days later, John Lee’s farm being reached early on
+the morning of the 1st of February. For three days before his arrival
+at John Lee’s, the Journal reads as follows, the first extract finding
+him at a point in the road still a few miles from the Shashani, where
+his waggon had sunk deep the night before, necessitating a halt:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 29th.</i>—During the night some rain fell; the morning
+was cloudy, but fine. Got the waggon clear with some difficulty, and
+started about noon, but it stuck again after going a few yards, the
+dissel-boom breaking, which was shortened and used again, causing a
+long delay.... At length we started fairly about 5.40 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>
+The sun was getting low, and, as we went through some really beautiful
+scenery, he set, and the sunset scene was a lovely one. I can now
+fancy that South Africa may have much fine scenery, and I wish I could
+see the Zambesi. In the foreground was undulating and broken ground,
+covered with long grass, showing in some places a silvery white colour,
+in others a yellow, and in others a green one. Beyond, the deep green
+of the trees—not uniform in height and growth, but reminding one
+in their graceful diversity of hedgerow trees or those of copses at
+home—rose distinct against the deep violet kopjes on the horizon
+and the sunset sky. The upper part of the sky was blue,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span> with large
+lilac clouds; lower down, the blue was streaked with pale yellow, and
+this again, as it approached the kopjes, became golden streaked with
+lilac. We trekked on well through the changing light, for it never
+became dark, and, ere the sunset hues had faded from the sky, the moon
+was shedding a clear light over the romantic scene. Fireflies were
+flitting, and I felt the morning trek, when we entered Pretoria, come
+back forcibly to my mind. That was then to me a wonderful change, from
+high veldt to bush veldt, and the time of seeing it—in the weird
+light of early morning—added to the charm. The road now, as then, was
+very rough and steep, over stones, up hill and down; and at about 8
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> we crossed a steep-banked river. The water was deep, and
+the bank on which we landed was so steep, that the oxen, the moment
+before they scrambled up, were up to their breasts in water, but we did
+it in gallant style.</p>
+
+<p>“On we went, and at last were rising a hill, through what in Rocky
+Mountain phraseology would be called a ‘park.’ The word is an
+appropriate one, and I know no other that would describe this lovely
+spot, reminding me of similar scenes in the Rocky Mountains. The ground
+was open and park-like, with a fine sward and a few isolated trees,
+whilst all around—forming a complete amphitheatre—rose rugged kopjes
+in the distance. The moon shed a bright light on the whole. Suddenly,
+smash went the dissel-boom, away went the oxen with it, down went John
+most ludicrously on to the ground from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span> the front-board, and the waggon
+came to a standstill. The great awkward tree, stuck in by Wankee<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a>
+and John when we first came to grief, had at last become useless, and
+now we set about making ourselves comfortable for the night, intending
+to cut a fresh dissel-boom in the morning. It was about 8.20 when this
+ludicrous breakdown happened, and it is long since I have so thoroughly
+enjoyed a laugh as I did then at John’s expense. I was not sorry that
+we were stopping here, and, as I drank in the scene with delight,
+those parks in the mountains of the Far West were present to my mind,
+and I felt happy, scarcely knowing why. The part of the country we
+have passed through is called the ‘neck.’ To-night I heard the strange
+melancholy baying of wild dogs—an animal I have never seen.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 30th.</i>—My pleasure in the place where we are outspanned
+was put an end to this morning by a crowd of noisy forward Matabele
+from a kraal a little distance off amongst the kopjes on our right. My
+men had sent early, and beer and large quantities of milk were brought.
+There were a few slaves here too, quite different in appearance and
+bearing from their conquerors. They are quiet and humble in demeanour,
+and profusely ornamented, where they can afford it, with brass wire
+in rings round the wrists, of what I have been told is Portuguese or
+native workmanship, though I think it may be brought up by our own
+traders. Blue cut beads, too, and skins are much worn. These original
+inhabitants,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span> Mashonas I think, are far more in keeping with the scene,
+to my mind, than their supplanters.<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1200_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1200_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">NATIVE HUNTING-KNIVES.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“Wankee cut a dissel-boom, and we inspanned about 2.15 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>
+First we went up hill, and then began to descend through a tolerably
+open grass country, with trees about as far apart as one sees them in
+an orchard. The country we passed through is extremely pretty—grass
+long, trees graceful and varied, broken crags, with kopjes all round.
+Through it we descended to the Shashani, which is in a valley, and we
+must have crossed it say about 3 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> We then soon crossed
+a spruit, and after this in a heavy part of the road, where the ruts
+had been worn into deep holes, we stuck. This would be about 3.40
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> We made vain efforts to get out, let the oxen feed a
+little, and again tried, and tried in vain. The front oxen,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span> and indeed
+all the oxen, were very stupid, but I blame the driver, and, though it
+was a fine moonlight night, he would try no more till next morning.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>January 31st.</i>—Fine hot day. Stupidity again in Wankee. He
+first tried to pull the waggon back and then forward, and finally
+raised it and put stones under it, as ought to have been done last
+night, for it was taken out at once when this was tried. Two girls from
+the kraal we passed yesterday came to the waggon <i>en route</i> for
+Manyami’s. They were overtaken by us on the road afterwards, and went
+some distance in the waggon, and again came to the waggon at Manyami’s.
+Two little looking-glasses delighted them beyond measure, and each
+little gift caused an exclamation of delight and gratitude, ‘O Bossa!’
+They were perfectly unsophisticated; one I thought pretty. They sang,
+evidently studying the most fascinating smiles whilst looking into the
+mirrors. After we moved I had the oxen unyoked to feed for a short
+time, and we started fairly at noon. The country was again extremely
+pretty and well wooded, the road winding like a labyrinth amongst the
+picturesque kopjes. We crossed several spruits, some of them awkward
+ones, and at one had a good deal of trouble, but it had a good bottom,
+and we pulled through. We reached Manyami’s and outspanned on high
+ground under an abruptly-rising kopje about 3 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span></p>
+
+<p>“Here old Manyami came to see me, and presented me with a small pot of
+beer, begging a ‘limbo’ for his wife. I gave him a cup of coffee in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span>
+return, and about the value of the beer in limbo, as I am not disposed
+to be over generous. I bought some calabash pumpkins, which I found
+afterwards were like excellent vegetable marrows when boiled; also a
+water-melon, the second I have bought within the last day or two. They
+are in excellent condition now, and very refreshing. I also bought some
+sour milk, which my boys like.</p>
+
+<p>“Vincent came up on his way to Mungwato with a waggon and sixteen oxen,
+returning from Gubuleweyo, where he had been with a load. His waggon
+went on, and he remained behind to help me. I find him an excellent
+driver and a very energetic fellow, and I believe he would be very glad
+to go with me, as he is tired of trading under Hogg. However, he must
+go on now.</p>
+
+<p>“The sun was getting low as we inspanned. We soon came to a very bad
+place—a huge pit in fact—where the road had been, to avoid which we
+had to go through a very soft piece of ground, into which the waggon
+sank deep, and I thought it was a case of a regular stick, but Vincent
+got me out of this well, and showed his great superiority as a driver.
+We got over some bad places after this, but at length got into a heavy
+rut, the wheels on the off side of the waggon being deep in it, whilst
+those on the other side were high on firm ground. It looked like a
+serious case, and the sun set on our efforts. The dissel-boom was
+pulled out twice, but at length so firmly locked with chains, and the
+wheels raised so effectually with stones placed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span> under them, that,
+when Vincent left his work, which he had been going at like the fine
+energetic fellow he is, and we sat down for a moment to drink a cup
+of coffee, the waggon looked like getting off. This it did without
+difficulty, and we started again about 10 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> We had one more
+stick afterwards in a deep rut, but Vincent levelled the ground in a
+few minutes, and we were off again, and finally crossed Mangwe drift
+without a mishap. This was the greatest feat of all. The river was full
+of water, the men were nearly up to their armpits (one crossed clinging
+to ‘Blackberg’s’ tail), but we went through it without any delay or
+trouble, and I was indeed thankful that our dissel-boom was chained.
+After this we trekked a short distance along a good road to John Lee’s.
+Here were Dawson’s two waggons sent up by Cruickshank, and Vincent’s
+waggon sent by Hogg. Skinner’s waggon was some little way off. Skinner
+and Dawson were waiting for the river to go down. We outspanned about
+1.30 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, and had supper.”</p>
+
+<p>At this point Frank Oates remained a few days, hoping for some
+improvement in the weather. Soon after his arrival he wrote home as
+follows:—</p>
+
+
+<p class="r2 p1 smcap">“Mr. John Lee’s, Mangwe,</p>
+
+<p class="r4 p-min">“Matabele Country.</p>
+
+<p class="r4 p-min">“<i>February 1st, 1874.</i></p>
+
+<p>“I take the opportunity of a waggon going to Bamangwato, to
+send a few lines to let you know how I am getting on. I wrote
+last to you from Mr. Thomson’s at Hope Fountain. Since then
+I have been detained at Gubuleweyo, the King’s Town, first<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span>
+by bad weather, and then, as the time of the grand dance of
+the year was approaching, I waited to see it. The people come
+from all the neighbouring kraals, and dance and feast for
+two or three days. It is the feast of the first-fruits of
+the season, and Mr. Thomson advised me to stay for it. After
+this, fearful rain again delayed me, and then I had some
+trouble with my men, and dismissed two, and had to have the
+case of a third tried before the king. At last, last Monday,
+I got under weigh once more, with a new waterproof tent on my
+waggon. The journey here is about three days under ordinary
+circumstances, but it took me six, in the present heavy state
+of the country and badness of the river drifts. I had many
+sticks in the mud and breakages of my dissel-boom. Last night
+I arrived here, and to-day is Sunday. The man to whom I am
+going to give this letter drove my waggon for the last eleven
+miles. He overtook me on the road, and let his own empty
+waggon go on. We were about six hours in accomplishing the
+distance, including delays, but, thanks to his timely help, I
+pulled through. The last river we had to cross, the Mangwe,
+was so swollen that the water was up to the men’s chests, and
+looked as if it was coming into the waggon. The men who were
+not in the waggon had to catch hold of the oxen’s tails, or
+struggle through the stream as well as they could. It would
+have been very unpleasant, especially with bad helpless
+drivers, to have broken my dissel-boom in the middle of the
+river, and I felt very glad when safely landed on the bank.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span></p>
+
+<p>“From here I intend travelling leisurely to Mungwato, where
+I hope to find letters. When I get there I shall decide
+whether or not to make another attempt on the Victoria
+Falls. By leaving Mungwato about April, I should have the
+fine season before me, and could probably reach the Falls
+and return to Mungwato in the space of three months. The
+worst of this country, however, is that movements here are
+so slow and dependent on the caprice of natives, and one is
+too much cut off from the world. Yet I believe the Zambesi
+would repay one for much sacrifice of time and patience. It
+is impossible, I am now convinced, to get on with Kafirs and
+Hottentots without severity. Kindness is thrown away upon
+them, and makes them worse than they are. I believe I shall
+have to give the latter method up altogether, and resort to
+castigation, which is an alternative I don’t like. They are,
+almost to a man, dishonest, lazy, and impudent.</p>
+
+<p>“The scenery about here <i>is</i> pretty I admit, especially
+at this time of year. Some of my moonlight treks between
+the King’s and this place were very delightful, and wakened
+a little enthusiasm and thoughts of former days, such as
+the usual dull uniformity of South African scenery fails to
+elicit. The ground is broken up into rugged crags, piled one
+upon another in such a manner that you can’t help wondering
+how the mischief they ever got there. The veldt is covered
+with long grass, like English mowing grass. The trees are,
+for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span> most part, like English woodland trees, but less
+in size; in some places forming a thick bush, in others
+scattered over the greensward like English park timber.
+Occasionally a remarkable tree occurs of unfamiliar aspect,
+but this is quite the exception. The kopjes are numerous;
+some, merely small piles of huge stones, with trees springing
+from the interstices; others, hills of respectable size,
+built up of crags, and sometimes shutting in the horizon on
+every side. Here and there a stream runs through its deep
+stony bed in a deep valley, and then comes the tug of war,
+and the moonlight scenery is forgotten, whilst one’s lungs
+are exerted in yelling to the oxen, calling each by his
+uncouth name.</p>
+
+<p>“My dogs always ride with me in my bed. One of them is a most
+faithful friend and agreeable companion to me. I should miss
+them very much. I had to sell my pony to the king, to keep in
+his good books, but was sorry to do it, although he may die
+now any time of horse-sickness. If he lives he is a valuable
+animal, and henceforth ‘salted.’ Birds are few here, and, for
+the most part, not striking in appearance. The same applies
+to flowers.</p>
+
+<p>“Old John Lee’s voice is droning away about some oxen, and
+the family circle surrounds me, as I write this letter. Lee
+wants to borrow my waggon for two months to send for some
+meal, and to do his best to make me comfortable here in the
+meantime, but I have made a mental vow not to let myself be
+talked into the arrangement.... I shall be very glad to hear
+recent news of how all are at home.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span></p>
+
+<p>“<i>P.S.</i>—... I am adding this P.S. in the waggon, but
+I miss John Lee’s drone, which I find helps me to write.
+He discoursed on locusts to-night. As he says, Kafirs eat
+them, horses, sheep, and all sorts of game eat them, lions
+eat them, wolves eat them, birds eat them—they <i>must</i>
+be very nice; only white men and vultures don’t eat them. I
+believe but for locusts an immense number of people would
+have died of famine last year at Mungwato.”</p>
+
+<p>It was the 6th of February when Frank Oates left John Lee’s, and
+the 9th when he reached the Inkwesi River. The country round Lee’s
+farm is of a somewhat striking character, and, though much healthier
+than most of the surrounding district, is not wholly free from the
+annoyances elsewhere occasioned by the summer rains. “The scenery
+here,” writes Frank Oates, “with the swollen current of the river and
+huge magnificent boulders, is as fine in its way as any one would wish
+to see. The gardens, however, which have suffered terribly from the
+drought, are now suffering equally from the wet. They require both
+irrigation for the dry, and drainage for the rainy, season.” The way in
+which Lee lived with his family round him, and the sort of relationship
+existing between them, afforded an odd example of a Dutchman’s life in
+the interior. “It reminds one,” says the traveller, “of feudal times:
+old Lee, the lord; his brother, a wretched serf; his father-in-law, not
+much better; and all his poor relations living about in little huts
+round his big house.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span></p>
+
+<p>Amongst the waggons stationed at John Lee’s during Frank Oates’s stay
+there was that of Smith, the Dutchman, whom he had formerly met on
+his way up country, near the Impakwe River. Smith was now starting on
+a hunting trip towards the Tati, and the two again agreed to travel
+together. Before leaving Frank Oates engaged John Lee’s brother, Karl,
+to accompany him as driver to Bamangwato.</p>
+
+<p>The country was still heavy, though somewhat improved by the last few
+days of comparatively dry weather. A few miles before reaching the
+Inkwesi, the road lay through bush veldt and corn-fields, with kopjes
+interspersed at intervals. “The corn-fields are close to the road,”
+writes Frank Oates, “and a large fence renders the road so narrow that
+it is a difficult matter to drive a waggon. Some of my loose oxen
+crossed a corn-field, and of course a row was made. The Hottentot,
+Klaas, from Lee’s, had to give a coat, and some lead and powder,
+because when he stuck his oxen trampled the corn whilst in the yoke,
+the road being altogether hemmed in by the corn-fields. Karl says he
+will get the extortionate payment refunded when John Lee knows. This is
+the second crop of Indian corn, the former one having been destroyed by
+locusts. We passed the Hottentot during this trek; he had had to kill
+one of his best oxen, his driver having broken the ox’s leg by throwing
+a stone. Here we come,” continues the writer, “to the last kraal, and
+outspan, about two miles from the Inkwesi, amongst the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span> kopjes. There
+is a fine sugar-loaf-shaped kopje, craggy and tree-covered to the top,
+and very steep. I wish I had time to try the ascent; there must be
+a glorious view from it. The colours on the stones from lichens are
+most beautiful, yellow predominating. The Kafirs were most impudent
+and troublesome. The headman, a young fellow in European clothes, is
+a good-looking and well-behaved fellow. He sat on my front-box; our
+object is to get boys from him. There were five men killed by the king,
+at Lee’s, Karl says, for refusing to come to live here; they said it
+was only fit for monkeys. Near here was old Makobi’s kraal, where all
+were massacred for deceiving the king, after owning allegiance to him.
+A large quantity of milk was brought to us for sale. Heavy showers
+came on, but the night was fine, clear, and starlight. Where we passed
+Klaas an elephant had passed during the night. They followed his spoor,
+but lost it. Smith shot a cow-elephant near here a year or two ago,
+and they say a surly toothless bull-elephant lives about here now. The
+kopje looked very pretty at night when all was quiet, and its dark
+sugar-loaf form loomed up close to us against the starry sky.”</p>
+
+<p>Next day (February 9th), on reaching the Inkwesi, Frank Oates chanced
+to be alone, Smith having gone on in advance, in company with the
+Hottentot above referred to. “After Karl had been to the kraal
+about boys,” writes the traveller that day, “we inspanned at 10.30
+<span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, and trekked about an hour, when we came to the drift of
+the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span> Inkwesi. The induna rode on my front-box. Some of the road was
+rough; scenery pretty. Had to chop down part of a tree against which we
+were running. We found Smith had crossed, and I sent in boys to try the
+depth, and, though it was deep, I resolved to push forward, for fear of
+rain and a swollen current. In some places it was over a man’s middle.
+We stuck in the river; had many attempts to get out, but without
+success. Two small oxen got half drowned, and we outspanned them and
+inspanned two large ones. The boy who was leading the front oxen let go
+the strap he held them by, and we had a great deal of trouble. At last
+we off-loaded a large part of our cargo, sending it over on the boys’
+backs. I worked hard; so did Karl. I then undressed and left the waggon
+before they tried to get it on again. Old Smith now came up to us, in
+the unadorned garb of nature, and mounted the front-box. (He thrashed
+a young nigger for laughing at his appearance.) They got the waggon
+out this time, but some of the oxen had to swim. Very little water got
+inside, and we loaded up again, and at sundown inspanned to go a few
+yards to where Smith and Klaas were already encamped. At night we all
+had supper together, Smith contributing some excellent ‘stamped corn.’
+This is a capital dish. The corn is first crushed, then boiled, and,
+when this is over, salt and butter or fat stirred up with it. It is
+something like stiff rice-pudding.”</p>
+
+<p>Advancing together the following morning, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[131]</span> three stopped for a
+day or two’s hunting a few miles further on, beyond the river. Here
+buffalo and blue wildebeest were met with, and the spoor of ostriches
+was seen. From a fine rocky plateau in the neighbourhood a good survey
+of the surrounding district was obtained. “Looking to the south-west,”
+writes the traveller, “we saw the distant conical range of the Tati
+hills, between which and ourselves lay a fine green bush-covered plain,
+through which flow the Impakwe and Ramaqueban Rivers. This plain
+extends far to the west and north, but to the north-east is again
+broken by kopjes in the direction of the Mangwe, whilst the fine craggy
+hills of the Inkwesi rise nearer in the same direction.” Some delicious
+fruits, not unlike greengages, known by the natives as “marula,” were
+picked up about here on the march. Between the skin and the large
+stone in the centre of each was a sweet liquid with scarcely any pulp.
+“We also found,” adds the writer, “a number of berries, of which we
+ate a good lot. These grow on low bushes, which have a sweet-scented
+yellow flower, with a smell like that of sallow bloom. The fruit is
+reddish-brown, about the size of a haw; dry, sweet, and containing a
+stone. It is called ‘Kafir plum.’”</p>
+
+<p>Here too a hornbill’s nest was found. “The boys,” says Frank Oates,
+“brought me a young hornbill, and I was taken to the nest. A hollow
+tree, with a hole in it, high up, was where the bird had come from.
+They poked out and pulled the wing-feathers off the old hen when I was
+not looking. I kept<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span> both birds. Karl says the old hen never leaves
+the young, the cock feeding them all, and that she gets quite bare of
+feathers. The number of young is two. The natives, he says, are very
+fond of them to eat, roasted.”</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1320_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1320_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">AFRICAN GREY HORNBILL.—<i>Tockus nasutus.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>The party next moved forward (February 12th) to the Impakwe, a further
+distance of about six miles. “Here,” writes the traveller, “is some
+distinct stone-work forming a circular wall, inside which are remains
+of bricks coated with a substance as if smelting had been done here.
+No mortar has been used, and the work is rough and I should say of no
+great antiquity, the stones being small and loose and easily displaced,
+so that I think they would not stand any great length of time. They are
+cut in an oblong form and properly placed for building. Karl says it
+was made for smelting copper, and used by the people whom Mosilikatze
+found here. That it is any older I should much doubt. “Shot here,” he
+concludes, “a beautiful sun-bird, whose beauty awoke my slumbering love
+of ornithology.” Birds had been scarce of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span> late, but became much more
+plentiful at the Ramaqueban, which was reached the following morning.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1330_ill" style="max-width: 360px">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1330_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">YELLOW-BILLED HORNBILL.—<i>Tockus flavirostris.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>Encamping on this river, they still remained a few days longer in the
+neighbourhood before finally separating, usually taking from here
+different directions during the day in search of game, and meeting
+again at night. The game in the district, however, for the most part
+proved scarce and wild, a circumstance afterwards accounted for by
+the fact that other parties had been and still were hunting the
+neighbourhood at the same time. There was, nevertheless, abundant
+evidence of its being a good game country; and, as it was, giraffe,
+koodoo,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span> waterbuck, and sable antelope were met with, besides wild pig,
+quagga, and sassaybi. The spoor of elephant and rhinoceros was also
+seen, none of it, however, very recent.</p>
+
+<p>The Ramaqueban—at this season a fine broad stream, with long grass
+and a large undergrowth of rank weeds upon its banks—was crossed in
+many of their rambles, and near it on one occasion were seen the graves
+of two Englishmen. “Started at nine,” writes Frank Oates on February
+16th, “crossed the Ramaqueban, and passed the graves of two Englishmen,
+who died here, one of fever, one killed by an elephant. The latter had
+come from England to shoot, and was killed by the tusks of the first
+elephant he saw. The fever is very bad on this river; the vegetation is
+extremely rank, and the water lies very deep over much of the veldt.
+The graves,” he concludes, “had been surrounded by stakes to keep off
+the wolves, but the river, overflowing its banks, had nearly washed
+them away; still the heaps of stones covering the bodies and a few
+stakes remain.”</p>
+
+<p>The same evening, wandering far into the bush, Frank Oates slept
+out with some of his boys who had accompanied him. “We stopped at 5
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>,” he says, “and huts were made. It was a hot night, and
+the big fires made it worse. The white ants too kept tumbling over me
+all night, and knocking down leaves from the roof.<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> We were perhaps
+sixteen miles from the waggon.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span></p>
+
+<p>Still, however, though in a less tried district, there seemed but
+little game, and what was seen was wild. Returning to the camp next
+day, “I stopped in the afternoon,” he writes, “when the boys found a
+nest of small bees, full of delicious honey, on which and coffee I
+dined sumptuously.”</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1350_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1350_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">GIGANTIC ANT-HILL.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>And now discouraged by the wildness and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span> scarcity of the game, the
+Dutchman soon after—about the 20th—took his departure, returning
+to John Lee’s, the Hottentot having left two days previously for the
+Shashe River, whither he had been summoned to join another Dutch
+hunter, Piet Jacobs, in search of elephant.</p>
+
+<p>A little before the latter’s departure Frank Oates had chanced to hear
+from him that, at a spot not far from their encampment, some miles up
+the river, a number of Bushmen had been murdered the previous year,
+and he resolved, if possible, to visit the place, that he might obtain
+some of their remains. In this search his informant had undertaken
+to accompany him, and had even sent to Tati for a reliable guide to
+the spot, when suddenly, at the last moment, he changed his mind, and
+excused himself from going upon the plea of illness. The circumstances
+of his defection and some other incidents of the day are thus related
+in the traveller’s Journal:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>February 18th.</i>—Fine day; the first day without rain for an
+age. Last night Klaas (the Hottentot) told me he was going on to Tati
+to-day, being too unwell to accompany me in my excursion in quest of
+the bones, but would leave me his two Bushmen—the one he had sent for
+from Tati, who knew the place, and the one he has had with him here.
+The former was out hunting, when his fourteen companions—men, women,
+and children—were killed at their hunting kraal by the Matabele. He
+found them all dead on his return. It seems that they were a party of
+Mungwato Bushmen, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span> some of them had taken meat belonging to some
+Bushmen from Manyami’s. The latter complained to the king, who said the
+Mungwato Bushmen were to be killed. This was last winter. This morning
+Klaas went away, leaving the two boys. I now found he was <i>going away
+to hunt</i>. Jacobs had sent for him to hunt for elephants, said to
+be on the Shashe. Presently the two Bushmen took their guns and skins
+and walked off. I immediately felt the strongest suspicion, and called
+Lee’s attention to them. He questioned them, and they told him they
+were going to hunt. I felt very uneasy, and wanted him to stop them,
+but he seemed to think it was all right. However, they did not return
+at night. We think Klaas had arranged all this.... One of Smith’s boys,
+a Matabele, was one of the party who killed the Bushmen, but he says he
+thinks he could not find the place, the leaves being now on the trees.
+He could find it, he says, going from his own kraal, but not from here.
+He evidently, however, does not want, or care, to go. It is somewhere,
+a day or a day and a half’s walk off, up the Ramaqueban.”</p>
+
+<p>The two Bushmen, as Frank Oates had anticipated, failing after this
+to reappear, the search for the remains had now for the present to
+be abandoned, but later in the year, as will presently be seen, he
+succeeded in obtaining possession of them.</p>
+
+<p>The Bushmen of this country—such was Karl Lee’s account of
+them—appear to be scattered over the whole district north of Mungwato,
+keeping principally near the waggon-road, to get hunting jobs and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span> bits
+of meat. They are without chiefs, and have no fixed place of abode, and
+no crops, building themselves rough temporary huts when they want to
+stop anywhere for a time. They are capable of carrying immense loads,
+and sometimes help the Matabele with their corn, receiving a little
+of the grain in payment when they return into the veldt. They have no
+guns, only assegais and dogs, and many of them have wounds of buffalo
+upon their persons. They snare buck, and occasionally get big game with
+their assegais.</p>
+
+<p>Still lingering a day or two longer on the Ramaqueban after the
+departure of his companions, Frank Oates completed the journey to the
+Tati on the 23d, whence he did not start for Bamangwato till the 4th of
+April.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1380_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1380_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">WOODEN VESSEL.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Hunting trip on the Semokwe—A native musician—Gigantic
+baobabs—Return to Tati—Journey to Shoshong—The Bamangwato
+and Matabele nations—Fighting amongst the natives—Start
+back for Tati—Misadventures and delays—Fresh arrangements.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>On reaching Tati, Frank Oates found that a hunting party was just about
+to start thence for the Semokwe, and being asked to join them, he
+arranged to do so before going on to Bamangwato. The following is an
+extract from his Journal of this date (February 23d), after his arrival
+at the settlement:—</p>
+
+<p>“Tati,” he writes, “presented on our arrival a very pretty and lively
+appearance. I like it better than any place I know of, to stand at.
+Here are no crowds of rude people to come round the waggon. All is
+green, and numerous little well-built houses dot the ground; of course
+I mean well-built for the interior of South Africa, but it is rough
+work enough nevertheless. There are the three waggons of the Gardens,
+two English brothers hunting in the country, and the waggon of Mr.
+Thomson, on his way with his wife and children to a missionary meeting
+at Kuruman. There is Nelson’s waggon, who is going away for a time,
+and possibly will visit England.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span> He leaves to-morrow according to his
+present plan, with Mr. Thomson, they carrying the mail. Then there is
+Klaas’s waggon, and Jacobs’s waggon; the latter<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> living here with
+his wife and daughters until the regular hunting season. He makes
+occasional short excursions from here, and is now about to set off for
+the Semokwe for a three weeks’ hunt after elephant. A troop of they say
+at least 200 elephant came close to Tati lately, but, probably hearing
+the engine, turned. One account sets them down at a still larger
+number. In the letter I found awaiting me here from Willie, written
+when he came out of the hunting veldt, he tells me he has been to the
+Semokwe, where he has had good sport. Seventeen elephants, he tells me,
+had just been killed on that river; this would be by Fejeune. Captain
+Garden and his brother are accompanying Jacobs on his projected hunt,
+and I am going to join them too. Klaas and Henry Wall are also going,
+and a lot of Bushmen. Jacobs shot a fine lion close to Tati lately;
+brought him to bay with dogs early in the morning, and shot him from
+horseback. They trapped another; the third, a lioness, escaped. They
+had been taking Jacobs’s bullocks.... A lot of people came up to my
+waggon when we outspanned, and Mr. Thomson invited me to supper. In the
+evening we all met at Brown’s. Brown has given me a piece of bread. I
+enjoy it without butter or anything else with it; it is a wonderful
+treat.”</p>
+
+<p>The following day the large party here alluded<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[141]</span> to started on their
+hunt. Before leaving, Frank Oates wrote to his brother William, now in
+England, as follows:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Tati</span>, <i>February 24th, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“It is quite a pleasure to get a letter from you—I mean the one you
+left for me here. I shall get no more now for five or six weeks, when
+I expect to be in Mungwato. I am sorry that wretched old croaker,
+Palmer,<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> put you in a funk about me. He says it would be a good
+thing for people travelling to have ‘portable coffins.’ I am thankful
+to say my health is excellent. I did not, as doubtless you know by
+this time, get to the Zambesi. I believe the king was at the bottom of
+it (not of the Zambesi; but excuse grammar). I took my waggon fifty
+miles on the way, as far as Inyati, and then put all out for fifteen
+carriers to take. It was a fortnight’s walk through ‘the fly’ to the
+Falls. After waiting nearly a week, it transpired that no boys were
+forthcoming as promised. Partly, I think, they were afraid of fever,
+and partly of the natives, with whom they are at war; partly also they
+wanted to get back in time to cultivate their gardens. However, I
+believe I could have got them myself easily, had I not trusted to the
+man given me by the king.</p>
+
+<p>“I then sent back to Lobengula, asking him for hunting veldt. I had
+given him your shot gun, and his sister some furniture print of
+gorgeous pattern. He gave me a fine veldt between the Gwailo and
+Umvungu Rivers, where I was six weeks. I then<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span> returned to the royal
+residence, and asked the king to let me go back to the same place. He
+was very crusty, and asked if I wanted to die. I told him I would take
+my chance, for I did not think there was the least danger <i>then</i>.
+It is when the rains cease and the rank vegetation rots beneath the sun
+that it is so bad, and that is not till March in most parts, I believe,
+though earlier on the Zambesi. However, he said, if I wanted to die,
+why could I not die somewhere else, and not in his country, and made so
+many difficulties I had to give it up. I then had so many delays—bad
+weather, and one thing or another—that I waited till the big dance was
+over, which is quite a thing to see when one is here.</p>
+
+<p>“After this I had difficulties with my men, and had to part with
+Hendrik, Dick, and Jacob, all of whom you will remember. About
+Dick’s dismissal I had to wait a week or more, as the case had to
+be tried before the king, and Jacob was finally handed over to the
+tender mercies of Dick. Hendrik I dismissed for refusing to cut some
+bushes, to make a fence round my waggon to keep the niggers out. This
+he considered ‘slavish work,’ and preferred dismissal to demeaning
+himself. Then the king would insist on buying my little horse, still
+well when I left in January, and got the saddle and bridle for nothing.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1422_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1422_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">HUNTERS’ CAMP ON THE SEMOKWE RIVER.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“Since then I have been coming slowly from the King’s. I have been
+hunting, and have Lee’s brother to drive for me now, and take me to
+Mungwato. Here I have fallen in with Captain Garden and his brother,
+and am joining them and some others for <span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span>about three weeks’ hunting
+in the veldt. I am spinning out the time, so that if I find all
+things favourable on reaching Mungwato, I can start in April or May
+for the Zambesi.... I have seen Vincent, the driver, who is death on
+Solomon.<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> He said he wanted to kill him, but did not like to do it
+without your leave, which he asked, but you said it would be rather
+inconvenient to you just then to have him put out of the way.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 24th, as already stated, the hunters left the Tati, and crossing
+the Ramaqueban and Inkwesi Rivers, struck thence eastwards, and crossed
+the Sakasusi or Dry River on the 26th, a crowd of Bushmen, with their
+wives and children, accompanying the waggons. The following day they
+reached the Semokwe, a fine river surrounded by a sea of green bush
+stretching in all directions, and here they formed their camp.<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> “In
+the evening,” writes Frank Oates in his Journal after their arrival at
+this point, “a boy, who comes from the Zambesi, and knows the Falls,
+which he calls ‘Metse-a-tunya’ (water-sounding), came and sang, playing
+on the string of a bow to which a gourd was attached. He sang the ‘Song
+of the Elephants Feeding,’ now and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span> then pausing and imitating the
+looking round for danger, then recommencing the feeding, or imitating
+the running of the elephants. The words were very distinct, with no
+clicking. The following occurred over and over again, the song sounding
+very monotonous, but not at all harsh or unpleasant:—</p>
+
+  <div class="poetry-container">
+   <div class="poetry">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="ileft">“‘Wānga marank,</div>
+        <div>Swot ma ben a marank,</div>
+        <div>Wātem ba marank,</div>
+        <div>Obeza marank,</div>
+        <div>Wāmba marank.’</div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<p>One of the boys from Mungwato, whose language this man knows a little,
+explains that he speaks of the game feeding by the river—‘all the
+game.’ The minstrel was delighted with some tobacco. He is a fine,
+well-made, powerful-looking, and nice-featured young fellow, with a
+pleasant childish expression.”</p>
+
+<p>Next day a large troop of buffalo was encountered near the river, out
+of which were obtained a cow and three-year-old bull, which supplied
+the camp with meat. “Went after supper,” writes Frank Oates that
+evening, “to see the Bushmen and their wives dance. They do this when
+full of meat, making a great noise. The women stand in line, shuffling
+their feet and clapping their hands, whilst the men come and perform
+antics in front of them—one now and then stepping out from the ranks
+and approaching near to the women with dancing and gestures. Now and
+then one excited will rush away half mad into the veldt, and return
+again when tired. They must work very hard in this dancing.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span></p>
+
+<p>On March 2d, leaving the waggons by the river, the party started for a
+few days’ hunting in the bush, taking with them a couple of pack-oxen.
+After following the river for some distance nearly south, they entered
+some very pretty country, characteristic of the best South African
+scenery—rugged kopjes and thick bush, the kopjes rising round on every
+side, and stretching far into the distance. Here, crossing the river,
+they encamped their first night, advancing the following morning in
+an easterly direction several miles. In the course of this afternoon
+(March 3d), some trees of unusual size were noticed by some of the
+party whilst riding in pursuit of eland. “The first which arrested my
+attention,” writes Frank Oates, who was one of this number, “was so
+striking that I let the others go on following the spoor, and reined in
+my horse. The tree was perfectly gigantic in girth, thickening as it
+got higher, though of no great height. It was swollen and bloated in
+a most extraordinary manner, and is of the same kind as the ‘Indunas’
+tree’—a baobab. Though still flourishing, it is a mere shell, and,
+looking in at a hole in the side, I saw that it was open to the sky at
+the top. Inside was a good-sized chamber, strewed with minute bones of
+rats or some small mammalia. No doubt generations of owls have long had
+their abode here; one flew out on our approach. We saw another tree
+afterwards, probably as large, but I did not ride up to it.”</p>
+
+<p>After this the same general direction was again<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span> pursued till evening,
+when temporary huts were constructed for the night, which, however,
+unfortunately proved a wholly ineffectual shelter from the heavy
+rain which fell early the following morning, thoroughly saturating
+everything inside. The day itself was fine and hot, but was again
+succeeded by heavy rain at night, which induced the party on March 5th
+to retrace their steps to the waggons, recrossing the Semokwe in their
+march, which was now swollen with the recent heavy rains. One of the
+Bushmen was carried off his legs in crossing the river, but, seizing
+hold of another of the party, regained his footing, and reached the
+opposite bank in safety. The big rifle he was carrying escaped with
+a severe wetting. After this the party moved slowly back towards the
+Tati, halting a short time on the banks of the Sakasusi, and elsewhere
+upon the way; and reaching the settlement on March 17th. The game
+met with during their absence had been much the same as that Frank
+Oates had found in his former journeyings further to the north, and
+included—besides buffalo, quagga, pallah, and sassaybi, all of which
+were obtained early in the hunt—giraffe, rhinoceros, wildebeest, and
+koodoo.</p>
+
+<p>Still remaining at Tati a few days after their return there, Frank
+Oates, as already mentioned, started thence for Bamangwato on April
+4th, accompanied by a hunter and two traders, also on their way south.
+By the middle of March the weather seemed to have become quite settled,
+and the days were almost universally fine and hot, with only an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span>
+occasional slight shower or a little drizzling rain. This absence of
+wet had greatly changed the aspect of the country, and that in a short
+time, for, the day after leaving Tati for Bamangwato and crossing the
+Shashe River, the veldt presented to the travellers a dry, parched
+appearance, very different from anything which had now for a long time
+been witnessed. The grass was yellow, and many of the trees already
+bare. A week’s trekking brought the party to Bamangwato, which was
+reached on April 11th, after an uneventful journey.<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1470_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1470_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">SALT PAN, BAMANGWATO.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>Here Frank Oates found letters awaiting him—the first he had received
+from England since leaving<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span> Pietermaritzburg nearly twelve months
+before—and, all seeming favourable, at once determined on prosecuting
+his journey to the Zambesi. There appeared now every reason to
+anticipate a prosperous and successful expedition, and he began at
+once to make his preparations for it, laying in fresh supplies at the
+stores, and otherwise completing his equipment.</p>
+
+<p>Very little worthy of note occurred during the time he was detained at
+Bamangwato. One evening, however, a great noise and shouting at the
+kraal, kept up till late, announced the return from the veldt of a
+number of boys who had been out for circumcision. The following day,
+according to custom, the same boys went forth again, and Frank Oates
+saw them starting. “Party, say of two hundred boys, went out,” he
+writes, “into the veldt. They are those who returned yesterday from
+circumcision, and I am told will have to go to the veldt every day for
+a week and look after the king’s cattle. They presented a striking and
+uniform appearance. Each had a knob-kerry and a wand, and round the
+middle a bit of skin. All these and their entire bodies were rubbed
+with red ochre, their heads shaved except the crown, on which the hair
+was quite short, crisp, and bead-like. All the crown and the part
+around it was brilliantly metallic, of a dark steel blue, produced by
+some preparation of a kind of lead got here.”</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1490_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1490_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">CHURCH AND MISSION STATION, SHOSHONG, BAMANGWATO.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>The evening after this occurrence (April 24th), the traveller’s
+preparations were completed, and a fresh start made up country, but
+before proceeding further<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span> with the narrative, it will be proper here
+to give quotations from some of the letters written during his present
+stay at Bamangwato. Five days after his arrival he writes to one of his
+brothers:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Bamangwato</span>, <i>April 16th, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“At last I have your and the Mater’s letters, dated September 22d,
+and containing the first news I have had from home since I left
+Pietermaritzburg. When I arrived here and found no letters I did not
+know what to think. Mr. Mackenzie, the missionary, and his assistant,
+Mr. Hepburn, were both absent, having gone—as well as Mr. Thomson, the
+Matabele missionary—to a meeting at Kuruman. I had asked Mackenzie to
+keep letters for me at his own house, and requested Hathorn to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span> forward
+all letters to him from Maritzburg; so when I arrived here and found
+none I could not make it out. To-day, however, a note arrived, the
+monthly mail coming in. This note was from Hepburn, telling me that a
+letter and newspapers were at his house for me, and directing me to
+apply to a converted native, who is studying for the church, and who,
+with others like him, forms a college adjoining the missionary houses.
+I was not long in going up, and found the things as he had said,
+amongst his books....</p>
+
+<p>“I left Tati for this place on the 4th of April, and reached here
+in a week. I had to come here for supplies. It is about 150 miles;
+but the journey is no trifle. I generally trekked during the night,
+and slept comfortably, the ground being soft sand for the most part,
+and the waggon going slowly and without jolts. We usually made two
+treks of perhaps three hours each, say from 3 to 6, and from 8 to 11
+<span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span>, and set off again about 2 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span> and trekked
+till sunrise, which was about 6 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, making a trek of about
+four hours. Call our rate of travelling two miles an hour in heavy
+ground, this gives about twenty miles a day, roughly, and this is good
+trekking, and could not be kept up for long. Now, however, there is
+still plenty of grass and water, though winter is setting in and the
+rains nearly over. Two waggons accompanied me, with two traders and a
+hunter in them. The latter is quite a young fellow, who left England
+three years ago. He was educated at Rugby. One of the two traders was
+Fairbairn, who supplied me with goods at the town of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span> Matabele
+king; and the other, a man named Dawson.</p>
+
+<p>“On my birthday I thought of you all, and old times—and had a good
+wash.<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a>... I hope not to be more than a week or so here in all,
+before returning to Tati, <i>en route</i> for the Falls. Selous, the
+hunting youth above mentioned, set off to-day. His partner, George
+Wood, a Yorkshireman, is waiting for him at Tati. They are both
+professional ivory hunters, and have a good deal of roughing it to do.
+Selous was once lost for four days and three nights in the veldt. The
+morning of the first day, when he left the waggons, he had nothing but
+a cup of coffee, and had neither a drop of water nor a morsel of food
+of any description till the evening of the fourth day, when he found
+his way back, and got some milk of a native. He thinks he could have
+held out another day.</p>
+
+<p>“The brothers Garden are going to the Zambesi also, the same way. There
+is another way of reaching the Falls from here, shorter than the Tati
+road, but at certain seasons deficient in water. It is to the left of
+the Tati road. I should have preferred it, but wanted to leave some
+things at Tati, and was not sure of finding water, going by it. It
+appears, however, it would have been all right, had I decided on that
+route. They tell me<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span> here two English tourists, one of them called
+Bond, have just left here, trekking slowly to the Falls. This year and
+last the Falls have been in great request apparently, as Garland and
+Dawnay visited them last year, and now the Gardens, Bond, and myself,
+are all bound there, this. Selous too is very anxious to see them, and
+will probably manage it. We are still in lots of time, in fact the
+great fear now is of going there too soon, but I shall go slowly, and
+remain where it is healthy till it is the same at the Zambesi.</p>
+
+<p>“The boys, as one’s Kafir satellites are called, whatever their age,
+are far more liable to fever of course than their ‘bosses.’ Lying
+out naked, or with only a skin or blanket and a fire, to keep the
+cold away at the unhealthy season, is not likely to prevent an attack
+of fever. Three or four of my boys have had it. I have given them
+quinine, and there is only one of them ill now. This is a little
+fellow I call ‘Quilp.’ He is perhaps eighteen, and a perfect dwarf.
+The race he belongs to, the Bushmen of this country, are usually tall.
+These Bushmen are a curious race, who probably had their homes in
+the veldt long before the Mungwato and Matabele people came here and
+conquered it, and before the races they conquered came. The Mungwato
+people are an utterly different nation from the Matabele. The latter
+have two other nations, the Makalaka and Mashona, living in bondage
+under them, who are far more ingenious and versed in the arts than
+their conquerors, having mined and worked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span> in metals and woven stuffs
+for ages. They are not all conquered yet; but the Matabele king is
+constantly sending out parties of warriors, who steal their cattle,
+kill the old people, and carry the children into slavery. The little
+slaves grow up in the families of the Matabele, and when they are old
+enough to marry, become free and are incorporated into the nation, in
+which way Lobengula increases his people and his power. The slaves call
+those of their conquerors to whom they are allotted, their ‘fathers,’
+and they have to work for them, though more like adopted children than
+anything else. Many of the conquered people, however, are not made part
+of the nation, but suffered to live on with a Matabele headman placed
+over them. It is usually slave boys that one gets as servants. They
+have to look after the cattle and make themselves generally useful,
+carrying one’s arms, blankets, or anything else required, when one goes
+for a day or two into the veldt. I have now six boys, all young, which
+I always prefer, besides my driver, a stupid creature, who requires
+constant blowing up and the use of unpleasantly strong remarks.<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>
+When these fail altogether, I shall have to try the argument of
+knocking him down, which may be slightly beneficial.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span> This is supposed
+to attach a boy to you. The worst of it is none of my boys are much
+afraid of me.</p>
+
+<p>“I think I shall be very well supplied for my coming trip. I shall
+have meal, coffee, and brandy, which I have got here. Sugar is not to
+be had at present, but may possibly turn up before I leave. However,
+that doesn’t matter much. Coffee is of the first importance, then comes
+tobacco. To be without these two is a thing I have never yet come to.
+Meal too is a nice thing to have, though not indispensable, as you can
+buy Kafir corn, which, when cooked, keeps you going. Brandy, likewise,
+I am very glad to have got.</p>
+
+<p>“There are, besides the parties I have enumerated, a lot of Boer
+hunters going to the Zambesi, with their wives and families. Those
+who go by Tati will leave it about the middle of May, I think, and I
+suppose the Falls can be reached and seen, and you can be returning in
+August if you wish to leave so soon. I look forward to the time when I
+shall be <i>en route</i> for home. When I came here and got Willie’s
+letter, and saw the place where our waggons had stood together, I
+could not help feeling a sort of yearning for home, and to-day when
+I got your and the Mater’s letters, it seemed as if it would be so
+jolly to be with you all again soon, but then I comfort myself with
+thinking that it will only make a few months’ difference, going to the
+Zambesi, and I did not like the idea of leaving the country without
+accomplishing my object. I hope all will continue to go on well at
+home.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1542_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1542_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">SHOSHONG, BAMANGWATO.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span></p>
+
+<p>“There has been some fighting going on here of late amongst the
+natives. It took place just before I arrived. You may be aware that
+Kama left here, and old Sekomi, his father, remained behind with
+Kamani, Kama’s younger brother. Kama, however, it is supposed, will
+return and rout Kamani. Sekomi is looked upon as nobody. Kamani is a
+gentlemanly well-dressed darkie enough, and the other day he and his
+men gave Matchin a warm reception. Matchin is his uncle, or something
+of the sort, and once for a short time supplanted Sekomi. He thought
+the dispute of the brothers a favourable opportunity for retaking
+Mungwato, but failed. His people had to climb the steep mountain which
+flanks the town, turning to fire as they fled, whilst Kamani’s men shot
+at them from the plain. A great deal of ammunition was expended, but
+comparatively few natives slain. There were a dozen or so lying about
+on the slope of the mountain when I arrived, but the hyænas and crows
+had had a ‘high old time,’ and little was left of them but the skulls.
+A lot of huts were destroyed during the fight; and one of the traders
+here seized the opportunity to burn down the empty huts all round the
+store where he lives, and it certainly improves his view.<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span></p>
+
+<p>“It seems next to impossible to convert the natives here to
+Christianity, though a good many of them profess it. The worst of it is
+that when they get so far converted as to wear ‘continuations,’ they
+become incorrigible thieves and drunkards. I always infinitely prefer
+the raw unconverted heathen for my own use, and every one else that
+I know does the same. I like extremely the three missionaries that I
+know, and believe them to be most excellent conscientious men. They
+believe the chief result of their labours is yet to come, and I hope
+they may be right.”</p>
+
+<p>By the 24th of April, as already mentioned, all was ready for a
+start, and, leaving Bamangwato after sundown, a trek of two hours was
+accomplished that night. The following morning a like distance had been
+traversed, when the waggon was suddenly brought to a stand by one of
+the wheels giving way. It was fortunate, as it happened, they had not
+got further from the reach of help, and the broken wheel was at once
+taken back to Bamangwato. It was a tedious business, however, getting
+it repaired,—so slow are people’s movements in this country,—but at
+last it was ready, and, some fresh oxen being purchased to strengthen
+the span, the journey was resumed early on the morning of May 5th.
+Before starting a couple of waggons arrived from Lake<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span> Ngami with two
+traders, both looking dreadfully ill from the effects of fever; indeed
+they seemed to have had a very narrow escape. They had buried one man,
+and reported the death of another at the Lake,—Henry Gray, the trader
+who, the year before, had accompanied Frank and William Oates a good
+part of the way up country when they first left Pietermaritzburg.</p>
+
+<p>Before resuming his journey Frank Oates wrote home a few lines to his
+brother William, as follows:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Bamangwato</span>, <i>May 4th, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“I wrote to Charley a few days ago, telling him I was just setting off
+for the Zambesi. As bad luck would have it, one of my hind wheels came
+to grief in jolting over that vile piece of road you must remember,
+about ten miles from here, and there I was, laid on my back. However, I
+put the wheel on a sledge of branches, and brought it with six oxen to
+be mended here, and once again am off. I am going to ride to the waggon
+to-night by moonlight, and hope to be at the Makalapsi River before the
+sun is very high....</p>
+
+<p>“We have reckoned up about thirty waggons going Zambesi way this year;
+some are hunters, some traders, and some tourists. I expect most of
+them will stand at the same place, beyond Daka, and one must walk from
+there to the Falls. I suppose twelve white men at least will be at
+the Falls this year, so I shall not be alone, and one will be in the
+way of help in case of emergency arising, which is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span> not likely. I am
+sparing no pains to get a good outfit. I have now twenty-six oxen, and
+am determined to be as well provided in every way as possible for the
+journey.”</p>
+
+<p>After writing the above Frank Oates rode out, as he intended, to his
+waggon, and by 3 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span> on the 5th of May was once more upon
+the road. Again all went favourably for something like three hours
+after starting, and a further distance of five or six miles had been
+accomplished when, to the traveller’s unspeakable vexation, a fresh
+catastrophe of a like kind occurred, this time the tire of the same
+wheel breaking, and necessitating another halt. He now rode back into
+Bamangwato to see what could be done, the upshot of which was that he
+there bought two new waggons, and yet more oxen, so as to divide his
+load and lessen the risk of future accidents of this vexatious kind. He
+also secured the services of a Dutchman named Van Roozen, and his son,
+the former of whom would act as driver to one of the waggons, and make
+himself generally useful.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst still completing these arrangements he added a short
+supplementary letter to the last, from which the following are
+extracts:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<i>May 9th, 1874.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Since writing the letter of May 4th, which will reach you at the same
+time this does, I have broken down again. After finishing my letter
+to you I rode out to the waggon, inspanned, and trekked. I had gone
+perhaps five or six miles, when the wheel came to grief again, the tire
+breaking, and I had to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[159]</span> return here. It has ended in my buying two new
+waggons, and selling the old one.... The great difference in my plans,
+however, is, that I have found a Dutchman and his little boy, who have
+agreed to accompany me. The former wanted to go hunting with some one,
+and I engaged him to go with me as driver and general overseer, but
+have stipulated that he shall only hunt when and where I think fit, as,
+for instance, when I leave the waggon standing to visit the Zambesi.
+Of course if he gets any ivory or feathers he gives me half, as is
+always done in these cases, and there may be enough to pay his wages
+as driver. His boy is a handy little fellow, and can take charge of a
+waggon.”</p>
+
+<p>It was the 13th of May, when again, for the third time, Frank Oates
+started north, but the further tracing of his fortunes must be left
+to the succeeding chapter. Before, however, concluding the present
+period of his wanderings, the following brief extract may be given from
+another of his letters, written about this time, with reference to his
+dogs. He says:—</p>
+
+<p>“I have the nicest dog now I ever had. He is a pointer, and a most
+sensible creature. Dogs are indispensable here, if only to guard the
+waggon. My pointers are both well; I had four originally, but sold two
+here when I went further into the interior. One poor thing is dead,
+and the other far from flourishing. It was August when I left them,
+having a difficulty in feeding so many dogs; and now when I return in
+April, poor ‘Flirt’ knows me, and won’t<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span> let me out of her sight for
+a moment. She had only known me three months, but had formed a very
+strong attachment to me. She follows me like my shadow. They accuse
+her of stealing soap, and say she has a <i>penchant</i> for departed
+negroes. The fact is she is not overfed. I wish that I had kept her. I
+have besides two puppies. One is five, the other three months old, and
+I have had them from their tenderest infancy.”</p>
+
+<p>The pointer referred to at the commencement of this paragraph was the
+traveller’s favourite, “Rail,” the attached and devoted companion of
+all his wanderings, his friend in solitude, and faithful to him even
+after death.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1600_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1600_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">“ROCK” AND “RAIL.”</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Again at Tati—Fresh causes of delay—Lions on the
+Motloutsi—Threatened by natives—Forthcoming prospects.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>By the 21st of May Frank Oates was again back at Tati from Bamangwato,
+this time completing the journey without further mishap. Little worthy
+of note occurred upon the road. The weather was now settled; the rains
+had ceased, and the days were usually bright and fine. The general
+aspect of the country was bare and brown, though, where water was met
+with, there was still for the most part a corresponding freshness in
+the landscape, as was the case at “Tchakani Vlei,” a beautiful pond,
+surrounded by wood and covered with water-lilies, which was reached the
+second day of the journey. Again at the Palatswe River, further on,
+was water and abundance of fresh grass, the latter supplying excellent
+pasture for the oxen. But some days forced marches were required, to
+get from one watering-place to another, these in the winter season
+being few in number.</p>
+
+<p>This scarcity of water sufficiently accounted for the general absence
+of game upon the route, only a few<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span> small antelope occasionally showing
+themselves the whole time. In crossing the Motloutsi two lions were
+observed quite close to the waggons, and Frank Oates gave them chase,
+but, as related below in a letter referring to the events of this
+period, was thrown off the scent by the wiles of the Dutchman, Van
+Roozen, who sought to avoid an encounter. The signs of animal life were
+rather more numerous on the Shashe River, where some fine water-holes
+were found in the sand, into one of which a crocodile had recently
+crawled, leaving the track of his tail behind him at the water’s edge.
+Here pallah and other game spoor was abundant, and three or four large
+monkeys were observed crossing the river-bed. Birds too were numerous,
+including herons, kingfishers, and bustards. In the course of the
+journey one or two curious snakes were met with, one of which was of a
+fine silvery hue upon the back, and salmon-coloured beneath. Another,
+quite black, and of a very deadly kind, evinced a remarkable facility
+for swelling out its head to an enormous size when alarmed or angry.
+This snake had a habit, it was said, of hanging down from the trees
+like one of their branches and attacking such creatures as might pass
+beneath.</p>
+
+<p>On approaching Tati the traveller was struck with the fine autumnal
+tints of the trees, and observed ahead of him the picturesque range of
+hills towards the Ramaqueban. At Tati itself the grass was parched and
+yellow, and everything had already assumed its autumnal or winter garb.
+Here he was met on his arrival by Mr. Fairbairn from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span> Gubuleweyo, from
+whom he learnt with pleasure that the king had sent leave for him to
+go to the Zambesi, a fresh permission having been required. The other
+travellers for the Zambesi, mentioned above in one of Frank Oates’s
+letters, had most of them already started northwards, but for one
+reason or another he was himself yet detained some days longer at the
+settlement.</p>
+
+<p>The only incident of much novelty which occurred during this time was
+an angry scene with some Kafirs at the mine, arising out of a second
+attempt he had made, when last at Tati, to get possession of the
+Bushman remains he had failed to secure when hunting on the Ramaqueban
+in February. The story of his encounter with these men and other
+circumstances of the time are related by him at some length in the
+following letter home:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Tati</span>, <i>May 29th, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“I have been here just a week to-day en route for the Zambesi. I have
+been delayed, in the first instance, by the illness of Brown, who is
+managing Sir John Swinburne’s mine here in the absence of Nelson, who
+has gone to the colony; and since, by having something done to my
+waggon wheels. I have been able to be of a little use to Brown, and
+did not like to leave him as he was, but he is now better. It does not
+much matter losing a few days, as I always thought the 1st of June
+would be early enough to leave here, in order to reach the Zambesi as
+soon as the healthy season there has fairly set in. I may now wait two
+or three days longer, as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span> there seems a possibility of my getting my
+waggon wheels shortened. I shall be glad if I can get this done, as
+wood in this country shrinks so much that the tire often becomes loose,
+and then a blacksmith is wanted to shorten the tire unless the wheel is
+wedged.</p>
+
+<p>“I am fortunate in having secured the services of the Dutchman and
+his little boy, whose engagement I informed you of in my letter from
+Bamangwato. These people are very useful to have about a waggon. There
+are a thousand shifts, which any one who understands the subject can
+have recourse to. A Kafir is scarcely ever the slightest good, even if
+he has been working about waggons all his life. I have now, moreover,
+far more comfort in the waggon I appropriate to my own use, as it is no
+longer crammed to overflowing, half my cargo being stowed away in my
+second waggon, which the Boer occupies. My oxen too are, on the whole,
+in a very satisfactory state, and I have all the necessary stores. I
+don’t suppose I need be more than a month in reaching the place where
+my waggons must stand, and then it is two or three days on foot to the
+Victoria Falls; but of course I shall go slower than this, and may not
+be back here till November, or even later. I feel now as if all was
+going well.</p>
+
+<p>“I was eight days in coming here from the place where I last broke
+down, and had few incidents on the road. Van Roozen, the Dutchman,
+however, got a fright one morning from a couple of lions, and showed
+himself to be rather a coward. We were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span> entering the dry bed of the
+Motloutsi River about two hours before sunrise, and I was asleep in the
+waggon. It appears that Van Roozen had gone across the river in front
+of the waggons to ascertain the nature of the opposite bank, which he
+had just climbed when the roar of a lion resounded in his ears, and he
+asserts that he was chased by a couple of them, and ‘ran like a horse.’
+The latter part of his statement, no doubt, is perfectly correct, and
+also it was true that there had been two lions within a yard or two of
+him at one time, as we saw by the spoor at sunrise. I found the remains
+of a pallah they had killed in the bed of the river, and the spoor
+of the lions going away into the bush, and set off to follow it with
+the dogs and the Dutchman. The latter was in a great fright. I should
+have thought nothing of it if he had candidly admitted as much, but
+he thought to put me off by making believe to follow the spoor, and
+then conveniently losing it. The Kafirs too are most terribly afraid
+of lions, and will always lose the spoor; indeed it is almost useless
+to attempt to follow it with them, but I had thought better things of
+a Dutchman calling himself a ‘hunter.’ The fact is, for one man to go
+alone, or only accompanied by Kafirs, may be dangerous, but for two
+white men with double-barrelled rifles the danger is very slight; as,
+in the remote contingency of an attack, one could help the other, but
+really Dutchmen are only a degree better than Kafirs. Still they are
+wonderfully useful about a waggon, and my having this one with me takes
+a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span> great deal of bother off my hands, and may save me no end of trouble
+and delay. My grand mistake was not taking a good man with me from
+Natal in the first instance at £8 or £10 a month.</p>
+
+<p>“I have had a row with some rascally Kafirs here in this wise. Last
+year a party of unfortunate Bushmen—men, women, and children—were
+killed by a party of Matabele. The Bushmen were supposed to have
+been hunting where they had no right, or committing some other
+offence—probably an imaginary one. Hearing of this, I thought if I
+could find the place I could take a sack and fill it with bones, and
+I instituted inquiries accordingly as to the locality, offering a
+blanket to any Kafir who would take me to the spot. A Dutchman, who
+lives here, when he is not away with his wife and daughters in his
+waggon on a hunting expedition, offered to act as my guide, and it was
+settled that I should give him £5 for doing so. He, however, changed
+his mind about going, but told me he had got one of the Matabele who
+killed the Bushmen to go with me in his stead. This fellow was working
+here at the mine, but when he was brought to me he also refused to
+go, evidently thinking I had some ulterior object in wanting to go to
+the place—perhaps to get him punished. These people, too, are very
+superstitious about going to places where others have been killed.</p>
+
+<p>“This occurred when I was last here, but on my return I was waited
+on by another coloured gentleman, who said he too had helped to kill
+the Bushmen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span> (and a ferocious beast he looked)—What business was
+it of <i>mine</i> to visit the bones? All this, of course, arose
+from the Dutchman having made it known that I wanted the bones. The
+ferocious-looking Kafir further went on to say that he should complain
+of my conduct to the king, the only way to avoid which catastrophe
+being to give him something out of my waggon, to bribe his silence.
+Moreover, he hinted that if I did not comply, he should not stick at
+helping himself, and went through a pantomime with his knob-kerry (a
+stick with a round knob at one end, with which Kafirs knock their
+enemies on the head), illustrating what he would do to <i>me</i>. All
+this was bounce, though no doubt he would have liked to do it had he
+dared, and he thought to frighten me. My pusillanimous Dutchman at
+once begged me to give the fellow something. This I stoutly refused,
+not only as a disgraceful proceeding on my part, but as an act of bad
+policy. I knew better than to show him I was afraid of him, and I knew
+the king was not likely to go against me, even if the worst came to
+the worst. There were two other Kafirs with this one, also from the
+mine, to back him up. Finding the Dutchman disposed to be friendly with
+them, the spokesman asked him for a cigar, seeing us smoking, and the
+Dutchman wanted me to comply, as a preliminary to talking the matter
+over. All I said, however, to the Kafir was a word or two of his own
+language, meaning ‘Go away, you scoundrel.’</p>
+
+<p>“It was Sunday, and at this moment a white<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span> man who works at the
+mine came up, and I told him the case. He knew the Kafirs, and at
+once ordered them off, giving one of them a good slap on the side of
+the head, which upset him. Then they all jumped to their feet and
+brandished their knob-kerries. I threw off my coat, and my ally and
+I stood ready and waited for the first blow to be struck, whilst Van
+Roozen stood afar off. This attitude decided the Kafirs not to risk a
+fight, and they said they would go with me to Brown and talk the matter
+over. We went accordingly, and Brown told them if they wanted to do
+so to take the case before the king, and they soon subsided and slunk
+away. I might have had the greatest possible annoyance if it had not
+been for the plucky conduct of Dobie from the mine.</p>
+
+<p>“Fairbairn’s waggon was stopped when he came here by some Matabele,
+and he gave them some goods, but vowed he would complain to the king
+and get them into trouble. I suppose these three Kafirs thought they
+too could get something. The king, I believe, would kill them if he
+knew. There are, of course, no prisons; and when any of his subjects go
+too far they get put to death, and thrown out to the hyænas. He is an
+excellent friend to the white men here, and his people live in fear and
+trembling of their lives. Since I was at the royal residence, I am told
+he has killed some dozen of the leading men of the country for making
+suggestions to him. ‘I must show them,’ said he, ‘who is king,’—and he
+showed them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Winter has now fairly set in; it is extremely cold at night, and not
+hot even during the day—at least not hot for Africa. The rivers are
+dry and the bush withered, and all is yellow and autumnal looking, and
+will remain so till the rains fall in October, and the fresh vegetation
+springs up. Then the trees will soon be all green, and many of them
+blossoming, and there will be many wild flowers. Now things are bleak
+and barren looking enough.</p>
+
+<p>“Before I leave here I shall write a few lines more.... I hope every
+one is well, and shall live in hope, for what else can I do? I can’t
+expect to get any more letters till my return from the Zambesi. It may
+be some little time before you hear from me again, as I don’t know
+that any waggons will return till November, though there are no end
+of them gone to the Zambesi. Should any precede me back I can send a
+letter by them. If, however, you don’t hear, you must take for granted
+all is going well with me. Humanly speaking, there seems no reason for
+uneasiness.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of June, his waggon at last ready, Frank Oates added a
+few lines to this letter, announcing his intended departure on the
+following day, and on the 9th he started for the Zambesi. There seemed
+now no reasonable probability of anything occurring to interfere with
+the successful issue of his journey, yet in reality, as things turned
+out, this was only the first of three separate attempts he made to
+reach the Zambesi from this point the present season. By the shorter
+route now to be adopted—for he was not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span> going by Gubuleweyo—he would
+proceed pretty direct northwards, passing through the country of the
+Makalakas, who are subject to the Matabele, and hold the key to the
+Zambesi country by this approach. Before crossing the boundaries of
+these people, it is necessary for travellers to have first obtained
+permission from the king to proceed, and such a permission Frank Oates
+distinctly had; yet, in spite of all remonstrances on his part, the
+Makalakas refused to let him pass, thinking, perhaps, to reap some
+profit from his discomfiture, or, it may be, that Lobengula would in
+reality be no worse pleased if he were stopped. Indeed the traveller
+did not himself entirely exonerate the king from blame, but suspected
+at one time he was playing a double game—on the one hand giving
+him leave to proceed to the Zambesi, whilst on the other purposely
+neglecting to send the needful instructions to his subjects to let him
+pass. The king was anxious to encourage a certain number of traders in
+his country, but may have looked with suspicion on one whose objects
+were less intelligible to him.</p>
+
+<p>At all events, be this as it may, it is perfectly certain that these
+Makalakas threw every possible obstacle in the way of his advance—and
+not once only, but each time he reached their boundaries—whilst
+several traders, going and coming, were permitted to proceed upon their
+journey, and the final fatal issue of his expedition to the Zambesi
+was practically the result of the behaviour of these people. It is
+true that other circumstances, irrespective of their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span> proceedings,
+combined to hinder and delay him, again throwing his journey into the
+unhealthy season of the year; but these alone would not have been of
+the same vital consequence, and the period of his misfortunes dates
+from the time when the Makalakas—the king’s permission already plainly
+granted—first turned him back, as related in the succeeding chapter,
+and forced him to seek a fresh interview with Lobengula. In such a
+country, with but a brief healthy season, delays like this were little
+short of fatal.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1710_ill" style="max-width: 507px">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1710_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">WATTLED STARLING.—<i>Dilophus carunculatus.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>But it is time to follow him in the first of these ill-starred
+journeys.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Fresh start for the Zambesi—The Ramaqueban again—A
+lion shot—Singular building—Wild fruit—First kraal of
+the Makalakas—Stopped by the induna—Return to Tati—To
+Gubuleweyo and back—Fresh leave obtained—Altered
+arrangements for the journey.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>On first leaving the Tati, on June 9th, the old ground, as though he
+had been making for Gubuleweyo, was retraced as far as the Ramaqueban
+River, where, on June 10th, the traveller halted a short time to
+hunt. Giraffe, quagga, and blue wildebeest were now abundant in this
+district, and ostriches were also met with. Van Roozen too, the day
+before they left, succeeded in shooting a lion which had threatened to
+attack his horse—a great feat for this intrepid sportsman. An account
+of this adventure, along with some other matter, is given in the
+traveller’s Journal of this date, as follows:—</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1722_map">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1722_map.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">Map of M<sup>R</sup> F. OATES’S ROUTE from TATI to the VICTORIA
+FALLS Drawn from his own observations</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“<i>June 12th.</i>—Mild, cloudy day, after a very mild night....
+Just before sundown Van Roozen returned from hunting, having shot a
+lion. It seems he had been following a sable antelope bull, and was
+about two or three miles from the waggon, down the <span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span>Ramaqueban, when
+a lion approached his horse quite close. He yelled, and turned his
+horse. The lion retreated, but soon stopped and seemed inclined to
+renew the attack. He dismounted and shot the lion at, he says, about 30
+yards. He then saw another lion creeping towards him—both ‘mannetjes’
+(males)—and he (Van Roozen) made off. After his return he and I rode
+back together to the dead lion, which we found, and proceeded to skin.
+He was a yellow-maned one; Van Roozen says the black-maned one is
+quite distinct. In this the mane was short, the teeth very large and
+discoloured, but perfect, and the lion apparently in his prime, though
+he must have been hungry, as he was in poor condition. Van Roozen was
+alone when it happened, and he probably wanted to get the horse.</p>
+
+<p>“Van Roozen tells me of an Englishman, named Brown, who was killed by
+a lion on the Crocodile River. One day this man and his son had found
+and taken three cubs, and the old lion came up to them. The son wanted
+to fire, but the father forbade him, and threw one cub down, which
+the old one took away, and they took the others to the waggon. The
+day following the old man took his gun, and said he was going after
+ostriches. He had one young Kafir boy with him. It seems he had gone
+to the place where the lions were, and had met the old one, which he
+fired at, but did not kill upon the spot—though I believe it was
+found dead afterwards. It had torn the flesh off one of his arms and
+both his legs, but he had taken his gun, gone to a hole where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span> buffalo
+wallow, used his pannikin to wash his hands and face, and gone on to
+the waggon-road (the son followed the blood spoor). He had put his gun
+in a tree, and hung up his powder-flask, and gone on the road a hundred
+yards when he had dropped and died.”</p>
+
+<p>The day after Van Roozen’s encounter with the lion, Frank Oates, whilst
+out hunting, again visited the carcass, and, kindling a fire, cooked
+some of the meat. On this the boys who were with him, and both his
+pointers, had a feast, and he tasted some of it himself, which he found
+to be coarse in the grain, and not unlike quagga meat.</p>
+
+<p>Resuming his journey to the Zambesi later the same afternoon, he now
+broke fresh ground, keeping for a day or two in a northerly direction
+close to the Ramaqueban, a really magnificent river when viewed from
+the ground above, its broad sandy bed stretching far away into the
+distance through the veldt. The dry beds of a number of spruits,
+all rising quite near the river, and suddenly becoming large before
+falling into it, were crossed as he proceeded. It is no wonder that
+South African rivers, thus fed by so many tributaries along their
+entire course, fill with such amazing rapidity directly the rains fall,
+and swell into large streams almost at their source. Next turning
+towards the north-west, he presently struck across back towards the
+Tati River, and joined the more direct road from the settlement to
+the Zambesi, which here for some distance kept up the river’s bank,
+the country now assuming that broken rugged appearance—here with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span>
+rough craggy kopjes, there with small open park-like glades—which
+makes at irregular intervals so pleasing a change in this otherwise
+little-varying landscape, and compensates, where it occurs, for much
+that is uninteresting.</p>
+
+<p>The Tati, itself one of those rivers which become large so near their
+source, was again itself shortly left behind, the waggons trekking
+forward in a direction nearly north. On June 17th, a few miles further
+on, another river was crossed, and the following entry made in the
+traveller’s Journal:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>June 17th.</i>—Fine morning, after a mild starry night; warm day.
+Inspanned at 6.20 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span> I rode across the veldt to the right;
+grass very wet. Saw a small buck and three sassaybi, but they got my
+scent. Going in a direction generally north, I struck a deep sandy
+river, with plenty of water-holes in it, and banks steep and rocky in
+places; crossed it, and kept down it till I found the waggons, which
+had crossed it and outspanned perhaps a mile and a half further down.
+Just before reaching the waggons (8.20 <span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>), I came to a
+most singular building, built on a little isolated kopje in the midst
+of the level tree-studded veldt, but with other kopjes near. There has
+been an excellently-built wall running round the sides of the kopje,
+and a regular entrance into it. The boys say it was built in old times
+by the ancestors of the present race of Makalakas, and was the king’s
+residence. No white man, they say, helped to build it. It is not seen
+from the waggon-road.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span></p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1760_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1760_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">NATIVE BUILDING, SHASHE RIVER.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“The river, which we outspanned at, and which (as before stated)
+contains plenty of water, flows away towards the south-west, as shown
+by the bent reeds in its now dry sandy bed.<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<p>“Started again at 1.20 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> and went about eight miles; first
+through ‘mopani veldt,’ with fine fruit-trees<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span> in it, and a little
+before outspanning passed through a range of low kopjes. This ‘mopani’
+is usually very heavy land, so called from the mopani trees (not unlike
+alders) which grow upon it. Of the fruit-trees referred to, one was my
+old glutinous friend of the Gwailo hunting veldt—plentiful, but not
+yet ripe. It is very woody, but when chewed exudes a fine glutinous
+gum. Another has a small fruit like a little rosy-cheeked apple,
+containing seeds, and something of the crab nature, but not at all
+acid. Another, which I should say was also of the apple kind, and like
+the last in taste and texture, was as large as a plum and of the same
+colour, and grew on a thick low bushy large-leaved tree.</p>
+
+<p>“In the evening, where we were outspanned, I found a large colony of
+birds established in three large nests (half-built, I think) in the
+branch of a tall tree. This is the noisy familiar bird I first met with
+at Tati.”<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+<p>Proceeding forward on the following morning, still through the
+veldt of large mopani trees, and passing amongst numerous fine
+rocky kopjes—rising up on every side in bold craggy heaps from the
+level veldt, tree-covered like the latter wherever trees could find
+root—Frank Oates next crossed two or three small spruits, now dry, of
+which the largest was about five yards wide. At this there was a delay
+of about half an hour, caused by one of the waggons sticking in its
+sandy bed, and when he had crossed it he outspanned upon its bank. And
+here, as he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span> rested—the Tati now well behind him, and his imagination
+full of hope in the future and interest in the present—it is likely
+enough he may have congratulated himself on the successful progress
+of his journey, but scarcely probable he should have reflected on the
+possibility that here, not many hundred yards from this very spot, he
+might but a few months hence, when returning from the Falls, find his
+last lonely resting-place; yet so he did.</p>
+
+<p>Again, after a brief rest, renewing the journey about mid-day, he still
+advanced a short distance further in the same direction before coming
+to another halt; and here the Journal once more takes up the story:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>June 18th.</i>—... Inspanned again about noon, and crossed
+another spruit with a sharp turn in it. Soon saw corn-fields, then
+the bright green of tobacco-fields and a kraal,<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> and outspanned
+at 1 <span class="allsmcap">P.M.</span> I was pleased with the appearance of this little
+kraal, surrounded by its green fields of tobacco, and emerging suddenly
+to view from amidst the mopani trees; but I little thought of the
+disappointment in store for me here. Though we had trekked so short
+a time, and made our previous trek so short as to be scarcely worth
+mentioning, I almost decided to outspan here before I found that it
+was absolutely necessary I must. The people told us that there was a
+message from the king, which the induna would convey to me, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span> he was
+away at another kraal and must be sent for. Sent a boy with the oxen to
+water, which is some distance off, employing a man from the kraal as
+guide. Meantime I made it known that I wanted goats and corn, and ere
+long was hard at work dispensing beads, handkerchiefs, and snuff-boxes.
+The main run was on the large lavender beads, next came the small
+lavender ones, and a few wanted blue cut ones. Mealies were brought
+in large quantities, but sold principally in small basketfuls. There
+was plenty of Kafir corn too, but not so much as of the Indian corn.
+Tobacco also was brought, and the sweet kind of beans that are like
+nuts’ kernels.</p>
+
+<p>“The women crowded round to sell. They were many of them recently
+smeared on their heads with something black like pitch, babies and
+all. Many of the girls have the hair matted thickly together in lumps.
+One hanging over the forehead, the end of the lock having brass rings
+fastened to it, droops down to the nose, and one to each ear. The hair
+is all drawn out in matted locks. A profusion of brass rings are worn
+on the arms, and heavy bead necklaces round the neck. Many of them
+are pretty. There are distinctly perceptible the dark and the light
+skinned; some nearly black, some copper-coloured. The men are much
+given to wearing carved charms and other ornaments and curiosities.
+A lion’s claw or a vulture’s beak are favourites amongst the latter
+division. They wear skins—karosses with the hair worn inside. John
+says there are both Masahras (Bushmen) and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span> Makalakas here. I was
+surprised to hear from him that there are many Bushmen living in kraals
+and not wandering in the bush, as I had an idea they were exclusively
+a gipsy race, but it appears by no means so universally. The induna is
+an old Makalaka, who does not talk the Matabele language, but as it was
+not till the day after our arrival that I saw him, I will leave him for
+the present.</p>
+
+<p>“Presently an individual arrived in white men’s clothes, who spoke a
+little Dutch. Without ceremony he jumped up on my waggon-box, and I
+concluded he was the induna from his free and easy style. I begged him
+to excuse me, as I was very busy buying corn, after he had asked John
+a question or two, as, ‘Was I going to the Zambesi?’ I never thought I
+was to be stopped, and went on buying corn, and he seemed glad to let
+me do so, till at last he came to his final interview—for much of the
+time he had been with Van Roozen. He then told me that the king had
+sent to stop all waggons from coming on, on account of the sickness,
+but the induna himself would be here the following morning. My feelings
+this evening were ones of intense disappointment, but still I hoped
+something from my interview with the induna the next day.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>June 19th.</i>—Very cloudy day, after a mild night; inclined
+to rain. The induna and a large crowd here early. I took down the
+substance of the induna’s words. They were thoroughly confirmatory of
+my worst fears. He said though they here would not stop me by main
+force, the kraals ahead would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[181]</span> do so. <i>They</i> spoke as my friends.
+If I persisted in going on, they would send to inform the king, who
+would despatch a party of Matabele to seize my waggons and take
+possession of my goods. I thought it best to take down the substance
+of what the induna said to me, in order to report it to the king.
+Umganulo, an induna, he stated, brought the following news from the
+king four days ago, and went back immediately:—All white men going
+to the Zambesi to be stopped, and their boys killed if they attempt
+going on with them; waggons to be taken to the king if orders are
+disobeyed. The king too has stopped people going by all other roads to
+the Zambesi, and messengers also passed here the day before yesterday,
+going on to the Zambesi, to tell all white men who are already there
+not to return till the rains fall, as they may bring sickness. The king
+has also said that no one may go across the veldt to him from here, but
+all must go by way of Tati.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>June 21st</i>.—Rather cloudy, but fine. Got up about 5
+<span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>... Girls here very early with corn; also some goats
+brought for sale, of which I bought two for a cotton blanket, also
+a little more corn, some leather bags, and a calabash. A tall lad,
+formerly a driver for Palmer, and a most free and easy individual,
+having relapsed into the national dress, offered his services to me as
+a hunter, if I should return this way. I ask John his character. John
+says he once took a knob-kerry to Mr. Palmer, when the latter wanted to
+thrash him. But he was not to blame for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span> that, says John; a notion of
+John’s which I had to let him see did not meet my approval.</p>
+
+<p>“Some of the girls who came to-day were very profusely ornamented with
+beads. The thickly-matted hair, plastered together with black wax-like
+cement, is disposed of (as I noted before) in three principal locks;
+one falling over the forehead to between the eyes, and one in front of
+each ear, surmounted with brass rings. The ears are pierced with small
+rings. Round the neck hang massive chains of beads, tastefully arranged
+and blended. A leather kaross, or dressed skin, is worn as a robe, and
+this is hung with long strings of beads. Long strings of beads too hang
+round the hips, and in front are long strips of leather. Round the
+waist are numerous brass rings and bead rings also. The girls are by no
+means shy.</p>
+
+<p>“To-day poor Mozanga told me of some trouble he was in, and I thought
+he complained of a beating, but it seemed he had heard of the death of
+the induna of the kraal where I engaged him, a young man, who they say
+died in the Zambesi hunting veldt. He must have gone there at a very
+unhealthy time. Mozanga wept bitterly; he is a very kind-hearted boy.</p>
+
+<p>“I went with Umfanimboozi to shoot some birds, whilst the oxen, which
+had got loose, were being fetched, and went through some tobacco
+‘gardens.’ The pink blossoms and green leaves are very pretty....”</p>
+
+<p>This same afternoon (June 21st) the traveller<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span> reluctantly commenced
+his journey back to Tati, resolved to revisit the king, and ascertain
+from his own lips the real truth of the induna’s statement. The fine
+clear nights, during a part of which he now made a point of trekking,
+were brilliant as he returned with glittering stars and constellations,
+the Southern Cross at this time conspicuous amongst the latter a
+little after sunset. Four days after starting he was back at the Tati
+settlement, and on the 30th of June started on horseback to the King’s
+Town, with eight boys to take his baggage.</p>
+
+<p>On reaching the King’s, Lobengula tried to laugh the matter off, and
+this time, as an assurance of good faith, appointed one of his own
+people, a son of the headman, Manyami, to see him safe through the
+country of the Makalakas. Frank Oates was again back at Tati on the
+15th of July, and here, before starting once more for the Zambesi, he
+made some fresh plans and arrangements for the journey. What these
+arrangements were may best be learned from the ensuing letter, written
+at this time from Tati, and containing, besides, some particulars of
+his recent journey to Gubuleweyo. This letter is as follows:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Tati</span>, <i>July 21st, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“I am, you see, at Tati once more.... I left here for the Zambesi
+on the 9th of June, and on the 18th—travelling very slowly, as I
+had lots of time before me—reached the first Makalaka kraal on the
+Zambesi road. Here I was stopped, being told that the king had sent a
+special order to turn all waggons back which might come that way. They<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span>
+also said that all waggons coming from the Zambesi were to be turned
+back, and not allowed to leave till the rains fell, which begin about
+October. It was in vain I pleaded that I had special leave from the
+king. They said their orders were peremptory—all waggons to be turned
+back, and if the people with them refused to obey, the waggons were to
+be seized, and all the boys who persisted in accompanying them killed.
+This of course frightened my Kafirs, and all I could do was to turn
+back, and go to the king in person.</p>
+
+<p>“On the 25th of June I was once more at Tati, and decided to ride to
+the King’s Town, but a fresh difficulty arose in getting boys to go
+with me, as my own boys say the white men are the cause of all this
+trouble, for they bring the sickness, and they are afraid the king will
+kill them for accompanying white men. At last, however, this difficulty
+was surmounted, and I set off on the 30th of June with my two horses,
+and eight boys carrying my baggage. Gordon, a Mungwato trader,
+arrived at Tati <i>en route</i> for the King’s whilst I was making my
+preparations, but says there were no letters there for me when he left.
+He could not go on even to the King’s without special leave, as the
+king has heard of ‘red-water,’ the Natal cattle disease, and is in a
+great fright about it. Indeed, if it got amongst his cattle, his nation
+would suffer terribly. It seems, too, from recent reports, that it is
+contagious, though we never used to think so.</p>
+
+<p>“Dorehill’s waggon and the waggons of another<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span> trader had been stopped
+on their way to the King’s Town at the Inkwesi River, where the first
+Matabele kraal is, and were there when I came up.<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> I got on very
+well up to the time of my reaching these waggons, and stayed a couple
+of days at them with Dorehill, who was awaiting further news from the
+King’s. On leaving the waggons I met the messenger he had sent to the
+king returning with a message from the latter to Dorehill that he was
+to ride on and see him. I went on, but had great difficulty in keeping
+my boys from turning back. However, I explained to them that if they
+kept with me there was no likelihood of their being hurt, as no white
+man’s servants ever were interfered with, whereas, if they turned back,
+they might be killed. They would of course have liked me to turn back
+with them; but seeing I was determined to go on, they thought it was
+their best chance to remain in my company. I of course knew there was
+not much fear of anything being done to them as long as they were with
+me, as the king holds everything belonging to white men sacred, and his
+people dare not commit any violence on Kafirs protected by a white man.
+The fact is my boys were principally Makalakas, who are slaves to the
+Matabele, and whose lives are considered worthless.</p>
+
+<p>“One night I was very angry with them, for I had been riding on in
+advance, and kept on riding<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span> after sundown, as the country for miles
+round was on fire, and I wanted to get past the fire before we encamped
+for the night. I lay down with my head on a log, to await their
+arrival, and fell asleep. By and by I woke up, and found it was colder
+than agreeable, and at once guessed that they had stopped behind.
+I had to ride back a good way before I came to their fire, when I
+pitched into them. They had been afraid to come on after sundown, as
+the Matabele don’t allow their subjects to travel by night, though of
+course a white man can do what he likes.</p>
+
+<p>“The next day Dorehill overtook me. He had set off the day after me,
+but without food or blankets, and was very glad to share mine. The
+following day we rode on to Gubuleweyo, the King’s Town. The king
+seemed surprised to see me, but did not speak to me the first day I
+saw him, except to greet me, and send me to his sister to drink beer.
+The next day, when I told him what had occurred, he seemed rather
+amused than otherwise, and told me the Makalakas had been trying to
+frighten me, and that he had never sent them any order to stop waggons.
+I believe, however, he is the one to blame, and had probably neglected
+to send word to the Makalakas to let me pass. I had written to him from
+Tati for leave to go to the Zambesi, and he had given it, but could
+never have sent word about me to the Makalakas, who are his subjects,
+and very much given to stopping waggons that have not a special permit
+from him. He now gave me a Matabele boy, at my request, to accompany
+me.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span></p>
+
+<p>“The little horse I sold him for £23 when last at his town had got over
+the sickness, as I fully expected he would, and was ‘salted,’ and must
+be now worth from £80 to £100. I should never have parted with him, had
+not Mr. Thomson advised me to do so, in order to ensure his goodwill
+in case I wanted to go to the Zambesi. It seems, however, that he did
+not do for me what he might have done, and it has been suggested to
+me that this was because I refused to sell him my gun also! I think I
+told you that I gave him a gun when first I saw him, but he wanted very
+much another I had, offering me £60 or £70 worth of ivory for it, but I
+persisted in refusing to let him have it, and then it was he asked for
+the horse, and would not let the subject drop till he got the animal,
+and got him at his own price. I am afraid he is very little better than
+the generality of Kafirs, and certainly I have experienced anything
+but generous treatment at his hands—indeed scarcely fair play. Yet
+there is no doubt that he is very much afraid of anything befalling
+white men in his country, either from sickness or any other cause; and
+now, when he told me to go to the Zambesi, he added, ‘Unless I was
+afraid of the sickness.’ This idea of sickness, and the new fear of a
+contagious cattle disease, brought by white men, are causing a good
+deal of trouble. Dorehill, however, got leave to take his waggon on,
+and intends to go to the Zambesi when he leaves the King’s. I rode back
+with Dorehill as far as his waggon, and there I met Mr. Thomson and
+his wife once more, returning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span> to the Matabele after being absent at a
+missionary meeting at Kuruman.<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
+
+<p>“On reaching Tati I had some more trouble, which has ended in my
+making fresh arrangements altogether. John, my Kafir driver, refused
+point-blank to go with me to the Zambesi, and though I could have
+compelled him to do so, I thought it best to be rid of such an
+unwilling servant. Brown’s waggons are starting for Potchefstroom
+to-morrow, and by them this letter is to be taken, which I hope will
+reach you by the end of September. John’s only chance of leaving
+is to get away with these waggons, and of course if I say the word
+Brown will not let him go near them, and he cannot possibly go alone.
+However, I told John I should not stop him, because I did not think him
+worth keeping, and he will leave with the waggons to-morrow. Then the
+Dutchman in two instances had acted very badly whilst I was travelling
+with him, and when I was obliged to return to Tati I secretly intended
+to get rid of him, though I did not tell him so.</p>
+
+<p>“It was the 15th of July when I got back here from the King’s, and the
+very same day a trader arrived from the Zambesi, coming to get a fresh
+stock of goods. He had had to drive his own waggon, having lost his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[189]</span>
+driver and other boys through being at the Zambesi in the unhealthy
+season. Indeed, he went there at what is supposed to be an extremely
+unhealthy time. I think it was February when he left here, and April
+and May are, I believe, the very worst months on the Zambesi. I left,
+as I have told you, early in June, intending to be back again before
+the end of the year, which every one says is the proper thing to do.
+Both Garland and Dawnay succeeded in seeing the Falls last year by
+doing so, and this year there are others who have probably seen them by
+this time. Now it is not too late to go there this season still, though
+the time one can spend there is shortened by not leaving earlier, for
+it takes about a month to reach the place where the waggons stand,
+and allowing another month for visiting the Falls, and a month for
+returning here, there is no doubt the Falls could be comfortably
+visited during a three months’ absence from Tati, and there would be
+nothing remarkable in doing it all in two months with good oxen and
+good servants. So I can still go there, and be back again as soon as I
+ever intended to be.</p>
+
+<p>“I am now coming to my new arrangement, which I think is in many
+respects a very promising one, for a final attempt to reach the Falls.
+The trader I speak of (‘Stoffel Kennedy,’ or some such name), has
+actually been at the Falls. He was there with Garland last year, and
+knows the country well. He knows where the poison-plant is, and where
+the tsetse-fly. He knows the people of the country,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span> and all its ins
+and outs. He is I think partly of Dutch or German origin, but is to all
+intents and purposes an Englishman, and is very much liked. He offered
+to postpone his own trading trip, and turn back at once with me to the
+Zambesi, guaranteeing to take me to the Falls if I would make it worth
+his while. He would then, he said, take me there and bring me back,
+not going as my servant, but undertaking the whole management of the
+expedition for me. Now I knew I should have one waggon and span of oxen
+to sell when I came from the Zambesi, and he was willing to take these
+now at a fair price, deducting the sum which he wanted as a reward for
+his services. I was a little time before I could make up my mind, but
+it seemed such a chance for me as I might not soon have again. As for
+the Dutchman, I had even gone so far at one time as to vow that, rather
+than set off again with him, I would give up the trip; and though I
+modified this resolve afterwards, yet I knew he was not so likely to
+get me to the Falls as this man who knows all the difficulties. Then
+I thought, after all the time I have spent in order to get to the
+Zambesi, and being still bent on going there, the best thing would be
+to embrace this opportunity. I should not even have had the Kafir,
+John, in the other case, but only the Dutchman and his son, who cannot
+speak the language, and with the former of whom I had had a most
+unpleasant row more than once.</p>
+
+<p>“It ended in my entrusting my fortunes to the new man. Brown, I may
+add, thinks I have done<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span> well, and I have every confidence in his
+judgment. He is a man of whom I have the very highest opinion, and,
+indeed, the more I know of him, the more I like and admire him.
+Personally, I have experienced the greatest kindness from him at all
+times, and know how to appreciate it.</p>
+
+<p>“Stoffel is going to take his own waggon and the ten oxen he bought of
+me, leaving the new waggon here.... Brown has just refused £110 for
+a little ‘horse’—of course you know ‘horse’ means ‘pony’ every time
+I use it—which he bought for £80. A good horse is worth anything to
+one here, and I cannot wonder at the price given for ‘salted’ horses.
+Suppose, for instance, I had had to go to the King’s on foot, and got
+foot-sore, where should I have been? The question is one not easily
+answered; but I suppose at any rate I should not have got on as well as
+I did. The absurdity is, that for a small insignificant-looking pony
+you have to pay the same price as for a good English hunter. A day or
+two ago we had some races here. We could only muster four horses, but
+by varying the riders and riding disputed races over again, we managed
+to get five races, in all of which I rode, and got the reputation of
+being a good jockey, as out of the five I rode in I won four.”</p>
+
+<p>Favourable as the above arrangements seemed for a renewed attempt to
+reach the Falls, the traveller’s hopes, as will soon be seen, were
+again doomed to disappointment; and this in a most unlooked-for manner.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Third start for the Zambesi—Again stopped by natives—Fresh
+leave from the king—The journey resumed—Frank Oates’s
+companion obliged to leave him—He goes forward
+alone—Breakdown of his waggon—Annoyances from the
+natives—Help from Tati—Return there—Letters home—Future
+plans.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Leaving Tati on the evening of the 25th of July, on his third attempt
+to reach the Zambesi, Frank Oates halted for the night a few miles
+beyond the settlement, completing the distance to the Ramaqueban the
+following morning. Here, whilst waiting a couple of days in search
+of game and for other purposes, he was again unexpectedly stopped by
+natives, professedly armed with authority from Lobengula to stop all
+waggons from advancing northwards. The story of this encounter, with
+its immediate consequences, is thus related in the Journal:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>July 27th</i>.—Fine and oppressively hot, after a cold night. The
+days are now very hot, though the nights continue cold and frosty. I
+was going to ride over to the Inkwesi to-day, with a letter from Brown
+to Greit, and to see if Greit could let me have one of his drivers.
+However, before I set off, a Matabele came down the Zambesi road,
+bearing a shield, and accompanied by a Makalaka bearing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span> another. A
+second Makalaka appeared later, but the moment the Matabele arrived,
+he came up to the waggons, and began interrogating us. On hearing that
+we were going to the Zambesi, he began to leap and dance about like
+a madman, brandishing a battle-axe. I thought it a case of temporary
+insanity, brought on by smoking ‘dacha,’<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> but it appeared from his
+statement he had been sent from the king to the Makalakas, with a fresh
+order to stop waggons, and was now going on to Tati, to tell white men
+there the same tale.</p>
+
+<p>“I had difficulty in keeping the dogs from attacking him, and once
+he brought his battle-axe within a few inches of Stoffel’s skull.
+He became quiet, however, when Makabo (Manyami’s son)<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> told him
+the facts of the case, and said I could go on, but my boys, who were
+subjects of the king, would be killed, and if I went on I had better
+pay them off here. I therefore decided on sending to the king,—first,
+to ask for further security for my boys, second, for leave to take
+Stoffel with me; and decided to send off Manyami’s son, with two
+others, with a letter to the king and another to Thomson.</p>
+
+<p>“At night there was a tremendous conflagration raging close to us. It
+was a splendid sight, but made me a little nervous. However, it was
+principally on the other side of the road, and died before it came
+quite close. The effect of the burning trees and long line of fire was
+very fine. One tree in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span> particular, showing all its twigs red-hot or in
+flame, reminded me of some part of a display of fireworks.”</p>
+
+<p>The following morning Makabo was duly despatched with two
+boys—Umfanimboozi and Umfan—to the King’s, and Frank Oates remained
+hunting on the Ramaqueban, till their return a few days afterwards,
+with a favourable answer to his message. On the 10th of August he was
+once more moving northwards the same way as he had gone before, halting
+again on the 11th for a couple of days’ hunting higher up the river,
+at a point where game seemed more than usually abundant. This was the
+place where the road branches off from the Ramaqueban across the veldt
+again towards the Tati.</p>
+
+<p>“I now feel,” he writes at this point, on August 13th, “to be realizing
+almost for the first time some of my old visions of South African
+sport. To-day, soon after starting, I ascended a kopje near the
+waggons, and saw a large herd of quagga. Counting roughly, I made out
+a hundred. It was a beautiful sight. All around was the sea of bush,
+with here and there bare patches, and here and there kopjes—some of
+the latter far distant. The winding spruits, too, lay as in a map. The
+quaggas were quietly moving on, or standing and playing, or brushing
+away the flies. It was a scene such as I used to fancy must be common,
+and which probably was so when the accounts I have read were written,
+and may occur often still in more remote districts.”</p>
+
+<p>The day previous the traveller had shot koodoo, hartebeest, and pallah,
+and seen an immense herd of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span> quagga and blue wildebeest, numbering not
+far from a hundred of each sort. Amongst the lesser antelopes, the
+graceful klipspringer, found only in the hills, was met with in this
+district.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p1950_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p1950_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">KLIPSPRINGER.—<i>Oreotragus saltatrix.</i></p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">(Height about 20 inches.)</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>Resuming his journey to the north-west on the 15th, and travelling
+through mopani veldt, he again struck the Tati River in the afternoon
+at the same point where the pleasing character of the scenery had been
+first observed by him when he was here two months before. A spring or
+“fountain” of fresh water welled up at the foot of a picturesque kopje,
+and a mile or two up the river was abundance of water in the river-bed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span></p>
+
+<p>“The river here,” writes the traveller at the latter point, “flows to
+the south through a deep sandy bed, kopjes hemming it in on either
+side. The scenery is remarkably pretty for South Africa, and the long
+reach of river flowing away to the southward is an object to attract
+the eye. The water actually runs in the bed here, though there is far
+more sand than water, and big stones than either. Stoffel says there
+used to be plenty of elephants here. This was the place where they
+passed through the kopjes on their way south, and last year he and
+Garland saw fresh spoor here. Out with rifle down river; pretty little
+grassy parks amongst the kopjes, and on the kopjes themselves very
+thick bush. The river where we have struck it—the ‘poort’ as Stoffel
+calls it—would be a pretty subject for a sketch.”</p>
+
+<p>Again pushing forward the following and two next succeeding days, still
+by the same route already traversed, Frank Oates once more reached—on
+August 18th—the first kraal of the Makalakas, the former scene of so
+much trouble and vexation to him. A few days previously it had chanced
+that Stoffel had slightly hurt his finger, and here, as it began to
+give him pain, they waited a week before proceeding further from all
+reach of help, to see what course the injury would take. Supplies of
+corn had here to be obtained, and the interval of waiting was occupied,
+partly in striking bargains with the natives, and partly in rearranging
+the contents of the waggons, to receive the grain; neither of them
+the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span> most agreeable of occupations, as the following extract from the
+Journal shows:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>August 20th.</i>—Windy day; rather cloudy. The wind rose very much
+towards night.... I am now lying in my waggon, glad to rest, wearied
+out principally with worry, and the dissatisfaction of finding time
+so miserably wasted as to-day has been; packing, unpacking, stooping,
+watching lest things are stolen, and having one’s patience tried in
+buying of the natives, putting up with their disagreeable presence and
+impudence, to say nothing of the annoyances one is subjected to by
+one’s own servants. I had to knock the disgusting servant of Makabo
+off the dissel-boom before he would go. He was bothering me for a
+snuff-box, and would not go away for civil speaking. I am not patient
+or industrious enough for waggon life. To-day has been one of nothing
+but unpleasantness to me.”</p>
+
+<p>At length, on the 23d, it became evident that Stoffel must return and
+seek advice from Mr. Thomson, the missionary, who had some skill in
+surgery. This change of plan involved a corresponding change in all the
+arrangements of the journey, and such of Frank Oates’s goods as had
+hitherto been carried in the trader’s waggon had now to be taken in his
+own, already sufficiently loaded when they left the settlement. On the
+24th Stoffel took his departure southwards, and two days later Frank
+Oates went on alone towards the Zambesi. It was a lovely moonlight
+night when he resumed the journey, the waggon running heavy through
+thick mopani veldt. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span> prospect of success in his present enterprise
+now seemed nearing its fulfilment, yet in reality he was but on the
+eve of a fresh misfortune. “We passed a kraal,” he writes in his
+Journal, “on the left side of the road, perhaps two miles from where
+we started, and had gone perhaps one mile more, when, in crossing a
+small ‘sloot,’<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> one of the wheels gave way and came down, broken to
+pieces. So much,” he concludes, “for the new waggon, and for my hopes
+and expectations!”</p>
+
+<p>The day after this catastrophe, which appeared in its results fatal to
+all hope of his reaching the Zambesi that season, late as it had now
+become, he arranged to send his driver—a Kafir named Klaas, whom he
+had engaged from a Mr. Horn upon the Ramaqueban—and three boys, with
+the broken wheel to Tati, and also with a note to Mr. Brown, asking for
+assistance. The annoyances he suffered, during their absence of about
+a fortnight, from the natives of the neighbouring kraals are described
+at length in some of his letters, largely quoted from below. It is
+therefore sufficient here to say that he was wilfully subjected by them
+to every possible inconvenience, was in constant peril of being robbed,
+and at one time even appeared to be in some danger of his life. The
+whole of this time he could not leave his waggon, lest he should return
+to find it plundered, and even his own boys were not all to be depended
+on.</p>
+
+<p>At last, on the 8th of September, the needful<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span> help arrived, and he was
+released from his state of bondage. He had just had a most threatening
+visit from a noisy crowd of natives, when the messengers he had sent
+returned from Tati with all that he had asked for. After relating
+in his Journal the incidents of this unpleasant interview, he thus
+concludes the story:—</p>
+
+<p>“They left me,” he says, “the noisy crew; and still, though I felt
+relieved, a gloom hovered over my feelings, and I lay down to rest. It
+was then with delight indeed that Maclinwon’s announcement, ‘incolo’
+(waggon), broke on my ears, and that, rushing out, I beheld Klaas
+driving a waggon to my scherm. True enough, Brown had managed to
+procure an old waggon to help me out, sending me also a wheel of the
+Scotch cart and four oxen, to ensure my having sufficient. There was
+a long letter from him, and four newspapers sent for me from England,
+with news of letters from home awaiting me at Tati.”</p>
+
+<p>This was indeed a welcome release to the traveller from his present
+troubles; but, with such information as he now possessed regarding the
+period and duration of the healthy season for visiting the Zambesi, he
+felt that by this time it was too late for him to attempt to reach the
+river, and that, for the present at all events, he must abandon the
+idea of getting there.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th of September, therefore, he once more unwillingly started
+back on the return journey to Tati, where he arrived on the 18th,
+to find, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span> delight, a large packet of letters awaiting him from
+England. After the harass and annoyance of his recent experiences, he
+was glad to rest here for a while, and was comfortably quartered the
+chief part of his stay in the house usually occupied by Piet Jacobs,
+the Dutchman, who was now absent in the hunting veldt. This house was
+cool and airy, with a thatched roof extending far on every side, so as
+to form a verandah.</p>
+
+<p>The following entries in his Journal, soon after his arrival, relating
+mostly to natural history subjects, may here be read with interest. He
+writes:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 20th.</i>—Rather windy, but pleasant day, after a cold
+night. I liked my new quarters.... To-night, as last night, sat at
+Brown’s talking. We discuss some questions in natural history....</p>
+
+<p>“Wild dogs have been discussed. Dobie has seen them in packs, he says,
+variegated in colour, with white patches here and there, differently
+placed in different animals. Brown has seen them, and says they are
+like what he imagines a European wolf to be—and I think he has a good
+idea what the latter is like. Johnson says that, when coming here,
+he saw a hare run against the waggon wheel when they were outspanned
+at the Shashe, and kill herself; and by the light of the fire he saw
+distinctly, standing twenty or thirty yards off, a wild dog. He says
+it was a good deal like a European wolf—an animal he knows—with a
+fine coat and bushy tail, upright ears, I think, and a long nose. Brown
+says they often run pallah into the station here, when the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span> natives,
+hearing the cry of the pallah, rush out from the different white
+men’s establishments to assegai it, and the dogs are usually found to
+have torn at the place where such creatures generally commence their
+attacks, and even dragged out a portion of the entrails. They must hunt
+the pallah, he says, for hours with dogged perseverance and fairly
+weary him out. I know myself what a fleet creature the pallah is, and
+have no doubt for miles he would far outstrip a pack of dogs.</p>
+
+<p>“Brown says a fine dog in a wild state once hung about here for some
+time, stealing meat at night, and playing with the tame dogs. He was
+very cunning, and was off at the slightest indication of danger. If he
+was heard outside the house and the least noise made inside, he was
+off. Many shots were fired at him, and he escaped for a long time, but
+at length was shot when on one of his visits. He lived in the veldt,
+and always rushed into the bush, just like a hyæna, which he resembled
+closely in his habits. This was no doubt some white man’s dog that had
+run wild and acquired the habits of a wild animal to a certain extent.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>September 23d.</i>—Pleasant breeze. Did not do much, or feel up
+to much. Another chat at Brown’s in the evening. Brown tells me that
+once four young guinea-fowls were brought him, which became extremely
+tame. One only, a hen, survived. She became wonderfully tame, and would
+follow the Tati people about. When a Tati waggon was sent out for
+wood, or for any other purpose, she<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span> would go and return with it, not
+following strange waggons. She would follow Nelson when he rode to the
+‘Blue Jacket,’<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> wait for him, and return home with him. Latterly
+she got into the habit of going with the oxen when they went into the
+veldt, would start with them, remain all day, and return at night with
+them, marching in front. She would even join wild guinea-fowl, if she
+came across them in the veldt, and would leave them as soon as she
+found she was getting too far from the waggon or person she was with at
+the time. She is supposed to have been killed at last by a nigger by
+mistake. Brown had had her eight or ten months.”</p>
+
+<p>With these extracts the present period of the traveller’s wanderings,
+so far as his Journal is concerned, may be allowed to terminate. The
+weather, which had up to this time continued cool at night, began
+towards the end of September to be intensely hot and oppressive, though
+still liable to considerable variation; so much so indeed that one day
+about the middle of October the extreme cold brought the swallows into
+the houses for shelter and protection.</p>
+
+<p>The Zambesi now abandoned, Frank Oates, on the 8th of October, sent
+two boys with a message to the king, asking for leave to hunt a few
+weeks on the Shashani, which was readily accorded him; but he did
+not start immediately—his waggon required some repairs, and he was
+not feeling well. Whilst thus waiting a while longer, to recruit his
+health and complete his preparations, two gentlemen—Messrs.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span> Bond and
+Robertson—arrived on their return from the Zambesi, having gone there
+early in the year. They had shot elephants near the river, and the
+former had made some pretty sketches of the Falls. Other parties also
+now came in from the Zambesi.</p>
+
+<p>At length, on the 3d of November, Frank Oates once more set off into
+the veldt—not to the Shashani, however, as he had intended, but again
+in a northerly direction, for reasons shortly to be stated. Before
+starting on this occasion, he wrote home some letters of considerable
+length, reviewing his experiences of the past three months, since the
+date of his last departure from Tati on the 25th of July, which may
+here be given almost as they stand, entire. The first of these, written
+to his mother, is as follows:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Tati</span>, <i>October 1st, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“When you see the above date, you will perhaps think that I have
+returned from the Zambesi; but the fates seem to have conspired against
+my reaching that river. After last writing home I left here on the
+25th of July in company with Stoffel, the trader I told you of, and
+with every prospect of a most successful trip. The series of mishaps
+which led to my final (for this season at any rate) return here on
+the 18th of September, I will presently relate. I say, ‘this season
+at any rate,’ but I think I shall now give up the Zambesi altogether,
+consoling myself with the adage—‘Tis not in mortals to <i>command</i>
+success.’ I read somewhere of some one replying to this—‘But they can
+<i>deserve</i> it;’ and a third party, who I think showed his wisdom,
+suggested, as an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span> amendment, that they could ‘<i>do without</i> it.’
+Now, I think, to a certain extent, I deserved it for my persistent
+efforts to attain it, and may hope to march out with the honours of
+war, and ‘do without it.’</p>
+
+<p>“I can scarcely express the pleasure it gave me to receive, on
+returning here, a large packet of letters bearing dates from the
+4th of August 1873, to the 25th of April 1874; some to Willie and
+some to myself, and some which Willie had written to me on his way
+home. I suppose he had read, and sent on for my perusal, those of
+the letters which are addressed to him. The letters seem to form a
+connected series, and I doubt whether any have failed to reach me.
+After hastily looking over a few of them I proceeded to arrange them
+according to date, and then to read them through in order. I scarcely
+hoped that there would be no bad news.... Skelton’s death must be a
+terrible blow to his family, who, when I saw them last, were looking
+forward to a visit from him. It seems only the other day he was at
+Oxford distinguishing himself in the athletic sports, in which he was
+generally a successful competitor. I believe every one liked him, and
+that he was worthy of their high opinion.<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p>
+
+<p>“To-day waggons have arrived from Bamangwato, and, to my great joy,
+another letter was fished up for me from the bag. Hathorn writes from
+Maritzburg on the 4th of August, enclosing a letter from Willie,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span> dated
+June 2d, and a line from Charley, dated June 4th. It is very delightful
+to be brought in contact with you all once more after so long an
+interruption to communication. I don’t believe anything can make one
+appreciate home and friends like a long absence from them. Indeed,
+things we think nothing of at home are often dwelt upon in memory when
+one is in the midst of the wilderness. The packet of letters, which
+I have referred to as awaiting me when I came here, arrived at Tati
+before the end of August, and the latest written of them bears date
+April 25th; so that, in both instances, about four months have elapsed
+between the time the letters were posted in England and that of their
+delivery here. It is the fact of one’s moving about that makes the
+communication with home so desultory.<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p>
+
+<p>“To-day the rains may be said to have begun, but there will probably
+not be much rain for some time yet. However, this morning was dark and
+gloomy enough, though there are now signs of an improvement in the
+weather. I have been here a fortnight, and am waiting till certain
+necessary repairs are made in my waggon, my idea being to spend a few
+weeks in this neighbourhood before finally leaving for Maritzburg....
+In the meantime I mean to give you a little account of my doings
+since my last letter to you, encouraged by Charley’s assurance that
+my descriptions of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span> the country and the account of my wanderings are
+read with some little interest, though I fear I can only thank the
+friendliness of my critics for anything interesting being found in
+them. As, however, I receive the flattering assurance that they do
+afford a little amusement I will proceed without further apology. A
+mail is leaving here very shortly, as traders are now here on their
+way to Mungwato, and will take letters. By the way, I am writing with
+some of the desiccated ink I brought with me. I had a grand brew of
+it yesterday, and it is an undoubted success. My table is formed by a
+packing-case, and my chair is a box of gunpowder—but I am not smoking.
+I am inhabiting a deserted house made by one of the former gold-diggers
+here, and appropriated by a Dutch family, who, however, are from home.
+The paterfamilias has gone to hunt for ivory in the Zambesi direction,
+and taken his ‘vrouw,’ family, and furniture with him in his waggon.”</p>
+
+<p>The narrative, here broken off, was again resumed, some days later:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<i>October 20th.</i></p>
+
+<p>“I again take up my pen to continue the letter I began on the 1st of
+this month, and which I hoped would have been a long way south of
+Bamangwato by this time. The delay has been occasioned by the drought,
+rendering the journey full of risk for the oxen. I promised you a short
+<i>résumé</i> of my doings and sufferings since I last wrote to you.
+By sufferings, I don’t of course mean bodily ones, but what I have
+suffered from rascally Kafirs, and which are only entitled to be called
+annoyances.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span></p>
+
+<p>“After last writing to you, I left here on the 25th of July in company
+with the trader I told you of. Some delay ensued when we were one day
+from here, occasioned by reports of the road being stopped by the king.
+I had with me the man given me by his Majesty to see me safely through
+the Makalakas on my way to the Zambesi, and a precious rascal he was.
+Some people came up to the waggons with great demonstrations, one of
+them rushing about and flourishing a battle-axe. I adopted my usual
+course, in such cases, of lighting a pipe and sitting on the front-box
+of my waggon, watching the performance, varying my tactics by turning
+my back on him. He professed to have authority from the king to stop
+all waggons going to the Zambesi, and lugged in poor old Mosilikatze’s
+name, as is usual in grand orations, and made my boys shake in their
+shoes, metaphorically speaking, by informing them that the order was
+that any of the king’s subjects accompanying white men to the Zambesi
+were to be killed.</p>
+
+<p>“The son of Manyami, the man given me expressly to shut up this sort
+of bounce, suggested that this might be some new order from the
+king. I therefore lost no time in sending him off with a letter to
+headquarters, requesting full instructions, as Manyami’s son had not
+seen the king at all about the affair, but I had simply taken him, as
+the king told me, from his father’s kraal on my way from Gubuleweyo to
+Tati. Old Manyami is the man who used to stop all waggons coming into
+the country<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span> till the king had given leave for them to proceed, and he
+stopped me when I first came myself, as I dare say I told you at the
+time. This is done, however, at a different kraal now—the first one
+passed by any waggons going from here to Gubuleweyo, about forty miles
+north-east of Tati. In the meantime I remained on the Ramaqueban, my
+ally riding over to Tati once or twice.</p>
+
+<p>“Whilst I was here a trader of the name of Horn passed, and had to wait
+when he was a few miles on the road to ask leave to proceed, as all
+waggons from Natal are now stopped for fear of the disease, and Horn
+had to explain who he was and where he came from. Horn, I think, is the
+man who opened the Zambesi trade, but is at present trading with the
+Matabele. A lion killed one of his oxen on the Inkwesi one night whilst
+he was waiting here, and a dozen of them took fright and ran away. I
+assisted in looking for them, and followed up the spoor next day till
+late in the afternoon, and must have been close to the oxen, but there
+was a Scotch mist, and it was a wretched evening, so, leaving three
+Kafirs to follow and sleep on the spoor, I returned to the waggons.
+Next day the Kafirs returned without the oxen, and thus much time was
+lost. The day after this Horn’s partner followed the spoor to the
+water, but from the water followed up, by mistake, some fresh buffalo
+spoor, and slept on it, to come the following morning on to a herd of
+buffalo, which rather astonished him. At last Stoffel set off with
+him, about four or five days after the <span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span>oxen had strayed, and they
+succeeded in recovering them.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p2081_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p2081_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">DRY BED OF THE INKWESI RIVER.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“Whilst Stoffel was away the dogs began to bark late one night, and a
+man appeared at the fire in a miserable plight. He was a rebellious
+induna, or headman, whom the king had ordered to be killed. There are
+a certain number of indunas, who have certain districts given them
+to rule over under the king, and if they presume too much on their
+authority they are put to death without much trial. Some of them would
+be insufferable in their conduct to white men if the king did not keep
+them in order. This particular man, I believe, the king had given fair
+warning to, and told him to take a horse and fly the country, but
+instead of taking one he took two, and he was brought before the king,
+who thought it best to make an end of the matter. They took him outside
+the town, and hacked him with their axes, leaving him for dead. What
+must have been intended for the <i>coup de grâce</i> was a cut in the
+back of the head, which had chipped a large piece out of the skull, and
+must have been meant to cut the spinal cord where it joins the brain.
+It had, however, been made a little higher than this, but had left
+such a wound as I should have thought no one could have survived. It
+is wonderful, however, how hard Kafirs are. When I held the lanthorn
+to investigate the wound I started back in amazement to see a hole at
+the base of the skull, perhaps two inches long and an inch and a half
+wide, and I will not venture to say how deep, but the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span> depth too must
+have been an affair of inches. Of course this hole penetrated into the
+substance of the brain, and probably for some distance. I dare say a
+mouse could have sat in it.</p>
+
+<p>“His voice was weak, but he evidently enjoyed his supper and the
+warmth of the fire. My boys said he was a ‘wolf’—the term applied to
+outlaws—and that he ought to be killed or driven away. He told me that
+it was five days since he had been set upon; and that, after he had
+been left for dead, he got up and ran away on coming to himself. He
+wanted to go under my protection to the Zambesi, an honour, however,
+which I declined, but I gave him a blanket and some things to buy food
+with, and told him he must go next morning, and advised him to make
+for Mungwato. He asked for a pipe, and for a drink of brandy, which
+reminded me of Old King Cole; and if he had been given to amusing
+himself by listening to the violin, I have no doubt he would have asked
+for a tune, as he seemed disposed to take things very philosophically.
+I poured some arnica and water into the hole, and when he lifted up his
+head a perfect stream of it ran down his back. He said if he was not
+killed he should see me at Mungwato when I returned. I believe he did
+reach Mungwato alive, but I don’t know whether he remained there.<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p>“A perfectly favourable communication having<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span> been received from the
+king, I was all ready to continue my journey towards the Zambesi, which
+I fondly hoped to see in a few weeks. On the 10th of August I was
+again <i>en route</i>, and on the 18th I reached the first Makalaka
+kraal, travelling slowly. This was the same point I reached before,
+when I started with the Boer and his boy. Here we decided to stay, to
+lay in our store of corn,—enough to keep our Kafirs when game could
+not be got, our dogs, and, above all, our horses. At the place where
+the waggons stand where they are left by people going to the Zambesi,
+the journey having to be completed on foot, no corn is to be bought,
+nor any on the road, as there are no corn-growing people between these
+Makalakas and the Zambesi. Therefore enough must be taken at this point
+to last till one is amongst the Makalakas again on one’s way back.</p>
+
+<p>“Here my companion was laid up with a bad finger. He had run the head
+of a needle into it whilst sewing, and not feeling much at the time
+had taken very little notice of it till it began to give him pain, and
+then he suffered terribly. The end of the finger appeared dead, and I
+was so much afraid of mortification setting in that I advised him to
+lose no time in trying to reach Thomson, the missionary, in order that
+he might have the first joint of the finger amputated if necessary. I
+should have gone back with him, but he begged me not to do so, assuring
+me that I should be of no use to him, which indeed seemed likely to be
+the case. I therefore determined to push on.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[212]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Unfortunately my waggon was quite sufficiently loaded at starting,
+as I had never contemplated having to travel with only one waggon, in
+which case I should have left everything I could spare at Tati. As it
+was, I not only had to add to my own load the things belonging to me
+which were in Stoffel’s waggon, but to take besides a large supply of
+corn and meal, which we had arranged at starting should be taken in
+his waggon also. The result was, that my waggon was overloaded; and I
+had not gone more than two or three miles when one of the hind wheels
+broke, and the weight coming down on it, it was flattened under the
+waggon, with every spoke smashed. I felt instinctively that it was a
+hopeless case; and, as I stood looking at it, came to the conclusion
+that my Zambesi trip was at an end. Now that the season was so late,
+I was sure no help could arrive in time for me to proceed to the
+Zambesi, and therefore I saw the best thing was to take the mishap
+philosophically. It was one of the waggons I had bought in Bamangwato,
+the wood of which proved rotten. My only wish after this was to get
+back to Tati as quickly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>“The man that the king had given me to see me safe through the
+Makalakas now refused to stay any longer, though I did not tell him I
+should not attempt to proceed. I therefore paid him as the king had
+directed me, giving him more, in fact, than the latter had said. He
+was extremely insolent, and demanded double what I gave him. However,
+I knew he must submit, as the king had sent him with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span> me, and he dared
+not go against his orders. He left me in dudgeon, and I was glad to be
+rid of him. I had a very slight attack of fever at the time, and his
+noise and insolence were very annoying.</p>
+
+<p>“After this I sent off my driver with a span of oxen, to take the
+broken wheel on a sledge of boughs to Tati, and wrote to Brown asking
+him to send me a waggon, if possible, to bring me out, and a spare
+wheel also for my own waggon; or, if not, to get the wheel I sent him
+mended for me. The oxen that I still had left had to go many miles for
+water every day. The mare and the goats had nothing but filthy water
+to drink from holes dug in the ground. For my own use I got water
+from the pits, where the people dig for it, for I was in the midst of
+the Makalakas. I myself was a prisoner in my own kraal, for I dared
+not leave the waggon. I had with me three of my Matabele slave-boys
+and one Bushman. We got on pretty well for a few days, but soon the
+people began to drive my boys from the water, which they claimed the
+right to, having made the pits. This was the water for my own use,
+and it appeared also that the water at which their own goats drank
+was denied to mine, and they and my mare driven away from it. I sent
+for the induna, an old Makalaka, with whom I had hitherto refused to
+speak in consequence of his having stopped me the first time I tried
+to go through. I gave him a present of ammunition on condition of his
+allowing my boys to get water; and, after promising to see that all
+was right, he asked for more presents, which I refused, and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span> boys
+were driven away just as much as they had been before. All I could do
+was to buy water for my own use of the women, who brought it every
+morning, and to hope that the animals managed to get a little now and
+then. I had also had a disagreement with the people about some goats
+which I had bought for a gun. The day after I bought them the gun had
+been brought back and the goats demanded, which I refused to give up,
+threatening to shoot any one who touched them. However, as soon as they
+went out to feed, the goats were seized, as I fully expected they would
+be, but the gun had been left. After this I refused to trade any more,
+and drove all the people away except those who brought water.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, whether it was Manyami’s son, or whether it was the Makalakas, or
+whether it was a mere chance, a party of Matabele heard that my waggon
+was broken, and determined to make capital out of my misfortunes. It
+was the 7th of September. The weather was extremely sultry, and I lay
+nearly all my time in the waggon, reading. This evening, however, a
+heavy shower of rain, with thunder and lightning, cooled the air—the
+first rain of the season. I had been a short walk, keeping near the
+waggon, and looking for a pheasant or partridge. Immediately after my
+return I was disgusted beyond measure to see a party of Matabele, some
+twenty in number, filing past with shields and assegais, and sitting
+down in front of the waggon, after which the oration began. However,
+the sun set and the rain descended very opportunely, and they left,
+saying they would return<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span> in the morning. They told my boys that I
+must pay for the road to the Zambesi, and that if I did not do so they
+would break into my waggon and help themselves. My boys, having seen no
+disposition on my part to give way, were in a great fright, and said if
+I did not give the Matabele what they wanted they would run away and
+leave me. In my situation this would have been worse than anything, so
+I resolved to conciliate my persecutors, and next day gave them what
+they wanted, amounting in value to a mere trifle, £5 perhaps, and not
+a quarter of what I had made up my mind to give them rather than have
+a row. I should have felt much more humiliated had I first refused and
+finally had to give way, but it was bad enough as it was. I afterwards
+informed the king of the whole affair, and perhaps a number of similar
+complaints may at last bring punishment on the offenders, who are
+known. I believe it was my firm demeanour of the night before that
+stood me in such good stead next day, as, when I voluntarily conversed
+with them, and asked them what they wanted, they thought it best to be
+civil, and said I must bring out something and they would see if it
+was enough. After some consultation they accepted what I gave for the
+induna of their kraal, and then asked for presents for themselves. I
+therefore added something; and when they saw I had given all I meant
+they went away, leaving me much relieved in mind.</p>
+
+<p>“Soon afterwards, to my great joy, I heard the boys say that a waggon
+was coming; and, sure enough,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span> my driver appeared, bringing a waggon
+borrowed for me by Brown, and an extra wheel for my own waggon. Brown
+sent me a note informing me that he had letters for me from home, and
+sending me an instalment of four papers, two others remaining for me in
+his hands with the letters. I divided my load between the two waggons,
+and breathed again freely when I was fairly past the Makalaka kraals
+on my way back. I felt like a prisoner who had regained his freedom.
+Before reaching Tati, however, I had another little adventure, which I
+must yet add to this already overgrown letter.</p>
+
+<p>“I had one day left the waggon on horseback with a number of my Kafirs
+to shoot, as we were rather hard up for food, and had been galloping
+after some eland. It was late in the afternoon, and when I pulled up I
+saw nothing of my boys, and turned the horse’s head in the direction I
+had come from, expecting to meet them. However, they had lagged, and
+I began to think I might not be going quite in the right direction.
+The mare strengthened this fancy, and kept working round, and wanted,
+I thought, to take a short cut to the waggon. I trusted implicitly
+to her, and let her have her head, thinking I would leave the Kafirs
+to go back by themselves. She, however, went in the same direction I
+had been galloping in just before, which puzzled me. Still she kept
+on in a straight, undeviating course, as I could see by the sun, and
+I thought if it were wrong I could easily return as I had come, when
+I had let her go on her own way long enough. So I gave her a fair<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span>
+chance and on she went. The sun set, and she still kept on as before,
+the stars now showing me the direction. I began to suspect something
+wrong, but decided to see what she really would do, as I knew I must
+sleep in the veldt. At last we came to a broad river without water in
+it, and, without pausing to look for any, she crossed it, and kept on
+as before. I thought it must be the Ramaqueban, which is near where I
+started from, and therefore, after going on some time longer, I turned
+her and went back to the river, hoping to find water by scraping a hole
+in the sand, in which I failed. I then tied the mare to a tree, and,
+making a big fire, had a good night. Next day I was moving at sunrise,
+and kept down the river, still thinking it the Ramaqueban, when, to my
+surprise, I suddenly came on the drift where the waggon-road crosses
+it, and found it to be the Impakwe, the next river that you cross
+beyond the Ramaqueban in going to the King’s. It was now nine or ten
+o’clock in the morning, and getting very hot. My waggon was thirty
+miles away, and the mare and myself tired and hungry. I let her feed
+and drink, for there was plenty of good water. By the time I had gone
+ten miles towards the waggon she wanted another rest, being much too
+small for my weight. I therefore gave her a good rest on reaching the
+Ramaqueban, and it was late in the afternoon when I started off again.
+By good fortune I met some Boers returning from hunting in the Zambesi
+direction, and came in for some meat which a Kafir was cooking in the
+ashes. I never<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span> enjoyed anything more. I got back to the waggon late
+that night, and soon afterwards reached Tati, where I have been ever
+since. Incidents are rather scarce, and I have therefore made the most
+of the foregoing insignificant ones.</p>
+
+<p>“I have now a new driver, my old one having refused to go with me after
+my first repulse by the Makalakas. My present man is a huge creature,
+civil enough, but too fond of brandy. He one evening made a raid when
+I was absent, and broke open some of my boxes, not leaving a single
+bottle of brandy in my possession, but how many bottles I had I have no
+idea. He shared the spoils with his friends, and they were at it all
+night. Next day I cross-examined him closely, and got a confession out
+of him. I then fined him £5, and reduced his wages from £4 a month to
+£3. He got off cheap, as it is common in such cases to tie the offender
+up and whip him. The whole race of waggon-drivers, with scarcely an
+exception, are worthless wretches—dissipated, lazy, impudent, and
+dishonest. It really seems that civilization has no other effect upon
+Kafirs than to make them worse than they naturally are.</p>
+
+<p>“I must now wind up this terrible letter. I know it is far too long,
+but it is too late now to obviate that defect.”</p>
+
+<p>Another of Frank Oates’s letters, written home to one of his brothers
+about this time, adds yet some further particulars of his late
+experiences. He says:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[219]</span></p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Tati</span>, <i>October 16th, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“The mail is in, and with it a letter from you, appreciated as usual,
+which I need not say is not a little. It is dated July 3d. I am sorry
+you seem to doubt my getting your letters. In my letter to the Mater
+I mention the hoard of letters, containing a complete and connected
+history of home affairs, which met my delighted eyes when I returned
+here from my third attempt to reach the Zambesi, of which I have given
+her an account. The road between here and Bamangwato is all but closed
+from the drought now, as it is the end of the dry season. The waggons
+that brought this mail in were delayed, and suffered considerably.
+Several of the oxen died, and one waggon is still in the veldt at the
+Gokwe River, where there is a little water, and which is the half-way
+house between Mungwato and here. In distance it is more than half way,
+but it is always a stopping-place, on either side of which stretches a
+parched-up country. On the first day of this month I began a letter to
+the Mater, expecting it would be taken on in a day or two. However, the
+waggons that were to take it did not set off, preferring to wait for
+rain, so the letter has been lying unfinished. Now, however, another
+arrives from you, and sets me off into the writing vein. Moreover, I
+am expecting very shortly to start into the veldt for a month or two,
+which means two months, of course, before I fairly set off home. I
+have in the meantime been collecting birds here, and reflecting on the
+vanity of human ambition.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span> It may surprise you that I don’t hurry home,
+now that the Zambesi affair is over. It is certainly not that I don’t
+long to see all the familiar faces once more, and feast my eyes with
+English scenery....<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p>
+
+<p>“The weather is now fairly broken, and it has begun to rain again this
+evening, with gusts of wind, which flutter my papers from time to time.
+It has been dreadfully hot the last few days. After the heavy rain
+at the beginning of the month we have been having a spell of really
+warm weather, the thermometer often reaching several degrees above 100
+in the shade. I have been busy having my waggon patched up and made
+weather-tight. It was finished to-day, and to-day the old Boer returned
+to his happy home and found me in possession. I said I would pack up
+at once, to enable him to establish himself in his house this evening,
+but I found I could not be ready, so he and his family are encamped
+outside, inhabiting their waggons. However, I held out hopes to him of
+vacating the place to-morrow, which seemed to satisfy him. In fact the
+Boers are just <span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span>as much at home at their waggons as in a house. They
+have little primitive camp-stools, on which they sit round the fire,
+and the women go about their household duties, and the children play
+about, and they seem quite at home. Of course when it rains they sit
+in the waggons like rats in holes—as I have already done myself, and
+shall now begin to do again. You have no idea how much a home a waggon
+becomes. I have my books and all my <i>et ceteras</i> within reach;
+and, though it is a little cramping, the pleasure of stretching the
+limbs when you do get out repays you to a certain extent.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p2201_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p2201_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">VERREAUX’S WHYDAH BIRD.—<i>Vidua Verreauxi.</i></p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">SHAFT-TAILED WHYDAH BIRD.—<i>Vidua regia.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>“I expect in a day or two a reply from the king, giving me permission
+to hunt in his veldt. I only wish to go a short distance from here, to
+the Ramaqueban, and Shashani, and thereabouts—a tract of country that
+I know pretty well, and for which I have a real affection, so often
+have I roamed through its wilds. Rivers that I know well I look upon as
+friends. I wish, indeed, I could be set down now where I was last year,
+when I was sent by the king into his favourite veldt on failing to
+reach the Zambesi, but it is too far, and I should have to traverse the
+thickly-populated part of the country to reach it. The loathing with
+which I regard this people is in itself sufficient to deter me. The
+king himself is well enough, and rules the Kafirs with a rod of iron,
+but the Kafirs, as a nation, I abominate, and not without good reason.
+The amount of pride you must pocket when sojourning amongst these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span>
+scantily-dressed gentlemen is something not to be forgotten. I don’t
+know whether their condescensions or aggressions are the more difficult
+to bear with patience. Without patience it is hopeless to think of
+getting on at all. A long string of them filed past my abode lately,
+and making for Brown’s store requested to be fed. This of course
+Brown complied with, as the land here is only held on sufferance, and
+these Matabele were supposed to be out on particular business—to
+murder a lot of poor Bushmen, as we were told afterwards. The latter
+are constantly being killed, and their life is one long struggle for
+existence. A gun is almost useless to them, as the brutal conquerors of
+the country are pretty sure to bag it, and ten to one knock the owner
+of it on the head into the bargain.</p>
+
+<p>“The Bushmen are the real wild men of the country, living in temporary
+huts, and subsisting entirely on what the veldt produces. They are
+wonderful runners, and possess certain mysterious instincts, raising
+them in that respect nearly to the level of some of the noblest
+animals. The Matabele, on the other hand, think themselves the lords
+of creation, and speak of the slaves (Makalakas) as ‘dogs;’ and the
+Bushmen are only looked upon as game. I have one remarkably small
+creature of the Bushman race with me, who is working for a gun. He
+always takes to his heels and hides when he sees any Matabele, unless
+he is with his master and at the waggon. A kraal of these people was
+lately<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span> driven from the Shashe, and is now encamped close to the
+settlement here. I rode through their camp the other day, and felt
+that I was amongst the true children of the forest, resembling more
+the North American Indians than the usual Kafir races of this country.
+Their huts are made of poles, converging together at the top, these
+laid over with branches, and finally rudely thatched with long grass. I
+should say there were between fifty and a hundred of them in the camp.”</p>
+
+<p>To this letter, here cut short, he adds the following, four days
+later:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<i>October 20th.</i></p>
+
+<p>“Last night my two Kafirs, whom I had sent to the king, to ask leave
+for me to hunt a little on the Shashani, returned with a favourable
+answer. I gave the king a shot gun on first entering his country, much
+to his satisfaction, and I believe it is now his favourite gun out of
+the armoury he possesses. I had two cases of 200 cartridges each, and
+gave him one with the gun, and shall now leave the other, together with
+the rest of his present, with Brown, to be forwarded to him when a
+waggon goes up. It is everything here to have the king on one’s side,
+as without it one would have a miserable chance of getting on. Even
+the king does not care to have too many white men in his country, but
+likes a few, to enable him to trade. He has a great objection to the
+Boers, who come only to hunt for skins, thus wasting all the meat, but
+he knows with me it is a different case, and he does not care where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span>
+I go, as long as I keep him in good humour by giving him presents.
+He never objects to people who are in the country hunting for meat.
+However, he is down on you if he sees any ostrich egg-shells lying on
+the breakfast-table, and asks how you can expect to get feathers if you
+eat the eggs. He is also very sensible in his denunciation of killing
+cow and young elephants, the ivory of which is scarcely worth taking.
+The Boers, wherever they go, shoot everything, big or little, on the
+principle that all’s fish that comes to the net.</p>
+
+<p>“We have just had a heavy shower, and there was one last night; in fact
+the rainy season is setting in. Rain is very much wanted, and all the
+livestock requires fresh grass.”</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the letters, twice alluded to above, which Frank Oates had
+found awaiting him at Tati, was one from his brother William, who was
+just about to start at the time he wrote (in the June previous) on
+a three months’ yachting trip to Spitzbergen; after his return from
+which he contemplated again coming out to Natal, early in the following
+year, there to rejoin his brother on his way back from the Zambesi,
+and accompany him—if he cared to go—on a short hunting expedition in
+Zululand, or, going north as far as Zanzibar, strike inland with him
+thence instead. To this proposal Frank Oates replied as follows:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Tati</span>, <i>October 27th, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“I have been delighted to get your letters, and to find there is a
+chance of our uniting our forces<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span> once more. When you wrote of coming
+out to me I was both pleased and sorry—sorry, because I thought it
+would be best for me to return home when I reached the coast, and
+yet, if you had actually met me there, I could not have resisted the
+temptation of setting off again with you.</p>
+
+<p>“I have often wished I had you with me, and remember, when I got to
+Mungwato last April, to outfit, as I drove up to Gray’s store, I
+thought if I could have a wish it would be to see your waggon coming in
+from the opposite direction. I did not even know that you were yourself
+thinking the same thing about the same time. The same idea occurred
+to me the last time my waggon broke down on the Zambesi road, and I
+was left to the mercy of the natives of that part of the country. I
+thought, if your waggon suddenly appeared, how I could turn the tables
+on my persecutors, and how we could go on together to the Zambesi. Of
+course, I felt certain such a thing would not occur, but somehow it got
+into my head....</p>
+
+<p>“You will be glad to hear that I endorse your theory that trying to
+trade, when on a sporting tour or exploring, is an utter failure,
+and that, had we brought up light waggons, we should have been
+wiser—knowing all I know now. I have been allied with Dutch Boers
+since parting from you, and the more I see <i>of</i> them, the more
+I see <i>through</i> them. I have still some of my old Maritzburg
+bullocks left, a rare good sort, but from time to time upon the journey
+have bought and broken<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span> young ones. I have now a good span of fourteen
+and a couple of supernumeraries, and have likewise bought a heifer, to
+give me milk. She is of the peculiar small breed, less than Alderneys,
+bred by the Mashonas. My dogs are invaluable to me. ‘Rail’ and ‘Rock’
+require the greatest care, and get it.</p>
+
+<p>“I shall wonder how you get on amongst the Spitzbergen game. If as
+successful as you must have been here, you can claim to count amongst
+the Nimrods. I don’t know what to say to your letter of June 2d. Of
+course, if you should come out as you propose, it will be very pleasant
+to meet, and we might spend a month or two together in the Zulu country
+before I leave Africa, or, returning <i>viâ</i> Zanzibar, spend a month
+or two there, as you suggest. I should not care to be very much longer
+than this, and if, after all, you should not come now, we must do
+something else again together in the course of time.”</p>
+
+<p>The whole of these letters, above quoted from, were despatched to
+England about the end of October. To one of them a postscript was
+added on the 28th, to the effect that the trader, Stoffel Kennedy,
+whose finger, it appears, had had to be amputated on returning from
+the veldt, had just arrived at Tati, and that he and Dorehill, the
+young trader of that name, already mentioned in these pages, were
+intending to start immediately with two waggons for the Zambesi, and
+wanted Frank Oates to accompany them. “I hardly think, however, that
+I shall do so,”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[227]</span> he writes, “as the season is so far advanced. I am
+principally afraid for my boys, who are far more likely to suffer than
+a white man is, who has a snug dry bed to lie on, and other comforts;
+and I distrust my old waggon, which has played me false once already.”
+On further discussing the subject with Stoffel and his companion, he
+found, moreover, that he had somewhat misunderstood their plan, which
+was only to be travelling towards the Zambesi now, and wait about upon
+the road till April or May, when they would go forward to the river.
+It was too late, they considered, to attempt to reach the Zambesi the
+present season. Though strongly tempted on some accounts to fall in
+with their proposal and accompany them, upon reflection he decided not
+to do so. It was the result, however, of what had passed with them upon
+the subject that led him to abandon, as intimated above, his projected
+trip to the Shashani, and accompany the trading party instead, as far
+upon the road towards the Zambesi as they meant to travel before coming
+to a stand. This would give him an opportunity of seeing an entirely
+fresh part of the country beyond the Makalakas, and he could return
+when it suited him. It is probable, too, that he still—if hardly
+acknowledging it to himself—may have entertained an ill-defined hope
+that by travelling in the direction of the Zambesi he might even yet,
+through some unlooked-for turn of circumstances, find himself enabled
+to reach that river before the commencement of another year. That hope,
+assuming its existence, was one destined<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span> to be realized, little likely
+as it appeared to be so at the time he left the settlement. It was the
+3d of November when the united party started on their journey, and for
+the fourth time Frank Oates turned his face towards the Zambesi.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p2280_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p2280_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">BLUE WILDEBEEST.—<i>Catoblepas taurina.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Final start from Tati—Bushman remains—A game-drive—Wild
+dogs—The Makalakas again—The Matengwe River—English
+hunters met with—The Nata River—The Pantamatenka—Christmas
+Day—Start on foot for the Zambesi—The goal at last.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>The country first passed through on leaving Tati was now fresh and
+green, with abundance of water along the road. Their first evening the
+party halted at “Mopani Pan,” a small pond full of reeds and surrounded
+by tall mopani trees, a few miles from Tati. This pond is a favourite
+halting-place for travellers between the Tati and Ramaqueban Rivers,
+but soon becomes dry in the winter season. Here the party remained four
+days, hunting; troops of quagga, blue wildebeest, and waterbuck being
+met with. The veldt about here, though stony and for the most part very
+bare of vegetation, produced some fine white lilies, now in bloom.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p2300_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p2300_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">CAMP IN THE VELDT.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>Advancing again, on November 7th, to the Ramaqueban, they proceeded
+slowly up that river, and halted again for a short time four days
+afterwards, at the point where Frank Oates had stopped to hunt when
+here the previous August,—the point at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span> which the road for the Zambesi
+turns off from the Ramaqueban again towards the Tati. Here the latter
+had now a hut of branches made by the boys for himself to lie in, as
+the heat in the waggon was insufferable. This was some relief from
+the usual state of things experienced about this time. “The flies,”
+he writes one day at this encampment, “are perfectly maddening. One
+wakes early, when it is comparatively cool, looking forward without
+much pleasure to the coming day of heat and discomfort—no comfortable
+spot to retire to from the heat, and every place dirty and crowded.
+How different,” he concludes, “from the luxuries experienced in some
+hot countries!” Here, on one occasion, his boys brought him some fine
+barbel, taken in the river,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span> which proved delicious eating when rolled
+in meal and fried in fat and oil.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th, whilst still at the same point, Frank Oates’s old ally,
+Van Roozen, arrived with Piet Jacobs, the Dutchman, from the direction
+of the Makalakas, the former of whom tried, it appears, to dissuade
+his late employer from attempting the Zambesi at the present season, a
+notion he was evidently by this time seriously entertaining.</p>
+
+<p>Both these Dutchmen, as it chanced, were acquainted with the spot near
+the Ramaqueban River where the Bushmen, whose remains Frank Oates had
+already made more than one fruitless endeavour to obtain, had been
+massacred the year before. Still anxious, if possible, to secure some
+of them, and finding he was now within easy access of the spot, he
+entered into an arrangement with Jacobs to conduct him there; but
+again, as on former occasions, when the time arrived for setting off,
+his guide was not forthcoming. Jacobs, however, before leaving, had
+fortunately on this occasion found a substitute in the person of Van
+Roozen, through whose guidance the traveller was at last successful in
+his search, as thus related in his Journal:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 15th.</i>—Cloudy day. Old Piet left, having deputed Van
+Roozen to take me to the bones, but wanting to go shares in the profit.
+He left a boy with a sack; but Van Roozen seemed so lukewarm, I let
+him send away the boy, and was nearly letting him go too, but Dorehill
+joined us, and at last we made a plan, persuading Van Roozen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span> to take
+us to the place, whilst the waggons trekked to the big branch of the
+Tati, where Stoffel was to outspan. Van Roozen seemed a bit nervous;
+and, indeed, was rather perplexed to find the place, which, however,
+at last he did. It was a pretty spot. Some large trees, laden with
+yellow blossoms, growing in rich masses like laburnums, but in spikes,
+scented the air. Behind these rose a pretty rugged kopje, and in front
+of them were the old huts of the unfortunate Bushmen, and the screens
+from the sun which they erect. Heaps of ashes and game bones, broken
+pots, and other remains lay around, amongst which the skulls of the
+Bushmen appeared conspicuously. We found three here, and three more lay
+in the grass at some little distance. We offsaddled and collected some
+bones, which I tied up, in order to carry on my saddle in front of me,
+and we again set off, but the sky was clouded over, and we were not
+sure of our road. However, we came out all right in the waggon-road.
+Van Roozen deposited his charge, and we rode forward to the waggons.
+Van Roozen shot a quagga just before we crossed the big spruit, and
+we soon arrived at the big branch of the Tati, where the waggons were
+outspanned, Van Roozen having decided to pass the night there with
+us.”<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+<p>The following morning, early, Van Roozen took his departure, trekking
+south, whilst the rest of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span> party crossed over to the Tati, where,
+outspanning at the “poort” (the pretty spot already noticed in the
+preceding chapter), they again stopped for two or three days to hunt,
+at which point the Journal thus continues:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 17th.</i>—Heavy shower early; pleasant cloudy day. Out
+with two boys, shooting.... During the ride I saw a big game-drive,
+made by the Makalakas, consisting of a long broad alley, the sides
+composed of large tree branches, forming a strong hedge. At the end
+were three pits side by side, walled round with stakes. On the top were
+placed light stakes, and long grass was laid over all. My boys say the
+Makalakas kill lots of quagga and other game in these traps.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 18th.</i>—Cloudy morning; hot afternoon. Out to the
+right, amongst the kopjes; game very scarce.... Rested, whilst out,
+under a large tree, with leaves something the shape and appearance of
+a poplar; the trunk smooth, thick, and of crooked growth. The fruit of
+this tree is small and green, and, when fresh dropped, useless; but the
+ground was strewn with last year’s fruit, which contains, under a very
+hard shell, some kernel, not unlike walnut, but softer, and very nice,
+the only difficulty being the getting at it. Two goats of mine, which I
+had bought of Piet Jacobs, and had since been lost, turned up to-day,
+having been absent since Sunday afternoon (the 15th). They had come on
+alone, one having given birth to two kids.”</p>
+
+<p>The travellers on the 20th again moved slowly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span> forward, and reached the
+first kraal of the Makalakas (Wankee’s) on the 22d, where they laid in
+a fresh supply of corn, the natives this time making but a very feeble
+show of attempting to stop their progress. The day before this Stoffel
+had fallen in with a large pack of wild dogs, a circumstance thus
+narrated in Frank Oates’s Journal:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 21st.</i>—Cloudy morning, after a cold night; cool
+day.... Stoffel rode when we trekked, and shot a quagga. He describes
+a pack of wild dogs he saw. Two pallah rushed past him pursued by
+dogs, which stopped when they saw him, and began to bark. They were
+all black, spotted with white, with thick bushy tails, and dog-like
+but upright ears. They were the size of his dog ‘Bob,’ larger than a
+pointer considerably—<i>i.e.</i> the males; the females, he says, were
+less. They kept running and then stopping at near range, but he did not
+get any. He says he has seen a pack once beyond the King’s, and once
+one at Gasuma, near the Zambesi, like these. A pack he once saw in the
+Free State were of a different colour (reddish or gray). That he saw
+to-day contained about fifty.”</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the kraal again upon the 24th, the Journal once more
+continues:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 24th.</i>—Hot, with a breeze. Started at 9.30
+<span class="allsmcap">A.M.</span>, and trekked till noon. Passed the kraal just beyond
+which my waggon broke before at a small spruit. We ride through mopani
+veldt, and soon come to another kraal. Pass lots of cultivated land,
+and then more kraals. The latter are small,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span> and generally placed under
+a kopje, on which often grows one of the few striking and picturesque
+trees of the country. We crossed two other spruits during the trek,
+larger than the first mentioned, but not large.</p>
+
+<p>“A rabbit got up close to the waggon directly after we outspanned, and
+the dogs set off. Dorehill lost one of his, and I lost ‘Rock.’ Our
+boys found the spoor, and as it turned out the dogs had been stolen by
+Makalakas. Stoffel, Dorehill, and I, with Jacob, rode with our guns
+and a lot of boys to two or three kraals, threatening them all with
+punishment, unless the dogs were given up. At night they were brought
+back by one of Stoffel’s and one of Dorehill’s boys, who had been to a
+kraal and demanded them. We decided to inspan and ride with the moon.
+Trekked through trees, thickly placed (mopani mostly), crossed several
+spruits, and outspanned at the Matengwe River; say three hours.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 25th.</i>—Cloudy; heavy rain at night. Here we met a
+party of Griquas, who have been in Stoffel’s employ before as hunters,
+and they are now willing to turn back their waggon and return with him.
+They tell sad tales of the Zambesi fever, of which many of them have
+died. They say it is comparatively healthy at Tamasancha, and they
+are willing to stand there till April or May, and then go on to the
+Zambesi. The old man tells me that a man gets a pain in his head and
+lies down, and next morning, if he is alive, he is ‘salted.’ Stoffel
+busy making arrangements with these people. Trekked through<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span> beautiful
+green veldt, road winding amongst a great number of kopjes; mopani,
+and other trees. Several large and rather bad spruits crossed. We kept
+coming near the Matengwe during this trek, and part of the time the
+road keeps along its bank. It is an extremely pretty river, and has
+a fine running stream in its sandy bed. I saw a plant quite new to
+me, with fine fan-shaped drooping leaves. Some pretty white lilies,
+delicately striped with lilac, grew close to the river’s bank. I
+enjoyed the scene very much. Few kraals. Where we outspanned, I had a
+bathe in the river. People came to sell things.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 26th.</i>—Cloudy day, but hot; shower at night. Went
+through mopani veldt, till we came to a big tree, where we stopped.
+My mare, who I noticed refused her corn, lay down, and on looking at
+her we found her panting, and that there was a running at her nose.
+When made to get up, she soon lay down again. Stoffel says it is
+horse-sickness. I ordered her to be driven slowly on behind us when we
+trekked. Went past Menon’s kraal. Menon and some of his people came
+out. He was very civil, and appointed to come to us ahead, which he
+did, when we each gave him a present.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 27th.</i>—Cloudy, threatening morning; a few drops of
+rain. Rain, thunder, and lightning in the evening. Started before
+daylight, and made a short trek through very heavy mopani to the drift
+of the Matengwe, where we outspanned. Some yellow matter was running
+from the mare’s mouth and nose, but small in quantity. She pants and
+coughs, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[237]</span> still eats a little. Stoffel, Dorehill, and Jacob rode
+to shoot, and Jacob shot a giraffe. I went on again a short distance
+with the waggons, through heavy mopani veldt, finally stopping on a
+‘sandbelt’<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> near a pan of water. Went out on foot in the evening,
+and saw some pallah, steinbok, and quagga, but they were too wild for
+me to get a shot.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 28th.</i>—Cloudy morning. Heavy shower came on
+immediately after my return from an unsuccessful hunt on ‘Bob.’... Busy
+buying corn. The water lay deep all round my waggon. The mare lying
+down, every now and then getting up, but breathing very heavily, and,
+when last I saw her, making a ‘roaring’ sound. Nothing was running
+from her nose, but I found inside it a little bright yellow and black
+matter. I don’t know that she ate anything to-day. She lay most of the
+time with her nose on the dirty ground. The skin of her back is all
+peeling off.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 29th.</i>—Slightly cloudy day; very pleasant. Mare dead;
+froth like white sea foam on her nostrils, and inside clear yellow
+liquid, a lot of which had run out. She was not perfectly cold when
+I saw her. All of them say it is horse-sickness. Dorehill afterwards
+opened her, and one of his boys found a great number of large fat grubs
+in her stomach, holding on to the inside. They seemed to have eaten the
+lining away, and indeed in places to have eaten through the walls of
+the stomach itself.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span> This might account for the state of her back, and
+the fact of her slavering when she ate her corn, but I don’t think they
+can have been the proximate cause of death.... Out shooting to-day, but
+the game here is very wild.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>November 30th.</i>—Cloudy morning; close, hot afternoon.... On
+returning from the veldt in the evening, found every one who had been
+left at the waggons nearly drunk; the Griquas rushing about with loaded
+guns and fighting. Inspanned, to restore order, and went about four
+miles.”</p>
+
+<p>The following morning, some five miles further again brought the party
+to the Matengwe River, where a halt was made. At this point two English
+hunters, whom Frank Oates had met before during his wanderings—Messrs.
+Wood and Selous—came up on their way to Tati from the Zambesi. It was
+the result of this meeting which apparently determined Frank Oates’s
+future plans; for, almost from the first day he left the Tati, the
+idea seems to have been present to his mind that he might yet make the
+Zambesi the present season, without waiting for the cessation of the
+rains. His own inclination was strongly in favour of this attempt, as
+saving him from the dilemma, otherwise presented, of either leaving
+the country with the river unvisited, or remaining there another
+season for the purpose; and the opinion and experience of the two
+hunters mentioned above, coincided, as it happened, with his own wish
+and inclination. They both believed, and perhaps rightly, that the
+present was a safer time for the Zambesi<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span> than the month of April,
+when the rains would only just be over and the moisture not all dried
+up. Indeed Stoffel, who adhered to his present plan and waited to go
+on till April, himself took the fever when he reached the river, and
+died from its effects. The fact is that neither one plan nor the other
+was a good one, and between the two it was but a choice of evils. So
+anxious, however, was Frank Oates to reach the river that season,
+that, gladly catching at the moderate degree of encouragement he now
+chanced to receive from these two gentlemen, he resolved forthwith
+to push forward there at once, without intending, however, to make a
+lengthened stay, or do more on this occasion than merely see the Falls,
+and obtain a few specimens of natural history. And thus resolved, he
+again resumed his journey on December 3d, and with no serious delay or
+hindrance succeeded in reaching the Zambesi. Before starting, however,
+he wrote home the following short letter, which Messrs. Wood and Selous
+undertook to convey as far as Tati:—</p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Matengwe River</span>, <i>December 2d, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“Again I report progress. I am past the obnoxious Makalakas, and am
+actually going to start for a hurried run to the Victoria Falls. I left
+Tati with the people I told you of, who were going on to a place about
+three days ahead of here on the Zambesi road, intending to wait there
+till April and then go on to the Zambesi. I intended to accompany them
+and turn back, as I did not wish to wait for another season, and did
+not think it advisable to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span> make a hurried run to the Zambesi and back
+again now. Indeed, you would infer from my letters that it was not my
+intention to do so. However, things have so turned out that I think I
+am choosing the best course in going on now.</p>
+
+<p>“In the first place, I have here met waggons coming from the Zambesi,
+those of Wood and Selous, two Englishmen, who hunt and know the country
+well. They both advise me to go on at once. They say they would rather
+go on now than stand all the time, and then go on in April. In fact
+it seems that April is too early; and all agree that it is infinitely
+better to go now that the rains are falling than it is to go too soon
+after they have ceased to fall. They say the risk of fever is not so
+great as long as the rains fall, and the really bad time is when they
+have ceased to fall. The traders, however, must wait, in order to avoid
+the really bad time, as they could not go there and trade and come back
+again; whereas in my case I have only to spend a fortnight in getting
+to the standing-place where the waggons are left, and say ten days or a
+fortnight in going from there to the Falls and back (it <i>can</i> be
+walked in three days, I am told, easily), whilst another fortnight will
+bring me back in the waggons. So you may say six weeks will do it all,
+and it would not only be possible to be back in Tati before the end of
+January, but this would allow a lot of extra time. It is only three
+weeks from Tati to Daka, the standing-place, and I am now a week’s
+journey on the way.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span></p>
+
+<p>“A man who knows the Falls and this road well has undertaken to conduct
+me to the Falls and back.<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> He is a coloured individual certainly,
+but appears a very intelligent and capable fellow. He has been hunting
+for Wood and Selous, and it is thought he will prove very efficient.
+He has insisted on large relays of medicine and food, and I have been
+able to get nearly everything I wanted here. There were in fact eight
+waggons in all here yesterday. The trader, who lost his finger when
+coming on with me before, with his two waggons, and a partner of his
+with one waggon, went on last night. Another trader is turning back now
+with Wood and Selous, who are going back; and another waggon, belonging
+to a party of Griquas, has gone on with the traders.</p>
+
+<p>“I expect to be back in Bamangwato in February, <i>en route</i>
+for home.... I can scarcely fancy myself returning so soon from a
+successful visit to the Falls, having so often failed; but I think you
+will agree with me that I was not wrong in determining to make another
+attempt, as things turned out, and acting, as I am, on what I consider
+to be very competent advice. It is now the beginning of the rainy
+season, but very little rain has yet fallen; only a few heavy showers,
+with intervals of very hot weather between them.”</p>
+
+<p>The day after writing this letter—on the 3d of December—Frank Oates
+started off again, as above mentioned, towards the Zambesi, and soon
+came up<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span> with Stoffel, who had left upon the 1st, in company with
+another trader who had joined him on the Matengwe. Dorehill had
+turned back with Wood and Selous. From this point to Tamasancha, a
+watering-place on the road to the Zambesi, where Stoffel and his
+companion intended standing till April, the road lay chiefly through
+heavy sand, and was traversed in about a week. Soon after starting, the
+Matengwe River, which had now been kept near for some time, was left
+flowing towards the westward, and shortly afterwards the Nata River was
+crossed. From here to the Daka, a small river not far from the Zambesi,
+water can only be obtained along the road at the various “pans,” or
+small ponds, which occur at intervals throughout this portion of the
+country, no other rivers intervening.</p>
+
+<p>At Tamasancha, which was reached on December 10th, Frank Oates, after
+a short rest, parted from his companions, proceeding forward on the
+14th alone towards the Zambesi. The country, from this point, is only
+varied from sand and thick bush by the occasional occurrence of these
+“pans” or “vleis,” the favourite haunts of wading-birds and wildfowl.
+Soon after leaving Tamasancha one was passed (Flamakinyani) closely
+encircled by large trees, and a little later was another (Geruah),
+about the size of a duck-pond and extremely pretty, surrounded with the
+greenest of grass, whilst all around it extended the barren and sandy
+veldt. About here giraffe and other game was met with, including sable
+antelope, eland, and wild pig. Fresh elephant spoor was seen north of
+Tamasetsie,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span> but the time now allowed of no delays for hunting. The
+“poison-plant,” growing low, and bearing a yellow plum-like fruit, was
+gathered on one occasion near the waggon-track.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p2430_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p2430_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">AFRICAN DWARF GOOSE.—<i>Nettapus auritus.</i></p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">(Length about 11 inches.)</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>The Daka River was reached upon the 21st, and the day after, some miles
+further on, two other small streams were reached and crossed, and then
+a third into which apparently the first two flowed. This last was a
+small river called the Pantamatenka, just beyond which is the place
+where waggons stand for travellers going to the Zambesi. These streams,
+it was evident, must all be very small, except during the rains. They
+were small indeed even now, though overflowing their banks and running
+quickly. Almost immediately after crossing the last-named, Frank
+Oates’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span> waggon stuck in a very soft muddy place, but Mr. Blockley, who
+was in charge of the trading-station here, came with a span of oxen
+to help him out, and the following morning his waggon was taken up to
+where the store was built, on a little stony kopje above the watery
+flats. Mr. Blockley was here in the capacity of agent for another
+trader, then absent—Mr. Westbeach—and with him was a Dr. Bradshaw,
+who had been some time in the country. On the succeeding day, December
+24th, the waggons of two other traders, Messrs. Trescott and Wilmore,
+arrived from the Zambesi, the former of whom had lately been ill with
+fever, and was still very deaf and weak, and scarcely able to eat
+anything. He described their recent sufferings from fatigue, hunger,
+sickness, and the impossibility of keeping dry, as something truly
+wretched.</p>
+
+<p>Christmas Day was celebrated at the store by the cooking and eating
+of a large plum-pudding worthy of the occasion, and the day following
+Frank Oates busied himself with preparing for his walk to the Falls.
+This he intended to accomplish in company with Dr. Bradshaw, who had
+been there before, and volunteered to go with him. The 27th was the day
+fixed for the start, and before leaving he wrote home in high spirits
+the following letter to his mother, which Messrs. Trescott and Wilmore
+were to take with them when they returned to Tati. It was the last he
+wrote:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span></p>
+
+<p class="r2 p1">“<span class="smcap">Pantamatenka</span>, <i>December 27th, 1874</i>.</p>
+
+<p>“I am just about to set off, to walk to the Victoria Falls, which are
+only three days from here. This place is somewhere about fifteen miles
+to the north-westward of Daka, a place you will probably see in any
+recent map. Neither place is a town of any sort, but each is merely a
+river flowing to the Zambesi. At both rivers waggons stand, as they are
+both out of ‘the fly.’ The place where I now am is quite civilized, as
+it is a trading-station, and the man in charge here has a snug little
+house, well thatched, to keep out the rain. He has lived here three
+years, and is in the employ of Westbeach, who is at present at the
+residence of Sepopo, the Zambesi chief, some distance up the river. His
+man, Blockley, undertakes the charge of my effects whilst I proceed to
+the Falls.</p>
+
+<p>“You will be delighted to hear that there is a <i>doctor</i> here,
+who is going to accompany me in my walk, and is a great stickler
+for comforts. He was, I think, doctor on a steamer, and at last got
+to the Diamond Fields, and thence came here with Westbeach, and has
+been here now two years. He spends a good portion of his time in
+collecting beetles, and is apparently very good-natured. He never
+loses an opportunity of telling you that a thing is very unwholesome,
+the next thing being its rapid disappearance into his own interior.
+There was a grand plum-pudding made here on Christmas Day. Besides
+Blockley and the doctor there are two traders, who arrived here after
+I did, on their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span> way from the Zambesi. One has been ill and the doctor
+prohibited him plum-pudding, so there were four of us in all. We ate
+nothing but pudding on Christmas Day and the day following, with
+scarcely an exception. The men had another pudding. My man turns out
+to have been originally a cook, and when he likes can cook well. The
+doctor was found to be five pounds heavier after dinner than before it
+on Christmas Day. He strongly urged upon all of us the desirability
+of moderation, but no one seemed to pay much attention to him, and he
+certainly did not practise what he preached. He has been to the Falls
+before, and in the rainy season too, so he knows what he is undertaking
+in going with me. I expect he will make very slow marches, but so much
+the better. I am going to take with me the identical tent I had with
+me in America, and which proved so effectual a shelter from the snows
+of the Rocky Mountains. There was a grand idea in the doctor’s mind of
+taking a lot of cold plum-pudding with us on our walk, but the last
+morsel disappeared last night. However, we shall not be badly off for
+supplies.</p>
+
+<p>“From Tamasancha, where I last wrote to you,<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> and where the
+traders were waiting till April, I was nine days in getting here. The
+waggon-road all the way goes through thick bush and heavy sand. There
+are no rivers, but abundance of pools in the rainy season. We have
+not had very much rain, but of course enough to fill the pools, and
+enough to make the road, where it goes through turf, as it does before<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span>
+reaching this place, extremely heavy. My waggon stuck the night of
+my arrival, but Blockley brought his oxen and helped me out; which,
+however, he failed to accomplish that night, though succeeding the
+morning following. He then brought my waggon up here on to the top of a
+little hill where his house is, close to which it is now drawn up.</p>
+
+<p>“This must be a comparatively healthy spot, even in the most unhealthy
+time, as it overlooks the flat wet country around it, and the water
+will run from it. There appeared to me to be much more watery land, and
+more pools of water, about Daka than here. It is where so much land
+lies under water that, about the end of the rainy season, the fever
+is so bad. People may get it almost any time, but February, March,
+and April seem to be the worst months. I think Baines is said to have
+stated that he would rather be on the Zambesi in January, the height of
+the rainy season, than in May, a lovely month, but when the moisture is
+perhaps not all dried up. When it is dried up, it is then all right.
+Another thing seems to be, that people moving about are better off than
+those who have to remain stationary in one place.</p>
+
+<p>“One of my goats was reported to have been killed by a leopard on
+Christmas Eve. We all went with our guns, and I took my dogs. We
+found the unfortunate goat lying dead, a live companion standing over
+it; and, also standing over it, and facing the live goat, an animal
+I thought was a dog. They told me it was the leopard, but I would
+not fire, still thinking it a dog. At last, however, I saw what it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span>
+was, and we shot it. Two others ran away, and my dogs killed both of
+them gallantly, and in next to no time. They were cheetahs, a sort of
+leopard, very lanky, and a good deal like greyhounds in appearance.
+They were very thin, and probably very hungry when they killed the
+goat; but the other goat must have kept them from eating it, as it had
+been killed a considerable time when we got to it.</p>
+
+<p>“I must now get up and make ready to start. I am writing in the tent,
+having had a cup of coffee as usual, but not got up yet. I intended
+to have written this letter last night, and, having failed to do so,
+thought it best to make sure of its being written before I began
+anything else.</p>
+
+<p>“I hope you are all spending a pleasant Christmas and New Year’s time
+at home, or wherever you are; and wish every one a very happy New Year.”</p>
+
+<p>Starting upon their journey late that evening, the Journal resumes the
+narrative:—</p>
+
+<p>“<i>December 27th.</i>—Fine hot day, with a north-easterly breeze.
+Wrote letter home early, and made final preparations for the walk.
+As my own boys had all requested to accompany me, wishing to see
+‘Metse-a-tunya,’ I took all (eight in number) except the Bushman, whom,
+with two Makalakas engaged for me at Pantamatenka by the doctor, I
+left with Klaas. The doctor had also got me another Makalaka, whom he
+handed over to me, as well as allowing me to pack one of his own three
+boys; so I had the benefit of ten, the doctor had two, and John had
+three boys. We were a party, in all, of two white<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span> men, one colonial
+boy (John Mackenna), and fifteen Kafirs, and left the Pantamatenka a
+little before sundown; walked three miles up the river, and, crossing
+it, encamped for the night. During the walk I saw a fine tall palm—the
+first tall one I have seen. The leaves were fan-like and the tree
+extremely graceful.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>December 28th.</i>—Beautiful day. Had coffee, and started soon
+after sunrise. Kept up the river, say five miles, then recrossed and
+left it, and went ten miles more, crossing a ‘sandbelt,’ I with two
+boys finding water in an open grassy space, or ‘lichter.’ The others
+missed the water, and I rejoined them in the long sandbelt, which
+extended beyond where we halted. Then went three miles more, passing
+some water, of which we were very glad, and at last reached a fine
+lichter, with a stream in it, running away to the east, into the
+Pantamatenka. On our left was a ridge, some two or three miles off,
+with palm on it, which the doctor says he passed on his right, when
+he went to the Falls last. Rose to opposite side of lichter, to high
+ground, and camped.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>December 29th.</i>—Fine morning, but rather cloudy; a few drops of
+rain in the afternoon. Had coffee, and again started early. Immediately
+after starting crossed another stream, also running, they say, into the
+Pantamatenka. Giraffe and quagga spoor seen. We only went six miles
+to-day, as one of the boys had to be sent back for an axe, and we
+waited for him. Maclinwon, who had gone on alone, presently returned,
+having shot two rhinoceros, and we all went to the place and camped
+there.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span></p>
+
+<p>“<i>December 30th.</i>—Cloudy; a shower in the afternoon. Walked ten
+miles to-day, crossing at least two sandbelts, the last of which was
+stony, and with a very thin stratum of soil on it; the trees few and
+sparsely scattered. Some dry stony spruits here, and a fine view of the
+opposite sandbelt. Slept at a spruit in the hollow beneath us, where
+we had stopped to make tea in the afternoon, but where it looked so
+threatening we had pitched the tent. However, the rain was trifling.
+Some of Tibakai’s Bushmen were seen and talked to. Whilst the boys
+were making the huts, they pointed out the cloud on the horizon to the
+northward from Metse-a-tunya. It keeps rising in a white puff, and
+passing away in little fleecy clouds. The others heard the Falls; I am
+not sure I did.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>December 31st.</i>—Rather cloudy; heavy rain about sundown. Fine
+night. Went, roughly, say three miles further north across turf, to
+the river where I thought Tibakai was encamped, but found we were
+too much to the left, so after crossing the river kept down it about
+three-quarters of a mile to his camp. John was in front, hurrying on
+with one of his boys, but when he came near the huts, stopped and hid
+behind a bush, from which he was peering when we joined him. Here he
+wanted to stay and send for Tibakai to talk, our object being to get
+two Bushmen from him to go with us to the Zambesi, for corn. I ordered
+him and the boys to march on to the huts, and not stop at a distance
+now that they knew we were there. John was in a great funk, but found,
+with Tibakai, a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span> hunter whom he knew. I left the boys and traps under
+a tree amongst the huts, and went with the doctor and John to have an
+interview with Tibakai. He is a Mungwato headman, with one or two of
+his own people, but all the rest are Bushmen, hunting for him, and
+staying with him with their families. Tibakai said we could not go
+to the Falls—he was captain here. Hearing, however, we did not come
+to hunt, he said we might go but must make our scherm here, and stay
+till to-morrow, when we might visit the Falls and return. He then
+conceded that we might have two Bushmen, whom he would give us to-night
+when they returned from hunting, but said we <i>must</i> sleep here
+to-night. I said we must go, and he could do as he pleased about the
+Bushmen. After this he again said we must stay to-night. This I flatly
+refused to do, and had already told him we should shoot elephants if we
+saw them. John wanted me to stay, and refused to come away. I ordered
+the boys to start, they having already told me they were willing, and
+again for the third time called John. We then started, all but him,
+and there was a great stir in the place; caps snapping, and one fellow
+running out with his gun. We moved on, I on the flank ready to fire;
+but it was not necessary. John remained behind, but, seeing us get
+away, joined us, and, when I upbraided him, said he was only waiting to
+see what they would do.”</p>
+
+<p>And now a walk of some twelve or fifteen miles brought them to the
+goal. The latter part—five miles or so—of this was over rolling
+ground, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span> here, as they advanced, they soon began to see more
+clearly the distant clouds of vapour from the Falls, and hear them more
+distinctly. The trees, before thinly scattered, were now fine and close
+together, and for a time obscured the view. Then shortly, through an
+opening in their midst, the columns of spray again were visible, now
+quite near, and the party pressed quickly on. The sun was about to set,
+and clouds were gathering, as if for an approaching storm. Stopping to
+shelter from a heavy shower just above the river, the first sight of
+Metse-a-tunya was here caught through the trees, and a halt was ordered
+for the night.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p2520_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p2520_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">WOODEN PILLOW.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>Thus, the last day of 1874, the sun set on the fulfilment—after many
+hindrances—of the traveller’s great desire!</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent">Main features of the Falls—The return commenced—Frank
+Oates attacked by fever—Course of the illness; improvement
+and relapse—His death—Dr. Bradshaw takes his effects to
+Bamangwato—His favourite dog—Arrival of W. Oates and Mr.
+Gilchrist in Natal—Conclusion.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>It is to be regretted that, from the time of his reaching the Zambesi
+till the date of his death five weeks afterwards, the entries in
+Frank Oates’s Journal are of the scantiest description. Indeed, the
+whole time that he was actually at the Falls he made no entries in it
+whatever. This may have been partly owing to the depressing condition
+of the atmosphere near the river at that time, which would make any
+exertion—even that of writing—burthensome; and partly from his
+relying on his memory for a faithful recollection of a scene at once
+so novel and so impressive. “After breakfast,” he writes on New Year’s
+Day, 1875, “I visited the Falls—a day never to be forgotten.” This is
+the sole entry in his Journal till the 14th of the month, when he was
+again back at the Pantamatenka.</p>
+
+<p>And what gives especial cause for regret at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span> absence of any further
+entries in his Journal of this period is the fact that all the accounts
+of the Falls yet published have been given by those who visited the
+river in the dry season of the year. Of this number Edward Mohr may
+have suffered least from this disadvantage, for he was there in June
+1870. Baines and Chapman were there together during parts of the months
+of July and August 1862; Livingstone was there, his first visit, in
+November 1855, his second in August 1860; and Baldwin, at the time of
+Livingstone’s second visit. On both occasions when Livingstone was at
+the Falls, the river, he remarks, was very low; and Chapman mentions
+that, when he and Baines were there, the water had recently fallen as
+much as seven feet. It remained for Frank Oates to visit the river at
+its fullest; at the very height, in fact, of the rainy season; but,
+unhappily, we are left without any results of his experience, except
+in the shape of a few pencil and two water-colour drawings he made
+upon the spot. The two latter have been selected for representation in
+this volume—one of them coloured, the other in the form of a woodcut.
+Before offering any explanation regarding these, it may be well to
+recall to the memory of the reader the main features of the Falls, as
+described by previous writers.</p>
+
+<p>The river for some distance—at least two miles—above the Falls is of
+great width, and, flowing between hills some three or four hundred feet
+in height, presents to the eye a smooth open surface, dotted over by
+a number of picturesque, tree-covered islands.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span> Where the Falls occur
+the river is upwards of a mile in width, and the Falls extend the whole
+of this distance, their line broken at intervals by dark projecting
+buttresses of rock, forming, some of them, small islands with trees
+upon their tops; whilst others, of much less size, present merely a
+bare and jagged surface. The Falls are occasioned by what appears to
+have been a rift in the original bed of the river—a rending asunder
+of the rock in the river-bed, over the edge of which the whole waters
+of the Zambesi are poured down into a deep, narrow gorge below, its
+width varying from something like eighty to a hundred yards. The water
+escapes from this deep abyss, where it boils and foams tumultuously
+after its descent, by a still narrower channel of from twenty to thirty
+yards in width, and apparently about the same depth as the fissure into
+which the water falls, the waters of the river being thus suddenly
+compressed into this narrow limit immediately after flowing through a
+bed upwards of a mile in breadth just above the Falls. The river after
+this proceeds by a zigzag course from east to west for about five
+miles, through a continuation of this narrow cutting, before it finally
+flows away in a more direct line eastwards. This outlet, Livingstone
+informs us,<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> is about 1170 yards from the western and 600 from the
+eastern end of the abyss, the river at the Falls flowing nearly due
+north and south, whilst the fissure which receives the water lies
+nearly east and west. At this point the rushing waters from either side
+unite after they have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span> fallen. “The stream ...,” writes Chapman, in
+his account of the Falls, referring to this portion of the river,<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a>
+“which here slackens its speed before the entrance, steals slowly
+round, at the solemn pace of a funeral procession, before it escapes
+from its confinement between the massive columns of rock.” The water
+here is of “that sombre green,” says Baines in his description,<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>
+“which indicates great depth; the moderate rapid formed in the narrow
+turn below the entrance rolling in that smooth, glassy swell, almost
+destitute of foam, which seems so gentle and proves so overpowering
+when one tries to stem it.”</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p2560_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p2560_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">VICTORIA FALLS, ZAMBESI (THE OUTLET).</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>It is the view from this point—“one of the prettiest and most
+comprehensive” that can be obtained<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span> of the Falls, says Chapman—that
+is represented in the preceding woodcut; in the foreground are seen the
+gliding waters flowing through the escape-channel, the spray of the
+falling cataract rising up beyond; whilst on the horizon, above that
+section of the Falls which is visible from here, extends the distant
+outline of one of the river’s banks. “This point,” writes Baines, “is
+the only spot, with the exception of the west end in calm weather, that
+is free enough from spray to allow the use of water-colours.”</p>
+
+<p>And this brings us to our second illustration of the Falls, the
+coloured one, which is taken from the other point here mentioned—the
+west end of the cataract. In this picture is represented the first
+portion of the Falls, at the western extremity of the abyss, where
+the flow of the water over the edge is more broken than it is in many
+places further on (in at least one of which it continues, says Chapman,
+with “very little interruption” for a distance of a quarter of a mile
+or more), and apparently before the water in the bottom of the channel
+has commenced that tumultuous course which it afterwards pursues as
+it gathers volume further eastward. In the foreground and on the high
+land to the right is seen some of that brilliant tropical vegetation,
+the absence of which, except the evergreen part of it, was so regretted
+by Chapman at the time of his visit. “We see the scenery,” he wrote in
+July 1862, “at a great disadvantage just now, as this is the time of
+the ‘sere and yellow leaf.’” In January, when Frank Oates<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span> was there,
+the vegetation of course was at its best. The trees on the right in
+this picture, though looking little larger than bushes when viewed from
+this side, rise in reality—again to quote the authority of Chapman,
+who penetrated their shade—to a majestic height of from eighty to
+ninety feet, and constitute a dense forest, always moistened by the
+spray from the Falls.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining most characteristic feature of the Falls represented
+in this drawing is that of the double rainbow spanning the abyss.
+The marvellous colouring of these rainbows, which are frequently
+visible here, has struck all who have beheld them; their “tints,” says
+Baines, “more beautiful than in England’s clouded climate one can
+ever dream of.” Whenever the sun falls upon the clouds of spray these
+rainbows are always present, sometimes two, sometimes three in number,
+and the brilliancy of their colouring can scarcely be exaggerated.
+“Rainbows,” writes Chapman in his description of the Falls, the first
+day he saw them, “so bright, so vivid, are never seen in the skies.
+The lower one in particular [on this occasion], probably from the
+contrast with the black-looking rocks below, was <i>too</i> vivid,
+nay, almost blinding, to look upon, defying imitation by the most
+skilful artist and all the colours at his command, yet imparting its
+heavenly tints to every object over which it successively passed.”
+So marked a characteristic of the spot are these rainbows that it
+appears, according to Livingstone, the early native name of the Falls
+was “Chongwe,” signifying the Rainbow, or the Place of the Rainbow; a
+name, however, which <span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span>has since given place to others. Frank Oates’s
+boys spoke of the Falls as Metse-a-tunya, a compound word, signifying
+“water-sounding;” whilst the name which Livingstone received for
+them, as used by the Makalolo at the time of both his visits, was
+not dissimilar, viz., Mosi-oa-tunya, or “smoke-sounding,” from the
+smoke-like appearance of the columns of spray which rise above the
+cataract.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p2581_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p2581_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">VICTORIA FALLS, ZAMBESI.</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">(WESTERN EXTREMITY.)</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>With regard to the other general features of the Falls not referred to
+above but little remains to be added. Their actual height, as estimated
+by Livingstone, is about 360 feet from the top of the precipice to
+the surface of the water in the abyss; the columns of spray, which
+are driven upwards by the rush of air from the channel as the water
+descends into this narrow space, ascending to a height variously
+estimated by those who have seen them—and no doubt varying with
+the state of the atmosphere and the volume of water in the river at
+different times—at from six to eight hundred feet, or something over.
+It is these vapour clouds which, visible at a distance of upwards of
+twenty miles, as distinctly observed by Livingstone, mark the position
+of the Falls long before the traveller approaches them. Frank Oates,
+as seen in the preceding chapter, distinguished them at a distance of
+about eighteen miles, and his followers heard the roaring of the water
+at that distance, though he was not sure of doing so himself. Chapman,
+after he had left the Falls, heard them, he relates, “at a distance of
+fifteen miles on an elevated region in the south.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[260]</span></p>
+
+<p>Comparing the Falls with those of Niagara, Livingstone points out
+that they are twice the height of the latter; whilst, “in the amount
+of water, Niagara,” he says, “probably excels, though not during the
+months when the Zambesi is in flood.” It is unfortunate that no general
+view of the Falls, except a bird’s-eye one from the high ground some
+miles distant, can be obtained, owing to the vegetation on the south
+side of the fissure and the dense clouds of spray rising from the
+chasm. “But for this,” says Chapman, “the Victoria Falls, presenting
+one unobstructed view, would not alone have been the most magnificent,
+but the most stupendous, sight of the kind on the face of the globe.”</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>And now, resuming our story, the remaining incidents are soon related,
+the material for its completion being somewhat scanty. From the
+time of his arrival at the Falls till the date of his return to the
+Pantamatenka, Frank Oates made, as has been stated, no entries in his
+Journal. Again at the Pantamatenka, however, on the 13th, he made a
+few brief notes, remaining there till the 19th of the month, when
+Mr. Westbeach, now back from the Zambesi, also started southwards,
+accompanied by Dr. Bradshaw. Two of Frank Oates’s native servants were
+already by this time ill with fever, taken, no doubt, on the Zambesi,
+but the rest of the party so far continued well.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th, however, at the “pan” called Geruah, the beauty of which
+had struck him on his journey north, Frank Oates himself complained to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span>
+his companions—for his own waggon and that of Mr. Westbeach were never
+far apart as they advanced—of slight headache, the usual precursor
+and accompaniment of African fever. In a couple of days, however, he
+was better again, so that he even went out hunting. But this apparent
+improvement unhappily proved delusive, and it soon became evident that
+he was suffering from an attack of fever. And now he continued for some
+days, with slight fluctuations, better and worse till the 29th, when
+his condition became alarming. Throughout his entire journey up country
+from the Makalakas as far as the Pantamatenka he had been engaged in
+taking careful observations of the country, and noting the various
+watering-places along the road, and this he continued to do on his way
+back, to check his former notes. His regular Journal had been again
+discontinued on the 22d, but he still made some brief jottings of the
+route until the 31st of the month, when, such was his condition, even
+these had also to be abandoned, and he continued very ill till the
+morning of the 5th of February, when there was a decided change in him
+for the better.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole of this time Dr. Bradshaw had remained with or near
+him, and Mr. Westbeach had kindly lent him the services of one of
+his own boys, who could speak a little English. There was now every
+reason, so far as the traveller was himself concerned—and had been
+ever since he first showed signs of illness—for the party to make all
+speed upon their journey south. Once at Tati he would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span> be in a place
+of comparative civilization, affording greater comfort for an invalid,
+and in a far better climate. Travelling is also usually found to be
+beneficial in most stages of this fever. They were, therefore, all now
+pushing forward to the Tati with the least possible delay.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 5th of February, as just stated, Frank
+Oates’s condition was much more favourable, and there may still
+presumably have been hope of his recovery, when, unfortunately, a
+point being reached during the day where some of his boys had to be
+paid off and discharged, the annoyance and excitement contingent on
+this circumstance—for at such times the boys always manage to be
+troublesome—brought on a relapse, and towards the afternoon of that
+day he again got worse. The party, as it chanced, were then in a
+part of the country where there was no water for the oxen, and were
+travelling with all haste to reach a place where they could get some;
+yet so alarming were Frank Oates’s symptoms, that towards evening Dr.
+Bradshaw, who was with his waggon, was obliged to order a halt. This
+occurred at a certain point in the journey, a little north of the same
+Makalaka kraal at which the traveller had already experienced so much
+trouble. He was now much exhausted, and Dr. Bradshaw got him to take
+some soup and a little brandy, and then left him for a few minutes to
+go to the other waggon. He had not been gone, however, many minutes,
+when Mr. Westbeach’s English-speaking boy, who had been left in charge,
+hurried after him,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span> begging him to return at once, as a sudden change
+appeared to be taking place. This Dr. Bradshaw did—but only in time to
+find his companion sinking. Frank Oates tried to speak, but in so low a
+whisper that the other unhappily failed to catch his meaning, and a few
+minutes afterwards—about a quarter of an hour before sunset—the brave
+spirit sank peacefully to rest.</p>
+
+<p>At this point in the journey it so happened that the ground was very
+hard and stony, and, even had it been otherwise, there was no spade
+or other implement at either of the waggons with which a grave could
+have been made; so, hearing that Piet Jacobs, the Dutchman, was near at
+hand, having been at a neighbouring kraal that morning buying corn, Dr.
+Bradshaw sent to him for assistance. Several others of the party were
+by this time ill with fever, and the man who took this message—John
+Mackenna—was so reduced that he was scarcely able to sit the horse he
+rode upon.</p>
+
+<p>Jacobs, in reply, sent back word for the others to come on further,
+where the ground was less stony, and that he would meantime find
+a place suitable for the grave. With this suggestion Dr. Bradshaw
+willingly complied, and, travelling in the night, met Jacobs early the
+following morning about an hour’s journey at the other side of the
+kraal. Here the Dutchman, who was familiar with the country, had by
+this time found a spot well suited for the purpose. This was a disused
+game-trap, some eight feet in depth, at no great distance from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span>
+waggon-road so often traversed by the deceased, and placed by the side
+of a small stream or river flowing south. And here, in the deep repose
+of this silent spot, the traveller’s remains were laid in their last
+resting-place. His was a burial which well became in its simplicity a
+true lover, like himself, of Nature and her wilds.</p>
+
+<p>This ended, it now devolved on Dr. Bradshaw to convey the waggon
+and effects of the deceased to Bamangwato, where he left them in
+charge of the Rev. John Mackenzie, himself returning soon afterwards
+to the Zambesi district. His attentions to the deceased during
+the last days of his illness must have materially added to the
+latter’s comfort, whose friends have reason to be thankful that he
+chanced thus accidentally to have been thrown into the company of
+a fellow-countryman at the close of his two years’ wanderings. His
+interesting collections, moreover, of natural history, a part of which
+he now had with him, might readily have been dispersed, and his goods
+plundered, had his death occurred amongst unfriendly natives, with no
+one at hand to be responsible for their custody; whilst, as it was,
+all these, with his waggon and outfit, and personal effects, were
+faithfully delivered by Dr. Bradshaw into the charge of Mr. Mackenzie
+at Bamangwato, there to await instructions from his relatives in
+England.<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span></p>
+
+<p>One incident of Dr. Bradshaw’s journey should not be here omitted. It
+appears that many miles after they had left the grave, one of Frank
+Oates’s pointers—his favourite “Rail”—was found to be missing,
+and boys were sent back in search of him. These men sought long and
+wandered far in vain, till at length in their pursuit they got back
+even to the grave, and there, patiently watching, they found the
+devoted creature laid. A little longer, and he must inevitably have
+fallen a prey to lions or other wild beasts, but now he was taken
+down with his companion to Bamangwato, whence they were subsequently
+conveyed to England. And thus it happened that, whilst Frank Oates’s
+friends at home were rejoicing at the speedy prospect of his return,
+and wholly unsuspicious of the truth, this faithful dog was watching,
+the sole mourner, by his grave.<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<p>The very day of Frank Oates’s death his brother William—returned from
+his yachting trip to Spitzbergen—sailed from England for South Africa,
+to join him, accompanied by Mr. Gilchrist, the gentleman already
+mentioned in these pages, whom the brothers had met when they first
+reached Durban two years previously, and had afterwards travelled with
+in the interior, William Oates having returned with him to England.
+The day these two sailed from England—about an hour before the vessel
+left—letters<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span> were brought to them on board from Frank Oates, which
+had only just reached the country, giving a full account of all his
+plans, and of his wanderings up to the end of the October previous.
+The two friends reached Durban on the 15th of March, and at once
+commenced preparations for proceeding up country to meet the returning
+traveller. Mr. Selous, who had met Frank Oates at Tamasancha, as
+mentioned in the previous chapter, had now come down from the interior,
+and reported having seen him early in December, then on his way to the
+Zambesi and in perfect health. There was indeed just at this time, as
+it happened, a report at Pietermaritzburg that the traveller had died
+of fever in the interior, but—as subsequently proved by a comparison
+of dates—this report had certainly no foundation in the actual fact,
+and was found on enquiry at the time to be unsupported by any reliable
+evidence. The preparations already in progress for a speedy start
+into the interior, to meet him on his way back, were therefore still
+proceeded with, and waggons, oxen, and all the necessary outfit got
+ready for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Another week and William Oates and his friend would have started on
+their way northwards, when—on the 1st of April, a fortnight only after
+their arrival—authentic intelligence reached them of Frank Oates’s
+death in the interior. The object of proceeding on the journey was now
+therefore completely changed, and, to enable William Oates to return at
+once to England and there offer to his bereaved<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[267]</span> mother such comfort
+as he might be able, his friend Mr. Gilchrist, in no common spirit
+of self-sacrifice, himself insisted on taking the sad journey alone
+into the interior—to bring down thence and convey to England all
+the deceased’s effects; to hear such particulars as he could of his
+death, for the satisfaction of his friends at home; and if possible—a
+service attended with especial difficulties—to visit the grave, and
+place over it, to mark the spot, a stone prepared for this purpose in
+Pietermaritzburg.</p>
+
+<p>Gratefully availing himself of this generous offer, William Oates
+sailed for England on April 22d, having first seen Mr. Gilchrist
+leave Pietermaritzburg with two waggons, on his way up country; a
+sort of departure very different from that which either of them had
+anticipated. The journey undertaken by Mr. Gilchrist—under any
+circumstances a laborious and trying one enough—was rendered doubly
+so by the sad object with which he started; nor did he return till
+every purpose of the journey had been fulfilled. For not only did he
+bring safely to the coast—and subsequently to England—the large
+collections of natural history specimens and curiosities, and the notes
+and journals of his travels which Frank Oates had made, as well as his
+two pointers, “Rail” and “Rock,” but, in spite of the obstacles opposed
+to his progress at the Tati, he even proceeded to the spot where the
+traveller’s remains had been laid, and on his way back succeeded in
+obtaining an interview on the Ramaqueban River with Dr. Bradshaw, from
+whom<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span> he learnt the few additional particulars of his death which
+could be supplied, and which have been embodied in the preceding
+narrative.<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+<p>For this twofold purpose—of reaching the grave and seeing Dr.
+Bradshaw—Mr. Gilchrist, on reaching Bamangwato, had gone on thence
+with both his waggons as far as the Tati settlement, where he arrived
+on the 18th of July. There he found the same difficulty of proceeding
+further which Frank Oates himself had often previously encountered, a
+great fear still prevailing amongst the natives of “red water”—the
+Natal cattle disease—being brought into their country, and Lobengula
+having recently sent strict orders to the kraals on the outskirts of
+his territory to keep all waggons from Natal from attempting to cross
+their boundaries. Fortunately, however, it happened that the Dutchman,
+Piet Jacobs, was now at Tati, who had not only selected the spot for
+the late traveller’s grave, but was also intimately acquainted with
+the whole of the surrounding district, and who had, besides, a general
+permission from the king to enter his country when, and as often as,
+he pleased; for keeping, as he did, his oxen standing at Tati, when
+he was not out with them in the veldt himself, there was little fear
+of his introducing the dreaded disease into the country. With him
+therefore, as guide, Mr. Gilchrist was speedily enabled to make a start
+northwards;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span> and, on the afternoon of the fifth day from the date of
+their leaving Tati, came to the point in the waggon-road where they
+had to leave it, in order to go down to the river’s side to reach the
+grave. Mr. Gilchrist found it placed about six hundred yards to the
+left of the road, in a situation of much natural beauty, surrounded
+by low picturesque hills, and with trees of varied growth and foliage
+scattered at intervals over the grassy sward. The grave itself, over
+which a number of large stones had been placed when it was first made,
+was found quite undisturbed, and amongst these Mr. Gilchrist now
+inserted at its foot the small white stone, neatly cut, which he had
+brought from Pietermaritzburg for the purpose, bearing this simple
+inscription—“Frank Oates, F.R.G.S., of Meanwoodside, Leeds, England;
+died 5th February 1875, aged 34 years.” Then, the task of friendship
+faithfully performed, he returned without delay to England.</p>
+
+<p>Nor had this journey, painful in its objects and associations,
+been entirely free, on Mr. Gilchrist’s part, from privations and
+anxieties of a graver kind. Water upon the road had many times been
+scarce (on one occasion he was without any for his oxen—twenty-nine
+in number—for as much as seventy hours); the season was one of
+exceptional heat and drought, and the time occupied on the journey was
+unavoidably considerable.</p>
+
+<p>And here, before concluding, it may be mentioned that at Tati,
+Bamangwato, or wherever he met those who had become acquainted with
+Frank<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span> Oates in this country, Mr. Gilchrist found but one opinion
+expressed concerning him. Many were the kindnesses treasured in
+men’s minds and now related, which he had rendered to those he had
+encountered in his travels; whilst, on the other hand, he had himself
+apparently been no less fortunate in the kindly services he had
+received from others. Friends had arisen where he least expected
+them, beyond the pale of European civilization, from each of whom he
+parted in turn with a consciousness of mutual regret. Such was the
+way in which he drew all hearts towards him; and after his death, the
+good offices of those who loved or esteemed him in his lifetime were
+generously placed at the service of his family. Conspicuous amongst
+this number stood the Rev. John Mackenzie, of Bamangwato, and Mr. F.
+A. Hathorn, of the Standard Bank, Pietermaritzburg, the former of whom
+undertook the duties of executor for the arrangement of his affairs in
+the interior, whilst a like responsibility was accepted by the latter
+for the settlement of matters in Natal. Nor was it only what these
+two gentlemen did, but even more the manner of their doing it, which
+placed the traveller’s relatives under a lasting sense of obligation to
+them, and served not a little to soothe the first bitterness of their
+affliction.</p>
+
+<p>And now this brief history of the efforts and too early extinction of a
+devoted life, otherwise it may be conjectured destined to have rendered
+no mean service in the extension of scientific knowledge and research,
+may be concluded with a few words, written<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span> soon after his death by
+Mr. Mackenzie to one of his brothers with reference to the position of
+his grave. “Lonely the spot, no doubt,” he writes, “is, in a certain
+sense; but, in another, your brother’s grave is surrounded by all the
+activities of the great Creator and Father of all. Flowers will blossom
+around it, though not planted by mortal hand; birds will sing over it,
+and never weary in repeating the sweet notes which Nature has taught
+them. I have not been there myself, but I have no doubt the naturalist
+would not think your brother’s grave a lonely spot; whilst to the
+Christian such a spot is the quiet resting-place to which the body sank
+when the spirit was called away by God the Father.”</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p2710_ill">
+     <img
+    class="p1"   
+    src="images/p2710_ill.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center">“RAIL.”</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[273]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center p1">APPENDIX.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2>I.<br>
+<span class="subhed">ETHNOLOGY.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed1">By <span class="smcap">George Rolleston</span>, M.D., F.R.S.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed2">Linacre Professor of Anatomy and Physiology in the University of Oxford.</span></h2>
+
+<p>The following human bones—viz. four skulls, six lower jaws, four
+cervical vertebræ, one large and one small sized scapula, two small
+sized and fragmentary humeri, a fragment of a very slight but adult
+ulna, four cervical vertebræ, and five more or less fragmentary
+ribs—have been put into my hands by Mr. C. G. Oates, with information
+to the effect that they had belonged probably to a Bushman horde
+massacred somewhere between the Tati and Ramaqueban rivers, in S. lat.
+20° 54′, and long. 27° 42′. With these human bones came some bones of
+<i>Equus</i> (<i>caballus</i> or <i>zebra?</i>); also of one large
+ruminant (<i>Bos taurus</i> or <i>Bos caffer</i>), and one smaller;
+and part of the skull of an ostrich (<i>Struthio camelus</i>); and,
+later, the feet-bones of an elephant (<i>Elephas africanus</i>). All
+these bones had been collected by my former pupil, Mr. Frank Oates,
+of Christ Church, Oxford. The four skulls had not their lower jaws
+assigned to them; but to three of them jaws were assignable, which
+in all probability had really belonged to them, being very exactly
+coadaptable, to say nothing of their having been sent in company
+with them and with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span> certain cervical vertebræ. These six lower jaws
+are by far the most important bones as regards the question of the
+nationality of the entire “find.” If, indeed, these half dozen lower
+jaws had been brought to me with no other accompaniments and with no
+other information than that they had been all brought from one spot in
+Africa, I think I should have been justified in saying that they had
+belonged to no other known African race than the Khoi-Khoin, or its
+Central African representative, the Akka. For they all six alike show
+the following distinctive and eminently significant peculiarities—viz.
+lowness of coronoid process, smallness of absolute size, and all but
+complete obsolescence of chin. Upon this I have already commented
+in <i>British Barrows</i>, pp. 706, note 1, 707, 716, <i>ibique
+citata</i>, comparing these lower jaws with the jaws of certain other
+confessedly “priscan” races, which differ from them in little but
+in being larger in size. It is, or should be, a commonplace among
+craniographers that, whilst the lower jaw is a more important bone
+for their purposes than any other single bone of the skeleton, and
+even than the pelvis itself, it is often more distinctive, if not more
+valuable, than at least the entire <i>calvaria</i>. Certainly this is
+the case with African skulls; for though it is possible enough, as was
+long ago pointed out by Professor Owen (see <i>Osteological Catalogue,
+Royal College of Surgeons of England</i>, 5385, p. 838, 1853, and for
+a contradictory statement Retzius, <i>Ethnol. Schriften</i>, 1864, p.
+149), and as has recently been reaffirmed by Dr. Hamy in Paris, to find
+brachycephalic skulls among those of undoubted Negro races, and though,
+as I can aver from my knowledge of the collections in the Oxford
+University Museum, it is by no means always possible to distinguish
+either such brachycephalic Negro skulls, or certain other Negro
+skulls of the dolichocephalic type more usual amongst such skulls,
+from Bushman skulls of the respective proportions, both of which are
+represented in this latter series, it is within my knowledge always
+possible to do this if the skulls under comparison are in possession
+of the lower<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[275]</span> jaws belonging to them. The Negro’s lower jaw may or may
+not have the poorly-developed chin so constant in the lower jaws of the
+Bushman, and but rarely seen in the lower jaws of higher races; it may
+or may not have its anterior teeth sloping forwards in correlation with
+a prognathic upper jaw; it may or may not, I apprehend, though I have
+not met with such cases, be as a whole as small and feeble as the jaws
+of the Bushman have, with my knowledge, invariably been; but it never
+has shown, so far as I know, the low coronoid process, the shallow
+signoid notch, and the wide ramus so very commonly, or indeed all but
+invariably, found amongst not only the Bushman but the Eskimo race. The
+existence of this peculiarity not only in these two races so widely
+separated in space, though so nearly on a level in certain linguistic
+as well as certain other points of degradation, but also in so many of
+the lower jaws of the earliest representatives of our species, gives
+it a great morphological importance; and this morphological importance
+is not a little enhanced when we consider a second fact, drawn from
+a wholly alien line of contemplation, that, namely, which shows us
+that teleological adaptation to special needs, or necessities rather,
+as to dealing with food, has nothing to do with it. The fact of six
+lower jaws all alike exhibiting this striking peculiarity, which may
+be shortly described by saying that it resembles the conformation
+seen in the Gibbon, whilst the larger anthropoid apes show the
+coronoid developed into a prominence which comes much more nearly
+into resemblance with that usual in our own species, is to my mind
+very strong evidence to the effect that we have here six Bushman jaws
+before us. In all of these lower jaws we find the angle roughened and
+projecting outwards in correspondence with the insertion of fibres of
+the masseter, and thereby giving a greater width to the lower portion
+of the face; whilst, internally, the surface below the inferior dental
+foramen is remarkably concave, owing in some cases to a general though
+slight inversion of the lower portion of the ramus, and in others to a
+thinning of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span> bone in the region between the alveolar process, in
+the region of the last molar, and the angle thickened at once by the
+insertions of the masseter and of the pterygoid. Of the four skulls
+one only fails to find a lower jaw which will in any way admit of
+coadaptation to it, and this skull being exaggeratedly dolichocephalous
+as well as of much larger size and proportions than the other three,
+may very well be supposed to have belonged to one of the attacking and
+not to one of the attacked tribe; for I apprehend that in massacres,
+at least of Bushmen, the killing is not usually all on one side. The
+“reports,” indeed, both of their enemies and of their friends, assure
+us that a Bushman at bay is a foe by no means to be despised, and that,
+though little, he is fierce. And I can say for those three crania that
+their <i>tout ensemble</i>, as compared with that of Abantu skulls
+placed alongside of them, impresses me with the same kind of feeling
+which, after detailed measurements, I have felt in comparing the
+crania of Lapps with those of races such as the Finns living close to
+them. They appear to me, in fact, to indicate that their owners were
+of a smaller race than the owners of the skulls beside them, though
+the Bushman is not always a mere dwarf, as is sometimes stated. The
+feebleness of the two humeri, and even more notably of the fragment of
+ulna, and the small size of the cervical vertebræ, and of one of the
+two scapulæ accompanying these bones, tells in the same direction, but
+does not prove feebleness of mind.</p>
+
+<p>For purposes of comparison with these three presumably Bushman crania,
+I have had three other crania at hand from the University Museum, of
+the genuineness of which there can be little doubt. One of these was
+presented to the University Museum by the late and much-lamented Dr.
+W. H. J. Bleek, to whose labours<a id="FNanchor_66" href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> in elucidating the language and
+rescuing the folklore of the Bushman<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[277]</span> tribe from perishing we owe so
+much. This skull, which was brought to England by Mr. Alfred Hughes of
+St. Asaph, bears a label, “Eland’s Bun, nr. Schintpriten,<a id="FNanchor_67" href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> Bushman’s
+skull,” and was handed over to me by that gentleman at the desire of
+Dr. Bleek. A second skull came into my hands through the kindness of
+W. G. Marshall, Esq. of Colney Hatch, having been entrusted to him by
+George Dunsterville, Esq., of Port Elizabeth, Algoa Bay, S. Africa,
+who was for some years surgeon to the hospital at Port Elizabeth.
+This skull, which, like the preceding, belonged to an exceedingly old
+man, carries the following labels:—“From the Transvaal, S. African
+Republic;” “Of an original Bosjesman, a tribe of small Hottentots, now
+nearly extinct; over age; height, 4 ft. 4 in.” The evidence for the
+authenticity of the third Bushman cranium which was in the University
+Museum previously to the arrival of Mr. Oates’s consignment, is even
+more irrefragable. This cranium was procured for the University through
+the kindness of H. N. Moseley, Esq., F.R.S., from Mr. Fairclough of
+Cape Town, and with the cranium came a knife, a poison-pot, a quiver,
+a poisoned arrow, and an ivory wrist-protector which had belonged to
+the owner of the skull. This skull belonged to a man past the middle
+period of life, and is remarkable for its absolute height, no less
+than 5·⅖ in.; which, however, falls short of its absolute width, which
+is no less than 5·6 in., by which inferiority the tapeinocephalic or
+platycephalic character which Mr. Busk (<i>Journal Ethn. Soc.</i>,
+London, Jan. 1871) insisted upon as existing in Bushman crania, is
+preserved in it as well as in the two other crania just specified.</p>
+
+<p>Retzius, in a paper first published in Swedish in 1856, subsequently in
+German in Müller’s <i>Archiv.</i> for 1858, and fully republished in
+the posthumously issued (1864) <i>Ethnologische Schriften</i>, p. 149,
+after saying that he had before him only a single skull of a Hottentot,
+and the figures which Blumenbach and Sandifort had published<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[278]</span> of
+Hottentot and Bushman crania, declares himself unable to detect any
+essential difference between such skulls and those of true Negroes. His
+great authority, therefore, should not be quoted to the disfavour of
+craniological evidence in this or any other similar question, inasmuch
+as he only speaks, and avowedly, from very scanty materials.</p>
+
+<p>If we begin our comparison of these two sets of crania by a
+reference to the great distinction pointed out by Retzius himself,
+of brachycephalic from dolichocephalic crania, we have in the first
+place to demur to the statement, “In Afrika, fehlt, so viel man
+bisher weiss, jede Spur brachycephalischer Bevölkerung.” Against it
+have to be set in the first place Professor Owen’s words in the old
+<i>Osteological Catalogue</i> 1853, p. 838, 5385, already referred to,
+and in the second, Professor Flower’s measurements (as recorded in
+the new <i>Catalogue of the Specimens illustrating the Osteology and
+Dentition of Vertebrated Animals</i>, pt. i. 1879, p. 232, 1238), of
+the “articulated skeleton of a Negress, born in the United States of
+North America, and about 16 years of age,” who was said, presumably by
+the donor, Professor L. J. Sanford of Yale College, “to have presented
+all the external characters indicating purity of race,” the cephalic
+or latitudinal index of the crania belonging to this skeleton being
+no less than ·811. But though this be so, there is no doubt, firstly,
+that the immense majority of Negro, and of Caffre and Abantu crania are
+dolichocephalic, and some such, for example as the Mozambique skull,
+casts of which were given by the late J. South, Esq., F.R.S., to many
+museums, exaggeratedly so; and secondly that the cephalic index of the
+Bushman is considerably higher on the average than that of the Negro.
+One of my six Bushman crania (that named No. 1, Mr. F. Oates, 788e),
+has a cephalic index of ·81, being equal to that of the Negro girl just
+mentioned in the College of Surgeons’ Museum; and though one of the six
+has but ·70 for its cephalic index, still the average of the six is as
+much as ·75, and Professor Flower’s six give us an average of ·768 as
+against one of ·731 for the circumambient<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[279]</span> “Zulus and Kaffirs,” and
+against one of ·736 for “African Negroes of various tribes.”</p>
+
+<p>The altitudinal index is as significant as, if not more significant
+than, the latitudinal; and the tapeinocephalic or platycephalic
+character of the Bushman as compared with the two other assemblages
+of Africans just mentioned, is expressed by the figures ·716, as
+against altitudinal indices for them of ·741 and ·735 respectively. The
+average of the altitudinal indices of my six Bushman crania is ·72, the
+height exceeding the breadth in two cases only, and in each of them by
+one-tenth of an inch only.</p>
+
+<p>As important a question to ask about a skull as either of the two
+relating to the two indices just mentioned, is, to my thinking, the
+question, does the cranium when resting, in the absence of its lower
+jaw, with the grinding surfaces of its teeth on a flat surface, touch
+that surface posteriorly with its occipital condyles, or with its
+inferior occipital squamæ? Accordingly as the former or the latter
+portions of the occipital bone give support posteriorly to a skull so
+placed, is the cranial curvature lesser or greater, and with it the
+antero-posterior arc described by the brain it contains. Tried by this
+test, first suggested by Prof. Ecker (<i>Archiv. für Anthrop.</i>,
+iv. 1870, p. 288), the six Bushman crania in the museum whence I
+write, have four of their number resting on the occipital squamæ, as
+opposed to two which show the lesser curvature. I incline to think
+that this is a higher average than West Coast Negro crania would show,
+but Abantu skulls are very frequently so well developed as to have a
+considerable interval left between their occipital condyles and a flat
+surface, touching anteriorly the grinding surface of their teeth, and
+posteriorly their <i>conceptacula cerebelli</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Another important point given us in that most instructive of
+<i>normæ</i>, the <i>norma lateralis</i>, is that of the junction or
+non-junction of the squamous to the frontal. This question is easily
+answered, as in no single one of my six Bushman crania does the
+squamous approximate itself at all more closely to the frontal than it
+would do<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[280]</span> in an equal number of European crania. Indeed, in all but
+one of these crania the alisphenoid is wide from before backwards, as
+though to furnish adequate lodgment for the temporo-sphenoidal lobe
+of the cerebrum, which, we know, alike from Gratiolet (<i>Mémoire sur
+les Plis Cérébraux</i>, p. 97), and Professor John Marshall (<i>Phil.
+Trans.</i>, <span class="allsmcap">MDCCCLXIV</span>, p. 510), to take a large development in
+the Bushman race.<a id="FNanchor_68" href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p>I have in the next place to draw attention to a striking qualitative
+or morphological peculiarity observable in no less than three out of
+my six Bushman crania; this being the presence either of a perfect,
+or of a rudimentary division of the malar bone into two distinct
+parts. The skull presented by Dr. Bleek presents us with a perfect
+rectangular suture, bilaterally symmetrical, as is usually the case
+with this suture both when it is and when it is, as here, not,
+rudimentary. In the two skulls, 788<i>e</i> and 788<i>g</i>, collected
+by Mr. Frank Oates, the suture is rudimentary, being represented in
+each skull by a bilaterally symmetrical fissure running horizontally
+forwards from the zygomatico-malar articulation.<a id="FNanchor_69" href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> When I add to
+these observations the fact that similar sutures have not within
+my knowledge and research been observed in other African crania of
+any of the varieties living on that continent, it will be seen that
+the presence of them in these skulls goes a considerable way, when
+coupled with other considerations, towards making it pretty certain
+that they were of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[281]</span> Bushman nationality. Further investigation of the
+distribution and non-distribution of this most significant suture
+amongst the several typical races of men, lends some additional force
+to this argument, and is besides not a little suggestive as to other
+views. In the Oxford University collection of crania I have not found
+any traces of it amongst 47 Australian, nor amongst our five Tasmanian
+crania, nor amongst our Stone age crania, a series well represented
+here. The only other race of indisputably pristine and very pristine
+habits, in which I have observed it to exist, is the Eskimo, and out of
+a large number of such skulls I have only noted it once, in the form
+of bilaterally symmetrical fissure. The other skulls which this museum
+contains possessing this suture either well or rudimentarily developed,
+are six in number. Four are presumably either of the Malay or of the
+Chinese race, as two were collected by Captain Elmhirst of the 9th
+Regiment, from the sea-shore of an island in the Chinese Seas, out of
+a great quantity which were lying about unburied, and were supposed to
+have belonged to Chinese pirates, and were finally presented to the
+University museum by the Rev. H. Hansell, Fellow of Magdalen College;
+as a third was the skull of a female Moro, collected in the mountains
+of Sulu, and presented by Captain Chimmo, R.N.; whilst the fourth was
+purchased from Mr. Cutter, the dealer in Natural History specimens,
+as being a Borneo pirate. The other two are from Ceylon, one being a
+Tamil from Central Ceylon, presented by Mr. B. F. Hartshorne, who was
+himself for a considerable time resident in the island, and has written
+upon its ethnology; the other being a “Malabar.” As the absence of
+this suture from the Zulu and Negro series gives additional importance
+to its presence in the Bushman, so its absence, which I have noted in
+a considerable number of Præaryan skulls, such as those of the Coles
+and Moosahurs, procured for me by William Duthoit, Esq., D.C.L., gives
+additional importance to its presence in “Malabars,” “Tamils,” Malays,
+and Chinese. Of course further research may discover this suture in
+other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span> races of mankind; as the matter stands at present I am tempted
+to think that there is possibly some significance in its having been
+noticed in the Eskimo, the Bushman, in certain races of the Eastern
+Archipelago, and in Tamil skulls, as well as in the fact of its having
+been found to be absent in certain other skulls also of ancient races,
+such as the Kolarian and the Australian.<a id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>The main sutures I think have perhaps something peculiar about them,
+this consisting in their being made of denticulations which are complex
+but shallow, contrasting thus with the complex but deep denticulations
+of well developed European, and the coarse but shallow ones of
+Australian, crania.</p>
+
+<p>The verticality of the forehead observable in so many<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span> Bushman, and,
+indeed, in so many other African crania, is correlated with the
+comparative feebleness, and consequent lightness, of their lower jaws,
+which renders it unnecessary<a id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> that the brain and brain case should
+be rotated backwards to counterbalance the facial skeleton and to
+maintain the visual axis in a horizontal or semihorizontal plane.</p>
+
+<p>I have appended to this paper the measurements given by Professor
+Flower, in his recently issued (1879) <i>Catalogue</i>, of the six
+Bushman crania in the College of Surgeons’ Museum, pp. 246, 247, and
+also the same measurements, as taken by myself, of the six Bushman
+crania in the Oxford University Museum. The very close correspondence
+of the two sets of measurements will strike any one who will compare
+the columns which give the averages of the two sets. The fact may be
+expressed in technical language by saying that both lists coincide
+pretty nearly in showing that, as Professor Flower has phrased it
+at p. 255, <i>l.c.</i>, the Bushman cranium is “mesaticephalic,”
+“orthognathous” (or, at least, mesognathous, my average being 98,
+which is “mesognathous,” as against Professor Flower’s 97·8, which is
+just below the limits of mesognathy), “platyrrhine,” “microseme,” and
+“microcephalic.”</p>
+
+<p>By a comparison of my measurements, not with those of Professor
+Flower, but with my own records of the history of each skull, an
+even more surprising and more important fact, in the way, however,
+not of coincidence but of the reverse, is brought to light. The most
+aberrant of the six in the matter of measurements is the very skull
+about the authenticity of which there is the most perfect certainty.
+This is the skull presented by Mr. Fairclough, with which were sent
+the articles specified above, as the characteristic of the Bushman
+race. But the skull itself is, in almost every important particular,
+different from the five other crania here measured with it. Its
+circumference and cubical capacity, its length, breadth, and height,
+and their indices, its orbital and nasal indices, are all alike<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span>
+aberrant from the average. It certainly would not have entered into
+the head of any craniographer to refer this skull to the Bushman
+variety of our species, unless he had been informed of the character
+of its accompaniments. A morphological point which might have served
+to indicate the character of its owner—I mean the feebleness of the
+nasal spine, a shortcoming more or less evident in all, or nearly all,
+Bushman crania—does not help us here; for we observe in this skull
+that the line of symphysis of the two halves of the upper jaw rises
+here anteriorly, as it does sometimes in European jaws, into a raised
+double ridge, which, though it slopes gradually into the plane of the
+alveolar border, and does not rise into a sharply-defined angular
+spine, and so far falls short of the typical “anterior nasal spine,” is
+yet a very different thing from the very feebly-developed bifid process
+of ordinary Bushmen, and many other African and other savage jaws.</p>
+
+<p>The question arises, how are we to interpret these facts? We may
+explain them by saying that the elasticity and plasticity of the
+type is such as to admit of the escape of an exceedingly aberrant
+individual, and its homogeneity and plasticity, nevertheless, also
+such as to allow of its walls joining again, and restoring the perfect
+circumscription which is implied in our speaking of the race as
+possessing well-defined limits. Or lovers of logical consistency, who
+may not be extensively acquainted with the width over which variability
+may extend itself, may prefer to suggest that some kind of error may
+attach or have been attached to the identification of this particular
+cranium. It is possible, I suppose, that a runaway Caffre, or even an
+outcast white man, may have betaken himself to some horde of Bushmen,
+and identified himself with their manners and customs, and adopted
+their dress and equipment. Such voluntary degradations are known
+to have taken place, with the consequence of the refugee becoming
+not merely “half a savage,” but rather, as shown by the place and
+precedence given to him, “a savage and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span> a half;” or, finally, the owner
+of this skull may really have been a cross between a white man and a
+female of the Bushman stock. To this last explanation I myself incline.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the condition of the teeth, the skull presented by Mr.
+Fairclough, though referred by me to a man in the middle period of
+life, has only some seven or eight teeth, comparatively little worn,
+left <i>in situ;</i> the rest have been lost, and traces of two or
+three large alveolar abscesses, and great absorption elsewhere of the
+alveolar processes are very evident. Alveolar abscesses have similarly
+left their traces in the skull presented by Dr. Bleek, in which,
+however, the teeth have been very much worn down, though only one or
+two have been lost during life. The skull presented by Mr. Dunsterville
+had lost all its teeth, save the two central incisors, during life, and
+the alveolar processes have suffered a very large amount of absorption
+in this senile skull.</p>
+
+<p>Of the entire series, as the figures giving the length of the
+circumference and the cubic capacity show most plainly, we can
+predicate smallness; the average of the latter measurement being but
+1285 as against 1485 cub. cent. obtained by Professor Flower for the
+cubage of seven Caffres and Zulus, and, indeed, as against 1330 from
+his measurement of his available Bushman crania.</p>
+
+<p>With this small capacity is combined, which is by no means always
+the case in crania of races low in the scale of human life, a
+short basi-cranial axis, with an average length of no more than 93
+millimetres.</p>
+
+<p>In none of these six skulls is the patency of the frontal suture,
+which corresponds very usually to a wide receptacle for the frontal
+lobes of the brain, observable. On the other hand, the zygomata do
+not come into view, when the skull is held out so as to present its
+norma verticalis at arm’s length to one eye of the observer, with the
+invariability which might have been expected. In two only of these
+six skulls are both zygomata seen at the same time when the skull is
+held in this position; in three the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[286]</span> zygoma of the left side only is
+seen; and in one neither zygoma comes into view. But these skulls,
+as is often the case in skulls of flesh-eating savage races, are of
+considerable density, and a greater thickness of walls as well as a
+greater development of the contents of a skull may prevent it from
+being phœnozygous. One other condition indeed, that of considerable
+development of the malar arch, which produces phœnozygy, is present in
+Bushmen, as in the skulls of other races exposed to the sun and glare,
+and other irritants of the eyes; but its working is countervailed
+by that of thickness of the cranial walls. All the Bushman skulls
+examined by Dr. Fritsch were broad in the sphenoparietal diameter (see
+his <i>Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s</i>, 1872, p. 413). With two
+exceptions, those constituted by the skull procured by Mr. Fairclough
+and that presented by Dr. Bleek, the supraciliary ridges and glabellæ
+are comparatively feebly developed.</p>
+
+<p>The parietal tubera, or the spots on the external surface of the
+cranium corresponding to them, are placed far back in all these
+crania, and what I have elsewhere spoken of at some length<a id="FNanchor_72" href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> as the
+antero-posterior index, is consequently high. The same remark, however,
+may be made of Zulu and other Abantu crania.</p>
+
+<p>It has often been stated that the ears in Bushmen are huge, misshapen,
+and outstanding. According, however, to trustworthy accounts of
+Professors Marshall and Flower, and Dr. Murie and Professor Wyman
+<i>(Proc. Boston Nat. History Soc.</i>, ix. 1862, p. 56), the small
+size of the lobule appears to be the only constant character of this
+organ which is distinctive. (See Fritsch, <i>l.c.</i>, p. 410.) Much
+that has been written on the peculiarity known as “steatopyga” in our
+own species might have been spared if what the great naturalist Pallas
+had written on the similar development called by the same name in one
+of the most widely spread varieties of the sheep, had been studied in
+the wonderful eleventh Fascicle of his <i>Spicilegia<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span> Zoologia</i>,
+from p. 63 to p. 69. I will quote only a few of the sentences of
+Pallas’s account, p. 64:—“In his quidem generalioribus, præsertim
+deformatione caudæ et auribus pendulis greges omnes conveniunt quas
+Nomades diversarum gentium Asiæ possident. Sed varias a temperie
+cœli, pascuis, aliisque causis vel cultura apud varias hasce gentes
+mutationes passæ sunt et ad Russos translatæ patiuntur. In Tatariæ
+Magnæ desertis occidentalibus, a Volga usque ad Irtin et Altaicum
+jugum, pascua maximam partem sunt aridissima, abundant vernalibus
+plantis acribus et liliaceis; postea æstate in elatis locis quæ maxime
+lanigerum pecus amat præter siccissima gramina, stipas similiaque,
+nil nisi artemisias amaras aromaticas, camphorosmam et salsolas succo
+et salibus abundantes servant. Ubique simul abundant lacunæ natroso,
+culinari, glauberianoque sale efflorescentes, et aquæ in desertis
+iisdem raræ plerumque iisdem salibus fœtæ sunt. Quæ quidem omnia ovium
+corpulentiæ maxime convenire pastores Europæi quoque norunt. Accedit
+vitæ genus et cultura.”...</p>
+
+<p>Page 67.—“Sequitur ex istis deforme istud pulvinar sive uropygia
+quod in locum caudæ apud hanc varietatem ovium successit maximeque
+constantem ejus characterem prœbet superfluæ generatione pinguedinis
+ortum debere atque in campis salsuginosis Tatariæ occidentalioris
+primam patriam habuisse. In genere videmus certas corporis partes,
+illas puto præsertim, in quibus lentior sanguinis circulus obtinet,
+collectioni pinguedinis in textu cellulose maxime favere.”</p>
+
+<p>Page 68.—“Orta ilia semel circa caudam collectio pinguedinis, veluti
+genialis morbus per generationes sensim adauctus fuit.”</p>
+
+<p>As regards the distinctiveness of steatopyga, or, in other words, as
+regards the reason which by polygenist writers it was supposed to
+furnish for considering the Hottentot and Bushman races as specifically
+distinct from other human beings, there is no need to refer to the
+analogy which the steatopygous sheep suggests. For as Hartmann (<i>Die
+Nigritier</i>, p. 489, 1876) states, it is found<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span> also among Berber and
+Negro tribes, such as the Maqwa the Denqa, and the Bonqo, and, it may
+be added, that it may be seen figured in the English translation of
+Schweinfurth’s <i>Heart of Africa</i>, by Ellen E. Frewer, vol. ii. p.
+121.</p>
+
+<p>As against the ethnological significance of the hypertrophy of the
+nymphæ, which constitutes the “viel besprochene Hottentotten-Schurze,”
+the case is still stronger. For not only may this peculiarity be found
+amongst other African races, such as the Berber, Egyptian, and Negro
+(according to Hartmann, <i>l.c.</i> p. 489), and the Abantu and Sudan
+natives (according to Fritsch, <i>Die Eingeborenen</i>, pp. 282, 283),
+where its presence might be reasonably explained by reference to
+peculiarities of diet or climate, but it may, according to Hartmann, be
+paralleled by observation carried on in the very different surroundings
+of North Europe. The words of the last-named authority, whose intimate
+acquaintance at once with Africa and Prussia will not be questioned,
+are to the following effect: “Die viel besprochene Hottentotten-Schurze
+ist für Jemanden welcher fleissig die geburtshülfliche Station oder
+den Secirsaal einer grösseren Universität, z. B. Berlin besucht, auch
+Berber, Aegypter, und Nigritierfrauen ganz nackt gesehen hat, kein
+auszeichnendes Rassenmerkmal mehr.”<a id="FNanchor_73" href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>The old view which ascribed a Mongolian origin to the Khoi-Khoin races
+is now pretty generally given up. A more important subject would, if I
+had space, be furnished me for discussion in the recent discoveries in
+Central Africa,<a id="FNanchor_74" href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> which appears to point to the existence of kinship
+between the pigmy Akka and Obongo tribes and the Bushman.</p>
+
+<p>The main points which appeared to former writers to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[289]</span> indicate Mongolian
+affinities are the yellow as opposed to the black colour of the skin,
+the prominence of the cheek bones, and the supposed obliquity of the
+opening of the eyelids. This last peculiarity, as Fritsch (<i>Die
+Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika’s</i>, p. 286) has shown, is due simply to the
+disagreeable necessity of keeping the eyelids constantly half-closed,
+owing to the glare and, as others have pointed out, the sandflies, to
+which these homeless savages are self-exposed. The Swiss Professor,
+Schiess-Gemuscus, of Basle, has similarly explained the causation of
+snow-blindness (see <i>Archiv. für Ophthalmologie</i>, xxv. 3, p. 173),
+by reference to the blepharospasmus and conjunctivitis, produced by
+the dryness and the glare of the upland snowfield; and I apprehend
+that the osseous structures underlying the organs protecting the eye
+may be reasonably supposed to undergo some modification in correlation
+with the increased demand for work, which “blepharospasmus” expresses
+as being thrown upon the muscular structures which they support. Thus
+the prominent malar arch and the forwardly projecting outer segments
+of the orbit, as seen alike in the Mongolian of the treeless steppe,
+in the Eskimo of the snow-desert, and the Bushman of the sun-burnt
+South African uplands, may receive a physiological as opposed to a
+morphological explanation. But, when we come further to consider the
+structure and composition of the various segments of the orbital ring
+in these races, we find combined with this physiologically explicable
+similarity a very considerable morphological difference. This is
+constituted by the conformation of the nasals, which in the Bushman
+form invariably an all but level plane between the nasal processes of
+the maxillaries, and contribute, being narrow, but a small factor to
+the interocular space, which, when the soft parts are <i>in situ</i>,
+appears disproportionately wide as compared with the same area in other
+races. In Mongols, Eskimos, and Australians the nasals very ordinarily
+form a more or less elevated arch, and they are not by any means so
+narrow as they are almost always in the Bushman race. In this latter
+these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span> bones not rarely lose not only their characteristic arch-shape
+but also their individuality, and anchylose with each other mesially.
+It is, however, right to add that nasals of the Bushman type are not
+rarely, though by no means invariably, to be found in Negro and Caffre
+crania.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the yellow hue of the skin, the likeness to the Mongolian
+races proper is perhaps less disputable, but with the skin we are
+bound to consider the hair, the peculiarities of which, as seen in the
+Bushman, are as different from those seen in the Mongolian variety of
+mankind as it is possible for two varieties of human hair from the same
+area to be. “The thinnest and flattest hair is that of the Bosjesmans,
+Papuans, and Negroes; the most cylindrical being that of Polynesians,
+Malays, Siamese, Japanese, and Americans. Europeans are between the
+two.” Such are the microscopic characters of the hair in the several
+great divisions of our species, according to Topinard (“Anthropology;”
+translated in <i>Library of Contemporary Science</i> by Dr. Bartley),
+and it is needless to contrast the spirally contorted and tufted dark
+hair of the Hottentot or Bushman with the coarse wire-drawn straight
+black hair of the Mongolian or Eskimo. It is curious, however, if
+indeed not otherwise significant, that the Central African “Bushmen,”
+if so we may call them, of Ashango, occasionally bury their dead in a
+temporarily diverted stream-course, much as was done in the case of
+Attila, and, according to Mr. Wood, <i>l.c.</i>, “in various parts of
+the world from the earliest known time.”</p>
+
+<p>The Bushman race, as is well known, have strong proclivities in the
+direction of musical performances. The same, however, may be said of
+other priscan races as well as of them and the Mongolian and Kalmuck
+tribes,<a id="FNanchor_75" href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[291]</span> we cannot therefore lay any weight upon this point of
+similarity.</p>
+
+<p>The custom, however explained, which the Khoi-Khoin races have of
+cutting off one or more joints of the little and ring fingers might,
+but with no great amount of probability, be taken to point to the
+existence of an affinity to races as far dislocated in space as the
+inhabitants of certain islands in Oceania, both Papuan and Malay. The
+Papuans, according to Sir John Lubbock (<i>Prehistoric Times</i>, 1869,
+p. 445), cut off the end both of the little toe and the little finger
+as a sign of mourning. The Friendly Islanders (Cook’s <i>Voyages</i>,
+vol. i. 222; Williams’s <i>Missionary Enterprise</i>, 547, 548) cut
+off one or two joints of their little fingers, and the inhabitants of
+Tracy Island, which was colonized from Samoa, do the like, according
+to the Rev. S. J. Whitwell (Petermann’s <i>Mittheilungen</i> for
+1871, p. 203). One form of the solemnization of matrimony amongst the
+Australians consists in the biting off by a woman of a bit of the
+little finger of the left hand. I do not know that the fact, deposed
+to by F. Müller in his contribution to the <i>Memoirs on the Voyage of
+the Novara</i>, p. 6, to the effect that Caffre women, when a child
+is sick, or when they themselves become widows, have a piece of their
+little fingers cut off, need be taken as indicating anything more than
+the exceeding contagiousness of bad and foolish customs, of which the
+old anthropologist and zoologist Zimmermann (<i>cit.</i> “Address to
+Biological Section of British Association Meeting at Liverpool,” see
+<i>Report</i> for year 1871) spoke so caustically. Several instances
+of such adoption and borrowing, on the part of the Abantu tribes, from
+the conquered and persecuted Khoi-Khoin, might be adduced, and might be
+paralleled, at some distance, by the fact embodied in the two lines of
+Horace—</p>
+
+  <div class="poetry-container">
+   <div class="poetry">
+      <div class="stanza">
+        <div class="ileft">“Græcia captu ferum victorem cepit, et artes</div>
+        <div class="i1">Intulit agresti Latio.”</div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[292]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Measurements of Six Bushman Crania, as given by Professor
+Flower, F.R.S., in Catalogue of Specimens Illustrating
+Osteology and Dentition, Royal College of Surgeons of
+England</span>, 1879, p. 246.</p>
+</div>
+
+<table class="smaller">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrtrbl smcap">Name of Skull.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">C.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">L.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">B.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">BI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">H.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">HI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">BN.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">BA.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">AI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">NH.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">NW.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">NI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">OW.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">OH.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">OI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">CA.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">1300—O.C. 5357<br>Adult Male.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">500</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">175</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">134</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">766</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">128</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">731</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">91</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">46</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">29</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">630</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">38</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">29</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">763</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1260</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">1301.<br>Young Female.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">486</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">171</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">134</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">784</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">124</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">725</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">91</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">90</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">989</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">44</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">24</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">545</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">37</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">32</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">865</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1250</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">1302.<br>Young Female.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">477</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">170</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">130</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">765</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">125</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">735</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">90</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">87</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">967</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">44</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">27</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">604</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">38</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">31</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">816</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1170</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">1303.<br>Male Bushman,<br>aged.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">522</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">185</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">140</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">757</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">134</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">724</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">103</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">48</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">29</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">604</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">40</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">30</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">750</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1400</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">1304.<br>Young Female.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">503</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">180</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">137</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">761</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">125</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">694</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">92</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">90</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">978</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">43</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">25</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">581</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">34</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">30</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">882</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1360</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">1305</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">480<br>[19·2]</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">171</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">132</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">772</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">119</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">696</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">...</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1075</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">Averages</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">494</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">175</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">134</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">767</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">125</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">717</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">93</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">89</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">978</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">45</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">26</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">594</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">37</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">25</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">815</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1252</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[293]</span></p>
+
+<p class="smcap center p1">Measurements of Six Bushman Crania in Oxford University Museum.</p>
+
+<table class="smaller">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrtrbl smcap">Name of Skull.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">C.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">L.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">B.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">BI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">H.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">HI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">BN.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">BA.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">AI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">NH.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">NW.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">NI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">OW.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">OH.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">OI.</td>
+    <td class="ctrtrb">CA.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">788 <i>d.</i><br>Mr. F. Oates, No. 1,<br>Male, c<sup>a.</sup> 25 æt.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">18·8<br>(475)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">6·5<br>(165)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">5·3<br>(135)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·81</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">4·9<br>(125)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·75</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·6<br>(93)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·6<br>(93)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">100</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·6<br>(41)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·<br>(25)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">62</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·7<br>(43)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·3<br>(33)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">76</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1142·5</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">788 <i>e.</i><br>Mr. F. Oates, No. 2,<br>Male, middle life</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">19·2<br>(485)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">6·9<br>(175)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">4·9<br>(124)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·70</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">5·05<br>(128)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·71</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·9<br>(94)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·8<br>(96)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">97</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·8<br>(46)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·5<br>(38)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·60</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·5<br>(38)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·5<br>(38)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">100</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1179·8</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">788 <i>f.</i> Mr. F. Gates,<br>No. 3. Probably<br>female. 25–30 æt.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">18·6<br>(475)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">6·5<br>(165)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">5·<br>(125)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·73</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">5·1<br>(130)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·78</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·95<br>(100)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·9<br>(99)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">100</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·6<br>(41)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·<br>(25)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·62</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·45<br>(37)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·2<br>(30)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">82</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1142·5</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">788 <i>a.</i> Dr. Bleek’s<br>gift. Aged<br>Male.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">18·9<br>(480)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">6·6<br>(169)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">5·2<br>(131)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·77</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">4·7<br>(120)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·70</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·4<br>(86)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·3<br>(83)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">97</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·6<br>(40)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·0<br>(24)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·62</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·5<br>(36)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·3<br>(33)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">80</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1106·0</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">788 <i>b.</i>  Mr. Dunster-<br>villa’s gift. Aged<br>Male.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">19·4<br>(490)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">6·8<br>(173)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">5·2<br>(131)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·75</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">4·2<br>113</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·65</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·85<br>(98)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·6<br>(91)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">93</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·55<br>(39)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·1<br>(28)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·70</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·7<br>(43)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·25<br>(32)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·73</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1179·8</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">788 <i>c.</i> Mr. Fair-<br>dough’s gift. Male,<br>middle age.</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">20·3<br>(515)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">7·1<br>(180)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">5·6<br>(142)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·78</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">5·4<br>(137)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·76</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·5<br>(89)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">3·6<br>(91)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">102</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·9<br>(48)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·0<br>(25)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·52</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·5<br>(38)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1·4<br>(36)</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">91</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1419·5</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="ctrrbl">Averages</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">486</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">171</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">131</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·75</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">125</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·72</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">93</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">92</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">98</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">42</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">27</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">·61</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">39</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">33</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">83</td>
+    <td class="ctrrb">1285</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[294]</span></p>
+
+<h2>II.<br>
+<span class="subhed">ORNITHOLOGY.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed1">By <span class="smcap">R. Bowdler Sharpe</span>, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Etc.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed2">Senior Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed2">(<span class="smcap">Plates</span> A, B.)</span></h2></div>
+
+<p>The Collection of Birds made by the late Mr. Frank Oates was formed by
+that gentleman with the greatest care, and it is seldom that it falls
+to the lot of the naturalist to examine a series of birds in which the
+particulars of capture are so carefully noted on each specimen as in
+the present instance. For this reason alone, therefore, the collection
+is of great importance; but, besides this, it represents without doubt
+a very fair idea of the avifauna of the parts of the Transvaal and
+Matabele countries through which Mr. Oates travelled. Of the birds of
+the former province Mr. Ayres has published several accounts in recent
+volumes of the “Ibis,” and in the same journal for 1874, Mr. T. E.
+Buckley gave a list of the birds met with by him on his journey through
+the Matabele country, where he travelled for some part of the time with
+Mr. Oates: but as Mr. Buckley did not get beyond Tati, it has been left
+for Mr. Oates to give us the first account of the birds which are to
+be met with between that place and the Zambesi. His untimely death was
+a great loss to science, for, after his long journey to that river, he
+had at last reached a <i>terra fere incognita</i> to the ornithologist,
+where there is little doubt that further researches would have crowned
+his efforts with the discovery of many new and important facts. The
+avifauna of the Zambesi region is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[295]</span> almost unknown, Dr. Kirk being the
+only naturalist who has written upon the birds, and the species which
+he has recorded are sufficiently interesting to arouse our interest in
+the further exploration of the locality. As far as one can judge from
+the materials at present existing in museums, the birds of the Zambesi
+region would appear to have their nearest affinities in those of
+South-western Africa, that is, the provinces of Benguela, Mossamedes,
+and the Ovampo country to the north of Damara Land. Thus it is that
+<i>Accipiter ovampensis</i> of Gurney, discovered in Ovampo Land, is
+now known from the Zambesi (<i>Mus. Brit.</i>), and, on the other
+hand, the Zambesi Kestrel (<i>Cerchneis Dickinsoni</i>) occurs also in
+South-western Africa. Instances of this kind might be multiplied to a
+greater extent, but an exact comparison cannot be made until the two
+regions have been more thoroughly explored. The Victoria Falls, up to
+the present time, constituted the only locality whence the peculiar
+Babbling-Thrush (<i>Pinarornis plumosus</i>) and Shelley’s Wheatear
+(<i>Saxicola Shelleyi</i>) have yet been found, but one of these has
+now been discovered by Mr. Oates in the Matabele country. Future
+research may increase the known range of the other Zambesi birds in
+a southerly direction, and it seems unlikely that the Zambesi region
+possesses a peculiar bird-fauna.</p>
+
+<p>On its arrival in England Mr. Oates’s collection was placed in the
+hands of my friend Captain G. E. Shelley for determination, and the
+species were in nearly every case identified by him. My task has
+therefore been a very light one. All the field-notes in the following
+pages are taken from Mr. Oates’s labels, and I am responsible only
+for the remarks placed between brackets “[].” A reference is given
+to my new edition of Layard’s <i>Birds of South Africa</i> as far as
+published, to the first edition of that work, to my <i>Catalogue of
+African Birds</i>, and to standard works, such as Finsch and Hartlaub’s
+<i>Vögel Ost-Afrika’s</i>, Gurney’s edition of Andersson’s <i>Birds of
+Damara Land</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[296]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The following <span class="smcap">List</span> of <span class="smcap">Localities</span>, alluded
+to in the ensuing pages, where specimens were obtained by
+Mr. Oates, will enable the reader, by a reference to the
+general map in this volume, to determine the position of each
+locality indicated:—</p>
+</div>
+
+<table class="smaller" style="max-width: 40em">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht"></td>
+    <td class="ctr1">Lat.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">Long.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Bamangwato</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">23.1&ensp; S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.45 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Bisschop’s Farm, Transvaal</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.7&ensp; S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.12 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Blauw Krans River, Natal</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.55 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.48 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Branslow’s Farm, Transvaal</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.4&ensp; S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.9&ensp; E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Crocodile River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">25.34 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.28 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Daka River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">18.45 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">25.57 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Dry River (Sakasusi)</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">21.9&ensp; S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.10 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Durban</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.51 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">31.0&ensp; E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Eland’s River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">25.19 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.3&ensp; E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">First Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road, (Wankee’s Kraal)</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">20.33 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.26 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Geruah</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.19 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.30 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Gokwe River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">22.8&ensp; S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.36 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Gubuleweyo</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">20.23 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.50 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Gwailo River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.14 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.49 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Hendrik’s Vlei</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">18.57 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.26 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Hex River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">25.20 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.4&ensp; E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">High Veldt, Transvaal</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.35 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.40 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Holfontein</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">24.26 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.46 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Hope Fountain</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">20.22 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.51 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Impakwe River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">21.4&ensp; S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.54 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Inchlangin</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.42 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.14 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Inkwesi River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">20.55 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.0&ensp; E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Inquinquesi River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.42 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.13 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Inyati</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.41 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.15 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">John Scott’s Farm, Transvaal</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.11 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.23 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Kaar Kloof Heights, Pietermaritzburg</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.19 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">30.2&ensp; E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Ladysmith</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.37 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.38 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Lion Camp, Crocodile River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">24.18 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.48 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Makalapsi River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">22.58 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.54 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Matengwe River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">20.24 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.28 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Meriko River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">24.10 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.30 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Metli River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">22.55 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.56 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Mopani Pan</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">21.18 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.50 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Motloutsi River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">21.52 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.41 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Nata River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.53 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.4&ensp; E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Newcastle</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.47 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.50 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Palatswe River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">22.38 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.16 E.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[297]</span></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Pantamatenka River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">18.39 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">25.41 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Pietermaritzburg</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.34 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">30.24 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Pilandsberg</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">25.12 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.35 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Pinetown</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.50 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">30.50 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Pretoria</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">25.42 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.50 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Ramaqueban River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">21.11 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.52 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Retief’s Drift, Vaal River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.50 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.58 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Sand Spruit, Transvaal</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.11 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">30.18 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Second Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">20.31 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.26 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Semokwe River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">21.7&ensp; S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.17 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Seruli River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">22.32 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.29 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Shashe River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">21.34 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.44 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Sibanani</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.45 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.58 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Sunday’s River, Transvaal</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">28.21 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.49 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Tamasancha</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.32 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.40 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Tamasetsie</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.10 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.28 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Tati</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">21.28 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.45 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Tchakani Vlei</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">22.48 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.5&ensp; E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Tibakai’s Pan</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">18.52 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.18 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Touani River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">22.52 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">26.59 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Umvungu River</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">19.21 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">29.41 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Victoria Falls, Zambesi</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">17.57 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">25.48 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr>
+    <td class="cht">Witfontein</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">24.28 S.</td>
+    <td class="ctr1">27.46 E.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>Order ACCIPITRES.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">Sub-order <span class="smcap">Falcones</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Family <span class="smcap">Vulturidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>1. <span class="smcap">Otogyps auricularis</span> (Daud.): Sharpe, ed. Layard’s
+<i>Birds of South Africa</i>, p. 4. Eared Vulture.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a</i>. Shot at dead elephant, near Umvungu River, about the middle
+of November 1873. Iris dark hazel; bill pale horn-colour, bluish grey
+at base; head and neck livid and red (scabby); legs and feet pale
+bluish grey; claws black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>2. <span class="smcap">Neophron pileatus</span> (Burch.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 7. Hooded Vulture.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a</i>. Ramaqueban River, August 6, 1874. Iris dark; bill neutral
+tint; head and neck pale dirty blue, tinged with pink on the cheeks;
+legs pale dirty blue; claws black. A female, I am nearly sure.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>3. <span class="smcap">Circus ranivorus</span> (Daud.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+14. South African Marsh-Harrier.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a</i>. ♂ Near Pretoria, June 22, 1873. Iris bright chrome; legs pale
+yellow. Ball of hair in stomach; mouse or rat skin in crop.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[298]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>4. <span class="smcap">Melierax canorus</span> (Rislach): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 17. Chanting Goshawk.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Bush veldt, between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873.
+Iris bright raw sienna; base of beak orange (?); legs red. Crop and
+stomach very full, containing large ants, rat, lizard, etc.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>5. <span class="smcap">Melierax gabar</span> (Daud.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+19. Red-faced Goshawk.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (adult.) Lion Camp, Crocodile River, July 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> (juv.) Second Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road, September 3,
+1874. Iris deep orange, approaching burnt sienna; bill black, orange
+all round the nostril and base; skin round eye pale blue; legs fine
+reddish, clouded and spotted with dusky black; claws black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>6. <span class="smcap">Astur polyzonoides</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 22. Many-banded Goshawk.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (adult.) First Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road, August 22,
+1874. Iris rich deep orange; bill black, pale bluish at base; skin
+round base yellow (pale); skin round eye pale bluish, inclining to
+yellow; claws black. Lizard in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Hendrik’s Vlei, December 18, 1874. Iris crimson; bill
+black, becoming pale blue just under nostril; cere and gape and skin
+round eye yellow; legs orange-yellow; claws black. In stomach large
+insects and lizard (?).</p>
+
+<p>[This pretty little Goshawk is rare in South Africa, but appears to
+increase in numbers towards the Zambesi, whence I have recently seen a
+series collected by Dr. Bradshaw.]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>7. <span class="smcap">Buteo jackal</span> (Daud.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 26.
+Jackal Buzzard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Newcastle, June 4, 1873. Iris pale golden hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>8. <span class="smcap">Milvus ægyptius</span> (G.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 49.
+Yellow-billed Kite.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (testes well developed.) Ramaqueban River, September 17,
+1874. Iris bright hazel; bill golden yellow, inclining to horn-colour
+on upper and lower mandibles, but bright at the base and nostrils; legs
+golden yellow, somewhat dusky; claws black. Lizards in stomach; very
+fat.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Tati, October 1874.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>9. <span class="smcap">Elanus cæruleus</span> (Desf.); Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+52. Black-shouldered Kite.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) (imm.) Hex River, July 1873. Iris bright raw sienna.
+Mouse or rat in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> (adult.) Not labelled.</p>
+
+<p>10. <span class="smcap">Falco minor</span>, Bp.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>, p. 57. South
+African Peregrine Falcon.</p>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> (adult.) Not labelled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>11. <span class="smcap">Falco biarmicus</span> (Temm.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+58, pl. ii. South African Lanner.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Newcastle, June 3, 1873. Iris very dark. Remains of mouse
+or rat, and a great many grasshoppers’ heads, in the stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>12. <span class="smcap">Cerchneis rupicola</span> (Daud.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 62. South African Kestrel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Newcastle, June 3, 1873. Iris very dark.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Newcastle, June 3, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>13. <span class="smcap">Cerchneis tinnunculoides</span> (Temm.) <i>Cerchneis
+naumanni</i>, Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>, p. 64. Lesser Kestrel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (adult.) Holfontein, November 25, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>14. <span class="smcap">Cerchneis amurensis</span> (Radde): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 66. Eastern Red-footed Kestrel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (adult.) Between Sibanani and Tamasancha, December 9, 1874.
+Iris hazel; skin round eye yellow; skin at base of bill orange; bill
+dark greyish blue, pale yellow at base, the yellow colour predominating
+over the blue on the lower mandible; legs and feet orange; claws pale
+dusky orange. In stomach flying ants, which it was catching in the air,
+amongst many other birds, when shot. The male, I think, is less, and
+more distinctly marked.</p>
+
+<p>[Dr. Kirk was the first to discover this Kestrel in the Zambesi region,
+and there were specimens in Dr. Bradshaw’s collection.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Sub-order <span class="smcap">Striges</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Family <span class="smcap">Bubonidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>15. <span class="smcap">Bubo lacteus</span> (Temm.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+71. Verreaux’s Eagle Owl.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (adult.) Inkwesi River, August 5, 1874. Iris dark (? dark
+blue), but much sunk in when I got it; bill very pale blue; claws dusky
+black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>16. <span class="smcap">Bubo maculosus</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 73. Spotted Eagle Owl.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>17. <span class="smcap">Scops leucotis</span> (Temm.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+74. White-faced Scops Owl.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (adult.) Near Umvungu River, November 3, 1873. Native name,
+“Secova.” Iris deep orange. Ova size of mustard seed. Remains of small
+rat in stomach. Sitting on nest, made, I think, in an old one, as there
+were many similar ones, as of a colony of birds, in the trees about.
+Three well-grown young ones in nest, very fierce, as was the old one.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>18. <span class="smcap">Glaucidium perlatum</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+B.</i> ii. p. 209. <i>Carine perlata</i>, Sharpe, ed. Layard,
+p. 77. African Pearl-spotted Owlet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Tati, August 29, 1873. Iris chrome yellow.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Tati, October 10, 1874. Iris bright yellow; bill whitish.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>19. <span class="smcap">Asio capensis</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+78. African Short-eared Owl.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Pietermaritzburg, about the beginning of May 1873. Iris dark
+brown.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Marsh near Newcastle, June 1, 1873. Iris deep orange. I
+saw several of these Owls whilst snipe-shooting. Another shot was much
+softer in plumage, like a young bird.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Family <span class="smcap">Strigidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>20. <span class="smcap">Strix capensis</span>, (Smith): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+81. South African Grass-owl.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Sand Spruit, Transvaal, June 8, 1873. Iris very dark.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>21. <span class="smcap">Strix flammea</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 82.
+Barn Owl.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (old bird probably). Tati, September 18, 1874. Iris very
+dark hazel; bill pale flesh-colour.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ (?. Tati, September 18, 1874. Very fat. Iris very dark
+hazel; bill pale flesh-colour; feet whitish; claws black.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ (?) (undeveloped). Tati, October 3, 1874. Remains of rat in
+stomach.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order PICARIÆ.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center">Family <span class="smcap">Caprimulgidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>22. <span class="smcap">Caprimulgus europæus</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 83. European Nightjar.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>23. <span class="smcap">Caprimulgus rufigenis</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 85. Rusous-cheeked Nightjar.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Semokwe River, September 24, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Semokwe River, October 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ Tati, March 21, 1874.</p>
+
+<p><i>d</i>. ♀ Tati, October 1, 1874. Iris hazel; legs pale brown.</p>
+
+<p><i>e</i>. ♀ Tati, October 1874.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>24. <span class="smcap">Caprimulgus mossambicus</span>, Peters: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 88. Mozambique Nightjar.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris dark hazel. Stomach very full of
+beetles, moths, and other insects.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[301]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>25. <span class="smcap">Cosmetornis vexillarius</span> (Gould): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 89. Standard-winged Nightjar.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (juv.) Victoria Falls, Zambesi, January 2, 1875. Iris dark
+hazel; upper mandible and tip of lower one dusky, the base of the
+latter flesh-colour; legs dirty flesh-colour. Large winged ants and
+large beetle in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Cypselidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>26. <span class="smcap">Cypselus apus</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 90.
+Common Swift.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (adult.) Between Sibanani and Tamasancha, December 9, 1874.
+Iris hazel; bill black; legs and feet dirty flesh-colour, dusky towards
+the tips and on the claws. Flying ants in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Meropidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>27. <span class="smcap">Merops apiaster</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 96.
+European Bee-eater.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Crocodile River, November 15, 1873. Iris crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ (juv.) Inchlangin, about the beginning of December 1873.
+Iris pale crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>c</i>. ♀ (?) Hendrik’s Vlei, December 18, 1874. Iris crimson; bill
+black; legs brown; claws whitish.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>28. <span class="smcap">Merops superciliosus</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 97. Blue-cheeked Bee-eater.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, <i>b.</i> ♀ Hendrik’s Vlei, December 18, 1874. Iris
+crimson; bill black; legs brown; claws whitish. In stomach large flying
+insects (? dragon-flies).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>29. <span class="smcap">Merops nubicoides</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 99, pl. iv. fig. 2. Carmine-throated Bee-eater.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Daka River, January 20, 1875. Iris dark hazel; bill black;
+legs neutral tint, marked with greyish white; claws dusky. Beetles,
+etc., in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Geruah, January 24, 1875. Iris dark hazel; bill black;
+feet, legs, and claws, dark neutral tint; legs and feet covered with
+whitish scales. Beetles, wasps, etc., in stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>30. <span class="smcap">Merops bullockoides</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 99, pl. iv. fig. 1. White-fronted Bee-eater.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Crocodile River, November 9, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>31. <span class="smcap">Merops pusillus</span>, P. L. S. Müll.: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 100. Little Bee-eater.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Tati, March 24, 1874. Iris crimson; bill, legs, and claws
+black. Stomach not at all muscular, containing remains of insects like
+beetles.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Tati, March 24, 1874. Soft parts as above. Stomach contained
+winged insects.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>c</i>. Tati, March 24, 1874.</p>
+
+<p><i>d</i>. ♂ (?) Tati, March 26, 1874. Iris crimson. Stomach contained
+remains of insects—winged, I think.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>32. <span class="smcap">Dicrocercus hirundinaceus</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe,
+<i>t. c.</i> p. 101. Swallow-tailed Bee-eater.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Near the Pantamatenka River, January 12, 1875. Iris
+crimson; bill black; legs dark neutral tint; claws black. Flying
+insects in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Coraciidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>33. <span class="smcap">Coracias garrula</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+102. European Roller.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (adult.) Tati, March 26, 1874. Extremely fat. Iris hazel,
+darker round pupil, then light.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Tati, March 28, 1874. Sex undeterminable, the bird being
+apparently young. Very fat, as was the hen bird skinned before. Stomach
+full of huge grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>34. <span class="smcap">Coracias nævia</span>, Daud.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+103. White-naped Roller.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (I believe.) First Makalaka kraal on Zambesi road, August
+24, 1874. Iris pale hazel (a dark ring round the pupil?); legs dull
+orange, inclining to olive; bill and claws black. Grasshoppers or
+locusts in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 9, 1874.
+Iris hazel, dark round pupil, then pale; legs pale greenish orange.
+Stomach contained remains of beetles.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>35. <span class="smcap">Coracias caudata</span>, Vieill.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 104. Lilac-breasted Roller.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Holfontein, November 25, 1873. Iris light hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 18, 1874. Iris
+deep hazel round the pupil, outside this very pale; legs olive; claws
+and bill black. Stomach very large, but not muscular, containing a
+snake about a foot long, and remains of grasshoppers. Head very large
+for size of bird.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 24, 1874. Iris
+hazel; bill and claws black; legs pale dirty orange with an olive
+tinge. Lizard and grasshoppers or locusts in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♀ Between the Pantamatenka River and Zambesi, January 11,
+1875. Iris hazel; bill black; legs pale greenish orange; claws black.
+In stomach centipedes (?).</p>
+
+<p><i>e.</i> ♀ Geruah, January 24, 1875. Iris hazel; bill black; legs
+yellowish blue; claws blue. Soft ants in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>f.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>36. <span class="smcap">Eurystomus afer</span> (Lath.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+106. Cinnamon Roller.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Near Umvungu River, November 3, 1873. Native name<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[303]</span>
+“Tchegala.” Iris hazel, not dark; bill bright yellow. Stomach muscular,
+containing remains of beetles.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Alcedinidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>37. <span class="smcap">Corythornis cyanostigma</span> (Rüpp.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 108. Malachite-crested Kingfisher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Sibanani, December 11, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs
+vermilion.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>38. <span class="smcap">Ceryle rudis</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 110.
+Pied Kingfisher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Meriko River, November 17, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ High Veldt, Transvaal, December 7, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>39. <span class="smcap">Ceryle maxima</span> (Pall.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+111. Great African Kingfisher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Matengwe River, December 2, 1874. Iris hazel; bill dark
+slate-colour; legs slate-colour.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>40. <span class="smcap">Halcyon semicærulea</span> (Forsk.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 114. African White-headed Kingfisher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ (?) Geruah, December 15, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill
+orange-red, black at tip and base; legs and feet dark purplish-brown,
+orange at back of legs and on soles.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>41. <span class="smcap">Halcyon albiventris</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 115. Brown hooded Kingfisher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) Crocodile River, July 1873. Beetles and grasshoppers in
+stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>42. <span class="smcap">Halcyon chelicutensis</span> (Stanl.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 117. Striped Kingfisher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Crocodile River, July 1873. Stomach contained grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, July 1873. Beetles and grasshoppers in
+stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>43. <span class="smcap">Halcyon cyanoleuca</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 120. Angola Kingfisher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, November 15, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Nata River, December 5, 1874. Makalaka name “Gogoda.” Iris
+hazel; upper mandible deep carnation, black at tip and gape; under
+mandible black; legs black. Stomach empty, but for a few remains of
+insects. This species has a twittering cry; they say it stays in the
+mopani.</p>
+
+<p><i>c</i>. ♂ Nata River, December 6, 1874. Iris hazel; upper mandible
+deep carnation, black at tip and gape; lower mandible and legs black.</p>
+
+<p><i>d</i>. ♂ Nata River, December 6, 1874. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Bucerotidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>44. <span class="smcap">Tockus flavirostris</span> (Rüpp.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 130. Yellow-billed Hornbill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, <i>b.</i> <i>c.</i> ♀ Near Crocodile River, July 1873.
+Iris very pale ochre. Flying ants in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♀ (juv.) Motloutsi River, August 24, 1873. Iris ochreous.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>45. <span class="smcap">Tockus nasutus</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+133. African Grey Hornbill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Upupidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>46. <span class="smcap">Upupa africana</span>, Bechst.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+134. South African Hoopoe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris hazel (?).
+In stomach, a tick and seeds.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>47. <span class="smcap">Irrisor erythrorhynchus</span> (Lath.) Red-billed
+Wood-Hoopoe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, <i>b.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, November 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c</i>. ♀ (?) Tati, June 26, 1874. Shot out of three by Cornelis,
+who saw them hopping about oddly on the road. Iris dark hazel; bill
+and legs bright orange-red; claws black. Stomach containing large
+chrysalides and a grasshopper.</p>
+
+<p><i>d</i>. ♀ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 30, 1874.
+Iris dark hazel; bill and legs vermilion, the latter less bright and
+inclining to orange; claws black. Stomach small and not muscular,
+containing remains of small insects and large grubs. This bird has a
+peculiar chattering note, often repeated. There were three or four of
+them when this was shot, climbing about on tree trunks like Creepers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>48. <span class="smcap">Rhinopomastes cyanomelas</span> (Vieill.)
+Scimitar-billed Wood-Hoopoe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Near Metli River, August 10, 1873. Iris hazel. Stomach
+large, containing flying ants and large insects.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Seruli River, October 18, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Palatswe River, October 20, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♂ Tati, October 1874.</p>
+
+<p><i>e.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Musophagidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>49. <span class="smcap">Schizœrhis concolor</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 144. Grey Plantain-eater.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris deep grey.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Transvaal, December 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Coliidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>50. <span class="smcap">Colius striatus</span>, Lath.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 12. South African Coly.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>51. <span class="smcap">Colius erythromelon</span>, Vieill.: Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+Afr. B.</i>, p. 12. Quiriva Coly.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) Makalapsi River, August 8, 1873. Iris dark; bill black;
+base and skin round eyes madder; claws madder.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Cuculidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>52. <span class="smcap">Cuculus clamosus</span>, Cuv.: Sharpe, ed. Layard, p.
+150. Black Cuckoo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, November 9, 1873. Iris light hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>53. <span class="smcap">Cuculus cupreus</span>, Boddaert. <i>Chrysococcyx
+cupreus</i>, Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 153. Golden Cuckoo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Crocodile River, November 8, 1873. Iris scarlet.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, November 9, 1873. Iris light brown.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>54. <span class="smcap">Coccystes cafer</span> (Licht.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 158. Le Vaillant’s Cuckoo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Crocodile River, November 14, 1873. Iris light hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ (?) Tati, October 17, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>55. <span class="smcap">Centropus senegalensis</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 162. Lark-heeled Cuckoo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Tati, August 28, 1873. Iris crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Ramaqueban River, September 4, 1873.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>56. <span class="smcap">Centropus superciliosus</span> (H. and E.): Sharpe,
+<i>t. c.</i> p. 163. White-eyebrowed Lark-heeled Cuckoo.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris crimson.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Indicatoridæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>57. <span class="smcap">Indicator sparmanni</span> (Steph.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 166. White-eared Honey-guide.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Holfontein, July 1873. Iris light brownish hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b, c.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Capitonidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>58. <span class="smcap">Pogonorhynchus leucomelas</span> (Bodd.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 173. Pied Barbet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Pretoria, July 24, 1873. Iris very dark. Stomach large,
+thin, and full of fruit; a good deal of flesh about the head.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Pretoria, July 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Tati, October 6, 1874. Bill and legs black.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>59. <span class="smcap">Trachyphonus cafer</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 178. Le Vaillant’s Barbet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris red.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, November 15, 1873. Iris crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Crocodile River, November 30, 1873. Iris crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Picidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>60. <span class="smcap">Campethera bennetti</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 181. Bennett’s Woodpecker.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 7, 1874. Iris
+lake; bill blackish slate-colour; legs and claws slate-colour, inclined
+to olive.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>61. <span class="smcap">Campethera abingtoni</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 182. Golden-tailed Woodpecker.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>62. <span class="smcap">Campethera smithii</span>, Malh.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 184. Smith’s Woodpecker.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Tati, October 6, 1874. Bill dusky slate-colour; legs pale
+whitish olive.</p>
+
+<p><i>b, c.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>63. <span class="smcap">Dendropicus namaquus</span> (Licht.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 188. Bearded Woodpecker.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Motloutsi River, August 23, 1873. Iris crimson lake.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Ramaqueban River, July 30, 1874. Iris lake; bill
+slate-colour; legs dark greenish slate-colour; claws dark. Stomach
+containing large caterpillars.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Ramaqueban River, August 2, 1874. Iris lake; bill
+slate-colour; legs dark greenish slate-colour; claws black. Stomach
+containing large caterpillars.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>64. <span class="smcap">Dendropicus cardinalis</span> (Gm.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 190. Cardinal Woodpecker.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris deep
+crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Ramaqueban River, September 4, 1873. Iris crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ Tati, October 7, 1874. Iris red (?); bill and legs dark
+slate-colour (?).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>65. <span class="smcap">Iynx pectoralis</span> (Vigors): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 191. Red-breasted Wryneck.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Blauw Krans River, Natal, May 22, 1873. Iris red-brown; legs
+pale greenish grey.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Psittacidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>66. <span class="smcap">Psittacus robustus</span>, Gm.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+194. Le Vaillant’s Parrot.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[307]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>67. <span class="smcap">Psittacus Meyeri</span> (Rüpp.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 195. Meyer’s Parrot.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Witfontein, July 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Holfontein, July 1873. Iris very light hazel. (Another ♂
+shot, brighter in plumage, had the iris hazel round pupil, then burnt
+sienna.)</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 4, 1874.
+Iris hazel round pupil, then orange; bill blackish slate-colour; legs
+and claws dusky black.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♂ Tati, October 7, 1874. Bill and legs dark slate-colour.</p>
+
+<p><i>e.</i> ♀ Tati, October 9, 1874. Bill and legs dark slate-colour.
+Seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order PASSERIFORMES.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center">Family <span class="smcap">Turdidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>68. <span class="smcap">Turdus litsitsirupa</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 198, South African Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, <i>b.</i> ♀ Pair of thrushes shot together near Eland’s
+River, July 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ (Ovary very rudimentary). Tati, March 19, 1874. Iris dark
+hazel; upper mandible dusky black, under one orange; legs flesh-colour.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♂ Tati, October 1874.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>69. <span class="smcap">Myrmecocichla formicivora</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe,
+<i>t. c.</i> p. 231. Southern Ant-eating Wheatear.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a</i>, <i>b.</i> ♂ Near Newcastle, May 30, 1873. Iris hazel.
+Stomach very muscular, containing seeds and beetles. Found perching on
+ant-hills, from which it rises with a hovering flight, something like a
+Skylark.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>70. <span class="smcap">Saxicola Galtoni</span> (Strickl. and Sclater): Sharpe,
+<i>t. c.</i> p. 234. Familiar Chat.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) Ladysmith, May 25, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Inyati, October 2, 1873. Iris rich hazel-brown. Native name
+“Envachli.”</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>71. <span class="smcap">Saxicola pileata</span> (Gm.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+238. Capped Wheatear.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Pietermaritzburg, about the beginning of May 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂, <i>c.</i> ♀ John Scott’s Farm, Transvaal, June 19, 1873.
+Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>72. <span class="smcap">Saxicola Shelleyi</span>: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 246.
+Shelley’s Wheatear. (Plate A.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Ramaqueban River, a few miles above the drift, on the way
+to Gubuleweyo, June 24, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill, legs, and claws
+black. Gravel and beetles in stomach. This bird seems to have a habit
+of climbing about in trees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> (♀ probably, on account of the very bare breast.) Near
+Sibanani, December 8, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs black.</p>
+
+<p>[This fine species was hitherto known from a pair of birds only, which
+were purchased a few years back from a dealer by the British Museum,
+and were stated to have come from the Victoria Falls. Mr. Oates has now
+established the Zambesi region to be the habitat of the species, and
+has also procured it 300 miles off the place whence the first specimens
+were obtained. The occurrence of Shelley’s Wheatear so far south as the
+Ramaqueban River is very interesting, as we may now expect that it will
+be found still farther to the southwards.]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>73. <span class="smcap">Saxicola leucomelæna</span>, Burchell: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 247. Burchell’s Wheatear.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Desolate part of High Veldt; found on walls round corn and
+peach fields, June 15, 1873. Iris hazel. Beetles in stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>74. <span class="smcap">Monticola explorator</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 220. Sentinel Rock-Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Kaar Kloof Heights, near Pietermaritzburg, May 19, 1873. Iris
+hazel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Timeliidæ</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Sub-family <span class="smcap">Pycnonotinæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>75. <span class="smcap">Phyllostrophus capensis</span>, Sw.: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 203. Cape Bristle-necked Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>76. <span class="smcap">Pycnonotus Layardi</span> Gurney: <i>Ibis</i>, 1879, p.
+390. Layard’s Bulbul.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Durban, April 23, 1873. Iris bright hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ (probably.) Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873.
+Iris hazel. Fruit and seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>77. <span class="smcap">Pycnonotus nigricans</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+Afr. B.</i>, p. 23. Le Vaillant’s Bulbul.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Crocodile, July 1873. Iris deep crimson; skin round eye
+orange. Large seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Sub-family <span class="smcap">Timeliinæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>78. <span class="smcap">Crateropus bicolor</span>, Jard.: Sharpe, ed. Layard,
+p. 210. Pied Babbling Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Tati, October 2, 1874. Iris bright orange; bill and legs
+black.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Tati, October 7, 1874. Iris bright orange; bill and legs
+black.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ (?) Tati, October 1874.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[309]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>79. <span class="smcap">Crateropus Jardinii</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 212. Jardine’s Babbling Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Inkwesi River, October 8, 1873. Iris orange, with crimson
+rim.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Meriko River, November 18, 1873. Iris orange, with crimson
+rim.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ Tati, October 3, 1874. Iris orange, with outer ring of
+crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♂ Tati, October 9, 1874. Iris orange, surrounded by crimson
+ring; bill black; legs dark slate-colour. Stomach muscular, containing
+insects.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>80. <span class="smcap">Cossypha natalensis</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 223. Natal Chat-Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Durban, April 23, 1873. Iris bright hazel (?).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>81. <span class="smcap">Aedon leucophrys</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 252. White-eyebrowed Warbler.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Transvaal, November 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>82. <span class="smcap">Cisticola curvirostris</span> (Sund.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 263. Brown Fantail Warbler.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Tibakai’s Pan, January 21, 1875. Iris pale red-brown; upper
+mandible of bill dusky, lower one bluish white; legs flesh-colour;
+claws dusky.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>83. <span class="smcap">Cisticola tinniens</span> (Licht.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 265. Le Vaillant’s Fantail Warbler.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Marsh near Newcastle, June 1, 1873. Common in marsh.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>84. <span class="smcap">Cisticola chiniana</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 268. Larger Grey-backed Fantail Warbler.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) Tati, March 23, 1874. Native name, “Ynete.” Iris pale
+hazel-brown; upper mandible dusky, under one and legs flesh-colour.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ (slightly developed). Tati, March 23, 1874. Iris (I think)
+tawny red; upper mandible dusky black, under one dusky orange; legs
+yellowish flesh-colour; thighs very fleshy—these, as well as the
+belly, very bare of feathers. Stomach containing grubs and other
+insects.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ (well developed). Tati, March 24, 1874. Iris pale
+red-brown; upper mandible dusky black, under one dusky orange; legs
+yellowish flesh-colour; thighs very fleshy. Stomach somewhat muscular,
+containing remains of insects.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> Between Sibanani and Tamasancha, December 9, 1874. Iris pale
+reddish brown; upper mandible dusky, under one dirty flesh-colour; legs
+brownish flesh-colour.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>85. <span class="smcap">Cisticola aberrans</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 271. Smith’s Fantail Warbler.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris lake.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>86. <span class="smcap">Cisticola cursitans</span> (Frankl.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 275. Common Fantail Warbler.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Near Newcastle (?) about the end of May 1873. Iris very pale.
+Stomach of this and the reed species contained remains of beetles.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>87. <span class="smcap">Bradypterus gracilirostris</span>, Sund.: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 287. White-breasted Reed-Warbler.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>88. <span class="smcap">Sylvietta rufescens</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 303. Short-tailed Bush-Warbler.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) Tati, October 13, 1874. Iris pale burnt sienna; bill
+dusky, dirty flesh-colour at base (?); legs pale red-brown. Stomach
+rather muscular, containing large grubs.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Nectariniidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>89. <span class="smcap">Nectarinia famosa</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+306. Malachite Sun-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Natal, 1873.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>90. <span class="smcap">Cinnyris gutturalis</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 311. Scarlet-chested Sun-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Semokwe River, September 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Impakwe River, February 12, 1874. Native name,
+“Bola-la-maholi.” Iris dark hazel. Stomach very thin, containing
+remains of good-sized insects, some spiders amongst them. Shot creeping
+amongst tall-stalked flowers.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> (Sex doubtful.) Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill,
+legs, and claws black. Stomach not at all muscular, containing remains
+of soft insects.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>91. <span class="smcap">Cinnyris afer</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 313.
+Greater Double-collared Sun-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark
+hazel. Stomach very small, not muscular, apparently containing insects;
+no gravel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>92. <span class="smcap">Cinnyris mariquensis</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 319. Southern Bifasciated Sun-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Makalapsi River, August 7, 1873. Iris dark brown.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Inkwesi River, October 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>c, d, e, f.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Paridæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>93. <span class="smcap">Parus afer</span>, Gm.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 329.
+South African Titmouse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Inyati, September 27, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Semokwe River, October 1873. Iris burnt sienna.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>94. <span class="smcap">Parus niger</span>, Vieill.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+331. Southern Black-and-white Titmouse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Ramaqueban River, September 4, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ (?) Ramaqueban River, June 12, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill,
+legs, and claws black. Stomach containing sand and insects.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ (?) Tati, October 13, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs black.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Muscicapidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>95. <span class="smcap">Pratincola torquata</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 250. South African Stone-chat.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Durban, April 23, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Pietermaritzburg, May 2, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ Near Newcastle, May 31, 1873. Iris very dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♂ (well developed). Tati, October 15, 1874. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>e.</i> ♀ Tati, October 15, 1874. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>f.</i> ♀ (?) (young bird in pen). Tati, October 15, 1874. Iris
+hazel. Don’t remember to have seen this species here before. Is it just
+arrived, or merely passing as a bird of passage from the south?</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>96. <span class="smcap">Parisoma subcæruleum</span> (Gm.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 332. Red-crested Fly-catcher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) Ladysmith, May 25, 1873. Iris pale grey, nearly white.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ (?) Tati, September 24, 1874. Iris very pale straw-colour;
+bill and legs black.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Tati, October 3, 1874. Iris pale straw-colour. Singing a
+short sweet note, and moving about amongst the bushes after the manner
+of a Willow-wren, looking for insects.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>97. <span class="smcap">Batis molitor</span> (Hahn and Küst.): Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+B.</i>, iv. p. 137. Eastern Yellow-eyed Fly-catcher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Dry River, October 1873. Iris golden yellow.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, June 25, 1874. Iris bright
+yellow; legs and claws black.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ Tati, October 16, 1874. Iris yellow; bill and legs
+black. Stomach muscular, containing remains of large insects like
+grasshoppers; also green shoots (?).</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>98. <span class="smcap">Terpsiphone perspicillata</span> (Sw.): Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+B.</i>, iv. p. 357. South African Paradise Fly-catcher.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (highly developed). Tati, October 4, 1874. Bill dark
+cobalt. Insects in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Hirundinidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>99. <span class="smcap">Hirundo puella</span>, Temm.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 47. Smaller Striped-breasted Swallow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Tati, October 4, 1874. Iris hazel. Sex indistinguishable,
+but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[312]</span> Thomson had similar specimens, which were females and
+well-developed males. A similar one shot by me was a male, and well
+developed.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Tati, October 5, 1874. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>100. <span class="smcap">Hirundo cucullata</span>, Bodd.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 46. Large Striped-breasted Swallow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Tati, October 4, 1874. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>101. <span class="smcap">Hirundo rustica</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 45. Common Swallow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b, c.</i> ♂ Tati, October 17, 1874. Cold, wet day, after very hot
+weather. These birds came into the houses and were easily caught. The
+other species seem to have gone away; these have been here about a week.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>102. <span class="smcap">Hirundo semirufa</span>, Sund.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 45. Red-breasted Swallow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Inchlangin, about the beginning of December 1873. Iris dark
+hazel. Many small beetles in stomach. Another I shot was either a young
+one or in moult.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Tati, October 4, 1874. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Laniidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>103. <span class="smcap">Dryoscopus boulboul</span> (Lath.): Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+Afr. B.</i>, p. 48. South African Puff-backed Bush-Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>104. <span class="smcap">Dryoscopus cubla</span> (Lath.): Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 48. Pied Puff-backed Bush-Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Tati, August 28, 1873. Iris crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>b, c.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>105. <span class="smcap">Laniarius bakbakiri</span> (Vieill): Layard’s <i>B. S.
+Afr.</i>, p. 161. Bakbakiri Bush-Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b.</i> ♂ Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark grey.
+Remains of beetles and seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Ladysmith, May 25, 1873. Iris dark grey.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>106. <span class="smcap">Laniarius sulphureipectus</span> (Less.): Sharpe,
+<i>Cat. Afr. B.</i> p. 49. Yellow-breasted Bush-Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Motloutsi River, October 15, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>107. <span class="smcap">Laniarius atrococcineus</span> (Burch.): Sharpe,
+<i>Cat. Afr. B.</i>, p. 49. Crimson-breasted Bush-Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris, outside violet,
+inside crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>b, c.</i> ♂ Near Eland’s River, July 1873. Iris, outside violet,
+inside crimson. Insects, beetles, and grasshoppers in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[313]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> Makalapsi River, August 8, 1873. Iris violet and crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>e.</i> ♂ Tati, September 2, 1873. Iris neutral tint.</p>
+
+<p><i>f.</i> ♂ Tati, October 2, 1874. Iris slate-colour; bill and legs
+black. Insects (principally beetles) in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>g.</i> ♂ Tati, October 21, 1874. Iris slate-colour; bill and legs
+black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>108. <span class="smcap">Laniarius senegalus</span> (L.): Red-winged
+Bush-Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 3, 1874. Iris
+hazel; bill black, base of upper and a good deal of base of under
+mandible bright slate-colour; legs pale slate-colour; claws rather
+darker.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Pantamatenka River, January 18, 1875. Iris dark hazel; bill
+black; legs pale slaty blue; claws dusky.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>109. <span class="smcap">Laniarius trivirgatus</span> (Smith): Gurney in
+Anderss. <i>B. Dam. Ld.</i>, p. 151. Three-streaked
+Bush-Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Near Metli River, August 10, 1873. Iris dusky hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>110. <span class="smcap">Lanius minor</span>, Gm.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr. B.</i>,
+p. 51. Lesser Grey Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b.</i> ♂ Tati River, where Makalaka road leaves it, going north,
+November 19, 1874. Iris hazel; bill lilac, tinged on top of upper and
+end of lower mandible with black; legs dark brown. Beetles in stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>111. <span class="smcap">Lanius collaris</span>, Gm.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 51. Collared Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Durban, April 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Pietermaritzburg, May 2, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ (?) Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark
+hazel. Stomach full of remains of beetles; no gravel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>112. <span class="smcap">Lanius collurio</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 50. Red-backed Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Meriko River, November 18, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ (slightly developed). Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris dark
+hazel; bill deep violet, pale at base; legs black.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ (?) Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill dusky
+lilac; legs and claws black.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♂ (?) Sibanani, December 11, 1874. Iris hazel; bill dark
+slate-colour, violet at base; legs blackish slate-colour.</p>
+
+<p><i>e, f.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>113. <span class="smcap">Urolestes melanoleucus</span> (Jard.): Gurney in
+Anderss. <i>B. Dam. Ld.</i>, p. 130. Black-and-white
+Long-tailed Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b.</i> ♂ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel (?). Large ants
+in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ [brown variety]. Near Hex River, July 1873. Iris ochreous
+hazel. Shot by Bell, who says the note is different from that of the
+black one, which is plentiful. This is the only brown one seen. He says
+it whistles. Large gnats and other insects in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♂ Tati, October 13, 1873. Iris dark brown.</p>
+
+<p><i>e.</i> Tati, March 25, 1874. Iris dark hazel. Stomach slightly
+muscular, full of remains of large insects.</p>
+
+<p><i>f.</i> ♂ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 20, 1874. Iris
+hazel; bill, legs, and claws black. Ants in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Prionopidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>114. <span class="smcap">Eurocephalus anguitimens</span>, Smith: Sharpe,
+<i>Cat. B.</i>, iii. p. 279. Smith’s Wood-Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, b. ♀ Tati, March 23, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill and legs
+black. Stomach muscular, containing a number of large hard seeds and
+one or two beetles.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>115. <span class="smcap">Prionops talacoma</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+B.</i>, iii. p. 321. South African Helmet-Shrike.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Near Metli River, August 10, 1873. Iris gamboge; skin round
+eye dentated, orange-yellow; legs pale vermilion.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Holfontein, November 25, 1873. Iris chrome yellow.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, June 21, 1874. Iris
+chrome yellow; skin round eye bright orange; legs and feet orange-red;
+claws dusky black. Stomach pretty fleshy, and containing remains of
+grasshoppers and beetles.</p>
+
+<p><i>d, e.</i> ♂ (?) First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, June 21, 1874.
+Iris chrome yellow; skin round eye light bright orange; legs and feet
+orange-red; claws dusky black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>116. <span class="smcap">Bradyornis Oatesii</span>, sp. n. Oates’s Wood-Shrike.
+(Plate B.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (adult.) First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 20,
+1874. Iris dark hazel. Stomach full of ants.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> (juv.) Geruah, January 25, 1875. Iris hazel; bill and legs
+black.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> (adult.) Not labelled.</p>
+
+<p>[Similis <i>B. pallido</i> sed cineraceus; gulâ conspicue albâ: pectore
+et corporis lateribus pallide cinerascentibus: subcaudalibus albis.</p>
+
+<p><i>Adult male.</i>—General colour above ashy; the head slightly
+browner, with indistinct brown shaft-streaks; least and median
+wing-coverts like the back; the median and greater coverts brown,
+edged with ashy brown, a little reddish on some of the outer greater
+coverts; quills brown, externally ashy or fulvous brown, the primaries
+and some of the innermost secondaries edged with pale whity brown;
+tail-feathers ashy brown, the feathers edged with paler brown; lores
+and a small patch above and below the eye dull white; in front of the
+eye a dusky spot; ear-coverts brown, slightly washed with fawn-colour,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span>
+and contrasting with the ashy grey head; cheeks ashy grey, like the
+sides of the neck; entire throat white, strongly defined; remainder of
+under surface pale ashy brown; whitish on the lower abdomen, vent, and
+under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ashy like
+the breast, the lower coverts slightly tinged with fawn-colour; quills
+dusky brown below, pale ashy fulvous along the inner web. Total length
+7·5 inches, culmen 0·55, wing 3·85, tail 3·1, tarsus 0·85.</p>
+
+<p>After a careful comparison of specimens I have come to the conclusion
+that the present bird is new to science. At first I thought it would
+be <i>B. murinus</i>, Finsch and Hartl., but the ear-coverts in that
+species are described as being like the sides of the neck and crop,
+whereas here the ear-coverts are in strong contrast; the under wing
+coverts also are not fawn-colour in Mr. Oates’s specimens. Having
+compared it with all the other species of <i>Bradyornis</i> represented
+in the British Museum, I modify the “Key to the species,” given in my
+<i>Catalogue of Birds</i>, vol. iii., p. 308, as follows:—</p>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Upper surface ashy or clear brown, not black.</p>
+
+<p><i>a′.</i> Above light reddish brown, uniform; throat white,
+like the rest of the under surface; under wing-coverts
+white.—<i>mariquensis.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>b′.</i> Above ashy; throat white, contrasting with the ashy under
+surface; under wing-coverts like the breast.—<i>Oatesii.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>c′.</i> Above light brown, uniform; throat white, contrasting with
+the fawn-buff breast; under wing-coverts fawn-colour.—<i>pallidus</i>,
+<i>modestus</i>, etc. etc.</p>
+
+<p>The fawn-coloured under wing-coverts of <i>B. pallidus</i>, the
+ashy brown throat and chest of <i>B. chocolatinus</i>, the reddish
+brown upper surface, and entirely white under surface of <i>B.
+mariquensis</i>, successively prevent <i>B. Oatesii</i> from being
+considered synonymous. A bird, determined as <i>B. murinus</i>, F. and
+H., from the Congo (Sharpe and Bouv., <i>Bull. Soc. Zool. France</i>,
+1877), would appear to be the same as <i>B. Oatesii</i>, but is in worn
+plumage.]</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Dicruridæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>117. <span class="smcap">Buchanga assimilis</span> (Bechst.): Sharpe, <i>Cat. B.</i>,
+iii. p. 247. African Drongo.</p>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris crimson. Beetles and
+grasshoppers in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Tati, October 11, 1873. Iris crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Ramaqueban River, August 2, 1874. Iris deep red; bill, legs,
+and claws black.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Oriolidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>118. <span class="smcap">Oriolus galbula</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. B.</i>, iii. p. 191.
+Golden Oriole.</p>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Meriko River, November 16, 1873. Iris crimson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[316]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Corvidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>119. <span class="smcap">Corvus scapulatus</span>, Daud.: Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+B.</i>, iii. p. 22. White-backed Crow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Ladysmith, May 27, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Seruli River, October 17, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Sturnidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>120. <span class="smcap">Buphaga africana</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 57. African Beef-eater.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b.</i> ♀ Semokwe River, September 1873. Iris orange.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>121. <span class="smcap">Dilophus carunculatus</span> (Gm.): Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+Afr. B.</i>, p. 56. Wattled Starling.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Ramaqueban River, September 4, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Second Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, September 1, 1874.
+Iris hazel; bare skin about the eye yellowish; bill dirty flesh-colour,
+base and tip dusky; legs, feet, and claws dusky brown. Stomach not very
+muscular, containing beetles and sand.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ (fully developed). Tati River, where Makalaka road leaves
+it, going north, November 18, 1874. Iris hazel; bill white, tinged with
+lilac; legs dark brownish flesh-colour; bare skin of head deep black
+in front, bright yellow behind; round the eyes a small bluish patch.
+Stomach muscular, containing beetles and grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>122. <span class="smcap">Amydrus bicolor</span> (Gm.): Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 55. Brown Starling.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris pale grey with
+orange rim. Contents of stomach miscellaneous.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>123. <span class="smcap">Amydrus Morio</span> (Daud.): Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 54. Cape Starling.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>124. <span class="smcap">Pholidauges Verreauxi</span>, Bocage: Sharpe, t. c. p.
+54. Verreaux’s Glossy Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Near Umvungu River, October 31, 1873. Iris hazel round
+pupil, and bright yellow round the hazel. Stomach containing remains of
+insects, and a number of large white berries, and sticky yellow matter
+with the berries; the latter said to be used for bird-lime, the berries
+said to grow on trees.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ (?) Near Umvungu River, November 12, 1873. Iris deep olive
+round pupil, and round the olive a bright yellow ring. Stomach not
+muscular, containing a few remains of small insects, but principally a
+quantity of vegetable matter like fine grass.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>125. <span class="smcap">Lamprotornis Australis</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 56. Smith’s Glossy Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Crocodile River, December 1, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[317]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>126. <span class="smcap">Lamprotornis Mevesi</span>, Wahlb.: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 56. Meves’s Glossy Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Nata River, December 5, 1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs
+black. Stomach containing ants.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>127. <span class="smcap">Lamprocolius phœnicopterus</span> (Sw.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 55. Red-shouldered Glossy Thrush.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Blauw Krans River, Natal, May 22, 1873. Iris bright orange.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Tati, October 11, 1873. Iris orange.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ Crocodile River, November 8, 1873. Iris orange.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♂ Meriko River, November 18, 1873. Iris orange.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Motacillidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>128. <span class="smcap">Motacilla aguimp</span>, Temm.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 73. African Pied Wagtail.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Durban, April 23, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel. Insects in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>129. <span class="smcap">Motacilla capensis</span>, L.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+73. Cape Wagtail.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Durban, April 23, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Pietermaritzburg, April 30, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Inyati, October 3, 1873. Iris dark hazel. Native name
+“Umvemve.”</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>130. <span class="smcap">Anthus pyrrhonotus</span>, Vieill.: Gurney in Anderss.
+<i>B. Dam. Ld.</i>, p. 113. Cinnamon-backed Pipit.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Kaar Kloof Heights, near Pietermaritzburg, May 19, 1873. Iris
+hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>131. <span class="smcap">Anthus caffer</span>, Sund.: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+72. South African Pipit.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Pietermaritzburg, about the beginning of May 1873.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>132. <span class="smcap">Macronyx capensis</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+73. Cape Long-claw.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b.</i> ♀ (?) Between Ladysmith and Newcastle, about the end of
+May 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Pretoria, December 7, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Alaudidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>133. <span class="smcap">Certhilauda semitorquata</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 71. Grey-collared Lark.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Transvaal, December 18, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>134. <span class="smcap">Mirafra africana</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>P. Z.
+S.</i>, 1874, p. 642. South-African Lark.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Tibakai’s Pan, December 19, 1874. Iris pale reddish
+hazel;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[318]</span> bill dirty flesh-colour; top of upper mandible dusky; legs
+flesh-colour. Insects and seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>135. <span class="smcap">Mirafra sabota</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>P. Z.
+S.</i>, 1874, p. 645. Sabota Lark.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Tati, October 25, 1874. Iris bright light brown; upper
+mandible dusky, under one dirty flesh-colour; legs pale brown. Stomach
+muscular, containing large hard seeds.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>136. <span class="smcap">Tephrocorys cinerea</span> (Gm.): Sharpe, <i>P. Z.
+S.</i>, 1874, p. 633. South African Rufous-capped Lark.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Pietermaritzburg, May 2, 1873.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Ploceidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>137. <span class="smcap">Sycobrotus bicolor</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+Afr. B.</i>, p. 60. Natal Black-and-yellow Weaver-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>138. <span class="smcap">Textor erythrorhynchus</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 58. Red-billed Black Weaver-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Tati, March 25, 1874. Iris dark greyish hazel; bill and
+legs dusky orange. Stomach very muscular, containing seeds and
+insects. Noisy tame bird. Shot in company with the black Long-tails
+(<i>Chera</i>); had been moulting, as feathers were loose.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Tati, October 25, 1874. Iris dark; bill dusky orange; legs
+dusky, with an orange tinge.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ Near first Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, June 17, 1874.
+Iris dark hazel; bill and legs dusky orange. Stomach containing many
+seeds, and a few insect remains and gravel. Three nests in a high tree
+full of these birds.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♂ Tati, September 30, 1874. Iris hazel; bill coral-red; legs
+salmon-colour; claws dusky. Shot by Thomson out of a flock of similar
+birds, and a black-winged white species.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>139. <span class="smcap">Hyphantornis capensis</span> (Gm.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 59. Cape Yellow Weaver-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Transvaal, December 16, 1873. Iris straw-colour.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>140. <span class="smcap">Hyphantornis olivaceus</span> (Hahn): Gray, <i>Handl.
+B.</i>, ii. p. 41, No. 6575. Olive-and-yellow Weaver-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Transvaal, December 16, 1873. Iris raw sienna.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>141. <span class="smcap">Hyphantornis ocularis</span> (Smith). Smith’s
+Weaver-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, <i>b.</i> ♀ Pinetown, near Durban, April 1873. Iris buff;
+bill black; legs grey.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Pietermaritzburg, April 30, 1873. Iris light hazel or
+golden.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[319]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>142. <span class="smcap">Hyphantornis mariquensis</span> (Smith): Layard, <i>B.
+S. Afr.</i>, p. 182. Mariqua Weaver-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Seruli River, October 18, 1873. Iris bronze.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>143. <span class="smcap">Hyphantornis nigrifrons</span>, Cab.: Layard, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 180. Black-fronted Weaver-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Inyati, October 3, 1873. Iris pale reddish hazel; bill and
+legs pinkish; upper mandible tinged with dusky. This bird, and another
+shot the same time, were in moult. The other one is much duller; not
+so yellow on head, rump, and tail; throat and breast tinged with pale
+yellow; belly white.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Ishokwani, near Semokwe River, October 14, 1873. Iris
+yellowish white.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Tati, October 21, 1874. Iris straw-colour; lower mandible
+flesh-colour, upper one dusky; legs slate-colour. Insects in stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>144. <span class="smcap">Sporopipes squamifrons</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>Cat.
+Afr. B.</i>, p. 61. Scutellated Finch.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Semokwe River, September 30, 1873. Iris burnt sienna.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>145. <span class="smcap">Vidua Verreauxi</span>, Cass.: Finsch and Hartl.,
+<i>Vög. Ost-afr.</i>, p. 426. Verreaux’s Widow-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (very fully developed). Tati, March 30, 1874. Iris dark
+hazel. Stomach containing seeds, a little grit, and remains of a beetle.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>146. <span class="smcap">Vidua regia</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr. B.</i>,
+p. 63. Shaft-tailed Widow-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b, c, d.</i> ♂ Tati, March 20, 21, 22, 24, 1874. Iris dark hazel;
+bill, legs, and claws, coral-red. Small seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>147. <span class="smcap">Vidua principalis</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+63. Common Widow-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Transvaal, December 1, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Hope Fountain, near Gubuleweyo; shot in Mr. Thomson’s
+garden, about the beginning of December 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ (?) Tati, March 31, 1874. Iris dark; bill and legs
+coral-red. I think this may be an immature male. In one or two examined
+afterwards, undoubted females, the bill was pale and the legs more
+dusky.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>148. <span class="smcap">Chera progne</span> (Bodd.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+63. Great Widow-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Pietermaritzburg, April 30, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b, c.</i> John Scott’s Farm, Transvaal, June 19, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>d, e.</i> ♂ Transvaal, December 18, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>f, g, h, i.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>149. <span class="smcap">Penthetria albinotata</span> (Cass.): Finsch and
+Hartl., <i>Vög. Ost-afr.</i>, p. 420. White-spotted
+Widow-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[320]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (undeveloped). Tamasetsie, December 16, 1874. Iris hazel;
+bill bluish; legs black.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Between the Pantamatenka River and Zambesi, January 11,
+1875. Iris hazel; bill pale bluish violet; legs black. Seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>150. <span class="smcap">Penthetria ardens</span> (Bodd.): Sharpe, <i>Cat. Afr.
+B.</i>, p. 63. Orange-throated Widow-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Natal, 1873.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>151. <span class="smcap">Euplectes capensis</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 62. Cape Black-and-yellow Widow-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Kaar Kloof Heights, near Pietermaritzburg, May 19, 1873. Iris
+hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Inyati, September 29, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Semokwe River, October 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> Hope Fountain, near Gubuleweyo, about the beginning of
+December 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>e.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>152. <span class="smcap">Euplectes oryx</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+62. Red Bishop-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b.</i> ♂ Transvaal, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Hope Fountain, near Gubuleweyo, about the beginning of
+December 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Fringillidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>153. <span class="smcap">Amadina erythrocephala</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 65. Red-headed Wax-bill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Tati, October 1874. Iris pale hazel; skin round eye red;
+bill dusky blue; legs dirty flesh-colour.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>154. <span class="smcap">Pytelia melba</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p. 66.
+Southern Red-faced Finch.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Tati, September 1, 1873. Iris burnt sienna.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Tati, September 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ (?) d. Tati, October 28, 1874. Iris scarlet; bill
+coral-red; legs pale brown.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>155. <span class="smcap">Estrelda astrild</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+65. Wax-bill Finch.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, <i>b.</i> Tati, October 9, 1874. Iris hazel (?); bill
+vermilion; legs and claws black.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>156. <span class="smcap">Estrelda erythronota</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 64. Black-cheeked Finch.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀, <i>b.</i> Tati, October 3, 1874. Iris deep crimson; bill
+dark slate-colour.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[321]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>157. <span class="smcap">Estrelda granatina</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 65. Grenadier Wax-bill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Semokwe River, September 1873.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Tati, September 30, 1874. Iris red; bill and skin round eye
+scarlet-lake; legs dark brown.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>158. <span class="smcap">Estrelda cyanogastra</span> (Daud.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 65. Southern Bengali Finch.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Tati, March 21, 1874. Iris claret-colour; bill violet,
+lilac at base; legs pale flesh-colour. Small seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Tati, October 3, 1874. Iris claret-colour.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Tati, October 21, 1874. Iris claret-colour; bill violet;
+legs pale brown (?).</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> ♀ Tati, October 1874.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>159. <span class="smcap">Lagonosticta minima</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 66. Amadavat Finch.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris very pale hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris lake.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>160. <span class="smcap">Ortygospiza polyzona</span> (Temm.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 66. Little Barred-breasted Finch.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Desolate country near Newcastle, June 5, 1873. Iris
+pheasant-colour. Two shot out of a flock.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>161. <span class="smcap">Passer motitensis</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 69. Greater South African Sparrow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Palatswe River, August 13, 1873. Iris dark greyish hazel.
+Stomach very muscular, containing grit; seeds in throat.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ (probably). Tati, September 24, 1874. Iris palish hazel;
+bill black; legs brown; claws darker.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Tati, October 19, 1873. Iris brown.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> Tati, October 6, 1874. Bill black; legs brown.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>162. <span class="smcap">Passer diffusus</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+69. Southern Grey-headed Sparrow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Crocodile River; in cultivated fields, July 1873. Iris
+greenish hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>163. <span class="smcap">Plocepasser mahali</span>, Smith: Sharpe, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 61. White-browed Weaver-bird.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Palatswe River, August 13, 1873. Iris dark burnt sienna.
+Stomach muscular, containing remains of insects. Song not unlike that
+of a Chaffinch, but much shorter and quieter. I think I have seen these
+birds since the Lion Camp on the Crocodile River. They go in small
+parties.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[322]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>164. <span class="smcap">Poliospiza gularis</span> (Smith): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 68. Striped-headed Grosbeak.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris pale
+claret-tinted hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>165. <span class="smcap">Crithagra chrysopyga</span> (Sw.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 67. Golden-rumped Grosbeak.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Tati, October 9, 1874. Iris hazel; bill dirty violet or
+flesh-colour; legs brown.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>166. <span class="smcap">Crithagra angolensis</span> (Gm.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 67. Angola Grosbeak.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (?) First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 20, 1874.
+Iris hazel. Shot out of flock.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>167. <span class="smcap">Fringillaria flaviventris</span> (Vieill.): Sharpe,
+<i>t. c.</i> p. 70. Golden-breasted Bunting.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Between the Gokwe and Seruli Rivers, October 17, 1873. Iris
+hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Semokwe River, October 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> (young bird). Inchlangin, beginning of December 1873. Iris
+hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>d.</i> First Makalaka kraal, Zambesi road, August 19, 1874. Iris
+dark hazel. Another I examined like this in plumage was a male. I have
+seen them much duller in colour, and the black stripes on the head
+replaced by brown.</p>
+
+<p><i>e.</i> ♂ Tati, October 10, 1874. Iris hazel; bill flesh-colour; legs
+pale brown.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>168. <span class="smcap">Fringillaria capensis</span> (L.): Sharpe, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 70. Cape Bunting.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+Seeds and fly in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<p>Order COLUMBÆ.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>169. <span class="smcap">Turtur capicola</span>, Sund.: Finsch and Hartl.,
+<i>Vög. Ost-afr.</i>, p. 548. Cape Turtle Dove.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, April 11, 1873. Iris dark hazel.
+Seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Pietermaritzburg, beginning of May 1873. Iris slate-colour
+(?); legs flesh-colour.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♀ (?) Between Pretoria and Bamangwato. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>170. <span class="smcap">Chalcopelia afra</span> (L.): Finsch and Hartl., <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 554. Emerald-spotted Dove.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Blauw Krans River, Natal, May 22, 1873. Iris chestnut.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>171. <span class="smcap">Œna capensis</span> (L.): Finsch and Hartl., <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 557. Long-tailed African Dove.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[323]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Between Pretoria and Bamangwato, July 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Near Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Tati, September 29, 1874. Iris and bill orange; legs lake.
+Small black seeds in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order GALLINÆ.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Pteroclidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>172. <span class="smcap">Pterocles gutturalis</span>, Smith: Layard, <i>B. S.
+Afr.</i>, p. 279. Yellow-throated Sand-Grouse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b.</i> ♂, <i>c.</i> ♀ Shashe River, where Zambesi road crosses
+it, north of Tati; coming to the water night and morning, August 17,
+1874. Iris hazel; bill and legs dark bluish grey; claws dusky black. A
+small species of bean and gravel in stomach, which is very muscular.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>173. <span class="smcap">Pterocles bicinctus,</span> Temm.: Layard, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 278. Double-banded Sand-Grouse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Makalapsi River, August 6, 1873. Iris hazel; skin round eye
+yellow; bill very dark; corners of mouth and base of lower mandible
+yellow; legs and feet dusky yellow; claws dark dusky brownish lake.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Makalapsi River, August 8, 1873. Iris hazel; skin round eye
+bright yellow; upper mandible deep lake, under one orange; legs and
+feet dull yellow; claws dusky lake. Crop very full of small pebbles; a
+few seeds in it.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂, <i>d.</i> ♀ Motloutsi River, August 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Perdicidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>174. <span class="smcap">Turnix lepurana</span>, Smith: Layard, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+275. Kurrichaine Hemipode.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>175. <span class="smcap">Francolinus afer</span>, Temm.: Layard, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 270. Grey-winged Francolin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b.</i> ♂ Retief’s Drift, Vaal River, June 11, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>176. <span class="smcap">Francolinus natalensis</span>, Smith: Layard, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 273. Natal Francolin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Makalapsi River, August 7, 1873. Iris hazel; bill dusky;
+tip and lower mandible pale orange; legs, feet, and claws palish orange.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>177. <span class="smcap">Francolinus pileatus</span>, Smith: Layard, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 272. Pileated Francolin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, <i>b.</i> ♀ Lion Camp, Crocodile River, July 1873. Iris
+hazel; legs red.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> ♂ Gokwe River, October 16, 1873. Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[324]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>178. <span class="smcap">Coturnix dactylisonans</span>, Temm.: Layard, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 274. Common Quail.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ High Veldt, Transvaal, December 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>179. <span class="smcap">Coturnix Delegorguei</span>, Delegorgue: <i>C.
+histrionica</i>, Hartl.: Layard, <i>t. c.</i> p. 275.
+Harlequin Quail.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Gubuleweyo, December 26, 1873. Native name “Seguatha.” Iris
+rich brown; bill black; legs pale flesh-colour. Does not lie well to a
+dog, but runs rapidly, and at last rises.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂, <i>c.</i> ♀ Gubuleweyo, January 3, 1874. Iris rich brown;
+bill black; legs and feet salmon-colour.</p>
+
+
+<p>Order GRALLÆ.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Rallidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>180. <span class="smcap">Parra capensis</span>, Smith: Gurney in Anderss. <i>B.
+Dam. Ld.</i>, p. 330. Lesser African Jacana.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>181. <span class="smcap">Porphyris Alleni</span>, Thoms.: Gurney, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 327. Allen’s Blue Water-hen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>182. <span class="smcap">Fulica cristata</span> (Gm.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+327. Rufous-knobbed Coot.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Transvaal, 1873.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>183. <span class="smcap">Gallinula angulata</span>, Sund.: Gurney, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 321. South African Moor-hen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Dry River; killed by the boys with sticks, February 27,
+1874. Iris crimson; a narrow circle of tawny yellow within the iris,
+near the outside; bill crimson and yellow; legs greenish yellow.
+Vegetable matter in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Tibakai’s Vlei, December 19, 1874. Iris pale crimson; bill
+yellow, scarlet stripe on top of upper mandible, under one tipped with
+scarlet; legs pale yellowish brown; thighs pale yellow, tinged with
+brown. Gravel and vegetable matter in stomach.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>184. <span class="smcap">Ortygometra egregia</span> (Peters): Finsch and
+Hartl., <i>Vög. Ost-Afr.</i>, p. 778. Peters’s Crake.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Gubuleweyo; shot in marsh by spruit, December 26, 1873. Iris
+crimson-lake; skin round iris vermilion; lower part of base of upper
+mandible and whole of base of lower mandible magenta, of a lilac tinge;
+upper part of upper mandible dark slate-colour, lower part of it near
+tip lighter slate-colour, tip of lower mandible whitish; legs dusky
+flesh-colour.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>185. <span class="smcap">Crex pratensis</span>, Bechstein. <i>Ortygometra
+crex</i> (Gm.): Layard, <i>B. S. Afr.</i>, p. 338. Corn-crake.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[325]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ (testes slightly developed). Tati; shot in long grass,
+March 22, 1874. Iris red-brown; skin round eye brick-red; bill violet;
+legs pale flesh-colour. Stomach muscular, containing stones and remains
+of large insects.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Scolopacidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>186. Philomachus pugnax (L.): Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld.,
+p. 304. Ruff.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, November 4, 1874. Iris
+hazel; bill dusky black, brownish at base; legs dirty orange; claws
+black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>187. <span class="smcap">Actitis hypoleucus</span> (L.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 303. Common Sandpiper.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Inyati, October 2, 1873. Iris dark hazel; bill dusky, base
+of lower mandible pale neutral tint; legs pale violet; feet and claws
+dusky.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Sibanani, December 7, 1874. Iris hazel; legs pale dirty
+slate-colour; base of lower mandible slate-colour; rest of bill dusky
+black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>188. <span class="smcap">Totanus canescens</span> (Gm.): Sharpe and Dresser,
+<i>B. Eur.</i>, pl. xlii. Greenshanks.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Inquinquesi River, September 29, 1873. Native name
+“Tabi-tabi.” Iris dark hazel; legs dull olive.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>189. <span class="smcap">Totanus glareola</span> (L.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+302. Wood Sandpiper.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Inyati, September 28, 1873. Iris dark hazel; legs dull olive
+green.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Glareolidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>190. <span class="smcap">Glareola melanoptera</span> (Nordm.): Gurney, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 264. Black-winged Pratincole.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, <i>b.</i> ♀ Branslow’s Farm, Transvaal, December 8, 1873.
+Iris dark hazel.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Charadriidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>191. <span class="smcap">Hoplopterus speciosus</span> (Licht.): Gurney, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 267. Blacksmith Plover.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Branslow’s Farm, Transvaal, December 8, 1873. Iris dark
+crimson.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Shashe River, October 16, 1874. Iris crimson; bill and legs
+black. Beetles in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><i>c.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>192. <span class="smcap">Chettusia coronata</span> (Gm.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 268. Wreathed Plover.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[326]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Bisschop’s Farm, Transvaal, June 20, 1873. Iris bright
+yellow, with hazel ring round pupil. Stomach containing beetles and
+grasshoppers.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ (testes very rudimentary). Tati, March 26, 1874. Iris hazel
+round pupil, then yellow; bill magenta, tip black; legs and skin round
+eye magenta; claws black.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>193. <span class="smcap">Ægialitis atricollaris</span> (Vieill.): Gurney, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 274. Treble-collared Plover.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Durban, April 23, 1873.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Otididæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>194. <span class="smcap">Otis kori</span>, Burchell. <i>Eupodotis cristata</i>,
+Layard, <i>t. c.</i> p. 283. Kori Bustard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> (Sex doubtful; perhaps a young hen.) Near Palatswe River,
+May 16, 1874. Iris hazel, dark round the pupil, but becoming very pale
+towards the outside; upper mandible black; under one greenish white,
+tipped with black; legs and feet pale greenish white; claws dusky.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>195. <span class="smcap">Eupodotis cærulescens</span> (Vieill.): Layard, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 285. Blue Bustard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Near Sunday’s River, May 28, 1873. Iris hazel.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>196. <span class="smcap">Œdicnemus capensis</span>, Licht.: Gurney in Anderss.
+<i>B. Dam. Ld.</i>, p. 266. Spotted Thick-knee.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Near Pilandsberg, Transvaal, July 1873. Iris golden yellow;
+eye large.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Ardeidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>197. <span class="smcap">Ardea melanocephala</span>, Vig. and Childr.: Gurney,
+<i>t. c.</i> p. 284. Black-throated Heron.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Marsh near Pretoria, June 21, 1873. Iris yellow.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>198. <span class="smcap">Ardea purpurea</span>, L.: Gurney, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+286. Purple Heron.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>199. <span class="smcap">Herodias intermedia</span> (Wagl.): Gurney, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 289. Short-billed Egret.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>200. <span class="smcap">Butorides atricapillus</span> (Afzel): Gurney, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 292. Black-headed Dwarf Heron.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a, b.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>201. <span class="smcap">Butorides Sturmii</span> (Wagl.), <i>Ardeiralla
+Sturmii</i> (Wagl.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i> p. 291. Sturm’s
+Heron.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[327]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>202. <span class="smcap">Butorides rufiventris</span> (Sund.), <i>Ardea
+rufiventris</i> (Sund.): Ayres, <i>Ibis</i>, 1871, pl. ix.
+Red-bellied Heron.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Hendrik’s Vlei, December 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill black;
+legs slate-colour.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>203. <span class="smcap">Bubulcus ibis</span> (Hasselq.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 288. Buff-backed Heron.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Tati, September 26, 1874. Iris bright yellow, inclining to
+orange; skin round eye chrome yellow; bill yellow; legs orange-yellow,
+somewhat dusky; claws blackish. Lizards, grasshoppers, and beetles in
+stomach. This bird not so fat as some shot at Bamangwato in May.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Ciconiidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>204. <span class="smcap">Ciconia alba</span> (L.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i> p. 280.
+White Stork.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Ramaqueban River, where the Zambesi road leaves it,
+going north, November 15, 1874. Iris dark hazel; bill and legs
+orange-vermilion; skin about eye the same, but with a dark patch on it
+near the eye, and also near the under mandible.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>205. <span class="smcap">Sphenorhynchus Abdimii</span> (Licht.): Gurney, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 280. White-bellied Stork.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Sibanani, December 11, 1874. Iris white, inclining to
+greenish ochreous; bill olive, tipped with vermilion; a flesh-coloured
+knob at the base.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>206. <span class="smcap">Scopus umbretta</span> (Gm.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+294. Tufted Umbre.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂ Makalapsi River, August 7, 1873. Iris dark; bill, legs, and
+claws black. Frogs in stomach.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order NATATORES.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Anatidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>207. <span class="smcap">Sarkidiornis melanonotus</span> (Penn.): Gurney, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 335. Knob-billed Goose.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, March 16, 1874. Iris
+dark hazel; bill and legs black. Shot in a tree. The dogs caught a
+young one in the pan, where I suppose this Goose had its brood.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>208. <span class="smcap">Nettapus auritus</span> (Bodd.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 336. African Dwarf Goose.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♂, <i>b.</i> [♀]. Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>209. <span class="smcap">Anas xanthorhyncha</span>, Forst.: Gurney, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 342. Yellow-billed Duck.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Near Pretoria, June 18, 1873. Iris bright brown. Grit and
+vegetable matter in stomach.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[328]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>210. <span class="smcap">Pæcilonetta erythrorhyncha</span> (Smith): Gurney,
+<i>t. c.</i> p. 339. Red-billed Teal.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> ♀ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, March 16, 1874. Iris
+dark hazel; bill (I think) brown on top, dull orange on sides; legs
+black. Caught by dog. They say this is the common small duck here.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♂ Mopani Pan, near Ramaqueban River, November 5, 1874. Iris
+bright brown; bill pink with a lilac tinge, a dark lilac stroke on
+the top; legs slate-colour, inclining to lilac. Out of four shot, I
+think three were males and one a female, but the plumage differed very
+little. The boy found a curious swelling in the windpipe of two, which
+he says were males. He said the female had not got it.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Pelecanidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>211. <span class="smcap">Graculus africanus</span> (Gm.): Gurney, <i>t. c.</i>
+p. 370. Long-tailed Cormorant.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Not labelled.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>212. <span class="smcap">Plotus Levaillantii</span>, Licht.: Gurney, <i>t.
+c.</i> p. 367. Le Vaillant’s Darter.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Meriko River, November 1873.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Podicipidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>213. <span class="smcap">Podiceps minor</span>, L.: Gurney, <i>t. c.</i> p.
+347. Little Grebe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>a.</i> Tchakani Vlei, May 15, 1874. Iris yellowish hazel, or rather
+deep raw sienna or amber; upper mandible dusky black; base and lower
+mandible orange; legs and feet black.</p>
+
+<p><i>b.</i> ♀ Tamasancha, December 10, 1874. Bill black, tipped with
+white, and spotted at base with white; legs black, fringed on webs with
+white. Beetles in stomach.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_a" style="max-width: 355px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.A.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_a.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center">J.G.Keulemans lith.&emsp;&emsp;Hanhart imp.</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">SAXICOLA SHELLEYI.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_b" style="max-width: 357px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.B.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_b.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center">J.G.Keulemans lith.&emsp;&emsp;Hanhart imp.</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">BRADYORNIS OATESII.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[329]</span></p>
+
+<h2>III.<br>
+<span class="subhed">HERPETOLOGY.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed1"><span class="smcap">By Albert Günther</span>, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed2">(<span class="allsmcap">PLATES C, D.</span>)</span><br>
+<span class="subhed2"><i>DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF SNAKES FROM SOUTH-EASTERN
+AFRICA.</i></span></h2></div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Colubridæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Coronella Tritænia</span>, sp. n. (Plate C.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Vertical shield elongate, twice as long as broad, longer than the two
+frontals together, or than the occipital which is rounded behind.
+Rostral shield extending on the upper surface of the head; loreal
+square; anteocular large, extending to the upper surface of the head,
+but not reaching the vertical; two post-oculars. Eight upper labials,
+the fourth and fifth entering the orbit, the last small. Two large
+anterior temporals which are in contact with both post-oculars; the
+outer temporals scale-like. Scales in seventeen rows, with a single
+apical groove. Ventrals 168; anal bifid; sub-caudals 61. Posterior
+maxillary tooth grooved. Ground colour light olive, with three well
+defined brown longitudinal bands; the median one commences behind the
+occipital and is lost in the middle of the tail; it occupies the median
+series of scales, and has a fine yellow line running along its middle;
+the lateral band commences underneath the canthus rostralis, and is
+continued to the end of the tail; it occupies the third and fourth
+outer series of scales and the adjoining halves of the neighbouring
+series; it has narrow black edges; the outermost series of scales is
+white like the abdomen, but with a faint brownish line. Lower parts
+pure white.</p>
+
+<p>Total length 19 inches; the cleft of the mouth measuring six lines, and
+the tail 3½ inches.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[330]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Dryiophidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dryiophis Oatesii</span>, sp. n. (Plate D.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Allied to <i>Dryiophis Kirtlandii</i>, but the rostral shield is not
+reverted to the upper surface of the head; the præocular reaches to
+the upper surface only, remaining far distant from the vertical. Two
+post-oculars: temporals 1 + 2 + 2, the anterior being the smallest, and
+in contact with the upper post-ocular.</p>
+
+<p>Head with very peculiar colouration; the upper surface is ornamented
+by a pink T-shaped figure, the horizontal bar stretching from eye
+to eye, and the vertical part occupying the middle of the occipital
+shields. This figure is finely mottled with black. An irregular,
+oblique, blackish line from the eye to the penultimate upper labial,
+the pink temporal scales margined with black. Body coloured as in <i>D.
+Kirtlandii</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Total length 47 inches; the tail measuring 19 inches; length of the
+cleft of the mouth 14 lines.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_c" style="max-width: 705px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.C.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_c.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center">R.Mintern lith.&emsp;&emsp;Mintern Bros. imp.</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">CORONELLA TRITÆNIA.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_d" style="max-width: 340px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.D.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_d.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center">R. Mintern lith.&emsp;&emsp;Mintern Bros. imp.</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">DRYIOPHIS OATESII.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[331]</span></p>
+
+<h2>IV.<br>
+<span class="subhed">ENTOMOLOGY.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed1">By <span class="smcap">J. O. Westwood</span>, M.A., F.L.S., Etc.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed1">Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed1">(<span class="smcap">Plates</span> E-H.)</span><br></h2></div>
+
+
+<p>The Collection of Insects formed by Mr. F. Oates, now in the
+Entomological Museum of the University of Oxford, although not of
+considerable extent, fortunately comprises examples of many of the very
+peculiar groups and genera characteristic of the greater part of the
+African continent.</p>
+
+<p>The geographical distribution of animals has, during the last few
+years, attracted so much attention among naturalists, that a few
+preliminary observations on the subject will not be considered out of
+place.</p>
+
+<p>M. Lacordaire, in the chapter on the geographical distribution of
+insects, in his “<i>Introduction à l’Entomologie</i>,” divided the
+African continent into numerous regions, as follows:—1. Upper Egypt,
+Nubia, and Abyssinia; 2. The country south of the Atlas Range, as far
+as the Great Desert, and including Morocco; 3. Senegambia; 4. The coast
+of Guinea; 5. Congo; 6. The Cape of Good Hope; 7. Madagascar; 8. The
+islands of Mauritius and Bourbon.</p>
+
+<p>In the still more recent works of Mr. Wallace on the geographical
+distribution of animals, we find that (with the exception of the
+whole of North Africa—including the northern half of Egypt and of
+Arabia—which are united with the Mediterranean sub-region and regarded
+as a portion of the primary Polar Arctic region) the remainder of
+Africa, south of the tropic of Cancer, is constituted into a primary
+region, to which the name of “Ethiopian” has been applied, and in which
+the zoological productions are of a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[332]</span> remarkably homogeneous character.
+Of this Ethiopian region the portion which extends on the western side
+of the continent, between the rivers Gambia and Congo, and consequently
+embracing Guinea and the Gold Coast, and reaching as far as 25° East
+long., is of a distinct character, being occupied by dense forests.
+To this sub-region the name of “West African” has been applied.
+Another sub-region, the “South African,” is formed of that part of the
+continent south of the tropic of Capricorn, but extending northwards
+along the east coast as far as Mozambique.</p>
+
+<p>The remainder of Africa, from the tropic of Cancer to the river Gambia
+on the west coast, and including Senegambia, Timbuctoo, South Egypt,
+Abyssinia, the eastern half of Africa (including the great lakes,
+and Zanzibar), and reaching from Mozambique on the east to Angola,
+Benguela, and Damara Land on the west coast, is considered as forming
+a third sub-region, to which the inappropriate name of “East Africa”
+has been applied. It is in the south-eastern portion of this third
+sub-region that the collection of insects formed by Mr. F. Oates was
+obtained.</p>
+
+<p>The surface of all this sub-region is described by Mr. A. R. Wallace
+as “generally open, covered with a vegetation of high grasses or
+thorny shrubs, with scattered trees and isolated patches of forest in
+favourable situations. The only parts where continuous forests occur
+are on the eastern and western slopes of the great Abyssinian plateau,
+and on the Mozambique coast from Zanzibar to Sofala. The whole of this
+great district has one general zoological character. Many species range
+from Senegal to Abyssinia; others from Abyssinia to the Zambesi; and
+a few, as <i>Mungos fasciatus</i> and <i>Phacochærus æthiopicus</i>
+(to which great numbers of species of insects may be added), range
+over the entire sub-region.” Various species of quadrupeds and birds
+are mentioned, which are found in Gambia, Abyssinia, and South-east
+Africa, but not in the West African sub-region; and yet Mr. Wallace
+adds, “Although this sub-region is so extensive and so generally
+uniform in physical features, it is by far the least<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[333]</span> peculiar part
+of Africa. It possesses, of course, all those wide-spread Ethiopian
+types which inhabit every part of the region; but it has hardly any
+special features of its own. The few genera which are peculiar to it
+have generally a limited range, and for the most part belong either to
+the isolated mountain-plateau of Abyssinia, which is almost as much
+Polar-Arctic as Ethiopian, or to the woody districts of Mozambique,
+where the fauna has more of a West or South African character.” Surely
+these circumstances, if correctly stated, together with the fact
+connected with the existence of the Great Sahara desert, extending
+many hundred miles wide across Africa, lead to the conclusion that the
+division of Africa south of the tropic of Cancer into three principal
+areas is unnatural, and that, with the exception of the necessary
+consequence of greater life-action within the tropics, there is so much
+uniformity in the animal productions of Africa as to render it (with
+our present knowledge at least) undesirable to cut up the continent
+into these sub-regions.</p>
+
+
+<p>Order LEPIDOPTERA.</p>
+
+<p>The Lepidopterous insects (butterflies and moths) especially attracted
+much of the attention of Mr. Oates; and of the day-flying species
+(Rhopalocera) he collected seventy-three different kinds, of which
+nineteen appear to be previously undescribed. As they form the most
+important part of his collection, I have given a complete catalogue of
+them in the following pages. These insects abound in certain districts,
+and in Mr. Trimen’s work on South African butterflies, as many as 226
+different species are recorded.</p>
+
+<p>Species of the families Danaidæ, Satyridæ, Acræidæ, Nymphalidæ,
+Lycænidæ, Pieridæ, Papilionidæ, and Hesperiidæ occur in each of the
+three divisions into which Mr. Wallace has divided the continent south
+of the Great Desert; but of the families Elymniidæ, Libytheidæ, and
+Nemeobiidæ no species have been found in the South<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[334]</span> African sub-region,
+which, however, possesses seven genera peculiar to itself,—two
+belonging to the Satyridæ, one to the Acræidæ, three to the Lycænidæ,
+and one to the Hesperiidæ. The beautiful species of Zeritis are also
+peculiar to this sub-region; one additional species only inhabiting
+West Africa.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Danaidæ (including the greater part of the Heliconian
+butterflies), species occur in each of the four Ethiopian sub-regions.
+Of the Satyridæ, which also occur in all the four sub-regions,
+Gnophodes, Leptoneura, and a few other small genera are exclusively
+African. Of the Elymniidæ, which are peculiar to the Malayan and
+Moluccan districts, one species also occurs in Ashanti. The Morphidæ,
+Brassolidæ, and typical Heliconiidæ do not occur in Africa; the
+Acræidæ, on the contrary, have their metropolis in this continent,
+which produces more than two-thirds of all the known species. Of the
+Nymphalidæ, which is the largest and most universally distributed
+family of butterflies, species occur in all the sub-regions of Africa.
+There are fourteen genera of these butterflies exclusively African,
+including Lachnoptera, Amphidema, Catuna, Euryphene, Romaleosoma,
+Aterica, and Harma. Libythea (constituting the family Libytheidæ) is
+widely distributed, and occurs in Western Africa and Madagascar, but
+not in Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa. Such is also the case
+with the family Nemeobiidæ. No representative of the family Erycinidæ
+(proper) occurs in the old world or Australia. The Lycænidæ, on the
+other hand, are found in all the sub-regions of the globe, the genera
+Pentila, Liptena, D’Urbania, Axiocerces, Capys, Phytala, Epitola,
+Hewitsonia, and Deloneura, being peculiar to Africa. Of the family
+Pieridæ, Teracolus and Pseudopontia are the only genera exclusively
+African; but the species of other genera are very numerous, especially
+in the group of white butterflies with orange tips to their fore wings.
+The family Papilionidæ are very widely distributed over all the warmer
+regions of the globe; and although no peculiar genus belonging to the
+family is found in Africa, there are several very interesting groups of
+species, such<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[335]</span> as <i>Pap. Nireus</i> and its allies, with black wings
+spotted or banded with green. The Merope group, with its cream-coloured
+males, spotted with black and furnished with tails, is remarkable for
+having tailless females in South Africa, so much unlike their partners
+as to have been described as several distinct species; whereas in
+Madagascar the females of this group can scarcely be distinguished
+either in form or colours from the males. Lastly, of the Hesperiidæ,
+distributed all over the globe, thirteen of the genera contain species
+which are natives of Africa, three of them being peculiar to that
+region—namely Abantis, from Mozambique, Ceratrichia, Butler, from
+Western Africa, and Caprona, Wallengren, from Southern Africa.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA.</i></h4>
+
+<p class="center">Family <span class="smcap">Papilionidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Genus <span class="smcap">Papilio</span>, Auct.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>1. (1) <span class="smcap">Papilio Demoleus</span>, <i>Linnæus</i>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Papilio Demodocus</i>, Esper.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ranges from Western Tropical Africa to the Cape of Good Hope.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Callidryas</span>, Boisduval; E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 66.</p>
+
+<p><i>Catopsilia</i>, W. F. Kirby, Syn. Cat. p. 481.<a id="FNanchor_76" href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>2. (1) <span class="smcap">Callidryas Swainsonii</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p><i>Colias Pyrene</i>, Swainson, Zool. Ill. vol. i. pl. 51.
+(Not of Linnæus, which is an Indian species, belonging to the
+genus <i>Thestias</i>, Boisduval.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Callidryas Pyrene</i>, Butler, Lep. Exot. pl. 16, f. 8–10.</p>
+
+<p><i>Callidryas Florella</i>, Boisduval; Trimen, Rhopal. Afr.
+Austr. p. 68; but not of Fabricius nor Donovan, Nat. Repos.
+III. pl. 90.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many individuals of this species were taken at the Motloutsi River,
+varying in having the black spot of the disc of the fore wings, and
+the orange spots on the under side of the hind wings. A specimen from
+Guinea, received by Mr. Hope from Mr. Westermann of Copenhagen as the
+<i>Florella</i>, Fabr., is identical with the South African specimens<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[336]</span>
+of Swainson’s species. The type specimen described by Fabricius,
+drawn by Jones (Icones, v. 2, Dan. Cand. pl. 5, f. 3, 4), copied by
+Donovan, is from Sierra Leone, and was, and still is, in the Banksian
+Collection. <i>C. Swainsonii</i> is very widely dispersed.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>3. (2) <span class="smcap">Callidryas Rhadia</span>, Boisduval; Trimen, p. 69.</p>
+
+<p><i>Callidryas Castalia</i>, E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 68
+(not of Fabricius).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two specimens captured at Tati. The Rev. H. Rowley sent it from the
+Zambesi to the Oxford Museum.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Teracolus</span>, Swainson.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>4. (1) <span class="smcap">Teracolus subfasciatus</span>, Swainson, Zool. Ill.
+2 ser. Ins. pl. 115<a id="FNanchor_77" href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a>; Boisduval; Trimen.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ptychopteryx Bohemanni</i>, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 18.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Originally described from the Burchell Collection now at Oxford. Six
+specimens from Tati. The species appears to be very rare, as Mr. Trimen
+had not seen an individual. The female has the extremity of the fore
+wings brilliant orange-red, instead of pale orange-yellow, as figured
+by Swainson.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>5. (2) <span class="smcap">Teracolus Agoye</span>, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p.
+15; Trimen, p. 325.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anthocharis Eosphorus</i>, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1863,
+p. 523.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One specimen. Locality not noted.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Pieris</span>, Auct.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>6. (1) <span class="smcap">Pieris Mesentina</span>, Cramer, pl. 270, f. A, B;
+Godart; Boisduval; Trimen, p. 35.</p>
+
+<p><i>Papilio Aurota</i>, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. III. i. 197.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many specimens taken at Bamangwato, the Motloutsi River, Tati,
+Gubuleweyo, Inyati (November 30, 1873), the Gwailo River, and at or
+near the Victoria Falls.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>7. (2) <span class="smcap">Pieris Severina</span>, Cramer, pl. 338, f. G, H;
+Godart; Boisduval; Trimen, p. 32.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two specimens, of unrecorded locality.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Idmais</span>, Boisduval.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>8. (1) <span class="smcap">Idmais Eris</span>, Klug, Symbol. Phys. t. 6, f. 15,
+16; Boisduval; Reiche in Ferret and Galinier, Voy. Abyss. pl.
+31, f. 1–3; Trimen, p. 59.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[337]</span></p>
+
+<p>Var. <i>Idmais Fatma</i>, Felder, Reise Novara, pl. 25, f. 3.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Tati; and the Ramaqueban River, July 29, 1874.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>9. (2) <span class="smcap">Idmais Vesta?</span> Reiche in Ferret and Galinier’s
+Voy. Abyss. pl. 31, f. 7, 8. (Not of Trimen, p. 62, which =
+<i>Idmais Chrysonome</i>, E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl. 7,
+fig. 5; nor of Klug nor Boisduval = <i>Idmais Hewitsoni</i>,
+Kirby, Syn. Cat. p. 498.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The specimens collected by Mr. Oates have the base of all the wings on
+the upper side broadly white, the remainder ochreous buff, with a large
+dark brown spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell of the fore
+wings, a dark brown, very irregular bisinuated fascia running across
+the fore wings beyond the middle, and extending across the middle of
+the hind wings, nearly reaching the anal angle; the outer margin of
+the fore wings is dark brown, with two rows of ochreous buff spots,
+the outer ones small; the outer margin of the hind wings is brown,
+inwardly dentated, with a marginal row of ochre spots. Beneath, the
+fore wings are bright orange-yellow at the base, yellow in the middle,
+with the apex and the entire hind wings brownish ochre, the markings
+of the fore wings ill defined, and with three obscure bands across the
+hind wings. In the female the ground colour of the upper surface of
+the wings is uniformly pale yellowish buff. The fascia across the hind
+wings separates this species from <i>Chrysonome</i> Dbd., <i>Vesta</i>
+of Trimen. M. Reiche’s figure apparently represents a larger and more
+suffused insect, the under side especially being more variegated, and
+the ground colour of the hind wings bright yellow.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Tachyris</span>, Wallengren.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>10. (1) <span class="smcap">Tachyris Agathina</span>, Cramer, pl. 237, f. D, E;
+Godart; Boisduval; Trimen, p. 28; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise
+Mossamb. t. 21, f. 11, 12.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pieris Thysa</i>, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. t.
+21, f. 7–10.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls, in January.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Callosune</span>, E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. p. 57.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>11. (1) <span class="smcap">Callosune Eupompe</span>, Klug, Symb. Phys. t. 6,
+f. 11–14; Boisduval; Trimen, p. 45.</p>
+
+<p><i>Papilio Evippe</i>, Cramer, pl. 91, f. D, E. (nec Linn.).</p>
+
+<p><i>Pontia Acaste</i>, Klug, Symb. Phys. pl. 7, f. 16, 17.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pieris Polycaste</i>, Boisduval.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anthopsyche Theopompe</i>, Felder, Reise Novara, ii. p.
+183. no. 175.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Motloutsi River, August 1873.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>12. (2) <span class="smcap">Callosune Danaë</span>, Fabricius; Donovan, Ins.
+India, t. 26, f. 2; Boisduval; E. Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. pl.
+7, f. 2; Trimen, p. 44.</p>
+
+<p><i>Papilio Eborea</i>, Cramer, pl. 352, f. C-F.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[338]</span></p>
+
+<p>This handsome species inhabits Natal, Damara Land, Ceylon, Bengal,
+Madras. Male, Inyati (November 30, 1873); females, near the Gwailo
+River (October 19, 1873), and Impakwe River (February 12, 1874).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>13. (3) <span class="smcap">Callosune Evippe</span>, Linnæus; Clerck, Icones,
+pl. 40, f. 5; Cramer, pl. 91, f. F, G; Godart; Boisduval;
+Lucas, Exot. Lep. pl. 37, f. 1.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Tati; and between Inyati and Gubuleweyo, December 1, 1873.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>14. (4) <span class="smcap">Callosune Omphale</span>, Godart; Boisduval;
+Trimen, p. 50.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls, in January.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>15. (5) <span class="smcap">Callosune Antigone</span>, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. p.
+572; Trimen, p. 52.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Both sexes, Ramaqueban River, February 14, 1874; also females at the
+Gwailo River in October. These females have no orange on the upper side
+of the fore wings.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>16. (6) <span class="smcap">Callosune Casta</span>, Gerstaecker in Decken’s
+Reisen in Ost-Afrika, pl. 15, f. 1, 1 a.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Taken at Tati.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>17. (7) <span class="smcap">Callosune Keiskamma</span>, Trimen, p. 56, pl. 2,
+f. 3, 4.</p>
+
+<p>Var. <i>Anthopsyche Topha</i>, Wallengren, Wien. ent. Mon.
+iv. p. 34.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ramaqueban River, July 28, 1874. Kirby cites Klug’s <i>Pontia
+Evarne</i>, Symb. Phys. t. 6, f. 1–4, as identical with this species,
+but the rounded fore wings of the male, with the black exterior margin,
+and the submarginal row of black spots on the hind wings, at once
+separate these two insects. See the observations of Mr. Weale on this
+subject (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1877, p. 273).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>18. (8) <span class="smcap">Callosune inornata</span>, Westw.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra albis, basi nigro parum pulverosis, anticis macula
+trigona distincta apicali aurantia: alis anticis infra albis
+apice albido-lutescenti, intus magis brunnea; alis posticis
+lutescenti-albidis, linea recta longitudinali media paullo obscuriori.
+Expans. alar. antic. lin. 19.</p>
+
+<p>The locality of this very simply coloured species is not recorded.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>19. (9) <span class="smcap">Callosune Ione</span>, Godart; Boisduval; Lucas,
+Exot. Lep. t. 37, f. 4; Reiche in Ferr. and Gal. Voy. Abyss.
+t. 30, f. 1–8; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. t. 21, f.
+1–6; Trimen, p. 43.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anthopsyche speciosa</i>, Wallengren, p. 16.</p>
+
+<p><i>Anthocharis Erone</i>, Angas, Kafirs Ill. pl. 30, f. 3.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two males, taken at Tati.</p>
+
+<p>The species of this genus, in which the males have the extremity<span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[339]</span> of
+the fore wings marked with a brilliant blue or pale purple patch, are
+so closely allied together as to suggest the possibility of their
+being geographical sub-species; they appear indeed to be constant in
+their characteristic markings, and the females are even more distinct
+than the males, which they are generally so unlike that their sexual
+relations might readily be suspected.</p>
+
+<p>In the male specimens of <i>C. Ione</i>, captured by Mr. Oates at Tati,
+the fore wings have the faintest trace of a very minute black discoidal
+dot, a brilliant silky purple subapical patch, the apex itself black,
+and the inner edge margined with black, which is slightly scalloped.
+The hind wings are pure white, with delicate black veins, without
+any discoidal spot. On the under side the fore wings have the minute
+discoidal dot, and the apical patch is replaced by pale greyish buff,
+with a slightly defined darker inner margin; the veins of the hind
+wings are not black, the basal half of the costa is orange, with a
+short brownish transverse dash, near the middle of the costa, extending
+only to the first branch of the subcostal vein; the remainder of the
+wing white. One of the specimens taken by Mr. Oates at Tati is very
+small (1⅔ inch in the expanse of the fore wings), with the black veins
+excessively slender.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>20. (10) <span class="smcap">Callosune regina</span>, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc.
+1863, p. 520. (Plate E, figs. 9, 10.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The males have the veins of the fore wings, beyond the middle, very
+slender and black, and with a very minute discoidal dot. The female of
+this species, here for the first time represented (Pl. E, figs. 9, 10),
+has the wings on the upper side white, with the veins concolorous; a
+large black round spot at the extremity of the discoidal cell, and a
+large purple-red subapical spot, down the middle of which is a richer
+shade of purple, edged internally with blackish brown, the apex and
+apical margin being of the latter colour; the base of the wings is
+slightly powdered with grayish scales, and there are two minute dusky
+dots towards the inner angle of the fore wings. On the under side
+the purple patch of the fore wings is replaced by dirty pale buff,
+having an oblique row of five pale black spots, and the hind wings are
+slightly fleshy buff coloured, finely freckled all over with pale brown
+irrorations, with a discoidal spot, and a curved row of oblong spots
+beyond the middle of the wing, of pale brown; the costal margin is
+slightly fulvous at its base. The expansion of the fore wings is 2⁵⁄₁₂
+inches. Taken at Tati.</p>
+
+<p>A male, in the Hopeian collection, from the Zambesi, has the hind wings
+marked along the outer margin with black dots at the extremity of the
+longitudinal veins.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>21. (11) <span class="smcap">Callosune Theogone</span>, Boisduval; Trimen, p.
+51.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One specimen. Locality not recorded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[340]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>22. (12) <span class="smcap">Callosune Buxtoni</span>. (Plate E, figs. 7, 8.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Callosune Buxtoni</i>, Butler, MS. in British Museum.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The female (or rather the reputed female) of this species here figured
+differs from the male in having a large orange patch at the extremity
+of the fore wings, which are white with a slight yellowish tinge; a
+minute discoidal black dot and a curved row of brown spots within the
+orange mark, those towards the costa being most indistinct; the inner
+margin of the orange mark is also brownish, as is the apex itself and
+the apical margin, the brownish margin terminating near the hinder
+angle in a brownish spot; the hind wings are uniformly white, with the
+extremity of the veins towards the outer angle more or less dusky. On
+the under side the orange spot of the fore wings wants both the inner
+and apical dark edging, and bears a curved row of brown spots; the hind
+wings are very pale fleshy buff, and very delicately freckled, with
+a bar of darker brown extending from the middle of the costa to the
+median vein, where it is curved backwards; there is also a brown dot
+on a small whitish spot near the extremity of the discoidal cell. The
+female varies from 1¾ to 2¼ inches in the expansion of the fore wings.
+Taken at Tati.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>23. (13) <span class="smcap">Callosune Evenina</span>, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr.
+p. 12; Trimen, p. 322, and in Trans. Ent. Soc. 1870, t. 6, f.
+11.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One specimen (locality not noted), with the black markings on the upper
+surface of the wings much less diffused than in the figure given by
+Mr. Trimen; possibly a male. Another specimen in Burchell’s African
+collection, in the Hopeian Museum, has the large dark spot on the fore
+wings extending over the discoidal cell, but the hind wings are almost
+unspotted.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>24. (14) <span class="smcap">Callosune Eione</span>, Boisduval, p. 578.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One broken specimen, without locality, is very closely allied to the
+insects noticed above, as <i>C. Antigone</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>25. (15) <span class="smcap">Callosune pseudetrida</span>, Westw.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra pallide flavescentibus, apice fusco cum serie subapicali
+macularum 6 aurantiacarum, puncto minuto nigro discoidali, nubilaque
+parva fusca ante angulum posticum; alis posticis serie marginali
+macularum conoidearum fuscis (versus angulum analem interdum obsoletis)
+nubila parva pone medium costæ, fasciaque valde abbreviata pone medium
+disci versus angulum externum, pallide fuscis: alis anticis infra
+pallide flavescentibus, apice alisque posticis luteo-albidis; anticis
+striga obsoleta et obliqua fuscescenti versus apicem, posticis punctis
+duobus fuscescentibus pone medium disci versus angulum externum.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1, lin 5.</p>
+
+<p>Affinis <i>C. Deuræ</i>, Klug, et præsertim <i>C. Etridæ</i> (Indiæ
+orientalis incolæ).</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Tati.</p>
+
+<p><i>Obs.</i> The orange subapical spots in the male are dilated into a
+broader yellow fascia in the female.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[341]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>26. (16) <span class="smcap">Callosune Wallengrenii.</span> (Plate E, figs. 3,
+4.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Callosune Wallengrenii</i>, Butler, MS. in British Museum.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra albis; anticarum apice late aurantiaco; puncto discoidali,
+striga angulata guttarum fuscarum pone medium apiceque fusco, intus ad
+venas angulatim producto; alis posticis pone medium fascia abbreviata
+e maculis fuscis formata, margineque postico fusco-maculato. Expans.
+alar. antic. unc. 1⁵⁄₁₂.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat ad ripas Touani fluv.; mense Augusto capta.</p>
+
+<p>The wings on the upper side are white, with a slight yellow tinge, the
+apical half being of a fine orange-red colour; the base is suffused
+with brown scales; a round black dot is placed at the extremity of the
+discoidal cell, in front of which the costa is dusky; half way between
+the cell and the apex is an oblique row of four brown spots, succeeded
+by a larger one, extending more towards the base of the wing, which is
+followed by a double spot towards the middle of the hind margin; the
+apical margin is brown, which colour extends upwards along the veins,
+forming a row of brown teeth, the largest of which is at the end of the
+first branch of the median vein; the hind wings are powdered with brown
+scales at the base; beyond the middle of the wing is a curved row of
+brown spots, extending from the costa to the middle, and with a row of
+brown spots along the outer margin. On the under side the fore wings
+are suffused with orange, preceding the row of subapical spots, the
+apical portion being buff, which is also the colour of the hind wings,
+which have a white spot in the centre surrounded by a brown ring, and
+followed by a curved row of pale brown spots, rather more dilated and
+somewhat ocellated in the middle of the row; the apical margin of all
+the wings is destitute of the brown markings of the upper side.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>27. (17) <span class="smcap">Callosune ramaquebana</span>, Westw. (Plate E,
+figs. 5, 6.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Parvus alis supra albis, albo-ciliatis anticis plaga maxima fusca
+marginis postici, puncto nigro discoidali, apiceque late fusco,
+serie macularum fulvarum inclusa; alis posticis basi fuscis, margine
+postico late fusco, serie macularum albarum plus minusve confluentium,
+præsertim versus angulum analem, inclusa: alis subtus flavido-tinctis,
+posticis puncto minuto discoidali nigro, flavo supra tincto. Fœm. supra
+absque colore fulvo. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅓.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Ramaqueban fluv.; mense Februario capta.</p>
+
+<p>This pretty little species appears to be undescribed. It is nearly
+allied to <i>C. Etrida</i> and <i>Eione</i>, but differs in its
+characteristic markings. On the upper side the wings of the male are
+white, with a very slight yellowish tinge; the anterior have a large
+brown patch occupying the greater portion of the posterior margin, and
+extending over the greater part of the discoidal cell, at the extremity
+of which is a small round black spot; the extremity of the wing is
+very broadly brown, the dark colour commencing on the costal margin
+in front of the discoidal spot, and extending nearly to the posterior
+angle of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">[342]</span> wing, where it is much narrowed, especially in the spaces
+between the anal vein and the first and second branches of the median
+vein, extending considerably more forward between the second and third
+branches of the latter, so as nearly to unite with the truncated
+extremity of the large brown patch; the brown apex of the wing bears a
+row of five fulvous oval spots, the hind one of which is ill defined
+and less strongly coloured: the hind wings are brown at the base, and
+beyond the middle they are marked with a curved irregular brown bar,
+which is partially connected with the brown spotted hind margin of the
+wing, having a row of white spots between them, which become larger and
+more or less confluent, especially towards the anal angle. On the under
+side the fore wings are tinged with yellow, especially towards the
+tips, the large brown markings of the upper side being nearly obsolete:
+the hind wings are also yellowish, with a faint dusky fascia beyond the
+middle, with a black discoidal spot surmounted with yellow scales; the
+costa at the base is bright yellow, and the fringe of all the wings
+is white. The female is slightly larger, with the brown markings more
+suffused, the orange spots of the fore wings obsolete, and replaced
+by brown, and the white submarginal spots of the hind wings almost
+obliterated and replaced with brown.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Terias</span>, Swainson.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eurema</i>, Kirby, Syn. Cat. (haud recte).</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>28. (1) <span class="smcap">Terias Rahel</span>, Fabricius; Godart; Boisduval;
+Trimen, p. 76.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ramaqueban River, February; near the Victoria Falls in January; and
+near the Dry River, beginning of March.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>29. (2) <span class="smcap">Terias Zoë</span>, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise
+Mossamb. pl. 23, f. 10; female.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mas. Alis supra minus saturate atomosis, posticis limbo nigro omnino
+carentibus et unicoloribus.</p>
+
+<p>Near the Ramaqueban River, in February.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>30. (3) <span class="smcap">Terias Seruli</span>, Westw.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra pallide flavis, anticis apice macula trigona fusca intus
+parum curvata integra, ante angulum posticum desinente; angulo extremo
+apicali pallescenti; alis posticis immaculatis: alis anticis subtus
+flavis, costa, apice, alisque posticis carneo-lutescentibus, omnibus
+immaculatis. Expans. alar. antic. fere 1½ unc.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat ad ripas Seruli fluv.; mense Augusto capta.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Acræidæ</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Genus <span class="smcap">Acræa</span>, Fabricius.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>31. (1) <span class="smcap">Acræa Atergatis</span>, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 1,
+2.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra rufo-aurantiis, nigro-maculatis, anticis apice nigro et<span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[343]</span>
+sub apicem nigro-lineatis margine apicali omnium nigro. Expansio alar.
+antic. unc. 2¹⁄₁₂.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope “Victoria Falls;” mense Januario capta.</p>
+
+<p>The upper side of the wings is of a rich orange-red colour, the base
+of all the wings slightly powdered with black atoms; a black spot
+is placed in the middle of the cell of the fore wings, followed by
+a smaller transverse one at the extremity of the cell; at a little
+distance beyond the cell is a short black, rather oblique fascia,
+formed of five more or less confluent spots, the innermost being
+incurved and placed between the 2d and 3d branches of the median
+vein; this last spot is succeeded by two other spots, the three being
+parallel with the apical margin of the wing; there is also a minute
+round dot towards the base of the wing behind the basal part of the
+median vein, and two small dots near the inner angle; the veins are
+black in the apical part of the wing, with the interstices between
+the veins marked with thin black lines, the margin itself as well as
+the apex of the wing being also black; the hind wings are marked with
+twelve round black spots; the six outer ones arranged in a very waved
+line; the margin is also black. On the under side the fore wings are
+of a more rosy tint, except towards the apex, where they are more
+orange; the spots of the upper side are here reproduced: the hind wings
+on this side are more variegated; the black spots are more numerous,
+being about 18 in number, several close to the base of the wing being
+visible, which are not seen on the upper side; the spots are placed on
+pale greyish buff spaces, which gives them an ocellated appearance;
+and the outer margin of the wing is pale greyish buff with a very thin
+black marginal line, preceded by very thin black lunules, the veins
+rather thickened and black along the margin, the spaces between the
+veins being rosy red in the part of the wing between the terminal row
+of spots and the lunules. Antennæ black; palpi fulvous, with the last
+joint black; body black, spotted with white and rose-colour; legs
+fulvous, tarsi black; abdomen, above black with thin yellowish edges to
+the segments, each of which has two fulvous spots, beneath fulvous with
+two rows of black specks.</p>
+
+<p>Another specimen, which I cannot distinguish specifically from the
+preceding, was also taken at the Victoria Falls in January 1875, and
+has the upper surface of the wings rather brighter orange-red, with
+two minute additional black dots within the discoidal cell, at about
+half its length from the base, and with the abdomen orange-fulvous, the
+three basal segments on the upper side being alone black, varied with
+orange. The apical margin of the fore wings in this specimen is not so
+rounded as in the other with the spotted abdomen, which is evidently a
+female, the probability being that the male has the wings rather less
+rounded and the abdomen not spotted.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>32. (2) <span class="smcap">Acræa Atolmis</span>, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 3, 4.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra aurantiacis basi nigricantibus, maculis nigris minutis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[344]</span>
+notatis, anticarum apice venis nigris margineque tenuissimo nigro
+maculaque postica prope angulum posticum posita. Expans. alar. antic.
+unc. 1¹¹⁄₁₂.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope “Victoria Falls;” mense Januario capta.</p>
+
+<p>This species is smaller than the preceding, with the various black
+markings very small, the interspaces of the apical portion of the
+fore wings not striolated with black, and the posterior spot of the
+fore wings placed just between the preceding spot and the hind angle
+of the wing. The upper surface of the wings is uniformly orange, with
+the basal half rather redder, the base itself being suffused with
+black scales; within the discoidal cell is a small kidney-shaped black
+spot, followed by a narrow oblique one at the extremity of the cell;
+behind this (between the 1st and 2d branches of the median vein) is
+another spot, and between the latter and the posterior angle of the
+wing is a third, the three forming nearly a straight row; beyond the
+discoidal cell is a short oblique row of small black dots, between
+which and the apical margin of the wing the veins are black: the hind
+wings have a small black dot within the discoidal cell, and a curved
+row of six small black dots across the wing close to the extremity of
+the cell; the hind margin is very slenderly black, and the veins also
+have their apical portions black. The wings beneath are of an uniform
+rosy buff-colour, with the black spots more numerous and distinct than
+above, the hind wings having about 18 small but distinct ones, those at
+the base and near the anal margin not visible above; the apical margin
+of all the wings is very slenderly black, the hind wings having no
+trace of the lunular markings of the preceding and following species.
+Body black, sides of thorax with yellowish buff spots; abdomen buff,
+with the basal segments dusky above.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>Note</i>.—In the engraving the apical margin of the fore
+wings is represented rather too much rounded.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>33. (3) <span class="smcap">Acræa Axina</span>, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 5, 6.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra luteo-fulvis, nigro-maculatis, posticis magis aurantiacis;
+anticarum apice, lineolisque abbreviatis apicalibus (inter venas)
+nigricantibus; alis posticis maculis minoribus, exterioribus lineam
+irregularem multo pone medium alæ formantibus, margine externo nigro.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅚.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Tati et Gwailo fluv.; mense Octobre capta.</p>
+
+<p>This small species has the upper side of the fore wings rather dirty
+luteo-fulvous, that of the hind wings being brighter coloured. The
+extremity of the fore wings and the narrow apical margin are black, and
+the interspaces between the veins near the apex of the wings are marked
+with slender abbreviated black lines, leaving a narrow paler space
+beyond the fascia; the five spots between the base and the middle of
+the wings are strongly marked, and the abbreviated oblique black fascia
+beyond the cell is more continuous: the hind wings have the black spots
+also well marked, the outer ones forming an irregular<span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[345]</span> row considerably
+beyond the middle of the wing, the central spot especially being not
+far from the black marginal border. On the under side the fore wings
+are slightly rosy, the apical portion being more buff with the spaces
+between the veins orange; the black spots on this side are not so
+strongly marked as above: the hind wings are more pale buff, with the
+spaces between the veins strongly marked with rose-colour, the black
+spots resting on pale spaces, giving them an ocellated appearance; the
+very narrow black outer margin of these wings is preceded by a series
+of small black arches, including a row of pale yellow spots. The palpi,
+head, and sides of the body are coloured as in the preceding species;
+the abdomen in one of our specimens is broken off, but in the other it
+is pale buff, with the upper side of the basal segments black, with two
+pale dots, indicating (as well as the shape of the fore wings) this
+individual (represented in our figures) to be of the male sex.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>Note</i>.—The orange and rosy tints described above are
+almost obliterated in one of the two specimens, most probably
+from longer exposure in the winged state.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>34. (4) <span class="smcap">Acræa Acontias</span>, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 7, 8.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra obscure fusco-rufis, nigro-maculatis, maculis 4 in medio
+alarum anticarum, fascia abbreviata maculari, margine apicali late
+venisque apicalibus nigris; alis posticis basi maculisque submediis
+lineam irregularem formantibus, margineque postico cum venis nigris.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅚.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope “Victoria Falls;” mense Januario capta.</p>
+
+<p>The dull brownish red colouring of the upper side of the wings
+distinguishes this species. The fore wings are marked near the base,
+behind the middle of the cell, with a small black dot, followed by four
+rather large spots of the same colour, placed so as to form an oblique
+triangle; beyond the cell is the ordinary abbreviated fascia, formed
+of four black spots, which is succeeded by a narrow paler buff space,
+the apex being traversed by black veins, the extremity of the anterior
+margin and the whole of the apical margin being also black: the hind
+wings have a suffused black spot near the base, the middle of the wing
+being crossed by zigzag rows of small but nearly uniform black spots;
+the outer margin is black, as are the veins beyond the middle of the
+wing. On the under side the fore wings are more rosy coloured from the
+base to the abbreviated fascia, beyond which they are paler buff, with
+orange stripes between the veins: the hind wings have the black dots
+smaller but more numerous than on the upper side, there being about
+20 on each wing, the ground colour of which is buff, with the spaces
+between the veins in the basal portion rosy, but beyond the cell they
+are marked with longitudinal orange stripes between the veins; the
+outer margin is very narrowly black, preceded by a very narrow black
+line parallel with the margin. The body is black, much spotted at the
+sides below the wings with buff and rosy; the abdomen is orange, marked
+above<span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">[346]</span> with black fasciæ, forming more or less incomplete lateral
+circular spots; the ventral surface yellow, with two rows of black
+spots. The apical margin of the fore wings is but slightly convex, but
+the spotting of the abdomen indicates the specimen to be a female.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>35. (5) <span class="smcap">Acræa Aglaonice</span>, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 9,
+10.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra rufo-puniceis, anticis apicem versus magis aurantiacis,
+macula fenestrata bipartita subapicali notatis, nigro-maculatis, venis
+apicalibus nigris; posticis maculis minutis margineque latiori apicali
+nigris. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¹⁄₁₂.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Tati.</p>
+
+<p>This species has the upper surface of the wings more richly
+coloured than any of the others captured by Mr. Oates, being of an
+orange-carmine colour, especially in the hind wings. The fore wings
+are marked half-way between the end of the discoidal cell and the tip
+of the wings with a square vitreous spot, through which runs a veinlet
+dividing it into two parts; the base of the wings, especially in the
+hind parts, is irrorated with black scales; the discoidal cell has a
+rather large oval black spot beyond its middle, followed by a smaller
+lunate one at the extremity of the cell; beyond which is an oblique
+row of five conjoined black dots; another round black spot is placed
+towards the base of the wing behind the median vein, and two other
+circular ones behind the extremity of the cell placed transversely; the
+veins at the extremity of the wings are slenderly black: the hind wings
+are marked with about 10 minute black dots (varying, however, in size),
+and the hind margin of the wing is rather broadly edged with black. On
+the under side the fore wings are rosy coloured, with the spots of the
+upper side, including the vitreous spot, reproduced: the hind wings are
+greyish buff, with the spaces between the veins varied with rosy at the
+base and along the anal margin, and with rich orange between the middle
+of the wing and the row of submarginal black lunules, which latter rest
+upon a narrow yellowish buff margin; the spots on this side, about 17
+in number, are distinct, appearing partially ocellated. Body black,
+with rosy spots behind the eyes and on the sides of the chest, which is
+also spotted with pale buff; palpi orange, terminal joint black; legs
+orange, tarsi black; abdomen broken off.</p>
+
+<p>The unique specimen of this species collected by Mr. Oates has the
+abdomen mutilated, but the structure of the fore legs and the shape of
+the fore wings prove that it is a male individual.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>36. (6) <span class="smcap">Acræa Acronycta</span>, Westw. (Plate F, figs. 11,
+12.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra luteo-aurantiacis; anticis triente basali fusco; macula ad
+apicem cellulæ, pone medium alæ fascia abbreviata maculari, maculisque
+duabus posticis (margine postico parallelis) nigris; alis posticis
+magis albidis, ante medium nigro-maculatis, margineque postico latiori
+nigro: subtus maculis magis distinctis margineque albido-maculato.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1¾.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[347]</span></p>
+
+<p>Habitat ——?</p>
+
+<p>The upper surface of the wings (especially the hind pair) of this
+species is whitish orange, the base being strongly suffused with dark
+brown scales hiding the spots in that part; one of these, near the
+extremity of the discoidal cell, is visible, and the cell itself is
+closed by a semicircular spot, followed at a short distance by an
+oblique abbreviated black fascia formed of conjoined spots, of which
+the hinder one is smallest and most distinct; two other spots appear on
+the disc of the wing behind the extremity of the cell, and are placed
+nearly parallel with the apical margin, which is very narrowly black
+and slightly concave: the hind wings have a somewhat more suffused
+whitish hue than the anterior; they are brown at the base, and are
+marked before the middle with an irregular series of black dots,
+followed by two minute ones beyond the middle; the posterior margin is
+widely black. On the under side the fore wings have five black spots
+in the middle, followed by the abbreviated macular fascia: the hind
+wings are more tinged with rose-colour than the anterior ones, and are
+marked with about twelve black dots of different sizes; the posterior
+margin is pale yellowish white, surmounted by a row of black arches,
+resting upon a very narrow black edging. The head and body are black,
+spotted with pale buff, the sides of the thorax beneath the wings with
+a reddish spot; the abdomen is nearly white, the basal segments on the
+upper side black, with a pair of round white dots.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>37. (7) <span class="smcap">Acræa amphimalla</span>, Westw. (Plate E, figs. 1,
+2.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra fulvo vel puniceo luteis nigro-guttatis, anticarum apice
+late nigro triangulariter terminata, posticarum margine apicali e
+lunulis nigris, maculis concoloribus inclusis, notato. Expans. alar.
+antic. unc. 1¾–2¹⁄₁₂.</p>
+
+<p>(An <i>Acræa Caldarene</i> alicujus?)</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Tati, et marg. fluv. Motloutsi; mense Maio capta.</p>
+
+<p>This very distinct species has the wings on the upper side of a buff
+colour, varying from dull orange to reddish; the black spots are of
+small size, and the fore wings have the apex broadly and triangularly
+black, whilst the hind wings have the slender apical outer black margin
+preceded by a series of slender depressed black arches enclosing
+spots of the ground colour of the wing; the ordinary black spot in
+the middle of the discoidal cell is sometimes preceded by a smaller,
+more or less slightly marked, dot, behind which is another small one;
+the cell is partially closed by a small oblique black spot, followed
+at some distance by a row of four small spots placed obliquely, and
+there are two other small spots between the middle of the wing and
+the posterior angle, the outer one being occasionally duplicated; in
+the hind wings the black spots, about twelve in number, are of nearly
+uniform small size. On the under side the black apex of the upper side
+is replaced by the ground colour of the rest of the wing, the spaces<span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[348]</span>
+between the veins being more strongly marked with orange stripes: the
+hind wings are buff-coloured, with the spaces between the veins in the
+basal portion marked with red, having the black dots (about twenty in
+number) surrounded with buff, whilst in the apical half of the wing
+the intervening spaces are more orange; the black arcade preceding the
+slender outer black edging is marked more distinctly than on the upper
+side. The head and body are spotted as in the preceding species.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>38. (8) <span class="smcap">Acræa natalica</span>, Boisduval in Delegorgue’s
+Voy. Afr. Austr. ii. p. 590; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise
+Mossamb. pl. 23, figs. 12, 13.</p>
+
+<p><i>Acræa Bellua</i>, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 22.</p>
+
+<p><i>Acræa Hypatia</i>, var. B, Trimen, p. 98.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A series of small specimens, measuring only 2 inches in expanse of the
+fore wings, were taken at Tati. A large specimen (2¾ inches expanse)
+was taken near the Dry River in the beginning of March, and one (2½
+inches expanse) was taken near the Motloutsi River in August.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>39. (9) <span class="smcap">Acræa Anemosa</span>, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. t. 3,
+Acr. 3, f. 14, 15.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Umvungu River, end of October; and near the Victoria Falls in
+January.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>40. (10) <span class="smcap">Acræa Neobule</span>, E. Doubleday and Hewitson,
+Gen. D. Lep. pl. 19, f. 3; Reiche in Ferr. and Gal. Voy.
+Abyss. pl. 33, f. 3, 4.</p>
+
+<p>An var. <i>Acræa Mahela</i>, Boisduval, Faune Madag. pl. 6,
+f. 1?</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ramaqueban River, February 14, 1874.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>41. (11) <span class="smcap">Acræa Rahira</span>, Boisduval, Faune Madag. pl.
+5, f. 4, 5; Trimen, p. 103.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Taken on the Zambesi road, end of November.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>42. (12) <span class="smcap">Acræa Dircæa</span>, Westw.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra fulvis, puniceo interdum tinctis; anticarum apice late
+nigris maculisque 9 parvis nigris, 4 in lineam obliquam pone medium
+positis; alis posticis maculis circiter 14 parvis nigris discoidalibus,
+margine tenui nigro fulvo-maculato: alis subtus pallidioribus, apice
+anticarum lutescenti, fulvo-strigoso; maculis nigris parum majoribus
+præsertim in alis posticis, interstitiis rubro-maculatis. Expans. alar.
+antic. unc. 2.</p>
+
+<p><i>Acr. Oncææ</i> affinis sed apice lato nigro alarum anticarum optime
+distincta.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous specimens taken at Tati and the Motloutsi River in May.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[349]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Nymphalidæ</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Genus <span class="smcap">Charaxes</span>, Ochsenheimer.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>43. (1) <span class="smcap">Charaxes Pelias</span>, Cramer, pl. 3, f. C, D;
+Godart; Trimen, p. 175; Butler, Lep. Exot. pl. 10, f. 5.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Seruli River, August 19, 1873; and near the Victoria Falls in
+January.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Cynthia</span>, Fabricius.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>44. (1) <span class="smcap">Cynthia Cardui</span>, Linnæus.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Taken at the Indunas’ Tree, near the Umvungu River, end of November.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Junonia</span>, Hübner.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>45. (1) <span class="smcap">Junonia Clelia</span>, Cramer, pl. 21, f. E, F;
+Trimen, p. 128.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bamangwato, Ramaqueban River, Gubuleweyo, and near Tati.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>46. (2) <span class="smcap">Junonia Œnone</span>, Linnæus: Cramer, pl. 35, f.
+A, C; Trimen, p. 125.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Tati, Ramaqueban River, and about the Matengwe River.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>47. (3) <span class="smcap">Junonia Orithya</span>, Linnæus: Cramer, pl. 19, f.
+C, D, pl. 32, f. E, F, and pl. 290, f. A, B. Common in India,
+etc.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This species, not included in Trimen’s work, was taken near the
+Victoria Falls in the month of January. The Hopeian collection also has
+it from Sierra Leone.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>48. (4) <span class="smcap">Junonia Octavia</span>, Cramer, pl. 135, f. B, C;
+Trimen, p. 130.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls in January.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>49. (5) <span class="smcap">Junonia natalica</span>, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon.
+iv. p. 106.</p>
+
+<p><i>Junonia Hecate</i>, Trimen, p. 140.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls in January.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>50. (6) <span class="smcap">Junonia Cloantha</span>, Cramer, pl. 338, f. A, B;
+Trimen, p. 137.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Dry River, middle of March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Diadema</span>, Boisduval.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>51. (1) <span class="smcap">Diadema Misippus</span>, Linnæus.</p>
+
+<p>Fœm. var. <i>Papilio Inaria</i>, Cramer, pl. 214, f. A, B.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls; also from Sierra Leone, the Zambesi, and
+Mauritius, in the Hopeian collection.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Aterica</span>, Boisduval.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>52. (1) <span class="smcap">Aterica Meleagris</span>, Cramer, pl. 66, f. A, B;
+Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. vol. iii. pl. 17, f. 3, 4; Trimen, p.
+157.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Indunas’ Tree, near the Umvungu River, in November.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[350]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Danais</span>, Latreille.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>53. (1) <span class="smcap">Danais Chrysippus</span>, Linnæus; Cramer, pl. 118,
+f. B, C.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Indunas’ Tree, near the Umvungu River; and near Gubuleweyo in December.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Hypanis</span>, Boisduval.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>54. (1) <span class="smcap">Hypanis Ilithyia</span>, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent.
+vol. ii. pl. 17, f. 1, 2; Cramer, pl. 214, f. C, D; Trimen,
+p. 214.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Tati, Ramaqueban River, Inkwesi River (March 1874), Dry River; and
+Indunas’ Tree, near the Umvungu River.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Satyridæ</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Genus <span class="smcap">Cyllo</span>, Boisduval.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>55. (1) <span class="smcap">Cyllo Leda</span>, Linnæus et auct.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>An extremely variable species. The specimen from the Nata River
+(beginning of December 1874) has an obscure fulvous subapical patch
+bearing two black spots in the fore wings; beneath, pale brown, with
+dark brown fasciæ, and scarcely any trace of ocelli on the hind wings.
+Specimens from Ashanti are pale brown beneath, strongly freckled all
+over with brown, and with large ocelli on the hind wings.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Erebia</span>, Dalman.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>56. (1) <span class="smcap">Erebia Narycia</span>, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p.
+32; Trimen, p. 198.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ramaqueban River, middle of March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Ypthima</span>, Hübner.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>57. (1) <span class="smcap">Ypthima Nareda</span>, Kollar in Hügel’s Kaschmir,
+vol. iv. pl. 2, p. 451; Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, pl.
+17, f. 6, 7.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls, in January.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Mycalesis</span>, Hübner.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>58. (1) <span class="smcap">Mycalesis Victorina</span>, Westw.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sordide fusca, alis anticis pone medium nonnihil pallidioribus; ocellis
+duobus nigris ochreo anguste cinctis, singulo punctum album includente
+subapicali multo minori; posticis concoloribus lineis duabus tenuibus
+submarginalibus pallidioribus serieque ocellorum ut in anticis: alis
+subtus pallidioribus magis lutescentibus, fascia angusta recta communi
+pone medium, anticis 2-posticis 7-ocellatis, ocellis valde inæqualibus,
+in posticis lineis pallidis valde sinuatis inclusis. Expans. alar.
+antic. unc. 1¾.</p>
+
+<p>Affinis <i>M. Eusiro</i>, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. pl. 25, f.
+3–6.</p>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[351]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Lycænidæ</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Genus <span class="smcap">Amblypodia</span>, Horsfield.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>59. (1) <span class="smcap">Amblypodia Natalensis</span>, D. W. and H., Gen. D.
+Lep. pl. 75, f. 4; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. p. 399;
+Trimen, p. 227.</p>
+
+<p><i>Spindasis Masilikazi</i>, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 45.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls, in January.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>60. (2) <span class="smcap">Amblypodia? LEROMA</span>, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr.
+p. 42; Trimen, p. 231.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near Tati.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Zeritis</span>, Boisduval.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>61. (1) <span class="smcap">Zeritis Perion</span>, Cramer, pl. 379, f. B, C.;
+Trimen, p. 267; Hopffer in Peters’s Reise Mossamb. pl. 26, f.
+1–3.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Gubuleweyo, beginning of December.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>62. (2) <span class="smcap">Zeritis Amanga</span>, Westw.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Fœm. Alis supra læte rufo-aurantiacis; anticis macula magna basali
+nigra, costa pone medium margineque apicali nigris; alis posticis,
+rufo-aurantiacis basi nigricantibus: alis subtus purpureo-rufis,
+anticarum costa ad basim guttisque duabus parvis prope basim tertia
+parum majori submedia, alteraque subapicali, argenteis; posticis guttis
+perpaucis argenteis vix notatis. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1⅓.</p>
+
+<p>Near the Gwailo River. The red basal half of the costa of the fore
+wings, the outwardly angulated apical margin, the shorter hind wings,
+with both the anal and outer margin emarginate near the tails, and the
+splendid silvery base of the costa of the fore wings beneath, separate
+this insect from <i>Z. Perion</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mas. (Zambesi, Rowley. In Mus. Hopeiano Oxoniæ). Alis anticis supra
+fuscis, costa ad basim maculaque late trigona versus angulum externum
+marginis postici rufis; alis posticis rufis, basi venisque versus
+angulum externum nigricantibus: alis infra castaneo-rufis, costa
+anticarum basi, guttisque tribus argenteis ut in fœmina, squamis
+perpaucis argenteis in lineas transversas dispositis; alis posticis
+strigis tribus undulatis gracilibus obscurioribus guttisque nonnullis
+argenteis prope caudam. Margo externus alarum anticarum in medio
+angulatus, inter medium et angulum posticum emarginatus.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Polyommatus</span>, Latreille.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>63. (1) <span class="smcap">Polyommatus Telicanus</span>, Hübner, Eur. Schm.
+Pap. f. 371–2, 553–4; Godart; Boisduval; Trimen, p. 238.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Tati, the Gwailo River, and near the Victoria Falls.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>64. (2) <span class="smcap">Polyommatus Otacilia</span>, Trimen, Trans. Ent.
+Soc. 1868, p. 90.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls, in January.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[352]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>65. (3) <span class="smcap">Polyommatus Sybaris</span>, Hopffer in Peters’s
+Reise Mossamb. pl. 26, f. 6–8; Trimen, p. 242.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls, in January.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Lycæna</span>, Fabricius.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>66. (1) <span class="smcap">Lycæna Parsimon</span>, Fabricius; Godart;
+Boisduval.</p>
+
+<p><i>Papilio Celæus</i>, Cramer, pl. 379, f. K, K; Trimen, p.
+247.</p>
+
+<p><i>Lycæna Asteris</i>, Godart; Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 40.</p>
+
+<p>Var. <i>Lycæna Methymna</i>, Trimen, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1862,
+p. 280.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Male, Ramaqueban River, in February; female, Bamangwato, Tati.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>67. (2) <span class="smcap">Lycæna Jesous</span>, Guérin in Lefebvre’s Voy.
+Abyss. pl. 11, f. 3, 4; Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 39;
+Trimen, p. 350.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Gwailo River, October 12, 1873.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>68. (3) <span class="smcap">Lycæna Asopus</span>, Hopffer in Peters’s Reise
+Mossamb. pl. 26, f. 13–15; Trimen, p. 249.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>69. (4) <span class="smcap">Lycæna Lochias</span>? MSS.?</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra fuscis purpureo parum squamosis, posticis maculis duabus
+inequalibus nigris pallidius cinctis, submarginalibus, ciliis albis:
+alis subtus pallide fuscis albidoque alternatim fasciatis; posticis
+macula nigra intus aurantiaco, extus argenteo, notata, alteraque simili
+sed multo minori ad angulum analem, cauda nulla. Expans. alar. antic.
+lin. 10.</p>
+
+<p>Locality not indicated.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Chrysophanus</span>, Hübner.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>70. (1) <span class="smcap">Chrysophanus Lara</span>, Linnæus; Fabricius;
+Trimen, p. 260.</p>
+
+<p><i>Papilio Jolaus</i>, Cramer, pl. 270, fig. F, G.</p>
+
+<p><i>Papilio Gorgias</i>, Stoll, pl. 33, f. 5, 5d.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Hesperiidæ</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">Genus <span class="smcap">Ismene</span>, Swainson.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>71. (1) <span class="smcap">Ismene Pisistratus</span>, Fabricius; Jones,
+Icones, vol. vi. pl. 26, f. 1 (Typus in Mus. Britann.)</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>Note.</i>—The black mark extending from
+near the anal margin on the under side of the
+hind wings, was more divided than usual in
+Drury’s specimen, figured by Jones, so as to
+have led Fabricius to describe the hind wings as
+four-spotted.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Rhopalocampta Valmaran</i>, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p. 48.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Var. Fascia alba latitudine æquali absque maculis nigris.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><i>Papilio Forestan</i>, Cramer, pl. 391, f. E, F; Godart;
+Boisduval; Trimen, p. 318.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Holfontein, July 13, 1873.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[353]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Leucochitonea</span>, Wallengren.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>72. (1) <span class="smcap">Leucochitonea Levubu</span>, Wallengren, Lep.
+Caffr. p. 52; Trimen, p. 306.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near the Dry River, beginning of March.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Caprona</span>, Wallengren.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>73. (1) <span class="smcap">Caprona Pillaana</span>, Wallengren, Lep. Caffr. p.
+51; Trimen, p. 308.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Near Tati or Gwailo.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Pamphila</span>, Fabricius.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>74. (1) <span class="smcap">Pamphila Ranoha</span>, Westw.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Alis supra nigrofuscis, costa prope basim fulvo-irrorata, fascia fulva
+e basi marginis interni per medium alæ extensa, sensim dilatata et ante
+apicem alæ desinente, maculam ovalem inter cellulam et apicem nigram
+gerente, ciliis fulvis; alis posticis fascia lata irregulari pone
+medium fulva: alis subtus fulvis, anticis linea prope basim, macula
+discoidali ovata strigaque subapicali ad angulum analem sensim dilatata
+nigrofuscis; alis posticis fulvis nigro-guttatis, guttis novem in
+lineas duas margine postico parallelas dispositis. Expans. alar. antic.
+unc. 1⅙.</p>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls, in January.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>75. (2) <span class="smcap">Pamphila Harona</span>, Westw.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Magnitudo <i>P. Lineæ</i>, Linnæus. Alis supra fulvis, anticarum costa
+(ad basim valde angusta) margineque apicali nigris; macula basali
+marginis interni, striga recta in cellula discoidali et macula conica
+ad apicem cellulæ nigris; alis posticis fulvis costa late nigra,
+ultra medium ad angulum externum angusta: alis infra fulvis, posticis
+pallidioribus; anticis macula magna baseos costam non attingente,
+altera parva transversa ad apicem cellulæ, tertiaque parva conica
+marginis apicalis versus angulum internum; alis posticis immaculatis;
+striola longitudinali magis brunnea, margine anali parallela. Expans.
+alar. antic. unc. 1⅙.</p>
+
+<p>Near the Victoria Falls, in January.</p>
+
+
+<h4><i>LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA.</i></h4>
+
+<p>Moths of various sizes and hawk-moths appear to be very numerous
+in Southern Africa. A large number of species of the former were
+collected by Mr. Oates, chiefly of small size, the majority of which,
+unfortunately, were ill preserved.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Sphingidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Sphingidæ</span> are not especially remarkable. The death’s-head
+moth, <i>Acherontia Atropos</i>, occurs throughout South Africa, and
+was found between Gubuleweyo and the Gwailo River. <i>Chœrocampa<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[354]</span>
+capensis</i>, with its bright pink under wings, extends from the Cape
+to Natal and Zulu Land. A new species, closely allied to this last
+insect, was captured by Mr. Oates, which may be thus described:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chœrocampa virgo</span>, Westw. (Plate E, fig. 11.)</p>
+
+<p>Alba albido vix tincta, alis posticis plaga fere basali ovali punicea;
+omnibus subtus omnino concoloribus. Expans. alar. antic. fere unc. 3.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Gubuleweyo vel Gwailo fluv.</p>
+
+<p>The Genus <i>Nephele</i>, Hübner (<i>Zonilia</i>, Boisduval), contains
+several South African species, <i>e.g.</i> <i>Sphinx Peneus</i>,
+Cramer; <i>fumosa</i>, Boisduval; <i>comma</i>, Gerstaecker;
+<i>viridescens</i>, Walker, and the beautiful <i>argentifera</i>,
+Walker. Several species of the silver-striped hawk-moths occur in
+South Africa, as <i>Chœrocampa Charis</i>, Boisduval; <i>Schenkii</i>,
+Moschler; <i>Thyelia</i>, Linn. (<i>Eson</i>, Cramer), etc. The lovely
+<i>Smerinthus Dumolinii</i>, Boisduval, is from Natal. The clear-winged
+<i>Sesia Hylas</i>, Linnæus, was captured at Gubuleweyo. And lastly,
+it may be mentioned that the Rev. H. Rowley sent the <i>Macroglossa
+hirundo</i>, Gerstaecker in Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Afrika, pl. 15, fig.
+7, from the Zambesi.</p>
+
+<p>It may also be mentioned as a remarkable circumstance in entomological
+geography that the grand <i>Urania</i> (<i>Chrysiridia</i>)
+<i>Rhipheus</i>, supposed until quite recently to be confined to
+Madagascar, and to be the only old world representative of the splendid
+new world <i>Uraniæ</i>, has been found on the east coast of Africa,
+near Zanzibar. Gerstaecker has figured the continental individual as
+a distinct species, but specimens which I have examined appear not to
+differ specifically from the Madagascar ones.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Zygænidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>In this family a beautiful species of <i>Zygæna</i>, closely allied
+to the very striking <i>Z. ochroptera</i>, Felder, was taken at Tati,
+which may be thus characterised:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Zygæna tricolorata</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Chalybea, humeris alisque anticis aurantiacis, harum margine apicali
+nigro; alis posticis sanguineis limbo nigro ante angulum analem
+desinente. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1, lin. 5.</p>
+
+<p>Obs. <i>Z. ochroptera</i>, Felder, differt colore alarum limboque nigro
+multo angustiori.</p>
+
+<p>Another species from Gubuleweyo is allied to Felder’s <i>Euctenia
+Zygænoides</i> (pl. 82, f. 21), but has the sanguineous portion of the
+hind wings divided by a transverse black band. On the under side the
+white spots at the base and middle of the fore wings are sanguineous.</p>
+
+<p>The beautiful South African species, <i>Z. caffra</i>, Linn.,
+<i>ampla</i>, Walker, <i>concinna</i>, Walker (Delagoa Bay), and
+especially <i>Z. negamica</i>, from Damara Land and Lake Nyassa,
+require careful examination as to their generic position. Several
+species of <i>Procris</i> and <i>Syntomis</i> were also taken by Mr.
+Oates.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[355]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Agaristidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>This family is represented in Mr. Oates’s collection by a beautiful
+undescribed species of <i>Eusemia</i>, allied to <i>E. Euphemia</i>,
+Cramer, pl. 345, fig. A, <i>E. longipennis</i>, Walker, Butler, Exot.
+Lep. Brit. Mus. pl. 5, fig. 5; <i>E. pallida</i>, Butler, l. c. fig. 3;
+and <i>E. contigua</i>, Butler, l. c. pl. 4, f. 8:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eusemia adulatrix</span>, Westw. (Plate G, fig. 1, and Plate H, figs.
+3, 3<i>a</i>, 3<i>b</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>Alis anticis nigris, maculis duabus parvis subbasalibus, fascia obliqua
+integra submedia, alteraque magna late ovali inter medium et apicem,
+interstitiis argenteo-irroratis; striga minuta marginis interni pone
+medium punctoque rotundato intus angulum posticum flavo-albidis; alis
+posticis sanguineis, limbo nigro; abdomine luteo, nigro-annulato.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¼.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Tati et Gwailo fluv.</p>
+
+<p>I take this opportunity of describing several other African allied
+species of this beautiful genus:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eusemia niveosparsa</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Corpore tenui, abdomine nigro, fulvo-annulato; alis anticis nigris
+maculis 7 parvis niveis,—1ma. parva in medio cellulæ; 2da. obliqua
+cellulam terminante; 3tia. ovali inter cellulam et apicem alæ; 4ta.
+elongata ante medium marginis interni; 5ta. pone maculam 2am; 6ta.
+bipartita inter 3am et 7am prope angulum posticum; alis posticis
+sanguineis, limbo nigro. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 3.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat in Montibus Cameroons, Afr. occid. In Mus. Hopeiano.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eusemia æmulatrix</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Mediocriter angusta, alis anticis angustis, nigris,
+albido-maculatis,—macula parva rotunda in medio cellulæ; 2da. majori
+ad apicem cellulæ; 3tia. fasciæformi in partes quinque venis nigris
+divisa, angusta et in medio extus angulata; 4ta. elongata e basi ad
+medium marginis interni extensa; 5ta. irregulari-ovata pone 2am.; 6ta.
+minuta intus angulum posticum; alis posticis sanguineis, limbo nigro;
+abdomine fulvo, ano nigro-barbato. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2⅓.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat ——? In Mus. Hopeiano.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eusemia pardalina</span>, Walker, Trans. N. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol.
+i. (1873).</p>
+
+<p>The type of this species, from Congo, is in the Hopeian collection,
+together with a second individual brought from Angola by Monteiro. It
+differs from <i>E. Euphemia</i> in its smaller size, and in having
+the ground colour of the hind wings rich orange fulvous instead of
+sanguineous.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eusemia meretrix</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Alis anticis nigris, maculis 5 fulvis,—1ma. obliqua subbasali
+marginem<span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">[356]</span> anticum et posticum non attingenti; 2da. ovali ad apicem
+cellulæ; 3tia. duplo majori oblongo-ovali et obliqua inter cellulam et
+apicem alæ; 4ta. fere rotundata pone 2am; 5ta. parva angulo postico
+proxima; costa basi albo-guttata, margine postico immaculato; alis
+posticis rufis, limbo nigro. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¾.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat in Africa merid. (D. Buxton). In Mus. Hopeiano.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eusemia nugatrix</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Alis anticis nigris, costa ad basim biguttata, maculis 6
+luteo-albidis,—1ma. subtrigona ante medium cellulæ; 2da. subquadrata
+parum obliqua ante apicem cellulæ; 3tia. magna subovali obliqua inter
+medium et apicem alæ, intus vena 3tia mediana in dentem nigrum incisa;
+4ta. oblonga marginis postici, medium marginis fere attingente; 5ta.
+pone 2am; 6ta. fere ad angulum posticum alæ; interstitiis argenteo
+parum squamosis; alis posticis rufo-aurantiacis, limbo simplici nigro.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2⅔–3¼.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat apud promontorium, “Cape Palmas,” Afr. occid. (Savage). In Mus.
+Hopeiano.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Eusemia glossatrix</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Alis supra nigris, purpureo-nitidis, præsertim in alis posticis;
+anticis fascia media parum curvata tripartita straminea, alteraque
+inter medium et apicem alæ e punctis 4 albis formata, interstitiis
+squamis argenteis perpaucis ornatis; alis posticis margine postico
+albo, intus dentato; abdomine supra nigro, subtus fulvo; collare et
+pedibus subtus fulvis. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¼.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat in Afric. orient-merid. In Mus. Hopeiano.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Saturniidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>This splendid family is well represented in Africa, particularly in
+the south-eastern portion, where a number of beautiful species have
+been found, especially in Natal. A monograph of these insects, so far
+as then known, was published by myself in the “Proceedings of the
+Zoological Society,” in 1849 (with four coloured plates containing
+thirty-three species), of which half were previously undescribed. Of
+these, perhaps the most striking is the long-tailed species <i>Actias
+mimosæ</i>, with pale green wings, which lives upon the Mimosa, on the
+banks of the river Tugela, the boundary of the kingdom of Amazulu,
+between Delagoa Bay and Natal, the cocoons of which are used by
+the natives for tobacco boxes. Another fine species is <i>Saturnia
+Alcinoë</i>, Cramer, pl. 322, fig. A, (= <i>S. Caffraria</i>, Stoll,
+pl. 31, f. 2, <i>S. caffra</i>, Boisduval in Delegorgue’s Voy. Afr.
+Austr. ii. p. 601). A specimen of this species, measuring seven inches
+in the expansion of the fore wings, was taken by Mr. Oates, but the
+precise locality was not recorded. Another species, which appears
+to be undescribed, was also taken by Mr. Oates, which may be thus
+characterized:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[357]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Saturnia cervina</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Tota roseo-cervina, alis anticis spatio minuto transverso squamis
+destituta ad apicem cellulæ, striolaque paullo obscuriori paullo
+curvata et vix distincta inter cellulam et marginem posticum; alis
+posticis macula parva trigona ad apicem cellulæ; abdomine magis fulvo;
+alis anticis apice subrotundatis. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 4⅔.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Tati.</p>
+
+<p>A beautiful species, nearly allied to the European emperor moth, was
+taken by Mr. Oates, which appears to be undescribed, although it
+has been named by Mr. Butler, in manuscript, in the British Museum
+collection:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Saturnia flavida</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. Apolloniæ</i>, Cramer, pl. 250, fig. A, persimilis; differt
+colore fusco-griseo alarum flavido-tincto, fascia fusca pone ocellum,
+absque maculis duabus nigricantibus subapicalibus, colore fusco
+subapicali omnium alarum intus flavido latius marginato. Expans. alar.
+antic. unc. 3⅓.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Gubuleweyo.</p>
+
+<p>I take this opportunity of describing two additional species of
+<i>Saturnia</i>, closely allied to <i>S. flavida</i>, in the Hopeian
+collection, together with a remarkable species collected by Mr.
+Buxton:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Saturnia Terpsichorina</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p><i>S. Apolloniæ</i> similis at multo minor et pallidior, ocello alarum
+anticarum ovali, fascia tenui extus connexa, hac prope apicem alæ
+absque maculis duabus nigris; alis posticis basi albis absque fascia
+indistincta subbasali, ocello ovali extus cum fascia tenui fusca
+conjuncta, fascia 2da submarginali ut in <i>S. Apollonia</i>; thoracis
+dorso macula livido-fusca; incisuris abdominis livido-marginatis.
+Expans. alar. antic. unc. 2¾.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat in Africa merid.-orient. In Mus. Hopeiano.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Saturnia Dyops</span>, Maassen and Weymer, Beitr., fig. 21.</p>
+
+<p>This species is also closely allied to <i>S. Apollonia</i>, but
+wants the ocellus in the hind wings. Maassen obtained it from Natal.
+Specimens from South Eastern Africa, and from Angola (Monteiro), are in
+the Hopeian collection at Oxford.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Saturnia Hyperbius</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Alis anticis ferruginosis, puncto minimo vitreo ad apicem cellulæ;
+striga recta obliqua pone medium alæ cinerea, area pone strigam
+magis aurantiaca, margine apicali plumbeo-tincto, ciliis rufis; alis
+posticis fulvis ocello mediocri medio cinereo (medio albido) circulo
+nigro; striga angusta cinerea inter ocellum et marginem posticum
+plumbescentem, ciliis rufis: alis subtus saturatioribus, venis flavis,
+anticis macula rotunda nigra, medio vitrea; cellula in posticis fere<span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[358]</span>
+obliterata, strigaque pone medium angustiori et minus distincta;
+corpore rufo, abdomine magis fulvo. Expans. alar. antic. fere unc. 5.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat in Africa merid. (D. Buxton.) In Mus. Hopeiano.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Bombycidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The family <span class="smcap">Bombycidæ</span> appears to be rich in species of the
+sub-family <span class="smcap">Limacodides</span>, the caterpillars of which are clothed
+with short erect bristles, which are capable of inflicting poisonous
+wounds; their cocoons are very solid and egg-shaped. Notwithstanding
+their defensive appendages they are subject to the attacks of
+parasites, and in the “Transactions of the Entomological Society,”
+1876, pl. 10, I have given the history of a curious dipterous insect,
+<i>Systropus crudelis</i>, which destroys individuals of one of the
+species of this group. Mr. Oates obtained a number of species, the
+majority of which are, however, in a very mutilated condition. Of one,
+which is a very showy insect and appears to be undescribed, I give the
+description below:—</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Limacodes argentifera</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Læte pallido-viridis, alis anticis basi macula media fasciaque
+subapicali valde curvata e guttis argenteis, singulis guttis annulo
+brunneo cinctis, fascia externa e medio marginis postici versus apicem
+extensa at guttis sensim decrescentibus; alis posticis abdomineque
+fulvis. Expans. alar. antic. unc. 1¼.</p>
+
+<p><i>Pantoctæniæ Gemmanti</i>, Felder, Reise Novara, pl. 82, fig. 16,
+proxima.</p>
+
+<p>Habitat prope Gubuleweyo.</p>
+
+<p>A large species of this family, <i>Jana Mariana</i>, was collected by
+Mr. Oates at Tati, and is figured in Plate G, fig. 6. The type specimen
+is in the British Museum from Congo. It belongs to the modern Genus
+<i>Jana</i>, of Boisduval, but was described by the late Adam White
+under the name of <i>Bombyx Mariana</i> (Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 264). It
+is fawn-coloured, the fore wings with four slender oblique undulating
+brown bands. In the hind wings the bands are rather broader and more
+distinct, and there is a large purplish black spot at the base of the
+latter. The fore wings measure from 4 inches to 4⅔ inches in expanse.</p>
+
+<p>The species of the remaining Lepidopterous families captured by Mr.
+Oates did not comprise any remarkable new species, and were for the
+most part in a much broken condition, rendering their determination
+very difficult.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order COLEOPTERA.</h3>
+
+
+<p class="center">Family <i>Cicindelidæ</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the carnivorous ground beetles five genera of <span class="smcap">Cicindelidæ</span>
+<i>Manticora</i>, <i>Platychile</i>, and <i>Dromica</i>, with
+<i>Ophryodera</i> and <i>Bostrichophorus</i>, are peculiar to the
+central and eastern sub-regions of Africa.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">[359]</span> Of the first-named
+genera, Mr. Oates collected specimens of the gigantic <i>Manticora
+latipennis</i>, Waterhouse, together with a fine new species of
+<i>Dromica</i> characterized below:—</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dromica</span> (<span class="smcap">Myrmecoptera</span>) <span class="smcap">Oatesii</span>,
+Westw. (Plate G, fig. 5, and Plate H, figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>,
+1<i>b</i>.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nigra, capite rugose striolato, labro lævi, in medio fulvo; pronoto
+subopaco transverse striolato, linea media dorsali albo-hirta, elytris
+obovalibus granulatis, singulis 5-costatis, costis longe ante apicem
+desinentibus; costa suturæ proxima e tuberculis oblongis formata; costa
+2da ad basim straminea, nigro-punctata; margine externo inter medium
+et apicem linea gracili albida notato; antennis pone articulum 4tum
+dilatatis, compressis, articulis sensim ad apicem decrescentibus. Fœm.
+Long. corp. unc. 1, lat. med. elytr. lin. 3½.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Carabidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of this family there are 17 peculiarly South African Genera, including
+<i>Crepidogaster</i>, <i>Hystrichopus</i>, <i>Arsinoë</i>, and
+<i>Piezia</i>. The genera <i>Eunostus</i>, <i>Glyphodactyla</i>,
+and <i>Megalonychus</i>, occur in Madagascar as well as in South
+Africa. The greater portion of the gigantic species of <i>Anthia</i>
+are African, and of these a number were collected by Mr. Oates,
+including <i>A. maxillosa</i>, Fabricius, <i>Mellyi</i>, De Breme,
+<i>cinctipennis</i>, Dupont, <i>guttata</i>, Melly, MS. in Brit.
+Mus., and an apparently undescribed species. Of the allied Genus
+<i>Cypholoba</i>, specimens were captured of <i>C. alveolata</i>,
+De Breme, and 7-<i>guttata</i>, Fabricius. Of <i>Polyhirma</i> two
+species, <i>P. macilenta</i>, Olivier, and <i>amabilis</i>, Boheman
+(?), and two species of <i>Graphipterus</i>, <i>G. cordiger</i>,
+Dejean, and <i>Westwoodii</i>, De Breme (?). <i>Drypta jucunda</i> and
+<i>Orthogonius caffer</i>, complete the list of <span class="smcap">Carabidæ</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Scarabæidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the sacred beetles, <span class="smcap">Scarabæidæ</span>, eminently characteristic
+of Africa, and especially of the southern region, specimens
+of the gigantic <i>Pachylomera femoralis</i>, Kirby, and a
+<i>Heliocantharus</i>, the largest species of the genus, were
+taken by Mr. Oates, together with <i>H. transversus</i>, Laporte
+(<i>operosus</i>, Dejean), and <i>H. intricatus</i>. <i>Circellium
+Bacchus</i>, <i>Chalconotus cupreus</i> (varietas minor et brevior);
+three charming species of <i>Gymnopleurus</i>, <i>G. Olivierii</i>,
+<i>fulgidus</i>, and <i>speciosus</i>; <i>Sisyphus</i>, one small
+species; <i>Copris</i>, eight species, including <i>C. Jachus</i>,
+<i>Œdipus</i>, <i>Nemestrinus</i>, and <i>cœlatus</i>; six small
+obscure species of <i>Onthophagus</i>; <i>Onitis inuus</i> and
+<i>ciliatus</i>:—the preceding, of all of which specimens were taken,
+together with several small obscure species of <i>Aphodius</i>, all
+being coprophagous in their habits, sufficiently testify to the
+existence of numbers of large mammalia in the regions where they occur.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[360]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Melolonthidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of this family a number of small obscure-coloured species were
+also collected, with two species of <i>Trox</i>; but of the
+very characteristic genera <i>Anisonyx</i>, <i>Peritrichia</i>,
+<i>Lepitrix</i>, <i>Pachycnema</i>, <i>Dichelus</i>, <i>Monochelus</i>,
+and <i>Gymnoloma</i>, all very numerous in species, and peculiar to
+South Africa, no specimens were captured by Mr. Oates.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Dynastidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p><i>Oryctes Boas</i>, Fabricius, and a small <i>Syrichthus</i>, allied
+to <i>S. gagates</i>, were the only <span class="smcap">Dynastidæ</span> captured; the
+former in large numbers.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Cetoniidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the family of the Rose Chafers (<span class="smcap">Cetoniidæ</span>), containing
+about 1000 described species, twelve genera are peculiar to Western
+Africa, fourteen to South Africa, and twenty-one to Madagascar. Of the
+gigantic species of Goliath beetles, <i>Goliathus albo-signatus</i>,
+Boheman (<i>Kirkii</i>, G. R. Gray), inhabits the Zambesi country.
+<i>Ceratorhina splendens</i>, Bertoloni (<i>Petersiana</i>, Klug),
+one of the loveliest and most remarkable of beetles, inhabits the
+Tati district and Mozambique, but none of these singular insects were
+found by Mr. Oates. Six species of <span class="smcap">Cetoniidæ</span> were taken by
+Mr. Oates, including <i>Pachnoda obsoleta</i>, Schaum; <i>Spilophorus
+plagosus</i>; <i>Phoxomela umbrosa</i>, Gory and Perchéron; and
+<i>Oxythyrea discicollis</i>, Reiche, and <i>hæmorrhoidalis</i>,
+Fabricius.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Lucanidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of this family there are ten genera in South Africa, seven of which
+are peculiar, and two of these are confined to the Island of Bourbon;
+two genera are peculiar to Western tropical Africa and three to South
+Africa; whilst the otherwise widely-ranging genera <i>Lucanus</i> and
+<i>Dorcus</i> are absent from Africa. No species of this family was
+taken by Mr. Oates.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Buprestidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>This family is very extensive, containing at least 2700 species, many
+of which are splendidly coloured insects, of gigantic size, amongst
+which is a group essentially African, remarkable for the numerous
+pencils of short erect hairs dotted over their whole upper surface
+(Genus <i>Julodis</i>, Eschscholtz). The species of <i>Steraspis</i>
+and <i>Sternocera</i> are also of large size and great brilliancy.
+Twenty-seven genera of these insects occur in South Africa, of which
+six are peculiar, but Mr. Oates only collected four small and obscure
+species. The singular Genus <i>Polybothris</i>, with widely dilated
+elytra, is peculiar to Madagascar, no species of the genus having been
+found on the African continent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">[361]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Elateridæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>This family is also of great extent, consisting of not fewer than
+2700 described species, many of which are exclusively natives
+of South-Eastern Africa and Madagascar, the finest group being
+<i>Tetralobus</i>, and its immediate allies, having flabellate antennæ,
+which are almost restricted to Africa, a few only occurring in New
+Holland. Of this group Mr. Oates collected a very interesting species,
+which I have figured in Plate G, fig. 4, and which appears to be
+identical with <i>Tetralobus bifoveolatus</i> of Boheman (although
+apparently differing in certain points).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Paussidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Africa possesses a number of species of this singular family, found in
+Natal by Herr Guienzius in ants’ nests. Mr. Oates, however, collected
+only one species, <i>Pleuropterus alternans</i>, Westw., Thesaurus Ent.
+p. 74, pl. 16, f. 2.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Histeridæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>These insects, which are generally found in excrement, appear to be
+numerous in individuals, although only about eight species were taken,
+one of large size.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Silphidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the carrion beetles one alone, <i>Silpha</i> (<i>micans</i>,
+Fabricius), was captured.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Bostrichidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the numerous family of wood-boring beetles, five species were found
+in considerable numbers, including <i>Apate</i> (<i>monacha</i> and
+<i>cornutus</i>, Fabricius).</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Tenebrionidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>This extensive family, belonging to the <span class="smcap">Heteromerous Section</span>
+of the Order, in its widest extent, as catalogued by Gemminger and Von
+Harold, comprises more than 4500 described species, many of the largest
+and finest of which are peculiarly African, such as <i>Chiroscelis</i>
+and its allies (of which I published an illustrated monograph in the
+“Transactions of the Zoological Society,” vol. iii. 1849), and the
+gigantic species of <i>Moluris</i>, such as <i>M. Bertolonii</i>,
+Guérin, from Mozambique; <i>M. Rowleiana</i>, Westw., from the Zambesi;
+<i>M. gravida,</i> Damara Land; and <i>M. Procrustes</i>, Delagoa Bay,
+illustrated in my paper in “Trans. Ent. Soc.” 1875, pl. 6. Many of
+these insects, which are especially natives of large sandy districts,
+were captured by Mr. Oates, including <i>Moluris Perretii</i>,
+<i>M. gibbosa</i>, <i>M. albipes</i>, etc., <i>Dichtha inflata</i>,
+Gerstaecker, <i>Anomalipus lineatus</i> and <i>intermedius</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[362]</span>
+<i>Hypomeles rugosus</i>, Fabricius, etc. Numerous smaller species of
+<span class="smcap">Melasomatous Heteromera</span>, and <span class="smcap">Helopidæ</span>, were also
+taken, as well as ten species of <span class="smcap">Mylabridæ</span>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Helopidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Amongst the <span class="smcap">Helopidæ</span>, apparently allied to <i>Centronipus</i>
+and <i>Stenochia</i>, is an insect captured by Mr. Oates, which must be
+referred to a new Genus,</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Genus <span class="smcap">Derosphærius</span>, Westw.</p>
+
+<p>Corpus oblongum, subcylindricum; capite parvo, conico, ante oculos
+utrinque rotundato-elevato, antennis longitudine dimidii corporis,
+articulis æqualibus, externis paullo brevioribus at non crassioribus;
+mandibulis capitis longitudine æqualibus curvatis, supra prope basim
+cornu erecto, apice inciso, armatis; labro subrotundato, antice
+emarginato; palpis maxillaribus elongatis, articulo ultimo vix
+securiformi; mentum transversum antice angustatum; palpis labialibus
+parvis, subcylindricis; prothorax rotundatus, subglobosus; pedes satis
+graciles; tarsis heteromeris, simplicibus, unguibus simplicibus.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Derosphærius anthracinus</span>, Westw. (Plate G, fig. 3,
+and Plate H, figs. 2, 2<i>a</i>, 2<i>b</i>, 2<i>c</i>.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Niger nitidus, capite inter antennas biimpresso, pronoto subtiliter
+punctatissimo; elytris punctato-striatis. Long. corp. fere lin. 6.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Curculionidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the still more extensive family of the Weevils (Genus
+<i>Curculio</i>, Linnæus), of which, including the <span class="smcap">Scolytidæ</span>,
+<span class="smcap">Brenthidæ</span>, and <span class="smcap">Anthribidæ</span>, not fewer than 1200
+species have been described, large numbers are peculiarly African,
+especially the great Genera <i>Brachycerus</i>, <i>Episus</i>,
+<i>Microcerus</i>, <i>Platycopes</i>, <i>Sciobius</i>, and many
+others, the species of most of which are distinguished by their dull
+colours and sluggish movements, fitting them for their existence in
+wide arid sandy districts, where they emulate the <i>Pimeliæ</i> and
+<i>Molurides</i>. Of this great tribe only nine species were captured,
+including numbers of individuals of the gigantic <i>Brachycerus
+apterus</i>, remarkable for the red spots on its black body, <i>B.
+congestus</i>, etc.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Cerambycidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Of the great family of Longicorn beetles (<i>Cerambyx</i>, Linnæus),
+consisting of not less than 8000 already described species, there
+are in South Africa 262 genera, of which no less than 67 are
+peculiar, namely 5 of <span class="smcap">Prionidæ</span>, 25 of <span class="smcap">Cerambycidæ</span>,
+and 37 of <span class="smcap">Lamiidæ</span>. The most conspicuous of these genera
+are <i>Sternotomis</i>, <i>Zographus</i>, <i>Alphitopola</i>,
+<i>Tragocephalus</i>, <i>Phryneta</i>, <i>Ceroplesis</i>. The giant
+<i>Prionides</i> are evidently very rare, but the remarkable genera
+may be mentioned, <i>Cacoscelis</i>, <i>Cantharoctenus</i>, and
+<i>Cantharoplatys</i>, Westw.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[363]</span> (Thes. Ent.). Of this great group
+only 23 species were collected by Mr. Oates, including <i>Ceroplesis
+hottentotta</i>, <i>C. cruentata</i>, and two other species,
+<i>Phrissoma giganteum</i>, <i>Callichroma latipes</i>, <i>Hamaticherus
+sericeus</i> and <i>denticornis</i>, and <i>Amphidesmus analis</i>,
+Olivier.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Family <span class="smcap">Chrysomelidæ</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The Phytophagous or plant-eating beetles (<i>Chrysomela</i>, Linn.), as
+may be inferred from their habits, are exceedingly numerous, both in
+species and individuals, in all parts of the world, more than 10,200
+species having been described. Some few groups are especially African,
+such as <i>Pæcilomorpha</i>, Hope, belonging to the <i>Megalopides</i>,
+numerous species of <i>Sagra</i>, <i>Antipa</i>, <i>Melitonoma</i>,
+<i>Acolastus</i>, <i>Eurytus</i>, <i>Pausiris</i>, <i>Pallena</i>,
+<i>Cyno</i>, <i>Macrocoma</i>, etc. Only twenty-three species of these
+insects were taken by Mr. Oates, including <i>Sagra festiva</i>,
+Gerst., <i>Diamphidia femoralis</i>, Gerst., <i>Clythra tettensis</i>,
+and various species of <i>Eumolpus</i>, <i>Cassida</i>, <i>Hispa</i>,
+<i>Colaspis</i>, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The other orders of insects received but little attention, and but few
+are contained in Mr. Oates’s collection.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order ORTHOPTERA.</h3>
+
+<p>In this order several large and beautiful species of locusts were
+taken, including <i>Acridium leprosum</i> and <i>scabrosum</i>, and
+<i>Petasia cruentata</i>, <i>Pamphagus haploscelis</i>, and the curious
+wingless grasshopper, <i>Eugaster loricatus</i> of Gerstaecker. Two or
+three different kinds of Crickets and four species of <span class="smcap">Blattidæ</span>
+were also taken.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order NEUROPTERA.</h3>
+
+<p>In this order a large species of <i>Myrmeleon</i>, marked like <i>M.
+Libelluloides</i>, and the lovely <i>Palpares citrinus</i>, were
+collected.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order HYMENOPTERA.</h3>
+
+<p>In this order two large species of sand wasps with steel blue wings
+were taken.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Order HEMIPTERA.</h3>
+
+<p>Of <span class="smcap">Hemiptera</span> twelve species of <span class="smcap">Cimicidæ</span> were taken.</p>
+
+<h3>Order DIPTERA.</h3>
+
+<p>In this order various species injurious to cattle and horses, including
+six species of <span class="smcap">Tabanidæ</span>, one being the beautiful <i>Tabanus
+africanus</i> of Gray (Griff. Anim. Kingd. Ins. pl. 114, fig. 5), were
+taken; also two species of <i>Hippobosca</i>, and various specimens
+of the terrible TSETSE (<i>Glossina morsitans</i>, Westw., Proc.
+Zool. Soc., 10th December 1850), of which I have thought it would be
+desirable to give a fresh figure (Plate G, fig. 2). The figure which
+I gave of this insect,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[364]</span> accompanying my original description, was
+afterwards copied upon the titlepage of Dr. Livingstone’s Travels
+(without acknowledgment), and in my memoir I ventured to suggest not
+only that the Tsetse was identical with the Zimb of Bruce, but also
+possibly with the Tsaltsalya; and further, that “the fly that is in the
+uttermost part of the rivers of Egypt,” described by the prophet Isaiah
+(ch. vii. 18, 19), and considered as the cause of one of the plagues of
+Egypt, may also have been no other than the Tsetse. Two notes recently
+published on this insect, with suggestions of remedying or preventing
+its attacks, may be added:—</p>
+
+<p>Lewis Hornor, in the “Times,” 25th February 1879, writes, “Having
+hunted in the African fly country and seen many horses and oxen die of
+the bite, against which no external application is, I firmly believe,
+any safeguard, I venture to call attention to the precautions adopted
+by the Boer elephant hunters in the interior. The Tsetse inhabits
+narrow and clearly defined strips of country, familiar to all natives,
+and readily evident to strangers. On approaching one of these ‘fly
+belts’ (so called) a halt is made, and inspanning again at sundown the
+Boer treks through at night in safety. I only remember one case of
+mishap, when, in crossing a belt near the confluence of the Chobé and
+Zambesi, two or three oxen out of nearly forty were bitten, and that,
+if my memory serves me, on a bright moonlight night.”</p>
+
+<p>The African traveller Hildebrandt recommends strongly, in the
+“Korrespondenzblatt der afrik. Gesellschaft,” the use of petroleum
+for those travelling in the tropics, as a protection against insects.
+Occasional applications to the face and hands ensured entire freedom
+from mosquitoes, and the same method sufficed to preserve horses and
+cattle against the deadly attacks of the Dondorobo gadfly, which so
+often cripples the movements of the explorer. Petroleum likewise
+protected the Natural History Collections of the traveller from ants,
+moths, etc.</p>
+
+<p>[The description of Plates E-H is given on p. <a href="#Page_365">365.</a>]</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_e" style="max-width: 317px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.E.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_e.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 sm center"><img src="images/symbol.jpg" alt=""
+style="height:1em;  padding:0 0em 0 0em;">. del. Mintern Bros. lith.</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center"></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_f" style="max-width: 343px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.F.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_f.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center"><img src="images/symbol.jpg" alt=""
+style="height:1em;  padding:0 0em 0 0em;">. del. Mintern Bros. lith.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_g" style="max-width: 346px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.G.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_g.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center"><img src="images/symbol.jpg" alt=""
+style="height:1em;  padding:0 0em 0 0em;">. del. Mintern Bros. lith.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_h" style="max-width: 346px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.H.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_h.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center"><img src="images/symbol.jpg" alt=""
+style="height:1em;  padding:0 0em 0 0em;">. del. Mintern Bros. lith.</p>
+  </div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[365]</span></p>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="smcap">Descriptions of the Plates.</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="smcap">Plate E.</p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+  <li>Fig. 1, 2. <i>Acræa amphimalla</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;3, 4. <i>Callosune Wallengrenii</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;5, 6. <i>Callosune ramaquebana</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;7, 8. <i>Callosune Buxtoni</i>, female.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;9, 10. <i>Callosune regina</i>, female.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;11. <i>Chœrocampa virgo</i>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Plate F.</p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+  <li>Fig. 1, 2. <i>Acræa Atergatis</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;3, 4. <i>Acræa Atolmis</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;5, 6. <i>Acræa Axina</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;7, 8. <i>Acræa Acontias</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;9, 10. <i>Acræa Aglaonice</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;11, 12. <i>Acræa Acronycta</i>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="smcap">Plate G.</p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+  <li>Fig. 1. <i>Eusemia adulatrix</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;2. <i>Glossina morsitans</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;3. <i>Derosphærius anthracinus</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;4. <i>Tetralobus bifoveolatus</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;5. <i>Dromica Oatesii</i>.</li>
+  <li>&ensp;„&emsp;6. <i>Jana Mariana</i>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<span class="smcap">Plate H.</span>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+  <li class="hangingindent1">Fig. 1. Upper lip and mandibles of <i>Dromica Oatesii</i>; 1a, maxilla
+of do.; 1<i>b</i>, lower lip and palpi of do.</li>
+  <li class="hangingindent1">Fig. 2. Upper lip of <i>Derosphærius anthracinus</i>; 2<i>a</i>, mandible; 2<i>b</i>,
+maxilla; 2<i>c</i>, lower lip of do.</li>
+  <li class="hangingindent1">Fig. 3. Head, antenna and spiral tongue of <i>Eusemia adulatrix</i>;
+3<i>a</i>, chief veins of the fore wing of do.; 3<i>b</i>, extremity of
+the body of the male of do., seen sideways.</li>
+  <li class="hangingindent1">Fig. 4. Head of <i>Jana Mariana</i>; 4<i>a</i>, do., seen sideways; 4<i>b</i>, chief
+veins of the fore wings of do.</li>
+  <li class="hangingindent1">Fig. 5. Head of the Tsetse, seen sideways, with the parts of the
+sucker separated from each other; 5<i>a</i>, antenna; 5<i>b</i>, pad
+of the feet of do.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[366]</span></p>
+
+<h2>V.<br>
+<span class="subhed">BOTANY.<a id="FNanchor_78" href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></span><br>
+<span class="subhed1">By <span class="smcap">D. Oliver</span>, F.R.S., F.L.S., Professor of Botany in
+University College, London.</span><br>
+<span class="subhed2">(<span class="smcap">Plates</span> J, K.)</span></h2></div>
+
+<p class="center p1">Order RANUNCULACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Ranunculus pinnatus</span>, Poir.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order POLYGALACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Polygala virgata</span>, Thunb.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order TILIACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Triumfetta Welwitschii</span>, Masters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order MALPIGHIACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Acridocarpus pruriens</span>, A. Juss.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order ZYGOPHYLLACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Zygophyllum Dregeanum</span>, Presl?</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order AMPELIDEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Vitis</span>, sp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order LEGUMINOSÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Sutherlandia frutescens</span>, R. Br.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Erythrina</span>, sp.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Eriosema</span>, sp.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Bauhinia fassoglensis</span>, Kotschy.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Cassia tettensis</span>, Bolle?</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Acacia</span>, sp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order ROSACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Cliffortia linearifolia</span>, E. and Z.?</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">[367]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order SAXIFRAGACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Vahlia capensis</span>, Berg.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order COMBRETACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Combretum</span>, sp.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Combretum Zeyheri</span>, Sond.?</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order TURNERACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Wormskioldia longepedunculata</span>, Masters.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order UMBELLIFERÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Peucedanum capense</span>, Dietr.?</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order RUBIACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Fadogia Zeyheri</span>, Sond.?</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order COMPOSITÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Geigeria Zeyheri</span>, Harv.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Artemisia afra</span>, Jacq.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Denekia capensis</span>, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Nidorella auriculata</span>, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Gerbera natalensis</span>, Schultz Bip.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order CAMPANULACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Wahlenbergia Banksiana</span>, A. D. C.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Lobelia decipiens</span>, Sond.?</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order ERICACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Erica</span>, near <span class="smcap">coccinea</span>, Berg.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order OLEACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Jasminum</span>, sp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order APOCYNACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Carissa</span>, near <span class="smcap">tomentosa</span>, A. Rich.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order CONVOLVULACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Evolvulus alsinoides</span>, Linn., var.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order BORAGINACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Trichodesma physaloides</span>, A. D. C.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order SOLANACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Solanum subexarmatum</span>, Dunal?</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order GENTIANACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Chironia</span>, sp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[368]</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order SCROPHULARIACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Lyperia Burkeana</span>, Benth.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Limosella tenuifolia</span>, Nutt.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Diclis reptans</span>, Benth.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order ACANTHACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Hypoestes Forskahlii</span>, R. Br.?</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Hypoestes verticillaris</span>, R. Br.?</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order SELAGINACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Hebenstreitia</span>, near <span class="smcap">Dentata</span>, Thunb.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order VERBENACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Lippia asperifolia</span>, Rich.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Lantana</span> or <span class="smcap">Lippia</span>, sp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order LABIATÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Leonotis Leonurus</span>, R. Br.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Ocymum</span>, or <span class="smcap">Orthosiphon</span>, sp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order AMARANTHACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Achyranthes aspera</span>, L.?</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order EUPHORBIACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Euphorbia</span>, sp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order ORCHIDACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Lissochilus</span>, 2 sp.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order IRIDACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Gladiolus brevifolius</span>, Jacq.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Gladiolus</span>, near <span class="smcap">Quartinianus</span>, A. Rich.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order AMARYLLIDACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Hæmanthus</span>, near <span class="smcap">multiflorus</span>, Martyn.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order HYPOXIDACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Hypoxis villosa</span>, L.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order LILIACEÆ.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent2">&emsp;<span class="smcap">Anthericum</span> (<span class="smcap">Trachyandra</span>) <span class="smcap">Oatesii</span>, Baker in
+Trimen’s <i>Journal of Botany</i>, 1878, p. 324. (Plate J.)</p>
+
+<p>Rootstock not seen complete; outer tunics produced as a membrane round
+its neck. Produced leaves 5–6, contemporary with the flowers, terete
+above the sheathing base, ½ foot long, ½ line in diameter, clothed
+with fine soft deflexed white hairs as long as the diameter of the
+leaf. Scape as long as the leaves, pilose in the lower part glabrous
+upwards. Raceme lax, simple, ½ a foot long, 1–1¼ inch<span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[369]</span> in diameter;
+bracts minute, deltoid; pedicels erecto-patent, the lower ones ½–¾ inch
+long. Perianth white, fugacious; segments ¼ inch long, lanceolate, with
+a distinct 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved brown keel. Stamens falling
+a little short of the perianth-segments; filaments muricate; anthers
+oblong, very minute. Style declinate, just overtopping the anthers.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_j" style="max-width: 342px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.J.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_j.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center">W. H. Fitch del.&emsp;&emsp;Mintern Bros. imp.</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">ANTHERICUM OATESII.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="plate_k" style="max-width: 317px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right">App.Pl.K.</p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/plate_k.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center">W. H. Fitch del.&emsp;&emsp;Mintern Bros. imp.</p>
+     <p class="p0 sm center">ADIANTUM OATESII.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>Near the Abyssinian <i>A. Saltii</i>, and Cape <i>A. pubescens</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aloe</span>, sp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Asparagus</span>, sp.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Androcymbium melanthioides</span>, Willd.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order GRAMINEÆ.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Panicum</span> (<span class="smcap">Tricholæna</span>) <span class="smcap">roseum</span> (Nees.)</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Andropogon</span>, sp.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Andropogon</span> (<span class="smcap">Cymbopogon</span>) <span class="smcap">hirtus</span>, L.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">Order FILICES.</p>
+
+<p>* <span class="smcap">Pellæa consobrina</span>, Hook.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Adiantum æthiopicum</span>, L.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;<span class="smcap">Adiantum Oatesii</span>, Baker. (Plate K.)</p>
+
+<p>Stipe slender, brown, glabrous. Lamina pedate, with 6–7 pinnate
+divisions, the largest 6–8 inches long, 1¼–1½ inch broad; end segment
+cuneate, ½–1 inch broad; side segments dimidiate, shortly petioled,
+all, except the lowest, rather ascending, imbricating over the rachis
+at the inner anterior corner, the largest ¾–⅞ inch broad, ½ inch long,
+straight and truncate on the lower and inner borders, cut into deep
+rounded lobes on the upper and outer borders; lower segments gradually
+dwindling down in size; rachis quite glabrous and scale-less, bright
+brown; texture thin, membranous; both surfaces bright green and
+glabrous. Sori not seen. Veins close, fine, distinct, flabellate, free.</p>
+
+<p>Closely allied to the American and Asiatic <i>A. pedatum</i>, Linn.,
+from which it differs by the fewer divisions of the frond, the outer
+ones not falcately curved, and its shortly-petioled ultimate segments,
+which are fewer, broader, and imbricated over the rachis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Adiantum lunulatum</span>, Burm.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cheilanthes farinosa</span>, Kaulf.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nephrodium molle</span>, Desv.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nephrodium</span> (<span class="smcap">Lastrea</span>), sp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nephrolepis exaltata</span>, Schott.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nephrolepis cordifolia</span>, Presl.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mohria caffrorum</span>, Desv.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[370]</span></p>
+
+<h2>VI.<br>
+<span class="subhed">LIST OF MAKALAKA WORDS AND PHRASES,</span><br>
+<span class="subhed1">From one of Mr. <span class="smcap">F. Oates’s</span> Note-Books, 1874–5.</span></h2>
+
+<p>Y-sloga, <i>axe</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Sewonc̈ha, fold, <i>enclosure</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Inslogo, <i>head</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Lusa, <i>herd</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mutwalla, <i>package</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Le-c̈hebe, <i>pan</i> (<i>of water</i>).</p>
+
+<p>Bushlune, <i>powder</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mouti, <i>tree</i>, <i>medicine</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A-acho, <i>our</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A-aka, <i>his</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hlula, <i>to go by</i>.</p>
+
+<p>T̈heula, <i>to be lame</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pesa, <i>to leave off</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Amanga, <i>to lie</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ponsa, <i>to shoot</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hclanza, <i>to be sick</i>; also, <i>to wash</i>.</p>
+
+<p>T̈hkinga, <i>to spy out</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Londalosa, <i>to take care of</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Incolo-ga Stoffel, <i>Stoffel’s waggon</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gagwasasan, <i>early this morning</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ea gahte, <i>a long time ago</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Eo vouta, <i>it’s cooking</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ya chesa, <i>it is hot</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ngeswēle, <i>I heard</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ongeswanga, <i>I have not heard</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Oeswēle? <i>did you hear</i>?</p>
+
+<p>Gangbonanga, <i>I have not seen</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Angetanga, <i>I don’t like</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Una manga, <i>you lie</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gane na manga, <i>I don’t lie</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gang aze, <i>I don’t know</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Asea aze, <i>we don’t know</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Gneponsele, <i>I shot</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ngeza gon shia, <i>I’ll hit you</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Wale shia lipe? <i>where is he</i>?</p>
+
+<p>Bangape ba fana? <i>where are the boys</i>?</p>
+
+<p>Y gu bane? <i>whom does it belong to</i>?</p>
+
+<p>E haubele nane? <i>when did it go</i>?</p>
+
+<p>Koulape? <i>where are you lame</i>?</p>
+
+<p>Mouti moone? <i>what tree is that</i>?</p>
+
+<p>Hamba tata zinto zato, <i>go get our things</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ouguchen gesa inglella eang Gubuleweyo, <i>show me the road to
+Gubuleweyo</i>.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[371]</span></p>
+
+<h2>INDEX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Abantu Skulls,
+    <a href="#Page_276">276</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_278">278</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_279">279</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Abantu tribes, adoption of customs by, from the Khoi-Khoin races,
+    <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Acacia</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Acherontia Atropos</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Achyranthes aspera</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Acræa Acontias</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Acronycta</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Aglaonice</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>amphimalla</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Anemosa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Atergatis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Atolmis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Axina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Bellua</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Caldarene</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Dircæa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Hypatia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>natalica</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Neobule</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Rahira</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_348">348</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Acræidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Acridium leprosum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>scabrosum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Acridocarpus pruriens</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Actitis hypoleucus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Adiantum æthiopicum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>lunulatum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Oatesii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Aëdon leucophrys</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ægialitis atricollaris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ægithalus</i>, or Penduline Titmouse, nest of,
+    <a href="#Footnote_24">76</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Agaristidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Alaudidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Alcedinidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Aloe</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Amadavats, nests of,
+    <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Amadina erythrocephala</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Amblypodia natalensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Leroma</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Amphidesmus analis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Amydrus bicolor</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>morio</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Anas xanthorhyncha</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Anatidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Androcymbium melanthioides</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Andropogon</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">(<i>Cymbopogon</i>) <i>hirtus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Anomalipus intermedius</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>lineatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Anthericum</i> (<i>Trachyandra</i>) <i>Oatesii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Anthia cinctipennis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>guttata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>maxillosa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Mellyi</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Anthocharis Eosphorus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Erone</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Anthopsyche speciosa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Theopompe</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Anthus caffer</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>pyrrhonotus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ant-eating Wheatear, Southern,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ants,
+    <a href="#Page_40">40</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_72">72</a>. <i>See also</i> <a href="#White_ants">White ants</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Apate cornutus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>monacha</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Apricots,
+    <a href="#Page_4">4</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_37">37</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ardea melanocephala</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>purpurea</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>rufiventris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ardeidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ardeiralla Sturmii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Artemisia afra</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Asio capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Asparagus</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Assegais, different varieties of,
+    <a href="#Footnote_29">101</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Astur polyzonoides</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Aterica Meleagris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Australian skulls,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ayres, Mr. Thomas, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Babbling Thrush, Jardine’s,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Pied,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Baines, Thomas, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_247">247</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_254">254</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_256">256–8</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Baker, Mr. J. G., F.R.S., descriptions of two new species
+of plants obtained by Mr. Oates, by,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1" id="Bamangwato">Bamangwato,
+    <a href="#Page_15">15–22</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_36">36</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_147">147–159</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">fighting at,
+    <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">(or Mungwato), the usual name for Shoshong,
+    <a href="#Footnote_9">11</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Baobab trees,
+    <a href="#Page_72">72</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_83">83</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Barbel,
+    <a href="#Page_51">51</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Barbet, Le Vaillant’s,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Pied,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Batis molitor</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bauhinia fassoglensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bee-eater, Blue-cheeked,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Carmine-throated,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">European,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Little,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Swallow-tailed,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">White-fronted,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bees’ nests,
+    <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Beef-eater, African,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Beetles, annoyance from,
+    <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bell, Thomas,
+    <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bembesi River,
+    <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bengali Finch, Southern,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Biltong, meat dried in the sun,
+    <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Birds’ nests collected by Mr. Oates,
+    <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bishop-bird, Red,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bleek, Dr. W. H. J., researches of,
+    <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Blockley, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_244">244</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_245">245</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Blue gum trees,
+    <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Blumenbach, J. F., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Boa-constrictor,
+    <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Boer hunters,
+    <a href="#Page_154">154</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">their indiscriminate slaughter of game,
+    <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Boers and their waggons,
+    <a href="#Page_220">220</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">character of,
+    <a href="#Page_10">10</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">farms of, in the Transvaal,
+    <a href="#Page_9">9</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_10">10</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_12">12</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">their apparent poverty,
+    <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bolinlila, Lobengula’s brother,
+    <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bombycidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bombyx Mariana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bond, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bostrichidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Botany, by Professor Oliver, F.R.S., F.L.S.,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366–369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Brachycerus apterus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>congestus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bradshaw, Dr., joins Mr. Oates,
+    <a href="#Page_244">244–251</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">with him at his death,
+    <a href="#Page_260">260–264</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bradyornis Oatesii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bradypterus gracilirostris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Brass wire,
+    <a href="#Page_119">119</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_33">120</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bristle-necked Thrush, Cape,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Broca, P., reference to,
+    <a href="#Footnote_68">280</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Brown, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Brown, Mr. A., of Tati,
+    <a href="#Page_33">33</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_35">35</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_163">163</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_168">168</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_188">188</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_190">190</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_198">198</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_199">199</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_200">200–202</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_213">213</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_216">216</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bubo lacteus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>maculosus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bubonidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bubulcus ibis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Bucerotidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Buchanga assimilis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Buckley, Mr. T. E.,
+    <a href="#Page_3">3–36</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Building, singular native,
+    <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bulbul, Layard’s,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Le Vaillant’s,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bullocks, State slaughter of,
+    <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bunting, Cape,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Golden-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Buphaga africana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Buprestidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bushman crania,
+    <a href="#Page_273">273</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+  <li class="i3">measurements of,
+    <a href="#Page_292">292</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">race, Mongolian origin ascribed to,
+    <a href="#Page_288">288–290</a></li>
+  <li class="i3">indications of kinship with the Akka and Obongo tribes,
+    <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">remains, failure to obtain,
+    <a href="#Page_136">136</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+  <li class="i3">finally obtained,
+    <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bushmen,
+    <a href="#Page_24">24</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_25">25</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_28">28</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_50">50</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_80">80</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_137">137</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_144">144</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_152">152</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">looked upon as game by the Matabele,
+    <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">mysterious instincts of,
+    <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bush-shrike, Bakbakiri,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Crimson-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Pied Puff-backed,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Red-winged,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Short-tailed,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">South African Puff-backed,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Three-streaked,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Yellow-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bush-warbler, Short-tailed,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Busk, Mr. G., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Bustard, Blue,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Kori,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Buteo jackal</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Butorides atricapillus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>rufiventris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Sturmii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Butterflies, distribution of, in Africa,
+    <a href="#Page_333">333–335</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Buzzard, Jackal,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Caffre skulls,
+    <a href="#Page_278">278</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_285">285</a>. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Kafir">Kafir</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Calabash pumpkins,
+    <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Callichroma latipes</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Callidryas Castalia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Florella</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Pyrene</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Rhadia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Swainsonii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Callosune Antigone</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Buxtoni</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Casta</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Danaë</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Eione</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Eupompe</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Evenina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Evippe</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>inornata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Ione</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Keiskamma</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Omphale</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>pseudetrida</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Ramaquebana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>regina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Theogone</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Wallengrenii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Campethera Abingtoni</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Bennetti</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Smithii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Capitonidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Caprimulgidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Caprimulgus europæus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>mossambicus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>rufigenis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Caprona Pillaana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Carabidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Carissa</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Carrion beetles,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cassia tettensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Caterpillars,
+    <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Cattle disease, heavy losses from, in Natal,
+    <a href="#Page_8">8</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Cattle, Mashona breed of,
+    <a href="#Page_226">226</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Centropus senegalensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>superciliosus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cerambycidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cerchneis amurensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>naumanni</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>rupicola</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>tinnunculoides</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ceroplesis cruentata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>hottentotta</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Certhilauda semitorquata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ceryle maxima</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ceryle rudis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cetoniidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ceylon, skulls from,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Chalconotus cupreus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Chalcopelia afra</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Chapman, Jas., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_254">254–260</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Charadriidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Charaxes Pelias</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Charm, a hunter’s,
+    <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Chat, Familiar,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Chat-thrush, Natal,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Cheetahs, goat killed by,
+    <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cheilanthes farinosa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Chera progne</i>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_55">220</a>, <i>note</i>;
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Chettusia coronata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Chinese, skulls of,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Chironia</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Chœrocampa capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>virgo</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Christmas Day at the Pantamatenka,
+    <a href="#Page_244">244–246</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Chrysococcyx cupreus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Chrysomelidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Chrysophanus Lara</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cicindelidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ciconia alba</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ciconiidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cinnyris afer</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>gutturalis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>mariquensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Circellium Bacchus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Circus ranivorus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cisticola aberrans</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>chiniana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>cursitans</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>curvirostris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>tinniens</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Cleland, Prof. J., reference to,
+    <a href="#Footnote_71">283</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cliffortia linearifolia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Clythra tettensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Coccystes cafer</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Cokhé River,
+    <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Colias Pyrene</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Coliidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Colius erythromelon</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>striatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Colubridæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Columbæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Coly, Quiriva,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">South African,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Combretum</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Zeyheri</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Cook, Captain, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Coot, Rufous-knobbed,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Copris cœlatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Jachus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Nemestrinus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Œdipus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Coracias caudata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>garrula</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>nævia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Coraciidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Cormorant, Long-tailed,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Corn-crake,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Coronella tritænia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Corvus scapulatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Corythornis cyanostigma</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cosmetornis vexillarius</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cossypha natalensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Cotton, wild,
+    <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Coturnix dactylisonans</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Delegorguei</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>histrionica</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Crake, Peters’s,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Crateropus bicolor</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Jardinii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Crex pratensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Crickets,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Crithagra angolensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>chrysopyga</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Crocodile River,
+    <a href="#Page_14">14–18</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">farms on the,
+    <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Crocodiles,
+    <a href="#Page_69">69</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_105">105</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Crow, White-backed,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cuculidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cuculus clamosus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>cupreus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Cuckoo, Black,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Golden,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Lark-heeled,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Le Vaillant’s,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">White-eyebrowed Lark-heeled,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Curculionidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cyllo Leda</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cynthia Cardui</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cypholoba alveolata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>7-guttata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cypselidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Cypselus apus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Dacha, hemp used for smoking,
+    <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Daka River,
+    <a href="#Page_240">240</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_242">242</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_243">243</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_245">245</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Damaraland, elephants in,
+    <a href="#Page_75">75</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Danais Chrysippus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dance, the Great,
+    <a href="#Page_98">98–104</a></li>
+  <li class="i3">preparations for,
+    <a href="#Page_96">96–98</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Darter, Le Vaillant’s,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dawnay, the Hon. G. C.,
+    <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dendropicus cardinalis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>namaquus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Denekia capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Derosphærius anthracinus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Diadema Misippus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Diamphidia femoralis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dichtha inflata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dick (Kafir driver),
+    <a href="#Page_31">31</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_107">107–113</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Diclis reptans</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dicrocercus hirundinaceus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dicruridæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dilophus carunculatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dobie, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_168">168</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_43">176</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dog, tame, run wild, story of,
+    <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dogs, Lobengula’s,
+    <a href="#Page_107">107</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+  <li class="i3">ferocity of,
+    <a href="#Page_98">98</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dorehill, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_184">184–187</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_226">226–242</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dove, Cape Turtle,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Emerald-spotted,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Long-tailed African,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dromica Oatesii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Drongo, African,
+    <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dryiophidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dryiophis Oatesii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_329">329</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dryoscopus boulboul</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>cubla</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Drypta jucunda</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Du Chaillu, M. Paul B., reference to,
+    <a href="#Footnote_74">288</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Duck, Yellow-billed,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dwarf Goose, African,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Dwarf Heron, Black-headed,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Dynastidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Eagle Owl, Spotted,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+  <li class="i3">Verreaux’s,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Echle, native hunter,
+    <a href="#Page_78">78</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ecker, Professor A., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Egret, Short-billed,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Eland’s River,
+    <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Elanus cæruleus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Elateridæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Elephant guns, Lee’s views upon,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Elephants,
+    <a href="#Page_30">30</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_50">50</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_75">75</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_76">76</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_77">77</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_84">84</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_129">129</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">large tusks of,
+    <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Entomology, by Professor J. O. Westwood, M.A., F.L.S., etc.,
+    <a href="#Page_330">330</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Erebia Narycia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Erica</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Eriosema</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Erythrina</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Eskimo skulls,
+    <a href="#Page_275">275</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Estrelda astrild</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>cyanogastra</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>erythronota</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>granatina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ethnology, by Professor Rolleston, M.D., F.R.S.,
+    <a href="#Page_274">274</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Eugaster loricatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Euphorbia</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Euphorbias,
+    <a href="#Footnote_17">46</a>, <i>note</i>;
+    <a href="#Footnote_19">58</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Euplectes capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_330">330</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>oryx</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Eupodotis cærulescens</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>cristata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Eurocephalus anguitimens</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Eurystomus afer</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Eusemia adulatrix</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>æmulatrix</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>glossatrix</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>meretrix</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>niveosparsa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>nugatrix</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>pardalina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_355">355</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Evolvulus alsinoides</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1"><i>Fadogia Zeyheri</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Fairbairn, Mr. J.,
+    <a href="#Page_52">52</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_59">59</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_62">62</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_93">93</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_109">109–113</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_150">150</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_162">162</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Falco biarmicus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>minor</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Fantail Warbler, Brown,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Common,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Larger Grey-backed,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Le Vaillant’s,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Smith’s,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Finch, Amadavat,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Black-cheeked,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Little Barred-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Scutellated,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Wax-bill,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Fires in the veldt,
+    <a href="#Page_54">54</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Fish held in abomination,
+    <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">in the sand at Tati,
+    <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Flamakinyani,
+    <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Flies, annoyance from,
+    <a href="#Page_35">35</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_38">38</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_230">230</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Flirt, one of Mr. Oates’s pointers,
+    <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Flower, Professor, measurements of Bushman crania by,
+    <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_278">278</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_283">283</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_285">285</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Fly-catcher, Eastern Yellow-eyed,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Red-crested,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">South African Paradise,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Francolin, Grey-winged,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Natal,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Pileated,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Francolinus afer</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>natalensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>pileatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Fringillaria capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>flaviventris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Fringillidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Fritsch, Dr. Gustav, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_286">286</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_288">288</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Frogs, noise from, at night,
+    <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Fulica cristata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1"><i>Gallinula angulata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Game-drive, Makalaka,
+    <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Garden, Captain and Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Geigeria Zeyheri</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Gerbera natalensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Geruah,
+    <a href="#Page_242">242</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Gilchrist, Mr., journey to Tati and return to England,
+    <a href="#Page_3">3–41</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">second journey to South Africa,
+    <a href="#Page_265">265–270</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">visits Mr. Oates’s grave,
+    <a href="#Page_269">269</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">brings his effects to England,
+    <a href="#Page_267">267</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Gladiolus</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>brevifolius</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Glareola melanoptera</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Glareolidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Glaucidium perlatum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Glossina morsitans</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Glossy Thrush, Meves’s,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Red-shouldered,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Smith’s,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Verreaux’s,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Goatsucker, nest of,
+    <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Gokwe River,
+    <a href="#Page_25">25</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_28">28</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Goose, Knob-billed,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Goshawk, Chanting,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Many-banded,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Red-faced,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Graculus africanus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Grapes, wild,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Graphipterus cordiger</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Westwoodii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Grass-owl, South African,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Grasshoppers,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Gratiolet, M. P., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Gray, Mr. Henry,
+    <a href="#Page_3">3–19</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">death of, at Lake Ngami,
+    <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Grebe, Little,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Greenshanks,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Griquas, party of,
+    <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Grosbeak, Angola,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Golden-rumped,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Striped-headed,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ground beetles, carnivorous,
+    <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Gruber, Prof. W., reference to,
+    <a href="#Footnote_68">280</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Gubuleweyo,
+    <a href="#Page_58">58–62</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_89">89</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_92">92–108</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_183">183–188</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Guinea-fowl, tame, story of,
+    <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Günther, Albert, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S., descriptions of two new species of snakes obtained by Mr. Oates, by,
+    <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Gwailo River,
+    <a href="#Page_72">72</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Gymnopleurus fulgidus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Olivierii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>speciosus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hæmanthus</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Halcyon albiventris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>chelicutensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>cyanoleuca</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>semicærulea</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hamaticherus denticornis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>sericeus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hamy, Dr. E. T., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hartmann, Dr. R., quoted,
+    <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hathorn, Mr. F. A.,
+    <a href="#Page_20">20</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_149">149</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">undertakes the duties of executor after Mr. Oates’s death,
+    <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hawk-moth, Death’s-head,
+    <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hawk-moths, Silver-striped,
+    <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Head-dresses, native, variety of,
+    <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hebenstreitia</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Helmet-shrike, South African,
+    <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Helopidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Heliocantharus intricatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>operosus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>transversus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hemipode, Kurrichaine,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hendrik, native servant,
+    <a href="#Page_31">31</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_34">34</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hepburn, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_21">21</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Heron, Black-headed Dwarf,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Black-throated,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Buff-backed,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Purple,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Red-bellied,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Sturm’s,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Herodius intermedia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Herpetology, by Albert Günther, M.A., Ph.D., M.D., F.R.S.,
+    <a href="#Page_329">329</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hesperiidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hex River,
+    <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">High Veldt, the,
+    <a href="#Page_7">7–9</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_12">12</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hirundinidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hirundo cucullata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>puella</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hirundo rustica</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>semirufa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Histeridæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Holfontein,
+    <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Honey-guide, White-eared,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hoopoe, South African,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hope Fountain,
+    <a href="#Page_61">61</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_62">62</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_66">66</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hoplopterus speciosus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Horn, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hornbill, African Grey,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">nest of a,
+    <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">note of the,
+    <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Yellow-billed,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Horse-sickness,
+    <a href="#Page_40">40</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_236">236–238</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Horses, “salted,” value of,
+    <a href="#Page_40">40</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_89">89</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_187">187</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hottentot skulls,
+    <a href="#Page_277">277</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_68">280</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">“Hottentotten-Schurze,” the, not confined to African races,
+    <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Hyænas, ox attacked by,
+    <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hypanis Ilithyia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hyphantornis capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>mariquensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>nigrifrons</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>ocularis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>olivaceus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hypoestes Forskahlii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>verticillaris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hypomeles rugosus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Hypoxis villosa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1"><i>Idmais Eris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Vesta</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Impakwe River,
+    <a href="#Page_44">44</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_131">131</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_132">132</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Inchlangin,
+    <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Indicator Sparmanni</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Indicatoridæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Induna, a rebellious,
+    <a href="#Page_209">209</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Indunas’ Tree, the,
+    <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Inhlala, wild fruit,
+    <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Inkwesi River,
+    <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_129">129–131</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_143">143</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_185">185</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Inquinquesi River,
+    <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Intembin,
+    <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Inyati,
+    <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_68">68</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_70">70</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_72">72</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Irrisor erythrorhynchus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ismene Pisistratus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Iynx pectoralis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Jacana, Lesser African,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Jacob,
+    <a href="#Page_107">107–113</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Jacobs, Piet,
+    <a href="#Page_136">136</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_231">231</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_263">263–268</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">his house at Tati,
+    <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Jana Mariana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Jasminum</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">John, native interpreter,
+    <a href="#Page_65">65</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_118">118</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_153">153</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_181">181</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Junonia Clelia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Cloantha</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Hecate</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>natalica</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Octavia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Œnone</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Orithya</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Kafir Plum,
+    <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1" id="Kafir">Kafirs, Mr. Oates threatened by,
+    <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">various traits of,
+    <a href="#Page_13">13</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_125">125</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_156">156</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_164">164</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_165">165</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_218">218</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Kalmuck music,
+    <a href="#Footnote_75">290</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Kama,
+    <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Kamani,
+    <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Kennedy, Stoffel,
+    <a href="#Page_188">188–197</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_207">207–211</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_226">226–242</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Kestrel, Eastern Red-footed,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Lesser,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">South African,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Khoi-Khoin race, Mongolian origin ascribed to,
+    <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">possible argument for their affinity with Papuans and Malays,
+    <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Kingfisher, African White-headed,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Angola,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Brown-hooded,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Great African,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Malachite-crested,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Pied,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Striped,
+    <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Kirk, Dr., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_295">295</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Kite, Black-shouldered,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Yellow-billed,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Klaas, Hottentot hunter,
+    <a href="#Page_128">128–137</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Klaas, waggon-driver,
+    <a href="#Page_198">198</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_199">199</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Klipspringers,
+    <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Knob-kerries,
+    <a href="#Footnote_27">94</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Kumala River,
+    <a href="#Page_97">97</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Lacordaire, M. J. Theod., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lagonosticta minima</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lamprocolius phœnicopterus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lamprotornis australis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Mevesi</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Laniarius atrococcineus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>bakbakiri</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>senegalus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>sulphureipectus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>trivirgatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Laniidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lanius collaris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>collurio</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>minor</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lanner, South African,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lantana</i> (or <i>Lippia</i>), sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lark, Grey-collared,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Sabota,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">South African,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">South African Rufous-capped,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lark-heeled Cuckoo,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">White-eyebrowed,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Laurillard, C. L., quoted,
+    <a href="#Footnote_70">282</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lee, John,
+    <a href="#Page_42">42</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_47">47–51</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_112">112–115</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_126">126</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">his farm,
+    <a href="#Page_47">47–49</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+  <li class="i3">fine scenery near,
+    <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lee, Karl,
+    <a href="#Page_128">128</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_137">137</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_41">153</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lelongwe River,
+    <a href="#Page_72">72</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Leonotis Leonurus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Leucochitonea Levebu</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Leydenburg gold-fields,
+    <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Limacodes argentifera</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_358">358</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Limosella tenuifolia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lions,
+    <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_31">31</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_60">60</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_164">164</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_172">172</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_208">208</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">flesh of,
+    <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lippia asperifolia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lissochilus</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Livingstone, Dr., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_254">254–260</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lobelia decipiens</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lobengula,
+    <a href="#Page_59">59–65</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_94">94–115</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_141">141</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_183">183–187</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">despotic power of,
+    <a href="#Page_36">36</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">equivocal conduct of,
+    <a href="#Page_170">170</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">his dress and appearance,
+    <a href="#Page_103">103</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_111">111</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">his objection to Boer hunters,
+    <a href="#Page_223">223</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">his sister,
+    <a href="#Page_60">60</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">his wives,
+    <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">punishment of his subjects,
+    <a href="#Page_69">69</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_113">113</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_129">129</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Locusts,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">value of, as food,
+    <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Long-claw, Cape,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Longicorn beetles,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lotsani River,
+    <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Lubbock, Sir John, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lycæna Asopus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Asteris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Jesous</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Lochias</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Parsimon</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lycænidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Lyperia Burkeana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Mackenna, John,
+    <a href="#Page_241">241</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_248">248–251</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Mackenzie, Rev. John,
+    <a href="#Page_21">21</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_37">37</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_149">149</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">extract from a letter of,
+    <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">undertakes the duties of executor after Mr. Oates’s death,
+    <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Macloule, Mosilikatze’s nephew,
+    <a href="#Page_76">76</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_85">85</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_88">88</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Macronyx capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Maholies, natives near the Lelongwe,
+    <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Makabo, Matabele guide,
+    <a href="#Page_183">183</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_186">186</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_193">193</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_194">194</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_207">207</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_212">212</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Makalaka words and phrases, list of,
+    <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Makalakas, the,
+    <a href="#Page_178">178–182</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_196">196–199</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_211">211–216</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">their state of subjection,
+    <a href="#Page_152">152</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_185">185</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">obstructive conduct of,
+    <a href="#Page_170">170</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Makobi, Bamangwato chief,
+    <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Makobi’s kraal,
+    <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Malabars, skulls of,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Malays, skulls of,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Mandy, Mr., of Inchlangin,
+    <a href="#Page_69">69</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_93">93</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Manéko, wild fruit,
+    <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Mangwe River,
+    <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Manticora latipennis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Manyami,
+    <a href="#Page_51">51–53</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_55">55</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_121">121</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Marabastadt gold-fields, the,
+    <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Marsh-harrier, South African,
+    <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Marshall, Professor John, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_280">280</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Marula, wild fruit,
+    <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Mashonas, their dress and demeanour,
+    <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">their gradual absorption by the Matabele,
+    <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Matabele raids against,
+    <a href="#Page_59">59</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Matabele, the,
+    <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_54">54</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">best articles for trade with,
+    <a href="#Page_45">45</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">kingdom, extent and products of,
+    <a href="#Page_36">36</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">their ruthless treatment of Bushmen,
+    <a href="#Page_222">222</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">the Mashonas and Makalakas in bondage under them,
+    <a href="#Page_79">79</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">warriors, Mr. Oates threatened by,
+    <a href="#Page_192">192</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Matchin, Bamangwato attacked by,
+    <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Matengwe River,
+    <a href="#Page_235">235</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_236">236</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_238">238</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Melierax canorus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>gabar</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Melolonthidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Menon, Makalaka headman,
+    <a href="#Page_235">235</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Meriko River,
+    <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Meropidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Merops apiaster</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>bullockoides</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>nubicoides</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>pusillus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>superciliosus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Metse-a-tunya,
+    <a href="#Page_143">143</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_248">248</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_250">250</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Victoria">Victoria Falls</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Mimosas,
+    <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Milvus ægyptius</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Mirafra africana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>sabota</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Mohr, Edward, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Mohrib caffrorum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Moluris albipes</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>gibbosa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Perretii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Monticola explorator</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Moon, eclipse of,
+    <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Moor-hen, South African,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Mopani Pan,
+    <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">veldt,
+    <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Mosilikatze,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">his wives, at the Great Dance,
+    <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Motacilla aguimp</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Motacillidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Motloutsi River,
+    <a href="#Page_26">26–28</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Mozanga, native servant, grief of,
+    <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Müller, F., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Murie, Dr. James, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_286">286</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_73">288</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Muscicapidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Musician, native, at the Semokwe,
+    <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Musophagidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Mycalesis Victorina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Myrmecocichla formicivora</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Myrmeleon Libelluloides</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Nata River,
+    <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Nectarina famosa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Nectariniidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Negro skulls,
+    <a href="#Page_274">274</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_275">275</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_278">278</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_279">279</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Nelson, Mr., experiences of,
+    <a href="#Page_75">75–82</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Nelson, Mr., of Tati,
+    <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_33">33</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_35">35</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Neophron pileatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Nephrodium molle</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">(<i>Lastrea</i>), sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Nephrolepis cordifolia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>exaltata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Nettapus auritus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">New Year’s Day at Hope Fountain,
+    <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Newcastle,
+    <a href="#Page_6">6</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ngami, Lake, fever at,
+    <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Nidorella auriculata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Night-hawk, call of the,
+    <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Nightjar, European,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Mozambique,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Rufous-cheeked,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Standard-winged,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Nina, sister of Lobengula,
+    <a href="#Page_97">97</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_111">111–113</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Nose-bleeding, native cure for,
+    <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Notuani River,
+    <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Nymphalidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Oates, Mr. F., arrival at the Tati settlement,
+    <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">journeys towards the Zambesi,
+    <a href="#Page_42">42–138</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_169">169–191</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_192">192–226</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">arrival at the Victoria Falls,
+    <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">attacked by fever,
+    <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">his death,
+    <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Oates, Mr. W. E., accompanies his brother to the Tati, and returns to England,
+    <a href="#Page_1">1–41</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">second journey to South Africa,
+    <a href="#Page_265">265–267</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ocymum</i> (or <i>Orthosiphon</i>), sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_368">368</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Œdicnemus capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Œna capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Oliver, Professor, F.R.S., F.Z.S., on the plants collected by Mr. Oates,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366–369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Onitis ciliatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>inuus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Oranges,
+    <a href="#Page_4">4</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_8">8</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_39">39</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Oriole, Golden,
+    <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Oriolidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Oriolus galbula</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ornithology, by Mr. R. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.,
+    <a href="#Page_294">294</a> <i>et seq</i>.</li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Orthogonius caffer</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ortygometra crex</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>egregia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ortygospiza polyzona</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Oryctes Boas</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Os</i> (<i>Malare</i>) <i>bipartitum</i>, literature of,
+    <a href="#Footnote_70">282</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ostrich eggs, best mode of cooking,
+    <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ostriches, young,
+    <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Otididæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Otis kori</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Otogyps auricularis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Owen, Professor R., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_274">274</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Owl, African Short-eared,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Owl, Barn,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Spotted Eagle,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Verreaux’s Eagle,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">White-faced Scops,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Owlet, African Pearl-spotted,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Oxythyrea discicollis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>hæmorrhoidalis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pachnoda obsoleta</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pachylomera femoralis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Palatswe River,
+    <a href="#Page_23">23</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Pallas, P. S., quoted,
+    <a href="#Page_286">286</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_75">290</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Palpares citrinus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pamphagus haploscelis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pamphila Harona</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Ranoha</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Panicum</i> (<i>Tricholæna</i>) <i>roseum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Pantamatenka, the,
+    <a href="#Page_243">243</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_245">245</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_249">249</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Papilio Aurota</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Celæus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Demodocus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Demoleus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Eborea</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Evippe</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Gorgias</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Jolaus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Papilionidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_335">335</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Paridæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Parisoma subcæruleum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Parra capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Parrot, Le Vaillant’s,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Meyer’s,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Parus afer</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>niger</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Passer diffusus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>motitensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Paussidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Peaches,
+    <a href="#Page_4">4</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_10">10</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_39">39</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pelecanidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pellæa consobrina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Petersen, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_43">43</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_44">44</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_59">59</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Penthetria albinotata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>ardens</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Perdicidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Peregrine Falcon, South African,
+    <a href="#Page_298">298</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Petasia cruentata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Petroleum, useful against insects,
+    <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Peucedanum capense</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Philomachus pugnax</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pholidauges Verreauxi</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Phoxomela umbrosa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Phrissoma giganteum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Phyllostrophus capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Phytophagus (or plant-eating) beetles,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Picidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pieris Mesentina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Polycaste</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Severina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Thysa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Pietermaritzburg,
+    <a href="#Page_2">2–6</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Pipit, Cinnamon-backed,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">South African,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Plantain-eater, Grey,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pleuropterus alternans</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ploceidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Plocepasser mahali</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Plotus Levaillantii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Plover, Blacksmith,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Treble-collared,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Wreathed,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Podiceps minor</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Podicipidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pæcilonetta erythrorhyncha</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pogonorhynchus leucomelas</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Poison-plant,
+    <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Poliospiza gularis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Polygala virgata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Polyhirma amabilis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>macilenta</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Polyommatus Otacilia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Sybaris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Telicanus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Pomegranates,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pontia Acaste</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Evarne</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">“Poort,” the, Tati River,
+    <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Porphyris Alleni</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Potatoes,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Præaryan skulls,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pratincola torquata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Pratincole, Black-winged,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Pretoria,
+    <a href="#Page_6">6–14</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Prionopidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Prionops talacoma</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Psittacidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Psittacus Meyeri</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>robustus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pterocles bicinctus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>gutturalis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pteroclidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ptychopteryx Bohemani</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pycnonotinæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pycnonotus Layardi</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>nigricans</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Pytelia melba</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Quagga, large herd of,
+    <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Quail, Common,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Harlequin,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">“Quilp,” Bushman servant,
+    <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+</ul> 
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Rail, Mr. Oates’s favourite pointer,
+    <a href="#Page_43">43</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_89">89</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_159">159</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_160">160</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_226">226</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_267">267</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_65">268</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+  <li class="i2">return of, to the grave, after his master’s death,
+    <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Rains, commencement of the,
+    <a href="#Page_37">37</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_61">61</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_71">71</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_205">205</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_220">220</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_224">224</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Rallidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ramaqueban River,
+    <a href="#Page_43">43</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_131">131</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_133">133–138</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_143">143</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_172">172–174</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_192">192–195</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_208">208–211</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_217">217</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_229">229–231</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">graves of Englishmen at the,
+    <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ranunculus pinnatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Red-faced Finch, Southern,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Reed-warbler, White-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Retzius, Professor A., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_274">274</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_277">277</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Rhinopomastes cyanomelas</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Rhopalocampta Valmaran</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Rock, one of Mr. Oates’s pointers,
+    <a href="#Page_43">43</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_89">89</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_226">226</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_235">235</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_267">267</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_65">268</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Rock-thrush, Sentinel,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Roller, Cinnamon,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">European,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Lilac-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">White-naped,
+    <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Rolleston, Professor, M.D., F.R.S., on Bushman and other bones obtained by Mr. Oates,
+    <a href="#Page_274">274–293</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Rose chafers,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Roses, monthly,
+    <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Ruff,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Sable antelope, young,
+    <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sagra festiva</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sakasusi, or Dry River,
+    <a href="#Page_143">143</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Salt lakes, in winter,
+    <a href="#Footnote_39">147</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sand-grouse, Double-banded,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Yellow-throated,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sand wasps,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sandifort, E., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sandpiper, Common,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Wood,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sarkidiornis melanonotus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Saturnia Alcinoë</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>caffra</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Caffraria</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>cervina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Dyops</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>flavida</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Hyperbius</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Terpsichorina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Saturniidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Satyridæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Saxicola Galtoni</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>leucomelæna</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>pileata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Shelleyi</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_295">295</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Scarabæidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Schiess-Gemuscus, Professor, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_289">289</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Schizœrhris concolor</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Schlocker, H., reference to,
+    <a href="#Footnote_68">280</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Schweinfurth, Dr. Georg, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, and
+    <a href="#Footnote_74"><i>note</i></a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Scolopacidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Scops leucotis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Scops Owl, White-faced,
+    <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Scopus umbretta</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sekomi,
+    <a href="#Page_16">16</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_37">37</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_39">39</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Selous, Mr. F. C.,
+    <a href="#Page_104">104</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_151">151</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_238">238–242</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_266">266</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Semokwe River,
+    <a href="#Page_36">36</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_143">143–146</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Seribi River,
+    <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Seruli River,
+    <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sesia Hylas</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sharpe, Mr. R. Bowdler, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc., on the birds collected by Mr. Oates,
+    <a href="#Page_294">294</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Shashani River,
+    <a href="#Page_54">54</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_55">55</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_117">117</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">fine scenery near the,
+    <a href="#Page_117">117–119</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Shashe River,
+    <a href="#Page_28">28</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_31">31</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_147">147</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">course of the,
+    <a href="#Footnote_43">176</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Short-eared Owl, African,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Shoshong,
+    <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Bamangwato">Bamangwato</a>.</li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Shrike, Black-and-white Long-tailed,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Collared,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Lesser Grey,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Red-backed,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Silpha micans</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Silphidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Skelton, Mr. H., the late,
+    <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Smelting furnace, native,
+    <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Smith, Mr. W., Dutch hunter,
+    <a href="#Page_44">44–47</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_128">128–136</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Snakes,
+    <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Solanum subexarmatum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Solomon, native waggon-driver,
+    <a href="#Page_39">39</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sparrow, Greater South African,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Southern Grey-headed,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sphingidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sphenorhynchus Abdimii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Spilophorus plagosus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Spindacis Massilicatzi</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sporopipes squamifrons</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">“Stamped” corn,
+    <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Starling, Brown,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Cape,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Wattled,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Stone Age crania,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Stone-chat, South African,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Stork, White,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">White-bellied,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Strigidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Strix capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>flammea</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_300">300</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sturnidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sun-bird, Greater Double-collared,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Malachite,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Scarlet-chested,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Southern Bifasciated,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Sunsets, fine,
+    <a href="#Page_27">27</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sutherlandia frutescens</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Swallow, Common,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Large Striped-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Red-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Smaller Striped-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Swinburne, Sir John,
+    <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Swift, Common,
+    <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sycrobrotus bicolor</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Sylvietta rufescens</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1"><i>Tabanidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Tabanus Africanus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Tachyris Agathina</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_337">337</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tamasancha,
+    <a href="#Page_235">235</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_242">242</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_246">246</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tamasetsie,
+    <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tamils, skulls of,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tasmanian skulls,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tati gold-fields,
+    <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">River,
+    <a href="#Page_174">174</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_175">175</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_195">195</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">settlement,
+    <a href="#Page_29">29–36</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_139">139–141</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_146">146</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_161">161–169</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_183">183–192</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_199">199–268</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tchakani Vlei,
+    <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tchangani River,
+    <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Teal, Red-billed,
+    <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Tenebrionidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Tephrocorys cinerea</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Teracolus Agoye</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>subfasciatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_336">336</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Terias Rahel</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Seruli</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Zoë</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_342">342</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Terpsiphone perspicillata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Tetralobus bifoveolatus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Textor erythrorhynchus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">nests of,
+    <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Thick-knee, Spotted,
+    <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">“Thirst Land,” the,
+    <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Thomson, Rev. J. B.,
+    <a href="#Page_59">59</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_61">61</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_64">64</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_86">86</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_93">93</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_99">99</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_139">139</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_149">149</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_187">187</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_47">188</a>, <i>note</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Thorns, annoyance from, in travelling,
+    <a href="#Page_33">33</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Thrush, Cape Bristle-necked,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">South African,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tibakai, Bamangwato headman,
+    <a href="#Page_250">250</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Timeliidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Timeliinæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Titmouse, South African,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Southern Black-and-white,
+    <a href="#Page_311">311</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tobacco-gardens,
+    <a href="#Page_178">178</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Tockus flavirostris</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>nasutus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Topinard, Dr. P., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tortoises, superstition regarding,
+    <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Totanus canescens</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>glareola</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_325">325</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Touani River,
+    <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Trachyphonus cafer</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Transvaal, the,
+    <a href="#Page_6">6–15</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_37">37–39</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Trees, flowering,
+    <a href="#Page_53">53</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_68">68</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Trescott, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Trichodesma physaloides</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Trimen, Mr. Roland, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Triumfetta Welwitschii</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Tsetse-fly, the,
+    <a href="#Page_38">38</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_48">48</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_363">363–365</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">precautions against,
+    <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Turdidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Turdus litsitsirupa</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Turnix lepurana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_323">323</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Turtle-dove, Cape,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Turtur capicola</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_322">322</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Umbre, Tufted,
+    <a href="#Page_327">327</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Umgeni River,
+    <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Umgwanya River,
+    <a href="#Page_72">72</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Umtegan, Matabele headman,
+    <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Umvungu River,
+    <a href="#Page_72">72</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_74">74</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_83">83</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Upupa africana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Upupidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Urolestes melanoleucus</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_313">313</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1"><i>Vahlia Capensis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Van Roozen,
+    <a href="#Page_158">158</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_159">159</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_164">164–168</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_172">172–174</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_188">188</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_231">231</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1" id="Victoria">Victoria Falls, approach to,
+    <a href="#Page_250">250–252</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">description of,
+    <a href="#Page_254">254–260</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Vidua principalis</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>regia</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Verreauxi</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Vincent, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_122">122–124</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Vitis</i>, sp.,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Vulture, Eared,
+    <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Hooded,
+    <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Vulturidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_297">297</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Waggon-drivers,
+    <a href="#Page_103">103</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_218">218</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wagtail, African Pied,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Cape,
+    <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Wahlenbergia Banksiana</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Waitz, Th., reference to,
+    <a href="#Footnote_73">288</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wallace, Mr. A. R., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_331">331</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wankee, native waggon-driver,
+    <a href="#Page_98">98</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_119">119–121</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wankee’s kraal,
+    <a href="#Page_178">178</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Warbler, Brown Fantail,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Common Fantail,
+    <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Larger Grey-backed Fantail,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Le Vaillant’s Fantail,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Smith’s Fantail,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">White-eyebrowed,
+    <a href="#Page_309">309</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Water, scarcity of,
+    <a href="#Page_16">16</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_18">18</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_34">34</a>,
+    <a href="#Footnote_40">151</a>, <i>note</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_219">219</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Water-hen, Allen’s Blue,
+    <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wax-bill, Grenadier,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Red-headed,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Weaver-bird, Black-fronted,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Cape Yellow,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Mariqua,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Natal Black-and-yellow,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Olive-and-yellow,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Red-billed Black,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+  <li class="i3">nest of,
+    <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Smith’s,
+    <a href="#Page_318">318</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">White-browed,
+    <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Weevils,
+    <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Westbeach, Mr.,
+    <a href="#Page_244">244</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_245">245</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_260">260</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_261">261</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Westwood, Professor J. O., M.A., F.L.S., etc., on the insects collected by Mr. Oates,
+    <a href="#Page_330">330</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wheatear, Burchell’s,
+    <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Capped,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Shelley’s,
+    <a href="#Page_295">295</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Southern Ant-eating,
+    <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1" id="White_ants">White ants,
+    <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Whitwell, Rev. J. S., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Whydah-finches,
+    <a href="#Footnote_55">220</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Widow-bird, Cape Black-and-yellow,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Common,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Great,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Orange-throated,
+    <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Shaft-tailed,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Verreaux’s,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">White-spotted,
+    <a href="#Page_319">319</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wild dogs,
+    <a href="#Page_119">119</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_200">200</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">fruit,
+    <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_89">89–91</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_177">177</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_233">233</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">pigs,
+    <a href="#Page_15">15</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_82">82</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_134">134</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Williams, Rev. J., reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Williamson, Dr., reference to,
+    <a href="#Footnote_68">280</a>, <i>note</i></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wood, Mr. George,
+    <a href="#Page_151">151</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_238">238–242</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wood, Rev. J. G., reference to,
+    <a href="#Footnote_74">288</a>, <i>note</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_290">290</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wood-boring beetles,
+    <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wood-hoopoe, Red-billed,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Scimitar-billed,
+    <a href="#Page_304">304</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Woodpecker, Bearded,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Bennett’s,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Cardinal,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Golden-tailed,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Woodpecker, Smith’s,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wood-shrike, Oates’s,
+    <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">Smith’s,
+    <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Wormskioldia longepedunculata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wryneck, Red-breasted,
+    <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Wyman, Prof. Jeffries, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1"><i>Ypthima Nareda</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li>
+</ul> 
+ 
+<ul>
+  <li class="i1">Zambesi, the, fever at,
+    <a href="#Page_188">188</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_235">235</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_239">239</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_244">244</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li>
+  <li class="i2">worst months for,
+    <a href="#Page_189">189</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_238">238–240</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_247">247</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Zeritis Amanga</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+  <li class="i2"><i>Perion</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Zimmermann, reference to,
+    <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Zygæna tricolorata</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Zygænidæ</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1"><i>Zygophyllum Dregeanum</i>,
+    <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li>
+
+  <li class="i1">Zulu skulls,
+    <a href="#Page_278">278</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_281">281</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_285">285</a>,
+    <a href="#Page_286">286</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<p class="center p2 xs">THE END.</p>
+
+  <div class="figcenter" id="p3841_map" style="max-width: 394px">
+     <p class="p1 sm right"></p>
+     <img
+    class="p0"   
+    src="images/p3841_map.jpg"
+     alt="">
+     <p class="p0 xs center">MAP OF SOUTH EASTERN AFRICA showing the COUNTRY
+TRAVERSED BY M<sup>R</sup>. F. OATES 1873–5</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p class="center p2 xs">London, C. Kegan Paul &amp; Co.   Edw<sup>d</sup> Weller]</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="p4 center"><i><span class="sm">A LIST OF</span><br>
+C. KEGAN PAUL &amp; CO.’S<br>
+PUBLICATIONS.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2 r4 sm"><i>1 Paternoster Square,</i></p>
+
+<p class="p-min r2"><i>London.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="sm">A LIST OF</span><br>
+ C. KEGAN PAUL &amp; CO.’S PUBLICATIONS.</p>
+
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ADAMS (F. O.) F.R.G.S</i>—<span class="smcap">The History of Japan.</span> From the
+Earliest Period to the Present Time. New Edition, revised. 2 volumes.
+With Maps and Plans. Demy 8vo. price 21<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ADAMSON (H. T.) B.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Truth As It is in Jesus.</span>
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Three Sevens.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>A. K. H. B.</i>—<span class="smcap">From a Quiet Place.</span> A New Volume of
+Sermons. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ALBERT (Mary).</i>—<span class="smcap">Holland and her Heroes to the year
+1585.</span> An Adaptation from ‘Motley’s Rise of the Dutch Republic.’
+Small crown 8vo. price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ALLEN (Rev. R.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Abraham; his Life, Times, and
+Travels</span>, 3,800 years ago. With Map. Second Edition. Post 8vo.
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ALLEN (Grant) B.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Physiological Æsthetics.</span> Large post
+8vo. 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ALLIES (T. W.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Per Crucem ad Lucem.</span> The Result of
+a Life. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Life’s Decision.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ANDERSON (R. C.) C.E.</i>—<span class="smcap">Tables for Facilitating the
+Calculation of Every Detail in connection with Earthen and Masonry
+Dams.</span> Royal 8vo. price £2. 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ARCHER (Thomas)</i>—<span class="smcap">About my Father’s Business.</span> Work
+amidst the Sick, the Sad, and the Sorrowing. Cheaper Edition. Crown
+8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ARNOLD (Arthur)</i>—<span class="smcap">Social Politics.</span> Demy 8vo. cloth,
+price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><span class="smcap">Free Land.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BADGER (George Percy) D.C.L.</i>—<span class="smcap">An English-Arabic
+Lexicon.</span> In which the equivalent for English Words and Idiomatic
+Sentences are rendered into literary and colloquial Arabic. Royal 4to.
+cloth, price £9. 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BAGEHOT (Walter)</i>—<span class="smcap">The English Constitution.</span> A New
+Edition, Revised and Corrected, with an Introductory Dissertation on
+Recent Changes and Events. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lombard Street.</span> A Description of the Money Market. Seventh
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Some Articles on the Depreciation of Silver, and Topics
+connected with it.</span> Demy 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BAGOT (Alan)</i>—<span class="smcap">Accidents in Mines</span>: Their Causes and
+Prevention. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BAKER (Sir Sherston, Bart.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Halleck’s International
+Law</span>; or, Rules Regulating the Intercourse of States in Peace and
+War. A New Edition, revised, with Notes and Cases. 2 vols. Demy 8vo.
+price 38<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Laws relating to Quarantine.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BALDWIN (Capt. J. H.) F.Z.S. Bengal Staff Corps.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Large
+and Small Game of Bengal and the North-Western Provinces of India.</span>
+4to. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Price 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BARNES (William)</i>—<span class="smcap">An Outline of English Speechcraft.</span>
+Crown 8vo. price 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Outlines of Redecraft (Logic).</span> With English Wording.
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BARTLEY (G. C. T.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Domestic Economy</span>: Thrift in
+Every-Day Life. Taught in Dialogues suitable for children of all ages.
+Small cr. 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BAUR (Ferdinand) Dr. Ph., Professor in Maulbronn.</i>—<span class="smcap">A
+Philological Introduction to Greek and Latin for Students.</span>
+Translated and adapted from the German. By <span class="smcap">C. Kegan Paul</span>, M.A.
+Oxon., and the Rev. <span class="smcap">E. D. Stone</span>, M.A., late Fellow of King’s
+College, Cambridge, and Assistant Master at Eton. Crown 8vo. price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BAYNES (Rev. Canon R. H.)</i>—<span class="smcap">At the Communion Time.</span> A
+Manual for Holy Communion. With a preface by the Right Rev. the Lord
+Bishop of Derry and Raphoe. Cloth, price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BELLINGHAM (Henry) M.P., Barrister-at-Law</i>—<span class="smcap">Social Aspects of
+Catholicism and Protestantism in their Civil Bearing upon Nations.</span>
+Translated and adapted from the French of M. le Baron de Haulleville.
+With a preface by His Eminence Cardinal Manning. Second and Cheaper
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BENT (J. Theodore)</i>—<span class="smcap">Genoa</span>: How the Republic Rose and
+Fell. With 18 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BONWICK (J.) F.R.G.S.</i>—<span class="smcap">Pyramid Facts and Fancies.</span> Crown
+8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Egyptian Belief and Modern Thought.</span> Large Post 8vo.
+cloth, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BOWEN (H. C.) M.A., Head Master of the Grocers’ Company’s Middle
+Class School at Hackney.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Studies in English</span>, for the use of Modern Schools.
+Small crown 8vo. price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Grammar for Beginners.</span> Fcap. 8vo. cloth,
+price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BOWRING (Sir John).</i>—<span class="smcap">Autobiographical Recollections of Sir
+John Bowring.</span> With Memoir by <span class="smcap">Lewin B. Bowring</span>. Demy 8vo.
+price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BRIDGETT (Rev. T. E.)</i>—<span class="smcap">History of the Holy Eucharist in
+Great Britain.</span> 2 vols. demy 8vo. cloth, price 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BRODRICK (the Hon. G. C.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Political Studies.</span> Demy 8vo.
+cloth, price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BROOKE (Rev. S. A.) M.A., Chaplain in Ordinary to Her Majesty the
+Queen, and Minister of Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Life and Letters of the Late Rev. F. W. Robertson</span>,
+M.A., Edited by.</p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+  <li class="p-left">&emsp;I. Uniform with the Sermons. 2 vols. With Steel Portrait. Price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></li>
+  <li class="p-left">&ensp;II. Library Edition. 8vo. With Portrait. Price 12<i>s.</i></li>
+  <li class="p-left">III. A Popular Edition. In 1 vol. 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fight of Faith.</span> Sermons preached on various
+occasions. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Theology in the English Poets.</span>—Cowper, Coleridge,
+Wordsworth, and Burns. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Post 8vo.
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Christ in Modern Life.</span> Fourteenth and Cheaper
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sermons.</span> First Series. Eleventh Edition. Crown 8vo.
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sermons.</span> Second Series. Third Edition. Crown 8vo.
+price 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Frederick Denison Maurice</span>: The Life and Work of. A
+Memorial Sermon. Crown 8vo. sewed, price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BROOKE (W. G.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Public Worship Regulation Act.</span>
+With a Classified Statement of its Provisions, Notes, and Index. Third
+Edition, revised and corrected. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Six Privy Council Judgments—1850–72.</span> Annotated by.
+Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BROUN (J. A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Magnetic Observations at Trevandrum and
+Augustia Malley.</span> Vol. 1. 4to. price 63<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The Report from above, separately, sewed, price 21<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BROWN (Rev. J. Baldwin) B.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Higher Life.</span> Its
+Reality, Experience, and Destiny. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Doctrine of Annihilation in the Light of the Gospel of
+Love.</span> Five Discourses. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Christian Policy of Life.</span> A Book for Young Men
+of Business. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BROWN (J. Croumbie) LL.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Reboisement in France</span>; or,
+Records of the Replanting of the Alps, the Cevennes, and the Pyrenees
+with Trees, Herbage, and Bush. Demy 8vo. price 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Hydrology of Southern Africa.</span> Demy 8vo. price
+10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BROWNE (W. R.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Inspiration of the New Testament.</span>
+With a Preface by the Rev. <span class="smcap">J. P. Norris</span>, D.D. Fcp. 8vo. cloth,
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BURCKHARDT (Jacob)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Civilization of the Period of
+the Renaissance in Italy.</span> Authorised translation, by S. G. C.
+Middlemore. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BURTON (Mrs. Richard)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Inner Life of Syria, Palestine,
+and the Holy Land.</span> With Maps, Photographs, and Coloured Plates. 2
+vols. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. price 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>⁂ Also a Cheaper Edition in one volume. Large post 8vo.
+cloth, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BURTON (Capt. Richard F.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Gold Mines of Midian and
+the Ruined Midianite Cities.</span> A Fortnight’s Tour in North Western
+Arabia. With numerous illustrations. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. price
+18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Land of Midian Revisited.</span> With numerous
+Illustrations on Wood and by Chromolithography. 2 vols. Demy
+8vo. cloth, price 32<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BUSBECQ (Ogier Ghiselin de)</i>—<span class="smcap">His Life and Letters.</span>
+By <span class="smcap">Charles Thornton Forster</span>, M.A., and <span class="smcap">F. H. Blackburne
+Daniell</span>, M.A. 2 vols. With Frontispieces. Demy 8vo. cloth, price
+24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CANDLER (H.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Groundwork of Belief.</span> Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CARPENTER (Dr. Philip P.)</i>—<span class="smcap">His Life and Work.</span> Edited
+by his brother, Russell Lant Carpenter. With Portrait and Vignettes.
+Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CARPENTER (W. B.) LL.D., M.D., F.R.S., &amp;c.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Principles
+Of Mental Physiology.</span> With their Applications to the Training
+and Discipline of the Mind, and the Study of its Morbid Conditions.
+Illustrated. Fifth Edition. 8vo. price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CERVANTES</i>—<span class="smcap">The Ingenious Knight Don Quixote de la
+Mancha.</span> A New Translation from the Originals of 1605 and 1608. By
+<span class="smcap">A. J. Duffield</span>. With Notes. 3 vols. Demy 8vo. price 42<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CHEYNE (Rev. T. K.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Prophecies of Isaiah.</span>
+Translated with Critical Notes and Dissertations. 2 vols. Demy 8vo.
+cloth, price 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CLAYDEN (P. W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">England under Lord Beaconsfield.</span> The
+Political History of the Last Six Years, from the end of 1873 to the
+beginning of 1880. Second Edition, with Index and continuation to March
+1880. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CLODD (Edward) F.R.A.S.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Childhood of the World</span>: a
+Simple Account of Man in Early Times. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>A Special Edition for Schools. Price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Childhood of Religions.</span> Including a Simple
+Account of the Birth and Growth of Myths and Legends. Third
+Thousand. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>A Special Edition for Schools. Price 1<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jesus of Nazareth.</span> With a brief sketch of Jewish
+History to the Time of His Birth. Small crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COGHLAN (J. Cole) D.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Modern Pharisee and other
+Sermons.</span> Edited by the Very Rev. <span class="smcap">H. H. Dickinson</span>, D.D.,
+Dean of Chapel Royal, Dublin. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COLERIDGE (Sara)</i>—<span class="smcap">Phantasmion.</span> A Fairy Tale. With an
+Introductory Preface by the Right Hon. Lord Coleridge, of Ottery St.
+Mary. A New Edition. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Memoir and Letters of Sara Coleridge.</span> Edited by her
+Daughter. With Index. Cheap Edition. With one Portrait. Price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COLLINS (Mortimer)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Secret of Long Life.</span> Small
+crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CONNELL (A. K.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Discontent and Danger in India.</span> Small
+crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COOKE (Prof. J. P.) of the Harvard University.</i>—<span class="smcap">Scientific
+Culture.</span> Crown 8vo. price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COOPER (H. J.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Art of Furnishing on Rational and
+Æsthetic Principles.</span> New and Cheaper Edition. Fcap. 8vo. cloth,
+price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CORFIELD (Professor) M.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Health.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CORY (William)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Guide to Modern English History.</span> Part
+I.—MDCCCXV.-MDCCCXXX. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COURTNEY (W. L.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Metaphysics of John Stuart Mill.</span>
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COX (Rev. Sir George W.) M.A., Bart.</i>—<span class="smcap">A History of Greece
+from the Earliest Period to the end of the Persian War.</span> New
+Edition. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 36<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mythology of the Aryan Nations.</span> New Edition. 2
+vols. Demy 8vo. price 28<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A General History of Greece from the Earliest Period to
+the Death of Alexander the Great</span>, with a sketch of the
+subsequent History to the present time. New Edition. Crown
+8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tales of Ancient Greece.</span> New Edition. Small crown
+8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">School History of Greece.</span> New Edition. With Maps.
+Fcp. 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Great Persian War from the History of Herodotus.</span>
+New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Manual of Mythology in the form of Question and
+Answer.</span> New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COX (Rev. Sir G. W.) M.A., Bart., and JONES (Eustace
+Hinton)</i>—<span class="smcap">Popular Romances of the Middle Ages.</span> Second
+Edition, in 1 vol. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COX (Rev. Samuel)</i>—<span class="smcap">Salvator Mundi</span>; or, Is Christ the
+Saviour of all Men? Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Genesis of Evil, and other Sermons</span>, mainly
+expository. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Commentary on the Book of Job.</span> With a Translation.
+Demy 8vo. cloth, price 15<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CRAUFURD (A. H.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Seeking for Light</span>: Sermons. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CRAVEN (Mrs.)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Year’s Meditations.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CRAWFURD (Oswald)</i>—<span class="smcap">Portugal, Old and New.</span> With
+Illustrations and Maps. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CROMPTON (Henry)</i>—<span class="smcap">Industrial Conciliation.</span> Fcap. 8vo.
+price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CROZIER (John Beattie) M.B.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Religion of the
+Future.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DALTON (John Neale) M.A., R.N.</i>—<span class="smcap">Sermons to Naval
+Cadets.</span> Preached on board H.M.S. ‘Britannia.’ Second Edition.
+Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DAVIDSON (Rev. Samuel) D.D., LL.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">The New Testament,
+translated from the Latest Greek Text of Tischendorf.</span> A New and
+thoroughly revised Edition. Post 8vo. price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Canon of the Bible</span>: Its Formation, History, and
+Fluctuations. Third and revised Edition. Small crown 8vo.
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DAVIES (Rev. J. L.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Theology and Morality.</span> Essays
+on Questions of Belief and Practice. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DAWSON (Geo.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Prayers, with a Discourse on
+Prayer.</span> Edited by his Wife. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sermons on Disputed Points and Special Occasions.</span>
+Edited by his Wife. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sermons on Daily Life and Duty.</span> Edited by his Wife.
+Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DE REDCLIFFE (Viscount Stratford) P.C., K.G., G.C.B.</i>—<span class="smcap">Why am
+I a Christian?</span> Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DESPREZ (Philip S.) B.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Daniel and John</span>; or, the
+Apocalypse of the Old and that of the New Testament. Demy 8vo. cloth,
+price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DE TOCQUEVILLE (A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Correspondence and Conversations of,
+with Nassau William Senior</span>, from 1834 to 1859. Edited by <span class="smcap">M. C.
+M. Simpson</span>. 2 vols. post 8vo. price 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DOWDEN (Edward) LL.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Shakspere</span>: a Critical Study of
+his Mind and Art. Fifth Edition. Post 8vo. price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Studies in Literature, 1789–1877.</span> Large Post 8vo.
+price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DREWRY (G. O.) M.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Common-Sense Management of the
+Stomach.</span> Fifth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DREWRY (G. O.) M.D., and BARTLETT (H. C.) Ph.D., F.C.S.</i>—
+<span class="smcap">Cup and Platter</span>: or, Notes on Food and its Effects. New and
+Cheaper Edition. Small 8vo. price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DU MONCEL (Count)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Telephone, the Microphone, and the
+Phonograph.</span> With 74 Illustrations. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>EDEN (Frederick)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Nile without a Dragoman.</span> Second
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>EDGEWORTH (F. Y.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Mathematical Psychics.</span> An Essay
+on the Application of Mathematics to Social Science. Demy 8vo. cloth
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>EDIS (Robert W.) F.S.A. &amp;c.</i>—<span class="smcap">Decoration and Furniture of
+Town Houses</span>: a Series of Cantor Lectures, delivered before the
+Society of Arts, 1880. Second Edition, Amplified and Enlarged. With 29
+Full-page Illustrations and numerous Sketches. Square 8vo. cloth, price
+12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Educational Code of the Prussian Nation, in its Present
+Form.</span> In accordance with the Decisions of the Common
+Provincial Law, and with those of Recent Legislation. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ELSDALE (Henry)</i>—<span class="smcap">Studies in Tennyson’s Idylls.</span> Crown
+8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ELYOT (Sir Thomas)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Boke named the Gouernour.</span>
+Edited from the First Edition of 1531 by <span class="smcap">Henry Herbert Stephen
+Croft</span>, M.A., Barrister-at-Law. With Portraits of Sir Thomas and
+Lady Elyot, copied by permission of her Majesty from Holbein’s Original
+Drawings at Windsor Castle. 2 vols. fcp. 4to. cloth, price 50<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>EVANS (Mark)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Story of our Father’s Love</span>, told to
+Children. Fifth and Cheaper Edition. With Four Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo.
+price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Book of Common Prayer and Worship for Household
+Use</span>, compiled exclusively from the Holy Scriptures. Fcp.
+8vo. price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Gospel of Home Life.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The King’s Story-Book.</span> In Three Parts. Fcap. 8vo.
+cloth, price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>⁂ Parts I. and II. with Eight Illustrations and Two Picture
+Maps, now ready.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>EX-CIVILIAN.</i>—<span class="smcap">Life in the Mofussil</span>: or Civilian Life in
+Lower Bengal. 2 vols. Large post 8vo. price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>FIELD (Horace) B.A. Lond.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Ultimate Triumph of
+Christianity.</span> Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>FINN (The late James) M.R.A.S.</i>—<span class="smcap">Stirring Times</span>;
+or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856.
+Edited and Compiled by his Widow; with a Preface by the Viscountess
+<span class="smcap">Strangford</span>. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 30<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Folkestone Ritual Case</span>: the Arguments, Proceedings, Judgment,
+and Report. Demy 8vo. price 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>FORMBY (Rev. Henry)</i>—<span class="smcap">Ancient Rome and its Connection with
+the Christian Religion</span>: An Outline of the History of the City
+from its First Foundation down to the Erection of the Chair of St.
+Peter, <span class="allsmcap">A.D.</span> 42–47. With numerous Illustrations of Ancient
+Monuments, Sculpture, and Coinage, and of the Antiquities of the
+Christian Catacombs. Royal 4to. cloth extra, £2. 10<i>s.</i>; roxburgh
+half-morocco, £2. 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>FOWLE (Rev. T. W.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Reconciliation of Religion and
+Science.</span> Being Essays on Immortality, Inspiration, Miracles, and
+the Being of Christ. Demy 8vo. price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Divine Legation of Christ.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 7<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>FRASER (Donald)</i>—<span class="smcap">Exchange Tables of Sterling and Indian
+Rupee Currency</span>, upon a new and extended system, embracing Values
+from One Farthing to One Hundred Thousand Pounds, and at rates
+progressing, in Sixteenths of a Penny, from 1<i>s.</i> 9<i>d.</i> to
+2<i>s.</i> 3<i>d.</i> per Rupee. Royal 8vo. price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>FRISWELL (J. Hain)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Better Self.</span> Essays for Home
+Life. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GARDNER (J.) M.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Longevity: The Means of Prolonging Life
+after Middle Age.</span> Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged. Small
+crown 8vo. price 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GEBLER (Karl Von)</i>—<span class="smcap">Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia</span>,
+from Authentic Sources. Translated with the sanction of the Author, by
+Mrs. <span class="smcap">George Sturge</span>. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GEDDES (James)</i>—<span class="smcap">History of the Administration of John
+de Witt</span>, Grand Pensionary of Holland. Vol. I. 1623–1654. With
+Portrait. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GEORGE (Henry)</i>—<span class="smcap">Progress and Poverty</span>: an Inquiry into
+the Causes of Industrial Depressions, and of Increase of Want with
+Increase of Wealth. The Remedy. Post 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GILBERT (Mrs.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Autobiography and other Memorials.</span>
+Edited by Josiah Gilbert. Third and Cheaper Edition. With Steel
+Portrait and several Wood Engravings. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GILL (Rev. W. W.) B.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Myths and Songs from the South
+Pacific.</span> With a Preface by F. Max Müller, M.A., Professor of
+Comparative Philology at Oxford. Post 8vo. price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GLOVER (F.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Exempla Latina.</span> A First Construing
+Book with Short Notes, Lexicon, and an Introduction to the Analysis of
+Sentences. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GODWIN (William)</i>—<span class="smcap">William Godwin: His Friends and
+Contemporaries.</span> With Portraits and Facsimiles of the Handwriting
+of Godwin and his Wife. By <span class="smcap">C. Kegan Paul</span>. 2 vols. Large post
+8vo. price 28<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Genius of Christianity Unveiled.</span> Being Essays
+never before published. Edited, with a Preface, by C. Kegan
+Paul. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GOLDSMID (Sir Francis Henry) Bart., Q.C., M.P.</i>—<span class="smcap">Memoir
+of.</span> With Portrait. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GOODENOUGH (Commodore J. G.) R.N., C.B., C.M.G.</i>—<span class="smcap">Memoir
+of</span>, with Extracts from his Letters and Journals. Edited by his
+Widow. With Steel Engraved Portrait. Square 8vo. cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>⁂ Also a Library Edition with Maps, Woodcuts, and Steel
+Engraved Portrait. Square post 8vo. price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GOSSE (Edmund W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Studies in the Literature of Northern
+Europe.</span> With a Frontispiece designed and etched by Alma Tadema.
+Large post 8vo. cloth, price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GOULD (Rev. S. Baring) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Vicar of Morwenstow</span>: a
+Memoir of the Rev. R. S. Hawker. With Portrait. Third Edition, revised.
+Square post 8vo. 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Germany, Present and Past.</span> 2 vols. Large crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 21<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GRIFFITH (Thomas) A.M.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Gospel of the Divine Life</span>:
+a Study of the Fourth Evangelist. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GRIMLEY (Rev. H. N.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Tremadoc Sermons, chiefly on the
+Spiritual Body, the Unseen World, and the Divine Humanity.</span> Second
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GRÜNER (M. L.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Studies of Blast Furnace Phenomena.</span>
+Translated by <span class="smcap">L. D. B. Gordon</span>, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. Demy 8vo.
+price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GURNEY (Rev. Archer)</i>—<span class="smcap">Words of Faith and Cheer.</span> A
+Mission of Instruction and Suggestion. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HAECKEL (Prof. Ernst)</i>—<span class="smcap">The History of Creation.</span>
+Translation revised by Professor <span class="smcap">E. Ray Lankester</span>, M.A.,
+F.R.S. With Coloured Plates and Genealogical Trees of the various
+groups of both plants and animals. 2 vols. Second Edition. Post 8vo.
+cloth, price 32<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The History of the Evolution of Man.</span> With numerous
+Illustrations. 2 vols. Post 8vo. price 32<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Freedom in Science and Teaching.</span> With a Prefatory
+Note by <span class="smcap">T. H. Huxley</span>, F.R.S. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HAKE (A. Egmont)</i>—<span class="smcap">Paris Originals</span>, with Twenty
+Etchings, by <span class="smcap">Léon Richeton</span>. Large post 8vo. price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HALLECK’S</i>—<span class="smcap">International Law</span>; or, Rules Regulating the
+Intercourse of States in Peace and War. A New Edition, revised, with
+Notes and Cases, by Sir <span class="smcap">Sherston Baker</span>, Bart. 2 vols. Demy
+8vo. price 38<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HARTINGTON (The Right Hon. the Marquis of) M.P.</i>—<span class="smcap">Election
+Speeches in 1879 and 1880.</span> With Address to the Electors of North
+East Lancashire. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HAWEIS (Rev. H. R.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Current
+Coin.</span> Materialism—The
+Devil—Crime—Drunkenness—Pauperism—Emotion—Recreation—The Sabbath.
+Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Speech in Season.</span> Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Thoughts for the Times.</span> Eleventh Edition. Crown 8vo.
+price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Unsectarian Family Prayers.</span> New and Cheaper Edition.
+Fcp. 8vo. price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Arrows in the Air.</span> Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HAWKINS (Edwards Comerford)</i>—<span class="smcap">Spirit and Form.</span> Sermons
+preached in the Parish Church of Leatherhead. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HAYES (A. H.), Junr.</i>—<span class="smcap">New Colorado and the Santa Fé
+Trail.</span> With Map and 60 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HEIDENHAIN (Rudolf) M.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Animal Magnetism: Physiological
+Observations.</span> Translated from the Fourth German Edition by <span class="smcap">L.
+C. Wooldridge</span>, with a Preface by <span class="smcap">G. R. Romanes</span>, F.R.S.
+Crown 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HELLWALD (Baron F. Von)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Russians in Central Asia.</span>
+A Critical Examination, down to the Present Time, of the Geography
+and History of Central Asia. Translated by Lieut.-Col. <span class="smcap">Theodore
+Wirgman</span>, LL.B. With Map. Large post 8vo. price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HINTON (J.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Place of the Physician.</span> To which is
+added <span class="smcap">Essays on the Law of Human Life, and on the Relations between
+Organic and Inorganic Worlds</span>. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Physiology for Practical Use.</span> By Various Writers.
+With 50 Illustrations. Third and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo.
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An Atlas of Diseases of the Membrana Tympani.</span> With
+Descriptive Text. Post 8vo. price £6. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Questions of Aural Surgery.</span> With Illustrations.
+2 vols. Post 8vo. price 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chapters on the Art of Thinking, and Other Essays.</span>
+With an Introduction by <span class="smcap">Shadworth Hodgson</span>. Edited
+by <span class="smcap">C. H. Hinton.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price 8<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mystery of Pain.</span> New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. cloth
+limp, 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Life and Letters.</span> Edited by <span class="smcap">Ellice Hopkins</span>,
+with an Introduction by Sir <span class="smcap">W. W. Gull</span>, Bart., and
+Portrait engraved on Steel by <span class="smcap">C. H. Jeens</span>. Third
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HOOPER (Mary)</i>—<span class="smcap">Little Dinners: How to Serve them with
+Elegance and Economy.</span> Thirteenth Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cookery for Invalids, Persons of Delicate Digestion, and
+Children.</span> Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Every-Day Meals.</span> Being Economical and Wholesome
+Recipes for Breakfast, Luncheon, and Supper. Second Edition.
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HOPKINS (Ellice)</i>—<span class="smcap">Life and Letters of James Hinton</span>,
+with an Introduction by Sir <span class="smcap">W. W. Gull</span>, Bart., and Portrait
+engraved on Steel by <span class="smcap">C. H. Jeens</span>. Third Edition. Crown 8vo.
+price 8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HORNER (The Misses)</i>—<span class="smcap">Walks in Florence.</span> A New and
+thoroughly Revised Edition. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. Cloth limp. With
+Illustrations.</p>
+
+<ul class="smaller">
+  <li class="p-left">&emsp;<span class="smcap">Vol. I.</span>—Churches, Streets, and Palaces. Price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></li>
+  <li class="p-left"><span class="smcap">Vol. II.</span>—Public Galleries and Museums. Price 5<i>s.</i></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HULL (Edmund C. P.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The European in India.</span> With
+a Medical Guide for Anglo-Indians. By <span class="smcap">R. S. Mair</span>, M.D.,
+F.R.C.S.E. Third Edition, Revised and Corrected. Post 8vo. price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HUTTON (Arthur) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Anglican Ministry</span>: its Nature
+and Value in relation to the Catholic Priesthood. With a Preface by His
+Eminence Cardinal Newman. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>JENKINS (E.) and RAYMOND (J.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Architect’s Legal
+Handbook.</span> Third Edition, Revised. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>JENKINS (Rev. R. C.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Privilege of Peter</span> and
+the Claims of the Roman Church confronted with the Scriptures, the
+Councils, and the Testimony of the Popes themselves. Fcap. 8vo. price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>JENNINGS (Mrs. Vaughan)</i>—<span class="smcap">Rahel: Her Life and Letters.</span>
+With a Portrait from the Painting by Daffinger. Square post 8vo. price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>JOEL (L.)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Consul’s Manual and Shipowner’s and
+Shipmaster’s Practical Guide in their Transactions Abroad.</span> With
+Definitions of Nautical, Mercantile, and Legal Terms; a Glossary of
+Mercantile Terms in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish;
+Tables of the Money, Weights, and Measures of the Principal Commercial
+Nations and their Equivalents in British Standards; and Forms of
+Consular and Notarial Acts. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>JOHNSTONE (C. F.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Historical Abstracts</span>: being
+Outlines of the History of some of the less known States of Europe.
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>JONES (Lucy)</i>—<span class="smcap">Puddings and Sweets</span>; being Three Hundred
+and Sixty-five Receipts approved by experience. Crown 8vo. price
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>JOYCE (P. W.) LL.D. &amp;c.</i>—<span class="smcap">Old Celtic Romances.</span>
+Translated from the Gaelic. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KAUFMANN (Rev. M.) B.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Socialism</span>: Its Nature, its
+Dangers, and its Remedies considered. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Utopias</span>; or, Schemes of Social Improvement, from Sir
+Thomas More to Karl Marx. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KAY (Joseph) M.A., Q.C.</i>—<span class="smcap">Free Trade in Land.</span> Edited by
+his Widow. With Preface by the Right Hon. <span class="smcap">John Bright</span>, M.P.
+Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KEMPIS (Thomas À)</i>—<span class="smcap">Of the Imitation of Christ.</span> A
+revised Translation, choicely printed on hand-made paper, with a
+Miniature Frontispiece on India paper from a design by <span class="smcap">W. B.
+Richmond</span>. Limp parchment, antique, price 6<i>s.</i>; vellum,
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KENT (C.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Corona Catholica ad Petri Successoris Pedes
+Oblata. De Summi Pontificis Leonis XIII. Assumptione Epigramma.</span> In
+Quinquaginta Linguis. Fcp. 4to. cloth, price 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KERNER (Dr. A.) Professor of Botany in the University of
+Innsbruck.</i>—<span class="smcap">Flowers and their Unbidden Guests.</span> Translation
+edited by <span class="smcap">W. Ogle</span>, M.A., M.D. With Illustrations. Square 8vo.
+cloth, price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KIDD (Joseph) M.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Laws of Therapeutics</span>; or, the
+Science and Art of Medicine. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KINAHAN (G. Henry) M.R.I.A., of H.M.’s Geological
+Survey.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Geology of Ireland</span>, with numerous
+Illustrations and a Geological Map of Ireland. Square 8vo. cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KINGSLEY (Charles) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Letters and Memories of his
+Life.</span> Edited by his <span class="smcap">Wife</span>. With Two Steel Engraved
+Portraits, and Illustrations on Wood, and a Facsimile of his
+Handwriting. Thirteenth Edition. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 36<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>⁂ Also the Ninth Cabinet Edition, in 2 vols. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">All Saints’ Day</span>, and other Sermons. Edited by the
+Rev. <span class="smcap">W. Harrison</span>. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">True Words for Brave Men.</span> A Book for Soldiers’
+and Sailors’ Libraries. Eighth Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KNIGHT (Professor W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Studies in Philosophy and
+Literature.</span> Large post 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KNOX (Alexander A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The New Playground</span>; or, Wanderings
+in Algeria. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LACORDAIRE (Rev. Père)</i>—<span class="smcap">Life</span>: Conferences delivered
+at Toulouse. A New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LEE (Rev. F. G.) D.C.L.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Other World</span>; or, Glimpses
+of the Supernatural. 2 vols. A New Edition. Crown 8vo. price 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LEWIS (Edward Dillon)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Draft Code of Criminal Law and
+Procedure.</span> Demy 8vo. cloth, price 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Life in the Mofussil</span>; or, Civilian Life in Lower Bengal. By an
+Ex-Civilian. Large post 8vo. price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LINDSAY (W. Lauder) M.D., F.R.S.E., &amp;c.</i>—<span class="smcap">Mind in the Lower
+Animals in Health and Disease.</span> 2 vols. Demy 8vo. cloth, price
+32<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Vol. I.—Mind in Health. Vol. II.—Mind in Disease.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LLOYD (Francis), and TEBBITT (Charles)</i>—<span class="smcap">Extension of
+Empire, Weakness? Deficits, Ruin?</span> With a Practical Scheme for
+the Reconstruction of Asiatic Turkey. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LONSDALE (Margaret)</i>—<span class="smcap">Sister Dora</span>: a Biography. With
+Portrait, engraved on Steel by C. H. Jeens, and one Illustration.
+Nineteenth Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LORIMER (Peter) D.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">John Knox and the Church of
+England.</span> His Work in her Pulpit, and his Influence upon her
+Liturgy, Articles, and Parties. Demy 8vo. price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">John Wiclif and his English Precursors.</span> By <span class="smcap">Gerhard Victor
+Lechler</span>. Translated from the German, with additional Notes. 2
+vols. Demy 8vo. price 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MACLACHLAN (Mrs.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Notes and Extracts on Everlasting
+Punishment and Eternal Life, according to Literal Interpretation.</span>
+Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MACNAUGHT (Rev. John)</i>—<span class="smcap">Cœna Domini</span>: An Essay on
+the Lord’s Supper, its Primitive Institution, Apostolic Uses, and
+Subsequent History. Demy 8vo. price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MAGNUS (Mrs.)</i>—<span class="smcap">About the Jews since Bible Times.</span> From
+the Babylonian Exile till the English Exodus. Small crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MAIR (R. S.) M.D., F.R.C.S.E.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Medical Guide for
+Anglo-Indians.</span> Being a Compendium of Advice to Europeans in
+India, relating to the Preservation and Regulation of Health. With a
+Supplement on the Management of Children in India. Second Edition.
+Crown 8vo. limp cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MANNING (His Eminence Cardinal)</i>—<span class="smcap">The True Story of the
+Vatican Council.</span> Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MARKHAM (Capt. Albert Hastings) R.N.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Great Frozen
+Sea</span>: A Personal Narrative of the Voyage of the <i>Alert</i> during
+the Arctic Expedition of 1875–6. With Six Full-page Illustrations, Two
+Maps, and Twenty-seven Woodcuts. Fourth and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Polar Reconnaissance</span>: being the Voyage of the
+‘Isbjörn’ to Novaya Zemlya in 1879. With 10 Illustrations.
+Demy 8vo. cloth, price 16<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MCGRATH (Terence)</i>—<span class="smcap">Pictures from Ireland.</span> New and
+Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MERRITT (Henry)</i>—<span class="smcap">Art-Criticism and Romance.</span> With
+Recollections and Twenty-three Illustrations in <i>eau-forte</i>, by
+Anna Lea Merritt. Two vols. Large post 8vo. cloth, price 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MILLER (Edward)</i>—<span class="smcap">The History and Doctrines of
+Irvingism</span>; or, the so-called Catholic and Apostolic Church. 2
+vols. Large post 8vo. price 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Church in Relation to the State.</span> Large crown
+8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MILNE (James)</i>—<span class="smcap">Tables of Exchange</span> for the Conversion
+of Sterling Money into Indian and Ceylon Currency, at Rates from
+1<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> to 2<i>s.</i> 3<i>d.</i> per Rupee. Second
+Edition. Demy 8vo. Cloth, price £2. 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MINCHIN (J. G.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Bulgaria since the War</span>: Notes of a
+Tour in the Autumn of 1879. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MOCKLER (E.)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Grammar of the Baloochee Language</span>, as
+it is spoken in Makran (Ancient Gedrosia), in the Persia-Arabic and
+Roman characters. Fcap. 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MOFFAT (R. S.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Economy of Consumption</span>: a Study in
+Political Economy. Demy 8vo. price 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Principles of a Time Policy</span>: being an Exposition
+of a Method of Settling Disputes between Employers and
+Employed in regard to Time and Wages, by a simple Process of
+Mercantile Barter, without recourse to Strikes or Locks-out.
+Reprinted from ‘The Economy of Consumption,’ with a Preface
+and Appendix containing Observations on some Reviews of that
+book, and a Re-criticism of the Theories of Ricardo and J. S.
+Mill on Rent, Value, and Cost of Production. Demy 8vo. price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MOLTKE (Field-Marshal Von)</i>—<span class="smcap">Letters from Russia.</span>
+Translated by <span class="smcap">Robina Napier</span>. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Notes of Travel.</span> Being Extracts from the Journals
+of. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MORELL (J. R.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Euclid Simplified in Method and
+Language.</span> Being a Manual of Geometry. Compiled from the most
+important French Works, approved by the University of Paris and the
+Minister of Public Instruction. Fcap. 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MORSE (E. S.) Ph.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">First Book of Zoology.</span> With
+numerous Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>NEWMAN (J. H.) D.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Characteristics from the Writings
+of.</span> Being Selections from his various Works. Arranged with the
+Author’s personal Approval. Third Edition. With Portrait. Crown 8vo.
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>⁂ A Portrait of the Rev. Dr. J. H. Newman, mounted for
+framing, can be had price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">New Werther.</span> By <span class="smcap">Loki</span>. Small crown 8vo. cloth,
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>NICHOLAS (T.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Pedigree of the English People.</span>
+Fifth Edition. Demy 8vo. price 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>NICHOLSON (Edward Byron)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Gospel according to the
+Hebrews.</span> Its Fragments Translated and Annotated with a Critical
+Analysis of the External and Internal Evidence relating to it. Demy
+8vo. cloth, price 9<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Rights of an Animal.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>NICOLS (Arthur) F.G.S., F.R.G.S.</i>—<span class="smcap">Chapters from the Physical
+History of the Earth</span>: an Introduction to Geology and Palæontology.
+With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Norman People (The)</span>, and their Existing Descendants in the
+British Dominions and the United States of America. Demy 8vo. price
+21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nuces: Exercises on the Syntax of the Public School Latin
+Primer.</span> New Edition in Three Parts. Crown 8vo. each 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>⁂ The Three Parts can also be had bound together in cloth,
+price 3<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>O’MEARA (Kathleen)</i>—<span class="smcap">Frederic Ozanam</span>, Professor of the
+Sorbonne: His Life and Work. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Our Public Schools—Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby, Westminster,
+Marlborough, The Charterhouse.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>OWEN (F. M.)</i>—<span class="smcap">John Keats</span>: a Study. Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>OWEN (Rev. Robert) B.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Sanctorale Catholicum</span>; or,
+Book of Saints. With Notes, Critical, Exegetical, and Historical. Demy
+8vo. cloth, price 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An Essay on the Communion of Saints.</span> Including an
+Examination of the Cultus Sanctorum. Price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PARKER (Joseph) D.D.</i>—<span class="allsmcap">THE PARACLETE</span>: An Essay on the
+Personality and Ministry of the Holy Ghost, with some reference to
+current discussions. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PARR (Capt. H. Hallam, C.M.G.)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Sketch of the Kafir and
+Zulu Wars</span>: Guadana to Isandhlwana. With Maps. Small Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PARSLOE (Joseph)</i>—<span class="smcap">Our Railways.</span> Sketches, Historical
+and Descriptive. With Practical Information as to Fares and Rates, &amp;c.,
+and a Chapter on Railway Reform. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PATTISON (Mrs. Mark)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Renaissance of Art in France.</span>
+With Nineteen Steel Engravings. 2 vols. demy 8vo. cloth, price
+32<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PAUL (C. Kegan)</i>—<span class="smcap">William Godwin: His Friends and
+Contemporaries.</span> With Portraits and Facsimiles of the Handwriting
+of Godwin and his Wife. 2 vols. Square post 8vo. price 28<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Genius of Christianity Unveiled.</span> Being Essays
+by William Godwin never before published. Edited, with a
+Preface, by C. Kegan Paul. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mary Wollstonecraft.</span> Letters to Imlay. New Edition
+with Prefatory Memoir by. Two Portraits in <i>eau-forte</i>
+by <span class="smcap">Anna Lea Merritt</span>. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PAYNE (Prof. J. F.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Lectures on Education.</span> Price
+6<i>d.</i> each. II. Fröbel and the Kindergarten System. Second Edition.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Visit To German Schools: Elementary Schools in
+Germany.</span> Notes of a Professional Tour to inspect some of
+the Kindergartens, Primary Schools, Public Girls’ Schools,
+and Schools for Technical Instruction in Hamburgh, Berlin,
+Dresden, Weimar, Gotha, Eisenach, in the autumn of 1874. With
+Critical Discussions of the General Principles and Practice
+of Kindergartens and other Schemes of Elementary Education.
+Crown 8vo. price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PENRICE (Maj. J.) B.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">A Dictionary and Glossary of the
+Ko-ran.</span> With Copious Grammatical References and Explanations of
+the Text. 4to. price 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PESCHEL (Dr. Oscar)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Races of Man and their Geographical
+Distribution.</span> Large crown 8vo. price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PINCHES (Thomas) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Samuel Wilberforce:
+Faith—Service—Recompense.</span> Three Sermons. With a Portrait of
+Bishop Wilberforce (after a Portrait by Charles Watkins). Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PLAYFAIR (Lieut-Col.)</i>—i&gt;Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul-general
+In Algiers.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and
+Tunis.</span> Illustrated by facsimiles of Bruce’s original
+Drawings, Photographs, Maps, &amp;c. Royal 4to. cloth, bevelled
+boards, gilt leaves, price £3. 3<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>POLLOCK (Frederick)</i>—<span class="smcap">Spinoza, his Life and Philosophy.</span>
+Demy 8vo. cloth, price 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>POLLOCK (W. H.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Lectures on French Poets.</span> Delivered at
+the Royal Institution. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>POOR (Laura E.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Sanskrit and its Kindred Literatures.</span>
+Studies in Comparative Mythology. Small crown 8vo. cloth, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>POUSHKIN (A. S.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Russian Romance.</span> Translated from the
+Tales of Belkin, &amp;c. By Mrs. J. Buchan Telfer (née Mouravieff). New and
+Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PRESBYTER</i>—<span class="smcap">Unfoldings of Christian Hope.</span> An Essay
+shewing that the Doctrine contained in the Damnatory Clauses of the
+Creed commonly called Athanasian is Unscriptural. Small crown 8vo.
+price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PRICE (Prof. Bonamy)</i>—<span class="smcap">Currency and Banking.</span> Crown 8vo.
+Price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Chapters on Practical Political Economy.</span> Being the
+Substance of Lectures delivered before the University of
+Oxford. Large post 8vo. price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Proteus and Amadeus.</span> A Correspondence. Edited by <span class="smcap">Aubrey De
+Vere</span>. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pulpit Commentary (The).</span> Edited by the Rev. <span class="smcap">J. S.
+Exell</span> and the Rev. Canon <span class="smcap">H. D. M. Spence</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther.</span> By Rev. Canon <span class="smcap">G.
+Rawlinson</span>, M.A.; with Homilies by Rev. Prof. <span class="smcap">J.
+R. Thomson</span>, M.A., Rev. Prof. <span class="smcap">R. A. Redford</span>,
+LL.B., M.A., Rev. <span class="smcap">W. S. Lewis</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class="smcap">J.
+A. Macdonald</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">A. Mackennal</span>, B.A., Rev.
+<span class="smcap">W. Clarkson</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class="smcap">F. Hastings</span>, Rev.
+<span class="smcap">W. Dinwiddie</span>, LL.B., Rev. Prof. <span class="smcap">Rowlands</span>,
+B.A., Rev. <span class="smcap">G. Wood</span>, B.A., Rev. Prof. <span class="smcap">P. C.
+Barker</span>, LL.B., M.A., and Rev. <span class="smcap">J. S. Exell</span>.
+Third Edition. One vol. price 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">1 Samuel.</span> By the Very Rev. <span class="smcap">R. P. Smith</span>,
+D.D.; with Homilies By Rev. <span class="smcap">Donald Fraser</span>, D.D.,
+Rev. Prof. <span class="smcap">Chapman</span>, and Rev. <span class="smcap">B. Dale</span>. Third
+Edition. Price 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Genesis.</span> By Rev. <span class="smcap">T. Whitelaw</span>, M.A.;
+with Homilies by the Very Rev. <span class="smcap">J. F. Montgomery</span>,
+D.D., Rev. Prof. <span class="smcap">R. A. Redford</span>, M.A., LL.B., Rev.
+<span class="smcap">F. Hastings</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">W. Roberts</span>, M.A. an
+Introduction to the Study of the Old Testament by the Rev.
+Canon <span class="smcap">Farrar</span>, D.D., F.R.S.; and Introductions to the
+Pentateuch by the Right Rev. <span class="smcap">H. Cotterill</span>, D.D., and
+Rev. <span class="smcap">T. Whitelaw</span>, M.A. Third Edition. One vol. price
+15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Judges and Ruth.</span> By the Right Rev. Lord <span class="smcap">A. C.
+Hervey</span>, D.D., and Rev. <span class="smcap">J. Morrison</span>, D.D.; with
+Homilies by Rev. <span class="smcap">A. F. Muir</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class="smcap">W. F.
+Adeney</span>, M.A., Rev. <span class="smcap">W. M. Statham</span>, and Rev.
+Professor <span class="smcap">J. Thomson</span>, M.A. Super-royal 8vo. cloth,
+price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Joshua.</span> By Rev. <span class="smcap">J. J. Lias</span>, M.A.; with
+Homilies by Rev. <span class="smcap">S. R. Aldridge</span>, LL.B., Rev. <span class="smcap">R.
+Glover</span>, Rev. <span class="smcap">E. De Pressensé</span>, D.D., Rev. <span class="smcap">J.
+Waite</span>, B.A., Rev. <span class="smcap">F. W. Adeney</span>, M.A.; and an
+Introduction by the Rev. <span class="smcap">A. Plummer</span>, M.A. Price
+12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Punjaub (The) and North-Western Frontier of India.</span> By an Old
+Punjaubee. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rabbi Jeshua.</span> An Eastern Story. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>RAVENSHAW (John Henry) B.C.S.</i>—<span class="smcap">Gaur: Its Ruins and
+Inscriptions.</span> Edited by his Widow. With 44 Photographic
+Illustrations, and 25 facsimiles of Inscriptions. Royal 4to. cloth,
+price £3. 13<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>READ (Carveth)</i>—<span class="smcap">On the Theory of Logic</span>: An Essay. Crown
+8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Realities of the Future Life.</span> Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>RENDELL (J. M.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Concise Handbook of the Island of
+Madeira.</span> With Plan of Funchal and Map of the Island. Fcp. 8vo.
+cloth, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>REYNOLDS (Rev. J. W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Supernatural in Nature.</span>
+A Verification by Free Use of Science. Second Edition, revised and
+enlarged. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Mystery of Miracles.</span> By the Author of ‘The
+Supernatural in Nature.’ Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>RIBOT (Prof. Th.)</i>—<span class="smcap">English Psychology.</span> Second Edition.
+A Revised and Corrected Translation from the latest French Edition.
+Large post 8vo. price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Heredity</span>: A Psychological Study on its Phenomena,
+its Laws, its Causes, and its Consequences. Large crown 8vo.
+price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>RINK (Chevalier Dr. Henry)</i>—<span class="smcap">Greenland: Its People and its
+Products.</span> By the Chevalier Dr. <span class="smcap">Henry Rink</span>, President of
+the Greenland Board of Trade. With sixteen Illustrations, drawn by
+the Eskimo, and a Map. Edited by Dr. Robert Brown. Crown 8vo. price
+10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ROBERTSON (The late Rev. F. W.) M.A., of Brighton/i&gt;</i>—<span class="smcap">Life and
+Letters of.</span> Edited by the Rev. Stopford Brooke, M. A., Chaplain in
+Ordinary to the Queen.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;I. Two vols., uniform with the Sermons. With Steel Portrait. Crown 8vo.
+price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&ensp;II. Library Edition, in Demy 8vo. with Portrait. Price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>III. A Popular Edition, in 1 vol. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sermons.</span> Four Series. Small crown 8vo. price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Human Race</span>, and other Sermons. Preached at
+Cheltenham, Oxford, and Brighton. Large post 8vo. cloth,
+price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Notes on Genesis.</span> New and Cheaper Edition. Crown
+8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Expository Lectures on St. Paul’s Epistles to the
+Corinthians.</span> A New Edition. Small crown 8vo. price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Lectures and Addresses</span>, with other Literary Remains.
+A New Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">An Analysis of Mr. Tennyson’s ‘In Memoriam.’</span>
+(Dedicated by Permission to the Poet-Laureate.) Fcp. 8vo.
+price 2s.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Education of the Human Race.</span> Translated from
+the German of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. Fcp. 8vo. price
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>The above Works can also be had, bound in half-morocco.</p>
+
+<p>⁂ A Portrait of the late Rev. F. W. Robertson, mounted for
+framing, can be had, price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>RODWELL (G. F.) F.R.A.S., F.C.S.</i>—<span class="smcap">Etna: A History of the
+Mountain and its Eruptions.</span> With Maps and Illustrations. Square
+8vo. cloth, price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ROSS (Alexander) D.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Memoir of Alexander Ewing</span>,
+Bishop of Argyll and the Isles. Second and Cheaper Edition. Demy 8vo.
+cloth, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SALTS (Rev. Alfred) LL.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Godparents at Confirmation.</span>
+With a Preface by the Bishop of Manchester. Small crown 8vo. cloth
+limp, price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SAMUEL (Sydney M.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Jewish Life in the East.</span> Small
+crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SAYCE (Rev. Archibald Henry)</i>—<span class="smcap">Introduction to the Science of
+Language.</span> 2 vols. Large post 8vo. cloth, price 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Scientific Layman.</span> The New Truth and the Old Faith: are they
+Incompatible? Demy 8vo. cloth, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SCOONES (W. Baptiste)</i>—<span class="smcap">Four Centuries of English
+Letters</span>: A Selection of 350 Letters by 150 Writers, from the
+Period of the Paston Letters to the Present Time. Second Edition. Large
+crown 8vo. cloth, price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SCOTT (Robert H.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Weather Charts and Storm Warnings.</span>
+Second Edition. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SCOTT</i> (<i>Leader</i>)—<span class="smcap">A Nook in the Apennines</span>: A
+Summer beneath the Chestnuts. With Frontispiece, and Twenty-seven
+Illustrations in the Text, chiefly from Original Sketches. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 7<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SENIOR</i> (<i>N. W.</i>)—<span class="smcap">Alexis De Tocqueville</span>.
+Correspondence and Conversations with Nassau W. Senior, from 1833
+to 1859. Edited by M. C. M. Simpson. 2 vols. Large post 8vo. price
+21<i>s</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SHAKSPEARE</i> (<i>Charles</i>)—<span class="smcap">Saint Paul at Athens</span>.
+Spiritual Christianity in relation to some aspects of Modern Thought.
+Five Sermons preached at St. Stephen’s Church, Westbourne Park. With a
+Preface by the Rev. Canon <span class="smcap">Farrar</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SHELLEY</i> (<i>Lady</i>)—<span class="smcap">Shelley Memorials from Authentic
+Sources</span>. With (now first printed) an Essay on Christianity by
+Percy Bysshe Shelley. With Portrait. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+5<i>s</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SHILLITO</i> (<i>Rev. Joseph</i>)—<span class="smcap">Womanhood</span>: its Duties,
+Temptations, and Privileges. A Book for Young Women. Third Edition.
+Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SHIPLEY</i> (<i>Rev. Orby</i>) <i>M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Church Tracts: or,
+Studies in Modern Problems</span>. By various Writers. 2 vols. Crown 8vo.
+price 5<i>s</i>. each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Principles of the Faith in Relation to Sin</span>. Topics for Thought
+in Times of Retreat. Eleven Addresses delivered during a Retreat of
+Three Days to Persons living in the World. Demy 8vo. cloth, price
+12<i>s</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sister Augustine</span>, Superior of the Sisters of Charity
+at the St. Johannis Hospital at Bonn. Authorised Translation by
+<span class="smcap">Hans Tharau</span>, from the German ‘Memorials of <span class="smcap">Amalie von
+Lasaulx</span>.’ Second Edition. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s</i>.
+6<i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SMITH</i> (<i>Edward</i>) M.D., <i>LL.B., F.R.S.</i>—<span class="smcap">Health and
+Disease</span>, as Influenced by the Daily, Seasonal, and other Cyclical
+Changes in the Human System. A New Edition. Post 8vo. price 7<i>s</i>.
+6<i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Practical Dietary for Families, Schools, and the Labouring
+Classes</span>. A New Edition. Post 8vo. price 3<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tubercular Consumption in its Early and Remediable Stages</span>.
+Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SPEDDING</i> (<i>James</i>)—<span class="smcap">Reviews and Discussions, Literary,
+Political, and Historical not relating to Bacon</span>. Demy 8vo. cloth,
+price 12<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STAPFER</i> (<i>Paul</i>)—<span class="smcap">Shakspeare and Classical
+Antiquity</span>: Greek and Latin Antiquity as presented in Shakspeare’s
+Plays. Translated by <span class="smcap">Emily J. Carey</span>. Large post 8vo. cloth,
+price 12<i>s</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">St. Bernard.</span> A Little Book on the Love of God. Translated by
+<span class="smcap">Marianne Caroline</span> and <span class="smcap">Coventry Patmore</span>. Cloth extra,
+gilt tops, 4<i>s</i>. 6<i>d</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STEPHENS</i> (<i>Archibald John</i>) <i>LL.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">The
+Folkestone Ritual Case</span>. The Substance of the Argument delivered
+before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on behalf of the
+Respondents. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STEVENSON</i> (<i>Rev. W. F</i>.)—<span class="smcap">Hymns for the Church and
+Home</span>. Selected and Edited by the Rev. W. Fleming Stevenson.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>The most complete Hymn Book published.</p>
+
+<p>The Hymn Book consists of Three Parts:—I. For Public
+Worship.—II. For Family and Private Worship.—III. For
+Children.</p>
+
+<p>⁂ Published in various forms and prices, the latter ranging
+from 8<i>d</i>. to 6<i>s</i>. Lists and full particulars will
+be furnished on application to the Publishers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STEVENSON</i> (<i>Robert Louis</i>)—<span class="smcap">An Inland Voyage</span>. With
+Frontispiece by Walter Crane. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes</span>. With
+Frontispiece by Walter Crane. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Virginibus Puerisque</span>, and other Papers. Crown 8vo.
+cloth 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SULLY</i> (<i>James</i>) <i>M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Sensation and
+Intuition</span>. Demy 8vo. price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pessimism</span>: a History and a Criticism. Second Edition. Demy
+8vo. price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SYME</i> (<i>David</i>)—<span class="smcap">Outlines of an Industrial Science</span>.
+Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>TAYLOR</i> (<i>Algernon</i>)—<span class="smcap">Guienne</span>. Notes of an Autumn
+Tour. Crown 8vo cloth, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>THOMSON</i> (<i>J. Turnbull</i>)—<span class="smcap">Social Problems; or, an
+Inquiry into the Laws of Influence</span>. With Diagrams. Demy 8vo.
+cloth, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>TODHUNTER</i> (<i>Dr. J.</i>)—<span class="smcap">A Study of Shelley</span>. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>TWINING</i> (<i>Louisa</i>)—<span class="smcap">Workhouse Visiting and Management
+during Twenty-five Years</span>. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>VAUGHAN</i> (<i>H. Halford</i>)—<span class="smcap">New Readings and Renderings of
+Shakespeare’s Tragedies</span>. 2 vols. demy 8vo. cloth, price 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>VILLARI</i> (<i>Professor</i>)—<span class="smcap">Niccolo Machiavelli and his
+Times</span>. Translated by Linda Villari. 2 vols. Large post 8vo. price
+24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>VYNER</i> (<i>Lady Mary</i>)—<span class="smcap">Every Day a Portion</span>. Adapted
+from the Bible and the Prayer Book, for the Private Devotions of those
+living in Widowhood. Collected and Edited by Lady Mary Vyner. Square
+crown 8vo. extra, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WALDSTEIN</i> (<i>Charles</i>) <i>Ph.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Balance of
+Emotion and Intellect</span>; an Introductory Essay to the Study of
+Philosophy. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WALLER</i> (<i>Rev. C. B.</i>)—<span class="smcap">The Apocalypse</span>, reviewed
+under the Light of the Doctrine of the Unfolding Ages, and the Relation
+of All Things. Demy 8vo. price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WATSON</i> (<i>Sir Thomas</i>) <i>Bart., M.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Abolition
+of Zymotic Diseases</span>, and of other similar Enemies of Mankind.
+Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WEDMORE</i> (<i>Frederick</i>)—<span class="smcap">The Masters of Genre
+Painting</span>. With Sixteen Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WELLS</i> (<i>Capt. John C.</i>) <i>R.N.</i>—<span class="smcap">Spitzbergen—The
+Gateway to the Polynia</span>; or, a Voyage to Spitzbergen. With numerous
+Illustrations by Whymper and others, and Map. New and Cheaper Edition.
+Demy 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WETMORE</i> (<i>W. S.</i>)—<span class="smcap">Commercial Telegraphic Code</span>.
+Second Edition. Post 4to. boards, price 42<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WHITE</i> (<i>A. D.</i>) <i>LL.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Warfare of Science</span>.
+With Prefatory Note by Professor Tyndall. Second Edition. Crown 8vo.
+price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WHITNEY</i> (<i>Prof. William Dwight</i>)—<span class="smcap">Essentials of English
+Grammar</span>, for the Use of Schools. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WICKSTEED (P. H.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Dante</span>: Six Sermons. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WILLIAMS (Rowland) D.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Life and Letters of</span>; with
+Extracts from his Note-Books. Edited by Mrs. Rowland Williams. With a
+Photographic Portrait. 2 vols. large post 8vo. price 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Psalms, Litanies, Counsels, and Collects for Devout
+Persons.</span> Edited by his Widow. New and Popular Edition.
+Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Stray Thoughts Collected from the Writings of the late
+Rowland Williams, D.D.</span> Edited by his Widow. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WILLIS (R.) M.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Servetus and Calvin</span>: a Study of an
+Important Epoch in the Early History of the Reformation. 8vo. price
+16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William Harvey.</span> A History of the Discovery of the
+Circulation of the Blood: with a Portrait of Harvey after
+Faithorne. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 14<i>s.</i> Portrait
+separate.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WILSON (H. Schütz)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Tower and Scaffold.</span> A Miniature
+Monograph. Large fcap. 8vo. price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WOLLSTONECRAFT (Mary)</i>—<span class="smcap">Letters to Imlay.</span> New Edition
+with Prefatory Memoir by <span class="smcap">C. Kegan Paul</span>, author of ‘William
+Godwin: His Friends and Contemporaries,’ &amp;c. Two Portraits in
+<i>eau-forte</i> by Anna Lea Merritt. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WOLTMANN (Dr. Alfred), and WOERMANN (Dr. Karl)</i>—<span class="smcap">History of
+Painting.</span> Edited by Sidney Colvin. Vol. I. Painting in Antiquity
+and the Middle Ages. With numerous Illustrations. Medium 8vo. cloth,
+price 28<i>s.</i>; bevelled boards, gilt leaves, price 30<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WOOD (Major-General J. Creighton)</i>—<span class="smcap">Doubling the
+Consonant.</span> Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Word was Made Flesh.</span> Short Family Readings on the Epistles for
+each Sunday of the Christian Year. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WRIGHT (Rev. David) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Waiting for the Light, and other
+Sermons.</span> Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>YOUMANS (Eliza A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">An Essay on the Culture of the Observing
+Powers of Children</span>, especially in connection with the Study of
+Botany. Edited, with Notes and a Supplement, by Joseph Payne, F.C.P.,
+Author of ‘Lectures on the Science and Art of Education,’ &amp;c. Crown
+8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">First Book of Botany.</span> Designed to Cultivate the
+Observing Powers of Children. With 300 Engravings. New and
+Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>YOUMANS (Edward L.) M.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">A Class Book of Chemistry</span>, on
+the Basis of the New System. With 200 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">I. <span class="smcap">Forms of Water</span>: a Familiar Exposition of the Origin
+and Phenomena of Glaciers. By J. Tyndall, LL.D., F.R.S. With 25
+Illustrations. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">II. <span class="smcap">Physics and Politics</span>; or, Thoughts on the Application of
+the Principles of ‘Natural Selection’ and ‘Inheritance’ to Political
+Society. By Walter Bagehot. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">III. <span class="smcap">Foods.</span> By Edward Smith, M.D., LL.B., F.R.S. With numerous
+Illustrations. Seventh Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">IV. <span class="smcap">Mind and Body</span>: the Theories of their Relation. By
+Alexander Bain, LL.D. With Four Illustrations. Seventh Edition. Crown
+8vo. price 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">V. <span class="smcap">The Study of Sociology.</span> By Herbert Spencer. Tenth Edition.
+Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">VI. <span class="smcap">On the Conservation of Energy.</span> By Balfour Stewart, M.A.,
+LL.D., F.R.S. With 14 Illustrations. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">VII. <span class="smcap">Animal Locomotion</span>; or, Walking, Swimming, and Flying.
+By J. B. Pettigrew, M.D., F.R.S., &amp;c. With 130 Illustrations. Second
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">VIII. <span class="smcap">Responsibility in Mental Disease.</span> By Henry Maudsley,
+M.D. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">IX. <span class="smcap">The New Chemistry.</span> By Professor J. P. Cooke, of the
+Harvard University. With 31 Illustrations. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo.
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">X. <span class="smcap">The Science of Law.</span> By Professor Sheldon Amos. Fourth
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XI. <span class="smcap">Animal Mechanism</span>: a Treatise on Terrestrial and Aerial
+Locomotion. By Professor E. J. Marey. With 117 Illustrations. Second
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XII. <span class="smcap">The Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism.</span> By Professor Oscar
+Schmidt (Strasburg University). With 26 Illustrations. Fourth Edit.
+Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XIII. <span class="smcap">The History of the Conflict between Religion and
+Science.</span> By J. W. Draper, M.D., LL.D. Fourteenth Edition. Crown
+8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XIV. <span class="smcap">Fungi</span>: their Nature, Influences, Uses, &amp;c. By M. C.
+Cooke, M.D., LL.D. Edited by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. With
+numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XV. <span class="smcap">The Chemical Effects of Light and Photography.</span> By Dr.
+Hermann Vogel (Polytechnic Academy of Berlin). Translation thoroughly
+revised. With 100 Illustrations. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XVI. <span class="smcap">The Life and Growth of Language.</span> By William Dwight
+Whitney, Professor of Sanscrit and Comparative Philology in Yale
+College, Newhaven. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XVII. <span class="smcap">Money and the Mechanism of Exchange.</span> By W. Stanley
+Jevons, M.A., F.R.S. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XVIII. <span class="smcap">The Nature of Light.</span> With a General Account of Physical
+Optics. By Dr. Eugene Lommel, Professor of Physics in the University
+of Erlangen. With 188 Illustrations and a Table of Spectra in
+Chromolithography. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XIX. <span class="smcap">Animal Parasites and Messmates.</span> By Monsieur Van Beneden,
+Professor of the University of Louvain, Correspondent of the Institute
+of France. With 83 Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XX. <span class="smcap">Fermentation.</span> By Professor Schützenberger, Director of
+the Chemical Laboratory at the Sorbonne. With 28 Illustrations. Third
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXI. <span class="smcap">The Five Senses of Man.</span> By Professor Bernstein, of the
+University of Halle. With 91 Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo.
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXII. <span class="smcap">The Theory of Sound in its Relation to Music.</span> By
+Professor Pietro Blaserna, of the Royal University of Rome. With
+numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXIII. <span class="smcap">Studies in Spectrum Analysis.</span> By J. Norman Lockyer.
+F.R.S. With six photographic Illustrations of Spectra, and numerous
+engravings on Wood. Crown 8vo. Second Edition. Price 6<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXIV. <span class="smcap">A History of the Growth of the Steam Engine.</span> By
+Professor R. H. Thurston. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition.
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXV. <span class="smcap">Education as a Science.</span> By Alexander Bain, LL.D. Third
+Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXVI. <span class="smcap">The Human Species.</span> By Prof. A. de Quatrefages. Third
+Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXVII. <span class="smcap">Modern Chromatics.</span> With Applications to Art and
+Industry. By Ogden N. Rood. With 130 original Illustrations. Second
+Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXVIII. <span class="smcap">The Crayfish</span>: an Introduction to the Study of Zoology.
+By Professor T. H. Huxley. With 82 Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXIX. <span class="smcap">The Brain as an Organ of Mind.</span> By H. Charlton Bastian,
+M.D. With numerous Illustrations. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXX. <span class="smcap">The Atomic Theory.</span> By Prof. Wurtz. Translated by G.
+Cleminshaw, F.C.S. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXXI. <span class="smcap">The Natural Conditions of Existence as they affect Animal
+Life.</span> By Karl Semper. With 2 Maps and 106 Woodcuts. Second
+Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent">XXXII. <span class="smcap">General Physiology of Muscles and Nerves.</span> By Prof. J.
+Rosenthal. Second Edition. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center p1">MILITARY WORKS.</p>
+
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ANDERSON (Col. R. P.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Victories and Defeats</span>: an
+Attempt to explain the Causes which have led to them. An Officer’s
+Manual. Demy 8vo. price 14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Army of the North German Confederation</span>: a Brief Description of
+its Organisation, of the Different Branches of the Service and their
+rôle in War, of its Mode of Fighting, &amp;c. Translated from the Corrected
+Edition, by permission of the Author, by Colonel Edward Newdigate. Demy
+8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BLUME (Maj. W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Operations of the German Armies in
+France</span>, from Sedan to the end of the War of 1870–71. With Map.
+From the Journals of the Head-quarters Staff. Translated by the late
+E. M. Jones, Maj. 20th Foot, Prof. of Mil. Hist., Sandhurst. Demy 8vo.
+price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BOGUSLAWSKI (Capt. A. von)</i>—<span class="smcap">Tactical Deductions from the War
+of 1870–1</span>. Translated by Colonel Sir Lumley Graham, Bart., late
+18th (Royal Irish) Regiment. Third Edition, Revised and Corrected. Demy
+8vo. price 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BRACKENBURY (Lieut.-Col.) C.B., R.A., A.A.G.</i> <span class="smcap">Military
+Handbooks for Regimental Officers.</span> I. Military Sketching and
+Reconnaissance, by Lieut.-Col. F. J. Hutchison, and Capt. H. G.
+MacGregor. Second Edition. With 15 Plates. Small 8vo. cloth, price
+6<i>s.</i> II. The Elements of Modern Tactics Practically applied
+to English Formations, by Major Wilkinson Shaw. Second and Cheaper
+Edition. With 25 Plates and Maps. Small cr. 8vo. cloth, price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BRIALMONT (Col. A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Hasty Intrenchments.</span> Translated
+by Lieut. Charles A. Empson, R.A. With Nine Plates. Demy 8vo. price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CLERY (C.) Lieut.-Col.</i>—<span class="smcap">Minor Tactics.</span> With 26 Maps and
+Plans. Fifth and revised Edition. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DU VERNOIS (Col. von Verdy)</i>—<span class="smcap">Studies in Leading Troops.</span>
+An authorised and accurate Translation by Lieutenant H. J. T. Hildyard,
+71st Foot. Parts I. and II. Demy 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GOETZE (Capt. A. von)</i>—<span class="smcap">Operations of the German Engineers
+during the War of 1870–1.</span> Published by Authority, and in
+accordance with Official Documents. Translated from the German by
+Colonel G. Graham, V.C., C.B., R.E. With 6 large Maps. Demy 8vo. price
+21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HARRISON (Lieut.-Col. R.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Officer’s Memorandum Book
+for Peace and War.</span> Third Edition. Oblong 32mo. roan, with pencil,
+price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HELVIG (Capt. H.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Operations of the Bavarian Army
+Corps.</span> Translated by Captain G. S. Schwabe. With Five large Maps.
+In 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price 24<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tactical Examples</span>: Vol. I. The Battalion, price 15<i>s.</i>
+Vol. II. The Regiment and Brigade, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+Translated from the German by Col. Sir Lumley Graham. With nearly 300
+Diagrams. Demy 8vo. cloth.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HOFFBAUER (Capt.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The German Artillery in the Battles near
+Metz.</span> Based on the Official Reports of the German Artillery.
+Translated by Captain E. O. Hollist. With Map and Plans. Demy 8vo.
+price 21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LAYMANN (Capt.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Frontal Attack of Infantry.</span>
+Translated by Colonel Edward Newdigate. Crown 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Notes on Cavalry Tactics, Organisation, &amp;c.</span> By a Cavalry
+Officer. With Diagrams. Demy 8vo. cloth, price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PARR (Capt H. Hallam) C.M.G.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Dress, Horses, and
+Equipment of Infantry and Staff Officers.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SCHELL (Maj. von)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Operations of the First Army under
+Gen. von Goeben.</span> Translated by Col. C. H. von Wright. Four Maps.
+demy 8vo. price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Operations of the First Army under Gen. von Steinmetz.</span>
+Translated by Captain E. O. Hollist. Demy 8vo. price 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SCHELLENDORF (Major-Gen. B. von)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Duties of the General
+Staff.</span> Translated from the German by Lieutenant Hare. Vol. I. Demy
+8vo. cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SCHERFF(Maj. W. von)</i>—<span class="smcap">Studies in the New Infantry
+Tactics.</span> Parts I. and II. Translated from the German by Colonel
+Lumley Graham. Demy 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SHADWELL (Maj.-Gen.) C.B.</i>—<span class="smcap">Mountain Warfare.</span>
+Illustrated by the Campaign of 1799 in Switzerland. Being a Translation
+of the Swiss Narrative compiled from the Works of the Archduke Charles,
+Jomini, and others. Also of Notes by General H. Dufour on the Campaign
+of the Valtelline in 1635. With Appendix, Maps, and Introductory
+Remarks. Demy 8vo. price 16<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SHERMAN (Gen. W. T.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman</span>,
+Commander of the Federal Forces in the American Civil War. By Himself.
+2 vols. With Map. Demy 8vo. price 24s. <i>Copyright English Edition.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STUBBS (Lieut.-Col. F. W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Regiment of Bengal
+Artillery.</span> The History of its Organisation, Equipment, and War
+Services. Compiled from Published Works, Official Records, and various
+Private Sources. With numerous Maps and Illustrations. 2 vols. demy
+8vo. price 32<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STUMM (Lieut. Hugo), German Military Attaché to the Khivan
+Expedition.</i>—<span class="smcap">Russia’s Advance Eastward.</span> Based on the
+Official Reports of. Translated by Capt. <span class="smcap">C. E. H. Vincent</span>,
+With Map. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>VINCENT (Capt. C. E. H.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Elementary Military Geography,
+Reconnoitring, and Sketching.</span> Compiled for Non-commissioned
+Officers and Soldiers of all Arms. Square crown 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Volunteer, the Militiaman, and the Regular Soldier</span>, by a
+Public Schoolboy. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WARTENSLEBEN (Count H. von.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Operations of the South
+Army in January and February, 1871.</span> Compiled from the Official
+War Documents of the Head-quarters of the Southern Army. Translated by
+Colonel C. H. von Wright. With Maps. Demy 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Operations of the First Army under Gen. von Manteuffel.</span>
+Translated by Colonel C. H. von Wright. Uniform with the above. Demy
+8vo. price 9<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WICKHAM (Capt. E. H., R.A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Influence of Firearms upon
+Tactics</span>: Historical and Critical Investigations. By an <span class="smcap">Officer
+Of Superior Rank</span> (in the German Army). Translated by Captain E. H.
+Wickham, R.A. Demy 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WOINOVITS (Capt. I.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Austrian Cavalry Exercise</span>.
+Translated by Captain W. S. Cooke. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">POETRY.</p>
+
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ADAMS (W. D.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Lyrics of Love</span>, from Shakespeare to
+Tennyson. Selected and arranged by. Fcp. 8vo. cloth extra, gilt edges,
+price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Also, a Cheaper Edition. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 2<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>AMATEUR</i>—<span class="smcap">A Few Lyrics.</span> Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Antilope</span>: a Tragedy. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>AUBERTIN (J. J.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Camoens’ Lusiads.</span> Portuguese Text,
+with Translation by. Map and Portraits. 2 vols. Demy 8vo. price
+30<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seventy Sonnets of Camoens.</span> Portuguese Text and Translation,
+with some original Poems. Dedicated to Capt. Richard F. Burton. Printed
+on hand made paper, cloth, bevelled boards, gilt tops, price 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>AVIA</i>—<span class="smcap">The Odyssey of Homer.</span> Done into English Verse by.
+Fcp. 4to. cloth, price 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BANKS (Mrs. G. L.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Ripples and Breakers</span>: Poems. Square
+8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BARNES (William)</i>—<span class="smcap">Poems of Rural Life, in the Dorset
+Dialect.</span> New Edition, complete in one vol. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+8<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BAYNES (Rev. Canon R. H.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Home Songs for Quiet
+Hours.</span> Fourth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>This may also be had handsomely bound in morocco with gilt
+edges.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BENNETT (Dr. W. C.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Narrative Poems and Ballads.</span> Fcp.
+8vo. sewed, in Coloured Wrapper, price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Songs for Sailors.</span> Dedicated by Special Request to H.R.H. the
+Duke of Edinburgh. With Steel Portrait and Illustrations. Crown 8vo.
+price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>An Edition in Illustrated Paper Covers, price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Songs of a Song Writer.</span> Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BEVINGTON (L. S.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Key Notes.</span> Small crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BOWEN (H. C.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Simple English Poems.</span> English
+Literature for Junior Classes. In Four Parts. Parts I. II. and III.
+price 6d. each, and Part IV. price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BRYANT (W. C.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Poems.</span> Red-line Edition. With 24
+Illustrations and Portrait of the Author. Crown 8vo. cloth extra, price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>A Cheap Edition, with Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo. price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BUTLER (Alfred J.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Amaranth and Asphodel.</span> Songs from
+the Greek Anthology. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Calderon’s Dramas</span>: the Wonder-Working Magician—Life is a
+Dream—the Purgatory of St. Patrick. Translated by Denis Florence
+MacCarthy. Post 8vo. price 10<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COLOMB (Colonel)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Cardinal Archbishop</span>: a Spanish
+Legend. In 29 Cancions. Small Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CONWAY (Hugh)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Life’s Idylls.</span> Small crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COPPÉE (Francois)</i>—<span class="smcap">L’Exilée.</span> Done into English Verse,
+with the sanction of the Author, by I. O. L. Crown 8vo. vellum, price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COWAN (Rev. William)</i>—<span class="smcap">Poems</span>: chiefly Sacred, including
+Translations from some Ancient Latin Hymns. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>CRESSWELL (Mrs. G.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The King’s Banner</span>: Drama in Four
+Acts. Five Illustrations. 4to. price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DAVIES (T. Hart.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Catullus.</span> Translated into English
+Verse. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DENNIS (J.)</i>—<span class="smcap">English Sonnets.</span> Collected and Arranged.
+Elegantly bound. New and Cheaper Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DE VERE (Aubrey)</i>—<span class="smcap">Alexander the Great</span>: a Dramatic Poem.
+Small crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Infant Bridal</span>, and other Poems. A New and
+Enlarged Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Legends of the Saxon Saints.</span> Small crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Legends of St. Patrick</span>, and other Poems. Small
+cr. 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">St. Thomas of Canterbury</span>: a Dramatic Poem. Large
+fcp. 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Antar and Zara</span>: an Eastern Romance.
+<span class="smcap">Inisfail</span>, and other Poems, Meditative and Lyrical.
+Fcp. 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Fall of Rora, the Search after Proserpine</span>, and
+other Poems, Meditative and Lyrical. Fcp. 8vo. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DOBELL (Mrs. Horace)</i>—<span class="smcap">Ethelstone, Eveline</span>, and other
+Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DOBSON (Austin)</i>—<span class="smcap">Vignettes in Rhyme</span>, and Vers de
+Société. Third Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Proverbs in Porcelain.</span> By the Author of ‘Vignettes
+in Rhyme.’ Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dolores</span>: a Theme with Variations. In Three Parts. Small crown
+8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dorothy</span>: a Country Story in Elegiac Verse. With Preface. Demy
+8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DOWDEN (Edward) LL.D.</i>—<span class="smcap">Poems.</span> Second Edition. Fcp. 8vo.
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DOWNTON (Rev. H.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Hymns and Verses.</span> Original and
+Translated. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DUTT (Toru)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields.</span> New
+Edition, with Portrait. Demy 8vo. cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>EDWARDS (Rev. Basil)</i>—<span class="smcap">Minor Chords</span>; or, Songs for
+the Suffering: a Volume of Verse. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i>; paper, price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ELLIOT (Lady Charlotte)</i>—<span class="smcap">Medusa</span> and other Poems. Crown
+8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ELLIOTT (Ebenezer)</i>, <span class="smcap">The Corn Law
+Rhymer.</span>—<span class="smcap">Poems.</span> Edited by his son, the Rev. Edwin
+Elliott, of St. John’s, Antigua. 2 vols. crown 8vo. price 18<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Odes.</span> Selected, with a Critical Introduction by
+<span class="smcap">Edmund W. Gosse</span>, and a miniature frontispiece by Hamo
+Thornycroft, A.R.A. Elzevir 8vo. limp parchment antique, price 6s.;
+vellum, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Epic of Hades (the).</span> By the Author of ‘Songs of Two Worlds.’
+Twelfth Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>⁂ Also an Illustrated Edition, with seventeen full-page
+designs in photo-mezzotint by George R. Chapman. 4to. cloth,
+extra gilt leaves, price 25<i>s.</i>; and a Large Paper
+Edition with Portrait, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>EVANS (Anne)</i>—<span class="smcap">Poems and Music.</span> With Memorial Preface by
+<span class="smcap">Ann Thackeray Ritchie</span>. Large crown 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>G. H. T.</i>—<span class="smcap">Verses</span>, mostly written in India. Crown 8vo,
+cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ginevra and the Duke of Guise</span>: Two Tragedies. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GOSSE (Edmund W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">New Poems.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GREENOUGH (Mrs. Richard)</i>—<span class="smcap">Mary Magdalene</span>: a Poem. Large
+post 8vo. parchment antique, bevelled boards, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gwen</span>: a Drama in Monologue. By the Author of the ‘Epic of
+Hades.’ Third Edition. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HAWKER (Robt. Stephen)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Poetical Works of.</span> Now
+first collected and arranged. With a Prefatory Notice by J. G. Godwin.
+With Portrait. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 12<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HAWTREY (Edward M.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Corydalis</span>: a Story of the Sicilian
+Expedition. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HOLMES (E. G. A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Poems.</span> First and Second Series. Fcp.
+8vo. price 5<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>INCHBOLD (J. W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Annus Amoris</span>: Sonnets. Fcp. 8vo.
+price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>JENKINS (Rev. Canon)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Girdle Legend of Prato.</span> Small
+crown 8vo. cloth, price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jeroveam’s Wife</span>, and other Poems. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KING (Edward)</i>—<span class="smcap">Echoes from the Orient.</span> With
+Miscellaneous Poems. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KING (Mrs. Hamilton)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Disciples.</span> Fourth Edition,
+with Portrait and Notes. Crown 8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aspromonte</span>, and other Poems. Second Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price
+4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LAIRD-CLOWES (W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Love’s Rebellion</span>: a Poem. Fcp. 8vo.
+cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LANG (A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">XXII Ballades in Blue China.</span> Elzevir 8vo.
+parchment, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LEIGHTON (Robert)</i>—<span class="smcap">Records and other Poems.</span> With
+Portrait. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LOCKER (F.)</i>—<span class="smcap">London Lyrics.</span> A New and Revised Edition,
+with Additions and a Portrait of the Author. Crown 8vo. cloth elegant,
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Also, an Edition for the People. Fcp. 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LOKI.</i>—<span class="smcap">The New Werther.</span> Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Love’s Gamut</span> and other Poems. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Love Sonnets of Proteus.</span> With Frontispiece by the Author.
+Elzevir 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LOWNDES (Henry)</i>—<span class="smcap">Poems and Translations.</span> Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LUMSDEN (Lieut.-Col. H. W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Beowulf</span>: an Old English
+Poem. Translated into Modern Rhymes. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MACLEAN (Charles Donald)</i>—<span class="smcap">Latin and Greek Verse
+Translations.</span> Small crown 8vo. cloth, 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MAGNUSSON (Eirikr) M.A., and PALMER (E. H.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">Johan
+Ludvig Runeberg’s Lyrical Songs, Idylls, and Epigrams.</span> Fcp. 8vo.
+cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Marie Antionette</span>: a Drama: Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MIDDLETON (The Lady)</i>—<span class="smcap">Ballads.</span> Square 16mo. cloth,
+price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Monmouth</span>: a Drama, of which the outline is Historical.
+(Dedicated, by permission, to Mr. Henry Irving.) Small crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MOORE (Mrs. Bloomfield)</i>—<span class="smcap">Gondaline’s Lesson</span>: The
+Warden’s Tale, Stories for Children, and other Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MORICE (Rev. F. D.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Olympian and Pythian Odes
+of Pindar.</span> A New Translation in English Verse. Crown 8vo. price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MORSHEAD (E. D. A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Agamemnon of Æschylus.</span>
+Translated into English Verse. With an Introductory Essay. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MORTERRA (Felix)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Legend of Allandale</span>, and other
+Poems. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Old Portfolio.</span> A Volume of Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>NICHOLSON (Edward B.) Librarian of the London
+Institution</i>—<span class="smcap">The Christ Child</span>, and other Poems. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>NOAKE (Major R. Compton)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Bivouac</span>; or, Martial
+Lyrist. With an Appendix: Advice to the Soldier. Fcp. 8vo. price
+5<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>NOEL (The Hon Roden)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Little Child’s Monument.</span> Small
+crown 8vo. cloth, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>NORRIS (Rev. Alfred)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Inner and Outer Life Poems.</span>
+Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ode of Life (The).</span> By the Author of ‘The Epic of Hades’ &amp;c.
+Third Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>O’HAGAN (John)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Song of Roland.</span> Translated into
+English Verse. Large post 8vo. parchment antique, price 10<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Palace and Prison and Fair Geraldine</span>: two Tragedies. By the
+Author of ‘Ginevra’ and the ‘Duke of Guise.’ Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PALMER (Charles Walter)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Weed</span>: a Poem. Small crown
+8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PAUL (C. Kegan)</i>—<span class="smcap">Goethe’s Faust.</span> A New Translation in
+Rhyme. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PAYNE (John)</i>—<span class="smcap">Songs of Life and Death.</span> Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PENNELL (H. Cholmondeley)</i>—<span class="smcap">Pegasus Resaddled.</span> By the
+Author of ‘Puck on Pegasus,’ &amp;c. &amp;c. With Ten Full-page Illustrations
+by George Du Maurier. Second Edition. Fcp. 4to. cloth elegant,
+12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PFEIFFER (Emily)</i>—<span class="smcap">Glan Alarch</span>: His Silence and Song: a
+Poem. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gerard’s Monument</span> and other Poems. Second Edition.
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Quarterman’s Grace</span>, and other Poems. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Poems.</span> Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sonnets and Songs.</span> New Edition. 16mo. handsomely
+printed and bound in cloth, gilt edges, price 4<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>RHOADES (James)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Georgics of Virgil.</span> Translated
+into English Verse. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ROBINSON (A. Mary F.)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Handful of Honeysuckle.</span> Fcp.
+8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sappho.</span> A Dream, by the Author of ‘Palace and Prison’ &amp;c.
+Crown 8vo. cloth, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SHELLEY (Percy Bysshe)</i>—<span class="smcap">Poems Selected from.</span> Dedicated
+to Lady Shelley. With Preface by Richard Garnett. Printed on hand-made
+paper, with miniature frontispiece, elzevir 8vo. limp parchment
+antique, price 6<i>s.</i>; vellum, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SKINNER (James)</i>—<span class="smcap">Cœlestia.</span> The Manual of St. Augustine.
+The Latin Text side by side with an English Interpretation in
+Thirty-six Odes with Notes, <i>and</i> a plea <i>for the</i> study
+<i>of</i> Mystical Theology. Large crown 8vo. cloth, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Songs of Two Worlds.</span> By the Author of ‘The Epic of Hades.’
+Fifth Edition. Complete in one Volume, with Portrait. Fcp. 8vo. cloth,
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Songs for Music.</span> By Four Friends. Containing Songs by Reginald
+A. Gatty, Stephen H. Gatty, Greville J. Chester, and Juliana Ewing.
+Square crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STEDMAN (Edmund Clarence)</i>—<span class="smcap">Lyrics and Idylls</span>, with
+other Poems. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STEVENS (William)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Truce of God</span>, and other Poems.
+Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sweet Silvery Sayings of Shakespeare.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth gilt,
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>TAYLOR (Sir H.)</i>—Works Complete in Five Volumes. Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 30<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>TENNYSON (Alfred)</i>—Works Complete:—</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Imperial Library Edition.</span> Complete in 7 vols. demy
+8vo. price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each; in Roxburgh binding,
+12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Author’s Edition.</span> In Six Volumes. Post 8vo. cloth gilt;
+or half-morocco. Roxburgh style.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cabinet Edition.</span> 12 Volumes. Each with Frontispiece.
+Fcp. 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Cabinet Edition.</span> 12 vols. Complete in handsome
+Ornamental Case.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pocket Volume Edition.</span> 13 vols. in neat case, price
+36<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Ditto, ditto. Extra cloth gilt, in case, price
+42<i>s.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Royal Edition.</span> In 1 vol. With 25 Illustrations
+and Portrait. Cloth extra, bevelled boards, gilt leaves, price
+21<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Guinea Edition.</span> Complete in 12 vols. neatly bound
+and enclosed in box. Cloth, price 21<i>s.</i>; French morocco,
+price 31<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Shilling Edition.</span> In 12 vols. pocket size, 1<i>s.</i>
+each, sewed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Crown Edition.</span> Complete in 1 vol. strongly bound
+in cloth, price 6<i>s.</i>; cloth, extra gilt leaves, price
+7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; Roxburgh, half-morocco, price 8<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>⁂ Can also be had in a variety of other bindings.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In Memoriam.</span> Choicely printed on hand-made paper, with
+a miniature portrait in <i>eau-forte</i> by Le Rat, after a
+photograph by the late Mrs. Cameron. Bound in limp parchment,
+antique, price 6<i>s.</i>; vellum, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Princess</span>: A Medley. Choicely printed on hand-made
+paper, with a miniature frontispiece by H. M. Paget and a
+tail-piece in outline by Gordon Browne. Limp parchment, antique,
+price 6<i>s.</i>; vellum, price 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tennyson’s Songs Set to Music</span> by various Composers.
+Edited by W. J. Cusins. Dedicated, by express permission, to Her
+Majesty the Queen. Royal 4to. cloth extra, gilt leaves, price
+21<i>s.</i>; or in half-morocco, price 25<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>Original Editions:—</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Ballads</span>, and other Poems. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Poems.</span> Small 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Maud</span>, and other Poems. Small 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">The Princess.</span> Small 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Idylls of the King.</span> Small 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Idylls of the King.</span> Complete. Small 8vo. price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">The Holy Grail</span>, and other Poems. Small 8vo. price
+4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Gareth and Lynette.</span> Small 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Enoch Aarden</span>, &amp;c. Small 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">In Memoriam.</span> Small 8vo. price 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Harold</span>: a Drama. New Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Queen Mary</span>: a Drama. New Edition. Crown 8vo. price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">The Lover’s Tale.</span> Fcap. 8vo. cloth, 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Selections from the above Works.</span> Super royal 16mo.
+price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; cloth gilt extra, price 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Songs from the above Works.</span> 16mo. cloth, price
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; cloth extra, 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Idylls of the King</span>, and other Poems. Illustrated by
+Julia Margaret Cameron. 2 vols. folio, half-bound morocco, cloth
+sides, price £6. 6<i>s.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Tennyson for the Young and for Recitation.</span> Specially
+arranged. Fcp. 8vo. 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">The Tennyson Birthday Book.</span> Edited by Emily Shakespear.
+32mo. cloth limp, 2<i>s.</i>; cloth extra, 3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>⁂ A superior Edition, printed in red and black, on
+antique paper, specially prepared. Small crown 8vo.
+cloth, extra gilt leaves, price 5<i>s.</i>; and in
+various calf and morocco bindings.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>THOMPSON (Alice C.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Preludes</span>: a Volume of Poems.
+Illustrated by Elizabeth Thompson (Painter of ‘The Roll Call’). 8vo.
+price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>THRING (Rev. Godfrey), B.As.</i>—<span class="smcap">Hymns and Sacred Lyrics.</span>
+Fcp. 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>TODHUNTER (Dr. J.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Laurella</span>, and other Poems. Crown
+8vo. 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Alcestis</span>: a Dramatic Poem. Extra fcp. 8vo. cloth,
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Study of Shelley.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>TOLINGSBY (Frere)</i>—<span class="smcap">Elnora</span>: an Indian Mythological Poem.
+Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Translations from Dante, Petrarch, Michael Angelo, and Vittoria
+Colonna.</span> Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>TURNER (Rev. C. Tennyson)</i>—<span class="smcap">Sonnets, Lyrics, and
+Translations.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Collected Sonnets</span>, Old and New. With Preface by
+<span class="smcap">Alfred Tennyson</span>; also some Marginal Notes by <span class="smcap">S. T.
+Coleridge</span>, and a Critical Essay by <span class="smcap">James Spedding</span>.
+Fcp. 8vo cloth, price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WALTERS (Sophia Lydia)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Brook</span>: a Poem. Small crown
+8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">A Dreamers’s Sketch Book.</span> With 21 Illustrations by
+<span class="smcap">Percival Skelton, R. P. Leitch, W. H. J. Boot</span>, and
+<span class="smcap">T. R. Pritchett</span>. Engraved by J. D. Cooper. Fcp. 4to.
+cloth, price 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WATERFIELD (W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Hymns for Holy Days and Seasons.</span> 32mo.
+cloth, price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WATSON (William)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Princes’s Quest</span>, and other Poems.
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WAY (A.) M.A.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Odes of Horace Literally Translated in
+Metre.</span> Fcp. 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WEBSTER (Augusta)</i>—<span class="smcap">Disguises</span>: a Drama. Small crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wet Days.</span>—By a Farmer. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WILLOUGHBY</i> (<i>The Hon. Mrs.</i>)—<span class="smcap">On the North
+Wind—Thistledown</span>: a Volume of Poems. Elegantly bound, small crown
+8vo. price 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WOODS</i> (<i>James Chapman</i>)—<span class="smcap">A Child of the People</span>,
+and other Poems. Small crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>YOUNG</i> (<i>Wm.</i>)—<span class="smcap">Gottlob, etcetera.</span> Small crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">WORKS OF FICTION IN ONE VOLUME.</p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BANKS</i> (<i>Mrs. G. L.</i>)—<span class="smcap">God’s Providence House</span>. New
+Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BETHAM-EDWARDS</i> (<i>Miss M.</i>) <span class="smcap">Kitty.</span> With a
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Blue Roses</span>; or, Helen Malinofska’s Marriage. By the Author of
+‘Véra.’ New and Cheaper Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>FRISWELL</i> (<i>J. Hain</i>)—<span class="smcap">One of Two</span>; or, The
+Left-Handed Bride. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>GARRETT</i> (<i>E.</i>)—<span class="smcap">By Still Waters</span>: a Story for Quiet
+Hours. With Seven Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HARDY</i> (<i>Thomas</i>)—<span class="smcap">A Pair of Blue Eyes.</span> Author of
+‘Far from the Madding Crowd.’ New Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Return of the Native.</span> New Edition. With
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HOOPER</i> (<i>Mrs. G.</i>)—<span class="smcap">The House of Raby.</span> Crown 8vo.
+cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>INGELOW</i> (<i>Jean</i>)—<span class="smcap">Off the Skelligs</span>: a Novel. With
+Frontispiece. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MACDONALD</i> (<i>G.</i>)—<span class="smcap">Malcolm.</span> With Portrait of the
+Author engraved on Steel. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Marquis of Lossie.</span> Second Edition. With
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">St. George and St. Michael.</span> Second Edition. With
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MASTERMAN</i> (<i>J.</i>)—<span class="smcap">Half-a-Dozen Daughters.</span>
+Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MEREDITH</i> (<i>George</i>)—<span class="smcap">Ordeal of Richard
+Feverel.</span> New Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Egoist</span>: A Comedy in Narrative. New and Cheaper
+Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PALGRAVE</i> (<i>W. Gifford</i>)—<span class="smcap">Hermann Agha</span>: an Eastern
+Narrative. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pandurang Hari</span>; or, Memoirs of a Hindoo. With an Introductory
+Preface by Sir H. Bartle E. Frere, G.C.S.I., C.B. Crown 8vo. price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PAUL</i> (<i>Margaret Agnes</i>)—<span class="smcap">Gentle and Simple</span>: A
+Story. New and Cheaper Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price
+6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SAUNDERS</i> (<i>John</i>)—<span class="smcap">Israel Mort, Overman</span>: a Story
+of the Mine. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Abel Drake’s Wife.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Hirell.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SHAW</i> (<i>Flora L.</i>)—<span class="smcap">Castle Blair</span>; a Story of
+Youthful Lives. New and Cheaper Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo.
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STRETTON</i> (<i>Hesba</i>)—<span class="smcap">Through a Needle’s Eye</span>: a
+Story. New and Cheaper Edition, with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth,
+price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>TAYLOR</i> (<i>Col. Meadows</i>) <i>C.S.I.</i>, <i>M.R.I.A.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Seeta</span>: a Novel. New and Cheaper Edition. With
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Tipoo Sultaun</span>: a Tale of the Mysore War. New Edition,
+with Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Ralph Darnell.</span> New and Cheaper Edition. With
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">A Noble Queen.</span> New and Cheaper Edition. With
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">The Confessions of a Thug.</span> Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent"><span class="smcap">Tara</span>: a Mahratta Tale. Crown 8vo. price 6<i>s.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>THOMAS (Moy)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Fight for Life.</span> Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Within Sound of the Sea.</span> New and Cheaper Edition, with
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 6<i>s.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center p1">BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aunt Mary’s Bran Pie.</span> By the Author of ‘St. Olave’s.’
+Illustrated. Price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BARLEE (Ellen)</i>—<span class="smcap">Locked Out</span>: a Tale of the Strike. With
+a Frontispiece. Royal 16mo. price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>BONWICK (J.) F.R.G.S.</i>—<span class="smcap">The Tasmanian Lily.</span> With
+Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Mike Howe</span>, the Bushranger of Van Diemen’s Land. New and
+Cheaper Edition. With Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Brave Men’s Footsteps.</span> By the Editor of ‘Men who have
+Risen.’ A Book of Example and Anecdote for Young People. With Four
+Illustrations by C. Doyle. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Children’s Toys</span>, and some Elementary Lessons in General
+Knowledge which they teach. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. cloth, price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>COLERIDGE (Sara)</i>—<span class="smcap">Pretty Lessons in Verse for Good
+Children</span>, with some Lessons in Latin, in Easy Rhyme. A New
+Edition. Illustrated. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>D’ANVERS (N. R.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Little Minnie’s Troubles</span>: an
+Every-day Chronicle. With 4 Illustrations by W. H. Hughes. Fcp. cloth,
+price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Parted</span>: a Tale of Clouds and Sunshine. With 4
+Illustrations. Extra fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Pixie’s Adventures</span>; or, the Tale of a Terrier. With 21
+Illustrations. 16mo. cloth, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nanny’s Adventures</span>: or, the Tale of Goat. With 12
+Illustrations. 16mo. cloth, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DAVIES (G. Christopher)</i>—<span class="smcap">Rambles and Adventures of our
+School Field Club.</span> With Four Illustrations. Crown 8vo. price
+5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>DRUMMOND (Miss)</i>—<span class="smcap">Tripp’s Buildings.</span> A Study from Life,
+with Frontispiece. Small crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>EDMONDS (Herbert)</i>—<span class="smcap">Well Spent Lives</span>: a Series of Modern
+Biographies. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>EVANS (Mark)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Story of our Father’s Love</span>, told to
+Children; Fourth and Cheaper Edition of Theology for Children. With
+Four Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo. price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>FARQUHARSON (M.)</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>I. <span class="smcap">Elsie Dinsmore.</span> Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>II. <span class="smcap">Elsie’s Girlhood.</span> Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>III. <span class="smcap">Elsie’s Holidays at Roselands.</span> Crown 8vo. price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>HERFORD (Brooke)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Story of Religion in England</span>: a
+Book for Young Folk. Cr. 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>INGELOW (Jean)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Little Wonder-horn.</span> With Fifteen
+Illustrations. Small 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>JOHNSON (Virginia W.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Catskill Fairies.</span>
+Illustrated by <span class="smcap">Alfred Fredericks</span>. Cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>KER (David)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Boy Slave in Bokhara</span>: a Tale of
+Central Asia. With Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo.
+price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wild Horseman of the Pampas.</span> Illustrated. New and Cheaper
+Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LAMONT (Martha MacDonald)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Gladiator</span>: a Life
+under the Roman Empire in the beginning of the Third Century. With 4
+Illustrations by H. M. Paget. Extra fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LEANDER (Richard)</i>—<span class="smcap">Fantastic Stories.</span> Translated from
+the German by Paulina B. Granville. With Eight Full-page Illustrations
+by M. E. Fraser-Tytler. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LEE (Holme)</i>—<span class="smcap">Her Title of Honour.</span> A Book for Girls. New
+Edition. With a Frontispiece. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>LEWIS (Mary A.)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Rat with Three Tales.</span> New and
+Cheaper Edition. With Four Illustrations by Catherine F. Frere. Price
+3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>M<sup>c</sup> CLINTOCK (L.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Sir Spangle and the Dingy Hen.</span>
+Illustrated. Square crown 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MAC KENNA (S. J.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Plucky Fellows.</span> A Book for Boys.
+With Six Illustrations. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">At School with an Old Dragoon.</span> With Six Illustrations.
+Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>MALDEN (H. E.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Princes and Princesses</span>: Two Fairy
+Tales. Illustrated Small crown 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Master Bobby.</span> By the Author of ‘Christina North.’ With Six
+Illustrations. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>NAAKE (J. T.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Slavonic Fairy Tales.</span> From Russian,
+Servian, Polish, and Bohemian Sources. With Four Illustrations. Crown
+8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>PELLETAN (E.)</i>—<span class="smcap">The Desert Pastor. Jean Jarousseau.</span>
+Translated from the French. By Colonel E. P. De L’Hoste. With a
+Frontispiece. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>REANEY (Mrs. G. S.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Waking and Working</span>; or, From
+Girlhood to Womanhood. New and Cheaper Edition. With a Frontispiece.
+Cr. 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Blessing and Blessed</span>: a Sketch of Girl Life. New and
+Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Rose Gurney’s Discovery.</span> A Book for Girls. Dedicated to
+their Mothers. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">English Girls</span>: Their Place and Power. With Preface by
+the Rev. R. W. Dale. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, price
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Just Anyone</span>, and other Stories. Three Illustrations.
+Royal 16mo. cloth, price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sunbeam Willie</span>, and other Stories. Three Illustrations.
+Royal 16mo. price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sunshine Jenny</span> and other Stories. 3 Illustrations.
+Royal 16mo. cloth, price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ROSS (Mrs. E.)</i>, (‘Nelsie Brook’)—<span class="smcap">Daddy’s Pet.</span> A Sketch
+from Humble Life. With Six Illustrations. Royal 16mo. price 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>SADLER (S. W.) R.N.</i>—<span class="smcap">The African Cruiser</span>: a
+Midshipman’s Adventures on the West Coast. With Three Illustrations.
+New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seeking his Fortune</span>, and other Stories. With Four
+Illustrations. New and Cheaper Edition. Crown 8vo. 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Seven Autumn Leaves from Fairy Land.</span> Illustrated with Nine
+Etchings. Square crown 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STOCKTON (Frank R.)</i>—<span class="smcap">A Jolly Fellowship.</span> With 20
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STORR (Francis) and TURNER (Hawes)</i>—<span class="smcap">Canterbury Chimes</span>;
+or, Chaucer Tales retold to Children. With Six Illustrations from the
+Ellesmere MS. Fcap. 8vo. cloth, price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>STRETTON (Hesba)</i>—<span class="smcap">David Lloyd’s Last Will.</span> With Four
+Illustrations. Royal 16 mo. price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Wonderful Life.</span> Thirteenth Thousand. Fcap. 8vo.
+cloth, price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sunnyland Stories.</span> By the Author of ‘Aunt Mary’s Bran Pie.’
+Illustrated. Small 8vo. price 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Tales from Ariosto Re-told for Children.</span> By a Lady. With 3
+Illustrations. Crown 8vo. cloth, price 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>WHITAKER (Florence)</i>—<span class="smcap">Christy’s Inheritance.</span> A London
+Story. Illustrated. Royal 16mo. price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hangingindent3"><i>ZIMMERN (H.)</i>—<span class="smcap">Stories in Precious Stones.</span> With Six
+Illustrations, Third Edition. Crown 8vo. price 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+
+
+<p class="center p1">CONTENTS OF THE VARIOUS VOLUMES IN THE COLLECTED EDITIONS OF MR.
+TENNYSON’S WORKS.</p>
+
+
+<p><i>THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY EDITION</i>, IN SEVEN OCTAVO VOLUMES. Cloth,
+price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> per vol.; 12<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Roxburgh
+binding.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="allsmcap">CONTENTS.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Vol. I.—<b>MISCELLANEOUS POEMS.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&ensp;II.—<b>MISCELLANEOUS POEMS.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;III.—<b>PRINCESS, AND OTHER POEMS.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;IV.—<b>IN MEMORIAM and MAUD.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&ensp;V.—<b>IDYLLS OF THE KING.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;VI.—<b>IDYLLS OF THE KING.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;VII.—<b>DRAMAS.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Printed in large, clear, old-faced type, with a Steel Engraved
+Portrait of the Author, the set complete, cloth, price £3. 13<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i>; or Roxburgh half-morocco, price £4. 7<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>⁂ <i>The handsomest Edition published.</i></p>
+
+
+<p><i>THE AUTHOR’S EDITION</i>, IN SIX VOLUMES. Bound in cloth,
+38<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">CONTENTS.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Vol. I.—<b>EARLY POEMS</b> and <b>ENGLISH IDYLLS.</b> 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;II.—<b>LOCKSLEY HALL, LUCRETIUS</b>, and other Poems. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;III.—<b>THE IDYLLS OF THE KING</b>, complete, 7<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;IV.—<b>THE PRINCESS</b> and <b>MAUD</b>. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;V.—<b>ENOCH ARDEN</b> and <b>IN MEMORIAM</b>. 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;VI.—<b>QUEEN MARY</b> and <b>HAROLD</b>. 7<i>s.</i>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>This Edition can also be had bound in half-morocco, Roxburgh, price
+1s. 6d. per vol. extra.</i></p>
+
+
+<p><i>THE CABINET EDITION</i>, IN TWELVE VOLUMES. Price 2<i>s.</i>
+6<i>d.</i> each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="allsmcap">CONTENTS.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Vol. I.—<b>EARLY POEMS.</b> Illustrated with a Photographic
+Portrait of Mr. Tennyson.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&emsp;II.—<b>ENGLISH IDYLLS</b>, and other <b>POEMS</b>. Containing
+an Engraving of Mr. Tennyson’s Residence at Aldworth.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&ensp;III.—<b>LOCKSLEY HALL</b>, and other <b>POEMS</b>. With an
+Engraved Picture of Farringford.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;IV.—<b>LUCRETIUS</b>, and other <b>POEMS</b>. Containing an
+Engraving of a Scene in the Garden at Swainston.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&emsp;V.—<b>IDYLLS OF THE KING</b>. With an Autotype of the Bust of
+Mr. Tennyson by T. Woolner, R.A.</p>
+
+<p>Vol. VI.—<b>IDYLLS OF THE KING.</b> Illustrated with an
+Engraved Portrait of ‘Elaine,’ from a Photographic Study by
+Julia M. Cameron.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;VII.—<b>IDYLLS OF THE KING.</b> Containing an Engraving of
+‘Arthur,’ from a Photographic Study by Julia M. Cameron.</p>
+
+<p>VIII.—<b>THE PRINCESS.</b> With an Engraved Frontispiece.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;IX.—<b>MAUD</b> and <b>ENOCH ARDEN</b>. With a Picture of
+‘Maud,’ taken from a Photographic Study by Julia M. Cameron.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&emsp;X.—<b>IN MEMORIAM.</b> With a Steel Engraving of Arthur H.
+Hallam, engraved from a picture in possession of the Author, by
+J. C. Armytage.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;XI.—<b>QUEEN MARY</b>: a Drama. With Frontispiece by Walter
+Crane.</p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;XII.—<b>HAROLD</b>: a Drama. With Frontispiece by Walter Crane.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>⁂<i>These Volumes may be had separately, or the Edition complete, in a
+handsome ornamental case, price 32s.</i></p>
+
+
+<p><i>THE MINIATURE EDITION</i>, IN THIRTEEN VOLUMES.</p>
+
+<p><span class="allsmcap">CONTENTS.</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p>Vol. I.—<b>POEMS.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&ensp;II.—<b>POEMS.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;III.—<b>POEMS.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&ensp;IV.—<b>IDYLLS OF THE KING.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;V.—<b>IDYLLS OF THE KING.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&ensp;VI.—<b>IDYLLS OF THE KING.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&nbsp;VII.—<b>IDYLLS OF THE KING.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;VIII.—<b>IN MEMORIAM.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&ensp;IX.—<b>PRINCESS.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&emsp;X.—<b>MAUD.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;&ensp;XI.—<b>ENOCH ARDEN.</b></p>
+
+<p>&emsp;XII.—<b>QUEEN MARY.</b></p>
+
+<p>VOL. XIII.—<b>HAROLD.</b>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bound in imitation vellum, ornamented in gilt and gilt edges, in case,
+price 42<i>s.</i> This Edition can also be had in plain binding and
+case, price 36<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p><i>Spottiswoode &amp; Co., Printers, New-street Square, London.</i></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Mr. P. G. Hamerton, <i>Lives of Modern Frenchmen</i>, p.
+95.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> His friend here referred to was killed by a fall from his
+horse late that autumn.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> <i>Fraser’s Magazine</i>, November 1856.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="label">[4]</a> <i>Paraguay, Brazil, and the Plate.</i> By C. B.
+Mansfield, M.A. With a Sketch of the Author’s Life by the Rev. C.
+Kingsley, pp. xi.-xvi.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="label">[5]</a> Mr. Gray died of fever at the above Lake a few months
+afterwards.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="label">[6]</a> Mr. T. E. Buckley, the gentleman here alluded to, had
+come out from England in the same ship as Frank Oates and his brother,
+on a shooting expedition, and had been joined at Maritzburg by Mr.
+Gilchrist, of Ospisdale, Sutherlandshire, who had already been out
+upwards of two years, travelling and hunting in South Africa. These
+gentlemen both accompanied the brothers as far north as the Tati River,
+whence Frank Oates went on alone towards the Zambesi.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="label">[7]</a> This instrument was afterwards kindly replaced by Mr. Lys
+of Pretoria.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="label">[8]</a> The accompanying illustration of the high veldt is from
+a sketch taken early in December, when the grass has grown after the
+summer rains, the country then presenting a very different appearance
+from its dried and parched aspect in winter.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="label">[9]</a> Strictly speaking, Bamangwato is the name applied to
+the district north of the Transvaal inhabited by that branch of the
+Basuto race, and Shoshong the name of the king’s town or residence; but
+the latter also is more frequently spoken of, in common parlance, as
+Bamangwato or Mungwato.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="label">[10]</a> Small stream.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="label">[11]</a> Mr. Nelson of the mine.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="label">[12]</a> The body of the dead lion was found soon afterwards by
+some natives—for the shot had proved fatal—and the skin taken by them
+to the Tati settlement. The ox had sustained so severe an injury that
+he had to be shot the following morning.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="label">[13]</a> This refers to Hendrik, the man of that name above
+alluded to.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="label">[14]</a> The Hon. G. C. Dawnay, on his way home from the Zambesi.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="label">[15]</a> Mr. Petersen was a trader whom Frank Oates had met at
+Tati.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="label">[16]</a> Meat dried in the sun.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="label">[17]</a> Doubtless a species of Euphorbia, many varieties of which
+ar met with in South Africa.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="label">[18]</a> Mr. Fairbairn was agent at the King’s Town for a Mr.
+Cruickshank, with whom Frank Oates had had business dealings at
+Bamangwato.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="label">[19]</a> Probably the Euphorbia above referred to (<i>vide</i> p.
+46), which frequently attains the size of a small tree.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="label">[20]</a> The term applied to the small fold or enclosure made
+round a hut or waggon, for shelter and protection, by means of branches
+rudely placed in the ground.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="label">[21]</a> <i>i.e.</i> The pole of the waggon.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="label">[22]</a> The interpreter here spoken of was a native from Graham’s
+Town, who remained with Frank Oates till July the following year.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="label">[23]</a> The guide.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="label">[24]</a> Frank Oates collected, during his wanderings, a
+considerable variety of birds’ eggs and nests, some of the latter very
+remarkable in their construction. Two of these are represented in the
+accompanying woodcut, the first of which—probably that of an Ægithalus
+or Penduline Titmouse—is of the consistency and texture of fine
+blanket, and nearly white in colour. It appears to be made from white
+cotton, or some similar vegetable substance. The second is ingeniously
+composed of the finer portions of reeds, in the manner of close
+basket-work, and is found in great numbers along the banks of rivers,
+and in marshy places, affixed to the rushes.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="label">[25]</a> One of the boys.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="label">[26]</a> Spring.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="label">[27]</a> These knob-kerries, which answer the purpose of a
+life-preserver, are made of various kinds of wood or of rhinoceros
+horn, and carved according to the fancy of the maker. They are
+sometimes adorned with beads (see one of those in the woodcut), but
+the more ordinary form is that of a short stick with a single rounded
+knob at the end, to give it weight. The natives can throw them a great
+distance with marvellous accuracy, being often able to bring down a
+bird on the wing with one of them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="label">[28]</a> A sister of the king’s.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="label">[29]</a> The woodcut on the succeeding page illustrates a variety
+of different assegais. The heads of these weapons are wrought by the
+natives themselves, and fastened to the shafts by strips of raw hide,
+which shrink in the drying, and become as hard as a band of iron. The
+length of the shaft is usually from three to four feet.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="label">[30]</a> Here the day’s entry ends abruptly, with only a few brief
+notes intended for the writer’s future guidance, and unavailable for
+another’s use.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="label">[31]</a> This gentleman, Mr. F. C. Selous, had already been out
+some time hunting in South Africa, and was subsequently again met with
+by Frank Oates near the Victoria Falls.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="label">[32]</a> A native temporarily engaged at Gubuleweyo.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="label">[33]</a> Brass wire is considerably used by the natives of South
+Africa for purposes of ornamentation. Above are represented two
+hunting-knives, the upper one of which has the sheath and handle (which
+are of wood) handsomely adorned with fine twisted brass wire. The
+sheath of the lower knife is of raw hide strongly sewn together.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="label">[34]</a> “These ‘white ants’ (Termites),” writes W. Oates,
+“are the curse of all African settlers and travellers, devouring
+everything except iron or tin, whilst in time even houses succumb to
+their ravages. They form, however, an article of food in many places
+amongst the natives, by whom they are much esteemed on account of
+their slightly acid flavour. The enormous structures they erect are
+frequently carried up the trunk of a high tree, or may sometimes be
+seen standing alone at a height of 18 feet, as in the accompanying
+sketch, which was taken between Tati and Shoshong. The Dutch Boers and
+others make use of these ant-hills for cooking purposes, hollowing out
+the lower portion of the heap, and filling the hollow thus formed with
+wood, which is lighted, and, when consumed, renders the receptacle an
+admirable oven, retaining its heat for a great length of time.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="label">[35]</a> Piet Jacobs, the Dutch hunter, referred to in the
+previous Chapter.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="label">[36]</a> A trader of that name at Tati.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="label">[37]</a> The latter was W. Oates’s Kafir driver, who, it may be
+remembered, had turned out a consummate rascal.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="label">[38]</a> In the coloured illustration opposite, taken on this
+river by W. Oates, when there the previous year, the dry sandy bed of
+the Semokwe is distinguished towards the horizon, with tall rushes
+upon its bank. The large trees, still in leaf, to the left hand of the
+picture, are mimosas, near one of which, still further to the left, is
+seen a large ant-hill, used as an oven, in the manner described above
+(<i>vide</i> p. 135).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="label">[39]</a> The accompanying woodcut, from a drawing taken a little
+south of Shoshong (Bamangwato), represents one of the salt lakes of
+this district as seen in winter. The water in these lakes is then all
+dried up, and their beds, composed of salt and sand, present a dazzling
+white appearance.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="label">[40]</a> A rare luxury at the present time, only to be indulged
+in on great or special occasions, owing to the increasing scarcity of
+water with the cessation of the rains. “I am miserable,” he writes one
+day about this time, “for want of water to wash myself in, ever so
+superficially.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="label">[41]</a> This refers to John, the man whom Frank Oates had engaged
+as interpreter at Gubuleweyo some months before, and whom he had since
+retained in the capacity of general servant. He had recently acted as
+driver in the place of Karl Lee, who had returned from Tati to his
+brother’s farm, instead of coming forward, as intended, to Bamangwato.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="label">[42]</a> The coloured drawing opposite illustrates the position
+of the town of Shoshong (Bamangwato). In front stretches a dry sandy
+plain, the native huts collected under the shelter of the mountains,
+which afford an easy refuge in times of warfare. The huts and stores of
+a few English traders, built of wood or clay, are seen grouped together
+at one extremity of the town—to the left hand. The only water in the
+dry season, as mentioned in a previous chapter, is got from a small
+stream up the gorge behind the town, some distance off, whence it is
+taken to the town in small vessels upon people’s heads. In this gorge
+stand the church and mission station of the London Missionary Society,
+from which are seen a short way off the beehive-like huts of Shoshong
+on the plain; see the woodcut at page 149.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="label">[43]</a> This river, represented in most of the recent maps as
+taking its rise but a few miles from here, and flowing away directly to
+the westward towards the salt lakes, is in reality—so the traveller
+afterwards learnt from at least three distinct witnesses—a part of the
+Shashe River, the same river which is crossed on the Bamangwato and
+Tati road, a few miles before reaching Tati, coming north. One of these
+witnesses, Mr. Dobie of the mine, had, moreover, struck the river, he
+said, about thirty miles northward of the drift on which the waggons
+were now outspanned, and had found it a big river even there, where,
+according to the maps, it is not even in existence. The slate formation
+in which the gold is found runs, it seems, to a narrow point as far as
+this river-drift, and there ceases altogether.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="label">[44]</a> The Red-billed Black Weaver-bird, <i>Textor
+erythrorhynchus</i>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="label">[45]</a> This kraal, the first outpost of the Makalakas, is
+described as “Wankee’s” in the traveller’s later Journals, and is so
+marked upon the map.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="label">[46]</a> Mr. Dorehill had been met by Frank Oates previously at
+Bamangwato, and subsequently accompanied him part of the way on his
+final journey to the Zambesi.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="label">[47]</a> This was the last occasion on which Frank Oates
+encountered Mr. Thomson, who, some time after the events here
+narrated—in 1877—returned to England, to convey thence, under the
+auspices of the London Missionary Society, a party of missionaries
+to Lake Tanganyika. He accomplished the journey successfully, but
+unhappily was attacked by sunstroke soon after his arrival, and died
+from its effects in September 1878.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="label">[48]</a> A kind of hemp, much used for smoking by the natives.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="label">[49]</a> The man appointed by the king.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="label">[50]</a> <i>i.e.</i>, stream or ditch.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="label">[51]</a> A mine near Tati.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="label">[52]</a> This refers to the late Mr. Henry Skelton, formerly of
+Wadham College, Oxford, who died in Borneo, in the service of the late
+Rajah Brooke, soon after his appointment as Resident of Saráwak.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="label">[53]</a> The time occupied in the transmission of letters
+has, since the above was written, been much curtailed, owing to
+the establishment, through missionary enterprise, of direct postal
+communication between Bamangwato and the Cape.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="label">[54]</a> In June the following year, this man was seen by Mr.
+Gilchrist—whose journey into the interior is related in the concluding
+chapter of this narrative—living near Rustenberg, in the Transvaal,
+apparently in perfect health.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="label">[55]</a> The woodcut opposite illustrates two of the
+whydah-finches, which the traveller collected during his present stay
+at Tati. The general colour of the upper bird is black, with a collar
+of ruddy brown, fading into buff beneath; that of the lower one black
+and pale yellow, the bill and legs coral-red. In the winter season
+these birds lose their long tail feathers, and their plumage becomes a
+mottled brown; a great contrast to their striking summer dress. There
+are many varieties of these finches, one species of which (<i>Chera
+progne</i>), a native of the Transvaal, suffers serious inconvenience
+from these adornments in a high wind. The long tail feathers are much
+used by the natives for ornaments and head-dresses.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="label">[56]</a> The skulls and other remains here obtained were brought
+to England, with the rest of the traveller’s collections, after
+his decease, and form the subject of the interesting paper kindly
+contributed to the Appendix of this volume by Professor Rolleston, for
+whom they were collected.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="label">[57]</a> An arid ridge or zone of sand, of frequent occurrence in
+this district, extending sometimes a distance of many miles.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="label">[58]</a> This was a native from the Cape, named John Mackenna,
+who, as well as Klaas the driver, remained with Frank Oates till his
+death.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="label">[59]</a> This letter was not received in England.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="label">[60]</a> <i>Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi</i>, p. 254.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="label">[61]</a> <i>Travels in the Interior of South Africa</i>, vol. ii.,
+p. 130.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="label">[62]</a> <i>Explorations in South-West Africa</i>, p. 499.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="label">[63]</a> Dr. Bradshaw, since the above was written, has been down
+from the interior to the Cape, with considerable collections of birds
+and insects formed during his travels. Some of the former of these have
+reached the British Museum, and are alluded to by Mr. Sharpe in the
+Appendix to this volume.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="label">[64]</a> Mr. Gilchrist, whose subsequent journey into the interior
+is related below, and who brought the particulars of this and other
+incidents connected with the narrative to England, understood the dog
+to have gone back to his master’s grave the whole way from the Tati
+settlement—a distance of nearly eighty miles.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="label">[65]</a> By a singular coincidence, Frank Oates’s devoted
+favourite, “Rail”—for four years after reaching England the valued
+companion of his late master’s relatives—died on the 5th of February
+1880, the fifth anniversary of his master’s death, followed but three
+weeks later by his companion, “Rock.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66" class="label">[66]</a> See his two Reports concerning his Researches into the
+Bushman Language and Customs and Folklore, presented to both Houses of
+Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope, by command of his Excellency the
+Governor, 1873 and 1875, and <i>Journal Anthrop. Inst.</i> 1871.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67" class="label">[67]</a> Perhaps intended for Eland’s Been, near Schietfontein, in
+the District of Carnarvon, Cape Colony.—Ed.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68" class="label">[68]</a> For the relation of the alisphenoid, squamous, and
+frontal, see Broca, <i>Instructions Craniologiques</i>, pp. 26, 27,
+1875; and Gruber, <i>Ueber die Verbindung der Schläfenbeinschuppe
+mit dem Stirnbein. Mém. de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.
+Pétersbourg</i>, tom. xxi. No. 5, 1874. Hermann Schlocker, <i>Ueber die
+Anomalieen des Pterion;</i> Inaugural Dissertation Zum. Univ. Dorpat.
+1879.</p>
+
+<p>It is right, however, to add that the skull of the Bushwoman whose
+brain Professor Marshall has described, <i>l.c.</i>, had the squamous
+of the left side joined to the frontal, and that with obliteration
+of the suture; and that though Dr. Williamson has not recorded the
+presence of this junction in any of the three Bushman crania described
+by him in his <i>Catalogue of the Army Medical Museum</i>, 1867, he
+has noted it in two out of the seven skulls of the closely affined
+Hottentot race.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69" class="label">[69]</a> Similarly rudimentary sutures are observable in several
+of the Bushman crania in the Royal College of Surgeons of London.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70" class="label">[70]</a> It may be well here to give the literature of “Os
+(Malare) bipartitum.”</p>
+
+<p>1779. E. Sandifort, <i>Observat. Anat. Path.</i>, Lib. iii. 113; Tab.
+viii. fig. 7.</p>
+
+<p>1837. <i>Leçons d’Anatomie Comparée</i>, par Georges Cuvier et M.
+Duméril. Seconde édition, par F. G. Cuvier et Laurillard. Tome ii.
+1837, p. 381.</p>
+
+<p>1844. Breschet, <i>Ann. Sciences Nat., 3 ser., Zoologie.</i> Tome i. p.
+30.</p>
+
+<p>1852. Schultz in <i>Bemerkungen über den Bau der normalen Menschen
+Schädel</i>, p. 57, Tab. ii.</p>
+
+<p>1867. Canestrini, <i>Annuario della Soc. del Naturalisti in Modena</i>,
+1867, p. 83. <i>Gazzetta della Cliniche</i>, Torino, 1871. G.
+Delorenzie’s <i>Tre nuove case d’anomalia dell’ osso Malare</i>,
+Torino, 1872. E. Marselli, <i>Sopra una rara anomalia dell’ osso
+Malare</i>, Modena, 1872.</p>
+
+<p>1873. Gruber, <i>Monographie des zweigetheilten Jochbeines bei Menschen
+und Säugethieren</i>, <i>Archiv. Anat. und Physiologie</i>, p. 337.</p>
+
+<p>1874. Gruber, <i>Ann. Sci. Nat., 3 ser., Zoologie</i>, Tome i. p. 30.</p>
+
+<p>1878. <i>Human Osteology</i>, Holden and Doran, p. 99.</p>
+
+<p>Laurillard’s words from Cuvier’s <i>Anatomie Compareé</i>, vol. ii. pp.
+381, 2, are specially worthy of being quoted, as they were published so
+long ago as 1837. They are as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>“Au bord inférieur du jugal nous avons trouvé sur deux sujets un os
+particulier, alongé et aplati, étendu tout le long du bord inférieur
+du jugal, et d’articulant en avant avec l’extremité très saillante
+de l’apophyse malaire du maxillaire et en arrière avec l’apophyse
+zygomatique du temporal, laquelle se trouve ainsi présenter deux
+sutures, l’une verticale avec le jugal proprement dit, l’autre
+horizontale avec ce second jugal et faisant un angle presque droit avec
+la précédente. Dans les sujets ou nous l’avons rencontré, la forme de
+ce nouvel os, des connexions avec les os voisins, sa proportion avec
+l’os malaire proprement dit, étaient les mêmes et comme nous l’avons
+trouvé, ainsi que nous le dirons plus loin, dans certaines espèces de
+singes une subdivision parfaitement semblable, nous sommes portés à la
+considérer autrement que comme une disposition purement accidentelle.”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71" class="label">[71]</a> See Cleland, <i>Phil. Trans.</i> 1870, p. 163.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72" class="label">[72]</a> <i>British Barrows</i>, pp. 563 and 677.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_73" href="#FNanchor_73" class="label">[73]</a> Many references to the older literature treating
+of the two peculiarities mentioned will be found in Waltz’s
+<i>Anthropologie</i>, Th. i. pp. 120–122, 1859. An important note
+regarding the latter of the two is given by a man of science residing
+at the Cape of Good Hope in Professor Flower and Dr. Murie’s “Account
+of the Dissection of a Bushwoman,” <i>Journal of Anatomy and
+Physiology</i>, No. II. May 1867, p. 208.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74" class="label">[74]</a> For this see Hartmann, <i>Die Nigritier</i>, 1876, p.
+492, who cites Schweinfurth, <i>Heart of Africa</i>, Eng. tran., vol.
+ii. chap. xvi., Du Chaillu, and the Rev. J. G. Wood, <i>Natural History
+of Man</i>. Africa, p. 538, 1868.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75" class="label">[75]</a> The point of similarity is not, I apprehend, in the
+character of the music so much as in the fact that the compared peoples
+admire it such as it is. Of the Kalmuck music Pallas writes (and, as
+the work is little accessible, I quote) as follows, <i>Sammlungen
+Historischer Nachrichten über die Mongolischen Völkerschaften</i>,
+i. p. 152—“Die Melodie der Kalmücken, besonders ihre zärtliche und
+verliebte Musik, hat solche langgezerte klagliche Töne und solche
+Dissonanzen, dass sie ein gutgewohntes Ohr mit noch fast mehr
+Widerwillen als alte Französische Musik, anhört!”</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76" class="label">[76]</a> Mr. W. F. Kirby has injudiciously sunk Boisduval’s
+generic name for this group, containing 33 species, and adopted in its
+stead one of Hübner’s four sub-generic names (into which he had divided
+them), which only comprised four of the species.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77" class="label">[77]</a> The name of this species is accidentally omitted in the
+classified index of the second series of Swainson’s “Illustrations;”
+and Mr. Trimen complains that the plate is not in the copy of the work
+in the Public Library at Cape Town, having been probably omitted by the
+binder from not appearing in the classified index.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78" class="label">[78]</a> The plants collected by Mr. Oates in South-East Africa
+have been named at Kew under the direction of Professor Oliver; the
+two novelties having been described by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S. Those
+plants which are distinguished by an asterisk * were obtained between
+Pietermaritzburg and the Crocodile River; the rest all in Matabele
+Land.—Ed.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Notes:<br>
+<br>
+1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been
+corrected silently.<br>
+<br>
+2. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have
+been retained as in the original.</p>
+
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 77803 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook #77803
+(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/77803)